# Draft: March 2006

Technical Support Document on

Agricultura l and Forestry Smoke Ma nagement in the MANE-VU Region

Draft: March 2, 2006

1. Introductio n

This technical support docum e nt aim s to provide States with inform ation useful in addressing

agricultural and forestry sm oke m a na gem e nt in their State Implem entatio n Plans (SIP ). This

docum ent may also be useful for tribes in M ANE-VU that choose to include sm oke managem e nt

issues in the i r Tr ibal Implem entatio n Plans (TIP ).

Each State must develop a long-term (10-15 y ears) strategy for m a king reasonable progress

towards the nationa l goa l sta t ed in 4 0 CFR 51.3 00(a), “preventing any f u ture, and rem e dying an y

existing, im pairm e nt of visibility in m a ndatory Class I Fede ral a r eas which im pairm e nt resu lts

from m a n- made air pollu tion.” States are requi red to develop long-term strateg i es for each

m a ndatory Class I Fede ral a r ea loca ted with in th e state and each m a ndatory Class I Federal area

located outs i de the s t ate that m a y be affected by sources with in the state. According to 40 CFR

section 51.308(d)(3)(v)(E), States must consider “sm oke m a n a gem e nt t echniques for agricultural

and forestry m a nage m e nt purposes including plans as currently exist within the State for these

purposes” in developing its long-term strategy.

Prior to d e v e loping their Regional H aze SIP/TIP, St ates /tribes m u st consider the air q u ality and

visibility im pacts of fires in the Region and evalu a te whether their exis tin g approaches to

regulating fires are adeq uate. States must de term ine whether or not sm ok e m a nage m e nt is

necessary to m itigate the im pacts of fires to m eet the 2018 reasonable pro g ress goals for Class I

Areas. If smoke m a nagem e nt policies are required for a particular Clas s I Area, th en a sm oke

m a nage m e nt program (SMP) should be initiated by th e affecting States as appropriate. If s m oke

m a nage m e nt policies are not required to m eet 2018 goals, then States m u st include a brief

discussion in their SIPs as to w hy a SMP is not required at this tim e. If States already have a

SMP or other fire m a nagem e nt policy in place, th en they are advised by the EPA to m e ntion their

policies in the SIP, whether or not th ey will be u s ed to m eet 2018 goals (s ee EPA’s “Interim Air

Quality Policy on W ildland and Pres cribed F i res, ” available o n line a t

http://www.epa.gov/ttn/oarpg/ t1/m emoranda/firefnl.pdf ).

A prim ary objective of this docum ent is to p r ovid e inform ation on the im pact of fires o n haze in

the MANE-VU region. Section 2 describes fi res and sm oke m a nage m e nt in the MANE-VU

region, section 3 provides inform ation on the ai r quality im pacts of sm oke fro m wildland and

prescribed fires, section 4 presents fire em issions inventory data, and section 5 summarizes

relev a nt sou r ce appo rtio nm ent results. W h ile the c ontribution of fires to regional haze appears to

be m i nor, fires m a y cause visibility problem s on an episodic basis.

States are no t requ ired to include a SMP in their SIP. However, there are incentives f o r States to

certif y to the EPA that th ey have ado p ted and are im ple m enting a basic S M P, whether or not the

State choo ses to inco rporate th e SMP into th eir S I P or m a ke the SMP federally enforceable.

Section 6 describes existing SMPs in the Region, provides an explanation of the incentives for

States, and b r iefly exp l ains the neces s ary elem en ts in a bas i c SMP. Section 7 summarizes the

key points presented in this paper.

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# Draft: March 2006

2. Fires and Smoke Management in the MANE- VU Region

While som e of the f i res that occu r in the MANE -VU Region are subject to SMPs, others are not.

The definitions provided in this section are cons istent with th e descr i ptio ns includ ed in the

EPA’s “Inte r im Air Quality Po licy o n W ildland and Prescr ib ed Fires” (pr e pared in 19 98 and

available on line at http://www.epa.go v/ttn /oarpg /t1/m e m o rand a/firefnl.pdf ), and the W e stern

Regional Air Partnership’s “Policy for Categor izing Fire Em issions” (prepared in 2001 and

available on line at www.fs.fed.us/pnw/fera/research/FirePolicy.pdf ). 

# Agr i cultural and forestry

sm oke m a na gem e nt applies to all fires that are m a naged to achieve resource benefits, regardless

of the cause of ignition (e.g. delib erate to m eet sp ecific objectives, lightn i ng, arson, accidental,

etc.) o r the p u rpose of th e fire (resou rce m a nage m e nt, hazard reduction, etc.). Agricultural fires

include all f i res ign ited b y m a nagem e nt actions to achieve b e n e f its on agr i cultu ral land , such as

croplands and pasture. P r escribed fires include all fires ignited by m a nagem e nt techniques to

achieve b e n e f its on land other than a g ricu ltur a l la nd. Prescribed fires can be used for m a naging

forests or rangeland, land on which the histor ic c lim ax plant community is predom inantly

grasses, g r ass-lik e plan ts, forbs, or shrubs. Managed burning of logging debris, som e tim e s called

slash burning, m a y also be used for forest m a nagem e nt. Lan d m a nagers m a y also m a nage

natura lly ign ited f i r e s to achieve reso urce benef its. W h ile pla nning f o r natura lly ign i ted f i res is

obviously lim ited, so m e land m a nagers have plans to m a nage naturally ignited fires for specific

objectives. These fires are som e tim es referred to as “wild land f i re s m a naged for resource

benefits” or “prescribed natura l f i res. ”

Naturally ig nited f i r e s in areas witho u t plans f o r prescribed fires are cons idered unwanted fires o r

“wildfires” and are not covered by agricultural and forestry smoke m a nagem e nt. W i ldfires

include any unwanted, non-structur al fires that occur on wildla nds, where there are a lim ited

nu m b er of structures, or agri cu ltu ral lands. W ildf i res m a y be ignited by lightning, escaped

prescribed fires, arson, o r accidents, such as fi reworks, cigarettes, escap ed cam pfires, or vehicle

fires, and are suppressed by m a nage m e nt action. High pollutant c oncentrations attributable to

wildfires can be treated as due to a natural even t under EPA’s Natural Events Policy. Under this

policy, EPA m a y use its discretion not to redesignat e a r eas a s nonatta inment if the Sta t e deve lops

and im ple m ents a plan to respond to the health impacts of natural events.

Residential, industrial, and commercial/ins titu tio nal wood combustion, o p en burning, slash

burning, and structure fires are also not cove red by SMPs. Residential industrial, and

commercial/institutional wood co m b ustion includes the burning of wood in indoor fireplaces and

woodstoves and outdoor equipm ent. Open burn ing activities can occu r at residential,

commercial, or industrial sites and involve the bu rning of yard waste, including various types of

plants and plant growth.

Em issions inventory results from 20 02 (see section 4) show that the m a jority of f

i re e m issions in

the MANE-VU Region are from residential w ood com bustion. The Region is not prone to

wildland fires due to vegetation types and rela tively abundant rainfall. Agricultural and

prescribed burning are also uncommon in the Region.

Typically, wood sm oke i s not detected in larg e amounts at monitoring sites in the MANE-VU

Region. Several source apportionm e n t studies that have been conducted in the MANE-VU

Region show that wood sm oke is a sm all to m o d e ra te contributor to fine particle pollution at

monitoring sites (see section 5). Most source apportionm ent studi es cannot disti nguish between

2

# Draft: March 2006

different types of fires, but sm oke fro m agricult ural and fores t ry activi ties is unlik ely to be

significant in the MANE-VU Region.

There are a few docu m ented exam ples of wildfi res producing large quantities of wood sm oke

and causing visibility im pairm e nt in MANE-VU Class I Areas. These fires have typ i cally

occurred outside the Region. For example, the July 7, 2002 Quebec Fires resulted in the largest

one-day vis i bility im pairm e nt recorded at MANE-VU m onitoring sites in recen t years.

