[DO NOT PUBLISH]

IN THE UNITED STATES COURT OF APPEALS

FOR THE ELEVENTH CIRCUIT

________________________

No. 20-13133

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D.C. Docket No. 2:17-cv-00041-SPC-MRM

CONTINENTAL 332 FUND, LLC, 

CONTINENTAL 298 FUND LLC, 

CONTINENTAL 306 FUND LLC, 

CONTINENTAL 326 FUND LLC, 

CONTINENTAL 347 FUND LLC, 

CONTINENTAL 355 FUND LLC, 

CONTINENTAL 342 FUND LLC, 

CONTINENTAL 245 FUND LLC, 

 Plaintiffs - Counter Defendants

 Appellants,

 versus

DAVID ALBERTELLI,, et al.,

 Defendants,

ALBERTELLI CONSTRUCTION INC.,

 Defendant - Counter Claimant

 Counter Defendant,

BROOK KOZLOWSKI,

GREGORY HILZ,

 Defendants - Appellees,

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WESTCORE CONSTRUCTION, LLC, et al.,

 Defendants - Counter Claimants, 

CONTINENTAL DEVELOPMENT COMPANY, INC., et al.,

 Counter Defendants. 

________________________

Appeals from the United States District Court

for the Middle District of Florida

________________________

(July 28, 2021)

Before NEWSOM, BRANCH, and LAGOA, Circuit Judges.

NEWSOM, Circuit Judge: 

This appeal requires us to consider a real-estate developer’s RICO claim. 

Continental Properties Group, Inc. awarded contracts to Westcore Construction 

LLC, a general contractor formed by Gregory Hilz. Westcore allegedly breached 

these contracts, providing incomplete and defective work. Continental sub-entities 

filed suit against Westcore and its employees, including Hilz, alleging fraud, 

conspiracy, and RICO claims. As relevant here, the district court granted Hilz’s 

motion for summary judgment on the RICO claim, concluding that the sub-entities 

hadn’t shown the requisite two predicate acts of racketeering. After careful review 

and with the benefit of oral argument, we affirm.

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I 

Continental develops apartment complexes. Angelo Eguizabal, a vice 

president at Continental, selected general contractors for construction projects, one 

of which was Albertelli Construction, Inc. Albertelli Construction, founded and 

owned by George Albertelli, performed commercial construction work. David 

Albertelli, George’s son (hereafter, “Albertelli”), was a principal of Albertelli 

Construction. Around 2011, Eguizabal began steering contracts to Albertelli 

Construction and allegedly received substantial bribes for doing so. After a while, 

Continental stopped awarding contracts to Albertelli Construction on account of 

poor performance. 

Albertelli sought to remedy that problem. He approached Gregory Hilz 

about forming Westcore, a company that would earn contracts from Continental 

without Albertelli’s visible involvement. Hilz founded Westcore in 2015, setting 

up a 70/30% ownership split between Albertelli and himself, respectively. 

Albertelli then introduced Hilz to Eguizabal. 

Around that time, Albertelli emailed Hilz, stating, “[p]lease make sure . . .

your [LinkedIn page] is pretty clean of most things or take it down for the short 

term.” 2017, Hilz’s LinkedIn page stated that he had been Managing General 

Partner of Westcore Construction LLC from February 2014 to the present, 

although Hilz hadn’t formed Westcore until 2015; in 2017, Hilz’s LinkedIn page 

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also stated that he had been Managing Partner at Devcon Hospitality Partners from 

1997 to the present, although Hilz also formed that company in 2015. Albertelli’s 

email to Hilz added: 

Westcore: you are the president; 19 yr company; you’ve been with 

them since 2009; company is growing since the recession ended and 

should do around 200MM this year. Condo project in san diego (22 

story); some commercial, student housing, assisted living and memory 

care etc. Apartments in California for irvine companies. Colorado 

experience: distribution facility in Denver, assisted living in colorado 

springs, hotel and retail coming up in deer valley.

In 2015, Westcore provided Continental with a qualification statement 

detailing its experience and credentials. The parties dispute the extent to which 

Westcore provided false information in the qualification statement. Approximately 

one month after Westcore sent the qualification statement, Albertelli emailed Hilz, 

reminding him to “save to your computer, print to pdf and then scan every page 

just to make sure my name doesn’t show up[.]” Continental soon began 

contracting with Westcore. 

In February of 2016, Continental requested that Westcore describe its 

experience in Denver, Colorado. Hilz forwarded Continental’s request to 

Albertelli, who responded, “I don’t really have any. I would say let’s provide him 

with the Residences at Little Nell and I’ll look [sic] pick an apartment complex off 

of the internet.” On March 2, 2016, Hilz responded to Continental’s request by 

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naming two apartment complexes and two custom home projects that Westcore 

hadn’t built. 

Westcore soon fell apart. Albertelli began feuding with—and eventually 

terminated—Hilz in 2017. In response, Hilz left a voicemail for a Continental 

employee informing him of Eguizabal’s bribes. Meanwhile, Continental issued 

notices of default to Westcore on several projects, citing Westcore’s incomplete 

and defective work. 

Continental-controlled limited liability corporations that hold individual 

apartment complex projects (hereinafter “the Funds”) filed suit in federal court. 

The Funds’ operative complaint alleged three counts against Hilz: fraud (Count 

22), conspiracy to commit fraud (Count 23), and a RICO violation (Count 24). 

Hilz moved for summary judgment on each of the counts asserted against him. 

As relevant here, the district court granted Hilz’s motion with respect to the 

RICO count. The district court concluded that the Funds hadn’t shown the two 

predicate acts required to bring a RICO claim. As an initial matter, the court held 

that “[m]ere knowledge of a bribery scheme” wasn’t enough to establish bribery—

the first alleged predicate act. Next, the court held that the Funds had presented 

evidence of only one predicate act involving wire fraud—specifically, the 

qualification statement. The district court rejected the Funds’ other wire-fraudrelated predicate acts. With respect to Hilz’s LinkedIn page, the court held that 

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“nondisclosure of material information can underpin a wire fraud claim only when 

the defendant has a duty to disclose”—which it found Hilz lacked. As for Hilz’s 

March 2, 2016 email regarding Westcore’s experience in Denver, Colorado, the 

court determined that the Funds hadn’t carried their evidentiary burden. 

Separately, the district court rejected the Funds’ reliance on RICO’s conspiracy 

provision, 18 U.S.C. § 1962(d), holding that their RICO count contained no 

conspiracy allegations. The Funds moved for reconsideration of the district court’s 

order on the RICO claim; the district court denied the motion. The Funds now 

appeal the district court’s grant of summary judgment, as well as the district 

court’s denial of their motion for reconsideration.1

II

This appeal raises three issues: whether (1) the Funds have established that 

Hilz committed two predicate acts of racketeering, (2) the Funds may rely on 

RICO’s conspiracy provision and thus bypass the predicate-act requirement, and 

1 We review de novo the district court’s grant of summary judgment, drawing all reasonable 

inferences in the light most favorable to the non-moving party. Bowen v. Manheim Remarketing, 

Inc., 882 F.3d 1358, 1362 (11th Cir. 2018). We review the denial of a motion for 

reconsideration for an abuse of discretion. Cliff v. Payco Gen. Am. Credits, Inc., 363 F.3d 1113, 

1121 (11th Cir. 2004). 

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(3) the district court erred in denying the Funds’ motion for reconsideration. We 

address these issues in turn.

A 

First, the Funds contend that Hilz committed multiple predicate acts, 

including wire fraud and bribery. RICO creates civil liability for a “person 

employed by or associated with any enterprise . . . to conduct or participate, 

directly or indirectly, in the conduct of such enterprise’s affairs through a pattern 

of racketeering activity.” 18 U.S.C. §§ 1962(c), 1964(c). Thus, in order to 

establish a federal civil RICO violation under § 1962(c), the Funds “must satisfy 

four elements of proof: (1) conduct (2) of an enterprise (3) through a pattern (4) of 

racketeering activity.” Jones v. Childers, 18 F.3d 899, 910 (11th Cir. 1994) 

(quotation marks omitted). 

