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[Congressional Bills 114th Congress]
[From the U.S. Government Publishing Office]
[H.R. 4767 Introduced in House (IH)]

<DOC>

114th CONGRESS
  2d Session
                                H. R. 4767

  To provide safe, fair, and responsible procedures and standards for 
              resolving claims of state secret privilege.

_______________________________________________________________________

                    IN THE HOUSE OF REPRESENTATIVES

                             March 16, 2016

 Mr. Nadler (for himself, Mr. McClintock, and Mr. Conyers) introduced 
    the following bill; which was referred to the Committee on the 
                               Judiciary

_______________________________________________________________________

                                 A BILL

 
  To provide safe, fair, and responsible procedures and standards for 
              resolving claims of state secret privilege.

    Be it enacted by the Senate and House of Representatives of the 
United States of America in Congress assembled,

SECTION 1. SHORT TITLE.

    This Act may be cited as the ``State Secrets Protection Act''.

SEC. 2. STATE SECRET PRIVILEGE.

    In any civil action brought in Federal or State court, the 
Government has a privilege to refuse to give information and to prevent 
any person from giving information only if the Government shows that 
public disclosure of the information that the Government seeks to 
protect would be reasonably likely to cause significant harm to the 
national defense or the diplomatic relations of the United States.

SEC. 3. PROTECTION OF SECRETS.

    (a) In General.--The court shall take steps to protect sensitive 
information that comes before the court in connection with proceedings 
under this Act. These steps may include reviewing evidence or pleadings 
and hearing arguments ex parte, issuing protective orders, placing 
material under seal, and applying security procedures established under 
the Classified Information Procedures Act for classified information to 
protect the sensitive information.
    (b) In Camera Proceedings.--All hearings and other proceedings 
under this Act may be conducted in camera, as needed to protect 
information that may be subject to the privilege.
    (c) Participation of Counsel.--Participation of counsel in 
proceedings under this Act may be limited if the court determines that 
the limitation is a necessary step to protect information the 
Government asserts is protected by the privilege or that supports the 
claim of privilege.
    (d) Guardian Ad Litem.--Where counsel is excluded from a 
proceeding, the court shall have discretion to appoint a guardian ad 
litem to represent the absent litigant's interests, drawing, in 
consultation with the excluded nongovernmental party, from a previously 
generated list of attorneys who have been granted required security 
clearances in the past and have agreed to serve in this capacity. The 
guardian ad litem shall not discuss the information claimed as 
privileged or its content with any nongovernmental party or 
nongovernmental party's counsel.
    (e) Production of Adequate Substitute Pending Resolution of the 
Claim of Privilege.--If, at any point during its consideration of the 
Government's claim, the court determines that disclosure of information 
to a party or counsel, or disclosure of information by a party that 
already possesses it, presents a risk of a harm described in subsection 
(a) that cannot be addressed through less restrictive means provided in 
this subsection, the court may require the Government to produce an 
adequate substitute, such as a redacted version, summary of the 
information, or stipulation regarding the relevant facts, if the court 
deems such a substitute feasible. The substitute must be reviewed and 
approved by the court and must provide counsel with a substantially 
equivalent opportunity to assess and challenge the Government's claim 
of privilege as would the protected information.

SEC. 4. ASSERTION OF THE PRIVILEGE.

    (a) In General.--The Government may assert the privilege in 
connection with any claim in a civil action to which it is a party or 
may intervene in a civil action to which it is not a party to do so.
    (b) Supporting Affidavits.--If the Government asserts the 
privilege, the Government shall provide the court with an affidavit 
signed by the head of the executive branch agency with responsibility 
for, and control over, the information asserted to be subject to the 
privilege. In the affidavit, the head of the agency shall explain the 
factual basis for the claim of privilege. The Government shall make 
public an unclassified version of the affidavit.

SEC. 5. PRELIMINARY PROCEEDINGS.

