IN THE COURT OF APPEALS OF IOWA

No. 17-0486

Filed June 21, 2017

IN THE INTEREST OF J.O. and C.O.,

Minor Children,

M.S., Mother,

Appellant.

________________________________________________________________

Appeal from the Iowa District Court for Linn County, Susan F. Flaherty, 

Associate Juvenile Judge.

A mother appeals the termination of her parental rights to two sons.

AFFIRMED.

Ellen R. Ramsey-Kacena, Cedar Rapids, for appellant mother.

Thomas J. Miller, Attorney General, and Gretchen W. Kraemer, Special 

Assistant Attorney General, for appellee State.

Judith J. Hoover of Hoover Law Office, P.C., Cedar Rapids, guardian ad 

litem for minor children.

Considered by Vaitheswaran, P.J., and Tabor and Mullins, JJ.
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TABOR, Judge.

A mother, Melissa, appeals the termination of her parental rights to two 

sons, J.O. and C.O., now ages four and two. Melissa argues her progress 

toward reunification was “stymied” because the juvenile court declined to give the 

Iowa Department of Human Services (DHS) discretion to allow anything but 

supervised visitation from May 2015 until October 2016. Melissa also contends: 

“The length of time between the termination trial in September 2015 and the

ruling in March 2017 does not support a finding of clear and convincing evidence. 

If the evidence were truly clear and convincing, a ruling would have been

forthcoming in less than eighteen months.”

We agree the inordinate delay between the original hearing on the State’s 

termination petition and the juvenile court’s ruling terminating parental rights 

propelled Melissa into a parental purgatory not contemplated by Iowa Code 

chapter 232. After a termination hearing is concluded, the juvenile court must file 

written findings—either dismissing the petition or ordering parental rights 

terminated. Iowa Code § 232.117(1)–(3) (2017). While the statute does not 

include a deadline for issuing a termination decision, our case law stresses the 

importance of a timely determination of children’s permanent placement. See In 

re P.L., 778 N.W.2d 33, 36 (Iowa 2010). 

In its termination order, the juvenile court offered no explanation for letting 

the case languish. Instead, the court tried to spin the delay as a bonus for the 

parents, asserting it provided them “with additional time to demonstrate the ability 

to care for their children.” We reject this assertion. Given the strong public policy 

against protracted litigation in dependency proceedings, we cannot endorse a de 
3

facto continuation of permanency where the juvenile court offers no rationale for 

postponing its decision. See Iowa Code § 232.104(2)(b) (requiring enumeration 

of “specific factors, conditions, or expected behavioral changes” providing a basis 

for determination the need for removal of children from home will no longer exist 

at the end of six-month period). 

All that being said, after independently reviewing the record,1 we cannot

find the court’s delay requires reversal based on the issues raised in Melissa’s 

petition on appeal. Accordingly, we affirm for the reasons that follow.

I. Facts and Prior Proceedings

J.O. tested positive for cocaine at his birth in 2013. Melissa, who had a 

long history of addiction, acknowledged using crack cocaine throughout her 

pregnancy. J.O.’s father, Jason, also had a history of substance abuse, and 

Jason engaged in domestic violence against Melissa. The DHS initiated a childin-need-of-assistance (CINA) action, but because Melissa immediately arranged 

to enter a residential substance-abuse treatment program for women with 

children, the DHS did not seek to remove J.O. from his mother’s care.

On April 17, 2013, the juvenile court adjudicated J.O. as a CINA, and J.O. 

remained with Melissa. In accordance with the adjudication order, Melissa

participated in substance-abuse and mental-health treatment. But Jason did not 

consistently engage in services. On June 4, 2013, the court ordered Jason to 

 

1 We review child-welfare proceedings de novo. See In re M.W., 876 N.W.2d 212, 219 

(Iowa 2016). We are not bound by the factual findings of the juvenile court, but we do

give them weight. See id. “The [S]tate has the burden to prove the allegations of the 

petition by clear and convincing evidence.” In re L.G., 532 N.W.2d 478, 481 (Iowa Ct. 

