FI L ED

U.S. COURT OF APPEAL S

EL EVENTH CI RCUI T

FEB 11, 2011

J OHN L EY

CL ERK [ P U B L I S H ]

I N T H E U N I T E D S T A T E S C O U R T O F A P P E A L S

F O R T H E E L E V E N T H C I R C U I T

_ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _

N o

. 0 9

- 1 5 7 2 8

_ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _

D

. C

. D o c k e t N o

. 0 8

- 0 0 4 0 2

- C R

- J

- 2 0

- M C R

U N I T E D S T A T E S O F A M E R I C A

,

P l a i n t i f f

- A p p e l l e e ,

v e r s u s

T H E O D O R E D

. L O C K L E Y

,

a

. k

. a

. T e d d y ,

D e f e n d a n t

- A p p e l l a n t

.

_ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _

A p p e a l f r o m t h e U n i t e d S t a t e s D i s t r i c t C o u r t

f o r t h e M i d d l e D i s t r i c t o f F l o r i d a

_ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _

( F e b r u a r y 1 1

, 2 0 1 1 )

B e f o r e T J O F L A T

, C A R N E S a n d H I L L

, C i r c u i t J u d g e s

.

T J O F L A T

, C i r c u i t J u d g e :

T h e o d o r e D

. L o c k l e y a p p e a l s h i s 1 8 0

- m o n t h s e n t e n c e a f t e r p l e a d i n g g u i l t yt o c o n s p i r i n g t o p o s s e s w i t h i n t e n t t o d i s t r i b u t e 5 0 0 g r a m s o r m o r e o f c o c a i n e , i n

v i o l a t i o n o f 2 1 U

. S

. C

. § 8 4 6

. O n a p p e a l

, L o c k l e y a r g u e s t h a t t h e d i s t r i c t c o u r t

e r r e d i n e n h a n c i n g h i s s e n t e n c e u n d e r t h e c a r e e r o f f e n d e r p r o v i s i o n , U n i t e d S t a t e s

S e n t e n c i n g C o m m i s s i o n , G u i d e l i n e s M a n u a l

, § 4 B 1

. 1 ( a ) ( N o v

. 1

, 2 0 0 8 )

, b e c a u s e

h i s p r i o r c o n v i c t i o n f

o r a t t e m p t e d r o b b e r y i n v i o l a t i o n o f F l a

. S t a t

. § § 8 1 2

. 1 3 ( 1 )

a n d 7 7 7

. 0 4 ( 1 ) w a s n o t a “ c r i m e o f v i o l e n c e ” u n d e r § 4 B 1

. 2

.

W e r e v i e w d e n o v o w h e t h e r a p r i o r c o n v i c t i o n q u a l i f i e s a s a “ c r i m e o f

v i o l e n c e ” u n d e r t h e S e n t e n c i n g G u i d e l i n e s

. U n i t e d S t a t e s v

. P a l o m i n o G a r c i a , 6 0 6

F

. 3 d 1 3 1 7

, 1 3 2 6 ( 1 1 t h C i r

. 2 0 1 0 )

. “ [ I ] n d e t e r m i n i n g w h e t h e r a p r i o r c o n v i c t i o n i s

a q u a l i f y i n g o f f e n s e f o r e n h a n c e m e n t p u r p o s e s , w e a p p l y a ‘ c a t e g o r i c a l ’

a p p r o a c h

— t h a t i s , w e l o o k n o f u r t h e r t h a n t h e f

a c t o f c o n v i c t i o n a n d t h e s t a t u t o r y

d e f i n i t i o n o f t h e p r i o r o f

f e n s e

. ” U n i t e d S t a t e s v

. L l a n o s

- A g o s t a d e r o , 4 8 6 F

. 3 d

1 1 9 4

, 1 1 9 6

– 9 7 ( 1 1 t h C i r

. 2 0 0 7 ) ( c i t a t i o n s o m i t t e d )

, c e r t

. d e n i e d

- - - U

. S

. - - - - , 1 2 9 S

.

C t

. 9 0 2

, 1 7 3 L

. E d

. 2 d 1 1 9 ( 2 0 0 9 )

. A c o u r t m a y e x a m i n e t h e u n d e r l y i n g f a c t s o f

t h e c o n v i c t i o n o n l y i f “ a m b i g u i t i e s i n t h e j u d g m e n t m a k e t h e c r i m e o f v i o l e n c e

d e t e r m i n a t i o n i m p o s s i b l e f r o m t h e f a c e o f t h e j u d g m e n t i t s e l f

. ” U n i t e d S t a t e s v

.

H a r r i s , 5 8 6 F

. 3 d 1 2 8 3

, 1 2 8 6 n

. 1 ( 1 1 t h C i r

. 2 0 0 9 ) ( q u o t i n g U n i t e d S t a t e s v

.

B e c k l e s , 5 6 5 F

. 3 d 8 3 2

, 8 4 2

– 4 3 ( 1 1 t h C i r

. 2 0 0 9 ) )

. I n t h e p r e s e n t c a s e , w e a r e a b l e

t o m a k e t h e “ c r i m e o f v i o l e n c e ” d e t e r m i n a t i o n f r o m t h e f a c e o f F l o r i d a ’ s r o b b e r y

2a n d a t t e m p t s t a t u t e s

. W e t h e r e f o r e d i s r e g a r d t h e f

a c t s o f t h e u n d e r l y i n g c o n v i c t i o n

a n d l o o k o n l y t o t h e e l e m e n t s o f L o c k l e y ’ s p r i o r c o n v i c t i o n

.

