PUBLISHED

UNITED STATES COURT OF APPEALS

FOR THE FOURTH CIRCUIT

No. 18-2511

VIOLA LAIRD

Plaintiff - Appellant,

v.

FAIRFAX COUNTY, VIRGINIA

Defendant - Appellee.

Appeal from the United States District Court for the Eastern District of Virginia at 

Alexandria. Claude M. Hilton, Senior District Judge. (1:17-cv-01408-CMH-IDD)

Submitted: March 17, 2020 Decided: October 23, 2020

Before KEENAN, WYNN, and RICHARDSON, Circuit Judges.

Affirmed by published opinion. Judge Richardson wrote the opinion, in which Judge

Keenan and Judge Wynn joined. Judge Wynn wrote a concurring opinion. 

Ellen K. Renaud, SWICK & SHAPIRO, P.C., Washington, D.C., for Appellant. Julia B. 

Judkins, BANCROFT, MCGAVIN, HORVATH & JUDKINS P.C., Fairfax, Virginia, for 

Appellee. 
2

RICHARDSON, Circuit Judge:

This suit involves allegations of discrimination and retaliation in violation of the 

Americans with Disabilities Act (“ADA”), 42 U.S.C. § 12101, et seq. Viola Laird, an 

employee of Fairfax County, suffers from multiple sclerosis. In 2017, Laird sued the 

County, claiming that she faced unlawful discrimination based on her disability when the 

County laterally transferred her to another department. She also claims that the transfer 

came in retaliation for filing a complaint with the Equal Employment Opportunity 

Commission. The district court granted summary judgment for the County, and we affirm. 

I. Background

A. Laird’s employment at the County

Laird has worked for Fairfax County for more than twenty-five years. After starting

out as a file clerk, Laird worked her way up to a Contract Specialist I in the County’s 

Department of Procurement & Material Management. 

In 2012, Laird informed her boss, Cathy Muse, about her multiple sclerosis 

diagnosis. Seeking a “reasonable accommodation” under the ADA, Laird formally asked 

Muse if she could begin unscheduled telework.

1 Muse approved the request, authorizing

Laird to telework “whenever she wanted to or needed to,” so long as Laird let Muse know. 

1 Under the ADA, an employer must generally provide a reasonable 

accommodation—like a “modified work schedule[],” 42 U.S.C. § 12111(9)(B)—to enable

a qualified person “to perform the essential functions of [a] position.” 29 C.F.R. 

§ 1630.2(o)(1)(ii). But the ADA does not require an employer to provide this

accommodation when doing so would “impose an undue hardship on the operation of [its] 

business.” 42 U.S.C. § 12112(b)(5)(A).
3

J.A. 930, 968. Laird and Muse also “agreed that either party could revisit the 

accommodation at any time, with management assessing the accommodation’s

effectiveness on at least an annual basis.” J.A. 1212.

Over time, Muse found Laird’s accommodation “untenable” given Laird’s job. J.A. 

931. Not only was it difficult for Muse to supervise Laird and ensure that she had enough 

work to do, but successful telework required planned absences. So the County modified 

Laird’s accommodation, allowing her “to telework on two scheduled days per 

week . . . [or] 16 hours per week.” Id. And even then, the County required Laird to come 

into the office for scheduled meetings.

This new schedule did not satisfy Laird. So in December 2016, she filed a complaint 

with the Equal Employment Opportunity Commission. In her complaint, Laird alleged that 

the County discriminated against her because of her disability by failing to provide the 

initial, more generous, accommodations. Over several months, the parties engaged in 

settlement discussions, in which Laird “indicated that a lateral transfer could resolve [her] 

EEOC charge.” J.A. 1225. 

The parties reached a settlement agreement in May 2017: “The County agree[d] to 

provide, and Laird agree[d] to accept, a lateral transfer within the County to the Fairfax 

County Police Department (FCPD) to the position of Buyer I, where she [would] maintain 

her pay grade, position within the salary band, and opportunity for future promotion.” J.A. 

