# Modeling Protocol : Montana Regional Haze Federal

Implementation Plan (FIP) Support

Contract No: EP

- D

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- 102

Assignment No: 5

- 13

Version: 1

Prepared for: Scott Jackson

Work Assignment Manager

U.S. EPA Region 8

Denver, CO 80202

Prepared by: Saravanan Arunachalam

Institute for the Environment

University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill

Dennis McNally

Gregory Stella

Alpine Geophysics, LLC

Date due: November 14 , 2011UNC

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## Table of Contents

1 INTRODUCTION AND PROTOCOL O BJECTIVES

................................ ................................ .... 4

1.1 I NTRODUCTION



### ................................ ................................ ................................ ................................ .......... 4



### 2 MODELING APPROACH

................................ ................................ ................................ ................. 5

2.1 Emission Sources

................................ ................................ ................................ ................................ .. 5

2.2 Class I Areas

................................ ................................ ................................ ................................ ............ 6

2.3 Pollut ants to Consider

................................ ................................ ................................ ......................... 7

2.4 Emissions and Stack Data

................................ ................................ ................................ .................. 7

2.5 Natural Background

................................ ................................ ................................ ............................ 7

2.6 Visibility Calculation

................................ ................................ ................................ ........................... 8



### 3 VISIBILITY MODELING SYSTEM

................................ ................................ ................................ . 9

3.1  CALMET

................................ ................................ ................................ ................................ ....................... 9

3.1.1 Meteorological Data

................................ ................................ ................................ ................................ ...... 11

3.1.2 CALMET Control File Settings

................................ ................................ ................................ ................... 14

3.2 CALPUFF

................................ ................................ ................................ ................................ ................. 15

3.2.1 Emi ssions

................................ ................................ ................................ ................................ ........................... 15

3.2.2 Ozone Background

................................ ................................ ................................ ................................ ......... 16

3.2.3 Ammonia Background

................................ ................................ ................................ ................................ .. 16

3.2.4 Receptor Locations

................................ ................................ ................................ ................................ ........ 16

3.3 CALPOST AND VISIBILITY POST

‐ PROCESSING

................................ ................................ .......... 16



### 4 INTERPRETATION OF RESULTS

................................ ................................ ............................. 17

5 REFERENCES

................................ ................................ ................................ ................................ . 18

Appendix A CALMET Parameter Values

................................ ................................ ..................... 19

Appendix B CALPUFF Parameter Values

................................ ................................ .................... 24

Appendix C CALPOST Parameter Values

................................ ................................ .................... 32UNC

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## List of Figures

Figure 1. Facility Locations in Proximity to Class I Areas.

................................ ................................ ........................... 7

Figure 2: 4km Montana FIP CALM ET Modeling Domain.

................................ ................................ ........................ 10

Figure 3: Terrain Heights (m) for 4km CALMET Domain.

................................ ................................ ........................ 11

Figure 4: Modeled 12 km WRF Domain.

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## List of Tables

Table 1. M T FIP Sources.

................................ ................................ ................................ ................................ .............. 6

Table 2. Federal Mandatory Class I Areas in the Modeling Domain.

................................ ................................ ........... 6

Table 3. CALPUFF Modeling System

................................ ................................ ................................ ........................... 9

Table 4. EPA/ORD WRF Model Configuration.

................................ ................................ ................................ ......... 12

Table 5. WRF Vertical Domain Configuration..

................................ ................................ ................................ .......... 13

Table 6. Upper Air Stations to be used in CALMET Modeling.

................................ ................................ ................. 14UNC

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### 4 PURPOSE

This Protocol is prepared for the USEPA and describes the application of the CALPUFF Model

for the Montana regional haze Federal Implementation Plan (FIP).



## 1 INTRODUCTION AND PROTOCOL OBJECTIVES

1.1 

## I NTRODUCTION



### U.S. Environmental Protection Agency (EPA) Region 8 requires environmental consulting

support services for development of a Regional Haze FIP for the state of Montana. The contract

shall develop information to be used in the Technical Support Document and/or docket to

support the FIP. This work assignment shall include air quality dispers ion modeling results and

related documentation.

Work Assignment (WA) 5

- 13 under EPA Contract Number EP

- D

- 07

- 102 has three main

objectives: apply the CALMET meteorological model to provide inputs to the CALPUFF

modeling; apply the CALPUFF modeling system to estimate the baseline impacts from up to

eight sources on Class I areas within 300km of the source; and to apply the CALPUFF modeling

system for up to 80 emissions control cases to assess the air quality impacts of potential control

measures.

This Modeli ng Protocol establishes the objectives, modeling configuration and modeling

approach that are proposed to ensure that the results of the work performed will satisfy the stated

performance criteria. This document is structured as follows:

• Section 2 : Model ing Approach.

• Section 3 : Visibility Modeling System.

• Section 4 : Interpretation of Results.UNC

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### 5 1.2 

## O BJECTIVES



### The objectives of this Protocol are to provide:

• A clearly delineated modeling methodology;

• A common CALMET/CALPUFF/POSTUTIL/CALPOST modeling confi guration; and

• A common expectation for reporting modeling results.



## 2 MODELING APPROACH

This section describes the components or information required for the CALPUFF modeling and

the overall process in determining whether a source is anticipated to cause or contribute to

visibility impairment to Federal Class I areas. Eligible source criteria, Class I area identification,

pollutants considered, emissions data required, natural background conditions, visibility

impairment determination, and the analysis pr ocess are covered here.

2.1 Emission Sources

Sources to be evaluated in this protocol include BART

- eligible sources that were previously

modeled and /or determined to be subject

- to

- BART and sources that EPA has determined to be

worthwhile to examine from a rea sonable progress standpoint

.

The term “BART

- eligible emission unit” refers to any single emission unit that meets the

following criteria:

1) Emits greater than 250 tons/year of a visibility

- impairing pollutant;

2) Was put into place between August 7, 1 962 and August 7, 1977; and

3) Falls within one of the 26 listed source categories in the guidance.

A “BART

- eligible source” is the total of all BART

- eligible emission units at a single facility. If

a source has several emission units, only those that me et the BART

- eligible criteria are included

in the definition of “BART

- eligible source.”

Colstrip 3 and 4 are not BART

- eligible but are significant sources that EPA has determined

would be worthwhile to examine.

EPA identified eight BART

- eligible faciliti es shown in Table 1.UNC

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### 6 Table 1

. MT FIP Sources

.

County Facilities

Rosebud Colstrip Units 1 and 2

Rosebud Colstrip Units 3 and 4

Yellowstone Corette

Jefferson Ash Grove Cement

Gallatin Holcim Cement

Flathead Columbia Falls Aluminum Corp (CFAC)



### 2.2 Class I Areas

The mandatory Class I federal areas that are located within 300 km of the MT FIP Sources , are

presented in Table 2. Refer to Figure 1 below showing the location of the Class I areas in

relation to MT FIP facilities/s ources.

Table 2 . Federal Mandatory Class I Areas in the Modeling Domain.

Class I Area Abbreviation Federal Land

Manager Facilities within 300 km.

Anaconda Pintler Wilderness Area ANAC2 USFS Ash Grove

Bob Marshall Wilderness Are a BOMA3 USFS Ash Grove, CFAC

Cabinet Mountains Wilderness CAMO2 USFS CFAC

Gates of the Mountains Wilderness Area GAMO USFS Corette, Ash Grove, Holcim

Glacier National Park GLAC3 NPS Ash Grove, CFAC

Mission Mountains Wilderness Area MIMO2 USFS Ash Grove , CFAC

North Absaroka Wilderness Area NOAB2 USFS Colstrip, Corette, Ash Grove

Red Rock Lakes Wilderness Area REDRWILD FWS Corette, Ash Grove

Scapegoat Wilderness Area SCAP2 USFS Ash Grove

Selway

- Bitterroot Wilderness SELW4 USFS Ash Grove

Teton Wildern ess Area TETO2 USFS Corette, Ash Grove

Theodore Roosevelt National Park THRO NPS Colstrip

UL Bend National Wildlife Refuge ULBEWILD FWS Colstrip, Corette

Waskakie Wilderness Area WASH3 USFS Colstrip, Corette, Ash Grove

Yellowstone National Park YELL4 N PS Colstrip, Corette, Ash Grove, HolcimUNC

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### 7 Figure 1

. Facility Locations in Proximity to Class I Areas.

2.3 Pollutants to Consider

The FLAG 2010 g uideline specifies that sulfur dioxide (SO 2 

### ), oxides of nitrogen (NO

x 

### ) and

direct part iculate matter (PM) emissions, including both PM 10 

### and PM 2.5 

### should be included for

the modeling analyses.

2.4 Emissions and Stack Data

The emissions and stack data for the previously identified sources (Table 1) will be supplied by

EPA. EPA will follow th e methodology outlined in the BART Modeling Guidelines. For the

Electric Generating Units the emissions will be based on the 2010 24

- hour average maximum

emission rate (exclusive of upset, start

- up and shutdown) from EPA Clean Air Markets Division

(CAMD) Continuous Emissions Monitor (CEM) data

.

