Docket Number EPA-HQ-OPP-2014-0157 www.regulations.gov

Page 2 of 31 Potassium Hypochlorite Re gistration Review Team

Human Health Jonathan Leshin Timothy Dole

Environmental Fate and Effects David Bays Srinivas Gowda Najm Shamim

Risk Management Donna Kamarei Rose Kyprianou Wanda Henson

Office of General Counsel Philip RossDocket Number EPA-HQ-OPP-2014-0157 www.regulations.gov

Page 3 of 31 TERMS, ABBREVIATIONS AND SYMBOLS

AD Antimicrobials Division A.I. or a.i. active ingredient aPAD acute population adjusted dose ASRI activated sludge respiration inhibition
atm-m 3 /mole atmospheric pressure-cubic meter per mole BCF bioconcentration factor °C degrees Celsius CaSO 4 calcium sulfate CaSO 3 calcium sulfite CAS Chemical Abstracts Service CCA chromated copper arsenate CFR Code of Federal Regulations CHO Chinese hamster ovary CMA Chemical Manufacturers Association CO 2 carbon dioxide COC concentration-of-concern cPAD chronic population adjusted dose CS 2 carbon disulfide DCI data call-in EC 50 median (or 50 percent) effect concentration EC 05 5 percent effect concentration ECOTOX ECOTOXicology EDI estimated daily intake EDSP Endocrine Disruptor Screening Program E-FAST Exposure and Fate Assessment Screening Tool EPI Suite Estimation Program Interface Suite EPA Environmental Protection Agency FDA Food and Drug Administration FFDCA Federal Food, Dr ug, and Cosmetic Act FGD flue-gas desulfurization FIFRA Federal Insecticide, Fungicide, and Rodenticide Act FQPA Food Quality Protection Act FWP Final Work Plan g/mol grams per mole GLN guideline number HPV high production volume IDS Incident Data System KDDC potassium dimethyldithiocarbamate Koc organic carbon normalized soil-water partition coefficient Kd soil-water partition coefficient Kow octanol-water partition coefficient LC 50 median (or 50 percent) lethal concentration LD 50 median (or 50 percent) lethal dose LOAEC lowest-observed-adverse-effect-concentration LOEC lowest-observed-effect-concentration LOAEL lowest-observed-adverse-effect-level Log K ow logarithm of the octanol-water partition coefficient μg microgram ml/g milliliter per gramDocket Number EPA-HQ-OPP-2014-0157 www.regulations.gov

Page 4 of 31 mg/kg milligram per kilogram mg/kg/day milligram per kilogram per day mg/L milligram per liter mm Hg millimeter of mercury MOE margin of exposure MRID Master Record Identification Number MRL maximum residue limit N/A not applicable NaDDC sodium dimethyldithiocarbamate salt
nm nanometers NOAEC no-observed-adverse-effect-concentration NOAEL no-observed-adverse-effect-level OCSPP Office of Chemical Safety and Pollution Prevention OECD Organization for Economic Co-operation and Development OPP Office of Pesticide Programs PAD population adjusted dose PAI pure active ingredient PDM Probabilistic Dilution Model % percent PC Code Pesticide Chemical Code PCF pounds per cubic foot pH power of hydrogen or power of the concentration of the hydrogen ion PHED Pesticide Handler’s Exposure Data PIS primary irritation score pKa power of the acid dissociation constant or negative base-10 logarithm of the acid dissociation constant of a solution ppb parts per billion ppm parts per million PWP Preliminary Work Plan QSAR quantitative structure-activity relationship RED Reregistration Eligibility Decision SAR structure activity relationship SF safety factor SSTS Section Seven Tracking System SO 2 sulfur dioxide TEP typical end-use product TGAI technical grade active ingredient TMDL total maximum daily loads UF uncertainty factor UV/VIS ultraviolet/visible light absorption % w/w percent weight per weight. WP wettable powder WWTPs wastewater treatment plantsDocket Number EPA-HQ-OPP-2014-0157 www.regulations.gov

Page 5 of 31 

### Table of Contents
1 Introduction .................................................................................................................. ........... 7 1.1 Statutory and Regulatory Authority ................................................................................. 7 1.2 Case Overview ................................................................................................................. . 9 1.3 Chemical Identification and Properties ............................................................................ 9 1.4 Use/Usage Description ................................................................................................... 10 1.4.1 Registrations ............................................................................................................ 10 1.4.2 Summary of Regist ered Uses .................................................................................. 10 1.5 Regulatory History ......................................................................................................... 12 1.5.1 Tolerance Information ............................................................................................. 12 1.6 Incidents ..................................................................................................................... ..... 12 1.6.1 Human Health ......................................................................................................... 12 1.6.2 Ecological ................................................................................................................ 12 2 Anticipated Data Needs ........................................................................................................ . 12 3 Human Health Risk Assessment ........................................................................................... 13 3.1 Existing Toxicological Endpoints .................................................................................. 13 3.2 Dietary Exposure ............................................................................................................ 1 3 3.3 Occupational and Reside ntial Exposures ....................................................................... 13 3.4 Aggregate and Cumulative Exposure ............................................................................. 14 3.4.1 Aggregate Exposures ............................................................................................... 14 3.4.2 Cumulative Exposures ............................................................................................. 14 4 Environmental Risk Assessment ........................................................................................... 14 4.1 Environmental Fate Assessment ..................................................................................... 14 4.1.1 Leaching [Wood/Paint/Antifoulan t Paint/Plastic/Textiles/e. g., treated article] ...... 15 4.1.2 Water and Sediment ................................................................................................ 15 4.1.3 Soil .......................................................................................................................... 15 4.1.4 Air ........................................................................................................................... . 15 4.1.5 Other media ............................................................................................................. 15 4.1.6 Waste Water Treatment Plants (WWTP) ................................................................ 15 4.1.7 Water Quality .......................................................................................................... 15 4.2 Ecological Effects Assessment ....................................................................................... 16 4.2.1 Mode of Action ....................................................................................................... 16 4.2.2 Measures of Effect (Ecotoxicology Assessment Endpoints) .................................. 16 4.3 Exposure Analysis Plan .................................................................................................. 17 4.3.1 Aquatic and Terrestrial Wild life Exposure Estimates ............................................. 17 4.4 Effects Analysis Plan ...................................................................................................... 17 5 Endocrine Disruptor Screen ing Program (EDSP) ................................................................. 17 6 Guidance for Commenters .................................................................................................... 18 6.1 Preliminary Work Plan ................................................................................................... 18 6.1.1 Trade Irritants .......................................................................................................... 18 6.1.2 Water Quality .......................................................................................................... 18 6.1.3 Environmental Justice ............................................................................................. 19 6.1.4 Structure Activity Relationships ............................................................................. 19 6.1.5 Additional Information ............................................................................................ 20 7 Next Steps .................................................................................................................... ......... 20 8 References .................................................................................................................... ......... 21Docket Number EPA-HQ-OPP-2014-0157 www.regulations.gov

Page 6 of 31 Appendix A Toxicology Profile ............................................................................................... 22 Appendix B Environmental Fate and Transpor t of Potassium Hypochlorite .......................... 23 Appendix C Ecotoxicology Profile .......................................................................................... 26 Appendix D Product Chemistry ............................................................................................... 30

