1

STATE OF VERMONT 

SUPERIOR COURT ENVIRONMENTAL DIVISION 

Docket No. 200-10-09 Vtec 

 

In re Champlain Oil Co., Inc. Conditional Use Application 

Decision on Cross-Motions for Partial Summary Judgment

 This matter involves the efforts of B. Cairns Property, LLC, d/b/a Champlain Oil Co., 

Inc. (“Applicant”) to secure approval to construct and operate a gasoline station, retail store, and 

fast-food restaurant on property located on the easterly side of Vermont Route 7 in the Town of 

Ferrisburgh (“Town”). The 9.04-acre project site is a split lot partially located in three zoning 

districts: the Highway Commercial District (“HC District”), the Rural Agricultural District (“RA 

District”), and the Conservation District. The Town of Ferrisburgh Zoning Board of Adjustment 

(“ZBA”) granted Applicant a conditional use permit for the project, with fourteen conditions, 

and Applicant has appealed the imposition of permit conditions 1–4 and 6–9. A group of fifteen 

individuals, as well as Ferrisburgh Friends of Responsible Growth, Inc., (collectively, 

“Opponents”) filed a cross appeal of the ZBA’s decision, raising a number of issues concerning 

the proposal’s compliance with the Town of Ferrisburgh Zoning By-Laws (“Bylaws”). 

Applicant is represented by Liam L. Murphy, Esq.; Opponents are represented by James 

A. Dumont, Esq.; the Town, which has entered an appearance in this matter, is represented by 

James F. Carroll, Esq. 

The principal parties have each filed a motion for partial summary judgment, seeking a 

summary ruling in their favor on three distinct legal issues: (1) whether the proposed retail store 

is a permissible use in the HC District; (2) whether the fast-food restaurant may include the 

proposed drive-up service window; and (3) whether the wastewater and stormwater systems may 

be located partially within the Conservation District. The Town has chosen not to play an active 

role in this pretrial motion practice; the pending cross-motions are now ripe for review. 

Factual Background

For the sole purpose of putting the pending motions into context, we recite the following 

facts, which we understand to be undisputed unless otherwise noted: 
2

1. The project site is to be a 9.04-acre parcel of land on the easterly side of Route 7, about 

one-tenth of a mile north of Little Otter Creek, in Ferrisburgh. The proposed site is the 

approximate location of the former Roadhouse Restaurant, recently destroyed by fire. 

2. Applicant does not yet own the project site; in fact, the precise 9.04-acre parcel has not 

yet been created.1 The proposed site is comprised of a 2.5-acre parcel currently owned by 

Marcos and Claudia Llona, as well as 6.54 acres of an adjacent 24.27-acre parcel owned by 

Susan Burdick. In order to create the project site, Ms. Burdick will convey 6.54 acres of her lot 

to the Llonas, effectively readjusting the boundary between the two properties. Once all permits 

are issued, the Llonas will convey the newly created 9.04-acre parcel to Applicant. 

3. The resulting 9.04-acre project site would span three zoning districts. The majority of the 

lot, which fronts Route 7, would be within the HC District; the back portion of the lot would be 

split between the RA District and the Conservation District.2

 Applicant’s proposal involves 

development in all three zoning districts. 

4. Applicant submitted a conditional use permit application on April 30, 2009, and on May 

14, the application was resubmitted, without change, on the proper application forms. Applicant 

seeks approval to construct and operate a gasoline station, a retail store, and a fast-food 

restaurant on the project site; the new construction would include two fueling dispenser islands 

and one multi-use building. 

5. The proposed 4,800-square-foot building would be located entirely within the HC 

District; approximately half of the building would be used as a retail store and half would contain 

a fast-food restaurant. 

