### In the 

# United States Court of Appeals For the Seventh Circuit

____________________ No. 21-2449
P ROTECT O UR P ARKS , I NC ., et al. , Plaintiffs

- Appellants
,

v.

P ETE B UTTIGIEG , Secretary of Transportation, et al. , Defendants

- Appellees

.

____________________ Appeal from the United States District Court for the Northern District of Illinois , Eastern Division. No. 21

- cv

- 2006 — John Robert Blakey , Judge

.

____________________
A UGUST 19, 2021

____________________

Before K ANNE , W OOD , and H AMILTON , Circuit Judges

. P ER C URIAM

. In 2016, the City of Chicago and the Barack Obama Foundation selected Jackson Park in Chicago as thelocation for the Obama Presidential Center. The Center, consisting of a museum, public library, and other spaces for cultural enrichment and education related to the life and presidency of Barack Obama , will take up about 20 acres of the park and require that the City close several nearby roadways. The National Park Service ap proved the City’s plan to build2 No. 21-2449

in the park on the condition that the City expand nearbyspaces for public recreation. The Federal Highway Administration approved construction of new roadways to make up for the roadways the City was to close. Both agencies together performed an environmental assessment and concluded that their decisions would have an insignificant effect on the environment and were the least damaging alternatives available to each agency. But they did not consider whether the City could hav e further reduced environmental harms by building the Center elsewhere. A group of concerned local citizens , headed by the organization Protect Our Parks , Inc. , argued that th is environmental review was too cramped; they sought to enjoin construction of th e Center under the Administrative Procedure Act (APA) , 5 U.S.C. § 702. The district court denied Protect Our Parks’s request for a preliminary injunction on August 5. Protect Our Parks promptly moved to enjoin construction pending its appeal from that orde r . We denied that motion on August 13 and now explain our decision.
I
This is the second time Protect Our Parks has appeared befor e this court challenging the construction of the Center. It previously asserted that the City’s choice to build the Center in Jackson Park violated state law and the United States Constitution. We affirmed summary judgment for the defendants on the constitutional claims but vacated judgment on the
state

- law claims for lack of jurisdiction , because Protect Our Parks’s claims amounted to little more than a policy disagreement with the City’s decision to locate the Center in Jackson Park

. Protect Our Parks, In c. v. Chi

. Park Dist. , 971 F.3d 722, 728 (7th Cir. 2020), cert. denied sub nom. Protect Our Parks, Inc. v.No. 21-2449 3

City of Chicago , No. 20 -1259 , 2021 WL 1602736 (U.S. Apr. 26, 2021). While that litigation was ongoing, federal agencies review ed the City’s plans. S everal agencies had a hand in the process , but the motion now before us centers on two: the National Park Service and the Federal Highway Administration.
The Park Service became involved because Jackson Park benefited from federal grants under the Urban Pa rk and Recreation Recovery Program

. The grants committed the City to maintain ing Jackson Park for public

- recreation purposes

. Constructing the Center will require a conversion of recreational park land to non

- recreational buildings

. The relevant statute provides that the Service “shall approve such conversion” if it is consistent with an applicable program and there are conditions “to ensure the provision of adequate recreation properties and opportunities of reasonably equivalent loc ation and usefulness” in the park. 54 U.S.C. § 200507. The City proposed constructing new recreation areas nearby for a net gain of public

- recreation property, and the construction was consistent with all existing park plans, and so the Service gave its ap proval. The agency saw no other practical alternative that would fulfill the City and Foundation’s objectiv es, which included building the Center in the community where President Obama had lived and worked. The City’s construction plans also required clos ing a few local roadways near the location where the Center is to be built. The City was free to close the se local roads without federal approval, but when it proposed widening other streets to make up for the clos ures and sought federal funds to do so, th e Highway Administration stepped in

. Under section 4(f) of the Department of Transportation Act of 1966 , the use of4 No. 21-2449

parkland for a federal transportation program or project required the Administration to find that “(1) there is no prudentand feasible alternative to using that land; and (2) the program or project includes all possible planning to minimize harm to the park ....” 49 U.S.C. § 303(c). The Administration

rev iewed several possible plans for how to build new roadways and approved “A lternative 9B” as the only feasible and least harmful option. Each alternative it considered, including the one it labeled “no

- action , ” assumed that the Center would be built and the existing roadways closed; the difference s
were confined to the questions whether and how new roads would be constructed to compensate

. The two agencies together prepared a n environmental assessment and concluded that the ir decisions would not cause a “sig nificant” impact requiring an environmental impact statement under the National Environmental Policy Act (NEPA), 42 U.S.C. § 4332(C) . See 40 C.F.R. § 1508.9 (2019) (describing environmental assessment)