List of Tables Table 1 – Summary of Anticipated Risk Assessments and Data Needs: Potassium Hypochlorite .. 8 Table 2 – Anticipated Regist ration Review Schedule ....................................................................... 8 Table 3 – Chemical Identificati on of Potassium Hypochlorite ......................................................... 9 Table 4 – Physical- Chemical and Environmental Fa te Properties for Potassium Hypochlorite ...... 9 Table 5 – Summary of Potassium Hy pochlorite Registered Uses .................................................. 10 Table 6 – Acute Toxicity Studies for Potassium Hypochlorite ....................................................... 22

List of Figures None.Docket Number EPA-HQ-OPP-2014-0157 www.regulations.gov

Page 7 of 31 

## 1 Introduction

This document is the United States Environmen tal Protection Agency’s (USEPA, EPA or “the agency”) Preliminary Work Plan (PWP) fo r potassium hypochlorite (case 5076). The PWP document explains what EPA's Office of Pe sticide Programs (OPP) knows about potassium hypochlorite, highlighting anticipated data and assessment needs, identifying the types of information that would be especially useful to the agency in conducting the review, and providing an anticipated timeline for comple ting potassium hypochlorite’s review.

The registration review process wa s designed to include a public par ticipation component to solicit input from interested stakeholders. The agency in tends, by sharing this information in the docket, to inform the public of what it knows about potassi um hypochlorite and what types of new data or other information would be help ful for the agency to receive as it moves toward a decision on potassium hypochlorite. As explained further in this document, in the future, if appropriate the agency will evaluate this ch emical with sodium and calcium hypochlorite (case 0029). The agency encourages all interested stakeholders to review the PWP and to provide comments and additional information that will help the agency’s decision-maki ng process for this chemical.



## 1.1 Statutory and Regu latory Authority
The Food Quality Protection Act (FQPA) of 1996 mandated a regi stration review program. All pesticides distributed or sold in the United St ates generally must be registered by the USEPA based on scientific data showing that they will not cause unreasonable risks to human health or the environment when used as directed on produc t labeling. The registrati on review program is intended to make sure that, as the ability to assess risk evolves and as policies and practices change, all registered pesticides continue to meet the statutory standard of no unreasonable adverse effects to human health or the environm ent. Changes in scien ce, public policy, and pesticide use practices will occur over time. Th rough the registration review program, the agency periodically reevaluates pesticides to make sure that as change occurs, products in the marketplace can be used safely. Information on this program is provided at http://www.epa.gov/oppsrr d1/registration_review/

. The agency is implementing the registration revi ew program pursuant to Section 3(g) of the Federal Insecticide, Fungicide, and Rodenticide Act (FIFRA) a nd will review each registered pesticide every 15 years to determine whether it continues to meet th e FIFRA standard for registration. The regulations governing registra tion review begin at 40 CFR 155.40. The agency will consider benefits information and data as re quired by FIFRA. The public phase of registration review begins when the initial docket is ope ned for each case. The docket is the agency’s opportunity to state what it knows ab out the pesticide and what addi tional risk analyses and data or information it believes are need ed to make a registration revi ew decision. After reviewing and responding to comments and data received in th e docket during this init ial comment period, the agency will develop and commit to a Final Work Plan (FWP) and antici pated schedule for the potassium hypochlorite case. Further, the agency believes that potassium hypochlorite is similar to and can be considered with the chemicals in case 0029, sodium and calcium hypochlorite. The docket for the sodium and calcium hypochlorite cas e opened in March 2012. No risk assessments are considered necessary for any of the thre e compounds since EPA has concluded that the currently registered uses of the hypochlorites will not result in unreasonable adverse effects to theDocket Number EPA-HQ-OPP-2014-0157 www.regulations.gov

Page 8 of 31 environment. Since no risk assessments are n ecessary, after the final workplan for potassium hypochlorite is issued, the agency intends to issue a combined proposed decision for all three compounds.

Documents associated with this regi stration review can be viewed at http://www.regulations.gov in docket EPA-HQ-OPP-2014-0157. Tables 1 and 2 be low summarize the issues relevant to this registration review case and the anticipated regist ration review schedule.

Table 1 – Summary of Anticipated Risk Assessments and Data Needs: Potassium Hypochlorite

Risk Assessment Assessment Necessary to

Support Registration Review Date of Most Recent Assessment Type of Assessment Required (New/Updated) Data Anticipated as Needed

Dietary (food) No None None None Dietary (drinking water) No None None None Occupational Handler No None None None

Residential Handler No None None None

Residental Post Application No None None None

Aggregate No None None None

Cumulative No None None None

Tolerance Review No None None None Ecological No None None None

Table 2 – Anticipated Regi stration Review Schedule
Anticipated Activity Target Date* Completion Date Phase 1: Openin g the Docket
Open Docket and 60-Day Comment Period for Preliminary Work Plan 2014-03 March 26, 2014

Close Public Comment Period 2014-05 Phase 2: Case Development Issue Final Work Plan 2014-09 Issue Data Call-In (DCI) N/A Receive Data to be Considered in Risk Assessment N/A Open 30-Day Public Comment Period for Preliminary Risk Assessment(s) N/A Close Public Comment Period N/A Phase 3: Registration Review Decision and Implementation Open 60-Day Public Comment Period for Proposed Decision 2016-09 Close Public Comment Period 2016-11 Issue Final Decision 2017-03 Begin Post-Decision Followup 2017 Total (years) 3 *The anticipated schedule will be revised as necessary ( e.g ., need arising under the Endocrine Disruptor Screening Program with respect to the active ingredients in this case). N/A = Not applicableDocket Number EPA-HQ-OPP-2014-0157 www.regulations.gov

Page 9 of 31 

## 1.2 Case Overview
The docket for the potassium hypochlorite cas e (case 5076) has been established at http://www.regulations.gov in docket number EPA-HQ-OPP-2014-0157.



## 1.3 Chemical Identification and Properties

Table 3 presents the active ingredient to be assessed in case 5076: potassium hypochlorite (PC Code 129053).

Table 3 – Chemical Identification of Potassium Hypochlorite

Chemical Name Potassium hypochlorite Chemical Classification Halogen
PC Code 129053

CAS Number 7778-66-7 Molecular Formula KOCl Molecular Weight (grams/mole) 90.55 Purity 12.5% Available chlorine Contains approximately 1.0 lb of Available Chlorine/Gallon

Molecular Structure

The potassium hypochlorite product chemistry info rmation relevant to risk assessment is summarized in Table 4 (source: MRIDs KOCl: 47382901, 47445101, and 47594501).

Table 4 – Physical- Chemical and Environmental Fate Properties for Potassium Hypochlorite

Guideline No. Parameter Potassium hypochlorite (12.5%) Physical/Chemical Properties
830.7000 pH 10.14 - 1% w/w solution in de-ionized water at 21.1- 21.8°C 830.7050 UV/Visible Absorption Does not absorb in uv visible range 830.7200 Melting point Not required 830.7220 Boiling point ( o C) Decomposes prior to boiling 830.7300 Density 1.1701 g/ml (9.75 lbs/gal) at 20.1°C
830.7370 Dissociation constant (pKa) Potassium hypochlorite di ssociates completely on dissolving in water.

