IN THE SUPREME COURT OF IOWA

No. 22–1507

Submitted January 23, 2024—Filed March 29, 2024

STATE OF IOWA,

Appellee,

vs.

JACOB LEE GOBLE,

Appellant.

On review from the Iowa Court of Appeals.

Appeal from the Iowa District Court for Washington County, Shawn R. 

Showers, Judge.

The defendant seeks further review of a court of appeals decision that 

rejected his claim that the sentencing court relied on an improper factor by 

mentioning parole. DECISION OF COURT OF APPEALS AND DISTRICT COURT 

JUDGMENT AFFIRMED.

Waterman, J., delivered the opinion of the court, in which Mansfield, 

McDonald, and Oxley, JJ., joined. McDermott, J., filed a special concurrence. 

May, J., filed a special concurrence, in which Christensen, C.J., joined.

Christopher A. Clausen of Clausen Law Office, Ames, for appellant.

Brenna Bird, Attorney General, and Thomas E. Bakke and Anagha Dixit, 

Assistant Attorneys General, for appellee.
2

WATERMAN, Justice.

In this appeal, we must decide whether the district court relied on an 

improper factor when it mentioned parole while sentencing the defendant to 

prison. The defendant, a recidivist drug offender, pleaded guilty to a class “D”

felony and was sentenced to an indeterminate prison sentence of up to five years.

In explaining the reasons for this sentence, the district court emphasized the 

defendant’s need for a structured setting for his rehabilitation and, in that 

context, noted he would “be paroled at some point.” The defendant appealed, 

contending that the court considered an improper factor—parole—in sentencing 

him. We transferred the case to the court of appeals, which affirmed his 

sentence, noting that Iowa’s truth-in-sentencing statute, Iowa Code § 901.5(9)(b)

(2021), requires public disclosure of his parole eligibility. We granted the 

defendant’s application for further review.

On our review, we hold that the district court did not rely on an improper 

sentencing factor by mentioning parole as affecting the defendant’s actual time 

served in the context of his need for rehabilitation and protection of the 

community. The district court did nothing to circumvent the parole board’s 

discretion in determining his release date. The district court’s reference to parole 

is authorized by statute. Accordingly, we affirm his sentence and the decision of 

the court of appeals.

I. Background Facts and Proceedings.

On April 26, 2022, Jacob Lee Goble pleaded guilty to possession of a 

controlled substance, third or subsequent offense, a class “D” felony, in violation 

of Iowa Code section 124.401(5). In his written guilty plea, he admitted to 

knowingly and intentionally possessing methamphetamine.

In August, the district court held a sentencing hearing. The State 

recommended sentencing Goble to a five-year prison term based on his “long 
3

criminal history,” “history of unstable housing and unstable employment,” and 

the presentence investigation report’s recommendation for incarceration. Goble’s 

counsel recommended a five-year suspended sentence and placement “on 

probation to the Department of Corrections or halfway house.” Goble’s counsel 

pointed to his successful completion of treatment “a few times in the last five 

years,” his current job and housing situation, and his need for treatment while 

on probation.

The district court agreed with the State, based on “what will provide 

maximum opportunity for [Goble’s] rehabilitation and at the same time protect 

the community from further offenses by [Goble],” and sentenced him to an 

indeterminate term of incarceration of up to five years. The district court

mentioned parole once in explaining the reasons for Goble’s sentence: 

And generally when I sentence an individual, I go straight to 

Iowa Code Section 907.5 to determine -- if I’m determining whether 

prison or probation is appropriate, and that code section lists your 

age as being a consideration. You’re 30 years old. You’re relatively 

young, but you’re still old enough to know better.

Your prior record of convictions and your prior record of 

deferments of judgment, if any, and the Court notes at pages -- there 

were 5 pages of the 17 pages of the PSI that are just your criminal 

history. 

Your employment circumstances, which I do think you’re 

employable and you seem to have a willingness to work, which I 

would say is a mitigating factor, but you don’t have a job right now 

because you’ve been incarcerated here. 

Your substance abuse seems to be one of your biggest 

problems, but you have had opportunity to be in treatment before 

and to varying degrees of success. 

I also consider the nature of the offense committed, which is 

a class D felony. There’s no victims that got harmed in this, but 

based on the factors that I have to consider, and the fact that you’re 

not requesting a more intense program, like a drug court, the best 

thing for your rehabilitation is to send you to Oakdale, for them to 

classify you, and then for you to be -- I don’t know if they’re going to 
4

send you to a different facility or keep you at Oakdale because you’ve 

done so much time in county jail.

It’s a five-year sentence and it’s a drug charge, so you’re not 

going to do a lot of time, but you will be paroled at some point and 

you’re going to have to make a decision at that point, am I going to 

keep doing this or am I going to turn my life around, because the only 

thing -- you need to go to counseling, you need to go to treatment, 

you need to go to meetings, you need to have people there to ensure 

that you’re not using, and if I just put you on probation, I’m not a 

betting man, but I am almost 100 percent sure that we would be 

back in on a revocation within a matter of weeks, or at least months, 

based on your previous -- I’m just -- the best indicator of the future 

is what’s in the past, so I’m going to sentence you to the term not to 

exceed five years and not suspend the sentence. IMCC is the 

reception center, and the Washington County sheriff will deliver you, 

or their designee, to IMCC. You get credit for all time served on this 

charge.

(Emphasis added.)

Goble appealed, arguing that the district court considered an improper

sentencing factor by referring to parole as reducing “how long [he] would spend 

in custody.” The State argued that the sentencing court’s comment, in context, 

was permissible to “encourage Goble down the path of rehabilitation” and that

Iowa’s sentencing statutes allow for discussion of parole. 