U n d e r t h e G u i d e l i n e s , a d e f e n d a n t i s e l i g i b l e f

o r t h e c a r e e r o f

f e n d e r

e n h a n c e m e n t i f : ( 1 ) h e i s a t l e a s t 1 8 y e a r s o l d a t t h e t i m e o f t h e c o m m i s s i o n o f t h e

o f f e n s e o f c o n v i c t i o n ; ( 2 ) t h e o f f e n s e o f c o n v i c t i o n i s a f e l o n y c r i m e o f v i o l e n c e o r

c o n t r o l l e d s u b s t a n c e o f

f e n s e ; a n d ( 3 ) h e h a s a t l e a s t t w o p r i o r f e l o n y c o n v i c t i o n s

f o r a c r i m e o f v i o l e n c e o r c o n t r o l l e d s u b s t a n c e o f f e n s e

. U

. S

. S

. G

. § 4 B 1

. 1 ( a )

. A 1

“ c r i m e o f v i o l e n c e ” i s d e f i n e d i n t h e G u i d e l i n e s a s

a n y o f f e n s e u n d e r f

e d e r a l o r s t a t e l a w , p u n i s h a b l e b y i m p r i s o n m e n t

f o r a t e r m e x c e e d i n g o n e y e a r , t h a t

– ( 1 ) h a s a s a n e l e m e n t t h e u s e , a t t e m p t e d u s e , o r

t h r e a t e n e d u s e o f p h y s i c a l f o r c e a g a i n s t t h e p e r s o n o f

a n o t h e r [ ( “ t h e e l e m e n t s c l a u s e ” ) ]

, o r ( 2 ) i s b u r g l a r y o f a d w e l l i n g , a r s o n , o r e x t o r t i o n , i n v o l v e s

t h e u s e o f e x p l o s i v e s , o r o t h e r w i s e i n v o l v e s c o n d u c t t h a t

p r e s e n t s a s e r i o u s p o t e n t i a l r i s k o f p h y s i c a l i n j u r y t o

a n o t h e r [ ( “ t h e r e s i d u a l c l a u s e ” ) ]

.

U

. S

. S

. G

. § 4 B 1

. 2 ( a )

.

C o m m e n t a r y t o t h e G u i d e l i n e s p r o v i d e s f u r t h e r d e f

i n i t i o n a l g u i d a n c e :

F o r p u r p o s e s o f t h i s g u i d e l i n e

–

L ockley has two prior f

elony convictions: (1) the 2001 c onviction for attempted 1

robber y at issue her e; and ( 2) a 2004 c onviction for possession of c ocaine with intent to sell i n violation of Fla. Stat. § 893.13(1) (a) . He doe s not challeng e the a pplication of the Guide lines’s

car eer offe nder pr ovision to t he possession with intent to sell conviction. As such, we only

conce rn ourse lves with the attempted robbe ry conviction.

3“ C r i m e o f v i o l e n c e ” a n d “ c o n t r o l l e d s u b s t a n c e o f f e n s e ” i n c l u d e t h e

o f f e n s e s o f a i d i n g a n d a b e t t i n g , c o n s p i r i n g , a n d a t t e m p t i n g t o c o m m i t

s u c h o f f e n s e s

.

“ C r i m e o f v i o l e n c e ” i n c l u d e s m u r d e r , m a n s l a u g h t e r , k i d n a p p i n g ,

a g g r a v a t e d a s s a u l t

, f

o r c i b l e s e x o f

f e n s e s , r o b b e r y , a r s o n , e x t o r t i o n ,

e x t o r t i o n a t e e x t e n s i o n o f c r e d i t

, a n d b u r g l a r y o f a d w e l l i n g

. O t h e r

o f f e n s e s a r e i n c l u d e d a s “ c r i m e s o f v i o l e n c e ” i f ( A ) t h a t o f f e n s e h a s a s

a n e l e m e n t t h e u s e , a t t e m p t e d u s e , o r t h r e a t e n e d u s e o f p h y s i c a l f o r c e

a g a i n s t t h e p e r s o n o f a n o t h e r , o r ( B ) t h e c o n d u c t s e t f o r t h ( i

. e

. ,

e x p r e s s l y c h a r g e d ) i n t h e c o u n t o f w h i c h t h e d e f e n d a n t w a s c o n v i c t e d

i n v o l v e d u s e o f e x p l o s i v e s ( i n c l u d i n g a n y e x p l o s i v e m a t e r i a l o r
d e s t r u c t i v e d e v i c e ) o r , b y i t s n a t u r e , p r e s e n t e d a s e r i o u s r i s k o f

p h y s i c a l i n

j u r y t o a n o t h e r

.

U

. S

. S

. G

. § 4 B 1

. 2

, c o m m e n t

. ( n

. 1 ) ( e m p h a s i s a d d e d )

. W e r e c o g n i z e t h a t t h i s

d e f i n i t i o n i s d i s

j u n c t i v e

. F o r t h a t r e a s o n , a p r i o r c o n v i c t i o n q u a l i f i e s a s a “ c r i m e o f

v i o l e n c e ” i f a n y o f t h e f o l l o w i n g a r e t r u e : ( 1 ) t h e d e f e n d a n t w a s c o n v i c t e d o f

c o m m i t t i n g , a i d i n g o r a b e t t i n g t h e c o m m i s s i o n o f

, c o n s p i r i n g t o c o m m i t

, o r

a t t e m p t i n g t o c o m m i t

, a n e n u m e r a t e d o f f e n s e ; ( 2 ) t h e u s e , a t t e m p t e d u s e , o r

t h r e a t e n e d u s e o f p h y s i c a l f o r c e a g a i n s t a n o t h e r w a s a n e l e m e n t o f t h e o f f e n s e ; o r

( 3 ) t h e c o n d u c t f

o r w h i c h t h e d e f

e n d a n t w a s c o n v i c t e d p r e s e n t e d a s e r i o u s r i s k o f

p h y s i c a l i n

j u r y t o a n o t h e r p e r s o n

. S e e , e

. g

. , U n i t e d S t a t e s v

. W i l s o n , 3 9 2 F

. 3 d 2

L ockley arg ues, in part, that the G uidelines’ def inition of “crime of

violence” is vag ue 2

and that the district cour

t, under the r

ule of lenity , should have de clined to apply the ca ree r offe nder e nhance ment on due proc ess g rounds. Thoug h the outer pa rame ters of § 4B 1.2(a) ’s

“cr ime of violence ” def

inition have not been e stablished, L ockley ’s prior c onviction for attempted robbe ry

falls square ly

within those parame ters. The district court conse quently committed no due proc ess violation. See United States v. Camac ho-I barque n, 410 F.3d 1307, 1315 (11th Cir. 2005) (re fusing to apply the rule of

lenity upon finding § 2L 1.2 unambig uous afte r applica tion of the “norma l rules of [statutory ] construction”) (c iting United States v. Jeter,

41 2 4 3

, 1 2 4 5

– 4 6 ( 1 1 t h C i r

. 2 0 0 4 ) ( i n t e r p r e t i n g t h e n e a r l y

- i d e n t i c a l “ c r i m e o f

v i o l e n c e ” p r o v i s i o n i n U

. S

. S

. G

. § 2 L 1

. 2 i n t h e d i s j u n c t i v e )

.

