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<title>Importation of Fresh Arugula [Eruca sativa P</title>
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<p><b>Importation of Fresh Arugula, <i>Eruca sativa </i>P. Mill.,</b></p>
<p><b>into the Continental United States from Colombia </b></p>
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<p><b>A Pathway-Initiated Risk Assessment</b></p>
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<p><b>Rev. 03</b></p>
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<p><b>March 29, 2010</b></p>
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<p><b>Agency Contact</b></p>
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<p>Center for Plant Health Science and Technology</p>
<p>Plant Epidemiology and Risk Analysis Laboratory</p>
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<p>United States Department of Agriculture</p>
<p>Animal and Plant Health Inspection Service</p>
<p>Plant Protection and Quarantine</p>
<p>1730 Varsity Drive, Suite 300</p>
<p><a name="_Toc257613353"></a>Raleigh, NC 27606<b>
</b>Executive Summary</p>
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<p>The Republic of Colombia, South America, requested to export fresh arugula [<i>Eruca sativa </i>P. Mill.] to<i> </i>the Continental United States. In this document, we considered fresh arugula to include leaves and stems, but no other plant parts. We prepared a list of arugula pests in Colombia based on documents submitted by the Colombian Ministry for Agriculture and Rural Development, the Instituto Colombiano Agropecuario (ICA), USDA-APHIS-PPQ (Plant Protection and Quarantine) records on intercepted pests at ports of entry, and the scientific literature. We found no quarantine pests likely to be associated with commercial shipments of fresh arugula when exported from Colombia to the Continental United States; therefore, no pests were analyzed.</p>
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<p>Species found as external feeders of arugula from Colombia are unlikely to remain with the vegetable because the product will not be harvested or selected for exportation if the pests are present or if it shows any damage from these pests.</p>
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<h5><b>
Table of Contents</b></h5>
<p class="toc_1">Executive Summary	ii</p>
<p class="toc_1">1. Introduction	1</p>
<p class="toc_2">1.1. Background	1</p>
<p class="toc_2">1.2. Commodity information	1</p>
<p class="toc_1">2. Risk Assessment	2</p>
<p class="toc_2">2.1. Initiating Event: Proposed Action	3</p>
<p class="toc_2">2.2. Assessment of Weed Potential of Arugula	3</p>
<p class="toc_2">2.3. Current Status, Decision- Making History and Pest Interceptions	4</p>
<p class="toc_2">2.4. Pest Categorization - Identification of <i>Eruca sativa </i>P. Mill. pests in Colombia	4</p>
<p class="toc_2">2.5. Quarantine Pests Likely to Follow the Pathway	11</p>
<p class="toc_2">2.6. Conclusion	12</p>
<p class="toc_1">3. Preparers and Reviewers	12</p>
<p class="toc_1">4. Literature Cited	13</p>
<p class="toc_1">5. Appendix	18</p>
<p class="toc_2">5.1. Interception Records for <i>Eruca </i>sp. entering the United States.	18</p>
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<p class="header"><i>Pest Risk Assessment  for Arugula from Colombia </i></p>
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<p class="footer">21</p>
<p class="footer">Rev. 03	6 August 2010</p>
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<h1><a name="_Toc179101358"></a><a name="_Toc179101598"></a><a name="_Toc179101359"></a><a name="_Toc179101599"></a><a name="_Toc179101360"></a><a name="_Toc179101600"></a><a name="_Toc179101361"></a><a name="_Toc179101601"></a><a name="_Toc179101362"></a><a name="_Toc179101602"></a><a name="_Toc179101363"></a><a name="_Toc179101603"></a><a name="_Toc179101364"></a><a name="_Toc179101604"></a><a name="_Toc179101365"></a><a name="_Toc179101605"></a><a name="_Toc257613354"></a>
1. Introduction</h1>
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<h2><a name="_Toc257613355"></a>1.1. Background</h2>
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<p><a name="Bibliography1a"></a>This risk assessment was prepared by the Plant Protection and Quarantine (PPQ), Animal and Plant Health Inspection Service (APHIS) of the United States Department of Agriculture (USDA). It was prepared to examine potential pest risks associated with the importation of fresh arugula [<i>Eruca sativa </i>P. Mill.] from Colombia into the continental United States. For the purpose of this document, fresh arugula is considered to include leaves and stems, but no other plant parts. This pest risk assessment is called pathway-initiated because it is based upon the risks that may be associated with the importation of this commodity. This risk assessment is qualitative and risk is expressed in descriptive terms (high, medium, and low) rather than in probabilities or frequencies. The methodology and rating criteria are explained in <i>Pathway-Initiated Pest Risk Assessments: Guidelines for Qualitative Assessments</i>, Version 5.02 (PPQ, 2000).</p>
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<p>Regional and international plant protection organizations, such as the North American Plant Protection Organization (NAPPO) and the International Plant Protection Convention (IPPC), provide standards for conducting pest risk analyses (IPPC, 2004, 2006, 2007b; NAPPO, 2004). The methods used to initiate, conduct, and report this assessment, as well as the use of biological and phytosanitary terms, are based on these standards. The IPPC standards describe three stages of pest risk analysis: Stage 1, Initiation; Stage 2, Risk Assessment; and Stage 3, Risk Management. This document satisfies the requirements of IPPC Stages 1 and 2. </p>
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<h2><a name="_Toc257613356"></a>1.2. Commodity information</h2>
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<p>Arugula is an herbaceous plant indigenous to the Mediterranean basin and western Asia where it is commonly cultivated. It was a crop highly appreciated by the ancient Romans. In recent years, the area dedicated to its cultivation has grown considerably. The average production per hectare is approximately 16-18 tons. Harvesting of leaves can begin 20-60 days post-emergence or transplanting depending on the variety used for cultivation, the crop period, and environmental conditions. After the first harvest, 4-5 harvests at intervals of 10-20 days are possible. As a general rule, continued cultivation is not suggested beyond the third harvest, but the favorable climatic conditions prolong the productive crop cycle often making it economically viable for many harvests.</p>
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<p>Leaf morphology of arugula varies greatly between harvests. In fact, with every regrowth cycle, leaves tend to take on an increasingly lobate form. The length varies between 5 and 8 cm (2-3 inches) at the first harvest and from 8 to 15 cm (3-6 inches) in subsequent harvests. Temperate and wet climates are most appropriate to achieve high quality and acceptable yields.</p>
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<p><i>Eruca sativa </i>Miller is a diploid, annual species which flowers in spring and which seeds are ready for harvesting in late spring. It seems to prefer rich soils even though it can be found mixed with ruderal flora in very marginal areas. A wild type, subspecies <i>Eruca vesicaria </i>(L.) Cav. ssp. <i>sativa </i>(P. Mill.) Thellung, is also well-represented in the Mediterranean flora. <i>Eruca vesicaria </i>ssp. <i>sativa </i>is a synonym of <i>Eruca sativa</i>, which is already present in 26 states. It is an annual herb found in many areas of the United States and grows wild in the Mediterranean (NRCS, 2010; Padulosi, and Pignone, 1997). </p>
