RECOMMENDED FOR FULL-TEXT PUBLICATION Pursuant to Sixth Circuit I.O.P. 32.1(b) File Name: 17a0198p.06 

### UNITED STATES COURT OF APPEALS

FOR THE SIXTH CIRCUIT

UNITED S TATES OF A MERICA , Plaintiff-Appellee ,

v

.

ANTONIO P. F ONTANA , Defendant-Appellant

. ┐ │ │ │ │ │ │ │ ┘ No. 16-2208

Appeal from the United States District Court for the Eastern District of Michigan at Detroit. No. 2:14-cr-20141-1—David M. Lawson, District Judge. Decided and Filed: August 25, 2017
Before: ROGERS, GRIFFIN, a nd KETHLEDGE, Circuit Judges.

_________________ COUNSEL

ON BRIEF: Kenneth P. Tableman, KENNETH P. TABLEMAN, P.C., Grand Rapids, Michigan, for Appellant. Shane Cralle, UNI TED STATES ATTORNEY’S OFFICE, Detroit, Michigan, for Appellee.

_________________ OPINION

_________________ ROGERS, Circuit Judge. Following extrad ition from Canada on twelve federal childpornography-related charges, defendantFontana pleaded guilty to four of those charges. He was then sentenced in a proceeding in which the sentencing judge took into account, in applying the applicable sentencing factors under 18 U.S.C. § 3553(a), the fact that af ter Fontana’s arrest, investigators discovered videos and images of up to fifty ot her women, including minors, whom 

### >No. 16-2208 United States v. Fontana Page 2

he had also victimized, none of whom were th e basis for Fontana’s extradition. On appeal, Fontana challenges the district court’s consideration of the additional victims, as he did below, as a violation of the U.S.-Canada extradition treaty’s “specialty” requirement that he only be detained, tried, or punished for the crimes for which he was extradited. While an extradited person may defend his criminal prosecution as beyond the scope of the extradition under the “specialty” theory, Fontana’s chal lenge to his sentence fails he re because the treaty does not preclude taking into account activ ity that is not the basis of the extradition in determining punishment for the crimes on which the extraditionwas based, at least as long as such
consideration did not affect the st atutory range of that punishment.
In October 2013, Antonio Fontana lived in Pi ckering, Ontario. He was in his late 50s, married, with adult children. On the chat webs ite Omegle.com, Fontana posed as a sixteen-yearold boy named “Jason,” and started talking witha fifteen-year-old minor female living in suburban Detroit (“Minor Victim One”). Font ana claimed that his computer’s camera was
broken—so that Minor Victim One could not discer n his age—and convinced his victim to take
off her shirt. Without the victim ’s knowledge, he recorded this ac t, and then used the threat of publishing this recording online to take over her life. He forced her to perform more, increasingly invasive sexual acts, which he recorded and used as additional leverage. He forced
her to be in front of her web camera at certain ti mes, to sleep in a certain position so that she was visible to the web camera, and to ask for permissi on to attend social events. He forced her to convince a friend—a fourteen-year-old female (“ Minor Victim Two”)—to perform sexual acts for him as well, which he also recorded and then began using to threatenthe friend as well. Eventually, Minor Victim One began to suffer fr om severe depression and tried to cut off contact. In response, Fontana e-mailed Minor Vi ctim One’s mother the explicit photos he had taken of her daughter and demanded th at his victim get back in touch with him. After this threat was unsuccessful, Fontana e-mailed more explicit photos to the principal of Minor Victim One’s school and over eighty members of her church. The mother called the police, who were able to uncover Fontana’s true identity through the Internet.
Ontario police arrested Fontana on February23, 2014. By chance, at the time of his arrest, Fontana was online trying to coerce another minor female into performing sexual acts forNo. 16-2208 United States v. Fontana Page 3

