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22-38

Agudath Israel of America v. Hochul

UNITED STATES COURT OF APPEALS

FOR THE SECOND CIRCUIT

SUMMARY ORDER

RULINGS BY SUMMARY ORDER DO NOT HAVE PRECEDENTIAL EFFECT. CITATION TO A 

SUMMARY ORDER FILED ON OR AFTER JANUARY 1, 2007, IS PERMITTED AND IS GOVERNED BY 

FEDERAL RULE OF APPELLATE PROCEDURE 32.1 AND THIS COURT=S LOCAL RULE 32.1.1. 

WHEN CITING A SUMMARY ORDER IN A DOCUMENT FILED WITH THIS COURT, A PARTY MUST 

CITE EITHER THE FEDERAL APPENDIX OR AN ELECTRONIC DATABASE (WITH THE NOTATION 

“SUMMARY ORDER”). A PARTY CITING A SUMMARY ORDER MUST SERVE A COPY OF IT ON 

ANY PARTY NOT REPRESENTED BY COUNSEL. 

At a stated term of the United States Court of Appeals for the Second Circuit, held at the 

Thurgood Marshall United States Courthouse, 40 Foley Square, in the City of New York, on the 

27th day of March, two thousand twenty-three.

Present:

DEBRA ANN LIVINGSTON,

Chief Judge,

MICHAEL H. PARK,

STEVEN J. MENASHI,

Circuit Judges.

_____________________________________

AGUDATH ISRAEL OF AMERICA, AGUDATH ISRAEL 

OF KEW GARDEN HILLS, AGUDATH ISRAEL OF 

MADISON, RABBI YISROEL REISMAN, STEVEN 

SAPHIRSTEIN,

Plaintiffs-Appellants,

v. 22-38

KATHY HOCHUL, GOVERNOR OF THE STATE OF NEW 

YORK, in her official capacity,

Defendant-Appellee.

*

_____________________________________

* The Clerk is respectfully directed to amend the caption accordingly.
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For Plaintiffs-Appellants: W. ALEX SMITH (Misha Tseytlin, Avi Schick, on the 

briefs), Troutman Pepper Hamilton Sanders LLP, 

Chicago, IL & New York, NY.

For Defendant-Appellee: DUSTIN J. BROCKNER, Assistant Solicitor General 

(Barbara D. Underwood, Solicitor General, Andrea 

Oser, Deputy Solicitor General, on the brief), for Letitia 

James, Attorney General for the State of New York, 

Albany, NY.

Appeal from a judgment of the United States District Court for the Eastern District of New 

York (Matsumoto, J.).

UPON DUE CONSIDERATION, IT IS HEREBY ORDERED, ADJUDGED, AND 

DECREED that the judgment of the district court is AFFIRMED and the motion for attorney’s 

fees for work incurred in this appeal is DENIED.

Plaintiffs-Appellants appeal from an order of the United States District Court for the 

Eastern District of New York (Matsumoto, J.) granting in part and denying in part Plaintiffs’

motion for attorney’s fees and costs pursuant to 42 U.S.C. § 1988(b). In a Section 1983 action 

in 2020, Plaintiffs secured injunctive relief against the Governor of the State of New York, who 

was enjoined from enforcing an executive order that placed pandemic-related capacity restrictions 

on houses of worship. See Agudath Isr. of Am. v. Cuomo, 983 F.3d 620 (2d Cir. 2020). The 

district court awarded fees in the total amount of $446,521.94 for work performed by Plaintiffs’ 

counsel, including $368,839.44 for Troutman Pepper Hamilton Sanders LLP (“Troutman”) and 

$77,682.50 for the Becket Fund for Religious Liberty. For the reasons set forth below, we affirm 

the district court’s judgment.1

 We assume the parties’ familiarity with the underlying facts, the

procedural history of the case, and the issues on appeal.

1 Because Plaintiffs-Appellants have not prevailed in this appeal, their motion for attorney’s fees for work 

incurred in connection with this appeal is denied.
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We review a district court’s award of attorney’s fees for abuse of discretion. Lilly v. City 

of New York, 934 F.3d 222, 227 (2d Cir. 2019). “A district court abuses its discretion if it (1) 

bases its decision on an error of law or uses the wrong legal standard; (2) bases its decision on a 

clearly erroneous factual finding; or (3) reaches a conclusion that, though not necessarily the

product of a legal error or a clearly erroneous factual finding, cannot be located within the range 

of permissible decisions.” Id. (quoting Millea v. Metro-N. R.R. Co., 658 F.3d 154, 166 (2d Cir. 

