ILLINOIS OFFICIAL REPORTS

Appellate Court

People v. Costa, 2013 IL App (1st) 090833

Appellate Court

Caption

THE PEOPLE OF THE STATE OF ILLINOIS, Plaintiff-Appellee, v.

JOSEPH COSTA, Defendant-Appellant.

 District & No. First District, Fifth Division

Docket No. 1-09-0833

Filed

Rehearing denied

September 27, 2013

November 5, 2013

Held

(Note: This syllabus

constitutes no part of

the opinion of the court

but has been prepared

by the Reporter of

Decisions for the

convenience of the

reader.)

Defendant’s convictions for two counts of violation of bail bond were

reversed and the assessed fines and fees were vacated, since defendant

was in custody during the last 3 days of the 30-day surrender period, and

pursuant to Ratliff, the State could not prove beyond a reasonable doubt

that his failure to surrender within the 30-day period was willful.

Decision Under 

Review

Appeal from the Circuit Court of Cook County, Nos. 07-CR-1772, 07-

CR-1773; the Hon. William G. Lacy, Judge, presiding.

Judgment Reversed as to indictments numbers 07 CR 1772 and 07 CR 1773 only;

enumerated fees and fines vacated.
Counsel on

Appeal

Michael J. Pelletier, Alan D. Goldberg, and Kristen E. Mueller, all of

State Appellate Defender’s Office, of Chicago, for appellant.

Anita M. Alvarez, State’s Attorney, of Chicago (Alan J. Spellberg and

Carol L. Gaines, Assistant State’s Attorneys, of counsel), for the People.

Panel JUSTICE PALMER delivered the judgment of the court, with opinion.

Presiding Justice McBride and Justice Taylor concurred in the judgment

and opinion.

OPINION

¶ 1 Following a jury trial, defendant Joseph Costa was found guilty and sentenced on two

counts of violation of bail bond (720 ILCS 5/32-10(a) (West 2006)). Defendant appeals,

arguing that (1) the State failed to prove him guilty beyond a reasonable doubt, (2) the trial

court incorrectly instructed the jury and (3) several of the fines and fees assessed by the court

were not authorized by statute and should be vacated. We reverse defendant’s convictions

for violation of bail bond and vacate the court’s assessment of the challenged fees and fines.

¶ 2 BACKGROUND

¶ 3 In May 2006, the State charged defendant with aggravated battery of a peace officer and

violation of an order of protection obtained by his then-wife Pamela Tilton. By separate

indictment, it charged defendant with two counts of aggravated stalking of Tilton and two

additional counts of violation of an order of protection obtained by Tilton. The court

consolidated the cases.

¶ 4 Defendant posted $1 million bond and was released. Underthe conditions of defendant’s

bond, he was required to appear in court until a final order issued in the pending cases and

could not leave the state without leave of court. If he failed to appear, he could be tried in

absentia and charged with bail jumping and he would forfeit his bail.

¶ 5 On November 15, 2006, defendant failed to appear in court for a status hearing. The court

issued bond forfeiture warrants.

¶ 6 On December 12, 2006, United States Marshals arrested defendant in Hawaii. He agreed

to extradition to Illinois and was brought into court in Cook County on December 22, 2006.

The court entered judgment on the bond forfeiture warrants on December 18, 2006.

¶ 7 The State charged defendant in two separate one-count indictments with felony violation

of bail bond under section 32-10(a) of the Criminal Code of 1961 (the Code) (720 ILCS

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5/32-10(a) (West 2006)). These indictments are numbered 07 CR 1772 and 07 CR 1773.1

¶ 8 Defendant moved to dismiss the section 32-10(a) felony violation of bail bond charges

and reinstate his bond. Section 32-10(a) provides in relevant part:

“Whoever, having been admitted to bail for appearance before any court of this State,

incurs a forfeiture of the bail and willfully fails to surrender himself within 30 days

following the date of such forfeiture, commits, if the bail was given in connection with

a charge of felony *** a felony of the next lower Class ***.” 720 ILCS 5/32-10(a) (West

2006).

¶ 9 Defendant argued that he had not committed an offense under section 32-10(a) because

he had willfully surrendered to the United States Marshals in Hawaii and agreed to

extradition to Illinois before the 30-day “tolling period” expired. The State responded that

being arrested in another state did not constitute a willful surrender as contemplated by

section 32-10(a) and, moreover, the question of whether or not the defendant committed the

offense as charged was for the trier of fact to determine. The court denied defendant’s motion

to dismiss on the basis that he had failed to cite authority supporting the proposition that

being arrested within 30 days prevents proceedings under the bail bond statute.