We transferred the case to the court of appeals, which affirmed Goble’s 

sentence, stating:

Goble failed to demonstrate that the [sentencing] court relied 

on an improper factor at sentencing. Pronouncing that a defendant’s 

term of incarceration may be reduced by earned time or that the 

defendant may be eligible for parole is required by statute. Iowa Code 

§ 901.5(9)(a)–(b). “Sentencing courts are not prohibited from 

referring to the possible effects of parole practices on the time that 

a defendant will actually serve.” State v. Jason, No. 14–1162, 2015 

WL 6510334, at *12 (Iowa Ct. App. Oct. 28, 2015). The district court 

did not improperly consider Goble’s parole eligibility when 

formulating Goble’s sentence.

Goble applied for further review, and we granted his application. 
5

II. Standard of Review.

“Our review of a sentence imposed in a criminal case is for correction of 

errors at law.” State v. Formaro, 638 N.W.2d 720, 724 (Iowa 2002). “We will not 

reverse the decision of the district court absent an abuse of discretion or some 

defect in the sentencing procedure.” Id. “A sentencing court’s decision to impose 

a specific sentence that falls within the statutory limits ‘is cloaked with a strong 

presumption in its favor, and will only be overturned for an abuse of discretion 

or the consideration of inappropriate matters.’ ” State v. Boldon, 954 N.W.2d 62, 

73 (Iowa 2021) (quoting Formaro, 638 N.W.2d at 724).

“Nevertheless, ‘[i]f a court in determining a sentence uses any improper 

consideration, resentencing of the defendant is required . . . even if it was merely 

a “secondary consideration.” ’ ” Id. (alteration and omission in original) (quoting 

State v. Grandberry, 619 N.W.2d 399, 401 (Iowa 2000) (en banc)). The defendant 

“must overcome the presumption in favor of the sentence by affirmatively 

demonstrating the court relied on an improper factor.” State v. Damme, 944 

N.W.2d 98, 106 (Iowa 2020).

III. Analysis.

We must decide whether the sentencing court relied on an improper factor

when it stated:

It’s a five-year sentence and it’s a drug charge, so you’re not going 

to do a lot of time, but you will be paroled at some point and you’re 

going to have to make a decision at that point, am I going to keep 

doing this or am I going to turn my life around . . . .

(Emphasis added.) Goble quotes the foregoing passage in arguing that the 

sentencing court improperly considered parole as a factor in imposing his prison

sentence. The State counters, and the court of appeals agreed, that sentencing 

courts may properly mention parole eligibility as affecting the duration of a 

prison sentence. We agree that the district court’s reference to parole was proper 
6

as bearing on the time Goble may serve in prison, which was relevant to the 

court’s goal of rehabilitation and protection of the community.

As the State notes, the district court mentioned parole in the context of 

encouraging rehabilitation and protecting the community. The court’s mention 

of parole came in its discussion that prison would help Goble “turn [his] life 

around”:

[Y]ou need to go to counseling, you need to go to treatment, you need 

to go to meetings, you need to have people there to ensure that 

you’re not using, and if I just put you on probation, I’m not a betting 

man, but I am almost 100 percent sure that we would be back in on 

a revocation within a matter of weeks, or at least months, based on 

your previous -- I’m just -- the best indicator of the future is what’s 

in the past, so I’m going to sentence you to the term not to exceed 

five years and not suspend the sentence.

Parole would reduce the time Goble would have in a controlled prison setting to 

combat his apparent methamphetamine addiction. We see nothing improper 

about mentioning parole in this context.

In State v. Formaro, we explained why the sentencing court is afforded 

discretion in crafting a defendant’s sentence to further goals, including 

rehabilitation of the offender and protection of the community: 

In applying the abuse of discretion standard to sentencing 

decisions, it is important to consider the societal goals of sentencing 

criminal offenders, which focus on rehabilitation of the offender and 

the protection of the community from further offenses. It is equally 

important to consider the host of factors that weigh in on the often 

arduous task of sentencing a criminal offender, including the nature 

of the offense, the attending circumstances, the age, character and 

propensity of the offender, and the chances of reform. Furthermore, 

before deferring judgment or suspending sentence, the court must 

additionally consider the defendant’s prior record of convictions or 

deferred judgments, employment status, family circumstances, and 

any other relevant factors, as well as which of the sentencing options 

would satisfy the societal goals of sentencing. The application of 

these goals and factors to an individual case, of course, will not 

always lead to the same sentence. Yet, this does not mean the choice 

of one particular sentencing option over another constitutes error. 
7

Instead, it explains the discretionary nature of judging and the 

source of the respect afforded by the appellate process.

638 N.W.2d at 724–25 (emphasis added) (citations omitted). 

The district court gave valid reasons for declining to suspend Goble’s 

prison sentence and did not rely on an improper factor by mentioning parole 

eligibility as affecting the time Goble could be incarcerated in a controlled setting 

to assist his rehabilitation and protect the community. As the court of appeals 

noted, Iowa’s truth-in-sentencing law requires disclosure of parole eligibility. The 

sentencing court, by statute, “shall publicly announce . . . [t]hat the defendant 

may be eligible for parole before the sentence is discharged.” Iowa Code 

§ 901.5(9)(b). The district court’s reference to parole in sentencing Goble was 

required by this legislation.1 Goble’s challenge to his sentence fails.

Another statute confirms that district courts are not divorced from 

considering parole at the time of sentencing. To the contrary, Iowa judges are 

directed to furnish the parole board itself with a statement of the judge’s 

recommendation relating to parole. Iowa Code section 901.9, entitled 

“Information for parole board,” provides:

At the time of committing a defendant to the custody of the 

director of the Iowa department of corrections for incarceration, the 

trial judge and prosecuting attorney shall, and the defense attorney 

may, furnish the board of parole with a full statement of their 

recommendations relating to release or parole.