. In conducting that assessment, the agencies noted that they did not “have approval authority over the placement of the [Center] in Jackson Park (or of its design); nor do they have approval authority over the road closures in Jackson Park.” They limited their review to the environmental impact of “alternativ es within the scope of their authority ” and split the possibilities into three alternatives: (A) neither the Park Service nor the Highway Administration approves the City’s proposal, (B) only the Park Service approves , and (C) both approve

. Protect Our Parks’s claim s in this lawsuit center on the agencies’ chosen alternatives. It contends that the agencies arbitrarily limited themselves to the parts of the City’s plans over which they had approval authority, rather than moreNo. 21-2449 5

globally considering alternat ives , including the possibility of a different location for the Center. If they had considered building the Center elsewhere , Protect Our Parks insist s, then the agencies would have found that there were less environmentally damaging locations

. Protect Our Parks further contends that the agencies ’ environmental assessment failed to appreciate fully the impact of Alternative C

. The district court denied a preliminary injunction. It concluded that the agencies had no obligation to consider alternative locatio ns and that Protect Our Parks’s disputes with the assessment were “nothing more than disagreements about substantive decisions” that were unlikely to succee d. See Protect Our Parks, Inc. v. Buttigieg , No. 21

- cv

- 2006, 2021 WL 3566600 at *9 (N.D. Ill. Aug. 12, 2021). Protect Our Parks appealed the denial of the preliminary injunction , 28 U.S.C. § 129 2(a) (1) , and moved for an injunction pending the outcome of its appeal , F ED

. R. A PP

. P. 8. We denied the motion after considering the arguments in support of it, the defendants’ responses, and submissions from amici curiae

. II An injunction pending appeal is an extraordinary remedy , just like any other injunction. See Cavel Int'l, Inc. v. Madigan
, 500 F.3d 544, 547 (7th Cir. 2007). To be entitled to this interim relief, the party seeking the injunction (here, the plaintiff)

“ must establish that he is likely to succeed on the merits, thathe is likely to suffer irreparable harm in the absence of preliminary relief, that the balance of equities tips in his favor, and that an injunction is in the public interest.” Winter v. Nat. Res. Def. Council, Inc. , 555 U.S. 7, 20 (2008) . Although a plaintiff6 No. 21-2449

need not show by a preponderance of the evidence that sh e will win her suit , the mere possibility of success is not enough ; she must make a “strong” showing on the merits

. Ill

. Republican Party v. Pritzker , 973 F.3d 760, 762 –63 (7th Cir. 2020), cert. denied, 141 S. Ct. 1754 (2021)

. Protect Our Parks’s claims do not meet this standard.
Protect Our Parks’s central theory is that the agencies unlawfully “segmented ” their review under the NEPA. That
statute requires federal agencies to prepare an environmental impact statement for any “ major Federal actions significantly affecting the quality of the human environment.” 42 U.S.C. § 4332(C ). “’Piecemealing’ or ‘segmentation,’ ... ‘allows anagency to avoid the NEPA requirement that an [impact statement] be prepared for all major federal acti on with significant environmental impacts by segmenting an overall plan intosmaller parts involving action with less significant environmental effects.’” Highway J Citizens Grp. v. Mineta , 349 F.3d 938, 962 (7th Cir. 2003) (quoting City of West Chicago v. NRC , 701 F.2d 632, 650 (7th Cir. 1983))

. Protect Our Parks insists that the agencies f oun d no significant environmental impact only by separating the federal decisions

— whether to approve the conversion of recreation property and whether to expand the roadways— from the state decision to build the Center in Jackson Park. If the agencies had considered alternative locations , Protect O ur Parks argues, then they would have found building elsewhere to be the least environmentally harmful option

. The first pr oblem with Protect Our Parks’s position is thatit fails to take into account the deference courts owe to agencies with respect to relevant scope of a project. See Kleppe v. Sierra Club , 427 U.S. 390, 414 (1976) (finding the decision of the Department of t he Interior not to prepare an EIS regardingNo. 21-2449 7

coal production on the entire Northern Great Plains region not to be arbitrary). In addition, a s the district court recognized, s egmentation refers only to the situation that arises when a n agency arbitrar ily separat es r elated federal actions from one another

. The Center is a local project, and the federal government ha s no authority to fix its location. Without federal involvement we do not even reach the issue whether the federal government segmen ted its actions . See Old Town Neighborhood Ass'n Inc. v. Kauffman , 333 F.3d 732, 735 (7th Cir. 2003). That is because the NEPA requires an impact statement only for “major Federal actions,” which the relevant regulations define to mean actions that are “potentially subject to Federal control and responsibility .” 40 C.F.R. § 1508.18 (2019)

. E nvironmental harm that federal agencies do not cause is irrelevant. See Mineta , 349 F.3d at 954 & n.3

