DA 12-0278

IN THE SUPREME COURT OF THE STATE OF MONTANA

2013 MT 169

STATE OF MONTANA,

 Plaintiff and Appellee,

 v.

CHRISTOPHER NELS BULLPLUME,

 Defendant and Appellant.

APPEAL FROM: District Court of the Eighth Judicial District,

In and For the County of Cascade, Cause No. CDC-11-305

Honorable Kenneth R. Neill, Presiding Judge

COUNSEL OF RECORD:

For Appellant:

Wade Zolynski, Chief Appellate Defender, Sarah Chase Rosario, Assistant

Appellate Defender, Helena, Montana

For Appellee:

Timothy C. Fox, Montana Attorney General, Mardell Ployhar, Assistant 

Attorney General, Helena, Montana

John Parker, Cascade County Attorney, Kory Larsen, Deputy County

Attorney, Great Falls, Montana

Submitted on Briefs: April 24, 2013

 Decided: June 25, 2013

Filed:

__________________________________________

Clerk

June 25 2013
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Justice Laurie McKinnon delivered the Opinion of the Court.

¶1 Christopher Nels Bullplume was convicted of failing to provide notice of his 

change of residence when required to do so as a sexual offender. The Eighth Judicial 

District Court, Cascade County, imposed a four-year suspended sentence. Bullplume 

appeals several conditions of that sentence. We affirm.

¶2 We restate the issues on appeal as follows:

1. Whether Bullplume has waived appellate review of the District Court’s 

requirement that he pay the costs of his court-ordered evaluations and 

treatment.

2. Whether the District Court abused its discretion in imposing conditions 26 

through 40, which relate specifically to sexual offenders.

FACTUAL AND PROCEDURAL BACKGROUND

¶3 In 1993, Bullplume was convicted of first-degree rape in the State of Washington. 

As a result of that conviction, he is required to register as a sexual offender. Bullplume 

has discharged the Washington sentence that was imposed.

¶4 On August 1, 2011, Bullplume was arrested in Great Falls for misdemeanor 

offenses of driving under the influence (DUI), disorderly conduct, driving without 

insurance, and driving while license suspended. Law enforcement officers ascertained 

that Bullplume was a registered sexual offender from Washington and that a warrant had 

been issued for his arrest in Washington because he had absconded from his last known 

address in June 2011. Officers further determined that Bullplume had not registered as a 

sexual offender in Great Falls. A detective spoke with Bullplume, who admitted that he 
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had left Washington approximately two months earlier and that he had been living in 

Great Falls for about two weeks.

¶5 On August 11, 2011, the State charged Bullplume with failing to register, a felony, 

in violation of §§ 46-23-505 and -507, MCA (2009). The State and Bullplume ultimately 

entered into a binding plea agreement under § 46-12-211(1)(b), MCA. In exchange for 

Bullplume’s guilty plea, the State agreed to recommend a four-year commitment to the 

Montana State Prison, with all time suspended. On November 1, 2011, Bullplume 

appeared in court and changed his plea to guilty. A presentence investigation report 

(PSI) was ordered. As required by § 46-18-111(1)(b), MCA, a psychosexual evaluation 

was prepared in conjunction with the PSI.

¶6 The PSI was filed with the District Court on February 22, 2012. It reflected that 

Bullplume, age 34 at the time, was unemployed and relied on family as a means of 

support. In addition to his 1993 conviction for rape, Bullplume had convictions for 

felony possession of heroin (1995) and felony unlawful possession of a firearm (2006). 

He also had two convictions for DUI (2001 and 2003) and had been arrested for his third 

DUI when the State charged him with failure to register. Additionally, Bullplume had a 

conviction for felony attempt to elude (2001), as well as two prior convictions of felony 

failing to register as a sexual offender in Washington (2001 and 2003). The PSI notes 

that Bullplume’s charge of failing to register in the instant case occurred not long after 

his release in 2010 from a four-year incarceration in Washington State Prison on a 

firearm offense.
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¶7 Dr. Donna M. Zook conducted the psychosexual evaluation and prepared a report 

for the District Court. Dr. Zook determined that “[t]he veracity and trustworthiness of 

Mr. Bullplume’s self-report is questionable” in that “[h]is account of events do not 

coincide with records.” Dr. Zook found that “[t]he most salient factor regarding Mr. 