To meet the third and fourth elements and demonstrate a pattern of 

racketeering activity, the Funds must show that Hilz committed at least two acts of 

racketeering—known as “predicate acts.” United States v. Browne, 505 F.3d 1229, 

1257 (11th Cir. 2007). A predicate act “includes any of a long list of state and 

federal crimes”—including, as relevant here, wire fraud and bribery. Cisneros v. 

Petland, Inc., 972 F.3d 1204, 1215 (11th Cir. 2020); 18 U.S.C. § 1961(1). “A 

plaintiff must put forward enough facts with respect to each predicate act to make 

it independently indictable as a crime.” Petland, 972 F.3d at 1215. 

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Before jumping into the merits, we pause briefly to emphasize this Circuit’s 

interpretation of Federal Rule of Civil Procedure 15, which, for reasons we will 

explain, bears on both the Funds’ substantive RICO claim and the RICO 

conspiracy claim. A complaint must contain “a short and plain statement of the 

claim showing that the pleader is entitled to relief.” Fed. R. Civ. P. 8(a)(2). “At 

the summary judgment stage,” though, “the proper procedure for plaintiffs to assert 

a new claim is to amend the complaint in accordance with Fed. R. Civ. P. 15(a). A 

plaintiff may not amend her complaint through argument in a brief opposing 

summary judgment.” Gilmour v. Gates, McDonald & Co., 382 F.3d 1312, 1315 

(11th Cir. 2004); see also White v. Beltram Edge Tool Supply, Inc., 789 F.3d 1188, 

1200 (11th Cir. 2015) (same).

1

We first consider whether the Funds have established that Hilz committed 

any wire-fraud predicates. To establish wire fraud, the Funds must show that Hilz 

“(1) intentionally participate[d] in a scheme or artifice to defraud another of money 

or property, and (2) use[d] or cause[d] the use of . . . wires for the purpose of 

executing the scheme or artifice.” United States v. Ward, 486 F.3d 1212, 1222 

(11th Cir. 2007) (quotation marks omitted). On appeal, the Funds identify three 

predicate acts that they say constitute wire fraud: (1) the preparation and 

transmission of the qualification statement, (2) Hilz’s March 2, 2016 email 

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describing Westcore’s experience in Colorado, and (3) Hilz’s concealment of 

Albertelli’s role at Westcore. Hilz doesn’t contest on appeal that the Funds 

presented a genuine issue of material fact on the first alleged predicate act—Hilz’s 

preparation and transmission of the qualification statement. Accordingly, we need 

only consider the second and third alleged predicate acts. 

We begin with Hilz’s March 2, 2016 email. In the operative complaint, the 

Funds reference the March 2, 2016 email in the fraud count. The RICO count 

generally incorporates the fraud count, but specifically alleges only three RICO 

predicate acts: 

Hilz committed RICO predicate acts by 1) bribing Eguizabal to cause 

Westcore [] to get contracts for construction work; 2) defrauding 

Plaintiffs by submitting a false Qualification Statement and 

accompanying financials for the purpose of causing Continental to 

award contracts to Westcore []; and 3) actively concealing David 

Albertelli’s majority ownership of Westcore [] which Hilz knew 

would automatically disqualify Westcore [] from performing work for 

Continental.

Notably, the Funds did not specify the March 2, 2016 email as a predicate act. 

Echoing an argument they made in opposing Hilz’s summary judgment motion, the 

Funds assert on appeal that the three listed predicate acts somehow “encompass[]” 

the March 2, 2016 email. We disagree. The first predicate act concerns bribery, 

not wire fraud. The second predicate act—regarding the qualification statement, 

submitted on November 6, 2015—doesn’t relate in any way to Hilz’s March 2, 

2016 email. Nor, so far as we can tell, does the third alleged predicate, Hilz’s 

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concealment of Albertelli’s role at Westcore. Because the Funds didn’t identify 

the March 2, 2016 email as a predicate act in their complaint—and because, as we 

have held, they can’t amend their complaint through summary-judgment or 

appellate briefing—we won’t consider it as such.

