# Patent

## Title
Antenna configuration for co-operative beamforming

## Abstract

The present invention relates to a method for communicating in a network, the network comprising at least a first cell and a second cell including respectively a first primary station having a first antenna array dedicated to the first cell and a second primary station having a second antenna array dedicated to the second cell, for communicating with a plurality of secondary stations.

## Background
CLAIM OF PRIORITY
The present application is continuation of U.S. patent application Ser. No. 13/379,231, filed on Dec. 19, 2011, which was the National Stage of International Application No. IB2010/052633 filed on Jun. 14, 2010, which claims the priority to foreign application EP09163525, filed on Jun. 23, 2009, each of which are incorporated by reference herein in their entirety.


FIELD OF THE INVENTION
The present invention relates to a method of communication in a communication system like a mobile communication system, for example UMTS, LTE or LTE Advanced.
More specifically, the invention relates to a method of communication using cooperative beamforming, where the beamforming is obtained by using primary station (PS) antennas from different cells, and where pre-coding codebooks for co-operative beamforming between different cells are used.
BACKGROUND OF THE INVENTION
In order to achieve greater transmission rate, it has been proposed to use a cooperative beamforming, where a plurality of (PS) antennas from different cells are used to create at least one spatial stream towards a user terminal (SS). In connection with the beamforming and MIMO techniques, a precoding is applied on the antennas by applying complex coefficients on the antennas, so that the gain and/or the phase of the transmitting antennas are modified. It may be nevertheless crucial to signal to the user terminal some information about the beamforming (e.g. so that the user terminal SS can derive a suitable phase reference for receiving the signal).
This can be done by means of predetermined codebooks, being a set of predetermined coefficients. An index of the selected codebook may be signaled for instance to the receiving station, so that a corresponding set of receiving coefficients is applied. Moreover, in order to provide feedback to the transmitting stations, the user terminal needs to indicate information about the channel, for example a preferred precoding vector. It is thus required that all this signaling is implemented in a clever way so that it does not create too much overhead, but it is still reliable and effective enough.
In systems such as UMTS and LTE, multi-antenna transmission/reception techniques variously described as, MIMO, precoding or beamforming are supported for transmissions from a single cell to a mobile terminal. Precoding codebooks are defined, which enable the User Equipment (UE) to report a preferred precoding index for downlink transmission.
The same codebook may be used to signal to a user equipment the precoding vector or matrix which is actually applied in the downlink by a base station. This may be viewed as a way of describing the channel coefficients. This enables the user equipment to derive an appropriate phase/amplitude reference signal from common pilot symbols for demodulation of downlink transmissions. Alternatively the pilot symbols may be precoded to form dedicated reference symbols and used directly as receiver phase reference.
Typically, the specification for systems like LTE makes use of the term “antenna port”, which is effectively a virtual antenna which may be derived by a linear combination of signals from one or more physical antennas. For convenience, we use the term “antenna” for antenna array, but this could also be understood as “antenna port”
Multi-antenna techniques such as beamforming, using antennas from multiple cells or multiple sites, could be of interest in LTE. However, there is a need of specifying how codebooks should be defined for such cases so that the signaling may be simple but still effective.
SUMMARY OF THE INVENTION
It is an object of the present invention to provide with a method for providing codebooks that could be used for cooperative beamforming.
It is another object of the invention to provide with a method of signaling the precoding in a cooperative beamforming context, where a plurality of cells are cooperating.
In accordance with a first aspect of the invention, a method is proposed for communicating in a network, the network comprising at least a first cell and a second cell including respectively a first primary station having a first antenna array dedicated to the first cell and a second primary station having a second antenna array dedicated to the second cell, for communicating with a plurality of secondary stations, the method comprising the step of
(a) providing with a co-operative beamforming transmission from the first and second primary stations to at least one first secondary station, wherein step (a) includes
(a1) the first secondary station signaling at least one channel matrix to at least one of the first and second primary stations, and
(a2) the first and second primary stations applying a precoding matrix across both the first antenna array and the second antenna array, and wherein the precoding matrix comprises a first vector for the first cell and a second vector for the second cell, the precoding matrix being based on the at least one channel matrix.
Thus, the precoding can be carried out and signaled with a precoding designed for single cell precoding. Since in an embodiment of the invention, the system may implement single cell MIMO along with the multi cell MIMO (or co-operative MIMO), this avoids using a special signaling, and enables to use the single cell signaling for both transmission modes.
In accordance with a second aspect of the invention, a first primary station is proposed having a first antenna array dedicated to a first cell of a network, the network further comprising at least a second cell including a second primary station having a second antenna array dedicated to the second cell, the first primary station comprising means for communicating with a plurality of secondary stations, the primary station further comprising means for collaborating with the second primary station for providing with a co-operative beamforming transmission from the first and second primary stations to at least one first secondary station, receiving means for receiving from the first secondary station a signaling of at least one channel matrix, and control means for applying a precoding matrix across the first antenna array, and wherein the precoding matrix comprises a first vector for the first cell and a second vector for the second cell, the precoding matrix being based on the at least one channel matrix.
In accordance with a third aspect of the invention, a secondary station is proposed comprising means for communicating in a network, the network comprising at least a first cell and a second cell including respectively a first primary station having a first antenna array dedicated to the first cell and a second primary station having a second antenna array dedicated to the second cell, for communicating with the secondary station, the secondary station comprising means for receiving a co-operative beamforming transmission from the first and second primary stations to at least one first secondary station, and for signaling at least one channel matrix to at least one of the first and second primary stations, the matrix being based on a codebook dedicated for the first cell and/or a codebook dedicated for the second cell.
In accordance with a fourth aspect of the invention, it is proposed a network comprising at least two primary station of the second aspect and at least one secondary station of the third aspect.
These and other aspects of the invention will be apparent from and will be elucidated with reference to the embodiments described hereinafter.



