In the United States Court of Federal Claims

No. 14-494C

(Filed: August 24, 2015)

MUHAMMAD TARIQ BAHA,

Plaintiff,

v.

THE UNITED STATES,

Defendant.

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Motion to Dismiss; Lack of 

Jurisdiction; RCFC 12(b)(1); Failure to 

State a Claim; RCFC 12(b)(6); 

Pleading Contractual Provisions; 

RCFC 9(k); Contract Disputes Act; 

Notice to Interested Parties; RCFC

14(b)(3); RCFC 12(b)(7)

Mogeeb Weiss, Weiss Law PC, Alameda, CA, for plaintiff.

James Sweet, Civil Division, U.S. Department of Justice, Washington, DC, with whom 

were Benjamin C. Mizer, Principal Deputy Assistant Attorney General, Robert E. 

Kirschman, Jr., Director, Franklin E. White, Jr., Assistant Director, for defendant.

OPINION DENYING THE GOVERNMENT’S 

RENEWED MOTION TO DISMISS

FIRESTONE, Judge.

Pending before the court is the motion of defendant United States (“the 

government”) to dismiss the amended complaint of plaintiff, Muhammad Tariq Baha

(“Mr. Baha”), pursuant to Rules 12(b)(1), 12(b)(6), and 12(b)(7) of the Rules of United 

States Court of Federal Claims (“RCFC”). Gov’t’s 2d Mot. to Dismiss, ECF No. 17 

(“Gov’t’s Mot.”).

The complaint alleges that, from August 2002 until March 2014, the United States 

Army occupied a property known as Jill Fab house in Kabul, Afghanistan that plaintiff 
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alleges belongs to him. Mr. Baha alleges that the government did not pay him any rent 

between September 2003 and September 2009, or between September 2012 and March 

2014. The plaintiff argues that pursuant to contracted agreement, the government owes 

him $54,000 per year for rent owed for September 2003 to September 2009 and $120,000 

per year for rent owed from September 2012 to March 2014.

The government argues that the claims for unpaid rent for the period between 

September 2003 and September 2010 should be dismissed pursuant to RCFC 12(b)(6) 

and RCFC 9(k) because the plaintiff has failed to provide a copy of the 2002 lease 

agreement. Instead, the plaintiff submitted an amendment to that agreement signed on 

August 17, 2002, in which the government agreed to pay $54,000 per year for the term of 

the 2002 lease. The government also argues that, pursuant to RCFC 12(b)(1), the court 

lacks jurisdiction over plaintiff’s claim for rent allegedly owed for January, February, and 

March of 2014 because the claim plaintiff submitted under the Contracts Disputes Act

(“CDA”), 41 U.S.C. § 7103, only requested rent accrued through the end of 2013.1 

Finally, the government argues that pursuant to RCFC 12(b)(7), the case should not 

proceed because, Mr. Baha, has failed to join the other owners of the Jill Fab house. The 

government argues that the Jill Fab is owned by several individuals, who, in addition to 

Mr. Baha, inherited it from Mr. Baha’s father. According to the government, these

 

1 The government initially claimed that plaintiff was barred from seeking rent allegedly owed 

after 2009 based upon a claim for payment that the plaintiff submitted to the contracting officer 

in January of 2010. However, in his opposition to defendant’s motion to dismiss, plaintiff 

attached a second claim that Mr. Baha had submitted to the contracting officer on January 19, 

2014. App’x to Pl.’s Opp. to Gov’t’s Mot. (“Pl.’s App’x”) 1-2, ECF No. 18-1.
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individuals are indispensable parties and that the case should be dismissed because they 

were not joined. In the alternative, the government requests, pursuant to RCFC 14(b), 

that the court provide notice to these heirs, as interested parties, in order to give them an 

opportunity to intervene. The plaintiff argues that he alone owns the subject property 

under Afghan law and he alone had the authority to lease the property and therefore other 

heirs are not indispensable. Pl.’s Opp. to Gov’t’s Mot. (“Pl.’s Opp.”), ECF No. 18.

For the reasons set forth below, the government’s motion to dismiss is DENIED. 

