# Patent

## Title
IL-12 immunoconjugate

## Abstract

Conjugate comprising interleukin-12 (IL-12) and a single chain targeting portion comprising two antigen binding sites. The targeting portion may comprise an antibody fragment such as a single chain diabody. The conjugate may be a single chain fusion protein. Use of single chain bivalent IL-12 immunocytokine for targeting the extra-cellular matrix (ECM) of tissues, particularly tumour neovasculature antigens, for example fibronectin. Use for treating cancer or pathological angiogenesis in a patient.

## Background
FIELD OF THE INVENTION
This invention relates to a conjugate for targeting an agent, such as a therapeutic or diagnostic agent, to tissues in vivo. In particular, it relates to conjugates for targeting the extra-cellular matrix (ECM) of tissues, particularly tumour neovasulature, and to therapeutic use of such conjugates in the treatment of a disease/disorder, such as cancer or pathological angiogenesis. In particular the invention relates to immunocytokines for targeting IL-12 to antigens selectively expressed in the ECM of the tumour neovasculature or sites of pathological angiogenesis.
BACKGROUND TO THE INVENTION
Cytokines are key mediators of innate and adaptive immunity. Many cytokines have been used for therapeutic purposes in patients with advanced cancer, but their administration is typically associated with severe toxicity, hampering dose escalation to therapeutically active regimens and their development as anticancer drugs. To overcome these problems, the use of ‘immunocytokines’ (i.e. cytokines fused to antibodies or antibody fragments) has been proposed, with the aim to concentrate the immune-system stimulating activity at the site of disease while sparing normal tissues1-5.
The heterodimeric cytokine interleukin-12 (IL-12) is a key mediator of innate and cellular immunity with potent antitumour and antimetastatic activity6-8. It consists of a p35 and a p40 subunit covalently linked by a disulphide bridge.
Secretion of the isolated p35 subunit has never been detected; in contrast, the cells that produce the biologically active IL-12 heterodimer secrete p40 in free form in a 10-100-fold excess over the IL-12 heterodimer; depending on the stimulus9. A biological function of free p40 has never been observed and its physiological significance is still debated. Disulphide linked homodimers of p40 are produced in the mouse; murine p40 homodimers, in contrast to the free p40, have the ability to block IL-12 functions in vitro and in vivo10. The existence of human p40 homodimers has been demonstrated up to now only in p40 transfected cell lines and the physiological relevance of human p40 homodimers is still debated11,12.
IL-12 acts primarily on T and NK cells. The most important functions of IL-12 are the priming of the T helper 1 (Th1) immune responses and IFN-γ secretion by NK cells13.
IL-12 generates the Th1 response in three modalities: (i) it promotes the differentiation of naïve T cells, during initial encounter with an antigen, into a population of Th1-cells capable of producing large amounts of IFN-γ following activation14, (ii) it serves as a costimulus required for maximum secretion of IFN-γ by differentiated Th1 cells responding to a specific antigen15, and (iii) it stimulates the development of IFN-γ producing Th1 cells from populations of resting memory T cells interacting with an antigen to which they have been previously exposed16.
IL-12 strongly inhibits neo-vascularisation and IFN-γ seems to play a critical role as a mediator of the anti-angiogenic effects of IL-1217. Interferon gamma-induced protein 10 (IP-10) is known to be a potent inhibitor of angiogenesis18,19.
As with many other cytokines, however, the administration of recombinant human IL-12 is associated with severe toxicity, hampering its development as an anticancer drug. Clinical trials in patients with cancer have revealed promising therapeutic activities, but have also shown that recombinant human IL-12 is extremely toxic to humans, with a maximal tolerated dose of 0.5 μg/kg of body weight20,21.
The toxic side effects of toxins, particularly cytokines such as such as IL-12 have made it difficult to administer an effective dose and to reach high concentrations at the site of a tumour.
Previously, researchers have attempted to overcome these drawbacks by targeting delivery of IL-12 to the tumour environment and in particular to tumour blood vessels (tumour vascular targeting). Tumour vascular targeting aims at disrupting the tumour vasculature, reducing blood flow to deprive the tumour of oxygen and nutrients, causing tumour cell death.
A targeted delivery of IL-12 to the tumour environment is expected to increase the therapeutic index of the cytokine. The concentration of cytokines, and in particular IL-12, at the level of tumour blood vessels is an attractive therapeutic strategy for a number of reasons.
First, the tumour neovasculature is more accessible to intravenously administered therapeutic agents than are tumour cells, which helps avoid problems associated with the interstitial hypertension of solid tumours22.
Second, angiogenesis is characteristic of most aggressive solid tumours23. Angiogenesis describes the growth of new blood vessels from existing blood vessels. Tumours can induce angiogenesis through secretion of various growth factors (e.g. Vascular Endothelial Growth Factor). Tumour angiogenesis allows tumours to grow beyond a few millimeters in diameter and is also a prerequisite for tumour metastasis. New blood vessels formed as the result of angiogenesis form the neovasculature of the tumour or the tumour metastases. Targeting IL-12 to the neovasculature should allow the immunotherapy of a variety of different tumour types.
Third, IL-12 shows an anti-angiogenic activity conferred by its downstream mediator, IP-1017,24.
The alternatively spliced extra domains A (ED-A) and B (ED-B) of fibronectin and the A1 domain of tenascin-C represent three of the best-characterised markers of angiogenesis and have been reported to be expressed around the neo-vasculature and in the stroma of virtually all types of aggressive solid tumours. Furthermore, even non-solid cancers, such as leukaemia, may be amenable to treatment by targeting antigens of the neovasculature. WO2011/015333 described treating leukaemia, including acute myeloid leukaemia, by targeting the bone marrow neovasculature.
Three human monoclonal antibodies specific to these targets have been developed and moved to clinical trials: L19 (specific to ED-B)25, F8 (specific to ED-A)26 and F16 (specific to the A1 domain of tenascin-C)27.
In addition, several antibody derivatives, based on the modification of L19, F8 or F16 with cytokines or iodine radionuclides, are currently being investigated in Phase I and Phase II clinical trials in patients with cancer and with rheumatoid arthritis28,29. These biopharmaceuticals are called L19-124I, L19-131I, L19-IL2, L19-TNF, F8-IL10, F16-124I, F16-131I, F16-IL2, indicating the modular nature of these derivatives, in which the antibody moiety is used to deliver a payload at the site of disease.
In WO2008/120101 an I125-labelled F8 diabody was shown to selectively target I125 to tumours in mice.
An F8-IL2 diabody conjugate has been shown to reduce tumour burden in mice (WO2008/120101, WO2010/078945).
Researchers have attempted to improve targeting of IL-12 to the vasculature using antibody-IL-12 conjugates. Halin et al. sequentially fused the p40 and p35 domains of the heterodimeric IL-12 using a (Ser4Gly)3 linker and appended at the N-terminal end of the antibody fragment scFv(L19). This immunocytokine showed an increased therapeutic activity of IL12; however, only a modest tumour targeting was observed30.
Gafner et a(successfully cloned and tested a heterodimeric fusion protein in which the disulphide-linked p35 and p40 subunits were fused to scFv(L19)31 to produce the fusion protein p40-scFv(L19)/scFv(L19)-p35 (see also WO2006/119897). This heterodimeric fusion protein showed an excellent tumour-targeting performance in biodistribution studies and enhanced therapeutic activity compared to the Halin format.
SUMMARY OF THE INVENTION
The present invention relates to a conjugate comprising a therapeutic or diagnostic agent portion, such as a cytokine, e.g. IL-12, and single chain targeting portion comprising two antigen binding sites, such as a single chain diabody.
More specifically, the present invention relates to a conjugate comprising linked interleukin 12 (IL-12) subunits p40 and p35 and a single chain targeting portion comprising two antigen binding sites.
One exemplary embodiment of the new format is a single chain protein comprising linked interleukin 12 (IL-12) subunits p40 and p35 and a single chain targeting portion comprising two antigen binding sites. The single chain protein may be a single chain fusion protein comprising linked IL-12 subunits p40 and p35 and a single chain targeting portion comprising two antigen binding sites.
The invention is derived from work which compared the tumour-targeting abilities of three antibody-IL-12 immunocytokine formats. Surprisingly, a new format was discovered, which improves tumour targeting ability compared with known formats. The new format also has the further advantages of easier production and purification.
As shown in the Examples, a single chain fusion protein comprising the p40 and p35 subunits of IL-12 linked to a single chain F8 diabody (p40p35F8F8), demonstrates improved tumour targeting in vivo compared with the scFv-IL-12-scFv immunocytokine format described by Gafner et al WO2006/119897. In contrast, an F8-IL-12 diabody (p40p35F8)×2, does not show any tumour uptake. These formats are illustrated in FIG. 2.
Thus, surprisingly, a single chain bivalent immunocytokine displays a better biodistribution profile compared with previously known formats. This is remarkable since the heterodimeric format described by Gafner et al. (WO2006/119897) already showed very good biodistribution, and it was unexpected that a new format could retain or even further improve this targeting profile.
A conjugate comprising the p40 and p35 subunits of IL-12 linked to a single chain targeting portion comprising two antigen binding sites displays excellent tumour targeting ability.
In addition, unlike the Gafner et al. heterodimeric format, the immunocytokine of the present invention can be expressed as a single chain polypeptide, for example as a single chain protein comprising linked IL-12 subunits p40 and p35 and a single chain targeting portion comprising two antigen binding sites. This format has the advantage of being easier to produce and purify since it consists of one single species. This facilitates production of clinical-grade material. Further, expression of a single chain immunocytokine avoids homodimerization of the p35 subunit, which can be associated with separate expression of the p35 and p40 subunits. Purification of a heterodimeric immunocytokine is facilitated by the use of peptidic tags, but these must be removed for clinical grade material. The immunocytokine of the present invention offers a simpler route to purification and production, while retaining and even improving on the biodistribution profile of previous products.
These results have significant therapeutic implications for improved targeting of IL-12 to tumours and to other sites of pathological angiogenesis. Conjugates of the invention may be used in the treatment of cancer or treatment of pathological angiogenesis. The wider implications also include a variety of other applications involving targeting of substances in vivo, including diagnostic methods as well as the prevention and treatment of diseases and other pathological conditions.
In a first aspect, the invention relates to a conjugate comprising linked interleukin 12 (IL-12) subunits p40 and p35 and a single chain targeting portion comprising two antigen binding sites.
The conjugate may be or may comprise a single chain protein. When the conjugate is a single chain protein, the entire protein can be expressed as a single polypeptide or fusion protein. For example, the conjugate may be a single chain protein comprising IL-12 subunits p40 and p35 and a single chain targeting portion comprising two antigen binding sites. Alternatively, the conjugate may comprise a heterodimeric agent (e.g. IL-12) linked to the single chain targeting portion. One subunit of the heterodimeric agent may be linked by a peptide bond or peptide linker to the single chain targeting portion, and thus expressed as a fusion protein, then assembled with the other subunit. For example, the conjugate may comprise heterodimeric IL-12 p40 and p35 subunits, and a single chain targeting portion linked to one of the subunits (e.g. p35), optionally by a peptide linker.
The linkage may be at the N or C end of the targeting portion. Suitable ways of linking are disclosed herein. Preferably the p35 subunit is linked to the single chain targeting portion.
Preferably the conjugate contains only one IL-12. Preferably the conjugate contains only one of each p35 and p40 subunit. Preferably the conjugate contains only one targeting portion. Preferably the targeting portion is bivalent, having only two antigen binding sites. The conjugate may be an immunocytokine, wherein one or preferably both of the antigen binding sites is provided by an antibody molecule. Preferably the targeting portion is a single chain diabody.
Preferably the targeting portion is linked to the C terminus of the p35 subunit. The conjugate may therefore have the format [p40]-[p35]-[targeting portion]. Preferably the p40 subunit has a free N terminus, as this arrangement has been shown to provide improved tumour targeting in vivo.
Preferably the targeting portion binds an extra-cellular matrix component associated with neoplastic growth and/or angiogenesis. For example, the targeting portion may bind fibronectin (e.g. domain ED-A or ED-B) or tenascin-C (e.g. domain A1).
The targeting portion may comprise an antigen binding site having the complementarity determining regions (CDRs) of antibody F8 set forth in SEQ ID NOs 9-14. The antigen binding site may comprise VH and/or VL domains of antibody F8 set forth in SEQ ID NOs 23 and 24, respectively. The targeting portion may comprise or consist of the F8 single chain diabody amino acid sequence set forth in SEQ ID NO: 31.
Other antibodies capable of binding to ECM proteins such as fibronectin, for example L19 (specific to ED-B), or F16 (specific to the A1 domain of tenascin-C) are known, and fragments of these antibodies, for example their CDRs, VH and/or VL domains, may be used in targeting portions in the present invention.
Preferably the conjugate has a molecular weight of less than 150 kDa, more preferably 140, 130, 120 kDa or less. Preferably the conjugate has a molecular weight of between 100 and 150 kDa, preferably between 100 and 120 kDa.
The conjugate may have least 70% sequence identity, more preferably one of at least 75%, 80%, 85%, 90%, 95%, 96%, 97%, 98%, 99% or 100%, sequence identity, to the amino acid sequence of p40p35F8F8 (SEQ ID NO: 8).
The conjugate may comprise or consist of the amino acid sequence set forth in SEQ ID NO: 8. The conjugate may be encoded by the nucleotide sequence consisting of or comprising SEQ ID NO: 1.
The invention also provides isolated nucleic acids encoding conjugates of the invention. Examples of encoding nucleic acid sequences are disclosed herein. An isolated nucleic acid and may be used to express the fusion protein of the invention, for example by expression in a bacterial, yeast, insect or mammalian host cell. A preferred host cell is E. coli. The encoded nucleic acid will generally be provided in the form of a recombinant vector for expression. Host cells in vitro comprising such vectors are part of the invention, as is their use for expressing the fusion proteins, which may subsequently be purified from cell culture and optionally formulated into a pharmaceutical composition.
A conjugate or immunocytokine of the invention may be provided for example in a pharmaceutical composition, and may be employed for medical use as described herein, either alone or in combination with one or more further therapeutic agents.
In another aspect the invention relates to a conjugate as herein described for use in a method of treating cancer or inhibiting angiogenesis by targeting IL-12 to the neovasculature in vivo.
In another aspect the invention relates to a method of treating cancer or inhibiting angiogenesis by targeting IL-12 to the neovasculature in a patient, the method comprising administering a therapeutically effective amount of a conjugate as herein described to the patient.



