1 Unless otherwise indicated, all section references are to

the Internal Revenue Code, as amended, and Rule references are to

the Tax Court Rules of Practice and Procedure. Amounts are

(continued...)

T.C. Memo. 2007-103

UNITED STATES TAX COURT

JOHN KARASON, Petitioner v.

COMMISSIONER OF INTERNAL REVENUE, Respondent

Docket No. 12296-05. Filed April 26, 2007.

John Timothy Bender and J. Scott Broome, for petitioner.

Mark D. Eblen, for respondent.

MEMORANDUM FINDINGS OF FACT AND OPINION

HAINES, Judge: Respondent determined a deficiency in

petitioner’s Federal income tax for 2001 of $14,575, as well as

an addition to tax under section 6662(a) of $2,915.1
- 2 -

1(...continued)

rounded to the nearest dollar.

The issues for decision are: (1) Whether petitioner is

entitled to section 179 expense and section 167 depreciation

deductions; (2) whether petitioner has sufficient basis in a

partnership entitling him to deduct partnership losses; and (3)

whether petitioner is liable for an accuracy-related penalty

pursuant to section 6662(a).

FINDINGS OF FACT

Some of the facts have been stipulated and are so found. 

The stipulation of facts and the attached exhibits are

incorporated herein by this reference. Contrary to the petition,

which indicated petitioner resided in Elizabethtown,

Pennsylvania, when the petition was filed petitioner resided in

Lincoln, California. 

A. Petitioner’s Background 

Petitioner graduated from college with a degree in political

science and accounting and subsequently pursued a master’s degree

in taxation and business administration. He did not complete the

graduate degrees. While working on his master’s in taxation,

petitioner was employed as a tax manager for Levin Rosenfeld in

Bedminster, New Jersey. A year later, he left Levin Rosenfeld

and moved to Ohio to work for Provident Nursing Homes as its

assistant controller. In January 1988, he began employment with
- 3 -

the Internal Revenue Service (IRS) as a revenue agent in the

Mansfield, Ohio, office. While in the Mansfield office, he

became an industry specialist in the fields of healthcare, horse

operations, and farming operations. In 1999, he was promoted to

group manager and later promoted to large case manager. In 2004,

petitioner was transferred to an IRS office in San Francisco,

California, where he remained until he terminated his position in

August 2005. During petitioner’s entire employment with the IRS,

he either audited or supervised the audits of taxpayers. 

B. Dr. Michael Karason

Dr. Michael Karason (Dr. Karason), petitioner’s younger

brother, is a podiatrist licensed to practice in the States of

Ohio, Pennsylvania, and California. At the time of trial, he

practiced podiatry out of offices in Harrisburg and

Elizabethtown, Pennsylvania. 

On December 21, 2000, Dr. Karason executed a “Bill Of Sale

And Agreement” (purchase agreement) to purchase the Harrisburg

podiatry practice of Dr. Harold A. Flom, D.P.M. (Dr. Flom) for

$31,000. The closing date was January 13, 2001. Dr. Flom’s

podiatry practice consisted of intangible assets, which included

patient lists, patients’ telephone numbers, and patients’ files,

and medical equipment, which included furniture, office items,

workroom items, and items in two treatment rooms. Each treatment

room’s items included a podiatry chair, a stool, a sitting chair,
- 4 -

2 For convenience, the Court uses the terms “partnership”

and “partner” without deciding whether a partnership existed. 

The promissory note stated the loan was secured “WITH OPENEND MORTGAGE ON REAL ESTATE LOCATED AT 901 CO. RD. 801, ASHLAND,

OHIO 44805 CONSISTING OF 9.51 ACRES WITH HOUSE AND BUILDINGS”. 

This property was listed as KCP’s rental property on its Forms

8825, Rental Real Estate Income and Expenses of a Partnership or

an S corporation, for 1995 through 1997 and 1999 through 2001. 

lights, paintings, and a podiatry wall cabinet with supplies. 

