cUNITEDSTATESENVIRONMENTALPROTECTIONAGENCYREGIONIII1650ArchStreetPhiladelphia,Pennsylvania19103DATE:SUBJECT:TechnicalSupportDocumentfortheIncorporationofEPA’sControlTechniquesGuidelinesforOffsetLithographicPrintingandLetterpressPrintingintotheCodeofMarylandFROM:AsrahKhadr,EngineeringTrainee\46’42AOfficeofAirProgramPlanningTO:File,,tq),3jiTHRU:CristinaFernandez,AssociateOfficeDirector1UVOfficeofAirProgramPlanningLiA.BackgroundSection172(c)(1)oftheCleanAirAct(CAA)requiresthatstateimplementationplans(SIPs)containreasonablyavailablecontrolmeasures(RACM)whichincludesreasonablyavailablecontroltechnology(RACT).Section182(b)(2)(A)providesthatforcertainnonattainmentareas,StatesmustrevisetheirSIPstoincludeRACTforsourcesofvolatileorganiccompound(VOC)emissionscoveredbyacontroltechniquesguidelines(CTG)documentissuedafterNovember15,1990andpriortothearea’sdateofattainment.RACTisdefinedas“thelowestemissionlimitationthataparticularsourceiscapableofmeetingbytheapplicationofcontroltechnologythatisreasonablyavailableconsideringtechnologicalandeconomicfeasibility.”(44FR53761,Sept.17,1979).UndertheCAA,theEnvironmentalProtectionAgency(EPA)isrequiredtoprovidecontroltechniqueguidelines(CTG);theseguidelinesprovidestatesandagenciesinvolvedinairqualitycontrolinformationonairpollutioncontroltechniques.Section183(e)oftheCAAdirectsEPAtolistforregulationcategoriesofproductsthataccountforatleast80percentofvolatileorganiccompound(VOC)emissions(onareactivity-adjustedbasis)fromconsumerandcommercialproductsinareasthatviolatethenationalambientairqualitystandard(NAAQS)forozone.Offsetlithographicprintingandletterpressprintingareincludedonthecurrentsection183(e)list.Althoughoffsetlithographicprintingandletterpressprintingaretwodistinctproductcategoriesonthesection183(e)listtheyhavemanysimilaritiesandareaddressedinoneCTG.InSeptember2006,EPApublishedaCTGforOffsetLithographicPrintingandLetterpressPrintingtitledControlTechniqueGuidelinesforOffsetLithographicPrintingandLetterpressPrinting(PublicationNo.EPA-453/R-06-004).ThisCTGissimilartothedraftCTGforoffsetlithographicprintingandletterpressprintingpublishedonNovember8,1993.InJune1994,

# 0*EPAalsopublishedanalternativecontroltechniques(ACT)documentforstatestouseindevelopingrulesbasedonRACTforoffsetlithographicprinting.EPAdevelopedtherecommendedapproachesinthe2006CTGforoffsetlithographicprintingandletterpressprintingafterreviewingexistingstateandlocalVOCemissionreductionapproaches,reviewingthe1993draftCTGandthe1994ACT.B.DescriptionofLithographicPrintingandLetterpressPrintingOffsetLithographyisaplanographicmethodofprinting.Planographicmeansthatareasmeantforprintingandareasnotmeantforprintingarelocatedonthesameplaneofathinlithographicmetalplate.Sinceprintingoccursonthesameplane,theimageareaisrenderedoilreceptiveandthenon-imageareaisrenderedwaterreceptive.Lithographicprintingisanindirectprintingmethod,theinkisnotdirectlytransferredtothesubstrate;instead,theinkistransferredfromthelithographicplatetoarubber-covered,intermediate“blanket”cylinder.Theinkisthentransferredfromthecylindertothesubstrate.Offsetlithographicprintingisutilizedintheproductionofbooks,magazines,periodicals,labelsandwrappers,catalogsanddirectories,financialandlegaldocuments,businessforms,advertisingbrochures,newspapers,newspaperinserts,chartsandmaps,calendars,ticketsandcoupons,greetingcardsandstamps.Therearetwotypesoflithographicprintingpressescharacterizedbyhowthesubstrateisfedtothepress.Insheet-fedprinting,individualsheetsofsubstrateorpaperarefedtothepresswhileduringwebprinting,continuousrollsofsubstratearefedintothepressandareresizedafterwards.Letterpressprintingoperatessimilarlytolithographicprinting.VOCemissionsfromeitherofthetwomethodsofprintingcanoccurfromtheevaporationofinks,fountainsolutions,cleaningmaterialsandothermaterialssuchasvarnishes,gluesandcoatings.C.EPA’sRecommendedControlOptionsforLithographicPrintingandLetterpressPrintingEPAissuedaCTGforoffsetlithographicandletterpressprintingin2006.Asstatedabove,VOCemissionscanoccurfromtheevaporationofinks,fountainsolutions,cleaningmaterialsandothermaterialssuchasvarnishes,gluesandcoatings.Mainly,therearethreemechanismstoreduceVOCemissionsfromoffsetlithographicandletterpressprinting;thethreemechanismsareadd-oncontrols,processmodificationsorworkpracticesandmaterialreformulationandsubstitution.ForthecontrolofVOCemissionsfromheatsetinks,fountainsolutions,andcleaningmaterialsusedinoffsetlithographicprintingoperationsandletterpressprintingoperations,EPA’srecommendationsareasfollows:1.HeatsetweboffsetlithographicandheatsetletterpressinksanddryersTherecommendedlevelofcontrolforVOCemissionsfromheatsetdryersistiedtothefirstinstallationdateofthecontroldevice.Thefirstinstallationdateforthecontroldevicedoesnotchangeifitislatermovedtoanewlocation.Thefirstinstallationdateforacontroldevicedoesnotchangeifitislaterusedtocontrolanewpress.2CCTherecommendedlevelofcontrolforVOCemissionsfromheatsetdryersis90percentcontrolefficiencyforacontroldevicewhosefirstinstallationdatewaspriortotheeffectivedateofaStateRACTruleissuedafterthedateofthisCTG.TherecommendedlevelofcontrolforVOCemissionsfromheatsetdryersis95percentcontrolefficiencyforacontroldevicewhosefirstinstallationdatewasonoraftertheeffectivedateofaStateRACTruleissuedafterthedateofthisCTG.Itisrecommendedthattheaboverecommendedlevelsofcontrolbeappliedtoindividualheatsetweboffsetlithographicprintingpresseswithpotentialtoemitfromthedryer,priortocontrols,atleast25tonsperyear(tpy)ofVOC(petroleuminkoil).Itisalsorecommendedtoapplytheaboverecommendedlevelsofcontroltoindividualheatsetwebletterpressprintingpresseswithpotentialtoemitfromthedyer,priortocontrols,atleast25tpyofVOC(petroleuminkoil).Itisrecommendedtoprovideprinterswiththeoptionofusinganenforceablelimitationonpotentialemissionstokeepanindividualheatsetpressbelowthis25tpypotentialtoemitthreshold.Thisequatestousinginksandcoatingwhichcontainlessthan31.25tpyVOC(petroleuminkoil)becauseofthe20percentinkoilretention.Itisalsorecommendedthatheatsetpressesusedforbookprintingandheatsetpresseswithmaximumwebwidthof22inchesorlessbeexcludedfromtheadd-oncontrolrecommendations.ItisnotrecommendedthatVOCemissionsfromsheet-fedorcoldestwebinks,sheet-fedorcoldestwebvarnishes,waterbornecoatingsorradiation(ultra-violetlightorelectronbeam)curedmaterialsusedonoffsetlithographicpressesorletterpresspressesbecontrolled.TheVOCemissionsfromthesematerialsarealreadylowandtheyarenotamenabletoadd-oncontrol.2.FountainSolutiona.HeatsetWebOffsetLithographicPrintingTherecommendedlevelofcontrolforVOCemissionsfromon-press(as-applied)fountainsolutionforheatsetweboffsetlithographicprintingis1.6percentalcohol(byweight)inthefountainoritsequivalent.Therearethreeapproachestoachievingthisrecommendedlevelofcontrol.First,theon-press(as-applied)alcoholcontentisreducedto1.6percentalcoholorless(byweight).Secondly,3percentalcoholorlessbyweighton-press(as-applied)inthefountainsolutionifthefountainsolutionisrefrigeratedtobelow60°F(15.5°C).Thirdly,5percentalcoholsubstituteorless(byweight)on-press(as-applied)andnoalcoholinthefountainsolutioncanbeused.b.Sheet-fedOffsetLithographicPrintingTherecommendedlevelofcontrolforVOCemissionsfromon-press(as-applied)fountainsolutionforsheet-fedprintingisequivalentto5percentalcohol(byweight)inthefountainorequivalent.Thereareatleastthreedifferentapproachesforachievingthisrecommendedlevelofcontrol.Thefirstapproachinvolvesreducingtheon-press(as-applied)alcoholcenterto5.0percentalcoholorless(byweight).Thesecondapproachinvolvesusing8.5percentalcoholorless(byweight)on-press(as-applied)providedthefountainsolutionisrefrigeratedto30..Cbelow60°F(15.5°C).Thethirdapproachinvolvesusing5percentalcoholsubstituteorless(byweight)on-press(as-applied)andnoalcoholinthefountainsolution.Thisrecommendationdoesnotapplytosheet-fedpresseswithasheetsizeof11inchesby17inchesorsmaller,anddoesnotapplytoanypresswithtotalfountainsolutionreservoiroflessthan1gallon.c.CoidsetWebOffsetLithographicPrintingTherecommendedlevelofcontrolforVOCemissionsfromfountainsolutionforcoldestwebis5percentalcoholsubstituteorless(byweight)on-press(asapplied)andnoalcoholinthefountainsolution.Itisrecommendedapplyingcontrolrecommendationsforoffsetlithographicprintingfountainsolutiontoanyoffsetlithographicprintingoperationswheretheemissionsassociatedwithallaspectsofthatoperationequalorexceed6.8kilogramsperday(kg/day)or15poundsperday(lb/day)actualemissionsofVOC,oranequivalentlevel,beforeconsiderationofcontrols.Itisalsorecommendedthatthesecontrolrecommendationsforfountainsolutionnotbeappliedtosheet-fedpresseswithmaximumsheetsize1lxi7inchesorsmaller,ortoanypresseswithmaximumsheetsizelix17inchesorsmaller,ortoanypresswithtotalfountainsolutionreservoiroflessthan1gallon.Forthesepresses,therecommendedVOC(alcoholoralcoholsubstitute)contentlevelswouldyieldasmallemissionreductionrelativetothecostofachievingthatreduction(e.g.,changingandmaintainingrollers).3.CleaningMaterialsThefollowingrecommendationsapplytoblanketwashing,rollerwashing,platecleaners,meteringrollercleaners,impressioncylindercleaners,rubberrejuvenators,andothercleanersusedforcleaningapress,pressparts,ortoremovedriedinkfromareasaroundapress.EPArecommendsthatwhenStatesdevelopRACTrulesinresponsetotheIndustrialCleaningSolventsCTG,seeEPA453/R-06-00l(Sept.2006),theyconsiderexcludingfromthoserulestheactivitiesnotedinthepriorsentence,whicharecoveredbythisCTG.See71FR44540.Inaddition,therecommendationsforcleaningmaterialsprovidedbelowdonotapplytocleanersusedonelectroniccomponentsofapress,prepresscleaningoperations(e.g.,platemaking),post-presscleaningoperations(e.g.,binding),cleaningsupplies(e.g.,detergents)usedtocleanthefloor(otherthandriedink)intheareaaroundapress,orcleaningperformedinpartswashersorcoldcleaners.ItisrecommendedtousecleaningmaterialswithaVOCcompositevaporpressurelessthan10millimetersofmercury(mmHg)at20°Corcleaningmaterialscontaininglessthan70weightpercentVOC.ItisbelievedthatthiscombinationofmaterialrecommendationswillreduceVOCemissionsandallowforuseofamixofmaterialscapableofachievingallofthecoveredcleaningtasks.CleaningmaterialswithlowVOCcompositevaporpressurehavebeenusedsuccessfullybymanyprintersforblanketwashingandothercleaningactivities.ManyofthecleaningtasksthatcannotbecarriedoutwithlowVOCcompositevaporpressurecleaningmaterialscanbecarriedoutwithreducedVOCcontentcleaningmaterials.Itisalsorecommendedtoexclude110gallonsperyearofcleaningmaterialswhichmeetneitherthelowVOCcompositevaporpressurerecommendationnotthelowerVOCcontentrecommendationbecauseasmallnumberof4C0cleaningtaskscannotbecarriedoutwithlowVOCcompositevaporpressurecleaningmaterialsorreducedVOCcontentcleaningmaterials.Itisalsorecommendedthatthefollowingworkpracticesbeemployed:keepingcleaningmaterialsandusedshottowelsinclosedcontainers.IntheACTdocument,EPAnotedthatusingcleaningmaterialswithaVOCcompositepartialvaporpressurelessthan10mmHgat20°Cinconjunctionwithgoodworkpracticeswouldresultinemissionreductionthatiscomparabletousingcleaningmaterialsthatcontainlessthan30weightpercentofVOC.Itisrecommendedthattheabovecontrolrecommendationsforoffsetlithographicprintingcleaningmaterialsbeappliedtoanyoffsetlithographicprintingoperationwhereemissionsassociatedwithallaspectsofthatoperationequalorexceed6.8kg/day(15lb/day)actualemissionsofVOC,oranequivalentlevel,beforeconsiderationofcontrols.Similarly,itisrecommendedtoapplytheabovecontrolrecommendationsforletterpressprintingcleaningmaterialstoanyletterpressprintingoperationwheretheemissionsassociatedwithallaspectsofthatoperationequalorexceed6.8kg/day(15lb/day)actualemissionsofVOC,oranequivalentlevel,beforeconsiderationofcontrols.B.STATESUBMITTALOnDecember16,2011,EPAreceivedaSIPrevisionfromtheMarylandDepartmentoftheEnvironment(MDE)regardingtheadoptionofEPA’sCTGforoffsetlithographicandletterpressprinting.EPAdevelopsCTGsasguidanceforcontrolrequirementsforsourcecategories.StatescanfollowtheCTGoradoptmorerestrictivestandards.COMAR26.11.19.11wasrevisedtoincorporateEPA’sCTGforoffsetlithographicandletterpressprinting.Marylandhashadrequirementsforlithographicprinterssince1991.TheregulationspertainingtotheserequirementshavebeenadoptedintoMaryland’sSIP.Section172(e)oftheCAAstatesthatregulationsadoptedintoSIPscannotbemadelessstringent.HencesomepartsofMaryland’srequirementsinCOMAR26.11.19.11aremorestringentthanthe2006CTGforoffsetlithographicandletterpressprinting.TherevisiontoCOMAR26.11.19.11regardingtheaforementionedsubmittalisneithermorerestrictivenormorestringentthanthe2006CTGforoffsetlithographicandletterpressprinting.SeveralrevisionshavebeenmadetoCOMAR26.11.19.11;theserevisionsincluderevisionstothetitleandSectionsA-E,aswellastheadditionofSectionsF-H.ThetitleofCOMAR26.11.19.11previouslyread“LithographicPrinting,”thephrase“andLetterpress”wasaddedsothetitlecurrentlyreads“LithographicandLetterpressPrinting.”Thedefinitionsoffountainandsheet-fedcoatinghavebeenremovedfromSectionCOMAR26.11.19.11(A)andthedefinitionsofthefollowingtermshavebeenadded:alcohol,alcoholsubstitute,cleaningsolution,fountainsolution,heatset,sheet-fedprintingandwebprinting.ThetitleofSectionCOMAR26.11.19.11(B)hasbeenchangedfrom“Applicability”to“Exemptions.”Also,thesectionhasbeenchangedtoexemptheatsetpressesusedforbookprintingandheatsetpresseswithamaximumwebwidthof22inchesfromSectionEofthis5Cregulation.TherevisionremovedtheprovisionthatSectionD(2)ofthisregulationappliestoanyowneroroperatorofalithographicwebprintingpress;theprovisionthatSectionD(1)appliestoanyowneroroperatorofalithographicwebpresslocatedatapremisesatwhichVOCemissionsare100poundsormoreperdayafterJanuary1,1990;theprovisionthatSectionCofthisregulationappliestoanyowneroroperatorofasheet-fedlithographicprintingpresswithacylinderwidthof18inchesormore;andtheprovisionthatSectionEofthisregulationappliestoalllithographicprintingpresses.ThetitleofSectionCOMAR26.11.19.11(C)hasbeenchangedfrom“RequirementsforSheetFedLetterorLithographicPrinting.APersonMayNotOperateaSheet-FedLetterorLithographicPrintingPresswithaCylinderWithof18inchesorGreaterUnless”to“RequirementsforSheet-FedLithographicPrintingPress.APersonMayNotOperateaSheetFedLithographicPrintingPressWithaCylinderWidthof18inchesorGreaterofwithaSheetSizeofGreaterthan11Inchesby17InchesWheretheFountainSolutionContainsAlcoholUnless.”Theprovisionrequiringthatthefountainsolutionbemaintainedat55°Fifthesolutionisthatofisopropylalcoholwasremoved.Therewerealsosomeadministrativechangesmadesuchaschangingtheword“installed”to“used”andaddingtheword“fountain”beforesolutionaswellremovingthephrase“ifthesolutionisrefrigerated”andtheword“isopropyl”frominfrontofthewordalcohol.ThetitleofSectionCOMAR26.11.19.11(D)hasbeenchangedfrom“RequirementsforLithographicWebPrinting.APersonWhoOwnsorOperatesaLithographicWebPrintingPressSubjecttothisRegulation”to“RequirementsforLithographicWebPrinting.”Theregulationwasalsorevisedtorequiretheuseofafountainsolutionthatdoesnotcontainmorethan5percentVOCcontentbyweightanddoesnotcontainalcoholforanyowneroroperatorofanonheatsetlithographicwebprintingpress.TherevisionalsocallsforalllithographicwebprintingpresseswithVOCemissionsoflessthan100poundsperdayuseafountainsolutionthatcontainsnomorethan5percentVOCbyweightandnoalcohol.Undertherevision,anyowneroroperatorofaheatsetlithographicwebprintingpresswithVOCemissionsof100poundsperdayormoreshalluseafountainsolutionthatmeetstherequirementsforlithographicwebprintingpresseswithVOCemissionsoflessthan100poundsperday.Therevisionalsorequiresthatheatsetlithographicwebprintingpressesonlyoperateifthedryerexhaustisductedtoanairpollutioncontroldevice(APCD)thatcanbeoperatedatacontrolefficiencyof90percentorgreater