UNPUBLISHED

UNITED STATES COURT OF APPEALS

FOR THE FOURTH CIRCUIT

No. 23-1595

TOMMY WHITE,

Plaintiff - Appellee,

and

AARON GOINES; ALICIA ADAMS; AMANDA ALCOCK; AMANDA 

GROOMS; ANDREA SELLS; ANDREW JOHNSON; ANESHA MCGLOCKING; 

ANGELO CUMMINGS; ANNA SHAW; ANNETTE RIDGEWAY; ANTHONY 

AMES; ANTHONY ROSADO; ANTHONY STURDIVANT; ANTOINETTE 

JACKSON; APRIL ALLEN; AREEBA LILES; AVI WILLIAMS; BENJAMIN 

WHERRY; BETTY MAKARIMI; BRADLEY CALDWELL; BRIDGET CLARK; 

BRIELLE COWAN; BRITTANY CALLAHAN; BRITTANY MASON; 

BRITTANY WILLIAMS; BRITTNEY OLIPHANT; CANDICE PERKINS; 

CAROLYN WALLACE; CARRIE EDWARDS; CASANDRA MILLER; 

CASSANDRA BROOKS; CASSANDRA GAINES; CEDRIC MOSES; CHARITA 

O’NEAL; CHARLENE HARRIS; CHARMAINE REID; CHARMAINE WILSON; 

CHERICIA STALLWORTH; CHIMAOBI MADUBUIKE; CHRISTINA SMITH; 

CHRISTOPHER BASS; COREY MCDUFFIE; CRYSTAL OWENS; CRYSTAL 

RORIE; CURTIS BOYD; CYNIA ANDERSON; DAPHNE CARPENTER; 

DARLENE WATSON; DAVID ELLISON; DAVID GILLUM; DAVEDA HINES; 

DAVIE DAWKINS; DAWN GRAY; DAVID REYNOLDS; DAVIE 

RICHARDSON; DEREK COLE; DERRICK GREEN; DEPRIES HAYWOOD; 

DAWN HOUSETON; DESIREE JEFFREY; DIMITRI SHAW; DESMOND 

SMITH; DIANA SMITH; DOMAUNIA CLARK; DOMINIQUE HARRIS; 

DOMINICK HINSON; DION LUKER; DONZA SLADE; DONTA SYKES; 

DWAYNE COCKERHAM; ELAINE T. JOHNSON; ELA MANNS; DOUGLAS 

MCKOY; DOROTHY RANSOM; EDNA TAYLOR; ERICA TURNER; EDWARD 

WILSON; HOLLY BOSTIC; GLORIA CALHOUN; FRANCES GADDY; 

GLENDA GIBSON; HAZEL GILLIAM; GLORIA HARDY; FRANCES 

HOPKINS; ETHEL JENKINS; INDIA LEAK; GARY MALLOY; GREGORY 

NICHOLSON; FRANK QUICK; GREGORY SLOAN; HOWARD J. WELCH; 

JAMES BRADSHAW; LINDA BRADSHAW; JADA EASTERLING; JAMES 

JACKSON; JAMORRIS SINGLETON; JAMES WILSON, JR.; JEFF 

USCA4 Appeal: 23-1601 Doc: 22 Filed: 05/01/2024 Pg: 1 of 39
2

BLACKWELL; JEREMY BRADSHAW; JARRAD COXE; JENNIFER HICKS; 

JENNIE JONES GREEN; JERMALE KEYS; JASON LANE; JAN LYNCH; 

JAVON MACK; JASMINE MAYHEM; JEANETTE MORGAN; JENNIFER 

SERGEANT; JESSICA STEWART; JENNIFER TAYLOR; JASON TILLEY; 

JENELLE TOLER; JONATHAN BENNETT; JOSEPH DIXON; JOZELLE 

GARBER; JEFFREY HANKINS; JOHNNY HARDISON; JOHN JOHNSON; 

KALISA JOHNSON; KAJUANE RORIE; JONATHAN SHIPMAN; JOCELYN 

STINSON; KATHY BRATTON-HARBISON; KATRINA CAMPBELL; KELLY 

EDWARDS; KATHERINE GARCIA; KEVIN HORTON; KALISA JONSON; 

KATHERINE MCDONALD; KEVIN LAMAR SMITH; KELLY WALL; KIESHA 

LEARY; KRYSTAL MCCREE; KIMBERLY MORROW; LAQUITTA OUTLAW; 

LAKEESHA REDD; LATONIA BOYD; LASHALL BURNS; LESLIE 

FONVILLE; LAUREN GRIMSLEY; LATISA HAIRE; LATONYA 

HILDERBRAND; LASHAURA HUDSON; LAWANDA LEARY; LESLIE 

MCSWAIN; LENNIE MOORE; LATEESHA MUNGIN; LASHONDA 

RICHARDS; LEKITTA ROBINSON; LINITA BLAKENEY; LINDSAY CURRIE; 

LETITA FRONE MILLER; LETITA GRANT; LINDA HEDRICK; MARILYN 

BLACKWELL; MARSHELL BOYKIN; MARLON BROWN; MARTHA 

CALDWELL; MARILYN DOSS; MARIA CELESTE GAUSE; MARSHA 

LEATH; LISA LEWIS; MARVA PRINCE; LUCY ROGERS; LINQUEAL 

ROUNDS; MARCUS SPELLMAN; MARQUITA TAYLOR; MACEO TURNER; 

MARGIE WEAVIL; LORRAINE SLIGH; MELISSA HOLDER; MARY 

MCBRIDE; MELISSAH SCALES; MARY WOOD; MONICA ALEXANDER; 

MICHAEL FOSTER, JR.; MICHAEL JENKINS; MICHAEL JONES; MICHAEL 

KEE; MICHELLE KEELING; MARICA NELSON; PAMELA BULLS; 

NATASHA DAVIS; NAIMAH JONES; NELLIE KNOTTS; NEKA SWANN; 

NICOLE THOMAS; PERRY BOSTIC; PATRICK CANTEY; PERRY 

CUTHRELL, JR.; PAMELA MCINNIS; PAULETTE SHANNON; PAMELA

WORTHY; PHILLIP BROWN; RALPH CHILDRESS; PRINCE CHISHOLM; 

PHILLIP GREEN; RAVEN WILMAR HOOKER; RASHAD PETTIFORD; 

RACHEL ROLLINS; RANDY TERRY; PRINCE TROLLINGER; PRISCILLA 

YOUNGER; RICKEY ADAMS; REGINALD BROWN; REMEKA BRYANT; 

RITA CERNA; RICHARD DELAIN; ROBERT GONZALES; RAYFORD 

KIMBLE; REGGIE SMITH; ROBERT TILLMAN; SAMANTHA ALLEN; 

SANDELL BLACKWELL; SANDRA CARMON; RODNEY COBIA; SANDRA 

DARRISAW; SARAH DOUGLAS; RODNEY EASTERLING; SABRINA 

ELLIOT; ROGER HAMLETT; RODNEY HICKMAN; SAMANTHA MOUZON; 

SHANNON THOMAS; SHAMICA WALL; ROMAN WATROUS; TAMERA 

DAVIS; STANLEY EWINGS; SHELDON JOHNSON; SHONDA JONES; 

STEPHANIE JONES; TALISHA LOWERY; TAMECIA MCKINNON; SHENITA 

MELTON; TAHEIM RAGLAND; TAKEALLA ROBINSON; TEWLEE BOONE; 

TERESKA CHRISP; TERRY COE; TERESA DIXON; TONY FUNDERBURK; 

TARI HARRIS; DAMION JOHNSON; TIFFANY MATTHEWS; TIKEISH 

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MCNEILL; TERRAYA ROYSTER; TEALA STANTON; TRESHAUN WARREN; 

TONYA WOODS; WANDA EVANS; VINCENT HAIRSTON; WALTER 

MACKEY; WANDA MCKOY; VALERIE MCLAUGHLIN; WHITLEY 

TEASTER; YATERIA THOMAS; WILLIE BRADFIELD; WILLIAM BUNCH; 

WILLIAM GIBSON; WILLIAM PEARSALL; WILLIE THOMAS; WILLIE 

WARREN; WILLIE WILKERSON,

Plaintiffs,

v.

TITLEMAX OF VIRGINIA, INC.; TITLEMAX OF SOUTH CAROLINA, INC., 

Defendants - Appellants,

and

TMX FINANCE OF VIRGINIA, INC.,

Defendant.

No. 23-1599

MARGIE WEAVIL,

Plaintiff - Appellee,

and

AARON GOINES; ALICIA ADAMS; AMANDA ALCOCK; AMANDA 

GROOMS; ANDREA SELLS; ANDREW JOHNSON; ANESHA MCGLOCKING; 

ANGELO CUMMINGS; ANNA SHAW; ANNETTE RIDGEWAY; ANTHONY 

AMES; ANTHONY ROSADO; ANTHONY STURDIVANT; ANTOINETTE 

JACKSON; APRIL ALLEN; AREEBA LILES; AVI WILLIAMS; BENJAMIN 

WHERRY; BETTY MAKARIMI; BRADLEY CALDWELL; BRIDGET CLARK; 

BRIELLE COWAN; BRITTANY CALLAHAN; BRITTANY MASON; 

BRITTANY WILLIAMS; BRITTNEY OLIPHANT; CANDICE PERKINS; 

CAROLYN WALLACE; CARRIE EDWARDS; CASANDRA MILLER; 

CASSANDRA BROOKS; CASSANDRA GAINES; CEDRIC MOSES; CHARITA 

O’NEAL; CHARLENE HARRIS; CHARMAINE REID; CHARMAINE WILSON; 

USCA4 Appeal: 23-1601 Doc: 22 Filed: 05/01/2024 Pg: 3 of 39
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CHERICIA STALLWORTH; CHIMAOBI MADUBUIKE; CHRISTINA SMITH; 

CHRISTOPHER BASS; COREY MCDUFFIE; CRYSTAL OWENS; CRYSTAL 

RORIE; CURTIS BOYD; CYNIA ANDERSON; DAPHNE CARPENTER; 

DARLENE WATSON; DAVID ELLISON; DAVID GILLUM; DAVEDA HINES; 

DAVIE DAWKINS; DAWN GRAY; DAVID REYNOLDS; DAVIE 

RICHARDSON; DEREK COLE; DERRICK GREEN; DEPRIES HAYWOOD; 

DAWN HOUSETON; DESIREE JEFFREY; DIMITRI SHAW; DESMOND 

SMITH; DIANA SMITH; DOMAUNIA CLARK; DOMINIQUE HARRIS; 

DOMINICK HINSON; DION LUKER; DONZA SLADE; DONTA SYKES; 

DWAYNE COCKERHAM; ELAINE T. JOHNSON; ELA MANNS; DOUGLAS 

MCKOY; DOROTHY RANSOM; EDNA TAYLOR; ERICA TURNER; EDWARD 

WILSON; HOLLY BOSTIC; GLORIA CALHOUN; FRANCES GADDY; 

GLENDA GIBSON; HAZEL GILLIAM; GLORIA HARDY; FRANCES 

HOPKINS; ETHEL JENKINS; INDIA LEAK; GARY MALLOY; GREGORY 

NICHOLSON; FRANK QUICK; GREGORY SLOAN; HOWARD J. WELCH; 

JAMES BRADSHAW; LINDA BRADSHAW; JADA EASTERLING; JAMES 

JACKSON; JAMORRIS SINGLETON; JAMES WILSON, JR.; JEFF 

BLACKWELL; JEREMY BRADSHAW; JARRAD COXE; JENNIFER HICKS; 

JENNIE JONES GREEN; JERMALE KEYS; JASON LANE; JAN LYNCH; 

JAVON MACK; JASMINE MAYHEM; JEANETTE MORGAN; JENNIFER 

SERGEANT; JESSICA STEWART; JENNIFER TAYLOR; JASON TILLEY; 

JENELLE TOLER; JONATHAN BENNETT; JOSEPH DIXON; JOZELLE 

GARBER; JEFFREY HANKINS; JOHNNY HARDISON; JOHN JOHNSON; 

KALISA JOHNSON; KAJUANE RORIE; JONATHAN SHIPMAN; JOCELYN 

STINSON; KATHY BRATTON-HARBISON; KATRINA CAMPBELL; KELLY 

EDWARDS; KATHERINE GARCIA; KEVIN HORTON; KALISA JONSON; 

KATHERINE MCDONALD; KEVIN LAMAR SMITH; KELLY WALL; KIESHA 

LEARY; KRYSTAL MCCREE; KIMBERLY MORROW; LAQUITTA OUTLAW; 

LAKEESHA REDD; LATONIA BOYD; LASHALL BURNS; LESLIE 

FONVILLE; LAUREN GRIMSLEY; LATISA HAIRE; LATONYA 

HILDERBRAND; LASHAURA HUDSON; LAWANDA LEARY; LESLIE 

MCSWAIN; LENNIE MOORE; LATEESHA MUNGIN; LASHONDA 

RICHARDS; LEKITTA ROBINSON; LINITA BLAKENEY; LINDSAY CURRIE; 

LETITA FRONE MILLER; LETITA GRANT; LINDA HEDRICK; MARILYN 

BLACKWELL; MARSHELL BOYKIN; MARLON BROWN; MARTHA 

CALDWELL; MARILYN DOSS; MARIA CELESTE GAUSE; MARSHA 

LEATH; LISA LEWIS; MARVA PRINCE; LUCY ROGERS; LINQUEAL 

ROUNDS; MARCUS SPELLMAN; MARQUITA TAYLOR; MACEO TURNER; 

LORRAINE SLIGH; MELISSA HOLDER; MARY MCBRIDE; MELISSAH 

SCALES; MARY WOOD; MONICA ALEXANDER; MICHAEL FOSTER, JR.; 

MICHAEL JENKINS; MICHAEL JONES; MICHAEL KEE; MICHELLE 

KEELING; MARICA NELSON; PAMELA BULLS; NATASHA DAVIS; 

NAIMAH JONES; NELLIE KNOTTS; NEKA SWANN; NICOLE THOMAS; 

USCA4 Appeal: 23-1601 Doc: 22 Filed: 05/01/2024 Pg: 4 of 39
5

PERRY BOSTIC; PATRICK CANTEY; PERRY CUTHRELL, JR.; PAMELA 

MCINNIS; PAULETTE SHANNON; PAMELA WORTHY; PHILLIP BROWN; 

RALPH CHILDRESS; PRINCE CHISHOLM; PHILLIP GREEN; RAVEN 

WILMAR HOOKER; RASHAD PETTIFORD; RACHEL ROLLINS; RANDY 

TERRY; PRINCE TROLLINGER; PRISCILLA YOUNGER; RICKEY ADAMS; 

REGINALD BROWN; REMEKA BRYANT; RITA CERNA; RICHARD DELAIN; 

ROBERT GONZALES; RAYFORD KIMBLE; REGGIE SMITH; ROBERT 

TILLMAN; SAMANTHA ALLEN; SANDELL BLACKWELL; SANDRA 

CARMON; RODNEY COBIA; SANDRA DARRISAW; SARAH DOUGLAS; 

RODNEY EASTERLING; SABRINA ELLIOT; ROGER HAMLETT; RODNEY 

HICKMAN; SAMANTHA MOUZON; SHANNON THOMAS; SHAMICA 

WALL; ROMAN WATROUS; TAMERA DAVIS; STANLEY EWINGS; 

SHELDON JOHNSON; SHONDA JONES; STEPHANIE JONES; TALISHA 

LOWERY; TAMECIA MCKINNON; SHENITA MELTON; TAHEIM 

RAGLAND; TAKEALLA ROBINSON; TEWLEE BOONE; TERESKA CHRISP; 

TERRY COE; TERESA DIXON; TONY FUNDERBURK; TARI HARRIS; 

DAMION JOHNSON; TIFFANY MATTHEWS; TIKEISH MCNEILL; TERRAYA 

ROYSTER; TEALA STANTON; TRESHAUN WARREN; TOMMY WHITE; 

TONYA WOODS; WANDA EVANS; VINCENT HAIRSTON; WALTER 

MACKEY; WANDA MCKOY; VALERIE MCLAUGHLIN; WHITLEY 

TEASTER; YATERIA THOMAS; WILLIE BRADFIELD; WILLIAM BUNCH; 

WILLIAM GIBSON; WILLIAM PEARSALL; WILLIE THOMAS; WILLIE 

WARREN; WILLIE WILKERSON,

Plaintiffs,

v.