 

1

 The only application before us requests conditional use approval for the proposed project. Applicant refers in 

various filings to the “creation” of the new 9.04-acre lot upon which its development is proposed as a “lot line 

adjustment.” We are uncertain from the record before us whether Applicant’s proposal will require subdivision 

approval. See Bylaws § 5.25 (stating that “no lot shall be so reduced in area . . . [such that the lot] do[es] not 

conform to the requirements herein prescribed”); see also Bylaws § 2.2 (“Boundary Adjustment” is “[a] division of 

land for the purpose of adjusting boundaries between adjacent lots or parcels where no new lot is created. A 

boundary adjustment shall not create a nonconforming use or lot.” (emphasis added)). But we need not resolve that 

issue in this proceeding because Applicant does not seek subdivision approval by the pending application. 

 Nevertheless, we note that a 6.54-acre portion of the Burdicks’ property will be carved off and conveyed to the 

Llonas, thereby creating two new lots: a 9.04-acre parcel that will ultimately be conveyed to Applicant, and a 17.73-

acre parcel that will be retained by the Burdicks. Each of these two new lots will span all three zoning districts. 

2

 The Llonas’ existing 2.5-acre parcel is a split lot, the front of which is located in the HC District and the rear of 

which is located within the RA District. The 6.54-acre portion of the Burdick lot spans three zoning districts: the 

portion fronting Route 7 is in the HC District, but the back portion of the lot is divided between the Conservation 

District and the RA District. 
3

6. The retail store, which Applicant often characterizes in its application materials as a 

“convenience store,” would occupy 2,600 square feet and would serve a number of purposes.3 It 

would provide space for the gasoline station’s cashier, space for storage, an office for the 

gasoline station, and equipment related to the gasoline station. It would also include space for 

the sale of retail goods, including items related to the gasoline station such as oil and ice 

scrapers, as well as general retail items, such as groceries, beverages, and snacks, and a variety 

of goods used by travelers and homeowners alike. A typical retail store associated with other 

Champlain Oil gasoline service stations will stock over 6,000 different items (e.g., mittens, 

movies, batteries, pliers, coolers, and novelty collectables). 

7. The proposed fast-food restaurant will have thirty-four seats and comprise the building’s 

remaining 2,200 square feet. It will also have a drive-up service window accessed by a drivethrough lane that wraps around the rear of the building. The proposal appears much like a 

typical “drive-thru” at a fast-food restaurant, where customers remain in their vehicle and review 

a menu-board at the rear of the building before ordering through a microphone. They then 

proceed to the drive-up service window where they stop, pay for the order, and receive their 

food. Applicant’s sketch plans delineate a space in front of the service window where customers 

will temporarily wait as their orders are processed. 

8. The proposal also involves installing wastewater and stormwater systems, both of which 

would be generally located behind the proposed building. The parties dispute the precise 

location of these two systems, but it is undisputed that a sizable portion (i.e., over 30%) of both 

systems will be located within the Conservation District.4

 

9. Between June 3, 2009, and August 5, 2009, the ZBA held three public hearings on 

Applicant’s application; it also conducted a site visit immediately before the August 5 hearing. 

The ZBA ultimately granted Applicant a conditional use permit, subject to fourteen conditions, 

on September 16, 2009. 

 

3

 Applicant concedes for the purposes of the pending motions that the application involves a convenience store. 

Applicant has reserved the right, however, to argue at trial that the proposal does not involve a convenience store, in 

the event that we conclude a convenience store is prohibited in the HC District. 

4

 In addition to the location dispute, the amount of the two systems sited within the Conservation District depends 

on whether the zoning district boundaries can be altered. See Bylaws § 5.19 (allowing in certain situations a 

landowner to extend the boundary line of the less restrictive zoning district up to thirty feet into the more restrictive 

zone). We make no ruling today on the applicability of this provision to Applicant’s proposal. 
4

10. Applicant filed a timely notice of appeal with this Court on October 8, 2009. Applicant’s 

Statement of Questions asks whether eight of the ZBA’s conditions are appropriate and valid. 

11. Opponents filed a notice of appeal on October 14, 2009, and their twelve-question 

Statement of Questions raises a number of issues, but generally asks whether Applicant’s 

proposal complies with the applicable bylaws and otherwise deserves conditional use approval. 