BRIEF DESCRIPTION OF THE FIGURES
FIG. 1a shows a schematic representation of the F8-IL12 single chain diabody fusion protein (p40p35F8F8) (SEQ ID NO: 8), an exemplary embodiment of the present invention. In this embodiment, the IL-12 p40 and p35 subunits were fused using a linker sequence (peptide/amino acid linker) and connected via a linker to two sets of F8 antibody fragments (two VH-VL sets). Each VH and VL within the set is connected by a linker between the variable heavy (F8 VH) and variable light (F8-VL) chains. The linkers within each set are not long enough to allow pairing between the VH and VL domains. Each VL-VL set is connected by a linker which is long enough to allow pairing between the VH and VL domains of the first set with the complementary VH and VL domains of the second set. The amino acid linkers are shown as black rectangles.
FIG. 1b shows the amino acid sequence of the F8-IL12 fusion protein (p40p35F8F8). The sequence reads in the direction N-C of FIG. 1a. Each of the p40, p35, VH and VL subunits are joined by linker sequences, which are shown in grey. The two F8VH sequences are underlined. Each F8VH sequence is followed by a VL sequence. The VH and VL complementarity determining regions (CDR's), CDR1 VH, CDR2 VH, CDR3 VH and CDR1 VL, CDR2 VL and CDR3 VL are shown in boxes within the VH and VL sequences. The amino acid sequences of the CDR's are also indicated separately (SEQ ID NOs 9-14, respectively). The amino acid sequences of the F8-VH and F8-VL domains (SEQ ID NOs 15 and 16, respectively); the IL-12 p40 and p35 domains (SEQ ID NOs 17 and 18, respectively) and the peptide linkers(SEQ ID NOs 19-22) are also indicated separately below.
FIG. 2 shows (A) the structure of the scFv-p30:p40-scFv heterodimeric immunocytokine format described by Gafner et al. (‘old format’); (B) a single chain p40p35F8F8 fusion protein according to the invention; and (C) F8 diabody (p40p35F8)×2.
FIG. 3a shows the cloning strategy of p40p35F8F8
FIG. 3b shows the cloning strategy of (p40p35F8)×2
FIG. 4 shows the results of a Biacore analysis of p40p35F8F8 to calculate the apparent KD (binding affinity constant) of the protein to the antigen ED-A. Each line on the graph represents an independent repeat of the p40p35F8F8 protein. The top line indicates a KD of 0.15 mg/ml, the middle line indicates a KD of 0.062 mg/ml, the bottom line indicates a KD of 0.031 mg/ml.
FIG. 5 shows gel filtration profiles of the IL-12 single chain diabody format and the IL-12 diabody format compared with the old format. A) shows a preparative and analytical profile of the F8hIL12 format (old format). B) and C) show preparative and analytical profiles of the two new formats. B) shows the p40p35F8F8 single chain diabody format, C) shows the (p40p35F8)×2 diabody format.
FIG. 6 shows SDS page in reducing and non-reducing conditions for the p40p35F8F8 protein (lanes 1 and 2) (p40p35F8)×2 protein (lanes 3 and 4). Lanes 1 and 3 show the protein under non reducing conditions, lanes 2 and 4 shows the protein under reducing conditions. The calculated molecular mass of p40p35F8F8 is 110 kDa, the calculated molecular mass of the dimeric (p40p35F8)×2 is 170 kD.
FIG. 7 shows a comparison of the in vivo targeting performance of the old heterodimeric format (scFv-IL-12-scFv), the new p40p35F8F8 format and the new (p40p35F8)×2 format in a mouse tumour model. The results are presented in the order: old format (black bar), p40p35F8F8 (light grey), (p40p35F8)×2 (dark grey).



