# Patent

## Title
Quaternary block-coded high-dimensional modulation for coherent optical communications

## Abstract

A method modulates data for optical communication by first encoding the data using a forward error correction (FEC) encoder to produce encoded data, which are encoded using a block encoder to produce block encoded data such that Lee distances between code words that represent the block encoded data are increased. The block encoded data are mapped to produce mapped data such that Euclidian distances between the constellation points are increased. Then, the mapped data are modulated in a transmitter to a modulated signal for an optical channel.

## Background
RELATED APPLICATION
This U.S. Non-Provisional Patent Application is a Continuation-in-Part of U.S. patent application Ser. No. 13/921,655, “Method and System for Modulating Optical Signals as High-Dimensional Lattice Constellation Points to Increase Tolerance to Noise,” filed by Toshiaki Koike-Akino et al., on Jun. 19, 2013, which is incorporated herein by reference.


FIELD OF THE INVENTION
This invention relates generally to modulating optical signals, and more particularly to modulating the optical signals in multi-dimensions for reliable fiber-optic communications.
BACKGROUND OF THE INVENTION
Optical coherent communication systems are naturally suited for modulation with four-dimensional (4D) signal constellations. Four-dimensional modulation formats can achieve substantial gains compared with conventional formats, such as dual-polarization quaternary phase-shift keying (DP-QPSK) and 16-ary quadrature amplitude modulation (DP-16 QAM). Polarization-switched QPSK (PS-QPSK) and set-partitioned 128-ary QAM (SP-128 QAM) are known to be practical 4D constellations, and they can achieve 1.76 dB and 2.43 dB gains in asymptotic power efficiency, respectively. Gains of up to 1.5 dB can be achieved with forward-error correction (FEC). While some higher-dimensional modulation formats are known, their application to optical communications has been limited to the 4D case because of their increased complexity.
SUMMARY OF THE INVENTION
The embodiments of the invention provide a method and system for modulating an optical signal for reliable fiber-optic communications. The method can use a short block code to increase Hamming and Euclidian distances between constellation points over a high-dimensional lattice representing the data. In one embodiment, the method uses an extended Golay code for a 24-dimensional (24D) hypercube lattice, or a parity code in 8D hypercube lattice. For other dimensions, known near perfect codes can be used in conjunction with cubic lattice constellations. Another embodiment uses nonlinear codes over densest hypersphere lattice constellations.
Rather than the conventional use of these codes for simple error correction in wireless communication and memory systems, the method leverages the codes for their distance properties. The codes maximize the Hamming distance on a base constellation, for which the Hamming distance is linearly proportional to the squared Euclidean distance over a cubic lattice, e.g., a base constellation of binary phase-shift keying (BPSK) on each dimension of the lattice.
In one embodiment, The extended Golay code is used as an example of near-perfect code, the code has a maximal gain for its rate, and provides excellent performance. The method maps codewords of an extended Golay code to a 24D hypercube to achieve a spectral efficiency of 1 bit per second per Hertz/polarization (b/s/Hz/pol). Herein, this format is called as 12-bit 24D Golay coded hypercube (12b-24D-GCHC).
With this modulated signal, the tolerance to additive, white Gaussian noise (AWGN) is better than dual-polarization binary PSK (DP-BPSK) by 3 dB at a bit-error-rate (BER) of 10−3, and 1.9 dB at a BER of 10−2. In nonlinear fiber communications, the method can increase a maximal tolerable span loss of at least 4 dB compared to DP-BPSK and 8 dB compared to DP-QPSK.
In our previous work, data are modulated for optical communication by first encoding the data using a forward error correction (FEC) encoder to produce encoded data. The data are further are encoded using a binary block encoder to produce block encoded data such that Hamming distances between code words that represent the block encoded data are increased. The block encoded data are mapped to produce mapped data such that Euclidian distances between the constellation points are increased. Then, the mapped data are modulated in a transmitter to a modulated signal for an optical channel.
Here, we use high-dimensional modulation for higher spectral efficiency by using high-dimensional modulation based on higher level block coding.