.ThetitleofSectionCOMAR26.11.19.11(E)hasbeenchangedfrom“RequirementsforCleaningPrintingEquipment.APersonWhoUsesMaterialsContainingVOCtoCleanPrintingEquipmentShall”to“APersonWhoOwnsorOperatesaHeatsetLithographicPressorHeatsetLetterpresswithaPotentialtoEmitVOCof25TonsorMorePeryearPriortoControlsShallOperatethePressOnlyiftheDryerAssociatedwiththePressIs.”Therevisionrequiresthatthedryerbeconstructed,operatedandmaintainedatanegativepressurewithrespecttothepressroom.Also,theductedAPCDisrequiredtohaveanoutletVOCconcentrationof20partspermillionbyvolume(expressedviahexaneonadrybasis)orlessorhaveaVOCcontrolefficiencyof90percentorgreateriftheAPCDwasinstalledpriortoJuly1,2011orhaveaVOCcontrolefficiencyof95percentorgreateriftheAPCDwasinstalledafterJuly1,2011.6C:=SectionCOMAR26.11.19.11(F)wasaddedtoCOMAR26.11.19.11,thissectionistitled“RequirementsforCleaningMaterials.”Thisrevisionrequiresthatanyowneroroperatorofalithographicpressorletterpresscomplywiththissection;andthatanyowneroroperatorsubjecttothissectionmayuseupto110gallonsofcleaningsolutionperyearwithoutanyregardtoVOCcontent.Alsoanyowneroroperatorutilizingcleaningsolutionoutsideoftheaforementioned110gallonsshallensurethatthecleaningsolutionhasacompositevaporpressureof10mmofmercuryat68°F(20°C)orcontainslessthan70percentVOCbyweight.SectionCOMAR26.11.19.11(G)wasaddedtoCOMAR26.11.19.11,thissectionistitled“ControlDeviceTesting.”ThisrevisionrequiresthatacontroldevicebetestedinaccordancewiththerequirementssetbyCOMAR26.11.19.02.Itisalsorequiredthatnegativedryerpressureand100percentemissioncaptureefficiencybedemonstratedbyutilizingairflowdirectionindicators,suchindicatorscanbesmokesticks,aluminumribbonsordifferentialpressuregauges.SectionCOMAR26.11.19.11(H)wasaddedtoCOMAR26.11.19.11,thissectionistitled“RecordKeeping.APersonSubjecttothisRegulationShallMaintainRecordsonSiteIncludingtheFollowingInformation.”Thissectionrequiresthatthefollowingrecordsbemaintainedonsiteandincludethefollowinginformation:theformulationsofthefountainsolutionsutilized,theVOCcontentofthefountainsolutionsinpercentweightofVOC,thetemperatureofthepressfountainsolutionsforlithographicprintingpressesutilizingfountainsolutionscontainingalcoholaswellasthequantityofcleaningsolutionsutilizedandtheirvaporpressureorVOCcontentbyweight.E.EPAEVALUATIONTheStateofMarylandhasadoptedtheEPACTGstandardsforoffsetlithographicandletterpressprintingandisamendingtheMarylandSIPtoreflectthisadoption.ThemaximumbenefitfromtheadoptionoftheaforementionedCTGwillbeprovidedduringtheozoneseasonwhenVOCsreadilycombinewithnitrogenoxides(NO)toformground-levelozone.ItisestimatedthatVOCemissionsintheStateofMarylandwouldbereducedby0.08tons/day.Therefore,thisrevisionwillhelpMarylandattainandmaintaintheNationalAmbientAirQualityStandards(NAAQS)forozone.F.CONCLUSIONSANDRECOMMENDEDAGENCYACTIONTheadoptionoftheEPACTGstandardsforoffsetlithographicandletterpressprintingbytheStateofMarylandwillresultinthereductionofVOCemissionsfromlithographicandletterpressprinters.ItisrecommendedthatEPAapprovetheadoptionoftheEPACTGstandardsforoffsetlithographicandletterpressprintingbytheStateofMaryland.7