NOTICE: Summary decisions issued by the Appeals Court pursuant to M.A.C. Rule 

23.0, as appearing in 97 Mass. App. Ct. 1017 (2020) (formerly known as rule 1:28, 

as amended by 73 Mass. App. Ct. 1001 [2009]), are primarily directed to the parties 

and, therefore, may not fully address the facts of the case or the panel's 

decisional rationale. Moreover, such decisions are not circulated to the entire 

court and, therefore, represent only the views of the panel that decided the case. 

A summary decision pursuant to rule 23.0 or rule 1:28 issued after February 25, 

2008, may be cited for its persuasive value but, because of the limitations noted 

above, not as binding precedent. See Chace v. Curran, 71 Mass. App. Ct. 258, 260 

n.4 (2008).

COMMONWEALTH OF MASSACHUSETTS

APPEALS COURT

22-P-991

COMMONWEALTH

vs.

PETER AKARA.

MEMORANDUM AND ORDER PURSUANT TO RULE 23.0

Following a jury-waived trial in Superior Court, the 

defendant was convicted of trafficking a class B substance in an 

amount over thirty-six grams. The conviction was based on 

cocaine, a scale, and over $59,000 in cash discovered at the 

defendant's Roslindale residence during the execution of a 

search warrant. On appeal, the defendant raises multiple claims 

of error, most of which relate to assertions that the police 

might have obtained the search warrant based on an affidavit 

that contained fabrications. We affirm.

Background. The search warrant affidavit was signed by 

Boston police officer Robert England, a member of the "Drug 

Control Unit" (DCU). It relies in pertinent part on information 

provided by a confidential informant referred to as "Randall," 
2

and on three controlled buys of cocaine that Randall made from 

the defendant. According to the affidavit, Randall had provided 

England "and other members of the DCU with reliable information 

in the past which has resulted in the purchase of illegal 

narcotics by undercover police officers in several of these 

investigations." Randall told police that that a Black male was 

operating a narcotics delivery service in and around West 

Roxbury and Roslindale. He reported that he would reach the 

person by calling him using a specified phone number and that 

the person would deliver the drugs using a Blue Toyota Avalon 

that had a Massachusetts license plate 555SS1. The police knew 

that the car was registered to the defendant's mother at 133 

Cornell Street in Roslindale. They showed a photograph of the 

defendant to Randall, who identified the person shown in the 

photograph as the one who would sell him drugs. 

Based on this information, the police used Randall to set 

up three controlled buys using customary protocols. Each 

controlled buy followed the same pattern: after Randall 

contacted the defendant by calling the referenced phone number, 

the defendant would leave 133 Cornell Street and drive in the 

Toyota Avalon to an agreed-upon location where he sold Randall 

cocaine in exchange for money. Although the descriptions of the 

controlled buys were very specific in some respects, they were 

general in others. Thus, for example, the affidavit did not set 
3

forth the specific locations of the controlled buys, and it 

described their respective dates as follows: "[w]ithin the last 

several weeks [of September 20, 2018, the date the affidavit was 

signed], "[w]ithin the last week or so," and "[w]ithin the last 

seventy-two hours." The affidavit explained that any vagueness 

as to such points was designed to protect Randall's identity. 

A clerk-magistrate determined that England's affidavit 

supplied probable cause to search the defendant's person, the 

Toyota Avalon, and the residence at 133 Cornell Street, and 

issued three search warrants (one for each). The police 

executed the warrants the following day (September 21, 2018). 

On the defendant's person, the police discovered a cell phone 

and a set of keys that included keys to the Avalon, his bedroom, 

and two safes. As noted, inside the residence, the police found 

cocaine, a scale, and over $59,000 in cash. They also found a 

second cell phone -- this one with a broken screen -- on a couch 

in the living room. 

The defendant was indicted for trafficking a class B 

substance based on the evidence found inside his residence. He 

was not charged with possessing or distributing the cocaine sold 

during the controlled buys. Neither Randall nor England were 

called to testify at his trial. The defendant represented 

himself at trial, and during his cross-examination of one of the 

officers who executed the search warrant, he asked "[d]id you or 
4

any of the officers plant the drugs?" The officer answered 

"no." 

Both before and after trial, the defendant pursued a series 

of motions that related to whether Randall or England might have 

fabricated information included in the search warrant affidavit 

regarding the controlled buys. Indeed, the defendant maintained 

that Randall may not even have existed. Each of these motions 

was denied, in pertinent part, and at trial, the defendant was 

not allowed to pursue cross-examination regarding the search 

warrant affidavit. The details regarding the defendant's 

efforts and claims of error are discussed below.

Discussion. The evidence of trafficking cocaine found 

inside the defendant's residence was extremely strong. 

Unsurprisingly, he focused his efforts on seeking to suppress 

that evidence. However, because the search was done pursuant to 

a warrant, the defendant bore the burden of demonstrating the 

invalidity of the warrant. See Commonwealth v. Bond, 375 Mass. 