2.5 Natural Background

The FLAG visibility modeling guidance lists two sets of Natural Conditions corresponding to

Annual Average, and 20% Best Days

. T he 20% best natural days will be used, in lieu of annual

average natural days, to represent natural visibility background in Class I areas. This approach is

consistent with the previous BART modeling conducted for the sources.UNC

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### 8 This definition of natural background is consistent with the intent of the BART Guideline

(F ederal Register Vol. 70, No. 128, p g 39125). The specific natural background values used in

this protocol are drawn from the Federal Land Managers’ Air Quality Related Values

Workgroup (FLAG) Phas e I Report

– Revised (FLAG, 2010 ). Class I specific backgr ound

extinction coeff icients are presented in Appendix C

.

2.6 Visibility Calculation

The CALPUFF modeling techniques presented in this protocol will provide ground level

concentrations of visibility impairing pollutants. The concentration estimates from CA LPUFF

are used with the FLAG referenced IMPROVE equation to calculate the extinction coefficient

( b

ext 

### ) , as shown below.

b ext 

### = 2.2 × f S 

### (RH) × [Small Sulfate] + 4.8 × f L 

### (RH) × [Large Sulfate]

• 2.4 × f S 

### (RH) × [Small Nitrate] + 5.1 × f L 

### (RH) × [Large Ni trate]

• 2.8 × [Small Organic Mass] + 6.1 × [Large Organic Mass]

• 10 × [Elemental Carbon]

• 1 × [Fine Soil]

• 0.6 × [Coarse Mass]

• 1.7 × f SS 

### (RH) × [Sea Salt]

• Rayleigh Scattering (Site Specific)

• 0.33 × [NO 2 

### (ppb)] {or as: 0.1755 × [NO 2 

### (μg/m 3 

### )]}

Where:

[ ] indicates concentrations in μg/m 3



### f S 

### (RH) = Relative humidity adjustment factor for small sulfate and nitrate

f L 

### (RH) = Relative humidity adjustment factor for large sulfate and nitrate

f SS 

### (RH) = Relative humidity adjustment factor for sea salt

For Total Sulfate < 20 μg/m 3 

### :

[Large Sulfate] = ([Total Sulfate] / 20 μg/m 3 

### ) × [Total Sulfate]

For Total Sulfate ≥ 20 μg/m 3 

### :

[Large Sulfate] = [Total Sulfate]

And:

[Small Sulfate] = [Total Sulfate]

– [Large Sulfate]



### To calculate large and small nitrate and organic mass, substitute ({Large, Small, Total}

{Nitrate, Organic Mass}) for Sulfate.

The monthly relative humidity adjustment factors from the above equation are found in

Appendix C.

The change in visibility for the Subject

- to

- BAR T and RP prioritization analyses will be

compared against the 20% best natural background conditions. The delta

- deciview, Δ dv, value is

calculated from the source’s contribution to extinction, b ext (source) 

### , and background extinction,

b ext(bkg) 

### , as follow s:

Δ dv = 10 ln (b ext(bkg) 

### +b ext (source) 

### ) / b ext(bkg) 

### )UNC

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### 9 

## 3 VISIBILITY MODELING SYSTEM

In general, the visibility impact model modeling will use the CALPUFF suite of programs , and

will follow the procedures and recommendations outlined in two documents: t he IWAQM

(Interagency Workgroup on Air Quality Models) and the FLAG (Federal Land Managers Air

Quality Related Values Workgro up) reports (EPA 1998, FLAG 2010 ). Tables listing the

modeling parameters for each CALPUFF module are located in the Appendices.

The specific CALPUFF programs and their version numbers that will be used in both the

Subject

- to

- BART/RP prioritization m odeling are presented in Table 3 . The CALPUFF modeling

system is the regulatory approved versions except for the CALPOST processor. CALPOST

version 6.221 will be used to enable this application to use the most up

- to

- date FLAG (6

- 29

- 2008) guidance. The CALMET model will be run using the August 20, 2009, “EPA

- FLM

Recommended CALMET input File Values.”

Table 3 . C ALPUFF Modeling System

Program Version Level

CALMET 5.8 060911

CALPUFF 5.8 060911

CALPOST 6.221 080724

POSTUTIL 1.56 070627



### 3.1 CALMET

Input requirements for the CALMET model include various meteorological and geophysical data

sets, and a control i nput file with appropriate settings. Required meteorological data include

surface, upper

- air, and precipitation observations, and mesoscale model output data fields.

Specifics of these data are provided below.

Geophysical input data include terrain eleva tion and land

- use data. Though CALMET may be

run with mesoscale model meteorological data, alone (i.e., no observations), the EPA modeling

guideline recommends “blending” observations with the mesoscale model fields. Therefore, we

will include observation s in a blended approach.

The dispersion modeling will use CALMET wind f ields for the calendar year 2006

- 2008

. A

minimum of three years of mesoscale meteorological model output is recommended for

conducting the initial st ep in the first

- level analysis. The CALMET wind fields will cover the

analyzed sources and sufficiently encompass Class I areas within 300km of any facility included

in this analysis. Th e 4km CALMET meteorological domain covers all of Montana and

significant portions of Idaho, Wyoming, N orth and South Dakota and is shown in Figure 2.UNC

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### 10 Figure 2 : 4km Montana FIP CALMET Modeling Domain.

Land Use Processing : CALMET requires both land use/land cover and terrain height data for

the application region. These are g enerated using the CALMET CTGPROC, TERREL and

MAKEGEO as described below.

• TERREL is the terrain pre

- processor that averages terrain features to the modeling grid

resolution; TERREL constructs the basic properties of the gridded domain and defines

the coor dinates upon which meteorological data are stored. Key parameters include

specification of grid type, location, resolution and terrain elevation.

• CTGPROC computes the fractional land use for the modeling grid resolution. Land use

characteristics for eac h grid cell are assigned using CTGPROC. The primary variable

adjustment associated with CTGRPOC is selection of an appropriate land use database.

Version 2.0 of the North American Land Cover Characteristics database will be used.

• MAKEGEO is the final pre

- processor that combines the terrain and land use data for

input to CALMET. Generating the appropriate MAKEGEO.INP control file requires

only minimal alteration of the default assignments. Key modifications include specifying

domain attributes and ensurin g input files are correctly referenced.

Terrain : CALMET requires both terrain height and land use/land cover for the application

region. These are generated using the CALMET CTGPROC, TERREL and MAKEGEO

processors. The terrain data will be created using the TERREL (version 3.684 level 070327)

processor and the Shuttle Radar Topography Mission (SRTM)

- GTOPO 30 second (~1 km)

resolution dataset. This domain will require the w100n40, w100n90 and w140n40 tiles. Terrain

heights are shown in Figure 3.UNC

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### 11 Figure 3 : Terrain Heights (m) for 4km CALMET Domain.

Land Use: The land use data set was created using the Composite Theme Grid CTGROC

processor (version 2.682, level 070430) and the United States Geological Survey (USGS) Global

Land Cover Characterization (GLCC) version 2.0 database. The GLCC database is available at

30 second (~1km) resolution.

Observed Data Processing: Observation data from both available surface and upper

- air stations

in the modeling will be used. The surface data will be taken from the NOAA Techniques

Development Lab (TDL) database and the upper

- air data from the NOAA Forecast Systems Lab

(FSL) database.

CALMET Model Options : The options used in the CALMM5 processing will generally follow

the FLAG (FLAG, 20 08) and IWAQM (EPA, 1998) guidance. Specific CALMET input values

will be updated using the August 2 8 , 2009, “EPA

- FLM Recommended Input File Values.”

3.1.1 Meteorological Data

3.1.1.1 Mesoscale Model Data

The EPA Office of Research and Development (ORD) 12km nation al mesocale model results

will be used to provide the me s oscale model inputs to CALMET. ORD used Weather Resea r ch

and Forecasting (WRF) (Skamarock

, 2005 ; Skamarock, 2006 ) model with options in Table 4 for

a very large continental scale grid with 472 colum ns and 312 rows. The vertical structure used in

the WRF modeling is presented in Table 5.UNC

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### 12 Table 4 . EPA/ORD WRF Model Configuration.

Physics Parameterization

Microphysics Morrison

Longwave Radiation RRTMG

Shortwave Radiation RRT MG

Surface Layer Pleim

Land Surface Pleim

- Xiu

Boundary

- Layer ACM2

Cumulus Kain

- Fritsch 2



### 3.1.1.2 CALWRF Processing

The final step in the meteorological processing is to reformat the WRF data using the CAL WRF

processor. CALWRF (version 1.4 level 100322 ) wi ll be run for the 12 km WRF grid to extract

the whole region, less a few grid cells around the perimeter that are suspect due to WRF

boundary artifacts.UNC

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### 13 Table 5 . WRF Vertical Domain Configuration.

