# OAR Box 1413 Prepped by Ollie Stewart



## Document

Number: 

# 44 ) 11-1-4 4 Docket Number: 

# A-94-5 2

Printed 7/9/2008 3:11:22 PM Sheet 44 of 114 p. 1P. 2 

# Atla c an d Dion " Corrosio n Resi n Selectio n an d Desig n Guid e A 9 4 5 2 1 

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REICHHOLDP. 3



### fr T

o orde rAtlac

® an d Dion ® resin s a s wel l a s Atprime ® 2 , contact you rloca l authorize d Reichhol d distributo ro rcal l Reichhol d Custome rServic e a t 1-800-874-1807
. 

# Orderin g

Atlac ® an d Dio n Resin s
Chemica l attac k

ca n alte rth e structura l performance o f composite s an d mus

t be considere d i n th e selectio n o f a n appropriat e resin
. Reichhol d provide s direc t techni ca l assistance fo rspecifi capplication s an d fo rcondition s that ma yno t b e covere d i n th e guide , an d wil l provid e test coupon s prepare d accordin g t o AST M C-58 1 fo rin plan t testing
. Fo rassistance , cal l th e Reichhol d Corrosio n Hotlin e a t 1-800-752 - 0060 . Whe n calling , pleas e hav e th e followin g informatio n read yfo rdiscussion : 1
. Precis e compositio n o f th e chemica l environmen t 2
. Chemica l concentration(s ) 3
. Operatin g temperature (includin g an ypotentia l temperature fluctuations , upsets , o rcyclin g conditions ) 4
. Trac e material s 5
. Potentia l nee d fo rflame-retardan t materia l 6
. Type an d siz e o

f equipmen t 7
. Fabricatio n proces s 

### Corrosio n Hotlin e Servic e

Th e followin g are genera l guideline s intende d t o assist customer s i n determinin g whethe rReichhol d resin s ar e suitabl e fo rthei rapplications
. Ou rproducts ar e in tende d fo rsal e t o sophisticate d industria l an d commercia l customers . W e requir e customer s t o inspec

t an d test ou rproducts befor e us e an d satisf

ythemselve s as t o /r- conten t an d suitabilityfo rthei rspecifi cend-us e applications
. Thes e genera l guide - | ^ line s ar

e not intende d t o b e a substitut e fo rcustome rtesting
. Reichhol d warrant s that it s products wil l mee t it s standard writte n specifications
. Nothin g containe d i n thes e guideline s shal l constitut e an yothe rwarranty , express o rimplied , includin g an ywarrant yo f merchantabilit

yo rfitnes s fo ra particula rpurpose , no ri s an yprotectio n fro m anyla wo rpaten t t o b e inferred
. Al l paten t rights ar e reserved
. Th e exclusive remedyfo ral l prove n claim s i s limite d t o replacemen t o f ou r material s an d i n n o even t shal l Reichhol d b e liabl e fo ran yincidenta l o rconsequen tia l damages
. 

### Warrant y

Materia l safet

ydat a sheets ar

e availabl e fo rai l o

f th e product s liste d i n thi s bro chure
. Pleas e request th e appropriat e dat a sheets before handling , storin g o rusin g anyproduct
. 

### Materia l Safet y Data Sheet s



# -z -P. 4 ^ 

# Content s

Resi n Description s 6 Introductio n 4 AGuid e t o Corrosio n Contro l 4 Usin g th e Atlac

® an d Dion ® Corrosio n Guid e 4 Corrosio n Resistan t Chemistrie s 5 Markets..
. 5 Application s 5 Bispheno l Epox

yViny l Este rResin s 6 Urethane-Modifie d Viny l Este rResin s 6 NovolacViny l Este rResin s 7 Ultra-Hig h Crosslin k

Densit yViny l Este rResin s 7 Elastomer-Modifie d Viny l Este rResin s 7 Bispheno l Fumarate Polyeste rResin s 8 Isophthali can d Terephthali cPolyeste rResin s 8 Atprime ® 2 9 Specifyin g Composit e Performance . 1 0 <

Factor s Affectin q Resi n Performanc e 1 0 Shel f Lif e Polic

y1 0 Elevate d Temperature s 1 0 Surfacin g Vei l 1 1 Choppe d Stran d Ma

t 1 2 Wove n Rovin g 1 2 Continuou s Filamen t Rovin g 1 2 Resi n Curin g System s 1 2 Post-curin g Composit e Products 1 3 Secondar yBondin g 1 3 Resi n Topcoatin g 1 3 Dua l Laminate System s 1 3 Pultrude d Profil e 1 4 Maintenance an d Inspectio n 1 4 (



# 3

### Selecte d Applicatio n Recommendation s 1 5

Abrasive Material s 1 5 Bleachin g Solution s .'
. 1 5 Sodiu m Hypochlorit e 1 6 Chlorin e Dioxid e 1 6 Ozon e 1 6 Concentrate d Acid s 1 6 Sul f uri cAcid.
. 1 6 Hydrochlori cAci d 1 6 Nitri can d Chromi cAcid s 1 7 Hydrofluori cAci d 1 7 Aceti cAci d 1 7 Perchlori cAci d 1 7 Deionize d Water/Distille d Wate r1 7 Sodiu m Hydroxid e 1 7 Flam e Retardan t Ducts an d Scrubber s 1 8 Flu e Gas Desulfurizatio n 1 8 Stati cElectricit

y1 8 Radioactive Material s 1 8 Solvents 1 9 Gasoline , Gasoho l an d Undergroun d Storag e Tank s ..1 9 Platin g Solution s 1 9 Potabl e Wate r1 9 FD ACompliance 1 9 USD AApplication s 2 0 Industr yStandard s 2 0 Use rGuide s 2 0 P. 5 

# Contents (continued)



### Chemica l Resistanc e Chart



# 1

# Introductio n P. 6

( 

### A Guid e to Corrosio n Contro l Th e 1996 editio n o f th e Atlac

® an d Dion ® Corrosio n Resi n Selectio n an d Desig n Guid e has bee n update d t o includ e ne wresi n informatio n an d additiona l reference materia l fo rthos e involve d i n specifying , purchasing , o rmanufacturin g polymer-matri x composit e equipmen t intende d fo rservic e i n corrosiv e environments
. Atlac ® an d Dion ® ar e two o f th e most establishe d an d best-recognize d produc t line s i n th e corrosion-resistan t resi n market
. Develope d an d refine d sinc e th e inceptio n o f commercia l corrosion-resistan t composit e manufacture , thes e products becam e par t o f th e Reichhol d famil yo f resin s i n 198 9 wit h th e acquisitio n o f th e Koppers Corporation' s resi n division
. Reichhol d Chemical s i s a dedicate d thermosettin g poly me rcompan ywhic h offer

s a complet e lin e o

f corrosion-resistan t resi n products , an d i s activel ydevelopin g ne

wresin s t o serve th e changin g need s o f industry
. 

### Usin g th e Atlac ® an d Dion ® Corrosio n Guid e Th e corrosio n performance o f Atlac ® an d Dion ® resin s has bee n demonstrate d ove r th e pas t 4 0 year s throug h th e successfu l us e o f a variet yo f composit e products i n hundred s o

f differen t chemica l environments
. Practica l experience ha s bee n supple mente d b yth e systemati cevaluatio n o f composite s expose d t o a larg e numbe ro f corrosive environments unde rcontrolle d laborator yconditions
. Thi s corrosio n guid e i s subjec t t o chang e withou t notice i n a n effor t t o provid e th e mos

t up-to-dat e data
. Change s ma

yaffec t suggeste d temperature o rconcentratio n limitations
. Laborator yevaluatio n o

f corrosio n resistance i s performe d accordin g t o AST M C 581 , usin g standard laminat e tes t coupon s that are subjecte d t o a double-sided , full yimmerse d exposure t o temperature-controlle d corrosive media
. Coupon s are retrieve d at interval s o

f 1 , 3 , 6 , an d 1 2 months , the n teste d fo rretaine d flexura l strengt h an d modulus , hardness , change s i n weight , an d swelling/shrinkag e relative t o a n unexpose d control
. Thi s dat a an d a visua l evaluatio n o f th e laminate' s appearance an d surfac e conditio n are use d t o establis h th e suitabilityo f resin s i n specifi c environments at th e suggeste d maximu m temperatures . Al l o f th e liste d maximu m service temperature s assum e that laminate s an d corro sio n barrier

s are full ycure d an d fabricate d t o industr yqualit ystandards
. I n man y service conditions , occasiona l temperatur e excursion s abov

e th e liste d maximum s ma yb e acceptable , dependin g o n th e natur e o f th e corrosive environment
. Whe n designin g fo rexposure s t o hot , relativel ynon-aggressive vapors , suc h a s i n ducting , hoods , o rstac k

linings , temperature extreme s above thos e suggeste d ma yb e fea sible ; however , extensive testin g i s strongl yurge d wheneve rsuggeste d tempera ture s ar e exceeded
. Factor

s suc h a s laminat e thickness , therma l conductivity , struc tura l desig n performance an d th e effects o f condensatio n mus

t b e take n into accoun t whe n designin g composit e products fo rextrem e temperature performance
.



# JP. 7

Th e divers e corrosive propertie s o f industria l chemical s require that a numbe ro f resi n chemistrie s b e employe d t o optimiz e th e performance o f composit e materials
. Basi cresi n type s includ e isophthalic , terephthalic , flame-retardant , viny l este ran d bispheno l fumarat e resins
. Eac h ha s uniqu e advantage s an d disadvantages , an d consequentl yi t i s importan t t o weig h th e pro s an d con s o f eac h resi n typ e whe n creatin g resi n specifications
. Reichhol d Chemical s ca n suppl yal l o f th e corrosion resistan t resi n type s i n commo n usag e an d wil l assist yo u i n evaluatin g you rspecifi c requirements
. 

### Corrosion-Resistan t Resi n Chemistrie s

Atlac ® an d Dion ® viny l este ran d corrosion-resistan t polyeste rresin s serve th e need s o f a wid e rang e o

f chemica l proces s industries
. • Pul p an d pape r ° Chloralkal i

. • Powe rgeneratio n • Wast e treatmen t • Petroleu m • Ore proces s 

### Market s Platin g • Electronics • Wate rservic e • Agriculture • Pharmaceutica l ° Food proces s Atlac ® an d Dion ® resin s hav

e ove r4 0 year

s o f fiel d servic e i n th e mos t severe o

f corrosiv e environments
. • Chemica l storag e tank

s • Undergroun d fue l storag e tank s ° Picklin g an d platin g tank s • Chemica l pipin g system s • Larg e diamete rsewe rpipe s • Fum e ducts an d scrubber s • Chimneystack

s an d stac k

liner s • Fans , blowers , an d hood s • Chlorin e cel l covers , collectors • Pul p washe rdrums , upflowtube s • Secondar

ycontainmen t system s • Wal l an d roofin g system s ° Gratin g an d structura l profil e • Coolin g towe relements • Floo rcoating s an d mortar s • Gasolin e containmen t 

### Application s

(o

# r Resi n Description s P. 8



### Bispheno l Epox

y Viny l Este r Resin s Bispheno l epox yviny l este rresin s offe rexcellen t structura l propertie s an d ver ygoo d resistance t o manycommo n corrosive environments
. Thes e resin s are styrenated , bisphenol-extende d epox

ypolymer s incorporatin g reactive methacrylat e en d groups . Th e inheren t resilienc e o f bispheno l epox

yviny l este rresin s provide s enhance d impac t resistance a s wel l a s improve d stres s fatigu e propertie s i n system s sub jecte d t o therma l o rmechanica l cycling
. Non-promote d (NP ) bispheno l epox yviny l este rresin s typicall yhave a minimu m six-mont h shel f life ; pre-promote d version s have a minimu m three-mont h shel f life
. Dion ® 91OON P (31347-00 ) i s a non-promoted , bispheno l epox yviny l este rresi n use d i n filament-woun d tank

s an d pipe s fo ra wid e rang e o f acidic , causti can d aqueou s chemicals
. Pre-promote d Dion ® 910 0 (31348-00 ) i s als o available
. Dion ® 9102N P (31365-00 ) i s a lo

wviscosity , reduce d molecula rweigh t versio n o f Dion ® 9 1 OONP wit h simila rcorrosio n performance an d storag e stability
. Dion ® 9300N P (31353-00 ) i s a non-promoted , flame-retardan t resi n wit h corrosio n resistanc e simila rt o Dion ® 9100
. I t i s use d extensivel yfo rductin g system s designe d fo rhighl ycorrosive gase s an d condensate s a t elevate d temperatures . A pre-promote d version , Dion ® 930 0 (31354-00) , i s als o available
. 

