# Patent

## Title
Use of a lignin for the mechanical reinforcement of an elastomer, and elastomer thus reinforced

## Abstract

A method for the mechanical reinforcement of elastomer polymers, of a chemically unmodified lignin with available functional groups which has a specific surface area of between 0.5 m2/g and 5 m2/g, and preferably between 1 m2/g and 2.5 m2/g. Also an elastomer thus reinforced, in particular without carbon black.

## Background
TECHNICAL FIELD OF THE INVENTION
The present invention relates to a novel use of a pure and non-degraded biopolymer of natural polyphenol type represented by a specific lignin—hereinafter lignin—for mechanical reinforcement in polymeric elastomer structures.
The present invention also relates to an elastomer prepared by implementing the use in accordance with the invention.
The novel use according to the present invention lies in the employment of a particular lignin derived from a vegetable raw material, in particular from wheat straw, and which is composed of low-molecular-weight linear oligomers which behave like homologous phenolic oligomers and polymers.
The novel use of the present invention has been made possible because the pure and non-degraded lignin (hereinafter called “BioligninTM” or else “CIMV lignin”) is prepared by means of a process—hereinafter the “CIMV process”—which is perfectly controlled and which is described in particular in patent document EP-B1-1.180.171.
The notion of purity and the native nature of the “BioligninTM” can in particular be summarized by the following points: residual polysaccharide content, mineral matter content, average molecular weight and distribution, reactive function (in particular hydroxyl) content, all these characteristics being obtained without specific treatment.
Characterization studies carried out, in particular, by Michel Delmas and Bouchra Mlayah Benjelloun, have in addition made it possible to establish the structure and the functionality of CIMV lignin thus prepared, the results of the studies of which have been published in the following documents:
A “Functionality of wheat Straw Lignin Extracted in Organic Acid Media Journal of Applied Polymer Science” in Vol. 121 491-501 (2011);
B “Structural elucidation of the wheat straw lignin polymer . . . ” in JOURNAL OF THE MASS SPECTROMETRY 2003; 38: 900-903;
C “Elucidation of the complex molecular structure of wheat straw lignin polymer . . . ” in RAPID COMMUNICATIONS IN MASS SPECTROMETRY 2007; 21: 2867-2888.
In particular, a certain functionality and/or specific physicochemical properties of this BioligninTM or CIMV lignin demonstrated during these studies have confirmed the potential of this lignin in commercial applications in the manufacture of nontoxic polymers, in particular in the field of adhesives for particle boards, laminated boards, plywood boards and/or in green plastics technology, in particular phenolic resins or epoxy resins.
More surprisingly, the specific physicochemical properties of this lignin have confirmed the potential of this lignin as an excellent carbon black substitute for mechanical reinforcement in polymeric elastomer structures.
It is the latter discovery which forms the basis of the present invention.
STATE OF THE ART
The use of a lignin as a replacement for carbon black as a reinforcing element in the production of elastomer compounds is known from the document “Lignin for Reinforcing Rubber” (J. J. KLEIN AND ARTHUR POLLACK—West Virginia Pulp and Paper Company, Charleston—published more than 60 years ago in “INDUSTRIAL AND ENGINEERING CHEMISTRY Vol. 39, No. 4”.
In addition to the fact that the structure of lignin described in said document is not defined, its physicochemical properties, for example in terms of specific surface area, and its functionality are fundamentally different than those of the lignin which is prepared and non-degraded in accordance with the use according to the invention.
More recent patent documents, for example EP-A1-2.223.928, relate to the use of a “functionalized” lignin and all refer to chemically modified lignin in rubber-based compositions.
In document U.S. Pat. No. 3,223,697, for use as a reinforcing element in a rubber composition (column 2, line 31 et seq.), reference is made to lignins obtained by coprecipitation, i.e. chemically modified lignins. Furthermore, it is indicated that the results obtained after reduction to powder were not satisfactory. Thus, despite the efforts to increase the specific surface area and to reduce the particle size, the replacement of carbon black with lignin was not satisfactory.
Next, (column 3, line 5 et seq.), said document indicates an attempt to reduce the particle diameter so as to obtain a specific surface area of between 3 and 5 m2/g. Firstly, this modification was not satisfactory from the point of view of the results obtained, and, secondly, it still comes under attempts to use chemically modified lignins. Next, as regards the invention which is the subject matter of said document, starting from column 3, line 17 et seq., reference is made to a process for heating and chemically modifying lignin with a view to obtaining powdered lignin having a specific surface area of at least 20 m2/g.
Document U.S. Pat. No. 3,984,362 relates to chemically modified lignin and in particular to examples 1 and 2 (see in particular the products added for the preparation of powdered lignin). Said document first claims a preparation of lignin, by washing and reprecipitation at acidic pH before its use as a mixture with rubber, i.e. a preparation before use.
The lignin in accordance with the use according to the invention differs therefrom in that it is not chemically modified and in that its functional groups are “available”.
SUMMARY OF THE INVENTION
A subject of the present invention is a use, for the mechanical reinforcement of elastomer polymers, of a chemically unmodified lignin with available functional groups which has a specific surface area of between 0.5 m2/g and 5 m2/g, and preferably between 1 m2/g and 2.5 m2/g.
According to other characteristics of the invention:

    
    
        said lignin has a low molecular weight and the Mw of which is between 700 g/mol and 2000 g/mol;
        said lignin has a polydispersity index equal to approximately 1.3;
        said lignin comprises available functional groups chosen from the group made up of aliphatic hydroxyls, phenolic hydroxyls and carboxylic acids;
        the aliphatic hydroxyls are present at from 1.5 mmol/g to 3.0 mmol/g, preferably at 2.3 mmol/g;
        the phenolic hydroxyls are present at from 1.1 mmol/g to 2.0 mmol/g, preferably in a content not less than 1.1 mmol/g;
        the carboxylic acids are present at from 0.5 mmol/g to 1.5 mmol/g, preferably in a content equal to approximately 1.0 mmol/g;
        said lignin has a weighted average particle diameter of between 5 microns and 100 microns, and preferably between 10 microns and 15 microns. A subject of the invention is also an elastomer.
    
    


The invention also provides an elastomer which incorporates a lignin employed in a use according to the teachings of the invention.
According to another characteristic, the elastomer does not comprise carbon black.



BRIEF DESCRIPTION OF THE FIGURES
The present invention will now be described by means of implementation examples and tables of results given purely by way of nonlimiting illustration, and with reference to the attached drawings in which:
FIG. 1 is a graph illustrating the particle size division/distribution of the particles of a “standard” 500 micron BioligninTM;
FIG. 2 is a graph illustrating the particle size division/distribution of the particles of a finely ground 15 micron BioligninTM;
FIGS. 3 to 6 are microscopy views produced by scanning electron microscopy of various mixtures according to the invention and/or reference products.



DETAILED DESCRIPTION OF THE INVENTION
A lignin powder was prepared as follows from a BioligninTM obtained according to the CIMV process:
“Fine” milling was carried out, by means of a ball and planetary mill, using a wheat straw BioligninTM, which has the following characteristics:

    
    
        Dry matter: 95%
        Specific surface area: 1.56 m2/g
        Particle size distribution: 50% of the particles have a weighted average particle diameter of less than 15 microns and 90% of the particles have a weighted average particle diameter of less than 100 microns.
    
    


The particle size distribution of the particles is illustrated in FIG. 1 of the drawings appended to the present description.
Represented in FIG. 2 is, in addition, the particle size distribution of the particles of a “standard” BioligninTM which has the following characteristics:

    
    
        Dry matter: 95%
        Specific surface area: 0.077 m2/g
        Particle size distribution: 40% of the particles have a weighted average particle diameter of between 350 microns and 1000 microns and 90% of the particles have a weighted average particle diameter of between 45 microns and 1000 microns.
    
    


Tests for dispersion of the BioligninTM in an elastomer, and more particularly in an EPDM (ethylene-propylene-diene monomer) which is used in all the fields of the rubber industry, were carried out.
The lignin powder was incorporated directly into a rubber by means of a roll mixer system.
The results of these tests were compared with a reference mixture composed of carbon black and of EPDM.
The microscopic state of these mixtures by dispersion was evaluated by scanning electron microscopy (MEB) and the results are shown in FIGS. 3 to 6 which are microscopic views, with a 250-times magnification.
It is noted that, whatever the level of incorporation of the BioligninTM into the EPDM, heterogeneity of the mixture is observed in all cases.
Comparative tests were carried out with three samples of EPDM/BioligninTM mixtures and an EPDM/carbon black reference sample, the results of which are the following.







TABLE 1





“Standard” 500 micron Biolignin TM


500 micron Biolignin TM



















Weight proportion of EPDM
100
100
100
100


Weight proportion of Biolignin

35
72
105


Weight proportion of carbon black
100
0
0
0


Density g/cm3
1.18

1.06
1.15


shA hardness
69
55
68
OOS


Elongation at break Eb mm
270
240
165
100


Compression set (22 h 70°)%
40
















TABLE 2





Finely ground 15 micron Biolignin TM, specific surface area 1.56 m2/g


15 micron Biolignin TM



















Weight proportion of EPDM
100
100
100
100


Weight proportion of Biolignin
0
35
72
35


Weight proportion of carbon black
100
0
0
0


Density g/cm3
1.18


shA hardness
69
61
62
67


Breaking strength DaN
10 to 15
6.6
13.2
27.2


Elongation at break Eb mm
170 to 270
139
342
270









Despite the heterogeneity of the BioligninTM/EPDM mixtures, these results show that BioligninTM can replace carbon black in EPDM-based mixtures, with satisfactory hardness and elongation characteristics.
The increase in the specific surface area provides an improvement of the hardness and of the breaking strength.
The increase in the level of incorporation provides an improvement of the various characteristics.
The results regarding the BioligninTM/carbon black mixture in equal proportions provide results to the reference mixture without BioligninTM.
In the context of the present description, the specific surface area was measured according to the “laser diffraction” method confirmed by nitrogen adsorption (“BET” method).
See, for example:

    
    
        http://www.malvern.com/LabEng/technology/laser_diffraction/gas_adsorption_bet.htm
    
    


The molecular weight was determined according to the “SEC” (“size exclusion chromatography”) method, eluent THF, “refractometry” detection, three columns in series, 100, 500 and 1000 Angstroms in SDVB (styrene divinyl benzene) at 30° C. This conventional method has been described in all the “BioligninTM” or else “CIMV lignin” publications.
See also, for example:

    
    
        http://www.malvern.com/labeng/technology/size-exclusion-chromatography.tm, or
        https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Size-exclusion_chromatography

## Claims

1. A method for the mechanical reinforcement of elastomer polymers, comprising mixing with an elastomer polymer a chemically unmodified lignin with available functional groups which has a specific surface area of between 0.5 m2/g and 5 m2/g,
wherein said lignin has a low molecular weight and the Mw of which is between 700 g/mol and 2000 g/mol, and
wherein said lignin has a polydispersity index equal to approximately 1.3.

2. The method as claimed in claim 1, wherein said lignin comprises available functional groups chosen from the group made up of aliphatic hydroxyls, phenolic hydroxyls and carboxylic acids.

3. The method as claimed in claim 2, wherein:
the aliphatic hydroxyls are present at from 1.5 mmol/g to 3.0 mmol/g;
or the phenolic hydroxyls are present at from 1.1 mmol/g to 2.0 mmol/g;
or the carboxylic acids are present at from 0.5 mmol/g to 1.5 mmol/g.

4. The method as claimed in claim 1, wherein in that said lignin has a weighted average particle diameter of between 5 microns and 100 microns.

5. An elastomer which incorporates a lignin, wherein said lignin is a chemically unmodified lignin with available functional groups which has a specific surface area of between 0.5 m2/g and 5 m2/g,
wherein said lignin has a low molecular weight and the Mw of which is between 700 g/mol and 2000 g/mol.

6. The elastomer as claimed in claim 5, wherein the elastomer does not comprise carbon black.

7. The elastomer as claimed in claim 5, wherein said lignin has a polydispersity index equal to approximately 1.3.

8. The elastomer as claimed in claim 5, wherein said lignin comprises available functional groups chosen from the group made up of aliphatic hydroxyls, phenolic hydroxyls and carboxylic acids.

9. The elastomer as claimed in claim 8, wherein:
the aliphatic hydroxyls are present at from 1.5 mmol/g to 3.0 mmol/g;
or the phenolic hydroxyls are present at from 1.1 mmol/g to 2.0 mmol/g;
or the carboxylic acids are present at from 0.5 mmol/g to 1.5 mmol/g.

10. The elastomer as claimed in claim 5, wherein said lignin has a weighted average particle diameter of between 5 microns and 100 microns.

11. The method as claimed in claim 1, wherein the specific surface area is between 1 m2/g and 2.5 m2/g.

12. The method as claimed in claim 2, wherein:
the aliphatic hydroxyls are present at 2.3 mmol/g;
or the phenolic hydroxyls are present at not less than 1.1 mmol/g;
or the carboxylic acids are present at approximately 1.0 mmol/g.

13. The method as claimed in claim 1, wherein in that said lignin has a weighted average particle diameter of between 10 microns and 15 microns.

14. The elastomer as claimed in claim 8, wherein:
the aliphatic hydroxyls are present at from 1.5 mmol/g to 3.0 mmol/g;
or the phenolic hydroxyls are present at not less than 1.1 mmol/g;
or the carboxylic acids are present at approximately 1.0 mmol/g.

15. The elastomer as claimed in claim 5, wherein said lignin has a weighted average particle diameter of between 10 microns and 15 microns.

16. A method for the mechanical reinforcement of elastomer polymers, comprising:
mixing with an elastomer polymer a chemically unmodified lignin with available functional groups which has a specific surface area of between 0.5 m2/g and 5 m2/g, wherein
said lignin has a Mw between 700 g/mol and 2000 g/mol,
and
said lignin has a polydispersity index equal to approximately 1.3.