CHAPTER 1. INTRODUCTION 

TABLE OF CONTENTS 

1.1 PURPOSE OF THE DOCUMENT ................................................................................. 1-1 

1.2 OVERVIEW OF THE APPLIANCES AND COMMERCIAL EQUIPMENT 

STANDARDS PROGRAM......................................................................................................... 1-1 

1.3 OVERVIEW OF THE SUBCATEGORIES OF LAMPS COVERED ........................... 1-2 

1.4 PROCESS FOR SETTING ENERGY CONERVATION STANDARDS...................... 1-4 

1.5 STRUCTURE OF THE DOCUMENT............................................................................ 1-8 

LIST OF TABLES 

Table 1.4.1 Analyses Under the Process Rule ............................................................................ 1-5 

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CHAPTER 1. INTRODUCTION 

1.1 PURPOSE OF THE DOCUMENT 

This technical support document (TSD) is a stand-alone report that provides the technical 

analyses supporting the information in the final rule for general service fluorescent lamps 

(GSFL) and incandescent reflector lamps (IRL). 

1.2 OVERVIEW OF THE APPLIANCES AND COMMERCIAL EQUIPMENT 

STANDARDS PROGRAM 

Part B of Title III of the Energy Policy and Conservation Act (EPCA or the Act) of 1975 

(42 U.S.C. 6291–6309) established the energy conservation program for consumer products 

other than automobiles, covering major household appliances. The National Energy 

Conservation Policy Act of 1978 (NECPA) amended EPCA to add Part C of Title III (42 U.S.C. 

6311–6317), which established an energy conservation program for certain industrial equipment. 

Additional amendments to EPCA have given the U.S. Department of Energy (DOE) the 

authority to regulate the energy efficiency of several products, including certain fluorescent and 

incandescent lamps, the products that are the focus of this document. 

Amendments to EPCA in the Energy Policy Act of 1992 (EPACT 1992), P.L. 102-486, 

and subsequent amendments in the Energy Independence and Security Act (EISA 2007), P.L. 

110-140, established energy conservation standards for GSFL and IRL, as well as requirements 

to conduct two cycles of rulemakings to determine whether these standards should be amended. 

(42 U.S.C. 6295(i)(1) and (3)–(4)) EPCA also provides that within 24 months after U.S. Federal 

Trade Commission (FTC) labeling requirements have become effective for GSFL, DOE must 

initiate a rulemaking to determine if the standards in effect for these lamps should be amended to 

be applicable to additional GSFL. (42 U.S.C. 6295(i)(5)) According to EPCA, DOE must 

publish a rule within 18 months of initiating the rulemaking. (42 U.S.C. 6295(i)(5)) The FTC 

published labeling requirements for covered lamps on May 13, 1994, with an effective date of 

May 15, 1995. 59 FR 25176. Previously, DOE did not take action on the requirements of 42 

U.S.C. 6295(i) because lamps were assigned a low priority based on public comment and energy 

savings estimates in the priority-setting process. 

EPCA establishes standards for GSFL, requiring that they meet prescribed minimum 

efficacy levels for given color rendering index (CRI) levels. EPCA also requires that DOE 

conduct two cycles of rulemakings to determine if the standards should be amended. (42 U.S.C. 

6295(i)(1), (3)–(4)) In addition, the Act requires DOE to conduct a rulemaking to determine if 

the standards in effect for fluorescent lamps should be amended so that they would be applicable 

to additional GSFL. (42 U.S.C. 6295(i)(5)) In this rulemaking, DOE is conducting its first 

review to determine if the standards should be amended, while fulfilling the additional statutory 

requirement of determining if the standards should be applicable to other GSFL. 

EPCA also establishes energy conservation standards for IRL, requiring that certain 

lamps meet prescribed efficacy levels. The Act directs DOE to conduct two cycles of 

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rulemakings to determine if the standards should be amended. (42 U.S.C. 6295(i)(1), (3)-(4)) In 

this rulemaking, DOE is conducting its first review to determine if the standards for IRL should 

be amended. 