This statute provides a mechanism for the sentencing court to offer input directly 

to the parole board.2 Sentencing courts can and should be mindful of parole.

1Indeed, for certain offenses, the sentencing court determines the date the offender 

becomes eligible for parole within the range prescribed by the legislature. See, e.g., Iowa Code 

§ 901.11.

2We view the duty imposed under section 901.9 to be directory, not mandatory. Cf. Save 

Our Stadiums v. Des Moines Indep. Cmty. Sch. Dist., 982 N.W.2d 139, 148–49 (Iowa 2022) 

(describing the difference between directory and mandatory duties). 
8

Our cases, however, caution against manipulating sentences to 

circumvent the parole board’s exclusive authority to decide the offender’s date of 

release. See generally Bomgaars v. State, 967 N.W.2d 41, 55 (Iowa 2021) 

(discussing the interplay between judicial sentencing authority and parole board 

discretion). We have said that “a sentencing court may not impose ‘consecutive 

sentences to thwart a perceived risk of early parole.’ ” State v. Bentley, 757 

N.W.2d 257, 266 (Iowa 2008) (quoting State v. Hulbert, 481 N.W.2d 329, 335 

(Iowa 1992)). But that is not what happened here. The district court sentenced 

Goble to one indeterminate five-year sentence; consecutive sentences are not at 

issue in this case.

More broadly, we have held that it is impermissible for the district court 

to impose a longer prison sentence for the purpose of delaying the defendant’s 

release on parole. State v. Remmers, 259 N.W.2d 779, 784–85 (Iowa 1977) (en 

banc). In State v. Remmers, the defendant was convicted of second-degree 

murder. Id. at 780. At that time, Iowa law gave the district court discretion to 

select a sentence between ten years to life imprisonment for that crime. See id.

at 786 (LeGrand, J., dissenting). At sentencing, the district court considered 

statistics showing the actual time served before release on parole increased with 

longer sentences. Id. at 781 (majority opinion). The district court imposed a 

longer sentence based on “what the track record reveals.” Id. Remmers argued 

that the district court “attempt[ed] to influence parole possibilities by imposing 

a lengthier sentence than might otherwise be appropriate,” which “conflicts with 

the sentencing structure established by the legislature and invades the 

prerogative of the board of parole.” Id. at 783. We agreed, and concluded that the 

district court relied on an improper factor: 

The trial court’s expression of dissatisfaction with parole 

practices and its acknowledged reliance upon a perceived correlation 
9

between the length of sentence and likelihood of parole demonstrate 

that the length of sentence here was based in part upon a desire to 

assure defendant would serve a longer period before parole than he 

would if a shorter sentence were imposed.

Id. at 784. We held that “the exclusive prerogative to determine defendant’s 

minimum sentence rested in the board of parole by reason of its sole authority 

to make parole decisions.” Id. at 785. We emphasized that “[t]he judicial 

sentencing decision is not an appropriate means for attempting to circumvent 

this principle.” Id. We concluded that “[b]y basing the length of sentence in part 

on a desire to lengthen the minimum sentence defendant would serve, the trial 

court in this case sought to pass judgment on an issue foreclosed to the court 

and to prevent the proper body from deciding the issue at the proper time.” Id.

Justice May’s thoughtful special concurrence contends that Remmers and 

its progeny should be overruled as wrongly decided and causing confusion in 

Iowa sentencing practices. But no party to this appeal argued for overruling 

Remmers or its progeny. “We do not ordinarily overrule our precedent 

sua sponte.” Goodwin v. Iowa Dist. Ct., 936 N.W.2d 634, 645 n.4 (Iowa 2019) 

(quoting Est. of McFarlin v. State, 881 N.W.2d 51, 59 (Iowa 2016)); see also Feld v. 

Borkowski, 790 N.W.2d 72, 78 n.4 (Iowa 2010) (“[W]e do not create issues or 

unnecessarily overturn existing law sua sponte when the parties have not 

advocated for such a change.”).

In any event, Remmers is distinguishable and does not control the outcome 

of this appeal. As the court of appeals previously recognized, under Remmers, it 

is “improper for the district court to formulate a particular sentence to avoid an 

early release under the parole system,” and the district court must “not try to 

‘circumvent’ the parole system by selecting a sentence that would deprive the 

parole board of discretion it would otherwise have.” State v. Mohr, No. 10–0284, 

2010 WL 4483991, at *5 (Iowa Ct. App. Nov. 10, 2010). But it was not improper 
10

to discuss the defendant’s likely release on parole when imposing a ten-year 

sentence for burglary. Id. at *5–6.

The district court in Remmers had the discretion to choose from a range of 

years for the prison term, and it deliberately chose a longer sentence to delay the 

defendant’s ultimate release on parole. 259 N.W.2d at 783–84. That is not what 

happened here. The district court’s choice was limited to imposing a five-year 

indeterminate sentence with immediate parole eligibility or suspending that 

sentence and placing Goble on probation. The court did not impose a longer 

sentence to circumvent the parole board’s discretion.

Goble’s application for further review cites only two cases for the 

proposition that sentencing courts are prohibited from considering “the likely 

amount of time to be served prior to release”: Boldon, 954 N.W.2d 62, and State v. 

Bowen, No. 22–0278, 2022 WL 16985663 (Iowa Ct. App. Nov. 17, 2022). Neither 

case compels reversal of Goble’s sentence. 

Boldon addressed consideration of the defendant’s juvenile offense history, 

not consideration of parole. 954 N.W.2d at 73–74. While Boldon reiterated that 

consideration of an improper factor requires resentencing, the defendant must 

first establish that the sentencing court relied on an improper factor, which 

Goble has failed to do. See id. at 73.

