## Breadcrumb

-  Science 
-  Science Explorer 
-  Natural Hazards 
-  Planetary Science 

# Threats from Space

## Space Weather and Magnetic Storms

### Invaders from outer space...sort of.

Read Story

## The Opposite of “Shallow Impact”

### Preparing for a meteor impact to Earth.

How to Prepare

## Carolyn Shoemaker

### A planetary science icon

Read about the Legend

## Gene Shoemaker

### The founder of USGS Astrogeology

Read about the Legend

            -              Overview           
            -              Publications           
            -              Science           
            -              Multimedia           
            -              News           
            -              Connect           
            -              FAQ           

Although USGS may not be seen as a space research agency, we do study a variety of threats from space. Whether it is geomagnetic storms, meteor impacts, or satellite research, the USGS has a long history of exploring what comes from above.

 

#### Here are a few examples of projects that have us looking up.

View Media Details

future launches

View Media Details

Magnetic storms
magnetic storm in 1989

View Media Details

USGS predicts potential impactors

## Publications

July 15, 2021

####                 Down to Earth with nuclear electromagnetic pulse: Realistic surface impedance affects mapping of the E3 geoelectric hazard              

Natural Hazards Mission Area, Geologic Hazards Science Center

June 11, 2021

####                 Magnetotelluric sampling and geoelectric hazard estimation: Are national-scale surveys sufficient?              

Natural Hazards Mission Area, Geomagnetism Program, Geologic Hazards Science Center

April 30, 2021

####                 Planetary defense preparedness: Identifying the potential for post-asteroid impact time delayed and geographically displaced hazards              

Natural Hazards Mission Area, Astrogeology Science Center

January 15, 2020

####                 A 100-year geoelectric hazard analysis for the U.S. high-voltage power grid              

Natural Hazards Mission Area, Geologic Hazards Science Center

June 8, 2018

####                 On the feasibility of real-time mapping of the geoelectric field across North America              

Natural Hazards Mission Area, Geomagnetism Program, Geologic Hazards Science Center

View All

## Science

link

February 28, 2022

####                 Terrestrial Analogs for Research and Geologic Exploration Training (TARGET)​              

Core Science Systems Mission Area, Natural Hazards Mission Area, Astrogeology Science Center, Planetary Geologic Mapping

link

February 28, 2022

####   Terrestrial Analogs for Research and Geologic Exploration Training (TARGET)​

Learn More

link

July 31, 2019

####                 Terrestrial Analog Sample Collections              

Astrogeology Science Center

link

July 31, 2019

####   Terrestrial Analog Sample Collections

Learn More

link

October 1, 2018

####                 Keeping the Lights On in North America              

Natural Hazards Mission Area, Geomagnetism Program

link

October 1, 2018

####   Keeping the Lights On in North America

Learn More

link

September 26, 2018

####                 Meteor Crater Sample Collection              

Astrogeology Science Center

link

September 26, 2018

####   Meteor Crater Sample Collection

Learn More

link

September 26, 2018

####                 Flynn Creek Crater Sample Collection              

Astrogeology Science Center

link

September 26, 2018

####   Flynn Creek Crater Sample Collection

Learn More

View All

## Connect

####                 Astrogeology Science Center              

2255 N. Gemini DriveFlagstaff, AZ86001United States

928-556-7000

####                 Geomagnetism Program              

12201 Sunrise Valley DrReston, VA20192United States

View All

## Multimedia

Image of the Week - Moon Craters in Arizona

July 16, 2019

#### Image of the Week - Moon Craters in Arizona

link

Before landing on the surface of the moon in 1969, astronauts Neil Armstrong and Buzz Aldrin needed a training ground that matched their destination's cratered surface.

National Land Imaging Program, Astrogeology Science Center, Earth Resources Observation and Science (EROS) Center 

July 16, 2019

#### Image of the Week - Moon Craters in Arizona

link

#### Image of the Week - Moon Craters in Arizona

link

Before landing on the surface of the moon in 1969, astronauts Neil Armstrong and Buzz Aldrin needed a training ground that matched their destination's cratered surface.

National Land Imaging Program, Astrogeology Science Center, Earth Resources Observation and Science (EROS) Center 

May 9, 2019

#### Journey Along a Field Line

link

Educational Resources

May 9, 2019

#### Journey Along a Field Line

link

#### Journey Along a Field Line

link

Educational Resources

Hazards: Geomagnetic Storms

December 16, 2013

#### Hazards: Geomagnetic Storms

link

Space weather can have important consequences for our lives, such as interference with radio communication, GPS systems, electric power grids, the operation and orientation of satellites, oil and gas drilling, and even air travel as high altitude pilots and astronauts can be subjected to enhanced levels of radiation.

Geomagnetism

December 16, 2013

#### Hazards: Geomagnetic Storms

link

#### Hazards: Geomagnetic Storms

link

Space weather can have important consequences for our lives, such as interference with radio communication, GPS systems, electric power grids, the operation and orientation of satellites, oil and gas drilling, and even air travel as high altitude pilots and astronauts can be subjected to enhanced levels of radiation.

