*District Judge of the Eastern District of Louisiana,

sitting by designation. 

1

United States Court of Appeals,

Fifth Circuit.

No. 93-5131.

Patricia GREENSPAN, Plaintiff-Appellant,

v.

Donna E. SHALALA, Secretary, Department of Health and Human

Services, Defendant-Appellee.

Nov. 21, 1994.

Appeal from the United States District Court for the Eastern

District of Texas.

Before SMITH and EMILIO M. GARZA, Circuit Judges, and BERRIGAN,

District Judge.*

JERRY E. SMITH, Circuit Judge:

Patricia Greenspan ("Greenspan"), an applicant for Social

Security disability insurance and supplemental security income

benefits ("SSI"), appeals the Secretary's determination that

Greenspan was not disabled within the meaning of the Social

Security Act (the "Act"). Because we find that the Secretary's

decision is based upon substantial evidence and is in accordance

with law, we affirm.

I.

Patricia Greenspan was fifty-two years old when she applied

for disability payments. She has a high school education, one year

of junior college, and one year of vocational school. For most of

her life, she worked primarily as a sales manager, clothing buyer,

and supervisor in the clothing business; she also has held
 

1According to the administrative law judge's (ALJ's)

summation of Greenspan's testimony, her physical and mental

symptoms include:

chest pain, intense fatigue, confusion, unusual

sleepiness, brain swelling, difficulty in recalling

words, memory loss, episodic catatonic state (sitting

and staring straight ahead/stopped movements), swelling

in all veins, blurred vision, feeling of being unreal,

chills, hot flashes, runs a low grade fever most of the

time, red blotches, fear, depression, reactions that

mimic anxiety attacks, blackouts, headaches, swelling

and tenderness in the joints, high blood pressure,

visual motor deficits, disorientation, inability to

concentrate, hearing loss, pressure or pain in left

eye, eyeballs feel swollen, exertional and

non-exertional shortness of breath, lightheadedness,

spacey feelings, rapid heartbeat, slow heartbeat, pale

and clammy skin, flushed and puffy skin, rashes, red

sores on face, numbness, loss of grip strength, motor

loss in knees and legs, stiff knees and legs, blisters

on extremities, lumps, sensitivity to light, difficulty

in swallowing, choking, edema and burning of knuckles

left wrist, frozen wrist, hot and swollen knees,

swelling or lump on left ribs, burning thighs, leg and

feet aches, bones hurt, pain from clothes touching

body, cysts in left breast, swelling and pain in

breast, swelling on top center of head, cerebral

allergy, indigestion, crushing squeezing numbness in

chest and forearm, fluid retention, intolerance to

florescent lights, muscle spasms, nasal congestion and

sneezing, slurred speech, veins in left arm and leg

swell and itch, line of red rash along vein on left

2

numerous clerical positions. From 1984 to 1987, she in turn worked

at Lefcourts Imports, a Jordon Marsh department store, and the

Doral Country Club Pro Shop. She was also a part-time bookkeeper

for her landlord and a receptionist and clerk at a hospital. All

these positions were held for only a brief period of time.

Greenspan's relevant medical history began in 1979 with the

diagnoses of her treating physician, Dr. Martin Cohen, a specialist

in endocrinology and metabolism. While Greenspan had alleged

complaints relating to virtually every body system,1 Cohen's
inner forearm and along side ribs and stomach,

excessive salivation, emotional liability, fungus on

toenails. 

3

examination found no physical basis for Greenspan's problems. He

opined that "there is an enormous amount of emotional overlay

contributing to her illness."

From March 1983 to May 1985, Greenspan saw Dr. Hobart Feldman,

a specialist in allergy and immunology. He is also a "clinical

ecologist." Feldman concluded, in contrast to Cohen's diagnoses,

that Greenspan was "severely affected with ecological illness, and

multiple allergies." According to Feldman, Greenspan's condition

prevented her from being able to perform any type of work.

Greenspan's condition did not prevent her from consulting

medical professionals, however. During this approximate period,

she was counseled for emotional problems by a psychology intern of

the Department of Youth and Family Development. At separate times,

Greenspan also was examined by Dr. Norman Gaylis, Dr. Norman Azen,

Dr. Robert Fox, and numerous physicians and interns at the Jackson

Memorial Hospital and the North Miami Hospital. The blanket

findings of these examinations was that no physical explanation

could be found for Greenspan's numerous complaints, test results

were within normal limits, and she suffered from emotional or

psychosomatic aliments. Significantly, Azen did observe

"dermographism," the raising of whelps resulting from moderately

firm stroking or scratching of the skin.

