COURT OF APPEALS

SECOND DISTRICT OF TEXAS

FORT WORTH

NO. 02-12-00179-CV

IN RE SOUTHWEST AIRLINES CO. 

AND AIRTRAN AIRWAYS, INC.

RELATORS

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ORIGINAL PROCEEDING

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MEMORANDUM OPINION1

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I. Introduction

In two issues, Relators Southwest Airlines Co. and AirTran Airways, Inc.

ask this court for relief from Respondent the Honorable Donald J. Cosby’s order 

requiring them to produce documents in response to Real Party in Interest 

American Airlines Inc.’s third-party discovery requests. We conditionally grant 

relief, modifying Respondent’s order to allow Southwest and AirTran to first file a 

 

1See Tex. R. App. P. 47.4.
2

privilege log for the documents that they claim are privileged and to allow 

Respondent the opportunity to then review the documents in camera to 

determine which, if any, are non-privileged.

II. Background

American and Sabre, a global travel technology company, have been 

engaged in litigation with regard to American’s efforts to connect directly to 

consumers and Sabre’s desire to maintain a legacy airline reservation system. 

American sued Sabre, alleging the following causes of action: breach of 

contract; five violations of the Texas Free Enterprise & Antitrust Act of 1983 

(group boycott, conspiracy to monopolize, monopoly, agreement in restraint of 

trade, and agreement not to compete); tortious interference with contract; and 

tortious interference with prospective contractual relations.

Southwest Airlines and AirTran, which Southwest recently acquired, are

American’s competitors; they are not parties to the suit between American and 

Sabre. American sought third-party discovery from Southwest and AirTran, who 

refused to produce anything, leading American to file a motion to compel seeking 

documents that Southwest and AirTran claim are confidential or trade secrets.2

Neither Southwest nor AirTran provided a privilege log.

At the conclusion of the hearing on American’s motion to compel, 

Respondent asked the parties to work out a new protective order, ordered 

 

2Southwest and AirTran also claimed that the requests for production were 

irrelevant, overly broad, and unduly burdensome.
3

Southwest and AirTran to produce documents subject to an adequate modified 

protective order, and said that he would sign the order granting the motion to 

compel after he reviewed the new protective order. He concluded the hearing by 

stating,

. . . I think that I should grant the motion to compel, but I don’t think I 

should grant the motion to compel with the existing protective 

order. . . .

. . . I think there’s some information that will be useful to this case. 

But my concern that I have as I looked at the existing protective 

order . . . is that Southwest is not protected.[3]

And I am—I was very concerned, because I know Southwest is—it’s 

not—it’s not a secret that—that a lot of the air carriers want to be like 

Southwest, and so they want to find out how they do it. It’s more 

than just, you know, quick boarding passes . . . 

. . . .

. . . I think the protective order will take care of what you want. I 

really believe that. And I think—I think American has met their 

burden to show that they need it.

Respondent signed the order compelling production and the new protective 

order.

In the order compelling production, Respondent ordered Southwest and 

AirTran to produce “non-privileged” documents responsive to American’s 

subpoena within fourteen days from the date of the order and overruled 

Southwest and AirTran’s objections. Concurrent with the order compelling 

production, Respondent also entered a second amended protective order to 

 

3Southwest and AirTran were not involved in the drafting of the original 

protective order between American and Sabre.
4

provide protection for confidential documents produced by Southwest and 

AirTran. In the second amended protective order, “confidential information” was 

defined as

trade secrets, sensitive business or financial information; confidential 

research, development or commercial information; and confidential 

or private personal information the disclosure of which would greatly 

negatively impact specific, serious and substantial interests of the 

Party or Person to whom the Confidential Information belongs and 

would not have any effect on the health or safety of the public.

This court issued a stay of Respondent’s order compelling production to consider 

Southwest and AirTran’s mandamus petition.