751. Laird was also given up to 16 hours of flexible telework each work week as an

accommodation, as well as a lump sum of $30,000.
4

After Laird accepted the Settlement, she was transferred to the Police Department’s 

Quartermaster Section, which is responsible for “uniforming and equipping about 2,000 

members of the agency and also some non-members.” J.A. 43. It is “downstream in [the 

procurement] process” in that it “initiate[s] the need for something to be purchased and [ ]

also receive[s] the goods when they come in.” J.A. 67.

Before Laird started, Police Major Edward O’Carroll spoke with Muse about the 

transfer. O’Carroll suggested that Laird work in the Quartermaster Section given Laird’s

familiarity with procurement. O’Carroll knew that Laird could telework two days a week, 

and he met with Laird’s new supervisor to discuss projects that would allow Laird to work 

remotely. As far as Laird’s supervisor was concerned, Laird “was just an employee that 

[he] could assign to Quartermaster duties” and “[u]tilize as needed.” J.A. 347.

The Police Department worked to create Laird’s new job description. Titled 

“Management Analyst I,” the position had the same pay grade as Laird’s previous job. J.A. 

147. According to the description, Laird was to “[a]ssist[] the Quartermaster Section with 

the acquisition, solicitation, negotiation, award, and contract administration for nonstandard parts, inventory items, materials, public safety equipment, uniforms, and all 

mission critical supplies in direct support of the Fairfax County Police Department.” J.A. 

1239. 

After a little over a month on the job, Laird complained that she was not performing 

the duties in her job description because they were not done in the Quartermaster Section. 

The Police Department met with Laird to discuss the issue in August. The Department 

agreed to create a new position and job description for a “Buyer I.” J.A. 155–56, 162.
5

The County sent Laird the revised job description, which removed the duties that 

were not performed in the Quartermaster Section and renamed Laird’s job title. But Laird 

refused to formally accept the position. To this day, Laird remains classified as a

Department of Procurement & Material Management employee, although she works at the 

Police Department. 

Since starting in the Quartermaster Section, Laird’s work assignments have ranged 

from “general office duties that the rest of the team members are expected” to perform, 

J.A. 92, to completing “[a] higher-level requisition” for alcohol sensors and tint meters for 

police officers, J.A. 1078. Laird also researched a possible dry-cleaning contract, J.A. 90–

91, 337, investigated high-density shelving for a new building, J.A. 329, “help[ed] out with 

the counting of inventory,” J.A. 368, and updated the police uniform guide, J.A. 105. 

Even with these responsibilities, Laird claims that her “opportunity for future 

promotion” has been hurt by the transfer. J.A. 570. According to Laird, hers “is a thinkless 

job, just data entry . . . and checking for expiration dates and stuff like that.” J.A. 740. She 

finds the work “boring,” although she has no complaints about her relationship with her 

supervisor nor about how the Police Department has accommodated her disability requests. 

J.A. 647, 711, 740.

B. Laird’s lawsuit

In December 2017, Laird sued the County in federal court. First, she alleged that 

the County unlawfully discriminated by demoting her because of her multiple sclerosis. 

Second, she asserted that the County retaliated against her because she filed a disability-
6

discrimination complaint. After the district court then granted the County’s motion for 

summary judgment, Laird timely appealed. We have jurisdiction. See 28 U.S.C. § 1291.

II. Discussion

We review de novo the district court’s summary judgment award. J.D. ex rel. 

Doherty v. Colonial Williamsburg Found., 925 F.3d 663, 669 (4th Cir. 2019). We will 

grant a movant’s summary judgment motion when “there is no genuine dispute as to any 

material fact and the movant is entitled to judgment as a matter of law.” Fed. R. Civ. P. 

56(a); see J.D. ex rel. Doherty, 925 F.3d at 669. In applying this standard, we view the 

evidence in the light most favorable to Laird, the nonmoving party, and draw all reasonable 

inferences in her favor. Id.

