CHAPTER 5. ENGINEERING ANALYSIS

TABLE OF CONTENTS

**5.1 INTRODUCTION** 

**........................................................................................................... 5­1** 

**5.2 ENGINEERING**  **ANALYSIS FRAMEWORK...............................................................**  **5­1**

**5.3 GENERAL**  **SERVICE FLUORESCENT**  **LAMPS.......................................................... 5­3** 

**5.3.1 Four­Foot**  **Medium Bipin..................................................................................... 5­6** 

**5.3.1.1 Baseline**  **Models....................................................................................... 5­6** 

**5.3.1.2 Candidate**  **Standard Levels** 

**...................................................................... 5­8** 

**5.3.1.3 System**  **Power Rating............................................................................. 5­11** 

**5.3.1.4 Results....................................................................................................**  **5­19**

**5.3.2 Eight­foot**  **Single Pin**  **Slimline........................................................................... 5­24**

**5.3.2.1 Baseline**  **Models..................................................................................... 5­24** 

**5.3.2.2 Candidate**  **Standard Levels** 

**.................................................................... 5­25** 

**5.3.2.3 System**  **Power Rating............................................................................. 5­28** 

**5.3.2.4 Results....................................................................................................**  **5­32**

**5.3.3 Eight­Foot**  **Recessed Double**  **Contact HO** 

**......................................................... 5­36** 

**5.3.3.1 Baseline**  **Models..................................................................................... 5­36** 

**5.3.3.2 Candidate**  **Standard Levels** 

**.................................................................... 5­36** 

**5.3.3.3 System**  **Power Rating............................................................................. 5­39** 

**5.3.3.4 Results....................................................................................................**  **5­41**

**5.4 INCANDESCENT**  **REFLECTOR LAMPS...................................................................**  **5­44**

**5.4.1 Baseline**  **Models................................................................................................. 5­45** 

**5.4.2 Candidate**  **Standard Levels** 

**................................................................................ 5­45** 

**5.4.3 Results................................................................................................................**  **5­47**

**5.5 SCALING**  **TO PRODUCT**  **CLASSES NOT**  **ANALYZED**

**.......................................... 5­49** 

**5.5.1 General**  **Service Fluorescent**  **Lamps**

**.................................................................. 5­49** 

**5.5.2 Incandescent**  **Reflector Lamps........................................................................... 5­50** 

**REFERENCES**

**.......................................................................................................................... 5­52** 

LIST OF TABLES

**Table 5.3.1**  **DOE ANOPR**  **Product Classes**  **for General**  **Service Fluorescent**  **Lamps**

**................. 5­4** 

**Table 5.3.2 Baseline Lamps for Four­Foot Medium Bipin Engineering Analysis..................... 5­8** 

**Table 5.3.3 Summary of the CSLs for Four­Foot Medium Bipin Fluorescent Lamps............... 5­9** 

**Table 5.3.4**  **4­Foot Medium**  **Bipin Lamp**  **Designs**

**..................................................................... 5­11** 

**Table 5.3.5**  **Lamp Replacement**  **Engineering Analysis**  **for a**  **Three­Lamp 40W**  **T12, 4,100K** 

**System........................................................................................................................................ 5­20** 

**Table 5.3.6**  **Lamp and**  **Ballast Replacement**  **Engineering Analysis**  **for a**  **Three­Lamp 40W**  **T12,**

**4,100K System........................................................................................................................... 5­21** 

**Table 5.3.7**  **Lamp and**  **Ballast Replacement**  **Engineering Analysis**  **for a**  **Three­Lamp 34W**  **T12,**

**4,100K System........................................................................................................................... 5­22** 

**5­i Table**  **5.3.8 Lamp**  **Replacement Engineering**  **Analysis for**  **a Three­Lamp**  **32W T8,**  **4,100K**

**System........................................................................................................................................ 5­23** 

**Table 5.3.9**  **Lamp and**  **Ballast Replacement**  **Engineering Analysis**  **for a**  **Three­Lamp 32W**  **T8,**

**4,100K System........................................................................................................................... 5­23** 

**Table 5.3.10**  **Baseline Units**  **of Analysis**  **for Eight­Foot**  **Linear Single**  **Pin Slimline**  **Lamps**

**... 5­25** 

**Table 5.3.11.**  **Summary of**  **the CSLs**  **for Eight­Foot**  **Single Pin**  **Fluorescent Lamps................**  **5­26**

**Table 5.3.12**  **8­Foot Single**  **Pin Slimline**  **Lamp Designs** 

**........................................................... 5­28** 

**Table 5.3.13**  **Lamp Replacement**  **Engineering Analysis**  **for a**  **75W T12,**  **4,100K System** 

**....... 5­33** 

**Table 5.3.14**  **Lamp­and­Ballast Replacement**  **Engineering Analysis**  **for a**  **75W T12,**  **4,100K**

**System........................................................................................................................................ 5­33** 

**Table 5.3.15**  **Lamp­and­Ballast Replacement**  **Engineering Analysis**  **for a**  **60W T12,**  **4,100K**

**System........................................................................................................................................ 5­34** 

**Table 5.3.16**  **Lamp Replacement**  **Engineering Analysis**  **for a**  **Two­Lamp, 59W,**  **T8, 4,100K** 

**System........................................................................................................................................ 5­35** 

**Table 5.3.17**  **Lamp­and­Ballast Replacement**  **Engineering Analysis**  **for a**  **Two­Lamp, 59W,**  **T8,**

**4,100K System........................................................................................................................... 5­35** 

**Table 5.3.18**  **Baseline Units**  **of Analysis**  **for Eight­Foot**  **Linear High­Output**  **Lamps.............. 5­36**

**Table 5.3.19**  **Summary of**  **the CSLs**  **for Eight­Foot**  **HO Fluorescent**  **Lamps**

**........................... 5­37** 

**Table 5.3.20**  **8­Foot Recessed**  **Double Contact**  **High Output**  **Lamp Designs** 

**............................ 5­39** 

**Table 5.3.21**  **Lamp Replacement**  **Engineering Analysis**  **for a**  **110W T12,**  **4,100K System** 

**..... 5­42** 

**Table 5.3.22**  **Lamp­and­Ballast Replacement**  **Engineering Analysis**  **for a**  **110W T12,**  **4,100K**

**System........................................................................................................................................ 5­42** 

**Table 5.3.23**  **Lamp­and­Ballast Replacement**  **Engineering Analysis**  **for a**  **95W T12,**  **4,100K**

**System........................................................................................................................................ 5­43** 

**Table 5.4.1**  **Product Classes**  **for Incandescent**  **Reflector Lamps...............................................**  **5­44**

**Table 5.4.2**  **IRL Representative**  **Product Class**  **and Baseline**  **Lamps........................................ 5­45** 

**Table 5.4.3**  **Summary of**  **the CSLs**  **for IRL...............................................................................**  **5­47**

**Table 5.4.4 IRL Engineering Analysis 50W PAR30................................................................ 5­48** 

**Table 5.4.5.**  **IRL Engineering**  **Analysis for**  **75W PAR38** 

**......................................................... 5­49** 

**Table 5.4.6**  **IRL Engineering**  **Analysis for**  **90W PAR38** 

**.......................................................... 5­49** 

LIST OF FIGURES

**Figure 5.3.1**  **Four­Foot Medium**  **Bipin Fluorescent**  **Lamp Candidate**  **Standard Levels** 

**........... 5­10** 

**Figure 5.3.2**  **Three­Lamp 32W**  **T8 120V**  **Ballasts with**  **THD <20**  **Percent, PF**  **>0.95, and**  **BEF**

**0.98­1.02**

**............................................................................................................................... .....**  **5­12**

**Figure 5.3.3**  **Three­Lamp 30W**  **T8 120V**  **Ballasts with**  **THD <20**  **Percent, PF**  **>0.95, and**  **BEF**

**1.07­1.12**

**............................................................................................................................... .....**  **5­12**

**Figure 5.3.4**  **Three­Lamp 28W**  **T8 120V**  **Ballasts with**  **THD <10**  **Percent, PF**  **>0.95, and**  **BEF**

**1.22­1.24**

**............................................................................................................................... .....**  **5­13**

**Figure 5.3.5**  **Three­Lamp 25W**  **T8 120V**  **Ballasts with**  **THD <10**  **Percent, and**  **BEF 1.26­1.33** 

**.. 5­** 

**Figure 5.3.6**  **Two­Lamp 32W**  **T8 120V**  **Ballasts with**  **THD <20**  **Percent, PF**  **>0.95, and**  **BEF**

**1.48­1.52**

**............................................................................................................................... .....**  **5­14**

**Figure 5.3.7**  **Two­Lamp 30W**  **T8 120V**  **Ballasts with**  **THD <20**  **Percent, PF**  **>0.95, and**  **BEF**

**1.55­1.65**

**............................................................................................................................... .....**  **5­15**

**5­ii 13** **Figure 5.3.8**  **Two­Lamp 28W**  **T8 120V**  **Ballasts with**  **THD <20**  **Percent, PF**  **>0.95, and**  **BEF**

**1.55­1.65**

**............................................................................................................................... .....**  **5­15**

**Figure 5.3.9**  **Two­Lamp 25W**  **T8 120V**  **Ballasts with**  **THD <10**  **Percent, PF**  **>0.95, and**  **BEF 2.0** 

**............................................................................................................................... .....................**  **5­16**

**Figure 5.3.10**  **Two­Lamp 40W**  **120V Ballasts**  **with <20**  **Percent THD,**  **PF >0.95,**  **and BEF**  **1.20­**

**1.22............................................................................................................................................. 5­17** 

**Figure 5.3.11**  **Three­Lamp 40W**  **120V Ballasts**  **Linear Fit**  **(Based on**  **Slope Change**  **from Two** 

**Lamp to**  **Three­Lamp Ballasts**  **for 32W**  **T8 Applied**  **to T12**  **and Common**  **T12 Electronic**  **Ballast)**

**............................................................................................................................... .....................**  **5­18**

**Figure 5.3.12**  **Two­Lamp 34W**  **120V Ballasts**  **with <20**  **Percent THD,**  **PF >0.95,**  **and BEF**  **1.42­**

**1.44............................................................................................................................................. 5­18** 

**Figure 5.3.13**  **Three­Lamp 34W**  **120V Ballasts**  **(Based on**  **Slope Change**  **from Two­Lamp**  **to**

**Three­Lamp Ballasts**  **for T8**  **Applied to**  **T12 and**  **Common T12**  **Electronic Ballast)** 

**................ 5­19** 

**Figure 5.3.14**  **Eight­Foot Single**  **Pin Slimline**  **Fluorescent Lamp**  **Candidate Standard**  **Levels. 5­27** 

**Figure 5.3.15**  **Two­Lamp 75W**  **T12 120V**  **Ballasts with**  **THD <20**  **percent, PF**  **>0.95, and**  **BEF**

**0.64­0.66; Linear**  **Fit: m=100.0,**  **b=47.0**

**.................................................................................... 5­29** 

**Figure 5.3.16**  **Two­Lamp 60W**  **T12 120V**  **Ballasts with**  **THD <20**  **percent, PF**  **>0.95, and**  **BEF**

**0.79­0.80; Linear**  **Fit: m=100.0,**  **b=22.0**

**.................................................................................... 5­29** 

**Figure 5.3.17**  **Two­Lamp 59W**  **T8 120V**  **Ballasts with**  **THD <20**  **percent, PF**  **>0.95, and**  **BEF**

**0.77­0.79; Linear**  **Fit: m=123.4,**  **b=4.3**

**...................................................................................... 5­30** 

**Figure 5.3.18**  **Two­Lamp 57W**  **T8 120V**  **Ballasts with**  **THD <20**  **percent, PF**  **>0.95, and**  **BEF**

**0.80­0.81; Linear**  **Fit: m=50.0,**  **b=63.5**

**...................................................................................... 5­31** 

**Figure 5.3.19**  **Two­Lamp 55W**  **T8 120V**  **Ballasts with**  **THD <10**  **percent, and**  **BEF 0.86;**  **Linear**

**Fit: m=118.4,**  **b=­2.2**

**.................................................................................................................. 5­31** 

**Figure 5.3.20**  **Eight­Foot HO**  **Fluorescent Lamp**  **Candidate Standard**  **Levels.......................... 5­38**

**Figure 5.3.21**  **Two­Lamp 110W**  **T12 120V**  **Ballasts with**  **THD <20**  **percent, PF**  **>0.95, and**  **BEF**

**0.42­0.43; Linear**  **Fit: m=307.7,**  **b=­65.4**

**................................................................................... 5­40** 

**Figure 5.3.22**  **Two­Lamp 95W**  **T12 120V**  **Ballasts with**  **THD <20**  **percent, PF**  **>0.95, and**  **BEF**

**0.48­0.52; Linear**  **Fit: m=433.3,**  **b=­204.3**

**................................................................................. 5­40** 

**Figure 5.3.23**  **Two­Lamp 86W**  **T8 120V**  **Ballasts with**  **THD <20**  **percent, PF**  **>0.95, and**  **BEF**

**0.54­0.55; Linear**  **Fit: m=128.6,**  **b=46.9**

**.................................................................................... 5­41** 

**Figure 5.4.1**  **IRL Baselines**  **and Reduced**  **Wattage Options......................................................**  **5­47**

**5­iii**CHAPTER 5. ENGINEERING ANALYSIS

5.1 INTRODUCTION

**This chapter**  **provides the**  **technical support**  **documentation for**  **the engineering**  **analyses**

**of general**  **service fluorescent**  **lamps (GSFL)**  **and incandescent**  **reflector lamps**  **(IRL). Generally,** 

**the purpose**  **of the**  **engineering analysis**  **is to**  **estimate the**  **relationship between**  **cost and**  **efficiency**

**for a**  **range of**  **products, spanning**  **from the**  **typical baseline**  **product to**  **the maximum** 

**technologically feasible**  **product; develop**  **candidate standard**  **levels (CSLs)**  **that encompass**  **this**

**range; and**  **develop power**  **rating estimates**  **for the**  **products analyzed.**  **The outputs**  **from the** 

**engineering analysis**  **are critical**  **inputs to**  **subsequent cost­benefit**  **calculations for**  **individual**

**consumers.**

**The engineering**  **analysis follows**  **the screening**  **analysis (Chapter**  **4), in**  **which the**  **U.S.**

**Department of**  **Energy (DOE)**  **identifies design**  **options that**  **are later**  **used for**  **the rulemaking** 

**analyses. Design**  **options include**  **discrete technologies,**  **such as**  **krypton fill**  **gas, that**  **incorporate**

**one or**  **more technologies**  **that improve**  **efficacy. DOE**  **develops product**  **efficacy levels** 

**associated with**  **lamps designs**  **that incorporate**  **a range**  **of design**  **options.**

**While some**  **engineering analyses**  **for other**  **rulemakings discuss**  **manufacturer production** 

**costs or**  **selling prices**  **and relate**  **cost or**  **price to**  **efficiency, this**  **engineering analysis**  **does not** 

**address manufacturer**  **costs or**  **mark­ups. In**  **this rulemaking,**  **DOE develops**  **end­user prices**  **for**

**lamp and**  **lamp­and­ballast designs**  **analyzed by**  **discounting published**  **list prices**  **(i.e., “blue**  **book**

**pricing”). The**  **product price**  **determination (Chapter**  **7) discusses**  **the pricing**  **methodology and** 

**results. By**  **combining the**  **results of**  **the engineering**  **analysis and**  **the product**  **price**

**determination, DOE**  **derives the**  **necessary inputs**  **for use**  **in the**  **life cycle**  **cost (LCC)**  **analysis and** 

**national impacts**  **analysis (NIA).**  **In particular,**  **DOE develops**  **lamp and**  **lamp­and­ballast designs** 

**associated with**  **particular CSLs**  **and end­user**  **prices.**

**This chapter**  **starts with**  **an outline**  **of the**  **engineering analysis**  **(section 5.2),**  **followed by** 

**specifics on**  **the engineering**  **analysis for**  **GSFL (section**  **5.3) and**  **IRL (section**  **5.3). Each**  **section**

**provides detailed**  **information on**  **the baseline**  **lamps and**  **representative product**  **classes DOE** 

**chooses to**  **analyze, the**  **development of**  **CSLs, and**  **the results**  **of the**  **engineering analysis.** 

**Section 5.5**  **discusses how**  **DOE extends**  **its results**  **from the**  **representative product**  **classes to** 

**those products**  **it does**  **not analyze.** 

5.2 ENGINEERING ANALYSIS FRAMEWORK

**To the**  **extent possible,**  **DOE bases**  **the engineering**  **analysis on**  **commercially available** 

**lamps that**  **incorporate the**  **design options**  **identified in**  **the technology**  **assessment and**  **screening**

**analysis (Chapter**  **4). For**  **GSFL, all**  **lamp­and­ballast designs**  **are commercially**  **available and** 

**have publicly**  **available performance**  **and price**  **information. DOE**  **also bases**  **the majority**  **of the** 

**engineering analysis**  **for IRL**  **on commercially**  **available lamps.**  **However, where**  **needed, DOE** 

**5­1 supplements**  **these lamps**  **with additional**  **model lamps**  **that use**  **commercially available** 

**technologies.**

**The engineering**  **analysis for**  **each of**  **the two**  **categories of**  **lamps DOE**  **analyzes in**  **this**

**rulemaking (i.e.,**  **GSFL and**  **IRL) follows**  **a similar**  **approach:**

**Step 1.**  Representative Product Classes

**. DOE**  **reviews covered**  **lamps and**  **the associated** 

**product classes.**  **When a**  **product has**  **multiple product**  **classes, DOE**  **selects certain** 

**classes as**  **“representative” and**  **concentrates its**  **analytical effort**  **on these.**  **DOE**

**selects representative**  **product classes**  **primarily because**  **of their**  **high market** 

**volumes. Section**  **5.5 discusses**  **how DOE**  **extrapolated from**  **representative product** 

**classes to**  **other product**  **classes.**

**Step 2.**  Baseline Lamps

**. DOE**  **selects baseline**  **lamps from**  **the representative**  **product**

**classes. Generally,**  **a baseline**  **lamp is**  **one that**  **just meets**  **existing mandatory**  **energy**

**conservation standards**  **or represents**  **the typical**  **lamp sold.**  **DOE selects**  **specific**

**characteristics such**  **as certain**  **correlated color**  **temperatures (CCTs),**  **operating**

**lifetimes, and**  **light outputs**  **to characterize**  **the most**  **common lamps**  **consumers**

**purchase. DOE**  **selects multiple**  **baseline lamps**  **in each**  **product class**  **to ensure** 

**consideration of**  **different high­volume**  **lamps and**  **their associated**  **consumer**

**economics.**

**Step 3.**  Candidate Lamps and Ballast Designs

**. DOE**  **selects more**  **efficacious lamps**  **for**

**each baseline**  **lamp in**  **the representative**  **product classes.**  **DOE considers** 

**technologies not**  **eliminated in**  **the screening**  **analysis. DOE**  **considers these** 

**technologies either**  **explicitly as**  **design options**  **or implicitly**  **as design**  **options**

**incorporated into**  **commercially available**  **lamps at**  **the efficiency**  **levels evaluated.** 

**In identifying**  **more efficacious**  **lamp and**  **ballast designs,**  **DOE recognizes**  **that a** 

**lamp’s lumen**  **package and**  **performance characteristics**  **are important**  **design criteria** 

**for consumers.**  **For example,**  **if consumers**  **do not**  **have the**  **option to**  **purchase**

**substitution lamps**  **or lamp­and­ballast**  **systems with**  **similar lumen**  **packages under** 

**an energy**  **conservation standard,**  **consumers would**  **need to**  **change the**  **lighting**

**design to**  **maintain a**  **similar light**  **output. Therefore,**  **DOE establishes**  **lamp­and**

**ballast designs**  **for the**  **LCC analysis**  **so that**  **potential light**  **output is**  **equal to,**  **greater**