3. Air Quality and Visibility Impacts of Pollutants from Wildland and Prescribed Fires

Recent m a nagem e nt strategies for som e Federal, State, and T r ibal wildlan d s involve increased

use of wildland and prescribed fires to im prove the health of the ecosystem s and m i ni m i ze risks

to public and fire fighter safety. However, sm ok e fro m wildland and prescribed fires can

contribute s i gnificantly to regional h aze. To add r ess issues associated with how fire m a nagers

can effectiv ely use fires to help ecos ystem s wh ile m i ni m i zing visibility impairm e nt, the U.S.

EPA, in partnership with other ag encies, is sued the “Interim Air Quality Policy on Wildland and

Prescribed F i res,” available on-line at http://www.epa.gov/ttn/oar pg/t1/m emoranda/firefnl.pdf

. The f o llowing descrip t ion of air qua lity and vis i bility cons id erations in cludes inf o rmation

presented in this docum ent. Other types of fire s that invo lve vegeta tive b u rning (e.g. agricu ltu ral

fires, open burning, residential wood com bustion, etc.) have sim ilar affects on air quality and

visibility.

Burning wildland vegetation em its several air po llutants, inclu d ing par tic le s, NO

x 

# , CO, and

organic compounds. The quantity and com positi on of the em issions depend on the type of

m a terial bur ned, its m o isture con t ent, and the co mbustion temperature. Particle pollution from

wildland and prescribed fires includes particles that have a diam eter as large as 100 μ m.

Particles that have diam e t er less than 10 μ m are re ferred to a s PM 10 

# and fine particles that have a

diam eter les s than 2.5 μ m are referred to as PM 2. 5 

# . There is evidence tha t par tic le pollution h a s

serious health effects, particularly for sensitive populations.

Particle pollution also dim i nishes visibility becau se particles and gases sc atte r and abs o rb ligh t

. Fine par tic le s scatter ligh t m o re ef f i ciently th an c o arser p a r tic les per un it m a ss. The fine

particle s tha t prim arily c ontribu te to visibility im pairm e nt include sulfates, nitrates, organic

com pounds, soot, and soil dust. As hu m i dity increas es, light scattering effici encies also increase

due to the adsorption of water on fine particles. Since the eastern United States typically has

higher r e la tive hum iditie s than th e West, th e natu rally occur r ing visual ra nge in the E a st is on ly

105 to 190 km while the range in the West is 190 to 270 km . Visibility impairm e nt affects the

enjoym ent of daily activities. Dim i nished visib i lity in m a ndatory Class I Federal areas, “Areas

of Great Scenic Im portance,” is p a rticularly im portan t because haze affects the public’s

appreciation of scenic views and tourism

.

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# Draft: March 2006

4. MANE- VU Fire Emissions In ventories

4.1 Analysis of the 2002 MANE-VU Modeling Inventory

MANE-VU com p iled a regional em issions inve ntory for 2002 for use in modeling. The

invento r y in cludes fire em issions from each State in the MANE-VU region. States p r ovided fire

em issions as annual county level estim a tes. So me States also provided estim ates for seasonal

and/or daily em issions, but those data are not sh own here. Em issions data was collected for CO,

NH 3 

# , NO

x 

# , PM 2. 5 

# , PM 10 

# , SO 2 

# , and VOC, but not all States provi ded data for all pollutants or

source category codes (S CCs). Fire em issions include industrial wood combustion,

commercial/institutional wood co m b ustion, residential wood com bustion, open burning,

agricultural burning, forest fires, slash burning, prescribed burn ing, and structure fires.

The data presented here are from Ve rsion 2. 0 of the MANE-VU Modeling Inventory, with

updated residential wood com bustion data from Ne w York. Values for State em issions were

calculated by adding the county level annual data. It should be noted that Version 3.0 of the

MANE-VU Modeling In ventory is c u rrently be ing develope d. In Versio n 3.0 data will like l y be

added by States for certain fire em issions categories. The final ve rsion of this technical support

docum ent will includ e th e data f r om Version 3.0 of the Inventory.

Massachusetts, New Hampshire, and Verm ont p r ovided data on industrial wood combustion

(SCC 21020 08000). Maine, Massachusetts, New Ha m p shire, and New York provided data on

commercial/institutional wood co m b ustion (SCC 2103008000).

All MANE-VU States and the District of Co lumbia provided data on residential wood

com bustion fro m indoor fireplaces and woodstove s. Connecticut, Delaware, Maine, Maryland,

Massachusetts, and New Ha m p shire provided data for total woodstoves and fireplaces (SCC

2104008000). The District of Columbia, New Jers ey, New York, Pennsylvania, Rhode Island,

and Verm on t instead reported data for sepa rate w oodstove and fireplace categories (SCC

2104008001, SCC 2104 008002, SCC 2104008003, SCC 21 04008004, SCC 2104008 010, SCC

2104008030, SCC21040 08050, SCC 2104008052). The separate category data were added

togethe r to g e t a to tal wo odstoves an d f i replac es value for these states. C onnecticut, Delaware,

the Distric t of Colum b ia, Maine, Ma ryland, Ma ssachusetts, and New Ha mpshire have data for

outdoor equip m ent (SCC 2104008070). There is no da ta in V e rsion 2.0 for outdoor equipm ent

fro m New J e rsey, New York, Pennsylvania, Rhode Island, or Verm ont.

All States except Connecticut repo rted data for open burning of yard waste leaf species (SCC

2610000100), yard waste brush species (SCC 2610000400), and household waste (SC C

2610030000). Connecticut, Delaware, Maryland, New Jersey, Pennsylvania, and Vermont

included data for open burning of land clea ring debris (SCC 2610000500). Only Pennsylvania

reported data for industrial open burning (SCC 2610010000) and comm er cial/institutional open

burning (SC C 2610020000). The District of Colu m b ia did not report em issions for any of the

open burning categories.

Maine, New Jersey, and Verm ont pr ovided em issi ons data on Agricultural Field Burning (SCC

2801500000), which involves whole fields set on fire and includes the burning of all crop types.

No States in the MANE-VU region reported em i ssions from Agricultural Propaning (SCC

2801501000), which involves tractor-pulled burne rs being used to burn stubble only, or

Agricultural Stack Burning (SCC 28 0150200), whic h involves straw stacks being m o v e d fro m

t h e fi e l d pr ior t o bur ni ng.

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# Draft: March 2006

All MANE-VU States provided som e em issions data for fore st (wild land ) fires (SCC

2810001000). The District of Columbia did not repor t forest fire em issions for 2002. Maine and

Maryland reported em issions data for m a na ged/slash burning (SCC 28100 05000), which often

involves the burning of logging debr is. Delaware, the District of Colu m b i a , Maine, Maryland,

New Ha m p s h ire, New Jersey, New York, Pennsyl vania, and R hode Island included emissions

data on prescribed burning for forest m a nagem e n t (SCC 2810015000). Only Maine reported

em issions fro m prescribed burning of rangeland (SCC 28100 20000), and the am ounts of all

pollutants w e re neg ligib le. All MANE-VU Stat es and the District of Columbia provided

em issions data for structure fires (SCC 2810030000).

Relative to other area sources, wood burning is a large source of CO, a mo derate source of NO

x 

# , PM 10 

# , PM 2. 5 

# , and VOC, and a m i nor source of NH 3 

# and SO 2 

# in the MANE-VU Region.

Em issions of CO, NH 3 

# , NO

x 

# , PM 10 

# , PM 2. 5 

# , SO 2 

# , and VOC in the MANE-VU Region by wood

burning category are included in Ta ble 1. The data for MANE-VU States and the District of

Colum b ia th at were us ed to calcula te MANE-VU tota ls ar e inc l uded in tables in th e app e ndix.

Table 1: Wood Sm oke Emis sions (Tons/Year) in the MANE -VU Re gion by source c a te gory (Sour ce: 2002

M A N E -VU Mo deling Inv e nto r y, V ersio n 2.0 with up date d NY data).