T h e G o v e r n m e n t p r o c e e d s u n d e r a l l t h r e e a v e n u e s

. W e w i l l c o n s i d e r t h e m

i n t u r n , b e g i n n i n g w i t h t h e p r o p o s i t i o n t h a t L o c k l e y ’ s p r i o r a t t e m p t e d r o b b e r y

c o n v i c t i o n q u a l i f

i e s a s a “ c r i m e o f v i o l e n c e ” b e c a u s e r o b b e r y i s a n e n u m e r a t e d

o f f e n s e

. L o c k l e y c o u n t e r s t h e G o v e r n m e n t ’ s p o s i t i o n b y c l a i m i n g t h a t t h e F l o r i d a

r o b b e r y s t a t u t e i n q u e s t i o n i s n o n

- g e n e r i c

— m e a n i n g i t i s b r o a d e r t h a n t h e g e n e r i c

d e f i n i t i o n o f r o b b e r y

— i n t h a t i t c r i m i n a l i z e s t h e u s e o f i n t i m i d a t i o n o r f e a r , n o t

m e r e l y f o r c e o r v i o l e n c e , t o o b t a i n t h e p r o p e r t y o f a n o t h e r

. L o c k l e y t h u s u r g e s u s

t o f i n d t h a t F l o r i d a ’ s r o b b e r y s t a t u t e d e f i e s o u r c a t e g o r i c a l a p p r o a c h

, v a c a t e t h e

d i s t r i c t c o u r t ’ s s e n t e n c e , a n d r e m a n d f o r r e s e n t e n c i n g

.

W h e r e , a s h e r e , t h e G u i d e l i n e s s p e c i f i c a l l y d e s i g n a t e a c e r t a i n o f f e n s e a s a

“ c r i m e o f v i o l e n c e , ” w e c o m p a r e t h e e l e m e n t s o f t h e c r i m e o f c o n v i c t i o n t o t h e

g e n e r i c f o r m o f t h e o f

f e n s e a s d e f

i n e d b y t h e S t a t e s , l e a r n e d t r e a t i s e s , a n d t h e

M o d e l P e n a l C o d e

. P a l o m i n o G a r c i a , 6 0 6 F

. 3 d a t 1 3 3 1 ( a p p l y i n g T a y l o r v

. U n i t e d

S t a t e s , 4 9 5 U

. S

. 5 7 5

, 1 1 0 S

. C t

. 2 1 4 3

, 1 0 9 L

. E d

. 2 d 6 0 7 ( 1 9 9 0 ) )

. T h a t i s , w e

329 F.3d 1229, 1230 ( 11th Cir. 2003) and Holloway v. United States, 526 U.S. 1, 12 n.14, 119 S. Ct. 966, 972 n.14, 143 L . Ed. 2d 1 (1999) ( “We have repe atedly stated that the rule of lenity applies only

if, afte r seizing e very

thing f rom which a id can be derive d, we c an make no more than a g uess as to wha t Congre ss intended.” ( internal quotation and ma rks omitted))); see also United States v. Unthank, 109 F .3d 1205, 1211–12 (7th Cir. 1997) (finding the rule of lenity inapplicable to a

§ 4B1.2( a) e nhance ment for a prior extortion conviction).

5d i s r e g a r d t h e l a b e l p l a c e d o n t h e s t a t e c r i m e a n d l o o k t o w h e t h e r t h e c o n d u c t

n e c e s s a r i l y p r o v e n a s a p r e r e q u i s i t e f o r L o c k l e y ’ s c o n v i c t i o n u n d e r F l o r i d a l a w i s a

n a t u r a l e q u i v a l e n t t o t h e o f f e n s e a s e n v i s i o n e d b y t h e G u i d e l i n e s ’ d r a f t e r s

. I d

. a t

1 3 3 0

– 3 1

. I f F l a

. S t a t

. § 8 1 2

. 1 3 ( 1 ) f o l l o w s t h e g e n e r i c d e f

i n i t i o n o f r o b b e r y w i t h

o n l y m i n o r v a r i a t i o n s , o r i s n a r r o w e r t h a n t h e g e n e r i c o f f e n s e , w e w i l l u p h o l d t h e

d i s t r i c t c o u r t ’ s a p p l i c a t i o n o f t h e c a r e e r o f f e n d e r e n h a n c e m e n t

. T a y l o r , 4 9 5 U

. S

. a t

5 9 9

, 1 1 0 S

. C t

. a t 2 1 5 8

. I f

, h o w e v e r , F l o r i d a ’ s d e f i n i t i o n i s b r o a d e r t h a n g e n e r i c

r o b b e r y , L o c k l e y ’ s p r i o r c o n v i c t i o n c a n n o t s e r v e a s a p r e d i c a t e , u n d e r t h e

c a t e g o r i c a l a p p r o a c h

, f

o r t h e e n h a n c e m e n t

. I d

. a t 5 9 9

– 6 0 2

, 1 1 0 S

. C t

. a t 2 1 5 8

– 6 0

.

A s e x p l a i n e d b e l o w , w e f i n d t h a t § 8 1 2

. 1 3 ( 1 ) i s t h e e q u i v a l e n t o f t h e g e n e r i c f o r m

o f r o b b e r y

. A s a r e s u l t

, w e c a n n o t d o a s L o c k l e y a s k s

.

S e c t i o n 8 1 2

. 1 3 d e f

i n e s “ r o b b e r y ” a s

t h e t a k i n g o f m o n e y o r o t h e r p r o p e r t y w h i c h m a y b e t h e s u b j e c t o f

l a r c e n y f r o m t h e p e r s o n o r c u s t o d y o f a n o t h e r , w i t h t h e i n t e n t t o e i t h e r

p e r m a n e n t l y o r t e m p o r a r i l y d e p r i v e t h e p e r s o n o r t h e o w n e r o f t h e

m o n e y o r o t h e r p r o p e r t y , w h e n i n t h e c o u r s e o f t h e t a k i n g t h e r e i s t h e

u s e o f f o r c e , v i o l e n c e , a s s a u l t

, o r p u t t i n g i n f e a r

.

F l a

. S t a t

. § 8 1 2

. 1 3 ( 1 )

. T h e t a k i n g r e f e r r e d t o

m u s t b e b y t h e u s e o f f

o r c e o r v i o l e n c e o r b y a s s a u l t s o a s t o o v e r c o m e

t h e r e s i s t e n c e o f t h e v i c t i m , o r b y p u t t i n g t h e v i c t i m i n f e a r s o t h a t t h e

v i c t i m d o e s n o t r e s i s t

.