The purchase agreement failed to specifically indicate what the

office and workroom items were, or the type of furniture. The

purchase agreement did not allocate a fair market value (FMV) to

each piece of property included in the intangible assets or

medical equipment. 

Dr. Karason testified he did not have the funds to purchase

Dr. Flom’s practice. To finance the transaction, petitioner

obtained a $30,000 bank loan from The Farmers Savings Bank

(Farmers Bank) on December 22, 2000, and wired it to his brother

on January 9, 2001. The loan was secured with rental property

owned by Karason Capital Partners (KCP), petitioner’s and Dr.

Karason’s partnership.2 The promissory note for the loan stated

the loan’s purpose was for “BUSINESS: PURCHASE MEDICAL PRACTICE”. 

Dr. Karason’s solely owned corporation, Karason Podiatric

Centers, Inc. (KCPI), paid the monthly bank loan payments to

Farmers Bank totaling $16,662 in 2001.
- 5 -

3 Petitioner listed $3,000 of the cost of the medical

equipment as 5-year property on Part II, MACRS Depreciation for

Assets Placed in Service Only During Your 2001 Tax Year, Section

B--General Depreciation System, of Form 4562, Depreciation and

Amortization. 

C. Petitioner’s 2001 Federal Income Tax Return 

Petitioner’s Form 1040, U.S. Individual Income Tax Return,

for 2001 (2001 return) reported that he, not Dr. Karason or KCPI,

purchased Dr. Flom’s medical equipment. Petitioner’s Form 4562,

Depreciation and Amortization, reported that he paid $27,000 for

the medical equipment, made a section 179 election to expense

$24,000 of the equipment’s cost, and claimed an additional $6003

depreciation deduction. He also reported a depreciation

deduction of $994 for other medical equipment purchased prior to

Dr. Karason’s purchase of the podiatry practice. 

Petitioner’s Schedule C, Profit or Loss From Business,

reported that he leased the medical equipment to KCPI and

received $16,662 as gross rents from KCPI, which equaled the

amount of KCPI’s 2001 loan payments to Farmers Bank. After

deducting a total of $25,594 for section 179 expense and section

167 depreciation deductions and $2,307 interest expense on the

Farmers Bank loan, petitioner claimed on the Schedule C a net

loss of $11,239. 

Petitioner and Dr. Karason did not enter into a written

agreement memorializing either the purported sale of the medical

equipment to petitioner or the lease of the medical equipment to
- 6 -

4 The partnership also went by the names Karason Family

Partnership and Karason Family Investment Club.

5 Petitioner did not own a direct partnership interest in

KCP in 1994 and 1995. 

6 From 1990 through 1999, KCP’s partners at various times

included petitioner’s mother, father, and various other entities. 

Petitioner and Dr. Karason were the only partners in 2001.

KCPI. The purchase agreement between Dr. Karason and Dr. Flom

did not mention petitioner’s name, indicate that the medical

equipment was assigned to petitioner, or that petitioner was

going to purchase the equipment. 

D. Karason Capital Partners 

Petitioner formed KCP in 1989 with members of his family for

the purpose of investing in property.4 Petitioner prepared all

of KCP’s Federal partnership tax returns. According to the

partnership returns, petitioner was a partner from 1989 through

1993 and 1996 through 2001,5 and Dr. Karason was a partner in KCP

from its formation.6 In 2001, petitioner owned a 70-percent

interest in KCP, and Dr. Karason owned the remaining 30 percent. 

During 2001, KCP’s purported business activities included

renting real property and breeding race horses. KCP’s Form 1040

Schedule E, Supplemental Income and Loss, for 2001 reported that

the rental properties generated a $31,337 loss, and Form 1040

Schedule F, Profit or Loss From Farming, for 2001 reported the

horse breeding activities generated a $13,933 loss. KCP’s

Schedule K-1, Partner’s Share of Income, Credits, Deductions,
- 7 -

7 Schedule E loss of $31,337 + Schedule F loss of $13,933

($45,270) x petitioner’s 70 percent ownership (.70) = $31,689. 