Source Category C O N H 3 

# NO

x 

# PM 10 

# PM 2.5 

# SO 2 

# VO C

I ndu str i al W ood Co m b

. 1 

# 19 ,4 9 2 0 9, 97 5 15 ,0 8 8 13 ,0 6 1 2, 60 4 57 3

Co mm

. / I n st. W ood Co m b

. 2 

# 5, 05 5 0 1, 65 5 65 9 56 7 3 5 5 0

Resid e n tial W o od C o m b

. 3 

# 91 8, 0 0 5 5

, 31 0 11 ,2 5 3 12 1, 1 6 3 11 5, 3 5 7 1, 73 4 54 2, 4 2 8

A g ricu ltural B u rn ing 4 

# 3, 03 0 0 5 4 20 8 16 1 0 36 3

Wi l d l a n d F i r e s 5 

# 18 ,3 8 1 2 3 7 47 0 2, 40 6 2, 17 9 1 8 1, 96 7

M a nage d/ Sl as h Fi res 6 

# 4 2 0 1 5 5 0 6

P r e s cr ib ed F i r e s 7 

# 13 ,6 0 9 7 1 19 6 1, 36 1 1, 17 9 5 5 77 7

Struct ure Fires 8 

# 4, 03 5 0 16 2 9 5 1 9 0 0 53 3 7 5 2

Ope n B u r n i n g 9 

# 18 9, 5 0 4 1 5 2 7, 06 9 24 ,5 9 7 23 ,7 1 3 42 8 17 ,1 7 4

A ll Fires 1, 17 1, 1 5 4 5

, 77 1 30 ,8 3 5 16 6, 4 3 9 15 7, 1 2 2 5, 40 7 56 4, 0 9 0

1 

# SCC 2102 008 000 ; 2 

# SCC 21030 080 0 0 ; 3 

# SCC 2104 008 0 00 ( o r SCC 21040 0800 1, SCC 21040 0800 2, SCC 21040 0800 3, SCC 21040 0800 4,

SCC 21040 080 10, SCC 21040 080 30, SCC2104 008 050, and SCC 2104 008 052) and SCC 210 4008 070; 4 

# SCC 28 0150 000 0; 5 

# SCC 28100 010 00;

6 

# SCC 2810 005 000 ; 7 

# SCC 28100 150 0 0 and SCC 2810 02 0000; 8 

# SCC 2810 0 3000 0; 9 

# SCC 2610 0001 00, SCC 2610 0004 00, SCC 2610 0005 00,

SCC 26100 100 00, SCC 26100 200 00, SCC 26100 300 00, and SCC 2610 040 400



# While em issions from wood burning activities comp rise a significant portion of MANE-VU area

source em issions, only a sm all portion of wood b u rni ng activities are relevant to agricultural and

forestry sm oke m a nage ment. Agricultural, m a na ged/slash, and prescribed burning are subject to

SMPs. On rare occ a sion s, f o rest (wildland) f i r e s and struc t ur e f i res th at a r e perm itted to burn ar e

also covered by SMPs. Table 2 shows the sum of agricultural, m a naged/slash, prescribed,

structure, an d wildland fires, the total area source em issions, and the percentage of area

em issions fro m wood bu rning for each pollutant.

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# Draft: March 2006

Table 2: Wood Sm oke Emis sions (Tons/Year) in the MANE -VU Re gion by source c a te gory (Sour ce: 2002

M A N E -VU Mo deling Inv e nto r y, V ersio n 2.0 with up date d NY data).

MA NE- V U C O NH 3 

# NO

x 

# PM 10 

# PM 2.5 

# SO 2 

# VO C

Ag ricultu ral 1 

# , W i l d land 2



# , M a nage d/ Sl as h 3



# , P r e s cr ib ed 4



# , and Structure 5 

# Fires 39 ,0 9 8 30 8 88 4 4

, 93 2 4, 42 4 60 6 3

, 86 5

Total Area Source Em issions 6 

# 1, 66 1, 6 0 1 2 4 6, 7 6 9 25 4, 8 4 3 1

, 50 2, 2 4 7 4 4 0, 0 7 5 31 1, 1 6 7 1

, 87 9, 5 1 0

% of Are a Source Emissions 2.35% 0.12% 0

. 3 5 % 0.33% 1.01% 0

. 1 9 % 0.21%

1 

# SCC 2801 500 000 ; 2 

# SCC 28100 010 0 0 ; 3 

# SCC 2810 005 0 00; 4 

# SCC 281001 5 000 and SCC 28 10 0200 00; 5 

# SCC 281 0030 000, 6 

# Data f r om the su mm a r y

developed by E

. H. Pechan and Associates, I n c. of ar ea sour ce em issions included in the 2002 MANE

- V U Modeling I nventor y

, Version 2. 0.



# While fire em issions are not signifi cant sources in any of the MANE -VU States o r the District of

Colum b ia, som e States h a ve slightly greater em issions than others. Figure 1 shows emissions

fro m agricultural, m a nag e d/slash, prescrib ed, forest, and structure fires by State.

0 200 400 600 800 1000 1200 1400 1600

C T DE DC M E M D M A N H NJ N Y PA R I VT

Sta t ePM2.5Emissionsin Tons/Year 

# Stru ctu r e Fires

W i ldland Fi r e s

A g ric u ltur al, Ma nage d, a n d

Prescrib ed Fi re s



# Fi gure 1: Fi re emi ssi ons i n t h e M A NE- V U Re gi on b y st at e. ( S o u rce: 20 02 MA N E

- V U M o deling Inv e nt ory,

V ersion 2

. 0 wit h up da t e d NY da ta)

.



# Fires only account for approxim a tely 2% of CO area source em issions, 1% of PM 2. 5 

# area sou r ce

em issions, and less than 1% of NH 3 

# , NO

x 

# , PM 10 

# , SO 2 

# , and VOC area source em ission s in the

MANE-VU Region. Considering that m o st forest and structure fires in the Region are unwanted

“wildfires, ” fires used for resou r ce b e nefits are a very m i nor contributor to regional area source

em issions.

Other sources of wood smoke are significantly larg er sources of pollutants than fires used for

resource benefits. Figure 2 show s the rela tive con t ribu tions of PM 2. 5 

# em issions from th e various

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# Draft: March 2006

wood burning source categories. The largest source categories for PM 2. 5 

# are residential wood

com bustion (73.4%), open burning (15.1%), and industrial, co mm ercial , and institutional wood

com bustion (8.7%). Structure fires and wildland fires, which are generally characterized as

unwanted fires, only m a ke up a m i nor portion of the wood burning em issions. Fires that are

covered under SMPs, including fires due to agri cultural, m a naged, and prescribed burning,

com p rise les s than 1% of the to tal wo od sm oke em issions.

73

. 4 % 8. 7 % 0.6% 1. 4 % 15. 1 % 0.9%

R e s i de nt i a l W o o d C o m bus t i o n

I n d u stri al , C o m m e r c i al

, an d

In s titu tion a l W ood Com b u s tion

S t

ru ct u r e F i res

Wi l d l a nd F i r e s

Ope n B u rni n g

A g r i cu l t ur a l , M a nag e d

, a n d

P r e s cr ib ed Bu r n in g



# Fig u re 2 : 2002 PM 2.5 

# Emi ssi ons fro m W o od Bur n i n g b y S o urce C a te gor y (S ource : 20 0 2 MA NE- V U M o del i n g

Inven t ory , Ve rsi o n 2. 0 w i th upd ated resi d enti al w o o d c o mbusti on da t a fr om New Y o rk)



# 4.2 Future Year Inventory Considerations

In setting reasonable progress goals and devising long term strategies, States m u st project the

2002 base year inventory to future years. W h en MANE-VU was developing future year

em issions inventories, the National Park Servi ce (NPS) and the United States Fores t Service

(USFS) were contacted to provi de infor m ation on future burn plans. Inf o rm ation was not

provided to MANE-VU in tim e, so the M ANE-VU 2018 projection inventory holds fire

em issions constant from 2002 through 2018.