BRIEF DESCRIPTION OF THE DRAWINGS
The present invention will now be described in more detail, by way of example, with reference to the accompanying drawings, wherein:
FIG. 1 is a block diagram representing a network in which is implemented a first embodiment of the invention;
FIG. 2 is a block diagram representing a network in which is implemented a first embodiment of the invention.



DETAILED DESCRIPTION OF THE INVENTION
The present invention relates to a cellular network comprising a plurality of cells. In each cell, a dedicated primary station, like an eNodeB in LTE, communicates with mobile terminals, like User Equipments, located within the considered cell. Each primary station may comprise a plurality of antennas dedicated to the considered cell, the antennas being arranged in an array. In order to carry out beamforming or MIMO communication, the gain/phase of each antenna is modified when the primary station is transmitting. This is called precoding, and which permits to create spatial beams or spatial data streams directed towards a predetermined secondary station for example.
In order to control the precoding, feedback may be needed from the secondary station. For example, channel quality is typically indicated by a channel quality indicator (CQI). This is typically indicates a data rate at which packet transmissions can be received with pre-determined error probability.
Multi-antenna techniques such as beamforming, using antennas from multiple cells or multiple sites, are discussed (under the description of CoMP or Co-operative Multi-Point transmission). In such a case, a plurality of cells (typically two cells but could be more) are collaborating for creating a beam to one or more secondary stations. For instance, the same data streams are transmitted from antenna ports of different cells.
However, it is not clear how codebooks should be defined for such cases, and it is not clear how existing (or new) codebooks designed for single cell use should be adapted for multi-cell use. An additional problem is that if co-operative beamforming is applied to transmit data from multiple cells, then copies of the data are needed at each of the cooperating cells.
Therefore, it is investigated in accordance with the embodiments of this invention to provide with solutions for a simple and reliable signaling and precoding that could be used in co-operative multi-cell MIMO communications. In a first variant of these embodiments, it can be proposed to use codebooks designed for single cells to report the channel information for multiple cells, where a phase offset is indicated between pairs of codebook indices. Moreover, this could as well be still improved with the transmission from multiple cells to a mobile terminal based on the reported channel information where independent data streams are sent from different cells. This could be done under the assumption of the use of this method, and in such a case, the mobile terminal can compute a channel quality indication (CQI) for each stream. It is to be noted that these features might be implemented independently.
In a first network illustrated on FIG. 1, a first cell 101 and a second cell 102 are neighboring. A base station 200 may comprise a first primary station 201 which antenna ports 211 are dedicated to the first cell 101 and a second primary station 202 which antenna ports 212 are dedicated to the second cell 102. In such a configuration, the same data can be easily transmitted by the first antenna ports 211 and the second antenna ports 212. A spatial stream 301 from the two cells is directed towards a secondary station 401 located in the first cell. Moreover, it is possible as shown to have another spatial stream 302 directed to another secondary station 402. In the illustrated example, the secondary station 402 is in the second cell, however, it could be located in the first cell as well.