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<p>The global demand and interest in arugula is growing. This is due to the popularity of ready-to-use salads that extend the shelf life of arugula leaves and preserve their freshness. Green fresh leaves are typically used as appetizers with traditional European dishes, or for preparing fresh salads (Padulosi, and Pignone, 1997).</p>
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<p><b>Fig 1. </b>Beds of Arugula, <i>Eruca sativa </i>P. Mill. (<u>www.hort.purdue.edu/ newcrop/hfresh/arugula.html)</u></p>
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<p><b>Fig 2. </b>Leaves of Arugula, <i>Eruca sativa </i>P. Mill. (<u>www.hort.purdue.edu/ newcrop/hfresh/arugula.html)</u></p>
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<h1><a name="_Toc257613357"></a>2. Risk Assessment</h1>
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<p>In this pest risk assessment, we first identify the initiating event, screen the weed potential of arugula, and discuss the decision history for the commodity. We included pests reported to attack arugula and be present in Colombia in a comprehensive pest list. </p>
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<h2><a name="_Toc257613358"></a>2.1. Initiating Event: Proposed Action</h2>
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<p>We developed this commodity-based, pathway-initiated assessment in response to a request by the Instituto Colombiano Agropecuario (ICA) (letter No. 06720 dated July 16th, 2004) to the USDA for their authorization to allow the importation of fresh arugula into the Continental United States. Title 7 of the Code of Federal Regulations 319, Part 56 (7CFR § 319.56) (USDA, 2003) provides regulatory authority for the importation of fruits and vegetables from foreign sources into the United States. </p>
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<h2><a name="_Toc71950362"></a><a name="_Toc257613359"></a>2.2. Assessment of Weed Potential of Arugula</h2>
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<p>The results of the screening for weed potential for<b><i> </i></b>arugula did not require a separate weed risk assessment<i> </i>(Table 1).</p>
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<p><b>Table 1. </b>Assessment of Weed Potential of <i>Eruca sativa </i>P. Mill.</p>
<table><tbody><tr>	<td><p>Commodity: Arugula</p>
<p>Scientific name and author:<i> Eruca sativa </i>P. Mill. (NRCS, 2004).</p>
<p><a name="OLE_LINK14"></a><a name="OLE_LINK15"></a>Synonyms: <i>Brassica eruca, Eruca eruca, Raphanus eruca; Eruca vesicaria; Eruca vesicaria</i> ssp.<i> sativa </i>(NRCS, 2004).</p>
<p>Plant family: Brassicaceae<b> </b></p>
<p>Common name: Arugula, Rocket salad, Roquette, Rucola<b>,</b> Rugula.</p>
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<tr>	<td><p><b>Phase 1:</b> </p>
<p><i>Eruca sativa </i>is reported present within the United States. This plant was introduced into the United States from other countries and is widely prevalent in 25 states of the United States. (NatureServe, 2004; NRCS, 2004; Palada and Crossman, 1999).</p>
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<tr>	<td><p><b>Phase 2:</b></p>
<p>Is the species listed in:</p>
<p><u>YES</u> Geographical Atlas of World Weeds (Holm et al<i>.,</i> 1991).</p>
<p><u>NO</u> World’s Worst Weeds (Holm<i> </i>et al<i>.,</i> 1991).</p>
<p><u>YES</u> AGRICOLA, CAB<i> </i>(Kaszonyi, 1974; Verdejo et al<i>.,</i> 1983), AGRIS</p>
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<p>Other literature and database search indicating weediness:</p>
<p><u>NO</u> World Weeds: Natural Histories and Distributions (Holm<i> </i>et al<i>.,</i> 1997).</p>
<p><u>NO</u> Noxious Weed List for Australian States and Territories (AWC, 2004).</p>
<p><u>NO</u> Florida's Invasive Species List, Florida Exotic Pest Plant Council (FLEPPC, 2003).</p>
<p><u>NO</u> Federal Noxious Weed List (APHIS-USDA, 2000).</p>
<p><u>YES</u> State Regulated Noxious Weeds (NPB, 2004).</p>
<p><u>YES</u> Global Compendium of Weeds (GCW, 2001).</p>
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<tr>	<td><p><b>Phase 3:</b> </p>
<p>Some evidence exists that <i>Eruca sativa </i>is a weed in some places of the world, but this species is not listed as a noxious weed in the Federal Noxious Weed List (APHIS-USDA, 2000). <i>Eruca vesicaria </i>ssp. s<i>ativa </i>(considered a synonym of <i>E. sativa </i>and a wild type of arugula) appears in the “Proposed Rules Noxious Weed Control Board” as a noxious weed in Washington that needs to be deleted from “The State Noxious Weed Control Board”. The first proposal was to amend the “State Noxious Weed List” to add a species determined to be noxious, to change areas designated for control of some noxious weeds, and to delete a noxious weed from the list (Statutory Authority for Adoption: Chapter 17.10 RCW; Statute Being Implemented: Chapter 17.10 RCW).</p>
<p>The “Summary of Amendment” in the “Washington State Register” proposes the following change: Delete one nonnative species (<i>Eruca vesicaria </i>ssp. <i>sativa</i>) from the State Noxious Weed List, Class B noxious weeds. Recent evaluation indicates that this species has not been highly destructive, competitive, or difficult to control in Washington (WSR, 2000).</p>
<p>According to the above-mentioned and to the list of the “State Regulated Noxious Weeds” (NPB, 2004), Washington is the only place within the United States where <i>Eruca vesicaria </i>ssp. <i>sativa</i> was considered to be a weed. This plant was not judged to be harmful, however, and is widely prevalent in the rest of the Continental United States, therefore, it did not require a weedinitiated risk assessment.</p>
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<h2><a name="_Toc257613360"></a>2.3. Current Status, Decision- Making History and Pest Interceptions </h2>
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<p>Currently, arugula (<i>Eruca sativa</i>) is authorized entry into the United States from Costa Rica, Israel, Mexico and Peru (USDA, 2007). </p>
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<p>During 1985-2007, numerous species of pests were intercepted on <i>Eruca vesicaria</i> entering the United States (Appendix 1; PestID, 2007).</p>
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<h2><a name="_Toc257613361"></a>2.4. Pest Categorization - Identification of <i>Eruca sativa </i>P. Mill. pests in Colombia</h2>
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<p>There are no reports available regarding pests attacking arugula in Colombia. Therefore, pests that are reported to attack arugula anywhere in the world were gathered and from these pests, the pests that are present in Colombia and that could affect the plant are included in the pest list. 
Table 2 includes: (1) the pests reported as present in Colombia, (2) the generally affected plant part or parts, (3) the quarantine status of the pest in the United States, (4) whether the pest is likely to follow the pathway into the United States on arugula, and (5) pertinent citations for either the distribution or the biology of the pest. Many organisms are eliminated from further consideration as sources of phytosanitary risk on arugula from Colombia because they do not satisfy the definition of a quarantine pest (IPPC, 2007a). A quarantine pest is defined as, “A pest of potential economic importance to the area endangered thereby and not yet present there, or present but not widely distributed and being officially controlled” (IPPC, 2007a).</p>