DETAILED DESCRIPTION
The invention includes the combination of the aspects and preferred features described except where such a combination is clearly impermissible or expressly avoided.
In one aspect the invention relates to a conjugate comprising a therapeutic or diagnostic agent portion, such as IL-12, and single chain targeting portion comprising two antigen binding sites, such as a single chain diabody.
Conjugate
Conjugates of the invention comprise a therapeutic or diagnostic agent portion, such as IL-12, and single chain targeting portion comprising two antigen binding sites.
The conjugate may be or may comprise a single chain protein. When the conjugate is a single chain protein, the entire protein can be expressed as a single polypeptide. For example, the conjugate may be a single chain protein comprising IL-12 subunits p40 and p35 and a single chain targeting portion comprising two antigen binding sites. The single chain protein may be a fusion protein, for example a single chain fusion protein comprising linked IL-12 p35 and p40 subunits, and single chain targeting portion comprising two antigen binding sites. By “single chain fusion protein” is meant a polypeptide that is a translation product resulting from the fusion of two or more genes or nucleic acid coding sequences into one open reading frame (ORF). The fused expression products of the two genes in the ORF may be conjugated by a peptide linker encoded in-frame. Suitable peptide linkers are described herein.
However, it is also envisaged that the therapeutic or diagnostic agent need not be a single chain. For example, the IL-12 p40 and p35 subunits may be a heterodimer. The heterodimer may be linked to the N or the C end of the single chain targeting portion. The heterodimer may be linked to the single chain targeting portion via the p40 or p35 subunit. The linkage may be direct or may be indirect, for example via a peptide linker. Optionally, one of the p35 or p40 subunits may be linked to the single chain targeting agent so that one subunit is expressed with the single chain targeting agent, and the second subunit is a second polypeptide chain. Thus, the first and second subunits may form a heterodimer, e.g. linked by one or more disulphide bonds. One subunit may be linked to the N or C end of the targeting portion either directly or indirectly, for example via a peptide linker. Suitable linkers and ways of linking are disclosed herein. Preferably the p35 subunit is linked to the single chain targeting portion.
Targeting Portion
The targeting portion is a single chain targeting portion. The targeting portion may comprise an antibody molecule or a fragment thereof, for example a single chain diabody.
The term “antibody molecule” describes an immunoglobulin whether natural or partly or wholly synthetically produced. The term also covers any polypeptide or protein having a binding domain which is, or is substantially homologous to, an antibody binding domain. Examples of antibodies are the immunoglobulin isotypes and their isotypic subclasses; fragments which comprise an antigen binding domain such single chain diabodies. The antibody molecule or fragment thereof may be human or humanised. It is possible to take monoclonal and other antibodies and use techniques of recombinant DNA technology to produce other antibodies or chimeric molecules which retain the specificity of the original antibody. Such techniques may involve introducing DNA encoding the immunoglobulin variable region, or the CDRs of an antibody to the constant regions, or constant regions plus framework regions, of a different immunoglobulin. See, for instance, EP-A-184187, GB 2188638A or EP-A-239400. A hybridoma or other cell producing an antibody may be subject to genetic mutation or other changes, which mayor may not alter the binding specificity of antibodies produced.
As antibodies can be modified in a number of ways, the term “antibody molecule” should be construed as covering antibody fragments, derivatives, functional equivalents and homologues of antibodies, including any polypeptide comprising an immunoglobulin binding domain, whether natural or wholly or partially synthetic. Chimeric molecules comprising an immunoglobulin binding domain, or equivalent, fused to another polypeptide are therefore included. Cloning and expression of chimeric antibodies are described in EP-A-0120694 and EP-A-0125023.
The term “specific” may be used to refer to the situation in which one member of a specific binding pair will not show any significant binding to molecules other than its specific binding partner(s). The term is also applicable where e.g. an antigen-binding site is specific for a particular epitope that is carried by a number of antigens, in which case the targeting portion carrying the antigen-binding site will be able to bind to the various antigens carrying the epitope.
The targeting portion may be bivalent i.e. has two antigen binding sites. An “antigen binding site” describes the part of an antibody which comprises the area which specifically binds to and is complementary to part or all of an antigen. Where an antigen is large, an antibody may only bind to a particular part of the antigen, which part is termed an epitope. An antigen binding site may be provided by one or more antibody variable domains (e.g. a so-called Fd antibody fragment consisting of a VH domain). Preferably, an antigen binding site comprises an antibody light chain variable region (VL) and an antibody heavy chain variable region (VH).
The targeting portion may comprise two antigen binding sites, which may be identical or different. Preferably, the targeting portion comprises two antigen binding sites, wherein each binding site is provided by a VH-VL domain pair. For example, a targeting portion may comprise two identical VH-VL domain pairs.
Each of the antigen binding sites in the targeting portion may bind the same antigen or epitope. This can be achieved by providing two identical antigen binding sites, or by providing two different antigen binding sites, for example comprising different VH and VL domains, which nevertheless both bind the same antigen or epitope. Alternatively the targeting portion may be bispecific, for example it may be a bispecific single chain diabody. By ‘bispecific” we mean that each of the antigen binding sites binds a different antigen. Optionally, two antigen binding sites may bind two different antigens mentioned herein, e.g. two different antigens of the extracellular matrix, or two different domains of a particular antigen (e.g. fibronectin or tenascin-C).
Preferably the targeting portion comprises or consists of a single chain diabody.
Diabodies are multimers of polypeptides, each polypeptide comprising a first domain comprising a binding region of an immunoglobulin light chain and a second domain comprising a binding region of an immunoglobulin heavy chain, the two domains being linked (e.g. by a peptide linker) but unable to associate with each other to form an antigen binding site: antigen binding sites are formed by the association of the first domain of one polypeptide within the multimer with the second domain of another polypeptide within the multimer (WO94/13804, also reference numbers 35 and 36).
In a diabody a heavy chain variable domain (VH) is connected to a light chain variable domain (VL) on the same polypeptide chain. The VH and VL domains are connected by a peptide linker that is too short to allow pairing between the two domains (generally around 5 amino acids). This forces paring with the complementary VH and VL domains of another chain. An example of this format is found in the (p40p35F8)×2 protein shown in FIG. 2 (C). As shown in FIG. 7, this protein did not show tumour targeting in vivo.
Whereas normal diabodies are unsuitable for use in the present invention, a single chain diabody is suitable and represents a preferred embodiment of the invention. In a single chain diabody two sets of VH and VL domains are connected together in sequence on the same polypeptide chain. For example, the two sets of VH and VL domains may be assembled in a single chain sequence as follows:
(VH-VL)-(VH-VL), where the brackets indicate a set.
In the single chain diabody format each of the VH and VL domains within a set is connected by a short or ‘non-flexible’ peptide linker. This type of peptide linker sequence is not long enough to allow pairing of the VH and VL domains within the set. Generally a short or ‘non flexible’ peptide linker is around 5 amino acids.
