Notice: This opinion is subject to correction before publication in the PACIFIC REPORTER. 

Readers are requested to bring errors to the attention of the Clerk of the Appellate Courts, 

303 K Street, Anchorage, Alaska 99501, phone (907) 264-0608, fax (907) 264-0878, email 

corrections@akcourts.us. 

THE SUPREME COURT OF THE STATE OF ALASKA 

DAT LUONG, d/b/a LVDH 

CONSTRUCTION, 

Petitioner, 

v. 

WESTERN SURETY COMPANY, 

Respondent. 

) 

) Supreme Court No. S-17593 

Superior Court No. 3AN-18-06916 CI 

O P I N I O N 

No. 7519 – April 23, 2021 

) 

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Petition for Hearing from the Superior Court of the State of 

Alaska, Third Judicial District, Anchorage, Michael L. 

Wolverton, Judge, on appeal from the District Court of the 

State of Alaska, Anchorage, Douglas Kossler, Judge. 

Appearances: Dat Luong, pro se, Fresno, California, 

Petitioner. Traeger Machetanz, Anne Marie Tavella, and 

Chad Darcy, Davis Wright Tremaine LLP, Anchorage, for 

Respondent. 

Before: Bolger, Chief Justice, Winfree, Maassen, Carney, 

and Borghesan, Justices. 

BOLGER, Chief Justice. 

I. INTRODUCTION 

The employee of a subcontractor on a state public works project sued the 

prime contractor’s surety bond for unpaid labor under Alaska’s Little Miller Act. The 
 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

trial court ruled the employee failed to give notice to the contractor within the statutorily 

required 90 days of his last date of labor on the project. The trial court entered a directed 

verdict against the employee. The employee appealed to the superior court, which 

denied the appeal, and then petitioned this court for hearing. 

We granted the petition to decide two issues of first impression: (1) how 

to define “labor” and (2) whether “notice” is effective on the date of mailing or the date 

of receipt. Under the Little Miller Act, we define “labor” as work that is “necessary to 

and forwards” the project secured by the payment bond, and hold the effective date of 

“notice” to be the date notice is sent via registered mail. We reverse the superior court’s 

denial of Luong’s appeal, vacate the judgment against him, and remand for further 

proceedings. 

II. FACTS AND PROCEDURAL HISTORY 

A. Facts 

Earth Stone, Inc. hired Dat Luong in December 2014 to serve as vice 

president and estimator. Earth Stone provided finish-concrete work for the prime 

contractor, Pinnacle Construction, Inc., on a municipal library remodeling project. 

Western Surety Company provided the surety bond for Pinnacle on the project.1 

In early 2015 Luong performed a variety of tasks for Earth Stone on the 

project, but by April he had stopped receiving consistent payment for his work.2 Many 

1 AS 36.25.010(a)(2) requires that, for “contract[s] exceeding $100,000 for 

the construction, alteration, or repair of a public building or public work,” the contractor 

must supply “a payment bond with a corporate surety qualified to do business in the 

state.” 

2 A July 2015 letter fromEarth Stone’s president and owner, Peggy Mitchell, 

acknowledged that Earth Stone owed Luong $34,450 and indicated payment would be 

provided after addressing some “financial difficulties.” Luong alleges he is actually 

(continued...) 

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of Luong’s duties were supervisory, but his work on the project included physical tasks 

like mixing and pouring concrete. Luong helped with the last concrete pour at the 

project on October 9, 2015. This is the last date that both parties agree Luong provided 

labor on the project. 

On January 6, 2016, 89 days after the last concrete pour, Luong requested 

$8,379.90 in back wages from Pinnacle in a letter sent by registered and certified mail. 

As confirmed by a signed receipt, Pinnacle received this letter on January 11, 94 days 

after the final concrete pour. Western Surety asserts that Luong’s testimony is the only 

evidence of when the letter was sent. But the letter is dated January 6, and Western 

Surety presented no evidence the letter was mailed on a different date. 

On July 26, Luong sent Pinnacle another letter reminding them he had yet 

to be paid for his work on the project. This letter notified Pinnacle that Luong had 

received a judgment in California against Earth Stone for work performed, and this 

judgment had now been “effectuated and recorded in Alaska.” 

B. Procedural History 

Luong filed suit in small claims court, requesting $8,945.21 for unpaid 

labor from Pinnacle’s payment bond with Western Surety under the Little Miller Act.3 

The district court granted Western Surety’s request for formal procedures. 

2 (...continued) 

owed $58,000 for his unpaid work with Earth Stone on multiple projects, but decided to 

pursue his case for less than $9,000 in small claims court to avoid legal expenses after 

years of fighting for payment. 

3 The Little Miller Act requires contractors for public works to furnish 

payment bonds or sureties. AS 36.25.010. “A person who furnishes labor or material 

in the prosecution of” such a public work but is not fully paid may sue for payment in 

full on this bond. AS 36.25.020(a). 

