22-6353 Zou v. Garland BIA McCarthy , IJ A 202 134 282 

### UNITED STATES COURT OF APPEALS FOR THE SECOND CIRCUIT 

## SUMMARY ORDER

RULINGS BY SUMMARY ORDER DO NOT HAVE PRECEDENTIAL EFFECT. CITATION TO A SUMMARY ORDER FILED ON OR AFTER JANUARY 1, 2007, IS PERMITTED AND IS GOVERNED BY FEDERAL RULE OF APPELLATE PROCEDURE 32.1 AND THIS COURT ’ S LOCAL RULE 32.1.1. WHEN CITING A SUMMARY ORDER IN A DOCUMENT FILED WITH THIS COURT, A PARTY MUST CITE EITHER THE FEDERAL APPENDIX OR AN ELECTRONIC DATABASE (WITH THE NOTATION “ SUMMARY ORDER ” ). A PARTY CITING A SUMMARY ORDER MUST SERVE A COPY OF IT ON ANY PARTY NOT REPRESENTED BY COUNSEL. At a stated term of the United States Court of Appeals for the Second 1 Circuit, held at the Thurgood Marshall United States Courthouse, 40 Foley 2 Square, in the City of New York, on th e 30 th da y of July , two thousand twenty 3 four

. 4 5 PRESENT: 6 DENNIS JACOBS, 7 RAYMOND J. LOHIER, JR., 8 MARIA ARAÚJO KAHN, 9 Circuit Judges. 10

_____________________________________ 11 12 NINGWEL ZOU , 13 Petitioner , 14 15 v. 22 - 6353 16 NAC 17 MERRICK B. GARLAND , UNITED 18 STATES ATTORNEY GENERAL, 19 Respondent

. 20

_____________________________________ 21 22 FOR PETITIONER : Theodore N. Cox, Esq., New York, NY

. 232 FOR RESPONDENT: Brian Boynton , Principal Deputy Assistant 1 Attorney General ; Leslie McKay , Senior 2 Litigation Counsel ; Rosanne M. Perry , Trial 3 Attorney, Office of Immigration Litigation, 4 United States Department of Justice, 5 Washington, D C. 6 UPON DUE CONSIDERATION of this petition for review of a Board of 7 Immigration Appeals (“BIA”) decision, it is hereby ORDERED, ADJUDGED, AND 8 DECREED that the petitio n for review is DENIED

. 9

Petitioner Ningwel Zou , a native and citizen of the People’s Republic of 10
China , seeks review of a July 13, 2022 decision of the BIA affirming a June 7, 2019 11 decision of an Immigration Judge (“IJ”) denying his application for asylum, 12 withholding of removal, and relief under the Convention Against Torture 13 (“CAT”)

. In re Ningwel Zou , No. A 202 134 282 (B.I.A. July 13, 2022 ), aff’g No. A 14

202 134 282 (Immig r . Ct. N.Y. C. June 7, 2019 ). We assume the parties’ familiarity 15 with the underlying facts and procedural history. 16 We have reviewed both the BIA’s and the IJ’s decision s . See Yun

- Zui Guan 17
v. Gonzales , 432 F.3d 391, 394 (2d Cir. 2005) (“ Where, as here, the BIA agrees with 18 the IJ’s conclusion that a petitioner is not credible and, without rejecting any of the 19 IJ’s grounds for decision, emphasizes particular aspects of that decision, we will 20 review both the BIA’s and IJ’s opinions

- or more precisely, we review the IJ’s 213 decision including the portions not explicitly discussed by the BIA.”). We review 1 the agency’s factual findings, including adverse credibility determinations, for 2 substantial evidence, and we review questions of law and the application of law 3
to fact de novo

. Hong Fei Gao v. Sessions , 891 F.3d 67, 76 (2d Cir. 2018). “[T]he 4
administrative findings of fact are conclusive unless any reasonable adjudicator 5
would be compelled to conclude to the contrary.” 8 U.S.C. § 1252(b)(4)(B). 6 “Considering the totality of the circumstances, and all relevant factors, a 7 trier of fact may base a credibility determination on the demeanor, candor, or 8 responsiveness of the applicant . . . , the consistency between the applicant’s .

. . 9 written and oral statements (whenever made and whether or not under oath, and 10 considering the circumstances under which the statements were made), the 11 internal consistency of each such statement, the consistency of such statements 12
with other evidence of record .