Discussion

Applicant proposes to construct and operate a gasoline station, a retail store, and a fastfood restaurant on a yet-to-be-created 9.04-acre parcel that spans three different zoning districts. 

The cross appeals filed with this Court raise a number of questions, many of which are factdependant, but Applicant and Opponents each seek a summary ruling in their favor on a limited 

set of legal issues: 

(1) Whether the proposed retail store may be permitted under the Bylaws; 

(2) Whether the drive-up service window, as described in the application, may 

be permitted under the Bylaws as part of the proposed restaurant; and 

(3) Whether portions of the proposed stormwater system and wastewater 

disposal system, which are located outside the Highway Commercial 

District, may be permitted under the Bylaws. 

Our review of the pending cross-motions must begin with the reminder that summary 

judgment is appropriate only “when there are no genuine issues of material fact and, viewing the 

evidence in a light most favorable to the non-moving party, the moving party is entitled to 

judgment as a matter of law.” In re Carter, 2004 VT 21, ¶ 6, 176 Vt. 322; V.R.C.P. 56(c). 

“When both parties move for summary judgment, each is entitled to the benefit of all reasonable 

doubts and inferences when the opposing party’s motion is being judged.” City of Burlington v. 

Fairpoint Commc’ns, 2009 VT 59, ¶ 5 (citing Toys, Inc. v. F.M. Burlington Co., 155 Vt. 44, 48 

(1990)). We apply these standards to the three issues raised by the pending motions. 

1. The Proposed Retail Store 

The first issue concerns whether Applicant’s proposed retail store is a permitted use in 

the HC District. Part of Applicant’s proposal includes a 2,600-square-foot store designed to sell 

a wide variety of retail goods, such as motor oil, ice scrapers, groceries, beverages, and snacks, 

and merchandise ranging from mittens and movies to batteries and collectables. A “retail store” 

is expressly listed as a permissible conditional use in the HC District. Bylaws § 4.4(B)(20). This 
5

includes “[a]ny enclosed business concerned primarily with rental or the sale of produce, 

products, goods, equipment or commodities; and excluding any drive-in facility, road side 

agricultural stand, gasoline or motor vehicle service station, motor vehicle sales facility, 

restaurant or junk yard.” Bylaws § 2.2 (defining “retail store”). For the reasons detailed below, 

we conclude that Applicant’s proposed store fits this definition and is therefore a permissible use 

in the HC District. 

Opponents challenge this conclusion and argue that Applicant’s proposed store is more 

accurately characterized as a convenience store: “an establishment whose principal use is the sale 

of products in small quantities for the daily use of customers including, but not limited to, 

bakeries, food stores, news stands, tobacco shops, card shops, liquor stores, delicatessens, music 

supply stores, pet stores, jewelry stores, camera and photography supplies, ice cream parlors, 

meat and seafood shops and florist shops.” Bylaws § 2.2 (defining “convenience, retail”). 

Although defined in the Bylaws, a convenience store is not listed as a permissible use in the HC 

District, and Opponents point out that “[a]ny use not expressly permitted in a district is 

prohibited in that district.” Bylaws § 3.5. Opponents contend that Applicant’s convenience store 

is therefore prohibited. We reject this reasoning for the following reasons. 

Even if Applicant’s proposed retail store constitutes a convenience store, there is no 

indication that convenience retail stores are prohibited in the HC District. A “convenience 

retail” store appears to be merely one type of “retail store.” That a “convenience retail” store is 

also defined in the Bylaws does not demonstrate the intent to prohibit them in the HC District, 

particularly when the broader category of “retail stores” is explicitly permitted. Concluding 

otherwise would contradict the plain language of the Bylaws, which expressly permits “[a]ny 

enclosed business concerned primarily with rental or the sale of produce, products, goods, 

equipment or commodities.” Bylaws § 2.2 (defining “retail store”). 