him. Fontana was detained in Canada pending extradition. In Marc h 2014, a U.S. grand jury indicted Fontana on twelve counts arising out of his conduct towards Minor Victim One and Minor Victim Two. In June 2015, the Canadian government surrendered Fontana to the United States to stand trial for these crimes, pursuant to the extradition treaty be tween the two countries.
See Treaty on Extradition between the United Stat es of America and Canada, Can.-U.S., 27 UST 983, Dec. 3, 1971 (“U.S.-Can. Extradition Treaty”) . During the indictment and extradition process, investigators se ized and analyzed Fontana’s computer . The computer was found to have over 1,000 images and multiple videos of additiona l women and girls, from which investigators determined that Fontana had engaged in similar c onduct with at least fifty victims. At the time of Fontana’s sentencing, only a handful of thes e uncharged victims had been identified, but all were minors, and most lived in the United States.
Once in the United States, Fontana pleaded gui lty to four of the twelve counts for which he had been indicted: one count of coercing and enticing a minor to engage in illegal sexual activity, in violation of 18 U. S.C. § 2422(b); one count of producing child pornography, in violation of 18 U.S.C. § 2251(a); and two counts of using the internet to extort a person, in violation of 18 U.S.C. § 875(d).
During sentencing, however, the issue arose as to whether to take into account Fontana’s other, uncharged victims. Even without consid eration of his uncharged victims, Fontana’s net offense level was above the maximum possible unde r the Sentencing Guidelines, such that the guidelines recommended incarceration for life. Nevertheless, the Government argued that the district court should consider the uncharged victims under the 18 U.S. C § 3553(a) factors, apparently in response to Fontana’s request for a downward variance outside his Guidelines

range.
Fontana objected, arguing that the district c ourt’s consideration of the uncharged victims violated a provision of the U.S.-Canada extraditi on treaty providing that: “[a] person extradited under the present treaty shall not be detained, tried or punished in the territory of the requesting
state for an offense other than that for which ex tradition has been grante d.” U.S.-Can. Extradition Treaty art. 12(1) (emphasis added). This provisi on of the treaty incorporates what is known as the rule of specialty, which prov ides that “a person w ho has been brought with in the jurisdictionNo. 16-2208 United States v. Fontana Page 4

of the court by virtue of proceedings under an extr adition treaty, can only be tried for one of the
offences described in that treaty, and for the offence with which he is charged in the proceedings
for his extradition.” United States v. Rauscher , 119 U.S. 407, 430 (1886).
The district court, however, overruled Fontan a’s objection and held that it could consider his uncharged victims in sentencing him. In r eaching this conclusion, the district court relied primarily on an Ei ghth Circuit case, United States v. Lomeli , 596 F.3d 496, 502–03 (8th Cir. 2010), which applied an extradition treaty with Mexico which, like the ex tradition treaty with Canada at issue in Fontana’s case, held that an extradited person could not be “detained, tried or punished” for a separate crime. In particul ar, the district court found persuasive Lomeli ’s reasoning that the traditions and procedures of the receiving nation’s courts were relevant for determining the intent of the treaty parties in dr afting the extradition treaty, and that “[g]iven the long-standing practice of United St ates courts of cons idering relevant, uncha rged evidence at sentencing,” Lomeli , 596 F.3d at 502 (quotation marks omitted), it would be difficult to conclude
that Mexico did not intend for an extradited defendant to face sentencing enhancements for uncharged crimes. The district court also co nsidered this circuit’s prior precedent in United
States v. Garrido-Santana , 360 F.3d 565, 578 (6th Cir. 2004), but ultimately suggested that the case might be distinguishable based on the di fferent treaty language: the U.S.-Dominican Republic treaty provision in Garrido-Santana held only that “no [extradited] person shall be
tried” for a separate offense, while the U.S.-Canada treaty at issue in Font ana’s case held that “[a] person extradited . . . sha ll not be detained, tried, or punished .” After concluding that consideration of Fontana’s uncharg ed victims would not violate th e rule of spec ialty, the court presumably considered these victims in Fontana’ s sentence. Nevertheless, the court did grant
Fontana a downward variance and sentenced hi m to 360 months’ incarcera tion rather than the guidelines recommendation of lif e. Fontana now appeals.