2011)). “Given the district court’s inherent institutional advantages in this area, our review of a 

district court’s fee award is highly deferential.” McDonald ex rel. Prendergast v. Pension Plan 

of the NYSA-ILA Pension Tr. Fund, 450 F.3d 91, 96 (2d Cir. 2006) (per curiam); see Hensley v. 

Eckerhart, 461 U.S. 424, 437 (1983) (noting “the district court’s superior understanding of the 

litigation and the desirability of avoiding frequent appellate review of what essentially are factual 

matters”). We have explained that “we afford district courts broad discretion in awarding 

attorneys’ fees because they are much closer to the details of each individual case and can better 

determine what is reasonable and appropriate in the fee calculus for the particular case.” Lilly, 

934 F.3d at 234. “We review questions of law regarding the legal standard for granting or 

denying attorney’s fees de novo.” Id. at 227.

The Civil Rights Attorney’s Fees Awards Act of 1976, 42 U.S.C. § 1988, provides that 

“the court, in its discretion, may allow the prevailing party, other than the United States, a 

reasonable attorney’s fee as part of the costs.” 42 U.S.C. § 1988(b). Courts award attorney’s 

fees according to the “presumptively reasonable fee” (or “lodestar”) method, calculated as the 

product of the reasonable number of hours worked and a reasonable hourly rate. Arbor Hill 

Concerned Citizens Neighborhood Ass’n v. County of Albany & Albany Cnty. Bd. of Elections, 

522 F.3d 182, 183–84 (2d Cir. 2008), as amended (Apr. 10, 2008). “[T]his Court has instructed 
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that determination of a reasonable hourly rate ‘contemplates a case-specific inquiry into the 

prevailing market rates for counsel of similar experience and skill to the fee applicant’s counsel,’ 

an inquiry that may ‘include judicial notice of the rates awarded in prior cases and the court’s own 

familiarity with the rates prevailing in the district.’” Townsend v. Benjamin Enters., Inc., 679 

F.3d 41, 59 (2d Cir. 2012) (quoting Farbotko v. Clinton County, 433 F.3d 204, 209 (2d Cir. 2005)).

In Arbor Hill, we emphasized that “[t]he reasonable hourly rate is the rate a paying client 

would be willing to pay . . . bear[ing] in mind that a reasonable, paying client wishes to spend the 

minimum necessary to litigate the case effectively.” 522 F.3d at 190. “In determining what rate

a paying client would be willing to pay, the district court should consider, among others, 

the Johnson factors.”2 Id. The Supreme Court has affirmed that “the most critical factor is the 

degree of success obtained.” Hensley, 461 U.S. at 436.

Here, the district court did not abuse its discretion by applying a ten percent reduction to 

Troutman’s fees to account for some of the hours spent on the motion for a preliminary injunction 

pending appeal in this Court. Although the district court “declin[ed] to rule on whether Plaintiffs’ 

flawed motion denied by the Second Circuit on procedural grounds [was] frivolous,” Special 

App’x at SA-33, the court applied this reduction as part of its overall assessment of the 

2 In Johnson v. Georgia Highway Express, Inc., 488 F.2d 714, 717–19 (5th Cir. 1974), abrogated on other 

grounds by Blanchard v. Bergeron, 489 U.S. 87, 92–93, 96 (1989), the Fifth Circuit identified the following 

factors as relevant to fee calculations:

(1) the time and labor required; (2) the novelty and difficulty of the questions; (3) the level 

of skill required to perform the legal service properly; (4) the preclusion of employment by 

the attorney due to acceptance of the case; (5) the attorney’s customary hourly rate; (6) 

whether the fee is fixed or contingent; (7) the time limitations imposed by the client or the 

circumstances; (8) the amount involved in the case and the results obtained; (9) the 

experience, reputation, and ability of the attorneys; (10) the ‘undesirability’ of the case; 

(11) the nature and length of the professional relationship with the client; and (12) awards 

in similar cases.

Arbor Hill, 522 F.3d at 186 n.3. 
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“reasonableness of counsel’s claimed number of hours,” id. at SA-26. Even though the motion 

was not found “frivolous” and may not directly have resulted in excessive fees, it was within the 

district court’s discretion to deduct roughly half of the fees attributed to the motion based on an 

assessment of whether the time was reasonably expended. When reviewing a fee application, a 

district court should “examine[] the particular hours expended by counsel with a view to the value 

of the work product of the specific expenditures to the client’s case,” and if it “concludes that any 

expenditure of time was unreasonable, it should exclude these hours” from the fee 

calculation. Luciano v. Olsten Corp., 109 F.3d 111, 116 (2d Cir. 1997) (citations omitted). We 

note, however, that often a district court may reduce unreasonable hours estimates through other 

tools besides an across-the-board fee reduction, such as including “all or part of the time in the 

lodestar but not subject[ing] it to a multiplier or at least not increas[ing] it in the same proportion 

as work that turned out to be productive.” Seigal v. Merrick, 619 F.2d 160, 165 (2d Cir. 1980). 