Bowen, an unpublished decision of the court of appeals, reversed a prison 

sentence imposed in a probation revocation proceeding after the district court 

revoked the defendant’s deferred judgment. 2022 WL 16985663, at *1, *3. The 

appellate court noted that the district court could have jailed Bowen for contempt 

for his probation violation for a determinate term up to six months without a 

possibility of parole instead of imposing a prison sentence with immediate parole 

eligibility. Id. at *2. The court of appeals concluded that the sentencing court’s 

colloquy with counsel about Bowen’s immediate eligibility for parole and likely 
11

early release violated “the rule against considering timing of parole in choosing 

a sentence.” Id. Accordingly, the appellate court reversed the sentence and 

revocation of the deferred judgment and remanded the case for a “new probationrevocation disposition determination . . . by a different judge.” Id. at *3. The State 

did not apply for further review.

The Bowen court concluded that mere “consideration of the timing of 

parole is an improper sentencing factor.” Id. at *2. We disagree. Rather, the 

sentencing court may consider the timing of parole, see, e.g., Iowa Code 

§§ 901.5(9)(b), .9, .11, but may not use parole as a factor to select a sentence to 

circumvent the parole board’s authority. See Remmers, 259 N.W.2d at 785. The 

district court in Bowen did not impose a longer sentence or consecutive 

sentences to circumvent the parole board’s discretion; the parole board’s 

discretion remained intact given Bowen’s immediate parole eligibility. 2022 

WL 16985663, at *2.

When reviewing Goble’s sentence, the court of appeals correctly applied 

our precedents. As the State v.Mohr court aptly observed, judges can and should 

consider parole as possibly affecting the length of time actually served:

In short, we do not read the precedents as invalidating any 

sentence where the district court refers to the possible effects of 

parole on the time the defendant will actually serve. That would be 

an odd rule of law, because a conscientious judge undoubtedly 

thinks about those matters. The district court, when it sentenced 

Mohr, concluded it would be “best for him to receive treatment in 

the structured environment and the programming available at the 

Department of Corrections,” and that a ten-year sentence on the 

burglary charge would achieve that objective while also enabling 

Mohr to be paroled when he demonstrated he had completed the 

necessary counseling and treatment to the department’s 

satisfaction. That was a proper sentence.

2010 WL 4483991, at *6 (citing State v. Vanover, 559 N.W.2d 618, 635 (Iowa 

1997) (holding a district court’s statement comparing the amount of time the 
12

defendant would likely serve, given parole considerations, under the defendant’s 

sentencing proposal to the amount of time he would serve under the sentence 

imposed by the court did not “interfere with [the defendant’s] parole eligibility”)).

We reach the same conclusion today. The sentencing court properly 

considered Goble’s need for a structured prison setting for purposes of his 

rehabilitation and protection of the community. And the sentencing court 

properly considered parole as bearing on the amount of time Goble would likely 

serve. Nothing about Goble’s sentence circumvents the parole board’s discretion. 

Goble was, and is, immediately eligible for parole.

Goble “must overcome the presumption [of validity] in favor of the sentence 

by affirmatively demonstrating the court relied on an improper factor.” Damme, 

944 N.W.2d at 106. Goble has failed to show that the district court relied on an 

improper factor. His challenge to his sentence fails.

IV. Disposition.

For those reasons we affirm the decision of the court of appeals and the 

district court’s sentence.

DECISION OF COURT OF APPEALS AND DISTRICT COURT JUDGMENT 

AFFIRMED.

Mansfield, McDonald, and Oxley, JJ., join this opinion. McDermott, J., 

files an opinion concurring specially. May, J., files an opinion concurring

specially, in which Christensen, C.J., joins.
13

#22–1507, State v. Goble

MCDERMOTT, Justice (concurring specially).

I concur in the majority’s opinion except for its criticism of the court of 

appeals’ reasoning in State v. Bowen, No. 22–0278, 2022 WL 16985663 (Iowa Ct. 

App. Nov. 17, 2022). I’m puzzled that we’re reaching to declare disagreement 

with a court of appeals decision that no one has suggested was erroneous. The 

State never sought further review from our court challenging the decision. In this 

case, the State doesn’t even mention—let alone criticize—Bowen in its appeal 

brief. Bowen is not mandatory authority for our court to follow or distinguish. It 

is, and remains, an unpublished court of appeals opinion.

In any event, a full reading of the Bowen court’s analysis shows, in my 

view, that the court of appeals faithfully applied our holding in State v. Remmers, 

259 N.W.2d 779, 785 (Iowa 1977) (en banc), and one of its own holdings in 

State v. Thomas, 520 N.W.2d 311, 313–14 (Iowa Ct. App. 1994) (Cady, J.). The 

court of appeals quoted at length the exchange that occurred regarding the 

defendant’s sentence:

THE COURT: We had a brief off-the-record discussion before 

we started. And I thought you had said 286 days in jail. Is it 284?

DEFENSE COUNSEL: I’m sorry. It was 284 on Monday, Your 

Honor. Two eight-six. You are right.

THE COURT: So assuming forty-two or forty-four days of 

treatment, Mr. Bowen would get credit for 328 to 330 days. 

[Prosecutor], if I sent Mr. Bowen are they going to turn him loose as 

soon as he gets there?

PROSECUTOR: On this ten-year sentence he’s immediately 

eligible for parole. I can’t tell you what department of corrections 

would or when they would parole him. I mean, what I would say is 

if—if you don’t mind, it’s his choice that he’s been in for 284 days.

THE COURT: I—I get all that.
14

PROSECUTOR: So—but, yes, he would be—he would be 

granted credit. There’s no minimum on this. So—and I—I’d have to 

look it up. I—I don’t think we’re supposed to consider when his 

discharge date would be. I—I think it’s just whether a prison 

sentence is appropriate. I—I think that’s a lot easier said than done. 