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Western Surety moved for summary judgment, arguing that no genuine 

issue of material fact existed as to whether Luong’s supervisory work qualified as 

“labor” under the Little Miller Act. The district court judge who initially oversaw the 

case disagreed, observing a general consensus among courts in various jurisdictions 

interpreting the term to at least include work performed at the job site. 

After a transfer to a new district court judge, a bench trial was held over 

three days in March and April of 2018. Three witnesses testified to the range of tasks 

Luong performed on the project, including supervisory tasks on and off the project site 

and physical labor involved with laying concrete at the project site. Luong testified that 

he undertook these physical tasks — laying concrete, carrying materials, and cleaning 

up the site — when chronic non-payment by Earth Stone led to a shortage of workers. 

Earth Stone foreman Willie House specifically testified he and Luong were the only 

employees left at the job site by October 9, 2015, the date of the last concrete pour. 

At the close of Luong’s case, Western Surety moved for a directed verdict, 

arguing Luong had not provided notice until January 11, 2016, and therefore needed to 

prove he provided “labor” on or after October 13, 2015 in order to meet the 90-day 

notice deadline for him to sue under the Little Miller Act.4 Western Surety emphasized 

that it was the last day Luong provided “labor” on the project that was relevant, not the 

last day he worked for Earth Stone in general. Luong responded that the January 6 letter 

4 See AS36.25.020(b) (for person whosecontractualrelationships were with 

subcontractor, making right to sue payment bond dependent on “giving written notice 

to the contractor within 90 days from the last date on which the person performed labor 

or furnished material”). 

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provided timely notice of his claim. Luong also asserted he performed labor even after 

the October 9 concrete pour.5 

The trial judge interpreted “labor” in the Little Miller Act to include 

supervisory tasks only if they were performed on the job site. The judge concluded 

Luong failed to establish he performed labor at the job site within 90 days of the notice 

he provided to Pinnacle. The court noted that two of Luong’s exhibits indicate his last 

day of work for Earth Stone at the project was October 9, 2015, more than 90 days 

before January 11, 2016. The court assumed the operative date of notice was January 11, 

2016, the date Pinnacle received the letter from Luong’s attorney. The trial judge 

granted Western Surety’s motion for directed verdict and awarded attorneys’ fees to 

Western Surety. 

Luong appealed to the superior court, which denied his appeal. The 

superior court did not address Luong’s notice argument. Rather, it too assumed Luong 

“provided notice on January 11, 2016” and thus “must show that he performed labor on 

or after October 13, 2015.” The superior court explained that neither the testimony nor 

exhibits properly admitted into evidence at trial constituted “evidence that [Luong] 

provided labor during the notice period.”6 The superior court did not attempt to define 

the term “labor” under the Little Miller Act, nor did it attempt to specify when it 

5 This claim rests on the foreman’s testimony that after concrete is poured, 

at least two days must pass before the forms can be stripped and the site cleaned. The 

foreman left the state after the last concrete pour, implying that Luong, as the last 

remaining worker, must have later returned to the job site to strip the forms and do site 

clean up. Luong also points to a journal entry discussing tasks he performed on the 

project in late October, but this was not admitted into evidence. 

6 The superior court noted theevidencedidnot provide“aspecific timeframe 

as to when the appellant performed labor,” adding that Luong’s diary entries were not 

admitted as exhibits because Luong failed to lay appropriate foundation for them. 

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considered the last day of “labor” to have been. Luong moved for reconsideration, which 

the superior court denied. 

Luong then filed a petition for hearing with this court. We granted Luong’s 

petition on two issues of first impression regarding Alaska’s Little Miller Act: (1) what 

constitutes “labor” under AS 36.25.020(b), and (2) whether the effective date of “notice” 

under that section is the date of mailing or the date of receipt. 

III. STANDARD OF REVIEW 

“Determinations of which legal authorities apply in a case and 

interpretations of what those legal authorities mean are questions of law subject to 

de novo review.”7 “When applying the de novo standard of review, we apply our 

‘independent judgment . . . adopting the rule of law most persuasive in light of precedent, 

reason, and policy.’ ”8 

IV. DISCUSSION 

Alaska’s Little Miller Act requires prime contractors on public works 

projects to maintain a payment bond.9 If “a person having direct contractual 

relationships with a subcontractor” is not paid in full, that person “has a right of action 

on the payment bond.”10 That right is conditioned on a requirement to “giv[e] written 

7 ConocoPhillips Alaska, Inc. v. Williams Alaska Petroleum, Inc., 322 P.3d 

114, 122 (Alaska 2014) (footnotes omitted). 

8 Id. (quoting Russell ex rel. J.N. v. Virg-In, 258 P.3d 795, 802 (Alaska 

2011)). 