TITLEMAX OF VIRGINIA, INC.; TITLEMAX OF SOUTH CAROLINA, INC.,

Defendants - Appellants,

and

TMX FINANCE OF VIRGINIA, INC.,

Defendant.

No. 23-1600

USCA4 Appeal: 23-1601 Doc: 22 Filed: 05/01/2024 Pg: 5 of 39
6

STEPHANIE JONES,

Plaintiff - Appellee,

and

AARON GOINES; ALICIA ADAMS; AMANDA ALCOCK; AMANDA 

GROOMS; ANDREA SELLS; ANDREW JOHNSON; ANESHA MCGLOCKING; 

ANGELO CUMMINGS; ANNA SHAW; ANNETTE RIDGEWAY; ANTHONY 

AMES; ANTHONY ROSADO; ANTHONY STURDIVANT; ANTOINETTE 

JACKSON; APRIL ALLEN; AREEBA LILES; AVI WILLIAMS; BENJAMIN 

WHERRY; BETTY MAKARIMI; BRADLEY CALDWELL; BRIDGET CLARK; 

BRIELLE COWAN; BRITTANY CALLAHAN; BRITTANY MASON; 

BRITTANY WILLIAMS; BRITTNEY OLIPHANT; CANDICE PERKINS; 

CAROLYN WALLACE; CARRIE EDWARDS; CASANDRA MILLER; 

CASSANDRA BROOKS; CASSANDRA GAINES; CEDRIC MOSES; CHARITA 

O’NEAL; CHARLENE HARRIS; CHARMAINE REID; CHARMAINE WILSON; 

CHERICIA STALLWORTH; CHIMAOBI MADUBUIKE; CHRISTINA SMITH; 

CHRISTOPHER BASS; COREY MCDUFFIE; CRYSTAL OWENS; CRYSTAL 

RORIE; CURTIS BOYD; CYNIA ANDERSON; DAPHNE CARPENTER; 

DARLENE WATSON; DAVID ELLISON; DAVID GILLUM; DAVEDA HINES; 

DAVIE DAWKINS; DAWN GRAY; DAVID REYNOLDS; DAVIE 

RICHARDSON; DEREK COLE; DERRICK GREEN; DEPRIES HAYWOOD; 

DAWN HOUSETON; DESIREE JEFFREY; DIMITRI SHAW; DESMOND 

SMITH; DIANA SMITH; DOMAUNIA CLARK; DOMINIQUE HARRIS; 

DOMINICK HINSON; DION LUKER; DONZA SLADE; DONTA SYKES; 

DWAYNE COCKERHAM; ELAINE T. JOHNSON; ELA MANNS; DOUGLAS 

MCKOY; DOROTHY RANSOM; EDNA TAYLOR; ERICA TURNER; EDWARD 

WILSON; HOLLY BOSTIC; GLORIA CALHOUN; FRANCES GADDY; 

GLENDA GIBSON; HAZEL GILLIAM; GLORIA HARDY; FRANCES 

HOPKINS; ETHEL JENKINS; INDIA LEAK; GARY MALLOY; GREGORY 

NICHOLSON; FRANK QUICK; GREGORY SLOAN; HOWARD J. WELCH; 

JAMES BRADSHAW; LINDA BRADSHAW; JADA EASTERLING; JAMES 

JACKSON; JAMORRIS SINGLETON; JAMES WILSON, JR.; JEFF 

BLACKWELL; JEREMY BRADSHAW; JARRAD COXE; JENNIFER HICKS; 

JENNIE JONES GREEN; JERMALE KEYS; JASON LANE; JAN LYNCH; 

JAVON MACK; JASMINE MAYHEM; JEANETTE MORGAN; JENNIFER 

SERGEANT; JESSICA STEWART; JENNIFER TAYLOR; JASON TILLEY; 

JENELLE TOLER; JONATHAN BENNETT; JOSEPH DIXON; JOZELLE 

GARBER; JEFFREY HANKINS; JOHNNY HARDISON; JOHN JOHNSON; 

KALISA JOHNSON; KAJUANE RORIE; JONATHAN SHIPMAN; JOCELYN 

STINSON; KATHY BRATTON-HARBISON; KATRINA CAMPBELL; KELLY 

EDWARDS; KATHERINE GARCIA; KEVIN HORTON; KALISA JONSON; 

USCA4 Appeal: 23-1601 Doc: 22 Filed: 05/01/2024 Pg: 6 of 39
7

KATHERINE MCDONALD; KEVIN LAMAR SMITH; KELLY WALL; KIESHA 

LEARY; KRYSTAL MCCREE; KIMBERLY MORROW; LAQUITTA OUTLAW; 

LAKEESHA REDD; LATONIA BOYD; LASHALL BURNS; LESLIE 

FONVILLE; LAUREN GRIMSLEY; LATISA HAIRE; LATONYA 

HILDERBRAND; LASHAURA HUDSON; LAWANDA LEARY; LESLIE 

MCSWAIN; LENNIE MOORE; LATEESHA MUNGIN; LASHONDA 

RICHARDS; LEKITTA ROBINSON; LINITA BLAKENEY; LINDSAY CURRIE; 

LETITA FRONE MILLER; LETITA GRANT; LINDA HEDRICK; MARILYN 

BLACKWELL; MARSHELL BOYKIN; MARLON BROWN; MARTHA 

CALDWELL; MARILYN DOSS; MARIA CELESTE GAUSE; MARSHA 

LEATH; LISA LEWIS; MARVA PRINCE; LUCY ROGERS; LINQUEAL 

ROUNDS; MARCUS SPELLMAN; MARQUITA TAYLOR; MACEO TURNER; 

MARGIE WEAVIL; LORRAINE SLIGH; MELISSA HOLDER; MARY 

MCBRIDE; MELISSAH SCALES; MARY WOOD; MONICA ALEXANDER; 

MICHAEL FOSTER, JR.; MICHAEL JENKINS; MICHAEL JONES; MICHAEL 

KEE; MICHELLE KEELING; MARICA NELSON; PAMELA BULLS; 

NATASHA DAVIS; NAIMAH JONES; NELLIE KNOTTS; NEKA SWANN; 

NICOLE THOMAS; PERRY BOSTIC; PATRICK CANTEY; PERRY 

CUTHRELL, JR.; PAMELA MCINNIS; PAULETTE SHANNON; PAMELA 

WORTHY; PHILLIP BROWN; RALPH CHILDRESS; PRINCE CHISHOLM; 

PHILLIP GREEN; RAVEN WILMAR HOOKER; RASHAD PETTIFORD; 

RACHEL ROLLINS; RANDY TERRY; PRINCE TROLLINGER; PRISCILLA 

YOUNGER; RICKEY ADAMS; REGINALD BROWN; REMEKA BRYANT; 

RITA CERNA; RICHARD DELAIN; ROBERT GONZALES; RAYFORD 

KIMBLE; REGGIE SMITH; ROBERT TILLMAN; SAMANTHA ALLEN; 

SANDELL BLACKWELL; SANDRA CARMON; RODNEY COBIA; SANDRA 

DARRISAW; SARAH DOUGLAS; RODNEY EASTERLING; SABRINA 

ELLIOT; ROGER HAMLETT; RODNEY HICKMAN; SAMANTHA MOUZON; 

SHANNON THOMAS; SHAMICA WALL; ROMAN WATROUS; TAMERA 

DAVIS; STANLEY EWINGS; SHELDON JOHNSON; SHONDA JONES; 

TALISHA LOWERY; TAMECIA MCKINNON; SHENITA MELTON; TAHEIM 

RAGLAND; TAKEALLA ROBINSON; TEWLEE BOONE; TERESKA CHRISP; 

TERRY COE; TERESA DIXON; TONY FUNDERBURK; TARI HARRIS; 

DAMION JOHNSON; TIFFANY MATTHEWS; TIKEISH MCNEILL; TERRAYA 

ROYSTER; TEALA STANTON; TRESHAUN WARREN; TOMMY WHITE; 

TONYA WOODS; WANDA EVANS; VINCENT HAIRSTON; WALTER 

MACKEY; WANDA MCKOY; VALERIE MCLAUGHLIN; WHITLEY 

TEASTER; YATERIA THOMAS; WILLIE BRADFIELD; WILLIAM BUNCH; 

WILLIAM GIBSON; WILLIAM PEARSALL; WILLIE THOMAS; WILLIE 

WARREN; WILLIE WILKERSON,

Plaintiffs,

USCA4 Appeal: 23-1601 Doc: 22 Filed: 05/01/2024 Pg: 7 of 39
8

v.

TITLEMAX OF VIRGINIA, INC.; TITLEMAX OF SOUTH CAROLINA, INC.,

Defendants - Appellants,

and

TMX FINANCE OF VIRGINIA, INC.,

Defendant.

No. 23-1601

LORRAINE SLIGH,

Plaintiff - Appellee,

and

AARON GOINES; ALICIA ADAMS; AMANDA ALCOCK; AMANDA 

GROOMS; ANDREA SELLS; ANDREW JOHNSON; ANESHA MCGLOCKING; 

ANGELO CUMMINGS; ANNA SHAW; ANNETTE RIDGEWAY; ANTHONY 

AMES; ANTHONY ROSADO; ANTHONY STURDIVANT; ANTOINETTE 

JACKSON; APRIL ALLEN; AREEBA LILES; AVI WILLIAMS; BENJAMIN 

WHERRY; BETTY MAKARIMI; BRADLEY CALDWELL; BRIDGET CLARK; 

BRIELLE COWAN; BRITTANY CALLAHAN; BRITTANY MASON; 

BRITTANY WILLIAMS; BRITTNEY OLIPHANT; CANDICE PERKINS; 

CAROLYN WALLACE; CARRIE EDWARDS; CASANDRA MILLER; 

CASSANDRA BROOKS; CASSANDRA GAINES; CEDRIC MOSES; CHARITA 

O’NEAL; CHARLENE HARRIS; CHARMAINE REID; CHARMAINE WILSON; 

CHERICIA STALLWORTH; CHIMAOBI MADUBUIKE; CHRISTINA SMITH; 

CHRISTOPHER BASS; COREY MCDUFFIE; CRYSTAL OWENS; CRYSTAL 

RORIE; CURTIS BOYD; CYNIA ANDERSON; DAPHNE CARPENTER; 

DARLENE WATSON; DAVID ELLISON; DAVID GILLUM; DAVEDA HINES; 

DAVIE DAWKINS; DAWN GRAY; DAVID REYNOLDS; DAVIE 

RICHARDSON; DEREK COLE; DERRICK GREEN; DEPRIES HAYWOOD; 

DAWN HOUSETON; DESIREE JEFFREY; DIMITRI SHAW; DESMOND 

SMITH; DIANA SMITH; DOMAUNIA CLARK; DOMINIQUE HARRIS; 

DOMINICK HINSON; DION LUKER; DONZA SLADE; DONTA SYKES; 

USCA4 Appeal: 23-1601 Doc: 22 Filed: 05/01/2024 Pg: 8 of 39
9

DWAYNE COCKERHAM; ELAINE T. JOHNSON; ELA MANNS; DOUGLAS 

MCKOY; DOROTHY RANSOM; EDNA TAYLOR; ERICA TURNER; EDWARD 

WILSON; HOLLY BOSTIC; GLORIA CALHOUN; FRANCES GADDY; 

GLENDA GIBSON; HAZEL GILLIAM; GLORIA HARDY; FRANCES 

HOPKINS; ETHEL JENKINS; INDIA LEAK; GARY MALLOY; GREGORY 

NICHOLSON; FRANK QUICK; GREGORY SLOAN; HOWARD J. WELCH; 

JAMES BRADSHAW; LINDA BRADSHAW; JADA EASTERLING; JAMES 

JACKSON; JAMORRIS SINGLETON; JAMES WILSON, JR.; JEFF 

BLACKWELL; JEREMY BRADSHAW; JARRAD COXE; JENNIFER HICKS; 

JENNIE JONES GREEN; JERMALE KEYS; JASON LANE; JAN LYNCH; 

JAVON MACK; JASMINE MAYHEM; JEANETTE MORGAN; JENNIFER 

SERGEANT; JESSICA STEWART; JENNIFER TAYLOR; JASON TILLEY; 

JENELLE TOLER; JONATHAN BENNETT; JOSEPH DIXON; JOZELLE 

GARBER; JEFFREY HANKINS; JOHNNY HARDISON; JOHN JOHNSON; 

KALISA JOHNSON; KAJUANE RORIE; JONATHAN SHIPMAN; JOCELYN 

STINSON; KATHY BRATTON-HARBISON; KATRINA CAMPBELL; KELLY 

EDWARDS; KATHERINE GARCIA; KEVIN HORTON; KALISA JONSON; 

KATHERINE MCDONALD; KEVIN LAMAR SMITH; KELLY WALL; KIESHA 

LEARY; KRYSTAL MCCREE; KIMBERLY MORROW; LAQUITTA OUTLAW; 

LAKEESHA REDD; LATONIA BOYD; LASHALL BURNS; LESLIE 

FONVILLE; LAUREN GRIMSLEY; LATISA HAIRE; LATONYA 

HILDERBRAND; LASHAURA HUDSON; LAWANDA LEARY; LESLIE 

MCSWAIN; LENNIE MOORE; LATEESHA MUNGIN; LASHONDA 

RICHARDS; LEKITTA ROBINSON; LINITA BLAKENEY; LINDSAY CURRIE; 

LETITA FRONE MILLER; LETITA GRANT; LINDA HEDRICK; MARILYN 

BLACKWELL; MARSHELL BOYKIN; MARLON BROWN; MARTHA 

CALDWELL; MARILYN DOSS; MARIA CELESTE GAUSE; MARSHA 

LEATH; LISA LEWIS; MARVA PRINCE; LUCY ROGERS; LINQUEAL

ROUNDS; MARCUS SPELLMAN; MARQUITA TAYLOR; MACEO TURNER; 

MARGIE WEAVIL; MELISSA HOLDER; MARY MCBRIDE; MELISSAH 

SCALES; MARY WOOD; MONICA ALEXANDER; MICHAEL FOSTER, JR.; 

MICHAEL JENKINS; MICHAEL JONES; MICHAEL KEE; MICHELLE 

KEELING; MARICA NELSON; PAMELA BULLS; NATASHA DAVIS; 

NAIMAH JONES; NELLIE KNOTTS; NEKA SWANN; NICOLE THOMAS; 

PERRY BOSTIC; PATRICK CANTEY; PERRY CUTHRELL, JR.; PAMELA 

MCINNIS; PAULETTE SHANNON; PAMELA WORTHY; PHILLIP BROWN; 

RALPH CHILDRESS; PRINCE CHISHOLM; PHILLIP GREEN; RAVEN 

WILMAR HOOKER; RASHAD PETTIFORD; RACHEL ROLLINS; RANDY 

TERRY; PRINCE TROLLINGER; PRISCILLA YOUNGER; RICKEY ADAMS; 

REGINALD BROWN; REMEKA BRYANT; RITA CERNA; RICHARD DELAIN; 

ROBERT GONZALES; RAYFORD KIMBLE; REGGIE SMITH; ROBERT 

TILLMAN; SAMANTHA ALLEN; SANDELL BLACKWELL; SANDRA 

CARMON; RODNEY COBIA; SANDRA DARRISAW; SARAH DOUGLAS; 

USCA4 Appeal: 23-1601 Doc: 22 Filed: 05/01/2024 Pg: 9 of 39
10

RODNEY EASTERLING; SABRINA ELLIOT; ROGER HAMLETT; RODNEY 

HICKMAN; SAMANTHA MOUZON; SHANNON THOMAS; SHAMICA 

WALL; ROMAN WATROUS; TAMERA DAVIS; STANLEY EWINGS; 

SHELDON JOHNSON; SHONDA JONES; STEPHANIE JONES; TALISHA 

LOWERY; TAMECIA MCKINNON; SHENITA MELTON; TAHEIM 

RAGLAND; TAKEALLA ROBINSON; TEWLEE BOONE; TERESKA CHRISP; 

TERRY COE; TERESA DIXON; TONY FUNDERBURK; TARI HARRIS; 

DAMION JOHNSON; TIFFANY MATTHEWS; TIKEISH MCNEILL; TERRAYA 

ROYSTER; TEALA STANTON; TRESHAUN WARREN; TOMMY WHITE; 

TONYA WOODS; WANDA EVANS; VINCENT HAIRSTON; WALTER 

MACKEY; WANDA MCKOY; VALERIE MCLAUGHLIN; WHITLEY 

TEASTER; YATERIA THOMAS; WILLIE BRADFIELD; WILLIAM BUNCH; 

WILLIAM GIBSON; WILLIAM PEARSALL; WILLIE THOMAS; WILLIE 

WARREN; WILLIE WILKERSON,

Plaintiffs,

v.

