AFFIRMED, and Opinion Filed May 29, 1997

In The

(Hffiirt nf Appeals

¥iftl| Btstrtrt at Qkxas at lallas

No. 05-95-01613-CR

No. 05-95-01614-CR

No. 05-95-01615-CR

SHANE HOWARD BALDWIN, Appellant

V.

THE STATE OF TEXAS, Appellee

On Appeal from the 194th District Court

Dallas County, Texas

Trial Court Cause Nos. F92-29378-RM, F92-29810-RM, and F92-29817-PM

OPINION

Before Justices Lagarde, Hankinson, and Bridges

Opinion By Justice Bridges

Shane Howard Baldwin appeals his convictions for aggravated robbery and two

offenses of theft. After the trial court overruled appellant's motions to suppress, appellant

entered aplea of nolo contendere before the court, and the trial court found appellant

guilty. In three points of error, appellant complains generally of the trial court's denial of
his motions to suppress. We affirm the judgments ofthe trial court.

FACTUAL BACKGROUND

Early on the morning of June 22, 1992, Grand Prairie police officers Ballard and

Wills responded to aresidential burglar alarm at 209 Gramley Drive. At the house, the

officers saw the front door was open and heard the alarm going off. They entered the house

and quickly searched through the house for burglars. In the course of this search, the

officers found no burglars but discovered two new air conditioning units with their wires cut

and two bedrooms full of electronic equipment. Based on their observations, the officers

supposed that the resident of the house might work on electronic equipment. Grand Prairie

police department policy requires officers responding to aresidential alarm at an unoccupied

residence to identify and contact the owner of the residence before leaving. Officer Ballard

saw aportable cellular phone on the floor of one bedroom, and the plastic flap of the phone

case showed aman's name and phone number in plain view. Officer Ballard thought the

phone number would enable him to identify the owner of the house.

Officer Ballard relayed the phone number on the cellular phone to the police

dispatcher. The dispatcher called the number and determined that the phone had been

stolen in aburglary and the owner of the phone was not the owner of the house. Officer

Ballard then called for adetective unit to come to the house, and Detective Isbell responded

to the call. Officers Ballard and Wills showed Detective Isbell the electronic equipment and

the air conditioning units. Detective Isbell identified the owner of the house through
computer records, obtained asearch warrant, and executed the warrant immediately. After

listing the property found in the house, Detective Isbell executed the return of the warrant.

Based on the property found after the search warrant was executed, an arrest warrant was

issued for Bryan Little, the occupant of the house at 209 Gramley Drive. Appellant was

subsequently arrested along with Little.

Appellant signed avoluntary statement detailing his involvement in multiple thefts.

Appellant gave his address as "2314 Ave C." In his separate statement, Little gave the

address "209 Gramley." In his statement, Little referred to 209 Gramley as his house and

did not say that appellant lived there. Further, appellant consistently referred to 209

Gramley as "Bryan's house."

Appellant filed his motions to suppress the physical evidence and his voluntary

statement. At the hearing on the motions, Little testified that the house at 209 Gramley

belonged to his parents, and he, appellant, and another man were renting the house. Little

also testified that appellant was just moving in and had only been at the house about aweek

when the alarm went off. The trial court denied the motions to suppress, and appellant

entered a plea of nolo contendere to the charges against him.

On appeal, appellant argues (1) the-trial court erred in overruling his motions to

suppress evidence and his confession because the stolen property at issue was discovered by

police in the course of an illegal search; (2) the trial court erred in overruling his motion to

suppress his confession because the police unlawfully obtained the information relied upon

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to supply probable cause for their arrests; and (3) the evidence is factually insufficient to

support the trial court's denial of the suppression motions.

STANDARD OF REVIEW

Appellant's points of error all challenge the trial court's ruling on his motions to

suppress. At a hearing on a motion to suppress, the trial court is the sole judge of the

witnesses' credibility and the weight given to their testimony. Romero v. State, 800 S.W.2d

539, 543 (Tex. Crim. App. 1990). The trial judge may accept or reject any or all of the

witnesses' testimony. Johnson v. State, 864 S.W.2d 708, 713 (Tex. App.-Dallas 1993), affd,

912 S.W.2d 227 (Tex. Crim. App. 1995). We do not engage in our own factual review.

Johnson, 864 S.W.2d at 713. We only consider whether the trial court improperly applied

the law to the facts. See Romero, 800 S.W.2d at 543; Johnson, 864 S.W.2d at 713. We view

the evidence in the light most favorable to the trial court's ruling. Johnson, 864 S.W.2d at

713. We apply an abuse of discretion standard to the court's ruling and will reverse only if

a clear abuse of discretion is shown. Dawson v. State, 868 S.W.2d 363, 367 (Tex.

App.-Dallas 1993, pet. refd). If the evidence supports the trial court's ruling, we do not

disturb that ruling. Johnson, 864 S.W.2d at 713. We will uphold the trial court's ruling on

any valid theory, regardless of whether the State argued it in the trial court or on appeal.

