IN THE COMMONWEALTH COURT OF PENNSYLVANIA

K-Brooke Enterprises d/b/a Barberry :

Farm, :

Petitioner :

:

v. : No. 208 C.D. 2017

: Submitted: October 17, 2017

Unemployment Compensation Board :

of Review, :

Respondent :

BEFORE: HONORABLE P. KEVIN BROBSON, Judge

HONORABLE MICHAEL H. WOJCIK, Judge

HONORABLE DAN PELLEGRINI, Senior Judge

OPINION NOT REPORTED

MEMORANDUM OPINION BY

SENIOR JUDGE PELLEGRINI FILED: November 15, 2017

K-Brooke Enterprises d/b/a/ Barberry Farm (Employer) petitions for 

review from an order of the Unemployment Compensation Board of Review 

(Board) finding Joshua J. Moore (Claimant) not ineligible for benefits under 

Section 402(e) of the Unemployment Compensation Law (Law)1 because 

 

1 Act of December 5, 1936, Second Ex. Sess., P.L. (1937) 2897, as amended, 43 P.S. §§ 

751–918.10. Section 402(e) provides, in pertinent part:

An employe shall be ineligible for compensation for any week—

* * *

(Footnote continued on next page...)
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Employer failed to establish that his discharge was due to willful misconduct. We 

affirm the decision of the Board.

I.

The underlying facts are largely undisputed. Claimant worked fulltime as a laborer at Employer’s horse boarding farm from May 23, 2016, until June 

21, 2016. Employer verbally advised its employees that if they were absent from 

scheduled work they were expected to contact Employer via telephone, text 

message or email to report the absence. Claimant was aware of this general 

requirement.

On June 16, 2016, Claimant was arrested and incarcerated due to a 

domestic dispute with his girlfriend. When arrested, Claimant was initially 

permitted access to his cell phone, and he used it to send the following text 

messages to Employer:

(1/2) My girlfriend called the cops on me cuz [sic] she’s 

nuts so I’m not going to make it in tomorrow unless I can 

post bond but it might be to [sic] late but she relized [sic]

 

(continued...)

(e) In which his unemployment is due to his discharge or 

temporary suspension from work for willful misconduct connected 

with his work, irrespective of whether or not such work is 

“employment” as defined in this act. . . .

43 P.S. § 802(e).
3

(2/2) what she did and cred [sic] to the cops not to take 

me so I will be gone not long hopefully[.]

(Record (R.) Item No. 13, p. 3.) Employer’s agent responded that same day, 

stating “Ok[.] I’m not sure what to say[.] I guess you’ll let me know when you are 

out and we can talk face to face[.]” (Id.)

On June 21, 2016, Employer discharged Claimant because he was a 

no-call/no-show for work on June 20 and 21, 2016. The termination letter sent to 

Claimant stated, in pertinent part:

This letter serves as written notice of your 

termination from employment at Barberry Farm, 

effective June 21, 2016.

You have not contacted any member of the 

management team since Thursday, June 16. Your lack of 

communication regarding your scheduled shifts on June 

20 and 21 constitutes two no-call/no-shows and has 

resulted in your termination.

(R. Item No. 10, Exhibit E-1.)

Claimant filed an application for benefits with the Unemployment 

Compensation (UC) Service Center indicating that he was discharged due to 

absenteeism and that he followed Employer’s call-off procedure on his last 

absence. In the UC Questionnaire and in a follow-up telephone call placed by the 

Service Center, Employer stated that Claimant did not provide a reason for his last 

absence and Employer never heard from him after June 16, 2016. Claimant told 
4

the Service Center during a follow-up telephone call that he was not able to let 

Employer know how long he would be incarcerated because he did not know at 

that point and he was not able to make another telephone call. The Service Center 

issued a notice of determination finding Claimant eligible for benefits and 

Employer appealed.

Before the Referee, Kirsten Recker (Recker), Employer’s President, 

testified that Claimant’s employment was terminated due to abandonment. She 

testified that the decision to terminate Claimant was made for both the absenteeism 

and his failure to keep in contact because he did not contact her for five days after 

his arrest. Recker admitted there was no formal, written policy about calling off,

but testified that she informed all of her employees that they must call, text or 

email when they were going to be absent, and she expected this to be done every 

day an employee missed work. Recker testified that Claimant had other issues 

during his employment but this was the first time he had been absent.

Claimant testified that he did not contact Employer while in jail 

because he no longer had access to his cell phone, and to place a telephone call 

from jail, someone would have to set up an account with the jail and put money 

into that account to pay for the charges ahead of time. Claimant further testified 

that his girlfriend called Employer’s manager to explain that he was still in jail, but 

she was told the decision had already been made to terminate his employment. 