TITLEMAX OF VIRGINIA, INC.; TITLEMAX OF SOUTH CAROLINA, INC.,

Defendants - Appellants, 

and

TMX FINANCE OF VIRGINIA, INC.,

Defendant.

No. 23-1603

MICHELLE KEELING,

Plaintiff - Appellee,

and

AARON GOINES; ALICIA ADAMS; AMANDA ALCOCK; AMANDA 

GROOMS; ANDREA SELLS; ANDREW JOHNSON; ANESHA MCGLOCKING; 

ANGELO CUMMINGS; ANNA SHAW; ANNETTE RIDGEWAY; ANTHONY 

USCA4 Appeal: 23-1601 Doc: 22 Filed: 05/01/2024 Pg: 10 of 39
11

AMES; ANTHONY ROSADO; ANTHONY STURDIVANT; ANTOINETTE 

JACKSON; APRIL ALLEN; AREEBA LILES; AVI WILLIAMS; BENJAMIN 

WHERRY; BETTY MAKARIMI; BRADLEY CALDWELL; BRIDGET CLARK; 

BRIELLE COWAN; BRITTANY CALLAHAN; BRITTANY MASON; 

BRITTANY WILLIAMS; BRITTNEY OLIPHANT; CANDICE PERKINS; 

CAROLYN WALLACE; CARRIE EDWARDS; CASANDRA MILLER; 

CASSANDRA BROOKS; CASSANDRA GAINES; CEDRIC MOSES; CHARITA 

O’NEAL; CHARLENE HARRIS; CHARMAINE REID; CHARMAINE WILSON; 

CHERICIA STALLWORTH; CHIMAOBI MADUBUIKE; CHRISTINA SMITH; 

CHRISTOPHER BASS; COREY MCDUFFIE; CRYSTAL OWENS; CRYSTAL 

RORIE; CURTIS BOYD; CYNIA ANDERSON; DAPHNE CARPENTER; 

DARLENE WATSON; DAVID ELLISON; DAVID GILLUM; DAVEDA HINES; 

DAVIE DAWKINS; DAWN GRAY; DAVID REYNOLDS; DAVIE 

RICHARDSON; DEREK COLE; DERRICK GREEN; DEPRIES HAYWOOD; 

DAWN HOUSETON; DESIREE JEFFREY; DIMITRI SHAW; DESMOND 

SMITH; DIANA SMITH; DOMAUNIA CLARK; DOMINIQUE HARRIS; 

DOMINICK HINSON; DION LUKER; DONZA SLADE; DONTA SYKES; 

DWAYNE COCKERHAM; ELAINE T. JOHNSON; ELA MANNS; DOUGLAS 

MCKOY; DOROTHY RANSOM; EDNA TAYLOR; ERICA TURNER; EDWARD 

WILSON; HOLLY BOSTIC; GLORIA CALHOUN; FRANCES GADDY; 

GLENDA GIBSON; HAZEL GILLIAM; GLORIA HARDY; FRANCES 

HOPKINS; ETHEL JENKINS; INDIA LEAK; GARY MALLOY; GREGORY 

NICHOLSON; FRANK QUICK; GREGORY SLOAN; HOWARD J. WELCH; 

JAMES BRADSHAW; LINDA BRADSHAW; JADA EASTERLING; JAMES 

JACKSON; JAMORRIS SINGLETON; JAMES WILSON, JR.; JEFF 

BLACKWELL; JEREMY BRADSHAW; JARRAD COXE; JENNIFER HICKS; 

JENNIE JONES GREEN; JERMALE KEYS; JASON LANE; JAN LYNCH; 

JAVON MACK; JASMINE MAYHEM; JEANETTE MORGAN; JENNIFER 

SERGEANT; JESSICA STEWART; JENNIFER TAYLOR; JASON TILLEY; 

JENELLE TOLER; JONATHAN BENNETT; JOSEPH DIXON; JOZELLE 

GARBER; JEFFREY HANKINS; JOHNNY HARDISON; JOHN JOHNSON; 

KALISA JOHNSON; KAJUANE RORIE; JONATHAN SHIPMAN; JOCELYN 

STINSON; KATHY BRATTON-HARBISON; KATRINA CAMPBELL; KELLY 

EDWARDS; KATHERINE GARCIA; KEVIN HORTON; KALISA JONSON; 

KATHERINE MCDONALD; KEVIN LAMAR SMITH; KELLY WALL; KIESHA 

LEARY; KRYSTAL MCCREE; KIMBERLY MORROW; LAQUITTA OUTLAW; 

LAKEESHA REDD; LATONIA BOYD; LASHALL BURNS; LESLIE 

FONVILLE; LAUREN GRIMSLEY; LATISA HAIRE; LATONYA 

HILDERBRAND; LASHAURA HUDSON; LAWANDA LEARY; LESLIE 

MCSWAIN; LENNIE MOORE; LATEESHA MUNGIN; LASHONDA 

RICHARDS; LEKITTA ROBINSON; LINITA BLAKENEY; LINDSAY CURRIE; 

LETITA FRONE MILLER; LETITA GRANT; LINDA HEDRICK; MARILYN 

BLACKWELL; MARSHELL BOYKIN; MARLON BROWN; MARTHA 

USCA4 Appeal: 23-1601 Doc: 22 Filed: 05/01/2024 Pg: 11 of 39
12

CALDWELL; MARILYN DOSS; MARIA CELESTE GAUSE; MARSHA 

LEATH; LISA LEWIS; MARVA PRINCE; LUCY ROGERS; LINQUEAL 

ROUNDS; MARCUS SPELLMAN; MARQUITA TAYLOR; MACEO TURNER; 

MARGIE WEAVIL; LORRAINE SLIGH; MELISSA HOLDER; MARY 

MCBRIDE; MELISSAH SCALES; MARY WOOD; MONICA ALEXANDER; 

MICHAEL FOSTER, JR.; MICHAEL JENKINS; MICHAEL JONES; MICHAEL 

KEE; MARICA NELSON; PAMELA BULLS; NATASHA DAVIS; NAIMAH 

JONES; NELLIE KNOTTS; NEKA SWANN; NICOLE THOMAS; PERRY 

BOSTIC; PATRICK CANTEY; PERRY CUTHRELL, JR.; PAMELA MCINNIS; 

PAULETTE SHANNON; PAMELA WORTHY; PHILLIP BROWN; RALPH 

CHILDRESS; PRINCE CHISHOLM; PHILLIP GREEN; RAVEN WILMAR 

HOOKER; RASHAD PETTIFORD; RACHEL ROLLINS; RANDY TERRY; 

PRINCE TROLLINGER; PRISCILLA YOUNGER; RICKEY ADAMS; 

REGINALD BROWN; REMEKA BRYANT; RITA CERNA; RICHARD DELAIN; 

ROBERT GONZALES; RAYFORD KIMBLE; REGGIE SMITH; ROBERT 

TILLMAN; SAMANTHA ALLEN; SANDELL BLACKWELL; SANDRA 

CARMON; RODNEY COBIA; SANDRA DARRISAW; SARAH DOUGLAS; 

RODNEY EASTERLING; SABRINA ELLIOT; ROGER HAMLETT; RODNEY 

HICKMAN; SAMANTHA MOUZON; SHANNON THOMAS; SHAMICA 

WALL; ROMAN WATROUS; TAMERA DAVIS; STANLEY EWINGS; 

SHELDON JOHNSON; SHONDA JONES; STEPHANIE JONES; TALISHA 

LOWERY; TAMECIA MCKINNON; SHENITA MELTON; TAHEIM 

RAGLAND; TAKEALLA ROBINSON; TEWLEE BOONE; TERESKA CHRISP; 

TERRY COE; TERESA DIXON; TONY FUNDERBURK; TARI HARRIS; 

DAMION JOHNSON; TIFFANY MATTHEWS; TIKEISH MCNEILL; TERRAYA 

ROYSTER; TEALA STANTON; TRESHAUN WARREN; TOMMY WHITE; 

TONYA WOODS; WANDA EVANS; VINCENT HAIRSTON; WALTER 

MACKEY; WANDA MCKOY; VALERIE MCLAUGHLIN; WHITLEY 

TEASTER; YATERIA THOMAS; WILLIE BRADFIELD; WILLIAM BUNCH; 

WILLIAM GIBSON; WILLIAM PEARSALL; WILLIE THOMAS; WILLIE 

WARREN; WILLIE WILKERSON,

Plaintiffs,

v.

TITLEMAX OF VIRGINIA, INC.; TITLEMAX OF SOUTH CAROLINA, INC.,

Defendant - Appellants,

and

TMX FINANCE OF VIRGINIA, INC.,

USCA4 Appeal: 23-1601 Doc: 22 Filed: 05/01/2024 Pg: 12 of 39
13

Defendant.

No. 23-1606

MELISSA HOLDER,

Plaintiff - Appellee,

and

AARON GOINES; ALICIA ADAMS; AMANDA ALCOCK; AMANDA 

GROOMS; ANDREA SELLS; ANDREW JOHNSON; ANESHA MCGLOCKING; 

ANGELO CUMMINGS; ANNA SHAW; ANNETTE RIDGEWAY; ANTHONY 

AMES; ANTHONY ROSADO; ANTHONY STURDIVANT; ANTOINETTE 

JACKSON; APRIL ALLEN; AREEBA LILES; AVI WILLIAMS; BENJAMIN 

WHERRY; BETTY MAKARIMI; BRADLEY CALDWELL; BRIDGET CLARK; 

BRIELLE COWAN; BRITTANY CALLAHAN; BRITTANY MASON; 

BRITTANY WILLIAMS; BRITTNEY OLIPHANT; CANDICE PERKINS; 

CAROLYN WALLACE; CARRIE EDWARDS; CASANDRA MILLER; 

CASSANDRA BROOKS; CASSANDRA GAINES; CEDRIC MOSES; CHARITA 

O’NEAL; CHARLENE HARRIS; CHARMAINE REID; CHARMAINE WILSON; 

CHERICIA STALLWORTH; CHIMAOBI MADUBUIKE; CHRISTINA SMITH; 

CHRISTOPHER BASS; COREY MCDUFFIE; CRYSTAL OWENS; CRYSTAL 

RORIE; CURTIS BOYD; CYNIA ANDERSON; DAPHNE CARPENTER; 

DARLENE WATSON; DAVID ELLISON; DAVID GILLUM; DAVEDA HINES; 

DAVIE DAWKINS; DAWN GRAY; DAVID REYNOLDS; DAVIE 

RICHARDSON; DEREK COLE; DERRICK GREEN; DEPRIES HAYWOOD; 

DAWN HOUSETON; DESIREE JEFFREY; DIMITRI SHAW; DESMOND 

SMITH; DIANA SMITH; DOMAUNIA CLARK; DOMINIQUE HARRIS; 

DOMINICK HINSON; DION LUKER; DONZA SLADE; DONTA SYKES; 

DWAYNE COCKERHAM; ELAINE T. JOHNSON; ELA MANNS; DOUGLAS 

MCKOY; DOROTHY RANSOM; EDNA TAYLOR; ERICA TURNER; EDWARD 

WILSON; HOLLY BOSTIC; GLORIA CALHOUN; FRANCES GADDY; 

GLENDA GIBSON; HAZEL GILLIAM; GLORIA HARDY; FRANCES 

HOPKINS; ETHEL JENKINS; INDIA LEAK; GARY MALLOY; GREGORY 

NICHOLSON; FRANK QUICK; GREGORY SLOAN; HOWARD J. WELCH; 

JAMES BRADSHAW; LINDA BRADSHAW; JADA EASTERLING; JAMES 

JACKSON; JAMORRIS SINGLETON; JAMES WILSON, JR.; JEFF 

BLACKWELL; JEREMY BRADSHAW; JARRAD COXE; JENNIFER HICKS; 

USCA4 Appeal: 23-1601 Doc: 22 Filed: 05/01/2024 Pg: 13 of 39
14

JENNIE JONES GREEN; JERMALE KEYS; JASON LANE; JAN LYNCH; 

JAVON MACK; JASMINE MAYHEM; JEANETTE MORGAN; JENNIFER 

SERGEANT; JESSICA STEWART; JENNIFER TAYLOR; JASON TILLEY; 

JENELLE TOLER; JONATHAN BENNETT; JOSEPH DIXON; JOZELLE 

GARBER; JEFFREY HANKINS; JOHNNY HARDISON; JOHN JOHNSON; 

KALISA JOHNSON; KAJUANE RORIE; JONATHAN SHIPMAN; JOCELYN 

STINSON; KATHY BRATTON-HARBISON; KATRINA CAMPBELL; KELLY 

EDWARDS; KATHERINE GARCIA; KEVIN HORTON; KALISA JONSON; 

KATHERINE MCDONALD; KEVIN LAMAR SMITH; KELLY WALL; KIESHA 

LEARY; KRYSTAL MCCREE; KIMBERLY MORROW; LAQUITTA OUTLAW; 

LAKEESHA REDD; LATONIA BOYD; LASHALL BURNS; LESLIE 

FONVILLE; LAUREN GRIMSLEY; LATISA HAIRE; LATONYA 

HILDERBRAND; LASHAURA HUDSON; LAWANDA LEARY; LESLIE 

MCSWAIN; LENNIE MOORE; LATEESHA MUNGIN; LASHONDA 

RICHARDS; LEKITTA ROBINSON; LINITA BLAKENEY; LINDSAY CURRIE; 

LETITA FRONE MILLER; LETITA GRANT; LINDA HEDRICK; MARILYN 

BLACKWELL; MARSHELL BOYKIN; MARLON BROWN; MARTHA 

CALDWELL; MARILYN DOSS; MARIA CELESTE GAUSE; MARSHA 

LEATH; LISA LEWIS; MARVA PRINCE; LUCY ROGERS; LINQUEAL 

ROUNDS; MARCUS SPELLMAN; MARQUITA TAYLOR; MACEO TURNER; 

MARGIE WEAVIL; LORRAINE SLIGH; MARY MCBRIDE; MELISSAH 

SCALES; MARY WOOD; MONICA ALEXANDER; MICHAEL FOSTER, JR.; 

MICHAEL JENKINS; MICHAEL JONES; MICHAEL KEE; MICHELLE 

KEELING; MARICA NELSON; PAMELA BULLS; NATASHA DAVIS; 

NAIMAH JONES; NELLIE KNOTTS; NEKA SWANN; NICOLE THOMAS; 

PERRY BOSTIC; PATRICK CANTEY; PERRY CUTHRELL, JR.; PAMELA 

MCINNIS; PAULETTE SHANNON; PAMELA WORTHY; PHILLIP BROWN; 

RALPH CHILDRESS; PRINCE CHISHOLM; PHILLIP GREEN; RAVEN 

WILMAR HOOKER; RASHAD PETTIFORD; RACHEL ROLLINS; RANDY 

TERRY; PRINCE TROLLINGER; PRISCILLA YOUNGER; RICKEY ADAMS; 

REGINALD BROWN; REMEKA BRYANT; RITA CERNA; RICHARD DELAIN; 

ROBERT GONZALES; RAYFORD KIMBLE; REGGIE SMITH; ROBERT 

TILLMAN; SAMANTHA ALLEN; SANDELL BLACKWELL; SANDRA 

CARMON; RODNEY COBIA; SANDRA DARRISAW; SARAH DOUGLAS; 

RODNEY EASTERLING; SABRINA ELLIOT; ROGER HAMLETT; RODNEY 

HICKMAN; SAMANTHA MOUZON; SHANNON THOMAS; SHAMICA 

WALL; ROMAN WATROUS; TAMERA DAVIS; STANLEY EWINGS; 

SHELDON JOHNSON; SHONDA JONES; STEPHANIE JONES; TALISHA 

LOWERY; TAMECIA MCKINNON; SHENITA MELTON; TAHEIM 

RAGLAND; TAKEALLA ROBINSON; TEWLEE BOONE; TERESKA CHRISP; 

TERRY COE; TERESA DIXON; TONY FUNDERBURK; TARI HARRIS; 

DAMION JOHNSON; TIFFANY MATTHEWS; TIKEISH MCNEILL; TERRAYA 

ROYSTER; TEALA STANTON; TRESHAUN WARREN; TOMMY WHITE; 

USCA4 Appeal: 23-1601 Doc: 22 Filed: 05/01/2024 Pg: 14 of 39
15

TONYA WOODS; WANDA EVANS; VINCENT HAIRSTON; WALTER 

MACKEY; WANDA MCKOY; VALERIE MCLAUGHLIN; WHITLEY 

TEASTER; YATERIA THOMAS; WILLIE BRADFIELD; WILLIAM BUNCH; 

WILLIAM GIBSON; WILLIAM PEARSALL; WILLIE THOMAS; WILLIE 

WARREN; WILLIE WILKERSON,

Plaintiffs,

v.