Bullplume’s character is his lack of shame, guilt, or remorse regarding antisocial 

behaviors that he committed and the effects on others.” Dr. Zook provided the following 

summary of Bullplume:

In summary Mr. Bullplume is a moderate risk for repeated sexual offending 

due to: (1) criminal history; (2) lack of honesty during the clinical 

interview portion of the evaluation; (3) invalid MMPI-2; (4) denial of 

sexual interests, fantasies, urges, or drive; (5) poor social adjustment and 

inability to cope with daily demands; (6) low empathy and callous and 

irresponsibility to family and others; (7) lacking insight and judgment due 

in part to cognitive processing at the level of a child; (8) extensive alcohol 

and drug history; (9) emotional detachment and lack of guilt, shame or 

remorse for his previous criminal behavior; (10) poor or inadequate 

pro-social support and influence; and (11) lacking distress and motivation 

for change.

Dr. Zook concluded that Bullplume was a moderate risk to repeat a sexual offense and 

designated him a Level 2 offender. See § 46-23-509(2), MCA.

¶8 The District Court conducted a sentencing hearing on February 28, 2012. The 

State recommended that the court impose the four-year suspended sentence called for in 

the plea agreement. In addition, the State requested that the court impose all 41 of the 

probation conditions recommended in the PSI. Bullplume objected to conditions 26 

through 40, which the PSI describes as “standard sexual offender conditions.” He argued 

(1) that failure to register is not a sexual offense which would necessitate conditions 

relating to sexual offenders and (2) that there was an insufficient nexus to impose the 
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conditions because the underlying rape conviction had occurred nearly 20 years earlier. 

Bullplume did not object to any of the other recommended conditions.

¶9 The District Court orally imposed a four-year suspended sentence and allowed the 

parties an opportunity to brief the applicability of conditions 26 through 40. In the 

subsequent written Sentence, issued March 8, 2012, the District Court affirmed the 

imposition of conditions 26 through 40 under the authority of State v. Malloy, 2004 MT 

377, 325 Mont. 86, 103 P.3d 1064.

¶10 In his opening brief on appeal, Bullplume challenges the District Court’s 

imposition of not only conditions 26 through 40, but also conditions 11, 21, and 22, 

which prohibit him from gambling, entering bars, and entering casinos, respectively. 

Additionally, Bullplume argues, for the first time on appeal, that the District Court lacked

authority to require him to pay the costs of his court-ordered evaluations and treatment. 

In his reply brief, however, Bullplume concedes the validity of the State’s argument that 

he may not obtain appellate review of conditions 11, 21, and 22 due to his failure to 

object to these conditions in the District Court. Bullplume maintains only his challenge 

to conditions 26 through 40, as well as his claim that the District Court lacked authority

to impose the costs of court-ordered evaluations and treatment. With respect to the latter, 

the State notes that State v. Lenihan, 184 Mont. 338, 602 P.2d 997 (1979), provides a 

basis for this Court to review whether the District Court had authority to require 

Bullplume to pay for his evaluations and treatment.

¶11 Conditions 26 through 40 may be summarized as follows:
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• Bullplume shall enter and successfully complete sexual offender treatment at 

his own expense. He shall remain in Aftercare or Relapse Prevention Class for 

the entirety of his supervision unless released at the discretion of the probation 

and parole officer and the therapist. He shall reenter treatment at any time if 

deemed appropriate by the probation and parole officer and the therapist. 

(Conditions 26, 37, 38.)

• Bullplume may not have contact with any individual under the age of 18 unless 

accompanied by an approved and appropriately trained, responsible adult. He 

may not reside in a residence where there are any children under the age of 18 

without the written approval of the therapist and the probation and parole 

officer. He may not date, live with, or otherwise be aligned with any person 

with children under the age of 18 without the express prior approval of the 

therapist and the probation and parole officer. (Conditions 27, 34, 40.)