9 AS 36.25.010. 

10 AS 36.25.020. 

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notice to the contractor within 90 days from the last date on which the person performed 

labor or furnished material for which the claim is made.”11 

The statutory purpose of the Little Miller Act “is to protect persons who 

furnish labor or material for a state public works project from the risks of 

nonpayment.”12 In turn, the state is “assured that material and labor will be readily 

furnished for its projects,” as people “who furnish labor and materials for the state’s 

projects do so in reliance on the existence of a valid payment bond.”13 

Alaska’s Little Miller Act is modeled after the federal Miller Act. When 

resolving disputes brought under the Little Miller Act, we “give more weight to 

principles derived from federal case law interpreting the Miller Act than to general 

common law principles governing debtor-creditor relations.”14 We have previously said 

that the Little Miller Act, “like the federal Miller Act, is remedial in nature and is to be 

liberally construed to effectuate its purpose.”15 

11 Id. 

12 State ex rel. White v. Neal & Sons, Inc., 489 P.2d 1016, 1020 (Alaska 

1971), disapproved of on other grounds by Sea Lion Corp. v. Air Logistics of Alaska, 

Inc., 787 P.2d 109 (Alaska 1990). 

13 Id. 

14 State ex rel. Palmer Supply Co. v. Walsh & Co., Inc., 575 P.2d 1213, 1218 

(Alaska 1978) (referring to AS 36.25.010). 

15 SKW/Eskimos, Inc.v.Sentry AutomaticSprinkler Co., 723 P.2d 1293, 1297 

(Alaska 1986); see also State ex rel. Smith v. Tyonek Timber, Inc., 680 P.2d 1148, 1157 

(Alaska 1984) (“The Little Miller Act is the stepchild of the Federal Miller Act . . . . The 

Alaska Act, like the Federal Act, is clearly remedial in nature. There is no question that 

a remedial statute is to be liberally construed to effectuate its purposes.” (internal citation 

omitted)); 40 U.S.C. §§ 3131-33 (2018). 

(continued...) 

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A. Luong Performed “Labor” Under Alaska’s Little Miller Act. 

1.	 Under Alaska’s Little Miller Act, “labor” is work necessary to 

the completion of a public works contract. 

The United States Supreme Court has long favored a liberal construction 

of “labor” and “materials” under the Miller Act and its predecessor, the Heard Act.16 

The Court has “repeatedly refused to limit the application of the [A]ct to labor and 

materials directly incorporated into thepublicwork.”17 For instance,theCourt explained 

in U.S. Fidelity & Guaranty Co. v. Bartlett that “bids . . . to show samples of stone and 

names and locations of quarries to be used as the source of supply” were “necessary to 

the performance of the contract” and that associated work was “labor.”18 Even 

15	 (...continued) 

Our previous cases have not always consistently applied or characterized 

the principle that remedial statutes are to be liberally construed. See, e.g., D.H. Blattner 

& Sons, Inc. v. N.M. Rothschild & Sons, Ltd., 55 P.3d 37, 45 & n.20 (Alaska 2002) 

(stating that “once the determination of who qualifies as a lienholder is strictly 

construed,” lien law’s purpose should “be liberally construed”). But see, e.g., Whitesides 

v. U-Haul Co. of Alaska, 16 P.3d 729, 732 (Alaska 2001) (citing rule to liberally 

construe remedial statutes as a reason to narrowly construe exemptions to employment 

protections in the Alaska Wage and Hour Act). Regardless of these inconsistencies, 

Western Surety has not argued that the liberal construction principle is inapplicable to 

the Little Miller Act’s definition of “labor.” In the absence of briefing on the viability 

and scope of the liberal construction principle in Alaska, we do not decide these issues 

here. 

16 See Brogan v. Nat’l Sur. Co., 246 U.S. 257, 261-62 (1918) (declaring that 

the Heard Act “must be construed liberally for the protection of those who furnish labor 

or materials in the prosecution of public work”); Fleisher Eng’g &Constr. Co. v. United 

States ex rel. Hallenbeck, 311 U.S. 15, 17 (1940) (extending the liberal construction of 

the Heard Act to its replacement, the Miller Act). 

17 Brogan, 246 U.S. at 261-62. 

18 231 U.S. 237, 243 (1913). 

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stablehands who did not work at the ultimate site, but rather fed the horses who powered 

the carts that carried stone to a quarry dock for shipment to the site, performed 

compensable “labor.”19 Likewise a claimant who furnished the designs used by the 

contractor in the molding process to make parts for a ship could be compensated for this 

“labor.”20 

Not all federal courts agree on how to define “labor” under the Miller Act, 

but they consistently focus their inquiry on the types of tasks performed.21 Some courts 

define “labor” as “physical toil.”22 Under this definition, work performed “by a 

professional, such as an architect or engineer,” only qualifies as “labor” if the 

professional “actually superintends the work as it is done on the job site.”23 Similarly 

some courts have reasoned that clerical and administrative tasks can never qualify as 

19 See Brogan, 246 U.S. at 261-62 (citing Bartlett, 231 U.S. at 243). 

20 Title Guar. & Tr. Co. v. Crane Co., 219 U.S. 24, 34 (1910). 

21 See, e.g., United States ex rel. Olson v. W.H. Cates Constr. Co., 972 F.2d 

987, 991 (8th Cir. 1992) (“Whether [claimant] was or was not a salaried worker as 

opposed to a hourly wage-earner is not controlling.”). 