.

k( WRF ) sigma pressure.(mb) height (m) depth(m)

34 0.000 10000 15674 2004

33 0.050 14500 13670 1585

32 0.100 19000 12085 1321

31 0.150 23500 10764 1139

30 0.200 28000 9625 1004

29 0.250 32500 8621 900

28 0.300 37000 7720 817

27 0.350 41500 6903 750

26 0.400 46000 6153 693

25 0.450 50500 5461 645

24 0.500 55000 4816 604

23 0.550 59500 4212 568

22 0.600 64000 3644 536

21 0.650 68500 3108 508

20 0.700 73000 2600 388

19 0.740 76600 2212 282

18 0.770 79300 1930 274

17 0.800 82000 1657 178

16 0.820 83800 1478 175

15 0.840 85600 1303 172

14 0.860 87400 1130 169

13 0.880 89200 961 167

12 0.900 91000 794 82

11 0.910 91900 712 82

10 0.920 92800 631 81

9 0.930 93700 550 80

8 0.940 94600 469 80

7 0.950 95500 389 79

6 0.960 96400 310 78

5 0.970 97300 232 78

4 0.980 98200 154 39

3 0.985 98650 115 39

2 0.990 99100 77 38

1 0.995 99550 38 38

0 1.000 100000 0 0UNC

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### 14 Figure 4 : Modeled 12 km WRF Domain.

3.1.2 CALMET Control File Settings

These CALMET wind fields will be used by a nalyzed sources within the modeling domain for

the visibility modeling . Details of the parameter settings in CALMET are provided in Appendix

A to this document; however, the major assumptions are summarized below.

1) The ini tial

- guess fields will use the 12

- km WRF outputs, forec ast from hours 13

– 108 of

each 5

- day run segment , January 2006

– December 2008

. 2) The CALPUFF modeling will utilize the wind fields at 4km resolution.

3) There will be 10 vertical layers with face heights of 0, 20, 40, 65, 120, 200, 400, 700,

1200, 2200, and 4000 meters.

4) 

### CA LMET will be run using surface and upper air observa tions. The upper air sit es used

are presented in Table 6 . S urface data from approximately 220 surface stations in the

TDL DS472.0 dataset will also be used.

Table 6 . Upper Air Stations to be used in CALMET Modeling.

Site ID WBAN ID Description

GGW 94008 Glasgow, MT

TFX 04102 Great Falls, MT

RIW 24061 Riverton, WY

BOI 24131 Boise, ID

ABR 14929 Aberdeen, SD

UNR 94043 Rapid City, SD

BIS 24 011 Bismarck, NDUNC

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### 15 3.2 CALPUFF

The CALPUFF modeling will use Version 5.8. This protocol generally follows the

recommendation of the IWAQM and FLAG guidance documents. Details of the parameter

settings in CALPUFF are provided in Appendix B to this document; however, the major features

are summarized below:

1) The calendar year 2006

- 2008 CALMET input file s will be developed by Alpine

Geophysics, LLC and be provided as input

- ready to CALPUFF.

2) The visibility analysis modeling will examine the visibility impairmen t on Class I areas

within 300km of each single source or facility. The computational modeling domain will

be sufficient to include all Class I areas within a 300km radius of a source.

3) Pasquill

- Gifford Dispersion coefficients will be used.

4) MESOPUFF

- II chem istry algorithm will be used.

5) Puff splitting will not be used, following the recommendations of the FLMs.

6) Source elevations will be based on the same terrain files as the receptor elevations.

7) The CALUTIL will be used to perform HNO 3 

### /NO 3 

### repartitioning usin g the parameters in

Appendix B.

CALPUFF will be applied separately for each Class I Area within a 300km radius of a Class 1

Area

.

3.2.1 Emissions

Section 2.4 above presents the emissions and stack data that is required from the facilities. This

section only discusses the emissions estimates needed in CALPUFF.

Primary emission species will include available input species of PM, SO 2 

### , and NO

x 

### ; and the

additional modeled species HNO 3 

### and NO 3



### .

The primary PM species will be treated as follows:

Filterable:

Elemental Carbon (EC) (<2.5 μm)

PM Fine (PMF) (<2.5 μm)

PM Coarse (PMC) (2.5

– 10 μm)

Condensable:

Organic Carbon (SOA)

Inorganic Aerosol (SO 4 

### )

The condensable fraction will be treated as primary emissions in the CALPUFF input file and

assumed to be 100% in the PM 2.5 

### fraction.UNC

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### 16 Facility specific speciation emissions data will be used when provided. If the size fraction is not

known, t he following size distributions will be used in CALPUFF:

Pollutant Mean diameter Standard deviation

SO 4 

### , NO 3 

### , PMF, SOA, EC 0.48 2

PMC 2.5 5

The default values are based on information in the CALPUFF User’s Guide, CALPUFF GUI,

and AP

- 42.

CALPUFF modeling will be conducted for each facility using the base line emissions levels, and

up to 10 different emissions con trol scenarios for each source. The emissions for the base line

and control scenarios will be supplied by EPA.

3.2.2 Ozone Background

Background ozone will be assume d at an annual constant level of 40 ppb

.

3.2.3 Ammonia Background

T he IWAQM recommendation for for est s (0.5 ppb) will be used.

3.2.4 Receptor Locations

Predicted visibility impacts will be computed at a set of gridded receptor locations for the Class I

Areas within the domain . These data are available for download from the National Park Service

Web site http://www2.nature.nps.gov/air/Maps/Receptors/index.cfm

, 

### Source and receptor elevations

will be based on actual elevations. The elevations for the grid points will be taken from the

CALMET modeling.

3.3 CALPOST AND VISIBILITY POST

- PROCESSING

The CALPOST processing will use Version 6.221 and POSTUTIL Version 1.56. Details of the

parameter settings in CALPOST and POSTUTIL are provided in Appendix C, with some of the

major features summarized below for calculating visibility impairment:

1) For the visibility calculation, Method 8, Mode 5 (MVISBK=8, M8_MODE=5) will be

employed. This method uses monthly average relative humidity and f(RH) values for

each Class I area, which are ba sed o n data from FLAG (FLAG 2010 ).

2) Particulate species for the visibility analysis will include SO 4 

### , NO 3 

### , EC, OC, PMF, and

PMC, as reported in the CALPOST output files.

3) POSTUTIL will not be used to speciate modeled PM 10 

### concentrations, as PM 10 

### is

speciated into its components (PMF, PMC, SOA, EC, SO 4 

### ) and entered as primaryUNC

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### 17 emissions in CALPUFF. However , HNO 3 

### /NO 3 

### partition option in POSTUTIL will be

used

4) Natural background extinction calculations will use the 20% best natural days for each

Class I area in the m odeling domain. Tables providing the monthly f(RH) and 20% best

days coefficients are provided in Appendix C, and are ba sed on data from FLAG (FLAG

2010 ).

5) Impact will be summarized separately for each of the three meteorological years.

6) The contribution thr eshold has the implied level of precision equal to the level of

precision reported by CALPOST. Therefore, the 98 th 

### percentile value will be reported to

three decimal places.



## 4 INTERPRETATION OF RESULTS

The change in visibility impairment for the visibilit y modeling is based on the increase in the

haze index from a source relative to natural background, defined as the 20% best natural

visibility days for each Class I area. This definition of natural background is consistent with the

intent of the BART Guid eline (Federal Register Vol. 70, No. 128, p g 39125).

Tables of impacts will be calculated separately for each year for each sources impact on the

Class I areas within 300km. T he following metrics will be used

:

• Days with impacts greater than 0.5 Δ dv

• Da ys with impacts greater than 1.0 Δ dv

• The 98 th 

### percentile Δ dv value

Additionally, if the simulation is a control simulation for a specific source

, the additional metric

of the 98 th 

### percentile Δ dv improvement (defined as the difference in 98 th 

### percentile Δ d v of the

base case minus the 98 th 

### percentile Δ dv of the control case) will also be computed and tabulated.UNC

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## 5 REFERENCES

40 CFR Part 51, Appendix W. Guidelines on Air Quality Models

EPA (U.S. Environmental Protection Agency) 1998. Interagency Workgroup on Air Quality

Modeling (IWAQM) Phase 2 Summary Report and Recommendations for Modeling Long Range

Transport Impacts, EPA

- 454/R

- 98

- 019, December 1998.

EPA 2003. Guidance for Estimating Natural Visibility Conditions under the Regional Haze

Rule, EPA

- 454/B

- 0 3

- 005, September, 2003.

EPA, 2009. EPA

- FLM CALMET Configuration, August 28, 2009.

http://www.epa.gov/scram001/CALMET%20CLARIFICATION.pdf

Federal Register, Vol. 70, No. 128. Regional Haze Regulations and Guidelines for Best

Available Retrofit Technology (BART) Determinations. pp. 39104

– 30172, July 6, 2005.