App. 1995). Evidence is “clear and convincing” when there are no “serious or 

substantial doubts as to the correctness [of] conclusions of law drawn from the 

evidence.” M.W., 876 N.W.2d at 219 (alteration in original) (quoting In re D.W., 791 

N.W.2d 703, 706 (Iowa 2010)).
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have only supervised contact with J.O., and Melissa was not to “supervise or 

facilitate contact” between Jason and J.O.

In February 2014, J.O. received a bad burn on his abdomen. Melissa was 

unsure how the injury occurred. A DHS social worker completed a protective 

assessment and concluded the abuse report should be founded, identifying 

Melissa as failing to provide critical care or proper supervision, though the social 

worker did not believe Melissa inflicted the injury on J.O. The DHS developed a 

safety plan with Melissa and concluded J.O. could safely remain in her care. 

Two months later, J.O. received another burn injury, this time to two areas 

on his back. Melissa reported the marks to her family safety, risk, and 

permanency (FSRP) provider, explaining it was a “carpet burn” caused by 

Melissa’s older son, A.S.,2pulling J.O. by his legs in the play area at the mall. A 

doctor at the Child Protection Center, who examined J.O., was skeptical of 

Melissa’s explanation given the softness of the play-area surface and the lack of 

injury to J.O.’s spine. The doctor also noticed a bruise on the back of J.O.’s ear 

consistent with pinching or pulling. The same social worker completed another 

child-abuse assessment based on the second incident, which again resulted in a 

founded report of child abuse for failure to provide adequate supervision. On 

April 22, 2014, at the DHS’s request, the juvenile court ordered J.O. to be placed 

in foster care. The court also ordered J.O. to be tested for illegal substances; the 

results were positive for cocaine. 

 

2 A.S. lives with Melissa’s ex-husband, Chris, and Melissa exercises weekend visitation. 

A.S. was not a subject of the termination proceedings.
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In the spring and early summer of 2014, Melissa lost headway in her 

efforts to reunify with J.O. She relapsed on drugs and missed visits with her son. 

She resumed her relationship with Jason and became pregnant with C.O. During 

the month of J.O.’s removal, Melissa was arrested for driving while barred. And 

on June 21, 2014, Jason was arrested for domestic-abuse assault causing injury 

after Melissa, who had abrasions on her neck, reported to police the couple’s

argument had become physical. 

Melissa re-entered residential substance-abuse treatment on August 11, 

2014. She was discharged successfully from the facility and began working with 

aftercare services. The DHS agreed to increase the duration of Melissa’s 

visitation to three hours a session, while the court found Jason would need to 

meet with a service provider before reinstating his fully supervised visitation. 

C.O. was born in December 2014. Although Melissa admitted using 

cocaine during her pregnancy, C.O.’s drug screen was negative at birth. The 

DHS immediately requested C.O.’s removal based on Melissa’s history of 

substance abuse and founded child-abuse reports, as well as her lack of stable 

housing and employment. The juvenile court adjudicated C.O. a CINA. 

One month after C.O.’s removal, on January 12, 2015, the State filed a 

petition to terminate Melissa and Jason’s parental rights to J.O. The following 

week, Melissa transitioned to semi-supervised visitation with the children. But 

less than a month later, J.O. returned from a visit with unexplained scratches on 

his neck. This prompted the DHS to establish a protocol with Melissa and 

daycare staff to complete an inspection of the children whenever Melissa picked 

them up or returned them from visitation. 
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In the next few months, Melissa started a job at Hy-Vee and secured an 

apartment through a transitional housing program. She also progressed to 

unsupervised visitation with her sons. Melissa told service providers she did not 

spend time with Jason, but providers occasionally saw them together. In reports 

filed in February and May 2015, the guardian ad litem (GAL) leveled concerns 

about Melissa’s ongoing relationship with Jason because he had not been 

complying with services recommended by the DHS. 

