IN THE SUPREME COURT OF MISSISSIPPI

NO. 2002-CA-01726-SCT

RUBY CARTER, INDIVIDUALLY, AND ON BEHALF

OF THE WRONGFUL DEATH HEIRS AND

BENEFICIARIES, AND ESTATE OF STACIE

CARTER, DECEASED

v.

MISSISSIPPI DEPARTMENT OF CORRECTIONS

AND FRED CHILDS, IN HIS OFFICIAL CAPACITY

AS SUPERINTENDENT OF THE RANKIN COUNTY,

MISSISSIPPI CORRECTIONAL FACILITY

DATE OF JUDGMENT: 10/3/2002

TRIAL JUDGE: HON. WILLIAM E. CHAPMAN, III

COURT FROM WHICH APPEALED: RANKIN COUNTY CIRCUIT COURT

ATTORNEY FOR APPELLANT: CARROLL RHODES

ATTORNEYS FOR APPELLEES: MICHAEL JEFFREY WOLF

JAMES D. HOLLAND

NATURE OF THE CASE: CIVIL - WRONGFUL DEATH

DISPOSITION: AFFIRMED - 11/13/2003

MOTION FOR REHEARING FILED:

MANDATE ISSUED:

EN BANC.

EASLEY, JUSTICE, FOR THE COURT:

PROCEDURAL HISTORY

¶1. Individually and on behalf on the wrongful death heirs and the estate of Stacie Carter

(Stacie), Ruby Carter (Carter) filed suit against the Mississippi Department of Corrections

(MDOC) and Fred Childs (Childs), Superintendent of the Central Mississippi Correctional

Center in Rankin County (CMCC), in the Circuit Court of Copiah County, Mississippi. The
1

 Lewis testified that supper was normally at approximately 5:00 p.m. everyday.

2

Circuit Court of Copiah County transferred the case to the Circuit Court of Rankin County.

The trial court allowed Carter to amend her original complaint on two occasions.

¶2. The trial court conducted a hearing on the MDOC and Childs' motion to dismiss or

alternatively, for summary judgment. The trial court granted the motion to dismiss, or

alternatively, for summary judgment and dismissed the second amended complaint with

prejudice. The trial court certified the judgment as final as to the MDOC and Childs, in his

official capacity as superintendent of the CMCC, pursuant to M.R.C.P. 54(b). Carter timely

appealed the decision to this Court.

FACTS

¶3. Stacie Carter died at 6:37 p.m., on January 15, 1997, at the Rankin County Medical

Center in Brandon, Mississippi. At the time of his death, Stacie was an inmate at the CMCC

in Rankin County, Mississippi. Stacie had been convicted for burglary and robbery by the

Lincoln County Circuit Court and sentenced on January 30, 1995, to serve two concurrent

terms of five years in the custody of the MDOC. Stacie was initially moved from the Lincoln

County Sheriff's Department to the MDOC facility at Parchman, Mississippi, and then he was

transferred to the CMCC in Rankin County.

¶4. Stacie was prescribed and provided the drug, Dilantin, to control his seizures.

According to inmate Valentine Lewis (Lewis), Stacie had his first seizure before supper.1

Lewis reported the seizures to the guard on duty, Catherine Burgess (Officer Burgess), after

Stacie suffered his third seizure.
2

 The record did not identify the meaning of the initials, S and E.

3

¶5. Lewis testified that each time he went to Officer Burgess he observed Officer Burgess

"get on the phone and call," but he did not stay to see if she got anyone. According to Lewis,

a S and E Officer came with an army cot.2 Stacie had seven seizures by the time the S and E

Officer arrived. Lewis estimated that 30 minutes passed before the S and E officer arrived.

Lewis testified that about 20 minutes passed after the officer arrived before Stacie was moved.

Two inmates helped Stacie to an army cot and carried him to the clinic. No one was in the

clinic.

¶6. At approximately 5:05 p.m., Lt. Kevin Jackson (Lt. Jackson), the third watch

commander, informed Capt. Patrick Marion (Capt. Marion), the institution watch commander,

that Stacie needed to be transferred by ambulance from the clinic to the University of

Mississippi Medical Center (UMMC) for medical treatment.