### Urethane-Modifie d Viny l Este r Resin s Atlac ® 580-05 A(31730-00 ) i s a urethane-modifie d viny l este rresi n wit h severa l dis tinguishin g features
. Urethan e modificatio n create s a viny l este rresi n that doe s no t foa m whe n catalyze d wit h methy l ethy l keton e peroxid e (MEKP) , provide s excellen t glass-wettin g characteristics an d i s compatibl e wit h standar d grade s o

f fume d silica
. Thes e benefits mak

e i t easie rfo rfabricators t o produce high-quality , void-fre e lami nates . Atlac

® 580-05 Ai s preaccelerate d wit h dimethylaniiine
. Anon-accelerate d version , Atlac

® 580-0 5 (31729-00) , i s als o available
. Bot h version s feature a mini mu m six-mont h shel f stability
. 

# Resi n Physica l Propertie s

Dion ® 910 0 (31347-00 ) Dion ® 930 0 (31353-00 ) Atlac ® 58 0 (31730-00 ) Dion ® 942 0 (31358-00 ) Dion ® 948 0 (31362-00 ) Laminates at Temperatures Tensile Strength, psi 77 T 1920 0 2660 0 1950 0 1870 0 2390 0 150 ° 2210 0 2910 0 1950 0 1840 0 2500 0 200 ° 2270 0 3010 0 1950 0 2040 0 2770 0 250 ° 1460 0 2120 0 1300 0 2230 0 2670 0 300 ' 990 0 1370 0 900 0 1990 0 2090 0 Tensile Modulus 77' F 1.7 0 2.1 6 2.2 5 2.1 3 150 * 1.7 0 1.9 4 1.6 6 2.2 3 200 ' 1.3 9 1.8 2 1.5 7 2.0 0 x 10 s psi 250 * 0.8 0 1.6 2 1.2 9 1.6 1 300 * 0.8 0 1.1 8 1.0 4 1.4 7


# 1P. 9

Novola cviny l este rresin s are synthesize d usin g a multifunctiona l epox ynovola c prepolyme rinstea d o

f standard epoxy . Thi s result s i n a viny l este rresi n wit h a highe rcrosslin k

densit ytha n bispheno l viny l esters , an d provide s greate rtempera tur e an d solven t resistance
. Dion ® 9480N P (31362-00) , i s a non-promote d epox y novola cviny l este rresi n that contain s 40 % styren e monomer . I f provide s goo d resistance t o man yorgani cchemical s an d has excellen t resistanc e t o therma l deg radatio n whil e retainin g relativel ygoo d resilienc e an d handlin g propertie s du e t o it s intermediat e styren e content . Th e highl yreactiv e nature o f Dion ® 948 0 restrict s it s shel f lif e t o a minimu m o

f thre e months
. 

### Novola c Viny l Este r Resin s

Dion ® 942 0 (31358-00 ) i s a unique , highly-reactive viny l este rresi n that contain s a difunctiona l monome rfo rth e greatest possibl e degre e o f crosslinking
. Ultra-hig h crosslin k densit yresults i n a clea rcast hea t deflectio n temperature greate rtha n 320' F an d exceptiona l resistance t o organi csolvents
. Thi s relativel yrigi d resi n als o provide s excellen t resistance t o a broa d rang e of acidic , caustic , an d otherwis e ag gressive media
. Lik

e Dion ® 9480 , Dion

® 942 0 has a minimu m 3-mont h shel f stability
. 

### Ultra-Hig h Crosslin k

Densit y Viny l Este r Resin s

Inclusio n o

f high-performance elastomer s i n a viny l este rpolyme rbackbon e allows corrosion-grad e resin s t o attai n exceptiona l toughness
. Tw o versions , Dion

® 9084N P (31367-00 ) an d Dion

® 908 5 (31368-00) , ar

e available
. Dion®9084N P provide s 10 % tensil e elongatio n whil e Dion ® 908 5 ha s 20 % elongation
. Thes e resin s ar e idea l fo r application s tha t requir

e th e ultimat e i n toughness , combine d wit h goo d corrosio n resistance , suc h as environments tha t ar e bot h corrosiv e an d abrasive
. The yca n als o b e use d a s primer

s t o enhance bondin g o

f composite s t o dissimila rsubstrates , suc h as concret e an d metals
. Elastomer-modifie d Dion ® resin s have a minimu m three-mont h shel f life
. 

### Elastomer-Modifie d Viny l Este r Resin s

Laminates

at Temperatures Flexural Strength, psi 77 T 3280 0 3170 0 2630 0 2860 0 3000 0 150 ° 3310 0 3060 0 2560 0 2160 0 3180 0 200 ° 2570 0 3050 0 2310 0 2470 0 3350 0 250 ° 300 0 510 0 1920 0 2260 0 2600 0 300 ° 280 0 740 0 1250 0 790 0 Flexural

Modulus, x

10 s psi ITF 1.1 7 1.5 3 1.0 1 1.1 6 1.5 0 150 ° 1.1 2 1.3 5 0.8 7 1.1 0 1.3 8 200 ' 0.8 3 1.2 2 0.7 4 1.0 2 1.2 5 250 ° 0.3 7 0.2 3 0.5 8 0.8 2 0.9 2 300 ° 0.1 9 0.3 2 0.5 4 0.4 6 CastingsTensileStrengthpsi
1160 0 1090 0 1310 0 740 0 900 0leModulusKlO-psingation@Jreak%raiStrengthpsi

C/ 3 c 4. 6 5. 1 4. 6 5. 0 o -*

•; e C D ! S

C C 5. 2 4. 0 4. 2 1. 8 3. 0 2300 0 2190 0 2260 0 1610 0 2050 0 -a - l a •• • •a s TM* s tz *z C O C

O X C D tr. 5. 0 I 3 5 5.2 4 0 4. 9 5. 0 5. 1 3 8 i Q I 22 0 23 0 24 4 4 5 >32 0 3 8 26 0



# 3P.1 0 

### Bispheno l Fumarat

e Polyeste r Resin s Bispheno l fumarat e polyeste rresin s were th e firs t premiu m thermosettin g polymer s use d t o produce corrosion-resistan t composites
. Theyhav e a n extensive histor

yo f successfu l use i n challengin g environments sinc e thei rintroductio n i n th e 1950s
. Literall ythousand s o

f tanks , scrubbers , chlorin e cel l covers , an d bleac h tower s mad e fro m bispheno l fumarat e resin s ar e i n servic e toda

ythroughou t th e world
. Bispheno l fumarat e polyester

s are typicall yrigid , hig h crosslin k densit yresin s that hav

e ver y hig h glas s transitio n temperatures . Thes e attribute s facilitat e excellen t physica l prop ert yretentio n a

t temperature s o

f 300 To rhigher
. Bispheno l fumarat e resin s als o offe routstandin g resistanc e t o causti can d oxidizin g environments
. Article s produce d usin g thes e resin s are usuall yfabricate d byhan d lay-u p o rspray-u p utilizin g ma t o r choppe d roving
. Al l o

f th e bispheno l fumarat e resin s liste d belowhav e a minimu m six-mont h shel f life
. Dion ® 669 4 (31734-00 ) i s a unique , chemicall ymodifie d bispheno l fumarate resin , typicall yavailabl e pre-promote d wit h cobal t an d dimethylaniiine
. Thi s premiu m resi n ha s bee n use d wit h great succes s i n chlorin e environments , mos t notabl yi n th e pul p an d pape rindustr

yfo rchlorin e dioxid e an d sodiu m hypochlorit e containment , an d i n caustic/chlorin e manufacture wher e i t i s use d t o produc e chlorin e cel l covers . I t als o provide s excellen t resistanc e t o highl yacidi can d extremel ycausti cenvironments
. Atlac ® 382-05A(31724-00 ) i s a rigi d bispheno l fumarat e resi n wit h a lon g an d distin guishe d histor

yo f successfu l use . I t provide s excellen t resistanc e t o a wid e variet y o f chemica l environments an d ha s a somewha

t lowe rexother m tha n Dion ® 6694
. Atlac ® 40 1 O Ai s a resilien t versio n develope d specificall yfo rfilament-woun d appli cations
. Atlac

® 711-05A S (31736-00 ) i s a brominated , flame-retardan t versio n o f Atlac ® 382-05
. Al l thre e ar

e preaccelerate d wit h dimethylaniiine
. Version s withou t accelerato rar

e als o available
. Atlac ® 382-0 5 an d Atlac

® 4010 Acompl ywit h FD

ATitl e 2 1 CF R 177.242 0 an d ca n b e use d fo rfoo d contac

t application s whe n properl yformulate d an d cured
. Pleas e note tha t i t i s th e responsibilit

yo f th e manufacture ro

f composit e products t o ensur e that al l relevan t FD

Arequirements ar

e fulfilled
. 

### Isophthali c an d Terephthali c Polyeste r Resin s


# Resi n Physica l Propertie s

y?*y*&eiFr. t \y •;••_*.«; p Hig h molecula rweigh t isophthali can d terephthali cpolyeste rresin s offe rexcellen t

structura l propertie s an d are resistan t t o dilut e chemical s a t moderate temperatures . Resin s wit h th e highest corrosio n performance are rigid , whil e resilien t version s offe rgoo d resistance t o mil d chemical s at near-ambien t temperatures . Th e isophthali c an d terephthali cresin s liste d belo wtypicall yperfor m ver

ywel l i n acidi ccondition s an d sal t solutions
. Theyare no t recommende d fo rus e i n alkalin e o roxidizin g envi ronments . Isophthali can d terephthali cresin s hav e a minimu m 3-mont h shel f stability
.

Dion ® 669 4 (31734-00 ) 'J* Jam® Atlatf»'382-05 (31724-00 ) • I p f Atlac ® 711-05A S (3173 6 00 ) j | Atlac ® 401 0 (31 727-00 ) ; ; :||1 ; Atlac ® 49 0 (33423-00 ) Dion ® 663 1 (33434-00 ) Laminates at Temperatures Tensile Strength, psi 77 T 2200 0 

## llppo : 2070 0 ;2i50c T 1430 0 1990 0 150 ' 

# IS 0 

# : Mlb o 22900 " 210 M 1620 0 2250 0 200 ' 2480 0 2l|0 0 26500 " 1900 0 1660 0 2500 0 250 ° 2770 0 2000 0 2380 0 1600 0 1530 0 1700 0 1710 0 1170 0 1320 0 Tensile

Modulus, x

10 s psi 200 ' 250 "

^•8 2 J\.Q0 0.5 8 0.8 7 300 *

_ • : ' V .&''V''\ ;
0.4 7 0.8 7 

# c 1P.1 1

Dion ® 6334 (33433-05 ) i s a resilient , non-promoted , non-thixotropi cisophthali cresin
. I t i s typicall yuse d i n relativel ynon-aggressive , ambien t temperature application s suc h as seawate rpiping
. Dion ® 6631 T(33434-00 ) i s a rigid , thixotropic , pre-promote d isophthali cresi n suit abl e fo rchoppe rspray-u p an d filament-winding
. Aversio n tha t complie s wit h SCAQM D Rul e 116

2 i s als o availabl e (33434-20)
. Atlac ® 400AC T(33425-00 ) i s a thixotropic , pre-promote d terephthali cresi n devel ope d fo rhan d lay-up , choppe rspray-u p an d filament-windin g applications
. I t ha s superio rtemperatur

e an d corrosio n resistanc e as wel l as greate rresilienc e tha n rigi d isophthali cresins
. Atlac ® 490ACT(33423-03) i s a thixotropic , prepromote d terephthali cresi n formu late d fo rhighe rtemperatur e corrosio n service an d fo rapplication s requirin g improve d resistance t o organi cchemical s an d solvents
. High-crosslin k densit yAtlac ® 49 0 ha s demonstrate d exceptiona l resistanc e t o man yorgani csolvent s at ambien t an d moderatel yelevate d temperatures , an d has gaine d approval s unde rth e U L 131 6 standard
. I n som e low-temperatur e solven t applications , Atlac ® 49 0 ca n offe rcorro sio n resistance comparabl e t o novola cviny l este rresin s a t a significantl yreduce d cost . Atlac ® 49 0 ca n als o b e use d i n application s that requir e a substantiall yhighe r hea t distortio n temperatur

e tha n standard isophthali cresin s provide
. Dion ® 6634 , Dion

® 6331 , an d Atlac

® 40 0 compl ywit h FD

ATitl e 2 1 CF R 177.242 0 an d ca n b e use d fo rfoo d contac t application s whe n properl yformulate d an d cured
. Pleas e note that i t i s th e responsibilit yo f th e manufacture ro

f composit e products t o ensure that al l relevan t FD Arequirement s are fulfilled
. 