201, 210 (1978). To the extent that the defendant argued that 

the search warrant affidavit failed to establish probable cause 

that evidence of a crime would be found inside his residence, 

our review is confined to the information contained within the 

four corners of the affidavit submitted in support of the 

application. See Commonwealth v. O'Day, 440 Mass. 296, 297 

(2003). Here, Officer England's affidavit "contain[ed] facts 
5

sufficient to demonstrate that there is probable cause to 

believe that drugs, or related evidence, will be found at the 

location to be searched." Commonwealth v. Lewis, 103 Mass. App. 

Ct. 61, 63 (2023), quoting Commonwealth v. Pina, 453 Mass. 438, 

440 (2009). There also was "specific information in the 

affidavit, and reasonable inferences a magistrate may draw, to 

provide 'a sufficient nexus between the defendant's drug-selling 

activity and his residence.'" Lewis, supra, quoting Pina, supra

at 440-441. Nothing more was required. Accordingly, the 

defendant's motion to suppress the fruits of the search was 

properly denied.

The defendant's other motions all relate to his efforts to 

claim that key averments in England's affidavit may have been 

fabricated. As one such effort, the defendant requested a 

hearing pursuant to Franks v. Delaware, 438 U.S. 154 (1978), and 

Commonwealth v. Amral, 407 Mass. 511 (1990). To obtain a 

Franks/Amral hearing, a defendant must make "a substantial 

preliminary showing" that the affiant either intentionally or 

recklessly made materially false statements in the affidavit. 

Franks, 438 U.S. at 170. See also Amral, 407 Mass. at 522 (in 

camera hearing required only "where the defendant by affidavit 

asserts facts which cast a reasonable doubt on the veracity of 

material representations made by the affiant concerning a 

confidential informant"). Other than his own general denial 
6

that he had sold cocaine in the Boston area during the relevant 

time period, the defendant provided no support for his claim 

that Officer England had included a misstatement in his 

affidavit, much less a material falsehood. This being the case, 

the judge who denied the defendant's motion for a Franks/Amral

hearing did not abuse his discretion in doing so.

For similar reasons, the defendant's other related efforts 

also fail. In an effort to obtain information that might 

support his request for a Franks/Amral hearing, the defendant 

filed a pretrial "Motion Seeking Discovery Pertaining to Alleged 

'Controlled Buys.'" This was a motion seeking discretionary 

discovery pursuant to Mass. R. Crim. P. 14 (a) (2), as appearing 

in 442 Mass. 1518 (2004).1 Citing to Commonwealth v. John, 36 

Mass. App. Ct. 702, 705 (1994), the judge denied that motion 

after concluding that the defendant had not established by 

affidavit "facts which cast a reasonable doubt on the veracity 

of material representations made by the affiant concerning a 

confidential informant" (citation omitted). We recognize that 

1 We pause to note that the Commonwealth has an affirmative 

obligation to disclose exculpatory information in its possession

as part of its mandatory automatic discovery obligations. See 

Mass. R. Crim. P. 14 (a) (1), as appearing in 442 Mass. 1518 

(2004). Thus, for example, if counsel had reason to doubt that 

the controlled buys had taken place, he or she would have a duty 

to volunteer such information to the defense and potentially be 

subject to discipline for not doing so.
7

the defendant submitted an affidavit that included his general 

denial that he had sold drugs in Boston during the period in 

question. However, "[t]he judge was not required to credit the 

affidavit, even if undisputed." Commonwealth v. Dubois, 451 

Mass. 20, 29 (2008). We conclude that the judge did not abuse 

her discretion in denying the defendant's discovery motion.2

The defendant seeks to make much of the fact that during 

the hearing on his discovery motion, the judge who ultimately 

denied that motion commented that defense counsel had "given 

[her] some basis for being skeptical about the veracity of th[e] 

search warrant." It bears noting that the judge made that 

comment in the midst of her trying to broker an agreement in 

which the Commonwealth would turn over something to the 

defendant to demonstrate that the controlled buys occurred. In 

any event, the judge's passing comment that there was a reason 

for skepticism is not supported by the arguments that the 

2 To be clear, we agree with the defendant that the Commonwealth 

could have provided some discovery responsive to the defendant's 

motion without impinging on the informant's privilege. However, 

given that the search warrant enjoyed a presumption of validity, 

the mere possibility that the requested discovery might be 

helpful to support a Franks/Amral hearing is not enough to 

entitle the defendant to pursue it. See Commonwealth v.

Whitfield, 492 Mass. 61, 73 (2023), citing John, 36 Mass. App. 

Ct. at 706. Cf. Commonwealth v. Cuffee, 492 Mass. 25, 29-31

(2023) (even though defendant need not prove selective 

enforcement in order to obtain discovery to try to support such 

claim, there still must be "an initial showing of selective 

enforcement sufficient to order discretionary discovery"). 
8

defendant had presented to her, as the judge herself apparently 

came to conclude by the time she denied the motion. We turn to 

reviewing the defendant's claims on this in some detail.