¶ 10 Trial began on September 2, 2008. In relevant part, Detective Sherlock testified that he

was a Chicago police detective working with the United States Marshal’s fugitive task force.

He testified that he received a request from Assistant State’s Attorney Nina Ricci to assist

in locating defendant. On December 10, 2006, he learned that the investigation had moved

to Hawaii.

¶ 11 United States DeputyMarshal Glen Ferreira testified that he worked in the United States

Marshal’s office in Hawaii. He testified that, on December 12, 2006, he went to an address

in Honolulu where he confirmed defendant was staying. When defendant eventually drove

up, United States deputies identified themselves and informed defendant that they had a

warrant for his arrest. Deputy Ferreira testified that defendant said he knew they were

looking for him, cooperated with the deputies and did not resist arrest. The deputies turned

defendant over to the Honolulu police department.

¶ 12 Defendant testified that he went to Hawaii because his attorneyhad given him permission

to leave Illinois. He stated he had gone to Hawaii and intended to return to Chicago for his

November 15, 2006, court date but did not return for the court date because he was afraid

that Tilton’s bodyguards were “out of control.” Defendant stated that he had understood that

he had to come back to Illinois in December to avoid being charged with violation of bail

bond and that he had intended to return to Illinois before the 30-day grace period was over.

¶ 13 The parties agreed to submit the following Illinois pattern instructions to the jury:

The State also charged defendant with two counts of harassing a witness, two counts of

1

communicating with a witness, one count of aggravated false personation of a peace officer and two

counts of violation of an order of protection under indictments numbers 07 CR 1771 and 07 CR

19864. The court joined the four indictments. Only the two felony violation of bail bond counts

under indictments numbers 07 CR 1772 and 07 CR 1773 and the fees and fines assessed under

indictment number 07 CR 1771 are at issue here.

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“A person commits the offense of violation of bail bond when he has been admitted

to bail for appearance before a court in this State, and incurs a forfeiture of the bail, and

willfully fails to surrender himself within 30 days following the forfeiture of the bail.”

Illinois Pattern Jury Instructions, Criminal, No. 22.53 (4th ed. 2000). 

“To sustain the charge of violation of bail bond, the State must prove the following

propositions:

First Proposition: That the defendant has been admitted to bail for appearance before

a court in this State [in case numbers 06CR-12793 and 06CR-12794]; and

Second Proposition: That the bail [in case numbers 06CR-12793 and 06CR-12794]

was forfeited; and

Third Proposition: That the defendant wilfully failed to surrender himself within 30

days following the forfeiture of the bail.

If you find from your consideration of all the evidence that each one of these

propositions has been proved beyond a reasonable doubt, you should find the defendant

guilty.

If you find from your consideration of all the evidence that any one of these

propositions has not been proved beyond a reasonable doubt, you should find the

defendant not guilty.” Illinois Pattern Jury Instructions, Criminal, No. 22.54 (4th ed.

2000).

¶ 14 The court denied defendant’s request for a jury instruction on the meaning of the section

32-10 phrase “willfully fail to surrender” as established by the Illinois Supreme Court in

People v. Ratliff, 65 Ill. 2d 314 (1976). It also denied defendant’s request for an instruction

that the bond statute accrued 30 days after the date of bond forfeiture and, therefore, a

“willful failure to surrender” could not be shown if the defendant was apprehended before

the statutory period ended and “prior to the expiration of the 30 days, there is no crime.”

¶ 15 During jury deliberations, the jury sent out a note asking;

“If the defendant is arrested within 30 days of bail forfeiture, has he ‘willfully failed’

to surrender himself for purposes of proving a charge of violation of bail bond?

Is impossibility of surrendering yourself a valid defense to the charge of violation of

bail bond[?]

What is the spirit of the law? (i.e., If you’re arrested before 30 days are up, have you

surrendered your right to the remaining days?)”

¶ 16 Both parties initially agreed that the proper response was to tell the jury to continue to

deliberate. Over defense counsel’s objection, citing People v. Brautigan, 79 Ill. App. 3d 595

(1979), the court then sent the jury the following note:

“If the defendant does not appear and surrender to the court having jurisdiction within

30 days from the date of forfeiture or within such period satisfy the court that appearance

and surrender by the accused is impossible and without his fault the Court should enter

judgment for the State.