I think the reality of the matter is, yeah, he would be—he’s burned 

a good bit of that prison sentence. But I—I couldn’t give you a—I 

wouldn’t want to put on the record a number and it would be wrong. 

But he would be—regardless of the 284 days, he would be 

immediately eligible for parole. And I know they would use those 284 

days for calculating his parole date.

THE COURT: [Defense counsel], do you have any idea of what 

the turnaround time is right now?

DEFENSE COUNSEL: Your Honor, I do not. I believe the 

discharge at the time that it was incurred actually had the—the onethird and the court would have to affirmatively waive the mandatory 

minimum on it. Or else you have I think it’s a twenty-month 

minimum by the time they applied good time. But I—I didn’t do the 

research on that. I know that you can waive it. In terms of how long 

he would remain in, the guidance that I’ve been getting has been for 

a five, plan on doing one. And for a ten, plan on doing two.

THE COURT: So—

DEFENSE COUNSEL: But that is widely varied between 

people. I’ve had people go on tens and get out in four months. I’ve 

had people go on tens and discharge it at four and a half years.

THE COURT: Okay. I—I think there’s credit for time served. I 

don’t think that time served in jail or treatment, which sometimes 

counts, counts as earned time or good time. 

Bowen, 2022 WL 16985663, at *1–2 (alterations in original). The sentencing 

judge proceeded to revoke Bowen’s deferred judgment and sentence him to 

prison. Id. at *2.

The state in Bowen argued that the fixed minimum term for the crime of 

conviction left the district court without a way to obstruct any decision by the 

board of parole or department of corrections. Id. The court of appeals rejected 

this argument, noting that the sentencing judge had other sentencing options 

available beyond sending Bowen to prison, including continuing probation while 

holding Bowen in contempt—which would have permitted incarcerating Bowen 
15

for a determinate term, circumventing any release decision by the board of parole 

or department of corrections. Id. The prosecutor suggested to the sentencing 

judge during their exchange: “I—I don’t think we’re supposed to consider when 

his discharge date would be. I—I think it’s just whether a prison sentence is 

appropriate.” Id. at *1. After further discussions attempting to predict the 

defendant’s parole date, the judge asked defense counsel: “[D]o you have any 

idea of what the turnaround time is right now?” Id. at *2. After some 

equivocation, defense counsel eventually responded, “In terms of how long he 

would remain in, the guidance that I’ve been getting has been for a five, plan on 

doing one. And for a ten, plan on doing two.” Id.

The court of appeals concluded that the exchange between the sentencing 

judge and the lawyers, in light of the court’s sentencing options, established that 

the judge relied on an improper sentencing factor by considering the timing of 

parole. Id. at *3. This left the court of appeals, as we said in Remmers, with “no 

way of knowing what sentence would have been pronounced here without 

consideration of the parole question.” 259 N.W.2d at 785. Unlike the majority, I 

conclude that the Bowen court’s analysis lines up with our precedents.

The facts of Bowen are readily distinguishable from this case, in which the 

district court merely mentioned parole in a discussion about how Goble would 

need to decide for himself whether he would take action to turn his life around. 

The majority’s criticism of Bowen notwithstanding, I respectfully concur in the 

majority’s conclusion and the rest of its analysis to affirm the sentence in this 

case.
16

#22–1507, State v. Goble

MAY, Justice (concurring specially).

I appreciate the majority’s thoughtful opinion as well as Justice 

McDermott’s thoughtful special concurrence. Like Justice McDermott, I join the 

majority’s decision to affirm the court of appeals and the district court. I write 

separately to raise five concerns about State v. Remmers, its rule, its progeny, 

and our approach to them. 259 N.W.2d 779 (Iowa 1977) (en banc). In particular:

1. I question whether Remmers was correctly decided. 

2. I question the validity of the Remmers rule, that is, the rule that it is 

improper for sentencing judges to consider when or how the parole 

board might exercise its authority (although, as will be discussed, the 

precise boundaries of the Remmers rule are not especially clear). 

3. I question whether the Remmers rule is compatible with the modern 

statutory sentencing scheme, which often requires the sentencing 

judge to decide whether or when a defendant will be eligible for parole. 

See, e.g., Iowa Code § 901.11 (2021); id. § 902.12. 

4. I worry that the Remmers rule breeds confusion, including confusion in 

the case before us.

5. I worry that the Remmers rule is hard to square with the realities of 

sentencing in the district court. 

In light of these concerns, I respectfully suggest that we should overrule 

Remmers and its progeny at the earliest appropriate opportunity. 

1. Was Remmers Correctly Decided? I start with Remmers itself. In 

Remmers, the district court sentenced a defendant who had been convicted of 

second-degree murder. 259 N.W.2d at 780. The governing statute gave the 

district court discretion to set a maximum prison term between ten years and 

life imprisonment. Id. at 786 (LeGrand, J., dissenting) (citing Iowa Code § 690.3 
17

(1975)). The district court chose a maximum sentence of seventy years. Id. at 

781 (majority opinion). The district court gave several reasons for this choice. Id.

at 781–82. Among other things, the district court noted that the parole board 

often released defendants after short periods of incarceration. Id. The district 

court hoped, though, that setting a long maximum sentence would result in the 

defendant remaining incarcerated for a long period of time before being released 

by the parole board. Id. at 782. A long period of incarceration, the court hoped, 

would provide sufficient time for the defendant’s “maturation and ‘burn-out’ of 

his aggressiveness.” Id. In other words, the court hoped that a long period of 

incarceration would sufficiently rehabilitate the defendant so that he could be 

released without “present[ing] a threat to society.” Id.