. Moreover, the agency’s actions must be both a factual and

a proximate cause of the asserted harm. See Dep't of Transp. v. Public Citizen , 541 U.S. 752, 767 (2004). The Park Service’s approval was a factual cause of the Center ’s placement in Jackson Park, because construction could not start without its approval , but the agenc y’s limited authority prevented it from being a proximate cause of any damage resulting from the Center

. The Park Service “shall” approve conversion that meets the criteria of 54 U.S.C. § 200507 ; it need not assess “ the environmental impact of an action it could not refuse to perform.” Pub. Citizen , 541 U.S. at 769; see also Sauk Prairie Conservation All. v. U.S. Dep't of the Interior , 944 F.3d 664, 680 (7thCir. 2019) (“Because the National Park Service had no authority to end the helicopter training, there is no causal connection between its decision to approve the provision [that permitted training] and any environmental effects continued training might have.”), cert. denied , 140 S. Ct. 2764 (2020). Put another8 No. 21-2449

way, the agencies mus t take the objectives they are given and consider alternative means of ach iev ing those objectives , not alternative objectives

. Citizens Against Burlington, Inc. v. Busey
, 938 F.2d 190, 199 (D.C. Cir. 1991) (Thomas, J.). The City’s objective was to build the Center in Jackson Park, so from the Park Service ’s perspective, building elsewhere w as not a n alternative , feasible or otherwise

. The causal link between the Center and the Highway Administration’s actions is even more tenuous. C onstructing the Center is not an effect of the Administration’s approval, but the predicate condition for it

. The City has the authority toclose the roadways to build the Center without federal approval . See Old Town Neighbor hood Ass’n , 333 F.3d at 73 5–36

. I f the Center were not built and the roadways were not closed , then the Highway Administration would have no new road construction to approve or disapprove

. In any event, the agencies did consider the full environmental impact of the Center’s constructi on (as an “indirect” effect of the Park S ervice’s decision to approve conversion ) and concluded that it was not “ significant .” We review thatdetermination under the APA’s familiar “arbitrary and capricious” standard , 5 U.S.C. § 706(2)(A) , and ask only if the agency’s decision was “based on a consideration of the relevant factors and whether there has been a clear error of judgment.” DHS v. Regents of the Univ. of Cal

. , 140 S. Ct. 1891, 1905 (2020) (quoting Citizens to Preserve Overton Park, Inc. v. Volpe , 401 U.S. 402, 416 (1971)). “If an agency considers the properfactors and makes a factual determination on whether the environmental impacts are significant or not, that decision implicates substantial agency expertise and is entitled toNo. 21-2449 9

deference.” Mineta , 349 F.3d at 953 (quoting Ind

. Forest Alliance, Inc. v. U.S. Forest Serv. , 325 F.3d 851, 859 (7th Cir. 2003)). Protect Our Parks has not shown it is likely to overcome this deference. Its arguments are, as the district court recognized, disputes with the agencies’ substantive judgmen t, which we typically do not second

- guess , so long as the agenc y has followed the required procedures. See Env't L. & Pol'y Ctr. v. NRC , 470 F.3d 676, 685 (7th Cir. 2006).
Protect Our Parks contend s that the agencies ignored the environmental impact of cutting down around 800 trees to build the C enter. But t he agencies reviewed a meticulous tree survey and determined that the City’s plan to provide 1:1 replacement with new trees would result in long

- term environmental benefits, or at least end up neutral. Protect Our Parks argues that current trees and future saplings are not equivalent , but i t is not our role to decide the relative value of the lon g- and short

- term. Protect Our Parks also argues that the City’s decision to restrict tree removal during migratory birds’ breeding season is an admission that removing the trees will significantly harm the birds. The City’s efforts to mitigate harm, thoug h, do not imply that the harm, once mitigated , remains significant; they do not even necessarily imply it was significant to begin with. The agencies reasonably determined that the unaffected 500- plus acres of Jackson Park will provide the birds a comfortable environment during construction. Finally, the agencies took the necessary “hard look” at Jackson Park’s histor ic al features

. See Habitat Educ. Ctr., Inc. v. U.S. Forest Serv. , 673 F.3d 518, 526 (7th Cir. 2012). The agencies recognized that Jac kson Park will change with the addition of the Center, but they also recognized that it has changed before . The City ’s plans include conscious efforts to integrate10 No. 21-2449

the Center with the existing landscape and to fulfill the vision of the Park’s designer, Fre derick Law Olmsted. Protect Our Parks is unlikely to show that the agencies made a clear error in judgment when weighing the benefits of change against history.
III For the foregoing reasons, we denied t he motion for an injunction pending appeal. Protect Our Parks also asks us to expedite this appeal. That request is granted, and a n expedited briefing schedule will issue separately

.