NOT PRECEDENTIAL

UNITED STATES COURT OF APPEALS

FOR THE THIRD CIRCUIT

No. 20-2937

ANDREW DAVIS,

Petitioner

v.

ATTORNEY GENERAL OF THE UNITED STATES OF AMERICA

On Petition for Review of an Order of the 

Board of Immigration Appeals

(BIA-1: A060-649-652)

Immigration Judge: Edward Grant

Argued April 21, 2021

Before: AMBRO, RESTREPO, Circuit Judges, and NOREIKA,* District Judge

(Opinion Filed: September 13, 2021)

Sandra Greene (Argued)

Greene Fitzgerald Advocates and Consultants

2575 Eastern Boulevard, Suite 208

York, PA 17402

Counsel for Petitioner

* The Honorable Maryellen Noreika, United States District Judge for the District of 

Delaware, sitting by designation. 
2

Jeffrey Bossert Clark

Jennifer J. Keeney

Imran R. Zaidi (Argued)

Elizabeth R. Chapman

Office of Immigration Litigation

U.S. Department of Justice

P.O. Box 878, Ben Franklin Station

Washington, DC 20044

Counsel for Appellee

OPINION**

 

NOREIKA, District Judge

Petitioner Andrew Davis was convicted in Pennsylvania state court of possession with 

intent to distribute 47.5 pounds of marijuana. He argues before this Court that the Board of 

Immigration Appeals erred in not finding that his conviction could have been for less than thirty 

grams and was analogous to a federal misdemeanor. Under the modified categorical approach, 

Davis is correct. We must ignore the undisputed, underlying facts of his offense and find that his 

conviction could have involved a small amount of marijuana. Thus, the Board’s decision will be 

vacated and remanded for further proceedings.

I. Background

Davis is a native and citizen of Jamaica who was admitted as a lawful permanent resident 

in 2009.

1

 In February 2019, he pled guilty in Pennsylvania state court to possession with intent 

** This disposition is not an opinion of the full Court and, pursuant to I.O.P. 5.7, does not 

constitute binding precedent. 

1 Although Davis was initially admitted as a conditional resident, the Government later 

determined that he should have been admitted as a permanent resident and changed his 

classification accordingly.
3

to distribute a controlled substance under 35 P.S. § 780-113(a)(30), which prohibits, in relevant 

part. “the manufacture, delivery, or possession with intent to manufacture or deliver, a controlled 

substance.” The judgment of sentence shows that Davis’s conviction involved 47.5 pounds of 

marijuana. A.R. 527.

A. Proceedings Before the Immigration Court

In October of 2019, the Department of Homeland Security (“DHS”) initiated removal 

proceedings based on Davis’ conviction. DHS charged Davis as removable on two grounds: 1)

because his conviction was a controlled-substance offense under 8 U.S.C. § 1227(a)(2)(B)(i), and 

2) because the conviction was an aggravated felony under § 1227(a)(2)(A)(iii). On December 

23, 2019, via counsel, Davis conceded removability for the controlled-substance offense, but 

denied that the offense constituted an aggravated felony. See A.R. 45.

A week later, he applied for asylum, withholding of removal, and Convention Against 

Torture (CAT) relief, claiming that members of the People National Party in Jamaica had 

executed or otherwise persecuted several of his family members based on the family’s political 

ties to the rival Jamaica Labor Party. He also applied for cancellation of removal but the IJ 

ultimately concluded that Davis’s drug offense was an aggravated felony that rendered him 

ineligible for cancellation of removal under 8 U.S.C. § 1229b(a)(3). The IJ relied on this Court’s 

decision in Catwell v. Attorney General, in which we held a conviction under the same statute, 

35 P.S. § 780-113(a)(30), for possession with intent to distribute 120.5 grams of marijuana

constituted an aggravated felony. 623 F.3d 199 (3d Cir. 2010). The IJ reasoned that Davis’s

conviction, based on 47.5 pounds of marijuana, must also be an aggravated felony under Catwell.

The IJ also denied Davis’s applications for asylum, withholding of removal, and 

withholding under CAT because his aggravated felony presumptively constituted a particularly 
4

serious crime that disqualified Davis from relief. See 8 U.S.C. §§ 1158(b)(2)(A)(ii), (b)(2)(B)(i) 

(asylum), 1231(b)(3)(B)(ii) (withholding); 8 C.F.R. § 1208.16(d)(2) (withholding under CAT); 

In re Y-L-, 23 I. & N. Dec. 270, 274 (Att’y Gen. 2002) (providing that aggravated felonies 

involving drug trafficking are presumptively particularly serious crimes). Thus the only relief 

available to Davis in light of the IJ’s aggravated-felony determination was deferral under CAT. 

See 8 C.F.R. § 1208.16(c)(4). The IJ denied Davis’s deferral application on the merits.