¶7. At approximately 5:20 p.m., the ambulance arrived with EMS operators. At

approximately 5:40 p.m., the ambulance left the grounds with Stacie and Officer Kurt Wilson

as escort. At approximately 5:43 p.m., Lt. Jackson was notified by Capt. Marion that medical

complications arose during transport. Due to complications, Stacie was routed to the closest

hospital, Rankin Medical Center. Lt. Jackson was notified that at approximately 6:37 p.m.,

Stacie had died at Rankin County Medical Center. 

¶8. On appeal, Carter raises the following issues:

I. Whether the trial court erred in determining that the MDOC and

Childs were immune from liability pursuant to Miss. Code Ann.

§ 11-46-9(1)(m).
4

II. Whether the trial court erred in determining that Carter had failed

to establish any constitutional right violations.

DISCUSSION

I. Miss. Code Ann. § 11-46-9(1)(m)

¶9. Carter contends that the trial court erred in granting summary judgment to the MDOC

and Childs based on their immunity from liability pursuant to Miss. Code Ann. § 11-46-9(1)

(m).

¶10. This Court applies a de novo standard of review on appeal from a grant of summary

judgment by the trial court. Jenkins v. Ohio Cas. Ins. Co., 794 So.2d 228, 232 (Miss. 2001);

Russell v. Orr, 700 So.2d 619, 622 (Miss. 1997); Richmond v. Benchmark Constr. Corp.,

692 So.2d 60, 61 (Miss. 1997); Northern Elec. Co. v. Phillips, 660 So.2d 1278, 1281 (Miss.

1995). Rule 56(c) of the Mississippi Rules of Civil Procedure provides that summary

judgment shall be granted by a court if "the pleadings, depositions, answers to interrogatories

and admissions on file, together with affidavits, if any, show that there is no genuine issue as

to any material fact...." M.R.C.P. 56(c). The moving party has the burden of demonstrating that

there is no genuine issue of material fact in existence, while the non-moving party should be

given the benefit of every reasonable doubt. Tucker v. Hinds County, 558 So.2d 869, 872

(Miss. 1990). See also Heigle v. Heigle, 771 So.2d 341, 345 (Miss. 2000). “If, in this view,

there is no genuine issue of material fact and, the moving party is entitled to judgment as a

matter of law, summary judgment should forthwith be entered in his favor. Otherwise, the

motion should be denied.” Williamson v. Keith, 786 So.2d 390, 393 (Miss. 2001). “Issues of

fact sufficient to require denial of a motion for summary judgment obviously are present
5

where one party swears to one version of the matter in issue and another says the opposite.”

Tucker, 558 So.2d at 872. 

Of importance here is the language of the rule authorizing summary judgment

'where there is no genuine issue of material fact.' The presence of fact issues

in the record does not per se entitle a party to avoid summary judgment. The

court must be convinced that the factual issue is a material one, one that matters

in an outcome determinative sense...the existence of a hundred contested issues

of fact will not thwart summary judgment where there is no genuine dispute

regarding the material issues of fact. 

Simmons v. Thompson Mach. of Miss., Inc., 631 So.2d 798, 801 (Miss. 1994) (citing Shaw

v. Burchfield, 481 So.2d 247, 252 (Miss. 1985)). The evidence must be viewed in the light

most favorable to the non-moving party. See Northern Elec. Co., 660 So.2d at 1281; Russell,

700 So.2d at 622; Richmond, 692 So.2d at 61; Simmons, 631 So.2d at 802; Tucker, 558

So.2d at 872.

¶11. The MTCA provides the exclusive civil remedy against a governmental entity or its

employee for tortious acts or omission which give rise to a suit. Miss. Code Ann. § 11-46-

7(1) (Rev. 2002); City of Tupelo v. Martin, 747 So.2d 822, 826 (Miss. 1999); Pickens v.

Donaldson, 742 So.2d 684, 687 (Miss. 1999).

¶12. Miss. Code Ann. § 11-46-9 provides immunity from liability to the state and its

political subdivisions for certain specific enumerated actions or inactions by the state or its

employees. Miss. Code Ann. § 11-46-9(1)(m) states: 

(1) A governmental entity and its employees acting within the course and

scope of their employment or duties shall not be liable for any claim:

(m) Of an claimant who at the time the claim arises is an

inmate of any detention center, jail, workhouse, penal

farm, penitentiary or other such institution, regardless of

whether such claimant is or is not an inmate of any
6

detention center, jail, workhouse, penal farm, penitentiary

or other such institution when the claim is filed;

¶13. In its opinion and order granting summary judgment, the trial court held that section 11-

46-9(1)(m) barred this action against the MDOC and Superintendent Childs.