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Table 2. </b>Pests reported on <i>Eruca sativa </i>(in any country) and present in Colombia (on any host)</p>
<table><tbody><tr>	<td><p><b>Scientific Name (Taxonomy)</b></p>
</td>	<td><p><b>Geographic distribution[footnoteRef:2]</b> [2:  Distribution Legend: CO = Colombia; US = United States; FL = Florida; HI = Hawaii.] 
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</td>	<td><p><b>Plant part affected</b></p>
</td>	<td><p><b>Quaran-tine pest</b></p>
</td>	<td><p><b>Follow pathway</b></p>
</td>	<td><p><b>References</b></p>
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</td></tr>
<tr>	<td><p><b>ARTHROPODA</b></p>
</td></tr>
<tr>	<td><p><b>INSECTA</b></p>
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<tr>	<td><p><b>Agromyzidae<i> </i>sp. </b>(Diptera: Agromyzidae)</p>
</td>	<td><p>CO </p>
</td>	<td><p>Leaf</p>
</td>	<td><p>Yes</p>
</td>	<td><p>Yes</p>
</td>	<td><p>PestID, 2004</p>
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<tr>	<td><p><b>Aleyrodinae sp. </b>(Homoptera: Aleyrodidae)</p>
</td>	<td><p>CO</p>
</td>	<td><p>Leaf</p>
</td>	<td><p>Yes</p>
</td>	<td><p>Yes</p>
</td>	<td><p>PestID, 2004</p>
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<tr>	<td><p><b><i>Amorbia</i> sp</b>. (Lepidoptera: Tortricidae)</p>
</td>	<td><p>CO</p>
</td>	<td><p>Leaf, Stem</p>
</td>	<td><p>Yes</p>
</td>	<td><p>Yes</p>
</td>	<td><p>PestID, 2004</p>
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<tr>	<td><p><b>Aphididae sp. </b>(Homoptera: Aphididae)</p>
</td>	<td><p>CO</p>
</td>	<td><p>Leaf, Stem</p>
</td>	<td><p>Yes</p>
</td>	<td><p>Yes</p>
</td>	<td><p>PestID, 2004</p>
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<tr>	<td><p><b><i>Bemisia argentifolii </i></b>Bellows Perring Gill & Hendrick<b><i> </i></b>Syn: <i>Bemisia tabaci</i> (B biotype) (Gennadius) (Homoptera: Aleyrodidae)</p>
</td>	<td><p>CO; US</p>
</td>	<td><p>Leaf</p>
</td>	<td><p>No</p>
</td>	<td><p>Yes</p>
</td>	<td><p>CABI, 2004; Dimson, 2001; Hamon, 2002</p>
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<tr>	<td><p><b><i>Bemisia tabaci </i></b>(Gennadius)<b> </b>(Homoptera: Aleyrodidae)</p>
</td>	<td><p>CO; US</p>
</td>	<td><p>Leaf</p>
</td>	<td><p>No</p>
</td>	<td><p>Yes</p>
</td>	<td><p>Arnett, 2000; CABI, 2004; Dimson, 2001; Figueroa, 1977; Hamon, 2002</p>
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<tr>	<td><p><b><i>Cerotoma</i> sp</b>. (Coleoptera: Chrysomelidae)</p>
</td>	<td><p>CO</p>
</td>	<td><p>Leaf</p>
</td>	<td><p>Yes</p>
</td>	<td><p>Yes</p>
</td>	<td><p>PestID, 2004; Posada, 1989; Vélez, 1997</p>
</td></tr>
<tr>	<td><p><b><i>Chaetocnema</i> sp. </b>(Coleoptera: Chrysomelidae)</p>
</td>	<td><p>CO</p>
</td>	<td><p>Leaf, Stem</p>
</td>	<td><p>Yes</p>
</td>	<td><p>Yes</p>
</td>	<td><p>Figueroa, 1977; PestID, 2004; Posada, 1989</p>
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<tr>	<td><p><b>Cicadellidae<i> </i>sp. </b>(Hemiptera: Cicadellidae)</p>
</td>	<td><p>CO</p>
</td>	<td><p>Leaf, Stem</p>
</td>	<td><p>Yes</p>
</td>	<td><p>Yes</p>
</td>	<td><p>PestID, 2004</p>
</td></tr>
<tr>	<td><p><b><i>Contarina</i> sp. </b>(Diptera: Cecidomyiidae)</p>
</td>	<td><p>CO</p>
</td>	<td><p>Leaf</p>
</td>	<td><p>Yes</p>
</td>	<td><p>Yes</p>
</td>	<td><p>PestID, 2004</p>
</td></tr>
<tr>	<td><p><b><i>Corythucha gossypii </i></b>(F.) (Hemiptera: Tingidae)</p>
</td>	<td><p>CO; US (FL)</p>
</td>	<td><p>Leaf</p>
</td>	<td><p>No</p>
</td>	<td><p>Yes</p>
</td>	<td><p>CABI, 2004; PestID, 2004</p>
</td></tr>
<tr>	<td><p><b>Crambidae sp. </b>(Lepidoptera: Crambidae)</p>
</td>	<td><p>CO</p>
</td>	<td><p>Leaf</p>
</td>	<td><p>Yes</p>
</td>	<td><p>Yes</p>
</td>	<td><p>PestID, 2004</p>
</td></tr>
<tr>	<td><p><b>Curculionidae sp. </b>(Coleoptera: Curculionidae)</p>
</td>	<td><p>CO</p>
</td>	<td><p>Leaf, Stem</p>
</td>	<td><p>Yes</p>
</td>	<td><p>Yes</p>
</td>	<td><p>PestID, 2004</p>
</td></tr>
<tr>	<td><p><b><i>Diabrotica balteata </i></b>Leconte<b> </b>(Coleoptera: Chrysomelidae)</p>
</td>	<td><p>CO; US</p>
</td>	<td><p>Leaf</p>
</td>	<td><p>No</p>
</td>	<td><p>Yes</p>
</td>	<td><p>CABI, 2004</p>
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<tr>	<td><p><b><i>Diabrotica</i> sp. </b>(Coleoptera: Chrysomelidae)</p>
</td>	<td><p>CO</p>
</td>	<td><p>Leaf</p>
</td>	<td><p>Yes</p>
</td>	<td><p>Yes</p>
</td>	<td><p>PestID, 2004; Posada, 1989; Vélez, 1997</p>
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<tr>	<td><p><a name="OLE_LINK3"></a><b><i>Ecdytolopha</i> sp. </b>(Lepidoptera: Tortricidae)</p>
</td>	<td><p>CO</p>
</td>	<td><p>Leaf</p>
</td>	<td><p>Yes</p>
</td>	<td><p>Yes</p>
</td>	<td><p>PestID, 2004</p>
</td></tr>
<tr>	<td><p><a name="OLE_LINK11"></a><b><i>Epitrix cucumeris </i></b>(Harris) (Coleoptera: Chrysomelidae)</p>
</td>	<td><p>CO; US</p>
</td>	<td><p>Leaf, Root</p>
</td>	<td><p>No</p>
</td>	<td><p>Yes</p>
</td>	<td><p>Arnett, 2000; Dimson, 2001; Figueroa, 1977; Vélez, 1997</p>
</td></tr>
<tr>	<td><p><b><i>Estigmene acraea  </i></b>Drury (Lepidoptera: Arctiidae)</p>
</td>	<td><p>CO; US </p>
</td>	<td><p>Leaf, Seedling</p>
</td>	<td><p>No</p>
</td>	<td><p>Yes</p>
</td>	<td><p>Adams, 2003; Arnett, 2000; CABI, 2004; Dimson, 2001; Figueroa, 1977; Posada, 1989</p>
</td></tr>
<tr>	<td><p><b><i>Frankliniella occidentalis </i></b>(Pergande) (Thysanoptera: Thripidae)</p>
</td>	<td><p>CO; US</p>
</td>	<td><p>Leaf</p>
</td>	<td><p>No</p>
</td>	<td><p>Yes</p>
</td>	<td><p>Arnett, 2000; CABI, 2004; Dimson, 2001</p>
</td></tr>
<tr>	<td><p><b><i>Frankliniella schultzei </i></b>(Trybom)<b> </b>(Thysanoptera: Thripidae)</p>
</td>	<td><p>CO; US (FL, HI)</p>
</td>	<td><p>Flower, Leaf</p>
</td>	<td><p>Yes</p>
</td>	<td><p>No[footnoteRef:3] [3:  Frankliniella schultzei has only been found associated with fresh arugula once from Israel (PestID, 2004). We found no other reports of this thrips feeding on arugula. Additionally, this pest is an external feeder, generally on flowers. Consequently, F. schultzei is unlikely to follow the pathway of fresh arugula from Colombia into the continental United States.] 
</p>
</td>	<td><p>CABI, 2004; PestID, 2004</p>
</td></tr>
<tr>	<td><p><b>Geometridae sp. </b>(Lepidoptera: Geometridae)</p>
</td>	<td><p>CO</p>
</td>	<td><p>Leaf, Stem</p>
</td>	<td><p>Yes</p>
</td>	<td><p>Yes</p>
</td>	<td><p>PestID, 2004</p>
</td></tr>
<tr>	<td><p><b>Gryllidae sp. </b>(Orthoptera: Gryllidae)</p>
</td>	<td><p>CO</p>
</td>	<td><p>Leaf</p>
</td>	<td><p>Yes</p>
</td>	<td><p>Yes</p>
</td>	<td><p>PestID, 2004</p>
</td></tr>
<tr>	<td><p><b><i>Gryllus </i>sp. </b>(Orthoptera: Gryllidae)</p>
</td>	<td><p>CO</p>
</td>	<td><p>Seedling</p>
</td>	<td><p>Yes</p>
</td>	<td><p>No</p>
</td>	<td><p>Dimson, 2001; PestID, 2004; Posada, 1989</p>
</td></tr>
<tr>	<td><p><b><i>Helicoverpa</i> sp. </b>(Lepidoptera: Noctuidae)</p>
</td>	<td><p>CO</p>
</td>	<td><p>Leaf</p>
</td>	<td><p>Yes</p>
</td>	<td><p>Yes</p>
</td>	<td><p>PestID, 2004</p>
</td></tr>
<tr>	<td><p><b><i>Helicoverpa zea </i></b>(Boddie)<b> </b>(Lepidoptera: Noctuidae)</p>
</td>	<td><p>CO; US</p>
</td>	<td><p>Leaf, Seedling</p>
</td>	<td><p>No</p>
</td>	<td><p>Yes</p>
</td>	<td><p>Adams, 2003; Arnett, 2000; CABI, 2004; Dimson, 2001; Figueroa, 1977</p>
</td></tr>
<tr>	<td><p><b><i>Heliothis virescens </i></b>(Fabricius)<b> </b>(Lepidoptera: Noctuidae)</p>
</td>	<td><p>CO; US</p>
</td>	<td><p>Leaf, Seedling</p>
</td>	<td><p>No</p>
</td>	<td><p>Yes</p>
</td>	<td><p>Adams, 2003; Arnett, 2000; CABI, 2004; Dimson, 2001; Figueroa, 1977; Posada, 1989</p>
</td></tr>
<tr>	<td><p><b><i>Liriomyza sativae </i></b>Blanchard<b> </b>(Diptera: Agromyzidae)</p>
</td>	<td><p>CO; US</p>
</td>	<td><p>Leaf</p>
</td>	<td><p>No</p>
</td>	<td><p>Yes</p>
</td>	<td><p>CABI, 2004; Dimson, 2001</p>
</td></tr>