FLAG 2010 . Federal Land Managers’ Air Quality Related Values Workgroup (FLAG) 2008.

Phase I Repo rt

— Revised (2010)

.

Skamarock, W. C. 2004. Evaluating Mesoscale NWP Models Using Kinetic Energy Spectra.

Mon. Wea. Rev. , Volume 132, pp. 3019

- 3032. December.

( http://www.mmm.ucar.edu/individual/skamarock /spectra_mwr_2004.pdf

Skamarock, W. C., J. B. Klemp, J. Dudhia, D. O. Gill, D. M. Barker, W. Wang and J. G. Powers.

2005. A Description of the Advanced Research WRF Version 2. National Center for

Atmospheric Research (NCAR), Boulder, CO. June.

( http://www.mmm.ucar.edu/wrf/users/docs/arw_v2.pdf )UNC

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### 19 

## Appendix A CALMET Parameter ValuesUNC

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### 20 Table A

- 1. CALMET Parameter Values

The CALMET model will be run using the August 20, 2009, “EPA

- FLM Recommended

CALMET input File Values.”

Input

Group Variable Description Default Value Recommended Value

0 DIADAT Input file: preprocessed surface temperature data (DIAG.DAT) User Defined

0 GEODAT Input file: Geophysical data (GEO.DAT) User Defined User Define

0 LCFILES Convert file name to lower case User Defined

0 METDAT Output file (CALMET.DAT) User Defined

0 METLST Output file (CALMET.LST) User Defined

0 MM4DAT Input file: MM4 data (MM4.DAT) User Defined

0 NOWSTA Input files: N ames of NOWSTA overwater stations User Defined

0 NUSTA Number of upper air data sites User Defined 7

0 PACDAT Output file: in Mesopuff II format (PACOUT.DAT) User Defined

0 PRCDAT Input file: Precipitation data (PRECIP.DAT) User Defined

0 PR GDAT Input file: CSUMM prognostic wind data (PROG.DAT) User Defined

0 SEADAT Input files: Names of NOWSTA overwater stations (SEAn.DAT) User Defined

0 SRFDAT Input file: Surface data (SURF.DAT) User Defined

0 TSTFRD Output file (TEST.FRD) Use r Defined

0 TSTKIN Output file (TEST.KIN) User Defined

0 TSTOUT Output file (TEST.OUT) User Defined

0 TSTPRT Output file (TEST.PRT) User Defined

0 TSTSLP Output file (TEST.SLP) User Defined

0 UPDAT Input files: Names of NUSTA upper air d ata files (UPn.DAT) UPn.DAT

0 WTDAT Input file: Terrain weighting factors (WT.DAT) User Defined

1 CLDDAT Input file: Cloud data (CLOUD.DAT) User Defined Not used

1 IBDY Beginning day User Defined

1 IBHR Beginning hour User Defined

1 IBMO Beginning month User Defined

1 IBTZ Base time zone User Defined 0

1 IBYR Beginning year User Defined

1 IRLG Number of hours to simulate User Defined User Define

1 IRTYPE Output file type to create (must be 1 for CALPUFF) 1 1

1 ITEST Flag t o stop run after Setup Phase 2 2

1 LCALGRD Are w

- components and temperature needed? T T

1 MREG Text to options to conrim they conform to regulatory options User Defined 1

2 PMAP Map Projection UTM LCC

2 FEAST False easting at the projection origin 0 .0 0.0

2 FNORTH False northing at the projection origin 0.0 0.0

2 DATUM WGS

- G, NWS

- 27, NWS

- 84, ESR

- S,... WGS

- G

2 DGRIDKM Grid spacing User Defined 4

2 UTMHEM Hemisphere for UTM projection N N

2 IUTMZN UTM Zone User Defined User Define

2 LLCONF Wh en using Lambert Conformal map coordinates

- rotate winds

from true north to map north? F F

2 NX Number of east

- west grid cells User Defined 380

2 NY Number of north

- south grid cells User Defined 240

2 NZ Number of vertical layers User Defined 10

2 RLAT0 Latitude used if LLCONF = T User Defined 40 .0N

2 RLON0 Longitude used if LLCONF = T User Defined 97 .0W

2 XLAT1 Latitude of 1 st standard parallel User Defined 33

2 XLAT2 Latitude of 2 nd standard parallel User Defined 45

2 XORIGKM Southwes t grid cell X coordinate User Defined

- 1680

2 YORIGKM Southwest grid cell Y coordinate User Defined

- 336

2 ZFACE Vertical cell face heights (NZ+1 values) User Defined 0,20,40,80,160,320,640,UNC

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### 21 Input

Group Variable Description Default Value Recommended Value

1200,2000,3000,4000

3 IFORMO Format of unformatted file (1 for CALPUFF) 1 1

3 LSAVE Save met. data fields in an unformatted file? T T

4 ICLOUD Is cloud data to be input as gridded fields? (0 = No) 0 0

4 IFORMC Format of cloud data (2 = formatted) 2 2

4 IFORMP Format of precipitation data (2 = formatted ) 2 2

4 IFORMS Format of surface data (2 = formatted) 2 2

4 NOOBS Use or non

- use of surface, overwater, upper observations User Defined 0

4 NPSTA Number of stations in PRECIP.DAT User Defined 219

4 NSSTA Number of stations in SURF.DAT file User De fined 219

5 ALPHA Empirical factor triggering kinematic effects 0.1 0.1

5 BIAS Surface/upper

- air weighting factors (NZ values) NZ*0 NZ*0

5 CRITFN Critical Froude number 1 1

5 DIVLIM Maximum acceptable divergence 5.00E

- 06 5.00E

- 06

5 FEXTR2 Multip licative scaling factor for extrap surface obs to uppr layrs NZ*0.0 NZ*0.0

5 ICALM Extrapolate surface calms to upper layers? (0 = No) 0 0

5 IDIOPT1 Compute temperatures from observations (0 = True) 0 0

5 IDIOPT2 Compute domain

- average lapse rates? (0 = True) 0 0

5 IDIOPT3 Compute internally inital guess winds? (0 = True) 0 0

5 IDIOPT4 Read surface winds from SURF.DAT? ( 0 = True) 0 0

5 IDIOPT5 Read aloft winds from UPn.DAT? (0 = True) 0 0

5 IEXTRP Extrapolate surface winds to upper layers? (

- 4 = use similarity

theory and ignore layer 1 of upper air station data)

- 4

- 4

5 IFRADJ Adjust winds using Froude number effects? (1 = Yes) 1 1

5 IKINE Adjust winds using kinematic effects? (1 = Yes) 0 0

5 IOBR Use O’Brien procedure for vertical wind s? (0 = No) 0 0

5 IPROG Using prognostic or MM

- FDDA data? (0 = No) 0 14

5 ISLOPE Compute slope flows? (1 = Yes) 1 1

5 ISTEPPG Timestep (hours) of the prognostic model input data 1 1

5 ISURFT Surface station to use for surface temperature (between 1 and

NSSTA) User Defined 9

5 IUPT Station for lapse rates (between 1 and NUSTA) User Defined 1

5 IUPWND Upper air station for domain winds (

- 1 = 1/r**2 interpolation of all

stations)

- 1

- 1

5 IWFCOD Generate winds by diagnostic wind module? (1 = Yes) 1 1

5 KBAR Level (1 to NZ) up to which barriers apply NZ 10

5 LLBREZE Use Lake Breeze module F F

5 LVARY Use varying radius to develop surface winds? F F

5 METBXID Station IDs in the region User Defined

5 NBAR Number of Barriers to interpolati on User Defined 0

5 NBOX Number of Lake Breeze regions User Defined 0

5 NINTR2 Max number of stations for interpolations (NA values) 99 99

5 NITER Max number of passes in divergence minimization 50 50

5 NLB Number of stations in region User Define d 0

5 NSMTH Number of passes in smoothing (NZ values) 2, 4*(NZ

- 1) 2,4*(NZ

- 1)