TITLEMAX OF VIRGINIA, INC.; TITLEMAX OF SOUTH CAROLINA, INC.,

Defendants - Appellants,

and

TMX FINANCE OF VIRGINIA, INC.

Defendant.

No. 23-1609

RODNEY HICKMAN,

Plaintiff - Appellee,

and

AARON GOINES; ALICIA ADAMS; AMANDA ALCOCK; AMANDA 

GROOMS; ANDREA SELLS; ANDREW JOHNSON; ANESHA MCGLOCKING; 

ANGELO CUMMINGS; ANNA SHAW; ANNETTE RIDGEWAY; ANTHONY 

AMES; ANTHONY ROSADO; ANTHONY STURDIVANT; ANTOINETTE 

JACKSON; APRIL ALLEN; AREEBA LILES; AVI WILLIAMS; BENJAMIN 

WHERRY; BETTY MAKARIMI; BRADLEY CALDWELL; BRIDGET CLARK; 

BRIELLE COWAN; BRITTANY CALLAHAN; BRITTANY MASON; 

BRITTANY WILLIAMS; BRITTNEY OLIPHANT; CANDICE PERKINS; 

CAROLYN WALLACE; CARRIE EDWARDS; CASANDRA MILLER; 

CASSANDRA BROOKS; CASSANDRA GAINES; CEDRIC MOSES; CHARITA 

O’NEAL; CHARLENE HARRIS; CHARMAINE REID; CHARMAINE WILSON; 

CHERICIA STALLWORTH; CHIMAOBI MADUBUIKE; CHRISTINA SMITH; 

USCA4 Appeal: 23-1601 Doc: 22 Filed: 05/01/2024 Pg: 15 of 39
16

CHRISTOPHER BASS; COREY MCDUFFIE; CRYSTAL OWENS; CRYSTAL 

RORIE; CURTIS BOYD; CYNIA ANDERSON; DAPHNE CARPENTER; 

DARLENE WATSON; DAVID ELLISON; DAVID GILLUM; DAVEDA HINES; 

DAVIE DAWKINS; DAWN GRAY; DAVID REYNOLDS; DAVIE 

RICHARDSON; DEREK COLE; DERRICK GREEN; DEPRIES HAYWOOD; 

DAWN HOUSETON; DESIREE JEFFREY; DIMITRI SHAW; DESMOND 

SMITH; DIANA SMITH; DOMAUNIA CLARK; DOMINIQUE HARRIS; 

DOMINICK HINSON; DION LUKER; DONZA SLADE; DONTA SYKES; 

DWAYNE COCKERHAM; ELAINE T. JOHNSON; ELA MANNS; DOUGLAS 

MCKOY; DOROTHY RANSOM; EDNA TAYLOR; ERICA TURNER; EDWARD 

WILSON; HOLLY BOSTIC; GLORIA CALHOUN; FRANCES GADDY; 

GLENDA GIBSON; HAZEL GILLIAM; GLORIA HARDY; FRANCES 

HOPKINS; ETHEL JENKINS; INDIA LEAK; GARY MALLOY; GREGORY 

NICHOLSON; FRANK QUICK; GREGORY SLOAN; HOWARD J. WELCH; 

JAMES BRADSHAW; LINDA BRADSHAW; JADA EASTERLING; JAMES 

JACKSON; JAMORRIS SINGLETON; JAMES WILSON, JR.; JEFF 

BLACKWELL; JEREMY BRADSHAW; JARRAD COXE; JENNIFER HICKS; 

JENNIE JONES GREEN; JERMALE KEYS; JASON LANE; JAN LYNCH; 

JAVON MACK; JASMINE MAYHEM; JEANETTE MORGAN; JENNIFER 

SERGEANT; JESSICA STEWART; JENNIFER TAYLOR; JASON TILLEY; 

JENELLE TOLER; JONATHAN BENNETT; JOSEPH DIXON; JOZELLE 

GARBER; JEFFREY HANKINS; JOHNNY HARDISON; JOHN JOHNSON; 

KALISA JOHNSON; KAJUANE RORIE; JONATHAN SHIPMAN; JOCELYN 

STINSON; KATHY BRATTON-HARBISON; KATRINA CAMPBELL; KELLY 

EDWARDS; KATHERINE GARCIA; KEVIN HORTON; KALISA JONSON; 

KATHERINE MCDONALD; KEVIN LAMAR SMITH; KELLY WALL; KIESHA 

LEARY; KRYSTAL MCCREE; KIMBERLY MORROW; LAQUITTA OUTLAW; 

LAKEESHA REDD; LATONIA BOYD; LASHALL BURNS; LESLIE 

FONVILLE; LAUREN GRIMSLEY; LATISA HAIRE; LATONYA 

HILDERBRAND; LASHAURA HUDSON; LAWANDA LEARY; LESLIE 

MCSWAIN; LENNIE MOORE; LATEESHA MUNGIN; LASHONDA 

RICHARDS; LEKITTA ROBINSON; LINITA BLAKENEY; LINDSAY CURRIE; 

LETITA FRONE MILLER; LETITA GRANT; LINDA HEDRICK; MARILYN 

BLACKWELL; MARSHELL BOYKIN; MARLON BROWN; MARTHA 

CALDWELL; MARILYN DOSS; MARIA CELESTE GAUSE; MARSHA 

LEATH; LISA LEWIS; MARVA PRINCE; LUCY ROGERS; LINQUEAL 

ROUNDS; MARCUS SPELLMAN; MARQUITA TAYLOR; MACEO TURNER; 

MARGIE WEAVIL; LORRAINE SLIGH; MELISSA HOLDER; MARY 

MCBRIDE; MELISSAH SCALES; MARY WOOD; MONICA ALEXANDER; 

MICHAEL FOSTER, JR.; MICHAEL JENKINS; MICHAEL JONES; MICHAEL 

KEE; MICHELLE KEELING; MARICA NELSON; PAMELA BULLS; 

NATASHA DAVIS; NAIMAH JONES; NELLIE KNOTTS; NEKA SWANN; 

NICOLE THOMAS; PERRY BOSTIC; PATRICK CANTEY; PERRY 

USCA4 Appeal: 23-1601 Doc: 22 Filed: 05/01/2024 Pg: 16 of 39
17

CUTHRELL, JR.; PAMELA MCINNIS; PAULETTE SHANNON; PAMELA 

WORTHY; PHILLIP BROWN; RALPH CHILDRESS; PRINCE CHISHOLM; 

PHILLIP GREEN; RAVEN WILMAR HOOKER; RASHAD PETTIFORD; 

RACHEL ROLLINS; RANDY TERRY; PRINCE TROLLINGER; PRISCILLA 

YOUNGER; RICKEY ADAMS; REGINALD BROWN; REMEKA BRYANT; 

RITA CERNA; RICHARD DELAIN; ROBERT GONZALES; RAYFORD 

KIMBLE; REGGIE SMITH; ROBERT TILLMAN; SAMANTHA ALLEN; 

SANDELL BLACKWELL; SANDRA CARMON; RODNEY COBIA; SANDRA 

DARRISAW; SARAH DOUGLAS; RODNEY EASTERLING; SABRINA 

ELLIOT; ROGER HAMLETT; SAMANTHA MOUZON; SHANNON THOMAS; 

SHAMICA WALL; ROMAN WATROUS; TAMERA DAVIS; STANLEY 

EWINGS; SHELDON JOHNSON; SHONDA JONES; STEPHANIE JONES; 

TALISHA LOWERY; TAMECIA MCKINNON; SHENITA MELTON; TAHEIM 

RAGLAND; TAKEALLA ROBINSON; TEWLEE BOONE; TERESKA CHRISP; 

TERRY COE; TERESA DIXON; TONY FUNDERBURK; TARI HARRIS; 

DAMION JOHNSON; TIFFANY MATTHEWS; TIKEISH MCNEILL; TERRAYA 

ROYSTER; TEALA STANTON; TRESHAUN WARREN; TOMMY WHITE; 

TONYA WOODS; WANDA EVANS; VINCENT HAIRSTON; WALTER 

MACKEY; WANDA MCKOY; VALERIE MCLAUGHLIN; WHITLEY 

TEASTER; YATERIA THOMAS; WILLIE BRADFIELD; WILLIAM BUNCH; 

WILLIAM GIBSON; WILLIAM PEARSALL; WILLIE THOMAS; WILLIE 

WARREN; WILLIE WILKERSON,

Plaintiffs,

v.

TITLEMAX OF VIRGINIA, INC.; TITLEMAX OF SOUTH CAROLINA, INC.,

Defendants - Appellants,

and

TMX FINANCE OF VIRGINIA, INC.,

Defendant.

No. 23-1610

DAWN HOUSETON,

USCA4 Appeal: 23-1601 Doc: 22 Filed: 05/01/2024 Pg: 17 of 39
18

Plaintiff - Appellee,

and

AARON GOINES; ALICIA ADAMS; AMANDA ALCOCK; AMANDA 

GROOMS; ANDREA SELLS; ANDREW JOHNSON; ANESHA MCGLOCKING; 

ANGELO CUMMINGS; ANNA SHAW; ANNETTE RIDGEWAY; ANTHONY 

AMES; ANTHONY ROSADO; ANTHONY STURDIVANT; ANTOINETTE 

JACKSON; APRIL ALLEN; AREEBA LILES; AVI WILLIAMS; BENJAMIN 

WHERRY; BETTY MAKARIMI; BRADLEY CALDWELL; BRIDGET CLARK; 

BRIELLE COWAN; BRITTANY CALLAHAN; BRITTANY MASON; 

BRITTANY WILLIAMS; BRITTNEY OLIPHANT; CANDICE PERKINS; 

CAROLYN WALLACE; CARRIE EDWARDS; CASANDRA MILLER; 

CASSANDRA BROOKS; CASSANDRA GAINES; CEDRIC MOSES; CHARITA 

O’NEAL; CHARLENE HARRIS; CHARMAINE REID; CHARMAINE WILSON; 

CHERICIA STALLWORTH; CHIMAOBI MADUBUIKE; CHRISTINA SMITH; 

CHRISTOPHER BASS; COREY MCDUFFIE; CRYSTAL OWENS; CRYSTAL 

RORIE; CURTIS BOYD; CYNIA ANDERSON; DAPHNE CARPENTER; 

DARLENE WATSON; DAVID ELLISON; DAVID GILLUM; DAVEDA HINES; 

DAVIE DAWKINS; DAWN GRAY; DAVID REYNOLDS; DAVIE 

RICHARDSON; DEREK COLE; DERRICK GREEN; DEPRIES HAYWOOD; 

DESIREE JEFFREY; DIMITRI SHAW; DESMOND SMITH; DIANA SMITH; 

DOMAUNIA CLARK; DOMINIQUE HARRIS; DOMINICK HINSON; DION 

LUKER; DONZA SLADE; DONTA SYKES; DWAYNE COCKERHAM; 

ELAINE T. JOHNSON; ELA MANNS; DOUGLAS MCKOY; DOROTHY 

RANSOM; EDNA TAYLOR; ERICA TURNER; EDWARD WILSON; HOLLY 

BOSTIC; GLORIA CALHOUN; FRANCES GADDY; GLENDA GIBSON; 

HAZEL GILLIAM; GLORIA HARDY; FRANCES HOPKINS; ETHEL JENKINS; 

INDIA LEAK; GARY MALLOY; GREGORY NICHOLSON; FRANK QUICK; 

GREGORY SLOAN; HOWARD J. WELCH; JAMES BRADSHAW; LINDA 

BRADSHAW; JADA EASTERLING; JAMES JACKSON; JAMORRIS 

SINGLETON; JAMES WILSON, JR.; JEFF BLACKWELL; JEREMY 

BRADSHAW; JARRAD COXE; JENNIFER HICKS; JENNIE JONES GREEN; 

JERMALE KEYS; JASON LANE; JAN LYNCH; JAVON MACK; JASMINE 

MAYHEM; JEANETTE MORGAN; JENNIFER SERGEANT; JESSICA 

STEWART; JENNIFER TAYLOR; JASON TILLEY; JENELLE TOLER; 

JONATHAN BENNETT; JOSEPH DIXON; JOZELLE GARBER; JEFFREY 

HANKINS; JOHNNY HARDISON; JOHN JOHNSON; KALISA JOHNSON; 

KAJUANE RORIE; JONATHAN SHIPMAN; JOCELYN STINSON; KATHY 

BRATTON-HARBISON; KATRINA CAMPBELL; KELLY EDWARDS; 

KATHERINE GARCIA; KEVIN HORTON; KALISA JONSON; KATHERINE 

MCDONALD; KEVIN LAMAR SMITH; KELLY WALL; KIESHA LEARY; 

USCA4 Appeal: 23-1601 Doc: 22 Filed: 05/01/2024 Pg: 18 of 39
19

KRYSTAL MCCREE; KIMBERLY MORROW; LAQUITTA OUTLAW; 

LAKEESHA REDD; LATONIA BOYD; LASHALL BURNS; LESLIE 

FONVILLE; LAUREN GRIMSLEY; LATISA HAIRE; LATONYA 

HILDERBRAND; LASHAURA HUDSON; LAWANDA LEARY; LESLIE 

MCSWAIN; LENNIE MOORE; LATEESHA MUNGIN; LASHONDA 

RICHARDS; LEKITTA ROBINSON; LINITA BLAKENEY; LINDSAY CURRIE; 

LETITA FRONE MILLER; LETITA GRANT; LINDA HEDRICK; MARILYN 

BLACKWELL; MARSHELL BOYKIN; MARLON BROWN; MARTHA 

CALDWELL; MARILYN DOSS; MARIA CELESTE GAUSE; MARSHA 

LEATH; LISA LEWIS; MARVA PRINCE; LUCY ROGERS; LINQUEAL 

ROUNDS; MARCUS SPELLMAN; MARQUITA TAYLOR; MACEO TURNER; 

MARGIE WEAVIL; LORRAINE SLIGH; MELISSA HOLDER; MARY 

MCBRIDE; MELISSAH SCALES; MARY WOOD; MONICA ALEXANDER; 

MICHAEL FOSTER, JR.; MICHAEL JENKINS; MICHAEL JONES; MICHAEL 

KEE; MICHELLE KEELING; MARICA NELSON; PAMELA BULLS; 

NATASHA DAVIS; NAIMAH JONES; NELLIE KNOTTS; NEKA SWANN; 

NICOLE THOMAS; PERRY BOSTIC; PATRICK CANTEY; PERRY 

CUTHRELL, JR.; PAMELA MCINNIS; PAULETTE SHANNON; PAMELA 

WORTHY; PHILLIP BROWN; RALPH CHILDRESS; PRINCE CHISHOLM; 

PHILLIP GREEN; RAVEN WILMAR HOOKER; RASHAD PETTIFORD; 

RACHEL ROLLINS; RANDY TERRY; PRINCE TROLLINGER; PRISCILLA 

YOUNGER; RICKEY ADAMS; REGINALD BROWN; REMEKA BRYANT; 

RITA CERNA; RICHARD DELAIN; ROBERT GONZALES; RAYFORD 

KIMBLE; REGGIE SMITH; ROBERT TILLMAN; SAMANTHA ALLEN; 

SANDELL BLACKWELL; SANDRA CARMON; RODNEY COBIA; SANDRA 

DARRISAW; SARAH DOUGLAS; RODNEY EASTERLING; SABRINA 

ELLIOT; ROGER HAMLETT; RODNEY HICKMAN; SAMANTHA MOUZON; 

SHANNON THOMAS; SHAMICA WALL; ROMAN WATROUS; TAMERA 

DAVIS; STANLEY EWINGS; SHELDON JOHNSON; SHONDA JONES; 

STEPHANIE JONES; TALISHA LOWERY; TAMECIA MCKINNON; SHENITA 

MELTON; TAHEIM RAGLAND; TAKEALLA ROBINSON; TEWLEE BOONE; 

TERESKA CHRISP; TERRY COE; TERESA DIXON; TONY FUNDERBURK; 

TARI HARRIS; DAMION JOHNSON; TIFFANY MATTHEWS; TIKEISH

MCNEILL; TERRAYA ROYSTER; TEALA STANTON; TRESHAUN WARREN; 

TOMMY WHITE; TONYA WOODS; WANDA EVANS; VINCENT HAIRSTON; 

WALTER MACKEY; WANDA MCKOY; VALERIE MCLAUGHLIN; WHITLEY 

TEASTER; YATERIA THOMAS; WILLIE BRADFIELD; WILLIAM BUNCH; 

WILLIAM GIBSON; WILLIAM PEARSALL; WILLIE THOMAS; WILLIE 

WARREN; WILLIE WILKERSON,

Plaintiffs,

v.