The two sets of VH and VL domains are connected as a single chain by a long or ‘flexible’ peptide linker. This type of peptide linker sequence is long enough to allow pairing of the VH and VL domains of the first set with the complementary VH and VL domains of the second set. Generally a long or ‘flexible’ linker is around 15 amino acids.
Single chain diabodies have been previously generated38. A bispecific single chain diabody has been used to target adenovirus to endothelial cells37.
Diabodies and single chain diabodies can be expressed in and secreted from E. coli, thus allowing the easy production of large amounts of the said fragments.
The targeting portion may bind an extra-cellular matrix (ECM) component associated with neoplastic growth and/or angiogenesis.
Preferably the targeting portion binds fibronectin. Fibronectin is an antigen subject to alternative splicing, and a number of alternative isoforms of fibronectin are known, including alternatively spliced isoforms A-FN and B-FN, comprising domains ED-A or ED-B respectively, which are known markers of angiogenesis. The targeting portion may selectively bind to isoforms of fibronectin selectively expressed in the neovasculature. An antigen binding site in the targeting portion of the invention may bind fibronectin isoform A-FN, e.g. it may bind domain ED-A (extra domain A). An antigen binding site in the targeting portion of the invention may bind fibronectin isoform B-FN, e.g. it may bind ED-B (extra domain B).
Fibronectin Extra Domain-A (EDA or ED-A) is also known as ED, extra type III repeat A (EIIIA) or EDI. The sequence of human ED-A has been published by Kornblihtt et al. (1984), Nucleic Acids Res. 12, 5853-5868 and Paolella et al. (1988), Nucleic Acids Res. 16, 3545-3557. The sequence of human ED-A is also available on the SwissProt database as amino acids 1631-1720 (Fibronectin type-III 12; extra domain 2) of the amino acid sequence deposited under accession number P02751. The sequence of mouse ED-A is available on the SwissProt database as amino acids 1721-1810 (Fibronectin type-III 13; extra domain 2) of the amino acid sequence deposited under accession number P11276.
The ED-A isoform of fibronectin (A-FN) contains the Extra Domain-A (ED-A). The sequence of the human A-FN can be deduced from the corresponding human fibronectin precursor sequence which is available on the SwissProt database under accession number P02751. The sequence of the mouse A-FN can be deduced from the corresponding mouse fibronectin precursor sequence which is available on the SwissProt database under accession number P11276. The A-FN may be the human ED-A isoform of fibronectin. The ED-A may be the Extra Domain-A of human fibronectin.
ED-A is a 90 amino acid sequence which is inserted into fibronectin (FN) by alternative splicing and is located between domain 11 and 12 of FN34. ED-A is mainly absent in the plasma form of FN but is abundant during embryogenesis, tissue remodelling, fibrosis, cardiac transplantation and solid tumour growth.
Fibronectin isoform B-FN is one of the best known markers angiogenesis (U.S. Ser. No. 10/382,107, WO01/62298). An extra domain “ED-B” of 91 amino acids is found in the B-FN isoform and is identical in mouse, rat, rabbit, dog and man. B-FN accumulates around neovascular structures in aggressive tumours and other tissues undergoing angiogenesis, such as the endometrium in the proliferative phase and some ocular structures in pathological conditions, but is otherwise undetectable in normal adult tissues.
The targeting portion may bind tenascin-C. Tenascin-C is a large hexameric glycoprotein of the extracellular matrix which modulates cellular adhesion. It is involved in processes such as cell proliferation and cell migration and is associated with changes in tissue architecture as occurring during morphogenesis and embryogenesis as well as under tumourigenesis or angiogenesis. Several isoforms of tenascin-C can be generated as a result of alternative splicing which may lead to the inclusion of (multiple) domains in the central part of this protein, ranging from domain A1 to domain D (Borsi L et al Int J Cancer 1992; 52:688-692, Carnemolla B et al. Eur J Biochem 1992; 205:561-567, WO2006/050834). An antigen binding site in the targeting portion of the present invention may bind tenascin-C domain A1.
The targeting portion may comprise an antigen binding site having the complementarity determining regions (CDRs), or the VH and/or VL domains of an antibody capable of specifically binding to an antigen of interest, for example, one or more CDRs or VH and/or VL domains of an antibody capable of specifically binding to an antigen of the ECM. The antigen may be an antigen preferentially expressed by cells of a tumour or tumour neovasculature or associated with the ECM. Such antigens include fibronectin and tenascin C, as described above.
Thus, the targeting portion may comprise an antigen binding site of the antibody F8, the antibody L19 or the antibody F16, which have all been shown to bind specifically to ECM antigens. The targeting portion may comprise an antigen binding site having one, two, three, four, five or six CDR's, or the VH and/or VL domains of antibody F8, L19 or F16.
F8 is a human monoclonal scFv antibody fragment specific to the alternatively spliced ED-A domain of fibronectin and has been previously described33. L19 is a human monoclonal scFv specific to the A1 domain of Tenascin C and has been previously described (WO2006/050834). F16 is a human monoclonal scFv specific to the alternatively spliced ED-A domain of fibronectin and has been previously described (WO2006/119897).
An antigen binding site may comprise one, two, three, four, five or six CDRs of antibody F8. Amino acid sequences of the CDRs of F8 are:
SEQ ID NO:9 (CDR1 VH);
SEQ ID NO:10 (CDR2 VH);
SEQ ID NO:11 (CDR3 VH);
SEQ ID NO:12 (CDR1 VL);
SEQ ID NO:13 (CDR2 VL), and/or
SEQ ID NO:14 (CDR3 VL).
SEQ ID NOs 9-11 are the amino acid sequences of the VH CDR regions (1-3, respectively) of the human monoclonal antibody F8. SEQ ID NOs 12-14 are the amino acid of the VL CDR regions (1-3, respectively) of the human monoclonal antibody F8. The CDRs of F8 shown in SEQ ID NOs 9-14 are encoded by the nucleotide sequences shown in SEQ ID NOs 2-7, respectively.
The amino acid sequence of the VH and VL domains of antibody F8 are shown in FIG. 1b. The amino acid sequence of the VH and VL domains of F8 correspond to SEQ ID NO: 15 and SEQ ID NO:16, respectively. The nucleotide sequences of the VH and VL domains of F8 correspond to SEQ ID NO: 23 and SEQ ID NO: 24, respectively.
An antigen binding site may comprise one, two, three, four, five or six CDRs of antibody L19. Amino acid sequences of the CDRs of L19 are:
SEQ ID NO:35 (CDR1 VH);
SEQ ID NO:36 (CDR2 VH);
SEQ ID NO:37 (CDR3 VH);
SEQ ID NO:38 (CDR1 VL);
SEQ ID NO:39 (CDR2 VL), and/or
SEQ ID NO:40 (CDR3 VL).
SEQ ID NOs 35-37 are the amino acid sequences of the VH CDR regions (1-3, respectively) of the human monoclonal antibody L19. SEQ ID NOs 38-40 are the amino acid of the VL CDR regions (1-3, respectively) of the human monoclonal antibody L19.
The amino acid sequence of the VH and VL domains of antibody L19 correspond to SEQ ID NO: 33 and SEQ ID NO:34, respectively. The amino acid sequence of the scFv(L19) is given in SEQ ID NO: 41).
An antigen binding site may comprise one, two, three, four, five or six CDRs of antibody F16. Amino acid sequences of the CDRs of F16 are:
SEQ ID NO:44 (CDR1 VH);
SEQ ID NO:45 (CDR2 VH);
SEQ ID NO:46 (CDR3 VH);
SEQ ID NO:47 (CDR1 VL);
SEQ ID NO:48 (CDR2 VL), and/or
SEQ ID NO:49 (CDR3 VL).
SEQ ID NOs 44-46 are the amino acid sequences of the VH CDR regions (1-3, respectively) of the human monoclonal antibody F16. SEQ ID NOs 47-49 are to the amino acid of the VL CDR regions (1-3, respectively) of the human monoclonal antibody F16.
The amino acid sequence of the VH and VL domains of antibody F16 correspond to SEQ ID NO: 42 and SEQ ID NO:43, respectively.
The conjugate may comprise linked p35 and p40 subunits of IL-12 joined to a single chain diabody, for example a single chain diabody comprising the VH and VL domains of antibody F8, L19 or, F16.