<tr>	<td><p><b><i>Liriomyza </i>sp. </b>(Diptera: Agromyzidae)</p>
</td>	<td><p>CO </p>
</td>	<td><p>Leaf</p>
</td>	<td><p>Yes</p>
</td>	<td><p>Yes</p>
</td>	<td><p>Dimson, 2001; Padulosi and Pignone, 1997; PestID, 2004; Posada, 1989</p>
</td></tr>
<tr>	<td><p><b>Lycaenidae sp. </b>(Lepidoptera: Lycaenidae)</p>
</td>	<td><p>CO</p>
</td>	<td><p>Leaf</p>
</td>	<td><p>Yes</p>
</td>	<td><p>Yes</p>
</td>	<td><p>PestID, 2004</p>
</td></tr>
<tr>	<td><p><b><i>Macrosiphum euphorbiae </i></b>(Thomas) (Homoptera: Aphididae)</p>
</td>	<td><p>CO; US</p>
</td>	<td><p>Leaf</p>
</td>	<td><p>No</p>
</td>	<td><p>Yes</p>
</td>	<td><p>CABI, 2004; Dimson, 2001; Figueroa, 1977; Goth and Webb, 1980; Posada, 1989</p>
</td></tr>
<tr>	<td><p><b>Miridae sp.  </b>(Hemiptera: Miridae)</p>
</td>	<td><p>CO</p>
</td>	<td><p>Leaf, Stem</p>
</td>	<td><p>Yes</p>
</td>	<td><p>Yes</p>
</td>	<td><p>PestID, 2004</p>
</td></tr>
<tr>	<td><p><b><i>Myzus persicae</i></b>  Sulzer<b><i> </i></b>(Homoptera: Aphididae)</p>
</td>	<td><p>CO; US</p>
</td>	<td><p>Leaf</p>
</td>	<td><p>No</p>
</td>	<td><p>Yes</p>
</td>	<td><p>Bakhetia and Sharma, 1979; CABI, 2004; Dimson, 2001; Elnagar et al., 1982; Figueroa, 1977; Goth and Webb, 1980; Posada, 1989; Singh et al<i>.,</i> 1987; Singh and Singh, 1988</p>
</td></tr>
<tr>	<td><p><b>Noctuidae sp. </b>(Lepidoptera: Noctuidae)</p>
</td>	<td><p>CO</p>
</td>	<td><p>Leaf</p>
</td>	<td><p>Yes</p>
</td>	<td><p>Yes</p>
</td>	<td><p>PestID, 2004</p>
</td></tr>
<tr>	<td><p><b><i>Nysius</i> sp.  </b>(Hemiptera: Lygaeidae)</p>
</td>	<td><p>CO</p>
</td>	<td><p>Leaf, Stem</p>
</td>	<td><p>Yes</p>
</td>	<td><p>Yes</p>
</td>	<td><p>PestID, 2004</p>
</td></tr>
<tr>	<td><p><b>Pentatomidae, sp. </b>(Homoptera: Pentatomidae)</p>
</td>	<td><p>CO</p>
</td>	<td><p>Leaf</p>
</td>	<td><p>Yes</p>
</td>	<td><p>Yes</p>
</td>	<td><p>PestID, 2004</p>
</td></tr>
<tr>	<td><p><b><i>Phyllotreta</i> sp. </b>(Coleoptera: Chrysomelidae)</p>
</td>	<td><p>CO</p>
</td>	<td><p>Leaf</p>
</td>	<td><p>Yes</p>
</td>	<td><p>Yes</p>
</td>	<td><p>PestID, 2004</p>
</td></tr>
<tr>	<td><p><b>Plusiinae sp. </b>(Lepidoptera: Noctuidae)</p>
</td>	<td><p>CO</p>
</td>	<td><p>Leaf, Stem</p>
</td>	<td><p>Yes</p>
</td>	<td><p>Yes</p>
</td>	<td><p>PestID, 2004</p>
</td></tr>
<tr>	<td><p><b><i>Plutella xylostella </i></b>Linnaeus<b><i> </i></b>(Lepidoptera: Plutellidae)</p>
</td>	<td><p>CO; US</p>
</td>	<td><p>Leaf, Seedling</p>
</td>	<td><p>No</p>
</td>	<td><p>Yes</p>
</td>	<td><p>CABI, 2004; Dimson, 2001; Posada, 1989</p>
</td></tr>
<tr>	<td><p><b>Plutellidae sp. </b>(Lepidoptera: Plutellidae)</p>
</td>	<td><p>CO</p>
</td>	<td><p>Leaf</p>
</td>	<td><p>Yes</p>
</td>	<td><p>Yes</p>
</td>	<td><p>PestID, 2004</p>
</td></tr>
<tr>	<td><p><b>Pterophoridae sp. </b>(Lepidoptera: Pterophoridae)</p>
</td>	<td><p>CO</p>
</td>	<td><p>Leaf</p>
</td>	<td><p>Yes</p>
</td>	<td><p>Yes</p>
</td>	<td><p>PestID, 2004</p>
</td></tr>
<tr>	<td><p><b>Pyralidae sp. </b>(Lepidoptera: Pyralidae)</p>
</td>	<td><p>CO</p>
</td>	<td><p>Leaf</p>
</td>	<td><p>Yes</p>
</td>	<td><p>Yes</p>
</td>	<td><p>PestID, 2004</p>
</td></tr>
<tr>	<td><p><b>Pyraustinae, sp. </b>(Lepidoptera: Pyralidae)</p>
</td>	<td><p>CO</p>
</td>	<td><p>Leaf, Stem</p>
</td>	<td><p>Yes</p>
</td>	<td><p>Yes</p>
</td>	<td><p>PestID, 2004</p>
</td></tr>
<tr>	<td><p><b><i>Sitona</i> sp. </b>(Coleoptera: Curculionidae)</p>
</td>	<td><p>CO</p>
</td>	<td><p>Leaf</p>
</td>	<td><p>Yes</p>
</td>	<td><p>Yes</p>
</td>	<td><p>PestID, 2004</p>
</td></tr>
<tr>	<td><p><b><i>Spodoptera</i> sp. </b>(Lepidoptera: Noctuidae)</p>
</td>	<td><p>CO</p>
</td>	<td><p>Leaf, Stem</p>
</td>	<td><p>Yes</p>
</td>	<td><p>Yes</p>
</td>	<td><p>PestID, 2004; Posada, 1989</p>
</td></tr>
<tr>	<td><p><b><i>Systena</i> sp. </b>(Coleoptera: Chrysomelidae)</p>
</td>	<td><p>CO</p>
</td>	<td><p>Leaf</p>
</td>	<td><p>Yes</p>
</td>	<td><p>Yes</p>
</td>	<td><p>PestID, 2004; Posada, 1989</p>
</td></tr>
<tr>	<td><p><b><i>Tetranychus urticae</i> Koch </b>(Acari: Tetranychidae)</p>
</td>	<td><p>CO; US</p>
</td>	<td><p>Leaf</p>
</td>	<td><p>No</p>
</td>	<td><p>Yes</p>
</td>	<td><p>CABI, 2006;<i> </i>Bolland, 1998</p>
</td></tr>
<tr>	<td><p><b>Thripidae sp. </b>(Thysanoptera: Thripidae)</p>
</td>	<td><p>CO</p>
</td>	<td><p>Leaf</p>
</td>	<td><p>Yes</p>
</td>	<td><p>Yes</p>
</td>	<td><p>PestID, 2004</p>
</td></tr>
<tr>	<td><p><b><i>Thrips tabaci</i></b>  Lindeman (Thysanoptera: Thripidae)</p>
</td>	<td><p>CO; US</p>
</td>	<td><p>Leaf</p>
</td>	<td><p>No</p>
</td>	<td><p>Yes</p>
</td>	<td><p>Arnett, 2000; CABI, 2004; Dimson, 2001; Figueroa, 1977; Posada, 1989</p>
</td></tr>
<tr>	<td><p><b>Tortricidae sp. </b>(Lepidoptera: Tortricidae)</p>
</td>	<td><p>CO</p>
</td>	<td><p>Leaf</p>
</td>	<td><p>Yes</p>
</td>	<td><p>Yes</p>
</td>	<td><p>PestID, 2004</p>
</td></tr>
<tr>	<td><p><b><i>Trichoplusia ni </i></b>(Hübner)<b><i> </i></b>(Lepidoptera: Noctuidae)</p>
</td>	<td><p>CO; US</p>
</td>	<td><p>Leaf, Seedling</p>
</td>	<td><p>No</p>
</td>	<td><p>Yes</p>
</td>	<td><p>Arnett, 2000; CABI, 2004; Dimson, 2001; Figueroa, 1977; Posada, 1989</p>
</td></tr>
<tr>	<td><p><b>BACTERIA</b></p>
</td></tr>
<tr>	<td><p><b><i>Erwinia carotovora </i>subsp.<i> carotovora</i></b><i>  </i>(Jones) Bergey<i> </i>(Enterobacteraceae)</p>
</td>	<td><p>CO; US</p>
</td>	<td><p>Leaf, Stem</p>
</td>	<td><p>No</p>
</td>	<td><p>Yes</p>
</td>	<td><p>Buritica, 1999; CABI, 2004; Malavolta et al., 1999</p>
</td></tr>
<tr>	<td><p><b><i>Xanthomonas campestris </i>pv. <i>campestris </i></b>(Pammel) Dowson  (Xanthomonadaceae)</p>
</td>	<td><p>CO; US</p>
</td>	<td><p>Leaf</p>
</td>	<td><p>No</p>
</td>	<td><p>Yes</p>
</td>	<td><p>Buritica, 1999; CABI, 2004; Henz et al<i>.,</i> 1987</p>
</td></tr>
<tr>	<td><p><b>FUNGI and CHROMISTANS[footnoteRef:4]</b> [4:  Fungal names and synonyms are presented as in Farr et al., 2007.] 
</p>
</td></tr>
<tr>	<td><p><b><i>Albugo candida </i></b>(Pers.) Kunze Syn: <i>Albugo cruciferarum </i>(Oomycetes: Peronosporales)</p>
</td>	<td><p>CO; US</p>
</td>	<td><p>Flower, Leaf, Seed</p>
</td>	<td><p>No</p>
</td>	<td><p>Yes</p>
</td>	<td><p>Alfieri et al<i>.,</i>1994; Buritica, 1999; CABI<i>, </i>2004, 2006; Farr et al<i>.,</i> 2007; Minuto et al<i>.,</i> 1997; Scheck and Koike, 1999</p>
</td></tr>
<tr>	<td><p><b><i>Alternaria alternata</i></b>  (Fr.) Keissl Syn: <i>Alternaria tenuis</i> (Ascomycetes: Pleosporales)</p>
</td>	<td><p>CO; US</p>
</td>	<td><p>Leaf, Root</p>
</td>	<td><p>No</p>
</td>	<td><p>Yes</p>
</td>	<td><p>Bhargava et al<i>.,</i> 1980; Buritica, 1999; CABI, 2004</p>
</td></tr>
<tr>	<td><p><b><i>Alternaria brassicae</i>  </b>(Berk.) Sacc. (Ascomycetes: Pleosporales)</p>
</td>	<td><p>CO; US</p>
</td>	<td><p>Leaf, Stem</p>
</td>	<td><p>No</p>
</td>	<td><p>Yes</p>
</td>	<td><p>Buritica, 1999; CABI, 2004; Farr et al<i>.</i>, 1989; Farr et al<i>.,</i> 2007; Sushil and Kaushik, 1993</p>
</td></tr>
<tr>	<td><p><a name="OLE_LINK4"></a><a name="OLE_LINK6"></a><b><i>Alternaria brassicicola</i></b>  (Schwein.) Wiltshire (Ascomycetes: Pleosporales)</p>
</td>	<td><p>CO; US</p>
</td>	<td><p>Leaf</p>
</td>	<td><p>No</p>
</td>	<td><p>Yes</p>
</td>	<td><p>Buritica, 1999; CABI<i>, </i>2004; Farr et al<i>.,</i> 2007; Sushil and Kaushik, 1993</p>
</td></tr>
<tr>	<td><p><b><i>Alternaria </i>sp. </b>(Ascomycetes: Pleosporales)</p>
</td>	<td><p>CO</p>
</td>	<td><p>Leaf</p>
</td>	<td><p>Yes</p>
</td>	<td><p>Yes</p>
</td>	<td><p>Alfieri et al<i>.,</i>1994; Buritica, 1999; Padulosi and Pignone, 1997; PestID, 2004</p>
</td></tr>
<tr>	<td><p><b><i>Aspergillus flavus </i></b>Link: Fr. (Ascomycetes: Eurotiales)</p>
</td>	<td><p>CO; US</p>
</td>	<td><p>	Flower, 	Seed</p>
</td>	<td><p>No </p>
</td>	<td><p>No</p>
</td>	<td><p>Abdel-Mallek, 1994; Buritica, 1999; CABI, 2006; Farr et al<i>.</i>, 1989</p>
</td></tr>
<tr>	<td><p><b><i>Aspergillus niger </i></b>Tiegh. 