In a first embodiment in a system like LTE, co-operative beamforming may be carried out between two cells in the downlink like illustrated in FIG. 1. The precoding is assumed to be carried out for each spatial stream by applying a precoding vector across the set of antennas belonging to both cells. The precoding vector is composed of a vector for each cell which is selected from a set of predetermined codebooks (one codebook for each of the first cell 101 and the second cell 102). The precoding is signaled for a spatial stream by indicating the precoding vector for each cell. An individual user, like the secondary stations 401 or 402 may receive one or more spatial streams 301 or 302 respectively. In order for the network to select appropriate precoding vectors, the mobile terminal provides feedback on the state of the channel(s). The feedback may take the form of a set of indices to preferred precoding vectors for each stream and each cell. These vectors are chosen to maximize the possible total transmission rate. The codebook(s) at the mobile terminal are the same as those in the network.
In a variation of this first embodiment, the codebooks are designed so that the coefficients applied to each antenna are defined with respect to the coefficients applied to one of the antennas, which acts as a reference. In LTE the first antenna is the reference and this antenna has a coefficient of unity. In order to fully define the required precoding across multiple cells using multiple codebooks (one for each cell) it may be necessary to specify the required phase/amplitude relationship between the codebooks. For LTE the codebook elements have unit magnitude, so the phase relationship could be specified as a phase rotation between one codebook and another (e.g. as a phase rotation between successive codebooks or with respect to a reference codebook). This phase offset could be specified with 2 or 3 bits to indicate one of 4 or 8 different phase offsets. In general, the phase value may be signaled in the uplink from the mobile terminal. In order to define a phase reference for receiving a signal from multiple cells, the phase offset can also be signaled in the downlink. It is to be noted that in the network illustrated on FIG. 1, the first primary station 201 and the second primary station 202 being in the same device, this permits to simplify the management of the phase offset, since this can be known by the base station 200. The use of the phase offset is however advantageous, as it facilitates the use of existing codebooks designed for single cell use. In an example of this embodiment, the reference codebook is chosen as the primary station in which is located the user equipment. As a consequence, the reference codebook for the secondary station 401 would be cell 101's codebook and the reference for the secondary station 402 would be cell 102's codebook.
In a variant of the first embodiment, the network can be somewhat different as illustrated on FIG. 2. In this case, the first primary station 201 of the first cell 101 may be in a different device than the second primary station 202 of the second cell 102. Thus, it is a bit more difficult to synchronize and to transmit the same data simultaneously. Moreover, the estimation of the phase offset may be more difficult than in a network illustrated on FIG. 1. However, it is still possible to implement the first embodiment in such a network, especially in the case of a femto-cells for example.
It is however to be noted that the network of FIG. 2 is more adapted to the implementation of the second embodiment of the invention. In accordance, with the second embodiment, the precoding in the primary stations comprises applying a precoding matrix across the first antenna array or the second antenna array. Moreover, the precoding matrix comprises a first vector for the first cell or a second vector for the second cell.
In the second embodiment implemented in a system like LTE, co-operative transmission may be carried out between two cells in the downlink. The precoding is assumed to be carried out for each spatial stream by applying a precoding vector across the set of antennas belonging to only one cell. The precoding vector for each cell is selected from a set of predetermined codebooks (one codebook for cell). The precoding is signaled for a spatial stream by indicating the precoding vector for each cell. An individual user may receive one or more spatial streams from each cell. In order for the network to select appropriate precoding vectors, the mobile terminal provides feedback on the state of the channel(s). The feedback takes to form of a set of indices to preferred precoding vectors for each stream and each cell. The set of precoding vectors are chosen to maximize the possible total transmission rate. The codebook(s) at the mobile terminal are the same as those in the network.
The second embodiment has the following advantages:

    
    
        Different data can be transmitted from the different cells, which avoids the need to provide multiple copies of the same data in several cells.
        Existing codebooks can be used without the need to indicate any phase offset
        Scheduling decisions (e.g. transmission rate and power allocation) can be at least partly independent across the different cells. That is the reason why this second embodiment may be more adapted to the network illustrated on FIG. 2.
    
    


As an additional feature to the second embodiment, the signalling to indicate the downlink transmission of multiple streams to a user equipment from multiple cells could be similar to that used for multiple streams from a single cell (i.e. PDCCH in LTE). In general an indication would be needed to the user equipment of which was the appropriate reference signal to receive a given stream. If the reference is provided by means of precoded reference symbols, then it may not be necessary to indicate from which cell the stream is transmitted, but only which reference symbols (or reference sequence) should be used.
Moreover, some variants that could apply to the first embodiment and the second embodiment may comprise the following.
The phase reference(s) is indicated in the downlink using precoded reference symbols or precoded pilot symbols. Thus, the reference symbols may be used to carry information, and are not just used for the sake of synchronization or likewise.
Moreover, it is to be noted that in the description, the expression of precoding vectors was used, although in some variant of the invention, the precoding can be represented with the help of precoding matrices.
As an additional feature, the user equipment computes the channel quality indicator (CQI) for each spatial stream, under the assumption of a selected number of spatial streams, and under the assumption of the use of a selected codebook entry for each cell. The CQI is signaled to the network and it enables the network to select an appropriate transmission rate (e.g. modulation and coding scheme).
Additional feedback may be provided to indicate alternative sets of precoding vectors (and CQI) which do not necessarily maximize the total rate. For example there could be a set of feedback computed for each possible number of spatial streams. Feedback could be provided for different assumptions about the interference from other transmissions to other terminals (e.g. in the second embodiment, that the cells are both sending streams to the same user equipment, or one cell is not transmitting, or the cells not co-operating in which there would be interference).
It is to be noted that the feedback could comprise a quantized representation of the channel instead of an index to a precoding vector.
Moreover, the feedback may indicate preferred transmission rank (which is in fact a preferred number of spatial streams).
In neither embodiment is it necessary that the number of antennas is the same in the co-operating cells.
The invention is applicable to systems using co-operative beamforming between cells which may include LTE-Advanced. The cells may be located in a single base station site, or on different sites, for example, femto-cells implemented by fiber radio techniques.
In the present specification and claims the word “a” or “an” preceding an element does not exclude the presence of a plurality of such elements. Further, the word “comprising” does not exclude the presence of other elements or steps than those listed.
The inclusion of reference signs in parentheses in the claims is intended to aid understanding and is not intended to be limiting.
From reading the present disclosure, other modifications will be apparent to persons skilled in the art. Such modifications may involve other features which are already known in the art of radio communication.