22 United States ex rel. Naberhaus-Burke, Inc. v. Butt & Head, Inc., 535 F. 

Supp. 1155, 1160 (S.D. Ohio 1982) (“While case law interpreting the word ‘labor’ . . . 

is relatively sparse, the word has been construed to include physical toil, but not work 

by a professional, such as an architect or engineer.”); see also Bankers’ Sur. Co. of 

Cleveland, Ohio v. Maxwell, 222 F. 797, 799 (4th Cir. 1915) (reasoning claimant 

performed “labor” because his duties involved “physical exertion” and “[b]odily toil”). 

23 United States ex rel. Naberhaus-Burke, Inc., 535 F. Supp. at 1160; see also 

United States ex rel. Olson, 972 F.2d at 990-91 (“[T]he on-site supervisory work of a 

project manager falls within the purview of the Miller Act if such a superintendent did 

some physical labor at the job site or might have been called upon to do some on-site 

manual work in the regular course of his job.”). 

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“labor” because they are insufficiently physical.24 But not all courts have strictly 

required supervisory work be performed at the job site to qualify as labor, nor have they 

defined “labor” with reference to physical toil.25 

The Eighth Circuit is among those federal courts that require supervisory 

work to be performed at the job site in order to qualify as “labor” under the Act, limiting 

the “professional supervisory work . . . covered by the Miller Act” to “skilled 

professionalworkwhich involves actual superintending, supervision,or inspection at the 

job site.”26 Specifically that court concluded “the on-site supervisory work of a project 

manager falls within the purview of the Miller Act if such a superintendent did some 

physical labor at the job site or might have been called upon to do some on-site manual 

work in the regular course of his job.”27 The Fourth Circuit similarly held that a foreman 

24 See United States ex rel. Constructors, Inc. v. Gulf Ins. Co., 313 F. Supp. 

2d 593, 597 (E.D. Va. 2004) (“Paying invoices, reviewing proposals, and supervising 

hiring are clerical or administrative tasks which, even if performed at the job site, do not 

involve the physical toil or manual work necessary to bring them within the scope of the 

Miller Act.”). 

25 See Price v. H. L. Coble Constr. Co., 317 F.2d 312, 320 (5th Cir. 1963) 

(interpreting an Alabama statute patterned on the Miller Act to encompass work such as 

“selecting and securing the workmen” and “making up the payrolls and other reports” 

presented to the prime contractor). 

26 United States ex rel. Olson, 972 F.2d at 990 (quoting United States ex rel. 

Naberhaus-Burke, Inc., 535 F. Supp. at 1160); see also Bankers’ Sur. Co. of Cleveland, 

Ohio, 222 F. at 799-800 (holding claimant’s work as foreman, which included some 

measure of physical toil, to be labor under the Heard Act); Nat’l. State Bank of Newark 

v. Terminal Constr. Corp., 217 F.Supp. 341, 360-61 (D.N.J. 1963) (observing that 

supervision constitutes labor under the Miller Act). 

27 United States ex rel. Olson, 972 F.2d at 991; see also United States ex rel. 

Naberhaus-Burke, Inc., 535 F. Supp. at 1160 (concluding plaintiff “can only recover on 

the payment bond herein (if at all), to the extent that it performed on-site services”); 

(continued...) 

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whose duty was “to go among the men and actually build the building” performed labor 

under the Miller Act, analogizing fromthe Supreme Court’s interpretation of a territorial 

miner’s lien statute.28 

The Fifth Circuit, instead of relying on the potential need for supervisors 

to join in physical toil, emphasizes the close link between on-site supervision or 

inspection and forward progress on the construction project.29 Under this reasoning, the 

key inquiry is not whether the work in question physically contributes to construction, 

but whether the work is “necessary to and forwards” the project.30 The Fifth Circuit 

interprets the term “labor” in similar state statutes to encompass the work “of 

supervisors, engineers and architects” as well as “services performed . . . in overseeing 

the work, expediting it with a view to minimizing the cost, selecting and securing the 

workmen, [and] making up the payrolls and other reports.”31 

27 (...continued) 

Nat’l. State Bank of Newark, 217 F.Supp. at 360-61 (observing that supervision 

constitutes labor under the Miller Act). 

28 Bankers’ Sur. Co. of Cleveland, Ohio, 222 F. at 799 (“[P]erformance [of 

a mining foreman’s duties] may well be called work and labor. They require the 

personal attention and supervision of the foreman, and occasionally in an emergency, or 

for an example, it becomes necessary for him to assist with his own hands.” (quoting 

Flagstaff Silver Mining Co. v. Cullins, 104 U.S. 176, 177-78 (1881))). 