### Isophthali c an d Terephthali c Polyeste rResin s

(continued )

Atprime ® 2 i s a two-component , moisture-activate d prime rthat provide s enhance d bondin g o f composit e material s t o a variet yo f substrates
. I t i s methylen e chloride free , an d feature s bette rshel f stabilitycompare d t o it s predecessor , Atprime ® 100
. Th e uniqu e chemistr

yo f Atprime ® 2 permits formatio n o

f a chemica l bon d wit h non ai rinhibite d FRP , concrete , steel , man ythermoplastics an d aged , chemical-expose d FR P substrates
. Adhesio n t o th e latte rsubstrat e make s Atprime ® 2 especiall yusefu l fo rrepairin g existin g FR P structures . Th e non-peroxid e curin g mechanis m o f Atprime ® 2 i s relativel yunaffecte d b ychange s i n temperature o rb yth e heat-sin k

effec t o f metalli csubstrates
. 

### Atprime ® 2

Laminates

at Temperatures Flexural Strength, psi ITF 150 ' 28700^ 3040 0 2550 0 2700 0 2450 0 133500 3080 0 [2640 0 2360 0 ! 2580 0 3100 0 2860 0 200 °

3070 0 250 ' 300 ' 29600 ] 2090 0 2350 0 1750 0 ! "*

'

- I 3150 0 ' 14100 1 450 0 2120 0 | 900 0 j 370 0 2550 0 ! 22600 ! 1710 0 2400 0 14700 ! 430 0 i Flexural

Modulus, x

10 s psi 77 T 1.50 1.2 1 1.3 7 1.0 0 1.0 8 1.3 8 150 ' 1.3 9 1.1 0 1.3 6 0.8 5 0.9 9 1.20 200 " 1.25 1.00 1.1 6 0.6 8 0.8 5 0.8 5 250 ° 1.0 8 0.8 8 0.6 6 0.3 5 0.6 0 0.5 0 300 ' 0.8 7

' ' ' 0.3 6 0.2 1 0.4 1 0.30 5 CastingsTensileStrengthpsiTensileModulusxlo-psiElongation@Break%FlexuralStrengthpsiRexuralModulusxlO-psiBarcolHardnessHDTT

820 0 .3. 4 .2. 4 1460 0 4. 9 3 8 27 0 1000 0 4. 3 :2. 5 :1700 0 4. 3 3 8 27 0 1080 0 :5. 7 j 3. 0 ; 2180 0 4. 7 3 8 25 0 990 0 4. 2 4. 0 ; 1700 0 4. 6 3 2 20 5 870 0 4. 8 2. 1 1670 0 5. 2 4 0 26 0 930 0 5. 9 2. 4 1660 0 5. 2 4 0 22 5



# 1 0P.1 2 

# Specifyin g Composite Performanc e Th e desig n an d manufactur e of composit e equipmen t fo rcorrosio n servic e i s a highl y customize d process . I n orde rt o produc e a produc t that successfull ymeets th e uniqu e

. need s o f eac h customer , i t i s essentia l fo rfabricators an d materia l suppliers t o un derstan d th e application s fo rwhic h composit e equipmen t i s intended
. On e o f th e mos t commo n cause s of equipmen t failure i s exposure of equipmen t t o servic e con dition s tha

t ar e mor e sever e tha n anticipated
. Thi s issu e ha s bee n addresse d b

yth e America n Societ

yo f Mechanica l Engineer

s (ASME ) i n thei rRTP- 1 specificatio n fo r corrosion-grad e composit e tanks
. RTP- 1 include s a sectio n calle d th e User' s Basi c Requiremen t Specification s (UBRS)
. Th e UBR S i s a standardize d 8-pag e docu men t whic h i s provide d t o tan k manufacturer

s before vessel s are constructed
. I t identifies , amon g othe rfactors , th e functio n an d configuratio n o f th e tank , interna l an d externa l operatin g conditions , mechanica l load s o n th e vessel , installatio n re quirements an d applicabl e stat e an d federa l code s at th e installatio n site
. Reichhol d strongl yrecommend s that th e informatio n require d b yth e UBR S i s provide d t o com posit e equipmen t fabricators before an yequipmen t i s manufactured
. 

# Factors Affectin g Resi n Performanc e Shel fLif e Polic y Most polyeste rresin s have a minimu m three-mont h shel f lif e fro m th e dat e o f ship men t fro m Reichhold
. Som e corrosio n resin s hav e a longe rshel f life , notabl y unpromote d bispheno l epox yviny l este rresins , unpromote d an d accelerate d bispheno l fumarat e resins , an d Dion ® 669 4 modifie d bispheno l fumarat e resin
. Se e th e individua l resi n description s fo rspecifi cinformatio n fo reac h resin
. Shel fstability minimum s appl yt o resin s store d i n thei roriginal , unopene d container s a t tempera ture s no t exceedin g 75°F , awa

yfro m sunligh t an d othe rsource s o f hea t o rextrem e cold
. Resin s that have exceede d thei rshel f lif e shoul d b e teste d before use . 

### Elevated Temperature s Composite s manufacture d wit h viny l este ro rbispheno l fumarat e resin s have bee n use d extensivel yi n application s requirin g long-ter m structura l integrit yat elevate d temperatures . Goo d physica l propertie s ar e generall yretaine d a

t temperature s u p t o 200° F Th e selectio n o f resi n become s crucia l beyon d 200° F becaus e excessive temperature s wil l caus e resin s t o softe n an d los e physica l strength
. Rigi d resin s suc h a s ultra-hig h crosslin k

densit yviny l este rresin , bispheno l fumarat e polyesters , epox ynovolacviny l este rresins , an d high-crosslin k densit yterephthali cresin s typi call yprovid e th e best high-temperature physica l properties
. Appropriate Atlac ® an d Dion ® resi n system s ma

ybe considere d fo rus e i n relativel ynon-aggressiv e gas phas e environment

s a t temperature s o

f 350° F o rhighe ri n suitabl ydesigne d structures . Whe n designin g composit e equipmen t fo rhig h temperatur e service , i t i s importan t t o conside rho

whea t wil l b e distribute d throughou t th e unit
. Polyme rcomposite s have a lo wtherma l conductivit

y(approximatel y1. 0 Btu/hr/fP/°F/in) , whic h provide s an d insulatin g effect
. Thi s ma yallowequipmen t havin g hig h cross-sectiona l thicknes s t o sustai n ver

yhig h operatin g temperature s a t th e surface since th e structura l portio n o f th e laminat e maintain s a lowe rtemperature .



# I IP.1 3

Awell-constructe d corrosio n barrie rutilizin g surface vei l i s require d fo ran ypolyme r composit e intende d fo rcorrosio n service
. Veil s base d o n C-glas s an d o n syntheti c polyeste rfibe rare available
. C-glas s veil s are widel yuse d becaus e theyreadil y confor m t o complexshapes , are easyt o wet ou t wit h resi n an d provid e excellen t overal l corrosio n resistance
. Syntheti cveil s ar e harde rt o se t i n place an d wet out , bu t ca n provid e a thicker , mor e resin-ric h corrosio n barrier
. Th e bulkin g effec

t o f syntheti cvei l allows th e oute rcorrosio n barrie rt o hav e a ver y hig h resi n content , whic h has bot h benefits an d drawbacks
. Resi n richnes s ca n exten d resistanc e t o chemica l an d abrasive attack , bu t als o yield s a corrosio n barrie r that i s mor

e pron e t o crackin g i n stresse d areas . Thi s ca n b e a n issu e i n corrosio n barrier s where multipl e plie s o

f vei l are used , an d i n area s where vei l layer s overlap
. Shoul d th e resin-ric h vei l portio n o f a corrosio n barrie rcrack , th e barrie ri s breache d an d al l o f th e benefits o

f usin g multipl e veil s ar

e lost
. Furthermore , multipl e plie s o f syntheti cvei l ca n b e mor e difficul t t o appl yan d ofte n lea d t o a n increas e i n th e numbe ro f ai rbubble s trappe d i n th e corrosio n barrier
. Man ycomposit e specifica tions , includin g ASM E RTP-1 , impos e a maximu m allowabl e amoun t o f ai rbubbl e entrapmen t i n th e corrosio n barrier
. Attempts t o repai rai rbubble s are time-consum in g an d ca n reduce th e corrosio n resistance o f th e composite
. Wher e a two-pl ycorrosio n barrie ri s desired , C-glas s vei l ca n b e use d fo ron e o r bot h plies
. Thi s provide s a degre e o f reinforcemen t t o th e corrosio n barrier , reduce s resi n drainage , an d create s a corrosio n barrie rthat i s les s pron e t o interlamina r shea rcracking
. Fabricator s utilizin g two plie s o

f syntheti cvei l shoul d carefull yfollow th e vei l manufacturer' s instruction s an d als o take specia l cautio n t o ensure that n o excessivel yresin-ric h areas are formed
. 

# Laminat e Constructio n Composit e products designe d fo rcorrosio n resistance typicall yutiliz e a structura l laminat e an d a corrosio n barrier
. Thi s typ e o f constructio n i s necessar ysince th e overal l propertie s o

f a composit e ar

e derive d fro m th e widel ydifferin g propertie s o f th e constituen t materials
. Glas s fiber s contribut e strengt h bu t have littl e o rn o corro sio n resistance i n manyenvironments
. Resin s provid e corrosio n resistance an d chan ne l stres s int o th e glas s fibers bu t have littl e strengt h whe n unreinforced
. Conse quentl ya resin-ric h corrosio n barrie ri s use d t o protec t a glass-ric h structura l laminate
. I n accordance wit h genera l industr ypractice , corrosio n barriers are typicall y90-11 0 mil s thic k an d consist o

f a surfacin g vei l saturate d t o a 90 % resi n content , followe d b yth e equivalen t o

f a minimu m o

f two plie s o

f 1.5-o z t o 2-oz/ft2 choppe d stran d ma t impregnate d wit h abou t 70 % resin
. Th e structura l portio n o f th e laminat e ca n b e buil t wit h choppe d stran d mat , choppe d roving , choppe d stran d ma t alternatin g wit h wove n roving , o rb

yfilament-winding
. A n additiona l pl yo f ma t i s sometime s use d as a bondin g laye rbetwee n a filament-woun d structura l over-wra p an d th e corrosio n barrier
. Filament-woun d structure s have a glas s conten t of approximatel y70 % an d provid e hig h strengt h combine d wit h ligh t weight
. Becaus e resi n provide s corrosio n resistance , a resin-ric h topcoat i s ofte n use d a s a n exterio rfinis h coat , particularl ywher e occasiona l contac

t wit h aggressive chemi cal s migh t occur . Topcoat s ma yincorporat e UV stabilize ro rpigments t o minimiz e weatherin g effects , o rfo rtank s designe d t o contai n ligh t sensitiv e products
. Atop coa t i s especiall yusefu l fo rfilament-woun d structure s du e t o thei rhig h glas s content . 