Geomagnetism

View All

## News

A Martian landscape right at home

August 16, 2022

####   A Martian landscape right at home

Space Weather and Magnetic Storms: Invaders from Outer Space...Sort Of

July 20, 2022

####   Space Weather and Magnetic Storms: Invaders from Outer Space...Sort Of

Down to Earth: Complexities of Geology Affect Nuclear Electromagnetic Pulse Hazard 

July 22, 2021

####   Down to Earth: Complexities of Geology Affect Nuclear Electromagnetic Pulse Hazard 

View All

July 15, 2021

####                 Down to Earth with nuclear electromagnetic pulse: Realistic surface impedance affects mapping of the E3 geoelectric hazard              

Natural Hazards Mission Area, Geologic Hazards Science Center

June 11, 2021

####                 Magnetotelluric sampling and geoelectric hazard estimation: Are national-scale surveys sufficient?              

Natural Hazards Mission Area, Geomagnetism Program, Geologic Hazards Science Center

April 30, 2021

####                 Planetary defense preparedness: Identifying the potential for post-asteroid impact time delayed and geographically displaced hazards              

Natural Hazards Mission Area, Astrogeology Science Center

January 15, 2020

####                 A 100-year geoelectric hazard analysis for the U.S. high-voltage power grid              

Natural Hazards Mission Area, Geologic Hazards Science Center

June 8, 2018

####                 On the feasibility of real-time mapping of the geoelectric field across North America              

Natural Hazards Mission Area, Geomagnetism Program, Geologic Hazards Science Center

February 27, 2018

####                 Calculation of voltages in electric power transmission lines during historic geomagnetic storms: An investigation using realistic earth impedances              

Natural Hazards Mission Area, Geomagnetism Program, Geologic Hazards Science Center

July 1, 2017

####                 Real-time geomagnetic monitoring for space weather-related applications: Opportunities and challenges              

Natural Hazards Mission Area, Geomagnetism Program, Geologic Hazards Science Center

May 1, 2017

####                 Down to Earth with an electric hazard from space              

Natural Hazards Mission Area, Geomagnetism Program, Geologic Hazards Science Center

February 9, 2008

####                 Monitoring the Earth's dynamic magnetic field              

The mission of the U.S. Geological Survey's Geomagnetism Program is to monitor the Earth's magnetic field. Using ground-based observatories, the Program provides continuous records of magnetic field variations covering long timescales; disseminates magnetic data to various governmental, academic, and private institutions; and conducts research into the nature of geomagnetic variations for purposes

Natural Hazards Mission Area, Geomagnetism Program, Geologic Hazards Science Center

January 1, 2008

####                 Magnetic monitoring of earth and space              

Natural Hazards Mission Area, Geomagnetism Program, Geologic Hazards Science Center

March 1, 2000

####                 The effects of the Chesapeake Bay impact crater on the geologic framework and the correlation of hydrogeologic units of southeastern Virginia, south of the James River              

January 1, 1999

####                 Geology of the Upheaval Dome impact structure, southeast Utah              

Natural Hazards Mission Area, Astrogeology Science Center

#### Pagination

-                Current page            1 
-                Page            2 
-  Next page›› 
-  Last pageLast » 

link

February 28, 2022

####                 Terrestrial Analogs for Research and Geologic Exploration Training (TARGET)​              

Core Science Systems Mission Area, Natural Hazards Mission Area, Astrogeology Science Center, Planetary Geologic Mapping

link

February 28, 2022

####   Terrestrial Analogs for Research and Geologic Exploration Training (TARGET)​

Learn More

link

July 31, 2019

####                 Terrestrial Analog Sample Collections              

Astrogeology Science Center

link

July 31, 2019

####   Terrestrial Analog Sample Collections

Learn More

link

October 1, 2018

####                 Keeping the Lights On in North America              

Natural Hazards Mission Area, Geomagnetism Program

link

October 1, 2018

####   Keeping the Lights On in North America

Learn More

link

September 26, 2018

####                 Meteor Crater Sample Collection              

Astrogeology Science Center

link

September 26, 2018

####   Meteor Crater Sample Collection

Learn More

link

September 26, 2018

####                 Flynn Creek Crater Sample Collection              

Astrogeology Science Center

link

September 26, 2018

####   Flynn Creek Crater Sample Collection

Learn More

link

July 20, 2018

####                 Observatories              

Natural Hazards Mission Area, Geomagnetism Program, Geologic Hazards Science Center

link

July 20, 2018

####   Observatories

Learn More

link

July 5, 2018

####                 Geomagnetism Monitoring Operations              

Natural Hazards Mission Area, Geomagnetism Program, Geologic Hazards Science Center

link

July 5, 2018

####   Geomagnetism Monitoring Operations

Learn More

link

March 20, 2018

####                 Geomagnetism Research              

Natural Hazards Mission Area

link

March 20, 2018

####   Geomagnetism Research

Learn More

Image of the Week - Moon Craters in Arizona

July 16, 2019

#### Image of the Week - Moon Craters in Arizona

link

Before landing on the surface of the moon in 1969, astronauts Neil Armstrong and Buzz Aldrin needed a training ground that matched their destination's cratered surface.

National Land Imaging Program, Astrogeology Science Center, Earth Resources Observation and Science (EROS) Center 

July 16, 2019

#### Image of the Week - Moon Craters in Arizona

link

#### Image of the Week - Moon Craters in Arizona

link

Before landing on the surface of the moon in 1969, astronauts Neil Armstrong and Buzz Aldrin needed a training ground that matched their destination's cratered surface.