6F l a

. S t d

. J u r y I n s t r

. ( C r i m

. ) 1 5

. 1

. T h e p r o p e r t y t a k e n n e e d n o t b e t a k e n f r o m t h e 3

a c t u a l p e r s o n o f t h e v i c t i m , b u t m u s t b e s u f f i c i e n t l y u n d e r h i s c o n t r o l “ s o t h a t i t

c a n n o t b e t a k e n w i t h o u t t h e u s e o f f o r c e , v i o l e n c e , o r i n t i m i d a t i o n d i r e c t e d a g a i n s t

t h e v i c t i m

. ” I d

. A s s a u l t

, i n t u r n , i s d e f i n e d a s “ a n i n t e n t i o n a l

, u n l a w f u l t h r e a t b y

w o r d o r a c t t o d o v i o l e n c e t o t h e p e r s o n o f a n o t h e r , c o u p l e d w i t h a n a p p a r e n t

a b i l i t y t o d o s o , a n d d o i n g s o m e a c t w h i c h c r e a t e s a w e l l

- f o u n d e d f e a r i n s u c h o t h e r

p e r s o n t h a t s u c h v i o l e n c e i s i m m i n e n t

. ” F l a

. S t a t

. § 7 8 4

. 0 1 1 ( 1 )

. A n d

, “ [ t ] h e f e a r

c o n t e m p l a t e d b y t h e s t a t u t e i s t h e f e a r o f d e a t h o r g r e a t b o d i l y h a r m

. ” M a g n o t t i v

.

S t a t e , 8 4 2 S o

. 2 d 9 6 3

, 9 6 5 ( F l a

. 4 t h D i s t

. C t

. A p p

. 2 0 0 3 ) ( i n t e r n a l q u o t a t i o n m a r k s

o m i t t e d )

.

F o r o u r p u r p o s e , t h e n , c o m m i s s i o n o f r o b b e r y i n v i o l a t i o n o f F l a

. S t a t

.

§ 8 1 2

. 1 3 ( 1 ) n e c e s s a r i l y r e q u i r e s t h a t t h e d e f e n d a n t ( 1 ) c o m m i t a t a k i n g o f m o n e y

o r o t h e r p r o p e r t y f

r o m a n o t h e r p e r s o n o r i n t h e c u s t o d y o f a n o t h e r p e r s o n ( 2 ) w i t h

t h e i n t e n t t o p e r m a n e n t l y o r t e m p o r a r i l y d e p r i v e t h e p e r s o n o f t h e m o n e y o r

p r o p e r t y o r a n y b e n e f

i t t h e r e o f ( 3 ) u s i n g f

o r c e , v i o l e n c e , o r a n i n t e n t i o n a l t h r e a t o f

i m m i n e n t f

o r c e o r v i o l e n c e a g a i n s t a n o t h e r c o u p l e d w i t h a n a p p a r e n t a b i l i t y t o u s e

t h a t f o r c e o r v i o l e n c e , o r b y c a u s i n g t h e p e r s o n t o f e a r d e a t h o r g r e a t b o d i l y h a r m

The F lorida Standard Jury I nstructions mirror the F lorida Supreme Court’ s decision in 3

Robinson v. S tate, 692 So. 2d 883 (F la. 1997), whic h found two wa y s to commit robbery

under § 812.13(1): a taking by

means of e ither “( 1) for ce or violence,” or “( 2) intimidation by assault or putting in fe ar.” I d. at 886.

7( 4 ) w h e r e t h e m o n e y o r p r o p e r t y h a s v a l u e

. S e e F l a

. S t d

. J u r y I n s t r

. ( C r i m

. ) 1 5

. 1

.

T h e s e e l e m e n t s h e w a l m o s t e x a c t l y t o t h e g e n e r i c d e f i n i t i o n o f r o b b e r y

.

“ [ T ] h e g e n e r i c f

o r m o f r o b b e r y ‘ m a y b e t h o u g h t o f a s a g g r a v a t e d l a r c e n y , ’

c o n t a i n i n g a t l e a s t t h e e l e m e n t s o f ‘ m i s a p p r o p r i a t i o n o f p r o p e r t y u n d e r

c i r c u m s t a n c e s i n v o l v i n g [ i m m e d i a t e ] d a n g e r t o t h e p e r s o n

. ” U n i t e d S t a t e s v

.

S a n t i e s t e b a n

- H e r n a n d e z , 4 6 9 F

. 3 d 3 7 6

, 3 8 0 ( 5 t h C i r

. 2 0 0 6 ) ( q u o t i n g W a y n e

L e F a v e , S u b s t a n t i v e C r i m i n a l L a w § 2 0

. 3 i n t r o

. , ( d ) ( 2 ) ( 2 d e d

. 2 0 0 3 ) ( a l t e r a t i o n i n

o r i g i n a l ) )

. T h e r e i s , n e v e r t h e l e s s , a t l e a s t s o m e s u b t l e v a r i a t i o n i n t h e b r e a d t h o f

t h a t d e f i n i t i o n , a n d i t i s u p o n t h i s v a r i a t i o n t h a t L o c k l e y m a k e s h i s c a s e

. “ T h e

m a j o r i t y o f s t a t e s r e q u i r e p r o p e r t y t o b e t a k e n f r o m a p e r s o n o r a p e r s o n ’ s p r e s e n c e

b y m e a n s o f f

o r c e o r p u t t i n g i n f

e a r

. ” I d

. ; s e e a l s o i d

. a t 3 8 0 n

. 5 ( c o l l e c t i n g s t a t u t e s

a n d d e t e r m i n i n g t h a t t h i r t y

- e i g h t s t a t e s a n d t h e D i s t r i c t o f C o l u m b i a h a v e a d o p t e d a

d e f i n i t i o n o f r o b b e r y w h i c h i n c l u d e s e i t h e r f e a r o r i n t i m i d a t i o n )

. U n d e r t h e

m a j o r i t y ’ s d e f

i n i t i o n , t h e r e n e e d n o t b e a d i r e c t t h r e a t t o t h e p e r s o n o f

a n o t h e r

— i n s t e a d

, i n t i m i d a t i o n o r “ p u t t i n g i n f e a r ” o f p o t e n t i a l i n

j u r y s u f f i c e s

. S e e ,

e

. g

. , U n i t e d S t a t e s v

. B e c e r r i l

- L o p e z , 5 4 1 F

. 3 d 8 8 1

, 8 9 0

– 9 1 ( 9 t h C i r

. 2 0 0 8 )