. . , and any inaccuracies or falsehoods in such 13 statements, without regard to whether an inconsistency, inaccuracy, or falsehood 14 goes to the heart of the applicant’s claim, or any other relevant factor.” Id

. 15 § 1158(b)(1)(B)(iii). “We defer . . . to an IJ’s credibility determination unless, from 16 the totality of the circumstances, it is plain that no reasonable fact

- finder could 17 make such an adverse credibility ruling.” Xiu Xia Lin v. Mukasey , 534 F.3d 162, 184 167 (2d Cir. 2008); accord Hong Fei Gao , 891 F.3d at 76. Substantial evidence 1 supports the agency’s determination that Zou was not credible as to his claim that 2 he was detained and beaten for distributing Christian literature in China. 3 The agency’s demeanor finding

— that Zou paused, “feigned surprise,” and 4 became nonresponsive and inconsistent on cross

- examination

— is entitled to 5
deference. Certified Admin. R. 58; s ee Likai Gao v. Barr , 968 F.3d 137, 149 (2d Cir. 6 2020) (deferring to agency’s demeanor assessment that was based on observations 7 that the petitioner was “sometimes ‘non

- responsive’ to questions”). We give 8 “particular deference” to such findings because the IJ is “in the best position to 9 evaluate whether apparent problems in the .

. . testimony suggest a lack of 10 credibility or, rather, can be attributed to an innocent cause such as difficulty 11 understanding the question.” Li Hua Lin v. U.S. Dep’t of Just. , 453 F.3d 99, 109 (2d 12 Cir. 2006) (quotation marks omitted). “We can be still more confident in our 13 review of observations about an applicant’s demeanor where, as here, they are 14 supported by specific examples of inconsistent testimony.” Id. 15 Zou’s testimony was responsive and specific on direct examination, and he 16 did not request clarification of any questions. But, as the IJ observed, he 17 professed not to understand simple questions on cross

- examination, and the 185 record reflects long pauses before some answers. Zou argues that he paused and 1 asked for clarification because he did not understand questions, but IJs are 2 generally in the best position to decide whether a witness understood questions. 3
Id. ; see also Majidi v. Gonzales , 430 F.3d 77, 81 n.1 (2d Cir. 2005) (concluding that an 4 IJ “is in the best position to discern, often at a glance, whether a question that may 5 appear poorly worded on a printed page was, in fact, confusing or well 6 understood by those who heard it; whether a witness who hesitated in a response 7 was nevertheless attempting truthfully to recount what he recalled of key events 8 or struggling to remember the lines of a carefully crafted ‘script’; and whether 9 inconsistent responses are the product of innocent error or intentional falsehood ” 10 (quotation marks omitted))

. Moreover, Zou’s answers were vague and not 11 responsive when pressed for details about the flyers he claimed to have distributed 12 to lead others to his church. When asked how the flyer he described, which did 13 not contain any information about his church, could lead people to it, he was 14 initially unresponsive, then said that he did not know, and only after additional 15 questioning offered that the recipients would sometimes ask questions, and that 16 he might invite them to attend the church. 17 In addition, Zou’s testimony about his passport on cross

- examination 186 included inconsistencies and partial answers. Zou testified that he left China 1 using his Chinese passport, but his application stated that he was never issued a 2 passport . W hen asked about the discrepancy, Zou first testified that he was 3 nervous when completing the application, and then said that he was asked 4 whether he had a passport when he came to the United States (which he did not, 5 because it was taken from him in Mexico). The agency was not required to accept 6 those shifting explanations, particularly given that the question on the application 7 is what country issued the last passport or travel document. See Majidi , 430 F.3d 8 at 80 (“A petitioner must do more than offer a plausible explanation for his 9 inconsistent statements to secure relief; he must demonstrate that a reasonable 10
fact

- finder would be compelled to credit his testimony.” (quotation marks 11 omitted)). To the extent that Zou wishes to attribute the inconsistency to attorney 12 error, he has not complied with the requirements for an ineffective assistance of 13
counsel claim. See Matter of Lozada , 19 I. & N. Dec. 637 , 639 (B.I.A. 1998) (imposing 14 procedural requirements for ineffective assistance claims); see also Garcia