At a review hearing in May 2015, the DHS recommended a trial home 

placement of the children with Melissa to take place in the next sixty days. The 

court was wary of the timeline, noting Melissa’s “efforts appear superficial in 

terms of making the changes in her lifestyle and adult relationships necessary to 

maintain a safe environment for the child.” Despite its concerns, the court 

granted the DHS discretion to move forward with overnight visitation. 

On May 20, 2015, Melissa returned C.O., who was then five months old, 

to daycare after an unsupervised visit. After Melissa left, daycare staff noticed

four small, faint bruises on C.O.’s torso and temple. The DHS initiated a childabuse assessment. Melissa denied knowing the source of the bruising but told 

workers the injuries could have occurred during play with J.O. and her adult 

daughter. A doctor at the Child Protection Center who examined photographs of 

the injuries found them to be concerning due to C.O.’s age and limited mobility. 

A DHS social worker characterized the bruising as “minor” but was concerned at 

Melissa’s lack of explanation for the injuries. The DHS concluded the report of 

child abuse was founded, naming Melissa as the perpetrator responsible for
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denying critical care and proper supervision. Melissa reverted to fully supervised 

visits.

Over the summer of 2015, Melissa’s prospects for reunification faltered in 

some ways and progressed in others. Melissa continued her contact with Jason,

and he again assaulted her at her home. She was unemployed. But she

successfully completed her substance-abuse treatment at the end of June 2015. 

She also consistently participated in mental-health treatment and visitation with 

her children. At a hearing on July 14, 2015, the court ordered visitation to 

continue to be fully supervised and “rescind[ed] prior authorization to the [DHS] 

to reduce the level of supervision of visitation” due to the May 2015 founded 

child-abuse report and the history of injuries to the children. 

The State filed a petition to terminate Melissa and Jason’s parental rights 

to C.O. on August 11, 2015. About one month later, on September 14 and 15, a 

joint permanency-review and termination hearing—regarding both C.O. and 

J.O.—took place. At the time of the hearing, Melissa was participating in fully 

supervised visitation four times a week and had maintained her sobriety for 

approximately one year. But she was unemployed and facing the potential loss 

of her housing due to her lack of employment and her housing provider’s 

suspicions that Jason had been living at her apartment. 

DHS workers acknowledged Melissa’s progress with services and 

consistency with visitation but still recommended termination of her parental 

rights, citing concerns about Melissa’s continuing relationship with Jason, 

particularly Melissa’s lack of truthfulness about the relationship, as well as 
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worries related to Melissa’s lack of explanation for injuries to her children. One 

social worker explained: 

I have the opinion that when we are there and we are supervising 

visits that Melissa is definitely engaged and is doing a good job of 

parenting the children. My concerns become after those visits end 

and the choices that she makes during the time when the children 

are not [present]. 

Melissa’s FSRP provider indicated Jason would “show[] up randomly during 

visits” at Melissa’s apartment, which she found concerning because of Jason’s 

lack of participation in services and drug testing. But she also indicated Melissa 

had been parenting appropriately during visits and shared a “very strong bond” 

with her children. 

Five months passed. On February 17, 2016, Melissa requested that the 

court re-open the record to permit the inclusion of an amended finding from the 

DHS’s original child-abuse assessment.

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 The court granted Melissa’s request 

and received the evidence, noting the matter was then “resubmitted for ruling.” 

Melissa also filed an application for reasonable efforts, requesting the 

court allow her to progress to semi-supervised visitation. On April 13, 2016, the 

court held a hearing on Melissa’s request. Following the hearing, the court 

concluded:

Although there clearly continues to be issues regarding mother’s 

decision-making and safe[t]y of her home/associates, those issues 

can be safely managed with semi-supervised visitation . . . . The 

motion is therefore granted, and the [DHS] may reduce the level of 

supervision of mother’s visitation to semi-supervised so long as 

frequency and duration of all visitation is not increased. 