Next, we consider the third alleged wire-fraud predicate—Hilz’s 

concealment of Albertelli’s role at Westcore. The Funds’ summary-judgment 

briefing stated: “Hilz refutes Plaintiffs’ claim for fraudulent non-disclosure on the 

basis that Hilz did not owe Plaintiffs a duty to disclose, but that is not Plaintiffs’ 

claim. Plaintiffs’ claim is that Hilz actively concealed the involvement of 

Albertelli in Westcore.” The district court held that the Funds hadn’t identified a 

duty, concluding that “Plaintiffs suggest no basis for such a duty,” and that the 

Funds’ “semantic distinction” concerning “active concealment” does “not 

circumvent the duty requirement.” On appeal, the Funds make a different 

argument, asserting that a duty to disclose can arise when an individual makes 

“partial or ambiguous statements that require further disclosure in order to avoid 

being misleading.” The Funds point to Hilz’s half truths about Westcore, made in 

the qualification statement and on his LinkedIn page, which they say required 

further disclosure. 

Our precedent has held that nondisclosure may underpin a wire-fraud claim 

“where a defendant has a duty to disclose.” Am. United Life Ins. Co. v. Martinez, 

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480 F.3d 1043, 1065 (11th Cir. 2007). Whether a duty to disclose exists “must be 

made on a case by case basis, with appropriate attention given to the nature of the 

transaction and the relationship between the parties.” Langford v. Rite Aid of Ala., 

Inc., 231 F.3d 1308, 1313 (11th Cir. 2000). And as the Funds say, a duty can arise 

when an individual makes partial or ambiguous statements that require further 

disclosure. Kemp v. Am. Tel. & Tel. Co., 393 F.3d 1354, 1360 (11th Cir. 2004). 

But neither the qualification statement nor the representations on Hilz’s 

LinkedIn page constitute the sort of half-truths that give rise to a duty to disclose. 

First, recall that the parties agree that Hilz’s preparation and transmission of the 

qualification statement qualifies as a RICO predicate act. Hilz’s partial or 

ambiguous statements in the qualification statement can’t also give rise to a duty to 

disclose, and thereby constitute a separate predicate act of nondisclosure. Our twopredicate-act requirement doesn’t envision that kind of double-counting. See 

Browne, 505 F.3d at 1257. Further, the representations on Hilz’s LinkedIn page 

may very well be partial or ambiguous. But they don’t relate in any way to the 

relevant predicate act alleged—Hilz’s concealment of Albertelli’s role at Westcore. 

The representations appear to be exaggerations (or even outright lies) about 

Westcore’s and Hilz’s own experience—not concealment of Albertelli’s role at 

Westcore. The Funds can’t smuggle in predicate acts not alleged in their 

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complaint under the guise of nondisclosure. The Funds therefore haven’t 

established that Hilz committed multiple acts of wire fraud.

2

The Funds also contend that Hilz committed predicate acts of bribery, 

arguing that “Hilz knowingly and substantially assisted the principal RICO 

violation of causing Continental to award business to Albertelli-controlled entities 

through a kickback arrangement with Eguizabal.” The Funds emphasize Hilz’s 

lies to Continental about Albertelli’s role at Westcore. 

Under applicable statutes, a person commits a bribery offense if he, among 

other things, “offers, confers, or agrees to confer any benefit,” Tex. Penal Code § 

32.43, or “solicits, accepts, or agrees to accept any benefit,” Colo. Rev. Stat. § 18-

5-401. Further, a person may be held liable if he or she assists or intends to assist 

another in the commission of bribery.

2

2 Under Texas law, a person is liable for an offense committed by another if “(1) acting with the 

kind of culpability required for the offense, he causes or aids an innocent or nonresponsible 

person to engage in conduct prohibited by the definition of the offense; (2) acting with intent to 

promote or assist the commission of the offense, he solicits, encourages, directs, aids, or attempts 

to aid the other person to commit the offense;  or (3) having a legal duty to prevent commission 

of the offense and acting with intent to promote or assist its commission, he fails to make a 

reasonable effort to prevent commission of the offense.” Tex. Penal Code § 7.02(a). Under 

Colorado law, “[a] person is legally accountable as principal for the behavior of another 

constituting a criminal offense if, with the intent to promote or facilitate the commission of the 

offense, he or she aids, abets, advises, or encourages the other person in planning or committing 

the offense.” Colo. Rev. Stat. § 18-1-603.