**than, or**  **no more**  **than 10**  **percent less**  **than the**  **light output**  **of the**  **baseline system.** 

**DOE also**  **chooses substitute**  **lamps with**  **performance characteristics**  **similar to** 

**those of**  **the baseline**  **lamps.**

**In identifying**  **more efficacious**  **substitutes, DOE**  **uses a**  **database of**  **commercially**

**available lamps.**  **For the**  **GSFL LCC,**  **DOE develops**  **the engineering**  **analysis based** 

**on two**  **substitution scenarios**  **in which**  **consumers can**  **maintain light**  **output while** 

**decreasing energy**  **consumption. In**  **the first**  **scenario, the**  **consumer replaces**  **the**

**baseline lamp**  **with a**  **more efficacious,**  **lower­wattage lamp**  **that operates**  **on the** 

**existing ballast.**  **In the**  **second scenario,**  **the consumer**  **replaces the**  **lamp­and­ballast**

**system with**  **a more**  **efficacious same**  **or lower­wattage**  **lamp and**  **a different**  **ballast.**

**For example,**  **a lamp­and­ballast**  **system with**  **a more**  **efficacious, same­wattage** 

**5­2 lamp**  **and lower**  **ballast factor**  **a (BF)**  **ballast will**  **consume less**  **energy and**  **maintain**

**light output.** 

**For IRL,**  **DOE uses**  **some commercially**  **available lamps,**  **but also**  **developed**

**“model” lamps.**  **These models**  **incorporate designs**  **that may**  **not be**  **commercially**

**available for**  **certain lamp**  **types and**  **wattages, but**  **use commercially**  **available**

**technologies.**

**Step 4.**  Candidate Standard Levels

**. After**  **identifying the**  **more efficacious**  **substitutes for** 

**each baseline**  **lamp or**  **lamp­and­ballast system,**  **DOE develops**  **CSLs based**  **on three** 

**factors: (1)**  **the design**  **options associated**  **with the**  **specific lamps**  **being studied**  **(e.g.,**

**grades of**  **phosphor for**  **fluorescent lamps,**  **the use**  **of halogen**  **capsules for**  **IRL, etc.);** 

**(2) the**  **ability of**  **lamps across**  **wattages to**  **comply with**  **the CSL**  **of a**  **given product** 

**b class; and**  **(3) the**  **maximum technologically**  **feasible efficacy**  **level.**

**The sections**  **that follow**  **discuss how**  **DOE applies**  **this methodology**  **to each**  **product class** 

**to create**  **the engineering**  **analysis.**

5.3 GENERAL SERVICE FLUORESCENT LAMPS

**As discussed**  **in the**  **market and**  **technology assessment**  **(Chapter 3),**  **DOE revises**  **the**

**Energy Policy**  **and Conservation**  **Act (EPCA)**  **table of**  **standards for**  **fluorescent lamps**  **to eight** 

**product classes,**  **as shown**  **in Table**  **5.3.1. Of**  **these eight**  **product classes,**  **DOE is**  **choosing to** 

**analyze the**  **three that**  **represent the**  **three highest**  **shipment volumes–4­foot**  **medium bipin,**  **8­foot**

**single pin**  **slimline, and**  **8­foot recessed**  **double contact**  **high output**  **(HO)–all with**  **a CCT**  **less**

**than or**  **equal to**  **4,500 Kelvin**  **(K). The**  **4­foot medium**  **bipin lamps**  **constitute the**  **vast majority** 

**of GSFL**  **sales. These**  **are followed,**  **in order**  **of unit**  **sales, by**  **8­foot single**  **pin slimline**  **lamps**

**and 8­foot**  **recessed double**  **contact HO**  **lamps, which**  **together constitute**  **less than**  **a quarter**  **of**

**GSFL sales.**  **Shipments of**  **2­foot U­shaped**  **lamps account**  **for less**  **than five**  **percent of**  **GSFL**

**1 unit**  **sales historically. Given**  **the relatively**  **small market**  **share of**  **U­shaped lamps,**  **DOE does** 

**not explicitly**  **analyze these**  **lamps. Lamps**  **with CCT**  **greater than**  **4,500K represent**  **a small** 

**market share**  **of GSFL.**  **Therefore, DOE**  **is choosing**  **to analyze**  **lamps with**  **CCT less**  **than or** 

**equal to**  **4,500K. DOE**  **discusses each**  **of the**  **three representative**  **product classes**  **separately in** 

**the sections**  **that follow.** 

**Although DOE**  **is not**  **analyzing the**  **2­foot U­shaped**  **lamps or**  **lamps that**  **have a**  **CCT**

**greater than**  **4,500K, DOE**  **will establish**  **standards for**  **these product**  **classes. DOE**  **will extend**  **its**

**decision for**  **the 4­foot**  **medium bipin**  **product class**  **to the**  **2­foot U­shaped**  **product class.**  **This is** 

**a The**  **“ballast factor”**  **of a**  **ballast is**  **the ratio**  **of the**  **light output**  **of a**  **fluorescent lamp**  **or lamps**  **operated on**  **a ballast** 

**to the**  **light output**  **of the**  **lamp(s) operated**  **on a**  **standard (reference)**  **ballast. Ballast**  **factor depends**  **on both**  **the**

**ballast and**  **the lamp**  **type; a**  **single ballast**  **can have**  **several ballast**  **factors depending**  **on lamp**  **type. The**  **light output** 

**of a**  **single fluorescent**  **lamp is**  **measured on**  **a ballast**  **with a**  **ballast factor**  **of 1.0.**  **One can**  **reduce the**  **light output**  **of a** 

**lamp­and­ballast system**  **by operating**  **a lamp**  **on a**  **ballast with**  **a lower**  **ballast factor.** 

**b Efficacy**  **levels span**  **multiple lamps**  **of different**  **wattages. In**  **selecting CSLs,**  **DOE considered**  **whether lamps**  **of**

**different wattages**  **can meet**  **the efficacy**  **levels prescribed**  **by those**  **CSLs.**

**5­3 possible**  **because 2­foot**  **U­shaped lamps**  **generally are**  **operated in**  **the same**  **way and**  **generally**

**span the**  **same wattages**  **as 4­foot**  **medium bipin**  **lamps. For**  **lamps whose**  **CCT is**  **greater than** 

**4,500K, DOE**  **will extend**  **standards for**  **similar lamp**  **types with**  **a CCT**  **of less**  **than or**  **equal to** 

**4,500K. This**  **is also**  **possible because**  **lamps with**  **a CCT**  **of less**  **than or**  **equal to**  **4,500K operate** 

**in the**  **same way**  **and generally**  **span the**  **same wattages**  **as those**  **with a**  **CCT greater**  **than 4,500K.** 

**Section 5.5**  **provides more**  **information on**  **extending standards**  **to those**  **product classes**  **that DOE** 

**does not**  **analyze.**

Table 5.3.1 DOE ANOPR Product Classes for General Service Fluorescent Lamps

Lamp Type For CCT ≤ 4,500K

Minimum Lamp Efficacy

lm/W* For CCT > 4,500K

Minimum Lamp

Efficacy

lm/W

**4­foot medium**  **bipin Representative**  **product class**  **Scaled from**  **≤4,500K**

**2­foot U­shaped**  **Scaled from**  **4­foot medium**  **bipin Scaled**  **from ≤4,500K** 

**8­foot single**  **pin slimline**  **Representative product**  **class Scaled**  **from ≤4,500K** 

**8­foot recessed**  **double contact**  **HO Representative**  **product class**  **Scaled from**  **≤4,500K**

***** **lm/W**

**= lumens**  **per watt** 

**In the**  **engineering analysis**  **for GSFL,**  **DOE bases**  **its CSLs**  **on lamps.**  **This is**  **because the** 

**energy conservation**  **standards only**  **apply to**  **lamps. However,**  **DOE uses**  **a systems**  **approach in** 

**analyzing these**  **representative product**  **classes because**  **both lamps**  **and ballasts**  **determine a** 

**system’s energy**  **use and**  **light output.**  **DOE pairs**  **a lamp**  **with a**  **ballast to**  **develop lamp­and** 

**ballast systems.**  **By using**  **a systems**  **approach, DOE**  **can demonstrate**  **the actual**  **energy**

**consumption and**  **light output**  **of an**  **operating lamp.** 

**Using this**  **systems approach,**  **DOE can**  **select a**  **variety of**  **energy­saving lamp­and­ballast** 

**systems per**  **CSL. In**  **general, DOE**  **chooses its**  **lamp designs**  **(which refer**  **to lamp**  **substitution**

**options) and**  **lamp­and­ballast designs**  **(which refer**  **to lamp­and­ballast**  **substitution options)**  **by**

**selecting commercially**  **available fluorescent**  **lamps at**  **higher efficacies**  **than the**  **baseline lamps.** 

**Higher efficacies**  **are achieved**  **through a**  **variety of**  **technologies. As**  **discussed in**  **the screening** 

**analysis (Chapter**  **4), DOE**  **considers commercially**  **available GSFL**  **that use**  **highly emissive** 

**electrode coatings,**  **higher efficiency**  **lamp fill**  **gas composition,**  **higher efficiency**  **phosphors,**

**glass coatings,**  **or higher**  **efficiency lamp**  **diameter to**  **achieve higher**  **efficacy lamp**  **designs.**

**For the**  **LCC, DOE**  **analyzes lamp­and­ballast**  **systems that**  **both save**  **energy and**  **maintain**

**comparable light**  **output. In**  **particular, DOE**  **considers lamp­and­ballast**  **designs that**  **emit mean** 

**lumens equal**  **to, greater**  **than, or**  **no more**  **than 10**  **percent less**  **than the**  **light output**  **of the** 

**baseline system.**  **DOE maintains**  **light output**  **across efficacy**  **levels to**  **ensure that**  **products**

**supply equivalent**  **service in**  **the base**  **case and**  **standards case.** 

**In assessing**  **light output,**  **DOE makes**  **a distinction**  **between mean**  **and initial**  **lumens.**

**DOE uses**  **initial lumens**  **in its**  **test procedures**  **to measure**  **compliance with**  **a standard.**  **This is** 

**consistent with**  **consensus industry**  **standards on**  **efficacy measurements.**  **Therefore, DOE**  **uses**

**initial lumens**  **to calculate**  **CSLs. However,**  **the light**  **output of**  **a lamp**  **decreases over**  **time. To** 

**5­4 account**  **for this**  **real­world depreciation**  **in lumens,**  **DOE uses**  **mean lumens**  **in determining** 

**equivalent substitutes**  **in the**  **LCC and**  **in determining**  **the light**  **output of**  **GSFL in**  **the NIA.** 

**For GSFL,**  **energy savings**  **can be**  **achieved either**  **through lamp**  **replacements or**  **lamp**

**and­ballast replacements.**  **For lamp**  **replacements, DOE**  **analyzes reduced­wattage,**  **higher**

**efficacy lamps**  **for use**  **on the**  **existing ballast.**  **For lamp­and­ballast**  **replacements, DOE**  **uses a** 

**variety of**  **lamp­and­ballast combinations**  **to obtain**  **energy savings**  **and maintain**  **comparable**

**mean lumens.**  **These combinations**  **include both**  **reduced­wattage lamps**  **and constant­wattage** 

**lamps. For**  **example, one**  **can achieve**  **energy savings**  **while maintaining**  **mean lumen**  **output by** 

**using a**  **similar­wattage, higher­efficacy**  **lamp with**  **a lower**  **BF ballast.** 

**Some consumers**  **may operate**  **non­energy saving**  **systems. For**  **example, a**  **consumer who** 

**pairs a**  **constant­wattage, higher­efficacy**  **lamp with**  **an existing**  **ballast will**  **get more**  **light output** 

**but will**  **not save**  **energy. DOE**  **does not**  **consider such**  **non­energy­saving systems**  **in the**  **LCC**

**because energy**  **savings determine**  **whether a**  **consumer can**  **recoup any**  **higher first**  **costs of** 

**replacement products.**  **However, DOE**  **does take**  **into account**  **the use**  **of both**  **energy­saving and** 

**non­energy­saving systems**  **when aggregating**  **market behavior**  **in the**  **NIA. Therefore,**  **DOE**

**considers lamp­and­ballast**  **systems that**  **do not**  **save energy**  **and may**  **over­ or under­light.**  **This**

**reflects the**  **fact that**  **DOE cannot**  **require consumers**  **to change**  **their ballast**  **along with**  **their lamp.** 

**Appendix 5A**  **shows lamp­and­ballast**  **designs considered**  **in the**  **NIA.**

**Because DOE**  **is using**  **a systems**  **approach, the**  **system power**  **rating is**  **an important**  **result**

**of the**  **engineering analysis.**  **The system**  **power rating**  **represents the**  **energy consumption**  **rate of** 

**both the**  **lamps and**  **ballast, and**  **therefore is**  **actually greater**  **than simply**  **the rated**  **lamp power.** 

**While the**  **rated lamp**  **power affects**  **the system**  **power, the**  **system power**  **is also**  **affected by**  **the**

**type of**  **ballast used,**  **the BF**  **of that**  **ballast, and**  **the number**  **of lamps**  **operated per**  **ballast.**

**DOE calculates**  **the system**  **power data**  **using published**  **catalog information.**  **For each** 

**lamp wattage**  **and ballast**  **type, DOE**  **linearly fits**  **the system**  **power rating**  **of a**  **lamp on**  **several**

**different ballasts**  **with varying**  **ballast factors.**  **DOE uses**  **this linear**  **fit to**  **derive the**  **system**

**power rating**  **of the**  **lamp on**  **the ballasts**  **used in**  **the analysis.**  **The linear**  **fit follows**  **the equation** 

**below:**

SPR

= m ***** BF + b Eq. 5.1

**where:**

SPR

= **System Power**  **Rating**

BF

= **Ballast Factor** 

m = **Slope of**  **Linear Fit** 

b

= **Y­Intercept of**  **Linear Fit** 

**DOE considers**  **both magnetic**  **and electronic**  **ballasts. For**  **4­foot T8**  **and 4­foot**  **T12**

**systems, DOE**  **uses system**  **power data**  **from manufacturer**  **literature to**  **develop a**  **linear fit**  **for**

**lamps on**  **a three­lamp,**  **120V, electronic**  **instant­start ballast**  **with similar**  **ballast efficacy**  **factors**

**5­5 (BEF).**  **c For**  **some 4­foot**  **T12s, DOE**  **also uses**  **a one­lamp**  **and a**  **two­lamp 120V,**  **magnetic,**

**rapid­start ballast**  **with a**  **common ballast**  **efficacy factor.**  **A linear**  **fit was**  **not necessary**  **for these** 

**magnetic systems**  **because DOE**  **uses only**  **one type**  **of magnetic**  **ballast in**  **the analysis.**  **For 8­** 

**foot T8s**  **and 8­foot**  **T12s, DOE**  **uses system**  **power data**  **from manufacturer**  **literature to**  **develop a** 

**linear fit**  **for lamps**  **on a**  **two­lamp, 120V,**  **electronic instant­start**  **ballast. DOE**  **also uses**  **data for** 

**some baseline**  **8­foot T12**  **slimline lamps**  **on two­lamp,**  **120V, magnetic,**  **instant­start ballasts.** 

**Again, a**  **linear fit**  **is not**  **necessary for**  **the magnetic**  **systems because**  **DOE uses**  **only one**  **ballast**

**in the**  **analysis.**

5.3.1 Four­Foot Medium Bipin

**DOE is**  **selecting the**  **4­foot medium**  **bipin product**  **class as**  **one of**  **the representative** 

**product classes**  **for GSFL**  **because it**  **has the**  **highest volume**  **shipments of**  **all the**  **product classes** 

**for fluorescent**  **lamps. DOE**  **must pair**  **each lamp**  **it analyzes**  **with a**  **ballast. DOE**  **reviews the** 

**range of**  **new lamp­and­ballast**  **combinations and**  **found that**  **ballasts for**  **4­foot medium**  **bipin**

**ballasts are**  **available in**  **a variety**  **of lamp­per­ballast**  **designs. For**  **example, electronic**  **ballasts**

**are typically**  **manufactured in**  **one­, two­,**  **three­, and**  **four­lamp versions.**  **According to**  **the 2000** 

**2 rule**  **on GSFL**  **ballasts (“2000**  **Ballast Rule”), there**  **are on**  **average 2.8**  **lamps per**  **4­foot medium** 

**3 bipin**  **system.** 62 FR 56740 **(September 19,**  **2000). To**  **accurately represent**  **the market**  **yet**

**simplify the**  **analysis, DOE**  **uses a**  **three­lamp system**  **for 4­foot**  **medium bipin**  **lamps operating**  **on**

**electronic ballasts.**  **(This decision**  **effectively spreads**  **the cost**  **of a**  **new ballast**  **over the**  **average**

**number of**  **lamps per**  **system). To**  **make a**  **comparison between**  **electronic and**  **magnetic 4­foot** 

**medium bipin**  **systems, and**  **because three­lamp**  **magnetic ballasts**  **are typically**  **not sold,**  **DOE**

**develops a**  **system that**  **combines a**  **two­lamp magnetic**  **and one­lamp**  **magnetic ballast.**  **This**

**allows DOE**  **to compare**  **similar light**  **output packages**  **and make**  **a level**  **comparison on**  **energy**

**d use.** 

5.3.1.1 Baseline Models

**This product**  **class represents**  **both T12**  **and T8**  **4­foot medium**  **bipin lamps,**  **which operate** 

**on different**  **ballasts and**  **are both**  **high­volume lamps.**  **To reflect**  **the most**  **common lamp**  **and**

**wattage combinations**  **for this**  **product class,**  **DOE is**  **selecting three**  **baseline lamp/wattage** 

**combinations for**  **the 4­foot**  **medium bipin**  **product class:**  **a 32W**  **T8, a**  **34W T12,**  **and a**  **40W T12.** 

**c Energy**  **efficient ballasts**  **are characterized**  **as having**  **higher ballast**  **efficacy factors**  **(BEF). The**  **BEF is**  **directly**

**related to**  **the quotient**  **of the**  **BF and**  **the power**  **consumed by**  **the ballast,**  **such that**  **a ballast**  **maintaining BF**  **while**

