UNITED STATES DISTRICT COURT

FOR THE DISTRICT OF COLUMBIA

PETER GREEN,

Plaintiff, 

v. 

SECURITY ASSURANCE 

MANAGEMENT, et al., 

Defendants. 

Case No. 22-cv-01936 (CRC)

OPINION AND ORDER

Following an altercation at a city benefits office, Plaintiff Peter Green sued several 

Special Police Officers (“SPOs”) and their employer for alleged violations of his First and Fourth 

Amendment rights. Green then amended his complaint to add the District of Columbia 

Metropolitan Police Department (“MPD”) Chief of Police as a defendant. The Police Chief now 

moves to dismiss for lack of standing and failure to state a claim. Finding that Green has failed 

to allege a causal nexus between the alleged violation of his constitutional rights and any conduct 

by the Police Chief, the Court grants the chief’s motion to dismiss.

I. Background 

The Court draws the following background from Green’s Second Amended Complaint 

(“SAC”). Green visited a D.C. Department of Human Services (“DHS”) service center in June 

2022 to apply for Medicaid and supplemental nutrition assistance program benefits. SAC ¶ 15. 

Concerned that miscommunications with DHS staff would delay his receipt of benefits, Green 

decided to film his interactions at the office. Id. ¶ 16. A DHS staffer informed Green that 

recording in the office was prohibited and pointed to a sign with a warning to the same effect. 

Id. ¶ 19. Green continued filming, however. Id. ¶ 21. 
2 

As Green completed his benefits applications, a group of SPOs, employed by private 

security company Security Assurance Management (“SAM”), surrounded him. Id. ¶¶ 4–11, 22.1 

Certain of the SPOs repeated the warning that recording was prohibited in the DHS office, and, 

once he completed his applications, the SPOs ushered him out of the office and “taunted” him, 

“calling him names and insulting his intelligence.” Id. ¶¶ 23, 26–27. The SPOs then placed

Green in handcuffs, removed his phone from his pocket, and returned it ten minutes later with his 

recording of his time at the service center deleted. Id. ¶¶ 30–36, 38. Shortly later, MPD officers 

arrived at the DHS office and conferred with the SPOs. Id. ¶ 37. Green was then “released from 

handcuffs.” Id. The next day, Green returned to the DHS office with MPD officers who 

purportedly informed the SPOs that, “despite the posted sign forbidding recording,” Green “was 

within his rights to record his interactions with the DHS representative.” Id. ¶ 41. 

Green sued the individual SPOs and their employer SAM, alleging violations of his First 

and Fourth Amendment rights. See Compl., First Amended Compl. He then amended his 

complaint to include the MPD Chief of Police as a defendant. SAC ¶ 12. The Police Chief 

moved to dismiss on the grounds that Green lacks standing to sue the chief and has failed to 

allege facts to establish municipal liability. Mot. Dismiss at 2.

II. Legal Standard 

Standing is a fundamental prerequisite to federal jurisdiction under Article III. Spokeo, 

Inc. v. Robins, 578 U.S. 330, 337–38 (2016). The “irreducible constitutional minimum” for 

1

 SPOs are private police officers appointed by the mayor and employed by private 

corporations. See D.C. CODE § 5-129.02(a) (“The Mayor . . . may appoint special police officers 

. . . provided [] that the special police officers . . . [are] paid wholly by the corporation or person 

on whose account their appointments are made.”). 
3 

standing consists of three elements: “The plaintiff must have (1) suffered an injury in fact, (2) 

that is fairly traceable to the challenged conduct of the defendant, and (3) that is likely to be 

redressed by a favorable judicial decision.” Id. at 338 (cleaned up). The first element—injury in 

fact—requires that the plaintiff “show that he or she suffered ‘an invasion of a legally protected 

interest’ that is ‘concrete and particularized’ and ‘actual or imminent, not conjectural or 

hypothetical.’” Id. at 339 (cleaned up). The second element—causation—necessitates a “causal 

connection between the injury and the conduct complained of.” Lujan v. Defs. of Wildlife, 504 

U.S. 555, 560 (1992). The final requirement—redressability—means that “it must be ‘likely’ as 

opposed to merely ‘speculative,’ that the injury will be ‘redressed by a favorable decision.’” Id.

at 561 (cleaned up).