A single chain diabody according to the invention may have a VH domain having at least 70%, more preferably one of at least 75%, 80%, 85%, 90%, 95%, 96%, 97%, 98%, 99% or 100%, sequence identity to the F8 VH domain amino acid sequence SEQ ID NO:15, the L19 VH domain amino acid sequence SEQ ID NO: 33, or the F16 VH domain amino acid sequence SEQ ID NO: 42. The VH domain may be encoded by a nucleotide sequence having at least 70%, more preferably one of at least 75%, 80%, 85%, 90%, 95%, 96%, 97%, 98%, 99% or 100%, sequence identity to the F8 VH domain nucleotide sequence set forth in SEQ ID NO: 23.
A single chain diabody according to the invention may have a VL domain having at least 70%, more preferably one of at least 75%, 80%, 85%, 90%, 95%, 96%, 97%, 98%, 99% or 100%, sequence identity to the F8 VL domain amino acid sequence SEQ ID NO:16, the L19 amino acid sequence SEQ ID NO: 34 or the F16 amino acid sequence SEQ ID NO: 43. The VL domain may be encoded by a nucleotide sequence having at least 70%, more preferably one of at least 75%, 80%, 85%, 90%, 95%, 96%, 97%, 98%, 99% or 100%, sequence identity to the F8 VL domain nucleotide sequence set forth in SEQ ID NO: 24.
Sequence identity is commonly defined with reference to the algorithm GAP (Wisconsin GCG package, Accelerys Inc, San Diego USA). GAP uses the Needleman and Wunsch algorithm to align two complete sequences that maximizes the number of matches and minimizes the number of gaps. Generally, default parameters are used, with a gap creation penalty=12 and gap extension penalty=4. Use of GAP may be preferred but other algorithms may be used, e.g. BLAST (which uses the method of Altschul et al. (1990) J. Mol. Biol. 215: 405-410), FASTA (which uses the method of Pearson and Lipman (1988) PNAS USA 85: 2444-2448), or the Smith-Waterman algorithm (Smith and Waterman (1981) J. Mol Biol. 147: 195-197), or the TBLASTN program, of Altschul et al. (1990) supra, generally employing default parameters. In particular, the psi-Blast algorithm (Nucl. Acids Res. (1997) 25 3389-3402) may be used.
Variants of these VH and VL domains and CDRs may also be employed in antibody molecules for use in conjugates as described herein. Suitable variants can be obtained by means of methods of sequence alteration, or mutation, and screening.
Particular variants for use as described herein may include one or more amino acid sequence alterations (addition, deletion, substitution and/or insertion of an amino acid residue), maybe less than about 20 alterations, less than about 15 alterations, less than about 10 alterations or less than about 5 alterations, 4, 3, 2 or 1.
Alterations may be made in one or more framework regions and/or one or more CDRs. In particular, alterations may be made in VH CDR1, VH, CDR2 and/or VH CDR3.
The amino acid sequence of the F8 single chain diabody is found in SEQ ID NO: 32. The F8 single chain diabody may comprise or consist the amino acid sequence of SEQ ID NO: 32. The nucleotide sequence encoding the F8 single chain diabody is found in SEQ ID NO: 31.
A single chain diabody according to the invention may have at least 70%, more preferably one of at least 75%, 80%, 85%, 90%, 95%, 96%, 97%, 98%, 99% or 100%, sequence identity to the amino acid sequence of the F8 single chain diabody set forth in SEQ ID NO:32. It may be encoded by a nucleotide sequence having at least 70%, more preferably one of at least 75%, 80%, 85%, 90%, 95%, 96%, 97%, 98%, 99% or 100%, sequence identity to the nucleotide sequence set forth in SEQ ID NO:31.
Linkers
The targeting portion and therapeutic or diagnostic agent portion may be connected to each other directly, for example through any suitable chemical bond or through a linker, for example a peptide linker.
The peptide linker may be a short (2-20, preferably 2-15) residue stretch of amino acids). Suitable examples of peptide linker sequences are known in the art. One or more different linkers may be used. The linker may be about 5 amino acids in length. An example of a suitable linker is GSADGG (SEQ ID NO: 20) which is encoded by the nucleotide sequence SEQ ID NO:28.
The chemical bond may be, for example, a covalent or ionic bond. Examples of covalent bonds include peptide bonds (amide bonds) and disulphide bonds. For example the targeting portion and therapeutic or diagnostic agent portion may be covalently linked. For example by peptide bonds (amide bonds). Thus, the targeting portion and therapeutic or diagnostic agent portion may be produced (secreted) as a single chain polypeptide. The individual components that form the targeting portion or the therapeutic or diagnostic agent portion may also be connected directly, for example through any suitable chemical bond, or through a linker, for example a peptide linker. Examples of individual components which may be linked within the targeting portion are CDRs or VH or VL sequences. Examples of individual components within the therapeutic or diagnostic agent portion are cytokine subunits, such as the IL-12 p35 and p40 subunits.
For example, when the targeting portion comprises two sets of VH and VL sequences, for example where it is a single chain diabody, preferably the first and second set of VH and VL sequences are connected by a flexible peptide linker. By “flexible” is meant a linker sequence that is long enough to allow pairing of the VH and VL domains of the first set with the complementary VH and VL domains of the second set. An example of such a linker is SSSSGSSSSGSSSSG (SEQ ID NO: 22), which is encoded by the nucleotide sequence SEQ ID NO: 30. Preferably the VH-VL sequences within each set are connected by a ‘non-flexible’ linker. By a ‘non-flexible’ linker is meant a peptide linker sequence that is not long enough to allow pairing of the VH and VL domains. An example of a short linker sequence is GGSGG (SEQ ID NO: 21) which is encoded by the nucleotide sequence SEQ ID NO: 29. Individual cytokine subunits, such as the p40 and p35 domains of IL-12, may also be connected by a linker sequence. An example of a suitable linker sequence is GGGGSGGGGSGGGGS (SEQ ID NO: 19), which is encoded by the nucleotide sequence SEQ ID NO: 27.
Molecular Weight
Methods of determining the molecular weight of a protein are known in the art, for example SDS-PAGE. This may be the actual measured molecular weight with or without glycosylation. An example of a method for determining molecular weight is SDS-PAGE as described in Example 1 and shown in FIG. 6. Alternatively, molecular weight may be an estimated value based on e.g. the expected molecular weight of the conjugate with or, normally, without glycosylation. Methods for determining molecular weight can be found in standard textbooks for example Molecular biomethods handbook, second edition (2008) Humana Press, edited by John M. Walker and Ralph Rapley.
Therapeutic or Diagnostic Agent
The therapeutic or diagnostic agent may comprise a cytokine. Preferably the therapeutic or diagnostic agent comprises two subunits (i.e. a pair or subunits), for example the p40 and p35 subunits of IL-12.
The therapeutic or diagnostic agent may be a single chain protein, for example a single chain fusion protein. For example, p35 and p40 subunits of IL-12 may be linked (e.g. directly or by a peptide linker sequence) as a single polypeptide chain. Alternatively only one of the p35 or p40 subunits may be produced (expressed) as a single chain protein together with the single chain targeting portion. The second subunit is a second polypeptide chain, which is then linked to the first subunit as a heterodimer. The subunits of the heterodimer, e.g. IL-12 p35 and p40 subunits may be covalently linked. Forms of covalent linkage are described elsewhere herein. Preferably, when heterodimeric IL-12 is used in a conjugate of the invention, the subunits are linked by one or more disulphide bonds. Disulphide bonds link the subunits of natural IL-12, and thus this native form may be advantageous for functional activity.
IL-12 p35 and p40 Subunits.
Preferably the therapeutic agent is IL-12, or a subunit or subunits thereof. IL-12 or subunits thereof useful in the invention may be derived from any animal, e.g. human, rodent (e.g. rat, mouse), horse, cow, pig, sheep, dog, etc. Human IL-12 is preferred in conjugates for administration to humans. IL-12 occurs naturally as a heterodimeric protein composed of a 40 kDa (p40) subunit and a 35 kDa (p35) subunit. The actual molecular weights of the subunits may vary, e.g. when expressed in different species and depending on whether the protein is glycosylated and on the glycosylation pattern. The terms “p40” and “p35” therefore do not imply that the subunits have molecular weights of exactly 40 and 35 kDa respectively. Instead, these terms are used to identify and distinguish the two subunits of IL-12, which may more accurately be defined in terms of their amino acid sequences.