4. Relevant MANE-VU Source Apportionmen t Study Results

States m u st include a con t ribu tion ass e ssm ent and pollution ap portionm ent analys is in their

regional haze SIPs. MANE-VU is in the process of using a weight of evidence approach that

relies on sev e ral m e thods for assessing the contribu tion of different em issions to regio n al haze at

federal Class I areas. Prelim inary findings of th is work show that su lfate com p rises one-half to

two-thirds o f PM 2. 5 

# m a ss on the 20% haziest days and m o re than 40% of PM 2. 5 

# m a ss on the 20%

clearest d a y s . Sulfates also have a m u ch larg er impact on visibility than the sam e m a s s of other

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# Draft: March 2006

pollutants. As a result, sulfates account for an even greater percentage of the particle–induced

visibility im pairm e nt in the Region. Th e second most im portant contributor to PM 2. 5 

# m a ss and

also haze is organic carbon.

As part of the contribution assessm ent work, Serpil Kayin of MARAMA and Richard Poirot of

the Verm ont Departm e nt of Environm ental Conser vation summarized the results of studies that

have used receptor-based m odels to apportion pollution sources at several sites within the MidAtlantic/Nor theas t Regio n and a f e w sites within the upwind or downwind influence area of the

Region. The technical su mm ary by Kayin and Poirot will appear as “Appendix B: S ource

Attribu tion by Receptor-Based Methods” in th e MANE-VU docum ent, Tools and Techniques for

Identifying Contributions to Re gional Haze in the Northeast and Mid-Atlantic United States.

The m o st recent draft of Appe ndix B is availab l e online at http://b ronze.n e scaum

. org/Em/HazeContrib/AppendixB-04-07-05.pdf

.

The prim ary goal of the recepto r-bas ed studies was to describe and quantif y the m a jor source

catego r ies th at contribu te to the obs erved PM 2. 5 

# concentrations. Several m e thods we re used to

apportion PM 2. 5 

# concentrations inc l u d ing m a them atical rec e p tor m odels and ensem b le tra j ec tory

analysis techniques. Descriptions of the m onito ring sites that were investigated by Kayin and

Poirot are included in Table 3. For more inform ation on the periods of da ta co llec tio n, analys is

techniqu e(s), and referen ces, see the draft of “Appendix B: S ource Apportionm ent by ReceptorBased Methods.”

Table 3: Moni toring si tes in the MANE -VU Regi on whe re source apporti o nmen t analyses have be en

cond ucte d

Si t e L o c a ti o n El evati o n

(meters ) Type of Moni toring

Netw o r k

Acadi a Nat i o n a l Par k , M E 44 N

, 68 W 15 0 IM PRO V E

Ly e Bro o k W i l d er ness , V T 43 N

, 73 W 10 1 0 IM PRO V E

U n d e rh ill, V T 4 5 N, 7 3 W 4 0 0 IMPROV E

N e w Yo rk , NY ( t hr ee sites i n th e Bro n x

,

o n e site in Qu een s ) 41 N

, 74 W Ur ba n ST N

Bri g ant i n e W i l d er ness

, N J 39 N

, 74 W 15 IM PRO V E

Balti m o re-W ash i ng ton C o rrido r (Fo r t

Meade, M D ) 39 N

, 77 W 46 Si t e i n cl ud ed i n a

U n i v ersity of Marylan d

st udy

W a sh ing t on , DC 3 9 N, 7 7 W 3 0 McMillan IMPRO V E

She n an d o ah N a t i onal Pa rk

, V A 39 N

, 78 W 10 9 8 IM PRO V E

Jeffe rs on/Jam e s River Face W i l d erness

Area , VA 38 N

, 79 W 28 0 IM PRO V E

Dol l y S o d d s W i l d er ness A r ea, WV 39 N

, 79 W 11 5 8 IM PRO V E

M a m m ot h Cave Nat i o nal Pa r k

, K Y 37 N

, 86 W 24 8 IM PRO V E

Great Sm oky M o u n t a i n s Nat i onal Pa r k

, TN 36 N

, 84 W 81 5 IM PRO V E

Bou n d ary Wat e rs ca noe area

, M N 48 N

, 91 W 52 4 IM PRO V E

Charl o t t e , NC 35 N

, 81 W 23 0 EPA Tre n ds

Bo ston , M A (resid en tial site in

Waterto w n, M A ) 4 2 N, 7 1 W Site in clu d ed in th e

Har v ar d Si x Ci t i e s St udy

Pot s d a m and S t ockt o n

, N Y ( o ne P o t s dam

si t e , o n e St ockt on si t e ) 47 N

, 75 W

42 N

, 79 W Site included in a Clarks on

U n i v er sity study

Toronto, Cana da Site located at the

U n i v ersity of To ron t o



# 8

# Draft: March 2006

The data presented in the report by K a yi n and Poirot are source apportioned PM 2. 5 

# m a s s and the

percentage of PM 2. 5 

# m a ss. W h ile the sources f o r PM 2. 5 

# and h aze are the s a m e , the relative

im portance of those sources on PM 2. 5 

# concentration and visibility im pairm e nt differ so m e what.

In addition to being related to PM 2. 5 

# concentratio n, light extin cti on is also a function of the

com ponents of PM 2. 5 

# and relative hum i dity. Thus, while source apportioned PM 2. 5 

# m a ss data is

highly relev a nt to region al haze, there are lim itations to m a king direct co mparisons. Certain

pollutants, such as sulfate, m a ke up a larg er contribution to regional haze than to PM 2. 5 

# m a ss.

The m a jor sources of PM 2. 5 

# identified were coal burning (prim a ry and secondary sulf ate

aerosols), secondary organic m a tter from possibl y m obile sources, nitrate aerosols, biom ass

burning (wood sm oke an d forest fires indicated by the presence of organic carbon, elem ental

carbon, and potassium ), industrial so urces (a variety of sources, in cluding sm elters, incinerators,

and oil burning, indicated by the presence of elem ental carb on and characteristic trace m e tals), a

crustal source (dust and soil indicated by the pr esence of silicon, alum inu m , calcium , iron, and

titanium ) , and a sea salt source (identified by the presence of sodium and c h loride).

A wood s m o k e or biom ass burning source was identif ied at most of the rural sites, but was

generally not detected or of s m all m a gnitude in la rger urb a n a r eas, including Boston, New York

City, Toronto, and W a shington D.C. Wood s m ok e wa s also a negligible or low contributor (less

than 10%) in Acadia National Park, Boundary Wa ters, Brigantine W ilderness, Charlotte, Dolly

Sods W ilderness Area, Great Sm ok y Mountains National Park, and Potsdam and Sto c kton.

Wood s m ok e was identified as a significant source of average PM 2. 5 

# m a ss (grea t er than 10%) in

the Baltim ore-W a shington corridor, L y e Brook Wilderness, Mammoth Ca ve National Park,

Shenandoah National Park, Jefferson/Jam e s River Face W ilderness Area, and Underhill. In Lye

Brook W ilderness and Underhill, wood sm oke was the second largest sour ce, following regional

secondary sulfate.

In the Lye B r ook W ilderness Area, wood s m oke com p rised a relatively high percentage (35%) of

the average PM 2. 5 

# m a ss. However, the sm oke so urce was not identified as especially im portant

there on eith er the 20 % b e st or worst visibility days.

Sm oke also contributed significantly to the PM 2. 5 

# m a ss at Underhill, VT. This source was found

to m a ke up a large portion (25%) of the PM 2. 5 

# mass on the 20% clearest days but a sm aller

portion (7%) on the 20% dirtiest da ys. It was p r edic ted th at the site was influenced by Canadian

fi res.

