ALD-092 NOT PRECEDENTIAL

UNITED STATES COURT OF APPEALS

FOR THE THIRD CIRCUIT

___________

No. 20-2693

___________

GARLAND ADAMS,

Appellant

v.

CORRECTIONAL EMERGENCY RESPONSE TEAM, ("Cert"); 

JANE AND/ OR JOHN DOE CERT TEAM MEMBER(S);

SUPERINTENDENT TAMMY FURGUSON, ("Furguson"); THOSE WHOSE

INVOLVEMENTS AND/ OR IDENTITIES ARE PRESENTLY NOT KNOWN, 

in their individual and official capacities

____________________________________

On Appeal from the United States District Court

for the Eastern District of Pennsylvania

(D.C. Civil Action No. 2-19-cv-03301)

District Judge: Honorable Mitchell S. Goldberg

____________________________________

Submitted for Possible Dismissal Pursuant to 28 U.S.C. § 1915(e)(2)(B) or

Summary Action Pursuant to Third Circuit LAR 27.4 and I.O.P. 10.6

February 11, 2021

Before: MCKEE, GREENAWAY, JR., and BIBAS, Circuit Judges 

(Opinion filed April 26, 2021)

_________

OPINION*

_________

* This disposition is not an opinion of the full Court and pursuant to I.O.P. 5.7 does not 

constitute binding precedent.
2

PER CURIAM

Appellant Garland Adams, an inmate proceeding pro se and in forma pauperis,

appeals from the District Court’s order dismissing his complaint for failure to state a

claim. For the reasons that follow, we will summarily affirm the District Court’s

judgment.

Adams is currently imprisoned at the Pennsylvania State Correctional Institute at

Phoenix (“SCI-Phoenix”). His operative amended complaint asserted claims pursuant to

42 U.S.C. § 1983 for violations of his First Amendment rights to free exercise of religion

and Fourteenth Amendment right to equal protection of law, and § 1985 for conspiracy to

interfere with his constitutional rights. He also asserted violations of the Religious Land

Use and Institutionalized Persons Act (“RLUIPA”), 42 U.S.C. § 2000cc. He claimed that

when prison authorities transferred him from SCI-Graterford to SCI-Phoenix, they

confiscated numerous personal items, including “legal mail and trial notes” and a

“religious necklace reflecting his Islamic faith.” Am. Compl. at 3, 7, ECF No. 10.

1

In

addition, he claimed that an unknown person among the prison authorities defaced certain

family photographs by scrawling racist epithets on them, for which he provided visual

evidence. See id. at 3, 11. He sought money damages only.

1 As the District Court noted, Adams could not have sustained a due process claim

because Pennsylvania law provides an adequate post-deprivation remedy for his lost 

personal property. See Mem. at 7 n.4, ECF No. 11. Moreover, Adams did not include any 

state law claims related to the alleged deprivation, nor did he provide a basis for 

jurisdiction were his complaint liberally construed to include them. See id.
3

Screening Adams’s initial complaint pursuant to 28 U.S.C. § 1915(e)(2)(B)(ii), the

District Court found that it failed to state a claim and dismissed it without prejudice.

Adams then filed the operative amended complaint, naming the Correctional Emergency

Response Team (“CERT”), Superintendent Tammy Ferguson, and various John and Jane

Does as defendants. The District Court held that Adams had not sufficiently cured the

defects in his complaint through amendment and dismissed with prejudice, finding that

any further amendment would be futile. Adams timely filed a notice of appeal.

2

We have jurisdiction pursuant to 28 U.S.C. § 1291. We review dismissal pursuant 

to § 1915(e)(2)(B)(ii) under the same de novo standard of review that we apply to our 

review of a motion to dismiss pursuant to Federal Rule of Civil Procedure 12(b)(6), see

Allah v. Seiverling, 229 F.3d 220, 223 (3d Cir. 2000), and may affirm on any basis

supported by the record, see Brightwell v. Lehman, 637 F.3d 187, 191 (3d Cir. 2011). To 

avoid dismissal under Rule 12(b)(6), a civil complaint must set out “sufficient factual 

matter” to show that its claims are facially plausible. See Ashcroft v. Iqbal, 556 U.S. 662, 

678 (2009). We accept all factual allegations in the complaint as true and construe those 

facts in the light most favorable to the plaintiff, Fleisher v. Standard Ins. Co., 679 F.3d 

116, 120 (3d Cir. 2012), and we construe Adams’s pro se complaint liberally, see

Erickson v. Pardus, 551 U.S. 89, 94 (2007) (per curiam). We may summarily affirm if the 

2 Due to delays related to the COVID-19 pandemic, Adams did not receive the District 

Court’s disposition for several months. The District Court granted his motion to reopen

the time to appeal under Fed. R. App. P. 4(a)(6), see Order, ECF No. 14, and his notice of 
4

appeal fails to present a substantial question. See Murray v. Bledsoe, 650 F.3d 246, 247 

(3d Cir. 2011) (per curiam); 3d Cir. L.A.R. 27.4; I.O.P. 10.6.

Beginning with the claims related to the confiscation of the religious necklace, we

agree with the District Court that Adams’s statutory claim fails. RLUIPA does not permit

actions against state officials in their individual capacities, Sharp v. Johnson, 669 F.3d 

144, 153 (3d Cir. 2012), and states have not waived their sovereign immunity from

damages suits under the statute. Sossamon v. Texas, 563 U.S. 277, 293 (2011).