BRIEF DESCRIPTION OF THE DRAWING
FIG. 1 is a block diagram of a system and method for modulating an optical signal according to embodiments of the invention;
FIG. 2 is a block diagram of a mapping according to embodiments of the invention;
FIGS. 3, 4, and 5 compare performances of conventional coding and coding according to according to embodiments of the invention;
FIGS. 6A, 6B and 6C are block diagram example mappings for lattice-based coding according to embodiments of the invention.
FIG. 7A is a block diagram of an optical transmitter according to embodiments of the invention; and
FIG. 7B is a flow diagram of a modulator according to embodiments of the invention.



DETAILED DESCRIPTION OF THE PREFERRED EMBODIMENTS
FIG. 1 shows a system and method for modulating an optical signal according to embodiments of our invention. The system includes a transmitter 100 connected to a receiver 200 by an optical fiber channel 150.
At the transmitter, data from a source 101 is outer encoded 110. The outer encoder adds forward error correction (FEC) redundancy 115. Then, a block encoder is applied to an output of the outer encoder to produce encoded data 125. the block encoding is designed to increase the Hamming distances between constellation points that represent the data. A mapper 130 increases the Euclidian distances between constellation points to produce mapped data 135. Then, the code, in the form of the mapped data can be modulated 140 to a modulated signal that is transmitted through the optical channel 150. The transmission can use dense wavelength-division multiplexing (WDM), multi-mode spatial multiplexing, multi-core spatial multiplexing, sub-carrier signaling, single-carrier signaling, and combination thereof.
At the receiver, the steps of the transmitter are performed in a reverse order, wherein the modulated signal is demoduled, demapped, block-decoding, and FEC decoded to recover the data. Specifically, front-end processing 210 and channel equalization 220 are applied to the received optical modulated signal. A block decision 230 is made to feed the soft-decision information to outer decoding 240 to recover the data for a data sink 102.
24D Modulation Using a Colay-Coded Hypercube
To transmit the optical signal modulated with a 24-dimensional (4D) format over a 4D optical channel, we map a 24D orthogonal signal vector to a 4D optical carrier. To do so, we consider in-phase, quadrature-phase, polarization, and time as orthogonal dimensions.
FIG. 2 shows an example mapping of 24D basis vector (D1, . . . , D24) to the 4D carrier in a time domain, where EXI is the in-phase component of the optical carrier on the horizontal polarization, EXQ is the quadrature component of the optical carrier on the horizontal polarization. EYI is the in-phase component on the vertical polarization, and EYq is the quadrature component on the vertical polarization.
In a Gray-coded hypercube constellation, i.e., a constellation Where each dimension has a value ±1 that is independent of all other dimensions and every dimension is bit-labeled independently, the squared Euclidean distance between constellation points is linearly proportional to the Hamming distance. Therefore, we use a code designed to increase the Hamming distance and the Euclidean distance between constellation points. Taking advantage of this effect, we use the extended Golay code to determine a subset of the 24D hypercube. Then, the subset determines our constellation.
The extended Golay code encodes 12 bits of information into a 24-bit word with a minimum Hamming distance. While this code has been used with an appropriate decoding matrix to correct for errors in wireless communication and memories, we take maximum-likelihood (ML) decisions in 24D to maintain soft information for a forward-error correction (FEC) decoder.
Although conventional ML decisions for a 12 bit word in 24D are usually highly complex, we use a low-complexity demodulation of such formats, e.g., a multiplier free procedure based on correlation metric calculation. In another embodiment, the block decision can be done by using soft-information belief propagation over a graphical representation (factor graph) of the block codes. It is also possible to use a lattice decoding or sphere decoding to reduce the complexity, which enables a practical implementation of the invention for short block sizes and real-time processing.
