# MEMORANDUM

Subject: Summary of Stakeholder Meeting

From: Martha Keating

To: Docket EPA-HQ-OAR-2008-0699

Date: May 6, 2015

On May 5, 2015, representatives from EPA’s Of fice of Air Quality Planning and Standards

(OAQPS) attended a meeting with representative s of two environmental advocacy groups. The

stakeholders presented the attached presentation.

The following is a list of attendees.

Name Company

David Baron Earthjustice (by phone)

Josh Stebbins Sierra Club

Josh Berman Sierra Club (by phone)

Mike Koerber EPA - OAQPS

Scott Mathias EPA – OAQPS - AQPD

Chet Wayland EPA – OAQPS - AQAD

James Hemby EPA – OAQPS - AQAD

Kimber Scavo EPA-OAQPS-HEID

Susan Stone EPA-OAQPS-HEID

Martha Keating EPA-OAQPS-HEIDChildrenandEnvironmentalJusticeCommunitiesNeeda60ppbSmogStandard1EPA’sMustFinalizeA60ppbStandardtoProtectPublicHealth2LeveloftheStandardTheprimaryNAAQSatalevelthatis•“requisitetoprotectpublichealth”—includingsensitivepopulations—•withan“adequatemarginofsafety.”–42U.S.C.§ 7409(b)(1)3LeveloftheStandard•EPAproposes65– 70ppb•EPAeliminates60ppb4CASACAdvice•70ppb:–A“significantconcern,especiallyforchildren,asthmatics,theelderlyandotheratriskpopulations.”5CASACAdvice•70ppb:–A“significantconcern,especiallyforchildren,asthmatics,theelderlyandotheratriskpopulations.”–“substantialscientificevidenceofadverseeffects”6CASACAdvice•70ppb:–A“significantconcern,especiallyforchildren,asthmatics,theelderlyandotheratriskpopulations.”–“substantialscientificevidenceofadverseeffects”–“offersonlymodestincrementalreductionsinshort‐termmortalityrisk....”7CASACAdvice•70ppb:–A“significantconcern,especiallyforchildren,asthmatics,theelderlyandotheratriskpopulations.”–“substantialscientificevidenceofadverseeffects”–“offersonlymodestincrementalreductionsinshort‐termmortalityrisk....”•Even60ppb:–“clinicallysignificantlungfunctiondecrementsandairwayinflammation”8USEPAChildren’sHealthProtectionAdvisoryCommitteeAdvice•“stronglyre‐affirmtherecommendationof60ppbbasedon...adversechildhoodhealthimpacts”9USEPAChildren’sHealthProtectionAdvisoryCommitteeAdvice•“stronglyre‐affirmtherecommendationof60ppbbasedon...adversechildhoodhealthimpacts”•“Thehigherendoftherange,60ppb– 70ppb...willnotbesufficienttoprotectchildren’shealth.”10ThePublicHealthCommunityBroadlySupports60ppb•AmericanAcademyofPediatrics•AmericanAssociationofCardiovascularandPulmonaryRehabilitation•AmericanCollegeofPreventiveMedicine•AmericanHeartAssociation•AmericanLungAssociation•AmericanPublicHealthAssociation•AmericanThoracicSociety•AsthmaandAllergyFoundationofAmerica•NationalAssociationforMedicalDirectionofRespiratoryCare•NationalAssociationofCountyandCityHealthOfficials•NationalEnvironmentalHealthAssociation•NationalHomeOxygenPatientsAssociation•PhysiciansforSocialResponsibility•TrustforAmerica'sHealth11EPA’sProposed65‐70ppbLevelIsLessProtectiveThanManyCountriesCountry 8hourstandardExceedancesAllowedperYearWHO 51UnitedKingdom 51 10European Union(2010)61 25(per3years)Ireland 61Malaysia 61Mongolia 61Vietnam 61RepublicofKorea 61Switzerland 61 1Canada 65 312TheFormWeakenstheStandardEvenMore13AWeakFormRequiresStrongerStandard•Form:–Ignores3highestozonedayseachyear•4thHighest8‐hrdailymax14AWeakFormRequiresStrongerStandard•Form:–Ignores3highestozonedayseachyear•4thHighest8‐hrdailymax–OnlyAfter3Years•Averagingacrossmultipleyearsallowsmanymoreexceedances15AWeakForm•Adds7.2– 8.1ppbtothe“level”•Allowsformultipleexceedances1617EPA’sJustificationof“AdministrativeStability”isNotSupportedbyData00.511.522.533.51sthighestbasedDV 2ndhighestbasedDV 4thhighestbasedDV