**reducing power**  **consumption will**  **have a**  **higher BEF,**  **and be**  **a more**  **energy­efficient ballast.**  **In its**  **ANOPR**

**analysis, DOE**  **varied the**  **ballast BF,**  **not the**  **BEF (given**  **the same**  **lamp wattage**  **and ballast**  **type (“electronic”**  **or**

**“magnetic”)), in**  **its assessment**  **of standards**  **for fluorescent**  **lamps. DOE**  **will be**  **considering new**  **and amended**  **BEF**

**standards in**  **a separate**  **fluorescent lamp**  **ballast rulemaking.** 

**d DOE**  **recognizes that**  **the combined**  **cost of**  **a one­lamp**  **and two­lamp**  **magnetic system**  **would be**  **higher than**  **the**

**cost of**  **a three­lamp**  **system if**  **it were**  **manufactured. However,**  **the comparative**  **economics between**  **a one­lamp**  **and**

**two­lamp magnetic**  **ballast versus**  **a three­lamp**  **electronic ballast**  **is not**  **an issue**  **in DOE’s**  **calculation of**  **the LCC.** 

**Since ballast**  **standards will**  **be effective**  **in 2010,**  **DOE assumes**  **all new**  **ballast sales**  **are electronic.**  **As a**  **result, the** 

**only magnetic**  **ballasts DOE**  **models are**  **pre­existing magnetic**  **ballasts in**  **the base**  **case. Because**  **they were** 

**purchased before**  **the standards**  **rule, DOE**  **assumes that**  **the magnetic**  **ballast is**  **a sunk**  **cost. Therefore,**  **the only**  **costs**

**considered in**  **the LCC**  **are electronic**  **ballasts, for**  **which DOE**  **uses three­lamp**  **systems.**

**5­6 In**  **2005, T8**  **lamps represented**  **57 percent**  **of the**  **4­foot medium**  **bipin shipments,**  **of which**  **the**

**32W lamp**  **was the**  **most common.**  **The 2005**  **shipments of**  **4­foot T12**  **lamps represented**  **43**

**percent of**  **all 4­foot**  **medium bipin**  **shipments. The**  **34W T12**  **lamp was**  **approximately two­thirds** 

**of these**  **shipments and**  **the 40W**  **T12 was**  **approximately one­third.**  **Therefore, these**  **three**

**baseline lamps**  **represent the**  **three highest**  **volume lamp**  **diameter and**  **wattage combinations**  **for**

**the 4­foot**  **medium bipin**  **product class.** 

**For each**  **of these**  **three baseline**  **model lamps,**  **DOE has**  **developed a**  **set of**  **typical**

**performance characteristics.**  **For the**  **32W T8**  **lamp, DOE**  **is selecting**  **a lamp**  **using a**  **700 series** 

**rare earth**  **phosphor. These**  **lamps typically**  **have a**  **color rendering**  **index (CRI)**  **of 70**  **to 79.**  **DOE**

**found in**  **discussion with**  **industry experts**  **that this**  **lamp represents**  **the majority**  **of 4­foot**  **T8**

**lamps sold.**  **Typically, a**  **baseline product**  **is a**  **unit that**  **just meets**  **the existing**  **energy**

**conservation standard**  **for that**  **product (which**  **for this**  **product class**  **is 75.0**  **lm/W). However,** 

**there are**  **no T8**  **lamps in**  **this product**  **class with**  **an efficacy**  **as low**  **as 75.0**  **lm/W. Therefore,** 

**DOE is**  **selecting a**  **T8 lamp**  **that represents**  **the most**  **common one**  **sold, approximately**  **86.2**

**lm/W. For**  **new system**  **installations, DOE**  **is selecting**  **T8 lamps**  **operating in**  **three­lamp fixtures.** 

**These fixtures**  **are assumed**  **to operate**  **on a**  **120V instant­start**  **electronic ballast**  **with a**  **0.88 BF.** 

**Together, the**  **lamp­and­ballast combination**  **in this**  **three­lamp system**  **has a**  **light emission**  **of**

**approximately 6,650**  **mean lumens**  **(and 7,390**  **initial lumens)**  **when operating**  **with the**  **baseline**

**lamp.**

**For the**  **34W T12**  **lamp, DOE**  **is selecting**  **a cool**  **white lamp**  **with an**  **efficacy that**  **is**

**slightly above**  **the minimum**  **efficiency standard**  **(77.9 lm/W).**  **A review**  **of the**  **product catalogs** 

**finds that**  **there are**  **no 34W**  **T12 lamps**  **that are**  **just compliant**  **with the**  **standard (75.0**  **lm/W), or** 

**any between**  **75.0 and**  **77.9 lm/W**  **which are**  **otherwise covered**  **products. For**  **the 40W**  **T12 lamp,** 

**DOE is**  **selecting a**  **lamp using**  **700 series**  **rare earth**  **phosphor and**  **an efficacy**  **of 80**  **lm/W. A** 

**review of**  **the product**  **catalogs finds**  **that 40W**  **T12 lamps**  **below this**  **efficacy are**  **low­volume**

**product, since**  **they fail**  **to meet**  **the Energy**  **Policy Act**  **of 1992**  **(EPACT 1992)**  **requirement for** 

**CRI and**  **are labeled**  **for residential**  **use only.**  **DOE pairs**  **both T12**  **lamps, with**  **a rapid­start**  **120V**

**magnetic ballast,**  **which exhibits**  **a 0.88**  **BF when**  **operating the**  **34W lamp**  **and a**  **0.95 BF**  **when**

**operating the**  **40W lamp.**  **This combination**  **of lamp**  **and ballast**  **represents the**  **most common** 

**configuration for**  **this lamp**  **in existing**  **and new**  **installations. Together,**  **this lamp­and­ballast** 

**combination in**  **a three­lamp**  **fixture creates**  **a system**  **package of**  **over 6,070**  **mean lumens**  **(and**

**nearly 7,000**  **initial lumens)**  **for the**  **baseline 34W**  **lamps and**  **approximately 8,210**  **mean lumens** 

**(and 9,120**  **initial lumens)**  **for the**  **baseline 40W**  **lamps. As**  **mentioned earlier,**  **DOE assumes**  **the**

**three­lamp fixture**  **is wired**  **using two**  **magnetic ballasts** 

**– a**  **one­lamp and**  **a two­lamp**  **ballast**

**connected in**  **tandem with**  **an adjacent**  **fixture.**

**For all**  **three baseline**  **lamps and**  **the more**  **efficacious lamp**  **designs, DOE**  **analyzes**

**fluorescent lamps**  **with a**  **CCT of**  **4,100K. DOE**  **is selecting**  **this CCT**  **because it**  **represents the** 

**highest volume**  **CCT for**  **this category**  **of lamps**  **and because**  **it is**  **falls within**  **the CCT**  **span of**  **the**

**analyzed product**  **class (2,500K**  **to 4,500K).**  **Additionally, the**  **typical lifetime**  **for all**  **three**

**baseline models**  **in this**  **product class**  **is 20,000**  **hours (using**  **a 3­hour**  **on­off testing**  **cycle). While** 

**there are**  **lamps in**  **this product**  **class that**  **have other**  **lifetimes under**  **the 3**  **hour on­off**  **testing**

**cycle, such**  **as 18,000**  **or 24,000**  **hrs, these**  **lamps do**  **not represent**  **the typical**  **unit sold**  **for these** 

**three lamp**  **types.**

**5­7**Table 5.3.2 Baseline Lamps for Four­Foot Medium Bipin Engineering Analysis

Lamp

Diameter Nominal

Wattage CRI CCT Rated

Efficacy* Initial

Light

Output Mean

Light

Output Life

W K lm/W lm lm hr

**T12 40**  **72 4,100**  **80.0 3,200**  **2,880 20,000** 

**T12 34**  **62 4,100**  **77.9 2,650**  **2,300 20,000** 

**T8 32**  **75 4,100**  **86.2 2,800**  **2,520 20,000** 

***** **Rated efficacy**  **is based**  **on the**  **rated wattage**  **of the**  **lamps, which**  **for T12**  **lamps is**  **40W and**  **34W and**  **for the**  **32W**

**T8 lamp**  **is 32.5W.** 

5.3.1.2 Candidate Standard Levels

**In this**  **product class,**  **DOE is**  **establishing CSLs**  **around designs**  **options that**  **are consistent** 

**across all**  **three baseline**  **lamps. However,**  **because these**  **lamps have**  **different efficacy**  **values and** 

**some represent**  **various design**  **options, some**  **CSLs affect**  **only one**  **or two**  **baseline lamps.** 

**However, the**  **full range**  **of CSLs**  **ultimately specifies**  **requirements that**  **are at**  **some point**  **above**

**the efficacy**  **values of**  **all the**  **baseline lamps**  **sold, and**  **therefore affect**  **all three**  **baseline lamps.** 

**In selecting**  **CSLs, DOE**  **considers two**  **different paths**  **to energy**  **savings. The**  **first**

**concentrates on**  **reduced­wattage replacement**  **lamps that**  **could be**  **installed in**  **a socket**  **and**

**operate on**  **the existing**  **ballast. These**  **lower­wattage replacement**  **lamps have**  **a higher**  **efficacy**

**and therefore**  **produce approximately**  **the same**  **light output**  **as the**  **baseline lamp**  **(i.e., light**  **output**

**never drops**  **below 10**  **percent of**  **the baseline**  **system).**

**The other**  **path to**  **energy savings**  **involves lamps**  **that have**  **the same**  **or less**  **wattage as**  **the**

**baseline lamp,**  **but operate**  **on a**  **new ballast**  **with a**  **different BF**  **so the**  **system power**  **rating is** 

**lower. DOE**  **is selecting**  **a ballast**  **with a**  **particular BF**  **in conjunction**  **with the**  **more efficacious** 

**lamp to**  **produce approximately**  **the same**  **light output**  **as the**  **baseline lamp**  **(i.e., light**  **output never** 

**drops below**  **10 percent**  **of the**  **baseline system).** 

**Table 5.3.3**  **summarizes the**  **CSLs considered**  **for 4­foot**  **medium bipin**  **lamps. The** 

**following discussion**  **identifies the**  **steps and**  **technologies associated**  **with each**  **CSL DOE** 

**considered. As**  **discussed in**  **the screening**  **analysis (Chapter**  **4), DOE**  **uses design**  **options that** 

**achieve a**  **higher efficacy**  **with highly**  **emissive electrode**  **coatings, higher­efficiency**  **lamp fill**  **gas**

**composition, higher­efficiency**  **phosphors, glass**  **coatings, or**  **higher­efficiency lamp**  **diameter.**

**Because high­efficiency**  **phosphors and**  **lamp diameter**  **are common**  **methods to**  **achieve higher** 

**efficacies, DOE**  **has identified**  **the diameter**  **and phosphor**  **associated with**  **each CSL:** 

CSL1, 82.4 lm/W

**. This**  **level affects**  **the two**  **T12 baseline**  **lamps. Because**  **the baseline** 

**T8 lamp**  **is above**  **this efficacy**  **level, consumers**  **using the**  **T8 lamp**  **are not**  **affected. The**  **34W**

**T12 moves**  **from a**  **cool white**  **halophosphor to**  **a 700**  **series rare**  **earth phosphor.**  **The 40W**  **T12**

**lamp moves**  **from the**  **700 series**  **rare earth**  **to either**  **an improved**  **700 series**  **rare earth**  **phosphor**

**or 800**  **series lamp.** 

**5­8**CSL2, 85.0 lm/W

**. This**  **level also**  **only affects**  **T12 lamps.**  **For the**  **34W T12,**  **the lamps** 

**change from**  **700 series**  **to 800**  **series rare**  **earth phosphor.**  **The 40W**  **T12 lamp**  **at this**  **level uses** 

**800 series**  **rare earth**  **phosphor.**

CSL3, 90.0 lm/W

**. This**  **level affects**  **all three**  **baseline lamps.**  **The 32W**  **T8 lamp**  **that**

**used 700**  **series rare**  **earth phosphor**  **in the**  **baseline migrates**  **to an**  **800 series**  **rare earth**  **in a**  **32W**

**lamp. The**  **T12 lamp**  **uses an**  **800 series**  **rare earth**  **phosphor, and**  **may incorporate**  **other design** 

**options to**  **enhance efficacy,**  **such as**  **a different**  **gas fill**  **or increased**  **thickness of**  **the bulb­wall** 

**phosphor.**

CSL4, 92.3 lm/W

**. This**  **level affects**  **all three**  **baseline lamps.**  **However, no**  **T12 lamps** 

**are commercially**  **available that**  **meet this**  **efficacy requirement.**  **Therefore, users**  **of T12**  **lamps**

**would be**  **forced to**  **replace their**  **ballasts and**  **operate T8**  **lamps instead.**  **For the**  **T8 lamps,**  **this**

**level requires**  **the use**  **of a**  **higher­efficacy 800**  **series rare**  **earth phosphor.**  **A 30W**  **T8 lamp**  **that**

**produces an**  **equivalent amount**  **of light**  **as the**  **baseline unit**  **on a**  **similar ballast**  **meets this**  **CSL.**

CSL5, 95.4 lm/W

**. This**  **level affects**  **all three**  **baseline lamps.**  **However, no**  **T12 lamps** 

**that can**  **meet this**  **efficacy requirement**  **are commercially**  **available. Therefore,**  **users of**  **T12**

**lamps would**  **be forced**  **to replace**  **their ballasts**  **and operate**  **T8 lamps**  **instead. For**  **the T8**  **lamps,**

**this level**  **represents “max­tech,”**  **the highest**  **efficacy level**  **available today.**  **It uses**  **800 series**  **rare**

**earth phosphor**  **and may**  **incorporate other**  **efficacy improvements,**  **such as**  **a different**  **gas fill**  **or**

**increased thickness**  **of the**  **bulb­wall phosphor.**  **Both 28W**  **and 25W**  **T8 lamps**  **that produce**  **an**

**equivalent amount**  **of light**  **on the**  **same ballast**  **as the**  **baseline unit**  **meet this**  **CSL.**

Table 5.3.3 Summary of the CSLs for Four­Foot Medium Bipin Fluorescent Lamps

Candidate Standard Level Efficacy Requirement

lm/W

**CSL1 82.4** 

**CSL2 85.0** 

**CSL3 90.0** 

**CSL4 92.3** 

**CSL5 95.4** 

**Figure 5.3.1**  **illustrates the**  **five CSLs**  **on a**  **plot of**  **fluorescent lamps**  **DOE is**  **selecting to** 

**analyze. A**  **line at**  **75 lm/W**  **denotes the**  **existing energy**  **conservation standard**  **(from EPACT** 

**1992). Square**  **boxes and**  **labels identify**  **the three**  **baseline lamps.**  **The plot**  **shows replacement** 

**lamps DOE**  **considers for**  **each lamp**  **at higher**  **efficacies. Some**  **lamps are**  **at the**  **same wattage,** 

**but have**  **a higher**  **efficacy; others**  **have a**  **combination of**  **lower wattage**  **and higher**  **efficacy so** 

**that the**  **lamp­and­ballast system**  **produces light**  **output no**  **less than**  **10 percent**  **of the**  **baseline.**

**5­9**CSL1 CSL2 CSL3 CSL4 CSL5

EPACT 1992

72.0 74.0 76.0 78.0 80.0 82.0 84.0 86.0 88.0 90.0 92.0 94.0 96.0 98.0 100.0RatedLampEfficacy(lm/W) 4­foot T12 medium bipin 4­foot T8 medium bipin

40W T12 Baseline

34W T12 Baseline 32W T8 Baseline

24 26 28 30 32 34 36 38 40 42

Rated Wattage (W)

Figure 5.3.1 Four­Foot Medium Bipin Fluorescent Lamp Candidate Standard Levels

**Table 5.3.4**  **provides detailed**  **information on**  **the 4­foot**  **medium bipin**  **lamp designs**  **used**

**in the**  **engineering analysis**  **and subsequent**  **analyses.**

**5­10**Table 5.3.4 4­Foot Medium Bipin Lamp Designs

CSL Lamp

Diameter Nominal

Wattage Rated

Wattage Rated

Efficacy Initial Light

Output Mean Light

Output Life CRI

W W lm/W lm lm hr

**Baseline/0 T12**  **40 40.0**  **80.0 3,200**  **2,880 20,000**  **70**

**Baseline/0 T12**  **34 34.0**  **77.9 2,650**  **2,300 20,000**  **62**

**1 T12**  **34 34.0**  **82.4 2,800**  **2,460 20,000**  **70**

**1 T12**  **40 40.0**  **82.5 3,300**  **3,000 20,000**  **80**

**2 T12**  **40 40.0**  **85.0 3,400**  **3,060 24,000**  **80**

**2 T12**  **34 34.0**  **85.3 2,900**  **2,610 20,000**  **80**

**Baseline/2 T8**  **32 32.5**  **86.2 2,800**  **2,520 20,000**  **75**

**3 T12**  **40 40.0**  **90.0 3,600**  **3,250 24,000**  **85**

**3 T8**  **32 32.5**  **90.8 2,950**  **2,710 20,000**  **82**

**3 T12**  **34 34.0**  **91.2 3,100**  **2,790 24,000**  **85**

**4 T8**  **32 32.5**  **92.3 3,000**  **2,850 24,000**  **85**

**4 T8**  **30 30.0**  **95.0 2,850**  **2,680 18,000**  **82**

**5 T8**  **32 32.5**  **95.4 3,100**  **2,915 24,000**  **82**

**5 T8**  **28 28.0**  **97.3 2,725**  **2,560 18,000**  **82**

**5 T8**  **25 25.0**  **96.0 2,400**  **2,280 24,000**  **85**

**Section 5.3.1.4**  **provides detailed**  **information on**  **the lamp­and­ballast**  **systems DOE**  **uses**

**in the**  **engineering analysis.** 

5.3.1.3 System Power Rating

**As discussed**  **in section**  **5.3, the**  **system power**  **rating is**  **an important**  **result of**  **the**

**engineering analysis.**  **DOE calculates**  **the system**  **power rating,**  **which represents**  **the energy** 

**consumption rate**  **of both**  **the lamps**  **and ballast,**  **using published**  **catalog information.**  **For each** 

**lamp wattage**  **and ballast**  **type, DOE**  **applies a**  **linear fit**  **to several**  **points identifying**  **the system** 

**power rating**  **of a**  **lamp on**  **a ballast**  **and the**  **ballast factor**  **of the**  **ballast. The**  **fit follows**  **the form** 

**of Eq.**  **5.1 where**  SPR

= m * BF + b

**. DOE**  **uses a**  **linear form**  **because the**  **relationship is** 

**approximately linear**  **over the**  **range of**  **BFs and**  **wattages considered.** 

**The ballasts**  **DOE uses**  **typically have**  **a total**  **harmonic distortion**  **(THD) less**  **than 20** 

**percent, power**  **factors (PF)**  **greater than**  **0.95, and**  **typical ballast**  **efficacy factors**  **(BEF). Because** 