A defendant’s absence from a criminal proceeding caused by imprisonment in a

foreign State is not ‘without fault.’

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Please continue to deliberate.”

Fifteen minutes after receiving the note, the jury returned a verdict finding defendant guilty

on all charges. The court denied defendant’s posttrial motion.

¶ 17 On March 6, 2009, the court sentenced defendant to two concurrent three-year terms for

violation of bail bond. It assessed defendant a $5 court system fee, $25 court supervision fee,

$20 serious traffic violation fee, $200 domestic violence fine and $20 violation of an order

of protection fine. Defendant filed a timely notice of appeal on March 17, 2009.

¶ 18 ANALYSIS

¶ 19 1. Reasonable Doubt

¶ 20 Defendant argues that his conviction for violation of bail bond pursuant to section 32-

10(a) of the Code should be reversed because the State failed to prove beyond a reasonable

doubt that defendant willfully failed to surrender himself within 30 days following the date

of the forfeiture of bail bond as required for the offense. Section 32-10(a) provides in

relevant part:

“Whoever, having been admitted to bail for appearance before any court of this State,

incurs a forfeiture of the bail and willfully fails to surrender himself within 30 days

following the date of such forfeiture, commits, if the bail was given in connection with

a charge of felony *** a felony of the next lower Class ***.” 720 ILCS 5/32-10(a) (West

2006).

To sustain a conviction for violation of a bail bond under the statute, the State must prove

beyond a reasonable doubt that the defendant (1) forfeited bail and (2) failed to surrender

within 30 days after the bail was forfeited, and (3) his failure to surrender was willful. People

v. Albarran, 40 Ill. App. 3d 344, 346 (1976).

¶ 21 Defendant does not contest that he forfeited his bail bond when he failed to appear in

court on November 15, 2006, or that he failed to surrender within 30 days after the bail was

forfeited. Instead, he argues that the State failed to prove that his failure to surrender was

willful. Citing People v. Ratliff, 65 Ill. 2d 314 (1976), defendant contends that his failure to

surrender could not be willful because he had been arrested by the United States Marshals

and placed into custody on December 12, 2006, 3 days prior to the expiration of the 30-day

grace period. We agree that defendant’s failure to surrender could not be willful.

¶ 22 “For the purpose of this statute[,] an act is performed willfully when it is performed

knowingly.” People v. Lynn, 89 Ill. App. 3d 712, 714 (1980). An innocent or excusable

failure to surrender is not punishable. Lynn, 89 Ill. App. 3d at 714. “An inability to be in the

court because a defendant is in custody elsewhere is an example of excusable failure.” Lynn,

89 Ill. App. 3d at 714 (citing Ratliff, 65 Ill. 2d at 319-20).

¶ 23 There are few cases in Illinois addressing the question of whether a defendant’s failure

to surrender within the statutory30-daysurrender period can be deemed willful under section

32-10(a) where the defendant is unable to appear in court within the 30 days because he is

incarcerated. However, our supreme court addressed the question in Ratliff, holding that “[i]f

a person is incarcerated and unable to appear in court, his failure to appear cannot be deemed

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‘willful’ within the meaning of section 32-10.” Ratliff, 65 Ill. 2d at 319. Ratliff remains the

only supreme court decision on this issue and is binding on all lower courts. People v. Artis,

232 Ill. 2d 156, 164 (2009).

¶ 24 In Ratliff, the defendant was originally charged with theft and released on bail. When

defendant failed to appear in court, the trial court ordered his bond be forfeited and issued

a warrant for his arrest. Defendant failed to surrender within 30 days of the bond forfeiture

and the State charged him with violation of bail bond. During a bench trial on this charge,

testimony from the defendant and his father established that defendant was unable to appear

on his court date because he was incarcerated for another offense at the time. Ratliff, 65 Ill.

2d at 316. During the 30-daysurrender period, the defendant had been incarcerated, then free

for 9 days and then incarcerated again. The defendant testified that he had spoken to a legal

aid attorney about his pending court date. He stated the attorney had told him that she would

have the case continued and would let him know the date of his next court appearance but

she had failed to do so. Ratliff, 65 Ill. 2d at 316-17. The trial court found the defendant guilty

of violation of bail bond. The appellate court reversed, finding the State failed to prove

defendant guilty beyond a reasonable doubt of willfully failing to appear in court when

required to do so. Ratliff, 65 Ill. 2d at 317.