### Surfacin g Vei l



# I 2 -P. M 

### Choppe d Stran d Ma

t Choppe d stran d ma t i s widel yuse d i n th e fabricatio n o f corrosion-resistan t struc ture s t o obtai n consisten t resin/glas s laminatio n ratios
. Man ytype s o f glas s ma

t are available , an d th e importance o f prope rma

t selectio n shoul d no

t b e overlooked
. Mats are availabl e wit h a variet yo f sizing s an d binders , an d eve n th e glas s itsel f ca n var ybetwee n manufacturers
. Thes e difference s manifest themselve s i n th e eas e o f laminat e wetout , corrosio n resistance , physica l properties , an d th e tendenc yo f th e laminat e t o jackstraw
. Manufacturer s o f glas s ma

t ca n provid e assistance i n select in g th e mos

t suitabl e ma

t fo rspecifi can d end-us e applications
. 

### Wove n Rovin g Wove n continuou s fiberglas s rovin g at 2 4 oz/yd 2 ma yb e use d t o improve th e struc tura l performance o

f FR P laminates
. I f mor

e tha n on e pl yo

f wove n rovin g i s used , i t shoul d b e laminate d wit h alternatin g layer s o f glas s ma

t separatin g eac h ply ; otherwise , separatio n unde rstres s ca n occur . Du e t o th e wickin g actio n ofcontinuou s glas s filaments , wove n rovin g shoul d not b e use d i n an ysurfac e laye rdirectl yi n contac t wit h th e chemica l environment
. 

### Continuou s Filamen t Rovin g Continuou s rovin g ma ybe use d fo rchopper-gu n laminatio n an d i n filamen t winding
. Filamen t windin g i s widel yemploye d fo rcylindrica l products use d i n th e chemica l equipmen t market an d i s th e predominan t manufacturin g proces s fo rchemica l storag e tanks an d reacto rvessels
. Glas s content s of u p t o 70 % ca n b e achieve d usin g filamen t winding , whic h provide s uniform , high-strengt h structura l laminates
. Be caus e th e capillar

yactio n o f continuou s roving s ca n carr ychemica l penetratio n dee p int o th e composit e structure , a wel l constructed , intac t corrosio n barrie ri s essentia l fo rfilament-woun d structures . Topcoats are ofte n use d fo rfilament-woun d products intende d fo routdoo rexposur e t o protec

t th e glas s fibers fro m UV attack
. 

### Resi n Curin g System s On e o fth e mos

t importan t factors governin g th e corrosio n resistance o fcom posites i s th e degree o fcur e that th e resi n attains . Fo rgenera l service , i t i s recommende d tha t th e laminat e reac h a minimu m of 90 % o f th e clea rcast Barco l hardnes s valu e liste d b

yth e resi n manufacturer
. Fo rhighl yaggressive conditions , i t ma yb e necessar

yt o us e extraordinar

ymeasure s t o attai n th e highest degre e of cure possible
. On e effective wa yt o d o thi s i s t o post-cure th e laminat e shortl yafte r i t ha s gelle d an d complete d it s exotherm
. Som e laborator

ystudie s hav

e indicate d that th e combinatio n o f benzoy l peroxid e (BPO) an d dimethylaniiin e (DMA ) ma yprovid e a mor

e complet e cure before post curin g tha n th e standard cobalt/DMA/MEK P system . Whil e man ycomposit e compo nents have bee n mad e t o ver yhig h qualitystandard s usin g th e BPO/DM Asystem , i t ha s not alway

s performe d as wel l a s expecte d unde rsho p fabricatio n conditions
. I n som e instances , resin s hav e demonstrate d a permanen t undercur e fo rreason s that ar e no t full yunderstood
. On e theor yi s that undercur

e i s relate d t o initiato rdispersion
. Typicall yBP O i s use d i n past e form , whic h i s prepare d b ygrindin g soli d BP O particle s i n a n iner

t carrier
. Dispersio n an d dissolutio n o f BP O past e i s clearl ya mor e challengin g procedure tha n blendin g i n low-viscosit yMEK P liquid
. Anothe r advantag e o

f MEK P system s i s a mor e positive respons e t o post-curing
. Viny l este rresi n promote d wit h cobalt/DM Atend s t o foa m whe n MEK P catalyst i s added
. Thi s increase s th e difficult yo f eliminatin g entrappe d gase s fro m th e lami nate . Foamin g ca n b e eliminate d i n a numbe ro f ways . BPO/DM Aeliminate s foam ing , a s doe s th e us e of a n MEKP/cumen e hydroperoxid e blen d suc h a s Trigonox TM 239Awit h cobalt/DM Apromotion
. Usin g a resi n tha t doe s not foam , suc h a s Atlac ® 58 0 urethane-modifie d viny l este rresi n o ra bispheno l fumarat e resin , i s anothe r alternative
. 

# i 1 3P.1 5

High-qualit

ycomposite products ca n b e fabricate d usin g eithe ro f th e promoter/ini tiato rcombination s describe d above
. Fo rend-users , i t i s suggeste d that th e preference s o f th e fabricato rinvolve d b e take n int o accoun t whe n specifyin g promoter / initiato rsystems . 

### Resi n Curin g System s (continued )

Th e performance o

f composite products i n som e environment s ca n b e enhance d b y post-curin g th e finishe d component . Post-curin g a composit e provide s two benefits
. Drivin g th e curin g reactio n t o completio n maximize s th e crosslin k densit yo f th e resi n syste m an d eliminate s unreacte d crosslinkin g site s i n th e resin
. Thi s improve s bot h corrosio n resistance an d physica l properties
. Thorough , eve n post-curin g fo ra n extende d perio d o

f tim e als o ca n relieve stresse s forme d i n th e laminat e durin g th e initia l cure , thu s reducin g th e likelihoo d o f warpin g durin g norma l therma l cycling
. Fo rmaximu m effectiveness , post-curin g shoul d b e performe d as soo n as possibl e afte rth e composit e ha

s gelle d an d it s exother m has subsided
. Unde ridea l condi tions , composite s shoul d b e post-cure d fo rfou rhour s a t aroun d 160°F , followe d b y two hour s a t a temperatur

e o f 15° F belowth e hea

t deflectio n temperature o f th e clea rcast resi n use d i n th e composite
. Wher e idea l post-curin g condition s are no t practica l (whic h i s ofte n th e case , particularl yfo rlarg e components) , th e highest availabl e post-cure temperatur e shoul d b e used , an d th e post-curin g tim e shoul d be extended
. On e o f th e mos t commo n location s o

f composit e failure i s a

t a secondar

ybond
. T o develo p a successfu l secondar ybond , th e composit e substrat e mus t eithe rhav

e a tacky , air-inhibite d surface o ri t mus t be speciall yprepared
. Composite s wit h a fully-cure d surface ma yb e prepare d fo rsecondar ybondin g b

y grindin g th e laminat e dow n t o expose d glas s prio rt o applyin g a ne wlaminate
. Secondar ybon d strengt h ca n b e greatl yenhance d b yusin g th e Atprime

® 2 prime rsys tem . Atprime

® 2 i s speciall ydesigne d t o provid e a direct , chemica l bon d betwee n fully-cure d composite s an d secondar ylaminates
. Atprime

® 2 ca n als o improve th e bon d o f FR P composite s t o concrete , metals , an d som e thermoplastics
. 

### Post-Curin g Composit e Product s

Secondar

y Bondin g

Topcoat s ar e ofte n use d t o protec

t th e exterio ro

f composit e products fro m weatherin g an d fro m th e effects o f occasiona l exposure t o corrosive agents . Atopcoat ma y b e prepare d b

ymodifyin g th e resi n use d t o manufacture th e produc t wit h thixotrope , a U V absorbe ran d a smal l amoun t o f wax . Blendin g 3 % fume d silica , 0.05 % Cyasorb ® UV- 9 o rTinuven

® P alon g wit h 5 % o

f a 10 % wa

xsolutio n (i n styrene ) t o a resi n i s a typica l approac h t o topcoa t formulation
. Anothe rpractica l alternativ e ma yb e t o us e Dion ® 6720L S (32700-00 ) Topcoa t Resin
. Thi s produc

t i s speciall yformulate d fo r idea l curin g an d thixotropi cpropertie s i n topcoat application s an d contain s appropri at e level s o

f wa xan d UV absorbers
. 

### Resi n Topcoatin g

Whe n viny l este ro rbispheno l fumarat e corrosio n barrier s are unsuitabl e fo ra parti cula renvironment , i t ma

ystil l b e possibl e t o desig n equipmen t that take s advantag e o f th e benefits o

f composit e material s b

yemployin g a thermoplasti ccorrosio n barrier
. Thi s technolog yinvolve s creatin g th e desire d structure b yshapin g th e thermo plastic , the n rigidizin g i t wit h a composit e oute rskin
. Thermoplastics suc h as polyvi ny l chloride , chlorinate d polyviny l chloride , polypropylene , an d a wid e variet yo f high performance fluoropolymer s are commonl yused
. Dua l laminate s typicall yare con siderabl ymor

e expensive tha n all-thermose t composit e products , bu t ca n provid e cost-effective performance i n condition s where composite s are otherwis e inappro priate
. 

### Dua l Laminate System sP.1 6 

### Pultrude d Profil e Informatio n containe d i n thi s guid e ca n b e use d fo ral l equipmen t conformin g t o accepte d practice s o

f corrosio n equipmen t manufacture
. Fo rmolde d o rpultrude d products usin g hig h fille ran d glas s reinforcemen t levels , o rfo ran yequipmen t that doe s no t emplo ya resin-ric h corrosio n barrier , i t i s not possibl e t o provid e general ize d prediction s o

f composit e behavio ri n aggressivel ycorrosive environments
. Pleas e cal l th e Corrosio n Hotlin e (1-800-752-0060 ) fo rspecifi crecommendations
. 

# Maintenanc e an d Inspectio n Th e service life tha t ca n reasonabl yb e expecte d o f corrosion-grad e composit e equip men t wil l var

ydependin g upo n a numbe ro f factors includin g fabricatio n details , materia l selectio n an d th e nature o f th e environmen t t o whic h th e equipmen t i s actu all yexposed
. Fo rexample , a tan k that ma yb e expecte d t o provid e servic e fo r1 5 year s o rmor e i n a non-aggressive environmen t ma yb e deeme d t o have provide d a n excellen t service lif e afte rles s tha n 1 0 year s o f exposure t o a mor

e aggressive media
. Othe rfactors , suc h as proces s upsets , unanticipate d change s i n th e chemi ca l compositio n o

f equipmen t content s an d unforesee n temperature fluctuations , ma yals o reduce th e servic e lif e of composit e products
. Thes e are som e of th e rea son s wh ya progra m of regularl yschedule d inspectio n an d maintenance o fcorro sion-grad e composite equipmen t i s vital
. Asecondar ybenefi t i s th e reductio n o f downtim e an d minimizatio n o f repai rexpenses . Beyon d issue s o

f cost an d equipmen t servic e life , th e human , environmenta l an d financia l implication s o

f catastrophi cequipmen t failure cannot b e understated
. A regula rprogra m o

f maintenance an d inspectio n i s a keyelemen t i n th e responsibl e care o f chemica l processes .



# £ 

# \5P.1 7 

# Selecte d Applicatio n Recommendation s Composit e pip e an d ductin g ca n offe rsignificantl ybette rai ran d flui d flowcompare d t o conventiona l material s becaus e o f thei rsmoot h interna l surfaces
. Fo rproducts designe d t o carr

yabrasive slurrie s an d coars e particulates , th e effect s o f abrasio n shoul d be considere d durin g th e produc t desig n process . Resistanc e t o abrasio n ca n b e enhance d b

yusin g syntheti cvei l or , fo rextrem e case s b yusin g silico n carbid e o rcerami cbead s a

s fillers i n th e surface layer
. Resilien t liners base d o n elas tomer-modifie d viny l este rresi n are als o effective i n som e cases . 