**ballast efficiencies**  **naturally increase**  **as lamp**  **wattages decrease,**  **there is**  **a natural**  **progression to** 

**higher typical**  **BEFs at**  **lower wattages.**  **Also, because**  **there is**  **less manufacturer**  **literature on** 

**system power**  **ratings of**  **ballasts with**  **lower wattage**  **lamps, DOE**  **uses fewer**  **points to**  **develop a** 

**linear fit**  **for the**  **energy­saving lamp**  **wattages. Figure**  **5.3.2 to**  **Figure 5.3.5**  **show the**  **linear fit** 

**and ballast**  **characteristics DOE**  **uses to**  **derive the**  **system power**  **rating for**  **3­lamp, 4­foot**  **T8**

**lamps on**  **electronic ballasts.** 

**5­11**60.0 65.0 70.0 75.0 80.0 85.0 90.0 95.0 100.0 105.0 110.0SystemPowerRating(W) **L i**  **n e**  **a r**  **F i**  **t :**  **m =**  **8 9** 

**. 8** 

**, b** 

**= 8** 

**. 5** 

0.70 0.75 0.80 0.85 0.90 0.95 1.00

Ballast Factor

Figure 5.3.2 Three­Lamp 32W T8 120V Ballasts with THD <20 Percent, PF >0.95, and

BEF 0.98­1.02

120.0SystemPowerRating(W)

60.0

70.0 80.0 90.0 100.0 110.0

0.60 0.70 0.80 0.90 1.00 1.10 1.20 1.30 1.40

Ballast Factor **L i**  **n e**  **a r**  **F i**  **t :**  **m =**  **8 0** 

**. 8** 

**, b** 

**= 9** 

**. 4** 

Figure 5.3.3 Three­Lamp 30W T8 120V Ballasts with THD <20 Percent, PF >0.95, and

BEF 1.07­1.12

**5­12**55.0 60.0 65.0 70.0 75.0 80.0 85.0 90.0 95.0 100.0 105.0SystemPowerRating(W) **L i**  **n e**  **a r**  **F i**  **t :**  **m =**  **7 8** 

**. 4** 

**, b** 

**= 2** 

**. 1** 

0.60 0.80 1.00 1.20 1.40

Ballast Factor

Figure 5.3.4 Three­Lamp 28W T8 120V Ballasts with THD <10 Percent, PF >0.95, and

BEF 1.22­1.24

50.0 55.0 60.0 65.0 70.0 75.0 80.0 85.0 90.0 95.0 100.0SystemPowerRating(W) **L i**  **n e**  **a r**  **F i**  **t :**  **m =**  **8 7** 

**. 3** 

**, b** 

**= 9** 

**. 9** 

0.60 0.70 0.80 0.90 1.00 1.10 1.20 1.30 1.40

Ballast Factor

Figure 5.3.5 Three­Lamp 25W T8 120V Ballasts with THD <10 Percent, and BEF 1.26­

**5­13** 1.33**Figure 5.3.6**  **to Figure**  **5.3.9 show**  **the linear**  **fit and**  **ballast characteristics**  **DOE uses**  **to**

**derive the**  **system power**  **rating for**  **two­lamp, 4­foot**  **T8 lamps**  **on electronic**  **ballasts. DOE**  **uses**

**the system**  **power rating**  **for these**  **ballasts to**  **derive both**  **the system**  **power rating**  **for 4­foot**  **T12**

**electronic ballasts**  **and systems**  **DOE uses**  **in the**  **NIA. The**  **ballasts DOE**  **uses typically**  **have a** 

**THD less**  **than 20**  **percent, PFs**  **greater than**  **0.95, and**  **typical BEFs.**  **Because ballast**  **efficiencies**

**naturally increase**  **as lamp**  **wattages decrease,**  **there is**  **a natural**  **progression to**  **higher typical** 

**BEFs at**  **lower wattages.**  **Also, because**  **there is**  **less manufacturer**  **literature on**  **system power** 

**ratings of**  **ballasts with**  **lower wattage**  **lamps, DOE**  **uses fewer**  **points to**  **develop a**  **linear fit**  **for**

**the energy­saving**  **lamp wattages.** SystemPowerRating(W) 85.0

80.0

75.0

70.0

65.0

60.0

55.0

50.0

45.0

40.0 **Linear Fit:**  **m=66.1, b=0.3** 

0.70 0.80 0.90 1.00 1.10 1.20

Ballast Factor

Figure 5.3.6 Two­Lamp 32W T8 120V Ballasts with THD <20 Percent, PF >0.95, and BEF

1.48­1.52

**5­14**40.0 45.0 50.0 55.0 60.0 65.0 70.0 75.0 80.0 85.0 90.0SystemPowerRating(W) **L i**  **n e**  **a r**  **F i**  **t :**  **m =**  **5 6** 

**. 0** 

**, b** 

**= 5** 

**. 4** 

0.70 0.80 0.90 1.00 1.10 1.20 1.30 1.40

Ballast Factor

Figure 5.3.7 Two­Lamp 30W T8 120V Ballasts with THD <20 Percent, PF >0.95, and BEF

1.55­1.65

70.0SystemPowerRating(W)

35.0 40.0 45.0 50.0 55.0 60.0 65.0

0.70 0.80 0.90 1.00 1.10 1.20 1.30 1.40

Ballast Factor **L i**  **n e**  **a r**  **F i**  **t :**  **m =**  **5 2** 

**. 3** 

**, b** 

**= 1** 

**. 7** 

Figure 5.3.8 Two­Lamp 28W T8 120V Ballasts with THD <20 Percent, PF >0.95, and BEF

1.55­1.65

**5­15**2.0 30.0 35.0 40.0 45.0 50.0 55.0 60.0 65.0 70.0 75.0 80.0SystemPowerRating(W) **Linear Fit:**  **m=50.5, b=0.5** 

0.60 0.70 0.80 0.90 1.00 1.10 1.20 1.30

Ballast Factor

Figure 5.3.9 Two­Lamp 25W T8 120V Ballasts with THD <10 Percent, PF >0.95, and BEF

**Figure 5.3.10**  **to Figure**  **5.3.13 show**  **the linear**  **fit and**  **ballast characteristics**  **DOE uses**  **to**

**derive the**  **system power**  **rating for**  **three­lamp, 4­foot**  **T12 lamps**  **on electronic**  **ballasts. Because** 

**manufacturer literature**  **for these**  **lamps is**  **uncommon, DOE**  **extrapolates linear**  **fits from**  **the two** 

**lamp, 4­foot**  **T12 based**  **on the**  **relative difference**  **between the**  **three­lamp and**  **two­lamp 32W**  **T8**

**slopes. To**  **develop the**  **y­intercept, DOE**  **uses a**  **data point**  **from manufacturer**  **literature for**  **three**

**lamp, 4­foot**  **T12s with**  **a common**  **BEF.**

**5­16**68.0 69.0 70.0 71.0 72.0 73.0 74.0 75.0SystemPowerRating(W) **Linear Fit:**  **m=50.5, b=28.5** 

0.80 0.82 0.84 0.86 0.88 0.90 0.92 0.94

Ballast Factor

Figure 5.3.10 Two­Lamp 40W 120V Ballasts with <20 Percent THD, PF >0.95, and BEF

1.20­1.22

**5­17**SystemPowerRating(W) 120.0

115.0

110.0

105.0

100.0

95.0

90.0 **Linear Fit:**  **m=68.6, b=47.3** 

0.70 0.75 0.80 0.85 0.90 0.95 1.00 1.05

Ballast Factor

Figure 5.3.11 Three­Lamp 40W 120V Ballasts Linear Fit (Based on Slope Change from

Two­Lamp to Three­Lamp Ballasts for 32W T8 Applied to T12 and Common T12

Electronic Ballast)

68.0SystemPowerRating(W) 66.0

64.0

62.0

60.0

58.0

56.0

54.0 **Linear Fit:**  **m=50.0, b=17.5** 

0.70 0.75 0.80 0.85 0.90 0.95 1.00

Ballast Factor

Figure 5.3.12 Two­Lamp 34W 120V Ballasts with <20 Percent THD, PF >0.95, and BEF

1.42­1.44

**5­18**70.0 75.0 80.0 85.0 90.0 95.0 100.0 105.0 110.0BallastFactor **Linear Fit:**  **m=68.6, b=31.3** 

0.75 0.80 0.85 0.90 0.95 1.00

ANSI Input Power (W)

Figure 5.3.13 Three­Lamp 34W 120V Ballasts (Based on Slope Change from Two­Lamp to

Three­Lamp Ballasts for T8 Applied to T12 and Common T12 Electronic Ballast)

5.3.1.4 Results

**As discussed**  **above, DOE**  **is evaluating**  **multiple baseline**  **lamps for**  **each product**  **class to** 

**provide a**  **comprehensive understanding**  **of the**  **consumer economics.**  **For each**  **baseline lamp,** 

**DOE considers**  **only energy­saving**  **options that**  **result in**  **approximately the**  **same light**  **output as** 

**the baseline**  **lamp system.**  **Energy savings**  **could either**  **be achieved**  **through lamp**  **or lamp**  **and**

**ballast replacements.**  **Appendix 5A**  **provides information**  **on the**  **additional lamp­and­ballast** 

**designs DOE**  **uses in**  **the NIA.** 

**Table 5.3.5**  **presents the**  **engineering characteristics**  **of lamp**  **replacement options**  **for a** 

**baseline 40W**  **T12, 4,100K**  **lamp. Although**  **a 34W**  **T12 lamp**  **is often**  **considered a**  **reduced**

**wattage replacement**  **of the**  **40W T12**  **lamp, there**  **are no**  **lamp options**  **that emit**  **enough lumens**  **to**

**fall within**  **10 percent**  **of the**  **baseline system**  **lumens. The**  **highest efficacy**  **34W T12**  **lamp**

**replacement is**  **shown below**  **in Table**  **5.3.5. The**  **light output**  **of this**  **lamp­and­ballast design**  **is**

**10.3 percent**  **less than**  **that of**  **the baseline**  **system. The**  **same drop**  **in lumen**  **output is**  **also**

**exhibited by**  **the 34W**  **T12 lamp**  **on an**  **electronic ballast**  **of the**  **same BF.** 

**Table 5.3.6**  **presents the**  **engineering characteristics**  **of lamp**  **and ballast**  **replacement**

**options for**  **a 40W**  **T12, 4,100K**  **lamp. Note**  **that at**  **the higher**  **CSLs, DOE**  **considers some**  **T8**

**substitutes for**  **the 40W**  **T12 lamp.**  **As discussed**  **earlier, DOE**  **adjusts the**  **BF so**  **that the** 

**combination of**  **lamp and**  **ballast maintains**  **light output**  **so that**  **potential light**  **output is**  **equal to,** 

**greater than,**  **or no**  **more than**  **10 percent**  **less than**  **the light**  **output of**  **the baseline**  **system. All** 

**standards­case lamps**  **for lamp**  **and ballast**  **replacements are**  **placed on**  **electronic T12s**  **or ballasts** 

**since ballast**  **standards will**  **be effective**  **in 2010.** 

**5­19**Table5.3.5LampReplacementEngineeringAnalysisforaThree­Lamp40WT12,4,100KSystemCandidateStandardLevelLampDiameterNominalWattageRatedWattageRatedEfficacyInitialLightOutputMeanLightOutputLifeBallastTypeBallastFactor*SystemPowerRatingSystemInitialLightOutputSystemMeanLightOutputWWlm/WlmlmhrWlmlm**Baseline T12** **40 40** **80 3,200** **2,880 20,000** **Magnetic 0.95** **129.0 9,120** **8,208 CSL3** **T12 34** **34 91.2** **3,100 2,790** **24,000 Magnetic** **0.88 108.0** **8,184 7,366** ***Note: This** **difference in** **BFs does** **not represent** **a ballast** **replacement. Instead,** **the BF** **of magnetic** **ballasts changes** **when a** **different wattage** **lamp is** **installed. 5­20** Table5.3.6LampandBallastReplacementEngineeringAnalysisforaThree­Lamp40WT12,4,100KSystemCandidateStandardLevelLampDiameterNominalWattageRatedWattageRatedEfficacyInitialLightOutputMeanLightOutputLifeBallastTypeBallastFactorSystemPowerRatingSystemInitialLightOutputSystemMeanLightOutputWWlm/WlmlmhrWlmlm**Baseline T12** **40 40.0** **80.0 3,200** **2,880 20,000** **Magnetic 0.95** **129.0 9,120** **8,208 Baseline** **T12 40** **40.0 80.0** **3,200 2,880** **20,000 Electronic** **0.88 107.7** **8,448 7,603** **CSL1 T12** **40 40.0** **82.5 3,300** **3,000 20,000** **Electronic 0.88** **107.7 8,712** **7,920 CSL1** **T12 40** **40.0 82.5** **3,300 3,000** **20,000 Electronic** **0.87 107.0** **8,613 7,830** **CSL2 T12** **40 40.0** **85.0 3,400** **3,060 24,000** **Electronic 0.87** **107.0 8,874** **7,987 CSL2** **T8 32** **32.5 86.2** **2,800 2,520** **20,000 Electronic** **1.18 114.5** **9,912 8,921** **CSL3 T12** **40 40.0** **90.0 3,600** **3,250 24,000** **Electronic 0.87** **107.0 9,396** **8,483 CSL3** **T12 34** **34.0 91.2** **3,100 2,790** **24,000 Electronic** **0.88 91.7** **8,184 7,366** **CSL3 T8** **32 32.5** **90.8 2,950** **2,710 20,000** **Electronic 1.00** **98.3 8,850** **8,130 CSL4** **T8 32** **32.5 92.3** **3,000 2,850** **24,000 Electronic** **0.88 87.5** **7,920 7,524** **CSL4 T8** **30 30.0** **95.0 2,850** **2,680 18,000** **Electronic 1.00** **90.2 8,550** **8,040 CSL5** **T8 32** **32.5 95.4** **3,100 2,915** **24,000 Electronic** **0.88 87.5** **8,184 7,696** **CSL5 T8** **28 28.0** **97.3 2,725** **2,560 18,000** **Electronic 1.00** **80.5 8,175** **7,680 CSL5** **T8 25** **25.0 96.0** **2,400 2,280** **24,000 Electronic** **1.18 93.0** **8,496 8,071** **Table 5.3.7** **presents the** **engineering analysis** **results for** **the replacement** **lamp­and­ballast combinations** **for the** **34W T12** **baseline lamp.** **DOE has** **not identified** **any lower­wattage** **direct lamp** **replacement designs** **that could** **operate on** **the same** **ballast and** **save energy.** **In this** **table, T8** **lamp and** **ballast replacements** **are considered** **for the** **baseline lamp,** **and the** **BF is** **selected so** **that the** **new system’s** **light output** **never drops** **below 10** **percent of** **the baseline** **system. 5­21** Table5.3.7LampandBallastReplacementEngineeringAnalysisforaThree­Lamp34WT12,4,100KSystemCandidateStandardLevelLampDiameterNominalWattageRatedWattageRatedEfficacyInitialLightOutputMeanLightOutputLifeBallastTypeBallastFactorSystemPowerRatingSystemInitialLightOutputSystemMeanLightOutputWWlm/WlmlmhrWlmlm**Baseline T12** **34 34.0** **77.9 2,650** **2,300 20,000** **Magnetic 0.88** **108.0 6,996** **6,072 Baseline** **T12 34** **34.0 77.9** **2,650 2,300** **20,000 Electronic** **0.88 91.7** **6,996 6,072** **CSL1 T12** **34 34.0** **82.4 2,800** **2,460 20,000** **Electronic 0.88** **91.7 7,392** **6,494 CSL1** **T12 34** **34.0 82.4** **2,800 2,460** **20,000 Electronic** **0.86 90.3** **7,224 6,347** **CSL2 T12** **34 34.0** **85.3 2,900** **2,610 20,000** **Electronic 0.86** **90.3 7,482** **6,734 CSL2** **T8 32** **32.5 86.2** **2,800 2,520** **20,000 Electronic** **0.88 87.5** **7,392 6,653** **CSL3 T8** **32 32.5** **90.8 2,950** **2,710 20,000** **Electronic 0.78** **78.5 6,903** **6,341 CSL3** **T12 34** **34.0 91.2** **3,100 2,790** **24,000 Electronic** **0.86 90.3** **7,998 7,198** **CSL4 T8** **32 32.5** **92.3 3,000** **2,850 24,000** **Electronic 0.75** **75.9 6,750** **6,413 CSL4** **T8 30** **30.0 95.0** **2,850 2,680** **18,000 Electronic** **0.78 72.4** **6,669 6,271** **CSL5 T8** **32 32.5** **95.4 3,100** **2,915 24,000** **Electronic 0.75** **75.9 6,975** **6,559 CSL5** **T8 28** **28.0 97.3** **2,725 2,560** **18,000 Electronic** **0.78 63.3** **6,377 5,990** **CSL5 T8** **25 25.0** **96.0 2,400** **2,280 24,000** **Electronic 0.88** **66.8 6,336** **6,019 Table** **5.3.8 presents** **the engineering** **analysis results** **for the** **32W T8** **baseline lamp** **replacement. As** **shown below** **in Table** **5.3.8, there** **are no** **lamp replacement** **options at** **CSL3 because** **the system** **lumens of** **reduced wattage** **lamp replacement** **options below** **this CSL** **are not** **maintained. Table** **5.3.9 presents** **the engineering** **analysis results** **for the** **replacement lamp** **and ballast** **combinations for** **the 32W** **T8 baseline** **lamp. For** **lamp­and­ballast replacement** **combinations, the** **BF is** **selected so** **that the** **new system’s** **light output** **is equal** **to, greater** **than, or** **no more** **than 10** **percent less** **than the** **light output** **of the** **baseline system.** **. 5­22** Table5.3.8LampReplacementEngineeringAnalysisforaThree­Lamp32WT8,4,100KSystemCandidateStandardLevelLampDiameterNominalWattageRatedWattageRatedEfficacyInitialLightOutputMeanLightOutputLifeBallastTypeBallastFactorSystemPowerRatingSystemInitialLightOutputSystemMeanLightOutputWWlm/WlmlmhrWlmlm**Baseline/ CSL2** **T8 32** **32.5 86.2** **2,800 2,520** **20,000 Electronic** **0.88 87.5** **7,392 6,653** **CSL4 T8** **30 30.0** **95.0 2,850** **2,680 18,000** **Electronic 0.88** **80.5 7,524** **7,075 CSL5** **T8 28** **28.0 97.3** **2,750 2,585** **18,000 Electronic** **0.88 71.1** **7,260 6,824** **CSL5 T8** **25 25.0** **96.0 2,400** **2,280 24,000** **Electronic 0.88** **66.8 6,336** **6,019**Table5.3.9LampandBallastReplacementEngineeringAnalysisforaThree­Lamp32WT8,4,100KSystemCandidateStandardLevelLampDiameterNominalWattageRatedWattageRatedEfficacyInitialLightOutputMeanLightOutputLifeBallastTypeBallastFactorSystemPowerRatingSystemInitialLightOutputSystemMeanLightOutputWWlm/WlmlmhrWlmlm**Baseline/ CSL2** **T8 32** **32.5 86.2** **2,800 2,520** **20,000 Electronic** **0.88 87.5** **7,392 6,653** **CSL3 T8** **32 32.5** **90.8 2,950** **2,710 20,000** **Electronic 0.78** **78.5 6,903** **6,341 CSL4** **T8 32** **32.5 92.3** **3,000 2,850** **24,000 Electronic** **0.75 75.9** **6,750 6,413** **CSL4 T8** **30 30.0** **95.0 2,850** **2,680 18,000** **Electronic 0.78** **72.4 6,669** **6,271 CSL5** **T8 32** **32.5 95.4** **3,100 2,915** **24,000 Electronic** **0.75 75.9** **6,975 6,559** **CSL5 T8** **28 28.0** **97.3 2,725** **2,560 18,000** **Electronic 0.88** **71.1 7,194** **6,758 CSL5** **T8 25** **25.0 96.0** **2,400 2,280** **24,000 Electronic** **0.88 66.8** **6,336 6,019** **5­23**5.3.2 Eight­foot Single Pin Slimline