¶ 25 Our supreme court affirmed, agreeing that the defendant was not proved guilty beyond

a reasonable doubt. Ratliff, 65 Ill. 2d at 320. The court found that the testimony of defendant

and his father tended to establish that the defendant’s failure to appear was not willful.

Ratliff, 65 Ill. 2d at 319. It held that, “[i]f a person is incarcerated and unable to appear in

court, his failure to appear cannot be deemed ‘willful’ within the meaning of section 32-10.”

Ratliff, 65 Ill. 2d at 319. The court found that the fact that the defendant had been free for 9

days during the 30-day surrender period did not indicate that he would not have surrendered

himself to the court within the requisite 30 days. Ratliff, 65 Ill. 2d at 320.

¶ 26 We are bound by our supreme court’s decision in Ratliff. However, other jurisdictions’

decisions regarding the effect of incarceration on the 30-day surrender period in a bail

jumping statute, although not binding, are instructive. For example, in People v. Bayless, 390

N.Y.S.2d 983 (N.Y. Co. Ct. 1977), the court held that “bail jumping is inchoate until the

expiration of [30] days” and “the crime of bail jumping is not complete until thirty days have

expired after failure to appear, a fortiori one cannot be guilty of bail jumping when that [30-

day] period is aborted by an arrest on such a charge.” Bayless, 390 N.Y.S.2d at 986-87.

¶ 27 Similarly, in People v. Shurn, 418 N.Y.S.2d 442 (N.Y. App. Div. 1979), aff’d, 409

N.E.2d 923 (N.Y. 1980), the court held that the crime of bail jumping is not complete until

30 days have expired after a defendant’s failure to appear and, because the Shurn defendant

was arrested prior to the expiration of the 30-day grace period, the indictment against him

should be dismissed. Shurn, 418 N.Y.S.2d at 443.

¶ 28 In the same vein, the court in Harcum v. State, 710 A.2d 358 (Md. Ct. Spec. App. 1998),

held that “when there is a recapture or a surrender within the thirty-day period, there cannot

be a willful failure to surrender within thirty days since what is prohibited under the statute,

i.e., willful failure to surrender oneself, must occur after the thirty days have elapsed.”

Harcum, 710 A.2d at 362. “[T]he only logical reading of the statute is that a determination

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whether the appellant has willfully failed to surrender himself is premised on his remaining

at large after the thirty-day grace period has elapsed.” Harcum, 710 A.2d at 362.

¶ 29 Following Ratliff, we find defendant’s failure to surrender within the statutory 30 days,

by December 15, 2006, cannot be deemed willful. As was the defendant in Ratliff, defendant

here was in custody at the expiration of the 30-day surrender period. He had been arrested

in Hawaii on December 12, 2006, the twenty-seventh day of the surrender period. He

remained in the custody of the Honolulu police department until after December 15, 2006,

the thirtieth day of the surrender period. Defendant’s incarceration meant that he was unable

to surrender during the last 3 days of the 30-day surrender period. Consequently, pursuant

to Ratliff, his failure to surrender during the statutory period cannot be deemed willful.

Ratliff, 65 Ill. 2d at 319-20.

¶ 30 The State argues that defendant should not be able to argue that his arrest 3 days before

the 30-day time period expired precludes his conviction for violating bail bond because it

“effectively turns the statute into both a shield for defendant to hide behind, and a sword for

defendant to use as a weapon to excuse his flagrantly willful misconduct.” It asserts that, as

a fugitive, defendant should not be rewarded under the law for violating the conditions of his

bail bond by being in Hawaii, with no intention of returning to Illinois, when he is arrested

and returned to Illinois more than 30 days after his bond forfeiture. 

¶ 31 This argument ignores the simple fact that it is the State’s burden to prove each element

of the offense, including in this case, defendant’s willful failure to surrender, beyond a

reasonable doubt. Whether, at the time of his arrest, defendant intended to surrender during

the 30 days is immaterial. The fact remains that he was in custody of the Honolulu police

department for the last 3 days of the 30-day surrender period and was, therefore, unable to

surrender during that 3-day period. To paraphrase our supreme court in Ratliff, the fact that

defendant was free for 27 days of the 30-day surrender period does not indicate that he would

not have surrendered himself to the court within the remaining 3 days. Ratliff, 65 Ill. 2d at

320 (the fact that the defendant was free for 9 of the 30 days did not indicate that he would

not have surrendered himself to the court within the 30 days). Defendant testified that he had

intended to surrender within the 30-day period. Further, even if, on the twenty-seventh day

of the surrender period, defendant had not intended to timely surrender, his arrest and

incarceration three days before the expiration of the surrender period denied him the

opportunity to change his mind.

