UNITED STATES ENVIRONMENTAL PROTECTION AGENCY WASHINGTON, D.C. 20460 

### APR 1.6 Z014

MEMORANDUM OFFICE OF CHEMICAL SAFETY AND POLLUTION PREVENTION

SUBJECT: BEAD Chemical Profile (BCP) for Registration Review: Zoxamide (101702) FROM:

THRU: Carl Chen, Biologist**~ ~**  Biological Analysis Branch Claire Paisley-Jones, Environmental Protection Specialist /'

# -~ 

# L**~** Science Information and Analysis Branch 

# L...--

# fJ
- -l,. Andrew Lee, Economist 

# af.c**~** Economic Analysis Branch (I Biological and Economic Analysis Division (7503P) Arnet Jones, Chief Biological Analysis Branch Diann Sims, Chief Science Information and Analysis Branch Timothy Kiely, Chief 

# S},**1~.** Economic Analysis Branch

## ~**~** Biological and Economic Anal sis Divi · (7503P) TO: Jill Bloom, Chemical Review Manager Pesticide Re-evaluation Division (7508P)


### PeerReview Panel date: February 26,2014

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### SUMMARY First registered in 2001, zoxamide is a fungicide used to control plant diseases including late blight onpotatoes and tomatoes, buckeye rot ontomatoes, and downy mildew on cucurbits and grapes. Based on private market usage data from 2002-2012, zoxamide usage averaged approximately 11,000 pounds ofactive ingredient annually on approximately 80,000 acres of surveyed agricultural crops. The average a.i. rate during this time period was 0.14 pounds a.i. per acre. There are no registered non-agricultural uses. Idaho, North Dakota, Minnesota, Washington, Georgia, and Florida account for over 80% oftotal pounds applied.


### INTRODUCTION The Biological and Economic Analysis Division (BEAD) Chemical Profile (BCP) provides an overview ofthe pestmanagement roles and quantitative usage information for zoxamide. The BCP includes summaries ofprevious BEAD products and available public and/or private use and usage data for zoxamide to describe the role ofthis chemical in pest management. Additional information on use is available in the zoxamide PRD Label Data Report. Informationprovided in this BEAD Chemical Profile (BCP) may be used by stakeholders (e.g., users and registrants), OPP risk assessors, OPP risk managers, andthe general public during the Registration Review process ofthis pesticide.


### USE SITES Zoxamide is registered for use on potatoes, tomatoes, cucurbits and grapes. There are no registered non-agricultural uses.


### FORMULATIONS Zoxamide is formulated as an 80% wettable powder in water soluble packets, and an 8.3% water dispersible granule co-formulated with mancozeb (66.7%).


### APPLICATION METHODS Zoxamide can be applied with ground equipment, including chemigation, or by air.


### HISTORY OFZOXAMIDE AND BEAD PRODUCTS Zoxamide is an oomycete fungicide first registered in the U.S. in2001. A Screening Level Usage Analysis (SLUA) was prepared by BEAD for this chemical in 2013, which provided percentcrop treated for crops treated between 2004 and 2011 (BEAD 2013). Page 2 of9Recently (2008- 2010), EPA issued several FIFRA section 18 emergency requests for use ofzoxamide to controlphytophthora cactorum blight on ginseng for Michigan and Wisconsin, indicating the potential value ofthe chemical for ginseng.

USAGE Based onprivate market usage data from 2003- 2012, zoxamide usage averaged approximately 11,000 pounds ofactive ingredient annually on approximately 80,000 acres ofsurveyed agricultural crops. The average a.i. rate during this time period was 0.14 pounds a.i. per acre. Figure 1presents zoxamide usage inpounds a.i. and total area treated from 2003-2012 (Proprietary Data2003-2012). Bothpounds ofa.i. applied and the total area treated have fluctuated during this time, with no cleartrend to indicate increased ordecreased usefulness to growers over time.

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### Figure 1. 

### Zoxamide TotalAcres Treated and Total Pounds A.I. Applied (2003-2012). Source: Proprietary Data, 2003-2012 Table 1 shows the crops withthe highest use ofzoxamide, as a percent oftotal pounds applied, from 2003-2007 and 2008-2012. Applications to potatoes account for the majority ofusage in both periods.

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### Table 1. 

### Comparison ofCrops with Highest Use ofZoxamide- PercentofTotal P d fA I A li 

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_ %Lbs Crop %Lbs Potatoes 89 Potatoes 85 Cucumbers 4 Cucumbers II

Squash 4 Tomatoes 3 Cantalopes 2 Pumpkins 1 Watermelon 1 Watermelon 0.1 Source: Proprietary Data, 2003-2012 Another measure ofpesticide usage, percent crop treated, indicates the potential importance ofa chemical to a crop. Ofthe top crops listed in Table 1, an average offive percent ofpotatoes, cucumbers, and cantaloupe crops were treated with zoxamide. On average, less than two and a halfpercent ofthe remaining crops were treated with zoxamide. The percent crop treated ofall observed crops from 2004 to 2011 can be found inthe SLUA (BEAD 2013). Such lowpercent crop treated may indicate that zoxamide provides relatively lowbenefits to growers, orthat there are less costly ormore effective alternatives onthe market.
Table 2 shows the states withthe highest use ofzoxamide, as a percent oftotalpounds applied, from 2003-2007 and 2008-2012. The states listed account for over 80 percent of total usage. Idaho, Minnesota, and North Dakota accounted for over 50 percent ofusage in bothtime frames. Zoxamide usage in these states is driven solelyby applications to potatoes. Because usage during bothtime periods is so low, apparently large fluctuations inpercent oftotal pounds applied can be caused by relatively small changes in total pounds applied. 

