NOT PRECEDENTIAL

UNITED STATES COURT OF APPEALS

FOR THE THIRD CIRCUIT

___________

No. 15-3671

___________

STEVEN A. VONEIDA,

Appellant

v.

ATTORNEY GENERAL PENNSYLVANIA;

JOHN JOHNSON, U.S. Probation Officer

____________________________________

On Appeal from the United States District Court

for the Middle District of Pennsylvania

(D.C. Civil Action No. 1-15-cv-01911)

District Judge: Honorable Christopher C. Conner

____________________________________

Submitted Pursuant to Third Circuit LAR 34.1(a)

September 13, 2017

Before: GREENAWAY, JR., VANASKIE and ROTH, Circuit Judges

(Opinion filed: June 20, 2018)

___________

OPINION*

___________

PER CURIAM

 * This disposition is not an opinion of the full Court and pursuant to I.O.P. 5.7 does not 

constitute binding precedent.
2

Steven Voneida appeals the District Court’s orders dismissing his petition filed 

pursuant to 28 U.S.C. § 2241 and denying his motion for reconsideration. For the 

reasons below, we will vacate the District Court’s judgment and remand the matter for 

further proceedings.

The procedural history of this case and the details of Voneida’s claims are well 

known to the parties, set forth in the District Court’s memorandum order, and need not be 

discussed at length. Briefly, in 2008, Voneida was convicted of transmitting a 

threatening communication in violation of 18 U.S.C. § 875(c). We affirmed his 

conviction and sentence on appeal. United States v. Voneida, 337 F. App’x 246 (3d Cir. 

July 15, 2009). He then filed a motion pursuant to 28 U.S.C. § 2255, which the District 

Court denied, as well as a subsequent § 2255 motion, which was dismissed as second or 

successive.

In October 2015, Voneida filed a petition pursuant to 28 U.S.C. § 2241, arguing 

that the Supreme Court’s decision in Elonis v. United States, 135 S. Ct. 2001 (2015), 

rendered his conduct not criminal. The District Court concluded that Voneida had not 

shown that § 2255 was inadequate or ineffective to test the legality of his sentence and 

dismissed the § 2241 petition for lack of jurisdiction. After the District Court denied 

Voneida’s motion for reconsideration, Voneida filed a notice of appeal. The parties were 

requested to address four issues in their briefs: (1) whether Voneida may bring his claim 

in a petition filed pursuant to 28 U.S.C. § 2241; (2) whether the evidence supports a 

claim of actual innocence such that a remand is necessary; (3) whether Voneida admits to 

posting the statements at issue; and (4) if not, whether he is precluded from challenging 
3

that he intended or knew that the posts would be viewed as threats.1

 We turn now to the 

first of these issues.2

Whether Voneida may proceed under 28 U.S.C. § 2241

We have jurisdiction under 28 U.S.C. § 1291 and exercise plenary review over the 

District Court’s legal conclusions. Cradle v. U.S. ex rel. Miner, 290 F.3d 536, 538 (3d 

Cir. 2002). Under the explicit terms of § 2255, a § 2241 petition cannot be entertained by 

a court unless a §2255 motion would be “inadequate or ineffective.” Id. We have held 

that a defendant may proceed via a § 2241 petition if a subsequent statutory interpretation 

renders the defendant’s conduct no longer criminal and he did not have an earlier 

opportunity to raise the claim. Bruce v. Warden Lewisburg USP, 868 F.3d 170, 180 (3d 

Cir. 2017); In re Dorsainvil, 119 F.3d 245, 251 (3d Cir. 1997). As noted above, Voneida 

argues that the Supreme Court’s statutory interpretation of § 875(c) in Elonis renders his 

conduct not criminal.

In Elonis, the Supreme Court addressed the mental state the Government was 

required to prove to obtain a conviction under § 875(c). A person violates § 875(c) when 

he “transmits in interstate or foreign commerce any communication containing any threat 

to kidnap any person or any threat to injure the person of another.” 18 U.S.C. § 875(c). 

The District Court in Elonis had rejected his request that the jury be required to find that 

 1 Because the District Court dismissed the petition without ordering an answer, the 

Government has not filed an appearance in the appeal. In the Clerk’s March 20, 2017 

order lifting the stay, the attorney representing the Government in Voneida’s criminal 

case was invited to respond. The Government has not filed an appearance in the appeal.

2 Because Voneida admits in his brief that he authored the postings at issue, we need not 

address the third and fourth issues in the briefing order.
4

he intended the communications at issue to be threats. Elonis, 135 S. Ct. at 2007. The 

jury was instructed that the Government needed to prove only that the communications 

would be regarded by a reasonable person as threats.3

 Id. at 2012. The Supreme Court 

rejected this “negligence” standard and concluded that “the mental state requirement in 

Section 875(c) is satisfied if the defendant transmits a communication for the purpose of 

issuing a threat, or with knowledge that the communication will be viewed as a threat.” 