We begin by reviewing the ADA’s requirements. The statute prohibits employers 

from “discriminat[ing]” against “qualified individual[s] on the basis of disability.” 42 

U.S.C. § 12112(a)–(b).2

 An employer unlawfully discriminates against an employee by, 

among other things, failing to “mak[e] reasonable accommodations to the known physical 

or mental limitations of an otherwise qualified individual with a disability who is an 

applicant or employee.” Id. § 12112(b)(5)(A); see also id. § 12112(b)(1)–(7). A 

“reasonable accommodation” may involve “job restructuring, part-time or modified work 

2 The ADA defines a “qualified individual” to mean “an individual who, with or 

without reasonable accommodation, can perform the essential functions of the employment 

position that [the] individual holds or desires.” 42 U.S.C. § 12111(8). And it defines a 

“disability” to include “a physical or mental impairment that substantially limits one or 

more major life activities.” Id. § 12102(1)(A). 
7

schedules, [and] reassignment to a vacant position.” Id. § 12111(9)(B).3

 The ADA also 

prohibits retaliation against employees who seek the Act’s statutory protections. 42 U.S.C. 

§ 12203(a)–(b); see Univ. of Tex. Sw. Med. Ctr. v. Nassar, 570 U.S. 338, 357 (2013). 

When a plaintiff alleges that her employer unlawfully discriminated or retaliated 

against her in violation of the ADA, she can prove her claim through direct and indirect 

evidence. Jacobs v. N.C. Admin. Off. of the Cts., 780 F.3d 562, 572, 577 (4th Cir. 2015). 

Otherwise, the plaintiff may proceed under the burden-shifting framework of McDonnell 

Douglas Corp. v. Green, 411 U.S. 792, 802 (1973), a familiar way to resolve claims arising

under federal employment discrimination laws, see Jacobs, 780 F.3d at 572, 577 (applying 

the framework to a claim under the ADA).

Applying the McDonnell Douglas framework to Laird’s claims, the district court 

found that her case faltered at the first step—the prima facie case.4

 The district court 

3 While a “reassignment to a vacant position” is a “reasonable accommodation,” 42 

U.S.C. § 12111(9)(B), the ADA does not require that an employer create a new position 

for a disabled employee, see Gile v. United Airlines, Inc., 95 F.3d 492, 499 (7th Cir. 1996) 

(“An employer may be obligated to reassign a disabled employee, but only to vacant 

positions; an employer is not required to ‘bump’ other employees to create a vacancy so as 

to be able to reassign the disabled employee.” (emphasis added)).

4 The requirements to set forth a prima facie case under the ADA are similar for 

both discrimination claims and retaliation claims. For a discrimination claim, the plaintiff 

must prove that: (1) she is disabled; (2) she was a qualified individual; and (3) she suffered 

an adverse employment action based on her disability. See Constantine v. Rectors & 

Visitors of George Mason Univ., 411 F.3d 474, 498 (4th Cir. 2005). For a retaliation claim, 

the plaintiff must prove that: (1) she has engaged in protected conduct; (2) she suffered an 

adverse action after engaging in the protected conduct; and (3) there was a causal link 

between the protected conduct and the adverse action. See Laber v. Harvey, 438 F.3d 404, 

432 (4th Cir. 2006). Thus, in both cases, the plaintiff must show that: (1) she is protected; 

(Continued)
8

explained that Laird failed to show that the County had taken an adverse action against her. 

Whether the record reasonably shows that Laird experienced an adverse action is the 

central issue on appeal.

What qualifies as an “adverse action” differs slightly depending on whether the 

claim is for unlawful discrimination or retaliation. For a discrimination claim, the plaintiff

must show that her employer took an action that adversely “affect[ed] employment or 

alter[ed] the conditions of the workplace.” Burlington N. & Santa Fe Ry. Co. v. White, 548 

U.S. 53, 62 (2006) (emphasis added). But for a retaliation claim, the plaintiff is not so 

limited since “[t]he scope of the antiretaliation provision extends beyond workplace-related 

or employment-related retaliatory acts and harm.” Id. at 67.5

 However, although the scope 

of actions that qualify as an adverse action may differ, the required effect or adversity from 

such actions is described in very similar language for both claims. An alleged retaliatory 

action must be “materially adverse,” meaning that the plaintiff must show that the action

“well might have dissuaded a reasonable worker from making or supporting a charge of 

(2) she suffered an adverse action; and (3) there is a causal link between her protected status 

and the adverse action.