USCA4 Appeal: 23-1601 Doc: 22 Filed: 05/01/2024 Pg: 19 of 39
20

TITLEMAX OF VIRGINIA, INC.; TITLEMAX OF SOUTH CAROLINA, INC.,

Defendants - Appellants, 

and

TMX FINANCE OF VIRGINIA, INC.,

Defendant.

No. 23-1612

TARI HARRIS,

Plaintiff - Appellee,

and

AARON GOINES; ALICIA ADAMS; AMANDA ALCOCK; AMANDA 

GROOMS; ANDREA SELLS; ANDREW JOHNSON; ANESHA MCGLOCKING; 

ANGELO CUMMINGS; ANNA SHAW; ANNETTE RIDGEWAY; ANTHONY 

AMES; ANTHONY ROSADO; ANTHONY STURDIVANT; ANTOINETTE 

JACKSON; APRIL ALLEN; AREEBA LILES; AVI WILLIAMS; BENJAMIN 

WHERRY; BETTY MAKARIMI; BRADLEY CALDWELL; BRIDGET CLARK; 

BRIELLE COWAN; BRITTANY CALLAHAN; BRITTANY MASON; 

BRITTANY WILLIAMS; BRITTNEY OLIPHANT; CANDICE PERKINS; 

CAROLYN WALLACE; CARRIE EDWARDS; CASANDRA MILLER; 

CASSANDRA BROOKS; CASSANDRA GAINES; CEDRIC MOSES; CHARITA 

O’NEAL; CHARLENE HARRIS; CHARMAINE REID; CHARMAINE WILSON; 

CHERICIA STALLWORTH; CHIMAOBI MADUBUIKE; CHRISTINA SMITH; 

CHRISTOPHER BASS; COREY MCDUFFIE; CRYSTAL OWENS; CRYSTAL 

RORIE; CURTIS BOYD; CYNIA ANDERSON; DAPHNE CARPENTER; 

DARLENE WATSON; DAVID ELLISON; DAVID GILLUM; DAVEDA HINES; 

DAVIE DAWKINS; DAWN GRAY; DAVID REYNOLDS; DAVIE 

RICHARDSON; DEREK COLE; DERRICK GREEN; DEPRIES HAYWOOD; 

DAWN HOUSETON; DESIREE JEFFREY; DIMITRI SHAW; DESMOND 

SMITH; DIANA SMITH; DOMAUNIA CLARK; DOMINIQUE HARRIS; 

DOMINICK HINSON; DION LUKER; DONZA SLADE; DONTA SYKES; 

DWAYNE COCKERHAM; ELAINE T. JOHNSON; ELA MANNS; DOUGLAS 

USCA4 Appeal: 23-1601 Doc: 22 Filed: 05/01/2024 Pg: 20 of 39
21

MCKOY; DOROTHY RANSOM; EDNA TAYLOR; ERICA TURNER; EDWARD 

WILSON; HOLLY BOSTIC; GLORIA CALHOUN; FRANCES GADDY; 

GLENDA GIBSON; HAZEL GILLIAM; GLORIA HARDY; FRANCES 

HOPKINS; ETHEL JENKINS; INDIA LEAK; GARY MALLOY; GREGORY 

NICHOLSON; FRANK QUICK; GREGORY SLOAN; HOWARD J. WELCH; 

JAMES BRADSHAW; LINDA BRADSHAW; JADA EASTERLING; JAMES 

JACKSON; JAMORRIS SINGLETON; JAMES WILSON, JR.; JEFF 

BLACKWELL; JEREMY BRADSHAW; JARRAD COXE; JENNIFER HICKS; 

JENNIE JONES GREEN; JERMALE KEYS; JASON LANE; JAN LYNCH; 

JAVON MACK; JASMINE MAYHEM; JEANETTE MORGAN; JENNIFER 

SERGEANT; JESSICA STEWART; JENNIFER TAYLOR; JASON TILLEY; 

JENELLE TOLER; JONATHAN BENNETT; JOSEPH DIXON; JOZELLE 

GARBER; JEFFREY HANKINS; JOHNNY HARDISON; JOHN JOHNSON; 

KALISA JOHNSON; KAJUANE RORIE; JONATHAN SHIPMAN; JOCELYN 

STINSON; KATHY BRATTON-HARBISON; KATRINA CAMPBELL; KELLY 

EDWARDS; KATHERINE GARCIA; KEVIN HORTON; KALISA JONSON; 

KATHERINE MCDONALD; KEVIN LAMAR SMITH; KELLY WALL; KIESHA 

LEARY; KRYSTAL MCCREE; KIMBERLY MORROW; LAQUITTA OUTLAW; 

LAKEESHA REDD; LATONIA BOYD; LASHALL BURNS; LESLIE 

FONVILLE; LAUREN GRIMSLEY; LATISA HAIRE; LATONYA 

HILDERBRAND; LASHAURA HUDSON; LAWANDA LEARY; LESLIE 

MCSWAIN; LENNIE MOORE; LATEESHA MUNGIN; LASHONDA 

RICHARDS; LEKITTA ROBINSON; LINITA BLAKENEY; LINDSAY CURRIE; 

LETITA FRONE MILLER; LETITA GRANT; LINDA HEDRICK; MARILYN 

BLACKWELL; MARSHELL BOYKIN; MARLON BROWN; MARTHA 

CALDWELL; MARILYN DOSS; MARIA CELESTE GAUSE; MARSHA 

LEATH; LISA LEWIS; MARVA PRINCE; LUCY ROGERS; LINQUEAL 

ROUNDS; MARCUS SPELLMAN; MARQUITA TAYLOR; MACEO TURNER;

MARGIE WEAVIL; LORRAINE SLIGH; MELISSA HOLDER; MARY 

MCBRIDE; MELISSAH SCALES; MARY WOOD; MONICA ALEXANDER; 

MICHAEL FOSTER, JR.; MICHAEL JENKINS; MICHAEL JONES; MICHAEL 

KEE; MICHELLE KEELING; MARICA NELSON; PAMELA BULLS; 

NATASHA DAVIS; NAIMAH JONES; NELLIE KNOTTS; NEKA SWANN; 

NICOLE THOMAS; PERRY BOSTIC; PATRICK CANTEY; PERRY 

CUTHRELL, JR.; PAMELA MCINNIS; PAULETTE SHANNON; PAMELA 

WORTHY; PHILLIP BROWN; RALPH CHILDRESS; PRINCE CHISHOLM; 

PHILLIP GREEN; RAVEN WILMAR HOOKER; RASHAD PETTIFORD; 

RACHEL ROLLINS; RANDY TERRY; PRINCE TROLLINGER; PRISCILLA 

YOUNGER; RICKEY ADAMS; REGINALD BROWN; REMEKA BRYANT; 

RITA CERNA; RICHARD DELAIN; ROBERT GONZALES; RAYFORD 

KIMBLE; REGGIE SMITH; ROBERT TILLMAN; SAMANTHA ALLEN; 

SANDELL BLACKWELL; SANDRA CARMON; RODNEY COBIA; SANDRA 

DARRISAW; SARAH DOUGLAS; RODNEY EASTERLING; SABRINA 

USCA4 Appeal: 23-1601 Doc: 22 Filed: 05/01/2024 Pg: 21 of 39
22

ELLIOT; ROGER HAMLETT; RODNEY HICKMAN; SAMANTHA MOUZON; 

SHANNON THOMAS; SHAMICA WALL; ROMAN WATROUS; TAMERA 

DAVIS; STANLEY EWINGS; SHELDON JOHNSON; SHONDA JONES; 

STEPHANIE JONES; TALISHA LOWERY; TAMECIA MCKINNON; SHENITA 

MELTON; TAHEIM RAGLAND; TAKEALLA ROBINSON; TEWLEE BOONE; 

TERESKA CHRISP; TERRY COE; TERESA DIXON; TONY FUNDERBURK; 

DAMION JOHNSON; TIFFANY MATTHEWS; TIKEISH MCNEILL; TERRAYA 

ROYSTER; TEALA STANTON; TRESHAUN WARREN; TOMMY WHITE; 

TONYA WOODS; WANDA EVANS; VINCENT HAIRSTON; WALTER 

MACKEY; WANDA MCKOY; VALERIE MCLAUGHLIN; WHITLEY 

TEASTER; YATERIA THOMAS; WILLIE BRADFIELD; WILLIAM BUNCH; 

WILLIAM GIBSON; WILLIAM PEARSALL; WILLIE THOMAS; WILLIE 

WARREN; WILLIE WILKERSON,

Plaintiffs,

v.

TITLEMAX OF VIRGINIA, INC.; TITLEMAX OF SOUTH CAROLINA, INC.,

Defendants - Appellants,

and

TMX FINANCE OF VIRGINIA, INC.,

Defendant.

No. 23-1613

FRANCES GADDY,

Plaintiff - Appellee,

and

AARON GOINES; ALICIA ADAMS; AMANDA ALCOCK; AMANDA 

GROOMS; ANDREA SELLS; ANDREW JOHNSON; ANESHA MCGLOCKING; 

ANGELO CUMMINGS; ANNA SHAW; ANNETTE RIDGEWAY; ANTHONY 

AMES; ANTHONY ROSADO; ANTHONY STURDIVANT; ANTOINETTE 

USCA4 Appeal: 23-1601 Doc: 22 Filed: 05/01/2024 Pg: 22 of 39
23

JACKSON; APRIL ALLEN; AREEBA LILES; AVI WILLIAMS; BENJAMIN 

WHERRY; BETTY MAKARIMI; BRADLEY CALDWELL; BRIDGET CLARK; 

BRIELLE COWAN; BRITTANY CALLAHAN; BRITTANY MASON; 

BRITTANY WILLIAMS; BRITTNEY OLIPHANT; CANDICE PERKINS; 

CAROLYN WALLACE; CARRIE EDWARDS; CASANDRA MILLER; 

CASSANDRA BROOKS; CASSANDRA GAINES; CEDRIC MOSES; CHARITA 

O’NEAL; CHARLENE HARRIS; CHARMAINE REID; CHARMAINE WILSON; 

CHERICIA STALLWORTH; CHIMAOBI MADUBUIKE; CHRISTINA SMITH; 

CHRISTOPHER BASS; COREY MCDUFFIE; CRYSTAL OWENS; CRYSTAL 

RORIE; CURTIS BOYD; CYNIA ANDERSON; DAPHNE CARPENTER; 

DARLENE WATSON; DAVID ELLISON; DAVID GILLUM; DAVEDA HINES; 

DAVIE DAWKINS; DAWN GRAY; DAVID REYNOLDS; DAVIE 

RICHARDSON; DEREK COLE; DERRICK GREEN; DEPRIES HAYWOOD; 

DAWN HOUSETON; DESIREE JEFFREY; DIMITRI SHAW; DESMOND 

SMITH; DIANA SMITH; DOMAUNIA CLARK; DOMINIQUE HARRIS; 

DOMINICK HINSON; DION LUKER; DONZA SLADE; DONTA SYKES; 

DWAYNE COCKERHAM; ELAINE T. JOHNSON; ELA MANNS; DOUGLAS 

MCKOY; DOROTHY RANSOM; EDNA TAYLOR; ERICA TURNER; EDWARD 

WILSON; HOLLY BOSTIC; GLORIA CALHOUN; GLENDA GIBSON; HAZEL 

GILLIAM; GLORIA HARDY; FRANCES HOPKINS; ETHEL JENKINS; INDIA 

LEAK; GARY MALLOY; GREGORY NICHOLSON; FRANK QUICK; 

GREGORY SLOAN; HOWARD J. WELCH; JAMES BRADSHAW; LINDA 

BRADSHAW; JADA EASTERLING; JAMES JACKSON; JAMORRIS 

SINGLETON; JAMES WILSON, JR.; JEFF BLACKWELL; JEREMY 

BRADSHAW; JARRAD COXE; JENNIFER HICKS; JENNIE JONES GREEN; 

JERMALE KEYS; JASON LANE; JAN LYNCH; JAVON MACK; JASMINE 

MAYHEM; JEANETTE MORGAN; JENNIFER SERGEANT; JESSICA 

STEWART; JENNIFER TAYLOR; JASON TILLEY; JENELLE TOLER; 

JONATHAN BENNETT; JOSEPH DIXON; JOZELLE GARBER; JEFFREY 

HANKINS; JOHNNY HARDISON; JOHN JOHNSON; KALISA JOHNSON; 

KAJUANE RORIE; JONATHAN SHIPMAN; JOCELYN STINSON; KATHY 

BRATTON-HARBISON; KATRINA CAMPBELL; KELLY EDWARDS; 

KATHERINE GARCIA; KEVIN HORTON; KALISA JONSON; KATHERINE 

MCDONALD; KEVIN LAMAR SMITH; KELLY WALL; KIESHA LEARY; 

KRYSTAL MCCREE; KIMBERLY MORROW; LAQUITTA OUTLAW; 

LAKEESHA REDD; LATONIA BOYD; LASHALL BURNS; LESLIE 

FONVILLE; LAUREN GRIMSLEY; LATISA HAIRE; LATONYA 

HILDERBRAND; LASHAURA HUDSON; LAWANDA LEARY; LESLIE 

MCSWAIN; LENNIE MOORE; LATEESHA MUNGIN; LASHONDA 

RICHARDS; LEKITTA ROBINSON; LINITA BLAKENEY; LINDSAY CURRIE; 

LETITA FRONE MILLER; LETITA GRANT; LINDA HEDRICK; MARILYN 

BLACKWELL; MARSHELL BOYKIN; MARLON BROWN; MARTHA 

CALDWELL; MARILYN DOSS; MARIA CELESTE GAUSE; MARSHA 

USCA4 Appeal: 23-1601 Doc: 22 Filed: 05/01/2024 Pg: 23 of 39
24

LEATH; LISA LEWIS; MARVA PRINCE; LUCY ROGERS; LINQUEAL 

ROUNDS; MARCUS SPELLMAN; MARQUITA TAYLOR; MACEO TURNER; 

