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IN THE SUPREME COURT OF APPEALS OF WEST VIRGINIA
 

January Term 2014 

No. 12-1270 

STATE OF WEST VIRGINIA,
 

Plaintiff Below, Respondent
 

v.
 

KIMBERLY S.,
 

Defendant Below, Petitioner
 

FILED
 

January 29, 2014
 

released at 3:00 p.m. 

RORY L. PERRY II, CLERK 

SUPREME COURT OF APPEALS 

OF WEST VIRGINIA 

Appeal from the Circuit Court of Wood County
 

The Honorable Jeffrey B. Reed, Judge
 

Case No. 12-M-3
 

AFFIRMED
 

Submitted January 15, 2014
 

Filed: January 29 , 2014
 

William B. Summers, Esq. Patrick Morrisey, 

Parkersburg, West Virginia Attorney General 

Counsel for the Petitioner Laura Young, 

Assistant Attorney General 

Derek Knopp 

Assistant Attorney General 

Charleston, West Virginia 

Counsel for the Respondent 

The Opinion of the Court was delivered PER CURIAM. 
 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

SYLLABUS BY THE COURT
 

1. “‘The Supreme Court of Appeals reviews sentencing orders . . . 

under a deferential abuse of discretion standard, unless the order violates statutory or 

constitutional commands.’ Syllabus Point 1, in part, State v. Lucas, 201 W.Va. 271, 496 

S.E.2d 221 (1997).” Syl. pt. 1, State v. Watkins, 214 W.Va. 477, 590 S.E.2d 670 (2003). 

2. “The question whether an Act is civil or punitive in nature is initially one 

of statutory construction. A court will reject the Legislature’s manifest intent only when a 

party challenging the Act provides the clearest proof that the statutory scheme is so 

punitive in either purpose or effect as to negate the Legislature’s intention.” Syl. pt. 4, 

Hensler v. Cross, 210 W.Va. 530, 558 S.E.2d 330 (2001). 

3. “Where the language of a statute is clear and without ambiguity the plain 

meaning is to be accepted without resorting to the rules of interpretation.” Syl. pt. 2, 

State v. Elder, 152 W.Va. 571, 165 S.E.2d 108 (1968). 
 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

Per Curiam: 

This case is before this Court upon the appeal of the defendant, Kimberly S.1 from the 

September 26, 2012, order of the Circuit Court of Wood County. Kimberly S. was sentenced 

to thirty days in jail and two years of probation for the offense of contributing to the neglect 

of a minor - her seven year-old daughter. As reflected in the order, the circuit court also 

directed Kimberly S. to register with the West Virginia State Police pursuant to the West 

Virginia Child Abuse and Neglect Registration Act, W.Va. Code, 15-13-1 [2006], et seq. In 

addition, custody of the daughter having been placed with the father (Kimberly S.’s former 

husband) in a separate proceeding, the circuit court reduced Kimberly S.’s temporary 

visitation schedule with the child, which had been established by the Wood County Family 

Court. 

In this appeal, Kimberly S. challenges neither the thirty day sentence nor her 

placement on probation. Instead, she asks this Court to reverse and set aside those portions 

of her sentence requiring her to register with the State Police and modifying her temporary 

visitation schedule. Upon review, we conclude that the circuit court was within its discretion 

1 We follow our past practice in domestic relations and juvenile cases which involve 

sensitive matters and do not utilize the last names of the parties. The matter of: B.B., 224 W.Va. 

647, 649 n. 1, 687 S.E.2d 746, 748 n. 1 (2009). 

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in requiring Kimberly S. to register under the West Virginia Child Abuse and Neglect 

Registration Act. Moreover, this Court finds that the circuit court did not commit reversible 

error in modifying the temporary visitation schedule established by the Family Court. 

Accordingly, the September 26, 2012, order of the Circuit Court of Wood Countyis affirmed. 