Claimant received the termination notice upon his release from jail. Claimant was 

never convicted of any crime in relation to his arrest.
5

The Referee found Claimant eligible for benefits because Employer 

failed to meet its burden of establishing willful misconduct. The Referee 

specifically found that Claimant made a good-faith effort to notify Employer of his 

anticipated absence via text message so that Employer could anticipate an absence 

for a reasonable amount of time, and Claimant did not contact Employer after June 

16, 2016, because of issues with phone accessibility. The Referee also found that 

Claimant no longer had access to his cell phone once he was processed at the jail; 

he used his one free telephone call to attempt to arrange for bail; and he was not 

permitted to otherwise utilize the telephone unless he was able to provide funds to 

pay for the call. In any event, the Referee reasoned that Employer admittedly did 

not have a strictly enforced policy requiring employees to report off each day they 

were absent.

Employer appealed and the Board affirmed based on the Referee’s 

decision. This appeal followed.2

II.

Employer first argues that it met its burden of establishing that it had a 

rule requiring employees to report absences, that Claimant was aware of this rule,

 

2 Our scope of review of the Board’s decision is limited to determining whether an error 

of law was committed, whether constitutional rights were violated, or whether the necessary 

findings of fact are supported by substantial evidence. Section 704 of the Administrative 

Agency Law, 2 Pa. C.S. § 704; Rock v. Unemployment Compensation Board of Review, 6 A.3d 

646, 648 n.5 (Pa. Cmwlth. 2010). We have defined “substantial evidence” as such “relevant 

evidence that a reasonable mind might consider adequate to support a conclusion.” Palladino v. 

Unemployment Compensation Board of Review, 81 A.3d 1096, 1100 n.3 (Pa. Cmwlth. 2013).
6

and that Claimant failed to contact Employer to report absences on two 

consecutive days during his incarceration. Based on those findings, Employer 

asserts that the Board committed an error of law by concluding that Claimant did 

not engage in willful misconduct.3 We disagree.

When a claimant is discharged for a work rule violation, the employer 

bears the burden of demonstrating that the claimant was aware the work rule 

existed and that the claimant violated the rule. Philadelphia Parking Authority v. 

Unemployment Compensation Board of Review, 1 A.3d 965, 968 (Pa. Cmwlth. 

2010). “[T]he employer must also establish that the claimant’s actions were 

intentional or deliberate . . . and the employee’s actions must be considered in light 

of all of the circumstances, including the reasons for his or her noncompliance with 

the employer’s directives.” Id. (citations omitted). “[A] violation of an employer’s 

rule or demand is not willful misconduct ‘if the evidence shows that the employe’s 

action was justifiable and reasonable in light of all circumstances and was taken 

with good cause.’” Fritz v. Unemployment Compensation Board of Review, 446 

 

3 Although the Law does not define the term “willful misconduct,” the courts have 

defined it as:

(1) wanton or willful disregard for an employer’s interests; (2) 

deliberate violation of an employer’s rules; (3) a disregard for the 

standards of behavior which an employer can rightfully expect of 

an employee; or (4) negligence indicating an intentional disregard 

of the employer’s interest or an employee’s duties or obligations.

Philadelphia Parking Authority v. Unemployment Compensation Board of Review, 1 A.3d 965, 

968 (Pa. Cmwlth. 2010).
7

A.2d 330, 332 (Pa. Cmwlth. 1982) (quoting Kindrew v. Unemployment 

Compensation Board of Review, 388 A.2d 801, 802 (Pa. Cmwlth. 1978)).

First, Employer did not establish that Claimant violated a work rule. 

While Recker’s testimony established a policy that an employee was expected to 

call-off when absent, she admitted that this policy was not written and was not 

strictly enforced. Not only was the call-off policy not strictly enforced, Employer 

did not establish that there is a specific policy requiring employees to contact 

Employer every day they are absent from work. Recker’s testimony was that she 

considered this to be a common courtesy and she “expected” employees to call, 

text or email every day they missed work, which is insufficient to establish the 

existence of a specific work rule. Claimant satisfied the work rule because he 

immediately informed Employer that he would be unable to report to work due to 

his incarceration.