National Land Imaging Program, Astrogeology Science Center, Earth Resources Observation and Science (EROS) Center 

May 9, 2019

#### Journey Along a Field Line

link

Educational Resources

May 9, 2019

#### Journey Along a Field Line

link

#### Journey Along a Field Line

link

Educational Resources

Hazards: Geomagnetic Storms

December 16, 2013

#### Hazards: Geomagnetic Storms

link

Space weather can have important consequences for our lives, such as interference with radio communication, GPS systems, electric power grids, the operation and orientation of satellites, oil and gas drilling, and even air travel as high altitude pilots and astronauts can be subjected to enhanced levels of radiation.

Geomagnetism

December 16, 2013

#### Hazards: Geomagnetic Storms

link

#### Hazards: Geomagnetic Storms

link

Space weather can have important consequences for our lives, such as interference with radio communication, GPS systems, electric power grids, the operation and orientation of satellites, oil and gas drilling, and even air travel as high altitude pilots and astronauts can be subjected to enhanced levels of radiation.

Geomagnetism

A Martian landscape right at home

August 16, 2022

####   A Martian landscape right at home

USGS researchers are studying glacial features in Iceland to help reveal past climates on Mars as part of a larger effort to use terrestrial analogs...

Read Article

Space Weather and Magnetic Storms: Invaders from Outer Space...Sort Of

July 20, 2022

####   Space Weather and Magnetic Storms: Invaders from Outer Space...Sort Of

While major geomagnetic storms are rare, with only a few recorded per century, there is significant potential for large-scale impacts when they do...

Read Article

Down to Earth: Complexities of Geology Affect Nuclear Electromagnetic Pulse Hazard 

July 22, 2021

####   Down to Earth: Complexities of Geology Affect Nuclear Electromagnetic Pulse Hazard 

Geoelectric hazards generated by a nuclear explosion at the outer edge of Earth’s atmosphere can be strongly affected by the electrical conductivity...

Read Article

New Geoelectric Hazard Map Shows Potential Vulnerability to High-Voltage Power Grid for Two-Thirds of the US

March 16, 2020

####   New Geoelectric Hazard Map Shows Potential Vulnerability to High-Voltage Power Grid for Two-Thirds of the US

The U.S. Geological Survey released a new report on geoelectric hazards for two-thirds of the contiguous U.S., spanning from the northeast to the west...

Read Article

Space Debris Remains Ongoing Concern for Landsat, Other Satellites

January 8, 2020

####   Space Debris Remains Ongoing Concern for Landsat, Other Satellites

Space, it turns out, can be a messy place.

Sixty years of manned and unmanned space flight have left a cosmic junkyard circling the planet. From spent...

Read Article

New U.S. Geological Survey Report Assesses Risk of Once-Per-Century Geomagnetic Superstorm to the Northeastern United States

March 5, 2019

####   New U.S. Geological Survey Report Assesses Risk of Once-Per-Century Geomagnetic Superstorm to the Northeastern United States

A new report and map published by the U.S. Geological Survey provides critical insight to electric power grid operators across the northeastern United...

Read Article

Preparing the Nation for Intense Space Weather

May 1, 2017

####   Preparing the Nation for Intense Space Weather

While major geomagnetic storms are rare, with only a few recorded per century, there is significant potential for large-scale impacts when they do...

Read Article

Mapping a Space-Weather Menace to Electric-Power Grids

September 12, 2016

####   Mapping a Space-Weather Menace to Electric-Power Grids

New strides have been made toward quantifying how geomagnetic storms can interfere with the nation’s electric-power grid systems.  

Read Article

Getting Down to Earth with Space Hazards

January 7, 2016

####   Getting Down to Earth with Space Hazards

Magnetic storms can interfere with the operation of electric power grids and damage grid infrastructure. They can also disrupt directional drilling...

Read Article

The Nation Prepares for Extreme Space Weather

October 29, 2015

####   The Nation Prepares for Extreme Space Weather

Read Article

####                 Astrogeology Science Center              

2255 N. Gemini DriveFlagstaff, AZ86001United States

928-556-7000

####                 Geomagnetism Program              

12201 Sunrise Valley DrReston, VA20192United States

link

####                 What is a magnetic storm?              

A magnetic storm is a period of rapid magnetic field variation. It can last from hours to days. Magnetic storms have two basic causes: The Sun sometimes emits a strong surge of solar wind called a coronal mass ejection. This gust of solar wind disturbs the outer part of the Earth's magnetic field, which undergoes a complex oscillation. This generates associated electric currents in the near-Earth...

link

####   What is a magnetic storm?

A magnetic storm is a period of rapid magnetic field variation. It can last from hours to days. Magnetic storms have two basic causes: The Sun sometimes emits a strong surge of solar wind called a coronal mass ejection. This gust of solar wind disturbs the outer part of the Earth's magnetic field, which undergoes a complex oscillation. This generates associated electric currents in the near-Earth...

Learn More

link

####                 How does the Earth's core generate a magnetic field?              

The Earth's outer core is in a state of turbulent convection as the result of radioactive heating and chemical differentiation. This sets up a process that is a bit like a naturally occurring electrical generator, where the convective kinetic energy is converted to electrical and magnetic energy. Basically, the motion of the electrically conducting iron in the presence of the Earth's magnetic...

link

####   How does the Earth's core generate a magnetic field?

The Earth's outer core is in a state of turbulent convection as the result of radioactive heating and chemical differentiation. This sets up a process that is a bit like a naturally occurring electrical generator, where the convective kinetic energy is converted to electrical and magnetic energy. Basically, the motion of the electrically conducting iron in the presence of the Earth's magnetic...