830.7550 Octanol-water partition coefficient at 25 ° C (Log K ow ) NA
830.7840 Solubility in water (mg/L) Complete 830.7950 Vapor pressure (mmHg) NA

atm-m 3 /mol = atmosphere cubic meter per mole; o C = degrees Celsius; mg/L = milligrams per liter; mmHg = millimeters of mercury.Docket Number EPA-HQ-OPP-2014-0157 www.regulations.gov

Page 10 of 31 

## 1.4 Use/Usage Description

1.4.1 Registrations There is one product (EPA Reg. Number 63838-10 ) that contains potassium hypochlorite. The product is a soluble concentrate and it contains 12.5 percent potassium hypochlorite which is equivalent to approximately 1.0 lb of available chlorine per gallon. The product was registered on March 3, 2011.



### 1.4.2 Summary of Registered Uses

Table 5 presents a summary of the registered uses of potassium hypochlorite that will be assessed in this registration review.

Table 5 – Summary of Potassium Hypochlorite Registered Uses

Use Treatment Type Application Method Product Application Rate Available Chlorine

(ppm) Agricultural Premises and Equipment

Farm Premises Sanitization Surface and Immersion 14 oz/10 ga 1000 ppm Irrigation Systems

Irrigation Systems Bacteria and Algae Growth Sprinkler, Flood, Furrow, Border or Drip Irrigation 5 ppm

Food Handling/Storage Establis hments, Premises and Equipment Food Egg Sanitization Sanitization Spray 2.5 oz/10 ga 200 ppm Fresh Fruits and Vegetables (with potable water rinse) Sanitization Submersion or Drench 31 oz/250 ga 100 ppm

Fruit and Vegetable Washing (without potable water rinse) Sanitization Spray 6.2 oz/200 ga 25 ppm

Meat and Poultry Plants Processing Water Sanitization Circulate 1.4 oz/200 ga 5 ppm

Non-Porous Food Contact Surfaces Sanitization Rinse, Immerse, Circulate 2.5 oz/10 ga 200 ppm Spray/Fog 7.5 oz/10 ga 600 ppm

Porous Food Contact Surfaces Sanitization Rinse, Immerse, Circulate 7.5 oz/10 ga 600 ppm
Spray/Fog 7.5 oz/10 ga 600 ppm

Potatoes Sanitization Spray 0.5 oz/2 ga 500 ppm
Poultry chiller water and carcass wash water Sanitization Circulate 14.4 oz/200 ga 50 ppm

Commercial, Institutional and In dustrial Premises and EquipmentDocket Number EPA-HQ-OPP-2014-0157 www.regulations.gov

Page 11 of 31 Use Treatment Type Application Method Product Application Rate Available Chlorine

(ppm)

Non-Porous Non-Food Contact Surfaces Sanitization Rinse, Immerse, Circulate 2.5 oz/10 ga 200 ppm Spray/Fog 2.5 oz/10 ga 200 ppm

Non-Porous Non-Food Contact Surfaces Disinfection Rinse, Immerse 7.5 oz/10 ga 600 ppm

Porous Non-Food Contact Surfaces Sanitization Rinse, Immerse 7.5 oz/10 ga 600 ppm

Laundry (Commercial) Sanitization Soak, Wash 2.5 oz/10 ga 200 ppm

Residential and Public Access Premises
Laundry (Household) Sanitization Soak, Wash 2.5 oz/10 ga 200 ppm
Human Drinking Water Systems
Drinking Water Disinfection Injection As needed * 0.6 ppm in system Public Water Systems Mains New Tanks, Basins Sand Filters Well Casing Equipment Equipment Tank Cars Disinfection Injection Open Pour Open Pour Open Pour Open Pour

Spray Spray As needed * 25 oz/5 ft 3 100 oz/150 ft 3 6.2 oz/10 ga 26 oz/5 ft 3 6.2 oz/5 ga 6.2 oz/10 ga 50 ppm 500 ppm Unspecified

500 ppm 500 ppm 1000 ppm 500 ppm

Industrial Processes and Water Systems

Cooling Towers Slug Maintenance Open Pour 130 oz/10,000 ga 14 oz/10,000 ga 10 ppm 1 ppm

Pulp and Paper Process Water Slug Maintenance Open Pour 130 oz/10,000 ga 14 oz/10,000 ga 10 ppm 1.0 ppm

Sewage and Wastewater Effluent Filter Beds Open Pour As needed 100 oz/20 ft 2 0.5 ppm Unspecified

Swimming Pools and Spas

Swimming Pool Shock Maintenance Open Pour 130 oz/10,000 ga 14 oz/10,000 ga 10 1.0

Spas and Hot Tubs Shock Maintenance Open Pour 10 oz/500 ga 6.5 oz/1000 ga 19 5.0

Aquatic Areas
Fish Hatchery Pond Open Pour 2.5 oz/10 ga 200 ppm Fish Pond Equipment Open Pour 2.5 oz/10 ga 200 ppm

Fish Ponds Open Pour 130 oz/10,000 ga 10 ppm

Maine Lobster Ponds Open Pour 7,700 oz/10,000 ga 600 ppm

* The application rate is specified in terms of the chlo rine residual and the amount of product applied will vary depending on the chlorine demand of the system being treated.Docket Number EPA-HQ-OPP-2014-0157 www.regulations.gov

Page 12 of 31 

## 1.5 Regulatory History

The first product containing potassi um hypochlorite as an active ingr edient was registered in 1998; by 2005 all the registered products were canceled. As of 2011 there was a new registration, with a variety of uses as outlined in Table 5.

A Reregistration Eligibility Decision (RED) was not comple ted for potassium hypochlorite because it was registered after November 1, 1984.



### 1.5.1 Tolerance Information An exemption from the requirement of a tolera nce is established for residues of potassium hypochlorite in or on all commodities [40 CFR § 180.1300]. 1



## 1.6 Incidents

1.6.1 Human Health As of January 30, 2013, no human health incidents are listed for potassi um hypochlorite in the OPP’s Incident Data System (IDS).



### 1.6.2 Ecological

As of February 5, 2013, no ecologi cal incidents are listed for potassium hypochlorite in OPP’s Incident Data System (IDS).


## 2 Anticipated Data Needs

The agency does not anticipate n eeding to call in any data to support this registration review.

1 http://www.ecfr.gov/cgibin/retrieveECFR?gp=1&SID=2035ef80559449db2dfc1f34c286e7ca&ty=HTML&h=L&r=SECTION&n=40y25.0.1. 1.27.4.19.197Docket Number EPA-HQ-OPP-2014-0157 www.regulations.gov

Page 13 of 31 

## 3 Human Health Risk Assessment

Based on the toxicity profile and exposure scenarios for potassium hypochlorite, EPA believes that risks from chronic and subc hronic exposures to this pestic ide would be minimal and without consequences to human health. The agency beli eves that any acute corrosive risks will be sufficiently mitigated by precautionary labeling re quiring protection of eyes and skin while using this pesticide.



## 3.1 Existing Toxicological Endpoints
During the generation of the 2014 registration re view preliminary work plan, the agency conducted an in-depth review of the similarities between potassium hypochlorite and the existing registered active ingredient s sodium hypochlorite and calcium hypochlorite. Based upon this review, the agency has determined that the data available to support the registrations of these active ingredients are also applicable to pot assium hypochlorite. See Appendix A for toxicology profile.