( i n t e r p r e t i n g C a l i f

o r n i a P e n a l C o d e r o b b e r y s t a t u t e , § 2 1 1

, w h i c h c r i m i n a l i z e s a

t a k i n g “ a c c o m p l i s h e d b y m e a n s o f f o r c e o r f e a r , ” a n d § 2 1 2

, w h i c h d e f i n e s f e a r , i n

r e l e v a n t p a r t

, a s “ [ t ] h e f

e a r o f a n i m m e d i a t e a n d u n l a w f u l i n j u r y t o t h e p e r s o n o r

8p r o p e r t y o f a n y o n e i n t h e c o m p a n y o f t h e p e r s o n r o b b e d ” ( e m p h a s i s a d d e d ) )

. 4

A s m a l l m i n o r i t y o f s t a t e s a n d t h e M o d e l P e n a l C o d e , h o w e v e r , “ d e f i n e

‘ r o b b e r y ’ i n t e r m s o f ‘ b o d i l y i n j u r y ’ o r ‘ c o m m i t t i n g v i o l e n c e ’ o r ‘ p h y s i c a l h a r m , ’ ”

o r s o m e a m a l g a m o f t h o s e t e r m s a n d t h e m a j o r i t y d e f

i n i t i o n

. S a n t i e s t e b a n

H e r n a n d e z , 4 6 9 F

. 3 d a t 3 8 0 n

. 6 ( c o l l e c t i n g s t a t u t e s )

. T h e s e j u r i s d i c t i o n s r e q u i r e

s o m e t h i n g m o r e t h a n m e r e i n t i m i d a t i o n o r u n d i f f e r e n t i a t e d f

e a r ; t h e d e f

e n d a n t

m u s t d i r e c t l y t h r e a t e n t h e v i c t i m ’ s b o d i l y i n t e g r i t y

. E

. g

. , M o d e l P e n a l C o d e

§ 2 2 2

. 1 ( 1 ) ( “ A p e r s o n i s g u i l t y o f r o b b e r y i f

, i n t h e c o u r s e o f c o m m i t t i n g a t h e f t

,

h e : ( 1 ) i n f

l i c t s s e r i o u s b o d i l y i n

j u r y u p o n a n o t h e r ; o r ( b ) t h r e a t e n s a n o t h e r w i t h o r

p u r p o s e l y p u t s h i m i n f

e a r o f i m m e d i a t e s e r i o u s b o d i l y i n j u r y

. . . . ” )

.

R e c o g n i z i n g t h i s d i s t i n c t i o n , L o c k l e y w o u l d h a v e u s f i n d t h a t t h e F l o r i d a

r o b b e r y s t a t u t e a t i s s u e h e r e i s n o n

- g e n e r i c

. I n p a r t i c u l a r , h e a r g u e s t h a t t h e

“ p u t t i n g i n f

e a r ” l a n g u a g e o f § 8 1 2

. 1 3 ( 1 ) s h o u l d b e r e a d b r o a d l y t o m e a n a n y a c t

o f i n t i m i d a t i o n , n o t m e r e l y t h o s e t h a t p l a c e t h e v i c t i m i n i m m i n e n t d a n g e r

. H e

b e l i e v e s c o n s t r u i n g t h e s t a t u t e i n t h a t m a n n e r r e m o v e s § 8 1 2

. 1 3 ( 1 ) f r o m t h e r e a l m

o f g e n e r i c r o b b e r y

. F o r t h i s p r o p o s i t i o n , h e r e l i e s o n J o h n s o n v

. U n i t e d S t a t e s , - - -

Although the Ninth Circuit held California’s robbe ry statute was non- g ener ic bec ause 4 § 211 contemplates f

ear not only of bodily injury , but also of injury

to property , the cour

t ultimately

decide d that a prior c onviction under § 211 c onstitut es a “ crime of violence” beca

use the conduc t criminalized in § 211 is encompassed in the g ener ic forms of both r obbery and

extorti on, eac h of which a re e numera ted “c rimes of violenc e” in the G uidelines’ Commentary

. United States v. Be cer

ril-L opez, 541 F.3d 881, 891–92 (9th Cir. 2008).

9U

. S

. - - - - , 1 3 0 S

. C t

. 1 2 6 5

, 1 2 6 9

– 7 2

, 1 7 6 L

. E d

. 2 d ( 2 0 1 0 ) ( h o l d i n g t h a t a

d e f e n d a n t ’ s p r i o r c o n v i c t i o n f o r b a t t e r y u n d e r F l o r i d a l a w w a s n o t a “ v i o l e n t

f e l o n y ” a s d e f

i n e d b y t h e A r m e d C a r e e r C r i m i n a l A c t ( “ A C C A ” )

, 1 8 U

. S

. C

. 5

§ 9 2 4 ( e )

, b e c a u s e b a t t e r y e n c o m p a s s e s m o r e t h a n t h e v i o l e n t t o u c h i n g o f a n o t h e r )

.

A f t e r r e v i e w o f t h e r e l e v a n t a u t h o r i t i e s , w e d i s a g r e e

. T h e d i f f e r e n c e i n t h e

m a j o r i t y a n d m i n o r i t y d e f

i n i t i o n s i s s l i g h t

. I n d e e d

, t h e f e a r o r i n t i m i d a t i o n

c o n t e m p l a t e d b y t h e m a j o r i t y d e f

i n i t i o n i n n e a r l y a l l i n s t a n c e s i s t h e f e a r o f b o d i l y

h a r m

. S t i l l

, t o t h e e x t e n t t h a t t h e d e f i n i t i o n s d i f

f e r , w e b e l i e v e t h e g e n e r i c ,

c o n t e m p o r a r y f

o r m o f r o b b e r y i s b e t t e r r e f l e c t e d i n t h e m a

j o r i t y d e f

i n i t i o n

. S e e

S a n t i e s t e b a n

- H e r n a n d e z , 4 6 9 F

. 3 d a t 3 8 1 ( r e m a r k i n g t h a t t h e m a j o r i t y a n d

m i n o r i t y d e f

i n i t i o n s a r e s u b s t a n t i v e l y s i m i l a r , b u t a p p l y i n g t h e m a j o r i t y d e f

i n i t i o n )

.