(Ascomycetes: Eurotiales)</p>
</td>	<td><p>CO; US</p>
</td>	<td><p>Flower, Root, Stem, Seed</p>
</td>	<td><p>No</p>
</td>	<td><p>No</p>
</td>	<td><p>Abdel-Mallek, 1994; Buritica, 1999; CABI, 2004, 2006</p>
</td></tr>
<tr>	<td><p><b><i>Cercospora</i> sp. </b>(Ascomycetes: Mycosphaerellales)</p>
</td>	<td><p>CO</p>
</td>	<td><p>Leaf</p>
</td>	<td><p>Yes</p>
</td>	<td><p>Yes</p>
</td>	<td><p>PestID, 2004</p>
</td></tr>
<tr>	<td><p><b><i>Erysiphe cichoracearum </i></b>D.C. (Ascomycetes: Erysiphales)</p>
</td>	<td><p>CO; US </p>
</td>	<td><p>Leaf</p>
</td>	<td><p>No</p>
</td>	<td><p>Yes</p>
</td>	<td><p>Buritica, 1999; CABI, 2004; Farr et al<i>.</i>, 1989; Farr et al<i>.,</i> 2007</p>
</td></tr>
<tr>	<td><p><b><i>Erysiphe cruciferarum </i></b>Opiz ex L. Junell<b><i> </i></b>(Ascomycetes: Erysiphales)</p>
</td>	<td><p>CO; US </p>
</td>	<td><p>Leaf, Stem</p>
</td>	<td><p>No</p>
</td>	<td><p>Yes</p>
</td>	<td><p>CABI, 2006; Farr et al<i>.</i>, 2007; Glawe, 2006; Karakaya et al<i>.</i>, 1993; Purnell and Sivanesan, 1998; Rimmer et al<i>.</i>, 2007</p>
</td></tr>
<tr>	<td><p><b><i>Fusarium oxysporum</i></b> Schlechtend.:Fr. (Ascomycetes: Hypocreales)</p>
</td>	<td><p>CO; US</p>
</td>	<td><p>Leaf, Root, Stem</p>
</td>	<td><p>No</p>
</td>	<td><p>Yes</p>
</td>	<td><p>Buritica, 1999; CABI, 2004; Chatterjee and Rai, 1974; Farr et al<i>.,</i> 2007; Garibaldi et al<i>.</i>, 2003</p>
</td></tr>
<tr>	<td><p><b><i>Fusarium </i>sp.<i>  </i></b>(Ascomycetes: Hypocreales)</p>
</td>	<td><p>CO</p>
</td>	<td><p>Root, Seedling</p>
</td>	<td><p>Yes</p>
</td>	<td><p>No</p>
</td>	<td><p>Alfieri et al<i>.,</i>1994; Padulosi and Pignone, 1997; PestID, 2004</p>
</td></tr>
<tr>	<td><p><b><i>Leveillula taurica </i></b>(Lev.) Arnaud (Ascomycetes: Erysiphales)</p>
</td>	<td><p>CO; US</p>
</td>	<td><p>Leaf</p>
</td>	<td><p>No</p>
</td>	<td><p>Yes</p>
</td>	<td><p>CABI, 2004; Farr et al<i>.</i>, 1989; Farr et al<i>.,</i> 2007</p>
</td></tr>
<tr>	<td><p><b><i>Oidium</i> sp. </b>(Ascomycetes: <i>Incertae sedis</i>)</p>
</td>	<td><p>CO</p>
</td>	<td><p>Leaf</p>
</td>	<td><p>Yes</p>
</td>	<td><p>Yes</p>
</td>	<td><p>Farr et al<i>.,</i> 2007; PestID, 2004</p>
</td></tr>
<tr>	<td><p><b><i>Peronospora parasitica </i></b>(Pers. Fr.) Fr. (Oomycetes: Peronosporales)</p>
</td>	<td><p>CO; US</p>
</td>	<td><p>Flower, Leaf, Seed, Stem </p>
</td>	<td><p>No</p>
</td>	<td><p>Yes</p>
</td>	<td><p>Buritica, 1999; CABI, 2004, 2006; Dimson, 2001; Farr et al<i>.,</i> 2007; Koike, 1998; Minuto et al<i>.,</i> 1997</p>
</td></tr>
<tr>	<td><p><b><i>Plasmodiophora brassicae </i></b>Woronin (Plasmodiophoromycetes: Plasmodiophorales)</p>
</td>	<td><p>CO; US </p>
</td>	<td><p>Root, Stem</p>
</td>	<td><p>No</p>
</td>	<td><p>Yes</p>
</td>	<td><p><a name="OLE_LINK5"></a>CABI, 2004; Farr et al<i>.</i>, 1989; Farr et al<i>.,</i> 2007; Lima et al., 2004</p>
</td></tr>
<tr>	<td><p><b><i>Pythium </i>sp. </b>(Oomycetes: <i>Incertae sedis</i>)</p>
</td>	<td><p>CO; US</p>
</td>	<td><p>Root, Seedling</p>
</td>	<td><p>Yes</p>
</td>	<td><p>No</p>
</td>	<td><p>Alfieri et al<i>.,</i>1994; Buriticá, 1999; Padulosi and Pignone. 1997</p>
</td></tr>
<tr>	<td><p><i>Thanatephorus cucumeris </i>(Frank) Donk  Anamorph: <b><i>Rhizoctonia solani  </i></b>Kuhn<i> </i> (Basidiomycetes : Ceratobasidiales)</p>
</td>	<td><p>CO, US</p>
</td>	<td><p>Flower, Leaf, Root, Seed, Stem </p>
</td>	<td><p>No</p>
</td>	<td><p>No</p>
</td>	<td><p>Alfieri et al<i>.,</i>1994; Buriticá, 1999; CABI, 2006 ; Farr et al<i>.</i>, 1989</p>
</td></tr>
<tr>	<td><p><b><i>Rhizopus stolonifer </i></b>(Ehrenb. Fr) Vuill. (Zygomycetes : Mucorales)</p>
</td>	<td><p>CO; US </p>
</td>	<td><p>Seed</p>
</td>	<td><p>No</p>
</td>	<td><p>No</p>
</td>	<td><p>Abdel-Mallek, 1994; Buritica, 1999; CABI, 2004; Farr et al<i>.</i>, 1989</p>
</td></tr>
<tr>	<td><p><b><i>Sclerotinia sclerotiorum </i></b>(Lib.) de Bary
(Ascomycetes: Helotiales0</p>
</td>	<td><p>CO, US</p>
</td>	<td><p>Leaf, Seed, Seedling, Stem, Root</p>
</td>	<td><p>No</p>
</td>	<td><p>Yes</p>
</td>	<td><p>CABI, 2006; Farr et al<i>,</i> 2007; Gilardi, et al., 2006</p>
</td></tr>
<tr>	<td><p><b><i>Sclerotinia </i>sp. </b>(Ascomycetes: Incertae sedis)</p>
</td>	<td><p>CO</p>
</td>	<td><p>Seedling</p>
</td>	<td><p>Yes</p>
</td>	<td><p>No</p>
</td>	<td><p>Buritica, 1999; Padulosi and Pignone. 1997</p>
</td></tr>
<tr>	<td><p><b><i>Septoria</i> sp.</b></p>
</td>	<td><p>CO</p>
</td>	<td><p>Leaf</p>
</td>	<td><p>Yes</p>
</td>	<td><p>Yes</p>
</td>	<td><p>Buritica, 1999; PestID, 2004</p>
</td></tr>
<tr>	<td><p><b>NEMATODES</b></p>
</td></tr>
<tr>	<td><p><b><i>Meloidogyne incognita </i></b>(Kofoid and White) Chitwood<b>  </b>(Meloidogynidae)</p>
</td>	<td><p>CO, US</p>
</td>	<td><p>Root</p>
</td>	<td><p>No</p>
</td>	<td><p>No</p>
</td>	<td><p>CABI, 2006; Walker et al., 1995</p>
</td></tr>
<tr>	<td><p><b>MOLLUSKS</b></p>
</td></tr>
<tr>	<td><p><b>Hygromiidae sp. </b>(Hygromiidae)</p>
</td>	<td><p>CO</p>
</td>	<td><p>Leaf</p>
</td>	<td><p>Yes</p>
</td>	<td><p>Yes</p>
</td>	<td><p>PestID, 2004</p>
</td></tr>
<tr>	<td><p><b>VIRUS</b></p>
</td></tr>
<tr>	<td><p><b>Cucumber mosaic virus</b> (Bromoviridae)</p>
</td>	<td><p>CO; US</p>
</td>	<td><p>Leaf, Root, Stem </p>
</td>	<td><p>No</p>
</td>	<td><p>Yes</p>
</td>	<td><p>Brunt et al<i>.,</i> 1996; CABI, 2004; CDFA, 2004; Gracia et al<i>.,</i> 1990</p>
</td></tr>
<tr>	<td><p><a name="OLE_LINK2"></a><b>Tobacco mosaic virus </b>(Tobamovirus)</p>
</td>	<td><p>CO; US </p>
</td>	<td><p>Leaf, Root, Stem</p>
</td>	<td><p>No</p>
</td>	<td><p>Yes</p>
</td>	<td><p>Brunt et al<i>.,</i> 1996; Buritica, 1999; CABI, 2004; CDFA, 2004; Gracia et al<i>.,</i> 1990</p>
</td></tr>
</tbody></table>
<p></p>
<p></p>
<p></p>
<h2><a name="_Toc257613362"></a>2.5. Quarantine Pests Likely to Follow the Pathway</h2>
<p></p>
<p>We found no quarantine pests that could reasonably be expected to follow commercial shipments of arugula leaves and stems (Table 2). Other plant pests in this assessment, not chosen for further scrutiny, may be detrimental to the agricultural production systems of the United States; however, there were a variety of reasons for not subjecting them to further analysis.</p>
<p></p>