Additionally, EPCA specifies that the Secretary of Energy shall prescribe test procedures 

for fluorescent lamps and incandescent reflector lamps, taking into consideration the applicable 

Illumination Engineering Society of North America (IESNA) or American National Standards 

Institute (ANSI) standards. (42 U.S.C. 6293(b)(6) Accordingly, on May 29, 1997, DOE 

published a final rule establishing test procedures for fluorescent and incandescent lamps 

incorporating by reference ANSI, IESNA, and International Commission on Illumination (CIE) 

industry standards to measure lamp efficacy and CRI. 62 FR 29222. DOE has updated the test 

procedures of the lamps covered in this rulemaking through a separate rulemaking process. 

1.3 OVERVIEW OF THE SUBCATEGORIES OF LAMPS COVERED 

This rulemaking covers certain types of fluorescent lamps and incandescent lamps. 

Section 321(30) of EPCA (42 U.S.C. 6291(30)) contains definitions for “fluorescent lamps,” 

“general service fluorescent lamps” and “incandescent lamps.” 

In addition to the statutory definitions, DOE published definitions for terms that 

supplement the statutory definitions for fluorescent and incandescent lamps. 62 FR 29222 (May 

29, 1997); 10 CFR section 430.2. Appendix 3A defines these terms. The market and technology 

assessment (Chapter 3) describes in more detail the definitions for fluorescent and incandescent 

lamps, as well as the two categories of lamps covered in this rulemaking. As part of this 

rulemaking, DOE has extended coverage to “additional general service fluorescent lamps.” (42 

U.S.C. 6295(5)) Please see the NOPR Federal Register notice for this rulemaking for a detailed 

discussion on DOE’s expanded coverage. Below are statutory definitions for fluorescent and 

incandescent lamps. 

Sections 321(30)(A)–(F) of EPCA (42 U.S.C. 6291(30)(A)–(F)) contains definitions for 

“fluorescent lamp,” “general service fluorescent lamp,” “incandescent lamp,” and “incandescent 

reflector lamp” relevant to this rulemaking: 

(A) Except as provided in subparagraph (E), the term “fluorescent lamp” means a lowpressure mercury electric-discharge source in which a fluorescing coating transforms 

some of the ultraviolet energy generated by the mercury discharge into light, 

including only the following: 

(i) Any straight-shaped lamp (commonly referred to as 4-foot medium bi-pin 

lamps) with medium bi-pin bases of nominal overall length of 48 inches 

and rated wattage of 28 or more. 

(ii) Any U-shaped lamp (commonly referred to as 2-foot U-shaped lamps) 

with medium bi-pin bases of nominal overall length between 22 and 25 

inches and rated wattage of 28 or more. 

(iii) Any rapid start lamp (commonly referred to as 8-foot high output lamps) 

with recessed double contact bases of nominal overall length of 96 inches 

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and 0.800 nominal amperes, as defined in ANSI C78.1-1978 and related 

supplements. 

(iv) Any instant start lamp (commonly referred to as 8-foot slimline lamps) 

with single pin bases of nominal overall length of 96 inches and rated 

wattage of 52 or more, as defined in ANSI C78.3-1978 (R1984) and 

related supplement ANSI C78.3a-1985. 

(B) The term “general service fluorescent lamp” means fluorescent lamps which can be 

used to satisfy the majority of fluorescent applications, but does not include any lamp 

designed and marketed for the following nongeneral lighting applications: 

(i) Fluorescent lamps designed to promote plant growth. 

(ii) Fluorescent lamps specifically designed for cold temperature installations. 

(iii) Colored fluorescent lamps. 

(iv) Impact-resistant fluorescent lamps. 

(v) Reflectorized or aperture lamps. 

(vi) Fluorescent lamps designed for use in reprographic equipment. 

(vii) Lamps primarily designed to produce radiation in the ultra-violet region 

of the spectrum. 

(viii) Lamps with a color rendering index of 87 or greater. 

(C) Except as provided in subparagraph (E), the term “incandescent lamp” means a 

lamp in which light is produced by a filament heated to incandescence by an electric 

current, including only the following: 

(i) Any lamp (commonly referred to as lower wattage nonreflector general 

service lamps, including any tungsten-halogen lamp) that has a rated 

wattage between 30 and 199 watts, has an E26 medium screw base, has a 

rated voltage or voltage range that lies at least partially within 115 and 

130 volts, and is not a reflector lamp. 

(ii) Any lamp (commonly referred to as a reflector lamp) which is not colored 

or designed for rough or vibration service applications, that contains an 

inner reflective coating on the outer bulb to direct the light, an R, PAR, 

ER, BR, BPAR or similar bulb shapes with E26 medium screw bases, a 

rated voltage or voltage range that lies at least partially within 115 and 

130 volts, a diameter which exceeds 2.25 inches, and has a rated wattage 

that is 40 watts or higher. 