I. Factual and Procedural Background 

In 2007, KimberlyS. and her husband were divorced, and Kimberly S. was designated 

primary custodian of their daughter. On May 9, 2011, the daughter, then age seven, arrived 

home at approximately 3:00 p.m. and found a note from Kimberly S. stating that she would 

be home soon. However, Kimberly S. did not return until around 1:00 a.m. and had been 

drinking. 

Kimberly S. was arrested upon a charge of child neglect. Thereafter, she entered into 

an agreement which provided that she would enter a plea of guilty to an information filed by 

the prosecutor in lieu of a presentation of the case to the grand jury. Consequently, Kimberly 

S. entered a plea of guilty to contributing to the neglect of a minor, a misdemeanor offense 

set forth in W.Va. Code, 49-7-7 [1990], as charged in the information.2 In June 2012, the 

2 W.Va. Code, 49-7-7 [1990], provides in part: 

(a) A person who by any act or omission contributes to, encourages 

or tends to cause the delinquency or neglect of any child . . . shall be 

guilty of a misdemeanor, and, upon conviction thereof, shall be fined not 

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circuit court accepted the guilty plea. The case was then referred to the probation department 

for a pre-sentence report. 

In the meantime, the Family Court, upon conducting a hearing, designated the father 

as the daughter’s custodian, and a temporary visitation schedule was established between 

Kimberly S. and the child. That schedule permitted visitation every Tuesday and Thursday 

and every other weekend. The Family Court specified that it would review the matter at a 

final hearing. 

On September 24, 2012, the circuit court conducted a sentencing hearing in the 

criminal matter at which time Kimberly S.’s counsel informed the court that the issue of 

visitation with the daughter was pending before the Family Court. Nevertheless, in addition 

to the other aspects of Kimberly S.’s sentence imposed during the hearing, the circuit court 

reduced her visitation schedule with the child, which had been established on a temporary 

basis by the Family Court. The circuit court stated: 

Upon the defendant’s release from jail, visitation will be as follows: 

One day through the week on Wednesday from the time school ends until 7:00 

p.m., and for four hours on Sunday. 

less than fifty nor more than five hundred dollars, or imprisoned in the 

county jail for a period not exceeding one year, or both fined and 

imprisoned. 

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On September 26, 2012, the circuit court entered an order sentencing Kimberly S. to 

a one year jail term for the offense of contributing to the neglect of a minor. However, the 

circuit court suspended the one year sentence and directed that Kimberly S. serve thirty days 

in jail, with a two year period of probation to follow. In addition, the circuit court reduced 

her temporary visitation with the child, as stated, and required her to register with the West 

Virginia State Police under the West Virginia Child Abuse and Neglect Registration Act. 

With regard to registration, Kimberly S. was required to provide all information required by 

the Act and “continue to do so for a period of ten (10) years.”3 

Kimberly S. appeals from the circuit court’s directive requiring her to register with 

the State Police under the Child Abuse and Neglect Registration Act and the circuit court’s 

modification of her visitation schedule. 

3 W.Va. Code, 15-13-4(a) [2006], provides, in part: 

A person required to register pursuant to the provisions of this article 

shall continue to comply with this section, except during ensuing periods of 

incarceration or confinement, until ten years have elapsed since the person 

was released from prison, jail or a mental health facility or ten years have 

elapsed since the person was placed on probation, parole or supervised or 

conditional release. 

The ten year requirement is also found in the West Virginia Code of State Rules 

pertaining to the Child Abuse and Neglect Registration Act. See W.Va. C.S.R. § 81-16­

7.1. (2010). 

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II. Standard of Review 

In syllabus point 1 of State v. Watkins, 214 W.Va. 477, 590 S.E.2d 670 (2003), this 

Court confirmed the following standard of review with regard to sentencing orders in 

criminal cases: 

“The Supreme Court of Appeals reviews sentencing orders . . . 

under a deferential abuse of discretion standard, unless the order violates 

statutory or constitutional commands.” Syllabus Point 1, in part, State v. 

Lucas, 201 W.Va. 271, 496 S.E.2d 221 (1997). 