MARGIE WEAVIL; LORRAINE SLIGH; MELISSA HOLDER; MARY 

MCBRIDE; MELISSAH SCALES; MARY WOOD; MONICA ALEXANDER; 

MICHAEL FOSTER, JR.; MICHAEL JENKINS; MICHAEL JONES; MICHAEL 

KEE; MICHELLE KEELING; MARICA NELSON; PAMELA BULLS; 

NATASHA DAVIS; NAIMAH JONES; NELLIE KNOTTS; NEKA SWANN; 

NICOLE THOMAS; PERRY BOSTIC; PATRICK CANTEY; PERRY 

CUTHRELL, JR.; PAMELA MCINNIS; PAULETTE SHANNON; PAMELA 

WORTHY; PHILLIP BROWN; RALPH CHILDRESS; PRINCE CHISHOLM; 

PHILLIP GREEN; RAVEN WILMAR HOOKER; RASHAD PETTIFORD; 

RACHEL ROLLINS; RANDY TERRY; PRINCE TROLLINGER; PRISCILLA 

YOUNGER; RICKEY ADAMS; REGINALD BROWN; REMEKA BRYANT; 

RITA CERNA; RICHARD DELAIN; ROBERT GONZALES; RAYFORD 

KIMBLE; REGGIE SMITH; ROBERT TILLMAN; SAMANTHA ALLEN; 

SANDELL BLACKWELL; SANDRA CARMON; RODNEY COBIA; SANDRA 

DARRISAW; SARAH DOUGLAS; RODNEY EASTERLING; SABRINA 

ELLIOT; ROGER HAMLETT; RODNEY HICKMAN; SAMANTHA MOUZON; 

SHANNON THOMAS; SHAMICA WALL; ROMAN WATROUS; TAMERA 

DAVIS; STANLEY EWINGS; SHELDON JOHNSON; SHONDA JONES; 

STEPHANIE JONES; TALISHA LOWERY; TAMECIA MCKINNON; SHENITA 

MELTON; TAHEIM RAGLAND; TAKEALLA ROBINSON; TEWLEE BOONE; 

TERESKA CHRISP; TERRY COE; TERESA DIXON; TONY FUNDERBURK; 

TARI HARRIS; DAMION JOHNSON; TIFFANY MATTHEWS; TIKEISH 

MCNEILL; TERRAYA ROYSTER; TEALA STANTON; TRESHAUN WARREN; 

TOMMY WHITE; TONYA WOODS; WANDA EVANS; VINCENT HAIRSTON; 

WALTER MACKEY; WANDA MCKOY; VALERIE MCLAUGHLIN; WHITLEY 

TEASTER; YATERIA THOMAS; WILLIE BRADFIELD; WILLIAM BUNCH; 

WILLIAM GIBSON; WILLIAM PEARSALL; WILLIE THOMAS; WILLIE 

WARREN; WILLIE WILKERSON,

Plaintiffs,

v.

TITLEMAX OF VIRGINIA, INC.; TITLEMAX OF SOUTH CAROLINA, INC.,

 Defendants - Appellants,

and

TMX FINANCE OF VIRGINIA, INC.,

USCA4 Appeal: 23-1601 Doc: 22 Filed: 05/01/2024 Pg: 24 of 39
25

 Defendant.

No. 23-1614

JARRAD COXE,

Plaintiff - Appellee,

and

AARON GOINES; ALICIA ADAMS; AMANDA ALCOCK; AMANDA 

GROOMS; ANDREA SELLS; ANDREW JOHNSON; ANESHA MCGLOCKING; 

ANGELO CUMMINGS; ANNA SHAW; ANNETTE RIDGEWAY; ANTHONY 

AMES; ANTHONY ROSADO; ANTHONY STURDIVANT; ANTOINETTE 

JACKSON; APRIL ALLEN; AREEBA LILES; AVI WILLIAMS; BENJAMIN 

WHERRY; BETTY MAKARIMI; BRADLEY CALDWELL; BRIDGET CLARK; 

BRIELLE COWAN; BRITTANY CALLAHAN; BRITTANY MASON; 

BRITTANY WILLIAMS; BRITTNEY OLIPHANT; CANDICE PERKINS; 

CAROLYN WALLACE; CARRIE EDWARDS; CASANDRA MILLER; 

CASSANDRA BROOKS; CASSANDRA GAINES; CEDRIC MOSES; CHARITA 

O’NEAL; CHARLENE HARRIS; CHARMAINE REID; CHARMAINE WILSON; 

CHERICIA STALLWORTH; CHIMAOBI MADUBUIKE; CHRISTINA SMITH; 

CHRISTOPHER BASS; COREY MCDUFFIE; CRYSTAL OWENS; CRYSTAL 

RORIE; CURTIS BOYD; CYNIA ANDERSON; DAPHNE CARPENTER; 

DARLENE WATSON; DAVID ELLISON; DAVID GILLUM; DAVEDA HINES; 

DAVIE DAWKINS; DAWN GRAY; DAVID REYNOLDS; DAVIE 

RICHARDSON; DEREK COLE; DERRICK GREEN; DEPRIES HAYWOOD; 

DAWN HOUSETON; DESIREE JEFFREY; DIMITRI SHAW; DESMOND 

SMITH; DIANA SMITH; DOMAUNIA CLARK; DOMINIQUE HARRIS; 

DOMINICK HINSON; DION LUKER; DONZA SLADE; DONTA SYKES; 

DWAYNE COCKERHAM; ELAINE T. JOHNSON; ELA MANNS; DOUGLAS 

MCKOY; DOROTHY RANSOM; EDNA TAYLOR; ERICA TURNER; EDWARD 

WILSON; HOLLY BOSTIC; GLORIA CALHOUN; FRANCES GADDY; 

GLENDA GIBSON; HAZEL GILLIAM; GLORIA HARDY; FRANCES 

HOPKINS; ETHEL JENKINS; INDIA LEAK; GARY MALLOY; GREGORY 

NICHOLSON; FRANK QUICK; GREGORY SLOAN; HOWARD J. WELCH; 

JAMES BRADSHAW; LINDA BRADSHAW; JADA EASTERLING; JAMES 

JACKSON; JAMORRIS SINGLETON; JAMES WILSON, JR.; JEFF 

BLACKWELL; JEREMY BRADSHAW; JENNIFER HICKS; JENNIE JONES 

GREEN; JERMALE KEYS; JASON LANE; JAN LYNCH; JAVON MACK; 

USCA4 Appeal: 23-1601 Doc: 22 Filed: 05/01/2024 Pg: 25 of 39
26

JASMINE MAYHEM; JEANETTE MORGAN; JENNIFER SERGEANT; 

JESSICA STEWART; JENNIFER TAYLOR; JASON TILLEY; JENELLE 

TOLER; JONATHAN BENNETT; JOSEPH DIXON; JOZELLE GARBER; 

JEFFREY HANKINS; JOHNNY HARDISON; JOHN JOHNSON; KALISA 

JOHNSON; KAJUANE RORIE; JONATHAN SHIPMAN; JOCELYN STINSON; 

KATHY BRATTON-HARBISON; KATRINA CAMPBELL; KELLY EDWARDS; 

KATHERINE GARCIA; KEVIN HORTON; KALISA JONSON; KATHERINE 

MCDONALD; KEVIN LAMAR SMITH; KELLY WALL; KIESHA LEARY; 

KRYSTAL MCCREE; KIMBERLY MORROW; LAQUITTA OUTLAW; 

LAKEESHA REDD; LATONIA BOYD; LASHALL BURNS; LESLIE 

FONVILLE; LAUREN GRIMSLEY; LATISA HAIRE; LATONYA 

HILDERBRAND; LASHAURA HUDSON; LAWANDA LEARY; LESLIE 

MCSWAIN; LENNIE MOORE; LATEESHA MUNGIN; LASHONDA 

RICHARDS; LEKITTA ROBINSON; LINITA BLAKENEY; LINDSAY CURRIE; 

LETITA FRONE MILLER; LETITA GRANT; LINDA HEDRICK; MARILYN 

BLACKWELL; MARSHELL BOYKIN; MARLON BROWN; MARTHA 

CALDWELL; MARILYN DOSS; MARIA CELESTE GAUSE; MARSHA 

LEATH; LISA LEWIS; MARVA PRINCE; LUCY ROGERS; LINQUEAL 

ROUNDS; MARCUS SPELLMAN; MARQUITA TAYLOR; MACEO TURNER; 

MARGIE WEAVIL; LORRAINE SLIGH; MELISSA HOLDER; MARY 

MCBRIDE; MELISSAH SCALES; MARY WOOD; MONICA ALEXANDER; 

MICHAEL FOSTER, JR.; MICHAEL JENKINS; MICHAEL JONES; MICHAEL 

KEE; MICHELLE KEELING; MARICA NELSON; PAMELA BULLS; 

NATASHA DAVIS; NAIMAH JONES; NELLIE KNOTTS; NEKA SWANN; 

NICOLE THOMAS; PERRY BOSTIC; PATRICK CANTEY; PERRY 

CUTHRELL, JR.; PAMELA MCINNIS; PAULETTE SHANNON; PAMELA 

WORTHY; PHILLIP BROWN; RALPH CHILDRESS; PRINCE CHISHOLM; 

PHILLIP GREEN; RAVEN WILMAR HOOKER; RASHAD PETTIFORD; 

RACHEL ROLLINS; RANDY TERRY; PRINCE TROLLINGER; PRISCILLA 

YOUNGER; RICKEY ADAMS; REGINALD BROWN; REMEKA BRYANT; 

RITA CERNA; RICHARD DELAIN; ROBERT GONZALES; RAYFORD 

KIMBLE; REGGIE SMITH; ROBERT TILLMAN; SAMANTHA ALLEN; 

SANDELL BLACKWELL; SANDRA CARMON; RODNEY COBIA; SANDRA 

DARRISAW; SARAH DOUGLAS; RODNEY EASTERLING; SABRINA 

ELLIOT; ROGER HAMLETT; RODNEY HICKMAN; SAMANTHA MOUZON; 

SHANNON THOMAS; SHAMICA WALL; ROMAN WATROUS; TAMERA 

DAVIS; STANLEY EWINGS; SHELDON JOHNSON; SHONDA JONES; 

STEPHANIE JONES; TALISHA LOWERY; TAMECIA MCKINNON; SHENITA 

MELTON; TAHEIM RAGLAND; TAKEALLA ROBINSON; TEWLEE BOONE; 

TERESKA CHRISP; TERRY COE; TERESA DIXON; TONY FUNDERBURK; 

TARI HARRIS; DAMION JOHNSON; TIFFANY MATTHEWS; TIKEISH 

MCNEILL; TERRAYA ROYSTER; TEALA STANTON; TRESHAUN WARREN; 

TOMMY WHITE; TONYA WOODS; WANDA EVANS; VINCENT HAIRSTON; 

USCA4 Appeal: 23-1601 Doc: 22 Filed: 05/01/2024 Pg: 26 of 39
27

WALTER MACKEY; WANDA MCKOY; VALERIE MCLAUGHLIN; WHITLEY 

TEASTER; YATERIA THOMAS; WILLIE BRADFIELD; WILLIAM BUNCH; 

WILLIAM GIBSON; WILLIAM PEARSALL; WILLIE THOMAS; WILLIE 

WARREN; WILLIE WILKERSON,

 Plaintiffs,

v.

TITLEMAX OF VIRGINIA, INC.; TITLEMAX OF SOUTH CAROLINA, INC.,

 Defendants - Appellants,

and

TMX FINANCE OF VIRGINIA, INC.,

 Defendant.

No. 23-1615

PHILLIP BROWN,

 Plaintiff - Appellee,

and

AARON GOINES; ALICIA ADAMS; AMANDA ALCOCK; AMANDA 

GROOMS; ANDREA SELLS; ANDREW JOHNSON; ANESHA 

MCGLOCKING; ANGELO CUMMINGS; ANNA SHAW; ANNETTE 

RIDGEWAY; ANTHONY AMES; ANTHONY ROSADO; ANTHONY 

STURDIVANT; ANTOINETTE JACKSON; APRIL ALLEN; AREEBA LILES; 

AVI WILLIAMS; BENJAMIN WHERRY; BETTY MAKARIMI; BRADLEY 

CALDWELL; BRIDGET CLARK; BRIELLE COWAN; BRITTANY 

CALLAHAN; BRITTANY MASON; BRITTANY WILLIAMS; BRITTNEY 

OLIPHANT; CANDICE PERKINS; CAROLYN WALLACE; CARRIE 

EDWARDS; CASANDRA MILLER; CASSANDRA BROOKS; CASSANDRA

GAINES; CEDRIC MOSES; CHARITA O’NEAL; CHARLENE HARRIS; 

CHARMAINE REID; CHARMAINE WILSON; CHERICIA STALLWORTH; 

CHIMAOBI MADUBUIKE; CHRISTINA SMITH; CHRISTOPHER BASS; 

USCA4 Appeal: 23-1601 Doc: 22 Filed: 05/01/2024 Pg: 27 of 39
28

COREY MCDUFFIE; CRYSTAL OWENS; CRYSTAL RORIE; CURTIS BOYD; 

CYNIA ANDERSON; DAPHNE CARPENTER; DARLENE WATSON; DAVID 

ELLISON; DAVID GILLUM; DAVEDA HINES; DAVIE DAWKINS; DAWN 

GRAY; DAVID REYNOLDS; DAVIE RICHARDSON; DEREK COLE; 

DERRICK GREEN; DEPRIES HAYWOOD; DAWN HOUSETON; DESIREE 

JEFFREY; DIMITRI SHAW; DESMOND SMITH; DIANA SMITH; 

DOMAUNIA CLARK; DOMINIQUE HARRIS; DOMINICK HINSON; DION 

LUKER; DONZA SLADE; DONTA SYKES; DWAYNE COCKERHAM; 

ELAINE T. JOHNSON; ELA MANNS; DOUGLAS MCKOY; DOROTHY 

RANSOM; EDNA TAYLOR; ERICA TURNER; EDWARD WILSON; HOLLY 

BOSTIC; GLORIA CALHOUN; FRANCES GADDY; GLENDA GIBSON; 

HAZEL GILLIAM; GLORIA HARDY; FRANCES HOPKINS; ETHEL 

JENKINS; INDIA LEAK; GARY MALLOY; GREGORY NICHOLSON; FRANK 

QUICK; GREGORY SLOAN; HOWARD J. WELCH; JAMES BRADSHAW; 

LINDA BRADSHAW; JADA EASTERLING; JAMES JACKSON; JAMORRIS 

SINGLETON; JAMES WILSON, JR.; JEFF BLACKWELL; JEREMY 

BRADSHAW; JARRAD COXE; JENNIFER HICKS; JENNIE JONES GREEN; 

JERMALE KEYS; JASON LANE; JAN LYNCH; JAVON MACK; JASMINE 

MAYHEM; JEANETTE MORGAN; JENNIFER SERGEANT; JESSICA 

STEWART; JENNIFER TAYLOR; JASON TILLEY; JENELLE TOLER; 

JONATHAN BENNETT; JOSEPH DIXON; JOZELLE GARBER; JEFFREY 

HANKINS; JOHNNY HARDISON; JOHN JOHNSON; KALISA JOHNSON; 

KAJUANE RORIE; JONATHAN SHIPMAN; JOCELYN STINSON; KATHY 

BRATTON-HARBISON; KATRINA CAMPBELL; KELLY EDWARDS; 

KATHERINE GARCIA; KEVIN HORTON; KALISA JONSON; KATHERINE 

MCDONALD; KEVIN LAMAR SMITH; KELLY WALL; KIESHA LEARY; 

KRYSTAL MCCREE; KIMBERLY MORROW; LAQUITTA OUTLAW; 

LAKEESHA REDD; LATONIA BOYD; LASHALL BURNS; LESLIE 

FONVILLE; LAUREN GRIMSLEY; LATISA HAIRE; LATONYA 

HILDERBRAND; LASHAURA HUDSON; LAWANDA LEARY; LESLIE 

MCSWAIN; LENNIE MOORE; LATEESHA MUNGIN; LASHONDA 

RICHARDS; LEKITTA ROBINSON; LINITA BLAKENEY; LINDSAY 

CURRIE; LETITA FRONE MILLER; LETITA GRANT; LINDA HEDRICK; 