• Bullplume shall not frequent places where children are present or reasonably 

expected to be present—including schools, parks, playgrounds, malls, movies, 

fairs, parades, swimming pools, carnivals, arcades, parties, family functions, 

and holiday festivities—unless accompanied by an approved and appropriately 

trained, responsible adult. He shall obtain permission from the probation and 

parole officer prior to going to any of these places. (Condition 28.)

• Bullplume may not access or have in his possession or under his control any 

material that describes or depicts human nudity, the exploitation of children, 

consensual sexual acts, nonconsensual sexual acts, or sexual acts involving 

force or violence, without prior written approval of the probation and parole 

officer and the therapist. He may not frequent adult book stores, topless bars, 

or massage parlors, or use the services of prostitutes. He may not view 

television shows or motion pictures that are sexually stimulating, or access 

“900” telephone sex lines. (Conditions 29, 30, 35.)

• Bullplume shall not have access to the Internet without prior permission from 

the probation and parole officer and the therapist. If Internet access is allowed, 

Bullplume must allow rating control software to be installed and random 

searches of the hard drive to be conducted for pornography or other 

inappropriate material. He may not have a cell phone or other such device 

with photo or Internet capabilities. (Conditions 31, 36.)

• Bullplume shall be designated a Level 2 sexual offender. (Condition 32.)

• Bullplume shall be subject to reasonable employment or occupational 

prohibitions and restrictions under § 46-18-255(1), MCA. (Condition 33.)
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• Bullplume shall submit to annual polygraph testing. (Condition 39.)

¶12 The requirements that Bullplume pay the costs of evaluations and treatment are 

contained in conditions 17, 18, and 26, which provide as follows:

17. The Defendant shall obtain a chemical dependency evaluation by a 

state approved evaluator. The Defendant must pay for the evaluation 

and follow all of the evaluator’s treatment recommendations.

18. The Defendant shall obtain a mental health evaluation/assessment by 

a state approved evaluator. The Defendant must pay for the 

evaluation and follow all of the evaluator’s treatment 

recommendations.

. . .

26. The Defendant will enter and successfully complete sexual offender 

treatment with a MSOTA clinical member or associate member with

supervision, or equivalent, who is approved by the state and the 

Probation & Parole Officer and at the Defendant’s expense. The 

Defendant shall abide by all treatment rules and recommendations of 

the treatment provider.

¶13 With regard to conditions 26 through 40, Bullplume argues that, given “more than 

(19) nineteen years of living without committing a crime of violence or a sex crime, and a 

lifetime of never committing a crime involving children,” there is an insufficient nexus 

between the offense/offender and the conditions. With regard to conditions 17, 18, and 

26, he asserts that the District Court was without statutory authority to require that he pay 

the costs of his evaluations and treatment. The State argues that the District Court did not 

abuse its discretion in imposing conditions 26 through 40 in light of Bullplume’s criminal 

history, the PSI, and the psychosexual evaluation. The State further argues that it was 

within the broad authority of the District Court to require Bullplume to pay the costs of 

his evaluations and treatment.
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STANDARD OF REVIEW

¶14 We review restrictions or conditions on a criminal sentence for both legality and 

abuse of discretion. State v. Melton, 2012 MT 84, ¶ 16, 364 Mont. 482, 276 P.3d 900.

DISCUSSION

¶15 Issue One. Whether Bullplume has waived appellate review of the District 

Court’s requirement that he pay the costs of his court-ordered evaluations and 

treatment.

¶16 As noted, Bullplume did not object to the District Court’s requirement that he pay 

the costs of his court-ordered evaluations and treatment as conditions of his probation. 

Generally, this Court will not review a claim where the defendant failed to object to the 

alleged error in the trial court. State v. Kotwicki, 2007 MT 17, ¶ 8, 335 Mont. 344, 151 

P.3d 892; State v. Micklon, 2003 MT 45, ¶ 8, 314 Mont. 291, 65 P.3d 559. As the parties 

correctly point out, however, we have created an exception to this general rule where a 

defendant alleges that a sentence exceeds statutory parameters and is, therefore, illegal. 