A c c o r d i n g l y , w e f

i n d t h e g e n e r i c d e f

i n i t i o n o f r o b b e r y t o b e “ t h e t a k i n g o f p r o p e r t y

f r o m a n o t h e r p e r s o n o r f r o m t h e i m m e d i a t e p r e s e n c e o f a n o t h e r p e r s o n b y f o r c e o r

i n t i m i d a t i o n

. ” U n i t e d S t a t e s v

. W a l k e r , 5 9 5 F

. 3 d 4 4 1

, 4 4 6 ( 2 d C i r

. 2 0 1 0 )

( e m p h a s i s i n o r i g i n a l ) ; s e e a l s o 6 7 A m

. J u r

. 2 d R o b b e r y § 1 2 ( “ [ R o b b e r y ] i s t h e

t a k i n g , w i t h i n t e n t t o s t e a l

, p e r s o n a l p r o p e r t y o f a n o t h e r , f r o m h i s o r h e r p e r s o n o r

i n h i s o r h e r p r e s e n c e , a g a i n s t h i s o r h e r w i l l

, b y v i o l e n c e , i n t i m i d a t i o n , o r b y

Thoug h ACCA’s “violent fe lony ” enha nceme nt and the Guidelines’ car eer offe nder 5

enhanc ement diffe r slightly in their wording , we a

pply the same a

naly sis to both. Unit ed States

v. Whit son, 597 F.3d 1218, 1220, 1220 n.2 (11th Cir. 2010) ( citing U nited States v. Arche r, 531 F.3d 1347, 1349–51 ( 11th Cir. 2008)).

10t h r e a t e n i n g t h e i m m i n e n t u s e o f f o r c e

. ” ) ( e m p h a s i s a d d e d )

. A c o m p a r i s o n o f F l a

.

S t a t

. § 8 1 2

. 1 3 ( 1 ) t o t h i s g e n e r i c d e f i n i t i o n c o n v i n c e s u s t h a t t h e y a r e c l e a r

e q u i v a l e n t s

.

R e g a r d l e s s , § 8 1 2

. 1 3 ( 1 ) a l s o s a t i s f i e s t h e n a r r o w e r , m i n o r i t y d e f i n i t i o n

.

“ P u t t i n g i n f

e a r , ” p e r F l o r i d a l a w , i n v o l v e s a n a c t c a u s i n g t h e v i c t i m t o f e a r d e a t h

o r g r e a t b o d i l y h a r m

. M a g n o t t i

, 8 4 2 S o

. 2 d a t 9 6 5

. W e c a n c o n c e i v e o f n o m e a n s

b y w h i c h a d e f

e n d a n t c o u l d c a u s e s u c h f e a r a b s e n t a t h r e a t t o t h e v i c t i m ’ s p e r s o n

.

H e n c e , u n d e r e i t h e r d e f i n i t i o n , F l o r i d a ’ s r o b b e r y s t a t u t e i s i n d e e d g e n e r i c , a n d 6

L ockley does not arg ue that F lorida’s a ttempt statute is non-ge neric , nor would he be 6

succe ssful if he did. B ut beca use the c rime as c harg ed in L ockley ’s ca se wa s attempted robbe ry in violation of both Fla. Stat. §§ 812.13(1) a nd 777.04(1), we fee l compelled to addr ess the issue. Attempt under F lorida law r equire s the defe ndant to commit “any act towa rd the c ommissi on of such [crime], but fails in the perpetra tion or is intercepte d or pre vented in the e x ecution ther eof.” Fla. Stat. § 777.04(1) . The a ct re fer red to is “a

n overt a ct,” More head v. State, 556 So. 2d 523, 524 (F la. 5th Dist. Ct. App. 1990), and “must rea ch fa r enoug h toward a ccomplishing the desire d

result to amount to commence ment of the c onsummation of the crime,” id. at 525

. Thoug h there is a distinct diverg ence in the law as it re lates to attempt, see Sui v. I NS, 250 F.3d 105, 116 (2d Cir. 2001) (examining the c onsensus shift awa y from the c ommon law, or dang erous pr ox imity

, approa ch to attempt towar ds the “substantial step” a pproac h set forth in the Model Pena l Code);

see a lso United States v. Ellis, 564 F.3d 370, 373–74 (5th Cir. 2009) (consider ing c ommon law definitions of attempt which re quire only a “slig ht act” in f

urthera nce of the sche me), the g ener ic

form tends towa

rd the “ substantial step” appr oach pr oposed by Model Penal Code § 5.01(1)

, which states:

A per son is guilty

of an a ttempt to commit a cr ime if, ac ting with the kind of culpability

otherwise r equire d for c ommissi on of the c rime, he:

. . . . (c) purposef

ully does or omits to do any

thing that, unde r the c ircumstance s as he

believes the m to be, is an ac t or omission constit uting a substantial step in a

course of conduc t planned to culminate in his commission of the crime.

Model Penal Code § 5.01(1) (empha sis added). F lorida’s a ttempt statue is therefor e a c lose analog ue to the Model Pena l Code definition of attempt, as both re quire a n “over t

11L o c k l e y ’ s a t t e m p t e d r o b b e r y c o n v i c t i o n c a t e g o r i c a l l y q u a l i f i e s a s t h e s e c o n d

p r e d i c a t e o f

f e n s e f o r t h e c a r e e r o f

f e n d e r e n h a n c e m e n t

.

T h e b a r e e l e m e n t s o f § 8 1 2

. 1 3 ( 1 ) a l s o s a t i s f y t h e e l e m e n t s a n d r e s i d u a l

c l a u s e s o f U

. S

. S

. G

. § 4 B 1

. 2 ( a )

. W e h a v e p r e v i o u s l y d i s c u s s e d t h e e l e m e n t s o f

§ 8 1 2

. 1 3 ( 1 )

. A s s t a t e d a b o v e , r o b b e r y u n d e r t h a t s t a t u t e r e q u i r e s e i t h e r t h e u s e o f

f o r c e , v i o l e n c e , a t h r e a t o f i m m i n e n t f o r c e o r v i o l e n c e c o u p l e d w i t h a p p a r e n t

a b i l i t y , o r s o m e a c t t h a t p u t s t h e v i c t i m i n f e a r o f d e a t h o r g r e a t b o d i l y h a r m