MARILYN BLACKWELL; MARSHELL BOYKIN; MARLON BROWN; 

MARTHA CALDWELL; MARILYN DOSS; MARIA CELESTE GAUSE; 

MARSHA LEATH; LISA LEWIS; MARVA PRINCE; LUCY ROGERS; 

LINQUEAL ROUNDS; MARCUS SPELLMAN; MARQUITA TAYLOR; 

MACEO TURNER; MARGIE WEAVER; LORRAINE SLIGH; MELISSA 

HOLDER; MARY MCBRIDE; MELISSAH SCALES; MARY WOOD; MONICA 

ALEXANDER; MICHAEL FOSTER, JR.; MICHAEL JENKINS; MICHAEL 

JONES; MICHAEL KEE; MICHELLE KEELING; MARICA NELSON; 

PAMELA BULLS; NATASHA DAVIS; NAIMAH JONES; NELLIE KNOTTS; 

NEKA SWANN; NICOLE THOMAS; PERRY BOSTIC; PATRICK CANTEY; 

USCA4 Appeal: 23-1601 Doc: 22 Filed: 05/01/2024 Pg: 28 of 39
29

PERRY CUTHRELL, JR.; PAMELA MCINNIS; PAULETTE SHANNON; 

PAMELA WORTHY; RALPH CHILDRESS; PRINCE CHISHOLM; PHILLIP 

GREEN; RAVEN WILMAR HOOKER; RASHAD PETTIFORD; RACHEL 

ROLLINS; RANDY TERRY; PRINCE TROLLINGER; PRISCILLA YOUNGER; 

RICKEY ADAMS; REGINALD BROWN; REMEKA BRYANT; RITA CERNA; 

RICHARD DELAIN; ROBERT GONZALES; RAYFORD KIMBLE; REGGIE 

SMITH; ROBERT TILLMAN; SAMANTHA ALLEN; SANDELL 

BLACKWELL; SANDRA CARMON; RODNEY COBIA; SANDRA 

DARRISAW; SARAH DOUGLAS; RODNEY EASTERLING; SABRINA 

ELLIOT; ROGER HAMLETT; RODNEY HICKMAN; SAMANTHA MOUZON; 

SHANNON THOMAS; SHAMICA WALL; ROMAN WATROUS; TAMERA 

DAVIS; STANLEY EWINGS; SHELDON JOHNSON; SHONDA JONES; 

STEPHANIE JONES; TALISHA LOWERY; TAMECIA MCKINNON; 

SHENITA MELTON; TAHEIM RAGLAND; TAKEALLA ROBINSON; 

TEWLEE BOONE; TERESKA CHRISP; TERRY COE; TERESA DIXON; TONY 

FUNDERBURK; TARI HARRIS; DAMION JOHNSON; TIFFANY 

MATTHEWS; TIKEISH MCNEILL; TERRAYA ROYSTER; TEALA 

STANTON; TRESHAUN WARREN; TOMMY WHITE; TONYA WOODS; 

WANDA EVANS; VINCENT HAIRSTON; WALTER MACKEY; WANDA 

MCKOY; VALERIE MCLAUGHLIN; WHITLEY TEASTER; YATERIA 

THOMAS; WILLIE BRADFIELD; WILLIAM BUNCH; WILLIAM GIBSON; 

WILLIAM PEARSALL; WILLIE THOMAS; WILLIE WARREN; WILLIE 

WILKERSON,

 Plaintiffs,

v.

TITLEMAX OF VIRGINIA, INC.; TITLEMAX OF SOUTH CAROLINA, INC.,

 Defendants - Appellants,

and

TMX FINANCE OF VIRGINIA, INC.,

 Defendant.

No. 23-1616

USCA4 Appeal: 23-1601 Doc: 22 Filed: 05/01/2024 Pg: 29 of 39
30

WILLIE BRADFIELD,

 Plaintiff - Appellee,

and

AARON GOINES; ALICIA ADAMS; AMANDA ALCOCK; AMANDA 

GROOMS; ANDREA SELLS; ANDREW JOHNSON; ANESHA 

MCGLOCKING; ANGELO CUMMINGS; ANNA SHAW; ANNETTE 

RIDGEWAY; ANTHONY AMES; ANTHONY ROSADO; ANTHONY 

STURDIVANT; ANTOINETTE JACKSON; APRIL ALLEN; AREEBA LILES; 

AVI WILLIAMS; BENJAMIN WHERRY; BETTY MAKARIMI; BRADLEY 

CALDWELL; BRIDGET CLARK; BRIELLE COWAN; BRITTANY 

CALLAHAN; BRITTANY MASON; BRITTANY WILLIAMS; BRITTNEY 

OLIPHANT; CANDICE PERKINS; CAROLYN WALLACE; CARRIE 

EDWARDS; CASANDRA MILLER; CASSANDRA BROOKS; CASSANDRA 

GAINES; CEDRIC MOSES; CHARITA O’NEAL; CHARLENE HARRIS; 

CHARMAINE REID; CHARMAINE WILSON; CHERICIA STALLWORTH; 

CHIMAOBI MADUBUIKE; CHRISTINA SMITH; CHRISTOPHER BASS; 

COREY MCDUFFIE; CRYSTAL OWENS; CRYSTAL RORIE; CURTIS BOYD; 

CYNIA ANDERSON; DAPHNE CARPENTER; DARLENE WATSON; DAVID 

ELLISON; DAVID GILLUM; DAVEDA HINES; DAVIE DAWKINS; DAWN 

GRAY; DAVID REYNOLDS; DAVIE RICHARDSON; DEREK COLE; 

DERRICK GREEN; DEPRIES HAYWOOD; DAWN HOUSETON; DESIREE 

JEFFREY; DIMITRI SHAW; DESMOND SMITH; DIANA SMITH; 

DOMAUNIA CLARK; DOMINIQUE HARRIS; DOMINICK HINSON; DION 

LUKER; DONZA SLADE; DONTA SYKES; DWAYNE COCKERHAM; 

ELAINE T. JOHNSON; ELA MANNS; DOUGLAS MCKOY; DOROTHY 

RANSOM; EDNA TAYLOR; ERICA TURNER; EDWARD WILSON; HOLLY 

BOSTIC; GLORIA CALHOUN; FRANCES GADDY; GLENDA GIBSON; 

HAZEL GILLIAM; GLORIA HARDY; FRANCES HOPKINS; ETHEL 

JENKINS; INDIA LEAK; GARY MALLOY; GREGORY NICHOLSON; FRANK 

QUICK; GREGORY SLOAN; HOWARD J. WELCH; JAMES BRADSHAW; 

LINDA BRADSHAW; JADA EASTERLING; JAMES JACKSON; JAMORRIS 

SINGLETON; JAMES WILSON, JR.; JEFF BLACKWELL; JEREMY 

BRADSHAW; JARRAD COXE; JENNIFER HICKS; JENNIE JONES GREEN; 

JERMALE KEYS; JASON LANE; JAN LYNCH; JAVON MACK; JASMINE 

MAYHEM; JEANETTE MORGAN; JENNIFER SERGEANT; JESSICA 

STEWART; JENNIFER TAYLOR; JASON TILLEY; JENELLE TOLER; 

JONATHAN BENNETT; JOSEPH DIXON; JOZELLE GARBER; JEFFREY 

HANKINS; JOHNNY HARDISON; JOHN JOHNSON; KALISA JOHNSON; 

KAJUANE RORIE; JONATHAN SHIPMAN; JOCELYN STINSON; KATHY 

BRATTON-HARBISON; KATRINA CAMPBELL; KELLY EDWARDS; 

USCA4 Appeal: 23-1601 Doc: 22 Filed: 05/01/2024 Pg: 30 of 39
31

KATHERINE GARCIA; KEVIN HORTON; KALISA JONSON; KATHERINE 

MCDONALD; KEVIN LAMAR SMITH; KELLY WALL; KIESHA LEARY; 

KRYSTAL MCCREE; KIMBERLY MORROW; LAQUITTA OUTLAW; 

LAKEESHA REDD; LATONIA BOYD; LASHALL BURNS; LESLIE 

FONVILLE; LAUREN GRIMSLEY; LATISA HAIRE; LATONYA 

HILDERBRAND; LASHAURA HUDSON; LAWANDA LEARY; LESLIE 

MCSWAIN; LENNIE MOORE; LATEESHA MUNGIN; LASHONDA 

RICHARDS; LEKITTA ROBINSON; LINITA BLAKENEY; LINDSAY 

CURRIE; LETITA FRONE MILLER; LETITA GRANT; LINDA HEDRICK; 

MARILYN BLACKWELL; MARSHELL BOYKIN; MARLON BROWN; 

MARTHA CALDWELL; MARILYN DOSS; MARIA CELESTE GAUSE; 

MARSHA LEATH; LISA LEWIS; MARVA PRINCE; LUCY ROGERS; 

LINQUEAL ROUNDS; MARCUS SPELLMAN; MARQUITA TAYLOR; 

MACEO TURNER; MARGIE WEAVIL; LORRAINE SLIGH; MELISSA 

HOLDER; MARY MCBRIDE; MELISSAH SCALES; MARY WOOD; MONICA 

ALEXANDER; MICHAEL FOSTER, JR.; MICHAEL JENKINS; MICHAEL 

JONES; MICHAEL KEE; MICHELLE KEELING; MARICA NELSON; 

PAMELA BULLS; NATASHA DAVIS; NAIMAH JONES; NELLIE KNOTTS; 

NEKA SWANN; NICOLE THOMAS; PERRY BOSTIC; PATRICK CANTEY; 

PERRY CUTHRELL, JR.; PAMELA MCINNIS; PAULETTE SHANNON; 

PAMELA WORTHY; PHILLIP BROWN; RALPH CHILDRESS; PRINCE 

CHISHOLM; PHILLIP GREEN; RAVEN WILMAR HOOKER; RASHAD 

PETTIFORD; RACHEL ROLLINS; RANDY TERRY; PRINCE TROLLINGER; 

PRISCILLA YOUNGER; RICKEY ADAMS; REGINALD BROWN; REMEKA 

BRYANT; RITA CERNA; RICHARD DELAIN; ROBERT GONZALES; 

RAYFORD KIMBLE; REGGIE SMITH; ROBERT TILLMAN; SAMANTHA 

ALLEN; SANDELL BLACKWELL; SANDRA CARMON; RODNEY COBIA; 

SANDRA DARRISAW; SARAH DOUGLAS; RODNEY EASTERLING; 

SABRINA ELLIOT; ROGER HAMLETT; RODNEY HICKMAN; SAMANTHA 

MOUZON; SHANNON THOMAS; SHAMICA WALL; ROMAN WATROUS; 

TAMERA DAVIS; STANLEY EWINGS; SHELDON JOHNSON; SHONDA 

JONES; STEPHANIE JONES; TALISHA LOWERY; TAMECIA MCKINNON; 

SHENITA MELTON; TAHEIM RAGLAND; TAKEALLA ROBINSON; 

TEWLEE BOONE; TERESKA CHRISP; TERRY COE; TERESA DIXON; TONY 

FUNDERBURK; TARI HARRIS; DAMION JOHNSON; TIFFANY 

MATTHEWS; TIKEISH MCNEILL; TERRAYA ROYSTER; TEALA 

STANTON; TRESHAUN WARREN; TONY WHITE; TONYA WOODS; 

WANDA EVANS; VINCENT HAIRSTON; WALTER MACKEY; WANDA 

MCKOY; VALERIE MCLAUGHLIN; WHITLEY TEASTER; YATERIA 

THOMAS; WILLIAM BUNCH; WILLIAM GIBSON; WILLIAM PEARSALL; 

WILLIE THOMAS; WILLIE WARREN; WILLIE WILKERSON,

 Plaintiffs,

USCA4 Appeal: 23-1601 Doc: 22 Filed: 05/01/2024 Pg: 31 of 39
32

v.

TITLEMAX OF VIRGINIA, INC.; TITLEMAX OF SOUTH CAROLINA, INC.,

 Defendants - Appellants,

and

TMX FINANCE OF VIRGINIA, INC.,

 Defendant.

No. 23-1617

KATRINA CAMPBELL,

 Plaintiff - Appellee,

and

AARON GOINES; ALICIA ADAMS; AMANDA ALCOCK; AMANDA 

GROOMS; ANDREA SELLS; ANDREW JOHNSON; ANESHA 

MCGLOCKING; ANGELO CUMMINGS; ANNA SHAW; ANNETTE 

RIDGEWAY; ANTHONY AMES; ANTHONY ROSADO; ANTHONY 

STURDIVANT; ANTOINETTE JACKSON; APRIL ALLEN; AREEBA LILES; 

AVI WILLIAMS; BENJAMIN WHERRY; BETTY MAKARIMI; BRADLEY 

CALDWELL; BRIDGET CLARK; BRIELLE COWAN; BRITTANY 

CALLAHAN; BRITTANY MASON; BRITTANY WILLIAMS; BRITTNEY 

OLIPHANT; CANDICE PERKINS; CAROLYN WALLACE; CARRIE 

EDWARDS; CASANDRA MILLER; CASSANDRA BROOKS; CASSANDRA 

GAINES; CEDRIC MOSES; CHARITA O’NEAL; CHARLENE HARRIS; 

CHARMAINE REID; CHARMAINE WILSON; CHERICIA STALLWORTH; 

CHIMAOBI MADUBUIKE; CHRISTINA SMITH; CHRISTOPHER BASS; 

COREY MCDUFFIE; CRYSTAL OWENS; CRYSTAL RORIE; CURTIS BOYD; 

CYNIA ANDERSON; DAPHNE CARPENTER; DARLENE WATSON; DAVID 

ELLISON; DAVID GILLUM; DAVEDA HINES; DAVIE DAWKINS; DAWN 

GRAY; DAVID REYNOLDS; DAVIE RICHARDSON; DEREK COLE; 

DERRICK GREEN; DEPRIES HAYWOOD; DAWN HOUSETON; DESIREE 

JEFFREY; DIMITRI SHAW; DESMOND SMITH; DIANA SMITH; 

USCA4 Appeal: 23-1601 Doc: 22 Filed: 05/01/2024 Pg: 32 of 39
33

DOMAUNIA CLARK; DOMINIQUE HARRIS; DOMINICK HINSON; DION 

LUKER; DONZA SLADE; DONTA SYKES; DWAYNE COCKERHAM; 

ELAINE T. JOHNSON; ELA MANNS; DOUGLAS MCKOY; DOROTHY 

RANSOM; EDNA TAYLOR; ERICA TURNER; EDWARD WILSON; HOLLY 

BOSTIC; GLORIA CALHOUN; FRANCES GADDY; GLENDA GIBSON; 

HAZEL GILLIAM; GLORIA HARDY; FRANCES HOPKINS; ETHEL 

JENKINS; INDIA LEAK; GARY MALLOY; GREGORY NICHOLSON; FRANK 

QUICK; GREGORY SLOAN; HOWARD J. WELCH; JAMES BRADSHAW; 

LINDA BRADSHAW; JADA EASTERLING; JAMES JACKSON; JAMORRIS 

SINGLETON; JAMES WILSON, JR.; JEFF BLACKWELL; JEREMY 

BRADSHAW; JARRAD COXE; JENNIFER HICKS; JENNIE JONES GREEN; 

JERMALE KEYS; JASON LANE; JAN LYNCH; JAVON MACK; JASMINE 

MAYHEM; JEANETTE MORGAN; JENNIFER SERGEANT; JESSICA 

STEWART; JENNIFER TAYLOR; JASON TILLEY; JENELLE TOLER;

JONATHAN BENNETT; JOSEPH DIXON; JOZELLE GARBER; JEFFREY 

HANKINS; JOHNNY HARDISON; JOHN JOHNSON; KALISA JOHNSON; 

