TAGGED OPINION

UNITED STATES BANKRUPTCY COURT

SOUTHERN DISTRICT OF FLORIDA

FORT LAUDERDALE DIVISION

www.flsb.uscourts.gov

In re:

Daymark Realty Advisors, Inc., 

Daymark Properties Realty, Inc., 

Daymark Residential Management, Inc.,

Debtors. 

_________________________________________/

Chapter 7

Case No. 18-23750-SMG

Case No. 18-23751-SMG

Case No. 18-23752-SMG 

(substantively consolidated)

Todd A. Mikles, et al.,

Plaintiffs,

v.

Richard Carlson, et al.,

Defendants. 

_________________________________________/

Adv. No. 19-1291-SMG

ORDER TAXING COSTS ON APPEAL

Scott M. Grossman, Judge

_____________________________________________________________________________ United States Bankruptcy Court

ORDERED in the Southern District of Florida on September 29, 2021.

Case 19-01291-SMG Doc 246 Filed 09/29/21 Page 1 of 7
2

After the Honorable Rodney Smith of the United States District Court for the 

Southern District of Florida entered an Order Affirming Order of Bankruptcy Court1

on July 28, 2021, Appellees Todd A. Mikles, et al. (the “Appellees”) timely filed a Bill 

of Costs2 under Federal Rule of Bankruptcy Procedure 8021 and Local Rule 8021-1. 

The Bill of Costs requested costs be taxed against Appellant, Kenneth Catanzarite, 

Esq. (the “Appellant”), in the total amount of $2,448.65, consisting of $2,006.50 for 

court reporter transcript fees and $442.15 for PACER charges.

The Appellant timely objected3 to the Bill of Costs and raised three principal 

arguments. First, he argued that the Bill of Costs was filed in violation of the 14-day 

automatic stay of Federal Rule of Bankruptcy Procedure 8025(a), which he contended 

remains in effect. Second, he argued that the PACER charges lacked specificity and 

clarity, and that the Appellees needed “to produce records substantiating the 

connexity of his listed Pacer searches to the instant case, including the page count 

and Pacer charge.” And third, he argued that the Appellees must provide court 

reporter statements and demonstrate that the transcripts were needed to determine 

the appeal.

The Court held a hearing on the Objection on September 22, 2021.4 Before the 

hearing, the Appellees filed a Request for Judicial Notice,5 requesting that this Court 

1 ECF No. 233.

2 ECF No. 235.

3 ECF No. 241 (the “Objection”).

4 ECF No. 242.

5 ECF No. 244.

Case 19-01291-SMG Doc 246 Filed 09/29/21 Page 2 of 7
3

take judicial notice6 of certain documents filed in the District Court case on appeal, 

which request the Court granted at the hearing.

Analysis

The statutory basis to tax costs is set forth in 28 U.S.C. § 1920, which provides 

that “a judge or clerk of any court of the United States may tax as costs” those costs 

enumerated in the statute.7 Various federal rules of procedure implement the statute, 

depending on the context in which costs are to be taxed.8 A presumption exists in 

favor of awarding costs.9 Unless the prevailing party has some “exclusive knowledge” 

about the costs being sought,10 the objecting party has the burden of establishing that 

the costs are not taxable.11 A court must have a “sound basis” to defeat this 

presumption and deny the costs requested.12

6 Fed. R. Ev. 201.

7 The following costs are taxable:

(1) Fees of the clerk and marshal;

(2) Fees for printed or electronically recorded transcripts necessarily obtained for use in the case;

(3) Fees and disbursements for printing and witnesses;

(4) Fees for exemplification and the costs of making copies of any materials where the copies are 

necessarily obtained for use in the case;

(5) Docket fees under section 1923 of [Title 28];

(6) Compensation of court appointed experts, compensation of interpreters, and salaries, fees, 

expenses, and costs of special interpretation services under section 1828 of [Title 28].