. A l l

b u t t h e l a t t e r o p t i o n s p e c i f i c a l l y r e q u i r e t h e u s e o r t h r e a t e n e d u s e o f p h y s i c a l f o r c e

a g a i n s t t h e p e r s o n o f a n o t h e r

. A n d

, o n c e a g a i n , w e f i n d i t i n c o n c e i v a b l e t h a t a n y

a c t w h i c h c a u s e s t h e v i c t i m t o f e a r d e a t h o r g r e a t b o d i l y h a r m w o u l d n o t i n v o l v e

t h e u s e o r t h r e a t e n e d u s e o f p h y s i c a l f o r c e

. S e c t i o n 8 1 2

. 1 3 ( 1 ) a c c o r d i n g l y h a s , a s

a n e l e m e n t

, t h e “ u s e , a t t e m p t e d u s e , o r t h r e a t e n e d u s e o f p h y s i c a l f o r c e a g a i n s t t h e

p e r s o n o f a n o t h e r

. ” U

. S

. S

. G

. § 4 B 1

. 2 ( a ) ( 1 )

. M o r e o v e r , b e c a u s e t h e c o m m e n t a r y

e x p l i c i t l y s t a t e s t h a t t h e a t t e m p t t o c o m m i t a “ c r i m e o f v i o l e n c e ” i s i t s e l f a “ c r i m e

o f v i o l e n c e , ” L o c k l e y ’ s a t t e m p t e d r o b b e r y c o n v i c t i o n c a t e g o r i c a l l y q u a l i f i e s u n d e r

t h e e l e m e n t s c l a u s e a s a p r e d i c a t e f o r t h e c a r e e r o f

f e n d e r e n h a n c e m e n t

. S e e

act” —meaning an ac t or omission—which clear ly signa ls the commission of the offense instead

of mere prepa

ration. Compare Morehe ad, 556 So. 2d at 524 (“ The ‘ove rt ac t’ must be adapte d to

eff ect the intent to commit the par ticular c rime but must be more than me re pr epar ation.”), w ith

United States v. Ba llinger , 395 F.3d 1218, 1238 n.8 ( 11th Cir. 2005) (en ba nc) ( “A substantial step must be more than r emote pre para tion, and must be conduct strong ly corr oborative of

the

firmness of the defe ndant’s cr iminal intent.” (internal quotation mar ks omitt ed)) . Section 777.04(1) thus fa lls withi n the g ener ic, contempor ary meaning of attempt.

12U

. S

. S

. G

. § 4 B 1

. 2

, c o m m e n t

. ( n

. 1 )

.

W e f u r t h e r f i n d t h a t a t t e m p t e d r o b b e r y u n d e r F l o r i d a l a w s a t i s f i e s

§ 4 B 1

. 2 ( a ) ’ s r e s i d u a l c l a u s e a s a n o f f e n s e t h a t “ p r e s e n t s a s e r i o u s p o t e n t i a l r i s k o f

p h y s i c a l i n

j u r y t o a n o t h e r

. ” W h e n c o n s i d e r i n g t h e r e s i d u a l c l a u s e , w e a p p l y a

t h r e e

- s t e p f

r a m e w o r k a n d a s k :

F i r s t

, w h a t i s t h e r e l e v a n t c a t e g o r y o f c r i m e , d e t e r m i n e d b y l o o k i n g t o
h o w t h e c r i m e i s o r d i n a r i l y c o m m i t t e d ? S e c o n d

, d o e s t h a t c r i m e p o s e

a “ s e r i o u s p o t e n t i a l r i s k o f p h y s i c a l i n j u r y ” t h a t i s s i m i l a r i n d e g r e e t o

t h e r i s k s p o s e d b y t h e e n u m e r a t e d c r i m e s ? T h i r d

, i s t h a t c r i m e s i m i l a r
i n k i n d t o t h e e n u m e r a t e d c r i m e s ?

U n i t e d S t a t e s v

. H a r r i s o n , 5 5 8 F

. 3 d 1 2 8 0

, 1 2 8 7 ( 1 1 t h C i r

. 2 0 0 9 ) ( i n t e r p r e t i n g t h e

A C C A ) ; s e e a l s o H a r r i s , 5 8 6 F

. 3 d a t 1 2 8 7 ( a p p l y i n g H a r r i s o n ’ s a n a l y s i s t o t h e

r e s i d u a l c l a u s e o f t h e c a r e e r o f f e n d e r e n h a n c e m e n t )

. A g a i n , w e a n s w e r t h e s e

q u e s t i o n s a p p l y i n g t h e c a t e g o r i c a l a p p r o a c h t o § 8 1 2

. 1 3 ( 1 ) d e s c r i b e d a b o v e

.

H a r r i s , 5 8 6 F

. 3 d a t 1 2 8 8

.

I n t e r p r e t i n g § 8 1 2

. 1 3 ( 1 ) ’ s “ p u t t i n g i n f e a r ” l a n g u a g e a s w e m u s t

, t h e

r e l e v a n t c a t e g o r y o f c r i m e i n c l u d e s t h o s e o f f e n s e s t h a t i n v o l v e t h e u s e o r

t h r e a t e n e d u s e o f f

o r c e o r v i o l e n c e

. A s s u c h

, t h i s f o r m o f r o b b e r y c l e a r l y p r e s e n t s

a “ s e r i o u s p o t e n t i a l r i s k o f p h y s i c a l i n j u r y

. ” S e e U n i t e d S t a t e s v

. W i l k e r s o n , 2 8 6

F

. 3 d 1 3 2 4

, 1 3 2 5 ( 1 1 t h C i r

. 2 0 0 2 ) ( h o l d i n g t h a t a c o n v i c t i o n u n d e r § 8 1 2

. 1 3 ( 1 ) i s a

“ v i o l e n t f

e l o n y ” u n d e r t h e A C C A ) ; c f

. U n i t e d S t a t e s v

. W h i t s o n , 5 9 7 F

. 3 d 1 2 1 8

,

131 2 2 2 ( 1 1 t h C i r

. 2 0 1 0 ) ( p e r c u r i a m ) ( “ s t a n d [ i n g ] b y W i l k e r s o n a s f a r a s i t c o n c e r n s

s e r i o u s r i s k o f p h y s i c a l i n j u r y , ” b u t d e c l i n i n g , a f

t e r B e g a y v

. U n i t e d S t a t e s , 5 5 3

U

. S

. 1 3 7

, 1 2 8 S

. C t

. 1 5 8 1

, 1 7 0 L

. E d

. 2 d 4 9 0 ( 2 0 0 8 )

, t o h o l d t h a t a n o n

- o v e r t a c t

c o n s p i r a c y t o c o m m i t r o b b e r y i s a “ c r i m e o f v i o l e n c e ” a s d e f i n e d b y U

. S

. S

. G

.

§ 4 B 1

. 2 ( a ) )

. A n d t h e r i s k o f p h y s i c a l i n j u r y p o s e d b y a v i o l a t i o n o f F l a

. S t a t

.