5.3.2.1 Baseline Models

**The 8­foot**  **single pin**  **slimline lamps**  **are commonly**  **manufactured in**  **both T8**  **and T12** 

**diameters. As**  **discussed in**  **Chapter 3,**  **the T12**  **diameter represents**  **approximately 85**  **percent of** 

**all slimline**  **lamp shipments.**  **However, DOE**  **projects that**  **by 2011,**  **T8s will**  **account for**  **26**

**percent of**  **all slimline**  **lamp shipments.**  **Therefore, DOE**  **is selecting**  **its baseline**  **models for**  **this**

**product class**  **from both**  **the T12**  **and T8**  **diameter. The**  **two most**  **popular wattages**  **associated**

**with the**  **T12 slimline**  **lamp type**  **are the**  **60W and**  **75W. For**  **the 60W**  **lamp, the**  **cool white** 

**halophosphor is**  **the most**  **popular. Therefore,**  **DOE selected**  **this as**  **the baseline.**  **The most** 

**common 75W**  **T12 lamp**  **purchased uses**  **a rare**  **earth 700**  **series phosphor.**  **For T8**  **lamps, the** 

**most popular**  **wattage is**  **59W. The**  **most common**  **lamp purchased**  **at this**  **wattage uses**  **a rare** 

**earth 700**  **series phosphor.**  **As with**  **the 4­foot**  **medium bipin,**  **DOE selects**  **a CCT**  **of 4,100K** 

**because it**  **is the**  **most common**  **CCT for**  **this lamp**  **type.**

**When selecting**  **the lamp,**  **DOE finds**  **a small**  **variance in**  **the reported**  **lumen output**  **(and**

**therefore efficacy)**  **of each**  **lamp. DOE**  **is selecting**  **the least**  **efficacious baseline**  **lamps to**  **ensure**

**that all**  **the major**  **manufacturers have**  **a product**  **available at**  **the baseline.** 

**DOE’s review**  **of product**  **literature for**  **8­foot T12**  **single pin**  **slimline lamps**  **indicates that** 

**a 12,000­hour**  **lifetime is**  **typical, although**  **this is**  **shorter than**  **the lifetime**  **of the**  **4­foot medium** 

**bipin. T12**  **lamps with**  **a 15,000­hour**  **lifetime for**  **a 3­hour**  **cycle are**  **marketed as**  **extended**

**performance products.**  **Therefore, DOE**  **is using**  **a lifetime**  **of 12,000**  **hours for**  **a 3­hour**  **cycle for** 

**the baseline**  **unit of**  **analysis for**  **T12 lamps.** 

**DOE’s review**  **of product**  **literature for**  **T8 lamps**  **indicates that**  **15,000 hours**  **is a**  **typical**

**lifetime. T8**  **lamps with**  **a 24,000­hour**  **lifetime for**  **a 3­hour**  **cycle are**  **marketed as**  **extended**

**performance products.**  **Therefore, DOE**  **is using**  **a lifetime**  **of 15,000**  **hours for**  **a 3­hour**  **cycle for** 

**the baseline**  **unit of**  **analysis for**  **T8 lamps.** 

**The most**  **common ballast**  **for T12**  **single pin**  **lamps is**  **a two­lamp,**  **instant­start, 120V,** 

**magnetic ballast.**  **This ballast**  **typically has**  **a 0.94**  **BF when**  **a 75W**  **T12 single**  **pin lamp**  **is**

**installed and**  **a 0.88**  **BF when**  **a 60W**  **T12 single**  **pin lamp**  **is installed.**  **The most**  **common ballast** 

**used for**  **T8 single**  **pin lamps**  **is a**  **two­lamp, instant­start,**  **120V, electronic**  **ballast with**  **a 0.88**  **BF.**

**The 75W**  **T12 baseline**  **lamp­and­ballast combination**  **creates a**  **lumen package**  **of approximately** 

**11,100 mean**  **lumens (and**  **12,070 initial**  **lumens). The**  **60W T12**  **baseline lamp­and­ballast** 

**combination creates**  **a lumen**  **package of**  **approximately 8,210**  **mean lumens**  **(and 9,330**  **initial**

**lumens). The**  **59W T8**  **baseline lamp­and­ballast**  **combination creates**  **a lumen**  **package of**  **almost**

**9,030 mean**  **lumens (and**  **more than**  **10,030 initial**  **lumens).**

**5­24**Table 5.3.10 Baseline Units of Analysis for Eight­Foot Linear Single Pin Slimline Lamps

Lamp

Diameter Nominal

Wattage CRI CCT Rated

Efficacy* Initial

Light

Output Mean

Light

Output Life

W K lm/W lm lm hr

**T12 75**  **70 4,100**  **85.6 6,420**  **5,906 12,000** 

**T12 60**  **62 4,100**  **87.6 5,300**  **4,664 12,000** 

**T8 59**  **70 4,100**  **94.8 5,700**  **5,130 15,000** 

***** **Rated efficacy**  **is based**  **on the**  **rated wattage**  **of the**  **lamps, which**  **is 75W**  **and 60.5W**  **for T12**  **lamps and**  **60.1W for** 

**T8 lamps.** 

5.3.2.2 Candidate Standard Levels

**As with**  **the previous**  **product class,**  **DOE is**  **establishing CSLs**  **for design**  **options that**  **are**

**consistent across**  **the three**  **baseline lamps.**  **However, not**  **every CSL**  **affects every**  **baseline lamp.** 

**Because the**  **three baseline**  **lamps have**  **different efficacy**  **values, the**  **first CSL**  **only affects**  **the**

**75W lamp.**  **However, for**  **CSL4 and**  **above, the**  **requirements affect**  **all three**  **baseline lamps.** 

**In selecting**  **CSLs, DOE**  **considers two**  **different paths**  **to energy**  **savings. One** 

**concentrates on**  **reduced wattage**  **replacement lamps,**  **which could**  **be installed**  **in a**  **socket and** 

**operate on**  **the existing**  **ballast. These**  **lower­wattage replacement**  **lamps have**  **a higher**  **efficacy**

**and therefore**  **produce about**  **the same**  **light output**  **as the**  **baseline lamp**  **(i.e., light**  **output never** 

**drops below**  **10 percent**  **of the**  **baseline system).**  **The other**  **path to**  **energy savings**  **involves lamps** 

**that have**  **the same**  **or less**  **wattage as**  **the baseline**  **lamp, but**  **operate on**  **a new**  **ballast with**  **a**

**different BF**  **so the**  **system energy**  **is lower.**  **DOE is**  **selecting the**  **BF with**  **the more**  **efficacious**

**lamp to**  **produce approximately**  **the same**  **light output**  **as the**  **baseline lamp**  **(i.e., light**  **output never** 

**drops below**  **10 percent**  **of the**  **baseline system).** 

**The following**  **discussion identifies**  **the steps**  **and technologies**  **associated with**  **each CSL** 

**DOE considered.**  **As discussed**  **in the**  **screening analysis**  **(Chapter 4),**  **DOE uses**  **design options** 

**with highly**  **emissive electrode**  **coatings, higher**  **efficiency lamp**  **fill gas**  **composition, higher** 

**efficiency phosphors,**  **glass coatings,**  **or higher**  **efficiency lamp**  **diameter to**  **achieve a**  **higher**

**efficacy level.**  **Because high­efficiency**  **phosphors and**  **lamp diameter**  **are common**  **methods to** 

**achieve higher**  **efficacies, DOE**  **has identified**  **the diameter**  **and phosphor**  **associated with**  **each**

**CSL:**

CSL1, 87.3 lm/W

**. This**  **level affects**  **just the**  **75W T12**  **baseline lamp,**  **moving this** 

**technology from**  **a 700**  **series rare**  **earth phosphor**  **to an**  **800 series**  **rare earth**  **phosphor. This**  **level**

**does not**  **affect the**  **60W T12**  **baseline lamp**  **since it**  **is below**  **the baseline**  **efficacy.**

CSL2, 92.0 lm/W

**. This**  **level represents**  **the highest**  **efficacy for**  **the T12**  **lamp at**  **75W. At** 

**that efficacy,**  **the lamp**  **is incorporating**  **premium 800**  **series rare**  **earth phosphor.**  **For the**  **60W**

**lamp, this**  **level requires**  **a 700**  **series rare**  **earth phosphor.** 

CSL3, 94.8 lm/W

**. DOE**  **selected this**  **level because**  **it represents**  **the only**  **viable 60W** 

**replacement that**  **would operate**  **on a**  **75W ballast**  **with the**  **same CCT**  **as the**  **baseline lamp** 

**5­25 (4,100K).**  **No lamps**  **at 75W**  **can achieve**  **this CSL.**  **For the**  **60W lamp,**  **this level**  **requires an** 

**improved 700**  **series rare**  **earth phosphor.** 

CSL4, 98.2 lm/W

**. At**  **this level,**  **ballast changes**  **may be**  **required for**  **those users**  **who need** 

**a lamp**  **with a**  **CCT of**  **4,100K, since**  **only 4,100K**  **T8 lamps**  **are compliant.**  **T8 lamps**  **transition**

**from a**  **700 series**  **rare earth**  **phosphor at**  **CSL3 to**  **an 800**  **series rare**  **earth phosphor.** 

CSL5, 101.5 lm/W

**. At**  **this level,**  **ballast changes**  **are required**  **for T8**  **technology. Also,**  **at**

**this level**  **the phosphor**  **being used**  **is the**  **premium 800**  **series rare**  **earth phosphor.**  **This level** 

**represents the**  **highest efficacy**  **level available,**  **or max­tech**  **for 8­foot**  **single pin**  **slimline lamps.** 

Table 5.3.11. Summary of the CSLs for Eight­Foot Single Pin Fluorescent Lamps

Candidate Standard Level Efficacy Requirement

lm/W

**CSL1 87.3** 

**CSL2 92.0** 

**CSL3 94.8** 

**CSL4 98.2** 

**CSL5 101.5** 

**Figure 5.3.14**  **illustrates the**  **five CSLs**  **on a**  **plot of**  **selected fluorescent**  **lamps. A**  **line at** 

**80.0 lm/W**  **denotes the**  **existing energy**  **conservation standard**  **(from EPACT).**  **Square boxes**  **and**

**labels identify**  **the two**  **baseline lamps.**  **The plot**  **shows the**  **replacement lamps**  **DOE considered.** 

**Some are**  **the same**  **wattage, but**  **have a**  **higher efficacy;**  **others have**  **lower wattage**  **and higher** 

**efficacy so**  **that the**  **lamp­and­ballast system**  **maintains light**  **output at**  **no less**  **than 10**  **percent of** 

**the baseline**  **lamp­and­ballast system.** 

**5­26**CSL1 CSL2 CSL3 CSL4 CSL5

EPACT 1992 75W T12 Baseline 60W T12 Baseline 59W T8 Baseline 8­foot T8 single pin slimline 8­foot T12 single pin slimlineRatedLampEfficacy(lm/W) 105.0

103.0

101.0

99.0

97.0

95.0

93.0

91.0

89.0

87.0

85.0

83.0

81.0

79.0

77.0

75.0

52 54 56 58 60 62 64 66 68 70 72 74 76 78

Rated Wattage (W)

Figure 5.3.14 Eight­Foot Single Pin Slimline Fluorescent Lamp Candidate Standard Levels

**Table 5.3.12**  **provides detailed**  **information on**  **the 8­foot**  **single pin**  **slimline lamp**  **designs**

**used in**  **the engineering**  **analysis and**  **subsequent analyses.** 

**5­27**Table 5.3.12 8­Foot Single Pin Slimline Lamp Designs

CSL Lamp

Diameter Nominal

Wattage Rated

Wattage Rated

Efficacy Initial Light

Output Mean Light

Output Life CRI

W W lm/W lm lm hr

**Baseline/0 T12**  **75 75**  **75.0 85.6**  **6,420 5,906**  **70**

**1 T12**  **75 75.0**  **87.3 6,550**  **6,157 12,000**  **80**

**Baseline/1 T12**  **60 60.5**  **87.6 5,300**  **4,664 12,000**  **62**

**2 T12**  **75 75.0**  **92.0 6,900**  **6,370 15,000**  **80**

**2 T12**  **60 60.5**  **92.6 5,600**  **5,152 12,000**  **70**

**Baseline/3 T8**  **59 60.1**  **94.8 5,700**  **5,130 15,000**  **75**

**3 T12**  **60 60.5**  **97.5 5,900**  **5,480 15,000**  **73**

**4 T8**  **59 60.1**  **98.2 5,900**  **5,428 15,000**  **82**

**5 T8**  **59 60.1**  **101.5 6,100**  **5,795 18,000**  **85**

**5 T8**  **57 57.0**  **101.8 5,800**  **5,450 24,000**  **81**

**5 T8**  **55 55.0**  **103.6 5,700**  **5,415 18,000**  **82**

**Section 5.3.2.4**  **presents detailed**  **information about**  **the lamp**  **and ballast**  **systems DOE** 

**develops in**  **the engineering**  **analysis.**

5.3.2.3 System Power Rating

**For each**  **lamp wattage**  **and ballast**  **type, DOE**  **linearly fits**  **the system**  **power rating**  **of a** 

**lamp on**  **several different**  **ballasts with**  **varying BFs.** 

**Figure 5.3.15**  **to Figure**  **5.3.16 show**  **the linear**  **fit and**  **ballast characteristics**  **DOE uses**  **to**

**derive the**  **system power**  **rating for**  **2­lamp, 8­foot**  **single pin**  **slimline T12**  **lamps on**  **electronic**

**ballasts. The**  **fit follows**  **the form**  **of Eq.**  **5.1 where**  SPR

= m ***** BF + b

**. The**  **ballasts DOE**  **chooses**

**for these**  **calculations typically**  **have a**  **THD less**  **than 20**  **percent, PF**  **greater than**  **0.95, and** 

**typical BEF.**  **Because ballast**  **efficiencies naturally**  **increase as**  **lamp wattages**  **decrease, one**  **sees**

**a natural**  **progression to**  **higher typical**  **BEFs at**  **lower wattages.** 

**5­28**BallastFactor 142.0

140.0

138.0

136.0

134.0

132.0

130.0

128.0

126.0

0.78 0.80 0.82 0.84 0.86 0.88 0.90 0.92 0.94

ANSI Input Power (W)

Figure 5.3.15 Two­Lamp 75W T12 120V Ballasts with THD <20 percent, PF >0.95, and

BEF 0.64­0.66; Linear Fit: m=100.0, b=47.0

116.0

114.0SystemPowerRating(W)

112.0

110.0

108.0

106.0

104.0

102.0

100.0

0.78 0.80 0.82 0.84 0.86 0.88 0.90 0.92 0.94

Ballast Factor

Figure 5.3.16 Two­Lamp 60W T12 120V Ballasts with THD <20 percent, PF >0.95, and

BEF 0.79­0.80; Linear Fit: m=100.0, b=22.0

**5­29 Figure**  **5.3.17 to**  **Figure 5.3.19**  **show the**  **linear fit**  **and ballast**  **characteristics DOE**  **uses to** 

**derive the**  **system power**  **rating for**  **two­lamp, 8­foot**  **single pin**  **slimline T8**  **lamps on**  **electronic**

**ballasts. The**  **ballasts DOE**  **uses for**  **these calculations**  **typically have**  **a THD**  **less than**  **20 percent,** 

**PF greater**  **than 0.95,**  **and typical**  **BEF. Because**  **ballast efficiencies**  **naturally increase**  **as lamp** 

**wattages decrease,**  **one sees**  **a natural**  **progression to**  **higher typical**  **BEFs at**  **lower wattages.** 

**Also, because**  **there is**  **less manufacturer**  **literature on**  **system power**  **ratings of**  **ballasts with**  **lower**

**wattage lamps,**  **DOE uses**  **fewer points**  **to develop**  **a linear**  **fit at**  **the energy**  **saving lamp**  **wattages.**

0.80 0.85 0.90 0.95 1.00 1.05 1.10 1.15 1.20 1.25 1.30

Ballast Factor

Figure 5.3.17 Two­Lamp 59W T8 120V Ballasts with THD <20 percent, PF >0.95, and

BEF 0.77­0.79; Linear Fit: m=123.4, b=4.3 100.0 110.0 120.0 130.0 140.0 150.0 160.0SystemPowerRating(W)

**5­30**SystemPowerRating(W) 108.0

107.5

107.0

106.5

106.0

105.5

105.0

0.84 0.85 0.86 0.87

Ballast Factor 0.88 0.89

Figure 5.3.18 Two­Lamp 57W T8 120V Ballasts with THD <20 percent, PF >0.95, and

BEF 0.80­0.81; Linear Fit: m=50.0, b=63.5

150

140

0.70 0.80 0.90 1.00 1.10 1.20

Ballast FactorSystemPowerRating(W)

130

120

110

100

90

80

Figure 5.3.19 Two­Lamp 55W T8 120V Ballasts with THD <10 percent, and BEF 0.86;

Linear Fit: m=118.4, b=­2.2

**5­31**5.3.2.4 Results

**DOE is**  **evaluating three**  **baseline lamps**  **for the**  **8­foot single**  **pin slimline**  **product class:**  **a**

**75W T12**  **lamp, a**  **60W T12**  **lamp, and**  **a 59W**  **T8 lamp.**  **For each**  **baseline lamp,**  **DOE considers** 

**both direct­replacement**  **lamps that**  **operate on**  **the existing**  **ballast and**  **lamp­and­ballast**

**replacement designs**  **that result**  **in approximately**  **the same**  **light output**  **as the**  **baseline lamp.**  **As**

**discussed earlier,**  **DOE adjusts**  **the BF**  **so that**  **the light**  **output of**  **the lamp­and­ballast**  **design**