“Where, as here, a case is at the pleading stage, the plaintiff must ‘clearly . . . allege facts 

demonstrating’ each element.” Spokeo, 578 U.S. at 338 (quoting Warth v. Seldin, 422 U.S. 490, 

518 (1975)). The Court will “accept the well-pleaded factual allegations” in the complaint “as 

true and draw all reasonable inferences from those allegations in the plaintiff’s favor.” Arpaio v. 

Obama, 797 F.3d 11, 19 (D.C. Cir. 2015). The Court will not, however, “assume the truth of 

legal conclusions” nor will it “accept inferences that are unsupported by the facts set out in the 

complaint.” Id. (cleaned up).

III. Analysis 

Green’s effort to demonstrate standing falters at the causation step so the Court will direct 

its attention there. “To establish causation, the plaintiff must allege facts sufficient to show that 

the alleged injury was caused, directly or indirectly, by the defendant’s conduct.” Jangjoo v. 

Broad. Bd. of Governors, 244 F. Supp. 3d 160, 174 (D.D.C. 2017); see also Attias v. CareFirst, 

Inc., 865 F.3d 620, 625 (D.C. Cir. 2017) (Plaintiff’s injury must be “fairly traceable to the 
4 

defendant’s actions.” (cleaned up)). Green, however, has alleged no facts demonstrating that the 

injury he suffered—the deprivation of his rights as a result of the SPOs’ conduct—was caused, 

directly or indirectly, by the Police Chief. 

Let’s start with what Green has alleged. He claims that the Chief of Police “is 

responsible for the actions of Defendants commissioned as SPOs” and that the SPO Defendants 

“acted under the color of state law.” SAC ¶¶ 12, 50, 58. Neither of these claims clears the 

hurdle of demonstrating standing. The contention that the Chief of Police is “responsible” for 

the SPOs’ conduct—without more—is a “conclusory statement[] and legal conclusion[] [] 

insufficient to state a plausible basis for standing.” Williams v. Lew, 819 F.3d 466, 472 (D.C. 

Cir. 2016); see also Ashcroft v. Iqbal, 556 U.S. 662, 678 (2009) (“Threadbare recitals of the 

elements . . ., supported by mere conclusory statements, do not suffice.”). And the allegation 

that the SPOs “acted under color of state law” does not establish any connection between the 

SPOs’ alleged misconduct and the Chief of Police. See Moorehead v. District of Columbia, 747 

A.2d 138, 146 (D.C. 2000) (“[T]he mere fact that a special police officer is acting ‘under color of 

state law’ when he arrests a suspect does not mean that he is acting under the control of a state or 

local government . . . .”). 

D.C. law does not supply the causal link that the complaint lacks. To be sure, under D.C. 

regulations, the Police Chief approves SPO appointments, D.C. Mun. Regs. tit. 6-A, §§ 1100.7, 

1100.7(d) (“No person shall be appointed as a special police officer . . . unless he or she . . . shall 

be approved for appointment by the Chief of Police. . . .”); establishes rules that SPOs must 

abide by, id. § 1100.6 (“Special police officers . . . shall be amenable to the rules laid down for 

the government of the Metropolitan Police Force . . . .”); id § 800.3 (“The Chief of Police shall 

promulgate all orders, rules and regulations . . . which pertain to the work of the [MPD] . . . .”); 
5 

and advises the mayor on “matters relating to police service, responsibility and operation,” id. § 

800.17.2 But the plaintiff has not alleged that the appointment of the individual SPOs, the rules 

governing their conduct, or the advice the chief gave to the mayor caused his injury.3

 Standing’s 

causation element requires a “causal connection between the injury and the conduct complained 

of.” Lujan, 504 U.S. at 560 (emphasis added). A causal connection between the injury and 

unchallenged conduct does not suffice. Moreover, Green has not alleged any facts that would 

support an inference that the chief negligently appointed SPOs or was at fault in issuing rules or 

advising the mayor about police functions. See Arpaio, 797 F.3d at 19 (The Court “draw[s] all 

reasonable inferences from the [well-pleaded factual] allegations in the plaintiff’s favor . . . [but] 

do[es] not accept inferences that are unsupported by the facts set out in the complaint” (cleaned 

up)).4

 