B. Proceedings Before the Board of Immigration Appeals

The Board of Immigration Appeals affirmed. As to the aggravated-felony issue, the 

Board reasoned that, under the hypothetical federal felony test, a “state marijuana conviction 

is . . . only equivalent to a federal drug felony if the offense involved payment or more than a 

small amount of marijuana.” See Catwell, 623 F.3d at 206. Because Davis’s “conviction 

documents” indicated that he was responsible for 47.5 pounds of marijuana, the Board concluded 

that his conviction involved more than a small amount of marijuana and thus qualified as an 

aggravated felony. He now appeals the Board’s decision. 

II. Discussion2

Davis raises several issues on appeal, arguing that the Board erred in determining that his 

state conviction was necessarily an aggravated felony, in affirming the IJ’s adverse credibility 

2 The Board had jurisdiction under 8 C.F.R. § 1003.1(b)(3). This Court has jurisdiction to 

review the Board’s decision under 8 U.S.C. § 1252(a). Where the Board issues its own 

decision and relies upon the reasoning of the immigration judge, this Court reviews the 

decision of the Board and those portions of the immigration judge’s reasoning adopted in 

the Board’s opinion. See Patel v. Att’y Gen., 599 F.3d 295, 297 (3d Cir. 2010). We 

review the Board’s “legal conclusions de novo, subject to established principles of 

deference.” See id.
5

determination, and in finding that the Jamaican government would not acquiesce in his torture if 

removed.3 We reverse on the first issue, and will remand for further proceedings.

“[A] state drug conviction constitutes an aggravated felony if (a) it would be punishable 

as a felony under the federal Controlled Substances Act [“CSA”], or (b) it is a felony under state 

law and includes an illicit trafficking element.” Evanson v. Att’y Gen., 550 F.3d 284, 288 (3d 

Cir. 2008). Here, there has been no suggestion that Davis received payment for the drugs, so the 

illicit trafficking test does not apply. Catwell, 623 F.3d at 206 n.10. Therefore, we must employ 

the “hypothetical federal felony” test, which asks whether conduct criminalized under 35 P.S. 

§ 780-113(a)(30) would be punishable as a felony under the CSA. In making such a 

determination, we presumptively use the “categorical approach,” looking only at the elements of 

the statutes at issue and not reviewing the factual basis for the underlying conviction. Id. at 207. 

Where, however, the state statute is divisible, the modified categorical approach applies and we 

may review certain factual records. Id. For the modified categorical approach to apply, “there 

must be a realistic probability, not a theoretical possibility, that the State would apply its statute 

to conduct that falls outside the generic definition of a crime.” Moncrieffe v. Holder, 569 U.S. 

184, 191 (2013) (cleaned up).

We have repeatedly held that § 780-113(a)(30) is divisible and requires us to apply the 

modified categorical approach. See, e.g., Avila v. Atty. Gen., 826 F.3d 662, 666 (3d Cir. 2016); 

Catwell, 623 F.3d at 207; Evanson, 550 F.3d at 292. Nonetheless, the Government argues that 

the modified categorical approach need not be used, because § 780-113(a)(30) is a categorical 

drug-trafficking aggravated felony. We disagree.

3 The Government conceded that we should remand on the last issue because the Board 

failed to conduct the proper 2-step CAT analysis required by this Court’s decision in 

Myrie v. Att’y Gen., 855 F.3d 509, 516 (3d Cir. 2017).
6

The section of the CSA most analogous to the state statute here makes it unlawful “to 

manufacture, distribute, or dispense, or possess with intent to manufacture, distribute, or 

dispense, a controlled substance” but includes an exception for anyone who distributes a small 

amount of marijuana for no remuneration. 21 U.S.C. § 841(a)(1), (b)(4). We have previously 

held that a “small amount” of marijuana under the CSA is thirty grams or less. Harve v. Att’y 

Gen., 787 F. App’x 803, 807 (3d Cir. 2019). Thus, § 780-113(a)(30) is a categorical aggravated 

felony only if there is no “realistic probability” that it could apply to the distribution of less than 

thirty grams of marijuana for no remuneration.

The Government argues that § 780-113(a)(30) cannot apply to such small amounts of 

marijuana because Pennsylvania punishes such small-amount offenses separately under § 780-

113(a)(31), which prohibits: “(i) the possession of a small amount of [marijuana] only for 

personal use;  (ii) the possession of a small amount of [marijuana] with the intent to distribute it 

but not to sell it;  or (iii) the distribution of a small amount of [marijuana] but not for sale” and 

defines a “small amount” as thirty grams or less. 35 P.S. § 780-113(a)(31). And the 

Pennsylvania Superior Court has held that a marijuana case involving less than thirty grams 

without remuneration should be prosecuted under § 780-113(a)(31), even if the conduct falls 

within the broader language of other subsections of the statute. Commonwealth v. Gordon, 897 

A.2d 504, 509 (Pa. Super. 2006) (simple possession offense); Commonwealth v. Tisdale, 100 

A.3d 216 (Pa. Super. 2014) (extending Gordon to possession with intent to distribute).