**system never**  **drops below**  **10 percent**  **of the**  **baseline system.** 

**Table 5.3.13and**  **Table 5.3.14**  **present the**  **engineering characteristics**  **of the**  **lamp**

**replacement and**  **lamp­and­ballast replacement**  **designs for**  **the baseline**  **75W T12,**  **4,100K lamp** 

**system. Although**  **a 60W**  **T12 lamp**  **is often**  **considered a**  **reduced wattage**  **replacement of**  **the**

**75W T12**  **lamp, there**  **are no**  **lamp options**  **with a**  **CCT of**  **4,100K that**  **emit enough**  **lumens to**  **fall**

**within 10**  **percent of**  **the baseline**  **system mean**  **lumens. The**  **highest efficacy**  **4,100K, 60W**  **T12**

**lamp replacement**  **is shown**  **below in**  **Table 5.3.13.**  **The light**  **output of**  **this lamp­and­ballast** 

**design is**  **13 percent**  **less than**  **that of**  **the baseline**  **system. DOE**  **also included**  **lamp­and­ballast**

**replacement options**  **for a**  **75W T12,**  **4,100K lamp.**  **Note that**  **at the**  **higher CSLs,**  **DOE considers** 

**some T8**  **substitutes for**  **the 75W**  **T12 lamp.** 

**5­32**Table5.3.13LampReplacementEngineeringAnalysisfora75WT12,4,100KSystemCandidateStandardLevelLampDiameterNominalWattageRatedWattageRatedEfficacyInitialLightOutputMeanLightOutputLifeBallastTypeBallastFactor*SystemPowerRatingSystemInitialLightOutputSystemMeanLightOutputWWlm/WlmlmhrWlmlm**Baseline T12** **75 75.0** **85.6 6,420** **5,906 12,000** **Magnetic 0.94** **158.0 12,070** **11,103 CSL3** **T12 60** **60.5 97.5** **5,900 5,480** **15,000 Magnetic** **0.88 126.0** **10,384 9,645** ***Note: This** **difference in** **BFs does** **not represent** **a ballast** **replacement. Rather,** **the BF** **of magnetic** **ballasts changes** **when the** **lower wattage** **lamp is** **installed.**Table5.3.14Lamp­and­BallastReplacementEngineeringAnalysisfora75WT12,4,100KSystemCandidateStandardLevelLampDiameterNominalWattageRatedWattageRatedEfficacyInitialLightOutputMeanLightOutputLifeBallastTypeBallastFactorSystemPowerRatingSystemInitialLightOutputSystemMeanLightOutputWWlm/WlmlmhrWlmlm**Baseline T12** **75 75.0** **85.6 6,420** **5,906 12,000** **Magnetic 0.94** **158.0 12,070** **11,103 Baseline** **T12 75** **75.0 85.6** **6,420 5,906** **12,000 Electronic** **0.88 135.0** **11,299 10,395** **CSL1 T12** **75 75.0** **87.3 6,550** **6,157 12,000** **Electronic 0.85** **132.0 11,135** **10,467 CSL2** **T12 75** **75.0 92.0** **6,900 6,370** **15,000 Electronic** **0.85 132.0** **11,730 10,829** **CSL3 T8** **59 60.1** **94.8 5,700** **5,130 15,000** **Electronic 1.18** **149.9 13,452** **12,107 CSL5** **T8 59** **60.1 101.5** **6,100 5,795** **18,000 Electronic** **0.88 112.8** **10,736 10,199** **5­33 Table** **5.3.15 presents** **the engineering** **analysis results** **for the** **replacement lamp­and­ballast** **combinations for** **the 60W** **T12 baseline** **lamp. DOE** **has not** **identified any** **lower­wattage direct** **lamp replacement** **designs that** **could operate** **on the** **same ballast** **as a** **60W T12** **and save** **energy. In** **this table,** **DOE considers** **T8 lamp­and­ballast** **replacements for** **the baseline** **lamp, and** **selects the** **BF so** **that the** **light output** **of the** **new system** **never drops** **below 10** **percent of** **the baseline** **system.**Table5.3.15Lamp­and­BallastReplacementEngineeringAnalysisfora60WT12,4,100KSystemCandidateStandardLevelLampDiameterNominalWattageRatedWattageRatedEfficacyInitialLightOutputMeanLightOutputLifeBallastTypeBallastFactorSystemPowerRatingSystemInitialLightOutputSystemMeanLightOutputWWlm/WlmlmhrWlmlm**Baseline T12** **60 60.5** **87.6 5,300** **4,664 12,000** **Magnetic 0.88** **126.0 9,328** **8,209 Baseline** **T12 60** **60.5 87.6** **5,300 4,664** **12,000 Electronic** **0.88 110.0** **9,328 8,209** **CSL2 T12** **60 60.5** **92.6 5,600** **5,152 12,000** **Electronic 0.85** **107.0 9,520** **8,758 CSL3** **T12 60** **60.5 97.5** **5,900 5,480** **15,000 Electronic** **0.85 107.0** **10,030 9,316** **CSL3 T8** **59 60.1** **94.8 5,700** **5,130 15,000** **Electronic 0.88** **112.8 10,032** **9,029 CSL4** **T8 59** **60.1 98.2** **5,900 5,428** **15,000 Electronic** **0.78 100.4** **9,204 8,468** **CSL5 T8** **57 57.0** **101.8 5,800** **5,450 24,000** **Electronic 0.78** **102.5 9,048** **8,502 CSL5** **T8 59** **60.1 101.5** **6,100 5,795** **18,000 Electronic** **0.78 100.4** **9,516 9,040** **Table 5.3.16** **and Table** **5.3.17 present** **the engineering** **analysis results** **for the** **lamp replacement** **and lamp­and­ballast** **replacement options** **for the** **59W T8** **baseline lamp.** **In Table** **5.3.16, no** **lamp replacement** **options at** **CSL4 are** **shown because** **the system** **lumens of** **reduced wattage** **lamp replacement** **options below** **this CSL** **are more** **than 10** **percent less** **than that** **of the** **baseline system** **(Table 5.3.14).** **For lamp­and­ballast** **replacement combinations,** **DOE is** **selecting the** **BF so** **that the** **light output** **of the** **new system** **is equal** **to, greater** **than, or** **no more** **than 10** **percent less** **than the** **light output** **of the** **baseline system.** **5­34**Table5.3.16LampReplacementEngineeringAnalysisforaTwo­Lamp,59W,T8,4,100KSystemCandidateStandardLevelLampDiameterNominalWattageRatedWattageRatedEfficacyInitialLightOutputMeanLightOutputLifeBallastTypeBallastFactorSystemPowerRatingSystemInitialLightOutputSystemMeanLightOutputWWlm/WlmlmhrWlmlm**Baseline/CSL3 T8** **59 60.1** **94.8 5,700** **5,130 15,000** **Electronic 0.88** **112.8 10,032** **9,029 CSL5** **T8 57** **57.0 101.8** **5,800 5,450** **24,000 Electronic** **0.88 107.5** **10,208 9,592** **CSL5 T8** **55 55.0** **103.6 5,700** **5,415 18,000** **Electronic 0.88** **102.0 10,032** **9,530**Table5.3.17Lamp­and­BallastReplacementEngineeringAnalysisforaTwo­Lamp,59W,T8,4,100KSystemCandidateStandardLevelLampDiameterNominalWattageRatedWattage*RatedEfficacyInitialLightOutputMeanLightOutputLifeBallastTypeBallastFactorSystemPowerRatingSystemInitialLightOutputSystemMeanLightOutputWWlm/WlmlmhrWlmlm**Baseline/CSL3 T8** **59 60.1** **94.8 5,700** **5,130 15,000** **Electronic 0.88** **112.8 10,032** **9,029 CSL4** **T8 59** **60.1 98.2** **5,900 5,428** **15,000 Electronic** **0.85 109.1** **10,030 9,228** **CSL5 T8** **57 57.0** **101.8 5,800** **5,450 24,000** **Electronic 0.85** **106.0 9,860** **9,265 CSL5** **T8 59** **60.1 101.5** **6,100 5,795** **18,000 Electronic** **0.78 100.4** **9,516 9,040** **CSL5 T8** **55 55.0** **103.6 5,700** **5,415 18,000** **Electronic 0.88** **102.0 10,032** **9,530 5­35** 5.3.3 Eight­Foot Recessed Double Contact HO

5.3.3.1 Baseline Models

**The 8­foot**  **recessed double**  **contact HO**  **lamps are**  **manufactured in**  **both T8**  **and T12** 

**diameters. As**  **discussed in**  **Chapter 3,**  **the T12**  **diameter represents**  **the majority**  **of HO**  **lamp**

**shipments today**  **and will**  **continue to**  **represent the**  **majority in**  **2011. Therefore,**  **DOE is** 

**selecting its**  **baseline models**  **for this**  **product class**  **from the**  **T12 diameter,**  **which represents**  **the**

**most popular**  **lamp type.** 

**The two**  **most popular**  **wattages associated**  **with the**  **8­foot T12**  **HO lamp**  **type are**  **the**

**95W and**  **110W. For**  **the 95W**  **lamp, the**  **cool white**  **halophosphor lamp**  **is the**  **most popular.** 

**Therefore, DOE**  **is selecting**  **this lamp**  **as the**  **baseline 95W**  **lamp. For**  **the 110W**  **T12 lamp,**  **the**

**most common**  **lamp purchased**  **uses a**  **rare earth**  **700 series**  **phosphor. The**  **efficacy of**  **both**

**baseline lamps**  **is approximately**  **2 lm/W**  **greater than**  **the EPACT**  **1992 standard**  **level of**  **80**

**lm/W, but**  **no other**  **lamps met**  **the EPACT**  **1992 CRI**  **requirements, which**  **are lower**  **than either** 

**baseline lamp.**  **As with**  **the baseline**  **fluorescent lamps,**  **DOE is**  **selecting a**  **CCT of**  **4,100K**

**because it**  **is the**  **most common**  **CCT for**  **this lamp**  **type.**

**The typical**  **operating lifetime**  **for these**  **lamps is**  **the same**  **as that**  **of the**  **8­foot single**  **pin**

**slimline T12**  **lamps. The**  **lamp lifetime**  **is typically**  **12,000 hours.**  **Lamps with**  **a 15,000­hour** 

**lifetime on**  **a 3­hour**  **cycle are**  **marketed as**  **extended performance**  **products. Therefore,**  **DOE is** 

**using a**  **lifetime of**  **12,000 hours**  **for a**  **3­hour cycle**  **for the**  **baseline unit**  **of analysis.** 

**The most**  **common ballast**  **used for**  **8­foot recessed**  **double contact**  **HO T12**  **lamps is**  **a**

**rapid start,**  **120V, electronic**  **ballast with**  **a power**  **factor of**  **0.90. Together,**  **the 110W**  **T12**

**baseline lamp­and­ballast**  **combination creates**  **a lumen**  **package of**  **almost 14,660**  **mean lumens** 

**(and 16,290**  **initial lumens),**  **while the**  **95W T12**  **baseline lamp­and­ballast**  **combination creates**  **a**

**lumen package**  **of approximately**  **12,510 mean**  **lumens (and**  **14,400 initial**  **lumens).**

Table 5.3.18 Baseline Units of Analysis for Eight­Foot Linear High­Output Lamps

Lamp

Diameter Nominal

Wattage CRI CCT Rated

Efficacy* Initial Light

Output Mean Light

Output Life

W K lm/W lm lm hr

**T12 110**  **70 4,100**  **80.1 9,050**  **8,145 12,000** 

**T12 95**  **62 4,100**  **82.5 8,000**  **6,950 12,000** 

***** **Rated efficacy**  **is based**  **on the**  **rated wattage**  **of the**  **lamps, which**  **is 97W**  **for the**  **95W T12**  **and 113W**  **for the**  **110W**

**T12.**

5.3.3.2 Candidate Standard Levels

**As with**  **the previous**  **product class,**  **DOE is**  **establishing CSLs**  **around design**  **options that** 

**are consistent**  **across the**  **two baseline**  **lamps. In**  **selecting CSLs,**  **DOE considers**  **two different** 

**paths to**  **energy savings.**  **The first**  **concentrates on**  **reduced wattage**  **replacement lamps**  **that could** 

**be installed**  **in a**  **socket and**  **operate on**  **the existing**  **ballast. These**  **lower­wattage replacement** 

**5­36 lamps**  **have a**  **higher efficacy**  **and therefore**  **produce approximately**  **the same**  **light output**  **as the** 

**baseline lamp**  **(i.e., light**  **output never**  **drops below**  **10 percent**  **of the**  **baseline system).**  **The other** 

**path to**  **energy savings**  **involves lamps**  **that have**  **the same**  **rated wattage**  **as the**  **baseline lamp,**  **but**

**operate on**  **a new**  **ballast with**  **a different**  **BF, so**  **system energy**  **is lower.**  **DOE is**  **selecting the**  **BF**

**with the**  **more efficacious**  **lamp to**  **produce approximately**  **the same**  **light output**  **as the**  **baseline**

**lamp (i.e.,**  **light output**  **never drops**  **below 10**  **percent of**  **the baseline**  **system).**

**The following**  **discussion identifies**  **the steps**  **and technologies**  **associated with**  **each CSL** 

**DOE considered.**  **As discussed**  **in the**  **screening analysis**  **(Chapter 4),**  **DOE used**  **design options** 

**with highly**  **emissive electrode**  **coatings, higher**  **efficiency lamp**  **fill gas**  **composition, higher** 

**efficiency phosphors,**  **glass coatings,**  **or higher**  **efficiency lamp**  **diameter to**  **achieve higher** 

**efficacy levels.**  **Because high**  **efficiency phosphors**  **and lamp**  **diameter are**  **common methods**  **to**

**achieve higher**  **efficacies, DOE**  **has identified**  **the diameter**  **and phosphor**  **associated with**  **each**

**CSL:**

CSL1, 83.2 lm/W

**. This**  **level requires**  **the 110W**  **baseline lamp**  **to use**  **800 series**  **rare earth** 

**phosphor.**

CSL2, 86.1 lm/W

**. This**  **level cannot**  **be achieved**  **by any**  **110W baseline**  **lamp. This**  **level**

**also requires**  **the 95W**  **lamp to**  **move to**  **a rare**  **earth 700**  **series phosphor.** 

CSL3, 87.6 lm/W

**. This**  **level cannot**  **be achieved**  **by the**  **110W baseline**  **lamp. For**  **the**

**95W baseline**  **lamp, this**  **level requires**  **a shift**  **to the**  **800 series**  **rare earth**  **phosphor..**

CSL4, 91.9 lm/W

**. This**  **level eliminates**  **all T12**  **lamps, only**  **enabling T8**  **lamps to** 

**comply, which**  **requires a**  **ballast change.**  **This standard**  **level can**  **be achieved**  **with a**  **700 series** 

**rare earth**  **phosphor in**  **the T8**  **lamp.**

CSL5, 95.3 lm/W

**. This**  **level also**  **eliminates all**  **T12 lamps,**  **only enabling**  **T8 lamps**  **to**

**comply, which**  **requires a**  **ballast change.**  **This standard**  **level represents**  **the highest**  **efficacy level** 

**available, or**  **max­tech for**  **8­foot recessed**  **double contact**  **HO lamps.**  **This level**  **can only**  **be**

**achieved with**  **an 800**  **series rare**  **earth phosphor**  **in the**  **T8 lamp.** 

Table 5.3.19 Summary of the CSLs for Eight­Foot HO Fluorescent Lamps

Candidate Standard Level Efficacy Requirement

lm/W

**CSL1 83.2** 

**CSL2 86.1** 

**CSL3 87.6** 

**CSL4 91.9** 

**CSL5 95.3** 

**Figure 5.3.20**  **illustrates the**  **five CSLs**  **on a**  **plot of**  **selected fluorescent**  **lamps. A**  **line at** 

**80.0 lm/W**  **denotes the**  **existing energy**  **conservation standard**  **(from EPACT**  **1992). Square** 

**boxes and**  **labels identify**  **the two**  **baseline lamps.**  **The plot**  **also shows**  **the high­efficacy** 

**replacement lamps**  **DOE is**  **considering for**  **each baseline**  **lamp. Some**  **are at**  **the same**  **wattage,**

**5­37 but**  **have a**  **higher efficacy;**  **others have**  **a combination**  **of lower**  **wattage and**  **higher efficacy**  **so**

**that the**  **light output**  **never drops**  **below 10**  **percent of**  **the baseline**  **system.**

CSL2 CSL3 CSL4 CSL5

EPACT 1992 CSL1

75.0 77.0 79.0 81.0 83.0 85.0 87.0 89.0 91.0 93.0 95.0 97.0 99.0 101.0 103.0 105.0RatedLampEfficacy(lm/W) 8­foot T8 recessed

double contact HO 8­foot T12 recessed

double contact HO

95W T12 Baseline 110W T12 Baseline

80 82 84 86 88 90 92 94 96 98 100 102 104 106 108 110 112 114 116

Rated Wattage (W)

Figure 5.3.20 Eight­Foot HO Fluorescent Lamp Candidate Standard Levels

**Table 5.3.20**  **provides detailed**  **information on**  **the 8­foot**  **recessed double**  **contact high** 

**output lamp**  **designs used**  **in the**  **engineering analysis**  **and subsequent**  **analyses.**

**5­38**Table 5.3.20 8­Foot Recessed Double Contact High Output Lamp Designs

CSL Lamp

Diameter Nominal

Wattage Rated

Wattage Rated

Efficacy Initial Light

Output Mean Light

Output Life CRI

W W lm/W lm lm hr

**Baseline/0 T12**  **110 113**  **80.1 9,050**  **8,145 12,000**  **70**

**Baseline/0 T12**  **95 97**  **82.5 8,000**  **6,950 12,000**  **62**

**1 T12**  **110 113**  **83.2 9,400**  **8,648 12,000**  **80**

**2 T12**  **95 97**  **86.1 8,350**  **7,515 12,000**  **70**

**3 T12**  **95 97**  **87.6 8,500**  **7,650 12,000**  **80**

**3 T12**  **95 97**  **88.9 8,625**  **7,750 12,000**  **85**

**3 T8**  **86 86**  **93.0 8,000**  **7,200 18,000**  **78**

**4 T8**  **86 86**  **93.0 8,000**  **7,200 18,000**  **75**

**5 T8**  **86 86**  **95.3 8,200**  **7,800 18,000**  **86**

**Section 5.3.3.4**  **presents detailed**  **information on**  **the lamp­and­ballast**  **systems DOE** 

**develops in**  **the engineering**  **analysis.**

5.3.3.3 System Power Rating

**For each**  **lamp wattage**  **and ballast**  **type, DOE**  **linearly fits**  **the system**  **power rating**  **of a** 

**lamp on**  **several different**  **BFs versus**  **the BF**  **of each**  **ballast. Figure**  **5.3.21 to**  **Figure 5.3.22**  **show**

**the linear**  **fit and**  **ballast characteristics**  **DOE uses**  **to derive**  **the system**  **power rating**  **for two** 

**lamp, 8­foot**  **T12 recessed**  **double contact**  **HO lamps**  **on electronic**  **ballasts. The**  **fit follows**  **the**