Change (ppb)AverageYear‐to‐YearChange(ppb):1stvs.2ndvs.4thHighestBasedDesignValues(2000‐02through2012‐14)3.22.82.5Marginal"stabilitybenefit"atbest10%difference12%difference180510152025

Days with 8

‐ hour ozone levels at or above 75 ppbAttainmentAreasfromHighertoLower2011‐13DesignValues,.075‐.071ppbManyAreasThatRepeatedlyHaveUnsafeAirareJudgedinComplianceandWillNeverHavetoCleanTheirAirDuetoEPA’sFormTotaldayswith8‐hourozonelevelsof75ppborhigherduring2011‐13ozoneseasonsOfthattotal,daysinasingleozoneseasonwith8‐hourozonelevelof75ppborhigher19ChildrenandEJCommunitiesFacetheGreatestRiskfromSmog20ChildrenAreatGreatRisk•EPA’sChildren’sHealthProtectionAdvisoryCommittee:–“Childrensufferadisproportionateburden ofozone‐relatedhealthimpactsdue...thatcanresultinpermanentdisability.”21ChildrenAreatGreatRisk•EPA’sChildren’sHealthProtectionAdvisoryCommittee:–“Childrensufferadisproportionateburden ofozone‐relatedhealthimpactsdue...thatcanresultinpermanentdisability.”–“Childrenhaveincreasedsusceptibility dueto...increasedoutdoorphysicalactivitycomparedwithadults.”22ChildrenAreatGreatRisk•EPA’sChildren’sHealthProtectionAdvisoryCommittee:–“Childrensufferadisproportionateburden ofozone‐relatedhealthimpactsdue...thatcanresultinpermanentdisability.”–“Childrenhaveincreasedsusceptibility dueto...increasedoutdoorphysicalactivitycomparedwithadults.”–“The6.8millionchildrensufferingfromasthma ...aresomeofthemostvulnerable.”23ChildrenAreatGreatRisk•EPA’sChildren’sHealthProtectionAdvisoryCommittee:–“Childrensufferadisproportionateburden ofozone‐relatedhealthimpactsdue...thatcanresultinpermanentdisability.”–“Childrenhaveincreasedsusceptibility dueto...increasedoutdoorphysicalactivitycomparedwithadults.”–“The6.8millionchildrensufferingfromasthma ...aresomeofthemostvulnerable.”–“stronglyre‐affirmtherecommendationof60ppb ...thehigherendoftherange...willnot...protectchildren’shealth.”24EnvironmentalJusticeCommunitiesAreatGreatRisk•Nationwide,peopleofcoloraresignificantlyover‐representedinareaswithunsafeair•Asairqualitydecreases,over‐representationofpeopleofcolorincreases25PeopleofColorAreOver‐RepresentedinAreaswithBadAirintheSouth26AndintheMidwest27AndintheNortheast28IncreasedAirPollution=IncreasedRepresentationofPeopleofColor,DecreasedWhiteRepresentation29ThisTrendIsObservedThroughouttheNation30AWeakNAAQSAdverselyImpactsEJCommunities31051015202581 76 76 75 75 75 75 75 74 73 73 72 72 72 71 69 69 67 66 66 66MonitorsinHoustonNonattainmentArea(2012‐14CalculatedDesignValue)NumberofDaysOzoneMonitorsintheHoustonNonattainmentAreaExceededtheNAAQS(2012‐14)TotalDayswith8‐hourozonelevelsof75ppborhigherduring2011‐2013ozoneseasonsOfthattotal,daysinasingleozoneseasonwith8‐hourlevelsof75ppborhigherHighestlevel:136104114113102104100103969599928591948485 