No additional generic or product-specific acute, chronic or subchronic toxicological studies are required for this registration review. All toxicolo gy data will be bridged from studies on sodium and calcium hypochlorites based on their chemical similarity. 2

Potassium hypochlorite is extremely corrosive and can cause severe damage to eyes and skin, and therefore has been classified Toxicity Cate gory I based on these acute effects. The agency has determined that these risks are adequate ly mitigated through th e use of the specific precautionary and first aid statements that have been proposed on the product labeling. Based on its similarity to sodium and calcium hypochl orite, potassium hypochlorite was assigned acute oral and dermal toxicities to category IV and acute inhalational toxicity to category III. This chemical is not a dermal sensitizer. 2



## 3.2 Dietary Exposure
There are no toxicological e ndpoints for potassium hypochlorite; therefore, dietary food and drinking water exposures do not need to be assessed for registration review.



## 3.3 Occupational and Re sidential Exposures
There are no toxicological e ndpoints for potassium hypochlorite; therefore, occupational and residential exposures do not need to be assessed for regi stration review.

2 U.S. EPA 2012. Registration Review Final Work Plan: Na & Ca Hypochlorite. Docket Number EPA –HQ-OPP

2012-0004.Available at: http://www.regulations.gov /#!documentDetail;D=EPA-HQ-OPP-2012-0004-0006.Docket Number EPA-HQ-OPP-2014-0157 www.regulations.gov

Page 14 of 31 

## 3.4 Aggregate and Cumulative Exposure

3.4.1 Aggregate Exposures There are no toxicological e ndpoints for potassium hypochlorite; therefore aggregate exposures do not need to be assesse d for registration review.



### 3.4.2 Cumulative Exposures There are no toxicological endpoints for pot assium hypochlorite; therefore, cumulative exposures do not need to be a ssessed for registration review.


## 4 Environmental Risk Assessment

The agency has not previously conducted a risk assessment that supports a complete endangered species determination for potassium hypochlorite. A risk assessment was conducted on sodium and calcium hypochlorite salts for the RED in 1991. Since these chemicals are very similar in their mode of action, all are hypoc hlorites and release chlorine as the active ingredient, the information from the previous assessment of s odium and calcium hypochlorites will be used for potassium hypochlorite. If determined necessary during the registration review process, the agency will determine potential acute and ch ronic risks to aquatic organisms exposed to potassium hypochlorite that are tran sported from treatment sites in to the aquatic environment. Such sites include pulp and paper mill process water systems.

The registration review process will allow the agency to determine whether each use of the potassium hypochlorite has 'no effect' or 'may a ffect' federally listed threatened or endangered species (listed species) or their designated critical habitats. When an assessment concludes that a pesticide’s use 'may affect' a listed species or its designated critical habitat, the agency will consult with the U.S. Fish and Wildlife Service and/or National Marine Fisheries Services (the Services), as appropriate.



## 4.1 Environmental Fate Assessment

As with the sodium and calcium hypochlorite case, the agency does not anticipate the need for an environmental fate assessment for potassium hypochlorite. Potassium hypochlorite uses are exclusively in aqueous medium, and potassium hypochlorite belongs to th e hypochlorite class of compounds including lithium, sodium, and calcium hypochlorites. These hypochlorites dissociate in water to form hypochlorous acid (H OCl), which acts as the active in disinfecting and sanitizing scenarios. OCSPP’ s test guideline series 835 are not applicable to inorganic substances, and thus the traditional fate studi es like hydrolysis, photolysis, etc. are not appropriate for inorganic mol ecules like potassium hypochlorite. 3

Hypochlorite (HOCl) oxidizes to chlorite (ClO 2 - ), chlorate (ClO 3 - ), and perchlorate (ClO 4 - ) or reduces to chloride (Cl

- ); and such speciation processes are summarized in Appendix B.

3 F.A. Cotton & G. Wilkinson (Advanced Inorganic Chemistry, 7 th edition; chapter 4 and 5).Docket Number EPA-HQ-OPP-2014-0157 www.regulations.gov

Page 15 of 31 The agency has not conducted any environm ental and transport exposure assessment for potassium hypochlorite. Potassium chemistry is si milar to the same group cations like sodium and calcium. All salts of these metals are highly water soluble. The agency does not intend to conduct a down the drain assessment for potassium hypochlorite as further explained in section 4.1.6.



### 4.1.1 Leaching [Wood/Paint/Antifoulant Paint/Plastic/Textiles/e.g., treated article] Potassium hypochlorite is not regist ered for uses in wood treatment or as an antifoulant for boat and ship bottoms, or in paints. It is not embedde d into plastics or used in surface treatment of textiles.



### 4.1.2 Water and Sediment
Potassium ions exist in earth’s crust, sedime nts, soils, clay and the binding is strong. Hypochlorite in water and soils spec iate into oxidized species (chlor ite, chlorate, perchlorate) or reduce to chloride, depending on the pHs of the medium. 4



### 4.1.3 Soil
The chemical behavior of pota ssium and hypochlorite in soil is the same in other media like water, sediment and clays. 4



### 4.1.4 Air Potassium ions can vaporize along with other speci es, but deposit back to the soils and dissolve in water. 4



### 4.1.5 Other media It is a key element for plants. It is present in the intercellular fluids in mammalian systems. Its recommended daily intake is: 3500 mg. 4



### 4.1.6 Waste Water Treatment Plants (WWTP) A down-the-drain assessment is not requi red for potassium hypochlorite, which forms hypochlorous acid instantly. Hypochlorous acid de grades and is unlikely to reach WWTP. Potassium ions are not of concern for WWTP. 4



### 4.1.7 Water Quality Potassium hypochlorite is not iden tified as a cause of impairment for any water bodies listed as impaired under section 303(d) of the Clean Wa ter Act, based on information provided at the agency’s National Pesticides Cause of Impairme nt of Waters website (searched February 6, 2014). 5 In addition, no Total Maximum Daily Loads (TMDL) have been developed for potassium hypochlorite, based on information pr ovided at the agency’s National Pesticide

4 F.A. Cotton & G. Wilkinson (Advanced Inorganic Chemistry, 7 th edition; chapter 4 and 5).

5 http://iaspub.epa.gov/tmdl_waters10/attains_nation_cy.cause_detail_303d?p_cause_group_id=885Docket Number EPA-HQ-OPP-2014-0157 www.regulations.gov

Page 16 of 31 TMDL web site (searched February 6, 2014) 6 . Potassium ions are not identified as a cause of impairment for any water bodies listed as impair ed under section 303(d) of the Clean Water Act, based on information provided at the agency’s National Pesticides Caus e of Impairment of Waters website (February 6, 2014) 7 . There are 175 TMDL/ impa ired water bodies (OW’s list 303(d)) listed for total re sidual chlorine (TRC) on a national level recorded between 2000-2007. TRC is defined as the “amount of remaining chlori ne remaining after contact time and is equal to available residual chlorine + free available ch lorine.” More information on impaired water bodies and TMDLs can be found at http://www.epa.gov/owow/tmdl/

. 

## 4.2 Ecological Effects Assessment

4.2.1 Mode of Action In the aquatic environment, toxic action is la rgely due to hypochlorous acid formed when potassium hypochlorite reacts with water. Adve rse effects of hypochlorous acid are due mainly to its corrosive action. Acute necrosis may occur. Fish gills-structure may be damaged; gill necrosis can lead to respirator y problems and asphyxiation. The protective slime coating on fish also may be removed due to corrosive action.