**form of**  **Eq. 5.1**  **where** SPR

= m * BF + b. **The ballasts**  **DOE chooses**  **for these**  **calculations**

**typically have**  **a THD**  **less than**  **20 percent,**  **PF greater**  **than 0.95,**  **and typical**  **BEF. Because** 

**ballast efficiencies**  **naturally increase**  **as lamp**  **wattages decrease,**  **one sees**  **a natural**  **progression**

**to higher**  **typical BEFs**  **at lower**  **wattages.**SytemPowerRating(W) 220.0

215.0

210.0

205.0

200.0

195.0

190.0

185.0

0.83 0.85 0.87 0.89 0.91

Ballast Factor

**5­39**Figure 5.3.21 Two­Lamp 110W T12 120V Ballasts with THD <20 percent, PF >0.95, and

BEF 0.42­0.43; Linear Fit: m=307.7, b=­65.4SystemPowerRating(W) 190.0

185.0

180.0

175.0

170.0

165.0

160.0

155.0

0.84 0.85 0.86 0.87 0.88 0.89 0.90

Ballast Factor

Figure 5.3.22 Two­Lamp 95W T12 120V Ballasts with THD <20 percent, PF >0.95, and

BEF 0.48­0.52; Linear Fit: m=433.3, b=­204.3

**Figure 5.3.23**  **shows the**  **linear fit**  **and ballast**  **characteristics DOE**  **uses to**  **derive the** 

**system power**  **rating for**  **two­lamp, 8­foot**  **T8 recessed**  **double contact**  **HO lamps**  **on electronic** 

**ballasts. The**  **ballasts DOE**  **uses for**  **these calculations**  **typically have**  **a THD**  **less than**  **20 percent,** 

**PF greater**  **than 0.95,**  **and typical**  **BEF.**

**5­40**SystemPowerRating(W) 165.0

163.0

161.0

159.0

157.0

155.0

153.0

151.0

149.0

147.0

145.0

0.8 0.82 0.84 0.86 0.88 0.9

Ballast Factor

Figure 5.3.23 Two­Lamp 86W T8 120V Ballasts with THD <20 percent, PF >0.95, and

BEF 0.54­0.55; Linear Fit: m=128.6, b=46.9

5.3.3.4 Results

**DOE is**  **evaluating two**  **baseline lamps**  **for the**  **8­foot recessed**  **double contact**  **HO product** 

**class: a**  **110W T12**  **lamp and**  **a 95W**  **T12 lamp.**  **For each**  **baseline lamp,**  **DOE considers**  **only**

**energy­saving options**  **that result**  **in approximately**  **the same**  **light output**  **as the**  **baseline lamp.** 

**Energy savings**  **can either**  **be achieved**  **through lamp**  **replacements or**  **lamp­and­ballast**

**replacements. Additional**  **lamp­and­ballast designs**  **that DOE**  **uses in**  **the NIA**  **are available**  **in**

**Appendix 5A.** 

**Table 5.3.21**  **and Table**  **5.3.22 present**  **the engineering**  **characteristics of**  **lamp**

**replacement and**  **lamp­and­ballast replacement**  **designs for**  **a baseline**  **110W T12,**  **4,100K lamp.** 

**There are**  **no lamp**  **replacement designs**  **at CSL1**  **because the**  **system lumens**  **of the**  **95W lamp** 

**replacement options**  **below CSL2**  **emit less**  **than 10**  **percent of**  **the baseline**  **system.**

**For lamp­and­ballast**  **replacement options,**  **DOE considers**  **some T8**  **substitutes for**  **the 110W**  **T12**

**lamp at**  **higher CSLs.**  **For the**  **new construction**  **and renovation**  **event, some**  **of these**  **T8 systems** 

**must be**  **spaced closer**  **together so**  **that the**  **potential light**  **output is**  **equal to,**  **greater than,**  **or no** 

**more than**  **10 percent**  **less than**  **the light**  **output of**  **the baseline**  **system.**

**. As**  **discussed earlier,**  **DOE also**  **adjusts the**  **BF such**  **that the**  **system light**  **output of**  **the**

**lamp­and­ballast design**  **is equal**  **to, greater**  **than, or**  **no more**  **than 10**  **percent less**  **than the**  **light**

**output of**  **the baseline**  **system.**

**5­41**Table5.3.21LampReplacementEngineeringAnalysisfora110WT12,4,100KSystemCandidateStandardLevelLampDiameterNominalWattageRatedWattageRatedEfficacyInitialLightOutputMeanLightOutputLifeBallastTypeBallastFactorSystemPowerRatingSystemInitialLightOutputSystemMeanLightOutputWWlm/WlmlmhrWlmlm**Baseline T12** **110 113** **80.1 9,050** **8,145 12,000** **Electronic 0.90** **211.5 16,290** **14,661 CSL2** **T12 95** **97 86.1** **8,350 7,515** **12,000 Electronic** **0.90 185.6** **15,030 13,527** **CSL3 T12** **95 97** **87.6 8,500** **7,650 12,000** **Electronic 0.90** **185.6 15,300** **13,770**Table5.3.22Lamp­and­BallastReplacementEngineeringAnalysisfora110WT12,4,100KSystemCandidateStandardLevelLampDiameterNominalWattageRatedWattageRatedEfficacyInitialLightOutputMeanLightOutputLifeBallastTypeBallastFactorSystemPowerRatingSystemInitialLightOutputSystemMeanLightOutputWWlm/WlmlmhrWlmlm**Baseline T12** **110 113** **80.1 9,050** **8,145 12,000** **Electronic 0.90** **211.5 16,290** **14,661 CSL1** **T12 110** **113 83.2** **9,400 8,648** **12,000 Electronic** **0.88 205.4** **16,544 15,220** **CSL2 T12** **95 97** **86.1 8,350** **7,515 12,000** **Electronic 0.88** **177.0 14,696** **13,226 CSL3** **T12 95** **97 87.6** **8,500 7,650** **12,000 Electronic** **0.88 177.0** **14,960 13,464** **CSL3 T12** **95 97** **88.9 8,625** **7,750 12,000** **Electronic 0.88** **177.0 15,180** **13,640 CSL4** ***T8 86** **86 91.9** **7,900 7,100** **24,000 Electronic** **0.88 160.0** **13,904 12,496** **CSL4*****T8 86** **86 93.0** **8,000 7,200** **18,000 Electronic** **0.81 151.0** **12,960 11,664** **CSL5 T8** **86 86** **95.3 8,200** **7,800 18,000** **Electronic 0.88** **160.0 14,432** **13,728 CSL5** **T8 86** **86 95.3** **8,200 7,800** **18,000 Electronic** **0.81 151.0** **13,284 12,636** *******These systems** **are used** **only in** **the new** **construction/renovation scenario** **in the** **LCC analysis.** **Under this** **event, 1.17** **of these** **systems are** **installed where** **there would** **have been** **one baseline** **system to** **be within** **10 percent** **mean lumens** **of the** **baseline system.** **Therefore, the** **LCC and** **lumen output** **of these** **systems are** **multiplied by** **a factor** **of 1.17** **in the** **LCC analysis.** **Table 5.3.23** **presents the** **engineering analysis** **results for** **the replacement** **lamp­and­ballast combinations** **for the** **95W T12** **baseline lamp.** **DOE has** **not identified** **any lower­wattage** **direct lamp** **replacement designs** **that could** **operate on** **the same** **ballast as** **a 5­42** **95W T12** **and save** **energy. In** **this table,** **DOE considers** **T8 lamp­and­ballast** **replacements for** **the baseline** **lamp, and** **selects the** **BF so** **that the** **new system** **has a** **light output** **of no** **less than** **10 percent** **of the** **baseline system.** Table5.3.23Lamp­and­BallastReplacementEngineeringAnalysisfora95WT12,4,100KSystemCandidateStandardLevelLampDiameterNominalWattageRatedWattageRatedEfficacyInitialLightOutputMeanLightOutputLifeBallastTypeBallastFactorSystemPowerRatingSystemInitialLightOutputSystemMeanLightOutputWWlm/WlmlmhrWlmlm**Baseline T12** **95 97** **82.5 8,000** **6,950 12,000** **Electronic 0.90** **185.6 14,400** **12,510 CSL1** **T12 95** **97 86.1** **8,350 7,515** **12,000 Electronic** **0.89 181.3** **14,863 13,377** **CSL2 T12** **95 97** **87.6 8,500** **7,650 12,000** **Electronic 0.88** **177.0 14,960** **13,464 CSL3** **T8 86** **86 91.9** **7,900 7,100** **24,000 Electronic** **0.88 160.0** **13,904 12,496** **CSL3 T8** **86 86** **93.0 8,000** **7,200 18,000** **Electronic 0.88** **160.0 14,080** **12,672 CSL4** **T8 86** **86 95.3** **8,200 7,800** **18,000 Electronic** **0.81 151.0** **13,284 12,636** **5­43**5.4 INCANDESCENT REFLECTOR LAMPS

**As discussed**  **in Chapter**  **3 of**  **the ANOPR**  **TSD, the**  **market and**  **technology assessments,** 

**DOE is**  **revising the**  **table of**  **product classes**  **for the**  **ANOPR to**  **reflect the**  **utility of**  **these**

**products and**  **how they**  **are used**  **in the**  **market. DOE**  **is creating**  **two separate**  **product classes:** 

**standard­spectrum IRL**  **and modified­spectrum**  **IRL. Because**  **modified­spectrum lamps**  **make up** 

**a small**  **percentage of**  **the market,**  **DOE is**  **choosing to**  **analyze the**  **standard­spectrum IRL**  **product**

**class and**  **intends to**  **extrapolate its**  **findings to**  **the modified­spectrum**  **product class.**  **Section 5.5** 

**provides detail**  **on this**  **extrapolation.**

**Each IRL**  **product class**  **considered spans**  **the full**  **range of**  **wattages covered.**  **DOE is** 

**considering CSLs**  **for each**  **product class**  **with efficacy**  **varying with**  **wattage. Given**  **that IRL** 

**product classes**  **are no**  **longer divided**  **by wattage,**  **DOE is**  **not choosing**  **a representative**  **wattage**

**bin for**  **IRL. However,**  **rather than**  **selecting one**  **baseline lamp,**  **DOE is**  **choosing to**  **analyze**

**lamps of**  **multiple wattages**  **in the**  **standard­spectrum product**  **class to**  **prevent oversimplification** 

**of the**  **analysis. DOE**  **is concentrating**  **its resources**  **on analyzing**  **the most**  **popular reflector** 

**lamps in**  **terms of**  **lamp size,**  **wattage, and**  **lumen package.**  **DOE is**  **examining existing**  **product**

**on the**  **market at**  **multiple wattages**  **to select**  **baseline lamps.**  **DOE uses**  **product at**  **multiple**

**wattages to**  **derive efficacy**  **equations that**  **span wattage.**  **Therefore, DOE**  **is able**  **to apply**  **the**

**analysis performed**  **on the**  **most popular**  **lamps to**  **the other,**  **less common**  **lamps. Section**  **5.4.2**

**provides further**  **detail on**  **the CSLs**  **DOE is**  **developing for**  **IRL.**

Table 5.4.1 Product Classes for Incandescent Reflector Lamps

Lamp Category Standard­Spectrum Modified­Spectrum

**Reflector Lamps**  **Representative Product**  **Class Scaled**  **from Standard**  **Spectrum IRL** 

**As with**  **GSFL, DOE**  **analyzes lamp**  **designs for**  **the LCC**  **that both**  **save energy**  **and**

**maintain comparable**  **light output.**  **DOE considers**  **lamp designs**  **that emit**  **initial lumens**  **equal to** 

**the light**  **output of**  **the baseline**  **system, or**  **less than**  **that system,**  **but by**  **no more**  **than 10**  **percent.**

**DOE maintains**  **light output**  **across efficacy**  **levels to**  **ensure that**  **products supply**  **equivalent**

**service under**  **the base**  **case and**  **standards case**  **scenarios. To**  **account for**  **the purchase**  **of more** 

**efficacious lamps**  **at constant**  **wattage (with**  **greater light**  **output), DOE**  **considers non­energy** 

**saving lamps**  **in the**  **NIA. Appendix**  **5A shows**  **lamp designs**  **considered in**  **the NIA.** 

**In assessing**  **light output,**  **DOE distinguishes**  **between mean**  **and initial**  **lumens. DOE**  **uses**

**initial lumens**  **in its**  **test procedures**  **for incandescent**  **lamps to**  **measure compliance**  **with a** 

**standard. This**  **is consistent**  **with consensus**  **industry standards**  **on efficacy**  **measurements.**

**Therefore, DOE**  **uses initial**  **lumens to**  **calculate efficacy.**  **For incandescent**  **lamps, DOE**  **also**

**uses initial**  **lumens when**  **predicting consumer**  **purchase decisions.**  **Consumers generally**  **make**

**purchase decisions**  **based on**  **initial lumens**  **and not**  **mean lumens**  **for incandescent**  **lamps.**

**Therefore, DOE**  **lists initial**  **lumens in**  **its tables.**  **Over time,**  **the light**  **output of**  **an incandescent** 

**lamp decreases**  **slightly. To**  **account for**  **this real­world**  **depreciation in**  **lumens, DOE**  **also**

**monitors mean**  **lumens in**  **the NIA.** 

**5­44**5.4.1 Baseline Models

**DOE is**  **selecting three**  **baseline lamps**  **of varying**  **wattage and**  **shapes to**  **provide a** 

**comprehensive understanding**  **of consumer**  **economics. DOE**  **includes parabolic**  **reflector (PAR)** 

**halogen baseline**  **lamps of**  **three different**  **wattages. These**  **baseline lamps**  **are currently**  **regulated**

**by EPCA**  **and meet**  **the EPCA**  **standard.**

**DOE has**  **identified three**  **IRL lumen**  **packages that**  **are popular**  **in the**  **commercial and** 

**residential sectors.**  **DOE has**  **also identified**  **power ratings**  **and lifetime**  **characteristics of**  **these**

**lamps, as**  **listed in**  **Table 5.4.2.**  **The three**  **light output**  **packages are**  **580, 1050,**  **and 1,310**  **lumens,**

**corresponding to**  **a 50W**  **PAR30, 75W**  **PAR38, and**  **90W PAR38**  **lamp. DOE**  **believes these** 

**lamps represent**  **a good**  **cross­section of**  **the most**  **common reflector**  **lamps sold**  **and used**  **today.**

**Since these**  **lamps capture**  **a range**  **of wattages,**  **lumen packages,**  **and lamp**  **diameters, they**  **cover a** 

**range of**  **applications. Table**  **5.4.2 presents**  **the representative**  **product class**  **and the**  **three baseline** 

**lamps DOE**  **is selecting**  **for its**  **IRL analysis.**  **DOE believes**  **that these**  **lamps represent**  **high**

**volume wattages**  **and diameters.** 

Table 5.4.2 IRL Representative Product Class and Baseline Lamps

Lamp Representative Representative Product Class

Baseline Lamps

Category Product Class

**Descriptor Wattage** 

W **Efficacy**

lm/W **Initial Light**  **Output**

lm **Lifetime**

hr

**IRL Standard** 

**Spectrum PAR30** 

**PAR38**

**PAR38 50** 

**75**

**90 11.6** 

**14.0**

**14.6 580** 

**1,050**

**1,310 3,000** 

**2,500**

**2,500**

5.4.2 Candidate Standard Levels

**For IRL,**  **DOE has**  **observed natural**  **efficacy divisions**  **in the**  **marketplace corresponding** 

**to a**  **variety of**  **design options**  **to increase**  **lamp efficacy.**  **DOE considers**  **these efficacy**  **divisions**

**in selecting**  **CSLs by**  **using the**  **efficacy levels**  **of commercially**  **available lamps**  **as a**  **guide.**

**However, commercially**  **available product**  **does not**  **exist at**  **all of**  **the CSLs**  **for all**  **of the**  **baseline**

**lamps. For**  **example, the**  **75W PAR38**  **baseline lamp**  **with 1,050**  **lumens has**  **commercially**

**available products**  **at all**  **three CSLs,**  **but the**  **50W PAR30**  **baseline lamp**  **with 580**  **lumens only** 

**has commercially**  **available product**  **at one**  **of the**  **three CSLs.**  **Because it**  **is technically**  **feasible**

**to incorporate**  **the commercially**  **available technologies**  **in lamp**  **types that**  **correspond to**  **all of**  **the**

**baseline lamps,**  **and to**  **have a**  **continuous range**  **of efficacies**  **to analyze,**  **DOE is**  **developing some** 

**model IRL**  **based on**  **commercially available**  **lamp lumen**  **packages. Using**  **efficacy information** 

**for the**  **commercially available**  **lamp designs**  **(which substitute**  **for certain**  **baseline lamps),**  **DOE**

**can develop**  **a relationship**  **of efficacy**  **to wattage.**  **This allows**  **DOE to**  **develop lamp**  **designs that** 

**are not**  **commercially available**  **for certain**  **wattages, but**  **that would**  **be substitutes**  **for other** 

**baseline lamps.**  **DOE assumes**  **that in**  **the majority**  **of instances,**  **lamps of**  **similar diameters**  **may**

**substitute for**  **one another.**  **Generally, the**  **lamp design**  **substitutes for**  **baseline lamps**  **are based** 

**around the**  **lumen output**  **of the**  **baseline lamp,**  **plus or**  **minus 10**  **percent.**

**In reviewing**  **published catalog**  **data, DOE**  **observes that**  **higher efficacy,**  **reduced­wattage**

**IRL, which**  **maintain light**  **output within**  **10 percent,**  **can substitute**  **for a**  **number of**  **baseline**

**lamps. Furthermore,**  **these reduced­wattage**  **designs span**  **a range**  **of design**  **options available**  **for**

**5­45 consideration**  **in this**  **rule. These**  **design options,**  **discussed in**  **the screening**  **analysis (Chapter**  **4),**

**include the**  **tungsten­halogen regenerative**  **cycle (hereafter**  **“halogen”) and**  **HIR technologies**  **that**

**uses both**  **halogen and**  **glass coatings**  **that reflect**  **infrared light.** 

**The commercially**  **available halogen**  **IRL fall**  **within two**  **tiers of**  **efficacy. To**  **distinguish**

**the efficacies**  **of these**  **halogen IRL,**  **DOE designates**  **them as**  **halogen and**  **improved halogen.** 

**DOE also**  **observes two**  **tiers of**  **efficacy for**  **HIR IRL.**  **To distinguish**  **the efficacies**  **of these**  **IRL,**

**DOE designates**  **them as**  **HIR and**  **improved HIR.**  **Improved HIR**  **and improved**  **halogen can**  **be**

**achieved by**  **using the**  **additional design**  **options discussed**  **in the**  **screening analysis.**  **These**

**design options**  **include higher**  **efficiency filaments,**  **efficient filament**  **coiling, filament** 

**configuration, capsule**  **design, high**  **pressure capsules,**  **or higher**  **efficiency reflector**  **coating.**