8 Although the schedule was titled “Depreciation 2005”, it 

listed the medical equipment depreciation deduction amounts from

2001 through 2006. 

etc., for 2001 reported petitioner’s distributive share of KCP

losses was $31,689.7 Petitioner deducted his share of the losses

on his 2001 Federal income tax return. From 1990 through 2003,

KCP did not generate a profit.

E. The Audit

In July 2004, respondent began the audit of petitioner’s

2001 return. Respondent requested documentation from petitioner: 

(1) Establishing that he owned the medical equipment including

purchase invoices, settlement sheets, and receipts; (2)

substantiating the medical equipment’s FMV and depreciable basis;

(3) identifying bank accounts used in his medical equipment

rental business including the bank account records; and (4)

substantiating his adjusted basis in KCP. 

To substantiate his basis in the medical equipment,

petitioner provided a handwritten depreciation schedule for the

medical equipment titled “Depreciation 2005”8 with no supporting

documentation other than a copy of the promissory note for the

loan from Farmers Bank. Petitioner also provided a Form 1099-

MISC, Miscellaneous Income, for 2001 from KCPI indicating it had

paid $16,662 to petitioner as rent for its use of the medical

equipment in 2001. This form was not filed with the IRS. 
- 8 -

To substantiate his basis in KCP, petitioner provided his

personal bank account statements from the Auto Workers Credit

Union and a handwritten statement, without supporting

documentation, stating his adjusted basis in KCP in 2001 was

$221,194, calculated as follows:

Item Amount

JCK (K-1) share of $ 70,000

recourse liabilities 

Petitioner’s beginning 159,746

capital account

2001 cash contributions 23,000

2001 income/loss per K-1

for JCK share (net) 

1(31,552)

Ending capital account 221,194

 

1 Petitioner reduced the $31,689 loss reported on KCP’s Schedule K-1 for

2001 to reflect his receipt of $137 of ordinary dividend income ($31,689 -

$137 = $31,552). 

Respondent determined that petitioner failed to establish

his cost basis in the medical equipment and failed to provide

supporting information to substantiate his basis in KCP. On June

29, 2005, respondent mailed petitioner a notice of deficiency

disallowing his section 179 expense and section 167 depreciation

deductions of $25,594, and his share of KCP’s losses of $31,689. 

F. Tax Court Proceedings

Petitioner timely filed his petition on July 5, 2005. On

January 6, 2006, respondent served on petitioner a request for

production of documents. The documentation requested included
- 9 -

accounting books, records, invoices, and bank records related to

the medical equipment business, documentation related to the

purchase of the medical equipment, depreciation schedules for the

medical equipment, canceled checks verifying petitioner’s initial

investment and additional capital contributions to KCP, loan

agreements relating to KCP, and books and records of KCP used to

compute petitioner’s basis in KCP. Petitioner did not provide

the requested documents. 

On February 10, 2006, respondent filed a motion seeking an

order to compel production of documents. On February 23, 2006,

the Court ordered petitioner to “on or before March 10, 2006,

produce to counsel for respondent, for inspection and copying,

each and every document requested in respondent’s request for

production of documents”.

In response, to substantiate his basis in KCP, petitioner

produced a one-page typed statement of his KCP capital account

titled “Karason Family Investment Club Capital Account - JCK”. 

The typed statement contradicted the handwritten statement

petitioner had provided during the audit. The typed statement

indicated that he had a 2001 capital balance of $81,806 and

contributed $18,500 to KCP in 2001. The typed statement also

indicated he made capital contributions every year from 1986

through 2001 and incurred $31,552 of partnership losses in 2001. 

No supporting documentation was provided to substantiate these
- 10 -

amounts. Petitioner also produced 2001 personal bank account

statements for an account with Auto Worker’s Credit Union in the

name of his mother, Marie J. Vignovich, and on which petitioner

had signatory authority. Petitioner did not provide any

documentation with respect to the medical equipment. 