(iii) Any general service incandescent lamp (commonly referred to as a highor higher-wattage lamp) that has a rated wattage above 199 watts (above 

205 watts for a high wattage reflector lamp). 

* * * * * 

 (E) The terms “fluorescent lamp” and “incandescent lamp” do not include any lamp 

excluded by the Secretary, by rule, as a result of a determination that standards for 

such lamp would not result in significant energy savings because such lamp is 

designed for special applications or has special characteristics not available in 

reasonably substitutable lamp types. 

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(F) The term “incandescent reflector lamp” means a lamp described in subparagraph 

(C)(ii). 

1.4 PROCESS FOR SETTING ENERGY CONERVATION STANDARDS 

Under EPCA, when DOE evaluates new or amended standards, it must consider the 

following seven factors to the greatest extent practicable: 

(1) the economic impact of the standard on the manufacturers and consumers of the 

products subject to the standard; 

(2) the savings in operating costs throughout the estimated average life of the products 

compared to any increases in the price, initial charges, or maintenance expenses for 

the products that are likely to result from the imposition of the standard; 

(3) the total projected amount of energy savings likely to result directly from 

imposition of the standard; 

(4) any lessening of the utility or the performance of the products likely to result from 

imposition of the standard; 

(5) the impact of any lessening of competition, as determined in writing by the 

Attorney General, likely to result from imposition of the standard; 

(6) the need for national energy conservation; and 

(7) other factors the Secretary considers relevant. 

(42 U.S.C. 6295(o)(2)(B)(i)) Additional statutory requirements for prescribing new or 

amended standards are set forth in 42 U.S.C. 6295(o)(1)–(2)(A), (2)(B)(ii)–(iii), and (3)–(4). 

DOE considers stakeholder participation a very important part of the standards-setting 

process. DOE encourages the participation of all stakeholders during the comment period of 

each rulemaking stage. Beginning with the Rulemaking Framework Document for General 

Service Fluorescent Lamps, Incandescent Reflector Lamps, and General Service Incandescent 

Lamps (Framework Document) and during subsequent comment periods, interactions among 

stakeholders provide a balanced discussion of the information that is required for the standards 

rulemaking. 

In conducting the test procedures rulemaking and the energy conservation standards 

rulemakings, DOE involves stakeholders through formal public notifications (i.e., Federal 

Register notices). For this fluorescent and incandescent lamps energy conservation standards 

rulemaking, DOE employed the procedures set forth in DOE’s Process Rule (Procedures for 

Consideration of New or Revised Energy Conservation Standards for Consumer Products, 61 FR 

36974, July 15, 1996, 10 CFR Part 430, Subpart C, Appendix A) to the extent they were 

appropriate for developing energy conservation standards for the lamps covered under this 

rulemaking. 

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Before DOE determines whether to establish or amend energy conservation standards for 

GSFL and IRL, it must first solicit comments on a proposed standard. (42 U.S.C. 

6295(o)(2)(B)(i)). DOE must design each new or amended standard for these products to 

achieve the maximum improvement in energy efficiency that is technologically feasible and 

economically justified, and would result in significant energy savings. (42 U.S.C. 6295(o)(2)(A) 

and (3)) To determine whether a proposed standard complies with these requirements, DOE 

must, after receiving comments on the proposed standard, determine whether the benefits of the 

standard exceed its burdens to the greatest extent practicable, weighing the seven factors listed 

above. 

Subsequent to the publication of the Framework Document, the standards rulemaking 

process involves three additional formal, major public notices, which are published in the 

Federal Register. The first of the rulemaking notices is an Advanced Notice of Public 

Rulemaking (ANOPR). The ANOPR is designed to publicly vet the models and tools used in the 

rulemaking and to facilitate public participation before the proposed rule stage. The second 

notice is a NOPR, which presents a discussion of comments received in response to the ANOPR; 

analysis of the impacts of standards on consumers, manufacturers, and the nation; DOE’s 

weighing of the impacts; and the proposed standards. The third notice is the Final Rule, which 

presents a discussion of comments received in response to the NOPR; the revised analysis of the 

impacts of standards; DOE’s weighing of the impacts; the standards adopted by DOE; and the 

effective dates of the standards. Until recently, DOE performed the manufacturer impact 

analysis in its entirety between the ANOPR and NOPR. However, as noted in Table 1.4.1, DOE 

now conducts a preliminary manufacturer impact analysis in the ANOPR stage. DOE believes 

this change will improve the rulemaking process. 