**DOE observes**  **lifetime changes**  **across these**  **reduced­wattage IRL.**  **For example,**  **a halogen**  **IRL**

**typically has**  **a lifetime**  **of around**  **2,000 to**  **3,000 hours,**  **while an**  **HIR IRL**  **typically lives**  **for**

**3,000 to**  **4,000 hours.**  **DOE maintains**  **the lifetime**  **attributes of**  **the commercially**  **available**

**product for**  **its analysis.** 

**DOE is**  **establishing CSLs**  **for IRL**  **using an**  **approach similar**  **to the**  **one it**  **uses for**  **GSFL.**

**DOE is**  **developing continuous**  **equations that**  **set a**  **minimum efficacy**  **requirement across** 

**wattage. Each**  **equation represents**  **the potential**  **efficacy a**  **lamp achieves**  **using a**  **particular**

**design option.**  **These “technology**  **contour lines”**  **represent the**  **same IRL**  **design option**  **across**

**the wattage**  **range of**  **a product**  **class. For**  **example, a**  **CSL based**  **on a**  **halogen design**  **option is**  **a**

**curve rather**  **than a**  **step function,**  **and denotes**  **a halogen**  **standard at**  **all wattages.**  **In general** 

**terms, DOE**  **is basing**  **the CSLs**  **on the**  **following progression**  **of design**  **options:**

CSL1

**. Improved**  **halogen considers**  **moving all**  **reflector lamps**  **to a**  **level that**  **can be** 

**achieved with**  **improved efficacy**  **halogen lamps,**  **such as**  **an improved**  **reflective coating**  **or higher** 

**pressure halogen**  **capsules.**

CSL2

**. HIR**  **considers a**  **level that**  **can be**  **achieved by**  **a halogen**  **capsule with**  **an infrared** 

**reflective coating.** 

CSL3

**. Improved**  **HIR considers**  **a level**  **that can**  **be achieved**  **by an**  **improved reflective** 

**coating, better**  **HIR coatings**  **or higher**  **pressure halogen**  **capsules.**

**Figure 5.4.1**  **plots the**  **results of**  **the IRL**  **engineering analysis**  **for the**  **three baseline**  **lamps**

**along with**  **the three**  **CSLs shown**  **in Table**  **5.4.3. Square**  **boxes and**  **labels represent**  **the three** 

**baseline lamps**  **in the**  **plot; diamonds**  **represent higher**  **efficiency lamp**  **designs. Maintaining**  **light**

**output on**  **this plot**  **of efficacy**  **versus wattage**  **means that**  **lamp designs**  **are always**  **higher in** 

**efficacy than**  **the baseline**  **lamp (i.e.,**  **moving up**  **on the**  **y­axis) and**  **lower in**  **wattage (i.e.,**  **moving**

**to the**  **left on**  **the x­axis).**  **This trend**  **is evident**  **for all**  **three lumen**  **packages analyzed**  **in the**  **LCC.**

**As illustrated**  **in Table**  **5.4.4 through**  **Table 5.4.6,**  **the CSLs**  **correspond to**  **efficacy levels** 

**associated with**  **lamps with**  **particular design**  **options.**

**5­46**Table 5.4.3 Summary of the CSLs for IRL

Candidate Standard Level Incandescent Reflector Lamps

lm/W

**CSL1 5.0P**  **0.27**

**CSL2 5.5P**  **0.27**

**CSL3 6.2P**  **0.27**

**P**

**= rated**  **wattage**

22.0

20.0

18.0

16.0

14.0

12.0LampEfficacy(lumens/watt).

Baseline

EPCA CSL1 CSL2 CSL3

PAR30, 50W PAR38, 75W PAR38, 90W Baseline/EPCA : Halogen (2,500­3,000 hr)

CSL2 : Improved Halogen (3,000 hr)

CSL3 : HIR (3,000 hr)

CSL4 : Improved HIR (4,000 hr)

10.0

30 40 50 60 70 80 90 100 110 120 130

Lamp Power (watts)

Figure 5.4.1 IRL Baselines and Reduced Wattage Options

5.4.3 Results

**After selecting**  **baseline lamps**  **and CSLs,**  **DOE selects**  **lamp designs**  **associated with**  **the**

**CSLs for**  **each of**  **the three**  **baseline lamps.**  **In each**  **case, the**  **halogen pairings**  **use the**  **same**

**replacement lamps**  **at CSL2,**  **CSL3, and**  **CSL4, as**  **they are**  **all part**  **of the**  **same lumen**  **package**

**(i.e., 620,**  **1,000, 1,300).**  **Like GSFL,**  **DOE considers**  **IRL that**  **produce more**  **light but**  **do not** 

**save energy**  **in the**  **NIA. This**  **reflects the**  **fact that**  **DOE cannot**  **require consumers**  **to switch**  **to a** 

**reduced wattage**  **lamp. Appendix**  **5A shows**  **the characteristics**  **of lamp**  **designs that**  **both meet** 

**the CSL**  **and exhibit**  **a constant**  **or higher**  **wattage than**  **the baseline**  **lamp.**

**The following**  **table presents**  **the engineering**  **analysis for**  **the 50W**  **PAR30 IRL.**  **This**

**baseline lamp**  **is based**  **on a**  **580­lumen lamp,**  **plus or**  **minus 10**  **percent. Both**  **the 44.3W**  **PAR30**

**5­47 improved**  **halogen lamp**  **(CSL1) and**  **the 41.3W**  **PAR30 HIR**  **lamp (CSL2)**  **are model**  **lamp**

**designs. e**  **These lamps**  **are designed**  **to have**  **the same**  **lumen package**  **as the**  **baseline lamp**  **(i.e.,**

**580 lumens),**  **and to**  **have a**  **minimum efficacy**  **just equal**  **to CSL1**  **and CSL2**  **respectively. The** 

**percentage energy**  **savings and**  **efficacy improvements**  **of the**  **PAR30 lamps**  **are similar**  **to the** 

**energy savings**  **and percentage**  **efficacy improvements**  **of the**  **1,310­lumen lamps**  **analyzed. The** 

**44.3W improved**  **halogen PAR30**  **lamp reduces**  **wattage by**  **11 percent**  **and is**  **21 percent**  **more**

**efficacious than**  **the halogen**  **50W PAR30**  **baseline lamp.**  **The 41.3W**  **HIR PAR30**  **lamp reduces** 

**wattage by**  **17 percent**  **and is**  **29 percent**  **more efficacious**  **than the**  **50W PAR30**  **baseline lamp.**  **In**

**comparison, the**  **79W improved**  **halogen PAR38**  **reduces wattage**  **by 12**  **percent and**  **is 14**  **percent**

**more efficacious**  **than the**  **incandescent 90W**  **PAR38 baseline**  **lamp. The**  **70W HIR**  **PAR38**

**reduces wattage**  **by 29**  **percent and**  **is 23**  **percent more**  **efficacious than**  **the 90W**  **PAR38 baseline** 

**lamp. The**  **40W improved**  **HIR PAR30**  **is commercially**  **available, but**  **produces 17**  **percent more** 

**light output**  **than the**  **50W PAR30.**  **Ordinarily, this**  **would not**  **be considered**  **a lamp**  **design for** 

**this baseline**  **lamp. However,**  **because this**  **lamp represents**  **a commercially­available**  **reduced**

**wattage, high­efficacy**  **version of**  **the baseline**  **lamp.**

Table 5.4.4 IRL Engineering Analysis 50W PAR30

Candidate

Standard Design Lamp Wattage Efficacy Initial Light

Output Lamp

Life

Level Option Descriptor

W lm/W lm hr

**Baseline Halogen**  **PAR30 50.0**  **11.6 580**  **3,000**

**CSL1 Improved** 

**Halogen*** **PAR30 44.3**  **14.0 620**  **3,000**

**CSL2 HIR** * **PAR30 41.3**  **15.0 620**  **3,000**

**CSL3 Improved**  **HIR PAR30**  **40.0 17.0**  **680*** **4,000**

**The following**  **table presents**  **the engineering**  **analysis for**  **the 75W**  **PAR38 IRL.**  **This**

**baseline lamp**  **and its**  **lamp design**  **substitutes are**  **based on**  **a 1,050­lumen**  **lamp, plus**  **or minus**  **10**

**percent. All**  **the lamps**  **shown in**  **the following**  **table are**  **commercially available.** 

**e Model**  **lamp designs**  **represent lamps**  **that are**  **not commercially**  **available at**  **this time.**  **DOE developed**  **these lamps** 

**working from**  **technical literature**  **and confidential**  **information from**  **manufacturers on**  **incandescent design**  **options.**

**DOE developed**  **these model**  **lamp designs**  **to have**  **a more**  **continuous range**  **of CSLs**  **to analyze**  **across the**  **three**

**lumen packages.**  **DOE differentiates**  **between model**  **lamp designs**  **and commercially**  **available lamp**  **designs by** 

**showing the**  **wattage of**  **the model**  **lamp design**  **to the**  **tenths decimal**  **place. Commercially**  **available lamps**  **are**

**shown in**  **the same**  **way they**  **appear in**  **the product**  **catalogs, rounded**  **off to**  **the nearest**  **whole number.** 

**5­48**Table 5.4.5. IRL Engineering Analysis for 75W PAR38

Candidate

Standard Design

Option Lamp

Descriptor Wattage Efficacy Initial Light

Output Lamp

Life

Level W lm/W lm hr

**Baseline Halogen**  **PAR38 75**  **14.0 1,050**  **2,500**

**CSL1 Improved** 

**Halogen PAR38**  **66 15.9**  **1,050 3,000** 

**CSL2 HIR**  **PAR38 60**  **17.5 1,050**  **3,000**

**CSL3 Improved**  **HIR PAR38**  **55 19.1**  **1,050 4,000** 

**The following**  **table presents**  **the engineering**  **analysis for**  **the 90W**  **PAR38 IRL.**  **This**

**baseline lamp**  **and its**  **substitute lamp**  **designs are**  **based on**  **a 1,310­lumen**  **lamp, plus**  **or minus**  **10**

**percent. The**  **66.0W improved**  **HIR PAR38**  **is a**  **model lamp**  **design. DOE**  **scaled this**  **lamp**

**design from**  **relationship between**  **the 75W**  **halogen PAR38**  **and the**  **55W improved**  **HIR PAR38.** 

**Both the**  **55W PAR38**  **commercially available**  **lamp and**  **the 66.0W**  **PAR38 model**  **lamp reduce** 

**wattage by**  **27 percent**  **relative to**  **their halogen**  **counterparts (i.e.,**  **the 75W**  **PAR38 and**  **90W**

**PAR38, respectively).**  **In addition,**  **both the**  **66.0W improved**  **HIR PAR38**  **model lamp**  **and the** 

**55W improved**  **HIR PAR38**  **commercially available**  **lamp are**  **36 percent**  **more efficacious**  **than**

**their halogen**  **counterparts.**

Table 5.4.6 IRL Engineering Analysis for 90W PAR38

Candidate

Standard

Level Design

Option Lamp

Descriptor Wattage Efficacy Initial Light

Output Lamp

Life

W lm/W lm hr

**Baseline Halogen**  **PAR38 90**  **14.6 1,310**  **2,500**

**CSL1 Improved** 

**Halogen PAR38**  **79 16.6**  **1,310 3,000** 

**CSL2 HIR**  **PAR38 70**  **18.0 1,260**  **3,000**

**CSL3 Improved**  **HIR*** **PAR38 66**  **19.8 1,310**  **4,000**

***** **IRL lamp**  **designs with**  **an asterisk**  **are model**  **lamp designs.** 

5.5 SCALING TO PRODUCT CLASSES NOT ANALYZED

**DOE identifies**  **and selects**  **certain product**  **classes as**  **“representative” product**  **classes**

**where DOE**  **will concentrate**  **its analytical**  **effort. DOE**  **chooses these**  **representative product** 

**classes primarily**  **due to**  **their high**  **market volumes.**  **The following**  **section discusses**  **how DOE** 

**intends to**  **scale CSLs**  **from those**  **product classes**  **that it**  **analyzes to**  **those product**  **classes that**  **it**

**does not**  **analyze.**

5.5.1 General Service Fluorescent Lamps

**As discussed**  **in section**  **5.3, DOE**  **is not**  **analyzing GSFL**  **with a**  **CCT above**  **4,500K and** 

**2­foot U­shaped**  **lamps. As**  **discussed in**  **the market**  **and technology**  **assessment**

**, the**  **efficacy of** 

**lamps with**  **cooler CCTs**  **(i.e., higher**  **CCT values)**  **is lower**  **due to**  **the quality**  **of blue**  **light**

**5­49 emitted.**  **DOE compared**  **commercially available**  **T8 lamps**  **at 4,100K**  **and 6,500K,**  **and found**  **that**

**the efficacy**  **of the**  **6,500K lamps**  **was between**  **four and**  **seven percent**  **lower than**  **that of**  **the**

**4,100K lamps.**  **To avoid**  **overly penalizing**  **current product**  **offered in**  **the market,**  **DOE is** 

**considering adopting**  **the larger**  **of the**  **two scaling**  **factors (seven**  **percent) when**  **determining the** 

**efficacy requirement**  **for lamps**  **greater than**  **4,500K. This**  **would mean,**  **for example,**  **that if**  **82.4**

**lm/W (i.e.,**  **CSL1) were**  **selected for**  **the 4­foot**  **medium bipin**  **product class**  **of 4,500K**  **CCT and** 

**below, the**  **scaled efficacy**  **requirement for**  **the product**  **class greater**  **than 4,500K**  **CCT would**  **be**

**76.6 lm/W.** 

**Similarly, DOE**  **observes that**  **2­foot U­shaped**  **lamps generally**  **are less**  **efficacious than** 

**4­foot medium**  **bipin lamps**  **due to**  **the bend**  **of a**  **2­foot U­shaped**  **lamp. This**  **drop in**  **efficacy**

**appears to**  **depend on**  **the wattage**  **and diameter**  **of the**  **lamp in**  **question. DOE**  **has observed**  **that**

**40W T12**  **2­foot U­shaped**  **lamps are**  **on average**  **six percent**  **less efficacious**  **than a**  **40W T12** 

**medium bipin**  **lamp of**  **the same**  **phosphor series**  **and manufacturer,**  **while 34W**  **T12 or**  **32W T8**  **2­**

**foot U­shaped**  **lamps are**  **generally three**  **percent less**  **efficacious than**  **the 34W**  **T12 or**  **32W T8** 

**medium bipin**  **lamp of**  **the same**  **phosphor series**  **and manufacturer.**  **To avoid**  **penalizing T12** 

**lamps, DOE**  **is considering**  **applying a**  **six­percent decrease**  **to the**  **CSLs for**  **4­foot medium**  **bipin**

**lamps for**  **2­foot U­shaped**  **lamps.**

5.5.2 Incandescent Reflector Lamps

**DOE analyzes**  **standard­spectrum lamps,**  **but will**  **set separate**  **standards for**  **modified**

**spectrum IRL.**  **As with**  **higher CCT**  **GSFL, modified­spectrum**  **IRL filter**  **portions of**  **the emitted** 

**spectrum to**  **attain a**  **particular spectral**  **emission, thereby**  **lowering their**  **efficacy value.** 

**Modified­spectrum IRL**  **achieve this**  **specific spectrum**  **by applying**  **a coating,**  **or introducing** 

**neodymium or**  **other additives,**  **into the**  **cover glass**  **of the**  **IRL. Because**  **manufacturers may** 

**change the**  **thickness of**  **the coating**  **or the**  **content of**  **neodymium to**  **modify the**  **spectrum to** 

**different degrees,**  **and thus**  **change the**  **lumens the**  **IRL emits,**  **DOE has**  **developed the**  **following**

**formula to**  **establish the**  **standard level**  **for these**  **modified­spectrum IRL:** 



### lm

Modified

− Spectrum 

### CSL Modified

− Spectrum 

### = ***** CSL

S **tan** dard

− Spectrumr Eq. 5.2 

### lm

S **tan** dard

− Spectrum

**where:**

CSL Modified­Spectrum = **Candidate standard**  **level of**  **modified**

**spectrum lamp** 

CSL Standard­Spectrum = **Candidate standard**  **level of**  **the equivalent** 

**reference standard­spectrum**  **lamp**

lm Modified­Spectrum = **Lumen output**  **of modified­spectrum**  **lamp**

lm Standard­Spectrum = **Lumen output**  **of the**  **equivalent reference** 

**standard­spectrum lamp** 

**For manufacturers**  **to comply**  **with the**  **energy conservation**  **standard for**  **modified**

**spectrum IRL,**  **they would**  **be required**  **to test**  **the lumen**  **output of**  **both their**  **modified­spectrum**

**5­50 lamp**  **as well**  **as the**  **lumen output**  **of an**  **equivalent reference**  **standard­spectrum lamp.**  **(An**

**equivalent lamp**  **would have**  **the same**  **rated wattage,**  **rated voltage,**  **gas fill**  **pressure and** 

**composition, bulb**  **shape and**  **size, filament**  **type and**  **orientation, finish**  **and other**  **design features** 

**incorporated into**  **the modified­spectrum**  **lamp, but**  **without the**  **coating or**  **neodymium (or**  **other**

**additive) that**  **causes the**  **lamp to**  **emit a**  **modified­spectrum.) Manufacturers**  **could then**  **apply**

**that ratio**  **of lumen**  **output to**  **the energy**  **conservation standard**  **for a**  **standard­spectrum IRL**  **to**

**calculate the**  **standard for**  **modified­spectrum IRL.**  **In this**  **way, the**  **consumer would**  **be assured** 

**that the**  **design options**  **that DOE**  **found to**  **be cost­justified**  **in this**  **rulemaking for**  **standard**

**spectrum IRL**  **would also**  **be incorporated**  **into covered**  **modified­spectrum IRL.** 

**5­51**REFERENCES

**1 National**  **Electrical Manufacturers**  **Association. 2006.**  **No. 12**  **at p.**  **7. This**  **written comment,** 

**Document Number**  **12, is**  **available in**  **Docket #EE–2006–STD–0131.**  **For more**  **information,**

**contact Brenda**  **Edwards­Jones at**  **(202) 586­2945.** 

**2 U.S.**  **Department of**  **Energy, Energy**  **Efficiency and**  **Renewable Energy**  **Office of**  **Building**

**Research and**  **Standards. U.S.**  **Department of**  **Energy, Office**  **of Energy**  **Efficiency and** 

**Renewable Energy.**  **Energy Conservation**  **Program for**  **Consumer Products:**  **Technical Support** 

**Document: Energy**  **Efficiency Standards**  **for Consumer**  **Products: Fluorescent**  **Lamp Ballast** 

**Proposed Rule.**  **Appendix B.**  **Marginal Energy**  **Prices and**  **National Energy**  **Savings. Table**  **B.6.**

**January, 2000.**  **Washington, D.C.** 

**< http://www.eere.energy.gov/buildings/appliance_standards/residential/pdfs/appendix_b.pdf** 

**.**

**5­52**