This order and judgment is not binding precedent, except under the doctrines of *

law of the case, res judicata, and collateral estoppel. It may be cited, however, for its

persuasive value consistent with Fed. R. App. P. 32.1 (eff. Dec. 1, 2006) and 10th Cir. R.

32.1 (eff. Jan. 1, 2007).

The Honorable Judith C. Herrera, United States District Judge for the District of **

New Mexico, sitting by designation.

F I LED

United States Court of Appeals

Tenth Circuit

December 28, 2006

Elisabeth A. Shumaker

Clerk of Court

UNITED STATES COURT OF APPEALS

TENTH CIRCUIT

SHARON MULLER and JEFF

MULLER,

Plaintiffs-Appellants,

v. No. 03-8072

JACKSON HOLE MOUNTAIN

RESORT CORPORATION,

Defendant-Appellee.

STATE OF WYOMING,

 Intervenor.

(D.C. No. 01-CV-168-D)

(D. Wyoming)

ORDER AND JUDGMENT

*

Before BRISCOE, and HARTZ, Circuit Judges, and HERRERA, District Judge**

After examining the briefs and appellate record, this panel has determined

unanimously that oral argument would not materially assist in the determination of this

appeal. See Fed. R. App. P. 34(a)(2); 10th Cir. R. 34.1(G). The case is, therefore,
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ordered submitted without oral argument. 

Plaintiffs Sharon Muller and Jeff Muller appeal from the judgment entered in favor

of defendant Jackson Hole Mountain Resort Corporation (“the Resort”) on the Mullers’

negligence claim. After a three-day trial before a magistrate judge, a jury determined that

the injuries that Sharon suffered while attempting to board a gondola were an inherent

risk of skiing under the Wyoming Recreational Safety Act (“RSA”). Therefore, the RSA

precluded any recovery for the Mullers under their negligence claim. 

On appeal, the Mullers challenge that judgment, asserting that the RSA is

unconstitutional, that the RSA does not apply to this case, that Sharon’s injuries did not

result from an inherent risk of skiing, and that the Resort is a common carrier under the

Wyoming Constitution. We exercise jurisdiction under 28 U.S.C. § 1291 and affirm.

I.

The Mullers, a married couple from Hawaii, traveled to the Resort for a skiing

vacation. Aplt. App. at 59. On February 3, 2001, Sharon attempted to board a gondola at

the Resort to ride to the top of a hill. Id. at 32. Sharon alleges that her foot became

caught in a space between the lift and a bunched up mat. Id. at 79. The gondola pulled

her forward for approximately fifteen feet until she managed to escape. Id. at 72. As a

result, she suffered permanent injuries to her leg. Id. at 67, 83. 

Contending that the Resort’s negligent operation of the gondola led to Sharon’s

injuries, the Mullers sued the ski resort in federal court under diversity jurisdiction. 

Issues now raised on appeal involve the RSA, which provides: 
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(a) Any person who takes part in any sport or recreational opportunity

assumes the inherent risks in that sport or recreational opportunity, whether

those risks are known or unknown, and is legally responsible for any and all

damage, injury or death to himself or other persons or property that results

from the inherent risks in that sport or recreational opportunity.

(b) A provider of any sport or recreational opportunity is not required to

eliminate, alter or control the inherent risks within the particular sport or

recreational opportunity.

(c) Actions based upon negligence of the provider wherein the damage, injury

or death is not the result of an inherent risk of the sport or recreational

opportunity shall be preserved pursuant to W.S. 1-1-109. 

WYO. STAT. ANN. § 1-1-123(a), (b), (c) (emphasis added). The Act defines “inherent

risk” as “those dangers or conditions which are characteristic of, intrinsic to, or an

integral part of any sport or recreational opportunity.” Id. § 1-1-122(a)(i). The RSA’s

exclusion clause preserves the right to sue on “a cause of action based upon the design or

manufacture of sport or recreational equipment or products or safety equipment used

incidental to or required by the sport or recreational opportunity.” Id. § 1-1-122(a)(ii). 

At trial, the magistrate judge ruled that § 1-1-123’s inherent risk standard applied,

because the facts of the case did not trigger the RSA’s exclusion clause. Aplt. App. at 45-

47. As a consequence, the court instructed the jury that the Resort would not be liable if

Muller’s injury “resulted from an inherent risk of the recreational opportunity in which

she was taking part.” Id. at 42, 45-47. The court also denied the Mullers’ motion to

include a jury instruction that the Resort is a common carrier under Section 7 of Article

10 to the Wyoming Constitution, which would have subjected the Resort to a higher

standard of care. Id. at 53-54.
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The jury ultimately found for the Resort, concluding that Sharon’s injuries resulted

from an inherent risk of a recreational opportunity under the RSA. After the magistrate

judge entered judgment in favor of the Resort, the Mullers filed this appeal. Initially, the

Mullers raised four issues: (1) whether the RSA is unconstitutional, because it violates

equal protection principles and is void for vagueness; (2) whether the RSA’s exclusion

clause bars application of the RSA’s inherent risk standard to this case; (3) whether an

injury from loading onto a gondola is an inherent risk of alpine skiing; and (4) whether

the court improperly failed to instruct on the Resort’s status as a common carrier under

the Wyoming Constitution. Aplt. Opening Br. at 1-2. 