29 Am. Sur. Co. of N.Y. v. United States ex rel. Barrowagee Labs., 76 F.2d 67, 

68 (5th Cir. 1935) (reasoning that by “actually superintend[ing] the work as it is done,” 

a supervisor on the site “is by the weight of [his] authority furnishing labor”). 

30 Id. (holding inspections and testing for compliance with applicable 

regulations qualified as “labor” under the Act). 

31 Price v. H. L. Coble Constr. Co., 317 F.2d 312, 320 (5th Cir. 1963)
 

(interpreting an Alabama statute patterned on the Miller Act); cf. Mass. Bonding & Ins.
 

(continued...)
 

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The statutory purpose of Alaska’s Little Miller Act is to “protect persons 

who furnish labor or material for a state public works project from the risks of 

nonpayment,” in turn “assur[ing] that material and labor will be readily furnished for [the 

state’s] projects.32 The value of this labor to the state’s projects does not depend on how 

physically demanding the labor is. We therefore hold “labor” under AS 36.25.020 to 

include all work that is “necessary to and forwards” the project secured by the payment 

bond.33 Accordingly inspections and supervisory work qualify as compensable “labor,” 

in addition to physically-intensive tasks such as pouring concrete or carrying materials 

to the job site.34 Whether or not these tasks are performed at the work site itself is not 

determinative.35 

31 (...continued) 

Co. v. Steele, 293 S.W. 647, 648 (Tex. Civ. App. 1927) (interpreting “labor” in Texas’s 

Little Miller Act to “include[] all bodily or intellectual exertion done for a purpose other 

than the pleasure derived from the performance,” reasoning that supervisory, clerical, 

and administrative work “is just as essential in the prosecution of the work as is the work 

of the brickmason or carpenter”). 

32 SKW/Eskimos, Inc. v. SentryAutomaticSprinkler Co., 723 P.2d 1293, 1297 

(Alaska 1986) (quoting State ex rel. White v. Neal & Sons, Inc., 489 P.2d 1016, 1020 

(Alaska 1971), disapproved of on other grounds by Sea Lion Corp. v. Air Logistics of 

Alaska, Inc., 787 P.2d 109 (Alaska 1990)). 

33 Am. Sur. Co. of N.Y., 76 F.2d at 68. 

34 See id.; Price, 317 F.2d at 320 (reading the term “labor” in statutes similar 

to the Miller Act to encompass the work “of supervisors, engineers and architects”). 

35 See U.S. Fidelity Co. v. Bartlett, 231 U.S. 237, 243 (1913) (concluding that 

labor compensable under the Miller Act included labor at a quarry which shipped stone 

to the project site). 

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2.	 Luong performed “labor” under Alaska’s Little Miller Act at 

least as late as October 9, 2015. 

Luong furnished labor under Alaska’s Little Miller Act by serving as Earth 

Stone’s on-site representative at the project, supervising other workers, and lending an 

“extra hand” with more strenuous tasks like mixing and pouring concrete. Both parties 

agree Luong performed compensable labor under the Act on October 9, 2015, when he 

was one of the two workers to make the final concrete pour.36 This was physical work 

performed at the job site and qualifies as “labor” under any court’s definition of the term, 

including our own. 

Luong claims to have performed additional labor on October 19, 2015, on 

which date he claims he made field measurements at the project site. But his journal 

entry providing evidence of this was not admitted into evidence. Luong further argues 

that his last day as an employee for Earth Stone, on October 31, 2015, should qualify as 

“labor” under Alaska’s Little Miller Act. But it is not clear from the record whether any 

later work was necessary to the completion of the project. 

B.	 The Effective Date Of “Notice” Under AS 36.25.020(b) Is The Date 

Notice Is Mailed. 

Alaska’s Little Miller Act requires a claimant to “giv[e] written notice to 

the contractor within 90 days.”37 The Act further specifies that “notice shall be served 

36 The trial judge made no findings of fact to the contrary. He noted that 

Luong’s exhibits indicated his last day of work for Earth Stone on the job site was 

October 9, and said if October 9 were within the 90-day notice period, he would deny 

Western Surety’s motion for a directed verdict. 

37 AS 36.25.020(b). 

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by mailing it by registered mail . . . or in any manner in which a peace officer is 

authorized to serve summons.”38 

Both parties agree that Luong performed compensable labor on October 9, 

2015. He presented evidence that he mailed notice of his claim by registered mail 89 

days later on January 6, 2016, but Pinnacle did not receive that notice until January 11, 

94 days after the last date of labor. Since the applicable statutory deadline for providing 

notice is 90 days from the last date of labor, Luong’s claim is viable as long as the date 

of effective notice under the Little Miller Act is the date notice is sent, not the date notice 

is received. 