Accord syl. pt. 1, State v. James, 227 W.Va. 407, 710 S.E.2d 98 (2011). 

In conjunction with that standard, we note, generally, that “[w]here the issue on appeal 

from the circuit court is clearly a question of law or involving an interpretation of a statute, 

we apply a de novo standard of review.” Syl. pt. 1, Chrystal R. M. v. Charlie A. L., 194 

W.Va. 138, 459 S.E.2d 415 (1995). Accord syl. pt. 1, State v. White, 231 W.Va. 270, 744 

S.E.2d 668 (2013). 

III. Discussion 

A. Registration 

Kimberly S. contends that the circuit court’s directive that she register under the Child 

Abuse and Neglect Registration Act should be reversed and set aside because it was not part 

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of her plea agreement. In addition, she asserts that the registration requirement is excessive 

in view of her conviction of a misdemeanor offense, contributing to the neglect of a minor. 

The State, however, contends that the inclusion of the registration requirement in the 

September 26, 2012, order was within the circuit court’s discretion. Although not a part of 

the plea agreement, Kimberly S. was made aware of the requirement prior to sentencing. 

Moreover, the State emphasizes that the registration requirement is regulatory in nature and, 

thus, is not to be considered an additional punishment. 

The State’s characterization of the requirement is correct. The intent of the Child 

Abuse and Neglect Registration Act was expressed by the West Virginia Legislature in 

W.Va. Code, 15-13-1 [2006]. Subsection (a) of the Act states, in part: “This article is 

intended to be regulatory in nature and not penal, and is intended to provide for the safety of 

children who are exposed to persons convicted of child abuse and neglect.” See also W.Va. 

C.S.R. §§ 81-16-1.1. and -5.1. (Registration is regulatory, not penal, and the information 

obtained is not to be used to inflict retribution or additional punishment.). 

Similar to the Child Abuse and Neglect Registration Act are the provisions of the West 

Virginia Sex Offender Registration Act, W.Va. Code, 15-12-1 [1999], et seq. In Hensler v. 

Cross, 210 W.Va. 530, 558 S.E.2d 330 (2001), this Court, rejecting a challenge to 

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registration, determined that the Sex Offender Registration Act is regulatory and “does not 

make an action which was innocent when done, criminal and punish it as such.” 210 W.Va. 

at 535, 558 S.E.2d at 335. The analytical framework for challenges to registration was set 

forth by this Court in Hensler in syllabus point four: 

The question whether an Act is civil or punitive in nature is initially one 

of statutory construction. A court will reject the Legislature’s manifest intent 

only when a party challenging the Act provides the clearest proof that the 

statutory scheme is so punitive in either purpose or effect as to negate the 

Legislature’s intention. 

Accord syl. pt. 3, Haislop v. Edgell, 215 W.Va. 88, 593 S.E.2d 839 (2003). 

In this case, the applicability of the Child Abuse and Neglect Registration Act and the 

discretion of the circuit court in requiring registration are clear. W.Va. Code, 15-13-2(b) 

[2006], requires registration by a person who has been convicted under any of the following 

provisions: W.Va. Code, 61-8D-2 [1988] (murder of a child bya parent); W.Va. Code, 61-8D2a [1994] (death of a child by a parent by child abuse); W.Va. Code, 61-8D-3 [1996] (child 

abuse resulting in injury and abuse or neglect creating a risk of injury); W.Va. Code, 61-8D3a [1999] (mutilation of a female child); W.Va. Code, 61-8D-4 [1996] (child neglect resulting 

in injury and neglect creating a risk of injury); and W.Va. Code, 61-8D-4a [1997] (child 

neglect resulting in death). Those offenses are felonies and do not mandate registration with 

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regard to Kimberly S.’s misdemeanor conviction under W.Va. Code, 49-7-7 [1990]. 