In September 1985, Greenspan applied for disability insurance

and SSI benefits under titles II and XVI of the Act, 42 U.S.C. §§
4

423 and 1381a (1991), claiming she suffered from ecological illness

and chronic anxiety reaction. She contended that she had multiple

allergies to almost everything in the work environment that caused

respiratory, arthritic, neurological, cerebral, and other symptoms.

She later amended her application to reflect a March 1983 onset

date.

Meanwhile, upon Feldman's recommendation, Greenspan began

seeing Drs. William Rhea and Ralph Smiley, specialists in clinical

ecology and "environmental medicine." Rhea placed Greenspan in a

"safe-house," a chemically free environment, where she was

instructed to consume only organic foods and bottled water. Rhea

also made a list of Greenspan's subjective responses to various

molds, plants, animals, and chemicals. Some medical testing was

done, and Rhea found evidence of Epstein-Barr virus. Greenspan,

however, did not follow up on this testing, and no conclusive

result was reached. Based upon their observations, Rhea and his

associates concluded that Greenspan would not be able to perform

any occupation because of her immune system dysfunction.

A hearing was held before an ALJ, who rendered a decision

partially favorable to Greenspan, whom he found to be disabled

after June 19, 1987.

Greenspan requested reconsideration. Additional evidence was

entered into the record. Russell Mitchell, a clinical

psychologist, conducted a psychological evaluation and diagnosed

atypical somatoform disorder and histrionic personality. Dr. Joel

Mulhauser, a specialist in internal medicine, submitted a report
5

questioning the validity of "ecological medicine." His review of

Greenspan's medical records showed no objective medical findings of

immune deficiency or other physical explanation for her alleged

symptoms. The Appeals Council vacated the ALJ's decision and

remanded for additional medical evidence.

A second hearing was convened, and the ALJ considered evidence

derived from three consultive examinations. Dr. Lawrence Muirhead,

a clinical psychologist, concluded that Greenspan was not impaired

by any psychological dysfunction. Another consultative psychiatric

evaluation was performed by Dr. Henry Gardiner, whose findings were

consistent with Muirhead's.

Dr. John Pippin performed a consultative internal medicine

examination and found no objective evidence of any major illness

and no physical limitations except for avoiding dust, fumes, and

chemicals. This time, the ALJ determined that Greenspan's

impairments did not preclude her from performing her past relevant

work, and, therefore, she was not disabled within the meaning of

the Act.

Again Greenspan appealed, and the Appeals Council determined

that further evaluation of the record was necessary, this time on

the question of her subjective complaints. The decision was

vacated and remanded, and a third hearing was held.

Further medical evidence was gathered. Dr. William Lumry, an

allergist, was unable to make a diagnosis that would explain

Greenspan's reported symptoms. Because of Greenspan's

dermographia, he was unable to perform skin testing for allergies.
6

He instead ordered a "RAST" screen, which was completely negative

and ruled out a significant number of possible allergies. Lumry

also noted that dermographia would cause falsely positive results

from skin tests such as those performed by Smiley and Feldman.

Another consultative psychiatric examination was performed by

Dr. William Skinner. The ALJ heard testimony from a vocational

expert, who testified that a person with Greenspan's background and

impairments of moderate depression and severe allergies would be

capable of doing light work.

The ALJ again denied benefits. An appeal was taken, and more

extensive medical testing was done, this time diagnosing mitral

valve prolapse and chronic fatigue syndrome. This time, however,

the Appeals Council denied Greenspan's requests for review and

reopening, and the Secretary's decision became final. Greenspan

sought review in the district court, which approved of the report

and recommendation of the magistrate judge and, over Greenspan's

objections, dismissed the suit.

II.

We review the Secretary's decision only to determine whether

it is supported by substantial evidence on the record as a whole

and whether the Secretary applied the proper legal standard. 42

U.S.C. §§ 405(g), 1383(c)(3); see also Richardson v. Perales, 402

U.S. 389, 401, 91 S.Ct. 1420, 1427, 28 L.Ed.2d 842 (1971); Haywood

v. Sullivan, 888 F.2d 1463, 1466 (5th Cir.1989). Substantial

evidence is "such relevant evidence as a reasonable mind might

accept as adequate to support a conclusion." Richardson, 402 U.S.
7

at 401, 91 S.Ct. at 1427 (quoting Consolidated Edison Co. v. NLRB,

305 U.S. 197, 229, 59 S.Ct. 206, 217, 83 L.Ed. 126 (1938)). In

applying the substantial evidence standard, we scrutinize the

record to determine whether such evidence is present. Haywood, 888

F.2d at 1466. We may not reweigh the evidence, try the issues de

novo, or substitute our judgment for that of the Secretary. Id.