## Claims

1. A system comprising:
a first primary station,
a second primary station,
wherein the first primary station and second primary station communicate in a network with at least one secondary station,
wherein the network comprises at least a first cell and a second cell, the first cell of the network provided by the first primary station having a first antenna array dedicated to the first cell of the network, and the second cell of the network provided by the second primary station having a second antenna array dedicated to the second cell of the network,
in the first primary station and the second primary station:
respective transmitters configured to provide co-operative beamforming transmissions from the first primary station and the second primary station respectively to the at least one secondary station;
wherein the act of providing co-operative beam-forming transmissions in the first primary station and the second primary station comprises:
respective receivers of the first and second primary stations being configured to receive at least one channel matrix signaled from the at least one secondary station;
applying a precoding matrix across both the first antenna array of the first primary station and the second antenna array of the second primary station;
wherein the precoding matrix comprises a first vector for the first cell and a second vector for the second cell and,
wherein one of the first vector and the second vector of the precoding matrix acts as a reference vector from which a phase difference is determined between the other of the first vector and the second vector, the phase difference being determined with respect to the reference vector; and
wherein the precoding matrix is based on the at least one signaled channel matrix received from the at least one secondary station to at least one of the first and second primary stations.

2. The system of claim 1, wherein the first vector and the second vector of the precoding matrix are selected respectively from a first codebook dedicated to the first cell and from a second codebook dedicated to the second cell.

3. The system of claim 1, wherein the step of signaling at least one channel matrix from the at least one secondary station to at least one of the first and second primary station comprises signaling a phase relationship between the first vector for the first cell and the second vector for the second cell.

4. The system of claim 1, wherein a phase reference is signaled in the downlink to the at least one secondary station using one of: precoded reference symbols or precoded pilot symbols.

5. The system of claim 1, wherein the precoding matrix is a vector.

6. The system of claim 1, wherein the at least one secondary station signals, for each spatial stream in the uplink, a channel quality information (CQI) for at least one of the first cell and the second cell of the network.

7. The system of claim 6,
wherein the channel quality information (CQI) comprises at least one alternative preferred precoding vector as an alternative to a preferred precoding vector in the signaled channel matrix; and
wherein at least one of the first primary station and the second primary station selects one of the preferred precoding vector or the at least one alternative preferred precoding vector depending on an interference measurement measured at the at least one secondary station.

8. The system of claim 6, wherein the channel quality information is representative of the channel conditions.

9. The system of claim 6, wherein the channel quality information includes a preferred transmission rank.

10. The system of claim 1, wherein the at least one channel matrix comprises one of:
a preferred precoding vector selected by the at least one secondary station from a codebook; and
a quantized representation of the transmission channel between one of the first and second primary stations and the secondary station.

11. The system of claim 10 wherein the preferred precoding vector is selected to indicate one of:
a precoding vector that would provide a highest received data rate; and
a precoding vector that would provide a highest received SNR, when used for transmission by one of the first primary station or the second primary station.

12. A first primary station comprising:
a first antenna array dedicated to a first cell of a network comprised of at least a first cell and a second cell, wherein the first antenna array is configured to send signals to and receiving signals from a plurality of secondary stations;
a processor controlling a transceiver coupled to the first antenna array, configured for sending and receiving said signals via said first antenna;
the processor configured to communicate with a second primary station to provide a co-operative beamforming transmission from the first and second primary stations to at least one secondary station;
a processor configured to receive, via the transceiver and antenna array, from the at least one secondary station, a signaling of at least one channel matrix; and
the processor configured to apply a precoding matrix across the first antenna array and wherein the precoding matrix comprise a first vector for the first cell and a second vector for the second cell, the precoding matrix being based on the at least one channel matrix; and wherein one of the first vector and the second vector acts as a reference vector from which a phase difference between the other of the first vector and the second vector is determined with respect to the reference vector.

13. The first primary station of claim 12, wherein the first vector and the second vector of the precoding matrix are selected respectively from a first codebook dedicated to the first cell and from a second codebook dedicated to the second cell.

14. The first primary station of claim 12, wherein a phase reference is signaled in the downlink to a secondary station using one of precoded reference symbols or precoded pilot symbols.

15. The first primary station of claim 12, wherein the precoding matrix is a vector.

16. The first primary station of claim 12, wherein the first primary station receives, for each spatial stream in the uplink, a channel quality information (CQI) for at least one of the first cell and the second cell of the network.