However, because the court finds that individuals other than Mr. Baha potentially have an 

interest in the property and the leases at issue, the court GRANTS the government’s 

motion to provide notice to the other heirs of the property.

I. BACKGROUND

A. Facts2

Mr. Baha alleges that he possesses a deed for a residential house in Kabul, 

Afghanistan known as the Jill Fab house. Am. Compl. ¶ 7. Mr. Baha alleges that, on 

August 10, 2002, he entered into Lease No. SWD-OEF-0027 (“27 Lease”), an agreement 

to rent the Jill Fab house to the government. Am. Compl. ¶ 5. Mr. Baha states that he

“does not have a copy of this written Lease Agreement” and alleges that this is “because 

Defendant refused to provide Plaintiff with a copy.” Id. Shortly after the 27 Lease was 

 

2 The facts as stated are taken from the allegations in the plaintiff’s complaint attached 

documents, as well as the documents attached to the government’s motion to dismiss and the 

plaintiff’s opposition. At this time, the parties have not challenged the authenticity of any of 

these documents.
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signed, a dispute arose as to whether Mr. Baha’s father, Ghuiam Bahawoudin,3 or another 

person, Haji Jamil, owned the house. Am. Compl. Ex. 1. As a consequence, on August 

17, 2002, the government entered into a supplement to the 27 Lease (“27 Lease 

Supplement”). The agreement was between the government and “Ghuiam Baoddin [son 

of] Niaz Mohammad, acting by and through his son Muhammad Tariq Baha.” Am. 

Compl. Ex. 1 at 1. Under the 27 Lease Supplement, the government took possession of 

the house, but the parties agreed that the government would not make payment until an 

Afghan court determined legal ownership and title to the house. Id. Paragraph 3 of the 

27 Lease Supplement, entitled “RENTAL” stated that “The Lessee will pay the Lessor 

rent at the rate of $54,000 (U.S. Dollars) for the term.” Id. At the time 27 Lease 

Supplement was signed, Mr. Bahawoudin was deceased. App’x to Gov’t’s Mot. (“Gov’t

App’x”) 15; Pl.’s Opp. 5. 

Mr. Baha alleges that he successfully prevailed in the Afghanistan Supreme Court 

against all challenges to the title of the house in 2009. Am. Compl. ¶ 7; Gov’t App’x 15-

19. The Afghanistan Supreme Court decision found that Mr. Bahawouddin was the 

rightful owner of the property and that, since he was deceased, the property belonged to 

his heirs. Gov’t App’x 15, 17-18. The Afghanistan Supreme Court decision also 

indicates that, in addition to Mr. Baha, the other heirs are Mr. Bahawouddin’s widow,

Kobra, and his other children: Mohammad Hamed, Mohammad Khaled, Qudsia, Fahima, 

Afifa, Fariha, and Tuba (collectively, “other potential heirs”). Gov’t App’x 15.

 

3 Mr. Baha’s father is referred to variously as Mr. Baoddin or Mr. Bahawouddin. For 

consistency, this opinion refers to him as Mr. Bahawouddin. 
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The parties entered into a second lease agreement for the same property, Lease

No. DACA-TAN-5-11-0032 (“32 Lease”), on August 8, 2011. Gov’t App’x 5-14. The 

32 Lease, signed by Mr. Baha, stated that the agreement was between the government 

and “the heirs of Bahawouddin, Son of Neyaz Mohammad Represented by Mohammad 

Tariq [Baha].” Id. at 5. The 32 Lease gave the government the right to the property from 

September 25, 2011 to September 24, 2012, with a right to renew for up to four years 

under the same terms. Id. The government agreed to pay an annual rent of $120,000. Id.

Mr. Baha alleges that the government paid him rent from September 2009 through 

September 2012 at a rate of $120,000 per year for a total of $360,000. Am. Compl. ¶ 6. 

However, Mr. Baha alleges that the government stopped paying rent in September of 

2012, but remained on the property until March of 2014. Am. Compl. ¶ 8. Mr. Baha also 

alleges that the government never paid the rent due between September 2003 and

September 2010, while Mr. Baha was litigating the title issue. Am. Compl. ¶¶ 1, 9.