Learn More

link

####                 What are the hazards of magnetic storms?              

Our technology based infrastructure can be adversely affected by rapid magnetic field variations. This is especially true during “magnetic storms." Because the ionosphere is heated and distorted during storms, long range radio communication that relies on sub-ionospheric reflection can be difficult or impossible and global-positioning system (GPS) communications can be degraded. Ionospheric...

link

####   What are the hazards of magnetic storms?

Our technology based infrastructure can be adversely affected by rapid magnetic field variations. This is especially true during “magnetic storms." Because the ionosphere is heated and distorted during storms, long range radio communication that relies on sub-ionospheric reflection can be difficult or impossible and global-positioning system (GPS) communications can be degraded. Ionospheric...

Learn More

link

####                 Do solar flares or magnetic storms (space weather) cause earthquakes?              

Solar flares and magnetic storms belong to a set of phenomena known collectively as "space weather". Technological systems and the activities of modern civilization can be affected by changing space-weather conditions. However, it has never been demonstrated that there is a causal relationship between space weather and earthquakes. Indeed, over the course of the Sun's 11-year variable cycle, the...

link

####   Do solar flares or magnetic storms (space weather) cause earthquakes?

Solar flares and magnetic storms belong to a set of phenomena known collectively as "space weather". Technological systems and the activities of modern civilization can be affected by changing space-weather conditions. However, it has never been demonstrated that there is a causal relationship between space weather and earthquakes. Indeed, over the course of the Sun's 11-year variable cycle, the...

Learn More

link

####                 Does the Earth's magnetic field affect human health?              

The Earth's magnetic field does not directly affect human health. Humans evolved to live on this planet. High altitude pilots and astronauts can experience higher levels of radiation during magnetic storms, but the hazard is due to the radiation, not the magnetic field itself. Geomagnetism can also impact the electrically based technology that we rely on, but it does not impact people themselves...

link

####   Does the Earth's magnetic field affect human health?

The Earth's magnetic field does not directly affect human health. Humans evolved to live on this planet. High altitude pilots and astronauts can experience higher levels of radiation during magnetic storms, but the hazard is due to the radiation, not the magnetic field itself. Geomagnetism can also impact the electrically based technology that we rely on, but it does not impact people themselves...

Learn More

link

####                 Why measure the magnetic field at the Earth's surface? Wouldn't satellites be better suited for space-weather studies?              

Satellites and ground-based magnetometers are both important for making measurements of the Earth’s magnetic field. They are not redundant but are instead complementary: Satellites provide good geographical coverage for data collection. Ground-based magnetometers are much less expensive and much easier to install than satellites. An array of magnetometers provides coverage from numerous locations...

link

####   Why measure the magnetic field at the Earth's surface? Wouldn't satellites be better suited for space-weather studies?

Satellites and ground-based magnetometers are both important for making measurements of the Earth’s magnetic field. They are not redundant but are instead complementary: Satellites provide good geographical coverage for data collection. Ground-based magnetometers are much less expensive and much easier to install than satellites. An array of magnetometers provides coverage from numerous locations...

Learn More

link

####                 Could magnetic reversals be caused by meteorite or comet impacts?              

Although extremely unlikely, it might be possible for a reversal of the Earth's magnetic field to be triggered by a meteorite or comet impact, or even for it to be caused by something more "gentle," such as the melting of the polar ice caps. Self-contained dynamic systems like Earth’s dynamo can have reversals without any outside influence. Reversals of Earth's magnetic field can simply happen...

link

####   Could magnetic reversals be caused by meteorite or comet impacts?

Although extremely unlikely, it might be possible for a reversal of the Earth's magnetic field to be triggered by a meteorite or comet impact, or even for it to be caused by something more "gentle," such as the melting of the polar ice caps. Self-contained dynamic systems like Earth’s dynamo can have reversals without any outside influence. Reversals of Earth's magnetic field can simply happen...

Learn More

link

####                 I think I found a meteorite. How can I tell for sure?              

Meteorites are fragments of rock or metal that fall to Earth from space. They are very rare, but many people find unusual rocks or pieces of metal and wonder if they might have found a meteorite. The USGS doesn't verify meteorites, but they have several properties that help distinguish them from other rocks: Density : Meteorites are usually quite heavy for their size, since they contain metallic...

link

####   I think I found a meteorite. How can I tell for sure?

Meteorites are fragments of rock or metal that fall to Earth from space. They are very rare, but many people find unusual rocks or pieces of metal and wonder if they might have found a meteorite. The USGS doesn't verify meteorites, but they have several properties that help distinguish them from other rocks: Density : Meteorites are usually quite heavy for their size, since they contain metallic...

Learn More

link

####                 How can I tell if I have found an impact crater?              

There are many natural processes other than impacts that can create circular features and depressions on the surface of the Earth. Examples include glaciation, volcanism, sinkholes, atolls, salt domes, intrusions, and hydrothermal explosions (to name just a few). Prehistoric mines and quarries are also sometimes mistaken for impact craters. Although the USGS has been involved in impact crater...

link

####   How can I tell if I have found an impact crater?

There are many natural processes other than impacts that can create circular features and depressions on the surface of the Earth. Examples include glaciation, volcanism, sinkholes, atolls, salt domes, intrusions, and hydrothermal explosions (to name just a few). Prehistoric mines and quarries are also sometimes mistaken for impact craters. Although the USGS has been involved in impact crater...