5 R1 Relative weight at surface of Step 1 field and obs User Defined 50

5 R2 Relative weight aloft of Step 1 field and obs User Defined 1 00

5 RMAX1 Max surface over

- lan d extrapolation radius (km) User Defined 10 0

5 RMAX2 Max aloft over

- land extrapolation radius (km) User Defined 2 00

5 RMAX3 Maximum over

- water extrapolation radius (km) User Defined 2 00

5 RMIN Minimum extrapolation radius (km) 0.1 0.1

5 RMIN2 Di stance (km) around an upper air site where vertical extrapolation

is excluded (Set to

- 1 if IEXTRP = ±4) 4

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### 22 Input

Group Variable Description Default Value Recommended Value

5 RPROG Weighting factor for CSUMM prognostic wind data User Defined 0

5 TERRAD Radius of influence of terrain features (km) User Defined 1 5

5 XBBAR X coordinate of Beginning of each barrier User Defined 0

5 XBCST X Point defining the coastline (staight line) User Defined 0

5 XEBAR X coordinate of Ending of each barrier User Defined 0

5 XECST X Point User Defined 0

5 XG1 X Grid line 1 defining region of interest User Defined 0

5 XG2 X Grid line 2 User Defined 0

5 YBBAR Y coordinate of Beginning of each barrier User Defined 0

5 YBCST Y Point User Defined 0

5 YEBAR Y coordinate of Ending of each barrier User Defined 0

5 YECS T Y Point User Defined 0

5 YG1 Y Grid line 1 User Defined 0

5 YG2 Y Grid Line 2 User Defined 0

5 ZUPT Depth of domain

- average lapse rate (m) 200 200

5 ZUPWND Bottom and top of layer for 1 st guess winds (m) 1, 1000 1.,1000.

6 CONSTB Neutral mixi ng height B constant 1.41 1.41

6 CONSTE Convective mixing height E constant 0.15 0.15

6 CONSTN Stable mixing height N constant 2400 2400

6 CONSTW Over

- water mixing height W constant 0.16 0.16

6 CUTP Minimum cut off precip rate (mm/hr) 0.01 0.01

6 DPTMIN Minimum capping potential temperature lapse rate 0.001 0.001

6 DSHELF Coastal/shallow water length scale 0 0

6 DZZI Depth for computing capping lapse rate (m) 200 200

6 FCORIOL Absolute value of Coriolis parameter 1.00E

- 04 1.00E

- 04

6 HAFANG Half

- angle for looking upwind (degrees) 30 30

6 IAVET Conduct spatial averaging of temperature? (1 = True) 1 1

6 IAVEZI Spatial averaging of mixing heights? (1 = True) 1 1

6 ICOARE Overwater surface fluxes method and parameters 10 0

6 ICOOL COARE coo l skin layer computation 0 0

6 ILEVZI Layer to use in upwind averaging (between 1 and NZ) 1 1

6 ILUOC3D Land use category ocean in 3D.DAT datasets 16 16

6 IMIXH Method to compute the convective mixing height

- 1

- 1

6 IRAD Form of temperature interpola tion (1 = 1/r) 1 1

6 IRHPROG 3D relative humidity from observations or from prognostic data 0 1

6 ITPROG 3D temps from obs or from prognostic data? 0 2

6 ITWPROG Option for overwater lapse rates used in convective mixing height

growth 0 0

6 IWARM COA RE warm layer computation 0 0

6 JWAT1 Beginning landuse type defining water 999 55

6 JWAT2 Ending landuse type defining water 999 55

6 MNMDAV Max averaging radius (number of grid cells) 1 1

6 NFLAGP Method for precipitation interpolation (2 = 1/r** 2) 2 2

6 NUMTS Max number of stations in temperature interpolations 5 5

6 SIGMAP Precip radius for interpolations (km) 100 100

6 TGDEFA Default over

- water capping lapse rate (K/m)

- 0.0045

- 0.0045

6 TGDEFB Default over

- water mixed layer lapse rate ( K/m)

- 0.0098

- 0.0098

6 THRESHL Threshold buoyancy flux required to sustain convective mixing

height growth overland 0.05 0.0

6 THRESHW Threshold buoyancy flux required to sustain convective mixing

height growth overwater 0.05 0.05

6 TRADKM Radius of te mperature interpolation (km) 500 500

6 ZIMAX Maximum over

- land mixing height (m) 3000 3000

6 ZIMAXW Maximum over

- water mixing heigh (m) 3000 3000UNC

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Group Variable Description Default Value Recommended Value

6 ZIMIN Minimum over

- land mixing height (m) 50 50

6 ZIMINW Minimum over

- water mixing height (m) 50 50UNC

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### 24 

## Appendix B CALPUFF Parameter ValuesUNC

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### 25 Table B

- 1. CALPUFF Parameter Values

CALPUFF input settings.

Input

Group Group

Description Variable Description Default Value a Recommended Value

1 Run Control METRUN Do we run all periods (1) or a subset (0)? 0 0

1 IBYR Beginning year User Defined 2005

1 IBMO Beginning month User Defined 1

1 IBDY Beginning day User Defined 1

1 IBHR Beginning hour User Defined 1

1 IRLG Length of run (hours) User Defined 8760 or 8784

1 XBTZ Base Time Zone User Defined 0

1 NSECDT Length of modeling time step (seconds) 3600 3600

1 NSPEC Number of species modeled (for MESOPUFF II

chemistry) 5 10

1 NSE Number of species emitted 3 10

1 ITEST Flag to stop run after Setup Phase 2 2

1 MRESTART Restart optio ns (0 = no restart) allows splitting runs

into smaller segments 0 0

1 NRESPD Number of periods in Restart 0 0

1 METFM Format of input meteorology (1 = CALMET, 2 =

ISC) 1 1

1 AVET Averaging time lateral dispersion parameters

(minutes) 60 60

1 PGT IME PG Averaging time 60 60

2 Tech Options MGAUSS Near

- field vertical distribution (1 = Gaussian) 1 1

2 MCTADJ Terrain adjustments to plume path (3 = Plume path) 3 3

2 MCTSG Do we have subgrid hills? (0 = No) allows CTDM

like treatment for subgrid scale hills 0 0

2 MSLUG Near

- field puff treatment (0 = No slugs) 0 0

2 MTRANS Model transitional plume rise? (1 = Yes) 1 1

2 MTIP Treat stack tip downwash? (1 = Yes) 1 1

2 MBDW Method to simulate downwash (1=ISC,2=PRIME) N ot used

2 MSHEAR Treat vertical wind shear? (0 = No) 0 0

2 MSPLIT Allow puffs to split? (0 = No) 0 0

2 MCHEM MESOPUFF

- II Chemistry? (1 = Yes) 1 1UNC

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### 26 Input

Group Group

Description Variable Description Default Value a Recommended Value

2 MAQCHEM Aqueous phase transformation 0 0

2 MWET Model wet deposition? (1 = Yes) 1 1

2 MDRY Model dry deposition ? (1 = Yes) 1 1

2 MTILT Plume Tilt (gravitational settling) 0 0

2 MDISP Method for dispersion coefficients (2=micromet,3 =

PG) 3 3

2 MTURBVW Turbulence characterization? (Only if MDISP = 1 or

5) 3 3

2 MDISP2 Backup coefficients (Only if MDISP = 1 o r 5) 3 3

2 MTAULY Method for Sigma y Lagrangian timescale 0 0

2 MTAUADV Method for Advective

- Decay timescale for

Turbulence 0 0

2 MCTURB Method to compute sigma v,w using micromet

variables 1 1

2 MROUGH Adjust PG for surface roughness? (0 = No) 0 0

2 MPARTL Model partial plume penetration? (0 = No) 1 1

2 MTINV Elevated inversion strength (0 = compute from data) 0 0

2 MPDF Use PDF for convective dispersion? (0 = No) 0 0

2 MSGTIBL Use TIBL module? (0 = No) allows treatment of

subgrid scal e coastal areas 0 0

2 MBCON Boundary conditions modeled 0 0

2 MFOG Configure for FOG model output 0 0

2 MREG Regulatory default checks? (1 = Yes) 1 1

3 Species List CSPECn Names of species modeled (for MESOPUFF II must

be SO2

- SO4

- NOX

- HNO3

- NO3) User Defined SO2,SO4,NOX,HNO3,NO3,

NH3,PMF.PMC,,EC,SOA

3 Specie Names Manner species will be modeled

Species,Modeled,Emitted,Dry Deposited,Group User Defined SO2,1,1,1,0

SO4,1,0,2,0

NOX,1,1,1,0

HNO3,1,0,1,0

NO3,1,0,2,0

NH3,1,0,1,0

PMF ,1,1 ,2,0

PMC ,1,1,2,0

EC,1,1,2,0

SOA,1,1,2,0

3 Specie Groups Grouping of species if any User Defined N/A

3 CGRUPUNC

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Group Group

Description Variable Description Default Value a Recommended Value

3 CGRUP

4 MapProjection XLAT1 Latitude of 1 st standard parallel 33 N

4 XLAT2 Latitude of 2 nd standard parallel 45 N

4 PMAP Map Pro jection UTM LCC

FEAST False Easting 0.0 0.0

FNORTH False Northing 0.0 0.0

4 DATUM Datum

- region WGS

- G WGS

- G

4 NX Number of east

- west grids of input meteorology User Defined 380

4 NY Number of north

- south grids of input meteorology User Define d 240

4 NZ Number of vertical layers of input meteorology User Defined 10

4 DGRIDKM Meteorology grid spacing (km) User Defined 4.

4 ZFACE Vertical cell face heights of input meteorology User Defined 0.,20.,40.,80.,160.,320.,640.,

1200.,2000.,3000 .,4000.

4 XORIGKM Southwest corner (east

- west) of input User Defined meteorology

- 1608

.

4 YORIGIM Southwest corner (north

- south) of input User Defined meteorology 336

.