Id. The Supreme Court declined to address whether a mental state of recklessness would 

be sufficient. Id. at 2012-13.4

Elonis effected an intervening change in substantive law which may render 

Voneida’s conduct no longer criminal. Because he had no earlier opportunity to raise the 

claim, Voneida may raise it via a § 2241 petition. See United States v. Tyler, 732 F.3d 

241, 246 (3d Cir. 2013); In re Dorsainvil, 119 F.3d at 251. To support his claim of actual 

innocence, Voneida must establish that it is more likely than not that no reasonable juror 

would have convicted him. See Bousley v. United States, 523 U.S. 614, 623-24 (1998); 

see also Tyler, 732 F.3d at 246 (Bousley standard applies to innocence claims brought 

under § 2241). Thus, we turn to whether the evidence supports a claim of actual 

 3 Voneida’s jury instructions were similar. His jury was told that: “[t]he Government is 

not required to prove, one, that Steven Voneida or anyone else actually intended to carry 

out the threat. They do not have to prove that Voneida had a subjective intent to instill 

fear. They do not have to prove that Voneida knew his act was against the law.”

4 This appeal was initially stayed pending our decision in Elonis on remand from the 

Supreme Court. On remand, we concluded that the erroneous jury instruction in Elonis

was harmless error. United States v. Elonis, 841 F.3d 589, 592 (3d Cir. 2016) cert. 

denied, No. 16-1231, 2017 WL 1365652 (U.S. Oct. 2, 2017). 
5

innocence such that a remand is necessary to allow Voneida to establish his claim. Tyler, 

732 F.3d at 250.

Whether Voneida’s claim of actual innocence requires a remand

Based on the law at the time, the prosecution during Voneida’s trial focused on the 

statements made,5 proof that Voneida made them, and their effect on witnesses who saw 

the postings.6

 Evidence of Voneida’s intent was considered irrelevant. Because the 

District Court dismissed the § 2241 petition for lack of jurisdiction and without ordering 

an answer, the record has not been developed on the issue of Voneida’s actual innocence 

 5 In our opinion addressing Voneida’s direct appeal, we described the internet postings at 

issue:

Two days after the tragic shootings at Virginia Tech, Voneida, a student at 

the Harrisburg campus of Penn State University, posted several statements 

and pictures to different parts of his internet MySpace page that were the 

subject of his conviction. These statements and pictures included: 

“Someday: I'll make the Virginia Tech incident look like a trip to an 

amusement park”; “the weary violent types who are sick of self-righteous, 

lecherous, arrogant, and debauched attitudes displayed by [A]merican 

youth would band together with me for a day, and allow everyone at 

schools and universities across the nation to reap the bitter fruit of the seeds 

that they have been sowing for so long”; expressed “shock [ ]” that after the 

Virginia Tech shootings his classmates “were actually surprised that there 

are people out there who would shoot them if given the opportunity”; “lost 

my respect for[ ] the sanctity of human life”; captioned a posting “Virginia 

Tech Massacre—They got what they deserved,” where he noted his current 

mood was “extatically [sic] happy,” and included a poem dedicated to the 

Virginia Tech shooter that concluded that the shooter’s “undaunted and 

unquenched” wrath would “sweep across the land”; and a picture of the 

bloodied Virginia Tech shooter holding two guns superimposed on a cross 

with the words “martyr,” “massacre,” “enrage,” and “recompense.”

Voneida, 337 F. App’x at 248 (footnotes omitted).

6 In his brief, Voneida argues that the audience for his postings was made up of his close 

friends who did not take the postings as threats. He offers three witnesses who would 

testify that they did not perceive the postings as a genuine threat.
6

and a remand is required for further proceedings. We note that the District Court is not 

limited to the existing record but should consider “all the evidence, including that alleged 

to have been illegally admitted (but with due regard to any unreliability of it) and 

evidence tenably claimed to have been wrongly excluded or to have become available 

only after the trial.” Bruce, 868 F.3d at 184 (quoting Schulp v. Delo, 513 U.S. 298, 327-

28 (1995)). We leave it to the District Court to decide in the first instance, if necessary, 

whether a mens rea of recklessness would satisfy the mental state requirement in Section 

875(c).7

For the above reasons, we will vacate the District Court’s judgment and remand 

the matter for further proceedings. Voneida’s motion for summary reversal is denied.

 7 In Elonis, we declined to address whether a mens rea of recklessness would satisfy the 

mental state requirement in Section 875(c). Elonis, 841 F.3d at 598.