17. The first primary station of claim 16, wherein the channel quality information (CQI) comprises at least one alternative preferred precoding vector as an alternative to a preferred precoding vector in the signaled channel matrix; and wherein at least one of the first primary station and the second primary station selects one of the preferred precoding vector or the at least one alternative preferred precoding vector depending on an interference measurement measured at the at least one secondary station.

18. The first primary station of claim 16, wherein the channel quality information (CQI) is representative of the channel conditions.

19. The first primary station of claim 16, wherein the channel quality information (CQI) includes a preferred transmission rank.

20. The first primary station of claim 12, wherein the at least one channel matrix comprises one of:
a preferred precoding vector selected by the at least one secondary station from a codebook;
an indication to identify the selected preferred precoding vector in the codebook; and
a quantized representation of the transmission channel between one of the first and second primary stations and the secondary station.

21. The first primary station of claim 20, wherein the preferred precoding vector is selected to indicate one of:
a precoding vector that would provide a highest received data rate; and
a precoding vector that would provide a highest received SNR, when used for transmission by one of the first primary station or the second primary station.

22. A secondary station comprising:
an antenna array configured to send signals to and receiving signals from at least a first and second primary station, wherein the first primary station is dedicated to a first cell of a network and the second primary station is dedicated to a second cell of a network;
a processor controlling a transceiver configured to receive, via the antenna array, a co-operative beamforming transmission from the first and second primary stations;
the processor being further configured to signal, via the antenna array, at least one channel matrix to at least one of the first and second primary stations, wherein the channel matrix is based on a codebook dedicated for at least one of the first cell and a codebook dedicated for the second cell, the codebook comprising a first vector associated with the first cell and a second vector associated with the second cell, one of the first vector and the second vector acting as a reference vector from which a phase difference between the other of the first vector and the second vector is determined with respect to the reference vector.

23. The secondary station of claim 22, wherein the step of signaling at least one channel matrix from the secondary station to at least one of the first and second primary station comprises signaling a phase relationship between the first vector and the second vector.

24. The secondary station of claim 22, wherein a phase reference is signaled in the downlink to the secondary station using one of precoded reference symbols or precoded pilot symbols.

25. The secondary station of claim 22, wherein the secondary station signals for each spatial stream in the uplink a channel quality information (CQI) for at least one of the first cell and the second cell of the network.

26. The secondary station of claim 25, wherein the channel quality information (CQI) comprises at least one alternative preferred precoding vector as an alternative to a preferred precoding vector in the signaled channel matrix; and wherein at least one of the first primary station and the second primary station selects one of the preferred precoding vector or the at least one alternative preferred precoding vector depending on an interference measurement measured at the at least one secondary station.

27. The secondary station of claim 25, wherein the channel quality information (CQI) is representative of the channel conditions.

28. The secondary station of claim 25, wherein the channel quality information (CQI) includes a preferred transmission rank.

29. The secondary station of claim 22, wherein the at least one channel matrix comprises one of:
a preferred precoding vector selected by the at least one secondary station from a codebook; and
a quantized representation of the transmission channel between one of the first and second primary stations and the secondary station.

30. The secondary station of claim 29, wherein the preferred precoding vector is selected to indicate one of:
a precoding vector that would provide a highest received data rate; and
a precoding vector that would provide a highest received SNR, when used for transmission by one of the first primary station or the second primary station.

31. A method of operating a first primary station and a second primary for communicating in a network, the network comprising at least a first cell and a second cell, wherein the first cell includes the first primary station having a first antenna array dedicated to the first cell of the network and the second cell of the network includes the second primary station having a second antenna array dedicated to the second cell of the network, the first and second primary stations being configured to communicate with a plurality of secondary stations, the method comprising:
in a first and a second primary station:
providing a co-operative beamforming transmission from the first primary station and the second primary station to at least one secondary station;
wherein the providing act further comprises:
receiving at least one channel matrix from at least one secondary station at the first and second primary stations;
applying a precoding matrix across both the first antenna array of the first primary station and the second antenna array of the second primary station;

wherein the precoding matrix comprises a first vector for the first cell and a second vector for the second cell and wherein one of the first vector and the second vector of the precoding matrix acts as a reference vector from which a phase difference is determined between the other of the first vector and the second vector, the phase difference being determined with respect to the reference vector; and
wherein the precoding matrix is based on the at least one signaled channel matrix signaled from the at least one secondary station to at least one of the first and second primary stations.