¶ 32 The State cites to People v. Albarran, 40 Ill. App. 3d 344 (1976), in which the court held

that the defendant’s failure to surrender himself was willful where he failed to appear in

court, failed to come to the court the following day and did not make any further inquiries

into his case. Albarran, 40 Ill. App. 3d at 347. Albarran is distinguishable. In Albarran, the

defendant was free and “ ‘out in the streets’ ” for the entire 30-day surrender period and well

able to surrender. Albarran, 40 Ill. App. 3d at 345. Here, in contrast, defendant was neither

free nor “in the streets” for the entire period. Instead, defendant was in the custody of the

Honolulu police department for the last 3 days of the surrender period and, therefore, unable

to willfully surrender during that 30-day period.

¶ 33 We are bound by our supreme court’s decision in Ratliff. Accordingly, since defendant

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was arrested within the 30-day statutory period and incarcerated when the 30-day period

expired, the State cannot and did not prove beyond a reasonable doubt that his failure to

surrender within the 30 days was willful. Therefore, we reverse defendant’s two convictions

for violation of bail bond under section 32-10(a).

¶ 34 2. Jury Instructions

¶ 35 Defendant argues that the court erred in (a) denying his request for supplemental jury

instructions based on Ratliff and (b) responding to the jury’s note with an instruction that “[a]

defendant’s absence from a criminal proceeding caused by imprisonment in a foreign state

is not ‘without fault,’ ” a statement contrary to the Ratliff holding. Given our determination

that defendant’s convictions for violation of bail bond should be reversed, we need not

address his arguments regarding the jury instructions.

¶ 36 3. Fines and Fees

¶ 37 Following defendant’s convictions on all charges, the court imposed various fees and

fines under indictment number 07 CR 1771, including the following:

- $5 court system fee under section 5-1101 of the Counties Code (55 ILCS 5/5-

1101(a) (West 2010)) (imposed for a violation of the Illinois Vehicle Code); 

- $25 court supervision fee under section 16-104c of the Illinois Vehicle Code (625

ILCS 5/16-104c (West 2010)) (imposed upon receipt of a disposition of court

supervision); 

- $20 serious traffic violation fee under section 16-104d of the Illinois Vehicle Code

(625 ILCS 5/16-104d (West 2010)) (imposed for a violation of the Illinois Vehicle

Code); 

- $200 domestic violence fine under section 5-9-1.5 of the Unified Code of

Corrections (730 ILCS 5/5-9-1.5 (West 2010)) (imposed for a violation of any of a

myriad of enumerated offenses where the offender and victim are family or household

members); and 

- $20 violation of an order of protection fine under section 5-9-1.11(a) of the Unified

Code of Corrections (735 ILCS 5/5-9-1.11(a) (West 2010)) (imposed for a violation of

an order of protection where the offender and victim are family or household members).

¶ 38 Defendant argues that the court erred in imposing the fees because he neither violated the

Vehicle Code nor received a disposition of court supervision. He also argues the court erred

in imposing the fines because he was not convicted of the predicate offenses. The State

agrees that the enumerated fees and fines should not have been imposed. The record bears

this out. Accordingly, we vacate the $5 court system fee, the $25 court supervision fee, the

$20 serious traffic violation fee, the $200 domestic violence fine and the $20 violation of an

order of protection fine.

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¶ 39 CONCLUSION

¶ 40 For the reasons stated above, we reverse defendant’s convictions and sentence for

violation of bail bond under indictments numbers 07 CR 1772 and 07 CR 1773 only. We also

vacate the following fees and fines imposed on indictment number 07 CR 1771: $5 court

system fee, $25 court supervision fee, $20 serious traffic violation fee, $200 domestic

violence fine and $20 violation of an order of protection fine.

¶ 41 Reversed as to indictments numbers 07 CR 1772 and 07 CR 1773 only; enumerated fees

and fines vacated.

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