### 4.2.2 Measures of Effect (Ecoto xicology Assessment Endpoints)

4.2.2.1 Submitted Data Ecological effects data are used as measures of direct and indirect effects to aquatic and terrestrial organisms. Acute and chronic toxi city data from registrant-submitted studies conducted in accordance with the 850 OCSSP Harm onized Test Guidelines will be used to evaluate the potential direct and indirect effects of potassium hypoc hlorite to animals and plants. Additionally, as described below, relevant da ta from the EPA’s Office of Water and from the open literature also may be used to evaluate potential direct and i ndirect effects.

All available ecotoxicity endpoints from studi es submitted by registrants are tabulated and referenced in the Ecological E ffects Profile (Appendix C). OPP us es the most sensitive of these endpoints for assessing acute and chronic risks to each aquatic receptor group. The potassium ion is an essential, naturally occurring element which is assumed to be non-toxic at the levels released by potassium hypochlorite use.

4.2.2.2 Office of Water Data

EPA’s Office of Water’s Ambient Water Quality Criteria for Chlorine 8 provides additional data that will be used in this regi stration review case. The docum ent contains a review of open literature on acute and chronic effects of chlo rine. Based on the available toxicological endpoints, freshwater and saltwater organism acute and chronic water quality criteria (expressed

6 http://iaspub.epa.gov/tmdl_waters10/attains_nation.tmdl _pollutant_detail?p_pollutant_group_id=885&p_pollutant_ group_name=PESTICIDES

7 http://iaspub.epa.gov/tmdl_waters10/attains_nation_cy.cause_detail_303d?p_cause_group_id=885

8 See EPA’s Office of Water’s Ambient Water Quality Criteria for Chlorine -1984 (EPA, 1985) at: http://water.epa.gov/scitech/swguidance/standards/uplo ad/2001_10_12_criteria_ambientwqc_chlorine1984.pdfDocket Number EPA-HQ-OPP-2014-0157 www.regulations.gov

Page 17 of 31 as total residual chlorine (TRC) for freshw ater and chlorine-produ ced oxidants (CPO) for seawater) are derived. The cu rrent values are as follows:

 Freshwater Criterion Maximu m Concentration = 19 μg/L;

 Freshwater Criterion Continuous Concentration = 11 μg/L;

 Saltwater Criterion Maximum Concentration = 13 μg/L; and

 Saltwater Criterion Continuous Concentration = 7.5 μg/L.

4.2.2.3 Open Literature Since the agency does not antici pating conducting an environmenta l risk assessment, no effects analysis plan is needed; therefore no ECOTOxicology (ECOTOX) will be conducted.



## 4.3 Exposure Analysis Plan

4.3.1 Aquatic and Terrestrial Wildlife Exposure Estimates

Available OPP models will be used to determ ine the estimated environmental concentration (EECs) in the aquatic environment. Resulti ng exposure estimates will be compared to the toxicity endpoints to determine if levels of concern are exceeded for each receptor group.



## 4.4 Effects Analysis Plan
Since the agency does not antici pating conducting an environmenta l risk assessment, no effects analysis plan is needed.


## 5 Endocrine Disruptor Screening Program (EDSP) As required by FIFRA and FFDCA, EPA reviews num erous studies to asse ss potential adverse outcomes from exposure to chemicals. Collectiv ely, these studies includ e acute, subchronic and chronic toxicity, including asse ssments of carcinogenicity, ne urotoxicity, developmental, reproductive, and general or systemic toxicity. These studies include e ndpoints which may be susceptible to endocrine influe nce, including effects on endocri ne target organ histopathology, organ weights, estrus cyclicity, sexual maturatio n, fertility, pregnancy rates, reproductive loss, and sex ratios in offspring. For ecological hazard assessments, EPA evaluates acute tests and chronic studies that assess gr owth, developmental and reprod uctive effects in different taxonomic groups. As part of its most recent registration decision for potassium hypochlorite, EPA reviewed these data and selected the most sensitive endpoints for re levant risk assessment scenarios from the existing hazard database. However, as required by FFDCA section 408(p), potassium hypochlorite is subject to the endocrine screening part of the Endocrine Disruptor Screening Program (EDSP).

EPA has developed the EDSP to determine whet her certain substances (including pesticide active and other ingredients) may have an effect in humans or wildlife similar to an effect produced by a “naturally occurring estrogen, or ot her such endocrine effect s as the Administrator may designate.” The EDSP employs a two-tiered approach to making th e statutorily requiredDocket Number EPA-HQ-OPP-2014-0157 www.regulations.gov

Page 18 of 31 determinations. Tier 1 consists of a battery of 11 screening assays to identify the potential of a chemical substance to interact with the estrog en, androgen, or thyroid (E, A, or T) hormonal systems. Chemicals that go th rough Tier 1 screening and are found to have the potential to interact with E, A, or T hormonal systems will proceed to the next stag e of the EDSP where EPA will determine which, if any, of th e Tier 2 tests are necessary base d on the available data. Tier 2 testing is designed to identify a ny adverse endocrine-related eff ects caused by the substance, and establish a dose-response relationship between the dose and the E, A, or T effect.

Under FFDCA section 408(p), the agency must scr een all pesticide chemi cals. Between October 2009 and February 2010, EPA issued test orders/dat a call-ins for the firs t group of 67 chemicals, which contains 58 pesticide active ingredients and 9 inert ingredients. A second list of chemicals identified for EDSP screening was published on June 14, 2013 9 and includes some pesticides scheduled for registration review and chemicals found in water

. Neither of these lists should be construed as a list of known or likely endocrine disruptors.

For further information on the status of the ED SP, the policies and procedures, the lists of chemicals, future lists, the test guidelines and the Tier 1 screening ba ttery, please visit our website. 10


## 6 Guidance for Commenters

6.1 Preliminary Work Plan
The public is invited to comment on EPA’s Preliminary Work Plan and rationale. The agency will carefully consider all comments as well as any additional information or data provided in a timely manner prior to issuing a final work pl an for the potassium hypochlorite registration review case.



### 6.1.1 Trade Irritants Through the registration review process, the ag ency intends to solic it information on trade irritants and, to the extent feas ible, take steps toward facilitating irritant resolution. The agency will work to harmonize tolerances and international maximum residue limits (MRLs) and may modify tolerance levels to do so, when possible. Stakeholders are asked to comment on any trade irritant issues resulting from lack of MRLs or disparities between U.S. tolerances and MRLs in key export markets, providing as much specifici ty as possible regarding the nature of the

concern.



### 6.1.2 Water Quality The agency invites submission of wate r quality data for this pesticide

. To the extent possible, data should conform to the quality standards in Appendix A of the OPP Standard Operating Procedure: Inclusion of Im paired Water Body and Other Water Quality Data in OPP’s

9 See http://www.regulations.gov/#!documentDetail;D=EPA-HQ-OPPT-2009-0477-0074 for the final second list of

chemicals.

10 http://www.epa.gov/endo/Docket Number EPA-HQ-OPP-2014-0157 www.regulations.gov

Page 19 of 31 Registration Review Risk A ssessment and Management Process 11 in order to ensure they can be used quantitatively or qualitativel y in pesticide risk assessments.