Looking again to cases interpreting the federal Miller Act, there is no clear 

consensus on when notice is effective. Western Surety argues that despite the Act’s 

general purpose of protecting laborers and suppliers, the 90-day notice provision is 

intended to protect prime contractors. Western Surety cites a Ninth Circuit decision, 

United States ex rel. Blue Circle West, Inc. v. Tucson Mechanical Contracting Inc., as 

evidence that a federal court agrees with its approach.39 

The specific purpose of the 90-day notice requirement in the Miller Act, as 

articulated in Blue Circle West, is “to fix a time limit after which the prime contractor 

could make payment to the subcontractor with certainty that he would not thereafter be 

faced by claims of those who had supplied labor and materials to the subcontractor.”40 

But Blue Circle West does not exempt the notice requirement from the general rule of 

38 Id. 

39 921 F.2d 911, 914-15 (9th Cir. 1990) (holding claimant’s letters were not 

specific enough to provide notice as they failed to give any indication claimant was 

looking to the prime contractor for payment). 

40 Id. at 914 (quoting Bowden v. United States ex rel. Malloy, 239 F.2d 572, 

577-78 (9th Cir. 1956), cert. denied, 353 U.S. 957 (1957)). 

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liberal construction; it simply holds that liberal construction cannot erase the notice 

requirement entirely.41 

The Fourth Circuit described the notice provision’s purpose of providing 

“protection to the prime contractor” as “subsidiary to the main purpose of the act to 

protect those whose labor and materials enter into the prosecution of the work.”42 The 

Fourth Circuit thus reasoned: “[I]f there be any ambiguity in the provisions relating to 

the minor purpose, it should be resolved in support of the main object of the law,” in 

order to be “in harmony with” the clearly established directive to construe the statute 

liberally to effect its remedial purpose.43 However the Supreme Court has since cast 

doubt on the liberal construction principle’s applicability to provisions that cut against 

a statute’s general remedial purpose.44 

41 Id. at 911, 916 (“[N]o rule of liberality in construction can justify reading 

out of the statute the very condition which Congress laid down as prerequisite to the 

cause of action.” (quoting Bowden, F.2d at 577-78)); see also Clifford F. MacEvoy Co. 

v. United States ex rel. Calvin Tomkins Co., 322 U.S. 102, 107 (1944) (explaining liberal 

construction of Miller Act “does not justify ignoring plain words of limitation” while 

construing “subcontractor” term). But see Fleisher Eng’g &Constr. Co. v. United States 

ex rel. Hallenbeck, 311 U.S. 15, 18 (1940) (“In giving the statute a reasonable 

construction in order to effect its remedial purpose, we think that a distinction should be 

drawn between the provision explicitly stating the condition precedent to the right to sue 

and the provision as to the manner of serving notice.”). 

42 Noland Co. v. Allied Contractors, Inc., 273 F.2d 917, 920-21 (4th Cir. 

1959) (holding notice given within 90 days from date of delivery under last order was 

timely with respect to a series of deliveries). 

43 Id. 

44 See Encino Motorcars, LLC v. Navarro, 138 S. Ct. 1134, 1142 (2018) 

(warning against narrowly construing exemptions to the Fair Labor Standards Act’s 

requirements despite the Act’s generally remedial character, as the exemptions also 

constitute part of the law’s purpose). 

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Notwithstanding these principles of construction, the Fourth Circuit itself 

has interpreted notice to be timely only when received within 90 days. In Pepper Burns 

Insulation, Inc. v. Artco Corp., the Fourth Circuit interpreted the statutory condition of 

“giving” notice to mean that notice must be “put in the possession of the contractor.”45 

The Fourth Circuit reasoned that had Congress intended notice to be effective upon 

mailing, it could have instead granted a cause of action “upon written notice” or “upon 

mailing written notice.”46 And the Fourth Circuit considered the 90-day period’s 

purpose best served by “provid[ing] contractors with a date certain after which they are 

no longer at risk of liability to second-tier subcontractors . . . [thereby] facilitat[ing] 

payments to first-tier subcontractors and closure of the project finances.”47 

Western Surety cites a number of other cases to claim that the majority of 

jurisdictions interpret notice under the Miller Act as effective only when received. But 

many of the cases cited by Western Surety do not squarely analyze the issue.48 For 

45 970 F.2d 1340, 1343 (4th Cir. 1992). 

46 Id. 

47 Id. at 1343-44. 

48 See United States ex rel. Hillsdale Rock Co. v. Cortelyou & Cole, Inc., 581 

F.2d 239, 243 (9th Cir. 1978) (holding actual notice within the 90-day period to satisfy 

the notice requirement even though claimant used regular rather than registered mail); 

United States ex rel. Greenwald-Supon, Inc. v. Gramercy Contractors, Inc., 433 F. Supp. 

156, 163 (S.D.N.Y. 1977) (stating “the Miller Act should be liberally construed, so long 

as notice, however conveyed, ‘reach[es] the party sought to be held by the notice within 

the statutory time for its receipt’ ” while holding notice even by unregistered mail is 

sufficient as long as received within the 90-day period (quoting United States ex rel. 