See Lewis v. State, 664 S.W.2d 345, 347 (Tex. Crim. App. 1984); Johnson, 864 S.W.2d at

713.

All three of appellant's points of error hinge on his assertion that the police

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conducted an illegal search of the residence at 209 Gramley.1 However, before appellant

can complain of the trial court's ruling on the motions to suppress, he must have standing

to challenge the search.

STANDING

Aparty does not have automatic standing to challenge the police officers' search

under the Fourth Amendment. Goehring v. State, 627 S.W.2d 159, 164 (Tex. Crim. App.

1982). Rather, aparty may challenge police conduct only if it infringes on his own Fourth

Amendment rights. See Lewis v. State, 598 S.W.2d 280, 283 (Tex. Crim. App. [Panel Op.]

1980); Black v. State, 776 S.W.2d 700, 701 (Tex. App.-Dallas 1989, pet. refd). In order

for aparty to challenge the police officers' search, he bears the burden to prove that he had

alegitimate expectation of privacy upon which the police improperly intruded. Rakas v.

Illinois, 439 U.S. 128, 134 (1978); Wilson v. State, 692 S.W.2d 661, 667 (Tex. Crim. App.

1984) (op. on reh'g); Black, 116 S.W.2d at 701.

In order to determine if aparty has standing to challenge the search and seizure, the

court should consider whether he (1) had a property or possessory interest in the item

seized or the place searched, (2) had complete dominion and the right to exclude others,

(3) took precautions usually taken by those seeking privacy, (4) put the property to some

private use, (5) made aclaim of privacy consistent with historical notions, and (6) was

'Appellant's first point of error also contains of the trial court's failure to suppress his confession, but his argument does

not address this issue. We therefore consider this argument waived. See Tex. R. App. P. 74(f).

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legitimately on the premises. Calloway v. State, 743 S.W.2d 645, 651 (Tex. Crim. App.

1988); Black, 776 S.W.2d at 701.

The record shows that only Little gave 209 Gramley as his own address when he

made his voluntary statement. Appellant gave his address as "2314 Ave C." In his voluntary

statement, appellant did not claim any property or possessory interest in the residence at

209 Gramley, and he consistently referred to the residence as "Bryan's house." At the

hearing on appellant's motion to suppress, only Little testified that he, appellant, and

another man lived at 209 Gramley together. The trial judge was free to reject Little's

testimony. See Johnson, 864 S.W.2d at 713. Similarly, the trial judge was free to accept that

appellant had his residence at the address given in his voluntary statement. See id.

Accordingly, the trial judge was free to conclude that appellant did not meet his burden of

proving that he had alegitimate expectation of privacy in the residence at 209 Gramley and

that appellant lacked standing to challenge the search.

Even if appellant had standing to challenge the search, he could not prevail on

appeal. Viewing the evidence in the light most favorable to the trial court's ruling, the

record contains evidence that the police officers entered the residence at 209 Gramley

legally in response to aburglar alarm. Inside-the house, the officers found aphone number

and aname in plain view. Thinking the name and number might belong to the homeowner,

the police had the dispatcher call the number. Only then did the police officers realize the

cellular telephone was stolen. Without disturbing any of the property inside the residence,

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the police officers called in adetective who obtained and executed asearch warrant. Based

on this evidence, the trial court did not abuse its discretion when it denied appellant's

motions to suppress the evidence of stolen property and his subsequent confession.

In addition, it would be improper for this Court to weigh the factual sufficiency of

the evidence elicited at the suppression hearing. At asuppression hearing, the trial judge

is the sole and exclusive trier of fact and judge of the credibility of the witnesses, as well as

the weight to be given their testimony. DuBose v. State, 915 S.W.2d 493, 496 (Tex. Crim.

App. 1996). The trial judge is also the initial arbiter of the legal significance of those facts.

Id.; see Tex. R. Crim. Evid. 104(a).

On appeal, we are to limit our review of the trial court's rulings, both as to the facts

and the legal significance of those facts, to adetermination ofwhether the trial court abused

its discretion. DuBose, 915 S.W.2d at 496. We are specifically instructed to give deference

to the trial court's ruling with regard to amotion to suppress. See State v. Carter, 915

S.W.2d 501, 504 (Tex. Crim. App. 1996). Even if we would have reached adifferent result,

as long as the trial court's rulings are at least within the "zone of reasonable disagreement,"

we should not intercede. Id. at 496-97. We do not engage in our own factual review of a

trial court's decision on amotion to suppress. Johnson, 864 S.W.2d at 713. Thus, the

standard of review applied to the trial court's ruling on amotion to suppress precludes a

factual sufficiency review. See id. Carter, 915 S.W.2d at 504 ;DuBose, 915 S.W.2d at 496-

97. Because we conclude appellant had no standing to challenge the search of 209 Gramley,
we overrule appellant's points of error one, two, and three.

We affirm the trial court's judgments.

Do Not Publish

Tex. R. App. P. 90

951613F.U05

DAVID L. BRIDGES

JUSTICE

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