1 

IN THE INTERMEDIATE COURT OF APPEALS OF WEST VIRGINIA

RIMDAUGAS K. 

Petitioner Below, Petitioner 

vs.) No. 22-ICA-174 (Fam. Ct. Gilmer Cnty. No. 21-D-26)

GERDA K., 

Respondent Below, Respondent 

MEMORANDUM DECISION 

Petitioner Rimdaugas K.1 (“Father”) appeals the Family Court of Gilmer County’s 

Final Order Modifying Parenting Plan and Child Support (“Order”) entered on September 

16, 2022. The family court found that there was a substantial change in circumstances 

regarding the minor son, and that the son has a firm and reasonable preference to reside 

with Father. However, the family court did not find a substantial change in circumstances 

regarding the couple’s two minor daughters. The family court also modified the child 

support obligations of both parties to reflect that the son now resides with Father. Father 

appeals the family court’s order arguing that that the family court was clearly wrong when 

it found no substantial change in circumstances regarding the daughters. Respondent Gerda 

K. (“Mother”) filed a response brief.2 Father did not file a reply. 

This Court has jurisdiction over this appeal pursuant to West Virginia Code § 51-

11-4 (2022). After considering the parties’ oral and written arguments, the record on 

appeal, and the applicable law, this Court finds no substantial question of law and no abuse 

of discretion. For these reasons, a memorandum decision affirming the family court’s order 

is appropriate under Rule 21 of the Rules of Appellate Procedure. 

Mother and Father are the parents of three minor children, a 16-year-old son and 

two daughters, aged 14 and 11.3 The parties were divorced in South Carolina on April 2, 

2018, and a parenting plan established Mother as the primary residential parent and Father 

1

 We use initials where necessary to protect the identities of those involved in this 

case. See, e.g., W. Va. R. App. P. 40(e). 

2

 Father is represented by Amy L. Lanham, Esq. Mother is represented by Michael 

A. Hicks, Esq. 

3

 The children’s ages are as of the date of the Order. 

FILED 

May 22, 2023 

EDYTHE NASH GAISER, CLERK 

INTERMEDIATE COURT OF APPEALS 

OF WEST VIRGINIA 
2 

was granted two weekends per month of parenting time. Mother moved with the children 

to Gilmer County, West Virginia. Father resides in Georgia. 

The order describes a series of events in 2016, when the parties were still married 

but separated. According to the order, Father took the children to his native country in 

Eastern Europe,4 and Father did not return the children to the United States. As a result, 

Mother was forced to wage a legal battle to bring the children back the United States. The 

children were in Eastern Europe for approximately five months. As a result of the incident, 

Father lost unsupervised visitation of the children for two years, and he was forced to 

relinquish the children’s passports. 

The Order and the evidentiary record indicate that Mother and son had an 

acrimonious relationship after they moved to West Virginia and that the son told Mother 

that he wanted to live with his father in Georgia. 

In January of 2022, Mother and son were involved in an altercation that left both 

with scratches. The daughters were not involved in, nor did they witness the physical 

altercation. Conflicting testimony was presented to the family court by witnesses 

concerning the event. In the hours after the altercation, Mother called law enforcement. A 

state trooper was dispatched to the house, and Mother described her version of the events 

to him. Apparently, the officer did not question the children and the officer told the son 

that he was lucky Mother was not pressing charges. 

Soon after the altercation, Father instituted the instant petition to modify the 

parenting plan. Father alleges an abusive relationship between Mother and all the children. 

Moreover, he notes that the children’s grades dropped after the they moved to West 

Virginia, and that the son no longer plays violin. Father also alleges that Mother engaged 

in parental alienation. 

After Father filed his petition for modification of the parenting plan, Mother 

consented to son moving to Georgia with Father. The record reflects that son is happy with 

this living arrangement and his grades have improved. 

Pursuant to Father’s petition for modification, the family court directed the West 

Virginia Department of Health and Human Resources, Child Protective Services (“CPS”) 

to interview the children. A report was provided to the family court and the parties, and a 

CPS representative testified at a March 7, 2022, hearing. 

4 Mother alleged in a June 27, 2022, family court hearing that Father told her that 

he was taking the children on a beach vacation in South Carolina. 
3 

The report and testimony state that the couple’s daughters are happy living with 

Mother, that they do not want to live in Georgia with Father, and that their grades have 

improved as well. However, the report also states that there “is obvious psychological 

abuse of [the son] by [Mother] based on [the son’s] statements and the fact that his sisters 

are not allowed to speak with him directly.” 