In 12b-24D-GCHC, the 212 points that correspond to valid extended Golay codewords are our constellation points, from a possible 224 points on the 24D hypercube. The minimum squared Euclidean distance increases by a factor of 8 compared with the 24D hypercube, which has identical performance to that of DP-QPSK, while the mean energy per bit is doubled. Therefore, asymptotic power efficiency is increased by 6 dB compared with the 24D hypercube. Because the constellation is a a subset of the hypercube, the transmitter and receiver can be similar those used with DP-QPSK modulation.
FIG. 3 compares the bit error rate (BER) performance over additive white Gaussian noise (AWGN) channels for noise sensitivity in dB for 12b-24D-GCHC, DP-BPSK/QPSK, PS-QPSK, and a 12b-24D Leech lattice. Surprisingly as an unexpected result, the noise sensitivity is reduced by 3 dB at a BER of 10−3 and by 1.5 dB at a BER of 10−3 against DP-BPSK/QPSK. This is extremely favorably compared to PS-QPSK, which is an optimal 4D format in terms of asymptotic power efficiency, which has a gain over DP-QPSK of 1 dB at a BER of 10−3 and by 0.6 dB at a BER of 10−2. in addition, 12b-24D-GCHC has superior performance than a 12-bit 24D constellation based on spherical cutting of the Leech lattice, which is the densest known lattice in 24D. The performance gain of 12b-24D Leech compared to DP-QPSK is 2.8 dB at a BER of 10−3 and 1.6 dB at a BER of 10−2. This implies that optimization of labeling and packing is difficult for such high-dimensional modulations, and that our hypercube lattice with linear codes can resolve its difficulty.
FIG. 4 shows span loss budget for 50-span transmission link with a target BER of 10−3 with 95% inline dispersion compensation per span, and FIG. 5 without inline dispersion compensation.
8D Modulation Using a Single Parity-Check Coded Hypercube
Another embodiment uses a single parity-check code to increase the Hamming distance for 8D hypercube lattice modulations. The 7-bit data are encoded by a block encoder to generate 8-bit coded word. Each bit is modulated by BPSK per dimension, and then 8-dimensional BPSK mapped to the 4D optical carrier. The decoder procedure is same as the previous embodiment. The benefit of the 8D modulation is lower complex in both the encoder and the decoder.
Higher-Dimensional Hypercube Lattice Modulation Using Near-Perfect Block Codes
Another embodiment uses near-perfect block codes, which offers the maximum possible Hamming distance over the hypercube lattice for a target data rate and dimensions. Near-perfect block codes include linear and nonlinear codes, or combinations of near-perfect codes. Using hypercube lattice, the increase of the Hamming distance can lead to the increase of Euclidean distance.
Higher-dimensional lattice modulation can achieve better decoding for signals subject to linear and nonlinear noise.
In an alternative embodiment, we map the constellation to the 4D optical carrier using a densest hypersphere lattice. The block code is designed by greedy sphere cutting to sequentially select the closes points over high-dimensional lattice point.
Mapping High-Dimensional Lattice Constellations onto Optical Carriers
To map high-dimensional lattice constellations, it is possible to use other mapping methods than the one shown in FIG. 6A. As other embodiments, example mapping are shown in FIGS. 6B and 6C. FIG. 6B has a benefit that each polarization signals become independent, and hence, it is more resistant to undesired polarization skewnes. FIG. 6C has an advantage that no precise 4D signal generator is required.
In another embodiment, other orthogonal bases, such as different frequency domain subcarriers, wavelengths, different fiber cores and spatial modes, can be used to map multi-dimensional constellations. The constellations can represent the data modulated by modulation scheme, such as quadrature amplitude modulation (QAM) and phase-shift keying (PSK). The constellation represents the data as a multi-dimensional scatter diagram in a complex plane at sampling instants.
Spatial-division multiplexing for optical communication on a 24D channel with 12 spatial and polarization modes is also suitable for 24D Golay-coded modulation. In this preferred embodiment, we use a 24D basis including six consecutive 4D symbols in time. Other possible mappings have similar performance in a linear regime.
Labeling Optimization to Minimize BER