Learn More

Although USGS may not be seen as a space research agency, we do study a variety of threats from space. Whether it is geomagnetic storms, meteor impacts, or satellite research, the USGS has a long history of exploring what comes from above.

 

#### Here are a few examples of projects that have us looking up.

View Media Details

future launches

View Media Details

Magnetic storms
magnetic storm in 1989

View Media Details

USGS predicts potential impactors

## Publications

July 15, 2021

####                 Down to Earth with nuclear electromagnetic pulse: Realistic surface impedance affects mapping of the E3 geoelectric hazard              

Natural Hazards Mission Area, Geologic Hazards Science Center

June 11, 2021

####                 Magnetotelluric sampling and geoelectric hazard estimation: Are national-scale surveys sufficient?              

Natural Hazards Mission Area, Geomagnetism Program, Geologic Hazards Science Center

April 30, 2021

####                 Planetary defense preparedness: Identifying the potential for post-asteroid impact time delayed and geographically displaced hazards              

Natural Hazards Mission Area, Astrogeology Science Center

January 15, 2020

####                 A 100-year geoelectric hazard analysis for the U.S. high-voltage power grid              

Natural Hazards Mission Area, Geologic Hazards Science Center

June 8, 2018

####                 On the feasibility of real-time mapping of the geoelectric field across North America              

Natural Hazards Mission Area, Geomagnetism Program, Geologic Hazards Science Center

View All

## Science

link

February 28, 2022

####                 Terrestrial Analogs for Research and Geologic Exploration Training (TARGET)​              

Core Science Systems Mission Area, Natural Hazards Mission Area, Astrogeology Science Center, Planetary Geologic Mapping

link

February 28, 2022

####   Terrestrial Analogs for Research and Geologic Exploration Training (TARGET)​

Learn More

link

July 31, 2019

####                 Terrestrial Analog Sample Collections              

Astrogeology Science Center

link

July 31, 2019

####   Terrestrial Analog Sample Collections

Learn More

link

October 1, 2018

####                 Keeping the Lights On in North America              

Natural Hazards Mission Area, Geomagnetism Program

link

October 1, 2018

####   Keeping the Lights On in North America

Learn More

link

September 26, 2018

####                 Meteor Crater Sample Collection              

Astrogeology Science Center

link

September 26, 2018

####   Meteor Crater Sample Collection

Learn More

link

September 26, 2018

####                 Flynn Creek Crater Sample Collection              

Astrogeology Science Center

link

September 26, 2018

####   Flynn Creek Crater Sample Collection

Learn More

View All

## Connect

####                 Astrogeology Science Center              

2255 N. Gemini DriveFlagstaff, AZ86001United States

928-556-7000

####                 Geomagnetism Program              

12201 Sunrise Valley DrReston, VA20192United States

View All

## Multimedia

Image of the Week - Moon Craters in Arizona

July 16, 2019

#### Image of the Week - Moon Craters in Arizona

link

Before landing on the surface of the moon in 1969, astronauts Neil Armstrong and Buzz Aldrin needed a training ground that matched their destination's cratered surface.

National Land Imaging Program, Astrogeology Science Center, Earth Resources Observation and Science (EROS) Center 

July 16, 2019

#### Image of the Week - Moon Craters in Arizona

link

#### Image of the Week - Moon Craters in Arizona

link

Before landing on the surface of the moon in 1969, astronauts Neil Armstrong and Buzz Aldrin needed a training ground that matched their destination's cratered surface.

National Land Imaging Program, Astrogeology Science Center, Earth Resources Observation and Science (EROS) Center 

May 9, 2019

#### Journey Along a Field Line

link

Educational Resources

May 9, 2019

#### Journey Along a Field Line

link

#### Journey Along a Field Line

link

Educational Resources

Hazards: Geomagnetic Storms

December 16, 2013

#### Hazards: Geomagnetic Storms

link

Space weather can have important consequences for our lives, such as interference with radio communication, GPS systems, electric power grids, the operation and orientation of satellites, oil and gas drilling, and even air travel as high altitude pilots and astronauts can be subjected to enhanced levels of radiation.

Geomagnetism

December 16, 2013

#### Hazards: Geomagnetic Storms

link

#### Hazards: Geomagnetic Storms

link

Space weather can have important consequences for our lives, such as interference with radio communication, GPS systems, electric power grids, the operation and orientation of satellites, oil and gas drilling, and even air travel as high altitude pilots and astronauts can be subjected to enhanced levels of radiation.