§ 8 1 2

. 1 3 ( 1 ) i s c o m p a r a b l e i n d e g r e e t o t h e e n u m e r a t e d c r i m e s o f b u r g l a r y a n d

e x t o r t i o n , b o t h o f w h i c h b y n a t u r e i n v o l v e a h e i g h t e n e d d a n g e r o f v i o l e n t

c o n f r o n t a t i o n ( e v e n i f s u c h c o n f r o n t a t i o n i s n o t t h e u s u a l c o u r s e o f t h e o f f e n s e )

.

S e e , e

. g

. , J a m e s v

. U n i t e d S t a t e s , 5 5 0 U

. S

. 1 9 2

, 2 0 3

– 0 4

, 1 2 7 S

. C t

. 1 5 8 6

, 1 5 9 4

– 9 5

,

1 6 7 L

. E d

. 2 d 5 3 2 ( 2 0 0 7 ) ( r e a s o n i n g t h a t t h e m a i n r i s k o f b u r g l a r y i s “ t h e

p o s s i b i l i t y o f a f

a c e

- t o

- f a c e c o n f r o n t a t i o n b e t w e e n t h e b u r g l a r a n d a t h i r d

p a r t y

— w h e t h e r a n o c c u p a n t

, a p o l i c e o f f i c e r , o r a b y s t a n d e r

— w h o c o m e s t o

i n v e s t i g a t e ” ) ; U n i t e d S t a t s v

. V e l a z q u e z

- O v e r a , 1 0 0 F

. 3 d 4 1 8

, 4 2 2 ( 5 t h C i r

. 1 9 9 6 )

( “ [ B ] u r g l a r y , w i t h i t s t e n d e n c y t o c a u s e a l a r m a n d t o p r o v o k e p h y s i c a l

c o n f r o n t a t i o n

. . . . ” )

.

A t t e m p t e d r o b b e r y i s a l s o s i m i l a r i n d e g r e e a n d k i n d t o t h e o f f e n s e s

e n u m e r a t e d i n t h e r e s i d u a l c l a u s e i n s o f a r a s i t i n v o l v e s p u r p o s e f u l

, v i o l e n t

, a n d

a g g r e s s i v e c o n d u c t

. S e e B e g a y , 5 5 3 U

. S

. a t 1 4 4

– 4 5

, 1 2 8 S

. C t

. a t 1 5 8 6 ( h o l d i n g

t h a t t h e A C C A ’ s r e s i d u a l c l a u s e i s o n l y m e t w h e r e t h e p r i o r o f f e n s e o f c o n v i c t i o n

14i n v o l v e s a p u r p o s e f u l

, v i o l e n t

, a n d a g g r e s s i v e a c t a n d p r o v i d i n g d e f i n i t i o n

g u i d a n c e a s t o t h o s e t e r m s )

. R o b b e r y , a s w e h a v e d e s c r i b e d i t

, i s p u r p o s e f u l

c o n d u c t b e c a u s e i t r e q u i r e s a d e l i b e r a t e u n d e r t a k i n g t o d e p r i v e a n o t h e r o f m o n e y o r

p r o p e r t y b y u s e o f f

o r c e o r v i o l e n c e o r a t h r e a t o f f o r c e o r v i o l e n c e

. S e e i d

. a t 1 4 5

,

1 2 8 S

. C t

. a t 1 5 8 6

. I t i s a l s o a n a g g r e s s i v e a n d p o t e n t i a l l y v i o l e n t a c t

. S e e i d

. 7

A t t e m p t e d r o b b e r y r e t a i n s t h e s e c h a r a c t e r i s t i c s ; t h e o v e r t a c t p l a c e s t h e v i c t i m a n d

t h e p e r p e t r a t o r o n e s t e p c l o s e r t o a p o t e n t i a l l y v i o l e n t e n c o u n t e r

. C f

. J a m e s v

.

U n i t e d S t a t e s , 5 5 0 U

. S

. 1 9 2

, 2 0 3

– 0 4

, 1 2 7 S

. C t

. 1 5 8 6

, 1 5 9 4

– 9 5

, 1 6 7 L

. E d

. 2 d 5 3 2

( 2 0 0 7 ) ( h o l d i n g t h a t a t t e m p t t o c o m m i t a b u r g l a r y , a s d e f i n e d b y F l o r i d a l a w , i s a

“ v i o l e n t f

e l o n y ” p u r s u a n t t o t h e r e s i d u a l c l a u s e o f t h e A C C A )

. W e t h e r e f o r e

r e a f f i r m t h e h o l d i n g o f W i l k e r s o n a s a p p l i e d t o F l o r i d a ’ s d e f i n i t i o n

— w h i c h

i n c l u d e s a n o v e r t a c t r e q u i r e m e n t

— o f a t t e m p t e d r o b b e r y

.

I n this reg ard, w e distinguish § 812.13(1) from its less-serious c ounterpa rt, Fla . Stat. § 7 812.131(1), whic h conce rns “r obbery by sudden snatching .” Pursuant to this companion statute,

“robbe ry by sudden snatching ” is committed whene ver a defe ndant takes

money or other pr operty

from the victim’s per son, with intent to permanently or temporar ily

deprive the victim or the owne r of the mone y or other pr operty

, when, in the c ourse of

the taking , the victim was or be came awa re of the taking

.

Fla. Stat. § 812.131(1) . Section 812.131(1) g oes on to state that no for ce “ bey ond that eff ort

nece ssary to obtain possession of the money or other pr operty ” or r esistance by the victim must be prove n to satisfy

the def inition. Fla. Stat. § 812.131(1)(a ), (b) . So while § 812.131(1) attends to pick-pocke ting or

other similar ac tivity

(so long as the victim is in possession of the money or

proper ty and re alizes he is being victimiz ed), § 812.13( 1) conc erns a far more a g g ressive a

nd potentially

violent form of robbe ry . See, e.g ., Smit h v. State, 891 So. 2d 1133, 1133 (Fla. 4th Dist. Ct. App. 2005) (per c uriam).

15B e c a u s e w e f i n d t h a t a t t e m p t e d r o b b e r y i s c a t e g o r i c a l l y a “ c r i m e o f

v i o l e n c e , ” w e a f

f i r m L o c k l e y ’ s s e n t e n c e e n h a n c e m e n t u n d e r t h e c a r e e r o f f e n d e r

p r o v i s i o n

.

A F F I R M E D

.

16