<p>First, the pest’s primary association is with plant parts other than arugula leaves and stems. This is the case for the following: (a) fungi: <i>Aspergillus flavus, Aspergillus niger, </i>and <i>Rhizopus stolonifer</i>; and (b) nematodes: <i>Meloidogyne incognita</i>.<b> </b>Should these pests be intercepted in shipments of arugula, quarantine action will be taken and additional risk analysis may be conducted.</p>
<p></p>
<p>Second, organisms identified only to the genus or higher taxonomic level are not analyzed further if they already occur in the United States, even though individual species within those taxonomic groups are potential pests that may or may not occur within the United States. This applies to any pests listed (Table 2) at a higher taxonomic level than species (i.e. genus, family, etc). The IPPC guidelines do not require risk assessment of pests identified only by genus name (IPPC, 2004). By necessity, pest risk assessments focus on those organisms for which adequate biological and taxonomic information is available. Often there are many species within a genus, and it is not reasonable to assume that the biology of all organisms within a genus is identical. Lack of species identification may indicate the limits of the current taxonomic knowledge or the life stage or the quality of the specimen submitted for identification. The lack of identification at the specific level does not rule out the possibility that either a high-risk quarantine pest was intercepted or that the intercepted pest was not a quarantine pest. By developing detailed assessments for known pests that inhabit a variety of niches on the parent commodity, e.g<i>.</i>, on the surface of or within the stem or leaf, etc., effective mitigation measures may be developed to eliminate the known pests and any similar unknown ones that inhabit the same niches.</p>
<p></p>
<p>Lack of biological information on any given insect or pathogen should not be equated with low risk. If these or other pests that are identified only to higher taxa are intercepted on arugula, quarantine action has to be taken and a reevaluation of their risk may occur. </p>
<p></p>
<h2><a name="_Toc257613363"></a>2.6. Conclusion</h2>
<p></p>
<p>Because we found no quarantine pests expected to follow the pathway, the PRA concludes here (PPQ, 2000).</p>
<p></p>
<p>Other species of external feeders on arugula from Colombia are unlikely to remain with the leaf because the leaf will not be collected or selected for exportation if it shows any damage caused by pests. In addition, visual inspection could be used as a measure to detected sporadic hitchhiker pests.</p>
<p></p>
<h1><a name="_Toc257613364"></a>3. Preparers and Reviewers</h1>
<p></p>
<p><b>Preparers:</b></p>
<p>Guiovanni Zambrano, Christie Bertone, and Heather Hartzog, USDA APHIS PPQ Center for Plant Health Science and Technology, Plant Epidemiology and Risk Analysis Laboratory, Raleigh, NC and Bogota, Colombia</p>
<p></p>
<p><b>Reviewers:</b></p>
<p>Hernan Arango, M. Sc. Phytosanitary Protection</p>
<p>Colombian Agricultural Institute (ICA), Risks Analysis Group, Agricultural and Rural Development</p>
<p>Heather Hartzog. Plant Pathologist. USDA-APHIS-PPQ-CPHST-PERAL</p>
<p>Christie Bertone. Entomologist. USDA-APHIS-PPQ-CPHST-PERAL</p>
<h1></h1>
<h1><a name="_Toc257613365"></a>4. Literature Cited</h1>
<p></p>
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<p>IPPC. 2007a. Glossary of phytosanitary terms. International Standards for Phytosanitary Measures Publication No. 5. Rome: Secretariat of the International Plant Protection Convention (IPPC), United Nations Food and Agriculture Organization</p>
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<p></p>
<p></p>
<p></p>
<p></p>
<p></p>
<p>
</p>
<h1><a name="_Toc257613366"></a>5. Appendix</h1>
<p></p>
<h2><a name="_Toc257613367"></a>5.1. Interception Records for <i>Eruca </i>sp. entering the United States.</h2>
<p></p>
<p><b>Table A1. </b>Pest interceptions on Arugula (<i>Eruca </i>sp<i>.</i>) entering the U.S. from 1985 to 2007 by name, family, origin of passenger or cargo, where found, how imported, and number of interceptions (PestID, 2007)</p>
<table><tbody><tr>	<td><p><b>Pest</b></p>
</td>	<td><p><b>Family</b></p>
</td>	<td><p><b>Origin</b></p>
</td>	<td><p><b>Where found[footnoteRef:5]</b> [5:  General = General cargo, Permit = Permit cargo] 
</p>
</td>	<td><p><b>Imported as</b></p>
</td>	<td><p><b>Intcpts (no.)</b></p>
</td></tr>
<tr>	<td><p>Acrolophididae, species of</p>
</td>	<td><p>Acrolophididae</p>
</td>	<td><p>Mexico</p>
</td>	<td><p>Permit</p>
</td>	<td><p>Leaf</p>
</td>	<td><p>1</p>
</td></tr>
<tr>	<td><p><i>Aeolothrips deserticola</i> Priesner</p>
</td>	<td><p>Aeolothripidae</p>
</td>	<td><p>Israel</p>
</td>	<td><p>Permit</p>
</td>	<td><p>Leaf</p>
</td>	<td><p>1</p>
</td></tr>
<tr>	<td><p><i>Aeolothrips intermedius </i>Bagnall</p>
</td>	<td><p>Aeolothripidae</p>
</td>	<td><p>Israel</p>
</td>	<td><p>Permit</p>
</td>	<td><p>Leaf</p>
</td>	<td><p>1</p>
</td></tr>
<tr>	<td><p>Agromizydae, species of</p>
</td>	<td><p>Agromyzidae</p>
</td>	<td><p>Colombia, Costa Rica, Hawaii, Italy, Mexico, Peru</p>
</td>	<td><p>Baggage, Permit</p>
</td>	<td><p>Leaf, Stem, </p>
</td>	<td><p>1</p>
<p>22</p>
</td></tr>
<tr>	<td><p>Aleyrodinae, species of</p>
</td>	<td><p>Aleyrodidae</p>
</td>	<td><p>Mexico, Israel</p>
</td>	<td><p>Permit</p>
</td>	<td><p>Leaf</p>
</td>	<td><p>5</p>
</td></tr>
<tr>	<td><p><i>Amorbia</i> sp.</p>
</td>	<td><p>Tortricidae</p>
</td>	<td><p>Costa Rica</p>
</td>	<td><p>Permit</p>
</td>	<td><p>Leaf</p>
</td>	<td><p>1</p>
</td></tr>
<tr>	<td><p>Aphididae, species of</p>
</td>	<td><p>Aphididae</p>
</td>	<td><p>Costa Rica, Israel, Mexico</p>
</td>	<td><p>General, Permit </p>
</td>	<td><p>Leaf, </p>
</td>	<td><p>2</p>
<p>22</p>
</td></tr>
<tr>	<td><p><i>Aphodius </i>sp.</p>
</td>	<td><p>Scarabaeidae</p>
</td>	<td><p>Mexico</p>
</td>	<td><p>Permit</p>
</td>	<td><p>Leaf</p>
</td>	<td><p>1</p>
</td></tr>
<tr>	<td><p><i>Ascidae </i>sp.</p>
</td>	<td><p>Mite</p>
</td>	<td><p>Israel</p>
</td>	<td><p>Permit</p>
</td>	<td><p>Leaf</p>
</td>	<td><p>2</p>
</td></tr>
<tr>	<td><p><i>Asphodelus fistulosus</i> L.</p>
</td>	<td><p>Pathogen</p>
</td>	<td><p>India</p>
</td>	<td><p>Baggage</p>
</td>	<td><p>Seed</p>
</td>	<td><p>1</p>
</td></tr>
<tr>	<td><p><i>Autographa gamma </i>(Linnaeus)</p>
</td>	<td><p>Noctuidae</p>
</td>	<td><p>Israel</p>