If the drafters intend to prohibit convenience stores in the HC District, they must do so 

with more clarity. See In re John J. Flynn Estate, No. 4C0790-2-EB, Findings of Fact, 

Conclusions of Law, & Order, at 28 (Vt. Envtl. Bd. May 4, 2004) (noting that a provision must 

be “sufficiently clear to guide the conduct of an average person, using common sense and 

understanding”). Merely defining “convenience retail” in the Bylaws does not give a landowner 

fair notice that convenience stores are prohibited in the HC District, especially when retail stores 

are expressly permitted. In re Handy, 171 Vt. 336, 347–48 (2000) (explaining that a landowner 
6

must be “given fair notice of what it can and cannot do with the land”). The drafters could have 

excluded “convenience stores” from the definition of “retail stores,” just as they excluded a 

number of other uses from the definition of “retail stores.” See Bylaws § 2.2 (excluding from the 

definition of “retail store” roadside agricultural stands, motor vehicle sales facilities, restaurants, 

and junk yards). Without any evidence that convenience stores are to be excluded from the 

umbrella definition of retail stores, which are specifically allowed, we conclude that Applicant’s 

convenience store is permissible in the HC District as a kind of retail store. 

Opponents argue that this conclusion renders the definition of “convenience retail” store 

wasted ink. Rather than interpreting the definition as surplusage, Opponents ask the Court to 

give meaning to the language by applying a familiar rule of statutory construction: when two 

statutes cover the same subject and one is more specific than the other, they are harmonized by 

giving effect to the more specific provision. Our Lady of Ephesus House of Prayer, Inc. v. Town 

of Jamaica, 2005 VT 16, ¶ 16, 178 Vt. 35. Opponents contend that the more general definition 

of “retail store” should apply only when the specific definition of “convenience retail” is not 

applicable to a proposed project. 

A specific statute will normally control over a more general one “unless the legislature 

intended the general to control.” Looker v. City of Rutland, 144 Vt. 344, 346–47 (1984). Here, 

the drafters expressed their determination to allow “retail stores” in the HC District; it is 

specifically listed as a conditional use. Opponents’ approach undermines this intent. Were we to 

prohibit “convenience retail” stores in the HC District, we must also prohibit retail sales, since 

“retail sales” is defined in the Bylaws and omitted from the list of permissible uses in the HC 

District. See Bylaws § 4.4 (listing conditional uses). Following this approach leaves us 

wondering what type of “retail stores” the drafters intended to permit in the HC District; the 

breadth of stores prohibited as either “retail sales” or “convenience retail” stores would 

effectively prohibit all “retail stores” in the HC District.5

 The exception would swallow the rule, 

thereby thwarting the drafters’ clear intent to permit “retail stores” in the HC District (i.e., a 

 

5

 Businesses falling under the definition of “retail sales” or “convenience retail” store that would be prohibited from 

the HC District include, but are not limited to, bakeries, food stores, news stands, tobacco shops, card shops, liquor 

stores, delicatessens, music supply stores, pet stores, jewelry stores, camera and photography supplies, ice cream 

parlors, meat and seafood shops, and florist shops, as well as the sale of hardware, paint, office equipment, sporting 

goods, trading stamp and redemption outlets, television, satellite dishes, automotive supply and major household 

appliance stores. See Bylaws § 2.2 (expressly including these businesses in the definitions of “retail sales” and 

“convenience, retail”). 
7

business “concerned primarily with rental or the sale of produce, products, goods, equipment or 

commodities”). 

Based on the foregoing, we conclude that Applicant’s proposed store is a “retail store,” as 

that term is defined in the Bylaws and expressly listed as a conditional use in the HC District. It 

matters not that the proposed store may also be a convenience store because the drafters have not 

demonstrated the intent to exclude convenience stores from the definition of retail stores. 

Accordingly, even when viewing the facts in a light most favorable to Opponents, we GRANT

Applicant and DENY Opponents summary judgment on this issue. 