Lenihan, 184 Mont. at 343, 602 P.2d at 1000; State v. Muhammad, 2002 MT 47, ¶ 23, 

309 Mont. 1, 43 P.3d 318. Part of the rationale behind this exception “is that, as a 

practical matter, ‘a defendant often times must remain silent even in the face of invalid 

conditions’ to guard against the possibility that the sentencing court may forego a more 

lenient sentence if the defendant objects to one of the conditions.” Micklon, ¶ 9 (quoting 

Lenihan, 184 Mont. at 343, 602 P.2d at 1000). We have declined to apply the Lenihan

exception, therefore, in a situation where the defendant “affirmatively agreed” at 

sentencing to the condition he now asserts as error on appeal. Micklon, ¶ 10.
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¶17 For purposes of applying Lenihan, we have held that a sentence which may be 

objectionable is, nevertheless, legal if it falls within statutory parameters. Kotwicki, ¶ 16. 

We explained that “a sentencing court’s failure to abide by a statutory requirement [such 

as consideration of the defendant’s ability to pay] rises to an objectionable sentence, not 

necessarily an illegal one that would invoke the Lenihan exception.” Kotwicki, ¶ 13 

(citing State v. Nelson, 274 Mont. 11, 906 P.2d 663 (1995), and State v. Swoboda, 276 

Mont. 479, 918 P.2d 296 (1996)). In Nelson and Swoboda, we held the Lenihan

exception inapplicable despite allegations that the sentencing court had failed to abide by 

statutory requirements. Both cases involved situations where the trial court had failed to 

consider sentencing alternatives as required by § 46-18-225, MCA, before imposing a 

prison sentence upon a nonviolent offender. The defendants in each case had failed to 

object to the court’s error at the sentencing hearing and attempted to invoke the Lenihan

exception on appeal. We observed, however, that the trial court, after considering the 

requirements of § 46-18-225, MCA, legally could have sentenced Nelson and Swoboda 

to prison, and thus their sentences failed to meet the illegality requirement for applying 

the Lenihan exception. Nelson, 274 Mont. at 20, 906 P.2d at 668; Swoboda, 276 Mont. at 

482, 918 P.2d at 298. Accordingly, where the sentencing court, if provided the 

opportunity to consider the error now asserted on appeal, could nevertheless have 

imposed the same sentence, the illegality requirement of the Lenihan exception has not 

been met. Nelson, 274 Mont. at 20, 906 P.2d at 668; Swoboda, 276 Mont. at 482, 918 

P.2d at 298; Kotwicki, ¶ 16.
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¶18 In considering the District Court’s requirement that Bullplume pay the costs of his 

evaluations and treatment as conditions of his probation, we note preliminarily that it is 

well established a court does not have the power to impose a sentence unless authorized 

by a specific grant of statutory authority. Melton, ¶ 17; State v. Burch, 2008 MT 118, 

¶ 23, 342 Mont. 499, 182 P.3d 66. A sentencing judge is specifically authorized to 

impose on a suspended sentence various restrictions or conditions that the judge 

considers necessary to obtain the objectives of rehabilitation and the protection of the 

victim and society. Section 46-18-202(1), MCA. These include restrictions on the 

offender’s freedom of association and freedom of movement, plus “any other limitation 

reasonably related to the objectives of rehabilitation and the protection of the victim and 

society.” Section 46-18-202(1)(c), (d), (g), MCA (2011).1 Similar authority is provided 

in § 46-18-201(4)(o), MCA (2009),2 which authorizes a sentencing judge to impose on a 

suspended sentence any “reasonable restrictions or conditions considered necessary for 

rehabilitation or for the protection of the victim or society.” We have emphasized that a 

sentencing judge’s discretion under these statutes is broad and that our review is 

correspondingly deferential. Melton, ¶ 18; State v. Zimmerman, 2010 MT 44, ¶¶ 16-17, 

355 Mont. 286, 228 P.3d 1109. As a general rule, we will affirm a condition of probation 

 

1

The law in effect at the time an offense is committed controls as to the possible 

sentence. State v. Tracy, 2005 MT 128, ¶ 16, 327 Mont. 220, 113 P.3d 297. In 2011, the 

Legislature added a new subsection to § 46-18-202(1), MCA, and provided an effective 

date of July 1, 2011. See Laws of Montana, 2011, ch. 419, §§ 29, 40. Since Bullplume’s 

offense was committed between July 15 and August 1, 2011, we cite the 2011 version of 

§ 46-18-202(1), MCA.