The law and regulations governing the determination of

disability are the same for both disability insurance benefits and

SSI. Id. at 1467. Disability under the Act is defined as the

"inability to engage in any substantial gainful activity by reason

of any medically determinable physical or mental impairment which

can be expected to ... last for a continuous period of not less

than twelve months...." 42 U.S.C. § 423(d)(1)(A). Under this

provision, a "physical or mental impairment" is defined as "an

impairment that results from anatomical, physiological, or

psychological abnormalities which are demonstrable by medically

acceptable clinical and laboratory diagnostic techniques." Id. §

423(d)(3). Furthermore, an individual is "under a disability, only

if his impairments are of such severity that he is not only unable

to do his previous work but cannot, considering his age, education,

and work experience, engage in any other kind of substantial

gainful work which exists in the national economy...." Id. §

423(d)(2)(A).

In determining whether a claimant is disabled, the Secretary

utilizes a five-step sequential evaluation:

(1) An individual who is working and engaging in substantial

gainful activity will not be found disabled regardless of
8

medical findings.

(2) An individual who does not have a "severe impairment" will

not be found to be disabled.

(3) An individual who meets or equals a listed impairment in

Appendix 1 of the regulations will be considered disabled

without the consideration of vocational factors.

(4) If an individual is capable of performing the work he has

done in the past, a finding of "not disabled" will be made.

(5) If an individual's impairment precludes him from

performing his past work, other factors including age,

education, past work experience, and residual functional

capacity must be considered to determine if other work can be

performed.

Villa v. Sullivan, 895 F.2d 1019, 1022 (5th Cir.1990) (paraphrasing

20 C.F.R. § 404.1520(b)-(f)). "A finding that a claimant is

disabled or is not disabled at any point in the five-step review is

conclusive and terminates the analysis." Lovelace v. Bowen, 813

F.2d 55, 58 (5th Cir.1987).

To be entitled to benefits, an applicant bears the initial

burden of showing that he is disabled. Abshire v. Bowen, 848 F.2d

638, 640 (5th Cir.1988) (per curiam). Under the regulations, this

means that the claimant bears the burden of proof on the first four

steps of the sequential analysis. Bowen v. Yuckert, 482 U.S. 137,

146 n. 5, 107 S.Ct. 2287, 2294 n. 5, 96 L.Ed.2d 119 (1987). Once

this initial burden is satisfied, the Secretary bears the burden of

establishing that the claimant is capable of performing work in the

national economy. Id.

Following the sequential steps, the ALJ found that while

Greenspan had not engaged in substantial gainful activity since

June 1987 and suffered from severe allergies and somatoform, she
9

nevertheless could perform her past relevant work as per step four

of the analysis. The ALJ determined that Greenspan had the

residual functional capacity to work in jobs that did not require

lifting more than twenty pounds occasionally and carrying ten

pounds frequently. Greenspan also was restricted from work

environments that were highly stressful or contained the extremes

of dust, fumes, or poor ventilation. The ALJ found that

Greenspan's work in the clothing field and as a receptionist was

not precluded by these requirements, and, therefore, she was not

disabled within the meaning of the Act.

III.

Greenspan argues that the ALJ erred by given no or little

weight to the opinion of her treating physicians. The ALJ accepted

the opinion of Mulhauser, who stated that "[t]here is no such thing

as Ecologic Illness," and rejected the reports and opinions of her

treating physicians, Rhea and his associates. Furthermore,

Greenspan believes the ALJ erred by rejecting

Ecological/Environmental Illness ("EI") as a recognized disease.

She points out that the Program Operation Manual System ("POMS") of

the Social Security Administration lists EI as a potential

disability. We read these arguments to mean either that the ALJ

applied the wrong legal standard in evaluating the weight of the

physician's testimony or erred because his conclusion were not

based upon substantial evidence.

A.

 We have long held that "ordinarily the opinions, diagnoses,
10

and medical evidence of a treating physician who is familiar with

the claimant's injuries, treatments, and responses should be

accorded considerable weight in determining disability." Scott v.

Heckler, 770 F.2d 482, 485 (5th Cir.1985). The treating

physician's opinions, however, are far from conclusive. "[T]he ALJ

has the sole responsibility for determining the claimant's

disability status." Moore v. Sullivan, 919 F.2d 901, 905 (5th

Cir.1990).

