________________________________________________________________

125

United States Office of Water EPA-820-R-12-007

Environmental Protection 4304T April 2012

Agency

AQUATIC LIFE AMBIENT WATER 

QUALITY CRITERIA FOR 

CARBARYL - 2012
ii

EPA-820-R-12-007

AQUATIC LIFE

AMBIENT WATER QUALITY CRITERIA FOR

CARBARYL

(CAS Registry Number 63-25-2)

April 2012

U.S. ENVIRONMENTAL PROTECTION AGENCY

OFFICE OF WATER

OFFICE OF SCIENCE AND TECHNOLOGY

HEALTH AND ECOLOGICAL CRITERIA DIVISION

WASHINGTON, D.C.
iii

NOTICES

This document has been reviewed by the Health and Ecological Criteria Division, Office of 

Science and Technology, U.S. Environmental Protection Agency, and is approved for 

publication.

Mention of trade names or commercial products does not constitute endorsement or 

recommendation for use.

This document is available to the public through the National Technical Information Service 

(NTIS), 5285 Port Royal Road, Springfield, VA 22161.
iv

FOREWORD

Section 304(a)(l) of the Clean Water Act of 1977 (P.L. 95-217) requires that the 

Administrator of the Environmental Protection Agency (EPA) publish water quality criteria that 

accurately reflect the latest scientific knowledge on the kind and extent of all identifiable effects 

on health and welfare that might be expected from the presence of pollutants in any body of 

water, including ground water. This document is a final ambient water quality criteria (AWQC) 

document for the protection of aquatic life based upon consideration of all available information 

relating to effects of carbaryl on aquatic organisms. 

The term "water quality criteria" is used in two sections of the Clean Water Act, section

304(a)(l) and section 303(c)(2). The term has a different program impact in each section. In 

section 304, the term represents a non-regulatory, scientific assessment of ecological effects. 

Criteria presented in this document are such scientific assessments. If water quality criteria 

associated with specific stream uses are adopted by a state or EPA as water quality standards 

under section 303, they become maximum acceptable pollutant concentrations for permitting and 

listing in ambient waters within that state. Water quality criteria adopted in state water quality 

standards could have the same numerical values as criteria developed under section 304. 

However, in many situations states might want to adjust water quality criteria developed under 

section 304 to reflect local environmental conditions and human exposure patterns. 

Alternatively, states may use different data and assumptions than EPA in deriving numeric 

criteria that are scientifically defensible and protective of designated uses. It is not until their 

adoption as part of state water quality standards that criteria become regulatory. Guidelines to 

assist the states and Indian tribes in modifying the criteria presented in this document are 

contained in the Water Quality Standards Handbook (U.S. EPA 1994). This handbook and 

additional guidance on the development of water quality standards and other water-related 

programs of this agency have been developed by the Office of Water.

This final document is guidance only. It does not establish or affect legal rights or 

obligations. It does not establish a binding norm and cannot be finally determinative of the 

issues addressed. Agency decisions in any particular situation will be made by applying the 

Clean Water Act and EPA regulations on the basis of specific facts presented and scientific 

information then available.

Elizabeth Southerland

Director

Office of Science and Technology
v

ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS

Prepared by:

Diana Eignor (point of contact)

U.S. EPA, Office of Water, Office of Science and Technology

Health and Ecological Criteria Division

Washington, DC

Reviewed by:

Thomas Steeger and Kristina Garber

U.S. EPA, Office of Chemical Safety and Pollution Prevention, Office of Pesticide Programs

Environmental Fate and Effects Division

Washington, DC

Elizabeth Behl and Joseph Beaman

U.S. EPA, Office of Water, Office of Science and Technology

Health and Ecological Criteria Division

Washington, DC

Dale Hoff and Russ Erickson

U.S. EPA, Office of Research and Development

Duluth, MN

Walter Berry

U.S. EPA, Office of Research and Development

Narragansett, RI

Contract Support:

Gregory J. Smith and Craig M. Voros

Great Lakes Environmental Center

Columbus, OH

This aquatic life criteria document for carbaryl has undergone many revisions and has 

benefitted from the insights of various reviewers, including members of the Ecological Risk 

Assessment Branch in the Office of Water, Office of Science and Technology. Additionally, much 

of the fate and transport information and additional toxicity information have been procured 

from various ecological risk assessments documents in the Office of Pesticide Programs’