88 867888‐15%‐10%‐5%0%5%10%15%%Black %Asian %HispanicorLatino%WhiteRacialOverandUnderRepresentationintheHoustonNonattainmentArea3202468101214161820Bucks‐(75ppb) Delaware‐(74ppb)Philadelphia‐(75ppb)Chester‐(73ppb)Montgomery‐(72ppb)Philadelphia‐(56ppb)MonitorsinPhiladelphia,PAArea‐(2012‐14CalculatedDesignValue)NumberofDaysOzoneMonitorsinthePhiladelphia,PAAreaExceededtheNAAQS(2012‐14)TotalDayswith8‐hourozonelevelsof75ppborhigherduring2011‐13ozoneseasonsOfthattotal,daysinasingleozoneseasonwith8‐hourlevelsof75ppborhigherHighestlevel:948687787787‐20%‐15%‐10%‐5%0%5%10%15%20%%Black %Asian %HispanicorLatino%WhiteRacialOverandUnderRepresentationinPhiladelphia,PA3305101520253079 78 76 74 72 70 70 70 70 70 70 68 67 65MonitorsintheChicago,ILArea(2012‐14CalculatedDesignValue)NumberofDaysOzoneMonitorsintheChicago,ILAreaExceededtheNAAQS(2012‐14)TotalDayswith8‐hourozonelevelsof75ppborhigherduring2011‐2013ozoneseasonsOfthattotal,daysinasingleozoneseasonwith8‐hourlevelsof75ppborhigherHighestlevel:10310094961009693103898687858176‐20%‐15%‐10%‐5%0%5%10%15%20%%Black %Asian %HispanicorLatino%WhiteRacialOverandUnderRepresentationinChicago,IL34EPACannotRelyOnPeopleStayingIndoorsToJustify70ppb35TheCleanAirActMandatesAirthatIsSafeforAllPeopletoBreatheatAllTimes–“theCleanAirAct...provid[es]citizenstheopportunitytopursuetheirnormalactivitiesinahealthyenvironment.”(44Fed.Reg.at8210)36TheCleanAirActMandatesAirthatIsSafeforAllPeopletoBreatheatAllTimes–“theCleanAirAct...provid[es]citizenstheopportunitytopursuetheirnormalactivitiesinahealthyenvironment.”(44Fed.Reg.at8210)–“[TheCleanAirAct]statesthatallAmericansinallpartsoftheNationshouldhavecleanairtobreathe,airthatwillhavenoadverseeffectsontheirhealth.”‐SenatorMuskie,Sept.21,197037A70ppbStandardBetraystheCleanAirAct’sPromiseofSafeAirforAll•EPAusesdiariestoassumemostpeoplewillspendmostofthetimeindoorstojustify70ppbbasedon“exposureestimates.”38A70ppbStandardBetraystheCleanAirAct’sPromiseofSafeAirforAll•EPAusesdiariestoassumemostpeoplewillspendmostofthetimeindoorstojustify70ppbbasedon“exposureestimates.”•Evenstill,witha70ppbstandard,EPAestimates:–overamillionsensitiveindividualswillexperienceunsafeair–millionsofkidswillendureadverselungfunctiondecrements.392008OzoneStandard:RACTandTransportCoalEGUs=EasyNOxReductions40RACTIsInstallationAndOperationOfSCRsOnCoalFiredEGUs•ReasonablyAvailableControlTechnology–“thelowestemissionslimitthataparticularsourceiscapableofmeeting bytheapplicationofcontroltechnologythatisreasonablyavailableconsideringtechnological