Accordingly, when good cause is shown, less weight, little

weight, or even no weight may be given to the physician's

testimony. The good cause exceptions we have recognized include

disregarding statements that are brief and conclusory, not

supported by medically acceptable clinical laboratory diagnostic

techniques, or otherwise unsupported by the evidence. Scott, 770

F.2d at 485. In sum, the ALJ "is entitled to determine the

credibility of medical experts as well as lay witnesses and weigh

their opinions accordingly." Id.; see also 20 C.F.R. §

404.1527(c)(2) ("If any of the evidence in your case record,

including any medical opinion(s), is inconsistent with other

evidence or is internally inconsistent, we will weigh all the other

evidence and see whether we can decide whether you are disabled

based on the evidence we have.").

A reading of the ALJ's decision shows that he carefully

considered, but ultimately rejected, the treating physicians'

conclusions that Greenspan was disabled. While we might not have

accorded "no weight" to the opinions of the treating physicians,
 

2This controversial technique consists of exposing a patient

to a dose of a chemical, food extract, or allergen either by

sublingual drop or subcutaneous or intercutaneous injection. Any

"symptoms" are then "neutralized" by applying a lower dose of the

same substance. POMS § 24515.065. The POMS states that "[t]he

results are based solely on the subjected report of symptoms by

the patient." Id. Greenspan disputes this, arguing that

measurement may also be made by the "wheals" caused by the

injection. 

11

the Act empowers the ALJ to analyze the physicians' testimony.

Substantial evidence supports the ALJ's decision to disregard

the physicians' conclusions. That basis is enough to survive our

review. The record supports the ALJ's determination that the

treating physicians' diagnoses were based upon dubious medical

techniques and were conclusory. The doctors' evidence also was

contradicted by both itself and outside medical evidence.

Few recognized medical techniques were used by the doctors.

Feldman's treatment notes spanning a period of three years reveal

that he performed no clinical testing other than taking Greenspan's

blood pressure and performing controversial

"provocative-neutralization tests."2 Feldman also did not observe

any of the numerous symptoms with which Greenspan claimed to be

plagued; all "evidence" of these complaints was by history.

Rhea's records consist mainly of handwritten lists of

Greenspan's subjective responses to various substances. Testing

was also done by "Iriscorder," a machine that allegedly measures

changes in the pupils of the eye in response to the body's exposure

to substances. Like Feldman, he performed

"provocative-neutralization tests." Rhea and Smiley, however,

admitted that this testing had not produced reliable results.
 

3Greenspan's behavior and testimony also contradicted the

doctor's conclusions. The most obvious contradiction occurred at

a hearing before the ALJ, where Greenspan appeared wearing

make-up and heavy perfume. The ALJ also noted that Greenspan

testified that she is still able to perform the routine tasks

necessary to maintain her household, and she was researching and

writing a handbook on "environmental illness." 

12

Based upon the minimal nature of testing done by these physicians,

the ALJ's determination that their opinion on Greenspan's

disability was conclusory is supported by the record. Cf. 20

C.F.R. § 1527(d)(3) ("The more a medical source presents relevant

evidence to support an opinion, particularly signs and laboratory

findings, the more weight we will give that opinion.").

The record supports the ALJ's finding that the doctors'

records and recommendations were contradictory. While Feldman

diagnosed "ecological illness and multiple allergies," which

allegedly could result in a host of severe physical problems, his

only prescriptions were organic foods, bottled water, filtered air

conditioning, and the shots from the "provocative-neutralization

tests." Rhea admitted that Greenspan could commute up to an hour

to work, but there was no safe work environment to which she could

commute. Most damning was Rhea's testimony that "there was no

occupation safe enough for the claimant to work in," while, at that

time, Greenspan was employed, working at a hospital on a full-time

basis.3

Numerous outside opinions and testing contradicted the

opinions of the treating physicians. The other physicians and

medical experts who examined Greenspan or her records found little

or no physical evidence of her many complaints; most subscribed to
13

the theory that mental rather than physical aliments were at the

bottom of her problems.

Greenspan's original treating physician, Cohen, noted that her

physical condition was normal, and emotional factors contributed to

her complaints. Elizabeth Blake, Greenspan's treating psychology

counselor from 1984 to 1986, reported that Greenspan suffered from

somatization, dysthymic disorder, histrionic personality, and

multiple allergies. Dr. Norman Gaylis found no physical

explanation for the complaints but suspected the cause was

psychosomatic.

Azen found no objective evidence of the many symptoms of which

Greenspan complained but did observe Greenspan's dermographism.

This finding, which Lumry later seconded, cast in doubt the

accuracy of any "provocative-neutralization tests."

Hospital records from 1985 through 1987 do not reveal any

abnormal test results, and Greenspan was discharged from Jackson

Memorial Hospital with a diagnosis of histrionic personality and

mildly elevated blood pressure. Russel Mitchell, a clinical

psychologist, diagnosed atypical somatoform disorder and histrionic

personality. Many other medical professions testified in a like

fashion.