Mr. Baha submitted two CDA claims, the first in January 2010 seeking rent and 

other damages accrued between 2002 and 2009 in the amount of $1,615,000, Gov’t

App’x 1-3, and the second in January of 2014 for rent and other damages accrued through 

December of 2013 in the amount of $2,109,000, Pl.’s App’x 1-2.

B. The Court’s Order Regarding Plaintiff’s Amended Complaint

On June 9, 2014, Mr. Baha filed his initial complaint in this court. Following a 

hearing on the government’s first motion to dismiss, the court issued an order permitting 

Mr. Baha to amend his complaint and directing Mr. Baha to address three issues raised in

the government’s initial motion to dismiss. Jan. 16, 2015 Order at 1 (“Order”), ECF No. 
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13. First, Mr. Baha was directed to “only make claims based on documents that can be 

located and attached to the amended complaint.” Id. Second, Mr. Baha was directed to 

show “that he has satisfied the requirements for a CDA claim” by submitting a claim 

regarding rent allegedly due between September 2012 and March 2014, “or consider 

withdrawing the claim until he can meet the CDA’s jurisdictional requirements.” Id.

Third, Mr. Baha was directed to allege whether or not he was the sole heir to the Jill Fab 

house. Id. at 2. 

Mr. Baha filed an amended complaint on March 10, 2015. The government 

renewed its motion to dismiss on May 15, 2015. The court finds that oral argument on 

the government’s renewed motion is not necessary.

II. STANDARD OF REVIEW

Under the Tucker Act, an action may be maintained in this court only if it is 

“founded either upon the Constitution, or any Act of Congress or any regulation of an 

executive department, or upon any express or implied contract with the United States, or 

for liquidated or unliquidated damages in cases not sounding in tort.” 28 U.S.C. § 

1491(a)(1). A plaintiff seeking to litigate in the Court of Federal Claims “bears the 

burden of establishing subject-matter jurisdiction by a preponderance of the evidence.”

Hopi Tribe v. United States, 782 F.3d 662, 666 (Fed. Cir. 2015) (quoting M. Maropakis 

Carpentry, Inc. v. United States, 609 F.3d 1323, 1327 (Fed. Cir. 2010)). “Determination 

of jurisdiction starts with the complaint, which must be well-pleaded in that it must state 

the necessary elements of the plaintiff’s claim, independent of any defense that may be 

interposed.” Holley v. United States, 124 F.3d 1462, 1465 (Fed. Cir. 1997) (citations 
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omitted). If a motion to dismiss for lack of subject matter jurisdiction challenges the 

jurisdictional facts alleged in the complaint, the court may consider relevant evidence 

outside the complaint in order to determine whether it has jurisdiction. Banks v. United 

States, 741 F.3d 1268, 1277 (Fed. Cir. 2014) (citing Reynolds v. Army & Air Force 

Exch. Serv., 846 F.2d 746, 747 (Fed. Cir. 1988)). 

A complaint must contain “a short and plain statement of the claim showing that 

the pleader is entitled to relief[.]” RCFC 8(a)(2). A complaint that offers “labels and 

conclusions,” or “a formulaic recitation of the elements of a cause of action will not do.” 

Ashcroft v. Iqbal, 556 U.S. 662, 678 (2009) (quoting Bell Atlantic Corp. v. Twombly, 

550 U.S. 544, 555 (2007)). Nor does it suffice to tender “naked assertion[s] devoid of 

further factual enhancement.” Id. (quoting Twombly, 550 U.S. at 557). Thus, the factual 

allegations (as opposed to the legal conclusions) must be sufficient to “nudge” a claim 

“across the line from conceivable to plausible.” Id. at 683 (quoting Twombly, 550 U.S.

at 570).

III. DISCUSSION

A. Plaintiff’s Complaint Satisfies RCFC 9(k) and the Court’s Order

The government argues that this court does not possess jurisdiction to consider 

Mr. Baha’s claim for rent between September 2003 and September 2010 because he 

failed to attach a copy of the 27 Lease, and has failed to identify the substantive 

provisions of the lease upon which he relies. Therefore, the government argues, plaintiff 

does not meet the requirement of RCFC 9(k). This rule sets the pleading requirements 

for bringing a claim founded on a contract or treaty in this court, providing that:
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In pleading a claim founded on a contract or treaty, a party must identify 

the substantive provisions of the contract or treaty on which the party relies. 