2. The Proposed Drive-up Service Window as Part of the Fast-Food Restaurant

The second issue raised by the pending cross-motions involves whether Applicant’s 

proposed restaurant and associated drive-up service window are permitted in the HC District. As 

part of the proposed thirty-four seat fast-food restaurant, Applicant intends to provide a drive-up 

service window, which customers would access via a drive-through lane that wraps around the 

rear of the building. Opponents argue that Applicant’s proposal is a “drive-in facility,” and it 

seeks a summary ruling that Applicant’s proposal is prohibited because drive-in facilities are not 

listed as permissible uses in the HC District. See Bylaws § 3.5 (“Any use not expressly 

permitted in a district is prohibited in that district.”). 

Applicant responds by first contending that the proposal does not involve a drive-in 

facility; rather, the project involves a “drive-up service window.” This argument is unavailing. 

A “drive-in facility” is defined as “[a]n establishment designed or operated to serve a patron 

while seated in a motor vehicle parked in an off-street parking space.” Bylaws § 2.2. There is 

no dispute that Applicant intends to serve patrons while they are seated in a motor vehicle; they 

will order off a menu board at the rear of the building and drive up to the service window, where 

they will pay for and wait for their order. The only dispute appears to be whether these 

customers will be parked in an off-street parking space while they wait. For the following 

reasons, we answer in the affirmative. 

The Bylaws define “parking space” as an “[o]ff-street space used for the temporary 

location of one licensed motor vehicle, such space being at least nine feet wide and twenty-two 

feet long, not including access driveway, and having direct access to a street.” Bylaws § 2.2. 

The facts in the record indicate that the proposed drive-through lane will contain an off-street 

parking space beside the service window where customers will temporarily park their cars while 
8

they await their order. The proposed space will have direct access to a street and there is no 

dispute that it will be at least nine feet wide and twenty-two feet long, not including the drivethrough lane. 

Applicant argues that this determination contradicts the common sense understanding of 

a “parking space,” which Applicant describes as an authorized place where a driver may park 

their vehicle so as to not hinder traffic flow. However, it matters not what “parking space” is 

commonly understood to mean because “the definition in the bylaw controls.” In re Korbet, 

2005 VT 7, ¶ 11, 178 Vt. 459 (citing In re Stowe Club Highlands, 164 Vt. 272, 278 (1995)). 

Under the definition in the Bylaws, Applicant’s proposal involves an off-street parking space: 

patrons will temporarily locate their motor vehicle directly in front of the drive-up service 

window while they wait for their order. Applicant’s sketch plans delineate the precise location 

of the parking space. Accordingly, even when viewing the facts in a light most favorable to 

Applicant, we conclude that Applicant’s proposal involves serving a patron while seated in a 

motor vehicle in an off-street parking space. The proposal therefore involves a “drive-in 

facility,” as that term is used in the Bylaws. 

Despite this conclusion, our inquiry on this issue does not end here. Opponents request a 

summary ruling that a drive-in facility is not a permissible use in the HC District, making the 

same argument discussed above: “drive-in facility” is defined in the Bylaws but not listed as a 

permissible use in the HC District, and “[a]ny use not expressly permitted in a district is 

prohibited in that district.” Bylaws § 3.5. Applicant responds that the proposed drive-in facility 

is a component of the fast-food restaurant, and it argues that a restaurant is a permissible use in 

the HC District. Bylaws § 4.4(B)(19). After all, many contemporary restaurants provide 

customers with a drive-through option. 

A permissible restaurant in the HC District is “[a] public eating establishment in which 

the primary function is the preparation and serving of food.” See Bylaws § 2.2. Under this 

definition, a drive-in facility is a valid component to a permissible restaurant; there is no 

indication that a restaurant may not include a drive-in facility. The mere fact that the drafters 

defined drive-in facility in the Bylaws is not sufficient, in our judgment, to demonstrate the 

intent to prohibit drive-in facilities at restaurants in the HC District, especially since restaurants

are expressly permitted. See In re John J. Flynn Estate, No. 4C0790-2-EB, Findings of Fact, 

Conclusions of Law, & Order, at 28 (Vt. Envtl. Bd. May 4, 2004) (noting that a provision must 
9

be “sufficiently clear to guide the conduct of an average person, using common sense and 

understanding”). If the drafters were inclined to prohibit restaurants from utilizing drive-in 

facilities, they could have done so expressly, much like what was done to prohibit retail stores 

from incorporating drive-in facilities. The drafters defined “retail store” as any business that 

rents or sells products or commodities, “excluding any drive-in facility.” Bylaws § 2.2. No such 

exclusion was used to define restaurants, and we have no authority to impose such an exclusion. 