The CPS representative found evidence of maltreatment, and she was concerned 

with the daughters’ mental health, as there were allegations that Mother instructed the 

daughters not to communicate with their brother. She found the son to be credible, and that 

there was evidence his sisters did not communicate with him.5 However, the CPS 

representative wrote in her report that no specific maltreatment was identified, that Mother 

did not intend to hurt the children, and that the daughters were not endangered. CPS did 

not refer the case for further investigation because the son was no longer living with Mother 

and his sisters. The family court also heard testimony from Mother and Father on the 

record and from the children, in camera. 

On September 16, 2022, the family court issued a final order modifying the 

parenting plan. The family court was concerned that CPS did not open “a full-blown 

investigation and did not talk to all parties;” however, the court noted that CPS closes cases 

when a child is out of the home. The family court found that Mother did not abuse her son 

based on the testimony presented. Nevertheless, it concluded that there was a substantial 

change in circumstances regarding the son, and that modifying the parenting plan to reflect 

that the son will live with Father was appropriate. The court noted that the son expressed a 

firm and reasonable preference to be with Father.6 The order also notes that the son is doing 

better while living with Father, and his grades have improved. 

The family court did not find a substantial change in circumstances regarding the 

daughters. The order notes that the daughters expressed a clear and unambiguous desire to 

remain with Mother, and that their grades have improved. Therefore, the court denied 

Father’s petition to modify the parenting plan for the daughters. 

Father appeals the family court’s refusal to modify the parenting plan for the 

daughters. Our standard of review is as follows: 

5

 The CPS representative could not substantiate the son’s claim that Mother told the 

daughters not to communicate with the son. 

6

 West Virginia Code § 48-9-402(b)(3) (2022) provides that “[t]he court may modify 

any provisions of the parenting plan without the showing of the changed circumstances . . 

. if the modification is in the child’s best interests, and the modification . . . [i]s necessary 

to accommodate the reasonable and firm preferences of a child who[] has attained the age 

of 14[.]” 
4 

“In reviewing . . . a final order of a family court judge, we review the findings 

of fact made by the family court judge under the clearly erroneous standard, 

and the application of law to the facts under an abuse of discretion standard. 

We review questions of law de novo.” Syl. Pt., [in part,] Carr v. Hancock, 

216 W. Va. 474, 607 S.E.2d 803 (2004). 

Amanda C. v. Christopher P., No. 22-ICA-2, __ W. Va. __, __, __ S.E.2d __, __, 2022 WL 

17098574, at *3 (Ct. App. Nov. 18, 2022); accord W. Va. Code § 51-2A-14(c) (2005) 

(specifying standards for appellate court review of a family court order). 

On appeal, Father presents three assignments of error. First, he argues that based on 

the evidence presented, the family court abused its discretion when it denied his motion to 

modify the parenting plan with respect to the daughters. Second, he argues that the family 

court erroneously determined that the son was not abused, and that said abuse was not 

imputed to the daughters. Third, Father argues that the family court abused its discretion 

when, in the order, the court referenced hearsay statements of the state trooper even though 

the family court sustained hearsay objections in the hearing regarding the trooper’s 

statements. Father also argues that the family court should not have referenced the 2016 

temporary order that was issued soon after Father returned from Eastern Europe with the 

children. 

We find that the Order was not clearly wrong and contains no errors of law. Both 

parties agree that the son should live with Father, and the Order reflects their agreement 

and the desires of the son. Moreover, the family court was not clearly wrong when it found 

no substantial change in circumstances with respect to the daughters. The record reflects 

that the daughters expressed a clear desire to live with Mother, and that they are doing well 

with Mother. 

Father argues that Mother abused the son, and that pursuant to In re Christina L., 

194 W. Va. 446, 460 S.E.2d 692 (1995), if one child is abused, all children in the home are 

abused.7 In other words, Father argues that the daughters should be removed from Mother’s 

custody due to her alleged abuse of the son. 

Upon review, we do not find that the family court was not clearly wrong when it 

determined that the son was not abused. The CPS report and testimony indicates that there 

7 Syllabus Point 2 of In re Christina L. states that where “there is clear and 

convincing evidence that a child has suffered physical and/or sexual abuse while in the 

custody of his or her parent(s), guardian, or custodian, another child residing in the home 

when the abuse took place who is not a direct victim of physical and/or sexual abuse but is 

at risk of being abused is an abused child under W[est] V[irginia] Code [§] 49-1-3(a) 

(1994).” Id. at 448, 460 S.E.2d at 694. 
5 

were allegations of psychological and physical abuse, and that CPS found the son to be 

credible. Nevertheless, the CPS case was closed when the son relocated with Father. 