The block-coded lattice modulation can maximize the minimal Euclidean distance over multiple bits, although there is no guarantee to minimize the BER. In the invention, an eigenvalue decomposion of the pairwise error probability matrix is used to minimize the union bound of the BER at a target signal to noise ratio (SNR). The method first determines the pairwise error probability between all possible lattice constellations. Using a graph spectrum technique, only a small number of dominant eigenvectors can be obtained by eigenvalue decomposition of nonnegative matrix, i.e., a pairwise error probability table. The eigenvectors can partition the bit labeling by its sign. After the eigen set-partitioning, simulated annealing (SA) is used to refine the labeling to minimize the BER.
FEC Optimization for High-Dimensional Lattice Modulations
The method of the invention uses different FEC codes for different modulations. Using extrinsic information transfer (EXIT) chart analysis of LDPC codes, the edge degree distribution can be optimized for different high-dimensional modulations. Rather than fitting the EXIT curves conventionally, the invention uses a mutual information trajectory for practical finite iteration decoding. In one embodiments, the FEC codes can have the LDPC code with a concatenation of another algebraic codes such as BCH and Reed-Solomon (RS) codes. The LDPC optimization directly takes into account the error correction capability of the algebraic codes to design the degree distribution. This modification can enhance the performance by excluding the constraint of EXIT curve convergence at high SNR regimes.
To improve performance further, one embodiment feeds soft-decision information 135 back from the FEC decoder to a short block-coded modulation decoder. This turbo iteration can reduce the remaining errors, although the complexity can increase.
High-Dimensional Modulation Format Design and Quaternary Block Coding
FIG. 7A shows an example optical transmitter that uses 8-D modulation for 12 bit codes (b1, . . . , b12).
The bits are received from an encoder for serial to parallel conversion 701. This is followed by modulation 702 to (D1, . . . , D8), 4-D mapping 703, and digital to analog conversion 704, which are low pass filtered (LPF) 705. The filtered signal is I/Q modulated 706 for a transmission (TX) laser 707.
In greater detail for p=12 bits per symbol, a high-dimensional modulation maps p-digit encoded binary codewords to 2p points in an N dimensional space, yielding p/N bits, symbol or dimension spectral efficiency (SE). Thus, the design constitutes determination of (i) locations of 2p constellation points in the N dimensional space, and (ii) corresponding p-digit binary labelings.
Hybrid modulation in a form of serially allocated multiple simple sub-formats inside a ‘supersymbol’ is one approach for high-dimensional modulation. Proportion of the sub-formats is adjusted for a given p/N, where N is determined by a size of the supersymbol, and a constellation is formed by the constellations of the sub-formats, with an average power adjusted for the target bit error ratio (BER). Here, we consider hybrid modulation formats obtained by DP-QPSK and DP-8 QAM sub-formats yielding overall SE between 1 and 1.5 per bits, symbol or dimension.
Another high-dimensional modulation is spherical lattice cutting, where 2p symbol points are determined from an infinite size densest lattice in the N dimensional space to minimize the average constellation energy. For corresponding binary labelings of each constellation point, a random search method is used Inside a conventional DP transmitter, spherical lattice-cut modulation is implemented by a look-up table of size 2p by N.
Short length block codes constitute the third high-dimensional modulation approach. Implementation of 4-D PS-QPSK by length-4 binary single-parity check code is an example. Assuming 1 signal levels per dimension, the block code should have a block length N and message length p/l for a target SE.
Here, focusing on quaternary block codes, we restrict l=4 yielding a SE of less than 2 bits/symbol/dimension. Similar to dependence of constellation's minimum Euclidean distance on a minimum Hamming distance of the code for binary block coded modulation. For quaternary codes, we select codes with a maximum minimum Lee distance. The Lee distance is a distance between two strings x1x2 . . . xn and y1y2 . . . yn of equal length n over the q-ary alphabet {0, 1, . . . , q−1} of size q≧2. It is a metric, is defined as