Environmental Fate and Effects Division.
vi

EXECUTIVE SUMMARY

Background

Carbaryl (1-naphthyl-N-methylcarbamate; C12H22NO2, CAS #63-25-2) is an insecticide, a 

molluscide, and is used to thin fruit in orchards, and it belongs to the N-methyl carbamate class 

of pesticides. Introduced by the Union Carbide Corporation in 1956, carbaryl acts on animals 

through contact and ingestion. Carbaryl is registered in the United States for use in controlling 

more than 160 insect pests on over 115 agricultural and non-crop use applications, including 

home and garden uses (U.S. EPA 2007a; U.S. EPA 2010a). Major uses include insect control on 

lawns, home gardens, citrus, fruit, forage and field crops, forests, nuts, ornamentals, rangeland, 

turf, shade trees, poultry and pets (U.S. EPA 2010a). Agricultural crops with the greatest annual 

use of carbaryl include apples, pecans, grapes, alfalfa, oranges, and corn. Carbaryl was the third 

most commonly used conventional pesticide used in homes and gardens in 2005 and 2007 with a 

range of 4 to 6 million pounds of active ingredient used annually (U.S. EPA 2011).

U.S. Geological Survey’s National Water Quality Assessment (NAWQA) Program 

reported carbaryl as the second most frequently found insecticide in water, with detections in 

approximately 50% of urban streams. Frequencies of detection in surface water associated with 

urban uses are commonly higher than those associated with agricultural uses. The majority of 

these detections are below 0.1 μg/L. The NAWQA program analyzed a total of 11,732 water 

samples from 1999 to 2005 for carbaryl. They reported 29% of all samples with concentrations

greater than the minimum detection limit of 0.021 μg/L. The mean concentration reported was 

0.058 μg/L and the maximum concentration was 33.5 μg/L, associated with agricultural land. 

The highest concentration reported in urban areas was 16 μg/L.

Carbaryl Criteria Derivation

U.S. EPA is developing recommended ambient water quality criteria for carbaryl through 

its authority under section 304(a) of the Clean Water Act (CWA). These water quality criteria 

may be used by states and authorized tribes to establish water quality standards for carbaryl. The 

carbaryl aquatic life criteria are developed using peer reviewed methods and data that are 

acceptable for the derivation of a freshwater and estuarine/marine criteria. Data evaluated for 

criteria derivation include data submitted in support of the registration of this pesticide and 
vii

reviewed by U.S. EPA’s Office of Pesticide Programs as well as studies reported in the open 

literature.

The resulting recommended ambient water quality criteria indicate that freshwater 

aquatic organisms would have an appropriate level of protection if the one-hour average 

concentration does not exceed 2.1 μg/L more than once every three years on average and if the 

four-day average concentration of carbaryl does not exceed 2.1 μg/L more than once every three 

years on average (except where a locally important species may be more sensitive). 

Estuarine/marine aquatic organisms would have an appropriate level of protection if the one-hour 

average concentration does not exceed 1.6 μg/L more than once every three years on average

(except where a locally important species may be more sensitive).

This document provides guidance to states and tribes authorized to establish water quality 

standards under the CWA to protect aquatic life from the acute and chronic effects of carbaryl. 

Under the CWA, states and authorized tribes may adopt water quality criteria into water quality 

standards to protect designated uses. While this document constitutes U.S. EPA’s scientific 

recommendations regarding ambient concentrations of carbaryl, this document does not 

substitute for the CWA or U.S. EPA’s regulations; nor is it a regulation itself. Thus, it cannot 

impose legally binding requirements on U.S. EPA, states, authorized tribes, or the regulated 

community, and it might not apply to a particular situation based upon the circumstances. State 

and tribal decision-makers retain the discretion to adopt approaches on a case-by-case basis that 

differ from this guidance when appropriate. U.S. EPA may change this guidance in the future.