However, W.Va. Code, 15-13-2 [2006], further provides in subsection (d): 

If a person has been convicted of any criminal offense against a child 

in his or her household or of whom he or she has custodial responsibility, and 

the sentencing judge makes a written finding that there is a continued 

likelihood that the person will continue to have regular contact with that child 

or other children and that as such it is in the best interest of the child or 

children for that person to be monitored, then that person is subject to the 

reporting requirements of this article. 

Subsection (d), clear in its import, is addressed in Title 18 of the West Virginia Code 

of State Rules pertaining to child abuse and neglect registration. W.Va. C.S.R. § 81-16-2.4. 

(2010), states, in part: 

“Qualifying child abuse and neglect criminal offenses” – those offenses 

that require registration as an offender of child abuse or neglect upon 

conviction or when found not guilty by reason of mental illness, mental 

retardation or addiction. These offenses include, but are not limited to, §§ 61­

8D-2, 61-8D-2a, 61-8D-3, 61-8D-3a, 61-8D-4 or 61-8D-4a. . . . Also 

included are those offenses in which a person upon [being] convicted of a 

criminal offense(s) against a child in his or her household or in which the 

person convicted has custodial responsibility, the sentencing judge makes a 

written finding that there is a continued likelihood that the person convicted 

will continue to have regular contact with that child or other children and that 

as such it is in the best interest of the child or children for that person to be 

monitored. 

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(Emphasis added).4 

The transcript of the sentencing hearing reveals a number of problems set out by the 

circuit court concerning Kimberly S.’s conduct warranting registration. The circuit court 

noted that Kimberly S.’s version of the events concerning the evening in question was 

contradictory, i.e., that she told her daughter not to answer the door and that someone was 

coming to take her daughter to soccer practice. Either way, Kimberly S. never called to 

check on her daughter. In addition, the circuit court stated that Kimberly S.’s conduct 

included (1) failing to provide proof of employment, (2) not having the child with her when 

scheduled to do so, (3) making unauthorized visits to the child’s school and (4) not being 

truthful about whether she had undergone mental health or substance abuse treatment. In 

view of those problems, the circuit court questioned whether Kimberly S. understood the 

significance of the criminal proceedings against her and the importance of those proceedings 

to her daughter. 

This Court is of the opinion that the September 26, 2012, order directing Kimberly S. 

to register under the Act, in conjunction with the court’s reasons stated on the record during 

sentencing, are sufficient to withstand KimberlyS.’s challenge. The provisions of subsection 

4 Language similar to the emphasized portion of W.Va. C.S.R. § 81-16-2.4. (2010), 

is found throughout the State Rules concerning child abuse and neglect registration. See 

§§ 81-16-2.6.; -5.1.; -6.3.; -13.1.a.; and -13.8.a. 

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(d) of W.Va. Code, 15-13-2 [2006], and W.Va. C.S.R. § 81-16-2.4. (2010), clearly authorize 

registration in circumstances beyond the specific offenses listed in those provisions. Syllabus 

point two of State v. Elder, 152 W.Va. 571, 165 S.E.2d 108 (1968), states: “Where the 

language of a statute is clear and without ambiguity the plain meaning is to be accepted 

without resorting to the rules of interpretation.” Accord syl. pt. 2, State v. Euman, 210 W.Va. 

519, 558 S.E.2d 319 (2001). 

The registration requirement in the West Virginia Child Abuse and Neglect 

Registration Act is regulatory rather than punitive. Registration does not make Kimberly S.’s 

sentence more severe than the terms bargained for in her plea agreement. This assignment 

of error, therefore, is without merit.5 

5 We see equally little ground in Kimberly S.’s assertion that the circuit court’s 

directive of registration is disproportional to her jail term and placement on probation. 

See W.Va. Const. art. III, § 5 (providing that penalties are to be proportioned to the 

character and degree of the offense). In addition to the fact that registration under the Act 

is regulatory in nature, syllabus point four of Wanstreet v. Bordenkircher, 166 W.Va. 523, 

276 S.E.2d 205 (1981), observes: 

While our constitutional proportionality standards theoretically can 

apply to any criminal sentence, they are basically applicable to those 

sentences where there is either no fixed maximum set by statute or where 

there is a life recidivist sentence. 