### 6.1.3 Environmental Justice

EPA seeks to achieve environmenta l justice, the fair tr eatment and meaningful involvement of all people, regardless of race, color, national origi n, or income, in the deve lopment, implementation, and enforcement of environmental laws, regulati ons, and policies. To help address potential environmental justice issues, the agency seeks information on any groups or segments of the population who, as a result of thei r location, cultural practices, or other factors, may have atypical, unusually high exposure to potassium hypochlorite compared to the general population. Please comment if you are aware of any sub-populations that may have atypical, unusually high exposure compared to th e general population.



### 6.1.4 Structure Activity Relationships EPA must rely upon information of appropriate qual ity and reliability for each decision made by the agency. In the OPP, the evaluation process for a pesticide chemical trad itionally begins with the applicant’s submission of a set of studies con ducted with the specific pesticide chemical of interest. The use of the results of such testing (meas ured data) is a logical, scientifically rigorous process that identifies the physical , chemical, and environmental fate properties of the pesticide, as well as the dose and endpoints at which an adverse effect can o ccur in various animal species.

Today, there is significant interest in alternat ive techniques, i.e., tech niques other than data generation that could significantly inform the agency’s decision-making process. Recently, OPP has made increasing use of stru cture activity relationship (SAR ) as part of its regulatory decision-making process. In the SAR process, a ch emical's molecular structure is compared to that of other chemicals for which data are availabl e. These structural similarities are then used to make predictive judgments about a chemical’s physical, chemical, and biological properties. Thus, the chemical’s physical, chemical, and biol ogical properties are a f unction of (or directly related to) the chemical’s molecular structure. Quantitative SAR is referred to as QSAR. To develop a QSAR, a selected set of measured da ta on a single physical, chemical, or biological property is used to derive a model (an equatio n) to predict the valu e of that property.

Since SAR assessments and QSAR modeling are anothe r set of tools that are available to agency scientists, OPP has begun a proce ss shift that envisions shifting from the current study-by-study approach to an approach in which the use of pr edicted data, generated us ing validated models, is considered along with information from open litera ture and studies specifically generated under Part 161 requirements. All relevant information w ould be considered as pa rt of a weight-of-theevidence evaluation.

At this time, EPA believes that for certain e ndpoints, especially physi cal/chemical and fate properties, that SAR and QSAR might be effect ively utilized to fulfill these data requirements for many antimicrobial pesticide chemicals. When considering biological prope rties, at this time, EPA believes that SAR and QSAR can be most effectively utilized in the evaluation of chemicals that exhibit lower toxicity for human health and/or ecotoxicity parameters. This is

11 http://www.epa.gov/oppsrrd1/registration_review/water_quality_sop.htmDocket Number EPA-HQ-OPP-2014-0157 www.regulations.gov

Page 20 of 31 appropriate because the risk assessment for lower toxicity chemicals can be stream-lined, i.e., a screening-level assessment procedure rather than multiple tiers of assessments with progressively more data requirements.

If stakeholders believe that submission of predic ted data can fulfill one of the data needs for the potassium hypochlorite case, then the agency invites s ubmission of this information. The submitter would be expected to supply a rationale describing the utility of the information and provide documentation on the scient ific validity of the informa tion. The determination that the predicted data fulfills the data requirement woul d be at the sole discretion of the agency. Presubmission consultation with th e agency is encouraged.



### 6.1.5 Additional Information

Stakeholders are also specifically asked to provid e available information a nd data that will assist the agency in refining its risk assessments, including any species-spec ific ecological effects determinations. The agency is interested in receiving the following information:

1. State or local use restrictions 2. Ecological incidents (non-target plant damage and avian, fish, reptilian, amphibian and mammalian mortalities) not alr eady reported to the agency 3. Monitoring data



## 7 Next Steps

After the 60-day comment period closes in May 2014, the agency will review and respond to any comments received in a timely manner, and then issue a Final Work Plan for the potassium hypochlorite case.Docket Number EPA-HQ-OPP-2014-0157 www.regulations.gov

Page 21 of 31 

## 8 References

U.S. Environmental Protection Agency (EPA). 2012. Registration Review Final Work Plan: Na & Ca Hypochlorite. Docket Number EP A –HQ-OPP-2012-0004. Available at: http://www.regulations .gov/#!documentDetail;D=EPA-HQ-OPP-2012- 0004-0006.Docket Number EPA-HQ-OPP-2014-0157 www.regulations.gov

Page 22 of 31 

# Appendix A Toxicology Profile

Acute Toxicity for Product Labeling

No toxicological studies are required to be s ubmitted. All toxicology data are waived based on the chemical’s similarity with sodium and calcium hypochlorites. Agency reviews regarding potassium hypochlorite have suggest ed that the registration review of this chemical may be treated similarly for the proposed uses. The decision not to requi re acute toxicity testing is supported by the proposed chemicals’ similarities with sodium, calcium and lithium hypochlorite and the chlorinated isoc yanurates, whose RED documents cons idered their acute hazard data bases to be complete. 12

Table 6 – Acute Toxicity Studies for Potassium Hypochlorite
Guideline No./ Study Type MRID No. Results Toxicity Category
870.1100/ Acute oral toxicity Waived N/A IV

870.1200/ Acute dermal toxicity Waived N/A IV

870.1300/ Acute inhalation toxicity Waived N/A III

870.2400/ Acute eye irritation Waived N/A I

870.2500/ Acute dermal irritation Waived N/A I

870.2600/ Skin sensitization Waived N/A Non-sensitizer

N/A=Not available

All studies, subchronic and chronic, are not anticipated to be require d for this chemical due to its similarities with sodium, calcium and lithium hypochlorite.

12 http://www.epa.gov/opp00001/chem_search/reg_ac tions/reregistration/ red_G-77_1-Feb-92.pdfDocket Number EPA-HQ-OPP-2014-0157 www.regulations.gov

Page 23 of 31 

# Appendix B Environmental Fate and Transport of Potassium Hypochlorite

Note: Inorganic substances like potassium hypochlorite do not undergo degradation or transformation processes. Followi ng chemical aspects are provided to understand the fate of inorganic substances lik e potassium hypochlorite.

Using available chlorine formula (AC): molar ma ss of chlorine/ molar mass of the hypochlorite in use, we find the following:

%AC = 71 g/mol of chlorine/ 90.5g/mol of potassium hypochlorite = 78.5%,

While for NaOCl, the AC = 95.5%, thus both hy pochlorites are chemical ly similar but the available chlorine from sodium hypochlo rite makes it a str onger disinfectant.