The amino acid sequence of the IL-12 p40 subunit is set out in SEQ ID NO: 17; the amino acid sequence of the IL-12 p35 subunit is set out in SEQ ID NO: 18. The nucleotide sequence encoding the IL-12 p40 subunit is set out in SEQ ID NO: 25; the nucleotide sequence encoding the IL-12 p35 subunit is set out in SEQ ID NO: 26.
Typically, the p35 subunit has at least 70%, more preferably one of at least 75%, 80%, 85%, 90%, 95%, 96%, 97%, 98%, 99% or 100%, sequence identity to the amino acid sequence shown in SEQ ID NO:18. The p35 subunit may be encoded by a nucleotide sequence having least 70%, more preferably one of at least 75%, 80%, 85%, 90%, 95%, 96%, 97%, 98%, 99% or 100%, sequence identity to SEQ ID NO:26.
The p40 subunit may have at least 70%, more preferably one of at least 75%, 80%, 85%, 90%, 95%, 96%, 97%, 98%, 99% or 100%, sequence identity to the amino acid sequence shown in SEQ ID NO:17. The p40 subunit may be encoded by a nucleotide sequence having least 70%, more preferably one of at least 75%, 80%, 85%, 90%, 95%, 96%, 97%, 98%, 99% or 100%, sequence identity to the nucleotide sequence shown in SEQ ID NO:25.
IL12 in conjugates of the invention retains a biological activity of IL12, e.g. an ability to act as a growth factor for activated T and NK cells, to enhance the lytic activity of NK/lymphokine-activated killer cells, to stimulate production of IFN-y by resting PMBC, to inhibit angiogenesis (e.g. through the downstream mediator IP-1 0), and/or to inhibit tumour growth and/or metastasis.
The therapeutic agent may comprise a single IL-12 fusion protein comprising linked IL-12 p35 and p40 subunits.
The subunits may be linked together by any suitable chemical bond. For example a covalent or ionic bond. Example of covalent bonds include peptide bonds (amide bonds) and disulphide bonds.
The p35 and p40 subunits of IL-12 may be covalently linked. The covalent linkage may be one or more disulphide bonds. The invention therefore allows the use and maintenance of a natural format of the IL-12 subunits in the conjugate.
Alternatively, the p35 and p40 subunits of IL-12 may be linked by peptide bonds (amide bonds), optionally through a peptide linker, as described above. Thus, the p35 and p40 subunits may be produced (secreted) as a single chain polypeptide.
The therapeutic or diagnostic agent may comprise or consist of IL-12 p35 and p40 subunits. The subunits may be a single chain, for example a p35 and p40 single chain fusion protein. The therapeutic or diagnostic agent may comprise or consist of p35 and p40 subunits as a heterodimer (heterodimeric protein).
The p35 and p40 subunits of IL-12 may be linked together in either order. For example, the N terminus of the p35 subunit may be conjugated to the C terminus of the p40 subunit or the N terminus of the p40 subunit may be conjugated to the C terminus of the p35 subunit. Preferably, the N terminus of the p35 subunit is conjugated to the C terminus of the p40 subunit.
The targeting portion may be conjugated to only one of the p40 or p35 subunits.
The targeting portion may be conjugated to either the C or the N terminus of p40 subunit or p35 subunit, depending on the relative orientation of the linked IL-12 subunits in the conjugate. For example, the targeting portion may be conjugated to the C terminus of the p35 subunit, the C terminus of the p40 subunit, the N terminus of the p40 subunit, or the N terminus of the p35 subunit. Preferably the targeting portion is conjugated to the C terminus of the p35 subunit.
The subunit which is not conjugated to the targeting portion may have a free amino or carboxyl terminus. Again this depends on the order that the subunits are linked together. For example, when the targeting portion is conjugated to the C terminus of the p35 subunit, the p40 subunit may have a free N terminus. When the targeting portion is conjugated to the C terminus of the p40 subunit, the p35 subunit may have a free N terminus. When the targeting portion is conjugated to the N terminus of the p40 subunit, the p35 subunit may have a free N terminus. When the targeting portion is conjugated to the N terminus of the p35 subunit, the p40 subunit may have a free N terminus.
Preferably the targeting portion is linked to the p35 subunit. Preferably the p40 subunit has a free (unfused) N terminus. When the p40 subunit has a free N terminus this is believed to maximise its activity.
Methods of Treatment
In a second aspect, a conjugate according to the invention may be used in a method of treatment of the human or animal body, such as a method of treatment (which may include prophylactic treatment) of a disease or disorder in a patient (typically a human patient) comprising administering the conjugate to the patient.
Accordingly, such aspects of the invention provide methods of treatment comprising administering a conjugate of the invention, pharmaceutical compositions comprising such a conjugate for the treatment of a condition or disease, and a method of making a medicament or pharmaceutical composition comprising formulating the conjugate of the present invention with a physiologically acceptable carrier or excipient.
Thus, a conjugate as herein described may be used in a method of treating cancer or inhibiting angiogenesis by targeting an agent to the neovasculature in vivo. The agent may be any therapeutic or diagnostic agent discussed herein. In particular a cytokine, such as IL-12.
Thus, a conjugate as herein described may be used in a method of treating cancer or inhibiting angiogenesis by targeting IL-12 to the neovasculature in vivo. Also contemplated is a method of treating cancer or inhibiting angiogenesis by targeting an agent, in particular a therapeutic agent e.g. IL-12, to the neovasculature in a patient, the method comprising administering a therapeutically effective amount of a conjugate as herein described to the patient.
Conditions treatable using the conjugate as described herein include cancer, other tumours and neoplastic conditions. The conjugate may be used to inhibit angiogenesis and thereby treat rheumatoid arthritis, diabetic retinopathy, age-related muscular degeneration, angiomas, tumours and cancer. Treatment may include prophylactic treatment. The conjugate may also be administered in diagnostic methods, e.g. targeting and diagnosis of angiogenesis, which may be associated with any of the above conditions. Other diseases and conditions may also be diagnosed and treated, according to the nature of the protein therapeutic or diagnostic agent contained in the conjugate, and the specificity of the targeting portion.
Cancers suitable for treatment as described herein include any type of solid or non-solid cancer or malignant lymphoma and especially liver cancer, lymphoma, leukaemia (e.g. acute myeloid leukaemia), sarcomas, skin cancer, bladder cancer, breast cancer, uterine cancer, ovarian cancer, prostate cancer, lung cancer, colorectal cancer, cervical cancer, head and neck cancer, oesophageal cancer, pancreatic cancer, renal cancer, stomach cancer and cerebral cancer. Cancers may be familial or sporadic. Cancers may be metastatic or non-metastatic.
Preferably, the cancer is a cancer selected from the group of kidney cancer, breast cancer, liver cancer, lung cancer, lymphoma, sarcoma (e.g. gastrointestinal stromal tumour), skin cancer (e.g. melanoma), colorectal cancer, and neuroendocrine tumours.
The cancer may express an isoform of fibronectin comprising domain ED-A or ED-B, or alternatively spliced tenascin-C comprising for example domain A1. Preferably the cancer expresses the ED-A isoform of fibronectin.
Expression of the ED-A isoform of fibronectin has been reported in a number of different cancers including kidney cancer, breast cancer, liver cancer, fibrosarcoma, rhabdomyosarcoma and melanoma (Lohi et al. 1995, Jacobs et al. 2002, Matsumoto et al. 1999, Oyama et al. 1989, Tavian et al. 1994, Borsi et al. 1987).
Pharmaceutical Compositions
A further aspect of the present invention relates to a pharmaceutical composition comprising at least one conjugate of the invention and optionally a pharmaceutically acceptable excipient.