¶14. Carter concedes that Miss. Code Ann. § 11-46-9(1)(m) bars the claims of a state

inmate. However, Carter argues that "the wrongful death claims of [the] wrongful death

survivors are distinct torts from the personal injury claims of inmates." Carter also contends

that the denial of the wrongful death heirs of an inmate to bring suit amounts to constitutional

violations of the due process clause and the equal protection clause.

¶15. In support of her position, Carter cites Gentry v. Wallace, 606 So.2d 1117 (Miss.

1992), out of context. In Gentry, this Court was actually addressing when the statute of

limitations began to run in a wrongful death claim. This Court reasoned that:

Had Mary Gentry lived to bring a medical negligence action for the personal

injuries she sustained, the clock would have begun to tick on March 1, the date

she might have reasonably discovered the negligence of her physicians.

However, this is a wrongful death action brought by John Billy Gentry in his

capacity as his mother's sole surviving heir. Wrongful death is a separate

distinct cause of action, which can be brought only by the survivors of the

deceased. Miss. Code Ann. § 11-7-13 (1972 and Supp. 1991). Without and

until the death of Mary Gentry, there was no cause of action under the wrongful

death statute to trigger the two year statute of limitations. Further, under the

statute, the limitations period does not begin to run until the heir knows or

should reasonably know about the medical negligence which caused the death.

Gentry, 606 So.2d at 1119 (emphasis added).

¶16. Contrary to Carter's position that the wrongful death survivors have a separate tort from

that of the deceased inmate, Miss. Code Ann. § 11-7-13 (Supp. 2003) clearly states that
7

wrongful death beneficiaries are entitled to maintain an action and recover damages as would

the decedent if death had not ensued:

Whenever the death of any person shall be caused by any real, wrongful or

negligent act or omission, or by such unsafe machinery, way or appliances as

would, if death had not ensued, have entitled the party injured or damaged

thereby to maintain an action and recover damages in respect thereof, or

whenever the death of any person shall be caused by the breach of any warranty,

express or implied, of the purity or fitness of any foods, drugs, medicines,

beverages, tobacco or any and all other articles or commodities intended for

human consumption, as would, had the death not ensued, have entitled the

person injured or made ill or damaged thereby, to maintain an action and

recover damages in respect thereof, and such deceased person shall have left

a widow or children or both, or husband or father or mother, or sister, or

brother, the person or corporation, or both that would have been liable if

death had not ensued, and the representatives of such person shall be liable for

damages, notwithstanding the death, and the fact that death was instantaneous

shall in no case affect the right of recovery. The action for such damages may

be brought in the name of the personal representative of the deceased person for

the benefit of all persons entitled under the law to recover, or by widow for the

death of her husband, or by the husband for the death of his wife, or by the parent

for the death of a child, or in the name of a child, or in the name of a child for

the death of a parent, or by a brother for the death of a sister, or by a sister for

the death of a brother, or by a sister for the death of a sister, or a brother from

the death of a brother, or all parties interested may join in the suit...

Miss. Code Ann. § 11-7-13 (emphasis added).

¶17. InWebb v. DeSoto County, 843 So.2d 682 (Miss. 2003), this Court recently addressed

a similar situation. Michael Chambers was found dead in his cell while incarcerated at the

DeSoto County Detention Center. Chambers's parents, Donna Webb and Robert Chambers,

filed a wrongful death suit against DeSoto County and others. This Court upheld the trial

court's dismissal of the claim finding that Miss. Code Ann. § 11-46-9(1)(m) barred suits by

inmates or their wrongful death beneficiaries. Id. at 684-85. In Webb, we stated:

Webb and Chambers attempt to circumvent Miss. Code Ann. § 11-46-9

(1) (m) by alleging that an action for wrongful death is an independent cause of
8

action; therefore, placing them in a position different from the decedent.

However, this Court has found that a wrongful death suit is a derivative action

by the beneficiaries, and those beneficiaries, therefore, stand in the position of

their decedent. See Wickline v. U.S. Fid. & Guar. Co., 530 So.2d 708, 715

(Miss. 1988).

Webb and Chambers stand in the position of Michael Chambers.