The district court did not violate the rule of specialty by consid ering Fontana’s other victims in sentencing for the crim es for which he was extradited.
As an initial matter, we reject the Governme nt’s suggestion that Fontana lacks standing to make objections to his criminal prosecution on th e basis of the treaty provisions incorporating the doctrine of specialty. The seminal case involv ing the specialty doctrine, the Supreme Court’sNo. 16-2208 United States v. Fontana Page 5

case of United States v. Rauscher , 119 U.S. 407 (1886), is flatly inconsistent with such a
conclusion. In Rauscher , Great Britain surrendered a sailor to the United States pursuant to an extradition treaty with a specialty provision, so that the sailor could stand tr ial for murder on the high seas. Id. at 409. Once in the United States, however , the sailor was indicted not for murder, but for the separate crime of “cruel and unusual punishment.” Id. In response, the defendant brought a plea to the jurisdiction of the court, arguing that he coul d not be indicted for cruel and unusual punishment when he had been extradited for murder. Id. The trial court overruled the defendant’s plea, but the Supreme Court held that this was error, articulating the rule that “a person who has been brought within the jurisdiction of the cour t, by virtue of proceedings under an extradition treaty, can only be tried for one of the offences described in that treaty.” Id. at 430.

While Rauscher is an old case, it was de scribed with approval in United States v. Alvarez-Machain , 504 U.S. 655, 659–60 (1992), and it is stil l good law: an extradited criminal defendant may not be tried for crimes not the ba sis for extradition, absent waiver by the treaty partner, when such is the intent of the treaty, and relief under such a treaty obligation can be
obtained at the behest of counsel for the defendant in the criminal proceeding. This conclusion is supported by holdings of at least four of our sister circuits. See United States v. Puentes , 50 F.3d 1567, 1572 (11th Cir. 1995); United States v. Andonian , 29 F.3d 1432, 1435 (9th Cir. 1994); United States v. Levy , 905 F.2d 326, 328 n.1 (10th Cir. 1990); United States v. Thirion , 813 F.2d 146, 151 n.5 (8th Cir. 1987).
The Eleventh Circuit’s reasoning in Puentes is particularly compelling:
Of course, the rights conf erred under the contract ultimately belong to the contracting parties, the si gnatory nations. This does not mean, however, that provisions of the contract may not confer certain rights unde r the contract on a non-party who is the object of the contract. See generally Rauscher. We believe that Rauscher clearly confers such a righ t on the extradited defendant. The extradited individual’s rights, however, need not be cast in stone; rather, the individual may enjoy these protections only at the sufferance of the requested nation. The individual’s right s are derivative of the rights of the requested nation. We believe that Rauscher demonstrates that even in the absence of a protest from the requested state, an individual extrad ited pursuant to a tr eaty has standing to challenge the court’s personal jurisdiction under the rule of speci alty. The courts which have adopted the contrary holding, ineffect, consider th e requested state’sNo. 16-2208 United States v. Fontana Page 6

objection to be a condition precedent to the in dividual’s ability to raise the claim. We believe the Supreme Court’s recent opinion in United States v. AlvarezMachain , 504 U.S. 655, 112 S. Ct. 2188, 119 L. Ed. 2d 441 (1992) seriously undermines any vitality that approach may have once possessed. A grand jury indicted Hu mberto Alvarez-Machain, a citizen and resident of Mexico, for participating in the ki dnap and murder of United States Drug Enforcement Administration (DEA) special agent Enrique Camarena-Salazar. Following unsuccessful informal negotia tions between the United States and Mexico to obtain Alvarez-Machain’s pr esence in this country, DEA successfully contracted with certain i ndividuals for Alvarez-Mach ain’s forcible kidnap and delivery to the United States. Alvarez- Machain contested the district court’s personal jurisdiction over him on the gr ounds that his abduction violated the extradition treaty between the United St ates and Mexico. The district court granted his request and ordered his retu rn to Mexico. The court of appeals affirmed the district court. The Supreme Court reversed. The actual holding of the case is that Alvarez-Machain could not contest the court’s jurisdiction over him under th e extradition treaty because he was not extradited pursuant to treaty proceedings. See Ker v. Illinois, 119 U.S. 436, 7 S. Ct. 225, 30 L. Ed. 421 (1886). The Court’s analysis, however, re jects the premise underlying the cases that require the re quested nation to object as a condition precedent to the individual’s ability to clai m the benefits of the rule of specialty.