In sum, a substantial medical record has been created in this

application, and it supports the ALJ's decision to disregard the

opinions of Feldman, Rhea, and Smiley. The power to judge and

weigh evidence includes the power to disregard, and we must uphold

that determination if supported by substantial evidence.
14

B.

Greenspan's argument that the ALJ erred in not recognizing

"ecological illness" is misplaced. The relevant medical and

scientific communities eventually will determine whether and how to

recognize "ecological illness." Greenspan's burden here, however,

was to prove that she was disabled within the meaning of the Act.

That requirement means that she must show a "medically

determinable" impairment. 42 U.S.C. § 423(d)(1)(A). Such an

impairment must be demonstrated by "medically acceptable clinical

and laboratory diagnostic techniques." Id. § 423(d)(3); see also

20 C.F.R. § 404.1508 ("A physical or mental impairment must be

established by medical evidence consisting of signs, symptoms, and

laboratory findings, not only by your statement of symptoms.").

Finally, the law requires a showing that the claimant is unable "to

engage in any substantial gainful activity." 42 U.S.C. §

423(d)(1)(A).

We recognize that because "ecological illness" is not

accepted widely, and no "yes or no" test apparently exists, direct

proof of illness and, hence, disability is hard to produce. Proper

circumstantial evidence, however, would be enough to prove

disability. Such evidence, under the regulations, includes

"signs," anatomical, physiological, or psychological abnormalities

that can be observed, 20 C.F.R. § 404.1528(b), and "laboratory

findings," anatomical, physiological, or psychological phenomena

that can be shown by use of medically acceptable laboratory

diagnostic techniques, id. § 404.1528(c).
15

Indeed, POMS states that

in evaluating claims based on environmental illness, all the

claimant's symptoms, signs, and laboratory findings must be

considered to determine if there is a medically determinable

impairment and the impact of any impairment on the claimant's

ability to work. This evaluation should be made on an

individual case-by-case basis to determine if the impairment

prevents substantial gainful activity.

POMS § 24515.065. While we agree with the Secretary that the POMS

is not binding law, because it is an unpublished policy statement,

cf. Schweiker v. Hansen, 450 U.S. 785, 789-90, 101 S.Ct. 1468,

1471-72, 67 L.Ed.2d 685 (1981), we would read nothing more into

this statement than that already required by law. A case-by-case,

factual inquiry will consider proper circumstantial evidence of

disability.

Here, Greenspan has provided little direct or indirect proof

of EI beyond her subjective complaints. This task should not have

been impossible, as Greenspan alleged numerous symptoms that are

observable and testable. The record supports the ALJ's conclusion

that Greenspan's testimony was exaggerated.

IV.

 Finally, we must reject Greenspan's appeal, because she has

not verified these symptoms and their severity in a way the law

recognizes. Contrary to the tenor of Greenspan's arguments on

appeal, the ALJ did find that she was impaired. He did not

conclude, however, that her impairment precluded her from

continuing to work successfully in the occupations she had held

previously.

The ALJ considered the credible testimony of the consulting
16

physicians on Greenspan's physical and mental condition. He heard

testimony from Greenspan on her daily activities. He had heard the

testimony of a vocational expert. Greenspan, moreover, bore the

burden of showing that she could not do her past relevant work.

Here, substantial evidence supports the ALJ's conclusion that

Greenspan successfully could perform her past relevant work.

Greenspan's last minute showing that she might suffer from

nitral valve prolapse or chronic fatigue syndrome does not overcome

this finding. The record shows the ALJ considered and weighed the

extent of Greenspan's disability. This new evidence on the

potential cause of Greenspan's disability does not mandate a

finding of further functional limitations beyond those considered

by the ALJ.

We do note that Greenspan's recent unsuccessful efforts to

hold jobs for extended periods cast some doubt on her fitness to

work. See Singletary v. Bowen, 798 F.2d 818, 822 (5th Cir.1986)

(holding the record did not support finding that mentally impaired

claimant was capable of holding a job). This doubt, however, does

not create a basis to overturn the ALJ's determination.

The evidence on Greenspan's past work experience cuts both

ways. It shows she was able to work when her treating physicians

claimed no job existed that she could do. Her progression through

the jobs suggests that her mental and physical impairments did

limit her ability to be a successful wage earner. Our job here is

not to weigh this evidence; that task is for the ALJ. As long as

there is substantial evidence in the record as a whole supporting
17

the ALJ's determination, as there is here, we must uphold that

decision.

AFFIRMED.