NOT RECOMMENDED FOR PUBLICATION

File Name: 21a0125n.06

No. 20-1259

UNITED STATES COURT OF APPEALS

FOR THE SIXTH CIRCUIT

UNITED STATES OF AMERICA,

Plaintiff-Appellee,

v.

EDWARD PEREZ-RIOS,

Defendant-Appellant.

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ON APPEAL FROM THE 

UNITED STATES DISTRICT 

COURT FOR THE WESTERN 

DISTRICT OF MICHIGAN

BEFORE: BATCHELDER, GRIFFIN, and BUSH, Circuit Judges.

GRIFFIN, Circuit Judge.

Defendant Edward Perez-Rios pleaded guilty to receipt and attempted receipt of child 

pornography. The district court sentenced him to 192 months’ imprisonment and ordered that his 

sentence run consecutively to an undischarged state sentence. On appeal, Perez-Rios argues that 

the district court’s decision to impose a consecutive sentence was procedurally and substantively 

unreasonable because it did not consider the factors described in Application Note 4(A) of 

U.S.S.G. § 5G1.3(d). We reject his argument and affirm. 

I.

In 2016, a Michigan state court convicted Perez-Rios of possession of child sex abuse

material and use of a computer to commit a crime. He received a sentence that included five years’ 

probation. In 2018, he violated his probation by committing welfare fraud. 
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While Perez-Rios awaited sentencing on his probation violation, a federal grand jury 

indicted him on three counts of receipt and attempted receipt of child pornography, in violation of 

18 U.S.C. § 2252A(a)(2)(A), and one count of possession of child pornography, in violation of 

18 U.S.C. § 2252A(a)(5)(B). The state court then sentenced Perez-Rios to an indeterminate 

sentence of 18 months to 7 years for his probation violation. 

Pursuant to a Rule 11 plea agreement, Perez-Rios pleaded guilty to one count of receipt 

and attempted receipt of child pornography. The remaining charges were dismissed. At 

sentencing, the district court considered the 18 U.S.C. § 3553(a) factors and imposed a 192-month 

sentence, which was near the bottom of his Guidelines range. 

Before the court adjourned the sentencing hearing, the government asked for clarification 

on whether Perez-Rios’s federal sentence would run concurrently or consecutively to his state 

sentence. After hearing argument from defense counsel, the court ordered the federal sentence to 

run consecutively to the state sentence. The court reasoned that “[t]he State’s interest in enforcing 

their laws regarding child sex abuse are different and separate from . . . the interests of the federal 

government.” The court also noted that the State of Michigan is a “separate entity and a separate 

sovereign.” Perez-Rios did not object to this reasoning or ask for further clarification of the court’s 

decision. The court entered its judgment, and Perez-Rios now appeals. 

II.

Perez-Rios argues that the district court’s decision to impose a consecutive sentence was

procedurally and substantively unreasonable. Typically, we review a decision to impose a 

consecutive sentence for abuse of discretion. United States v. Watford, 468 F.3d 891, 915 (6th 

Cir. 2006). But where, as here, a defendant challenges the sufficiency of a district court’s 

explanation for imposing a consecutive sentence, but did not object on that basis below, we review 
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for plain error. United States v. Potts, 947 F.3d 357, 364 (6th Cir. 2020); United States v. PabloRamos, 817 F. App’x 112, 114 (6th Cir. 2020) (“A defense counsel’s general objection to the 

imposition of a consecutive sentence at the sentencing hearing does not preserve a challenge on 

appeal to the sufficiency of the district court’s explanation of its reasoning for that sentence.”). 

Under either standard, however, Perez-Rios’s challenge fails because the district court committed 

no error.

III.

If a district court imposes a sentence on a defendant who is already facing an undischarged 

sentence for a state conviction, the court may order the federal sentence to run concurrently, 

partially concurrently, or consecutively to the state sentence. 18 U.S.C. 3584(a); U.S.S.G. 

§ 5G1.3(d). “A challenge to a [district] court’s decision to impose a consecutive or a concurrent 

sentence is not easily classified as ‘substantive’ or ‘procedural[]’ . . . because an evaluation of the 

substantive reasonableness of a decision to impose a consecutive sentence depends heavily upon 

an evaluation of the procedural reasonableness.” United States v. Berry, 565 F.3d 332, 342 (6th 

Cir. 2009). No matter how the challenge is characterized, a consecutive sentence is unreasonable 

if the district court fails to adequately explain why the sentence is consecutive. See United States 

v. Cochrane, 702 F.3d 334, 344 (6th Cir. 2012) (“[I]n order for a sentence to be procedurally 

reasonable, the record must contain the district court’s rationale for concluding that the sentence 

imposed is sufficient but not greater than necessary, to comply with the purposes of sentencing set 

forth in 18 U.S.C. § 3553(a).” (internal quotation marks omitted)).