andeconomicfeasibility”–EconomicfeasibilityforRACTpurposes,asEPAhasclarified“islargelydeterminedbyevidencethatothersourcesinasourcecategoryhaveinfactappliedthecontroltechnologyinquestion”RACT=SCRInstallation•SCRisinwideuseinthecoalfiredEGUfleet•48%ofcoalfiredEGUshaveorwillhaveSCR–byMW,excludingannouncedretirementsandunitsbelow100MW•37%ofcoalfiredEGUshaveorwillhaveSCR–byunits,excludingannouncedretirementsandunitsbelow100MW•52%ofunannouncedcoalfiredunitshaveorwillhaveSCRusinga150MWcutoff•SCRcanachieveNOxreductionsofwellover90%.•PlantswithSCRroutinelyemitNOxatlevelswellbelow.07lbs/MMbtu•ScoresofpermitsfornewcoalfiredEGUsrequireSCRlevelemissionsatorbelow.07lbs/MMbtu42RACT=SCRInstallation•EPA:“likely...verylarge[EGU]emissionsreductions...beforecosts[justify]non‐EGU.”•SCRwithLNBandOFA:Between$1,210and$4,550(2015$).–Seee.g.,77Fed.Reg.50,936;78Fed.Reg.8,273–8,294;77Fed.Reg.76,871(Dec.31,2012);77Fed.Reg.76,871(Dec.31,2012);77Fed.Reg.72,511(Dec.5,2012);77Fed.Reg.72,511(Dec.5,2012)•SCRwithsorbentinjection:Between$1,690and$2,060(2015$).–Seee.g.,76Fed.Reg.52,388(Aug.22,2011).•SCRalone$2,835to$3,430(2015$).–735Seee.g.,75Fed.Reg.64,221(Oct.19,2010);77Fed.Reg.51,915(Aug.28,2012);76Fed.Reg.80,754(Dec.27,2011);75Fed.Reg.64,221(Oct.19,2010).ManyOTRStatesAreImposingStringentRACTStandards•NewYork:0.12lbs/MMBtu fortangentialandwallcoal‐firedboilers,0.08lbs/MMBtu forfluidizedbedcoal‐firedboilers•NewJersey:1.50lb/MWh per24hoursozoneseason•Delaware:0.125lbs/MMBtu onarolling24‐houraveragebasis•Maryland:0.07or0.08lbs/MMBtu onarolling24‐houraveragebasisforunitswithexistingSCR;0.09lbs/MMbtu asa30‐dayaveragebeginningin2020forunitswithoutSCRRACT=OperationOfSCRs•Manyofthe42%ofEGUswithSCRsarenotfullyoperatingtheirSCRs:–Inrecentyears,over50coalunitswithSCRsemittedNOxatlevelsover3timesgreater thantheirbestdemonstratedrate–88unitsemittedNOxatlevelsdouble theirbestrate–135unitsemittedNOxatlevels50%higher thantheirbestrate45EmissionReductionsfromOperatingSCRAreHighly Cost‐Effective•SimplyrunningalreadyinstalledcontrolsoncoalunitsintheCSAPRregionwould:–Eliminate136,534tonsofozoneseasonNOxemissionreductions–Atatotalcostof$63.5million–Andacost/tonofonly$46546MDandPAAreAtRiskOfAdoptingAWeakRACTStandard•MD:GovernorHoganhasblockedMD’sRACTstandardandannouncedintentionstorollbacktheregulationsadoptedunderO’Malley•PA:GovernorWolfe’sDEPisconsideringaRACTstandardthatwouldsetalevelof0.12lbs/MMbtu forcontrolledplantsandallowpoorlycontrolledplantstocontinueoperatingwithoutmoderncontrols(“SCR”)•ThesestatesmusthavetheirRACTapprovedbyEPARegion3ModeledBenefitsofInstallationandOperationofSCRControlsonEasternCoalFleetInstallationandoperationofSCRcontrolsonthefullEasternUScoalfleetwouldresultreducetotalUSNOxemissionsbyover3/5th(nearly800,000tons/year)providingsignificantairqualitybenefits484950