In a 5–4 decision, our court vacated the sentence. Id. at 785–86. We 

concluded that the district court had impermissibly attempted to “circumvent” 

the parole board’s exclusive authority to select the date of the defendant’s release 

and, indeed, had “sought to . . . prevent” the parole board from making that 

decision “at the proper time” in the future. Id. at 785.

I respectfully submit that these conclusions were incorrect. The district 

court in Remmers did nothing that limited the parole board’s power, discretion, 

or authority in any way. See id. at 782. Under the governing statutes, the district 

court was authorized to establish the defendant’s maximum sentence, a term 

that the defendant could serve if parole did not occur. See id.; Iowa Code § 690.3 

(1975). And that is all that the district court did. Remmers, 259 N.W.2d at 782.

The district court did not order a mandatory minimum sentence. Id. Nor did the 

district court order any other limitation on whether or when the defendant could 

be paroled. Id. Indeed, the district court had no authority to limit the parole 

board’s power—with one exception: If the court had ordered a life sentence, the 

court would have wholly precluded the possibility of parole. See Iowa Code § 
18

247.5. But the court did not order a life sentence. Remmers, 259 N.W.2d at 781–

82. As a result, the power to grant or deny parole remained wholly in the parole 

board. See Iowa Code § 247.5 (describing the power of the board of parole). And 

that power appears to have been limitless. See id. Indeed, the Remmers majority 

verified that the parole board’s power was limitless—that the parole board could 

release the defendant on the very same “day he entered the prison.” 259 N.W.2d 

at 783. And so, like the dissenters in Remmers, I see nothing improper in the 

district court’s consideration of how the parole board might exercise its limitless 

power. See id. at 786 (LeGrand, J., dissenting).

2. Is the Remmers Rule Valid? I turn now to the general rule that has been 

distilled from Remmers, that is, the rule that it is impermissible for sentencing 

courts to consider the likely timing of parole (although, as mentioned, 

formulations of the rule vary). See, e.g., Bomgaars v. State, 967 N.W.2d 41, 55 

(Iowa 2021) (citing Remmers for the proposition that sentencing courts may not 

“consider[] the Board’s parole practices”); State v. Thomas, 520 N.W.2d 311, 314 

(Iowa Ct. App. 1994) (holding that “the prospect of early release under the parole 

system” was “an improper sentencing consideration”). 

I question whether the Remmers rule is valid. Sentencing is wholly a 

creature of statute. Our statutes require the sentencing judge to choose a 

sentence that will “provide maximum opportunity for the rehabilitation of the 

defendant” as well as “protection of the community from further offenses by the 

defendant and others.” Iowa Code § 901.5 (2021). In making that choice, the 

judge is expected to consider a “host of factors . . . including the nature of the 

offense, the attending circumstances, the age, character and propensity of the 

offender, and the chances of reform.” State v. Formaro, 638 N.W.2d 720, 724–25 

(Iowa 2002). It is wholly natural and proper for that “host of factors” to include 

some estimate—however tentative—of how long a defendant might be 
19

incarcerated prior to parole release. See id. Indeed, a defendant’s likely period of 

incarceration is directly relevant to core sentencing questions like, “How would 

a prison sentence protect the community?” and, “How would a prison sentence 

impact the defendant’s rehabilitation?” To the extent that the Remmers rule 

prohibits considerations like these, the rule imposes artificial and improper 

restraints on the sentencing process. 

It is true, of course, that our law prohibits the sentencing judge from 

considering some factors. See, e.g., State v. Pappas, 337 N.W.2d 490, 494 (Iowa 

1983). But those impermissible factors generally involve matters whose 

consideration would be unfair to the defendant. See id. For instance, because it 

would be unfair to penalize defendants for exercising the right to a jury trial, we 

usually prohibit sentencing judges from “taking into account” a defendant’s 

refusal to plead guilty. State v. Nichols, 247 N.W.2d 249, 254–56 (Iowa 1976). 

But the Remmers rule seems to be based more on concern for the parole board’s 

authority than on worries about fairness. See Remmers, 259 N.W.2d at 785 

(majority opinion). In any event, I see nothing unfair about allowing a sentencing 

judge to consider how long a defendant will likely spend in prison before being 

released. Indeed, as I will discuss more below, it could be unfair to a defendant 

if the judge doesn’t consider the likely timing of parole release. And yet that is 

what the Remmers rule seems to require. 

3. The Remmers Rule and the Modern Sentencing Scheme. I also worry 

about whether the Remmers rule makes sense given the many situations in 

which the district court’s choices can properly limit the parole board’s power. 

See, e.g., Iowa Code § 901.11. The court can make those choices because the 

legislature has vested the court with clear statutory authority to limit the parole 

board’s power. Here are some examples:
20

• In several important categories of felony cases (e.g., robbery in the first 

degree), the sentencing court is required to select a mandatory minimum 

term of incarceration. See id. § 901.11; id. § 902.12. Any choice that the 

court makes will directly limit the parole board’s power by postponing 

the defendant’s eligibility for parole. See id. § 901.11; id. § 902.12. See 

generally State v. Martin, 2 N.W.3d 271, 273–76 (Iowa 2024) (discussing 

the sentencing process under section 901.11).

• In some felony drug cases, the court has discretion to decide whether to 

impose a mandatory minimum sentence. See Iowa Code § 901.10. In 

other words, the court must decide whether or not to limit the parole 

board’s power. See id.; see also State v. Thomas, 547 N.W.2d 223, 225 

(Iowa 1996) (per curiam) (discussing Iowa Code section 901.10).

• In aggravated misdemeanor cases, the court generally has two options 

when selecting a term of confinement: (1) the court may impose an 

indeterminate term in prison, and thereby empower the parole board to 

immediately release the defendant; or (2) the court may impose a 

determinate term in jail, and thereby preclude the parole board from 

taking any action. See Iowa Code § 903.1(2). See generally State v. 