OPINION

I. Medical Equipment

Petitioner contends he purchased the medical equipment from

Dr. Karason in 2001 and leased it back to KCPI in 2001 along with

other medical equipment as part of his medical equipment rental

business. Thus, he asserts he is entitled to expense $24,000 of

the cost of the medical equipment purchased in 2001 pursuant to

section 179 and depreciate the remaining amount pursuant to

section 167, and that he is entitled to section 167 depreciation

deductions for previously purchased medical equipment. 

Section 179 allows a taxpayer to elect to treat the cost of

section 179 property as a current expense in the year such

property is placed in service, within certain dollar limitations. 

Sec. 179(a) and (b). To substantiate this expense, the taxpayer

must maintain records which specifically identify each item of

section 179 property and reflect how and from whom such property

was acquired and when such property was placed in service. See

sec. 1.179-5(a), Income Tax Regs. Section 179 property is

defined as property acquired by purchase for use in the active
- 11 -

9 “The important question is * * * who made the investment

of the capital which is to be recovered over the period of the

exhaustion of the property. The one who made the investment is

entitled to its return.” Gladding Dry Goods Co. v. Commissioner,

2 B.T.A. 336, 338 (1925). 

10 The burden of proof may shift to the Commissioner under

sec. 7491(a) if the taxpayer has produced credible evidence with

respect to a factual issue relating to the tax liability at

issue, has met substantiation requirements, maintained records,

and cooperated with the Secretary’s reasonable requests for

documents, witnesses, and meetings.

(continued...)

conduct of a trade or business. Sec. 179(d)(1). The term

“purchase” means generally “any acquisition of property”. Sec.

179(d)(2); sec. 1.179-4(c), Income Tax Regs. Property is deemed

acquired when reduced to physical possession, or control. 

Baicker v. Commissioner, 93 T.C. 316, 322 (1989); secs. 1.48-

2(a)(2)(b)(6), 1.167(c)-(1)(a)(2), Income Tax Regs. 

Section 167 allows a depreciation deduction for the

exhaustion, and wear and tear of property used in the trade or

business or held for the production of income. Depreciation is

not necessarily predicated upon ownership of the property but

rather upon an investment in property.9 Arevalo v. Commissioner,

124 T.C. 244, 251-252 (2005), affd. 469 F.3d 436 (5th Cir. 2006);

Gladding Dry Goods Co. v. Commissioner, 2 B.T.A. 336, 338 (1925);

Stiebling v. Commissioner, T.C. Memo. 1994-233, affd. without

published opinion 113 F.3d 1242 (9th Cir. 1997). The taxpayer

bears the burden of proving the Commissioner’s determinations are

incorrect.10 See Rule 142(a).
- 12 -

10(...continued)

 

In this case, petitioner bears the burden of proof because

he did not: (1) Introduce credible evidence with respect to any

factual issue relevant to ascertaining his liability; (2)

substantiate his expenses; (3) maintain the required records; and

(4) cooperate with respondent's requests. Sec. 7491(a); see

Higbee v. Commissioner, 116 T.C. 438, 440-441 (2001). 

Respondent contends petitioner is not entitled to a section

167 depreciation deduction or a section 179 expense deduction

because he did not prove he invested in or purchased the

equipment that he purportedly used in his medical equipment

rental business. 

Petitioner and Dr. Karason testified that, pursuant to an

oral agreement, Dr. Karason assigned the medical equipment to

petitioner, and petitioner invested in and purchased the

equipment when he wired the bank loan funds to Dr. Karason on

January 9, 2001. They also testified that the FMV of the medical

equipment was determined pursuant to consultations with Gill

Podiatry and Moore Medical, purveyors of podiatry equipment. 

Outside of the handwritten depreciation schedule, petitioner did

not produce documentation supporting either the cost or the FMV

of the medical equipment or that these consultations actually

occurred. Petitioner also testified that he did not obtain

insurance covering the medical equipment. 