Adams also claimed that the confiscation of his religious necklace violated his

First Amendment rights. The Supreme Court has established a four-factor test for

evaluating prisoners’ free exercise claims. See Turner v. Safley, 482 U.S. 78, 89–90

(1987). “[A] prerequisite to the application of Turner is the assertion of ‘only those 

beliefs which are both sincerely held and religious in nature are entitled to constitutional 

protection.’ The Constitution does not protect ‘mere assertion[s] of . . . religious 

beliefs.’” Williams v. Morton, 343 F.3d 212, 217 (3d Cir. 2003) (alterations in original)

(quoting DeHart v. Horn, 227 F.3d 47, 51 (3d Cir. 2000) (en banc)).

Here, the District Court employed a threshold inquiry: “whether the prison’s 

conduct has substantially burdened the practice of the inmate-plaintiff’s religion.” Mem.

at 5, ECF No. 11 (quotation and citation omitted). This threshold inquiry applies to

claims under RLUIPA, see 42 U.S.C. § 2000cc-1(a); Washington v. Klem, 497 F.3d 272,

appeal was timely thereafter.
5

277–78 (3d Cir. 2007), but we have called into doubt whether it applies to a claim under

the First Amendment, see Williams, 343 F.3d at 217. RLUIPA offers greater protections

for prisoner’s religious exercise than the First Amendment. See Holt v. Hobbs, 574 U.S.

352, 358 (2015). Thus, a claim that cannot satisfy RLUIPA’s threshold merits inquiry

necessarily fails as to the First Amendment. Cf. Koger v. Mohr, 964 F.3d 532, 543 (6th

Cir. 2020) (holding a failure to show substantial burden under RLUIPA precluded any

genuine dispute of material fact on a free-exercise claim).

Here, though, the District Court did not reach the merits of the RLUIPA claim,

instead dismissing it for the reasons discussed above, and applied the “substantially

burden” threshold inquiry directly to Adams’s First Amendment claim. Nonetheless, if

this constituted error, it was harmless. See Sharp, 669 F.3d at 158 (applying harmless

error analysis in a free-exercise context). The complaint stated only that the missing

necklace reflected Adams’s religious faith, with no description of how losing it affected

his religious practice. Regardless of whether this pleading would meet RLUIPA’s

threshold inquiry, it does not satisfy our prerequisite for consideration of the Turner

factors: the claim fails for amounting to nothing more than a “mere assertion of a

religious belief.” DeHart, 227 F.3d at 51. As such, we will affirm the dismissal of

Adams’s First Amendment claim.

The District Court also considered whether listing legal documents among the

property confiscated meant that Adams intended to assert a First Amendment claim for
6

denial of access to the courts. See Lewis v. Casey, 518 U.S. 343, 346 (1996). The District

Court properly held that such a claim would fail because Adams did not allege any

“actual injury” or impairment of his legal rights due to the absence of the materials. See

ECF No. 11 at 4 n.2 (quoting Monroe v. Beard, 536 F.3d 198, 205 (3d Cir. 2008)).

The remainder of Adams’s complaint centered on the photographs he alleged were

defaced by the CERT team that moved his belongings, which the District Court properly

construed as an equal protection claim. “To prevail on an equal protection claim, a 

plaintiff must present evidence that s/he has been treated differently from persons who 

are similarly situated.” Williams, 343 F.3d at 221. The photographs attached to the

amended complaint are undoubtedly defaced with racist epithets and imagery. Yet we

agree with the District Court that though the actions Adams alleges are odious, he has not

stated a claim for an equal protection violation. Rather than allege he was treated

differently from others similarly situated, Adams asserted that CERT “mistreat[ed]” and

“abuse[d]” other prisoners’ property during the mass transfer from SCI-Graterford to

SCI-Phoenix. See Am. Compl. at 4. Moreover, the District Court explained the specific

defects in Adams’s initial complaint in dismissal, see ECF No. 6 at 8–9, and he was

unable to cure them through amendment.

Adams also claimed the defendants conspired to deprive him of his civil rights, in

violation of 42 U.S.C. § 1985. See Brown v. Philip Morris Inc., 250 F.3d 789, 805 (3d 

Cir. 2001) (elaborating four-part test for § 1985 claims). Despite the racially charged
7

words and images on the photographs, Adams has not sufficiently pleaded facts and

circumstances to support the elements of the conspiracy. In his complaint and the

appended affidavit, Adams alleged agreement among defendants to deprive him of

property, but as discussed above, there was no underlying constitutional violation or

deprivation of civil rights. Neither does the complaint sufficiently allege any agreement

to deface his photographs. As such, we will affirm the dismissal of his § 1985 claim.

Finally, we conclude that the District Court did not err by declining to give Adams

an opportunity to amend the complaint a second time to better support his claims. As the 

District Court explained, the flaws in Adams’s complaint rendered any further attempt at

amendment futile. See Phillips v. County of Allegheny, 515 F.3d 224, 245 (3d Cir. 2008).

For the foregoing reasons, Adams’s appeal fails to present any substantial

question, and we will summarily affirm the District Court’s order dismissing this action.