5 The Supreme Court in Burlington announced the standard for determining whether 

there is an adverse action for Title VII’s antiretaliation provision, 42 U.S.C. § 2000e-3(a). 

Although Laird’s case involves claims under the ADA, we treat the Title VII context as 

being “analogous” to the ADA for this purpose. Adams, 789 F.3d at 431; see also Fox v. 

General Motors Corp., 247 F.3d 169, 176 (4th Cir. 2001). And since neither party has 

questioned whether Burlington’s standard applies only to private (not public) employees, 

we leave that issue for another day. See Sturdivant v. Geren, No. 1:09-cv-568, 2009 WL 

4030738, at * 4 n.1 (E.D. Va. Nov. 19, 2009), aff’d sub nom. Sturdivant v. McHugh, 450 

F. App’x. 235 (4th Cir. 2010).
9

discrimination.” Id. at 68 (internal citations omitted). In other words, the harm must be a 

“‘significant’ detriment,” not “relatively insubstantial or ‘trivial.’” Adams v. Anne Arundel 

Cty. Pub. Schs., 789 F.3d 422, 431 (4th Cir. 2015) (quoting Burlington, 548 U.S. at 68)

(emphasis added). Similarly, for a discrimination claim, the adverse action must result in 

“some significant detrimental effect,” requiring more than a position that is “less 

appealing” to the plaintiff. Holland v. Wash. Homes, Inc., 487 F.3d 208, 219 (4th Cir. 

2007) (emphasis added). Ultimately, retaliation claims and discrimination claims require 

fact-specific analysis that “depends on the particular circumstances of the case.” Adams, 

789 F.3d at 431. Setting aside the difference in scope, both claims share a “common 

element”: an adverse action, meaning some action that results in some “‘significant’

detriment” to the employee. Id.; see Holland, 487 F.3d at 219.

6

Laird asserts that she was “effectively demoted because of her disability and 

because she pursued a complaint of disability discrimination.” J.A. 10.7

 But this claim 

6 As we noted in Strothers v. City of Laurel, some cases in our Circuit have “recite[d] 

the standard of a retaliation claim as requiring an ‘adverse employment action’ or activity 

rather than simply an ‘adverse action.’” 895 F.3d 317, 327 n.3 (4th Cir. 2018) (citing 

Foster v. Univ. of Md.-E. Shore, 787 F.3d 243, 250 (4th Cir. 2015); Boyer-Liberto v. 

Fontainebleau Corp., 786 F.3d 264, 281 (4th Cir. 2015) (en banc)). But we have 

recognized that this “formulation was expressly rejected by the Supreme Court in 

Burlington.” Strothers, 895 F.3d at 327 n.3 (citing Lettieri v. Equant Inc., 478 F.3d 640, 

650 n.2 (4th Cir. 2007)). So we continue to “adopt the ‘adverse action’ formulation” to 

describe retaliation claims since the action “need not be employment- or workplacerelated.” Id.

7 Laird’s complaint also alleges that the County “constructively demoted [her] 

because of her disability . . . [and] because she pursued an EEOC Charge . . . for 

discrimination based on her disability.” J.A. 10, 11. Yet on appeal, Laird says that she is 

no longer advancing her constructive-demotion claims, see Appellant Br. 27, so they are 

(Continued)
10

fails for a simple reason: If an employee voluntarily requests a transfer, and the employer 

agrees to it, there is no actionable adverse action. Simpson v. Borg-Warner Auto., Inc., 196 