Pharmaceutical compositions of the present invention typically comprise a therapeutically effective amount of a conjugate according to the invention and optionally auxiliary substances such as pharmaceutically acceptable excipient(s). Said pharmaceutical compositions are prepared in a manner well known in the pharmaceutical art. A carrier or excipient may be a liquid material which can serve as a vehicle or medium for the active ingredient. Suitable carriers or excipients are well known in the art and include, for example, stabilisers, antioxidants, pH-regulating substances, controlled-release excipients. The pharmaceutical preparation of the invention may be adapted, for example, for parenteral use and may be administered to the patient in the form of solutions or the like.
Compositions comprising the conjugate of the present invention may be administered to a patient. Administration is preferably in a “therapeutically effective amount”, this being sufficient to show benefit to the patient. Such benefit may be at least amelioration of at least one symptom. The actual amount administered, and rate and time-course of administration, will depend on the nature and severity of what is being treated. Prescription of treatment, e.g. decisions on dosage etc, is within the responsibility of general practitioners and other medical doctors. Treatments may be repeated at daily, twice-weekly, weekly, or monthly intervals at the discretion of the physician
Conjugates of the invention may be administered to a patient in need of treatment via any suitable route, usually by injection into the bloodstream and/or directly into the site to be treated, e.g. tumour or tumour vasculature. The precise dose and its frequency of administration will depend upon a number of factors, the route of treatment, the size and location of the area to be treated (e.g. tumour).
Pharmaceutical compositions for oral administration may be in tablet, capsule, powder or liquid form. A tablet may comprise a solid carrier such as gelatin or an adjuvant. Liquid pharmaceutical compositions generally comprise a liquid carrier such as water, petroleum, animal or vegetable oils, mineral oil or synthetic oil. Physiological saline solution, dextrose or other saccharide solution or glycols such as ethylene glycol, propylene glycol or polyethylene glycol may be included
For intravenous injection, or injection at the site of affliction, the active ingredient will be in the form of a parenterally acceptable aqueous solution which is pyrogen-free and has suitable pH, isotonicity and stability. Those of relevant skill in the art are well able to prepare suitable solutions using, for example, isotonic vehicles such as Sodium Chloride Injection, Ringer's Injection, Lactated Ringer's Injection. Preservatives, stabilisers, buffers, antioxidants and/or other additives may be included, as required.
A composition may be administered alone or in combination with other treatments, either simultaneously or sequentially dependent upon the condition to be treated. Other treatments may include the administration of suitable doses of pain relief drugs such as non-steroidal anti-inflammatory drugs (e.g. aspirin, paracetamol, ibuprofen or ketoprofen) or opiates such as morphine, or anti-emetics.
Kits
Another aspect of the invention provides a therapeutic kit for use in the treatment of cancer or angiogenesis comprising a conjugate as described herein. The components of a kit are preferably sterile and in sealed vials or other containers.
A kit may further comprise instructions for use of the components in a method described herein. The components of the kit may be comprised or packaged in a container, for example a bag, box, jar, tin or blister pack.
Terminology
“and/or” where used herein is to be taken as specific disclosure of each of the two specified features or components with or without the other. For example “A and/or B” is to be taken as specific disclosure of each of (i) A, (ii) B and (iii) A and B, just as if each is set out individually herein.
Various further aspects of the present invention will be apparent to those skilled in the art in view of the present disclosure.
The present invention will now be illustrated by way of the following non-limiting examples.
EXAMPLES
Here we describe the production and characterisation of F8-IL-12 conjugates in two different formats and a comparison of these two formats with an old format F8-IL-12, thereby demonstrating the superiority of the single chain diabody format as claimed herein for in vivo targeting.
Example 1
Cloning of Two New IL-12 Based Immunocytokines
Cloning of p40p35F8F8:
The p40 and the p35 subunit of IL-12 were fused using 15 amino acid linker. Two scFv(F8) antibody fragments containing a short 5 amino acid linker between heavy and light chain were connected using a 15 amino acid linker. This single chain diabody fragment was then linked to the p35p40 fusion protein via a 6 amino acid linker. The cloning strategy is shown in FIG. 3a. The construct was cloned into vector pcDNA 3.1 for mammalian cell expression.
Cloning of (p40p35F8)×2:
The p40 and the p35 subunit of IL-12 were connected using 15 amino acid linker and fused to the N terminus scFv(F8) diabody using a 6 amino acid linker. The cloning strategy is shown in FIG. 3b. The construct was cloned into vector pcDNA 3.1.
Both the p40p35F8F8 and (p40p35F8)×2 proteins were successfully purified from medium by protein A affinity chromatography and analysed by SDS-PAGE and fast protein liquid chromatography gel filtration using a SuperdexTM 200 10/300 GL size exclusion column.
The gel filtration profiles of the p40p35F8F8 and (p40p35F8)×2 proteins are shown in FIG. 5 together with the gel filtration profile of the ‘old format’ F8 IL-12 protein. The results shown in FIG. 5 demonstrate that it is easier to purify the p40p35F8F8 protein compared to the F8 IL-12 protein in the old format.
Using SDS page in reducing and non-reducing conditions the calculated molecular mass of p40p35F8F8 was found to be 110 kDa and the calculated molecular mass of the dimeric (p40p35F8)×2 was found to be 170 kD (FIG. 6).
Example 2
Calculating the KD Value of p40p35F8F8
The apparent KD value of the single chain fusion protein p40p35F8F8 was determined by Biacore on an antigen-coated chip.
The BIAcore analysis produced a graph (shown in FIG. 4) for the p40p35F8F8 protein which was analysed to deduce the affinity of an antibody for the ED-A antigen. The x axis of each graph corresponds to time and the y axis corresponds to Resonance Units (a measure which indicates the binding affinity of the tested antibody for the antigen coated onto the BIAcore chip).
The ascending part of each graph represents the association phase. The steeper the curve in this part of the graph, the faster the association of the antibody with the antigen. The descending part of each graph represents the dissociation phase of the antibody from the antigen. The flatter the curve in this part of the graph is, the slower the dissociation of the antibody from the antigen.
Example 3
In vivo Targeting Performance: Biodistribution
In order to evaluate in vivo targeting performance, the p40p35F8F8 and (p40p35F8)×2 proteins were radio iodinated with 125I and chloramine-T, and purified on a PD-10 column. Radio labelled antibody was injected intravenously into four 129 SVE mice bearing subcutaneous F9 tumours. Mice were sacrificed 24 hours after injection. Organs were weighed and radioactivity was counted using a CobraTMγ counter. The radioactivity content of representative organs is expressed as the mean±SE percent of the injected dose per gram tissue The results of this experiment are illustrated in FIG. 7.
The immunocytokine (p40p35F8)×2 did not show any tumour uptake. Both the old format protein and p40p35F8F8 showed nice tumour uptake and similar tumour to blood ratios. However, tumour to organ ratios were superior for the new immunocytokine p40p35F8F8 compared to the old format (6:1 vs. 4:1). As the old format protein and the p40p35F8F8 protein had similar molecular weights, the observed improvement in tumour uptake for the new format could not be explained by, for example, the new format having improved penetration due to being a smaller molecule.
Overall the new IL12 fusion protein p40p35F8F8 shows several advantages over the old format. It is easier to produce and purify since it consists of one single species, which will facilitate production. Furthermore, it shows improved tumour uptake in vivo.
REFERENCES
All documents cited in this specification, including those cited above, are hereby incorporated by reference in their entirety.