III. Privilege

Southwest and AirTran claim that Respondent’s order will force them to 

reveal their trade secrets and to produce documents not relevant or reasonably 

calculated to lead to the discovery of admissible evidence.

American responds that Southwest and AirTran never properly asserted 

the trade-secret privilege; that Southwest made implausible assertions that every 

single document that fell within the scope of the document requests was a 

privileged trade secret; that the narrowed set of requests on which Respondent 

granted the motion to compel seeks the production of documents that are 

necessary for a fair adjudication of key issues in the underlying case; and that 

the new protective order in the case is indisputably sufficient, after Respondent 

amended the existing protective order to provide additional protections—at 
5

Southwest’s and AirTran’s request—regarding the confidentiality of the 

information that may be contained in the requested documents.

A. Standard of Review and Applicable Law

Mandamus will issue to correct a discovery order if the order constitutes a 

clear abuse of discretion and there is no adequate remedy by appeal. In re 

Colonial Pipeline Co., 968 S.W.2d 938, 941 (Tex. 1998) (orig. proceeding); In re 

Kings Ridge Homeowners Ass’n, Inc., 303 S.W.3d 773, 778 (Tex. App.—Fort 

Worth 2009, orig. proceeding). A clear abuse of discretion warranting correction 

by mandamus occurs when a court’s decision is without basis or guiding 

principles of law. Kings Ridge, 303 S.W.3d at 778. With respect to resolution of 

factual issues or matters committed to the trial court’s discretion, the reviewing 

court may not substitute its judgment for that of the trial court. Id. And even if 

the reviewing court would have decided the issue differently, it cannot disturb the 

trial court’s decision unless that decision is shown to be arbitrary and 

unreasonable. Id. A trial court abuses its discretion by ordering discovery that 

exceeds that permitted by the rules of procedure. In re CSX Corp., 124 S.W.3d 

149, 152 (Tex. 2003) (orig. proceeding).

Under rules of civil procedure 205.1 and 205.3, Southwest and AirTran can 

be compelled to produce documents as non-parties. Tex. R. Civ. P. 205.1, 

205.3. And per rule 205.3(d), “[t]he nonparty must respond to the notice and 

subpoena in accordance with rule 176.6.” Tex. R. Civ. P. 205.3(d). Rule 

176.6(c) states that “[a] person may withhold material or information claimed to 
6

be privileged but must comply with Rule 193.3.” Tex. R. Civ. P. 176.6(c) 

(emphasis added); see also In re Certain Underwriters at Lloyd’s London, 294 

S.W.3d 891, 903 (Tex. App.—Beaumont 2009, orig. proceeding [mand. denied]) 

(“By employing the term ‘party who produces,’ we do not perceive any intent by 

the drafters of Rule 193.3(d) to constrict the Rule’s application solely to those 

that are named as parties in a suit.”).

Rule 193.3 requires that a party who claims that material or information 

responsive to written discovery is privileged state in the response to discovery or 

in a separate document: (1) that information or material responsive to the 

request has been withheld; (2) the request to which the information or material 

relates; and (3) the privilege or privileges asserted. Tex. R. Civ. P. 193.3(a). 

The party seeking discovery may then serve a written request that the 

withholding party identify the information and material withheld, and within fifteen 

days of service of that request, the withholding party must serve a response that: 

(1) describes the information or materials withheld that, without revealing the 

privileged information itself or otherwise waiving the privilege, enables other 

parties to assess the privilege’s applicability, and (2) asserts a specific privilege 

for each item or group of items withheld. Tex. R. Civ. P. 193.3(b). Further, when 

the trade secret privilege is asserted as the basis for resisting production, the trial 

court must determine whether the requested production constitutes a trade 

secret; if so, the trial court must then require the party seeking production to 

show reasonable necessity for the requested materials. In re Bass, 113 S.W.3d 
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735, 738 (Tex. 2003) (orig. proceeding) (quoting In re Cont’l Gen. Tire, Inc., 979 

S.W.2d 609, 611 (Tex. 1998) (orig. proceeding)). Rule 193.4 provides for a 

hearing with regard to assertions of privilege and for in camera review if 

determined necessary by the trial court. Tex. R. Civ. P. 193.4.