Geomagnetism

View All

## News

A Martian landscape right at home

August 16, 2022

####   A Martian landscape right at home

Space Weather and Magnetic Storms: Invaders from Outer Space...Sort Of

July 20, 2022

####   Space Weather and Magnetic Storms: Invaders from Outer Space...Sort Of

Down to Earth: Complexities of Geology Affect Nuclear Electromagnetic Pulse Hazard 

July 22, 2021

####   Down to Earth: Complexities of Geology Affect Nuclear Electromagnetic Pulse Hazard 

View All

July 15, 2021

####                 Down to Earth with nuclear electromagnetic pulse: Realistic surface impedance affects mapping of the E3 geoelectric hazard              

Natural Hazards Mission Area, Geologic Hazards Science Center

June 11, 2021

####                 Magnetotelluric sampling and geoelectric hazard estimation: Are national-scale surveys sufficient?              

Natural Hazards Mission Area, Geomagnetism Program, Geologic Hazards Science Center

April 30, 2021

####                 Planetary defense preparedness: Identifying the potential for post-asteroid impact time delayed and geographically displaced hazards              

Natural Hazards Mission Area, Astrogeology Science Center

January 15, 2020

####                 A 100-year geoelectric hazard analysis for the U.S. high-voltage power grid              

Natural Hazards Mission Area, Geologic Hazards Science Center

June 8, 2018

####                 On the feasibility of real-time mapping of the geoelectric field across North America              

Natural Hazards Mission Area, Geomagnetism Program, Geologic Hazards Science Center

February 27, 2018

####                 Calculation of voltages in electric power transmission lines during historic geomagnetic storms: An investigation using realistic earth impedances              

Natural Hazards Mission Area, Geomagnetism Program, Geologic Hazards Science Center

July 1, 2017

####                 Real-time geomagnetic monitoring for space weather-related applications: Opportunities and challenges              

Natural Hazards Mission Area, Geomagnetism Program, Geologic Hazards Science Center

May 1, 2017

####                 Down to Earth with an electric hazard from space              

Natural Hazards Mission Area, Geomagnetism Program, Geologic Hazards Science Center

February 9, 2008

####                 Monitoring the Earth's dynamic magnetic field              

The mission of the U.S. Geological Survey's Geomagnetism Program is to monitor the Earth's magnetic field. Using ground-based observatories, the Program provides continuous records of magnetic field variations covering long timescales; disseminates magnetic data to various governmental, academic, and private institutions; and conducts research into the nature of geomagnetic variations for purposes

Natural Hazards Mission Area, Geomagnetism Program, Geologic Hazards Science Center

January 1, 2008

####                 Magnetic monitoring of earth and space              

Natural Hazards Mission Area, Geomagnetism Program, Geologic Hazards Science Center

March 1, 2000

####                 The effects of the Chesapeake Bay impact crater on the geologic framework and the correlation of hydrogeologic units of southeastern Virginia, south of the James River              

January 1, 1999

####                 Geology of the Upheaval Dome impact structure, southeast Utah              

Natural Hazards Mission Area, Astrogeology Science Center

#### Pagination

-                Current page            1 
-                Page            2 
-  Next page›› 
-  Last pageLast » 

link

February 28, 2022

####                 Terrestrial Analogs for Research and Geologic Exploration Training (TARGET)​              

Core Science Systems Mission Area, Natural Hazards Mission Area, Astrogeology Science Center, Planetary Geologic Mapping

link

February 28, 2022

####   Terrestrial Analogs for Research and Geologic Exploration Training (TARGET)​

Learn More

link

July 31, 2019

####                 Terrestrial Analog Sample Collections              

Astrogeology Science Center

link

July 31, 2019

####   Terrestrial Analog Sample Collections

Learn More

link

October 1, 2018

####                 Keeping the Lights On in North America              

Natural Hazards Mission Area, Geomagnetism Program

link

October 1, 2018

####   Keeping the Lights On in North America

Learn More

link

September 26, 2018

####                 Meteor Crater Sample Collection              

Astrogeology Science Center

link

September 26, 2018

####   Meteor Crater Sample Collection

Learn More

link

September 26, 2018

####                 Flynn Creek Crater Sample Collection              

Astrogeology Science Center

link

September 26, 2018

####   Flynn Creek Crater Sample Collection

Learn More

link

July 20, 2018

####                 Observatories              

Natural Hazards Mission Area, Geomagnetism Program, Geologic Hazards Science Center

link

July 20, 2018

####   Observatories

Learn More

link

July 5, 2018

####                 Geomagnetism Monitoring Operations              

Natural Hazards Mission Area, Geomagnetism Program, Geologic Hazards Science Center

link

July 5, 2018

####   Geomagnetism Monitoring Operations

Learn More

link

March 20, 2018

####                 Geomagnetism Research              

Natural Hazards Mission Area

link

March 20, 2018

####   Geomagnetism Research

Learn More

Image of the Week - Moon Craters in Arizona

July 16, 2019

#### Image of the Week - Moon Craters in Arizona

link

Before landing on the surface of the moon in 1969, astronauts Neil Armstrong and Buzz Aldrin needed a training ground that matched their destination's cratered surface.

National Land Imaging Program, Astrogeology Science Center, Earth Resources Observation and Science (EROS) Center 

July 16, 2019

#### Image of the Week - Moon Craters in Arizona

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#### Image of the Week - Moon Craters in Arizona

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Before landing on the surface of the moon in 1969, astronauts Neil Armstrong and Buzz Aldrin needed a training ground that matched their destination's cratered surface.

National Land Imaging Program, Astrogeology Science Center, Earth Resources Observation and Science (EROS) Center 

May 9, 2019

#### Journey Along a Field Line

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Educational Resources

May 9, 2019

#### Journey Along a Field Line

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#### Journey Along a Field Line

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Educational Resources

Hazards: Geomagnetic Storms

December 16, 2013

#### Hazards: Geomagnetic Storms

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Space weather can have important consequences for our lives, such as interference with radio communication, GPS systems, electric power grids, the operation and orientation of satellites, oil and gas drilling, and even air travel as high altitude pilots and astronauts can be subjected to enhanced levels of radiation.