Therefore, Webb and Chambers are only entitled to the remedy afforded to

Michael Chambers if he had survived. Since § 11-46-9 (1) (m) provides him

with no remedy, so it also prevents a suit by his heirs. Webb and Chambers are

unable to bring a wrongful death suit on behalf of a prisoner who dies while

incarcerated. For the aforementioned reasons, we find no reversible error.

Webb and Chambers argue that the waive of immunity contained in § 11-

46-5 supercedes the specific types of immunity set forth in § 11-46-9. Miss.

Code Ann. § 11-46-5 provides in pertinent part:

(1) Notwithstanding the immunity granted in § 11-46-3, or the

provisions of any other law to the contrary, the immunity

of the state and its political subdivisions from claims for

money damages arising out of the torts of such

governmental entities and the torts of their employees

while acting within the course and scope of their

employment is hereby waived from and after July 1, 1993,

as to the state, and from and after October 1, 1993, as to

political subdivisions; provided, however, immunity of a

governmental entity is any such case shall be waived only

to the extent of the maximum amount of liability provided

for in § 11-46-15.

This contention by Webb and Chambers is not supported by any

applicable case law. Failure to cite legal authority in support of an issue is a

procedural bar on appeal. McClain v. State, 625 So.2d 774, 781 (Miss. 1993).

843 So.2d at 684-85.

¶18. This Court finds that the trial court did not err in finding that MDOC and Childs, acting

within the course and scope of his employment and duties, were immune from liability by

virtue of Miss. Code Ann. § 11-46-9(1)(m) since Stacie was an inmate at the time. Likewise,

Stacie's wrongful death survivors are not entitled to maintain an action against the MDOC and

Childs.

II. Carter's Constitutional Claim
9

¶19. State courts have concurrent subject matter jurisdiction with federal courts over 42

U.S.C. § 1983 claims. Martinez v. California, 444 U.S. 277, 284, 100 S.Ct. 553, 558, 62

L.Ed.2d 481 (1980). In Martinez, the Court further stated:

[A]s we recently held in Baker v. McCollan, 443 U.S. 137 S.Ct. 2689, 61

L.Ed.2d 433, "[t]he first inquiry in any § 1983 suit ... is whether the plaintiff has

been deprived of a right 'secured by the Constitution and laws of the United

States.'" The answer to that inquiry disposes of this case.

444 U.S. at 284.

¶20. Summary judgment on claims raised pursuant to § 1983 is reviewed de novo as any

other summary judgment to inquire if the trial court properly granted the motion for summary

judgment. See Mallery v. Taylor, 805 So.2d 613, 620 (Miss. Ct. App. 2002). See also

Jenkins v. Ohio Cas. Ins. Co., 794 So.2d at 232 (this Court applies a de novo standard of

review on appeal from a grant of summary judgment.).

¶21. Carter contends that the facts establish an Eighth Amendment claim, a Due Process

Clause and an Equal Protection Clause violation. Carter argues that Childs and the MDOC are

liable due to their deliberate indifference to the serious medical needs of the prisoners

proscribed in the Eighth Amendment. 

¶22. In Will v. Michigan Department of State Police, 491 U.S. 58, 71, 109 S.Ct. 2304,

2312, 105 L.Ed.2d 45 (1989), the United States Supreme Court stated that:

Obviously, state officials literally are persons. But a suit against a state official

in his or her official capacity is not a suit against the official but rather is a suit

against the official's office. Brandon v. Holt, 469 U.S. 464, 471, 105 S.Ct.

873, 877, 83 L.Ed.2d 878 (1985). As such, it is no different from a suit against

the State itself. See, e.g. Kentucky v. Graham, 473 U.S. 159, 165-66, 105

S.Ct. 3099, 3104-3105, 87 L.Ed.2d 114 (1985).
10

¶23. InMonell v. Department of Social Services, 436 U.S. 658, 690-91, 694, 701, 98 S.Ct.