Here, Perez-Rios argues that his sentence is procedurally and substantively unreasonable 

because the district court failed to address U.S.S.G. § 5G1.3(d) and its commentary. Application 

Note 4(A) to § 5G1.3 articulates five factors that sentencing courts should consider before deciding 
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to run a federal sentence consecutively to a state sentence. They are: (1) the § 3553(a) factors; 

(2) the “type (e.g. determinate, indeterminate/parolable) and length of the prior undischarged 

sentence”; (3) the time served and likely to be served on the undischarged sentence; (4) the 

procedural posture of the undischarged sentence (whether it was imposed in state or federal court 

and when it was imposed); and (5) any other relevant circumstance. U.S.S.G. § 5G1.3, cmt. n. 

4(A).

A district court need not expressly recite the Application Note 4(A) factors. Instead, we 

look to “the totality of the record” to determine whether the district court “followed the rationale”

of Application Note 4(A). Potts, 947 F.3d at 369. “So long as that rationale is ‘generally clear,’

either in a statement by the district court or by reference to the [presentence report] or other 

documents, the district court does not abuse its discretion (let alone commit plain error) and impose 

a procedurally unreasonable sentence, by failing to expressly consider the factors contained in 

§ 5G1.3 Application Note 4(A).” Id. (citing Cochrane, 702 F.3d at 346). 

The totality of the record shows that the district court followed the rationale of Application 

Note 4(A). When imposing Perez-Rios’s sentence, the court weighed the § 3553(a) factors, 

including the seriousness of his offense, his personal characteristics, his criminal history, the need 

for specific and general deterrence, the need to promote respect for the law and provide just 

punishment, and the need to provide correctional treatment to Perez-Rios. The court emphasized 

that Perez-Rios’s offense was a “very serious violation of the criminal law” and that the 

“victimization of youngsters who are depicted in these photographs . . . is a harm which is, in the 

Court’s judgment, immeasurable.” The court recognized his difficult childhood, mental health 

difficulties, education, and employment history, but noted that “[o]ne of the most troubling aspects 

of this particular case is that the defendant committed [this] offense . . . after being convicted in 
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state court of very similar criminal activity involving abusive children activity.” The court 

described this repeated conduct as “very concerning,” and “an aggravating factor” that required 

deterrence. Although the court did not explicitly renew its consideration of the § 3553(a) factors

when deciding to impose a consecutive sentence, we do not require a district court to repeat itself

to comply with § 5G1.3. Potts, 947 F.3d at 369.

The district court also considered the type and length of Perez-Rios’s undischarged 

sentence, noting that the state court had imposed a term of imprisonment of 18 months to 7 years. 

And defense counsel informed the court that Perez-Rios had been in federal custody since his 

indictment, so he had not yet begun serving the state sentence. Finally, the district court recognized 

that the undischarged sentence had been imposed by a state court and that the interests served by 

that sentence are distinct from the interests served by the federal sentence. These circumstances 

can favor imposing consecutive sentences. See United States v. Loose, 730 F. App’x 330, 333 (6th 

Cir. 2018) (affirming a consecutive sentence imposed because “the interests of the sovereignty of 

the State of Michigan and the federal sovereign here for federal conviction are different”). In sum, 

the totality of the record shows that the district court understood its authority to impose a 

concurrent sentence, considered the rationale of Application Note 4(A), and decided that a 

consecutive sentence was more appropriate. 

Perez-Rios tries to equate his case to United States v. Jackson, 764 F. App’x 506 (6th Cir. 

2019), where we remanded for resentencing after the district court did not refer to § 5G1.3 or the 

elements laid out in the commentary when imposing a consecutive sentence. Id. at 509–10. This 

comparison falls flat. In Jackson, we dealt with a federal sentence imposed consecutively to a 

state sentence for conduct relevant to the federal conviction. Id. at 509. Under those 

circumstances, § 5G1.3(c) directs a district court to impose a concurrent federal sentence, and we 
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require the district court to “expressly consider” § 5G1.3(c) in handing down its judgment. Id. 

(citing United States v. Coleman, 15 F.3d 610, 613 (6th Cir. 1994)). But here, the conduct 

underlying Perez-Rios’s state conviction was not relevant to his federal conviction so § 5G1.3(d)—

not § 5G1.3(c)—applies, and the district court was not required to expressly consider that section 

of the Sentencing Guidelines or the factors described in the accompanying commentary. Potts, 

947 F.3d at 369. Because the district court’s reasoning is “generally clear” from the record, PerezRio’s challenge to his consecutive sentence fails. See United States v. Johnson, 640 F.3d 195, 209 

(6th Cir. 2011). 

IV.

We affirm the judgment of the district court.