Geomagnetism

December 16, 2013

#### Hazards: Geomagnetic Storms

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#### Hazards: Geomagnetic Storms

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Space weather can have important consequences for our lives, such as interference with radio communication, GPS systems, electric power grids, the operation and orientation of satellites, oil and gas drilling, and even air travel as high altitude pilots and astronauts can be subjected to enhanced levels of radiation.

Geomagnetism

A Martian landscape right at home

August 16, 2022

####   A Martian landscape right at home

USGS researchers are studying glacial features in Iceland to help reveal past climates on Mars as part of a larger effort to use terrestrial analogs...

Read Article

Space Weather and Magnetic Storms: Invaders from Outer Space...Sort Of

July 20, 2022

####   Space Weather and Magnetic Storms: Invaders from Outer Space...Sort Of

While major geomagnetic storms are rare, with only a few recorded per century, there is significant potential for large-scale impacts when they do...

Read Article

Down to Earth: Complexities of Geology Affect Nuclear Electromagnetic Pulse Hazard 

July 22, 2021

####   Down to Earth: Complexities of Geology Affect Nuclear Electromagnetic Pulse Hazard 

Geoelectric hazards generated by a nuclear explosion at the outer edge of Earth’s atmosphere can be strongly affected by the electrical conductivity...

Read Article

New Geoelectric Hazard Map Shows Potential Vulnerability to High-Voltage Power Grid for Two-Thirds of the US

March 16, 2020

####   New Geoelectric Hazard Map Shows Potential Vulnerability to High-Voltage Power Grid for Two-Thirds of the US

The U.S. Geological Survey released a new report on geoelectric hazards for two-thirds of the contiguous U.S., spanning from the northeast to the west...

Read Article

Space Debris Remains Ongoing Concern for Landsat, Other Satellites

January 8, 2020

####   Space Debris Remains Ongoing Concern for Landsat, Other Satellites

Space, it turns out, can be a messy place.

Sixty years of manned and unmanned space flight have left a cosmic junkyard circling the planet. From spent...

Read Article

New U.S. Geological Survey Report Assesses Risk of Once-Per-Century Geomagnetic Superstorm to the Northeastern United States

March 5, 2019

####   New U.S. Geological Survey Report Assesses Risk of Once-Per-Century Geomagnetic Superstorm to the Northeastern United States

A new report and map published by the U.S. Geological Survey provides critical insight to electric power grid operators across the northeastern United...

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Preparing the Nation for Intense Space Weather

May 1, 2017

####   Preparing the Nation for Intense Space Weather

While major geomagnetic storms are rare, with only a few recorded per century, there is significant potential for large-scale impacts when they do...

Read Article

Mapping a Space-Weather Menace to Electric-Power Grids

September 12, 2016

####   Mapping a Space-Weather Menace to Electric-Power Grids

New strides have been made toward quantifying how geomagnetic storms can interfere with the nation’s electric-power grid systems.  

Read Article

Getting Down to Earth with Space Hazards

January 7, 2016

####   Getting Down to Earth with Space Hazards

Magnetic storms can interfere with the operation of electric power grids and damage grid infrastructure. They can also disrupt directional drilling...

Read Article

The Nation Prepares for Extreme Space Weather

October 29, 2015

####   The Nation Prepares for Extreme Space Weather

Read Article

####                 Astrogeology Science Center              

2255 N. Gemini DriveFlagstaff, AZ86001United States

928-556-7000

####                 Geomagnetism Program              

12201 Sunrise Valley DrReston, VA20192United States

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####                 What is a magnetic storm?              

A magnetic storm is a period of rapid magnetic field variation. It can last from hours to days. Magnetic storms have two basic causes: The Sun sometimes emits a strong surge of solar wind called a coronal mass ejection. This gust of solar wind disturbs the outer part of the Earth's magnetic field, which undergoes a complex oscillation. This generates associated electric currents in the near-Earth...

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####   What is a magnetic storm?

A magnetic storm is a period of rapid magnetic field variation. It can last from hours to days. Magnetic storms have two basic causes: The Sun sometimes emits a strong surge of solar wind called a coronal mass ejection. This gust of solar wind disturbs the outer part of the Earth's magnetic field, which undergoes a complex oscillation. This generates associated electric currents in the near-Earth...

Learn More

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####                 How does the Earth's core generate a magnetic field?              

The Earth's outer core is in a state of turbulent convection as the result of radioactive heating and chemical differentiation. This sets up a process that is a bit like a naturally occurring electrical generator, where the convective kinetic energy is converted to electrical and magnetic energy. Basically, the motion of the electrically conducting iron in the presence of the Earth's magnetic...

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####   How does the Earth's core generate a magnetic field?

The Earth's outer core is in a state of turbulent convection as the result of radioactive heating and chemical differentiation. This sets up a process that is a bit like a naturally occurring electrical generator, where the convective kinetic energy is converted to electrical and magnetic energy. Basically, the motion of the electrically conducting iron in the presence of the Earth's magnetic...

Learn More

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####                 What are the hazards of magnetic storms?              