Accordingly, even when viewing the facts in a light most favorable to Opponents, we 

conclude that Applicant’s drive-in facility is an acceptable component to the proposed fast-food 

restaurant. There is no indication that the drafters intended to prohibit restaurants in the HC 

District from incorporating a drive-in facility. We therefore GRANT Applicant and DENY 

Opponents summary judgment on this issue. 

3. Locating the Wastewater and Stormwater Systems in the Conservation District

The final issue raised by the pending motions concerns the location of the wastewater and 

stormwater systems serving the fast-food restaurant, gas station, and retail store. The proposed 

9.04-acre project site lies in multiple zoning districts, and Applicant intends to locate a portion of

both the wastewater and stormwater systems in the Conservation District. The parties dispute 

exactly how much of the two water systems will be located within the Conservation District, and 

the extent of the encroachment depends on the applicability of Bylaws § 5.19 (which allows 

zoning district boundaries to be extended in some situations).6 But two facts are undisputed: a 

sizable portion of each system is located in the Conservation District, and the project site is 

below the twenty-five-acre minimum lot-size requirement for the Conservation District. Bylaws 

§ 4.3(C)(1). 

As is emphasized by Opponents, no land development may occur in the Conservation 

District unless it is in conformance with the district requirements. Bylaws § 3.5. Opponents 

seek a summary ruling that neither the wastewater nor the stormwater system may be located in 

the Conservation District because it constitutes land development of a to-be-created, undersized 

 

6

 Bylaws § 5.19 says: “Where a district boundary line divides a lot of record at the time such line is adopted, the 

regulations for the less restricted part of such lot shall extent [sic] not more than thirty feet into the more restricted 

lot.” Bylaws § 5.19. The very language of § 5.19 appears to make it inapplicable to Applicant’s proposed project, 

since the to-be-created lot does not yet exist, and therefore did not exist “at the time such [zoning district] lines 

[were] adopted.” Id. We do not address this legal question in detail, however, since it is not dispositive of the issues

presented. Regardless of the applicability of § 5.19, a sizeable portion of the proposed wastewater and stormwater 

systems lie within the applicable portion of the Conservation District. 
10

parcel in that District. See Bylaws § 2.2 (defining “land development” as a change in use of any 

land). Applicant argues in opposition that this would create an absurd result, contending that the 

Bylaws cannot be read to prohibit land development on an undersized portion of a split lot. This 

argument fails to appreciate the effect of locating a lot in multiple zoning districts, and as a 

result, it must be rejected. 

The general rule regarding split lots is that such a lot must comply with the zoning district 

requirements for each district occupied. In re Windjammer Hospitality, 172 Vt. 560, 561 (2001) 

(mem.) (citing McLaughry v. Town of Norwich, 140 Vt. 49, 54–55 (1981)). Contrary to 

Applicant’s criticism of this legal analysis, the size of the entire lot is the focus of our analysis,

not simply the portion of the lot within the respective districts. Id. at 562 (allowing a 

development applicant to “make a passive use of the more restrictive zone to meet zoning 

requirements for active improvements planned for the less restricted portion of the lot”). In fact, 

much like in Windjammer, Applicant’s development plan relies upon the subdivision of an 

existing “split lot, which is currently in compliance with the [Town’s] bylaws, rendering one of 

the resulting lots noncompliant.” Id. Applicant here is more accurately accused of a greater 

zoning transgression, since its development proposal will result in two reconfigured lots, both of 

which will be noncompliant with the minimum lot size requirements of the Conservation 