Since Gordon, however, this Court has held at least six times that the modified 

categorical approach applies to cases involving § 780-113(a)(30). See Avila, 826 F.3d at 666 (3d 

Cir. 2016); U.S. v. Abbott, 748 F.3d 154, 159 (3d Cir. 2014); Catwell, 623 F.3d at 207; Evanson, 

550 F.3d at 292; Jeune v. Att’y Gen., 476 F.3d 199, 202 (3d Cir. 2007); Garcia v. Att’y Gen., 462 
7

F.3d 287, 293 (3d Cir. 2006). Although the Government argues that Tisdale is intervening 

authority that allows us to revisit those earlier decisions, that argument is unavailing because the 

Avila decision was two years after Tisdale and because the same argument was rejected by this 

Court (albeit in a nonprecedential decision) in 2015. Walker v. Atty. Gen. U.S., 625 Fed. Appx. 

87, 91 (3d Cir. 2015).

Even if it were appropriate to revisit our earlier decisions on this point, the case law 

nonetheless shows that the modified categorical approach should apply to convictions under 

§ 780-113(a)(30). Since Gordon and Tisdale, Pennsylvania state courts have repeatedly affirmed 

convictions involving small amounts of marijuana under subsection (a)(30), despite the existence 

of a separate subsection explicitly addressing small amounts. See, e.g., Commonwealth v. 

McFarland, 1489 EDA 2012, 2013 WL 11277648 (Pa. Super. Feb. 1, 2013); Commonwealth v. 

Walton, 1033 MDA 2013, 2014 WL 10806044 (Pa. Super. Aug. 27, 2014) (holding that 

defendant had waived argument that prosecution was possible only under § 780-113(a)(31)); In 

re M.K., 504 EDA 2013, 2014 WL 10794988 (Pa. Super. Oct. 1, 2014); Commonwealth v. 

Sannoh, 2441 EDA 2017, 2019 WL 2407147 (Pa. Super. June 7, 2019). Although the 

Government dismisses these cases because they are unpublished, it cites only two cases 

expressly applying Gordon and Tisdale, and those cases are unpublished as well. In Interest of 

O.T., 3802 EDA 2016, 2017 WL 4679800 (Pa. Super. Oct. 18, 2017); Commonwealth v. Coffey, 

3004 EDA 2016, 2018 WL 1165591 (Pa. Super. Mar. 6, 2018). The case law on this issue is 

contradictory at best, and shows that there is “a realistic probability, not a theoretical 

possibility,” that Pennsylvania would apply § 780-113(a)(30) to marijuana offenses involving 

less than thirty grams. See Moncrieffe, 569 U.S. at 191.
8

Having determined that the modified categorical approach applies, it is necessary to 

determine whether Davis’s conviction would be punishable under the CSA. The judgment of 

sentence from the state court and the Form I-213 submitted during immigration proceedings both 

confirm that Davis was arrested for possession with intent to distribute 47.5 pounds of marijuana. 

A.R. 524, 427. Under the modified categorical approach, however, in cases involving a guilty 

plea we may consider only the “statutory definition, charging document, written plea agreement, 

transcript of the plea colloquy, and any explicit factual finding by the trial judge to which the 

defendant assented.” Evanson v. Atty. Gen. of U.S., 550 F.3d 284, 290 (3d Cir. 2008) (quoting 

Shepard v. United States, 544 U.S. 13, 16 (2005)). Although not all of the relevant materials are 

in the record before us, the documents that are – the information under which Davis was charged, 

A.R. 528, and his plea agreement, A.R. 535–38 – do not contain any mention of the amount of 

marijuana involved in the offense. And despite Davis’s admission before the IJ that he was 

removable under 8 U.S.C. § 1227(a)(2)(B)(i), which allows for deportation in drug offenses 

“other than a single offense involving possession for one’s own use of thirty grams or less of 

marijuana,” the modified categorical approach does not allow us to consider a petitioner’s 

testimony before the IJ. Evanson, 550 F.3d at 293.

Thus, precedent compels us to ignore the known fact that Davis’s conviction involved 

nearly fifty pounds of marijuana, and find that, under the modified categorical approach, his 

offense could have been for less than thirty grams and is therefore analogous to a federal 

misdemeanor. A federal misdemeanor is not an aggravated felony that disqualifies Davis from 

cancellation and is also not presumptively a particularly serious crime that renders him ineligible 

for asylum, withholding, and withholding under CAT, as the IJ found. See In re Y-L-, 23 I. & N. 

Dec. at 274.
9

The Government concedes that, should we find that Davis’s conviction was analogous to 

a federal misdemeanor, we should remand to the Board for consideration of Davis’s CAT 

deferral claim using the proper two-step analysis set out in Myrie, 855 F.3d at 516, and the 

additional clarification in Quinteros v. Att’y Gen., 945 F.3d 772, 788 (3d Cir. 2019). Although 

Davis challenges the IJ’s adverse-credibility determination, that finding was part of the CAT 

analysis and the Government concedes it may also be revisited by the Board on remand. Thus, 

we need not reach those issues.

* * *

For the foregoing reasons, the petition for review is granted. We vacate the order of 

removal and remand to the Board for further consideration.