In Alvarez-Machain, the Court rejected the Co urt of Appeals’s reasoning that found that the extradition treaty pr ohibited forcible abduction, but that the abducted individual could only raise the issue if the offended government had formally protested. In rejecting the no tion of conditionally self-executing treaty provisions, the Court explaine d that “if the [e]xtraditi on [t]reaty has the force of law . . . it would appear th at a court must enforce it on behalf of an individual regardless of the offensiveness of the pr actice of one nation to the other nation. ” Alvarez-Machain, 504 U.S. at 667, 112 S. Ct . at 2195–96, 119 L. Ed. 2d at 454 (emphasis added). Importantly, the Court cited Rauscher in support of this proposition:

In Rauscher, the Court noted that Gr eat Britain had taken the position in other cases that the We bster-Ashburton Treaty included the doctrine of specialty, but no importance was attached to whether or not Great Britain had protested the prosecu tion of Rauscher for the crime of cruel and unusual punishment as opposed to murder. Alvarez-Machain, 504 U.S. at 667, 112 S. Ct. at 2195, 119 L. Ed. 2d at 454 (emphasis added). Alvarez-Machain demonstrates the infirmity in the reasoning of those cases which require an affirmative protest by the requested nation in order for the extradited individual to contest personal jurisdiction under the rule of specialty.No. 16-2208 United States v. Fontana Page 7

We, therefore, hold that an individual extradited pursuant to an extradition treaty has standing under the doctrine of specialty to raise any objections which the requested nation might have asserte d. The extradited individual, however, enjoys this right at the sufferance of the requested nation. As a sovereign, the requested nation may waive its right to obj ect to a treaty violation and thereby deny the defendant standing to object to such an action.

Puentes , 50 F.3d at 1574–75 (footnote omitted). This analysis is correct.
To be sure, a Third Circuit case, on the othe r hand, has stated that “[h]ad [the habeas petitioner] brought suit invoking . . . the Rule of Specialty, she would lack standing.” United States ex rel. Saroop v. Garcia , 109 F.3d 165, 168 (3d Cir. 1997). This was pure dictum, as the court made clear that the petitioner in that case did not invoke the specialty principle. Id. at n.6. Cases cited by the Saroop court in this connection moreover involved foreign government

consent to limit the internati onal specialty obligation, e.g. , United States v. Riviere , 924 F.2d 1289, 1298–1301 (3d Cir. 1991), Leighnor v. Turner , 884 F.2d 385, 390 (8th Cir. 1989), or did not involve the principle of specialty at all.
Two other cases sometimes cited for the presence of a circuit split on the issue involved extradition proceedings in the United States and assertions that a foreign state might not comply with its specialty obligations to the United States, not whether a defendant who had been extradited to the United States can rely on United States—like Rauscher and Fontana— obligations under the specialty principle. Shapiro v. Ferrandina , 478 F.2d 894, 906 (2d Cir. 1973); Demjanjuk v. Petrovsky , 776 F.2d 571, 584 (6 th Cir. 1985), vacated on other grounds , 10 F.3d 338 (6th Cir. 1993). Shapiro , for instance, noted that Rauscher need not necessarily apply
in that “converse s ituation.” 478 F.2d at 906. Similarl y, our decision in Demjanjuk also
involved such a converse situation and included language regarding specialty which was in any event clearly dictum. 776 F.2d at 584.
The Government’s brief in this case appears to be fishing for a hol ding that the principle of specialty cannot be raised by criminal defenda nts, without actually making the argument for our consideration, and without instilling any conf idence that the Government would defend such a holding should certiorari be granted. The Government moreove r points to no court of appeals that squarely holds that criminal defendants in the United States are without standing to assertNo. 16-2208 United States v. Fontana Page 8