Second, Employer also failed to prove that Claimant deliberately or

intentionally violated its work rule of calling in each day he was absent. The 

Board found Claimant’s testimony to be credible that he was not permitted to 

utilize the telephone at the jail unless he was able to provide funds to pay for the 

telephone call, and that is why he did not contact Employer on June 20 and 21, 

2016.4 See Hawkins v. Unemployment Compensation Board of Review, 472 A.2d 

 

4 Employer argues that the Service Center’s record of the oral interview with Claimant, 

wherein he stated that he was not able to call Employer after June 16, 2016, because he was 

incarcerated, should not have been admitted because it is hearsay. Employer goes on to argue 

that this hearsay statement is the only evidence in the record to support the Board’s finding that 

Claimant was unable to use a telephone during his incarceration. We first note that Employer 

failed to object, on any grounds, to this evidence being entered into the record. Moreover, 

(Footnote continued on next page...)
8

1191, 1192 (Pa. Cmwlth. 1984) (holding employee’s failure to report on three 

consecutive days due to his incarceration did not “constitute[] a willful or wanton 

disregard of his obligation to his employer.”) (citing Warminster Fiberglass 

Company v. Unemployment Compensation Board of Review, 327 A.2d 219 (Pa. 

Cmwlth. 1974)).

Regarding Claimant’s absences, it is well established that 

“[a]bsenteeism alone, while grounds for discharge, is not a sufficient basis for 

denial of unemployment benefits.” Miller v. Unemployment Compensation Board 

of Review, 131 A.3d 110, 113 (Pa. Cmwlth. 2015) (quoting Runkle v. 

Unemployment Compensation Board of Review, 521 A.2d 530, 531 (Pa. Cmwlth. 

1987)). Factors we consider in determining whether absenteeism constitutes 

willful misconduct include excessive absences, failure to notify the employer in 

advance, lack of good or adequate cause for the absence, disobedience of existing 

rules or policies regarding absenteeism, and disregard of warnings regarding 

absenteeism. Miller, 131 A.3d at 113.

 

(continued...)

“[u]nder the ‘legal residuum’ rule, hearsay evidence admitted without objection will be given its 

natural probative effect ‘if it is corroborated by any competent evidence in the record.’” Greer v. 

Unemployment Compensation Board of Review, 4 A.3d 733, 737 n.7 (Pa. Cmwlth. 2010) 

(quoting Walker v. Unemployment Compensation Board of Review, 367 A.2d 366, 370 (Pa. 

Cmwlth. 1976)). Claimant testified that he did not have access to his cell phone after he was 

processed at the jail, and in order to make a telephone call, he would have to set up an account 

with the jail and provide funds for his calls up front. Therefore, even if Claimant’s statement to 

the Service Center was impermissible hearsay, the Board did not err in using the statement to 

support its finding that “Claimant was not permitted to otherwise utilize the telephone unless he 

was able to provide funds to pay for the telephone call.” (R. Item No. 11, p. 2).
9

Here, there is no allegation that Claimant incurred excessive absences 

during his employment and Employer admitted that he was not previously warned 

regarding absenteeism. As discussed above, there was no written policy stating

that employees had to report their absences on a daily basis, and Claimant notified 

Employer immediately upon his incarceration.

Citing to Medina v. Unemployment Compensation Board of Review, 

423 A.2d 469 (Pa. Cmwlth. 1980) and Frank v. Unemployment Compensation 

Board of Review, 556 A.2d 15 (Pa. Cmwlth. 1989), Employer contends that 

incarceration is not a reasonable or justifiable excuse for being absent from work. 

However, neither one of those cases are applicable because each involve an 

absence due to a conviction, not pretrial incarceration. In Medina, the employee 

was absent from work due to his conviction and six-month sentence for the crime 

of assault, and the employee in Frank pled guilty to one count of welfare fraud and 

was absent during her 21⁄2 to 23-month jail sentence.

Unlike in Medina or Frank, which involved incarceration for a 

conviction, an “[a]bsence from work due to pre-trial incarceration is not, itself, 

willful misconduct.” Miller, 131 A.3d at 113-14 (citations omitted). In this case, 

Claimant immediately informed Employer of his incarceration and his text 

messages explained that he would be unable to return to work unless he could 

make bail; there was no work rule that he had to report every day he was absent;

even if there was, he could not have done so because he did not have a prepaid jail 

telephone account; and he was never convicted of any crime in relation to his 

arrest. Accordingly, “[w]hile we have no issue with the employer’s right to 
10

enforce minimum attendance standards, [like the Board] we find no basis for 

holding that the claimant’s breach of those standards was willful or wanton.” 

Miller, 131 A.3d at 114 (quoting Hawkins, 472 A.2d at 1192-93). The order of the 

Board is affirmed.

 

DAN PELLEGRINI, Senior Judge
IN THE COMMONWEALTH COURT OF PENNSYLVANIA

K-Brooke Enterprises d/b/a Barberry :

Farm, :

Petitioner :

:

v. : No. 208 C.D. 2017

:

Unemployment Compensation Board :

of Review, :

Respondent :

O R D E R

AND NOW, this 15th day of November, 2017, the order of the 

Unemployment Compensation Board of Review in the above-captioned matter is 

hereby affirmed.

 

DAN PELLEGRINI, Senior Judge