In lieu of a description, the party may annex to the complaint a copy of the 

contract or treaty, indicating the relevant provisions. 

RCFC 9(k).4 The government also argues that plaintiff has not satisfied this court’s prior 

Order stating that plaintiff “shall only make claims based on documents that can be 

located and attached to the amended complaint.” Gov’t’s Mot. 6 (quoting Order at 1).

The court disagrees with the government and finds that Mr. Baha has satisfied 

both RCFC 9(k) and this court’s prior order. In his amended complaint, Mr. Baha admits 

that he “does not have a copy of [the original 27] Lease Agreement[.]” Am. Compl. ¶ 5. 

He did, however, attach a copy of the 27 Lease Supplement, which he argues proves both 

that a contract existed and that under its terms he was entitled to a $54,000 annual rent for 

“the term” of the Lease. The government argues that his claim based upon the 27 Lease 

must be dismissed because the 27 Lease Supplement does not establish that the 

government would owe $54,000 annually for rent, and instead “only provides a payment 

of $54,000 for ‘the term,’ not per year, as Mr. Baha asserts.” Gov’t’s Mot. 6.

The court agrees with the plaintiff and finds that 27 Lease Supplement attached to 

plaintiff’s amended complaint is sufficient to satisfy the terms of the court’s prior order 

as well as RCFC 9(k). Plaintiff has alleged that the 27 Lease required the government to 

pay him $54,000 per year in rent, an allegation supported by the lease supplement, which 

is sufficient to satisfy RCFC 9(k). Given that the government does not refute plaintiff’s 

 

4 Satisfaction of RCFC 9(k) is a jurisdictional requirement. See Gonzalez–McCaulley Inv. Grp., 

Inc. v. United States, 93 Fed. Cl. 710, 715 (2010).
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assertion that it has a copy of the 27 Lease, the court finds that attaching the 27 Lease 

Supplement to plaintiff’s complaint satisfies the court’s order.

B. Plaintiff Has Satisfied the CDA’s Claim Requirement

The government argues that, under the CDA, the court lacks jurisdiction over 

plaintiff’s claim for unpaid rent for January, February, and March of 2014 because 

plaintiff only demanded rent due through December 2013 in the claim that he submitted 

on January 19, 2014. Under the CDA, “[e]ach claim by a contractor against the Federal 

Government relating to a contract shall be submitted to the contracting officer for a 

decision.” 41 U.S.C. § 7103(a)(1). A claim is “a written demand or written assertion by 

one of the contracting parties seeking, as a matter of right, the payment of money in a 

sum certain, the adjustment or interpretation of contract terms, or other relief arising 

under or relating to this contract.” 48 C.F.R. § 52.233-1(c). Because the claim 

requirement is jurisdictional, the failure to submit a valid claim that conforms with the 

CDA’s requirements must result in the dismissal of the complaint. Northrop Grumman 

Computing Sys., Inc. v. United States, 709 F.3d 1107, 1112 (Fed. Cir. 2013) (“If a 

purported claim is found to be insufficient for any reason, the insufficiency is fatal to 

jurisdiction under the CDA.” (citing Sharman Co. v. United States, 2 F.3d 1564, 1568 

(Fed. Cir. 1993)). 

The court finds that plaintiff has established jurisdiction under the CDA for the 

entire amount he seeks in his amended complaint, including the first three months of 
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2014.5 In order to establish jurisdiction in this court, the prerequisite claim must include 

“an adequate statement of the amount sought and an adequate statement of the basis of 

the request.” K-Con Bldg. Sys., Inc. v. United States, 778 F.3d 1000, 1005 (Fed. Cir. 

2015) (citing Joseph Morton Co. v. United States, 757 F.2d 1273, 1281 (Fed. Cir. 1985)). 