Table 1. Summary of Aquatic Life Criteria for Carbaryl

Acute Chronic

Freshwater 2.1 μg/L 2.1 μg/L

Estuarine/marine 1.6 μg/L N/A

N/A – not available, unable to calculate estuarine/marine chronic criterion
viii

TABLE OF CONTENTS

Page

NOTICES.....................................................................................................................................................iii

FOREWORD...............................................................................................................................................iv

ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS..........................................................................................................................v

EXECUTIVE SUMMARY .........................................................................................................................vi

TABLE OF CONTENTS...........................................................................................................................viii

TABLES ......................................................................................................................................................ix

FIGURES.....................................................................................................................................................ix

APPENDICES ..............................................................................................................................................x

I. INTRODUCTION AND BACKGROUND ..............................................................................................1

II. PROBLEM FORMULATION.................................................................................................................2

A. Stressor Characteristics........................................................................................................................2

1. Mode of Action and Toxicity ...........................................................................................................2

2. Overview of Pesticide Usage ...........................................................................................................4

3. Environmental Fate and Transport...................................................................................................6

4. Occurrence .......................................................................................................................................7

B. Assessment Endpoints and Measures of Effect ...................................................................................8

1. Stressors of Concern.........................................................................................................................9

2. Assessment Endpoints......................................................................................................................9

3. Measures of Effect .........................................................................................................................11

C. Conceptual Model..............................................................................................................................14

1. Conceptual Diagram.......................................................................................................................14

D. Analysis Plan .....................................................................................................................................16

E. Identification of Data Gaps for Aquatic Organisms...........................................................................18

III. EFFECTS ANALYSES TO AQUATIC ORGANISMS ......................................................................18

A. Acute Toxicity to Aquatic Animals...................................................................................................18

1. Freshwater......................................................................................................................................18

2. Estuarine/Marine ............................................................................................................................25

B. Chronic Toxicity to Aquatic Animals................................................................................................29

1. Freshwater......................................................................................................................................29

2. Estuarine/Marine ............................................................................................................................31

3. Acute-Chronic Ratio ......................................................................................................................32

C. Toxicity to Aquatic Plants .................................................................................................................35

D. Degradate Toxicity ............................................................................................................................35

E. Summary of National Criteria............................................................................................................35

IV. EFFECTS CHARACTERIZATION ....................................................................................................36

A. Effects on Aquatic Animals...............................................................................................................36

1. Freshwater Acute Toxicity .............................................................................................................36

2. Freshwater Chronic Toxicity..........................................................................................................38

3. Freshwater Field Studies................................................................................................................40

4. Estuarine/Marine Acute Toxicity ...................................................................................................41

5. Estuarine/Marine Chronic Toxicity................................................................................................42

6. Bioaccumulation.............................................................................................................................43

B. Effects on Aquatic Plants...................................................................................................................43

V. IMPLEMENTATION............................................................................................................................44

REFERENCES ...........................................................................................................................................46
ix

TABLES

Page

Table 1. Summary of Aquatic Life Criteria for Carbaryl...........................................................................vii

Table 2. Summary of Assessment Endpoints and Measures of Effect Used in Criteria Derivation ..........12

Table 3. Summary Table of Number of Species with Acceptable Toxicity Data Separated into the 

Minimum Data Requirements in the “Guidelines” ......................................................................13

Table 4. Ranked Freshwater Genus Mean Acute Values...........................................................................21

Table 5. Ranked Estuarine/Marine Genus Mean Acute Values.................................................................27

Table 6. Ranked Freshwater Genus Mean Chronic Values .......................................................................31

Table 7. Ranked Estuarine/Marine Genus Mean Chronic Values .............................................................32

Table 8. Acute-Chronic Ratios...................................................................................................................33

Table 9. Summary Table of Aquatic Life Criteria for Carbaryl ................................................................36

FIGURES

Page

Figure 1: Historical Extent (2002) of carbaryl usage in agriculture. ............................................................5

Figure 2: Conceptual model for carbaryl effects on aquatic organisms......................................................15

Figure 3: Ranked Summary of Carbaryl Genus Mean Acute Values (GMAVs) - Freshwater Animals....24

Figure 4: Ranked Summary of Carbaryl Genus Mean Acute Values (GMAVs) - Estuarine/Marine 

Animals.......................................................................................................................................28

Figure 5: Chronic Toxicity of Carbaryl to Aquatic Animals......................................................................34
x

APPENDICES

Page

Appendix A. Acceptable Acute Toxicity Data of Carbaryl to Freshwater Aquatic Animals ...................100

Appendix B. Acceptable Acute Toxicity Data of Carbaryl to Estuarine/Marine Aquatic Animals .........115