Gen. Elec. Co. v. H.I. Lewis Constr. Co., 375 F.2d 194, 200 (2d Cir. 1967))); United 

States ex rel. Excavation Constr., Inc. v. Glenn-Stewart-Pinckney Builders &Devs. Inc., 

388 F. Supp. 289, 296 (D. Del. 1975) (holding letter neither sent nor received within 90 

days after the last day of labor could not satisfy the Miller Act’s timely notice 

(continued...) 

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instance, in United States ex rel. General Electric Co. v. H.I. Lewis Construction Co., the 

Second Circuit mentioned its “belief that [claimant’s] notice, however conveyed, must 

reach the party . . . within the statutory time for its receipt.”49 But what the Second 

Circuit actually held was that the 90-day notice requirement “is mandatory and is a strict 

condition precedent” to a successful claim under the Miller Act, and thus that delivery 

of new materials, not furnished under “the original contract[,] cannot revive a Miller Act 

liability extinguished by the expired ninety-day period.”50 In fact, when the Eastern 

District of New York held notice sent using registered mail within the 90-day period was 

timely under the Miller Act, even if the notice was not received during that period, the 

Second Circuit affirmed the decision.51 

Other federal courts have assumed notice to be timely as long as it is sent 

during the 90-day statutory period.52 The Eastern District of Louisiana explicitly held 

that notice under the Miller Act was effective when sent, characterizing the Miller Act’s 

48 (...continued) 

requirement). 

49 375 F.2d at 199-200 (“[O]nce ninety days have elapsed without . . . notice, 

[the contractor] is free to pay the subcontractor for the latter’s work without risk of 

liability under his bond to laborers . . . [of his] subcontractor.”). 

50 Id. at 201. 

51 United States ex rel. Lincoln Elec. Prod. Co. v. Greene Elec. Serv. of Long 

Island, Inc., 252 F. Supp. 324, 328 (E.D.N.Y. 1966), aff’d, 379 F.2d 207 (2d Cir. 1967) 

(upholding district court’s finding of timely notice as not clearly erroneous). 

52 See Romona Equip. Rental, Inc. ex rel. U.S. v. Carolina Cas. Ins. Co., 755 

F.3d 1063, 1066-67 (9th Cir. 2014) (referring to “service of the notice” and the date 

written notice was “sent” under the Miller Act); Apache Powder Co. v. Ashton Co., 264 

F.2d 417, 423 (9th Cir. 1959) (discussing date letter was sent by registered mail as giving 

notice to prime contractor). 

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notice requirement as “the general contractor’s ‘offer’ to third-tier contractors,” and the 

claimant’s letter as an acceptance of that offer.53 Under this contract analogy, the parties 

are subject to the standard mailbox rule where acceptance is complete when mailed.54 

The Eastern District of Louisiana also noted that as a matter of statutory construction, 

where “service of notice by registered mail is expressly authorized by statute, service is 

effected when the notice is properly addressed, registered, and mailed.”55 

Multiple state supreme courts have held notice under their states’ analog 

to the Miller Act to be complete once properly sent via registered mail. The Michigan 

Supreme Court recently concluded that service under the Michigan public works bond 

act “is accomplished when a complainant mails the required information to the proper 

destination by certified mail within the required time frame,” even if the notice is not 

received during that 90-day period.56 The Maryland Court of Appeals acknowledged 

that its verison of the Miller Act could reasonably be interpreted as making notice 

effective when either sent or received.57 But the Maryland court was convinced that the 

53 United States ex rel. Crowe v. Cont’l Cas. Co., 245 F. Supp. 871, 873 (E.D. 

La. 1965). 

54 Id. 

55 Id.; see also Grubbs v. Prince George’s Cty., 297 A.2d 754, 757 (Md. App. 

1972) (adopting the same reasoning for a similarly worded statute in a personal injury 

context). 

56 Wyandotte Elec. Supply Co. v. Elec. Tech. Sys., Inc., 881 N.W.2d 95, 101 

(Mich. 2016). 

57 Montgomery Cty. Bd. of Ed. ex rel. Carrier Corp. v. Glassman Constr. Co., 

225 A.2d 448, 453 (Md. App. 1967). 

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detailed description of the prescribed manner of service implied legislative intent that 

“mailing of the notice tolls the statutory period.”58 

The Supreme Court of the United States has never squarely addressed this 

issue. But in Fleisher Engineering & Construction Co. v. United States ex rel. 

Hallenbeck, the Court reasoned that, by providing for registered mail as the presumptive 

method of notice, “Congress intended to provide a method which would afford sufficient 

proof of service when receipt of the required written notice was not shown.”59 This 

implies laborers who properly sent notice by registered mail would still have a Miller Act 

claimeven without proof of actual receipt. Extending that logic, if proof of actual receipt 

is not required to bring a Miller Act claim, then the date of notice should not be defined 

as the date of receipt. 

Additionally when Fleisher was decided in 1940, the federal Miller Act’s 

notice provision mirrored the equivalent provision in Alaska’s Little Miller Act.60 The 

58 Id. at 454 (“Not only must postage be prepaid, but ordinary mail is not 

sufficient; the notice must be sent by registered or certified mail.”). 