F.3d 873, 876 (7th Cir. 1999) (finding no “adverse action” where the employee requested 

a “downgrade”); see also Cherkaoui v. City of Quincy, 877 F.3d 14, 25 n.2 (1st Cir. 2017) 

(finding no “adverse employment action” when the plaintiff’s assignment resulted from the 

defendant accommodating her request); Tusing v. Des Moines Indep. Cmty. Sch. Dist., 639 

F.3d 507, 521 (8th Cir. 2011) (finding no “adverse action” when the evidence showed that 

the plaintiff “voluntarily” transferred to another job). As one of our sister circuits 

explained, “a transfer cannot be ‘because of a disability’ if it occurred as the result of an 

employee’s own request.” Doe v. Dekalb Cty. Sch. Dist., 145 F.3d 1441, 1454 (11th Cir. 

1998); see also Hooper v. State of Md., No. 94-1067, 1995 WL 8043, at *5 (4th Cir. Jan. 

10, 1995) (finding no “adverse employment action” when the defendant accepted the 

plaintiff’s “voluntary request to transfer”). 

For instance, in Glymph v. Spartanburg Gen. Hosp., 783 F.2d 476, 477 (4th Cir. 

1986), the plaintiff alleged that her employer discriminated against her because of her race 

by forcing her to resign from head nurse and work instead as a staff nurse. The district 

court rejected her claim because the plaintiff’s move from head nurse to staff nurse was 

voluntary. See id. at 478. And we affirmed based on the hospital’s defense that the plaintiff 

abandoned. See AirFacts, Inc. v. de Amezaga, 909 F.3d 84, 92 (4th Cir. 2018). The district 

court correctly noted that the Fourth Circuit has yet to decide whether a claim of 

constructive demotion is cognizable under the ADA. And since Laird has abandoned her 

constructive-demotion claims, we decline to do so today.
11

voluntarily resigned. Id. at 478–79; cf. Stone v. Univ. of Md. Med. Sys. Corp., 855 F.2d 

167, 174 (4th Cir. 1988) (“If [an employee] resigned of his own free will even though 

prompted to do so by events set in motion by his employer, he relinquished his property 

interest voluntarily and thus cannot establish that the state ‘deprived’ him of it within the 

meaning of the due process clause.”). 

Here, the County “agree[d] to provide, and Laird agree[d] to accept, a lateral 

transfer . . . to the position of Buyer I.” J.A. 751. To facilitate this agreement, Muse looked 

to transfer Laird’s prior Contract Specialist I position to the Police Department and 

“reclassified [it] to a Buyer position because there [were] no Contract Specialists outside 

of” the Department of Procurement & Material Management. J.A. 938. Because all the 

Buyer I positions were full at the Police Department, the Police Department created a new 

job description, called “Management Analyst I,” in the Quartermaster Section for Laird.

They did so by looking at positions “that were at the same pay grade as Contract[] Specialist 

I” and would “utilize skills she brought with her from” the Department of Procurement & 

Material Management. J.A. 147, 939. The Police Department thought that putting a Buyer 

I position in the Quartermaster Section might lead to some confusion, which is why they 

originally did not give Laird that title. J.A. 154. Still, once Laird complained about the 

job title, the Department of Human Resources at the Police Department agreed to change 

the title “from Management Analyst I to [ ] Buyer I.” J.A. 161.

Thus, Laird voluntarily agreed—as part of her settlement—to laterally transfer to 

the Police Department as a “reasonable accommodation.” J.A. 751. And the County 

agreed to create a new position for her, even eventually agreeing to change the title of that 
12

position despite the internal confusion it might cause and thus going beyond what the ADA 

requires. See 42 U.S.C. § 12111(9)(B) (listing as a “reasonable accommodation” the 

“reassignment to a vacant position” (emphasis added)). She may now telework each week 

and holds a job with the same salary and similar responsibilities as before. And at least on 

appeal, Laird no longer argues that the intolerable conditions in her prior job compelled 

her to accept the Settlement. See Simpson, 196 F.3d at 877 (holding that an agreed-upon 

transfer may constitute an adverse action only if the plaintiff shows that “his working 

conditions were so intolerable that a reasonable person would have been compelled to 

resign,” and the conditions were “intolerable because of unlawful discrimination”). So 