Appendix C. Acceptable Chronic Toxicity Data of Carbaryl to Freshwater Aquatic Animals................119

Appendix D. Chronic Toxicity Data of Carbaryl to Estuarine/Marine Aquatic Animals used Qualitatively 

in the Assessment...............................................................................................................121

Appendix E. Acceptable Toxicity Data of Carbaryl to Freshwater Aquatic Plants..................................123

Appendix F. Acceptable Toxicity Data of Carbaryl to Estuarine/Mainre Aquatic Plants........................125

Appendix G. Acceptable Bioaccumulation Data of Carbaryl by Aquatic Organisms..............................128

Appendix H. Other Data on Effects of Carbaryl to Freshwater Aquatic Organisms................................130

Appendix I. Other Data on Effects of Carbaryl to Estuarine/Marine Aquatic Organisms........................139

Appendix J. List of Carbaryl Studies Not Used in Document Along with Reasons.................................149
1

I. INTRODUCTION AND BACKGROUND

U.S. EPA is developing ambient water quality criteria for carbaryl through its authority 

under section 304(a) of the Clean Water Act (CWA). Although not regulatory in themselves, 

these water quality criteria may be used by states and authorized tribes to establish water quality 

standards for carbaryl to protect aquatic life designated uses. The criteria presented herein are 

the agency’s best estimate of maximum concentrations of carbaryl to protect most aquatic 

organisms from unacceptable short- or long-term effects.

Carbaryl (1-naphthyl-N-methylcarbamate; C12H22NO2, CAS #63-25-2) is an insecticide 

belonging to the N-methyl carbamate class of pesticides. Carbaryl is registered in the United 

States for use on over 115 agricultural and non-crop use applications, including home and garden 

uses (U.S. EPA 2007a; U.S. EPA 2010a). All pesticides distributed or sold in the United States 

must be registered by U.S. EPA, and the registrations are periodically re-evaluated to determine 

whether they meet current regulatory standards. The next Registration Review Decision for 

carbaryl will be made by U.S. EPA Office of Pesticide Programs (OPP) in 2015.

In 2003, OPP completed an ecological risk assessment to support a 2004 Interim 

Registration Eligibility Decision (IRED) for carbaryl, which identified potential acute risk to fish 

associated with one use, and acute and chronic risks to aquatic invertebrates associated with most 

registered uses of carbaryl (U.S. EPA 2004a). The IRED cited a study by the U.S. Geological 

Survey’s National Water Quality Assessment (NAWQA) Program that reported carbaryl as the 

second most frequently found insecticide in water, with detections in approximately 50% of 

urban streams (U.S.G.S. 2006). Of the top five most frequently detected insecticides (listed in 

descending order) – chloropyrifos, carbaryl, carbofuran, diazinon, and malathion (U.S.G.S.

2006), there are existing ambient water quality criteria for chloropyrifos, diazinon and malathion;

carbofuran tolerances are now cancelled. In 2007 (U.S. EPA 2007b), OPP updated a summary 

of U.S. surface water monitoring supporting the final Registration Decision. That assessment 

concluded that carbaryl had relatively high frequencies of detection, with concentrations as high 

as 33.5 μg/L in an agricultural area and 16.5 μg/L in urban areas. Detections were more frequent 

in urban areas than agricultural areas, but concentrations were mostly less than 0.1 μg/L. In 

more recent assessments by OPP, the Agency has made ‘may affect’ and ‘likely to adversely 

affect’ determinations for the California red-legged frog (Rana aurora draytonii; U.S. EPA 

2007a) and the California Delta smelt (Hypomesus transpacificus; U.S. EPA 2010b) from the use 
2

of carbaryl in California. Additionally, the Agency determined that there is the potential for 

modification of designated critical habitat for both of the Federally-listed species from the use of 

carbaryl. Based on the conclusions of these assessments, the Agency indicated that formal 

consultations with the U.S. Fish and Wildlife Service under section 7 of the Endangered Species 

Act should be initiated for the pesticide registration action.

II. PROBLEM FORMULATION

Problem formulation provides a strategic framework for water quality criteria 

development by focusing the effects assessment on the most relevant chemical properties and 

endpoints. The structure of this effects assessment is consistent with U.S. EPA’s Guidance for 

Ecological Risk Assessment (U.S. EPA, 1998) and the approach used by U.S. EPA for pesticide 

effects assessment (U.S. EPA, 2004a).