4 IUTMZN UTM zone User Defined N/A (17)

4 UTMHEM Hemisphere for UTM Projecti on N N

4 RLAT0 Latitude of Projection Origin User Defined 40 .0N

4 RLON0 Longitude of Projection Origin User Defined 97 .0W

4 IBCOMP Southwest X

- index of computational domain User Defined 1

4 JBCOMP Southwest Y

- index of computational domain User De fined 1

4 IECOMP Northeast X

- index of computational domain User Defined 380

4 JECOMP Northeast Y

- index of computational domain User Defined 240

4 LSAMP Use gridded receptors? (T = Yes) F F

4 IBSAMP Southwest X

- index of receptor grid User Define d

4 JBSAMP Southwest Y

- index of receptor grid User Defined

4 IESAMP Northeast X

- index of receptor grid User Defined

4 JESAMP Northeast Y

- index of receptor grid User Defined

4 MESHDN Gridded recpetor spacing = DGRIDKM/MESHDN 1 1

5 Output Op tions ICON Output concentrations? (1 = Yes) 1 1

5 IDRY Output dry deposition flux? (1 = Yes) 1 1UNC

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### 28 Input

Group Group

Description Variable Description Default Value a Recommended Value

5 IWET Output west deposition flux? (1 = Yes) 1 1

5 IT2D 2D Temperature 0 0

5 IRHO 2D Density 0 0

5 IVIS Output RH for visibility calculations (1 = Yes) 1 0

5 LCOMPRS Use compression option in output? (T = Yes) T T

5 ICPRT Print concentrations? (0 = No) 0 0

5 IDPRT Print dry deposition fluxes (0 = No) 0 0

5 IWPRT Print wet deposition fluxes (0 = No) 0 0

5 ICFRQ Concentration print in terval (1 = hourly) 1 1

5 IDFRQ Dry deposition flux print interval (1 = hourly) 1 1

5 IWFRQ West deposition flux print interval (1 = hourly) 1 1

5 IPRTU Print output units (1 = g/m**3; g/m**2/s; 3 =

ug/m3, ug/m2/s) 1 3

5 IMESG Status messages t o screen? (1 = Yes) 1 2

5 LDEBUG Turn on debug tracking? (F = No) F F

5 IPFDEB First puff to track 1 1

5 NPFDEB (Number of puffs to track) (1) 1

5 NN1 (Met. Period to start output) (1) 1

5 NN2 (Met. Period to end output) (10) 10

7 Dry Dep Chem Dry Gas Dep Chemical parameters of gaseous deposition

Species,Diffusivity,Alpha

Star,Reactivity,Mesophyll,Henry’s User Defined SO2,0.1509,1000.,8.,0.,0.04

NOX,0.1656,1.,8,.5.,3.5

HNO3,0.1628,1.,18.,0.,8E

- 8

NH3,0.234,0.2,4.,0.,3.59E

- 4

8 Dry Dep Siz e Dry Part. Dep

Chemical parameters of particulate deposition

Species,Mass Mean Diameter,Geometric Std D User Defined SO4,0.48.,2.,

NO3,0.48,2.,

PMF ,10.,0.,

PMC ,2.5,0.,

EC,0.48,2.0

SOA,0.48,2.0

9 Dry Dep Misc RCUTR Reference cuticle resistance (s /cm)

30 30

9 RGR Reference ground resistance (s/cm) 10 10

9 REACTR Reference reactivity 8 8

9 NINT Number of particle

- size intervals 9 9

9 IVEG Vegetative state (1 = active and unstressed; 2=active

and stressed) 1 1

10 Wet Dep Wet Dep Wet deposition parameters User Defined SO2,3.0E

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### 29 Input

Group Group

Description Variable Description Default Value a Recommended Value

Species, Liquid Precip, Frozen Precip SO4,1.0E

- 04,3.0E

- 05

NOX,0.,0.

HNO3,6.0E

- 05,0.0

NO3,1.0E

- 04,3.0E

- 05

NH3,8.0E

- 05,0.0

PMF ,1.0E

- 04,3.0E

- 05

PMC ,1.0E

- 04,3.0E

- 05

EC,1.0E

- 04,3.0E

- 05

SOA,1.0 E

- 04,3.0E

- 05

11 Chemistry MOZ Ozone background? (0 = constant background

value; 1 = read from ozone.dat) 1 0

11 BCKO3 Ozone default (ppb) (Use only for missing data) 80. 12*40.

11 BCKNH3 Ammonia background (ppb) 10 0 .5

11 RNITE1 Nighttime SO2 l oss rate (%/hr) 0.2 0.2

11 RNITE2 Nighttime NOx loss rate (%/hr) 2 2

11 RNITE3 Nighttime HNO3 loss rate (%/hr) 2 2

11 MH2O2 H2O2 data input option 1 1

11 BCKH2O2 Monthly H2O2 concentrations 1 not used

BKPMF Fine particulate concentration 12 * 1.00 not used

OFRAC Organic fraction of Fine Particulate 2*0.15, 9*0.20, 1*0.15 not used

VCNX VOC / NOX ratio 12 * 50.00 not used

12 Dispersion SYTDEP Horizontal size (m) to switch to time dependence 550 550

12 MHFTSZ Use Heffter for vertical di spersion? (0 = No) 0 0

12 JSUP PG Stability class above mixed layer 5 5

12 CONK1 Stable dispersion constant (Eq 2.7

- 3) 0.01 0.01

12 CONK2 Neutral dispersion constant (Eq 2.7

- 4) 0.1 0.1

12 TBD Transition for downwash algorithms (0.5 = ISC) 0.5 0.5

12 IURB1 Beginning urban landuse type 10 10

12 IURB2 Ending urban landuse type 19 19

12 ILANDUIN Land use type (20 = Unirrigated agricultural land) 20 20

12 ZOIN Roughness length (m) 0.25 0.25

12 XLAIIN Leaf area index 3.0 3.0

12 ELEVI N Met. Station elevation (m above MSL) 0.0 0.0

12 XLATIN Met. Station North latitude (degrees)

- 999.0

- 999.0

12 XLONIN Met. Station West longitude (degrees)

- 999.0

- 999.0

12 ANEMHT Anemometer height of ISC meteorological data (m) 10.0 10.0UNC

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### 30 Input

Group Group

Description Variable Description Default Value a Recommended Value

12 I SIGMAV Lateral turbulence (Not used with ISC meteorology) 1 1

12 IMIXCTDM Mixing heights (Not used with ISC meteorology) 0 0

12 XMXLEN Maximum slug length in units of DGRIDKM 1.0 1.0

12 XSAMLEN Maximum puff travel distance per sampling step

(units of DGRIDKM) 1.0 1.0

12 MXNEW Maximum number of puffs per hour 99 99

12 MXSAM Maximum sampling steps per hour 99 99

12 NCOUNT Iterations when computing Transport Wind (Calmet

& Profile Winds) 2 2

12 SYMIN Minimum lateral dispersion of new puff ( m) 1.0 1.0

12 SZMIN Minimum vertical dispersion of new puff (m) 1.0 1.0

12 SVMIN Array of minimum lateral turbulence (m/s) 6 * 0.50,6*0.37 6 * 0.50, 6*0.50

12 SWMIN Array of minimum vertical turbulence (m/s) 2*(0.20,0.12,0.08,0.06,0.03,

0.016) 2* (0.20,0.12,0.08,0.06,0.03,

0.016)