Petitioner and Dr. Karason testified that immediately after

petitioner purchased the medical equipment, pursuant to an oral
- 13 -

lease agreement, petitioner leased it, along with other medical

equipment, to KCPI, and as rent KCPI paid the bank loan payments

attributable to the purchase of the podiatry practice. 

Petitioner testified that in years subsequent to 2001, KCPI’s

rent increased, but he produced no documentary evidence to

support this testimony. 

The facts as presented support respondent’s argument that

petitioner did not invest in or purchase the medical equipment. 

First, the Purchase Agreement between Dr. Karason and Dr. Flom

did not mention petitioner’s name, indicate that the medical

equipment was assigned to petitioner, or state that petitioner

was going to purchase the equipment. Second, Dr. Karason

testified that if not for the funds provided by petitioner, he

could not have paid the purchase price for the podiatry practice. 

Third, the loan was secured with KCP’s property (Petitioner’s and

Dr. Karason’s partnership). Fourth, the promissory note on the

loan stated the loan was for the purpose of “BUSINESS: BUSINESS,

PURCHASE MEDICAL PRACTICE”. Fifth, Dr. Karason’s professional

corporation, KCPI, paid the monthly loan payments to the bank,

not petitioner.

Petitioner testified that his and Dr. Karason’s attorney and

accountant advised them that they did not need to enter into a

written agreement to either assign and purchase the medical

equipment or to lease the equipment to KCPI because petitioner
- 14 -

11 Because this Court found that petitioner did not invest

in or purchase the equipment, Dr. Karason’s bank loan payments of

$16,662 did not constitute income to petitioner. 

and Dr. Karason were brothers. The Court finds this difficult to

believe. Petitioner was employed by the IRS for more than 17

years either auditing or supervising the audits of taxpayers. He

should have known to document the purported purchase of the

medical equipment, the lease agreement with KCPI, and the medical

equipment’s cost and FMV. 

Petitioner did not produce any documentation showing either

he invested in or purchased the medical equipment. For the

foregoing reasons, the Court concludes petitioner is not entitled

to deduct the costs of the medical equipment under sections 179

and 167.11 

II. Karason Capital Partners

Petitioner contends he had a sufficient basis in KCP to

allow him to deduct $31,689 as passthrough losses from KCP in

2001.

Respondent contends petitioner failed to substantiate his

purported adjusted basis in KCP, and he cannot deduct the $31,689

of passthrough losses from KCP. 

Section 704(d) limits the deduction of a partner’s

distributive share of partnership loss to the partner’s adjusted

basis in the partnership at the end of the partnership year. 

Sec. 1.704-1(d)(1), Income Tax Regs. The partner’s adjusted
- 15 -

basis in the partnership interest reflects, inter alia, the

adjusted basis in any property the partner has contributed to the

partnership. Secs. 705(a), 722. Section 6001 requires taxpayers

to maintain adequate records from which their correct tax

liability may be determined. Petzoldt v. Commissioner, 92 T.C.

661, 686 (1989). 

The only documentation petitioner provided to substantiate

his basis in KCP was the handwritten statement, a typed statement

which contradicted the handwritten statement, and his and his

mother’s bank statements. The handwritten statement indicated

his adjusted basis in KCP in 2001 was $221,194. On brief,

petitioner argued that even though the handwritten statement was

accurate, his 2001 adjusted basis in KCP was actually $184,486,

comprising $70,000 of recourse liabilities, $19,628 of 2001 cash

contributions, and a $81,806 capital account.

Although respondent repeatedly requested documentation and

the Court ordered petitioner to comply with respondent’s

requests, petitioner did not provide any documentation or

testimony substantiating the $70,000 of recourse liabilities. 

This Court finds petitioner failed to prove he had recourse

liabilities of $70,000. 