In asserting that there was reason to doubt England's 

veracity, the defendant focused primarily on an omission in his 

affidavit. It is undisputed that during the relevant period, 

police were aware that the defendant was subject to global 

positioning system (GPS) monitoring. As a result, as the 

defendant pointed out, England theoretically could have 

strengthened his affidavit by cross-referencing the defendant's 

GPS data against the locations of the controlled buys during the 

precise times. The defendant suggests that the affidavit's 

silence on this issue is telling. We are unpersuaded. For one 

thing, such cross-referencing would have added significant value 

only to the extent that the specific locations and timing of the 

controlled buys were revealed, and the Commonwealth had good 

reason to want to withhold that information given that it could 

have revealed the identity of Randall. For another, England's 

affidavit was readily sufficient without any reliance on GPS 

data. See Lewis, 103 Mass. App. Ct. at 65 (rejecting similar 

argument because "question is ultimately not whether the 

affidavit might have been made stronger [had it included certain 
9

information], but whether it was sufficient to establish 

probable cause to search [defendant's residence]").3 

As noted, England declined to identify Randall in his 

affidavit, asserting the long-recognized informant privilege. 

See Commonwealth v. Whitfield, 492 Mass. 61, 68-69 (2023). The 

defendant moved for disclosure of Randall's identity, but failed 

to make a preliminary showing of how this would be relevant and 

material to his defense (in circumstances where the defendant 

was not being charged for possession or distribution of the 

cocaine involved in the controlled buys). See id. at 71, 

quoting Commonwealth v. Dias, 451 Mass. 463, 469 (2008) 

("defendant must make 'some offering' so that the judge 'may 

assess the materiality and relevancy of the disclosure to the 

defense'"). The mere possibility that disclosure of the 

identity of the informant might lead to information that could 

3 The other argument that the defendant made at the hearing on 

his discovery motion was even weaker. He pointed to a 

photograph of one of the two cell phones found during the 

search -- the one with the broken screen -- that indicated that 

that phone was associated with a phone number different than the 

one that Randall identified as the one that he used to contact 

the defendant. That fact alone provides no reason to believe 

that anything in the affidavit was fabricated; indeed, the fact 

that the defendant had more than one cell phone was, if 

anything, inculpatory. In his appellate brief, the defendant 

claims that neither of the two phones found upon the execution 

of the search warrants matched the phone number that Randall 

reportedly used to contact him. That assertion is simply not 

supported by the defendant's record citations or anything else 

appearing in the record before us.
10

be helpful in crafting a motion to suppress is not sufficient. 

Commonwealth v. Snyder, 413 Mass. 521, 532 (1992). The judge 

who denied the defendant's Motion for Disclosure of Informant 

did not abuse his discretion in doing so.

Nor has the defendant demonstrated error in the partial 

denial of the defendant's motion seeking the disclosure of any 

"promises, rewards, and inducements" made to Randall. The judge 

allowed that motion if the Commonwealth intended to call Randall 

as a witness but denied it otherwise. Especially where the 

affidavit turned on controlled buys that the police 

independently oversaw, the defendant has not shown how any 

benefits that Randall might have received would be relevant to 

the defendant's defenses at the trial at which Randall did not 

testify.

In a post-conviction motion, the defendant sought discovery 

to try to substantiate his unsubstantiated claim that the 

controlled buys never occurred. Unlike his pretrial motion for 

discovery, the post-conviction motion was carefully targeted so 

as not to impinge on police efforts to protect Randall's 

identity. Thus, for example, the motion sought such information 

as records of the field tests that had been used on the drugs 

sold during the controlled buys. To prevail on a postconviction motion for discovery, a defendant needs to "make a 

sufficient showing that the discovery is reasonably likely to 
11

uncover evidence that might warrant granting a new trial." 

Commonwealth v. Daniels, 445 Mass. 392, 407 (2005). The judge 

who denied this motion concluded that the defendant had not met 

this standard, characterizing the motion instead as "a long-shot 

hope of finding something that might help him on appeal, without 

any meaningful showing that exculpatory evidence exists and 

without making any creditable showing that he has a meritorious 

claim." This was not an abuse of discretion.

Finally, we discern no abuse of discretion in the allowance 

of the Commonwealth's Motion in Limine to Exclude Defendant From 

Referencing Information in Search Warrant Affidavit during the 

trial, or in the trial judge's preventing the defendant from 

cross-examining a police witness about such issues at trial.4 

Where the defendant was not being charged with the possession or 

distribution of the drugs that were the subject of the 

controlled buys, the defendant has not demonstrated how issues 

related to the controlled buys were relevant to the issues at 

trial.5 

4 We note that the Commonwealth did not call England to testify 

at trial, nor did the defendant.

5 We recognize a police witness made a passing reference to the 

search warrant, which served to set the context of how the 

police came to discover the drugs for which the defendant was 

charged. But this did not sweep into the trial the issues the 

defendant sought to explore regarding alleged problems in the 

search warrant affidavit. This is particularly true given that 

this was a bench trial.
12

For the reasons set forth above, we affirm the judgment and 

the order denying the defendant's motion for post-conviction 

discovery.

So ordered.

By the Court (Wolohojian, 

Milkey & D'Angelo, JJ.6),

Assistant Clerk

Entered: January 26, 2024.

6 The panelists are listed in order of seniority.