12 CDIV (1), (2) Divergence criterion for dw/dz (1/s) 0.0,0.0 0.0,0.0

12 WSCALM Minimum non

- calm wind speed (m/s) 0.5 0.5

12 XMAXZI Maximum mixing height (m) 3000 3000

12 XMINZI Minimum mixing height (m) 50 50

12 WSCAT Upper bounds 1 st 5 wind speed classes (m/s) 1.54,3.09,5.14,8. 23,10.8 1.54,3.09,5.14,8. 23,10.8

12 PLX0 Wind speed power

- law exponents 0.07,0.07,0.10,0.15,0.35,0.55 0.07,0.07,0.10,0.15,0.35,0.55

12 PTGO Potential temperature gradients PG E and F

(deg/km) 0.020,0.035 0.020,0.035

12 PPC Plume path coefficients (only if MCTADJ = 3) 0.5,0.5,0.5,0.5,0.35,0.35 0.5,0.5,0.5,0.5,0.35,0.35

12 SL2PF Maximum Sy/puff length 10.0 10.0

12 NSPLIT Number of puffs when puffs split 3 3

12 IRESPL IT Hours when puff are eligible to split Hour 17=1 Hour17=1

12 ZISPLIT Previous hour’s mixing height(minimum)(m) 100.0 100.0

12 ROLDMAX Previous Max mix ht/current mix ht ratio must be

less then this value for puff to split 0.25 0.25

12 NSPLITH Num ber of puffs when puffs split horizontally 5 5UNC

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### 31 Input

Group Group

Description Variable Description Default Value a Recommended Value

12 SYSPLITH Min sigma

- y (grid cell units) of puff before horiz

split 1.0 1.0

12 12 SHSPLITH Min puff elongation rate per hr from wind shear

before horiz split 2.0 2.0

12 CNSPLITH Min conc g/m3 before puff may split horizontally 1.0E

- 07 1.0E

- 07

12 EPSSLUG Convergence criterion for slug sampling integration 1.00E

- 04 1.00E

- 04

12 EPSAREA Convergence criterion for area source integration 1.00E

- 06 1.00E

- 06

12 DSRISE Step length for rise integration 1.0 1 .0

12 HTMINBC 500.0 500.0

12 RSAMPBC 10.0 10.0

12 MDEPBC 1 1

13 Point Source NPT1 Number of point sources User Defined

13 IPTU Units of emission rates (1 = g/s) 1 3

13 NSPT1 Number of point source

- species combinations 0 0

13 NPT2 Number of point sources with fully variable

emission rates 0 0

13 Point Sources Point sources characteristics User Defined

14 Area Source Area Sources Area sources characteristics User Defined

15 Volume Source Volume Volume sources characteristics User Defined Sources

16 Line Source Line Sources Buoyant lines source characteristics User Defined

17 Receptors NREC Number of user defined receptors User Defined

17 Receptor Data Location and elevation (MSL) of receptors User DefinedUNC

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### 32 

## Appen dix C CALPOST Parameter ValuesUNC

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### 33 Table C

- 1. CALPOST Parameter Values

The CALPOST utility will be used for computation of visibility parameters using the parameters in this table.

Input

Group Variable Description Default Value Recommended Value

1 ASPEC Spe cies to process VISIB VISIB

1 METRUN Option to run subset of met file 0 1

1 BTZONE Base time zone User Defined 0

1 ILAYER Layer/deposition code (1 = CALPUFF concentrations;

- 3 = wet+dry

deposition fluxes) 1 1

1 A Scaling factor scalar 0.0 0.0

1 B Addi tive factor 0.0 0.0

1 LBACK Add Hourly Background Concentrations/Fluxes? F F

1 NO2CALC Specify a single NO2/Nox ratio 1 1

1 RNO2NOX Ratio of NO2 to NOx 1.0 1.0

1 MSOURCE Process only total reported contribution 0 0

2 MVISCHECK Confirm conformity to F LAG 2008 Configuration 1 1

2 MFRH Particle growth curve for hygroscopic species 4 4

2 RHMAX Maximum relative humidity (%) used in particle growth curve 98 98

2 LDRING Report results by Discrete receptor Ring, if Discrete Receptors used. (T =

true) T T

Modeled species to be included in computing the light extinction

2 LVSO4 Include SO4? T T

2 LVNO3 Include NO3? T T

2 LVOC Include Organic Carbon? T F

2 LVPMC Include Coarse Particles? T T

2 LVPMF Include Fine Particles? T T

2 LVEC Include Elemen tal Carbon? T F

2 LVNO2 Include NO2 T T

2 LVBK When ranking for TOP

- N, TOP

- 50, and Exceedance tables Include

BACKGROUND? T T

2 SPECPMC Species name used for particulates in MODEL.DAT file: COARSE = PMC PMC

2 SPECPMF Species name used for partic ulates in MODEL.DAT file: FINE = PMF PMF

Extinction Efficiencies (1/Mm per ug/m**3)

2 EEPMC PM COARSE = 0.6 0.6UNC

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### 34 Input

Group Variable Description Default Value Recommended Value

2 EEPMF PM FINE = 1.0 1.0

2 EEPMCBK Background PM COARSE 0.6 0.6

2 EESO4 SO4 = 3.0 3.0

2 EENO3 NO3 = 3.0 3.0

2 EEOC Organic Carbon

= 4.0 4.0

2 EESOIL Soil = 1.0 1.0

2 EEEC Elemental Carbon = 10.0 10.0

2 EENO2 NO2 Gas = 0.1755 0.1755

2 LAVER Method used for 24

- hr avg % change light extinction F F

2 MVISBK Method used for background light extinction (2 = Hourly RH adjustment; 6

= FLAG seasonal f(RH)) 8 8

2 RHFAC Monthly RH adjustment factors from FLAG (unique for each Class I area) Yes if 6 N/A

Background monthly extinction coefficients (FLAG) unique for each Class I

area

2 BKSO4 Sulfate See Table C

- 3 (NH 3 ) 2 SO 4

2 BKNO 3 Nitrate See Table C

- 3 NH 4 NO 3

2 BKPMC Coarse particulate See Table C

- 3 CM

2 BKOC Particulate organic carbon See Table C

- 3 OM

2 BKSOIL Soil See Table C

- 3 Soil

2 BKEC Particulate elemental carbon See Table C

- 3 EC

2 M8_MODE Method 8 Mode 5 5

2 BKS ALT Background salt concentration See Table C

- 3 Sea Salt

2 RHFSML Small ammonium sulfate and nitrate particle f(RH) See Table C

- 5

2 RHFLRG Large ammonium sulfate and nitrate particle f(RH) See Table C

- 4

2 RHFSEA Sea salt f(RH) See Table C

- 6

2 BEXTR AY Extinction due to Rayleigh scattering 10.0 10.0

3 LDOC Print documentation image F F

Averaging time(s) reported

3 L1PD Averaging period of model output F F

3 L1HR 1

- hr averages F F

3 L3HR 3

- hr averages F F

3 L24HR 24

- hr averages T T

3 LRUNL Run length (annual) F F

3 LT50 Top 50 table for each averaging time selected T FUNC

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### 35 Input

Group Variable Description Default Value Recommended Value

3 LTOPN F T

3 NTOP 4 1

3 ITOP 1 1

3 LEXCD Threshold exceedance count F T

3 THRESH1 1

- hour threshold

- 1.0

- 1.0

3 THRESH3 3

- hour thres hold

- 1.0

- 1.0

3 THRESH24 24

- hour threshold

- 1.0 0.5

3 THRESHN N

- hour threshold

- 1.0

- 1.0

3 NDAY Accumulated Period (days) 0 0

3 NCOUNT Number of exceedances allowed 1 1UNC

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### 36 Table C

- 2: POSTUTIL (Repartition) Parameter Values

The CALUTIL will be used t o perform HNO3/NO3 repartitioning using the parameters in this table.

Input

Group Variable Description Default Value Recommended Value

1 IBYR Beginning year User Defined Varies

1 IBMO Beginning month User Defined 1

1 IBDY Beginning day User Defined 1

1 IBHR Beginning hour User Defined 1

1 NPER Length of run (hours) User Defined 8760

1 NSPECINP Number of species to process User Defined 9

1 NSPECOUT Number of species to write User Defined 9

1 NDUPLCT Stop if duplicate species names 0 0

1 NSCAL ED Number of CALPUFF data files to be scales 0 0

1 MNITRATE Recompute HNO3/NO3 concentration partition 0 1

1 BKNH3 Background ammonia concentrations 10. 0 .5

2 ASPECI Species to input User Defined SO2,SO4,NOX,HNO3,

NO3,PMF,PMC,EC,SOA

2 ASPECO Speceis to output User Defined SO2,SO4,NOX,HNO3,

NO3,PMF,PMC,EC,SOAUNC

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### 37 Table C

- 3. Background Extinction Coefficients (20% Best Days).

(NH 4 ) 2 SO 4 NH 4 NO 3 OM EC Soil CM Sea Salt Rayleigh

Class I Area Abbrev. μg/m3 μg/m3 μg/m3 μg/m3 μg/m3 μg/m3 μg/m3 Mm

- 1

Anacon da Pintler Wilderness ANAC2 0.04 0.03 0.12 0.01 0.07 0.31 0.00 10

Bob Marshall Wilderness BOMA3 0.05 0.04 0.19 0.01 0.08 0.37 0.00 10

Cabinet Mountains Wilderness CAMO2 0.05 0.05 0.13 0.01 0.09 0.42 0.01 10

Gates of the Mountains Wilderness GAMO 0.04 0. 04 0.13 0.01 0.07 0.49 0.00 9

Glacier NP GLAC3 0.05 0.03 0.17 0.01 0.11 0.57 0.00 11

Mission Mountains Wilderness MIMO2 0.05 0.04 0.19 0.01 0.08 0.37 0.00 10

North Absaroka Wilderness NOAB2 0.05 0.04 0.16 0.00 0.11 0.82 0.00 9

Red Rock Lakes Wilderness REDRWILD 0.06 0.05 0.17 0.01 0.08 0.33 0.00 9

Scapegoat Wilderness SCAP2 0.05 0.04 0.19 0.01 0.08 0.37 0.00 10

Selway

- Bitterroot Wilderness SELW4 0.04 0.03 0.12 0.01 0.07 0.31 0.00 10

Teton Wilderness TETO2 0.06 0.05 0.17 0.01 0.08 0.33 0.00 9

Theodor e Roosevelt NP THRO 0.07 0.04 0.26 0.01 0.21 1.20 0.01 11

UL Bend Wilderness ULBEWILD 0.05 0.03 0.18 0.01 0.15 0.93 0.01 11

Washakie Wilderness WASH3 0.05 0.04 0.16 0.00 0.11 0.82 0.00 9

Yellowstone NP YELL4 0.06 0.05 0.17 0.01 0.08 0.33 0.00 9

Taken from FLAGG, 2010 Table 5UNC

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### 38 Table C

- 4. Monthly f L 

### (RH)

– Large (NH 4 

### ) 2 

### SO 4 

### and NH 4 

### NO 3 

### Relative Humidity Adjustment Factor.

Class I Area Abbrev. Jan Feb Mar Apr May Jun Jul Aug Sep Oct Nov Dec

Anaconda Pintler Wilderness ANAC2 2.75 2.46 2.24 2.08 2.06 2.01 1. 76 1.72 1.88 2.22 2.66 2.74