However, the requirement that a claim include a statement of the amount sought does not 

preclude the court from taking jurisdiction even if there are “adjustments in amounts 

‘based upon matters developed in litigation.’” Id. (quoting Tecom, Inc. v. United States, 

732 F.2d 935, 937-38 (Fed. Cir. 1984)). In Modeer v. United States, the court found that 

it had jurisdiction over a claim for which damages had continued to accrue after the claim 

was submitted to the contracting officer. 68 Fed. Cl. 131, 137 (2005) aff’d, 183 F. App’x 

975 (Fed. Cir. 2006). The court reasoned that “if the dollar value of a claim increases 

based on new information available only after the claim was submitted to the contracting 

officer,” the plaintiff was not required to resubmit the claim so long as the amount that 

the plaintiff claims in litigation “arises from the same operative facts as the original claim 

and claims the same categories of relief.” Id. (citing Cerberonics, Inc. v. United States, 

13 Cl. Ct. 415, 418 (1987)).

Plaintiff’s 2013 claim to the contracting officer stated that he was seeking 

$10,000 per month in unpaid rent pursuant with his contract with the government. Pl.’s 

App’x 2. In the present litigation, plaintiff seeks the same monthly rent for three 

additional months under the same theory. See Am. Compl. ¶ 18. Therefore, the court 

 

5 Because this challenge is jurisdictional, the court is permitted to look at documents outside of 

the pleadings. Banks, 741 F.3d at 1277.
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“will have to review the same or related evidence” that was before the contracting officer 

in this litigation. Kinetic Builder’s Inc. v. Peters, 226 F.3d 1307, 1312 (Fed. Cir. 2000)

(citing Placeway Constr. Corp. v. United States, 920 F.2d 903, 907 (Fed. Cir. 1990)). 

The claim before the contracting officer and the complaint before this court therefore 

involve the “same operative facts,” id., and the dollar value of the claim only increased 

based on events which occurred “only after the claim was submitted to the contracting 

officer,” Modeer, 68 Fed. Cl. at 137. Therefore, the claim in plaintiff’s complaint is the 

same as the one he presented to the contracting officer. Conseqently, the government’s 

motion to dismiss plaintiff’s claim for rent allegedly owed for January, February, and 

March of 2014 is denied.

C. Mr. Baha is a Real Party in Interest, but Other Interested Parties Must 

be Notified

The government argues Mr. Baha lacks capacity to prosecute this case because 

Mr. Bahawouddin’s heirs are the real party in interest, not Mr. Baha. Under RCFC 

17(a)(1), “[a]n action must be prosecuted in the name of the real party in interest.” RCFC 

17(a). The government argues that the other heirs, who are identified in the Afghanistan

Supreme Court decision as Mr. Baha’s siblings and his father’s wife, must be joined to 

this litigation as indispensable parties under RCFC 19(a). In the alternative, the 

government asks the court to provide notice to the other heirs under RCFC 14(b), and has 

provided the court with their contact information. According to the government, Mr. 

Baha’s siblings have contacted the government and expressed an interest in collecting the 

rent on the property. 
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The court finds that, as one of Mr. Bahawouddin’s heirs, Mr. Baha is one of the 

real parties in interest to this case.

6

 The 27 Lease Supplement is “between Ghuiam 

Bawoddin [son of] Niaz Mohammad, acting by and through his son Muhammad Tariq 

Baha,” and the Government. Am. Compl. Ex. 1 at 1. The 32 Lease is between “the heirs 

of Bahawouddin, Son of Neyaz Mohammad Represented by Mohammad Tariq [Baha]” 

and the Government. Gov’t App’x. 5. The Afghanistan Supreme Court decision—upon 

which Mr. Baha relies to trigger the rent obligation—indicates that the owners of the 

subject property are Mr. Bahawouddin’s heirs including Mr. Baha, his mother, his two 

brothers, and his five sisters. Gov’t App’x 15, 17-18. In addition to having an interest in 

the property itself, Mr. Bahaouddin’s other heirs may have an interest in the proceeds of 

the leases at issue in this case. The 32 Lease in particular states that the Lessor includes 

the “heirs of Bahaouddin,” Gov’t App’x 5, using the plural to indicate that Mr. Baha was 

only one of several heirs intended to benefit from the proceeds of the lease. 