KAJUANE RORIE; JONATHAN SHIPMAN; JOCELYN STINSON; KATHY 

BRATTON-HARBISON; KELLY EDWARDS; KATHERINE GARCIA; KEVIN 

HORTON; KALISA JONSON; KATHERINE MCDONALD; KEVIN LAMAR 

SMITH; KELLY WALL; KIESHA LEARY; KRYSTAL MCCREE; KIMBERLY 

MORROW; LAQUITTA OUTLAW; LAKEESHA REDD; LATONIA BOYD; 

LASHALL BURNS; LESLIE FONVILLE; LAUREN GRIMSLEY; LATISA 

HAIRE; LATONYA HILDERBRAND; LASHAURA HUDSON; LAWANDA 

LEARY; LESLIE MCSWAIN; LENNIE MOORE; LATEESHA MUNGIN; 

LASHONDA RICHARDS; LEKITTA ROBINSON; LINITA BLAKENEY; 

LINDSAY CURRIE; LETITA FRONE MILLER; LETITA GRANT; LINDA 

HEDRICK; MARILYN BLACKWELL; MARSHELL BOYKIN; MARLON 

BROWN; MARTHA CALDWELL; MARILYN DOSS; MARIA CELESTE 

GAUSE; MARSHA LEATH; LISA LEWIS; MARVA PRINCE; LUCY ROGERS; 

LINQUEAL ROUNDS; MARCUS SPELLMAN; MARQUITA TAYLOR; 

MACEO TURNER; MARGIE WEAVIL; LORRAINE SLIGH; MELISSA 

HOLDER; MARY MCBRIDE; MELISSAH SCALES; MARY WOOD; MONICA 

ALEXANDER; MICHAEL FOSTER, JR.; MICHAEL JENKINS; MICHAEL 

JONES; MICHAEL KEE; MICHELLE KEELING; MARICA NELSON; 

PAMELA BULLS; NATASHA DAVIS; NAIMAH JONES; NELLIE KNOTTS; 

NEKA SWANN; NICOLE THOMAS; PERRY BOSTIC; PATRICK CANTEY; 

PERRY CUTHRELL, JR.; PAMELA MCINNIS; PAULETTE SHANNON; 

PAMELA WORTHY; PHILLIP BROWN; RALPH CHILDRESS; PRINCE 

CHISHOLM; PHILLIP GREEN; RAVEN WILMAR HOOKER; RASHAD 

PETTIFORD; RACHEL ROLLINS; RANDY TERRY; PRINCE TROLLINGER; 

PRISCILLA YOUNGER; RICKEY ADAMS; REGINALD BROWN; REMEKA 

BRYANT; RITA CERNA; RICHARD DELAIN; ROBERT GONZALES; 

RAYFORD KIMBLE; REGGIE SMITH; ROBERT TILLMAN; SAMANTHA 

USCA4 Appeal: 23-1601 Doc: 22 Filed: 05/01/2024 Pg: 33 of 39
34

ALLEN; SANDELL BLACKWELL; SANDRA CARMON; RODNEY COBIA; 

SANDRA DARRISAW; SARAH DOUGLAS; RODNEY EASTERLING; 

SABRINA ELLIOT; ROGER HAMLETT; RODNEY HICKMAN; SAMANTHA 

MOUZON; SHANNON THOMAS; SHAMICA WALL; ROMAN WATROUS; 

TAMERA DAVIS; STANLEY EWINGS; SHELDON JOHNSON; SHONDA 

JONES; STEPHANIE JONES; TALISHA LOWERY; TAMECIA MCKINNON; 

SHENITA MELTON; TAHEIM RAGLAND; TAKEALLA ROBINSON; 

TEWLEE BOONE; TERESKA CHRISP; TERRY COE; TERESA DIXON; TONY 

FUNDERBURK; TARI HARRIS; DAMION JOHNSON; TIFFANY 

MATTHEWS; TIKEISH MCNEILL; TERRAYA ROYSTER; TEALA 

STANTON; TRESHAUN WARREN; TOMMY WHITE; TONYA WOODS; 

WANDA EVANS; VINCENT HAIRSTON; WALTER MACKEY; WANDA 

MCKOY; VALERIE MCLAUGHLIN; WHITLEY TEASTER; YATERIA 

THOMAS; WILLIE BRADFIELD; WILLIAM BUNCH; WILLIAM GIBSON; 

WILLIAM PEARSALL; WILLIE THOMAS; WILLIE WARREN; WILLIE 

WILKERSON,

 Plaintiffs,

v.

TITLEMAX OF VIRGINIA, INC.; TITLEMAX OF SOUTH CAROLINA, INC.,

 Defendants - Appellants,

and

TMX FINANCE OF VIRGINIA, INC.,

 Defendant.

No. 23-1618

PAULETTE SHANNON,

 Plaintiff - Appellee,

and

USCA4 Appeal: 23-1601 Doc: 22 Filed: 05/01/2024 Pg: 34 of 39
35

AARON GOINES; ALICIA ADAMS; AMANDA ALCOCK; AMANDA 

GROOMS; ANDREA SELLS; ANDREW JOHNSON; ANESHA 

MCGLOCKING; ANGELO CUMMINGS; ANNA SHAW; ANNETTE 

RIDGEWAY; ANTHONY AMES; ANTHONY ROSADO; ANTHONY 

STURDIVANT; ANTOINETTE JACKSON; APRIL ALLEN; AREEBA LILES; 

AVI WILLIAMS; BENJAMIN WHERRY; BETTY MAKARIMI; BRADLEY 

CALDWELL; BRIDGET CLARK; BRIELLE COWAN; BRITTANY 

CALLAHAN; BRITTANY MASON; BRITTANY WILLIAMS; BRITTNEY 

OLIPHANT; CANDICE PERKINS; CAROLYN WALLACE; CARRIE 

EDWARDS; CASANDRA MILLER; CASSANDRA BROOKS; CASSANDRA

GAINES; CEDRIC MOSES; CHARITA O’NEAL; CHARLENE HARRIS; 

CHARMAINE REID; CHARMAINE WILSON; CHERICIA STALLWORTH; 

CHIMAOBI MADUBUIKE; CHRISTINA SMITH; CHRISTOPHER BASS; 

COREY MCDUFFIE; CRYSTAL OWENS; CRYSTAL RORIE; CURTIS BOYD; 

CYNIA ANDERSON; DAPHNE CARPENTER; DARLENE WATSON; DAVID 

ELLISON; DAVID GILLUM; DAVEDA HINES; DAVIE DAWKINS; DAWN 

GRAY; DAVID REYNOLDS; DAVIE RICHARDSON; DEREK COLE; 

DERRICK GREEN; DEPRIES HAYWOOD; DAWN HOUSETON; DESIREE 

JEFFREY; DIMITRI SHAW; DESMOND SMITH; DIANA SMITH; 

DOMAUNIA CLARK; DOMINIQUE HARRIS; DOMINICK HINSON; DION 

LUKER; DONZA SLADE; DONTA SYKES; DWAYNE COCKERHAM; 

ELAINE T. JOHNSON; ELA MANNS; DOUGLAS MCKOY; DOROTHY 

RANSOM; EDNA TAYLOR; ERICA TURNER; EDWARD WILSON; HOLLY 

BOSTIC; GLORIA CALHOUN; FRANCES GADDY; GLENDA GIBSON; 

HAZEL GILLIAM; GLORIA HARDY; FRANCES HOPKINS; ETHEL 

JENKINS; INDIA LEAK; GARY MALLOY; GREGORY NICHOLSON; FRANK 

QUICK; GREGORY SLOAN; HOWARD J. WELCH; JAMES BRADSHAW; 

LINDA BRADSHAW; JADA EASTERLING; JAMES JACKSON; JAMORRIS 

SINGLETON; JAMES WILSON, JR.; JEFF BLACKWELL; JEREMY 

BRADSHAW; JARRAD COXE; JENNIFER HICKS; JENNIE JONES GREEN; 

JERMALE KEYS; JASON LANE; JAN LYNCH; JAVON MACK; JASMINE 

MAYHEM; JEANETTE MORGAN; JENNIFER SERGEANT; JESSICA 

STEWART; JENNIFER TAYLOR; JASON TILLEY; JENELLE TOLER; 

JONATHAN BENNETT; JOSEPH DIXON; JOZELLE GARBER; JEFFREY 

HANKINS; JOHNNY HARDISON; JOHN JOHNSON; KALISA JOHNSON; 

KAJUANE RORIE; JONATHAN SHIPMAN; JOCELYN STINSON; KATHY 

BRATTON-HARBISON; KATRINA CAMPBELL; KELLY EDWARDS; 

KATHERINE GARCIA; KEVIN HORTON; KALISA JONSON; KATHERINE 

MCDONALD; KEVIN LAMAR SMITH; KELLY WALL; KIESHA LEARY; 

KRYSTAL MCCREE; KIMBERLY MORROW; LAQUITTA OUTLAW; 

LAKEESHA REDD; LATONIA BOYD; LASHALL BURNS; LESLIE 

FONVILLE; LAUREN GRIMSLEY; LATISA HAIRE; LATONYA 

HILDERBRAND; LASHAURA HUDSON; LAWANDA LEARY; LESLIE 

USCA4 Appeal: 23-1601 Doc: 22 Filed: 05/01/2024 Pg: 35 of 39
36

MCSWAIN; LENNIE MOORE; LATEESHA MUNGIN; LASHONDA 

RICHARDS; LEKITTA ROBINSON; LINITA BLAKENEY; LINDSAY 

CURRIE; LETITA FRONE MILLER; LETITA GRANT; LINDA HEDRICK; 

MARILYN BLACKWELL; MARSHELL BOYKIN; MARLON BROWN; 

MARTHA CALDWELL; MARILYN DOSS; MARIA CELESTE GAUSE; 

MARSHA LEATH; LISA LEWIS; MARVA PRINCE; LUCY ROGERS; 

LINQUEAL ROUNDS; MARCUS SPELLMAN; MARQUITA TAYLOR; 

MACEO TURNER; MARGIE WEAVER; LORRAINE SLIGH; MELISSA 

HOLDER; MARY MCBRIDE; MELISSAH SCALES; MARY WOOD; MONICA 

ALEXANDER; MICHAEL FOSTER, JR.; MICHAEL JENKINS; MICHAEL 

JONES; MICHAEL KEE; MICHELLE KEELING; MARICA NELSON; 

PAMELA BULLS; NATASHA DAVIS; NAIMAH JONES; NELLIE KNOTTS; 

NEKA SWANN; NICOLE THOMAS; PERRY BOSTIC; PATRICK CANTEY; 

PERRY CUTHRELL, JR.; PAMELA MCINNIS; PAMELA WORTHY; PHILLIP 

BROWN; RALPH CHILDRESS; PRINCE CHISHOLM; PHILLIP GREEN; 

RAVEN WILMAR HOOKER; RASHAD PETTIFORD; RACHEL ROLLINS; 

RANDY TERRY; PRINCE TROLLINGER; PRISCILLA YOUNGER; RICKEY 

ADAMS; REGINALD BROWN; REMEKA BRYANT; RITA CERNA; 

RICHARD DELAIN; ROBERT GONZALES; RAYFORD KIMBLE; REGGIE 

SMITH; ROBERT TILLMAN; SAMANTHA ALLEN; SANDELL 

BLACKWELL; SANDRA CARMON; RODNEY COBIA; SANDRA 

DARRISAW; SARAH DOUGLAS; RODNEY EASTERLING; SABRINA 

ELLIOT; ROGER HAMLETT; RODNEY HICKMAN; SAMANTHA MOUZON; 

SHANNON THOMAS; SHAMICA WALL; ROMAN WATROUS; TAMERA 

DAVIS; STANLEY EWINGS; SHELDON JOHNSON; SHONDA JONES; 

STEPHANIE JONES; TALISHA LOWERY; TAMECIA MCKINNON; 

SHENITA MELTON; TAHEIM RAGLAND; TAKEALLA ROBINSON; 

TEWLEE BOONE; TERESKA CHRISP; TERRY COE; TERESA DIXON; TONY 

FUNDERBURK; TARI HARRIS; DAMION JOHNSON; TIFFANY 

MATTHEWS; TIKEISH MCNEILL; TERRAYA ROYSTER; TEALA 

STANTON; TRESHAUN WARREN; TOMMY WHITE; TONYA WOODS; 

WANDA EVANS; VINCENT HAIRSTON; WALTER MACKEY; WANDA 

MCKOY; VALERIE MCLAUGHLIN; WHITLEY TEASTER; YATERIA 

THOMAS; WILLIE BRADFIELD; WILLIAM BUNCH; WILLIAM GIBSON; 

WILLIAM PEARSALL; WILLIE THOMAS; WILLIE WARREN; WILLIE 

WILKERSON,

 Plaintiffs,

v.

TITLEMAX OF VIRGINIA, INC.; TITLEMAX OF SOUTH CAROLINA, INC.,

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 Defendants - Appellants,

and

TMX FINANCE OF VIRGINIA, INC.,

 Defendant.

Appeals from the United States District Court for the Middle District of North Carolina, at 

Greensboro. Loretta C. Biggs, District Judge. (1:19-cv-00489-LCB-JLW)

Submitted: April 25, 2024 Decided: May 1, 2024

Before KING, THACKER, and HARRIS, Circuit Judges.

Vacated and remanded by unpublished per curiam opinion.

ON BRIEF: Anthony J. Durone, Lauren Tallent, BERKOWITZ OLIVER LLP, Kansas 

City, Missouri, for Appellants. Andrew H. Brown, James R. Faucher, BROWN, 

FAUCHER, PERALDO & BENSON, PLLC, Greensboro, North Carolina, for Appellees.

Unpublished opinions are not binding precedent in this circuit.

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PER CURIAM:

Appellants TitleMax of Virginia, Inc., and TitleMax of South Carolina, Inc. 

(“TitleMax”), appeal the district court’s orders granting Appellees’ applications under 

Section 9 of the Federal Arbitration Act, 9 U.S.C. §§ 1-16 (FAA), to confirm arbitration 

awards. On appeal, TitleMax argues the district court lacked subject matter jurisdiction to 

enter the judgments confirming Appellees’ arbitration awards because Appellees’ Section 

9 applications did not identify an independent basis for the court’s jurisdiction. We agree.

In Badgerow v. Walters, 596 U.S. 1 (2022), the Supreme Court held that, in contrast 

to the method for determining a district court’s jurisdiction over a motion to compel 

arbitration under Section 4 of the FAA, there must be “an independent jurisdictional basis” 

for a district court to confirm or vacate an arbitration award under Section 9 or 10, id. at 4 

(internal quotation marks omitted), that is apparent from “the application actually 

submitted to” the court, id. at 5. As we recently explained, this is true regardless of whether 

the relevant application was a “freestanding application[]” or was “filed after arbitration in 

a previously stayed action.” SmartSky Networks, LLC v. DAG Wireless, LTD., 93 F.4th 

175, 184 (4th Cir. 2024).1

 Rather, “all Section 9 and 10 applications must have an 

independent jurisdictional basis clear on the face of the application.” Id.

The Section 9 applications at issue in this case did not identify a basis for the district 

court’s jurisdiction. The applications did not identify a non-FAA basis for federal question 

1 The district court did not have the benefit of our opinion in SmartSky at the time it 

ruled on Appellees’ Section 9 motions.

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jurisdiction under 28 U.S.C. § 1331. They did not suggest that the amount in controversy 

was above the $75,000 threshold necessary for the district court to have diversity 

jurisdiction under 28 U.S.C. § 1332. And they did not invoke the district court’s 

supplemental jurisdiction under 28 U.S.C. § 13672 or identify any other basis for the 

court’s jurisdiction. Because “a court may look only to the application actually submitted 

to it in assessing its jurisdiction,” Badgerow, 596 U.S. at 5 (emphasis added), the district 

court lacked subject matter jurisdiction to grant Appellees’ Section 9 applications.

Accordingly, we vacate the district court’s judgments and remand to the district 

court for further proceedings consistent with this opinion. We dispense with oral argument 

because the facts and legal contentions are adequately presented in the materials before this 

court and argument would not aid the decisional process.

VACATED AND REMANDED

2 We express no opinion as to whether a Section 9 or 10 applicant could properly 

invoke § 1367 as a basis for the district court’s jurisdiction over such an application.

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