 

3 The DHS had agreed to amend its original abuse assessment finding of denial of 

critical care from “confirmed and placed” to “confirmed, not placed.” 
9

Three more months passed. On July 15, 2016, the State filed a request 

for a written order from the September 2015 hearing. The assistant county 

attorney noted a DHS social worker informed him that “since no reasonable 

efforts findings have been made by the Court since July of 2015, the State of 

Iowa may no longer be eligible to receive federal IV-E funding reimbursements to 

offset the costs of the children’s placements.” Without further hearing, the 

juvenile court entered a permanency review order that same day. The court 

referenced progress reports submitted by the DHS dated September 4, 2015—

some ten months earlier. The court then found “reasonable efforts to achieve the 

child(ren)’s permanency plan have been made,” indicated the permanency goal 

was “reunification with a parent with a concurrent goal of termination of parental 

rights and adoption,” and noted its ruling on the State’s termination-of-parentalrights petition remained pending. 

Another month passed. On August 22, 2016, Melissa, who had continued 

to participate in visitation and drug screens, asked the court to re-open the record 

“to permit inclusion of the information that has occurred in the ten months since 

the end of the termination trial.” She also filed an application for reasonable 

efforts, requesting the court grant the DHS discretion regarding visitation, so she 

could progress to unsupervised visitation. 

In a report filed September 1, 2016, the Foster Care Review Board

observed that Melissa did “very well in caring for and interacting with the 

children.” The Board also addressed the long wait for a court ruling, stating: “The 

Board is gravely concerned about the amount of time that has passed without a 

ruling from the court as it delays permanency for these children. We would 
10

strongly recommend that the Court enter a ruling . . . within the next six to eight 

weeks.” On the following day, September 2, the court scheduled an additional 

thirty-minute hearing for October 19, 2016. 

At the October 19 hearing, neither party provided additional testimony, but 

Melissa offered into evidence the DHS reports generated since the termination 

hearing. Due to Melissa’s increased contact with the children and their

strengthened bond, the DHS no longer recommended termination. But the DHS 

social worker believed the children would still be at risk of adjudicatory harm if

immediately returned to Melissa. The GAL similarly expressed doubt about the 

propriety of termination. The State maintained its position Melissa’s rights should 

be terminated and expressed continuing reservations about Melissa’s 

“relationships and how she would do in parenting and supervision in an 

unsupervised setting and overnights.” But the assistant county attorney 

acknowledged, if “the evidence was clear and convincing, [the court] presumably 

would have a ruling by now.” 

On November 8, 2016, the court issued an order finding the DHS had 

made reasonable efforts to achieve the children’s permanency plan and granting 

the DHS “discretion regarding the frequency, duration and level of supervision of 

[Melissa’s] visits, to include overnight visitation.” On November 22, the court 

issued an order stating that the termination-of-parental-rights matter was again

“resubmitted for ruling.” 

In the weeks that followed, Melissa transitioned to unsupervised visits with 

a plan in place to move toward overnight visits. As she had throughout the 

proceedings, Melissa struggled to maintain stable employment and housing. 
11

After a few months of unemployment, Melissa secured a job at Arby’s in early 

2017, but she was unsuccessful in her search for new housing and planned to

move to a shelter after her lease expired in February. Service providers 

continued to suspect Melissa was allowing Jason contact with the children and 

underscored to Melissa “the importance of maintaining boundaries with Jason.” 

Melissa appeared to cross those boundaries on January 7, 2017, when—

following a trip to the mall with J.O. and C.O.—she accepted a ride from Jason, 

who was then arrested for driving without a valid license while the boys were in 

the car. The State moved to reopen the termination-of-parental-rights record to 

offer information about the unapproved contact. The court set the matter for a 

thirty-minute hearing on February 2, 2017. 

At the February 2 hearing, the court received into evidence a letter from 

the DHS dated January 11, 2017, which described the incident. The DHS also

suspected Melissa had been allowing the children to have unapproved contact 

with Jason before the incident, noting J.O. told a DHS social worker “that 

sometimes he plays with his daddy.” The letter concluded: 

At this time the Department does not believe that the children could 

be safely maintained in their mother’s care, even with services 

involved. It appears that Melissa will continue to repeat the same 

behaviors over and over. Melissa has known that Jason is not 

approved to be around the children and she also knows that she 

can’t supervise contact between Jason and the children. Despite 

knowing this Melissa chose to have the children with Jason. 