Because Mr. Bahaouddin’s other children and his widow may have an interest in 

the outcome of this litigation, the court orders that they must be given notice under RCFC 

14(b). See RCFC 14(b)(1) (“The court, on motion or on its own, may notify any person . 

. . who is alleged to have an interest in the subject matter of the suit.”). In an attempt to 

 

6 Mr. Baha argues he may bring this case without joining the other heirs under RCFC 

17(a)(1)(F), which states that “a party with whom or in whose name a contract has been made for 

another’s benefit” is permitted to “sue in [his] own name[] without joining the person for whose 

benefit the action is brought.” RCFC 17(a)(1)(F). However, there is nothing in Mr. Baha’s 

amended complaint, which makes no mention of anyone with an interest in the property other 

than himself, indicating that he he is bringing this suit on the other heirs’ behalf. The court 

therefore finds that RCFC 17(a)(1)(F) is inapplicable. 
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show that he may prosecute this case on his own, Mr. Baha has provided a declaration 

from Rona Kabiri, an attorney licensed to practice law in Afghanistan. Pl.’s App’x 25-

28. Ms. Kabiri states that under Afghan law, plaintiff “has complete possessory right 

over the property” and that plaintiff’s siblings “cannot maintain any action against Baha 

in an Afghan court for right to the property because they have never identified themselves 

as the issue of the deceased.” Id. at 11 (citing Afghan Civil Code Art. 11, 499). The 

court does not have sufficient information at this time to determine whether Mr. Baha is 

correct regarding the laws of Afghanistan. However, the court finds that under RCFC 

14(b), the other heirs have at least enough of an alleged interest in the subject of the 

litigation that they must be given notice and an opportunity to assert any potential claims.

Therefore, for the reasons stated above, the court finds that the below-identified 

heirs have an interest in the property that is subject to the litigation and may be entitled to 

payment under the 32 Lease and/or the 27 Lease.

7 As such, notice shall be provided to 

the individuals identified below:

Qudsia Badghisy 

In care of Yegana Badghisy 

502 Patterson View SW 

Calgary, Alberta T3H3J9 

CANADA 

Tel: (403) 479-9050 

Fahima Ahrary 

Ascherring 11 

21035 Hamburg, 

GERMANY 

Tel: 01149407355346 

Famihab@hotmail.de

Fariha Samadzada 

5838 Montevino Dr. 

San Jose, CA 95123 

Tel: (408) 229-9785 

Mohammad Hamid Baha 

47 Kincora View NW 

Calgary, Alberta T3R1M4 

CANADA 

 

7 At this time, the court defers ruling on the government’s contention that the other heirs are 

necessary parties under RCFC 19(b).
14

massood_sam@sbcglobal.net Tel: (403) 247-5734

Afifa Baha 

28863 Bay Heights Rd. 

Hayward, CA 94542 

Tel: (510) 397-2288 

Cell: (510) 461-7005 

zubeen_2@yahoo.com

Tooba Baha 

4525 Riding Club Ct. 

Hayward, CA 94542 

Tel: (510) 583-0157 

Cell phone: 510-676-2746 

Tbaha11@hotmail.com

Mohammad Khalid Baha 

661 Logan Lane 

Danville, CA 94526 

avgan@sbcglobal.net

Kobra Baha Kakar 

4525 Riding Club Ct. 

Hayward, CA 94542

IV. CONCLUSION

For the reasons stated above, the government’s motion to dismiss is DENIED. 

The government’s motion to require notice to the other potential heirs is GRANTED. 

The Clerk is directed to deliver notice to the government, as the moving party, for service 

on the above-named persons. RCFC 14(b)(4)(A). Pursuant to RCFC 14(b)(4)(B), the 

government shall serve the notice, together with the pleadings filed in this case, by 

registered or certified mail. The above-identified persons shall have 42 days after notice 

is issued to file an appropriate pleading. RCFC 14(c)(2). The case will remain stayed for 

a period of 60 days to allow for notices to be issued and for the persons identified to file 

pleadings. Responses to those pleadings shall be in accordance with the court’s rules. 

IT IS SO ORDERED.

s/Nancy B. Firestone 

NANCY B. FIRESTONE

Judge