B. Analysis

Respondent ordered Southwest and AirTran to produce “non-privileged 

documents” responsive to the categories in American’s subpoena. However, 

Southwest and AirTran never produced a privilege log in response to American’s 

request for one,

4

and as no documents were produced, Respondent could not 

review any of the documents in camera to determine whether the privilege 

applied. Therefore, Respondent could make no ruling on which documents 

would constitute the “non-privileged documents” recited in his order. Cf. In re 

Samson Lone Star, LLC, No. 06-10-00050-CV, 2010 WL 3008670, at *1, 4 (Tex. 

App.—Texarkana Aug. 3, 2010, orig. proceeding) (conditionally granting 

mandamus relief when trial court’s order was overbroad and indefinite, 

constituting an abuse of discretion; the order for “all documents responsive to” 

request number 11 failed to specify which documents were responsive and the 

order’s general nature did not allow the appellate court to consider whether the 

 

4American responded to Southwest’s privilege claims in a letter to 

Southwest, stating that it “should create a privilege log under the Texas Rules for

any documents it withholds on that basis, and American will challenge privilege 

assertions as may be appropriate.” On the first page of its reply to Southwest’s 

response to American’s motion to compel, American again asked Southwest and 

AirTran to comply with rule 193.3 and provide a log of specific documents with 

sufficient information to challenge trade secret claims as to those items.
8

trade secret issue was properly preserved, proven, or rebutted as to the 

“responsive” documents even despite production of a privilege log). In essence, 

the order leaves the parties in the same position that they were in before the 

order—with Southwest and AirTran contending that everything is privileged and 

that they should not have to produce anything, and American contending that 

less than everything is privileged and that Southwest and AirTran should have to 

produce something.

Although neither Southwest nor AirTran complied with rule 193.3, because 

Respondent has not had the opportunity to evaluate the actual materials sought, 

we conditionally grant relief to allow the parties and Respondent the opportunity 

to follow the procedure set out in rules 193.3 and 193.4. Cf. In re Rio Grande 

Reg’l Hosp., No. 13-11-00058-CV, 2011 WL 1844453, at *1, 5 (Tex. App.—

Corpus Christi Mar. 14, 2011, orig. proceeding) (mem. op.) (noting that in support 

of its privilege argument, nonparty hospital produced 1,000 pages of documents 

for in camera inspection by the trial court along with a privilege log purporting to 

detail the nature of the documents and stating which privilege was being claimed 

with respect to each in response to subpoena); see also In re Monsanto Co., 998 

S.W.2d 917, 924–25 (Tex. App.—Waco 1999, orig. proceeding) (stating that 

within fifteen days after receiving the request, the withholding party must produce 

a “privilege log” and noting that the withholding party had complied when it 

served privilege logs that identified each document by Bates number, number of 

pages, date, document title, document type, document traits, author/source (if 
9

known), and recipients (if applicable) and identified the persons receiving a copy 

of the document and the privileges asserted as to each document). We sustain 

Southwest and AirTran’s first issue in part, and we modify Respondent’s order to 

allow Southwest and AirTran a reasonable time to prepare a privilege log and for 

the parties to follow the procedure set out in rules 193.3 and 193.4.

IV. Conclusion

Having sustained Southwest and AirTran’s first issue in part, we 

conditionally grant relief.5 The stay on Respondent’s order will be lifted after 

Southwest and AirTran have produced a privilege log and Respondent has had 

an opportunity to determine which documents are “non-privileged.”

PER CURIAM

PANEL: MCCOY, WALKER, and MEIER, JJ.

DELIVERED: July 12, 2012

 

5Based on our resolution here, we need not reach the remainder of 

Southwest and AirTran’s first issue or their second issue.