    (a) Preliminary Review by Court.--Once the Government has asserted 
the privilege, and before the court makes any determinations under 
section 6, the court shall undertake a preliminary review of the 
information the Government asserts is protected by the privilege and 
provide the Government an opportunity to seek protective measures under 
this Act. After any initial protective measures are in place, the court 
shall proceed to the consideration of additional preliminary matters 
under this section.
    (b) Consideration of Whether To Appoint Special Master or Expert 
Witness.--The court shall consider whether the appointment of a special 
master with appropriate expertise or an expert witness, or both, would 
facilitate the court's duties under this Act.
    (c) Index of Materials.--The court may order the Government to 
provide a manageable index of the information that the Government 
asserts is subject to the privilege. The index must correlate 
statements made in the affidavit required under this Act with portions 
of the information the Government asserts is subject to the privilege. 
The index shall be specific enough to afford the court an adequate 
foundation to review the basis of the assertion of the privilege by the 
Government.
    (d) Prehearing Conferences.--After the preliminary review, the 
court shall hold one or more conferences with the parties to--
            (1) determine any steps needed to protect sensitive 
        information;
            (2) define the issues presented by the Government's claim 
        of privilege, including whether it is possible to allow the 
        parties to complete nonprivileged discovery before determining 
        whether the claim of privilege is valid;
            (3) order disclosure to the court of anything needed to 
        assess the claim, including all information the Government 
        asserts is protected by the privilege and other material 
        related to the Government's claim;
            (4) resolve any disputes regarding participation of counsel 
        or parties in proceedings relating to the claim, including 
        access to the Government's evidence and arguments;
            (5) set a schedule for completion of discovery related to 
        the Government's claim; and
            (6) take other steps as needed, such as ordering counsel or 
        parties to obtain security clearances.

SEC. 6. PROCEDURES AND STANDARD FOR ASSESSING THE PRIVILEGE CLAIM.

    (a) Hearing.--The court shall conduct a hearing to determine 
whether the privilege claim is valid.
    (b) Basis for Ruling.--
            (1) Generally.--The court may not determine that the 
        privilege is valid until the court has reviewed--
                    (A) except as provided in paragraph (2), all of the 
                information that the Government asserts is privileged;
                    (B) the affidavits, evidence, memoranda and other 
                filings submitted by the parties related to the 
                privilege claim; and
                    (C) any other evidence that the court determines it 
                needs to rule on the privilege.
            (2) Sampling in certain cases.--Where the volume of 
        information the Government asserts is privileged precludes a 
        timely review, or the court otherwise determines a review of 
        all of that information is not feasible, the court may 
        substitute a sufficient sampling of the information if the 
        court determines that there is no reasonable possibility that 
        review of the additional information would change the court's 
        determination on the privilege claim and the information 
        reviewed is sufficient to enable the court to make the 
        independent assessment required by this section.
    (c) Standard.--In ruling on the validity of the privilege, the 
court shall make an independent assessment of whether the harm 
identified by the Government, as required by section 2, is reasonably 
likely to occur should the privilege not be upheld. The court shall 
weigh testimony from Government experts in the same manner as it does, 
and along with, any other expert testimony.
    (d) Burden of Proof.--The Government shall have the burden of proof 
as to the nature of the harm and as to the likelihood of its 
occurrence.

SEC. 7. EFFECT OF COURT DETERMINATION.

    (a) In General.--If the court determines that the privilege is not 
validly asserted, the court shall issue appropriate orders regarding 
the disclosure of the information to a nongovernmental party and its 
admission at trial, subject to the other rules of evidence, with the 
right to interlocutory appeal as provided in section 8 for any such 
orders. If the court determines that the privilege is validly asserted, 
that information shall not be disclosed to a nongovernmental party or 
the public.
    (b) Nonprivileged Substitute.--
            (1) Court consideration of substitute.--If the court finds 
        that the privilege is validly asserted and it is possible to 
        craft a nonprivileged substitute, such as those described in 
        section 3(e), for the privileged information that would provide 
        the parties a substantially equivalent opportunity to litigate 
        the case, the court shall order the Government to produce the 
        substitute to the satisfaction of the court.
            (2) Refusal to provide.--In a civil action brought against 
        the Government, if the court orders the Government to provide a 
        nonprivileged substitute for information and the Government 
        fails to comply, in addition to any other appropriate 
        sanctions, the court shall find against the Government on the 
        factual or legal issue to which the privileged information is 
        relevant. If the action is not brought against the Government, 
        the court shall weigh the equities and make appropriate orders 
        as provided in subsection (d).
    (c) Opportunity To Complete Discovery.--The court shall not resolve 
any issue or claim and shall not grant a motion to dismiss or motion 
for summary judgment based on the state secrets privilege and adversely 
to any party against whom the Government's privilege claim has been 
upheld until that party has had a full opportunity to complete 
nonprivileged discovery and to litigate the issue or claim to which the 
privileged information is relevant without regard to that privileged 
information.
    (d) Appropriate Orders in the Interest of Justice.--After reviewing 
all available evidence, and only after determining that privileged 
information, for which it is impossible to create a nonprivileged 
substitute, is necessary to decide a factual or legal issue or claim, 
the court shall weigh the equities and make appropriate orders in the 
interest of justice, such as striking the testimony of a witness, 
finding in favor of or against a party on a factual or legal issue to 
which the information is relevant, or dismissing a claim or 
counterclaim. This paragraph does not permit an award of money damages 
against a party based in whole or in part on privileged information 
that was not disclosed to that party.