Melissa took the stand at the hearing to offer a more benign explanation 

for the unapproved contact with Jason. She testified she had been playing with 

the children at the mall and missed the bus. She called her ex-husband, Chris,

to give her a ride, but he was busy and sent Jason to get them. She stated she 
12

“made a bad choice” and “got in the vehicle with the boys with Jason knowing 

that he wasn’t approved. It was cold. I was running behind. I had a lapse in 

judgment.” Melissa also admitted lying to a case worker about the incident, 

telling her “it was Chris that got arrested, not Jason.” But Melissa denied the 

children had had any other contact with Jason, attributing J.O.’s musings about 

his “daddy” to the child’s active imagination. 

The court “resubmitted” the case for the third time and, on March 13, 

2017, issued an order terminating Melissa’s parental rights under Iowa Code 

section 232.116(1)(h) and Jason’s parental rights under subsections (e) and (h).

4

The court did not explain its reason for waiting eighteen months before issuing a 

ruling but asserted the “[d]elays . . . provided Melissa and Jason with additional 

time to demonstrate ability to care for their children” and noted the record had 

been updated after the original hearing “to allow the court to assess the progress 

made by either parent.” The court concluded: 

Melissa’s unhealthy, unsafe adult relationships, history of drug use 

combined with her continuing association with drug users, her 

difficulties in maintaining stable housing and employment, and lack 

of good decision making, results in Melissa being unable to provide 

a safe, stable home for her children on a permanent, long term 

basis. 

Melissa appeals the juvenile court’s termination order.

II. Analysis

A. Reasonable Efforts

Melissa first argues she was “denied an opportunity to reunify” with her

children because the juvenile court “refus[ed] to grant DHS discretion for 

 

4

Jason is not a party to this appeal.
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anything but fully supervised visits with a provider from May 2015 until October 

2016,” “stagnating the mother’s visits at fully supervised, while there were no 

safety concerns that justified fully supervised visits.” The State counters that 

Melissa’s own “pattern of relationships with problematic individuals, poor 

judgment, and dishonesty” prevented her from moving forward with visitation. 

Under Iowa Code section 232.102(7), the DHS must “make every 

reasonable effort” to return the children home “as quickly as possible consistent 

with the best interests of the child[ren].” While the duty to make reasonable 

efforts is not “a strict substantive requirement of termination,” the extent of the 

efforts made by the DHS “impacts the burden of proving those elements of 

termination which require reunification efforts.” In re C.B., 611 N.W.2d 489, 493 

(Iowa 2000). In considering reasonableness of the nature and extent of visitation 

offered by the DHS, the best interests of the children are controlling. See In re 

M.B., 553 N.W.2d 343, 345 (Iowa Ct. App. 1996).

Here, the juvenile court issued an order in July 2015 prohibiting the DHS 

from increasing visitation or reducing supervision at visits following a founded 

report of child abuse against Melissa. At her request, the court allowed Melissa 

to progress to semi-supervised visitation in April 2016. In response to Melissa’s 

next request, in October 2016 the court approved her to transition to 

unsupervised visits and eventually a trial home placement. But before a trial 

home placement had taken place, Melissa allowed unsupervised contact

between Jason and the children and put them in the position of watching their 

father’s arrest for driving under suspension. 
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Given the history of unexplained injuries to J.O. and C.O., we decline to 

find a denial of reasonable efforts based on the juvenile court’s assessment that 

it was in the children’s best interests to require fully supervised visitation in July 

2015. Further, Melissa is not on solid footing when arguing that she should have 

been approved for unsupervised visitation sooner, given that when she was 

afforded that level of trust, she placed the children in harm’s way and then lied to 

service providers about her lapse in judgment. Accordingly, we find no violation 

of the reasonable-efforts requirement.