District: the to-be-developed parcel will contain 9.04± acres, and the Burdicks will retain a lot 

that is reduced in size to 17.73± acres.7

A split lot that fails to meet the dimensional requirements for all zoning districts occupied 

is considered a nonconforming lot. See, e.g., Myers 2-Lot Subdivision Final Plat, No. 121-6-09 

Vtec, slip op. at 3–4 (Vt. Envtl. Ct. Apr. 28, 2010) (Durkin, J.) (denying a subdivision 

application because a portion of the resulting split lot was undersized for the district in which it 

was located). A nonconforming, undersized lot may not be developed unless it qualifies for the 

limited exemption afforded preexisting undersized lots. See In re Mastelli Const. Application, 

 

7

 Applicants provide a helpful table that summarizes the lot configurations, before and after the proposed lot line 

adjustments. See Applicant’s Reply Mem. at 18 (Mar. 22, 2010). 

 Applicants appear to misconstrue Opponents’ legal analysis, now adopted by this Court, asserting that such a 

ruling would result in a prohibition of all development on all lots. Id. at 18. Again, we afford inclusion of all 

acreage in a lot when considering whether that lot conforms, as it must, to dimensional requirements for all zoning 

districts which the property occupies. Bylaws § 3.5. Applicant further complains, incorrectly we conclude, that 

Opponents’ suggested analysis renders all undersized lots undevelopable. Our analysis here does not support such 

an erroneous conclusion, since the Bylaws allow for the development of preexisting, undersized lots. Bylaws § 5.7. 

The deficiency in Applicants project plans are that they rely upon the new creation of undersized lots. We cannot 

authorize development that creates a nonconformity.
11

No. 2009-072, slip op. at 2 (Vt. Sept. 4, 2009) (unpub. mem.) (noting that small lots are 

considered nonconforming uses, and one “goal of zoning is to phase out such uses” (quoting 

Drumheller v. Shelburne Zoning Bd. of Adjustment, 155 Vt. 524, 529 (1990))). 

This exemption is found in Bylaws § 5.7, which states that undersized lots existing at the 

time of the Bylaws’ enactment “may be developed for the purposes permitted in the district in 

which it is located, even though not conforming to minimum lot size requirements,” if the lot is 

larger than one-eighth of an acre and forty feet wide. Bylaws § 5.7. However, the record before 

us does not indicate that Applicant’s 9.04-acre project site qualifies as a preexisting lot. Quite 

simply, Applicant’s 9.04-acre project site does not yet exist. Certain events must first occur 

before Applicant’s 9.04-acre project site is created: the boundary line between the Burdick and 

Llona properties must be adjusted; the 6.54 acres must be transferred from Ms. Burdick to the 

Llonas; and the Burdicks must be allowed to retain a lot that is even smaller and less compliant 

than the land they once held. 

Not only does the project site not yet exist, but the nonconformity with the Conservation 

District’s minimum lot size is a direct result of the proposed boundary adjustment and land 

transaction. To explain, the Llonas’ existing 2.5-acre parcel contains no property in the 

Conservation District, but when Ms. Burdick transfers 6.54 acres to the Llonas, a portion of that 

land will lie in the Conservation District. This transaction will therefore create a 9.04-acre split 

lot that contains a nonconforming, undersized quantity of land in regards to the Conservation 

District. With this in mind, we cannot sustain a finding that Applicant’s project site is a 

preexisting small lot and thereby entitled to exemption from the minimum lot size requirements 

for this zoning district. 

Accordingly, we conclude that the proposed 9.04-acre project site, if allowed to be 

created, would constitute a lot that fails to conform to the applicable zoning requirements. Our 

analysis here doesn’t depend upon the nature of the development to occur on the lot, nor does it 

depend upon the proper classification of the support systems that would be constructed upon the 

portion of the lot that is within the Conservation District. Rather, our analysis begins and ends 

with a determination that the to-be-reconfigured lot will be undersized and therefore 

nonconforming. To authorize this lot to be developed would be to allow a disregard of the 

applicable zoning regulations, the general purpose of which is to cause the eventual elimination 

of nonconformities, and not to encourage them. See In re Richards, 2005 VT 23, ¶ 6, 178 Vt. 
12

478 (mem.) (“[O]ne goal of zoning is to phase out nonconforming uses, including undersize[d] 

lots.”). 