32. The method of claim 31, wherein the first vector and the second vector of the precoding matrix are selected respectively from a first codebook dedicated to the first cell and from a second codebook dedicated to the second cell.

33. The method of claim 31, wherein the step of receiving at least one channel matrix from the at least one secondary station to at least one of the first and second primary station comprises signaling a phase relationship between the first vector and the second vector.

34. The method of claim 31, wherein a phase reference is signaled in the downlink to the at least one secondary station using one of precoded reference symbols or precoded pilot symbols.

35. The method of claim 31, wherein the precoding matrix is a vector.

36. The method of claim 31, wherein the at least one first primary station and second primary station receives from the at least one secondary station signals for each spatial stream in the uplink a channel quality information (CQI) for at least one of the first cell and the second cell of the network.

37. The method of claim 36,
wherein the channel quality information (CQI) comprises at least one alternative preferred precoding vector as an alternative to a preferred precoding vector in the signaled channel matrix; and
wherein at least one of the first primary station and the second primary station selects one of the preferred precoding vector or the at least one alternative preferred precoding vector depending on an interference measurement measured at the at least one secondary station.

38. The method of claim 36, wherein the channel quality information is representative of the channel conditions.

39. The method of claim 36, wherein the channel quality information includes a preferred transmission rank.

40. The method of claim 31, wherein the at least one channel matrix comprises one of:
a preferred precoding vector selected by the at least one secondary station from a codebook; and
a quantized representation of the transmission channel between one of the first and second primary stations and the at least one secondary station.

41. The method of claim 31, wherein the preferred precoding vector is selected to indicate one of:
a precoding vector that would provide a highest received data rate; and
a precoding vector that would provide a highest received SNR, when used for transmission by one of the first primary station or the second primary station.

42. A method of operating a first primary station, the method comprising:
in the first primary station:
sending signals to and receiving signals from a plurality of secondary stations via a processor controlling a transceiver coupled to a first antenna array dedicated to a first cell of a network comprised of at least a first cell and a second cell;
providing a first beamforming transmission from the first primary station via the processor controlling the transceiver coupled to the first antenna array, the first beamforming transmission cooperating with a second beamforming transmission of a second primary stations to at least the one secondary station;
receiving, via the processor controlling the transceiver a signaling of at least one channel matrix from the at least one secondary station; and
applying a precoding matrix via the processor across the first antenna array; and
wherein the precoding matrix comprise a first vector for the first cell and a second vector for the second cell, the precoding matrix being based on the at least one channel matrix; and;
wherein one of the first vector and the second vector acts as a reference vector from which a phase difference between the other of the first vector and the second vector is determined with respect to the reference vector.

43. A method of operating a secondary station, the method comprising:
in the secondary station:
sending signals to and receiving signals from at least a first and second primary station, via an antenna array, wherein the first primary station is dedicated to a first cell of a network and the second primary station is dedicated to a second cell of the network;
receiving, via a processor controlling a transceiver coupled to the antenna array, a co-operative beamforming transmission from the first and second primary stations;
signaling, via the processor, transceiver and antenna array, at least one channel matrix to at least one of the first and second primary stations;

wherein the channel matrix is based on a codebook dedicated for at least one of the first cell and a codebook dedicated for the second cell, the codebook comprising a first vector associated with the first cell and a second vector associated with the second cell, one of the first vector and the second vector acting as a reference vector from which a phase difference between the other of the first vector and the second vector is determined with respect to the reference vector.