At the time the work was performed, a reasonable attorney may have determined that 

Plaintiffs had a good-faith argument for not moving first in the district court for an injunction 

pending appeal as is generally required under Rule 8(a)(1)(C) of the Federal Rules of Appellate 

Procedure. It may have been “impracticable” to move first in the district court given the 

emergency nature of the relief sought and that the district court had just denied a preliminary 

injunction motion which involved the application of an identical or lower standard. Fed. R. App. 

P. 8(a)(2)(A)(i). Indeed, Plaintiffs reasonably argued in their reply brief that not “re-asking the 

district court to issue what essentially would have been the same injunctive relief it had already 

declined, is consistent with Rule 8(a)’s ‘impracticable’ clause . . . and the ongoing, emergency 

nature of Plaintiffs’ harms.” Reply Br. at 11–12, Agudath Isr. of Am. v. Cuomo, No. 20-3572 

(2d. Cir. 2020), ECF. No. 79. But Plaintiffs failed to raise this argument in their opening brief 
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before this Court in support of their emergency motion for an injunction pending appeal. Instead, 

Plaintiffs claimed that they “satisfied Rule 8(a)(1)’s requirement to ‘move first in the district court 

for . . . an order . . . granting an injunction,’ by first requesting this very preliminary injunction 

from that court.” Jt. App’x at 130 n.19. This assertion was incorrect; Plaintiffs had not 

requested an injunction pending appeal from the district court. The district court therefore did 

not abuse its discretion in making the reduction because a client might reasonably demand a fee 

reduction for the oversight. See Arbor Hill, 522 F.3d at 190. 

Further, the district court did not abuse its discretion in setting reasonable hourly rates for 

Plaintiffs’ counsel and refusing to apply an additional fee enhancement for case-specific reasons. 

The Supreme Court has emphasized that “[t]he essential goal in shifting fees (to either party) is to 

do rough justice, not to achieve auditing perfection,” and so “trial courts may take into account 

their overall sense of a suit, and may use estimates in calculating and allocating an attorney’s time.” 

Fox v. Vice, 563 U.S. 826, 838 (2011). “It is only after this initial calculation of the presumptively 

reasonable fee is performed that a district court may, in extraordinary circumstances, adjust the 

presumptively reasonable fee when it ‘does not adequately take into account a factor that may 

properly be considered in determining a reasonable fee.’” Lilly, 934 F.3d at 230 (quoting Millea, 

658 F.3d at 167). But see Perdue v. Kenny A. ex rel. Winn, 559 U.S. 542, 553 (2010) (reiterating 

that “the novelty and complexity of a case generally may not be used as a ground for enhancement 

because these factors presumably [are] fully reflected in the number of billable hours recorded by 

counsel” (cleaned up)). 

Plaintiffs-Appellants do not dispute that the district court accurately referenced the highest 

prevailing market rates in complex civil-rights litigation awarded in the Eastern District ($600 for 

partners, $400 for associates, and $100 for paralegals). See Appellants’ Br. at 31–33; Special 
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App’x at SA-12 (citing Lawton v. Success Acad. of Fort Greene, No. 15-cv-7058, 2021 WL 

1394372, at *8 (E.D.N.Y. Jan. 3, 2021) (Report and Recommendation), accepted in part and 

rejected in part, No. 15-cv-7058, 2021 WL 911981 (E.D.N.Y. Mar. 10, 2021)). The district court 

agreed with Plaintiffs that “a relatively higher fee award is arguably warranted” based on the 

importance and complexity of the case, the degree of Plaintiffs’ success, and the qualifications of 

their attorneys. Special App’x at SA-16. The court accordingly awarded the highest rates to 

some of Plaintiffs’ counsel and rates at the upper end of prevailing market rates to others. In 

addition, it was appropriate for the district court to consider “the reputational benefits that might 

accrue from being associated with the case.” Arbor Hill, 522 F.3d at 190; see Special App’x at 

SA-17 to -18. For those reasons, the district court did not abuse its discretion.

* * *

We have considered Plaintiffs-Appellants’ remaining arguments and find them to be 

without merit. Accordingly, we AFFIRM the judgment of the district court and DENY the 

motion for attorney’s fees incurred in this appeal. 

FOR THE COURT:

Catherine O’Hagan Wolfe, Clerk