This ecological effects assessment develops scientifically defensible water quality criteria 

values for carbaryl under section 304(a)(1) of the Clean Water Act. The goal of the Clean Water 

Act is to protect and restore the biological, chemical and physical integrity of waters of the U.S. 

Section 304(a)(1) of the Clean Water Act requires U.S. EPA to develop criteria for water quality 

that accurately reflect the latest scientific knowledge. These criteria are based solely on data and 

best professional scientific judgments on toxicological effects. Criteria are developed following 

the guidance outlined in the Agency’s “Guidelines for Deriving Numerical National Water 

Quality Criteria for the Protection of Aquatic Organisms and Their Uses" (Stephan et al. 1985).

Once the section 304(a) water quality criteria are finalized, states and authorized tribes 

may adopt the criteria into their water quality standards to protect designated uses of water 

bodies. States and tribes may also modify the criteria to reflect site-specific conditions or use 

other scientifically defensible methods to develop standards. Water quality standards are 

subsequently approved by U.S. EPA.

A. Stressor Characteristics

1. Mode of Action and Toxicity

Carbaryl is an insecticide belonging to the N-methyl carbamate class of pesticides. After 

contact or ingestion, the toxic mode of action of carbaryl (and other carbamate insecticides) for 
3

animals is inhibition of the enzyme acetylcholinesterase (AChE) at synaptic junctions in the 

nervous system. AChE breaks down the neurotransmitter acetylcholine. Inhibition of AChE 

results in the accumulation of acetylcholine in the nerve synapses which leads to continual firing 

of nerve pulses throughout the nervous system. This buildup results in uncontrolled movement, 

paralysis, convulsions, tetany, and possible death (Gunasekara et al. 2008). Without proper 

nerve function, the respiratory, circulatory and other vital body systems will fail, ultimately 

causing death of the organism (Kuhr and Dorough 1976). The acetylcholinesterase inhibition 

effects of carbaryl are reversible with removal of exposure of the stressor chemical. The primary 

degradate of carbaryl, 1-naphthol, does not inhibit acetylcholinesterase and its toxic mode of 

action for animals is thought to be narcosis (Russom et al. 1997). In aquatic organisms, narcosis 

is a reversible anesthetic effect that is caused by chemicals partitioning into cell membranes and 

nervous tissue that result in disruption of cell functions including central nervous system 

function (Barron et al. 2001).

Carbaryl is also used to thin fruit (removing excess fruit so the remaining fruit increase in 

size and flavor) in orchards; its activity in the abscission (dropping) of flower buds may be 

related to its structural similarity to plant auxins, such as α-naphthalene acetic acid. The carbaryl 

degradate 1-naphthol is a known plant auxin (Wood 2010).

Carbaryl is included on the final list of chemicals for initial Tier 1 Screening under U.S. 

EPA’s Endocrine Disruptor Screening Program (EDSP) released on April 2009. This list 

includes chemicals that the Agency has decided should be tested first, based upon exposure

pathway potential to humans; this list should not be construed as a list of known or likely 

endocrine disruptors. On October 2009, U.S. EPA issued test orders for a data call-in (DCI) 

from manufacturers/formulators of carbaryl. Test results for carbaryl are due by November 12, 

2011.

Water temperature, pH and hardness are factors potentially affecting the toxicity of 

carbaryl in the aquatic environment. Schoettger and Mauck (1978) found that the toxicity of 

carbaryl increased with temperature and hardness (that were in the normal range for natural 

waters) for the brook trout (Salvelinus fontinalis). Rainbow trout (Oncorhyncus mykiss) and 

bluegill (Lepomis macrochirus) were similarly tested (Sanders et al. 1983). Bluegill showed 

increased susceptibility to carbaryl with increases in pH, hardness, and temperature, whereas 

rainbow trout showed no appreciable changes to any of the parameters tested. Midge larva, 
4

Chironomus riparius, showed no significant changes in toxicity when exposed to carbaryl at pHs 

of 4, 6 and 8; additional testing at elevated temperatures showed that increased temperature 

resulted in slight increases in carbaryl toxicity at pHs of 4 and 6, but not at 8 (Fisher and Lohner 

1986). Thus, the lack of sufficient data showing consistent trends (with the exception of brook 

trout) for specific physio-chemical parameters precludes the need to adjust water quality criteria 

for these parameters.