### Abrasive Material s

Bleac h solution s ar

e highl yelectrophili can d ten d t o attac k composite s b

yreactin g wit h source s o

f electrons
. On e o

f th e mos t readil yavailabl e electro n source s i n a cure d resi n i s residua l unsaturatio n resultin g fro m a n incomplet e cure . Consequently , th e resistance o

f composite s t o bleac h environments ca n b e greatl yenhance d b y ensurin g that th e highest possibl e degre e of resi n cure i s obtained
. T o b e assure d o

f a hig h degre e o

f cure , post-curing/i s suggested
. Since air-inhibite d surface s ar e particularl ysusceptibl e t o attac k b ybleaches , a paraffinate d resi n topcoat i s recom mende d fo rexterio rsurface s that ma ycom e int o incidenta l contac t wit h bleach
. BPO/DM Acurin g system s ar e sometime s advocate d fo rcomposit e products intende d fo rbleac h service
. Whil e som e studie s hav e indicate d that BP O provide s a sligh t appearanc e advantag e ove rMEKP/Co/DM Asystem s i n sodiu m hypo-chlo rit e environments , a larg e numbe ro f composit e product s base d o n MEK P curin g hav

e been , an d continu e t o be , successfull yuse d i n equipmen t designe d fo r hypochlorit e an d othe rtype s o f bleach
. Th e keyt o obtainin g goo d resistanc e t o bleache s i s t o have a well-cure d laminate ; th e mean s employe d t o generat e a hig h degre e o f cure are o

f secondar

yimportance
. 

### Bleachin g Solution s



## V* , Sodiu m hypochlorit e ca n b e a n unstabl e substanc e tha t decompose s t o for m na scen t chlorin e compounds
. Thes e decompositio n products aggressivel yattac k com posite s throug h surface oxidation
. Decompositio n o f sodiu m hypochlorit e ca n b e cause d b yexcessive temperature , lo wpH , and/o rUV radiation
. Fo roptimu m stabil ity , sodiu m hypochlorit e solution s shoul d b e maintaine d at n o greate rtha n 125 T an d a p H o

f 10. 5 o rhigher
. Highe rtemperature s and/o rlowe rp H wil l caus e gradua l sodiu m hypochlorit e decompositio n an d subsequen t attac k o n th e surfac e o

f FR P equipment
. Atlac

® an d Dion ® resin s ca n b e use d fo rsodiu m hypochlorit e solution s a t temperature s greate rtha n 125 Tan d ca n withstan d lowe rsolutio n pHs , bu t reduce d servic e lif e shoul d b e expected
. Overchlorinatin g sodiu m hydroxid e durin g th e manufactur e o f sodiu m hypochlorit e wil l produc e a solutio n tha t i s ver yaggressiv e towar d composites
. Whe n overchlorinatio n occurs , temperature an d p H are difficul t t o control
. Thi s ca n drasti call yreduce th e servic e lif e o f composit e hypochlorit e generator s an d ma yresul t i n equipmen t failure
. Reichhol d stresse s th e importance o fproperl y controllin g th e reactio n condition s used i n manufacturin g thi s bleach . Exposur e t o ultraviole t ligh t wil l als o decompos e sodiu m hypochlorite
. Fortunately , thi s i s relativel yeasyt o prevent . Composit e equipmen t intende d fo routdoo rservic e shoul d contai n a UV-absorbin g additive an d a light-colore d pigmen t i n th e fina l paraffinate d exterio rtopcoa t t o shiel d th e hypochlorit e solutio n fro m exposure . Thixotropi cagent s base d o n silic a shoul d neve rb e use d i n th e constructio n o f com posit e equipmen t o ri n paraffinate d resi n topcoat s intende d fo rcontac t wit h sodiu m hypochlorit e du e t o th e reactive natur e o f hypochlorite
. Attac k

i s ver ysevere whe n thes e agents are used
. Sodiu m Hypochlorit e



# / tChlorin e Dioxid e (CIO, )

Ozon e Chlorin e dioxid e has bee n use d fo rman yyear s fo rbleachin g woo d pul p an d disin fectin g water . Ne

wpul p plan t design s ma yexpan d th e rol e o

f chlorin e dioxid e t o reduce pollutio n an d wate rconsumption
. Composite s mad e wit h high-performanc e corrosio n resin s hav

e bee n use d wit h grea

t succes s fo rupflowtubes , downstrea m piping , an d storag e tanks designe d fo rchlorin e dioxid e service
. Chlorin e dioxid e i n a mixture wit h 6-12 % brow n stoc k ca n b e service d a

t u p t o 160' F b ycomposite s fabricate d wit h high-performance resins
. Unde rthes e conditions , th e resi n surface ma

yslowl yoxidize
. Th e presence o f surface oxidatio n i s indicate d b y th e formatio n o

f a soft , yellowis h surface laye rknow n as chlorin e butter
. I n som e cases , chlorin e butte rwil l for m a protective layer , whic h shield s th e underlyin g resi n fro m attack
. However , chlorin e butte ri s pron e t o erosion , whic h i s aggravate d by abrasio n fro m th e pul p stock
. Composit e equipmen t ca n withstan d attac k b ychlo rin e dioxid e solution s a

t temperature s greate rtha n 160'F , bu t a reduce d servic e lif e ca n b e expected
. Extensive in-plan t evaluatio n a t a majo rpul p mil l o

f man yo f th e corrosion-resistan t polyme rtype s currentl yavailabl e has demonstrate d that Dion ® 669 4 modifie d bispheno l fumarat e resi n i s highl yresistan t t o chlorin e dioxid e attack
. Thi s resi n ha s a lon g an d successfu l histor yof performance i n hig h temperature , extrem e p H and / o rchlorin e environments
. Dion ® 669 4 test coupon s maintaine d a smooth , gloss y surfac e afte ron e yea ro

f in-plan t exposure t o chlorin e dioxid e at bot h 128' F an d 140T
. Fo rresistance t o attac k b ychlorin e dioxid e solutions , Dion ® 669 4 i s th e resi n o f choice
. Ozon e i s use d commerciall yt o trea t wate rcontainin g sewag e o rchemica l waste . I t i s als o use d i n th e bleachin g an d selectiv e delignificatio n o f pulp
. Ozon e i s regarde d a s a n environmentall yfriendly , non-haloge n bleachin g agent , an d it s us e i s expecte d t o increase
. Th e oxidatio n potentia l of ozon e i s secon d onl yt o fluorine , makin g i t on e o f th e most powerfu l oxidizin g agent s known
. Eve n a t concentration s o

f 5 pp m i n water , ozon e i s highl yactive an d ca n attac k th e surfac e o

f composites , leadin g t o gradua l degra dation
. Whil e experience wit h activ e ozon e level s a t 5 pp m indicate s that a reason abl e service lif e ca n b e expected , a t highe rconcentration s (10-3 0 ppm) , seriou s surface oxidatio n an d erosio n ma yoccu rrapidly , requirin g frequen t inspectio n an d eventua l relining
. 

### Concentrate d Acid s

Sulfuri caci d ( H SO. )

Hydrochlori caci d (HCI ) Containmen t o f acid s i s on e o

f th e mos

t popula rapplication s o

f corrosion-grad e composites
. Almost al l acid s ca n b e successfull yhandle d i n dilut e forms , ofte n usin g low-cost isophthali cresins
. Concentrate d minera l acids , however , are i n manycase s extremel yaggressive toward composites
. Concentrated sulfuri c aci d (76-98%) i s a powerfu l reducin g agen t tha t wil l spon taneousl y reac

t wit h organi c polymers , dehydratin g th e crosslinke d resi n t o a carbonaceou s cha r an d causin g syste m failure . Sulfuri caci d dilute d below75 % concentratio n lose s thi s dehydratin g effec t an d ca n b e handle d at elevate d tempera ture s (se e temperature suggestions ) wit h littl e o rn o degradation
. I n thi s regard , th e effects o f sulfuri caci d o n composite s are th e opposit e o f wha t occur s wit h metals
. Exposur e t o hydrochlori caci d ma ygraduall ycaus e composite s t o tur n green , thoug h thi s doe s no

t necessaril yindicat e a problem
. Wickin g an d blisterin g involvin g th e glas s fibe rreinforcemen t i s als o sometime s observed
. Whil e elevate d temperature an d concentratio n greatl yincreas e th e aggressivenes s o f HCI , tanks mad e fro m premiu m corrosio n resin s hav e provide d service lifetime s o f 2 0 year s o rmor e wit h concentrate d HC I (37% ) a t ambien t temperature . Muriati can d othe rdilute d hydro chlori cacid s ca n b e handle d u p t o 200' F wit h n o blisterin g o rwickin g an d are fa r les s aggressive tha n HC I i n concentrate d form
. 

# i llP.1 9 

# € Lo

wgrade s o

f HC I ar e ofte n produce d vi a a byproduc t recover yprocess , an d ma

y contai n chlorinate d hydrocarbons
. Thes e high-densit ysolvent s ca n accumulat e a t th e botto m o

f a tan k an d induce swellin g o

f th e composite
. Purit

yo f th e HC I is , therefore , on e o

f th e manyfactor

s that must b e considere d whe n specifyin g com posit e products
. Concentrate d nitri can d chromi cacid s are stron g oxidizin g agent s that wil l graduall y attac k th e composit e surface , formin g a yello wcrus t tha t eventuall ydevelop s microcrack

s an d lead s t o laminate deterioration
. Dilute d nitri can d chromi cacid s (5%) ca n be handle d a

t moderate temperature s (se e temperatur e suggestions)
. Thes e acid s ar e mos t commonl yencountere d i n meta l platin g an d picklin g operations , wher e composite s ofte n outperfor m competitive material s suc h a s rubber-line d steel
. Concentrate d hydrofluori caci d ca n attac k bot h th e polyme ran d th e glas s fibe rrein forcemen t i n resi n laminates , leadin g t o wickin g an d surfac e blisterin g o f th e com posite
. Dilute d H F continue s t o b e aggressive eve n a t concentration s as lo

was 5%
. Syntheti cvei l i s ofte n use d i n th e corrosio n barrie rfo rH F environments
. Glacia l aceti caci d cause s rapi d composit e deterioratio n du e t o bliste rformatio n i n th e corrosio n barrier
. Thi s i s usuall yaccompanie d b ysoftenin g an d swellin g o f th e structure , leadin g t o los s o f structura l performance
. Aceti caci d become s les s ag gressive whe n dilute d t o 75 % concentration , an d a t lowe rconcentration s i t ca n be handle d b ya variet yo f resi n systems . Whil e perchlori caci d ca n b e a n aggressive chemical , th e mai n issu e fro m a com posit e poin t o

f viewi s safety
. Dr

yperchlori caci d i s ignitabl e an d presents a fire hazard
. Whe n a tan k

use d fo rperchlori caci d storag e i s emptie d an d allowe d t o dr y out , residua l aci d absorbe d int o th e surface o f th e tan k laminat e ma

yremain
. Sub sequen t exposure t o a n ignitio n source , suc h as a spar k o rhea t fro m a grindin g wheel , ma

yresul t i n spontaneou s combustion
. Hydrochlori caci d (HCI ) (continued )

Nitri can d Chromi cacid s (HN0 3 H 2 Cr0 4 )

Hydrofluori caci d (HF)

Aceti caci d (glacial )

Perchlori caci d

Purifie d wate rca n b e a ver yaggressive environment , dependin g o n th e purit yre quirements o

f th e water . I t ca n caus e blisterin g an d wickin g i n th e corrosio n line ra t temperature s ove r150'F
. Purifie d wate rca n als o extrac t materia l fro m th e resi n and/o rglas s reinforcement , therebycompromisin g it s purity
. Th e storag e o f high purit ydeionize d wate rrequire s post-cure d equipmen t t o provid e optimu m corrosio n resistance an d preven t hydrophili cattac k o n th e resin
. Th e us e o

f a high-tempera ture co-initiato rsuc h as 0.5 % tertiar ybuty l perbenzoat e (TBPB ) i s suggeste d t o hel p optimiz e curing
. Resi n use d t o hol d high-purit ydeionize d wate rmus

t no t contai n thixotrope s whic h ca n b e leache d int o th e deionize d water . Syntheti csurfacin g vei l i s als o suggeste d t o avoi d extractio n o

f contaminants fro m glas s veil
. Atlac ® 4010Aan d Atlac

® 40 0 hav e bee n use d extensivel yt o produce a variet yo f equipmen t designe d fo rdeion ize d wate rservice
. Bot h o f thes e resin s wil l provid e excellen t results whe n adequatel y catalyze d an d post-cured
. 