28 U.S.C. § 1920.

8 See, e.g., Fed. R. Civ. P. 54(d)(1); Fed. R. App. P. 39; Fed. R. Bankr. P. 7004(b); Fed. R. Bankr. P. 

8021. 9 Lebron v. Royal Caribbean Cruises, Ltd., 2021 WL 3007191, at *1 (S.D. Fla. 2021), report and 

recommendation adopted, 2021 WL 3005648 (S.D. Fla. 2021) (citing Manor Healthcare Corp. v. Lomelo, 

929 F.2d 633, 639 (11th Cir. 1991)).

10 Id. at *2 (citing Licausi v. Symantec Corp., 2009 WL 3177566, at *1 (S.D. Fla. 2009)). 11 Id. at *2 (citing Eugene v. 3Don & Partner Estate Group, LLC, 2009 WL 996016, at *14 (S.D. Fla. 

2009)).

12 Id. at *1 (quoting Chapman v. AI Transp., 229 F.3d 1012, 1039 (11th Cir. 2000)).

Case 19-01291-SMG Doc 246 Filed 09/29/21 Page 3 of 7
4

A. Timing of filing Bill of Costs.

Federal Rule of Bankruptcy Procedure 8021 implements 28 U.S.C. § 1920 with 

respect to costs for an appeal to the district court or a bankruptcy appellate panel (a 

“BAP”) from a bankruptcy court order or judgment. Rule 8021(d) requires a party who 

wants costs taxed to file a bill of costs within 14 days after entry of the judgment on 

appeal.13 Federal Rule of Bankruptcy Procedure 8025(a), however, provides that 

unless the district court or BAP orders otherwise, its judgment on appeal is stayed 

for 14 days after entry.14 Thus, the Appellant argues, filing a bill of costs within the 

14-day deadline set by Rule 8021 violates the 14-day automatic stay of Rule 8025(a).

Under the Appellant’s argument (for which he cites no case law or any other 

authority), no party could ever timely file a bill of costs without violating the 

automatic stay (or seeking an extension of time or relief from the stay). This could 

not be the intent of the rules. A better reading of the two rules is that while Rule 

8025(a) is an automatic stay of execution or enforcement of the district court’s 

judgment, simply filing a bill of costs with the bankruptcy clerk as required by Rule 

8021 is not an act to execute on or enforce a judgment, and does not violate the 14-

day automatic stay of Rule 8025(a). Indeed, Rule 8021(d) provides a 14-day objection 

period after service of a bill of costs, before the clerk may tax any costs. The clerk 

therefore could not tax any costs – and no party could seek to collect on any award of 

costs – until after expiration of the 14-day automatic stay of Rule 8025(a). Thus, no 

plausible reading of Rules 8021 and 8025 together suggests that filing a bill of costs 

13 Fed. R. Bankr. P. 8021(d). 14 Fed. R. Bankr. P. 8025(a).

Case 19-01291-SMG Doc 246 Filed 09/29/21 Page 4 of 7
5

within the 14-day deadline set by Rule 8021(d) violates the automatic stay of Rule 

8025(a).

The Appellant also argues that under Federal Rule of Bankruptcy Procedure 

8025(b)(3), the Rule 8025(a) automatic stay of the District Court’s order continues in 

effect because he appealed before expiration of that automatic stay. He is incorrect. 

Rule 8025(b)(3) provides that “[i]f, before a stay expires, the party who obtained the 

stay appeals to the court of appeals, the stay continues until final disposition by the 

court of appeals.”15 The stay referred to in subsection 8025(b)(3) is a court-ordered 

stay under subsection (b)(1), and not the automatic stay of subsection (a).16

Accordingly, the Appellant’s appeal to the Court of Appeals within 14 days of the 

District Court’s order does not serve to extend the 14-day automatic stay of Rule 

8025(a). Had the Appellant wanted a stay pending appeal to the Court of Appeals, he 

would have had to have sought a stay pending appeal under Rule 8025(b)(1) and then 

appealed to the Court of Appeals before that stay expired.17 Regardless, because the 

Bill of Costs was not filed in violation of any stay, the Appellant’s objection to the 

timing of its filing is overruled.