Importantly, the CPS never interviewed Mother. In other words, Mother was not given an 

opportunity to be heard on this subject before the report was delivered to the family court. 

Moreover, in Christina L., the Supreme Court of Appeals of West Virginia declined “to 

adopt a blanket rule that parental rights must be terminated to all the children residing in 

the home based merely on the finding that one child is abused.” Id. 194 W. Va. at 452, 460 

S.E.2d at 698. In this case, neither CPS nor the family court found that the daughters are at 

risk of abuse, and it would be improper to find that the family court was clearly wrong 

based on the record on appeal. 

Father also argues that the family court committed error by referencing a statement 

made by the trooper that the family court earlier ruled should not be part of the record. 

Father is correct that the family court sustained hearsay objections to the trooper’s 

statements during the family court hearings. However, while the Order’s reference to the 

officer’s statements is erroneous, we find that the error was harmless. Pursuant to Rule 61 

of the West Virginia Rules of Civil Procedure,8 the appropriate test for harmless error is 

whether a court can “say with fair assurance, after stripping the erroneous evidence from 

the whole, that the remaining evidence was independently sufficient to support the verdict 

and that the judgement was not substantially swayed by the error.” Stephens v. Rakes, 235 

W. Va. 555, 573, 775 S.E.2d 107, 125 (2015) (citations omitted) (internal quotation marks 

omitted). It is clear the family court did not base its Order on the trooper’s statements. 

Further, if the trooper’s statements were removed from the record, the remaining evidence 

is sufficient to support the family court’s decision. 

Finally, Father argues that the family court should not have admitted the 2016 

temporary parenting plan that was issued after Father took the children to Eastern Europe. 

According to Father, the 2016 temporary Order does not reflect the final parenting plan 

entered in 2018. 

8 Pursuant to the Family Court Rules of Practice and Procedure’s incorporation of 

the West Virginia Rules of Civil Procedure in evidentiary matters, considerations regarding 

error contained within Rule 61 of the Rules of Civil Procedure are applicable. See Matthew 

H. v. Heather H., No. 15-1074, 2016 WL 6312069, at *5 (W. Va. Oct. 28, 2016) 

(memorandum decision) (applying Rule 61 to an appeal of an evidentiary dispute arising 

in a family court proceeding); see also Keen v. Coleman, No. 21-0144, 2022 WL 1744509, 

at *4 (W. Va. May 31, 2022) (memorandum decision) (quoting Syl. Pt. 2, Boggs v. Settle, 

150 W. Va. 330, 330, 145 S.E.2d 446, 447 (1965) (“On appeal of a case involving an action 

covered by the Rules of Civil Procedure, this Court will disregard and regard as harmless 

any error, defect or irregularity in the proceedings in the trial court which does not affect 

the substantial rights of the parties.”)).
6 

West Virginia Code § 48-9-206(c) (2022) typically bars a family court from 

considering a prior temporary parenting plan’s custodial arrangement when determining 

the permanent parenting arrangement. However, West Virginia Code § 48-9-209(a)(4) 

(2022) also obligates a family court to consider a parent’s persistent interference with the 

other parent’s access to the children when a family court is determining parenting plans. 

The South Carolina family court order found that Father took the children to Eastern 

Europe against Mother’s wishes, and that Father interfered with Mother’s custodial rights. 

As a result, the South Carolina family court established a temporary parenting plan to 

prevent further interference. 

In the family court hearing in this matter, Mother questioned Father about the 2016 

Eastern Europe incident, and Father denied that he took the children without informing 

Mother. While West Virginia Code § 48-9-206(c) generally prohibits consideration of prior 

temporary parenting plans, here, the South Carolina court’s 2016 order was used to 

contradict Father’s testimony that Mother agreed to the Eastern European trip. As a result, 

the temporary order was introduced into evidence for impeachment purposes; not to argue 

that the temporary plan’s custodial allocation should be adopted by the family court. 

Therefore, we find no error. 

We conclude that the family court’s September 16, 2022, Order was not clearly 

wrong, and the family court did not abuse its discretion. Finally, any error made by the 

family court in its order was harmless. 

Accordingly, we affirm. 

 Affirmed. 

ISSUED: May 22, 2023 

CONCURRED IN BY:

Chief Judge Daniel W. Greear 

Judge Thomas E. Scarr 

Judge Charles O. Lorensen