### Deionize d an d Distille d Wate r

Alkalin e solution s ca n attac k bot h resi n an d glas s fibers , leadin g t o pronounce d surface blisterin g an d wicking
. Dilute sodiu m hydroxid e ofte n i s mor e aggressive tha n concentrate d solutions , whic h ca n b e containe d b ycomposite s a

t muc h highe r temperature s (se e temperature suggestions)
. Bispheno l fumarat e resin s suc h as Dion ® 669 4 are particularl yeffective i n hot alkalin e environments
. Syntheti cveil s are sometime s specifie d fo rcausti cenvironments
. Whil e causti csolution s attac k C-glass veils , theyals o attac k

syntheti cveils ; th e onl yadvantag e syntheti cveil s provid e i s a somewha t highe rresi n conten t i n th e corrosio n barrier
. 

### Sodiu m Hydroxid e



# nP.2 0 

### Flam e Retardan t Duc t an d Scrubbers Flame-retardan t variation s o f bot h polyeste ran d viny l este rresin s are availabl e fo r application s requirin g protectio n agains t fire , suc h a s duc t an d scrubbe rsystems . Thes e resin s employbrominate d intermediate s reacte d int o th e backbon e ofth e polymer
. High-performance corrosion-resistan t an d flame-retardan t polymer s are typicall ybase d o n brominate d bispheno l A
. Thi s produce s flame-retardan t viny l es te ran d bispheno l fumarat e polymer s that hav

e corrosio n an d therma l propertie s simila rt o thei rnon-brominate d analogues
. Flam e retardanc e i s usuall ydefine d ac cordin g t o th e AST M E-8

4 flam e sprea d test . Aflam e sprea d o f 2 5 o rles s i s define d a s Clas s 1 an d i s th e maximu m allowabl e i n interio rapplications , however , i t i s im portan t fo rfabricators t o ensure that an yothe rfederal , stat e an d loca l cod e require ments ar e met . Fo rduct systems , Factor yMutua l Standard 492 2 an d ICB O Repor t -405 5 defin e flammabilit

ystandards
. Al l Atlac ® an d Dion ® flam e retardan t resin s wil l meet th e AST M E-8 4 Clas s 1 flam e sprea d requiremen t of 2 5 whe n blende d wit h th e appropriat e amoun t o f antimon y trioxide
. Antimon ytrioxid e provide s n o flam e retardanc e o n it s own , bu t ha s a synergisti cflame-retardan t effec t whe n use d i n conjunctio n wit h brominate d resins
. I t i s typicall yincorporate d int o resi n a t a 1.5-5.0 % level
. Pleas e consul t th e Produc t Bul leti n fo ra specifi cresi n t o obtai n it s antimon ytrioxid e requirement
. Antimon ytrioxid e typicall yi s no

t include d i n th e corrosio n line rfo rduct system s handlin g concentrate d we t acidi cgase s i n orde rt o maximiz e corrosio n resistance
. I t i s use d i n th e struc tura l over-wra p t o provid e goo d overal l flam e retardance
. T o maximiz e flam e retardance i n les s aggressive vapor-phas e environments , antimon ytrioxid e ma yb e include d i n th e line rresin
. 

### Flu e Ga s Desulfurizatio n Composite s hav e bee n use d extensivel yi n ducts , scrubbers , an d chimneyliners expose d t o sulfu rdioxid e an d sulfu rtrioxide
. Flame-retardan t resin s suc h as Atlac ® 711-05AS o rDion

® 930 0 ar e ofte n use d i n thes e application s t o reduce th e probabil it yo f fire
. Resin s wit h high-temperature propertie s ar e usuall yselecte d t o accom modate uncontrolle d temperature excursion s that ca n occu ri f there i s a los s o f quenchin g water . Properl ydesigne d composit e structure s ca n withstan d brieftem perature excursion s o

f u p t o 350' F withou t seriou s impairmen t o f th e structura l prop ertie s an d ma

yoperat e at u p t o 220 " F o n a continuou s basis
. Fo rmor e information , consul t th e comprehensive applicatio n guide , "Atlac ® an d Dion ® Corrosio n Resin s fo rPowe rGeneratio n Applications, " whic h provide s extensive de tail s o n th e handlin g of S0 2 fumes
. 

### Stati c Electricity Resin/glas s composite s ar e non-conductiv

e materials , an d hig h stati celectri ccharge s ca n develo p i n ductin g an d piping
. Stati cbuild-u p ca n b e reduce d byusin g conductive graphit e fillers , graphit e veil s o rcontinuou s carbo n filament s i n th e surface layer
. Use o f coppe rshoul d b e avoide d becaus e i t ca n inhibi t th e resi n cure . 

### Radioactive Material s Polymer-matri xcomposite s i n genera l hav e a ver ylowneutro n cross-sectio n cap ture efficienc

yand , therefore , ar

e ver ywell-suite d t o th e containmen t o f radioactive materials , eve n a

t relativel yhig h level s o

f radioactivity
. Testin g o

f uncure d Atlac

® 38 2 b yAtla s Chemica l Laboratorie s demonstrate d that thi s resi n i s highl yresistan t t o molecula rweigh t change s at dosage s u p t o 1 5 millio n rads
. Extrapolation s base d o n thi s stud yestimat e tha t Atlac ® 38 2 ma yb e abl e t o withstan d 5 0 t o 10 0 millio n rads
. Fo rreference , th e letha l radiatio n dos e i s abou t 40 0 rads
. Give n th e hazardou s natur e of radioactive materials , testin g i s recommende d before actua l us e i n high radiatio n environments
. ( 

# I IP.2 1

Organi csolvents ca n exer t a varietyo

f corrosive effects o n composites
. Smal l pola r molecules , suc h as methano l an d ethanol , fo rexample , ma ypermeat e th e corrosio n liner , causin g som e swellin g an d blistering
. Chlorinate d solvents , chlorinate d aro matics , lowe raldehyde s an d ketone s ar e especiall yaggressive an d ca n caus e swell in g an d spallin g o

f th e corrosio n line rsurface
. Corrosive environment s containin g lo wlevel s o

f solvents ma

ystil l exer

t significan t effects dependin g o n th e solven t involve d an d th e propertie s o f an yothe rmaterial s present . Best result s i n solven t environments ar

e obtaine d b

yusin g resin s wit h hig h crosslin k density , suc h a s Dion

® 9420 , Dion

® 9480 , Dion

® 6694 , an d Atlac

® 490
. 

### Solvent s

Fo rove r3 0 year

s composit e abovegroun d an d undergroun d storag e tanks hav e successfull ybee n use d fo rgasolin e fue l service
. However , th e compositio n o f petro leu m fuel s has bee n changin g i n respons e t o a deman d fo rcleaner-burnin g fuels
. Eliminatio n o

f tetra-ethy l lea d cause d a n increas e i n th e proportio n o f aromatics i n th e gasolin e pool
. Use o

f methy l tertiary-buty l ethe r(MTBE ) wa s mandate d i n No vembe r1992 t o reduce winte rcarbo n monoxid e emission s i n thos e metropolita n district s wit h poo rai rquality
. Th e proportion s o f MTB E an d othe roxygenate d addi tive s suc h as ethanol , methanol , an d tertiary-amy l methy l ethe r(TAME) , ma yin creas e i n th e future du e t o th e deman d fo rprogressivel ycleaner-burnin g fuels
. Th e us e o

f oxygenate s an d increase d level s o f aromatics have require d resin s tha t provid e improve d corrosio n performance ove risophthali cresins , whic h were once use d exclusively
. O

f th e numerou s polyeste ran d viny l este rresin s evaluate d unde r condition s specifie d b

yU L 1316 , Atlac

® 49 0 high-crosslin k

densit yterephthali cres in s offer s a cost-effective solution
. Fo rmor e information , consul t th e comprehensive applicatio n guide , "Atlac®an d Dion®Corrosio n Resin s forth e Containmen t o f Petro leu m Fuels. " 

### Gasoline , Gasoho l an d Undergroun d Storag e Tank

s

Th e electrodepositio n o

f metal s fro m platin g solution s i s ofte n performe d i n compos it e an d polyme rconcret e vessels
. Som e platin g environments , suc h as thos e use d fo rchrom e plating , ar

e especiall yaggressive du e t o thei rstron g oxidatio n potentia l an d th e presence o

f fluorid e ions , whic h ca n lea d t o rapi d surfac e microcrackin g an d erosion
. Othe rplatin g chemical s ca n b e handle d easil yat temperature s u p t o 200*F
. Fo rplatin g solution s containin g fluorid e ions , i t i s suggeste d that syntheti cvei l b e use d i n th e corrosio n barrier
. Since platin g qualit yca n b e influence d b

ysolutio n contamination , i t i s importan t t o us e well-Cured , premiu m corrosion-resistan t resin s t o reduce th e possibilit

yo f contaminants leachin g fro m th e composite
. Whil e corro sion-grad e composite s typicall yprovid e excellen t resistanc e t o acidi cenvironment s suc h as thos e use d i n meta l plating , specia l consideratio n shoul d b e give n t o solu tion s containin g oxidizin g acid s suc h a s nitri can d chromic
. 

### Platin g Solution s

Products use d t o carr

yo rstore potabl e wate rmus t meet provision s se t forward b y th e Nationa l Sanitatio n Foundatio n (NSF) i n Standar d 1 4 and/o rStandar

d 6 1 whic h specif ylimit s o n th e quantit

yan d typ e o

f extractabl e organics i n containmen t ves sels
. NS F Standar

d 6 1 furthe rrequire s that a ris k assessmen t b e performe d byth e NS F o n organics that ar

e extracte d fro m composites
. Pleas e not e that i t i s th e re sponsibilit yo f th e manufacture ro

f composit e products t o ensure that thes e an d an y othe rapplicabl e standard s ar e met . 

### Potabl e Wate r

Atlac ® 382-05A , Atlac

® 4010A , Atlac

® 400ACT , Dion

® 6631T , an d Dion

® 633 4 resin s compl ywit h FD

ATitl e 21 , CF R 177.2420
. Thes e resin s ca n b e use d fo rfoo d contac t application s whe n properl yformulate d an d cured
. Pleas e note that i t i s th e re sponsibilit

y o fth e manufacture r o

fcomposite product s t o ensure that FD A requirements are fulfilled . FD A Complianc e



## 2. 0P.2 2


### USD A Application s USD Aapproval s mus t b e petitione d directl yfro m th e USD Ab yth e fabricato ro f a composit e component . Typically , an yproduc t whic h complie s wit h FD ATitl e 21 , CF R 177.242 0 wil l b e easil yapprove d b yth e USD Aa s well
. 

# Additiona l Referenc e Source s Industr y Standard s AST M standard s cove rth e composition , performanc e requirements , constructio n practices , workmanship , design , an d method s o f testin g FR P structure s fo rus e i n variou s chemica l environments
. ASM E hav e recentl yintroduce d RTP- 1 a s th e in dustryrecognize d standar d o f quality
. D-210 5 Specificatio n fo rLongitudina l Tensil e Propertie s o f Reinforce d Thermosettin g Plasti cPip e an d Tube D-214 3 Standar d Specificatio n fo rCycli cPressur e Strengt h o

f Reinforced , Thermosettin g Plasti cPip e D-231 0 Classificatio n Syste m fo rReinforce d Thermosettin g Resi n Pip e D-251 7 Standar

d Specificatio n fo rReinforce d Thermosettin g Plasti cGa s Pressur e Pip e an d Fitting s D-2924 Standar

d Specificatio n fo rExterna l Pressur e Resistance o

f Plasti cPip e D-2925 Standar

d Specificatio n fo rBea m Deflectio n o f Reinforce d Thermosettin g Resi n Pip e Unde rFul l Bor

e Flow , Measurin g D-2922 Standar

d Specificatio n fo rObtainin g Hydrostati cDesig n Basi s fo rReinforce d Thermosettin g Resi n Pip e an d Fitting s D-2996 Standar

d Specificatio n fo rFilament-Woun d Reinforce d Thermosettin g Plasti cPip e D-2997 Standar

d Specificatio n fo rCentrifugall yCast Reinforce d Thermosettin g Plasti cPip e D-326 2 Standar d Specificatio n fo rReinforce d Plasti cMorta rSewe rPip e D-329 9 Standar

d Specificatio n fo rFilament-Woun d Glas s Fiber-Reinforce d Thermoset Resi n Chemica l Resistan t Tank s D-398 2 Standar d Specificatio n fo rCusto m Contac t Molde d Glass-Fibe rReinforce d Thermosettin g Resi n Hood s D-402 1 Standar

d Specificatio n fo rGlas s Fiber-Reinforce d Polyeste rUndergroun d Petro leu m Storag e Tank

s D-4097 Standar

d Specificatio n fo rContac t Molde d Glas s Fibe rReinforce d Thermoset Resin s Chemica l Resistan t Tank s D-536 4 Standar d Specificatio n fo rGlas s Fibe rReinforce d Thermosettin g Resi n Chimney Liner s 