II.

We begin by identifying those issues that have been addressed by the Wyoming

Supreme Court as a result of our certifying questions to that court. Pursuant to 10th Cir.

R. 27.1 and Wyo. R. App. P. 11.01, this court certified the second, third, and fourth issues

identified above to the Wyoming Supreme Court. On August 11, 2006, the Wyoming

Supreme Court issued an opinion answering our certified questions. Based on those

answers, we conclude the magistrate judge correctly instructed the jury on inherent risk

because the exclusion clause does not apply to “a ski lift operated by a recreational

provider.” Muller v. Jackson Hole Mountain Resort, 139 P.3d 1162, 1166 (Wyo. 2006). 

Also, we conclude the inherent risks of alpine skiing include injuries that occur “while

boarding a ski lift.” Id. at 1168. These conclusions render the common carrier issue

moot. Id. at 1164. In supplemental briefing, the Mullers did not contend that the
The only exceptions include a Montana case dealing with a similar statute in that 1

state and a case from the District of Wyoming, Westbrook v. Teton County Sch. Dist. No.

1, 918 F. Supp. 1475 (D. Wyo. 1996). The Mullers appear to cite to Westbrook to

establish the general proposition that due process requires prohibitions to be clearly

defined. The Mullers also cite to Walters v. Grand Teton Crest Outfitters, Inc., 804 F.

Supp. 1442 (D. Wyo. 1992), as an example of a court trying to apply the RSA’s inherent

risk standard. Finally, the Mullers highlight Clajon Prod. Corp. v. Petera, 70 F.3d 1566

(10th Cir. 1995) for the general proposition that courts may address the constitutionality

of statutes even when those statutes involve a legislature’s public policy judgments. 

Viewed individually or as a whole, these citations do not cause us to conclude that the

Mullers have alleged a federal constitutional claim. 

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Wyoming Supreme Court’s answers failed to dispose of the second, third, and fourth

issues, characterizing the first issue as the “remaining issue” before us. See Aplt. Supp.

Br. at 1. 

III.

The sole issue remaining in this case is whether the RSA is unconstitutional. The

Mullers argue that the RSA violates their right to equal protection, because the RSA

benefits one class (recreational providers) at the expense of another class (those injured

while taking part in recreational activities). Aplt. Opening Br. at 14-15. The Mullers also

assert that the RSA is unconstitutionally vague, because the phrase “inherent risk” is too

ambiguous to give notice to skiers that their injuries on the slopes may not be

compensable. Id. at 16. Although the Mullers fail to make clear whether they are

contending that the RSA runs afoul of state or federal constitutional guarantees, we

conclude that the Mullers’ argument focuses on the Wyoming Constitution because the

authorities the Mullers cite in support of their constitutional arguments are, for the most

part, Wyoming state cases.1
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Before reaching the merits of the Mullers’ arguments, we must ascertain whether

these constitutional issues are properly before us. Generally, we will only consider

arguments on appeal that the parties have first raised before the district court. In re

Walker, 959 F.2d 894, 896 (10th Cir. 1992). The State of Wyoming, an intervenor in this

case, contends that the Mullers never raised their equal protection or vagueness

arguments prior to their assertion of these arguments on appeal. Intervenor Br. at 19-20. 

After reviewing the record, we agree that the Mullers did not preserve these arguments by

raising them below.

The Mullers contend that they raised “the issue of the [RSA’s] constitutionality”

before the magistrate judge and that the magistrate judge ruled that the RSA was

constitutional, thus preserving their equal protection and vagueness arguments for our

review on appeal. Aplt. Reply Br. at 2. The magistrate judge’s constitutional analysis,

however, was limited to whether he should instruct the jury that the Resort was a common

carrier under the Wyoming state constitution, thereby entitling the Mullers to a higher

standard of care. The magistrate judge refused to give the instruction after concluding

that the common carrier issue had been raised too late in the proceedings and because

operators of ski gondolas are not common carriers. Aplt. App. at 34-35, 53-54. While

the Mullers are correct that their common carrier arguments placed the RSA’s

constitutionality at issue, those arguments questioned the RSA’s constitutionality only

with regard to the common carrier provision.

Our waiver rule is not “absolute,” because we may still consider, in our discretion,
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an argument not raised below when it presents “‘a strictly legal question, the proper

resolution of which is beyond doubt or when manifest injustice would otherwise result.’”

Sussman v. Patterson, 108 F.3d 1206, 1210 (10th Cir. 1997) (quoting Daigle v. Shell Oil

Co., 972 F.2d 1527, 1539 (10th Cir. 1992)). While the Mullers’ constitutional issues

present strictly legal questions, we cannot conclude that the proper resolution of these

issues is beyond doubt or that a manifest injustice would result if we do not now consider

these issues. Although the Mullers were aware that the RSA could implicate the

Wyoming Constitution, as evidenced by their arguments regarding the common carrier

provision, they did not pursue the equal protection and due process challenges now

alleged. We decline the invitation to address these equal protection and other due process

issues which are raised for the first time on appeal.

AFFIRMED. 

Entered for the Court

Mary Beck Briscoe

Circuit Judge