  
    ∑
    
      i
      =
      1
    
    n
  
  ⁢
  
    
  
  ⁢
  
    
      min
      ⁡
      
        (
        
          
            
            
              
                x
                i
              
              -
              
                y
                i
              
            
            
          
          ,
          
            q
            -
            
              
              
                
                  x
                  i
                
                -
                
                  y
                  i
                
              
              
            
          
        
        )
      
    
    .
  




If q=2 the Lee distance coincides with the Hamming distance. However, in this case we are interested in codes other than binary codes.
A sufficiently small N is desired because maximum-likelihood demodulation complexity scales O(N·2p).
An example quaternary block coded high-dimensional modulation includes stages as shown in FIG. 7B. The example uses 12 bits 710 as shown in FIG. 7A.
Quaternary symbol mapping—720: Encoded bits b 710 are mapped 720 to quaternary symbols s 725 by a 4-PAM Gray mapper function

G:(b2m,b2m+1)→sm,

for m=1, . . . , p/2.

2) Quaternary block coding 730: Redundancy is added to the quaternary symbol block code 730 as [s1 . . . sN]T=Q[s1 . . . sp/2]T (mod 4) 740, where Q is the quaternary generator matrix corresponding to quaternary [N, p/2, h] code with a minimum Lee distance h.
3) I/Q mapping—750: Zero-mean quaternary encoded blocks [D1 . . . DN]T=[s1−1.5 . . . sN−1.5]T are mapped to I/Q dimensions as complex constellation points 760.
Effect of the Invention
In a low launch power regimes, where linear propagation effects are dominant, quaternary block-coded and spherical lattice-cut formats provide gains up to 0.5 dB with respect to hybrid modulation formats, as expected from an additive white Gaussian noise (AWGN) channel. With the dominance of nonlinearity, performance improvements become more significant, especially for higher SE.
DP-QPSK is resistant to nonlinearity because of a high noise margin and low peaks-to-average power ratio, whereas, DP-8 QAM significantly suffers from nonlinearity. Thus, hybrid modulation formats yield worse achievable optimum performance and higher susceptibility to a high signal power.
In contrast, quaternary block-coded and spherical lattice-cut formats have higher noise margins and nonlinearity tolerance, yielding up to 1.3 dB improvements for the optimum span loss budget compared to hybrid modulation formats with the same SE. Spherical, lattice-cut modulations can be observed, to have similar performances with quaternary coded modulations until the optimum launch power for many SE cases. Yet, spherical lattice-cut modulation formats have very nonuniform power distribution, resulting in substantial susceptibility to nonlinearity beyond the optimum launch power.
In summary, quaternary block-coded modulation formats have low implementation complexity, high noise margin and high nonlinearity tolerance, that render these codes as candidates for next generation capacity approaching ultra-long haul systems.
Although the invention has been described by way of examples of preferred embodiments, it is to be understood that various other adaptations and modifications can be made within the spirit and scope of the invention. Therefore, it is the object of the appended claims to cover all such variations and modifications as come within the true spirit and scope of the invention.

## Claims

1. A method for modulating data for optical communication, comprising:
encoding the data using a forward error correction (FEC) encoder to produce encoded data;
encoding the encoded data using a block encoder to produce block encoded data such that Lee distances between constellation points that represent the block encoded data are increased;
mapping the block encoded data to produce mapped data such that Euclidian distances between the constellation points are increased; and
modulating, in a transmitter, the mapped data to a modulated signal for an optical channel.

2. The method of claim 1, wherein the block encoder uses non-binary codes.

3. The method of claim 1, wherein the block encoder uses nonlinear binary codes.

4. The method of claim 1, wherein the block encoder uses quaternary block codes.

5. The method of claim 1, wherein the mapping uses any combinations of orthogonal bases, including polarization, phase, time, frequency wavelength, spatial mode, and fiber core.

6. The method of claim 1, further comprising:
demodulating, demapping, block-decoding, and FEC decoding the modulated signal in a receiver to recover the data.

7. A system for modulating data for optical communication, comprising:
a forward error correction (FEC) encoder configured to produce encoded data from the data;
a block encoder configured to produce block encoded data such that Lee distances between constellation points that represent the block encoded data are increased;
a mapper configure to produce mapped data from the block encoded data such that Euclidian distances between the constellation points are increased;
a transmitter configured to modulate the mapped data to a modulated signal for an optical channel.

8. The method of claim 7, wherein the block encoder uses non-binary codes.

9. The method of claim 7, wherein the block encoder uses nonlinear binary codes.