2

 Green also claims that the Police Chief “is responsible for the ‘enforcement’ . . . of 

‘police function and power’ . . . which are vested in SPOs by virtue of their statutory 

commission.” Opp’n at 7 (citing D.C. Mun. Regs. tit. 6-A, § 800.2). But he reads the D.C. 

regulation too broadly. Section 800.2 provides that the Chief of Police “shall take any measures 

that will insure prompt and vigorous enforcement of all criminal statutes, laws, regulations, and 

ordinances, the enforcement of which come properly within the scope of the police function and 

power.” D.C. Mun. Regs. tit. 6-A, § 800.2. This section authorizes the chief to enforce laws 

within the scope of police function and power; it does not give the chief responsibility for any

enforcement of police function and power in D.C. 

3

 In his opposition, Green asserts for the first time that the Police Chief “fail[ed] to 

properly supervise” the SPOs. See Opp’n at 4. “[I]t is axiomatic,” however, “that a complaint 

may not be amended by the briefs in opposition to a motion to dismiss.” McManus v. Dist. of 

Columbia, 530 F.Supp.2d 46, 74 n.25 (D.D.C. 2007) (cleaned up). 

4

 Green alleges that the “SPO Defendants acted under color of state law by enforcing a 

policy unreasonably prohibiting [] recording [] interactions at the DHS office” and “by arresting 

him for an alleged violation of” that policy. SAC ¶¶ 50, 58. He does not allege, however, that 

the Police Chief or the MPD issued the alleged no-recording policy. Instead, the reasonable 

inferences to be drawn from the complaint are that MPD officers believed the alleged policy to 

be unlawful and took steps to correct the SPOs’ understanding. See id. ¶ 41 (recounting that 

MPD officers informed the SPOs that the alleged no-recording policy violated Green’s “rights to 
6 

As a final note, even if the Court has incorrectly determined that Green lacks standing to 

sue the Chief of Police, he has nevertheless failed to state a claim against the chief under Federal 

Rule of Civil Procedure 12(b)(6). Under Monell v. Department of Social Services, 

municipalities are liable for employees’ or agents’ constitutional torts only if they act pursuant to 

an official “policy or custom.” 436 U.S. 658, 694 (1978). Even where a municipality does not 

adopt an express policy, a plaintiff can establish Monell liability by showing that “the 

employees’ unconstitutional actions are so consistent that they have become a custom of the 

municipality of which the supervising policymaker must have been aware.” Hurd v. D.C., 997 

F.3d 332, 337 (D.C. Cir. 2021) (cleaned up). Green claims that the unconstitutional prohibition 

on filming, enforced by the SPOs at the DHS office, meets this standard. See Opp’n at 9. 

This argument fails for two reasons. First, Green has not plausibly pled that the SPOs 

acted as employees or agents of D.C. in enforcing the alleged no-recording policy. See Johnson 

v. Conner, 453 F. App’x 719, 720 (9th Cir. 2011) (unpublished) (municipalities are not liable 

under Monell for the conduct of individuals who are not their employees or agents). As 

discussed above, his allegation that the chief is “responsible” for SPOs is a legal conclusion that 

does “not suffice.” Iqbal, 556 U.S. at 678. Moreover, SPOs are neither employees of D.C., see

D.C. CODE § 5-129.02(a), “no[r] as a matter of law agents of” D.C., Moorehead, 747 A.2d at

143. Second, Green offers no facts to support the inference that the Chief of Police, or other 

MPD policymakers, “must have been aware” of the alleged no-recording policy. To the 

contrary, the complaint describes that Green was released from handcuffs once MPD officers 

arrived at the DHS office and, the following day, the officers told the SPOs that the alleged norecord”). To be clear, the Court does not at this point endorse any conclusion about the alleged

no-recording policy’s constitutionality or decide whether it constituted a policy. 
7 

recording policy violated Green’s rights. SAC ¶¶ 37, 41. Green has thus also failed to state a 

claim against the Chief of Police.

IV. Conclusion 

For these reasons, it is hereby 

ORDERED that [25] Defendant Chief of Police Pamela Smith’s Motion to Dismiss is 

GRANTED. 

SO ORDERED.

 

CHRISTOPHER R. COOPER

United States District Judge

Date: November 28, 2023