### Use r Guide s Th e Corrosion-Resistan t Structure s Committe e o f th e Composite s Institut e o f th e Societ yo f th e Plastic s Industrypublishe s users ' guide s tha t ar e intende d t o suppl y basi cFR P equipmen t informatio n i n a usefu l forma t fo rprospectiv e purchaser s o f FR P equipment
. Yo u ca n cal l th e Societ yo f Plastic s Industrya t 212-351-540 5 fo r mor e details
. Guide s ar e availabl e covering : Purchasin g R P Tank

s Fan s an d Blower

s Historica l Reprin t o

f NB S PS15-69 , Produc

t Standar d Pipin g System s Structura l Assemblie s Vendo rQualificatio n an d Inspectio n o f Reinforce d Plasti cEquipmen t Purchasin g Glas s Fiber-Reinforce d Plasti cPressur e Vessel s Purchasin g Fiberglas s Reinforce d Plasti cPanel s Fiberglas s Pip e Handboo k 

# i MP.2 3 

# Use r Guid e

Chemica l Environmen t Acetaldehyd e Aceti cAci d

Aceti cAcid , Glacia l Aceti cAnhydrid e Aceton e Acetonitrii e Acetophenon e Acety l Chlorid e Acryli cAci d Acryli cLate

x Acrylonitril e Acrylonitril e Latex Alky l Benzen e Sulfoni cAci d Alky l Benzen e C 10 -C 1 2 Ally ! Alcoho l Ally ) Chlorid e Alph a Methy l Styren e Alph a Olefi n Sulfate s Alu m Aluminu m Chlorid e Aluminu m Chlorohydrat e Aluminu m Citrat e Aluminu m Fluorid e Aluminu m Hydroxid e Aluminu m Nitrat e Aluminu m Potassiu m Sulfat e Aluminu m Sulfat e 

# z ^

# Use rGuid e

Chemica l Environmen t Amin o Acid s Ammonia , Liquifie d Ammonia , Aqueou s Ammoni a (Dr

yGas ) Ammoniu m Acetat e Ammoniu m Benzoate Ammoniu m Bicarbonat e Ammoniu m Bisulfit e (Blac k Liquor ) Ammoniu m Bromat e Ammoniu m Bromid e Ammoniu m Carbonat e Ammoniu m Chlorid e Ammoniu m Citrat e Ammoniu m Fluorid e Ammoniu m Hydroxid e (Aqueou s Ammonia )

Ammoniu m Laury l Sulfate Ammoniu m Lign o Sulfonate Ammoniu m Nitrat e Ammoniu m Persulfate Ammoniu m Phosphate (Mon o o r D i Basic ) Ammoniu m Sulfat e Ammoniu m Sulfid e (Bisulfide ) Ammoniu m Sulfit e Ammoniu m Thiocyanat e Ammoniu m Thiosulfat e 

# Suggeste d Temperature Limit , ° F o 6 " 3 C O O O

. 2 O 1 ° C O W O O c

o o u i o o o O

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# c Use r Guid e

Chemica l Environmen t Amy l Acetat e Amy l Alcoho l (Vapor

) Amy l Alcoho l Amy l Chlorid e Anilin e Anilin e Hydrochlorid e Anilin e Sulfat e Aqu a Regi a (3: 1 HCI-HNO3 ) Arseni c Aci d Arseniou s Aci d Bariu m Acetat e Bariu m Bromid e Bariu m Carbonat e Bariu m Chlorid e Bariu m Cyanid e Bariu m Hydroxid e Bariu m Sulfat e Bariu m Sulfid e Bee r Bee t Suga r Liquo r Benzaldehyd e Benzen e Benzene , HC I (wet

) Benzen e Sulfoni c Aci d Benzen e (Vapor

) Benzoi c Aci d Benzoquinone s Benzy l Alcoho l Benzy l Chlorid e Blac k Liquo r (pulp mill

) 

# ^A

# Use r Guid e

Chemica l Environmen t Bleac h Solution s Calciu m Hypochlorit e Chlorin e Dioxid e Chlorin e Wate r Chlorit e Hydrosulfit e Sodiu m Hypochlorit e Bora x Bori cAci d Brak e Flui d Brine , Sal t Bromin e Bromin e Wate r Brow n Stoc k

(pul p mill ) Bunke rC Fue l Oi l Butano l Butanol , Tertiar

y Buty l Acetat e Buty l Acrylat e Buty l Amin e Buty l Benzoat e Buty l Benzy l Phthalat e Buty l Carbito l Buty l Cellosolv e Butylen e Glyco l Butylen e Oxid e Butyraldehyd e Butyri cAci d
Cadmiu m Chlorid e 

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21 0 21 0 20 0 s^^s^s»" r i*? , ^_fy*5««» 5 *£*5 0 "«14 0 ~ wt4 0 ,^^__a_*"3_i3*i-__ai& , 3K . Chemica l Environmen t Calciu m Bisulfit e Calciu m Bromid e Calciu m Carbonat e Calciu m Chlorat e Calciu m Chlorid e Calciu m Hydroxid e Calciu m Hypochlorit e Calciu m Nitrat e Calciu m Sulfat e Calciu m Sulfit e Can e Suga rLiquor/Sweet Wate r Capri cAci d Capryli cAci d (Octanoi

cAcid ) Carbo n Disulfid e Carbo n Tetrachlorid e Carbowa x Carbowa xPolyethylen e Glycol s Carboxyethy l Cellulos e Carboxymethy l Cellulos e CashewNu t Oi l Casto rOi l Chlorinate d Pul p Chlorinatio n Washe rHoods/Duct s Chlorinate d Waxes Chlorin e (liquid

) Chlorin e Dioxid e Chlorin e Ga

s (we t o rdry ) Chlorin e Wate r Chloroaceti cAci d 

# t(*P.2 8 

# Use r Guid e Suggeste d Temperature Limit , ° F

_ o O l o o o o

3 c o •r* * o o o o

3 C O •TrI O O
Chemica l Environmen t Chloroaceti cAci d (continued ) Chlorobenzen e Chlorofor m Chloropyridin e Chlorosulfoni cAci d Chlorotoluen e Chrom e Platin g Solutio n Chromi cAci d Chromiu m Sulfat e Chromou s Sulfat e Citri cAci d Cobal t Chlorid e Cobal t Citrat e Cobal t Naphthenat e Cobal t Nitrat e Cobal t Octoat e Coconu t Oi l Coppe rAcetat e Coppe rChlorid e Coppe rCyanid e Coppe rFluorid e Coppe rNitrat e Coppe rSulfat e Cor n Oi l Cor n Starc h Cor n Suga r Cottonsee d Oi l Cresyli cAcid s o 3 c o o p c o o j o c o c o o o

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l Ether ) Diethy l Formamid e Diethy l Keton e Diethy l Maleat e 

# 13

## Use r Guid e

Chemica l Environmen t D i 2-Ethy l Hexy l Phosphate Diethylenetriamin e (DETA

) Diethylen e Glyco l Diisobuty l Keton e Diisobuty l Phthalat e Diisobutylen e Diisopropanolamin e Dimethy l Formamid e Dimethy l Phthalat e Diocty l Phthalat e Dioxan e Dipheny l Ethe r Dipiperazin e Sulfat e Solutio n Dipropylen e Glyco l Distille d Wate r Diviny l Benzen e Embalmin g Flui d Epichlorohydri n Epoxidize d Soybea n Oi l Ester s o f Fatt yAcid s Ethanolamin e Ethy l Acetat e Ethy l Acrylat e Ethy l Alcoho l (Ethanol

)
Ethy l Benzen e Ethy l Benzene/Benzen e Blend s Ethy l Bromid e Ethy l Chlorid e 

# i n

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N R N R N R N R Chemica l Environmen t

Ethy l Ethe r (Diethy l Ether) Ethylen e Chlorid e Ethylen e Chloroformat e Ethylen e Chlorohydri n Ethylen e Diamin e Ethylen e Dibromid e Ethylen e Dichlorid e Ethylen e Glyco l Ethylen e Glyco l Monobuty l Ethe r Ethylen e Diamin e Tetr a Aceti cAci c Ethylen e Oxid e Eucalyptu s Oi l Fatt yAcid s Ferri cAcetat e Ferri cChlorid e Ferri cNitrat e Ferri cSulfat e Ferrou s Chlorid e Ferrou s Nitrat e Ferrou s Sulfat e Fertilizer , 8,8, 8 Fertilizer , URA N Fluobori cAci d Fluorid e Salt s & HC I Fluosilici cAci d

Fl yAs h Slurry Formaldehyd e 

# 3 0P.3 2 

# Use r Guid e

Chemica l Environmen t Formi cAci d Freo n 1 1 Fue l Oil Furfura l Furfura l Galli cAci d Gasoline , RegularLeade

d Gasoline , Regula

rUnleade d Gasoline , Alcohol Containing Gluconi cAci d Glucos e Glutari cAci d Glycerin e Glycoli cAci d (HydroxyaceticAcid)
Glyoxa l Gree n Liquo r(pul p mill ) Heptan e Hexachlorocyclopentadien e Hexamethylenetetramin e Hexan e Hydrauli cFlui d Hydrazin e Hydrobromi cAci d Hydrochlori cAci d 

# Suggeste d Temperatur e Limit , ° F

TTf o 3 O o o JO CO c o o o 18 0 

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# 3 1P.3 3



# Suggeste d Temperature Limit , F

o 3 c o o o c o o r o C O C O o otlac

c n o o o



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# Use r Guid e

12 0 J 11 0 12 0 .12 0

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# ^iq^f^ia^o^f j 18 0 18 0 18 0 18 0 >180~ 7 180~ 18 0 Chemica l Environmen t Hydrochlori cAci d (continued ) Hydrochlori cAci d & Organics Hydrocyani cAci d Hydrofluori cAci d
Hydrofluosilici cAci d Hydroge n Bromide , ga

s Hydroge n Chloride , dr

yga s Hydroge n Fluoride , ga

s Hydroge n Peroxid e (storage ) Hydroge n Sulfide , ga

s Hydroiodi cAci d Hypophosphoru s Aci d Iodine , Soli d Isoamy l Alcoho l Isobuty l Alcoho l Isodecano l Isonony l Alcoho l Isoocty l Adipat e Isoocty l Alcoho l Isopropy l Alcoho l Isopropy l Amin e Isopropy l Myristat e Isopropy l Palmitate Itaconi cAci d Je t Fue l Jojob a Oi l 

# 3 ^

# Use r Guid e

Chemica l Environmen t Kerosen e Lacti cAci d Late x Lauri e Aci d Laury l Alcoho l Laury l Mercapta n Lead Acetat e Lead Chlorid e Lead Nitrat e Levulini cAci d Lim e Slurr

y Linsee d Oi l Lithiu m Bromid e Lithiu m Carbonat e Lithiu m Chlorid e Lithiu m Sulfat e Magnesiu m Bicarbonat e Magnesiu m Bisulfit e Magnesiu m Carbonat e Magnesiu m Chlorid e Magnesiu m Hydroxid e Magnesiu m Nitrat e Magnesiu m Sulfat e Malei cAci d Malei cAnhydrid e Manganes e Chlorid e Manganes e Sulfat e Mercuri cChlorid e Mercurou s Chlorid e Mercur y 