KOCl + H 2 O  HOCl + KOH; it is the HOCl is which is the active moiety for all hypochlorites in aqueous medium. The dissociation constant (K diss ) of HOCl is: 3.4 x10 -8 or pKa = 7.7. Hence at any given time, the concentration of HOCl is not very high, and as it gets used up more HOCl is formed and so on. It also m eans that at pH 7.7, the ratio of HClO/ClO

- is 50/50, while at pH 7.2, 70% it is HClO and 30% ClO

The numerical data on the percent of HClO and ClO

- from pH 4 to 11 as shown below:

pH 4 100% HClO pH 6.3 95% HClO/5% ClO pH 7.2 70% HClO / 30% ClO pH 7.7 50% HClO/50% ClO pH 8.0 21% HClO/79% ClO pH 11 100% ClO -

*Chlorine is one the most versatile elements, pa rticularly in regards to its reaction with oxygen. Chlorine shows numerous oxidation states (state s of reactivity, from + 7 to -1). The following diagrams illustrate a number of facts: a) from the highest oxidation state in ClO 4 - of + 7 to -1 in Cl

- the reduction potentials are such that the reactions take place s pontaneously in acidic or basic aquatic medium; b) The revers e reactions such as from Cl - to the formation of ClO 4 - are not spontaneous. 13

13 U.S. EPA 2012. Registration Review Final Work Plan: Na & Ca Hypochlorite. Docket Number EPA –HQ-OPP2012-0004.Available at: http://www.regulations.gov /#!documentDetail;D=EPA-HQ-OPP-2012-0004-0006.Docket Number EPA-HQ-OPP-2014-0157 www.regulations.gov

Page 24 of 31 Under acidic conditions:



### ClO 4 - 

###  ClO 3 - 

###  ClO 2 - 

###  HClO 2 

###  HOCl  Cl 2 

###  Cl

-



### 1 2 3 4 5 6 7

Where:

1 = perchlorate ion 2= chlorate ion 3= chlorite ion 4= chlorous acid 5= Hypochlorous acid 6= chlorine 7= chloride ion Note: the oxidation state of chlorine in 1 = +7 and Oxida tion state in 7 = -1

Under basic conditions:



### ClO 4 - 

###  ClO 3 - 

###  ClO 2 

###  ClO 2 - 

###  OCl

- 

###  Cl 2 

###  Cl

-

1 2 3’ 3 5’ 6 7

Where 3’= chlorine dioxid e and 5’ = hypochlorous ion

* Under direct sunlight, hypochl orite decomposes into hydrogen chloride and oxygen. Under prolonged sunlight exposure th ere is a likelihood of the form ation of chlorate ion (ClO 3 - ) in small quantities. * In the surface water and wastewater streams po ssible transformation products like chlorine, HOCl, ClO 3 - may be present, but the de termination of exact amounts of these moieties cannot be made as these concentrations will depend of the environmental conditions like pH of the medium, temperature, ionic strength, etc. 14,15

Environmental Fate and Transpor t of Potassium Hypochlorite

Water and Sediment

Hydrolysis

Not applicable for inorganic substances. Guid elines 835 are designed fo r organic substances.

14 U.S. EPA 2012. Registration Review Final Work Plan: Na & Ca Hypochlorite. Docket Number EPA –HQ-OPP2012-0004.Available at: http://www.regulations.gov /#!documentDetail;D=EPA-HQ-OPP-2012-0004-0006.

15 F.A. Cotton & G. Wilkinson (Advanced Inorganic Chemistry, 7 th edition; chapter 4 and 5).Docket Number EPA-HQ-OPP-2014-0157 www.regulations.gov

Page 25 of 31 Aqueous Photolysis

Not applicable for inorganic substances. Guid elines 835 are designed fo r organic substances.

Octanol-Water Partition Coefficient

Not applicable for inorganic and ionic substa nces. Guidelines 835 are designed for organic substances.Docket Number EPA-HQ-OPP-2014-0157 www.regulations.gov

Page 26 of 31 

# Appendix C Ecotoxicology Profile

For the ecotoxicity assessment of potassium hypo chlorite, studies testing sodium and calcium hypochlorite were used. No studi es are available testing the pota ssium ion. This is acceptable, since all hypochlorites have a simila r mode of toxicity. They ar e chlorine releasers, which can cause toxicity to non-target organisms.



### Toxicity to Terrestrial Organisms

Birds

An acceptable acute-oral (LD50) study categorizes sodium and calcium hypochlorite as being practically nontoxic to bi rds. The guideline for an acute-oral test (850.2100) is satisfied. Dietary studies (850.2200) are not anticipate d to be required. However, four dietary studies have been submitted and indicate that hypochlorites are practi cally nontoxic to birds when administered in the diet. No additional data av ian toxicity data are needed.

Avian Acute-oral and Dietary Toxicity

Test Species Toxicity Toxicity Category EPA Study ID

Mallard ( Anas platyrhynchos ) LC50 >5000 ppm Practically nontoxic 00007404 Acceptable

Northern bobwhite ( Colinus virginianus ) LD50 =3474 ppm for Ca hypochlorite LD50 = 2510 for Na hypochlorite Practically nontoxic 00007403 Acceptable

LC50 >,5000 ppm Practically nontoxic 00007405 Acceptable

Nontarget Insects

Toxicity data for beneficial insects (850.3020, 850.3030) are not requ ired for the use patterns of potassium hypochlorite.


### Toxicity to Aquatic Organisms

Freshwater Fish

The available acute toxicity st udies categorize sodium and calci um hypochlorite as being highly toxic to freshwater fish. The guideline (850.1075) for acute toxic ity testing is satisfied. No chronic data (fish early-life st age, 850.1400) are available. Ho wever, the need for chronic toxicity data can be fulfille d from EPA’s Office of Water’s Ambient Water Quality Criteria for Chlorine - 1984 (EPA 1985). No additional fish toxicity data are anticipated to be needed.Docket Number EPA-HQ-OPP-2014-0157 www.regulations.gov

Page 27 of 31 Acute Toxicity to Freshwater Fish

Freshwater Invertebrates

The acute toxicity study for the waterflea categor izes sodium hypochlorite as being very highly toxic to freshwater invertebrates. The guideline (850.1010) for acute toxicity testing is satisfied. No chronic data (life-cycle, 850.130 0) are available. However, the need for chronic toxicity data

can be fulfilled from EPA’s Office of Water’s Ambient Water Quality Criteria for Chlorine - 1984 (EPA 1985). No additional aquatic i nvertebrate toxicity data are anticip ated to be needed.

Toxicity to Freshwater Invertebrates

Test Species Toxicity Endpoint (μg ai/L) Toxicity Category EPA Study ID

Waterflea ( Daphnia magna ) 48-hr EC50 = 0.037 to 2.3
ppm Very highly toxic 00007402 00019313 Acceptable

Estuarine/Marine Fish and Invertebrates

The agency anticipates us ing the available data from EPA’s Office of Water’s Ambient Water Quality Criteria for Chlorine - 1984 (EPA 1985). Test Species Toxicity Endpoint (μg ai/L) Toxicity Category EPA Study ID

Rainbow Trout ( Oncorhynchus mykiss) 96-hr LC50 =0.13 to 1.35
ppm Highly toxic 00008191 Acceptable

Bluegill ( Lepomis macrochirus ) 96-hr LC50 =0. 28 to 2.1
ppm Highly toxic 00008190 Acceptable Test Species Toxicity Endpoint (μg ai/L) Toxicity Category EPA Study IDDocket Number EPA-HQ-OPP-2014-0157 www.regulations.gov

Page 28 of 31 Aquatic Plants

No data are available. Studies needed for the TGAI include a toxicity test with a vascular species (850.4400), toxicity test s (850.4500) with 3 al gal species (green algae, freshwater diatom, marine diatom), and a toxicity testusing cyanobacteria (850.4550); to address these needs, the agency anticipates using the av ailable data from EPA’s Office of Water’s Ambient Water Quality Criteria for Chlorine - 1984 (EPA 1985).

Sediment toxicity

Based on the environmental-fate properties of pot assium hypochlorite (see section 4.1), sediment toxicity data are not anti cipated to be required.