Nicoletto, 862 N.W.2d 621, 624–25 (Iowa 2015) (discussing possible 

sentences for aggravated misdemeanors).

• In many felony cases, the court has two main options: (1) the court may 

send the defendant to prison, where the parole board will usually have 

immediate power to act; or (2) the court may order a period of probation, 

during which the parole board will have no power to act. See Iowa Code 

§ 907.3. Indeed, in the case before us now, the district court had to 

choose between probation and prison. The district court chose prison—

in part because the court expected the parole board to release Goble 
21

quickly. But if the court had chosen probation instead, then the parole 

board would have no power to act. See id. § 907.8(2)(b) (“Jurisdiction 

over [persons on probation] shall remain with the sentencing court.”); 

State v. Wade, 757 N.W.2d 618, 628 (Iowa 2008) (describing the 

difference between probation and parole).

• Likewise, if a defendant violates probation, the court often has the 

choice to either (1) revoke probation and send the defendant to prison—

which, again, would usually empower the parole board to act 

immediately; or (2) keep the defendant on probation—which, again, 

would preclude action by the parole board. See id. § 908.11(4); State v. 

Covel, 925 N.W.2d 183, 187–88 (Iowa 2019) (discussing the analysis “for 

revocation decisions”).

As these examples show, our sentencing judges are regularly required to 

make choices that directly impact—and sometimes eliminate—the parole board’s 

power to act. It is natural and appropriate, then, for our sentencing judges to 

consider how the parole board exercises its power. It is also natural and 

appropriate for the sentencing judge to sometimes choose options that limit or 

eliminate the parole board’s power because the judge believes that parole release 

would frustrate legitimate sentencing goals, including the statutorily mandated 

goals of encouraging rehabilitation and protecting the community. See Iowa Code 

§ 901.5. To the extent that the Remmers rule prohibits those kinds of sentencing 

approaches, it is contrary to the legislature’s statutory scheme. See id.; Remmers

259 N.W.2d at 785. It places artificial, improper limitations on the discretion that 

has been vested in the sentencing court by our legislature. See Iowa Code § 

901.5. And, as mentioned, those limitations can be prejudicial to the rights of 

defendants. For instance, in the case before us, Goble argued that probation was 

the best choice because—if he were sent to prison—the parole board would let 
22

him out so quickly that he wouldn’t receive drug treatment. Here’s what Goble’s 

counsel said:

[B]eing on probation will give [Goble] a chance to work and get 

treatment, [but] more than likely, if he goes to prison, he’ll never 

even see treatment. He won’t be in there long enough [to make it 

through the lengthy] . . . wait list for treatment.

(Emphasis added.)

This is not an uncommon argument for defendants to make. And yet, one 

could argue that the Remmers rule prohibits consideration of this argument. 

After all, if the Remmers rule prohibits sentencing judges from considering the 

“prospect of early release under the parole system,” doesn’t the Remmers rule 

prohibit sentencing judges from considering whether “the prospect of early 

[parole] release” weighs in favor of granting probation? Thomas, 520 N.W.2d at 

314. I think, though, that defense lawyers would be pretty confused if a judge 

raised that concern. 

4. Remmers Leads to Confusion. The Remmers rule can be confusing in 

other ways, too. Consider the varied—and sometimes contradictory—statements 

that our courts have made about the rule. In the case before us now, the court 

of appeals said that “[s]entencing courts are not prohibited from referring to the 

possible effects of parole practices on the time that a defendant will actually 

serve.” (Quoting State v. Jason, No. 14–1162, 2015 WL 6510334, at *12 (Iowa Ct. 

App. Oct. 28, 2015) (per curiam).) That same statement appears in at least three 

other court of appeals opinions. State v. Oliver, No. 22–0905, 2023 WL 7014089, 

at *2 (Iowa Ct. App. Oct. 25, 2023); Jason, 2015 WL 6510334, at *12; State v. 

Clark, No. 11–0240, 2011 WL 3480967, at *6 (Iowa Ct. App. Aug. 10, 2011). In 

State v. Bowen, though, the court of appeals said that “[c]onsideration of the 

timing of parole is an improper sentencing factor.” No. 22–0278, 2022 WL 

16985663, at *2 (Iowa Ct. App. Nov. 17, 2022). Likewise, we have sometimes said 
23

that sentencing judges must not “consider[] the Board’s parole practices.” 

Bomgaars, 967 N.W.2d at 55. Other times, we have suggested that the 

prohibition might extend only to “considering the effect a sentence will have on

a defendant’s parole date.” State v. Bentley, 757 N.W.2d 257, 266 (Iowa 2008) 

(emphasis added). And other times, we have suggested that the prohibition 

extends only to certain purposes for choosing a sentence, e.g., the “use of 

consecutive sentences to thwart a perceived risk of early parole.” State v. Hulbert, 

481 N.W.2d 329, 335 (Iowa 1992) (emphasis added).

These variations in wording may seem too subtle to worry about. But 

consider the sentencing judge. The sentencing judge must explain the reasons 

for the sentence. See State v. Thacker, 862 N.W.2d 402, 405–07 (Iowa 2015). And 

that explanation can only come through words. But if the judge uses words that 

suggest reliance on an improper consideration, then the judge’s sentence will be 

vacated, and the sentencing process will have to be repeated. See, e.g., Nichols, 

247 N.W.2d at 256. So it is crucial for sentencing judges to have a clear 

understanding of what words they can say and what words they cannot. Yet, as 

these examples show, it is not always clear what the Remmers rule prohibits and 

what it permits. That lack of clarity can yield confusion for the bench and bar.