- Martinez 15 v. Dep’t of Homeland Sec. , 448 F.3d 511, 513 (2d Cir. 2006) (holding that an applicant 16 “who has failed to comply substantially with the Lozada requirements forfeits his 17 ineffective assistance of counsel claim in this Court” (quotation marks and 187 alterations omitted)). Zou otherwise argues that this inconsistency is not relevant 1 to his claim of persecution, but the agency is entitled to consider minor and 2 ancillary inconsistencies “as long as the ‘totality of the circumstances’ establishes 3 that [the] asylum applicant is not credible

. ” Xiu Xia Lin , 534 F.3d at 167 (quoting 4 8 U.S.C. §1158(b)(1)(B)(iii)). 5 Zou also gave inconsistent and nonresponsive testimony when he was 6
asked on cross - examination about his refusal to sign certain documents at his 7 border interview. Initially, Zou testified that he did sign the documents; when 8 confronted by facts suggesting that he did not, Zou (in the IJ’s words) “feigned 9 surprise” that he had failed to sign. See Li Hua Lin , 453 F.3d at 109 (stating that an 10 “adjudicator’s observation of the applicant” merits “particular deference” (citation 11 and quotation marks omitted) ). When asked again why he had refused to sign 12 the documents, Zou then changed his testimony and explained that he was afraid 13 of being sent back to China, and that he did not understand English. But when 14 the government attorney pointed out that Zou was assisted by a Mandarin 15 interpreter at the border, Zou then stammered an unclear response and reverted 16 to his original answer that he did sign the documents. When the IJ later asked 17 him to clarify his answer again, Zou did not offer one. 188 Finally, the absence of reliable corroboration further bolsters the adverse 1 credibility determination. “An applicant’s failure to corroborate his or her 2 testimony may bear on credibility, because the absence of corroboration in general 3 makes an applicant unable to rehabilitate testimony that has already been called 4 into question.” Biao Yang v. Gonzales , 496 F.3d 268, 273 (2d Cir. 2007). Zou has 5 not challenged the IJ’s conclusion that certificates of detention and release 6 purportedly issued by the police in China w ere entitled to little weight; nor has he 7 challenged the BIA’s conclusion that this issue was waived. S ee Debique v. 8
Garland , 58 F.4th 676, 684 (2d Cir. 2023) (“We consider abandoned any claims not 9 adequately presented in an appellant’s brief, and an appellant’s failure to make 10 legal or factual arguments constitutes abandonment.” (quotation marks omitted)); 11
Ud Din v. Garland , 72 F.4th 411, 419

– 20 & n.2 (2d Cir. 2023) (issue exhaustion is 12 mandatory). Contrary to Zou’s position, the corroboration finding remains part 13
of the decision under review because the BIA did not reject it

. S ee Yun

- Zui Guan , 14 432 F.3d at 394. Moreover, the IJ did not err in giving little weight to these 15
certificates : as the IJ explained, the certificate of detention appears to state that Zou 16 was arrested at “10:23,” which is contrary to his testimony that he was arrested at 17
about 3 :00 in the afternoon. Certified Admin. R. 206. T he IJ was not required to 189 accept Zou’s explanation that the certificate was prepared the evening after his 1

arrest. S ee Siewe v. Gonzales , 480 F.3d 160, 167

– 68 (2d Cir. 2007) (“Where there are 2 two permissible views of the evidence, the factfinder’s choice between them 3 cannot be clearly erroneous . . . . R ather a reviewing court must defer to that choice 4

so long as the deductions are not illogical or implausible.” (quotation marks 5 omitted) ); Majidi , 430 F.3d at 80. 6 In summary, s ubstantial evidence supports the adverse credibility 7
determination g iven the agency’s findings regarding Zou’s demeanor, which are 8 supported by specific examples of nonresponsive and inconsistent testimony, and 9
the absence of reliable corroboration. See Xiu Xia Lin , 534 F.3d at 167; Li Hua Lin , 10 453 F.3d at 109; Biao Yang , 496 F.3d at 273. The adverse credibility determination 11 is dispositive of asylum, withholding of removal, and CAT relief because all three 12 claims are based on the same factual predicate. See Hong Fei Gao , 891 F.3d at 76. 13 For the foregoing reasons, the petition for review is DENIED

. All pending 14 motions and applications are DENIED and stays VACATED. 15
FOR THE COURT: 16 Catherine O ’ Hagan Wolfe , Clerk of Court 17 18