2 Although the 2011 Legislature also amended § 46-18-201(4), MCA, that 

amendment was made effective on October 1, 2011. See Laws of Montana, 2011, 

ch. 318, § 8; § 1-2-201(1), MCA. Thus, we cite the 2009 version of this statute.
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imposed pursuant to this statutory authority so long as the restriction or condition has 

some correlation or connection—i.e., nexus—to the underlying offense or to the offender. 

Ashby, ¶¶ 13-15; Zimmerman, ¶ 17. But if the condition is “overly broad or unduly 

punitive,” or if the required nexus is “absent or exceedingly tenuous,” we will reverse. 

Melton, ¶ 18; Zimmerman, ¶ 17.

¶19 It is pursuant to the foregoing statutory authority that the State argues the District 

Court could impose the requirement that Bullplume pay for his own evaluations and 

treatment. Bullplume maintains that the court exceeded its statutory authority by 

imposing such a requirement; however, because he did not object to this requirement, our 

review is limited under Lenihan, as clarified in Kotwicki, Nelson, and Swoboda, to 

determining whether, had the District Court been presented with the challenge Bullplume 

now makes, the court still could have imposed the requirement. In so doing, we consider 

whether a condition requiring Bullplume to pay for his evaluations and treatment might 

be reasonably related to the objective of rehabilitation, thus providing the statutory 

authority for imposing the condition and correspondingly requiring that any objections to 

the condition be made at sentencing. This consideration is different from, for example,

the unauthorized imposition of a fine, which relates to the imposition of a penalty and is 

thus punitive, rather than rehabilitative, in nature. If a condition of probation is 

reasonably related to the objective of rehabilitation, and not prohibited by some other 

provision of law, then the sentencing court has acted within statutory parameters and 

there is no further review under Lenihan.
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¶20 The District Court required Bullplume to obtain a chemical dependency 

evaluation, a mental health evaluation, and sexual offender treatment with a MSOTA 

qualified therapist. The court also required Bullplume to pay for these services. Had 

Bullplume made an objection at the time of sentencing, testimony may have been 

presented that, for example, payment for services by the offender has therapeutic value 

and is related to the offender’s rehabilitation.3 Had an objection been made at sentencing, 

the court may have considered whether Bullplume could have had services provided free 

of cost or on a sliding fee scale, based on his indigency and the service providers in his 

geographic area. Had an objection been made at sentencing, the court could have 

inquired of Bullplume and his counsel of other available options to address concerns of 

rehabilitation and public safety, such as treatment in an inpatient facility of the 

Department of Corrections which would be at no cost to Bullplume. Had the matter been 

properly raised and presented to the District Court, numerous areas could have been 

explored by the District Court and the parties to fully develop treatment options for 

Bullplume and how they were to be financed. A record would have been created and the 

matter would have been preserved for appeal, thereby enabling this Court to consider

whether the condition was reasonably related to Bullplume’s rehabilitation.

¶21 In sum, the State has pointed to plausible authority for the imposition of a 

condition requiring Bullplume to pay for the costs of his evaluations and treatment—

 

3 Many of Montana’s drug courts require payment for services based on the 

principle that the participant must be accountable for his or her treatment. See e.g.