Table 1.4.1 Analyses Under the Process Rule 

ANOPR NOPR Final Rule* 

Market and technology assessment Revised ANOPR analyses Revised analyses 

Screening analysis Life-cycle cost sub-group analysis 

Engineering analysis Manufacturer impact analysis 

Energy use characterization Utility impact analysis 

Product price determination Employment impact analysis 

Life-cycle cost and payback period 

analyses 

Environmental assessment 

Shipments analysis Regulatory impact analysis 

National impact analysis 

Preliminary manufacturer impact 

analysis 

* During the Final Rule phase, DOE considers the comments submitted by the U.S. Department of Justice in the 

NOPR phase concerning the impact of any lessening of competition that is likely to result from the imposition of the 

standard. (42 U.S.C. 6295(o)(2)(B)(v))

In May 2006, DOE published a Rulemaking Framework Document for General Service 

Fluorescent Lamps, Incandescent Reflector Lamps, and General Service Incandescent Lamps, 

which describes the procedural and analytical approaches DOE anticipated using to evaluate the 

establishment of energy conservation standards for fluorescent and incandescent lamps. A PDF 

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copy of the Framework Document is available at 

http://www.eere.energy.gov/buildings/appliance_standards/residential/pdfs/lamps_framework.pd

f. 

DOE held a public meeting on June 15, 2006 to discuss procedural and analytical 

approaches to the rulemaking, and to inform and facilitate stakeholders’ involvement in the 

rulemaking process. The analytical framework presented at the public meeting described 

rulemaking analyses, such as the engineering analysis and the life-cycle cost (LCC) and payback 

period (PBP) analyses, the methods proposed for conducting them, and the relationships among 

the various analyses. See Table 1.4.1 for all the analyses discussed at the public meeting to be 

undertaken in each of the formal public rulemaking documents. PDF copies of the slides and 

other material associated with the public meeting are available at 

http://www.eere.energy.gov/buildings/appliance_standards/residential/lamps_meeting_061506.ht

ml. 

During the public meeting and the Framework Document comment period, stakeholders, 

including manufacturers, trade associations, environmental advocates, and other interested 

parties submitted several comments about the lamps rulemaking. The major issues discussed 

were: (1) the rulemaking’s scope of coverage and definition of exemptions; (2) the development 

of product classes; (3) lamp life variation; (4) selection of representative lamps for analysis and 

baseline models; (5) appropriate methods and sources for developing end-user price estimates; 

(6) updating test procedures; (7) the methodology for developing shipment estimates; (8) the 

need for system-based analysis for GSFL (i.e., analyzing a lamp and a ballast in some scenarios); 

(9) the impact of higher efficacy lamps on building space conditioning loads; and (10) the use of 

tiered versus average electricity rates. Stakeholder comments submitted during the Framework 

Document comment period elaborated upon the issues raised at the public meeting. DOE 

worked with its contractors to address these issues in the analyses. Detailed discussion of 

stakeholder comments is available in the ANOPR Federal Register notice for this rulemaking. 

As part of the information gathering and sharing process, DOE organized and held 

interviews with three lamp manufacturers who operate in the U.S. lamps market. DOE had four 

objectives for these interviews: (1) solicit feedback on the draft engineering analysis (including 

methodology, prices, and lamp technologies); (2) solicit feedback on topics related to the 

preliminary manufacturer impact analysis; (3) provide an opportunity early in the rulemaking 

process to express specific concerns to DOE; and (4) foster cooperation between manufacturers 

and DOE. 

Two general topics related to the preliminary manufacturer impact analysis were 

discussed during each of the interviews: (1) lamp information and (2) preliminary manufacturer 

impact. Each topic contained around four to six issues, depending on the lamp type. These 

issues generally included market data, distribution channels, anticipated consumer responses to 

standards, production and product mix, conversion costs, and cumulative regulatory burden, 

among other issues. DOE incorporated the information gathered at the meetings into its 

engineering analysis and preliminary manufacturer impact analysis. 