</td>	<td><p>Permit</p>
</td>	<td><p>Leaf</p>
</td>	<td><p>1</p>
</td></tr>
<tr>	<td><p><i>Bradybaena similaris </i>(Rang)</p>
</td>	<td><p>Bradybaenidae</p>
</td>	<td><p>Hawaii</p>
</td>	<td><p>Permit</p>
</td>	<td><p>Leaf</p>
</td>	<td><p>1</p>
</td></tr>
<tr>	<td><p><i>Cercospora</i> sp.</p>
</td>	<td><p>Pathogen</p>
</td>	<td><p>Costa Rica , Mexico</p>
</td>	<td><p>Permit, </p>
</td>	<td><p>Leaf, </p>
</td>	<td><p>2</p>
</td></tr>
<tr>	<td><p><i>Cernuella virgata </i>(Da Costa)</p>
</td>	<td><p>Hygromiidae</p>
</td>	<td><p>Israel</p>
</td>	<td><p>Permit</p>
</td>	<td><p>Leaf</p>
</td>	<td><p>1</p>
</td></tr>
<tr>	<td><p><i>Cerotoma</i> sp.</p>
</td>	<td><p>Chrysomelidae</p>
</td>	<td><p>Mexico</p>
</td>	<td><p>Permit</p>
</td>	<td><p>Leaf</p>
</td>	<td><p>1</p>
</td></tr>
<tr>	<td><p><i>Chaetocnema</i> sp.</p>
</td>	<td><p>Chrysomelidae</p>
</td>	<td><p>Mexico</p>
</td>	<td><p>Permit</p>
</td>	<td><p>CutFl</p>
</td>	<td><p>1</p>
</td></tr>
<tr>	<td><p>Cicadellidae, species of</p>
</td>	<td><p>Cicadellidae</p>
</td>	<td><p>Mexico, Israel</p>
</td>	<td><p>Permit</p>
</td>	<td><p>Leaf</p>
</td>	<td><p>6</p>
</td></tr>
<tr>	<td><p>Collembola<i> </i>species of</p>
</td>	<td><p></p>
</td>	<td><p>Mexico, Israel</p>
</td>	<td><p>Permit</p>
</td>	<td><p>Leaf</p>
</td>	<td><p>3</p>
</td></tr>
<tr>	<td><p><i>Contarinia</i> sp.</p>
</td>	<td><p>Cecidomyiidae</p>
</td>	<td><p>El Salvador</p>
</td>	<td><p>Baggage</p>
</td>	<td><p>Leaf</p>
</td>	<td><p>1</p>
</td></tr>
<tr>	<td><p>Corticariidae species of</p>
</td>	<td><p></p>
</td>	<td><p>Mexico</p>
</td>	<td><p>Permit</p>
</td>	<td><p>Leaf</p>
</td>	<td><p>1</p>
</td></tr>
<tr>	<td><p><i>Corythucha gossypii </i>(Fabricus)</p>
</td>	<td><p>Tingidae</p>
</td>	<td><p>Mexico</p>
</td>	<td><p>Permit</p>
</td>	<td><p>Fruit, Cut flower</p>
</td>	<td><p>2</p>
</td></tr>
<tr>	<td><p>Crambidae, species of</p>
</td>	<td><p>Crambidae</p>
</td>	<td><p>Peru</p>
</td>	<td><p>Permit</p>
</td>	<td><p>Leaf</p>
</td>	<td><p>1</p>
</td></tr>
<tr>	<td><p>Curculionidae, species of</p>
</td>	<td><p>Curculionidae</p>
</td>	<td><p>Costa Rica, Mexico</p>
</td>	<td><p>Permit</p>
</td>	<td><p>Cut flower, Leaf</p>
</td>	<td><p>3</p>
</td></tr>
<tr>	<td><p><i>Diabrotica</i> sp.</p>
</td>	<td><p>Chrysomelidae</p>
</td>	<td><p>Mexico</p>
</td>	<td><p>Permit</p>
</td>	<td><p>Leaf</p>
</td>	<td><p>1</p>
</td></tr>
<tr>	<td><p><i>Ecdytolopha</i> sp.</p>
</td>	<td><p>Tortricidae</p>
</td>	<td><p>Mexico</p>
</td>	<td><p>Permit</p>
</td>	<td><p>Leaf</p>
</td>	<td><p>1</p>
</td></tr>
<tr>	<td><p><i>Empoasca </i>sp. </p>
</td>	<td><p>Cicadellidae</p>
</td>	<td><p>Mexico</p>
</td>	<td><p>Permit</p>
</td>	<td><p>Leaf</p>
</td>	<td><p>1</p>
</td></tr>
<tr>	<td><p><i>Frankliniella fusca </i>(Hinds)</p>
</td>	<td><p>Thripidae</p>
</td>	<td><p>Mexico</p>
</td>	<td><p>Permit</p>
</td>	<td><p>Leaf</p>
</td>	<td><p>1</p>
</td></tr>
<tr>	<td><p><i>Frankliniella occidentalis </i>(Pergande)</p>
</td>	<td><p>Thripidae</p>
</td>	<td><p>Israel, Mexico</p>
</td>	<td><p>Permit</p>
</td>	<td><p>Leaf</p>
</td>	<td><p>4</p>
</td></tr>
<tr>	<td><p><i>Frankliniella schultzei </i>(Trybom)</p>
</td>	<td><p>Thripidae</p>
</td>	<td><p>Israel</p>
</td>	<td><p>Permit</p>
</td>	<td><p>Leaf</p>
</td>	<td><p>1</p>
</td></tr>
<tr>	<td><p><i>Frankliniella </i>sp.</p>
</td>	<td><p>Thripidae</p>
</td>	<td><p>Israel, Mexico</p>
</td>	<td><p>Permit</p>
</td>	<td><p>Leaf</p>
</td>	<td><p>2</p>
</td></tr>
<tr>	<td><p>Gelechiidae, species of</p>
</td>	<td><p></p>
</td>	<td><p>Mexico</p>
</td>	<td><p>Baggage</p>
</td>	<td><p>Leaf</p>
</td>	<td><p>1</p>
</td></tr>
<tr>	<td><p>Geometridae, species of</p>
</td>	<td><p>Geometridae</p>
</td>	<td><p>Costa Rica</p>
</td>	<td><p>Permit</p>
</td>	<td><p>Leaf</p>
</td>	<td><p>1</p>
</td></tr>
<tr>	<td><p>Gryllidae, species of</p>
</td>	<td><p>Gryllidae</p>
</td>	<td><p>Mexico</p>
</td>	<td><p>Permit</p>
</td>	<td><p>Fruit</p>
</td>	<td><p>1</p>
</td></tr>
<tr>	<td><p><i>Halticus bractatus </i>(Say)</p>
</td>	<td><p>Miridae</p>
</td>	<td><p>Mexico</p>
</td>	<td><p>Permit</p>
</td>	<td><p>Leaf, Cutting</p>
</td>	<td><p>2</p>
</td></tr>
<tr>	<td><p><i>Helicoverpa</i> sp.</p>
</td>	<td><p>Noctuidae</p>
</td>	<td><p>Israel</p>
</td>	<td><p>Permit</p>
</td>	<td><p>Leaf</p>
</td>	<td><p>3</p>
</td></tr>
<tr>	<td><p><i>Heliothis </i>sp.</p>
</td>	<td><p>Noctuidae</p>
</td>	<td><p>Israel</p>
</td>	<td><p>Permit</p>
</td>	<td><p>Leaf</p>
</td>	<td><p>1</p>
</td></tr>
<tr>	<td><p>Heteroptera, species of</p>
</td>	<td><p></p>
</td>	<td><p>Israel</p>
</td>	<td><p>Permit</p>
</td>	<td><p>Leaf</p>
</td>	<td><p>1</p>
</td></tr>
<tr>	<td><p><i>Hyadaphis erysimi </i>(Kaltenbach)</p>
</td>	<td><p>Aphididae</p>
</td>	<td><p>Israel</p>
</td>	<td><p>Permit</p>
</td>	<td><p>Leaf</p>
</td>	<td><p>1</p>
</td></tr>
<tr>	<td><p>Hygromiidae, species of</p>
</td>	<td><p>Hygromiidae</p>
</td>	<td><p>Israel</p>
</td>	<td><p>Permit</p>
</td>	<td><p>Leaf</p>
</td>	<td><p>2</p>
</td></tr>
<tr>	<td><p>Hymenoptera, species of</p>
</td>	<td><p></p>
</td>	<td><p>Mexico</p>
</td>	<td><p>Permit</p>
</td>	<td><p>Leaf</p>
</td>	<td><p>1</p>
</td></tr>
<tr>	<td><p>Lepidoptera, species of</p>
</td>	<td><p></p>
</td>	<td><p>Mexico, Israel</p>
</td>	<td><p>Permit</p>
</td>	<td><p>Leaf</p>
</td>	<td><p>7</p>
</td></tr>
<tr>	<td><p><i>Linepithema humile </i>Mayer</p>
</td>	<td><p>Formicidae</p>
</td>	<td><p>Mexico</p>
</td>	<td><p>Permit</p>
</td>	<td><p>Leaf</p>
</td>	<td><p>1</p>
</td></tr>
<tr>	<td><p><i>Lipahis pseudobrassicae </i>Davis</p>
</td>	<td><p>Aphididae</p>
</td>	<td><p>Israel</p>
</td>	<td><p>Permit</p>
</td>	<td><p>Leaf</p>
</td>	<td><p>4</p>
</td></tr>
<tr>	<td><p><i>Longitarsus </i>sp.</p>
</td>	<td><p>Chrysomelidae</p>
</td>	<td><p>Israel</p>
</td>	<td><p>Permit</p>
</td>	<td><p>Leaf</p>
</td>	<td><p>1</p>
</td></tr>
<tr>	<td><p>Lycaenidae, species of</p>
</td>	<td><p>Lycaenidae</p>
</td>	<td><p>Mexico</p>
</td>	<td><p>Permit</p>
</td>	<td><p>Leaf</p>
</td>	<td><p>1</p>
</td></tr>
<tr>	<td><p><i>Micrapate labialis </i>Lesne</p>
</td>	<td><p>Bostrichidae</p>
</td>	<td><p>Mexico</p>
</td>	<td><p>Permit</p>
</td>	<td><p>Leaf</p>
</td>	<td><p>1</p>
</td></tr>
<tr>	<td><p>Miridae, species of </p>
</td>	<td><p>Miridae</p>
</td>	<td><p>Costa Rica, Mexico</p>
</td>	<td><p>Permit</p>
</td>	<td><p>Leaf</p>
</td>	<td><p>5</p>