the specialty principle. With such a wispy ba sis for deciding contrary to iconic Supreme Court precedent, there is no reason for this court to con tinue to preserve the po ssibility of such an argument.
Accordingly, we proceed to the merits of Fontana’s specialty argument. His argument fails because Fontana is being “punished” quite liter ally for crimes for which he was extradited.
The fact that other crimes he has committed ma y affect the extent of the punishment for the extradition-based crimes does not in ordinary E nglish mean that he is being punished for the
other crimes.
This conclusion is supported by our decision in United States v. Garrido-Santana , 360 F.3d 565, 578 (6th Cir. 2004). In Garrido-Santana , the Dominican Republic surrendered a defendant for possession of cocaine with intent to distribute. Id. at 568. After the extradition, the defendant was also indicted on a charge ar ising out of his failure to appear at a preextradition arraignment, but this charge was later dropped because it wa s not an offense for
which the defendant had been extradited. Id. at 568, 577. Nevertheless, the district court relied on this failure to appear at his arraignment to enhance the defendant’s Guidelines calculation, which was the basis of the defendant’s specialty challenge. Id. at 568. Garrido claimed that his sentencing enhancement for an uncharged failure -to-appear offense violated the relevant extradition treaty’s “implicit promise that [the United States] would . . . not punish [the] defendant for the failure-to-appear offense.” Id. at 577. However, we determined that the district court’s use of the uncharged offense “did not constitute ‘punishment’ for that conduct so as to violate any implicit proscription agains t such punishment in the extradition treaty.” Id. at 578. In reaching this determination, we relied in part on Witte v. United States , in which the Supreme Court held “that use of evidence of re lated criminal conduct to enhance a defendant’s sentence for a separate crime within the au thorized statutory limits does not constitute punishment for that conduct within the m eaning of the Double Jeopardy Clause.” See id. at 577– 78 (citing Witte v. United States , 515 U.S. 389, 399 (1995)). Wh ile we recognized that Witte was a double jeopardy case, we noted th at “its underlying analytical f oundation and, in particular, its conception of ‘punishment’ is nevertheless instructive.” Id. at 578. Applying this reasoning and holding from Garrido-Santana , it is clear that th e district court’s cons ideration of Fontana’sNo. 16-2208 United States v. Fontana Page 9

uncharged but related conduct did not constitute “ punish[ment]” within the meaning of the U.S.- Canada extradition treaty, but onl y an appropriate cons ideration in determining the sentence for the crimes for which Fontana was properly extradited. Therefore, as in Garrido-Santana , the
consideration of Fontana’s uncha rged victims in determining his sentence does not violate the rule of specialty.

Also relevant here is the Ei ghth Circuit’s analysis of sim ilar questions of punishment and sentencing inLomeli , 596 F.3d at 503, and Leighnor , 884 F.2d at 390. As the district court noted, the Lomeli court reasoned that a sentencing enhanc ement for uncharged crimes did not violate the rule of specialty inthat case because traditions a nd procedures of the receiving nation’s courts were relevant for determining the intent of the treaty parties in drafting the extradition treaty, and that “[ g]iven the long-standing practic e of United States courts of considering relevant, uncharged evidence at sentencing,” Lomeli , 596 F.3d at 502 (quotation marks omitted), it would be difficult to conclude th at Mexico did not intend for an extradited defendant to face sentencing enhancements for uncharged crimes. Similarly, the Leighnor court reasoned that “the specialty principle genera lly prohibits indiscriminate prosecution by the receiving government,” such that specialty was not violated whenthe United States convicted a defendant for only the crimes that were the subj ect of his indictment but took into account other conduct in making parole decisions. Leighnor , 884 F.2d at 390 (quotation marks and emphasis omitted). The analysis in both cases is correct.
Fontana makes two arguments to resist this conclusion, but neither is persuasive.
First, Fontana argues that this court should not follow Garrido-Santana because Witte , the Supreme Court case upon wh ich it relied, was limited by subsequent Supreme Court decisions. Fontana points to two cases in partic ular that affected courts’ consideration of uncharged facts to enhance a sentence: Apprendi v. New Jersey , 530 U.S. 466 (2000) and Alleyne
v. United States , 133 S. Ct. 2151 (2013). In Apprendi , the Court held that a jury must find beyond a reasonable doubt a fact that increases the penalty for a crime beyond the statutory maximum. 530 U.S. at 490. Similarly, in Alleyne v. United States , the court held that a jury must find beyond a reasonable doubt any fact that triggers a statutory mandatory minimum sentence. 133 S. Ct. at 2158. Fontana also poin ts to two cases that a ffected the Guidelines:No. 16-2208 United States v. Fontana Page 10