15 Fed. R. Bankr. P. 8025(b)(3). 

16 10 COLLIER ON BANKRUPTCY ¶ 8025.03 (16th ed. 2021) (“subdivision (b)(3) refers to ‘the party who 

obtained the stay’ appealing; no one obtains the automatic stay of Rule 8025(a).”).

17 Fed. R. Bankr. P. 8025(b)(3). The Court does note that, after entry of the Court’s Order Liquidating 

and Awarding Compensatory Sanctions (ECF No. 182; see also ECF No. 112) (the “Sanctions Order”) 

that was the subject of the appeal, the Court granted a stay of the Sanctions Order, secured by a 

supersedeas bond posted by the Appellant. (ECF Nos. 193, 195). Timely filing the Bill of Costs while 

that stay was pending does not violate that stay, either.

Case 19-01291-SMG Doc 246 Filed 09/29/21 Page 5 of 7
6

B. PACER charges.

With respect to the Appellant’s objection to PACER charges due to lack of 

specificity and clarity, the Court notes that this objection comes nowhere close to 

satisfying the Appellant’s burden of establishing that these costs are not taxable. 

Nevertheless, the objection to taxing costs for PACER fees must be sustained as a 

matter of law. Courts in this District have routinely found that PACER costs are not 

taxable under 28 U.S.C. § 1920,18 and this Court agrees with and adopts the 

reasoning of those decisions. Accordingly, the Appellant’s objection to taxing the 

Appellees’ PACER costs is sustained. PACER costs totaling $442.15 will not be taxed.

C. Transcript costs.

Finally, as to the transcripts, nothing in the Appellant’s Objection or his 

counsel’s arguments at the hearing were sufficient to overcome the presumption in 

favor of awarding costs. Indeed, the Objection attempted to shift the burden to the 

Appellees to “demonstrate that the subject transcripts were needed to determine the 

appeal.” As noted above, there is a presumption in favor of awarding costs, and it is 

the objecting party’s burden to establish that the costs are not taxable.19 The 

Appellant failed to sustain that burden. Likewise, the Appellant’s argument that the 

Appellees must produce court reporter statements is also an insufficient basis to 

overcome the presumption in favor of awarding costs. The Bill of Costs contained an 

itemization in accordance with this Court’s Guidelines for Taxation of Costs by 

18 Lebron, 2021 WL 3007191, at *7 (citing Rodriguez v. Geovera Specialty Insurance Co., 2020 WL 

2732337, at *9, (S.D. Fla. 2020); Rivero v. Godoy, 2019 WL 1178472, at *5 (S.D. Fla. 2019); McGilvery 

v. Williams, 2017 WL 8812740, at *2 (S.D. Fla. 2017)).

19 See notes 9-12, supra.

Case 19-01291-SMG Doc 246 Filed 09/29/21 Page 6 of 7
7

Clerk,20 listing each transcript by the date it was ordered, the amount charged, the 

dates of the hearings transcribed, and the bases under the Guidelines for an award 

of costs. Again, with the burden on the objecting party, the Appellees had no 

obligation to produce court reporter statements to the Appellant to verify the amount 

of costs sought by the Appellees in the Bill of Costs.21 The Appellant’s objection to 

taxation of the transcript costs is therefore overruled as well. Transcript costs in the 

amount of $2,006.50 will be taxed.

Conclusion

After due consideration of the Bill of Costs, the Objection, and the arguments 

of counsel, and for the reasons discussed above, it is ORDERED:

1. The Request for Judicial Notice is GRANTED.

2. The Objection is OVERRULED IN PART and SUSTAINED IN 

PART, as detailed above.

3. Costs are taxed in the amount of $2,006.50, and included in the 

Sanctions Order.

# # #

Copies furnished to:

All interested parties by the Clerk of Court

20 https://www.flsb.uscourts.gov/guidelines-taxation-costs-clerk. 21 With access to copies of the transcripts in the appellate record – and having himself ordered certain 

transcripts in this adversary proceeding (see, e.g., ECF Nos. 127, 200) – the Appellant could have easily 

computed and verified the transcript costs on his own.

Case 19-01291-SMG Doc 246 Filed 09/29/21 Page 7 of 7