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## Claims

1. A conjugate comprising interleukin 12 (IL-12) subunit p40 linked to IL-12 subunit p35, wherein the IL-12 subunit p35 is further linked to a single chain diabody comprising a first region comprising VH and VL domains linked to a second region comprising VH and VL domains,
wherein the VH and VL domains of the first and second regions comprise complementarity determining regions (CDRs) of an antibody that binds an extracellular matrix component associated with neoplastic growth and/or angiogenesis, and
wherein the VH domain of the first region pairs with the VL domain of the second region to form a first antigen binding site and the VH domain of the second region pairs with the VL domain of the first region to form a second antigen binding site.

2. The conjugate according to claim 1, wherein the single chain diabody is linked to the C terminus of the p35 subunit.

3. The conjugate according to claim 1, wherein the p40 subunit has a free N terminus.

4. The conjugate according to claim 1, wherein the single chain diabody binds fibronectin.

5. The conjugate according to claim 4, wherein the single chain diabody binds fibronectin domain ED-A.

6. The conjugate according to claim 5, wherein the first and second antigen binding sites of the single chain diabody comprise the complementarity determining regions (CDRs) of antibody F8 set forth in SEQ ID NOs: 9-14.

7. The conjugate according to claim 5, wherein the single chain diabody has VH and VL domains set forth in SEQ ID NOs: 23 and 24.

8. The conjugate according to claim 7, wherein the single chain diabody comprises the amino acid sequence set forth in SEQ ID NO: 31.

9. The conjugate according to claim 1, which is a single chain fusion protein.

10. The conjugate of claim 1, further comprising a linker between the VH and VL domains of the first region that does not allow pairing between the VH and VL domains of the first region.

11. The conjugate of claim 1, further comprising a linker between the VH and VL domains of the second region that does not allow pairing between the VH and VL domains of the second region.

12. The conjugate of claim 10, further comprising a linker between the VH and VL domains of the second region that does not allow pairing between the VH and VL domains of the second region.

13. The conjugate of claim 1, further comprising a linker between the VL domain of the first region and the VH domain of the second region that allows pairing between the VL domain of the first region and the VH domain of the second region and between the VH domain of the first region and the VL domain of the second region.

14. The conjugate of claim 12, further comprising a linker between the VL domain of the first region and the VH domain of the second region that allows pairing between the VL domain of the first region and the VH domain of the second region and between the VH domain of the first region and the VL domain of the second region.

15. The conjugate of claim 14, the single chain diabody is linked to the C terminus of the p35subunit and the p40 subunit has a free N terminus.

16. The conjugate of claim 15, wherein the single chain diabody binds fibronectin domain ED-A.

17. The conjugate of claim 1, wherein the VH and VL domains of the first region are the same as the VH and VL domains of the second region.

18. The conjugate of claim 1, wherein the VH and VL domains of the first region are different from the VH and VL domains of the second region.