Accord syl. pt. 3, State ex rel. Hatcher v. McBride, 221 W.Va. 760, 656 S.E.2d 789 

(2007), cert. denied, 552 U.S. 1269 (2008). See generally, George L. Blum, Annotation, 

Constitutional Challenges to State Child Abuse Registries, 36 A.L.R.6th 475 (2008). 

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B. The Visitation Schedule 

This Court also finds no merit in Kimberly S.’s second assignment of error concerning 

the circuit court’s modification of her temporaryvisitation schedule. KimberlyS.’s visitation 

with her daughter, twice per week and every other weekend, was established on a temporary 

basis by the Family Court. The Family Court specified that it would review the issue of 

visitation at a final hearing. During sentencing in Kimberly S.’s criminal case, the circuit 

court was informed that the issue of visitation was pending before the Family Court. 

However, the circuit court modified and reduced Kimberly S.’s temporary visitation to one 

day per week and four hours on Sunday. 

As justification for the change, the circuit court stated: 

West Virginia Code 62-12-9(a)(4) does allow the Court to monitor 

visitation under certain circumstances. This set of facts and this crime does 

not fall under that code section; however, it does – I don’t think that it says that 

I cannot impose a similar term if deemed appropriate. 

Chapter 62, Article 12, of the West Virginia Code concerns probation and parole, and 

W.Va. Code, 62-12-9(a)(4) [2001], provides: 

(a) Release on probation is conditioned upon the following:
 

. . . .
 

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(4) That in every case wherein the probationer has been convicted of an 

offense defined in section twelve, article eight, chapter sixty-one of this code 

or article eight-b or eight-d of said chapter, against a child, the probationer 

may not live in the same residence as any minor child, nor exercise visitation 

with any minor child and has [sic] no contact with the victim of the offense: 

Provided, That the probationer may petition the court of the circuit wherein he 

or she was convicted for a modification of this term and condition of his or her 

probation and the burden rests upon the probationer to demonstrate that a 

modification is in the best interest of the child. 

None of the enumerated provisions in that subsection apply in this case: W.Va. Code, 

61-8-12 [1994] (concerns incest); W.Va. Code, 61-8B-1 [2007], et seq. (concerns sexual 

offenses); and W.Va. Code, 61-8D-1 [2005], et seq. (concerns the offenses addressed in 

section A. of this opinion which are different from W.Va. Code, 49-7-7 [1990], under which 

Kimberly S. was convicted).6 Although citing W.Va. Code, 62-12-9(a)(4) [2001], in its 

ruling, the circuit court acknowledged that its provisions are not controlling in the 

circumstances pertaining to Kimberly S. and her daughter. Moreover, as stated above, the 

Family Court conducted a hearing prior to establishing visitation on a temporary basis, and 

a final hearing is to be conducted by the Family Court on the visitation issue. 

Nevertheless, in modifying Kimberly S.’s temporary visitation schedule, the circuit 

court had before it, inter alia, her plea of guilty to contributing to the neglect of her daughter 

and the pre-sentence report completed by the probation department. In those circumstances, 

6 W.Va. Code, 62-12-9 [2001], was amended in 2013. However, the amendment is 

neither applicable nor relevant to the current matter. 

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two other statutes provided the circuit court with authority to determine the temporary 

custody of Kimberly S.’s daughter. 

W.Va. Code, 49-7-11 [1936], provides: “Where a person is found guilty of 

contributing to the delinquency of a child, the court or judge may place the child in the 

temporary custody of the state department or of some responsible person or approved 

institution.” More specifically, W.Va. Code, 49-7-12 [1936], provides: 

If the guilty person had custody of the child prior to conviction, the 

court or judge may, on suspending sentence, permit the child to remain in the 

custody of the person, and make it a condition of suspending sentence that the 

person provides whatever treatment and care may be required for the welfare 

of the child, and shall do whatever may be calculated to secure obedience to 

the law or to remove the cause of such delinquency.7 

With regard to the latter statute, the circuit court suspended Kimberly S.’s one year 

sentence, directed that she serve a short jail term with probation to follow, and set forth a 

modified, temporary visitation schedule. 