In March 2008, DOE published an ANOPR and held a public meeting. The major issues 

discussed were: (1) additional GSFL considered for coverage; (2) amended definitions for 

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“colored fluorescent lamp” and “rated wattage”; (3) proposed product classes; (4) scaling to 

product classes not analyzed; (5) screening of design options; (6) lamp operating hours; (7) 

GSFL energy consumption; (8) life-cycle cost calculations; (9) installation costs; (10) base-case 

market-share matrices in 2012; (11) shipment forecasts; (12) base-case and standards-case 

forecasted efficacies; (13) trial standard levels; and (14) lamp production equipment conversion 

timeframe. Stakeholder comments submitted during the subsequent comment period elaborated 

on the issues raised at the public meeting. A detailed discussion of stakeholder comments is 

available in the NOPR Federal Register notice for this rulemaking. 

Following the publication of the ANOPR and the ANOPR public meeting, DOE held 

additional meetings with manufacturers as part of the consultative process for the manufacturer 

impact analysis. The interviews covered several key issues, including: (1) rare earth phosphor 

availability and price; (2) reduction in GSFL product portfolio; (3) GSFL product margin impact; 

(4) IRL product performance issues; (5) xenon gas availability and price; (6) elimination of 

product types in IRL product portfolio; (7) elimination of small diameter IRL lamps; (8) IRL 

competition; and (9) IRL market erosion. 

For the LCC, PBP and national impact analyses (NIA), DOE developed spreadsheets 

using Microsoft Excel®. The LCC and PBP spreadsheets calculate the economic impacts of 

replacing products with standard-compliant ones. The NIA spreadsheets calculate the national 

energy savings (NES) and national net present values (NPVs) at various energy efficiency levels 

and include a model that forecasts the impacts of energy conservation standards at various levels 

on product shipments. These spreadsheets are available on the DOE website at 

http://www.eere.energy.gov/buildings/appliance_standards/. 

In February 2009, DOE held a public meeting to discuss the NOPR. The NOPR was later 

published in the Federal Register on April 13, 2009. DOE sought comment in particular on the 

following issues: (1) the scope of covered products; (2) the amended definition of “colored 

fluorescent lamp”; (3) product classes for IRL; (4) product classes for T5 lamps; (5) the 4-foot 

MBP residential engineering analysis; (6) performance characteristics of model lamps used in the 

engineering analysis; (7) the efficacy levels for IRL; (8) the efficacy levels for GSFL; (9) scaling 

to product classes not analyzed; (10) ballast operating hours in all sectors and GSFL operating 

hours in the residential sector; (11) growth rates and market penetration in the shipments 

analysis; (12) base-case and standards-case market-share matrices; (13) the manufacturer impact 

analysis; (14) the determination of environmental impacts; (15) the selected trial standard levels; 

(16) the proposed standard levels; (17) alternative scenarios to achieve greater energy savings for 

GSFL; (18) other technology pathways to meet IRL TSL5. DOE received comments from over 

forty organizations including manufacturers, trade associations, energy conservation advocates, 

electric utilities, congressional representatives, and state governments. A detailed discussion of 

stakeholder comments and DOE’s revised analysis is available in the final rule Federal Register

notice for this rulemaking. 

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1.5 STRUCTURE OF THE DOCUMENT 

This final rule TSD outlines the analytical approaches used in this rulemaking. The TSD 

consists of 15 Chapters, an environmental assessment, a regulatory impact analysis, and 

appendices. 

Chapter 1 Introduction: provides an overview of the appliance standards 

program and how it applies to the rulemaking for GSFL and IRL, and 

outlines the structure of the document 

Chapter 2 Analytical Framework: describes the rulemaking process step by step 

Chapter 3 Market and Technology Assessment: characterizes the fluorescent and 

incandescent lamps market and the technologies available for 

increasing lamp efficacy, and outlines product classes 

Chapter 4 Screening Analysis: determines which technology design options are 

viable for consideration in the engineering analysis 

Chapter 5 Engineering Analysis: discusses the sources and methods for 

developing the lamp and lamp-and-ballast designs analyzed and 

selecting efficacy levels 

Chapter 6 Energy Use Characterization: discusses the sources and methods for 

developing energy use estimates for fluorescent and incandescent 

reflector lamps 

Chapter 7 Product Price Determination: discusses the sources and methods used 

to develop end-user prices for the lamps and lamp-and-ballast designs 

analyzed 

Chapter 8 Life-Cycle Cost and Payback Period Analyses: discusses the 

economic effects of standards and compares the LCC and PBP of 

fluorescent and incandescent reflector lamps with and without higher 

energy conservation standards 

Chapter 9 Trial Standard Levels: discusses the efficacy levels for each analyzed 

product class as they pertain to the trial standard levels chosen for 

fluorescent and incandescent reflector lamps. 