SEC. 8. INTERLOCUTORY APPEAL.

    (a) In General.--The courts of appeal shall have jurisdiction of an 
appeal from a decision or order of a district court determining that 
the state secrets privilege is not validly asserted, sanctioning a 
refusal to provide an adequate or nonprivileged substitute required 
under this Act, or refusing protective steps sought by the Government 
under this Act pending the resolution of the claim of state secrets 
privilege.
    (b) Appeal.--
            (1) In general.--An appeal taken under this section either 
        before or during trial shall be expedited by the court of 
        appeals.
            (2) During trial.--If an appeal is taken during trial, the 
        district court shall adjourn the trial until the appeal is 
        resolved and the court of appeals--
                    (A) shall hear argument on appeal as expeditiously 
                as possible after adjournment of the trial by the 
                district court;
                    (B) may dispense with written briefs other than the 
                supporting materials previously submitted to the trial 
                court;
                    (C) shall render its decision as expeditiously as 
                possible after argument on appeal; and
                    (D) may dispense with the issuance of a written 
                opinion in rendering its decision.

SEC. 9. REPORTING.

    (a) In General.--Consistent with applicable authorities and duties, 
including those conferred by the Constitution of the United States upon 
the executive and legislative branches, the Attorney General shall 
report in writing to the Permanent Select Committee on Intelligence of 
the House of Representatives, the Select Committee on Intelligence of 
the Senate, and the chairmen and ranking minority members of the 
Committees on the Judiciary of the House of Representatives and the 
Senate on any case in which the Government invokes a state secrets 
privilege, not later than 30 calendar days after the date of such 
assertion. Each report submitted under this subsection shall include 
all affidavits filed under this Act by the Government.
    (b) Operation and Effectiveness.--
            (1) In general.--The Attorney General shall deliver to the 
        committees of Congress described in subsection (a) a report 
        concerning the operation and effectiveness of this Act and 
        including suggested amendments to the Act.
            (2) Deadline.--The Attorney General shall submit this 
        report not later than 1 year after the date of enactment of 
        this Act, and every year thereafter until the date that is 3 
        years after that date of enactment. After the date that is 3 
        years after that date of enactment, the Attorney General shall 
        submit a report under paragraph (1) as necessary.

SEC. 10. RULE OF CONSTRUCTION.

    This Act provides the only privilege that may be asserted in civil 
cases based on state secrets and the standards and procedures set forth 
in this Act apply to any assertion of the privilege.

SEC. 11. APPLICATION.

    This Act applies to claims pending on or after the date of 
enactment of this Act. A court also may relieve a party or its legal 
representative from a final judgment, order, or proceeding that was 
based, in whole or in part, on the state secrets privilege if--
            (1) the motion for relief is filed with the rendering court 
        within one year of the date of enactment of this Act;
            (2) the underlying judgment, order, or proceeding from 
        which the party seeks relief was entered after January 1, 2002; 
        and
            (3) the claim on which the judgment, order, or proceeding 
        is based is--
                    (A) against the Government; or
                    (B) arises out of conduct by persons acting in the 
                capacity of a Government officer, employee, or agent.
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