An assessment of the available data regarding the relative toxicity of the degradate 1-

naphthol to parent carbaryl compound is inconclusive. Thus, additional acute and chronic 

aquatic toxicity studies involving fish and invertebrates are needed to complete a more definitive 

evaluation and to address the uncertainties surrounding the toxicity and effects from 1-naphthol.

2. Overview of Pesticide Usage

Carbaryl (main trade names: Sevin, Arilat, Carbatox, Dicarbam) was first registered by 

the Union Carbide Corporation in 1956. Currently, carbaryl is nationally registered for over 115 

uses in agriculture, professional turf management, ornamental production, and residential 

settings (U.S. EPA 2010a). Carbaryl’s main use is an insecticide in the control of mites, fleas, 

aphids, fire ants, common garden insects, and other insect pests in orchards and agricultural 

fields. Carbaryl also is registered for use as a mosquito adulticide and as a molluscacide. 

Agricultural uses include root crops, tree fruit, nuts, fruit and vegetable, and grain crops. 

Carbaryl is used by homeowners in residential settings for lawn care, gardening (vegetables and 

ornamentals), and pet care (pet collars, powders, and dips, in kennels, and on pet sleeping 

quarters). Carbaryl also is used by nursery, landscape, and golf course industries on turf, 

annuals, perennials, and shrubs. Carbaryl has forestry and rangeland uses and is used for control 

of grasshoppers and crickets, adult mosquitoes, ticks and fire ants. Additionally, carbaryl is used 

to thin fruit in orchards to enhance fruit size and enhance repeat bloom. Carbaryl is available for 

use in various formulations, including baits, dusts, wettable powders, molasses, oil and water 

suspensions, pellets and granules.

At the time of the carbaryl IRED (U.S. EPA 2004b), approximately 3.9 million pounds of 

carbaryl active ingredient were sold annually in the U.S.; with about half used in agriculture and 

half in non-agricultural settings (per 1998 data). The amount of carbaryl usage per year in 

agriculture has declined somewhat from an average of 1.9 million pounds of active ingredient in 
5

1992 to 1 to 1.5 million pounds of active ingredient in 2001. Figure 1 depicts the extent of 

estimated annual carbaryl agricultural use nationally as of 2002. According to U.S. EPA’s

October 19, 2009 Screening Level Estimates of Agricultural Uses of Carbaryl (U.S. EPA. 

2010a), the amount of carbaryl (total formulated product) use has declined to approximately 1.5

million pounds used annually in 2001. The highest annual application is hay (approximately 

600,000 lbs), followed by apples (300,000 lbs), pecans (100,000 lbs), and oranges (100,000 lbs) 

(U.S. EPA 2010a). Usage of carbaryl in the home and garden sector was ranked third most 

commonly used pesticide active ingredient with a range of 4 to 6 million pounds active 

ingredient applied in 2005 and 2007. This was a decrease from the 6 to 9 million pounds active 

ingredient of carbaryl applied in home and gardens during 2003 (U.S. EPA 2011). Usage data in 

the home and garden sector is not available to allow development of a map for non-agricultural 

use similar to Figure 1.

Figure 1: Historical Extent (2002) of carbaryl usage in agriculture.

(Source http://ca.water.usgs.gov/pnsp/pesticide_use_maps/show_map.php?year=02&map=m6006)
6

3. Environmental Fate and Transport

Technical grade carbaryl is an odorless and colorless to tan crystal (depending on purity), 

and has a molecular weight of 201.22 g/mole. Carbaryl has a density of 1.21 g/mL at 20oC, a 

vapor pressure of 1.36 x 10-7torr at 25oC, and is soluble in water to 32 mg/L at 30oC (U.S. EPA 

2010a). It has an n-octanol/water partitioning coefficient (Kow) of 229 and an organic-carbon 

normalized partition coefficient (Koc) of 196 L/kgoc (U.S. EPA 2010a). Its Henry’s law constant

of 1.28 x 10-8atm m3g/mol @ 25oC suggests it will have minimal volatilization from aqueous 

solutions (U.S. EPA 2010a).