B. Statutory Ground

Next, Melissa contends the State failed to offer sufficient proof of the 

statutory ground for termination. The juvenile court terminated Melissa’s parental 

rights under Iowa Code section 232.116(1)(h). Under that subsection, the State 

must prove with clear and convincing evidence: (1) the children are three years 

of age or younger, (2) they have been adjudicated CINA, (3) they have been out 

of their parents’ physical custody for at least six of the last twelve months or the 

past six consecutive months, and (4) they cannot be returned to the custody of 

their parents at the present time. Iowa Code § 232.116(1)(h); see also In re 

A.M., 843 N.W.2d 100, 111 (Iowa 2014) (identifying relevant time in fourth 

element as date of termination hearing). Melissa challenges only the State’s 

proof of the fourth element. 

We find clear and convincing evidence the children could not be returned 

to Melissa’s custody at the time of the February 2017 termination hearing. After 

years of DHS involvement, significant concerns persisted about the safety of J.O. 

and C.O. as DHS supervision decreased. Moreover, as she did throughout much 
15

of the case, Melissa lacked a stable home environment at the time of the 

termination hearing. She was planning to move into a shelter and had 

maintained employment for only a few weeks. For all of those reasons, we 

conclude J.O. and C.O. could not be safely returned to Melissa’s care.

C. Additional Time

Melissa contends she should be given additional time for reunification. 

She argues she was not granted the opportunity to show her ability to adequately 

care for the children because she could not progress with visitation following the 

initial termination hearing in September 2015. But the State argues, considering 

the delay in the juvenile court’s ruling and Melissa’s failure to resolve DHS 

concerns in that time, it would not be in the children’s best interests to postpone

permanency any longer. 

Under Iowa Code section 232.104(2)(b), the court may continue 

placement for the children for an additional six months if the court determines the 

need for removal “will no longer exist at the end of the additional six-month 

period.” The DHS has been involved with this family for more than four years.

While Melissa has made remarkable strides in addressing her substance abuse 

and has shown a strong commitment to building a relationship with her sons, 

other aspects of her life remain unstable. Her chronic inability to maintain 

employment and housing or to avoid unsafe encounters with Jason will not likely 

be resolved even if she was given six more months. J.O. and C.O. should not 

have to wait any longer for permanency. See D.W., 791 N.W.2d at 707 (“We do 

not ‘gamble with the children’s future’ by asking them to continuously wait for a 

stable biological parent, particularly at such tender ages.” (citation omitted)). 
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D. Best Interests

Finally, Melissa argues because of her strong bond with J.O. and C.O., 

termination of her parental rights was not in their best interests. See Iowa Code 

§ 232.116(2), (3)(c). The State contends Melissa’s “continuing chaotic 

relationship with [Jason]” is problematic and it is not in the children’s best 

interests to “continue to be exposed to domestic violence and drug use.” 

In determining whether to affirm the termination of parental rights, we give 

primary consideration to the safety of the children; their physical, mental, and 

emotional condition and needs; and the placement that best provides for the 

children’s long-term nurturing and growth. See id. § 232.116(2); see also D.W.,

791 N.W.2d at 708. As described above, Melissa has been unable to maintain a 

safe and stable environment for her children. Accordingly, the factors in section 

232.116(2) support termination.

Finally, we consider whether “[t]here is clear and convincing evidence that 

the termination would be detrimental to the child[ren] at the time due to the 

closeness of the parent-child relationship.” See Iowa Code § 232.116(3)(c). 

While we agree Melissa shares a bond with her sons, they have been removed 

from her care for more than two years—C.O. has never lived with Melissa, and 

J.O. has been removed from her care for more than half of his life. Both have 

developed a close relationship with their foster mother. Moreover, Melissa’s 

failure to fully address the safety concerns that necessitated continuing DHS 

involvement convinces us that allowing J.O. and C.O. to move toward adoption 
17

would be beneficial to their physical and emotional welfare.

Accordingly, we affirm.

AFFIRMED.