</td></tr>
<tr>	<td><p>Mollusca species of </p>
</td>	<td><p></p>
</td>	<td><p>Israel</p>
</td>	<td><p>Permit</p>
</td>	<td><p>Leaf</p>
</td>	<td><p>2</p>
</td></tr>
<tr>	<td><p><i>Monacha</i> <i>obstructa </i>Ferussac</p>
</td>	<td><p>Hygromiidae</p>
</td>	<td><p>Israel</p>
</td>	<td><p>Permit</p>
</td>	<td><p>Cut flower</p>
</td>	<td><p>1</p>
</td></tr>
<tr>	<td><p><i>Monacha</i> sp.</p>
</td>	<td><p>Hygromiidae</p>
</td>	<td><p>Israel</p>
</td>	<td><p>Permit</p>
</td>	<td><p>Leaf</p>
</td>	<td><p>1</p>
</td></tr>
<tr>	<td><p><i>Myzus persicae </i>Sulzer</p>
</td>	<td><p>Aphididae</p>
</td>	<td><p>Israel</p>
</td>	<td><p>Permit</p>
</td>	<td><p>Cutting, Leaf</p>
</td>	<td><p>3</p>
</td></tr>
<tr>	<td><p>Noctuidae, species of</p>
</td>	<td><p>Noctuidae</p>
</td>	<td><p>Costa Rica, Israel, Mexico, Peru</p>
</td>	<td><p>Permit, </p>
</td>	<td><p>Leaf, Cutting, Stem</p>
</td>	<td><p>38</p>
</td></tr>
<tr>	<td><p><i>Nysius raphanus </i>Howard</p>
</td>	<td><p>Lygaeidae</p>
</td>	<td><p>Mexico</p>
</td>	<td><p>Permit</p>
</td>	<td><p>Leaf</p>
</td>	<td><p>1</p>
</td></tr>
<tr>	<td><p><i>Nysius</i> sp.  </p>
</td>	<td><p>Lygaeidae</p>
</td>	<td><p>Mexico, Costa Rica, Peru</p>
</td>	<td><p>Permit, </p>
</td>	<td><p>Leaf, Cut flower </p>
</td>	<td><p>12</p>
</td></tr>
<tr>	<td><p><i>Ovatus crataegarious </i>Walker</p>
</td>	<td><p>Aphididae</p>
</td>	<td><p>Mexico</p>
</td>	<td><p>Permit</p>
</td>	<td><p>Leaf</p>
</td>	<td><p>1</p>
</td></tr>
<tr>	<td><p>Papilionidae, species of</p>
</td>	<td><p>Papilionidae</p>
</td>	<td><p>Mexico</p>
</td>	<td><p>Permit</p>
</td>	<td><p>Leaf</p>
</td>	<td><p>1</p>
</td></tr>
<tr>	<td><p><i>Parapiesma cinereum </i>(Say)</p>
</td>	<td><p>Piesmatidae</p>
</td>	<td><p>Mexico</p>
</td>	<td><p>Permit</p>
</td>	<td><p>Leaf</p>
</td>	<td><p>1</p>
</td></tr>
<tr>	<td><p>Pentatomidae, species of</p>
</td>	<td><p>Pentatomidae</p>
</td>	<td><p>Costa Rica</p>
</td>	<td><p>Permit</p>
</td>	<td><p>Leaf</p>
</td>	<td><p>3</p>
</td></tr>
<tr>	<td><p><i>Phyllotreta</i> sp.</p>
</td>	<td><p>Chrysomelidae</p>
</td>	<td><p>Mexico</p>
</td>	<td><p>Permit</p>
</td>	<td><p>Cutting, Leaf</p>
</td>	<td><p>3</p>
</td></tr>
<tr>	<td><p><i>Phytoseiidae </i>species of</p>
</td>	<td><p></p>
</td>	<td><p>Israel</p>
</td>	<td><p>Permit</p>
</td>	<td><p>Leaf</p>
</td>	<td><p>1</p>
</td></tr>
<tr>	<td><p>Pieridae species of </p>
</td>	<td><p></p>
</td>	<td><p>Israel</p>
</td>	<td><p>Baggage</p>
</td>	<td><p>Leaf</p>
</td>	<td><p>1</p>
</td></tr>
<tr>	<td><p><i>Pieris rapae </i>(Linnaeus)</p>
</td>	<td><p>Pieridae</p>
</td>	<td><p>Mexico</p>
</td>	<td><p>Permit</p>
</td>	<td><p>Leaf</p>
</td>	<td><p>1</p>
</td></tr>
<tr>	<td><p><i>Pieris</i> sp.</p>
</td>	<td><p>Pieridae</p>
</td>	<td><p>Italy</p>
</td>	<td><p>Permit</p>
</td>	<td><p>Stem</p>
</td>	<td><p>1</p>
</td></tr>
<tr>	<td><p>Plusiinae, species of sp.</p>
</td>	<td><p>Noctuidae</p>
</td>	<td><p>Israel, Mexico, Peru</p>
</td>	<td><p>Permit, </p>
</td>	<td><p>Leaf, Fruit, Cut flower</p>
</td>	<td><p>5</p>
</td></tr>
<tr>	<td><p><i>Plutella xylostella </i>(Linnaeus)</p>
</td>	<td><p>Plutellidae</p>
</td>	<td><p>Israel</p>
</td>	<td><p>Permit</p>
</td>	<td><p>Leaf</p>
</td>	<td><p>1</p>
</td></tr>
<tr>	<td><p>Plutellidae, species of sp.</p>
</td>	<td><p>Plutellidae</p>
</td>	<td><p>Costa Rica, Israel , Peru</p>
</td>	<td><p>Permit, </p>
</td>	<td><p>Leaf, Stem</p>
</td>	<td><p>3</p>
</td></tr>
<tr>	<td><p>Psocoptera, species of sp. </p>
</td>	<td><p></p>
</td>	<td><p>Mexico</p>
</td>	<td><p>Permit</p>
</td>	<td><p>Leaf</p>
</td>	<td><p>1</p>
</td></tr>
<tr>	<td><p>Pterophoridae, species of sp.</p>
</td>	<td><p>Pterophoridae</p>
</td>	<td><p>Israel Mexico</p>
</td>	<td><p>Permit</p>
</td>	<td><p>Leaf</p>
</td>	<td><p>3</p>
</td></tr>
<tr>	<td><p>Pyralidae sp.</p>
</td>	<td><p>Pyralidae</p>
</td>	<td><p>Peru Mexico</p>
</td>	<td><p>Permit</p>
</td>	<td><p>Leaf, Stem</p>
</td>	<td><p>2</p>
</td></tr>
<tr>	<td><p>Pyraustinae sp.</p>
</td>	<td><p>Crambidae</p>
</td>	<td><p>Israel</p>
</td>	<td><p>Permit</p>
</td>	<td><p>Leaf</p>
</td>	<td><p>1</p>
</td></tr>
<tr>	<td><p><i>Pyrrhocoris apterus</i> L.</p>
</td>	<td><p>Pyrrhocoridae</p>
</td>	<td><p>Israel</p>
</td>	<td><p>Permit</p>
</td>	<td><p>Leaf</p>
</td>	<td><p>1</p>
</td></tr>
<tr>	<td><p><i>Septoria</i> sp.</p>
</td>	<td><p>Pathogen</p>
</td>	<td><p>Mexico</p>
</td>	<td><p>Permit</p>
</td>	<td><p>Leaf</p>
</td>	<td><p>1</p>
</td></tr>
<tr>	<td><p><i>Sitona</i> sp.</p>
</td>	<td><p>Curculionidae</p>
</td>	<td><p>Italy</p>
</td>	<td><p>Baggage</p>
</td>	<td><p>Leaf</p>
</td>	<td><p>1</p>
</td></tr>
<tr>	<td><p><i>Spodoptera littoralis</i></p>
</td>	<td><p>Noctuidae</p>
</td>	<td><p>Israel</p>
</td>	<td><p>Permit</p>
</td>	<td><p>Leaf</p>
</td>	<td><p>1</p>
</td></tr>
<tr>	<td><p><i>Spodoptera</i> sp.</p>
</td>	<td><p>Noctuidae</p>
</td>	<td><p>Israel</p>
</td>	<td><p>Permit</p>
</td>	<td><p>Leaf</p>
</td>	<td><p>2</p>
</td></tr>
<tr>	<td><p>Syrphidae sp.</p>
</td>	<td><p></p>
</td>	<td><p>Mexico</p>
</td>	<td><p>Permit</p>
</td>	<td><p>Cutting</p>
</td>	<td><p>1</p>
</td></tr>
<tr>	<td><p><i>Systena</i> sp.</p>
</td>	<td><p>Chrysomelidae</p>
</td>	<td><p>Mexico</p>
</td>	<td><p>Permit</p>
</td>	<td><p>Leaf</p>
</td>	<td><p>2</p>
</td></tr>
<tr>	<td><p><i>Tetranychus </i>sp.</p>
</td>	<td><p>Tetranychidae</p>
</td>	<td><p>Israel</p>
</td>	<td><p>Permit</p>
</td>	<td><p>Leaf</p>
</td>	<td><p>1</p>
</td></tr>
<tr>	<td><p><i>Theba pisana</i> Muller</p>
</td>	<td><p>Helicidae</p>
</td>	<td><p>Israel</p>
</td>	<td><p>Permit</p>
</td>	<td><p>Cutti</p>
</td>	<td><p>2</p>
</td></tr>
<tr>	<td><p>Thripidae sp.</p>
</td>	<td><p>Thripidae</p>
</td>	<td><p>Mexico</p>
</td>	<td><p>Permit</p>
</td>	<td><p>Leaf</p>
</td>	<td><p>1</p>
</td></tr>
<tr>	<td><p>Tortricidae sp.</p>
</td>	<td><p>Tortricidae</p>
</td>	<td><p>Costa Rica, Peru</p>
</td>	<td><p>Permit, </p>
</td>	<td><p>Cutting, Leaf, Stem</p>
</td>	<td><p>3</p>
</td></tr>
<tr>	<td><p><i>Xestocephalus </i>sp.</p>
</td>	<td><p>Cicadellidae</p>
</td>	<td><p>Mexico</p>
</td>	<td><p>Permit</p>
</td>	<td><p>Leaf</p>
</td>	<td><p>1</p>
</td></tr>
</tbody></table>
<p></p>
<div class="package-entry"><h1>image1.jpeg</h1>
</div>
<div class="package-entry"><h1>image2.jpeg</h1>
</div>
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