The hydrolysis of carbaryl is pH related, occurring more rapidly in alkaline solutions 

(U.S. EPA 2010a). There is no evidence of degradation at a pH of 5 and degradation occurs in 

neutral (pH 7) and alkaline (pH 9) systems with measured half-lives (t1⁄2) of 12 days and 0.13 

days, respectively (U.S. EPA 2010a). Hydrolysis of carbaryl is also evident in saltwater, with 

reported half-life of one day (pH=7.9) in filtered saltwater (Armbust and Crosby 1991). The 

major degradate of hydrolysis is 1-naphthol. In aerobic soil and aquatic systems, microbiallymediated degradation (metabolism) of carbaryl occurs fairly rapidly (t1⁄2 =4.0 and 4.9 days 

respectively) but more slowly under anaerobic conditions (t1⁄2 =72 days) (U.S. EPA 2010a). 

Under both aerobic and anaerobic conditions the major degradate is 1-naphthol.

Aqueous photolysis is another route of degradation for carbaryl, and may occur in the 

upper water column of an aquatic system, where clearer waters allow light to penetrate. Carbaryl 

degraded rapidly by aqueous photolysis to 1-naphthol with a half-life of 1.8 days, which in turn 

degraded very rapidly with a half-life of less than 1 hour.

The primary degradate (i.e., 1-naphthol) in all the degradation studies reviewed, only 

formed transiently (t1⁄2~<1 hr) and in most cases completely degraded by the end of each study. 

Data on the primary degradate, 1-naphthol are limited; however, it appears to be less mobile than 

the parent (discussed below) and is not likely to persist due to fairly rapid degradation. Since 1-

naphthol can occur from a variety of natural and anthropogenic processes, its presence cannot be 

considered indicative of carbaryl use.

Besides 1-naphthol, the only other major degradate reported was 1, 4-napthoquinone 

which was found at 17.3% on the third day after study initiation in the aerobic aquatic 

metabolism study (U.S. EPA 2010a). No additional environmental fate data were available for 

this degradate.
7

Carbaryl is considered moderately mobile in soils and sorption of carbaryl is dependent 

on soil organic matter (U.S. EPA 2010a). Following a high rain event, carbaryl may reach 

aquatic environments from areas of application in sheet and channel flow runoff. In urban 

environments, carbaryl present in runoff from yards and gardens could eventually end up in 

stormwater and wastewater treatment influent. Agricultural applications could have runoff that 

is subsequently discharged into a surface water body.

Potential transport mechanisms of carbaryl in air include spray drift, and secondary drift 

of volatilized or soil-bound residues leading to deposition onto nearby or more distant 

ecosystems. Carbaryl has been shown to be transported and deposited by atmospheric processes 

(U.S. EPA 2010a); however, given carbaryl’s relatively rapid degradation, its potential for longrange atmospheric transport is likely limited.

4. Occurrence

In 2003, the OPP Environmental Fate and Effects Division reported that carbaryl was the 

second most widely detected insecticide in surface water in the U. S. Geological Survey’s 

(USGS) National Water Quality Assessment (NAWQA) monitoring program. In the 2003 

assessment of NAWQA data, 1,067 (21%) out of 5,198 surface water samples had detections 

greater than the minimum detectable limit (0.021 μg/L). The maximum reported concentration 

was 5.5 μg/L across all sites. The mean concentration was 0.11 μg/L, with a standard deviation 

of 0.43 μg/L. In a summary of pesticide occurrence and concentrations for 40 NAWQA stream 

sites with primarily agricultural basins, carbaryl was detected in 11% of the samples (N = 1,001) 

with a maximum concentration of 1.5 μg/L. 

In a report released in 2006 summarizing pesticide results from NAWQA from 1992 to

2001 (U.S.G.S. 2006), carbaryl is listed as one of the 14 most frequently detected pesticide 

compounds in surface water and one of the 3 most frequently detected along with diazinon and 

chlorpyrifos. Carbaryl was detected in 50% of urban samples over this time period. The 

majority of carbaryl concentrations reported were low with 35% of the urban samples less than 

0.1 μg/L. Detection frequencies in agricultural and mixed land use streams were lower (10% and 

17%, respectively), and concentrations associated with those land uses were almost all less than 