2018, 2035-37, 2041, 56 L.Ed.2d 611 (1978), the United States Supreme Court held that local

governmental bodies were subject to § 1983 liability where a violation of federal rights results

from the enforcement of a governmental policy or custom. However, Monell refused to

extend governmental liability based upon the doctrine of respondeat superior merely because

it employed a tortfeasor. 436 U.S. at 691-92.

 or a governmental body, the plaintiff's harm must have been caused by a constitutional

violation. See Collins v. City of Harker Heights, 503 U.S. 115, 120, 112 S.Ct. 1061, 1066,

117 L.Ed.2d 261 (1992). In City of Los Angeles v. Heller, 475 U.S. 796, 799, 106 S.Ct. 1571,

1573, 89 L.Ed.2d 806 (1986), the United States Supreme Court stated that if "no constitutional

injury [was inflicted] on [the] respondent, it is inconceivable that [the] petitioners could be

liable to [the] respondent."

¶25. In the case sub judice, the trial court found that Carter failed to meet her burden in order

to establish that the MDOC acted or failed to act within the requisite deliberate indifference

to medical treatment for Stacie. The trial court stated:

Plaintiff [Carter] claims defendants violated Carter's [Stacie's]

constitutional rights through their deliberate, intentional, malicious and reckless

disregard for his rights, and by having an arbitrary and capricious policy of not

providing physicians, medical staff, medical treatment, medical facilities and

ambulances to inmates.

After the plaintiff in Wallace argued a violation of the Remedy, Due

Process and Equal Protection Clauses of the Mississippi and United States

Constitutions, the Mississippi Supreme Court recognized in Wallace that in

Robinson v. Stewart, 655 So.2d 866 (Miss. 1995), it had held the remedy

clause, Miss. Const. art. 3, § 24, does not conflict with sovereign immunity,

does not require exceptions to sovereign immunity and does not grant an
11

absolute guarantee of a trial. Wallace at ¶ 10 (citing Robinson at 868-869

citing Grimes v. Pearl River Valley Water Supply Dist., 930 F.2d 441 (5th

Cir.)). The Supreme Court has further stated that:

[i]n Robinson, this Court also held sovereign immunity did not

violate due process. 665 So.2d at 869. "A due process violation

requires the infringement of a liberty or property right." Id. at

869 (citing Tucker v. Hinds County, 558 So.2d 869, 873 (Miss.

1990)). Because the right to sue the State has been withheld

through the statutes by the Legislature, there is no property right

to sue the State or other governmental entities and, therefore, no

due process violation of the Mississippi Constitution. Robinson,

655 So.2d at 869. The same analysis applies to the United States

Constitution because state law defines property interests, and the

Mississippi Legislature has continuously denied any exceptions

to overcome sovereign immunity. Grimes, 930 F.2d at 444.

Wallace at ¶ 11.

The Supreme Court continued to state that:

[i]f the statute is found to be rationally related to a legitimate

purpose, "equal protection is not violated by conferring benefits

on some and not all of the people of the state." Mosby v. Moore,

716 So.2d 551, 556 (Miss. 1998). The Legislature had a

legitimate purpose in protecting governmental entities from

claims brought by inmates, thus there is not equal protection

violation in denying prison inmates certain rights granted to lawabiding citizens. The court in Grimes also held the sovereign

immunity statute did not violate the Equal Protection Clause of

the Fourteenth Amendment to the United States Constitution.

930 F.2d at 444.

Wallace ¶ 12.

The United State Court of Appeals for the Fifth Circuit has declared:

(1) that the state owes the same duty under the Due Process

Clause and the Eighth Amendment to provide both pretrial

detainees and convicted inmates with basic human needs,

including medical care and protection from harm, during their

confinement; and (2) a state jail official's liability for episodic

acts or omissions cannot attach unless the official had subjective

knowledge of a substantial risk of serious harm to a pretrial

detainee, but responded with deliberate indifference to that risk.

Hare v. City of Corinth, 135 F.3d 320 (5th Cir. 1998) quoting Hare v. City of

Corinth, 74 F.3d 633 (5th Cir. 1996).

The standard the Court has applied in reviewing the alleged Eight

Amendment rights violations, specifically involving denial or interference with

the medical needs of Carter, is the above "deliberate indifference" standard. In
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all of the testimony of plaintiff and her children, the known wrongful death

beneficiaries of Carter, and the testimony of MDOC personnel, the Court does

not find any evidence of "deliberate indifference" on the part of defendants in

respect to their treatment of Carter. Pursuant to Hare, plaintiff has the burden

of showing that the MDOC acted or failed to act with "deliberate indifference"

to the "basic human needs" of Carter. Plaintiff has failed to make such a

showing. 