### Table 2. Comparison ofStates with Highest Use ofZoxamide- Percent ofTotalLbs. A 1i 

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# - 1me rames.**~** 2003:-2007 2008-2012 Avyage S< 11,000lbsA.l./YJ Average;:: 11,000lbsA.I./YJ' " State %Lbs State**%~bs** Idaho 19 Idaho 28 North Dakota 18 Minnesota 14

Minnesota 18 North Dakota 14 Washington 14 Wisconsin 9

Georgia 8 Washington 8 Florida 7 California 7 Other* 16 Other* 20 *Other States: ME, NY, WI, PA, TX, DE, MI, MA, *Other States: NC, FL, NY, OR, IN, PA, MI, ME, OH MD, DE Source: Proprietary Data, 2003-2012 Application Rates

Page 4 of9The average a.i. rate for all agricultural crops from 2008-2012 was 0.16lbs per acre. Table 3 shows average a.i. rates oftop crops (crops with the greatest percent oftotal pounds a.i. applied as identified in Table 1). The top crops with the highest average a.i. rate are tomatoes andpumpkins both ofwhich had rates above the overall average. The remaining top crops had a.i. rates at or belowthe overall average. T bl 3 Z



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# -**~op** AveragePounds AverageTotal**Ac~es** AverageA.L**Ra~ A.L/y~**  Treated/year 'If (lbs a.i./acre) Potatoes 9,100 68,800 0.13 Cucumbers 1,200 7,100 0.16 Tomatoes 300 1,600 0.17 Pumpkins 100 800 0.17 Watermelon 10 70 0.16 *Total Acres Treated sums all acres treated for a crop, mcludmg those acres that receive multiple treatments. Source: Proprietary Data, 2008-2012 Geographic Distribution ofZoxamide Use Figure 2 shows the geographic distribution ofzoxamide usage over 2008-2012, in terms ofpounds AI applied per 1,000 acres ofstate crop area grown (see Appendix A for interpretation ofthe map). This measure indicates the usage intensity in surveyed states (as opposed to percent oftotal pounds applied, which is presented in Table 2). Usage intensity is highest in Maine and Idaho followed by New York and Washington. Again, because ofthe relatively lowusage ofzoxamide, apparent differences in state usage may be caused by small changes in actual pounds applied.

Page 5 of9Pounds Active Ingredient per 1,000 Crop Acres Grown CJNoData U <OD4 (d o.04-0.11

- 012-0.14

- >0.14 Figure 2. Annual average agricultural use intensity ofZoxamide (2008-2012).
CHEMICAL AND USE CHARACTERISTICS Zoxamide is a fungicide currently registered to control plant diseases including late blight onpotatoes and tomatoes, buckeye rot on tomatoes, and downy mildew on cucurbits and grapes. One ofits two end-use products registered under section 3 ofthe Federal Insecticide, Fungicide, and Rodenticide Act (FIFRA) is a single active ingredient product, Zoxium® 80WSP, which had no usage reported inProprietary Data. The other product is Gavel® 75DF, a pre-mixture ofzoxamide and mancozeb. Itis registered to control various diseases including early blight and leafspot on potatoes and tomatoes, and bacterial speck or spot ontomatoes. Zoxamide belongs to the group**o~**benzamides classified by the Fungicide Resistance Action Committee (FRAC) and coded as FRAC group 22 with a lowto medium risk in resistance development, and FRAC states that resistance management is required (FRAC, 2013). Mancozeb is at lowrisk ofdeveloping resistance (FRAC, 2013). Their combinationproduct ofGavel® 75DF is a protectant fungicide that canbe applied in a regularly scheduled preventative sprayprogram without limitation on the number of Page 