In reaching this conclusion, we specifically reject Applicant’s characterization of this 

legal analysis as resulting in an absurd prohibition of any development of a split lot, simply 

because a portion of it lies in a more restrictive district. Contrary to Applicant’s assertion, 

preexisting, undersized lots may be developed when they otherwise conform to the applicable 

district regulations. Bylaws § 5.7. Further, a landowner can develop portions of a preexisting 

split lot that meet the size requirements for the district the development is to occupy. See e.g., 

McLaughry v. Town of Norwich, 140 Vt. 49, 54–55 (1981) (noting that the split lot could be 

used “for two different purposes; that is, that part of it which lies within the business district 

could be used for business purposes, and that part of the property lying within the residential 

district could be used for residential purposes”). A landowner can also aggregate the portions of 

a split lot occupying other zoning districts to calculate the split lot’s total size, thereby satisfying 

any size requirements for the portion to be developed. See, e.g., Windjammer, 172 Vt. at 562 

(“[U]se of land in another zoning district . . . solely to meet dimensional requirements is 

considered a permissible abstract or passive use where . . . it appears both zoning districts permit 

the proposed active use.” (quoting Boulter Bros. Const. Co. v. Zoning Bd. of Appeals of Norfolk, 

697 N.E.2d 997, 999 (Mass. App. Ct. 1998))). 

We also note in closing that the Town is not prohibiting Applicant from locating a 

wastewater system off-lot, which Applicant contends is prohibited. See Guidance Related to the 

Wastewater System and Potable Water Supply Rules, Vt. Dept. of Conservation, Wastewater 

Mgmt. Div., at 2 (Sept. 29, 2007), available at http://www.anr.state.vt.us/dec/ww/protection/ 

guidance2007-01.universaljurisdiction.pdf. The Bylaws merely require any wastewater system 

to be located on a sufficiently sized lot. See Bylaws § 4.3(C)(1) (establishing a minimum lot 

size). Further, Applicant’s wastewater system is proposed to be located on the project site, not 

off-lot. 

Based on the foregoing, we conclude that Applicant may not proceed with the proposed 

land development in the Conservation District because the to-be created lot does not conform to 

the minimum size requirements for that district. As a result of this conclusion, we need not 

consider whether Applicant’s proposed stormwater and wastewater systems are permissible in 

the Conservation District. Even if we determined that such use is permitted in the Conservation 
13

District, no land development may occur on a to-be-created lot that is undersized. We therefore 

GRANT Opponents and DENY Applicant summary judgment on this issue. 

Conclusion

For all the reasons more fully discussed above, we GRANT Applicant summary 

judgment with regard to the first and second issues raised in the pending cross-motions. In so 

doing, we conclude that Applicant’s proposed retail store is permitted in the HC District, whether 

or not it is also a convenience store, and that Applicant’s proposed drive-in facility is allowed as 

part of a restaurant that is permitted in the HC District. Opponents’ motion for summary 

judgment on these issues is therefore DENIED. 

On the other hand, we GRANT Opponents summary judgment with regard to 

Applicant’s request for conditional use approval for its proposed development, since the 

development is proposed for a to-be-created lot that does not conform to the minimum size 

requirements for all zoning districts in which it is located. Accordingly, we conclude that 

Applicant’s proposed project, as currently configured, cannot receive conditional use approval as 

a matter of law. 

A Judgment Order accompanies this Decision. This completes the current proceedings 

before this Court concerning these appeals. 

Done at Newfane, Vermont, this 16th day of July 2010. 

___________________________________ 

 Thomas S. Durkin, Environmental Judge