# Suggeste d Temperatur e Limit , F



# I U 

# 1 g

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# jyP.3 5 

# Use r Guid e

Chemica l Environmen t Methy l Alcoho l (Methanol

) Methy l Ethy l Keton e Methy l Isobuty l Keton e Methy l Methacrylat e Methy l Styren e Methylen e Chlorid e Mil k an d Mil k Products Minera l Oil s Molasse s an d Inver

t Molasse s Molybdenu m Disulfid e Molybdi cAci d Monochloroaceti cAci d Monochlorobenzen e Monoethanolamin e Monomethylhydrazin e Morpholin e Moto rOi l Mustar d Myristi cAci d Naphtha , Aliphati c Naphtha , Aromatic Naphthalen e Nicke l Chlorid e Nicke l Nitrat e Nicke l Sulfat e Nicotini cAci d (Niacin

) Nitri cAci d



# 3 4

# Use r Guid e

Chemica l Environmen t Nitri cAci d (continued )
Nitrobenzen e Nitroge n Tetroxid e OctanoicAci d (CaprylicAcid ) Octylamine , Tertiar y Oil , Swee t o rSou rCrud e Olei cAci d Oleu m (Fumin g Sulfuri cAcid ) Oliv e Oi l Orang e Oi l (limonene ) Organi cDetergents , pH<i 2 Oxali cAci d Ozon e (_

j 4 pp m i n wate rphase) Pal m Oi l Palmiti cAci d Pentasodiu m Tripol yPhosphat e Perchloroethylen e Perchlori cAci d
Pheno l (Carboli cAcid )
Pheno l Formaldehyd e Resi n Phosphori cAci d Phosphori cAci d Vapo r& Condensate Phosphorou s Trichlorid e Phthali cAci d Phthali cAnhydrid e Picri cAci d (Alcoholic

) Pin e Oi l 

# Suggeste d Temperature Limit , ° F o 5 ' o p C O o r o c o c o o o N R o>

o c n o o o o

3 o o o o

3 c o r o o

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# 3 ^P.3 7 

# e

u Use r Guid e

Chemica l Environmen t Pin e Oi l Disinfectan t Piperazin e Monohydrochlorid e Platin g Solutions , Cadmiu

m Cyanid e Platin g Solutions , Chrom

e Platin g Solutions , Gol

d Platin g Solutions , Lea

d Platin g Solutions , Nicke

l Platin g Solutions , Platinum Platin g Solutions , Silve

r Platin g Solutions , Ti n Fiuoborate Platin g Solutions , Zin cFiuoborate Polyphosphori cAci d (115% ) Polyviny l Acetat e Adhesive Polyviny l Acetat e Emulsio n Polyviny l Alcoho l Potassiu m Aluminu m Sulfa s Potassiu m Amy l Xanthat e Potassiu m Bicarbonat e Potassiu m Bromid e Potassiu m Carbonat e Potassiu m Chlorid e Potassiu m Dichromat e Potassiu m Ferricyanid e Potassiu m Ferrocyanid e Potassiu m Hydroxid e Potassiu m Iodid e Potassiu m Nitrat e 

# 3 6P.3 8 

# Use r Guid e

Chemica l Environmen t Potassiu m Permanganate Potassiu m Persulfate Potassiu m Pyrophosphate Potassiu m Sulfat e Propioni cAci d Propioni cAci d Propylen e Glyco l i-Propy l Palmitate Pyridin e Quaternar

yAmmoniu m Salt s Rayo n Spi n Bat h Salicyli cAci d Se a Wate r Sebaci cAci d Seleniou s Aci d Silici c Aci d (hydrate d silica) Silve rCyanid e Silve rNitrat e Sodiu m Acetat e Sodiu m Alky l Ary l Sulfonate s Sodiu m Aluminat e Sodiu m Benzoate Sodiu m Bicarbonat e Sodiu m Bifluorid e Sodiu m Bisulfat e Sodiu m Bisulfit e Sodiu m Borate Sodiu m Bromat e Sodiu m Bromid e Sodiu m Carbonat e (Sod

a Ash ) 

# Suggeste d Temperature Limit , F

c o

*21 0 S21 0

N R

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## . J 7 0 iklj b ' , 10 0 10 0 .175 ,..170
. ,170 .117 0 170 170 170 .17 0 8 0 N R 

# 3 9P.3 9 

# Use r Guid e

Chemica l Environmen t Sodiu m Carbonat e (Sod

a Ash ) Sodiu m Chlorat e Sodiu m Chlorid e Sodiu m Chlorit e Sodiu m Chromat e Sodiu m Cyanid e Sodiu m Dichromat e Sodiu m Diphosphat e Sodiu m Dodecy l Benzen e Sulfonat e Sodiu m Ethy l Xanthat e Sodiu m Ferricyanid e Sodiu m Ferrocyanid e Sodiu m Fluorid e Sodiu m Fluorosilicat e Sodiu m Hexametaphosphat e Sodiu m Hydrosulfid e Sodiu m Hydroxid e

Sodiu m Hypochlorit e Sodiu m Hyposulfit e Sodiu m Laury l Sulfat e Sodiu m Monophosphat e Sodiu m Nitrat e Sodiu m Nitrit e Sodiu m Oxalat e 

# 3?

# Use r Guid e

Chemica l Environmen t Sodiu m Persulfate Sodiu m Polyacrylat e Sodiu m Silicate , pH<i 2 Sodiu m Silicate , pH>. 2 Sodiu m Sulfat e Sodiu m Sulfid e Sodiu m Sulfit e Sodiu m Tetraborate Sodiu m Thiocyanat e Sodiu m Thiosulfat e Sodiu m Triphosphate Sodiu m Xylen e Sulfonate Sorbito l Soybea n Oi l So ySauce Spearmin t Oi l Stanni cChlorid e Stannou s Chlorid e Steari cAci d Styren e Styren e Acryli cEmulsio n Styren e Butadien e Late

x Succinonitrile , Aqueou

s Sucros e Sulfami cAci d



# 3 1P.4 1 

# €

,• " 

# Use r Guid e *

Chemica l Environmen t Sulfu rDichlorid e Sulfur , Molten Sulfuri cAci d

Sulfuri cAcid/Ferrou s Sulfat e Sulfuri cAcid/Phosphori cAci d Sulfury l Chlorid e Superphosphori cAci d (105 % H 3 PO
. Tal l Oil Tanni cAci d Tartari cAci d Tetrachloroethan e Tetrachloroethylen e Tetrachloropentan e Tetrachloropyridin e Tetrapotassiu m Pyrophosphat e Tetrasodiu m Ethylenediamin

e Tetraceti cAci d S a Tetrasodiu m Pyrophosphat e Texton e Thioglycoli cAci d Thiony l Chlorid e Tobia s Aci d (2-Naphthylamin e Sulfoni cAci c Toluen e Toluen e Diisocyanat e (TDi )



# Ho

# Use r Guid e

Chemica l Environmen t Toluen e Sulfoni cAci d Transforme rOil s Tributy l Phosphat e Trichloroacetaldehyd e Trichloroaceti cAci d Trichloroethan e Trichloroethylen e Trichloromonofluoromethan e Trichloropheno l Tridecylbenzen e Tridecylbenzen e Sulfonat e Triethanolamin e Triethanolamin e Laury l Sulfat e Triethylamin e Triethylen e Glyco l Trimethylamin e Chlorobromid e Trimethylamin e Hydrochlorid e Tripheny l Phosphit e Tripropylen e Glyco l Trisodiu m Phosphat e Turpentin e Uraniu m Extractio n Ure a Vegetabl e Oil s Vinega r Viny l Acetat e Viny l Toluen e Water , Deionize d Water , Distille d Water , Se

a 

# Suggeste d Temperature Limit , ° F

o 3 c o o o
o J O c o 0 3 o o 0 )

o CJ I 0 0 o o

3 c o A 0 0 O O

3 C O r o o

21 0 20 0 ,21 0 , 21 0 *N R 21 0 lf'I^SP§ii__£i^'ir_? * :

14 0 N R 20 0 N R |Mf ' o n ^tio o N R 'C8 0 l-_*flr_r f N R N R l 

## J3WM 20 0 -X__£_a_5Bi_a__Bi_A

__-a21 0 20 0 j -T!-yT--*-C * •"*'* ' ^y. j ' x , 15 0

11 0 **&,* *U2 5 21 0 21 0

\ 21 0 12 0 21 0 N R * 8 0 N R

\12 0 •_*!-!C . - _



# . JL 1 

# _. 2 

# ° JNR
_ 13 0 18 0 ,N R 13 0 18 0 

## .* ? Nf 

## !

fm


# m 17 5

15 0 21 0 

# JPv S 8 0 21 0 21 0 18 0

17 5 15 0 18 0 15 0 20 0 20 0 N R N R 20 0 20 0 21 0 17 5

15 0 21 0 21 0 N R 8 0 21 0 21 0 21 0 ~.W-«**J S yeo * N R 10 0



# - w 21 0 21 0 >

' .*' ' o 6 ' 3 o > C D C O 0 >

o c o o o r o
o u i > Ui _

o > o o o

13 0

19 0 15 0 15 0 21 0 21 0

21 0 21 0 21 0 22 0 21 0 20 0

**"** • "CTC-J - '-*v**?_.-ft".?*"* ' *•* • 21 0 21 0 C20 0 14 0 14 0 14 0 N R ^N R MN R 22 0 21 0 20 0 :NR1N R MN R 1 .\...*^vi!i^_i^£j_i«._fc-.: ^ N R N R N R 10 0 V 10 0 5~!8 0 N R N R N R \§^21 0 V20 0 rf__Ui_ti_ ^ » !•*_•_._

. .. . 21 0 21 0 20 0
^ ^"-—S5T. -*J\ < - I- V r^Va—a-a"-*. ->-15 0 \.15 0 11 0 18 0 N R ' N R 13 0 13 0 10 0
. 17 5 15 0 17 0 22 0 21 0 N R 21 0 21 0 21 0 18 0 17 5 15 0 18 0 15 0 20 0 21 0 N R N R 21 0 21 0 21 0 11 0 12 5 18 0

* t N R Aa 13 0 18 0 17 5 18 0 12 0 

## 8

C O o o

3 o > 0 5 C O
0 1 o o o

..rn-'v'-..<<_i>~?-v!'3*i*;_ * .17 5 ' ! && : M VN R #N R * il.J.&f.__•__-',
- . _S_'5'.^J>_l_ r _\.t_f?___ ; 8 0 8 0 J N R N R ^* > JT W_

S ,Ars_.i_j:.si»a_.t : « s

N R

" ' •* * -J. ' ^ - ^ 14 0 

## T12 0 yTio i 8 0 8 0 rv e_,_ _
8 0 N R N R N N R

20 0 NR NR 20 0 20 0 20 0 15 0 NR 17 5 17 5 17 5 14 0

r8 0 8 0 12 0 N R 12 0 5t70 15 0 N R N R 17 0 16 0 17 0 

# mP.4 3 

# tDion9100,9102,9300

- » fr v18 0 irC *>
_ 

## } N 

## J L 21 0 ri21 0 52l" o 21 0 ^21 0 

# Suggeste d Temperature Limit , ° FDion9420Dion9480Atlac580

18 0 18 0 .18 0

« N R -5,100 7 100 r •c_. J _J___.^3.51_ii_/_.»^ . _SJiv__.___._

___£ . 20 0 21 0 21 0 •^200 ^ / 21 0 $21 0 ' , 16 0 ,,-77__-'.^ 1 5«- . - T^* * * ', ;-,20 0 \r-21 0 :^;2i o 20 0 21 0 21 0 20 0 J 21 0 21 0Dion6694

-""-a* , i — N R 21 0 21 0 180 22 0 22 0 22 0Atlac382,711-05AS 11 0 20 0 11 0 ~N R 21 0
"" 21 0 18 0 21 0 21 0 21 0Atlac4010

11 0 18 0 11 0 N R 20 0
w > . r 18 0 "200"
. 20 0Dion6631,Atlac400Atlac490

8 0 

# MME: 8 0 8 0 

### " WTNRT H

< u ^.^._£S_£_t_rf»__t'a&-i3f c 170 

### 170^7p*" W
^—^«F«7*--vrM|!*«^." ' 170 -^170
. ^ 17 5 17 0


### " / 'l7Xp~ f 

# Use r Guid e '

Chemica l Environmen t I Whiskey Whit e Liquo r(pul p mill ) Win e Xylen e Zin cChlorat e Zin cChlorid e Zin cCyanid e Zin cNitrat e Zin cSulfat e Zin cSulfit e 

# (C

lf-2-