Appendix C References

00007403 Beavers, J.B.; Fink, R.; Grimes, J.; et .al. (1978) Final Re port: Acute Oral LD 50 - Bobwhite Quail: Project No. 158-103. (U npublished study received Jan 19 under unknown admin. No.; prepared by Wildlife In ternational, Ltd. In cooperation with Washington College, submitted by Chlorine Institute, Inc., New York, N.Y.; CDL236804-B)

00007404 Beavers, J.B.; Fink, R.; Grimes, J.; et.a l. (1978) Final Report: Eight-Day Dietary LC 50 -mallard Duck: Project No. 158-102. (Unpublished study received Jan 19, 1979. Under unknown admin. No.; prepared by Wildlife International, Ltd. In cooperation with Washington, submitted by Ch lorine Institute, Inc., New York, N.Y.; CDL:236804-C)

00007405 Beavers, J.B.; Brown, R. (1978) Final Report: Eight-Day Dietary LC 50 -Bobwhite Test Species Toxicity Endpoint (μg ai/L) Toxicity Category EPA Study ID

Marine Fish

( Cyprinodon variegates) 96-hr LC50 =0.38 mg/L NOAEC = 0.225 mg/ Highly toxic 47642401 Acceptable

Mysid Shrimp (Americamysis bahia) 96-hr LC50 =0.16 mg/L NOAEC = 0.14 mg/ Highly toxic 47642402

Acceptable

Eastern Oyster (Crassostrea virginica) 96-hr EC50 =0.20 mg ai /L NOAEC = 0.13 mg ai/L Highly toxic 47642403

AcceptableDocket Number EPA-HQ-OPP-2014-0157 www.regulations.gov

Page 29 of 31 Quail: Project No. 158-101. (Unpublis hed study received Jan 19, 1979 under unknown admin. No.; prepared by Wildlife International, Ltd., submitted by Chlorine Institute, inc., New York, N.Y.; CDL:236804-D)

00008190 Calmbacher, C.W. (1978) Acute Toxicity of Sodium hypochlorite Solution to the Bluegill Sunfish “ Lepomis macrochirus” Rafinesque: UCES Proj. No. 11506-72- 01. (Unpublished study received Apr 4, 1978 under 35317-1; prepared by Union Carbide Corp., submitted by Kuehne Chemical Co., Inc., Cranford, N.J.; CDL:233389-A)

00008191 Calmbacher, C.W. (1978) Acute Toxicity of Sodium hypochlorite Solution to the Rainbow Trout, “ Salmo gairdneri” Richardson: UCES Project. No. 11506-72-02. (Unpublished study received Apr 4, 1978 under 35317-1; prepared by Union Carbide Corp., submitted by Kuehne Chemical Co., Inc. Cranford, N.J.; CDL:233390-A)

00019313 LeBlanc, G.A. (1977) Acute Toxicity for Sodium hypochlorite Solution to the Water Flea ( Daphnia magna ): ICG/T-78-076. (Unpublished study received Dec 7, 1978 under 230-69; prepared by EG&G, Bionomics, submitted by FMC Corp., Industrial Chemical Group, Philadelphia, Pa.; CDL:236584-B)

47642401 MacGregor, R. (2008) Marine Fish ( Cyprinodon variegates ) Definitive 96-hour Acute Toxicity Test with Daily Dosi ng. Prepared by Baroid Bioassay Lab; submitted by Halliburton Energy Services, Inc, OK; Study No.: S4546

47642402 MacGregor, R. (2008) Mysid Shrimp ( Americamysis bahia ) Definitive 96-hour Acute Toxicity Test with Daily Dosi ng; prepared by Baroid Bioasssay Lab; submitted Halliburton Energy Services, OK; Study No.: S4547

47462403 Gallagher, S.P.; Kendall, T.Z.; Krueger, H.O. (2008) BE-7 antimicrobial (Sodium Hypochlorite 12.5% w/v): A 96-hour Shell Deposition Test with the Eastern Oyster ( Crassostrea virginica ); prepared by Wildlife International, Ltd; submitted by Halliburton Energy Services, Inc., OK; Study No.: 666A-101Docket Number EPA-HQ-OPP-2014-0157 www.regulations.gov

Page 30 of 31 

# Appendix D Product Chemistry

Potassium hypochlorite product chemistry inform ation is summarized in Table D1 (source: MRIDs 47382901, 47445101, and 47594501).

Table D1 – Product Chemistry of Potassium hypochlorite

Guideline No. Physical and Chemical Properties Potassium hypochlorite
830.1550 Product identity and composition Refer to Table 3. 830.1600 Description of materials used to produce the product Confidential Business Information (CBI).

830.1620 Description of production process CBI. 830.1650 Description of Formulation Process CBI. 830.1670 Discussion of Formation of Impurities CBI. 830.1700 Preliminary analysis CBI. 830.1750 Certified limits CBI.

830.1800 Enforcement analytical method The enforcement analytical meth od for potassium hypochlorite solutions is based on ASTM D 2002-89(2003) entitled “Standard Test Methods of Sampling and Chemical Analysis o f Chlorine-Containing Bleaches”. 830.1900 Submittal of samples CBI. 830.6302 Color Pale yellow.
830.6303 Physical State Aqueous solution- pale yellow. Liquid at 20.1°C. 830.6304 Odor Chlorine bleach smell.

830.6313 Stability to normal and elevated temperature, metals/metal ions Stable under ordinary conditions of use and storage. Unstable at elevated temperatures.

Reacts vigorously with amine, ammonium, salts, reducing agents, methanol, acids and most organics.

Strong reducing agents such as nitrites, sulfides, sulfites, metabisulfites, and thiosulfates are incompatible, and their contact with potassium hypochlorite should be prevented. 830.6314 Oxidation/Reduction Strong Oxidizing Agent. 830.6315 Flammability Not applicable. Noncombustible. 830.6316 Explodability Not explodable.

830.6320 Corrosion Characteristic Corrosive. Potassium hypochlorite solution is corrosive to metals such as stainless steel, mild steel, iron, copper, zinc, and aluminum. Potassium hypochlorite solution should not contact these materials. 830.7000 pH 10.14 - 1% w/w solution in de-ionized water at 21.1-21.8°C. 830.7050 UV/Visible Absorption Not reported. 830.7100 Viscosity 1.1 mm 2 /sec at 20.6°C and 0.9 mm 2 /sec at 40°C. 830.7200 Melting point Not required. 830.7220 Boiling point Decomposes prior to boiling. 830.7300 Density 1.1701 g/ml (9.75 lbs/gal) at 20.1°C.Docket Number EPA-HQ-OPP-2014-0157 www.regulations.gov

Page 31 of 31 Guideline No. Physical and Chemical Properties Potassium hypochlorite

830.7370 Dissociation Constant Potassium hypochlorite dissociates completely on dissolving in water. 830.7550 Partition coefficient ( n -octanol/water) Not applicable. 830.7840 Solubility in water Complete. 830.7860 Solubility in organic solvents NA Product should be mixed only with water. 830.7950 Vapor pressure Approximately that of air.

A Confidential business information
atm-m 3 /mol = atmosphere cubic meter per mole; o C = degrees Celsius; mg/L = milligrams per liter; mmHg = millimeters of mercury.