In an attempt to substantiate the 2001 cash contributions to

KCP of $19,628, petitioner produced copies of his mother’s 2001

Auto Workers Credit Union account statements, which listed him as
- 16 -

a joint member, and produced copies of his 2001 Auto Workers

Credit Union account statements, which listed his mother as a

joint member. Petitioner testified that the account in his

mother’s name was actually the KCP business account. The account

did not contain a taxpayer identification number for KCP, even

though, as admitted on cross-examination, he was aware that KCP

was required to put its taxpayer identification number on its

bank account. He explained that the account was in his mother’s

name because an individual was allowed to open only one account,

and the credit union did not allow business entities to have an

account. 

Petitioner testified, and the account statements showed,

that he deposited money from his personal account to his mother’s

account. He testified that the money was transferred to fund

KCP. However, he did not provide any checks or other

documentation showing that his mother’s account was a business

account or that the withdrawals from his mother’s account were

for KCP expenses. Petitioner testified that he lived with and

supported his mother, claimed his mother as a dependent in 2001,

and claimed a standard deduction as head of household for 2001. 

The facts indicate the transfer of money from petitioner’s

account to his mother’s account was to provide funds for his

mother, whom he supported. For the foregoing reasons, this Court
- 17 -

finds petitioner failed to prove he contributed $19,628 to KCP in

2001. 

To substantiate his purported 2001 capital account of

$81,806, petitioner produced a typed statement listing his

capital contributions. The statement contradicted KCP’s returns

and the stipulated facts by claiming petitioner made capital

contributions to KCP in: (1) 1986 through 1998, years before KCP

was formed; and (2) 1994 and 1995, years when petitioner was not

a direct partner of KCP. 

 Dr. Karason, a 30-percent owner of KCP since 1989, testified

that he knew nothing about KCP or its operations. He also

admitted he did not know when KCP was formed, when he became a

partner, how he acquired an interest, how much money, if any, he

contributed, whether KCP had a bank account, and whether KCP had

ever distributed stocks, bonds, or real estate to him. To this

extent, the Court believes Dr. Karason’s testimony. 

Petitioner admitted that respondent repeatedly requested

documentation from him and his attorney to support his purported

basis in KCP, and he was aware it was his responsibility to prove

such basis. He offered only his self-serving testimony, and he

failed to produce any documentation to substantiate his adjusted

basis in KCP. For the foregoing reasons, this Court finds

petitioner is not entitled to deduct $31,689 as passthrough

losses from KCP in 2001.
- 18 -

III. Section 6662

Section 6662(a) imposes a 20-percent accuracy-related

penalty on the portion of any underpayment attributable to

negligence or disregard of rules or regulations. Sec. 6662(b). 

The term “negligence” includes any failure to make a reasonable

attempt to comply with the provisions of the Internal Revenue

Code, including any failure by the taxpayer to keep adequate

books and records or to properly substantiate items. Sec.

6662(c); sec. 1.6662-3(b), Income Tax Regs. Section 7491(c)

provides that the Commissioner bears the burden of production

with respect to accuracy-related penalties. See Higbee v.

Commissioner, 116 T.C. 438, 446-447 (2001). 

Petitioner reported expenses and deductions for medical

equipment without any documentation to show he purchased or

invested in the equipment. Additionally, petitioner reported his

share of KCP’s losses without providing documentation to

substantiate his purported basis in KCP. 

Petitioner was an employee of the IRS for more than 17 years

and spent the majority of this time either auditing or

supervising the audits of taxpayers. He testified he was well

aware of his responsibility to provide documentation to

substantiate his expenses, deductions, and partnership basis, but

he failed to do so even after the Court ordered him to comply

with respondent’s request for production. Respondent has met the
- 19 -

burden of production, and petitioner, having failed to show

reasonable cause, substantial authority, or other basis for

reducing the underpayment on which the penalty is imposed, is

liable for the section 6662 penalty for 2001. 

The Court, in reaching its holding, has considered all

arguments made and concludes that any arguments not mentioned

above are moot, irrelevant, or without merit.

To reflect the foregoing,

Decision will be entered

under Rule 155.