In addition studies on source cate gories, th ere has also been wo rk to inve stiga t e th e s ource

regions for wood s m oke

. Figure 3 is based on so urce apportion m ent and back trajectory results

in the Eas t er n United Sta t es. The r e s u lts f o r various IMPROVE sites are aggregated for the

Northeast R e gion (Acadia National Park, Pr esidential Mountain Range, and Lye Brook

W ilderness Area), the Mid-Atlantic Region (Was hington D. C., Shenandoah National Park, and

Jam e s River Face W ilderness Area), and the Southeast Regio n (Great Smoky Mountains

National Park and Mammoth Cave National Park).

9

# Draft: March 2006

Fi gure 3: Wo o d sm oke s o urc e re gi o n al ag g r egat i o n s ( S o u r ce “A ppe n d i x B: So urce At t r i but i o n by Rece pt o r-Base d

Meth od s” in the MA NE-V U d o c u m en t, Tools an d Tech n i qu es f o r Id en tifyin g C o n t rib u t i o n s to Reg i o n al H a ze in th e

Nort he ast an d Mi d-At l a nt i c U n i t e d St at es. The m o st recent dra f t of Appe ndix B is availa ble online at

http://bronze.nescaum

. org/Em/Haze-Cont rib/A ppendixB-04-07-05.pdf .) The res u lts are aggr e g ated for New Engla n d

in green (A cadia N a tio n a l Park

, Presi d en tial Mo un tain Rang e, and Lye B r o o k W ild ern e ss Area), th e Mid

- A tlan tic in

red (Was hington D.C., Shena n doa h Na tional Park, and Jam e s River Face W i l d erness Area), a n d the Southeast i n

bl ue ( G reat Sm oky M o u n t a i n s Nat i o nal Pa rk and M a m m ot h Cave Nat i onal Par k ).



# The results shown in the figure dem o nstrate th at in the Northeast wood smoke em issions are

local, indic a ting th at th e sm oke is m o stly f r om residential wood com bustion. However, in the

Mid-Atlantic and Southeast Regions, the sour ce regions for the wood s m oke lie far fro m the

monitoring sites, showing the probable influence of fires to the south.

Although source apportion m ent studie s have not been conducted at all the Class I Areas in the

MANE-VU Region, it is reasonabl e to conclude that throughout the Region, wood s m oke is a

sm all to m o derate contributor to average fine m a ss. There are other gen e ral statem ents

conclusions m a de in “Ap p endix B: S ource Attribu tion by Receptor-Based Methods.” In general,

contributions are higher in rural areas than urba n areas. There are also winter peaks in northern

areas from residen tial wood burning, and o ccasio nal summ er im pacts from wildfires.

Although wood sm oke i s typically not a large cont ributor to PM 2. 5 

# m a ss, there are ex ceptions,

generally involving wildfires. A not able exception occurred on July 7, 2 002. This event affected

urban and rural sites and resulted in the largest one-day regional fine m a ss concentrations and

visibility im pacts r eco rd ed in recent years.

5. Smoke Management P r ograms in the MANE-VU Region

MARAMA, on behalf of MANE-VU, sent out a smoke m a nagem e nt plan questionnaire to

MANE-VU States and tribes in August 2004. The District of Colu m b ia, Delaware, Maine,

Maryland, N e w York, the Penobscot Indian Nation , the St. Regis Mohawk Tribe, and Verm ont

10

# Draft: March 2006

11 responded to the survey. All five states and the Di strict of Columbia have the legal authority to

allow or prohibit burning. Delaware, Maine, Maryland, and New York have a formal permitting

system in place. Vermont has a SMP that applie s to the nuisance of smoke. In 2004, Maine was

in the development phase of a SMP being devised by the state forest service. States that do have

a process for approving burns may choose to reference their program in the Regional Haze SIP

as advised by the EPA.

There are incentives for States to adopt a SMP. The following statement is included in the

“Interim Air Quality Policy on Wildland and Pres cribed Fires,” issued by the US EPA on April

23, 1998 ( http://www.epa.gov/ttn/oarpg /t1/memoranda/firefnl.pdf ).

If a certified SMP has not been implemented, EPA will not give special consideration to

the high PM concentrations attributed to fir es managed for resource benefits that cause

or significantly contribute to: (1) violations of PM 2.5 

# or PM 10 

# NAAQS, (2) visibility

impairment in mandatory Class I Areas, or (3) failure to achieve reasonable progress

toward the national visibility goal. Rather , EPA will call for adoption of the basic SMP,

described in section IV of the Interim policy as part of the SIP/TIP for PM and visibility.

The EPA will also notify the governor of the Stat e or the tribal government that the area

should be redesignated as nonattainment.

The EPA also states in the Interi m Policy that if State/tribal ai r quality managers certify in a

letter to the EPA that at l east a basic SMP has been adopted and implemented, “special

consideration will be given under this policy to air quality data resulting from fires managed for

resource benefits. When PM concentrations are attributable to wildfire s that are treated under

the Natural Events Policy, the EPA will “exercise its discretion, under section 107(d)(3) of the

CAA, not to redesignate areas as nonattainment if the State develops and implements a plan to

respond to the health impact s of natural events.”

If States choose to adopt a SMP to protect the State from the future possibility of begin redesignated as non-attainment, there are several elements that should be included. These

elements are described in EPA’s “Interim Air Qu ality Policy on Wildland and Prescribed Fires,”

available on-line at http://www.epa.gov/ttn/oarpg/t1/memoranda/firefnl.pdf

.

7. Summary

Smoke Management Programs are only required when smoke impacts from fires managed for

resource benefits contribute significantly to regi onal haze. The results of the emissions inventory

indicate that emissions from agricultural, manage d, and prescribed burning are very minor source

categories. Although source apportionment resu lts show that wood smoke is a moderate

contributor to visibility impair ment at some Class I Areas in the MANE-VU Region, most of the

wood smoke is attributable to residential wood combustion. It is unlikely that fires for

agricultural or forestry management cause large im pacts on visibility in any of the Class I Areas

in the MANE-VU Region. On rare occasions, smoke from major fires degrades the air quality

and visibility in the MANE-VU Area. However, these fires are generally unwanted wildfires