Our technology based infrastructure can be adversely affected by rapid magnetic field variations. This is especially true during “magnetic storms." Because the ionosphere is heated and distorted during storms, long range radio communication that relies on sub-ionospheric reflection can be difficult or impossible and global-positioning system (GPS) communications can be degraded. Ionospheric...

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####   What are the hazards of magnetic storms?

Our technology based infrastructure can be adversely affected by rapid magnetic field variations. This is especially true during “magnetic storms." Because the ionosphere is heated and distorted during storms, long range radio communication that relies on sub-ionospheric reflection can be difficult or impossible and global-positioning system (GPS) communications can be degraded. Ionospheric...

Learn More

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####                 Do solar flares or magnetic storms (space weather) cause earthquakes?              

Solar flares and magnetic storms belong to a set of phenomena known collectively as "space weather". Technological systems and the activities of modern civilization can be affected by changing space-weather conditions. However, it has never been demonstrated that there is a causal relationship between space weather and earthquakes. Indeed, over the course of the Sun's 11-year variable cycle, the...

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####   Do solar flares or magnetic storms (space weather) cause earthquakes?

Solar flares and magnetic storms belong to a set of phenomena known collectively as "space weather". Technological systems and the activities of modern civilization can be affected by changing space-weather conditions. However, it has never been demonstrated that there is a causal relationship between space weather and earthquakes. Indeed, over the course of the Sun's 11-year variable cycle, the...

Learn More

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####                 Does the Earth's magnetic field affect human health?              

The Earth's magnetic field does not directly affect human health. Humans evolved to live on this planet. High altitude pilots and astronauts can experience higher levels of radiation during magnetic storms, but the hazard is due to the radiation, not the magnetic field itself. Geomagnetism can also impact the electrically based technology that we rely on, but it does not impact people themselves...

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####   Does the Earth's magnetic field affect human health?

The Earth's magnetic field does not directly affect human health. Humans evolved to live on this planet. High altitude pilots and astronauts can experience higher levels of radiation during magnetic storms, but the hazard is due to the radiation, not the magnetic field itself. Geomagnetism can also impact the electrically based technology that we rely on, but it does not impact people themselves...

Learn More

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####                 Why measure the magnetic field at the Earth's surface? Wouldn't satellites be better suited for space-weather studies?              

Satellites and ground-based magnetometers are both important for making measurements of the Earth’s magnetic field. They are not redundant but are instead complementary: Satellites provide good geographical coverage for data collection. Ground-based magnetometers are much less expensive and much easier to install than satellites. An array of magnetometers provides coverage from numerous locations...

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####   Why measure the magnetic field at the Earth's surface? Wouldn't satellites be better suited for space-weather studies?

Satellites and ground-based magnetometers are both important for making measurements of the Earth’s magnetic field. They are not redundant but are instead complementary: Satellites provide good geographical coverage for data collection. Ground-based magnetometers are much less expensive and much easier to install than satellites. An array of magnetometers provides coverage from numerous locations...

Learn More

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####                 Could magnetic reversals be caused by meteorite or comet impacts?              

Although extremely unlikely, it might be possible for a reversal of the Earth's magnetic field to be triggered by a meteorite or comet impact, or even for it to be caused by something more "gentle," such as the melting of the polar ice caps. Self-contained dynamic systems like Earth’s dynamo can have reversals without any outside influence. Reversals of Earth's magnetic field can simply happen...

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####   Could magnetic reversals be caused by meteorite or comet impacts?

Although extremely unlikely, it might be possible for a reversal of the Earth's magnetic field to be triggered by a meteorite or comet impact, or even for it to be caused by something more "gentle," such as the melting of the polar ice caps. Self-contained dynamic systems like Earth’s dynamo can have reversals without any outside influence. Reversals of Earth's magnetic field can simply happen...

Learn More

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####                 I think I found a meteorite. How can I tell for sure?              

Meteorites are fragments of rock or metal that fall to Earth from space. They are very rare, but many people find unusual rocks or pieces of metal and wonder if they might have found a meteorite. The USGS doesn't verify meteorites, but they have several properties that help distinguish them from other rocks: Density : Meteorites are usually quite heavy for their size, since they contain metallic...

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####   I think I found a meteorite. How can I tell for sure?

Meteorites are fragments of rock or metal that fall to Earth from space. They are very rare, but many people find unusual rocks or pieces of metal and wonder if they might have found a meteorite. The USGS doesn't verify meteorites, but they have several properties that help distinguish them from other rocks: Density : Meteorites are usually quite heavy for their size, since they contain metallic...

Learn More

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####                 How can I tell if I have found an impact crater?              

There are many natural processes other than impacts that can create circular features and depressions on the surface of the Earth. Examples include glaciation, volcanism, sinkholes, atolls, salt domes, intrusions, and hydrothermal explosions (to name just a few). Prehistoric mines and quarries are also sometimes mistaken for impact craters. Although the USGS has been involved in impact crater...

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####   How can I tell if I have found an impact crater?

There are many natural processes other than impacts that can create circular features and depressions on the surface of the Earth. Examples include glaciation, volcanism, sinkholes, atolls, salt domes, intrusions, and hydrothermal explosions (to name just a few). Prehistoric mines and quarries are also sometimes mistaken for impact craters. Although the USGS has been involved in impact crater...

Learn More