Laird cannot now claim discrimination and retaliation based on the County’s decision to 

make the agreed-upon transfer.8

 

* * *

In sum, a transfer is not an adverse action when it is voluntarily requested and agreed 

upon. That is what happened here: Laird requested a lateral transfer, and the County 

agreed to place her in a position with the same pay and similar responsibilities. Because 

Laird showed no adverse action, the district court correctly determined that she failed to 

make out a prima facie case of discrimination and retaliation.

AFFIRMED

8 Whether the County upheld the bargain or breached the Settlement by not creating 

the precise position that Laird wanted is neither here nor there. Laird only brought claims

under the ADA. She did not claim breach of contract, although the Settlement permits a 

party to “obtain damages for [ ] breach.” J.A. 752.
13

WYNN, Circuit Judge, concurring:

Because Laird clearly and unambiguously abandoned her constructive demotion 

claim on appeal, see Opening Br. at 27, I agree with the majority’s conclusion that Laird 

failed to show an adverse action, thus dooming her ADA claims. As the majority correctly 

points out, “the Fourth Circuit has yet to decide” the question of whether a claim of 

constructive demotion is cognizable under the Americans with Disabilities Act. See 

Majority Op. at 9–10 n.7.

Today, we hold that “[i]f an employee voluntarily requests a transfer, and the 

employer agrees to it, there is no actionable adverse action.” Majority Op. at 10. But a 

request for a transfer is not “voluntary” if an employee is subject to work conditions 

sufficiently intolerable to force them to seek a transfer. Put more directly, a transfer is not 

voluntary if the employee was constructively demoted.

Each of our sister circuits to have faced the question of whether to recognize claims 

of constructive demotion has decided that such claims are cognizable. Those courts have 

viewed constructive demotion as a natural extension of constructive discharge, a wellestablished adverse action, and have applied an identical analysis for both constructive 

demotion and constructive discharge claims. See Fenney v. Dakota, Minn., & E. R.R. Co., 

327 F.3d 707, 717 (8th Cir. 2003); Simpson v. Borg-Warner Auto., Inc., 196 F.3d 873, 876 

(7th Cir. 1999); Sharp v. City of Houston, 164 F.3d 923, 933–34 (5th Cir. 1999); Kauffman 

v. Kent State Univ., 21 F.3d 428, 1994 WL 112874, at *3 (6th Cir. 1994) (unpublished table 

opinion); see also Medina v. Henderson, No. 98-5471, 1999 WL 325497, at *1 (D.C. Cir. 

Apr. 30, 1999) (recognizing the concept of constructive demotion without articulating a 
14

standard for it); cf. Elmore v. Dep’t of Transp., 421 F.3d 1339, 1342 (Fed. Cir. 2005) 

(recognizing constructive demotion in review of Merit Systems Protection Board claims); 

Diaz-Gandia v. Dapena-Thompson, 90 F.3d 609, 614 (1st Cir. 1996) (recognizing 

constructive demotion in a veterans’-rights discrimination case); Clark v. Township of 

Falls, 890 F.2d 611, 618 (3d Cir. 1989) (recognizing constructive demotion under state 

employment statute).

We too have previously held that demotion may cause a constructive discharge. See 

Carter v. Ball, 33 F.3d 450, 459 (4th Cir. 1994) (“Demotion can constitute a constructive 

discharge, especially where the demotion is essentially a career-ending action or a 

harbinger of dismissal.”). Logic dictates that if a demotion can constitute a constructive 

discharge, then a constructive demotion can similarly constitute a constructive discharge. 

As such, the two should be reviewed under the same analysis. See Heiko v. Colombo Sav. 

Bank, F.S.B., 434 F.3d 249, 262 (4th Cir. 2006) (articulating a plaintiff’s burden in proving 

constructive discharge).