59 311 U.S. 15, 18-19 (1940) (citing Miller Act of 1935, ch. 642, § 2(a), 49 

Stat. 794 (current version at 40 U.S.C. § 3133(b)(2)) (holding, in a case where actual 

notice was not contested, that the use of regular mail rather than registered mail did not 

nullify an otherwise proper claim). 

60 Compare Miller Act of 1935, ch. 642, § 2(a), 49 Stat. 794 (current version 

at 40 U.S.C. § 3133(b)(2)) (“Such notice shall be served by mailing the same by 

registered mail,postage prepaid, in an envelop[e] addressed to the contractor at any place 

he maintains an office or conducts his business, or his residence, or in any manner in 

which the United States marshal of the district in which the public improvement is 

situated is authorized by law to serve summons.”), with AS 36.25.020 (“The notice shall 

be served by mailing it by registered mail, postage prepaid, in an envelope addressed to 

the contractor at any place where the contractor maintains an office or conducts business, 

or the contractor’s residence, or in any manner in which a peace officer is authorized to 

(continued...) 

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federal Act has since been amended to read: “notice shall be served . . . by any means 

that provides written, third-party verification of delivery to the contractor,” or in any 

manner in which the specified official is authorized to serve summons.61 This new 

version shifts the focus from actions performed by the claimant (“mailing . . . by 

registered mail, postage prepaid, in an envelope addressed to the contractor”) to 

confirmation of receipt by the contractor (“any means that provides written, third-party 

verification of delivery”).62 

But AS 36.25.020’s notice provision still concentrates on the claimant’s 

actions. The statute requires the claimant to “giv[e] written notice . . . within 90 days” 

and specifies exact directions claimants can follow to “serve” that notice: “mailing it by 

registered mail, postage prepaid, in an envelope addressed to the contractor.”63 As long 

as the claimant follows those directions, the contractor should be able to timely pay its 

subcontractors, free from the risk of conflicting Miller Act claims.64 

60 (...continued) 

serve summons.”). 

61 Act of Aug. 17, 1999, Pub. L. No. 106-49, § 2(b), 113 Stat. 231 (codified 

as amended at 40 U.S.C. § 3133(b)(2)). 

62 Compare Miller Act of 1935, ch. 642, § 2(a), 49 Stat. 794, with 40 U.S.C. 

§ 3133(b)(2). 

63 AS 36.25.020(b). 

64 See United States ex rel. Crowe v. Cont’l Cas. Co., 245 F. Supp. 871, 873 

(E.D. La. 1965) (holding under the 1935 version of the federal notice requirement that 

the mailing date is effective, as the two methods of service specified by the statute “both 

guarantee verification through an uninterested party of the date notice was dispatched, 

thereby precluding factual controversieson questions relating to date of sending and date 

of receipt”). 

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Interpreting notice as effective upon mailing adequately preserves the 90­

day deadline’s specific purpose — to allow the prime contractor to make timely 

payments to subcontractors without risking conflicting claims from the subcontractor’s 

employees and suppliers. It also advances the statute’s underlying purpose — to protect 

laborers and suppliers from the risk of nonpayment on public works projects.65 We 

therefore hold notice under Alaska’s Little Miller Act is complete once mailed to the 

contractor via registered mail. 

Luong presented testimony and an exhibit indicating he served notice on 

Pinnacle on January 6, 2016, within 90 days of the labor he performed on October 9, 

2015.66 Luong therefore presented sufficient evidence to raise an issue of fact as to 

whether he provided notice within the statutory 90-day period, and the trial court erred 

by granting Western Surety a directed verdict on this issue. 

65 See Noland Co. v. Allied Contractors, Inc., 273 F.2d 917, 920-21 (4th Cir. 

1959) (“[I]f there be any ambiguity in the provisions relating to the minor purpose, it 

should be resolved in support of the main object of the law.”). 

66 The district court did not seem to consider the date the letter was sent to be 

relevant to its inquiry under the Little Miller Act, and so did not evaluate the sufficiency 

of the evidence on this point. Luong’s testimony indicates the letter was sent January 6, 

the letter from Luong’s then-attorney was dated January 6, and Western Surety has 

presented no evidence contradicting that date. Furthermore the letter traveled all the way 

from California to Alaska, and arrived by January 11; this date of receipt “is entirely 

compatible with the letter having been sent on the date it bears.” Montgomery Cty. Bd. 

of Ed. ex rel. Carrier Corp. v. Glassman Constr. Co., 225 A.2d 448, 453 (Md. App. 

1967) (holding sufficient proof that claimant’s letter “was mailed within the 90 day 

period” to survive motion to dismiss). 

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V. CONCLUSION 

WeREVERSEthesuperiorcourt’s denial ofLuong’s appeal, VACATEthe 

judgment against Luong and the award of attorney’s fees,67 and REMAND for further 

proceedings. 

67 Western Surety must return any funds it has already garnished fromLuong. 

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