7 While W.Va. Code, 49-7-11 [1936], and W.Va. Code, 49-7-12 [1936], refer to 

“delinquency,” the statute under which Kimberly S. was convicted, W.Va. Code, 49-7-7 

[1990], also refers to “delinquency,” i.e., a person “who by any act or omission 

contributes to, encourages or tends to cause the delinquency or neglect of any child[.]” 

See n. 1, supra. 

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In addition to those statutes, this Court has consistently held that a court has inherent 

authority to protect a child and “retains the ultimate power of disposition,” with the best 

interests determination to be rendered by the court “exercising its independent judgment.” 

State ex rel. Jeanne U. v. Canady, 210 W.Va. 88, 97, 554 S.E.2d 121, 130 (2001). 

Furthermore, W.Va. Code, 49-5-4 [1998], states that “[a] person under the age of eighteen 

years who appears before the circuit court in proceedings under this article shall be 

considered a ward of the court and protected accordingly.” In In re Samantha M., 205 W.Va. 

383, 518 S.E.2d 387 (1999), the following observation was made: 

Our statutes are clear that whenever a child appears in court, that child 

is a ward of that court. That court has both a right and a responsibility to see 

to it that the child is protected. See Julie G., 201 W.Va. at 776, 500 S.E.2d at 

889 (Workman, J., dissenting) (“Furthermore, whenever a child appears in 

court, he is a ward of that court. W.Va. Code § 49-5-4 (1996); Mary D. v. 

Watt, 190 W.Va. 341, 438 S.E.2d 521 (1992). Courts are thus statutorily 

reposed with a strong obligation to oversee and protect each child who comes 

before them.”) 

205 W.Va. at 392, 518 S.E.2d at 396 (Workman, J., concurring, in part, and dissenting, in 

part.) 

As long settled, the best interests of the child is the “polar star” by which decisions 

must be made which affect children. See State ex rel. Jeanne U., supra, 210 W.Va. at 97, 

554 S.E.2d at 130. See also, syl. pt. 7, In the matter of Brian D., 194 W.Va. 623, 461 S.E.2d 

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129 (1995) (“Cases involving children must be decided not just in the context of competing 

sets of adults’ rights, but also with a regard for the rights of the children.”). 

This Court’s opinion in State ex rel. Jeanne U. makes clear: “While many of this 

Court’s prior opinions discussing the ‘polar star’ involve child custody, abuse and neglect, 

or paternity determinations, the concept is equally applicable to matters in which visitation 

with children is being adjudicated.” (emphasis added) 210 W.Va. at 97 n. 10, 554 S.E.2d 

at 130 n. 10. 

Based on the foregoing, this Court concludes that the circuit court in this case had 

inherent power to modify Kimberly S.’s visitation schedule on a temporary basis, pending 

a full hearing in the Family Court. The circuit court’s temporary order is necessary based on 

the reality that the final hearing before the Family Court may not occur immediately and that 

the issues of custody and visitation must not languish in uncertainty. 

Consequently, this Court concludes that the circuit court did not commit reversible 

error in modifying KimberlyS.’s temporaryvisitation schedule during the sentencing hearing 

in her criminal case. Nevertheless, this Court directs that a final resolution of the visitation 

issue shall be made by the Family Court on an expedited basis. 

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IV. Conclusion 

The circuit court did not abuse its discretion in requiring Kimberly S. to register under 

the West Virginia Child Abuse and Neglect Registration Act. Moreover, the circuit court did 

not commit reversible error in modifying the temporary visitation schedule established by the 

Family Court. The schedule determined by the circuit court shall stand, and this Court directs 

that a final resolution of the visitation issue shall be made by the Family Court on an 

expedited basis.. Accordingly, the September 26, 2012, order of the Circuit Court of Wood 

County is affirmed. 

Affirmed. 

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