United States v. Booker , 543 U.S. 220, 245 (2005) and Peugh v. United States , 133 S. Ct. 2072, 2078 (2012). Booker rendered the Guidelines a dvisory rather than mandatory, 543 U.S. at 245; Peugh held that an ex post fact o violation occurs “when a defendant is sentenced under Guidelines promulgated after he committed his criminal acts and the new version provides a higher applicable Guidelines sentencing range th an the version in place at the time of the offense,” 133 S. Ct. at 2078.
Contrary to Fontana’s argument, none of th e cases he cites affects the reasoning from
Witte upon which Garrido-Santana relied. Witte held that using related criminal conduct to
enhance a defendant’s sentence “ within the authorized statutory limits ” does not constitute “punishment” for double jeopardy purposes. 515 U. S. at 399 (emphasis added). Fontana’s sentence was within the authorized statutory limits for his crimes; in fact, his sentence of 360 months in prison was below hi s guidelines range of life. Th is alone means that neither Apprendi nor Alleyne affects the relevance of Witte ’s reasoning as applied to Fontana’s case via
Garrido-Santana

. Booker and Peugh are even less on point.
Fontana also seeks to distinguish the treaty provision at issue in Garrido-Santana from
the one in his case. In Garrido-Santana , we considered a provision from the U.S.-Dominican Republic extradition treaty holdi ng that “[n]o person shall be tried for any crime or offence other
than that for which he was surrendered.” 360 F.3d at 577 (citing Convention for the Mutual Extradition of Fugitives from Justice, U.S- Dom. Rep., June 19, 1909, 36 Stat. 2468). Here, the relevant provision from the U.S.-Canada extrad ition treaty holds that “[a] person extradited under the present treaty shall not be detained, tried or punished in the territory of the requesting
state for an offense other than that for whic h extradition has been granted.” U.S.-Can. Extradition Treaty art. 12(1) (e mphasis added). According to Fontana, the language in these treaties makes them distinguishable, because th e U.S.-Dominican Republic treaty “lacked an express agreement not to punish the defendant for conduct other than the conduct for which he
was extradited.”
However, the reasoning of Garrido-Santana forecloses this argum ent. Although the extradition treaty in Garrido-Santana did not contain the word “puni shment,” the court assumed without deciding that the treatydid contain an “implicit promis e” not to punish the extraditedNo. 16-2208 United States v. Fontana Page 11

individual for his uncharged crimes. 360 F.3d at 577. We still concluded that the district court’s consideration of the defendant’s uncharged cr ime did not constitute “punishment” under the treaty. Id. Fontana thus cannot distinguish Garrido-Santana , because it addressed the very issue he raises. Furthermore, as noted above, we also find persuasive the EighthCircuit’s analysis in
Lomeli , which considered an extradition treaty thatdoes contain the p unishment language at issue here, but nevertheless conclu ded that the doctrine of specialtydoes not prohibit a district court from considering a defendant’s criminal history to determine hi s advisory Sentencing Guidelines range. See Lomeli , 596 F.3d at 503.
Finally, Fontana moves to file a supplemen tal pro se brief arguing that his conviction
should be reversed and remanded to allow him to present a defense to the jury that one of the victims told him that she was nineteen years old, which he alleges he reasonably believed. We deny Fontana’s motion. A defendant must present a single brief, not two. Fed. R. App. P. 31(a); United States v. Montgomery , 592 F. App’x 411, 415 (6th Cir. 2014). This means that we may properly decline to consider pro se claims brought by a defendant represented by counsel on appeal. United States v. Williams , 641 F.3d 758, 770 (6th Cir. 2011). There are no circumstances justifying consideration of F ontana’s supplemental brief here. Among other things, Fontana’s reasonable-mistake-of-age defe nse attacks his convicti on and not his sentence, and he unequivocally waived “any right to appeal his conviction” in his plea agreement. Such a waiver is enforceable so long as it was made knowingly and voluntarily, United States v. Toth , 668 F.3d 374, 377 (6th Cir. 2012), as was the case he re. At Fontana’s plea colloquy, the district court explained the waiver, and Fontana ackn owledged that he understood. Furthermore, Fontana’s pro se brief does not address w hy this waiver was not made knowingly and voluntarily, or even address th e issue of waiver at all.
For the reasons set forth above, the judgmen t of the district court is affirmed and Fontana’s motion to file a supplem ental pro se brief is denied.