Bob Marshall Wilderness BOMA3 2.82 2.54 2.35 2.22 2.21 2.19 1.98 1.92 2.15 2.43 2.78 2.81

Cabinet Mountains Wilderness CAMO2 3.07 2.73 2.45 2.26 2.24 2.21 1.98 1.92 2.19 2.53 3.03 3.11

Gates of the Mountains Wilderness GAMO 2 .46 2.25 2.15 2.05 2.02 2.00 1.81 1.77 1.91 2.15 2.37 2.41

Glacier NP GLAC3 3.21 2.84 2.69 2.55 2.58 2.56 2.24 2.22 2.57 2.81 3.08 3.13

Mission Mountains Wilderness MIMO2 2.93 2.62 2.37 2.20 2.21 2.19 1.98 1.92 2.15 2.46 2.91 2.96

North Absaroka Wildern ess NOAB2 2.16 2.05 2.01 1.95 1.94 1.77 1.58 1.50 1.67 1.87 2.12 2.14

Red Rock Lakes Wilderness REDRWILD 2.39 2.20 2.06 1.95 1.92 1.80 1.60 1.54 1.69 1.93 2.30 2.37

Scapegoat Wilderness SCAP2 2.74 2.47 2.30 2.18 2.16 2.14 1.93 1.87 2.07 2.35 2.70 2.72

S elway

- Bitterroot Wilderness SELW4 2.90 2.57 2.26 2.05 2.03 1.95 1.67 1.63 1.81 2.19 2.76 2.91

Teton Wilderness TETO2 2.22 2.09 2.01 1.92 1.91 1.72 1.52 1.47 1.65 1.86 2.15 2.19

Theodore Roosevelt NP THRO 2.47 2.42 2.45 2.12 2.14 2.21 2.14 1.99 1.99 2.10 2.58 2.57

UL Bend Wilderness ULBEWILD 2.33 2.20 2.19 2.03 1.96 1.95 1.80 1.66 1.76 2.00 2.31 2.32

Washakie Wilderness WASH3 2.16 2.05 2.01 1.94 1.93 1.74 1.54 1.48 1.66 1.86 2.12 2.14

Yellowstone NP YELL4 2.24 2.11 2.03 1.95 1.94 1.78 1.59 1.53 1.69 1.9 1 2.19 2.22

Taken from FLAGG, 2010 Table 7UNC

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### 39 Table C

- 5. Monthly f S 

### (RH)

– Small (NH 4 

### ) 2 

### SO 4 

### and NH 4 

### NO 3 

### Relative Humidity Adjustment Factor.

Class I Area Abbrev. Jan Feb Mar Apr May Jun Jul Aug Sep Oct Nov Dec

Anaconda Pintler Wilderness ANAC2 3.72 3.23 2.8 7 2.62 2.60 2.52 2.14 2.07 2.33 2.87 3.60 3.71

Bob Marshall Wilderness BOMA3 3.84 3.35 3.06 2.86 2.86 2.84 2.49 2.39 2.77 3.22 3.81 3.83

Cabinet Mountains Wilderness CAMO2 4.30 3.69 3.23 2.91 2.91 2.87 2.50 2.40 2.84 3.40 4.26 4.37

Gates of the Mountain s Wilderness GAMO 3.20 2.85 2.71 2.57 2.53 2.50 2.21 2.14 2.37 2.74 3.09 3.12

Glacier NP GLAC3 4.53 3.87 3.63 3.39 3.51 3.48 2.91 2.87 3.47 3.86 4.29 4.37

Mission Mountains Wilderness MIMO2 4.03 3.51 3.08 2.82 2.84 2.83 2.49 2.40 2.78 3.28 4.04 4.08

Nor th Absaroka Wilderness NOAB2 2.68 2.51 2.50 2.42 2.40 2.13 1.83 1.72 1.98 2.31 2.65 2.65

Red Rock Lakes Wilderness REDRWILD 3.09 2.76 2.57 2.41 2.38 2.17 1.86 1.77 2.01 2.39 2.96 3.05

Scapegoat Wilderness SCAP2 3.70 3.24 2.97 2.79 2.78 2.75 2.41 2.31 2.6 5 3.09 3.67 3.68

Selway

- Bitterroot Wilderness SELW4 3.99 3.41 2.90 2.56 2.54 2.43 2.00 1.93 2.21 2.82 3.78 4.01

Teton Wilderness TETO2 2.78 2.59 2.49 2.37 2.36 2.06 1.75 1.67 1.96 2.28 2.70 2.73

Theodore Roosevelt NP THRO 3.17 3.11 3.22 2.71 2.74 2.85 2 .73 2.49 2.48 2.66 3.42 3.37

UL Bend Wilderness ULBEWILD 2.94 2.75 2.77 2.55 2.44 2.41 2.19 1.97 2.12 2.50 2.96 2.95

Washakie Wilderness WASH3 2.68 2.52 2.49 2.40 2.40 2.09 1.77 1.68 1.98 2.29 2.66 2.65

Yellowstone NP YELL4 2.82 2.61 2.53 2.42 2.41 2.16 1.86 1.76 2.02 2.36 2.78 2.80

Taken from FLAGG, 2010 Table 8UNC

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### 40 Table C

- 6. Monthly f SS 

### (RH)

– Sea Salt Relative Humidity Adjustment Factor.

Class I Area Abbrev. Jan Feb Mar Apr May Jun Jul Aug Sep Oct Nov Dec

Anaconda Pintler Wilderness ANAC2 4.00 3.56 3. 18 2.90 2.85 2.75 2.33 2.25 2.52 3.10 3.81 3.97

Bob Marshall Wilderness BOMA3 4.08 3.66 3.35 3.11 3.08 3.04 2.68 2.59 2.94 3.42 3.98 4.05

Cabinet Mountains Wilderness CAMO2 4.42 3.93 3.50 3.18 3.13 3.06 2.67 2.59 3.01 3.58 4.33 4.46

Gates of the Mountai ns Wilderness GAMO 3.62 3.27 3.05 2.85 2.80 2.74 2.43 2.35 2.58 2.99 3.41 3.52

Glacier NP GLAC3 4.61 4.12 3.87 3.64 3.63 3.59 3.11 3.11 3.63 4.03 4.43 4.51

Mission Mountains Wilderness MIMO2 4.24 3.79 3.38 3.10 3.08 3.04 2.68 2.59 2.96 3.48 4.17 4.26

No rth Absaroka Wilderness NOAB2 3.18 2.97 2.83 2.66 2.64 2.35 2.02 1.89 2.16 2.53 3.03 3.00

Red Rock Lakes Wilderness REDRWILD 3.51 3.18 2.91 2.67 2.63 2.41 2.06 1.94 2.20 2.63 3.29 3.46

Scapegoat Wilderness SCAP2 3.97 3.57 3.27 3.04 3.01 2.96 2.60 2.51 2. 83 3.30 3.86 3.93

Selway

- Bitterroot Wilderness SELW4 4.20 3.71 3.21 2.86 2.80 2.66 2.18 2.09 2.39 3.06 3.96 4.20

Teton Wilderness TETO2 3.26 3.04 2.83 2.61 2.59 2.27 1.93 1.83 2.14 2.50 3.07 3.21

Theodore Roosevelt NP THRO 3.67 3.56 3.51 2.93 2.97 3.09 2.96 2.72 2.72 2.93 3.75 3.78

UL Bend Wilderness ULBEWILD 3.44 3.22 3.12 2.79 2.70 2.67 2.42 2.18 2.35 2.77 3.34 3.40

Washakie Wilderness WASH3 3.18 2.98 2.83 2.64 2.62 2.31 1.96 1.85 2.15 2.50 3.04 3.14

Yellowstone NP YELL4 3.29 3.05 2.87 2.66 2.65 2.39 2.05 1.93 2.21 2.59 3.14 3.25

Taken from FLAGG, 2010 Table 9