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The Funds haven’t established that Hilz assisted or intended to assist in any 

bribery offense. The record corroborates the Funds’ account that Eguizabal may 

have received bribes. But two facts bear on Hilz’s possible role in any bribery. 

First, Albertelli introduced Hilz to Eguizabal in 2015. Second, Hilz spoke with 

Westcore manager John Salat immediately after Hilz’s termination. Hilz told him 

that he “didn’t like” the concept of paying Eguizabal “in the first place,” and that 

he had instructed Albertelli not to pay Eguizabal. At most, each of these facts

suggest that Hilz knew that bribery occurred—not that he assisted or intended to 

assist in it, as aiding-and-abetting liability requires. Further, the Funds haven’t 

identified any specific acts of concealment by Hilz that demonstrate that he 

assisted or intended to assist in the alleged bribery. The Funds thus haven’t 

established that Hilz committed the predicate offense of bribery.

* * *

Because the Funds have only shown one predicate act of racketeering, they 

can’t succeed on their substantive RICO claim. The district court therefore didn’t 

err in granting summary judgment for Hilz on the Funds’ substantive RICO count.

B

The Funds argue in the alternative that Hilz is liable for participating in a 

RICO conspiracy under 18 U.S.C. § 1962(d). The Funds contend that if a plaintiff 

“can prove an agreement on an overall objective, it need not prove a defendant 

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personally agreed to commit two predicate acts.” The Funds first invoked § 

1962(d) in their surreply to Hilz’s motion for summary judgment. In granting 

summary judgment for Hilz on the RICO claim, the district court concluded: 

“Plaintiffs argue in their Surreply that Count 24 charges Hilz with violations of 

both 18 U.S.C. § 1962(c) and (d) . . . Count 24 contains no conspiracy allegations, 

nor does it incorporate conspiracy allegations from elsewhere in the [operative]

[c]omplaint.”

Section 1962(d) states that “[i]t shall be unlawful for any person to conspire 

to violate any of the provisions of subsection (a), (b), or (c) of this section.” 18 

U.S.C. § 1962(d). “To establish a RICO conspiracy violation under 18 U.S.C. 

§ 1962(d), the government must prove that the defendants objectively manifested, 

through words or actions, an agreement to participate in the conduct of the affairs 

of the enterprise through the commission of two or more predicate crimes.” United 

States v. Green, 981 F.3d 945, 952 (11th Cir. 2020) (quotation marks omitted, 

emphasis in original). We have acknowledged that a party “may be liable for

RICO conspiracy even if it is not liable for the substantive RICO offense.” 

Jackson v. BellSouth Telecomms., 372 F.3d 1250, 1269 (11th Cir. 2004). But “the 

elements of a RICO conspiracy focus on the agreement to commit a crime[.]” 

Green, 981 F.3d at 952 (emphasis in original). 

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As already explained, “the proper procedure for plaintiffs to assert a new 

claim is to amend the complaint in accordance with Fed. R. Civ. P. 15(a),” and “[a] 

plaintiff may not amend her complaint through argument in a brief opposing 

summary judgment.” Gilmour, 382 F.3d at 1315; see also White, 789 F.3d at 

1200. That rule is also relevant here. The operative complaint didn’t cite the 

provision giving rise to RICO conspiracy claims—§ 1962(d). That alone doesn’t 

necessarily mean that the Funds’ § 1962(d) claim is “new,” and thus an 

impermissible attempt to amend their pleadings. But the Funds expressly 

grounded their RICO claim in “[t]he fraudulent actions of Gregory Hilz described 

in [the fraud count], together with the allegations identified below.” Neither the 

fraud count, the paragraphs that the fraud count incorporates, nor the RICO count 

itself contains any version of the word “conspire.” The closest the Funds came to 

alleging conspiracy is the fraud count’s allegation that “Hilz was a [p]art of the 

[b]ribery [s]cheme.” But the discussion of the bribery scheme in the fraud count 

and its incorporated paragraphs lack any allegation of an agreement—the 

distinguishing feature of a conspiracy claim. 