Indeed, I worry that the Remmers rule is causing confusion in the case 

before us now. The majority suggests that it was acceptable for the sentencing 

court to consider parole timing because the court’s purpose was to encourage 

“rehabilitation and protection of the community,” a phrase that appears several 

times in the majority opinion. Yet those are the required goals for every sentence 

entered in an Iowa court. Iowa Code § 901.5. Indeed, those two goals—

rehabilitation of the defendant and protection of the community—were reasons 

that the district court gave in Remmers. 259 N.W.2d at 782, 785. Even so, we 
24

vacated the sentence in Remmers. Id. at 785. Does that mean we must vacate 

Goble’s prison sentence as well?

The majority also suggests that it is proper for the sentencing court to 

consider parole prospects unless those considerations lead the court to impose 

a longer sentence. But cf. Thomas, 520 N.W.2d at 314 (holding that the district 

court’s consideration of parole prospects was improper even though the court 

ordered jail instead of prison). But consider the facts before us. The district court 

considered Goble’s parole prospects when choosing between probation and 

prison. And then the court decided on prison. Almost by definition, though, 

prison involves longer imprisonment than probation, which (of course) is an 

alternative to imprisonment. Plus the court cited Goble’s parole prospects when 

explaining the court’s reasons for the prison sentence. I am not sure how this 

differs from Remmers, where we vacated a sentence because the district court 

cited parole prospects when explaining its reasons for a longer sentence. 259 

N.W.2d at 785–86.

The majority suggests that Remmers is distinguishable because “[n]othing 

about Goble’s sentence circumvents the parole board’s discretion” because 

“Goble was, and is, immediately eligible for parole.” As explained, though, the 

same was true in Remmers. 259 N.W.2d at 783. Indeed, the Remmers majority 

verified that the defendant “would be eligible for parole the day he entered the 

prison.” Id. This, again, makes it hard to distinguish between Goble’s situation, 

where we are affirming the sentence, and the Remmers situation, where we 

vacated the sentence. See id.

The majority also suggests that Remmers only prohibits the sentencing 

court from “formulat[ing] a particular sentence to avoid an early release under 

the parole system.” As discussed, though, there are many occasions in which a 

sentencing court may properly formulate a sentence to avoid early parole release. 
25

For instance, the sentencing court here might have properly accepted Goble’s 

suggestion that probation was better than prison because a prison sentence 

would lead to early parole release.

Along similar lines, the majority suggests that Remmers only prohibits the 

sentencing court from improperly “ ‘circumvent[ing]’ the parole system by 

selecting a sentence that would deprive the parole board of discretion it would 

otherwise have.” This assumes that district courts can impose improper limits on 

the parole board’s discretion. That is an incorrect assumption. So long as the 

district court enters a legal sentence, any limits that the court might impose on 

the parole board’s discretion—such as mandatory minimums or choosing jail 

rather than prison—are wholly proper. They are wholly proper because the 

legislature has authorized them. See Iowa Code § 901.5. But see Thomas, 520 

N.W.2d at 314 (holding that the district court erred by choosing jail over prison 

“because of the prospect of early release under the parole system”).

5. Remmers and the Realities of Sentencing. In addition to its other 

shortcomings, the Remmers rule does not reflect the realities of sentencing in the 

district court. To be clear, I do not doubt that our judges make every effort to 

comply with the Remmers rule by filtering parole prospects out of their 

sentencing calculations. As the Remmers dissent noted, though, our judges are 

well aware that their sentences “are seldom, if ever, served to their completion.” 

259 N.W.2d at 786 (LeGrand, J., dissenting). Indeed, every time a judge 

sentences a defendant for a felony or aggravated misdemeanor, the judge must 

“publicly announce” that “the defendant may be eligible for parole before the 

sentence is discharged.” Iowa Code § 901.5(9)(b); see also id. § 901.9 (requiring 

the judge to “furnish the board of parole with a full statement of . . . 

recommendations relating to release or parole”). 
26

Plus the department of corrections provides sentencing judges with email 

notifications when defendants are actually released from prison. This flow of 

notifications provides judges with frequent insights into the parole board’s 

practices. 

It is also interesting that, in Remmers, presentence investigators provided 

the district court with statistical data showing actual parole dates for offenders 

who had been convicted of the same offense (second-degree murder) as the 

Remmers defendant. 259 N.W.2d at 781 (majority opinion). I imagine that even 

better statistical assistance could be available in 2024 than in 1976, when the 

Remmers defendant was sentenced. See id. at 780–81. 

In any event, I see little benefit in prohibiting judges from using their 

understandings of the parole system to help them craft better sentences. This 

prohibition seems especially odd because prosecutors and defense lawyers (and 

experienced defendants) are well aware of the parole process and, indeed, they 

sometimes base decisions on their expectations about parole board behavior. 

See, e.g., Sothman v. State, 967 N.W.2d 512, 517–18 (Iowa 2021) (quoting a letter 

from a defense attorney in which the attorney advised a client that—although 

child endangerment resulting in death “is punishable by a penalty of up to 50 

years of incarceration in prison”—“a Legislative Services Study” showed that 

“typical individuals . . . serve on average 4.6 years on this type of sentence” 

(emphasis omitted)). 

6. Conclusion. Our sentencing judges bear “an awesome and lonely 

responsibility.” Pappas, 337 N.W.2d at 493. Their work is crucial to the proper 

functioning of our criminal justice system. We should do what we can to support 

their work. At least, we should try to relieve them of unnecessary, unnatural, 

and improper burdens. The Remmers prohibition is an unnecessary, unnatural, 
27

and improper burden on our sentencing judges. We should remove that burden 

at the earliest appropriate opportunity. 

Christensen, C.J., joins this special concurrence.