that are not subject to SMPs.TableX:CarbonMonoxideWoodSmokeEmissions(Tons/Year) bySource(Source: 2002MANE-VU ModelingInventory, Version 2.0withupdatedNYdata).Source CategoryCTDEDCMEMDMANHNJNYPARIVTTOTALIndustrialWood Comb.112,780.006,439.02273.2719,492.29Comm./Inst.WoodComb.2398.40414.30125.304,117.035,055.03Residential WoodComb.365,252.839,108.601,141.5599,653.1961,174.59104,461.9963,713.4370,620.56334,864.8074,914.962,690.7130,407.56918,004.75AgriculturalBurning41,368.001,661.763,029.76WildlandFires5384.331,054.030.071,729.922,018.501,042.964,599.135,120.122,234.03175.3622.8118,381.28Managed/Slash Fires60.1542.0042.15PrescribedFires71,430.590.050.03456.994,084.074,005.12155.813,396.9379.8113,609.39Structure Fires8471.8066.7137.0949.62263.72414.2179.16481.691,377.72765.921.5925.714,034.92OpenBurning9243.96998.360.006,318.2370,978.492,418.511,895.67170.038,003.6486,714.58294.9311,467.75189,504.16AllFires66,108.9611,659.921,178.69101,469.4663,667.22120,088.9975,483.9481,368.25345,635.4981,311.832,947.4730,729.35981,649.571SCC 2102008000;2SCC 2103008000;3SCC 2104008000 (orSCC 2104008001,SCC 2104008002,SCC 2104008003,SCC 2104008004,SCC 2104008010,SCC 2104008030,SCC2104008050,and SCC2104008052)andSCC 2104008070;4SCC 2801500000;5SCC 2810001000;6SCC 2810005000;7SCC 2810015000 and SCC 2810020000;8SCC 2810030000;9SCC 2610000100,SCC 2610000400,SCC 2610000500,SCC 2610010000,SCC 2610020000,SCC 2610030000,and SCC 2610040400TableX:Carbon MonoxideWood SmokeEmissions (Tons/Year)by SCC(Source: 2002 MANE-VUModeling Inventory, Version 2.0with updated NYdata).SCCCTDEDCMEMDMANHNJNYPARIVTTOTAL210200800012,780.006,439.02273.2719,492.292103008000398.40414.30125.304,117.035,055.03IndoorRWC161,903.348,290.40605.5197,150.2356,108.0598,315.6461,753.5670,620.56334,864.8074,914.962,690.7130,407.56897,625.3221040080703,349.49818.19536.042,502.955,066.546,146.341,959.8720,379.4328015000001,368.001,661.763,029.762810001000384.331,054.030.071,729.922,018.501,042.964,599.135,120.122,234.03175.3622.8118,381.2828100050000.1542.0042.1528100150001,430.590.050.01456.994,084.074,005.12155.813,396.9379.8113,609.3728100200000.020.022810030000471.8066.7137.0949.62263.72414.2179.16481.691,377.72765.921.5925.714,034.92261000010022.29293.77437.3769.121,002.5360.281,290.941,743.117.35635.155,561.902610000400107.44367.212,886.221,284.14250.6019.471,627.322,288.839.18793.949,634.362610000500243.96739.4966,601.1169,750.949,240.48146,575.982610010000981.79981.7926100200002,516.362,516.362610030000129.145,657.251,053.8016.31150.9690.285,085.389,433.55278.40439.6822,334.7526100404001048.937491.580358.5021,899.02AllFires66,352.9112,658.281,178.69107,787.70134,645.71122,507.5177,379.6181,538.29353,639.13168,026.413,242.4042,197.101,171,153.731For indoor residential wood combustion, CT, DE, ME,MD,MA, and NHprovided data for totalwoodstoves and fireplaces (SCC2104008000).DC,NJ,NY, PA,RI,and VTinstead reported data forseparatewoodstove andfireplace categories(SCC 2104008001, SCC 2104008002, SCC 2104008003,SCC 2104008004, SCC 2104008010, SCC 2104008030,SCC2104008050,SCC 2104008052).The separate categorydatawereadded together to get atotal woodstoves and fireplaces value for these states.12TableX:Ammonia WoodSmokeEmissions(Tons/Year) by Source (Source: 2002 MANE-VU ModelingInventory, Version 2.0withupdatedNYdata).Source CategoryCTDEDCMEMDMANHNJNYPARIVTTOTALIndustrialWood Comb.10.00Comm./Inst.WoodComb.20.00Residential WoodComb.3470.3565.673.82719.35441.14752.72459.642,397.605,310.29AgriculturalBurning40.00WildlandFires51.734.7447.734.69127.4050.260.790.09237.43Managed/Slash Fires60.00PrescribedFires76.420.5118.376.9215.280.3622.9670.82Structure Fires80.00OpenBurning91.2240.3412.3411.2829.1740.2117.52152.07All Fires472.0778.043.82719.86481.48812.79493.992,531.9279.4355.491.1540.575,770.611SCC 2102008000;2SCC 2103008000;3SCC 2104008000 (orSCC 2104008001,SCC 2104008002,SCC 2104008003,SCC 2104008004,SCC 2104008010,SCC 2104008030,SCC2104008050,and SCC2104008052)andSCC 2104008070;4SCC 2801500000;5SCC 2810001000;6SCC 2810005000;7SCC 2810015000 and SCC 2810020000;8SCC 2810030000;9SCC 2610000100,SCC 2610000400,SCC 2610000500,SCC 2610010000,SCC 2610020000,SCC 2610030000,and SCC 2610040400TableX:Ammonia WoodSmokeEmissions(Tons/Year) by Source (Source: 2002 MANE-VU ModelingInventory, Version 2.0withupdatedNYdata).SCCCTDEDCMEMDMANHNJNYPARIVTTOTAL21020080000.0021030080000.00IndoorRWC1446.4859.84701.52405.04708.92445.682397.605,165.07210400807023.875.833.8217.8436.1043.8013.97145.2228015000000.0028100010001.734.7447.734.69127.4050.260.790.09237.4328100050000.0028100150006.420.5118.376.9215.280.3622.9670.8228100200000.0028100300000.0026100001000.254.920.7811.2814.5219.617.1558.5126100004000.9725.9811.5714.6520.607.1580.9026100005000.0026100100000.0026100200000.0026100300000.0026100404009.443.2312.67FIRES472.0778.043.82719.86481.48812.79493.992531.9279.4355.491.1540.575,770.611For indoor residential wood combustion, CT, DE, ME,MD,MA, and NHprovided data for totalwoodstoves and fireplaces (SCC2104008000).DC,NJ,NY, PA,RI,and VTinstead reported data forseparatewoodstove andfireplace categories(SCC 2104008001, SCC 2104008002, SCC 2104008003,SCC 2104008004, SCC 2104008010, SCC 2104008030,SCC2104008050,SCC 2104008052).The separate categorydatawereadded together to get atotal woodstoves and fireplaces value for these states.13TableX:NitrogenOxidesWood Smoke Emissions (Tons/Year) bySource (Source: 2002 MANE-VU ModelingInventory, Version 2.0withupdated NYdata).Source CategoryCTDEDCMEMDMANHNJNYPARIVTTOTALIndustrialWood Comb.10.000.000.000.000.004,686.105,258.550.000.000.000.0030.179,974.82Comm./Inst.WoodComb.20.000.000.001,206.400.00197.90102.330.00148.330.000.000.001,654.96Residential WoodComb.3821.26120.1913.251,265.06751.161,331.80815.04856.753,929.40929.6634.37384.7311,252.67AgriculturalBurning40.000.000.0054.000.000.000.000.180.000.000.000.0054.18WildlandFires58.2522.600.000.4449.4357.2022.37131.40109.8463.833.760.49469.62Managed/Slash Fires60.000.000.000.001.200.000.000.000.000.000.000.001.20PrescribedFires70.0030.650.000.000.000.0087.620.003.3472.881.710.00196.20Structure Fires811.011.560.871.166.159.661.8511.2432.1517.8768.350.60162.46OpenBurning96.5836.060.00399.342,402.0288.2983.7110.40488.203,154.0619.65380.757,069.06All Fires847.10211.0614.122,926.393,209.976,370.956,371.471,009.974,711.274,238.30127.85796.7430,835.171SCC 2102008000;2SCC 2103008000;3SCC 2104008000 (orSCC 2104008001,SCC 2104008002,SCC 2104008003,SCC 2104008004,SCC 2104008010,SCC 2104008030,SCC2104008050,and SCC2104008052)andSCC 2104008070;4SCC 2801500000;5SCC 2810001000;6SCC 2810005000;7SCC 2810015000 and SCC 2810020000;8SCC 