¶26. We find that the trial court did not err by granting summary judgment as to Carter's

constitutional claims in favor of the MDOC. As the trial court determined, Carter did not

establish that Stacie suffered any constitutional violation. Therefore, this Court finds that

since Carter does not clearly establish a constitutional violation this issue is without merit.

CONCLUSION

¶27. For the foregoing reasons, the judgment of the Circuit Court of Rankin County is

affirmed.

¶28. AFFIRMED.

SMITH, P.J., COBB AND CARLSON, JJ., CONCUR. PITTMAN, C.J., CONCURS

IN RESULT ONLY. GRAVES, J., DISSENTS WITHOUT SEPARATE WRITTEN

OPINION. McRAE, P.J., DISSENTS WITH SEPARATE WRITTEN OPINION JOINED

BY WALLER, J. DIAZ, J., NOT PARTICIPATING.

McRAE, PRESIDING JUSTICE, DISSENTING:

¶29. The majority’s holding today all but eliminates an inmate's constitutional right to

receive medical treatment while incarcerated. It is contrary to the very constitutional

principles which have been laid down by the United States Supreme Court. For this reason, I

dissent.

¶30. Under the Eighth Amendment of the United States Constitution, Carter, as a detained

inmate, was guaranteed reasonable and adequate medical care. See Estelle v. Gamble, 429
13

U.S. 97, 103, 97 S.Ct. 285, 50 L.Ed.2d 251 (1976). In order for an inmate to prevail on an

Eighth Amendment claim, he must prove that prison officials exercised “deliberate

indifference to a serious medical condition.” Id. at 104, 97 S.Ct. at 290-91. Such “deliberate

indifference” can be evidenced by a prison official's intentional denial or delay in providing

medical treatment. Id. Furthermore, both the federal and state governments have a

constitutional obligation to provide “minimally adequate” medical care to those whom they

incarcerate. Harris v. Thigpen, 941 F.2d 1495, 1505 (11th Cir. 1991) (citing Estelle, 429

U.S. at 104, 97 S.Ct. at 291). See also Wellman v. Faulkner, 715 F.2d 269, 271 (7th Cir.

1983); Morgan v. Sproat, 432 F. Supp. 1130, 1143 (S.D. Miss. 1977). Grossly inadequate

medical care will suffice to prove an Eighth Amendment violation with regards to minimal

medical care provided to inmates. Harris, 941 F.2d at 1505 (citing Rogers v. Evans, 792 F.2d

1052, 1058 (11th Cir. 1986)).

¶31. Here, Carter was not only wholly denied adequate and minimal medical care, but the

prison guards and officials acted with deliberate indifference in failing to provide him medical

care at all until it was too late. It is undisputed that the Central Mississippi Correctional

Center did not provide medical care adequate to treat Carter's seizure condition. In fact, the

evidence reflects that no medical staff was on hand the night of him death. To make matters

even worse, before an ambulance was even called, Carter had suffered seven seizures, and the

guard on duty had been informed of the seizures several times. Even after being informed that

Carter had suffered seven seizures, the prison officials still chose to place him on a cot then

transfer him to an empty CMCC clinic where no nurse or doctor was present or on call. It was

only after Carter had repeatedly seized for over an hour that an ambulance was called for his
14

transport. Under these facts, one can clearly see that not only did the CMCC fail to provide

adequate medical personnel, but the prison officials also exhibited “deliberate indifference”

for the serious medical condition for which Carter suffered. On this record summary judgment

and/or dismissal was not appropriate as Carter’s complaint clearly stated a claim for which

relief may be granted and genuine issues of material fact exist with regard to the issues just

discussed. 

¶32. “[W]hen the State takes a person into its custody and holds him against his will, the

Constitution imposes upon it a corresponding duty to assume some responsibility for his

safety and general well-being.” DeShaney v. Winnebago County Dep't of Soc. Servs., 489

U.S. 189, 206, 109 S.Ct. 998, 1005, 103 L.Ed.2d 249 (1989) (citing Youngberg v. Romeo,

457 U.S. 307, 317, 102 S.Ct. 2452, 2458, 73 L.Ed.2d 28 (1982)). Because this record does

not establish that the State discharged its duty here, I would reverse the trial court's judgment

and remand for further proceedings. For these reasons, I dissent. 

WALLER, J., JOINS THIS OPINION.