Shannon M. Carey, Juliette R. Mackin, & Michael W. Finigan, What Works? The Ten 

Key Components of Drug Court: Research-Based Best Practices, 8 Drug Ct. Rev. 6 

(Natl. Drug Ct. Inst. 2012). 
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namely, § 46-18-201(4)(o), MCA (2009), and § 46-18-202(1)(g), MCA (2011). Due to 

Bullplume’s failure to raise the issue in the District Court, however, the record before us

contains no discussion, evidence, or consideration by the court regarding his paying for 

these services. On the basis of this silent record, and given the broad discretionary 

authority of the sentencing court to tailor sentences designed to rehabilitate the offender, 

we decline to address this issue any further. We conclude Bullplume is precluded from 

raising it based upon his failure to object to the condition at sentencing. Kotwicki, ¶ 21.

¶22 Issue Two. Whether the District Court abused its discretion in imposing 

conditions 26 through 40, which relate specifically to sexual offenders.

¶23 Bullplume objected in the District Court to conditions 26 through 40, and his 

challenge has, therefore, been properly raised on appeal. Bullplume argues that there is 

an insufficient nexus between the sexual offender conditions and either himself or his

underlying offense. He argues that his rape conviction occurred when he was 15 years 

old and involved a 25-year-old woman, that he has not committed a “crime of violence” 

or a “sex crime” for nearly 20 years, and that he has not committed any crimes involving

children. Bullplume argues that, given the totality of these facts, any nexus to conditions 

26 through 40 is too isolated or stale to serve as justification for their imposition.

¶24 We declined to adopt as a categorical rule the position that a sufficient nexus could 

be established to the original sexual offense when imposing conditions of sentence for the 

offense of failing to register. Melton, ¶ 20. We stated that “a passing, isolated, or stale 

instance of behavior or conduct is insufficient to support a restrictive probation condition 

imposed in the name of offender rehabilitation.” Melton, ¶ 20 (citing Ashby, ¶ 15, State 
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v. Stiles, 2008 MT 390, ¶ 16, 347 Mont. 95, 197 P.3d 966, and State v. Jones, 2008 MT 

440, ¶¶ 22-23, 347 Mont. 512, 199 P.3d 216). Thus, in some instances, the original 

offense underlying the registration requirement may have relevance, but in other cases, 

the original offense may be too isolated or stale to serve as justification for imposing the 

challenged condition. Melton, ¶ 20. We stated that “[e]ach case must turn on its specific 

facts.” Melton, ¶ 20.

¶25 Upon review of Bullplume’s PSI and psychosexual evaluation, we conclude that

the District Court did not abuse its discretion in imposing the conditions related to sexual

offenders. In fact, Bullplume presents a compelling case for needing treatment. His 

history demonstrates an inability to remain law abiding or to conform his conduct to the 

demands of sexual offender laws. This, combined with Bullplume’s significant chemical 

dependency concerns, leaves the public and society in danger should Bullplume not 

reform his behavior through treatment. Referring to Dr. Zook’s observations that 

Bullplume “tends to be non-conforming, resentful of authority[,] . . . erratic and 

unpredictable,” the PSI author noted that “[s]uch an assessment raises questions on how 

likely the Defendant will comply with any Court-ordered probation conditions.” Given 

Bullplume’s criminal history, moderate risk of reoffending, and excessive use of 

substances, Bullplume’s only chance of succeeding in the community is through his 

participation in treatment services. Treatment similarly is the only hope of protecting the 

public from Bullplume’s potential recidivism. Thus, imposition of conditions 26 through 

40 has a sufficient nexus to Bullplume himself and establishes an offender nexus under 
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Ashby, ¶ 15. The District Court did not abuse its discretion in imposing these conditions 

related to sexual offenders as part of Bullplume’s probation.

CONCLUSION

¶26 Based on the foregoing, we conclude that Bullplume has waived any objection to 

the requirement that he pay for the costs of his evaluations and treatment. We further 

conclude that imposition of the conditions relating to sexual offenders (conditions 26 

through 40) was supported by a sufficient nexus to Bullplume himself. The District 

Court’s sentencing order is affirmed.

/S/ LAURIE McKINNON

We Concur:

/S/ MIKE McGRATH

/S/ BETH BAKER

/S/ BRIAN MORRIS

/S/ JIM RICE