2810030000;9SCC 2610000100,SCC 2610000400,SCC 2610000500,SCC 2610010000,SCC 2610020000,SCC 2610030000,and SCC 2610040400TableX:NitrogenOxidesWood Smoke Emissions (Tons/Year)bySCC(Source:2002MANE-VU ModelingInventory, Version 2.0withupdated NYdata).SCCCTDEDCMEMDMANHNJNYPARIVTTOTAL21020080004686.105258.5530.179,974.8221030080001206.40197.90102.33148.331,654.96IndoorRWC1786.79111.777.731239.29699.011268.54794.87856.753929.40929.6634.37384.7311,042.91210400807034.488.425.5225.7652.1563.2620.17209.76280150000054.000.1854.1828100010008.2522.600.4449.4357.2022.37131.40109.8463.833.760.49469.6228100050000.001.21.20281001500030.650.000.0087.623.3472.881.71196.2028100200000.000.00281003000011.011.560.871.166.159.661.8511.2432.1517.8768.350.60162.4626100001001.2324.213.8355.513.3471.4696.4935.16291.2326100004003.84103.0845.850.7058.1281.7428.35321.6826100005006.5821.882200.422063.64273.394,565.90261001000069.3069.302610020000177.63177.6326100300009.11399.3474.311.1510.646.37358.62665.2619.6531.041,575.48261004040037.4617.5612.8067.83FIRES847.10211.0614.122926.393209.976370.956371.471009.974711.274238.30127.85796.7430,835.171For indoor residential wood combustion, CT, DE, ME,MD,MA, and NHprovided data for totalwoodstoves and fireplaces (SCC2104008000).DC,NJ,NY, PA,RI,and VTinstead reported data forseparatewoodstove andfireplace categories(SCC 2104008001, SCC 2104008002, SCC 2104008003,SCC 2104008004, SCC 2104008010, SCC 2104008030,SCC2104008050,SCC 2104008052).The separate categorydatawereadded together to get atotal woodstoves and fireplaces value for these states.14Table X:PM10WoodSmoke Emissions(Tons/Year)bySource (Source: 2002 MANE-VU ModelingInventory, Version 2.0withupdated NYdata).Source CategoryCTDEDCMEMDMANHNJNYPARIVTTOTALIndustrialWood Comb.10.000.000.000.000.0011,012.104,045.850.000.000.000.0030.2815,088.23Comm./Inst.WoodComb.20.000.000.000.000.00465.3078.730.00115.030.000.000.00659.06Residential WoodComb.38,520.691,227.88157.8712,569.578,194.2913,689.278,019.219,363.0444,821.8010,285.66375.253,938.41121,162.93AgriculturalBurning40.000.000.002.150.000.000.00203.610.000.000.002.14207.90WildlandFires537.37102.570.000.04210.06244.90101.41985.53497.84207.4517.052.222,406.44Managed/Slash Fires60.000.000.000.015.100.000.000.000.000.000.000.005.11PrescribedFires70.00139.210.010.0082.020.00397.10389.9315.15330.297.760.001,361.47Structure Fires80.000.000.0094.4947.4713.66430.72277.1487.400.000.000.00950.89OpenBurning930.79122.270.002,673.388,205.49345.94329.8134.421,599.939,753.43128.071,373.5224,597.06All Fires8,588.851,591.94157.8715,339.6616,744.4425,771.1713,402.8311,253.6647,137.1620,576.83528.135,346.57166,439.101SCC 2102008000;2SCC 2103008000;3SCC 2104008000 (orSCC 2104008001,SCC 2104008002,SCC 2104008003,SCC 2104008004,SCC 2104008010,SCC 2104008030,SCC2104008050,and SCC2104008052)andSCC 2104008070;4SCC 2801500000;5SCC 2810001000;6SCC 2810005000;7SCC 2810015000 and SCC 2810020000;8SCC 2810030000;9SCC 2610000100,SCC 2610000400,SCC 2610000500,SCC 2610010000,SCC 2610020000,SCC 2610030000,and SCC 2610040400Table X:PM10WoodSmoke Emissions(Tons/Year) bySCC(Source:2002MANE-VUModelingInventory,Version2.0 withupdatedNYdata).SCCCTDEDCMEMDMANHNJNYPARIVTTOTAL210200800011,012.104,045.8530.2815,088.232103008000465.3078.73115.03659.06IndoorRWC18,061.891,115.8184.4412,226.737,500.3012,847.377,750.759,363.0444,821.8010,285.66375.253,938.41118,371.452104008070458.80112.0773.42342.84693.99841.90268.452,791.4828015000002.15203.612.14207.90281000100037.37102.570.04210.06244.90101.41985.53497.84207.4517.052.222,406.4428100050000.015.105.112810015000139.210.010.0082.02397.10389.9315.15330.297.761,361.4728100200000.000.00281003000094.4947.4713.66430.72277.1487.40950.8926100001004.3899.6785.9113.58196.9411.84253.58342.402.49124.761,135.55261000040015.1444.59406.75180.9530.432.74229.34322.561.12111.891,345.51261000050030.7974.397,481.367,016.37929.5215,532.4226100100000.0026100200000.00261003000028.372,529.12231.473.5833.1619.831,117.022,072.11124.46156.836,315.952610040400147.8369.2850.52267.63FIRES8,588.851,591.94157.8715,339.6616,744.4425,771.1713,402.8311,253.6647,137.1620,576.83528.135,346.57166,439.101For indoor residential wood combustion, CT, DE, ME,MD,MA, and NHprovided data for totalwoodstoves and fireplaces (SCC2104008000).DC,NJ,NY, PA,RI,and VTinstead reported data forseparatewoodstove andfireplace categories(SCC 2104008001, SCC 2104008002, SCC 2104008003,SCC 2104008004, SCC 2104008010, SCC 2104008030,SCC2104008050,SCC 2104008052).The separate categorydatawereadded together to get atotal woodstoves and fireplaces value for these states.15Table X:PM2.5WoodSmoke Emissions (Tons/Year) by Source (Source: 2002 MANE-VU ModelingInventory, Version 2.0withupdated NYdata).Source CategoryCTDEDCMEMDMANHNJNYPARIVTTOTALIndustrialWood Comb.10.000.000.000.000.009,521.103,509.280.000.000.000.0030.2813,060.66Comm./Inst.WoodComb.20.000.000.000.000.00402.3068.280.0096.570.000.000.00567.15Residential WoodComb.38,520.691,227.88157.8712,569.578,194.2913,689.278,019.219,363.0439,291.3410,285.66375.253,662.72115,356.78AgriculturalBurning40.000.000.002.150.000.000.00156.300.000.000.002.14160.59WildlandFires532.0587.930.000.04210.06244.9086.97886.98426.97186.7014.621.902,179.12Managed/Slash Fires60.000.000.000.015.100.000.000.000.000.000.000.005.11PrescribedFires70.00118.980.000.0082.020.00340.57334.2212.99283.276.660.001,178.74Structure Fires877.2810.936.088.1343.20414.2012.9886.70225.6711.014.210.00900.39OpenBurning930.79116.410.009,935.62617.61270.29309.6233.641,453.339,505.04117.591,323.1023,713.04All Fires8,660.811,562.13163.9522,515.529,152.2824,542.0712,346.9110,860.8841,506.8720,271.68518.325,020.14157,121.581SCC 2102008000;2SCC 2103008000;3SCC 2104008000 (orSCC 2104008001,SCC 2104008002,SCC 2104008003,SCC 2104008004,SCC 2104008010,SCC 2104008030,SCC2104008050,and SCC2104008052)andSCC 2104008070;4SCC 2801500000;5SCC 2810001000;6SCC 2810005000;7SCC 2810015000 and SCC 2810020000;8SCC 2810030000;9SCC 2610000100,SCC 2610000400,SCC 2610000500,SCC 2610010000,SCC 2610020000,SCC 2610030000,and SCC 2610040400Table X:PM2.5WoodSmoke Emissions(Tons/Year) bySCC(Source:2002MANE-VUModelingInventory,Version2.0 