The RICO count itself contains little direct suggestion of a conspiracy or 

agreement. Instead, the RICO count references a “Corrupt Enterprise”: 

As alleged in paragraph 51, Hilz was a part of the Corrupt Enterprise. 

The purpose of the Corrupt Enterprise is alleged in paragraph 53. 

Hilz[’s] role in the Corrupt Enterprise included creating and 

submitting the false Qualification Statement, fraudulently concealing 

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the involvement of David Albertelli in Westcore [], and bribing 

Angelo Eguizabal to obtain work for Westcore []. The allegations in 

support of those actions are included in [the fraud count] and the other 

paragraphs incorporated therein, all of which are incorporated by 

reference into this [RICO count]. 

The Funds didn’t incorporate or even reference paragraph 52 of the operative 

complaint in the RICO count, but, lying between the referenced paragraphs 51 and 

53, it is instructive: “All Defendants, as participants in the Corrupt Enterprise, 

conspired to engage and engaged in a pattern of racketeering activity across state 

lines involving numerous RICO predicate acts over a period of approximately six 

years.” Paragraph 51 makes clear that Hilz is defined as a “non-Defendant[]” in 

the operative complaint. The earlier portions of the operative complaint thus 

suggest that Hilz was part of the “Corrupt Enterprise”—not any conspiracy 

involving the defendants.

Most importantly, the Funds opted (for whatever reason) not to incorporate 

the allegations of their state-law conspiracy claim. Those allegations stated 

unequivocally that “Gregory Hilz conspired with David Albertelli” and others to 

defraud the Funds. The Funds could have grounded their RICO claim on the 

allegations made in the state-law conspiracy claim, but they didn’t. The Funds’ 

reliance on § 1962(d) thus constitutes an impermissible post hoc attempt to amend 

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their complaint. Accordingly, the district court didn’t err in determining that the 

Funds may not rely on § 1962(d).3

C

The third and final issue is whether the district court abused its discretion in 

denying the Funds’ motion for reconsideration. Reconsideration is appropriate in 

civil cases when there is “newly-discovered evidence or manifest errors of law or 

fact.” In re Kellogg, 197 F.3d 1116, 1119 (11th Cir. 1999). The Funds identify 

what they claim to be two errors in the district court’s denial of their motion for 

reconsideration. First, they contend that the district court should have considered 

evidence regarding the March 2, 2016 email. Second, they argue that the district 

court overlooked the allegations incorporated into the RICO count that involved 

conspiracy. 

Neither of these amounts to an error warranting reconsideration. First, the 

district court acknowledged that it “should have considered” the evidence 

indicating that the March 2, 2016 email included misrepresentations. As already 

explained, though, the operative complaint listed three predicate acts but failed to 

include the March 2, 2016 email. The district court thus properly recognized that 

consideration of the email’s illegality “would not have changed the outcome.” 

3 Because the Funds may not proceed on claims under §§ 1962(c) and (d), we needn’t consider 

whether Hilz’s RICO violations were the proximate cause of the Funds’ damages.

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Second, the district court didn’t make any error in failing to consider the Funds’ 

conspiracy claim. As we have explained, neither the RICO count itself, nor the 

counts incorporated therein, used any version of the word “conspire.” The Funds 

also pleaded a state-law conspiracy count and simply chose not to incorporate that 

count in the RICO count. The district court didn’t abuse its discretion in denying 

the Funds’ motion for reconsideration.

III

In summary, we conclude that (1) the Funds haven’t established that Hilz 

committed two predicate acts of racketeering, (2) the Funds’ reliance on § 1962(d) 

constitutes an impermissible post hoc attempt to amend their complaint, and (3) the 

district court didn’t abuse its discretion in denying the Funds’ motion for 

reconsideration. 

AFFIRMED.

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