Chapter 10 Shipments Analysis: discusses the methods used for forecasting 

shipments with and without higher energy conservation standards 

Chapter 11 National Impact Analysis: describes the national forecast of energy 

consumption, efficacy of new lamps, and annual fluorescent and 

incandescent lamp sales in the absence or presence of new standards 

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Chapter 12 Life-Cycle Cost Sub-Group Analysis: discusses the methods to be 

used to study the effects of standards on a subgroup of fluorescent and 

incandescent reflector lamp consumers and compares the LCC and 

PBP of equipment with and without higher efficacy standards for these 

consumers 

Chapter 13 Manufacturer Impact Analysis: discusses effects of standards on the 

finances and profitability of fluorescent and incandescent reflector 

lamp manufacturers, and presents preliminary manufacturer impact 

analysis results 

Chapter 14 Utility Impact Analysis: discusses the effects of standards on electric 

utilities 

Chapter 15 Employment Impact Analysis: discusses the effects of standards on 

national employment 

Chapter 16 Environmental Assessment: discusses the effects of standards on two 

pollutants, sulfur dioxide (SO2) and nitrogen oxides (NOX), as well as 

carbon emissions 

Chapter 17 Regulatory Impact Analysis: discusses the impact of non-regulatory 

alternatives to energy conservation standards 

Appendix AA Acronyms and Abbreviations: provides a set of acronyms and 

abbreviations used throughout the TSD. 

Appendix 3A Lighting Definitions in the United States Code and Code of Federal 

Regulations: provides a set of existing statutory and regulatory 

definitions for fluorescent and incandescent lamps 

Appendix 3B Xenon Availability and Pricing: provides a market analysis and price 

forecast for xenon gas 

Appendix 3C Rare Earth Phosphor Availability and Pricing: provides a market 

analysis and price forecast for rare earth phosphor 

Appendix 5A Engineering Results Used in the LCC Subgroup, Shipments, and 

National Impacts Analyses: provides the characteristics of lamp 

designs and lamp-and-ballast designs considered in the shipments and 

NIA 

Appendix 5B T5 Halophosphor Lamps: describes how the model for T5 

halophosphor lamps was developed for use in the base case analyses in 

the LCC and NIA 

Appendix 5C Modified-Spectrum Scaling Analysis: discusses the efficacy 

requirements for the modified spectrum product class were developed 

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Appendix 5D Advanced Infrared Coatings: provides technological and pricing 

details on the on advanced IR coatings 

Appendix 6A Energy End Use Characterization Results Used in the LCC Subgroup, 

Shipments, and National Impacts Analysis: provides the 

characteristics of lamp designs and lamp-and-ballast designs 

considered in the LCC subgroup analysis and NIA. 

Appendix 7A Additional End-User Price Results: provides end-user price results for 

additional products considered in the NIA (e.g., compact fluorescent 

lamps) 

Appendix 8A User Instructions for Life-Cycle Cost and Payback Period Spreadsheet 

Appendix 8B Supplementary Life-Cycle Cost and Payback Period Results: provides 

results for the Monte Carlo and sensitivity analyses 

Appendix 8C Residential Discount Rate Distributions 

Appendix 8D Hot Shock in Incandescent Reflector Lamps 

Appendix 10A Supplementary Scenarios for the Shipments Analysis: provides 

additional inputs and results for the shipments analysis 

Appendix 10B Market Segment-Based Lighting Expertise Analysis: provides the 

research and analysis DOE used to establish its market segment-based 

lighting expertise shipment scenario. 

Appendix 10C Emerging Technologies Analysis: provides details on the analysis 

DOE conducted in developing its emerging technologies and existing 

technologies base-case shipment scenarios. 

Appendix 11A User Instructions for Shipments and NIA Spreadsheets 

Appendix 11B Supplementary Scenarios for the National Impacts Analysis: provides 

results for additional NIA scenarios 

Appendix 13A Manufacturer Interview Guide 

Appendix 14A Interpolation of Utility and Environmental Results from NEMS-BT 

Output