withupdatedNYdata).SCCCTDEDCMEMDMANHNJNYPARIVTTOTAL21020080009521.103509.2830.2813,060.662103008000402.3068.2896.57567.15IndoorRWC18061.891115.8184.4412226.737500.3012847.377750.759363.0439291.3410285.66375.253662.72112,565.302104008070458.80112.0773.42342.84693.99841.90268.452,791.4828015000002.15156.302.14160.59281000100032.0587.930.04210.06244.9086.97886.98426.97186.7014.621.902,179.1228100050000.015.105.112810015000118.980.000.0082.02340.57334.2212.99283.276.661,178.7328100200000.000.00281003000077.2810.936.088.1343.20414.2012.9886.70225.6711.014.21900.3926100001004.3899.6785.9113.58196.9411.84253.58342.402.49124.761,135.55261000040011.6738.44319.72139.4828.913.64176.80248.671.1286.261,054.68261000050030.7974.397481.367016.37929.5215,532.4226100100000.0026100200000.00261003000025.982316.14211.983.2830.3618.161022.951897.62113.98143.625,784.072610040400113.9653.4138.95206.32FIRES8660.811562.13163.9522515.529152.2824428.1112293.5010860.8841506.8720271.68518.324981.19157,121.581For indoor residential wood combustion, CT, DE, ME,MD,MA, and NHprovided data for totalwoodstoves and fireplaces (SCC2104008000).DC,NJ,NY, PA,RI,and VTinstead reported data forseparatewoodstove andfireplace categories(SCC 2104008001, SCC 2104008002, SCC 2104008003,SCC 2104008004, SCC 2104008010, SCC 2104008030,SCC2104008050,SCC 2104008052).The separate categorydatawereadded together to get atotal woodstoves and fireplaces value for these states.16TableX:Sulfur DioxideWood SmokeEmissions (Tons/Year)by Source(Source: 2002 MANE-VUModeling Inventory, Version 2.0with updated NYdata).Source CategoryCTDEDCMEMDMANHNJNYPARIVTTOTALIndustrialWood Comb.10.000.000.000.000.00532.50268.300.000.000.000.001,803.372,604.17Comm./Inst.WoodComb.20.000.000.000.000.0022.405.240.007.570.000.000.0035.21Residential WoodComb.3120.1316.072.03184.00107.05193.51119.02122.39666.00141.975.2556.341,733.77AgriculturalBurning40.000.000.000.000.000.000.000.180.000.000.000.000.18WildlandFires52.266.200.000.000.000.006.140.000.002.390.001.0318.02Managed/Slash Fires60.000.000.000.000.000.000.000.000.000.000.000.000.00PrescribedFires70.008.400.001.600.000.0024.020.000.9219.980.470.0055.39Structure Fires80.000.000.000.000.00532.500.000.000.000.000.000.00532.50OpenBurning90.002.950.0066.5649.6228.2314.401.7088.02150.213.2823.14428.11All Fires122.3933.622.03252.15156.661,309.14437.12124.28762.51314.559.001,883.895,407.341SCC 2102008000;2SCC 2103008000;3SCC 2104008000 (orSCC 2104008001,SCC 2104008002,SCC 2104008003,SCC 2104008004,SCC 2104008010,SCC 2104008030,SCC2104008050,and SCC2104008052)andSCC 2104008070;4SCC 2801500000;5SCC 2810001000;6SCC 2810005000;7SCC 2810015000 and SCC 2810020000;8SCC 2810030000;9SCC 2610000100,SCC 2610000400,SCC 2610000500,SCC 2610010000,SCC 2610020000,SCC 2610030000,and SCC 2610040400TableX:Sulfur DioxideWood SmokeEmissions(Tons/Year) bySCC (Source: 2002 MANE-VUModeling Inventory,Version 2.0 with updated NYdata).SCCCTDEDCMEMDMANHNJNYPARIVTTOTAL2102008000532.50268.301803.372604.17210300800022.405.247.5735.21IndoorRWC1114.8314.781.18180.0499.02183.77115.92122.39666.00141.975.2556.341701.4921040080705.301.300.853.968.029.733.1032.2728015000000.180.1828100010002.266.200.006.140.002.391.0318.0228100050000.0028100150008.400.001.6024.020.000.9219.980.4755.3928100200000.002810030000532.500.00532.5026100001000.152.970.476.800.418.7611.834.3135.7026100004001.2734.2215.130.2319.3027.149.41106.7126100005000.0026100100000.0026100200000.0026100300001.5266.5612.430.191.771.0659.97111.243.285.17263.18261004040012.445.834.2522.52FIRES122.3933.622.03252.15156.661309.14437.12124.28762.51314.559.001883.895407.341For indoor residential wood combustion, CT, DE, ME,MD,MA, and NHprovided data for totalwoodstoves and fireplaces (SCC2104008000).DC,NJ,NY, PA,RI,and VTinstead reported data forseparatewoodstove andfireplace categories(SCC 2104008001, SCC 2104008002, SCC 2104008003,SCC 2104008004, SCC 2104008010, SCC 2104008030,SCC2104008050,SCC 2104008052).The separate categorydatawereadded together to get atotal woodstoves and fireplaces value for these states.17TableX:VOC WoodSmoke Emissions(Tons/Year)bySource (Source: 2002 MANE-VU ModelingInventory, Version 2.0withupdated NYdata).Source CategoryCTDEDCMEMDMANHNJNYPARIVTTOTALIndustrialWood Comb.10.000.000.000.000.00362.10182.440.000.000.000.0028.14572.68Comm./Inst.WoodComb.20.000.000.0027.310.0015.313.550.003.940.000.000.0050.11Residential WoodComb.341,067.785,952.16732.8159,815.6239,433.7966,217.3938,651.9416,217.03237,762.0025,537.321,096.929,943.74542,428.48AgriculturalBurning40.000.000.00128.400.000.000.00235.000.000.000.000.00363.40WildlandFires518.0949.550.000.0192.90345.4049.08778.57240.95382.988.251.081,966.85Managed/Slash Fires60.000.000.000.035.700.000.000.000.000.000.000.005.73PrescribedFires70.0067.380.000.0170.310.00192.19275.737.33159.863.760.00776.56Structure Fires886.5012.236.809.1048.3576.0014.5188.31252.58140.4212.534.71752.03OpenBurning920.0077.300.002,119.955,266.93192.34358.8222.18795.097,235.23101.34985.0817,174.26All Fires41,192.366,158.62739.6162,100.4344,917.9767,208.5339,452.5317,616.82239,061.8933,455.801,222.8010,962.75564,090.101SCC 2102008000;2SCC 2103008000;3SCC 2104008000 (orSCC 2104008001,SCC 2104008002,SCC 2104008003,SCC 2104008004,SCC 2104008010,SCC 2104008030,SCC2104008050,and SCC2104008052)andSCC 2104008070;4SCC 2801500000;5SCC 2810001000;6SCC 2810005000;7SCC 2810015000 and SCC 2810020000;8SCC 2810030000;9SCC 2610000100,SCC 2610000400,SCC 2610000500,SCC 2610010000,SCC 2610020000,SCC 2610030000,and SCC 2610040400TableX:VOC WoodSmoke Emissions(Tons/Year) bySCC(Source:2002MANE-VUModeling Inventory,Version 2.0withupdatedNYdata).SCCCTDEDCMEMDMANHNJNYPARIVTTOTAL2102008000362.10182.4428.14572.68210300800027.3115.313.553.9450.11IndoorRWC138,031.235,210.41246.8557,546.5134,840.6060,645.2936,875.1816,217.03237,762.0025,537.321,096.929,943.74523,953.0721040080703,036.55741.75485.962,269.114,593.185,572.101,776.7618,475.412801500000128.40235.00363.40281000100018.0949.550.0192.90345.4049.08778.57240.95382.988.251.081,966.8528100050000.035.705.73281001500067.380.000.0070.31192.19275.737.33159.863.76776.5628100200000.000.00281003000086.5012.236.809.1048.3576.0014.5188.31252.58140.4212.534.71752.0326100001005.5773.44109.3417.28250.6315.07322.73435.781.84158.791,390.47261000040014.5849.84391.70174.2534.012.64220.85310.631.25107.751,307.49261000050020.0050.764,571.414,787.64634.2610,064.072610010000346.51346.512610020000888.13888.1326100300006.391,996.6852.120.817.474.47251.51466.5598.2635.632,919.872610040400142.3666.7148.65257.72FIRES41,192.366,158.62739.6162,100.4344,917.9767,208.5339,452.5317,616.82239,061.8933,455.801,222.8010,962.75564,090.101For indoor residential wood combustion, CT, DE, ME,MD,MA, and NHprovided data for totalwoodstoves and fireplaces (SCC2104008000).DC,NJ,NY, PA,RI,and VTinstead reported data forseparatewoodstove andfireplace categories(SCC 2104008001, SCC 2104008002, SCC 2104008003,SCC 2104008004, SCC 2104008010, SCC 2104008030,SCC2104008050,SCC 2104008052).The separate categorydatawereadded together to get atotal woodstoves and fireplaces value for these states.18