### 6 of9sequential application that is required when the single active ingredientproduct of zoxamide is used. Applications are made on a 1 0-14 day schedule during time ofrapid vine growth (Idaho Potato Pulse, 2014). The label ofGavel® 75DF also states that, in addition to the foliar applications, "asingle application for seedtreatment may be made on crops that have registeredseedtreatment uses." These are interesting use characteristics ofzoxamide that could have potential to increase its use in the future.
ROLE OF ZOXAMIDE IN PEST MANAGEMENT The major agricultural use ofzoxamide is onpotatoes. Approximately 100,000 acres of potatoes were treated with zoxamide in 2012, including approximately 30,000 acres in Idaho (Proprietary Data, 2012). Other states that used zoxamide on potatoes in 2012 included California, Florida, New York, and Washington. Gavel® 75DF that contains zoxamide has been recommended for use with its preventative nature to apply early inthe seasonbefore the occurrence ofdisease in the region (Virginia Potato Profile, 2003). Standard protectants including Gavel® 75DF have resulted in very good late blight control when applied before an outbreak (Idaho Potato Pulse, 2014). Zoxamide was also used on other sites including cucurbits and tomatoes, with approximately five percent ofcantaloupes and cucumbers and less than 2.5 percent of pumpkins, squash, and watermelons treated on average (SLUA, 2013). The disease on cucurbits that zoxamide was mainly used to control was downy mildew (Proprietary Data, 2001-2012). Although acreage treated is low, zoxamide has been used since 2011 ontomatoes in California, as one offungicides currently in consideration for use in this important tomato productionregion (Proprietary Data, 2001-2012). Zoxamide has been recommended for control ofmultiple diseases including late blight and early blight on tomatoes (New Jersey Tomato Profile, 2007). Ithas also been listed among fungicides available to Floridatomato**grow~rs** since 2006 (Florida Tomato Profile, 2006). Zoxamide may also have potential for use ondiseases or sites that are not listed onthe label. A FIFRA section 2(ee) recommendation for Gavel® 75DF, a pre-packaged combinationproduct containing zoxamide, has been issued inNew York so growers have another fungicide for managing Phytophthorablight in most cucurbit crops (New Fungicide on Cucurbits, 2014). Zoxamide was also needed to control Phytophthora blight under emergency exemptions through FIFRA section 18 and was used on ginseng in Michigan and Wisconsin. DATA NEEDS The Agency currently does not have certain important information on zoxamide. Obtaining the following information may improve future assessments conducted by the Agencyrelated to the use and importance ofzoxamide.

• Any future use/usage data on some important crops such as grapes, which currently have no usage reported in Proprietary Data. Page 7 of9REFERENCES BEAD. 2013. Zoxamide Screening Level Usage Analysis (SLUA). Florida Tomato Profile. 2006. http://www.ipmcenters.org/cropprofiles/docs/FLtomatoes.pdfaccessed online January 2014. FRAC. 2013. Fungicide Resistance Action Committee. http://www.frac.info/frac/index.htm accessed online January 2014. Idaho Potato Pulse. 2014. Idaho Potato Commission. http://industry.idahopotato.com/?page=potato pulse detail&id=126&is popup=1 accessed online February 2014

. NewFungicide on Cucurbits. 2014. Zoxamide use for control ofPhytophthorablight on cucurbits: a FIFRA 2(ee) recommendation ofGavel® 75DF inNew York. Vegetable MD Online. Cornell University. http://vegetablemdonline.ppath.comell.edu/NewsArticles/Cuc Gavel.htm accessed online January 2014 NewJersey Tomato Profile. 2007. http://www.ipmcenters.org/cropprofiles/docs/NJtomatoes.pdf accessed online January 2014. Proprietary Data. 2001-2012. (pesticide usage data) Virginia Potato Profile. 2003. http://www.ipmcenters.org/cropprofiles/docsN Apotato.pdf accessed online January 2014

Page 8 of9APPENDIX A The map includedherein is primarily for the use ofthe risk assessors in the Environmental Fate and Effects Division. The map provides a very broad geographical view ofthe average annual amount (inpounds) ofthe active ingredient applied per 1,000 acres ofcrop acres grown. These data are included in the maps because risk assessors are interested inthe amount ofa pesticide used across agricultural land. The calculated values presented in the map are not equivalent to an applicationrate (lb ai/ A). The data used to make these maps have several limitations. Any interpretation ofthe maps should consider the underlying data and the associated limitations carefully. The numerator (annual average pounds applied) is based on private market surveys of pesticide use in agriculture averaged over the last five years (Proprietary Data, 2008- 2012). These surveys cover about 60 crops and are targeted in states thatproduce the majority ofthe crop. Although the surveys capture most ofthe use ofa particular active ingredient in agriculture, there are several limitations to these surveys.

• States with minor production ofa surveyed crop are not sampled • Not all types ofpesticides are surveyed in every crop in every year • Many specialty crops with very small acreages are not included in the survey The result ofthese limitations is that states that show no usage may actually have a small amount ofthe active ingredient being used. In some cases the displayed use intensity may be distorted because the surveyed crops and the reported pesticide usage may not accurately represent the actual pesticide usage onthe crops produced in the state. The denominator (1,000 crop acres grown) was also obtained from the same private market survey database. The "Crop Acres Grown" variable represents the total acres grown in a given state ofall ofthe surveyed crops. This value is independent ofpesticide usage and pesticide registration. It is important to note that the surveyed crops (about 60) are sampled from states that are majorproducers ofeach crop. Therefore, there are cases where the actual crop acreage in a state is higher thanthat reported by crop acres grown in the survey because eitherthat state and/or crop was not included in the survey. The reader should pay particular attention to the figure legends and realize that a map prepared for a particular chemical is not directly comparable to a map prepared for a different chemical as the legend bins will likely be different.

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