0.1 μg/L. 
8

In 2007, OPP obtained carbaryl data from the USGS NAWQA data warehouse from 1999 

to 2005. A total of 11,732 samples were collected in that timeframe and analyzed for carbaryl 

with 29% of all samples reporting residues greater than the minimum detection limit. For 

samples with detections, the mean concentration reported was 0.058 μg/L. The maximum 

concentration reported was 33.5 μg/L at a location associated with agricultural land (mean in 

agricultural areas: 0.094 μg/L). The detection frequency associated with agricultural uses was 

lower (19%) than that associated with urban uses (50%). The highest concentration reported in 

an urban area was 16 μg/L. The higher detection frequency in urban streams (versus agricultural 

or mixed land uses) is consistent with data summarized in the USGS reports and earlier EPA 

2003 assessment (U.S. EPA 2003). The concentrations detected in urban streams (mostly low 

concentrations, a few detections in the multiple ppb range), are also consistent with earlier data. 

The relatively high concentration reported associated with agricultural uses is unusual but not 

outside of the range predicted by modeling done by EPA for pesticide registration (U.S. EPA 

2008). Thus, carbaryl was detected less frequently but at higher concentrations in agricultural 

areas/uses, while carbaryl was detected more frequently but at lower concentrations in urban 

areas.

Carbaryl’s vapor pressure (1.36 x 10-6torr) and Henry’s law constant (1.28 x 10-8atm-m

-3

mol-1) are consistent with compounds which are found at least occasionally in the atmosphere. 

Other than near-field spray drift studies, carbaryl was only measured in a two studies. Carbaryl 

was detected in 37 percent of rainfall samples collected from Maryland, Indiana, Nebraska and 

California agricultural watersheds during the 2003 and 2004 growing season, at concentrations 

ranging from 0.024 to 0.093 μg/L (Vogel et al. 2008). Carbaryl was found in fog in 

concentrations as high as 0.069 μg/L in six samples collected at three sites along the Pacific 

Coast in Monterey County, CA (Schomburg et al. 1991). Carbaryl has been also detected in 

precipitation samples in California (Majewski et al. 2006). Out of 137 rain samples, 93 had 

detectable carbaryl with a maximum concentration of 0.756 μg/L. Based on these data, it is 

possible that carbaryl can be deposited on land and aquatic environments in precipitation. 

B. Assessment Endpoints and Measures of Effect

U.S. EPA derives ambient water quality criteria for the protection of aquatic life that are 

protective of the designated uses established for waters of the United States. U.S. EPA is using
9

the peer-reviewed procedures defined in the Agency’s “Guidelines for Deriving Numerical 

National Water Quality Criteria for the Protection of Aquatic Organisms and Their Uses"

(Stephan et al. 1985) to derive national Water Quality Criteria for carbaryl.

1. Stressors of Concern

This criteria document quantitatively considers effects of exposures of carbaryl only. 

Carbaryl degrades into one major degradate: 1-naphthol; however, 1-naphthol is also formed

naturally as a degradation product of naphthalene and other polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons. 

Available environmental fate data indicate that 1-naphthol degrades more rapidly and is less 

mobile than carbaryl. Toxicity data indicate that 1-naphthol is roughly equal to or less toxic than 

the parent compound depending on the species tested (U.S. EPA 2010b). Additional data are 

needed to better quantify the relative toxicity of the degradate 1-naphthol to parent carbaryl. 

Since 1-naphthol is less persistent and less mobile than the parent compound, acts through a 

different mode of action, and is no more toxic than the parent compound, this criteria document 

focuses on the parent compound alone.

2. Assessment Endpoints

Assessment endpoints are defined as “explicit expressions of the actual environmental 

value that is to be protected” and are defined by an ecological entity (species, community, or 

other entity) and its attribute or characteristics (U.S. EPA 1998). Assessment endpoints may be 

identified at any level of organization (e.g. individual, population, community). In the context of 

the Clean Water Act, aquatic life criteria rely on the results of growth, reproduction, and survival

of the assessed taxa. This information is aggregated into a species sensitivity analyses that 

evaluates the impact on the aquatic community. Criteria are designed to be protective of the vast 

majority of aquatic species in an aquatic community (i.e., 5

th percentile of tested aquatic animals

representing the aquatic community). As a result, the designated uses (i.e., aquatic life support) 

and their associated criteria may be considered as assessment endpoints. To develop 304(a) 

aquatic life criteria under CWA, U.S. EPA typically requires the following:
10

 Acute toxicity test data for species from a minimum of eight diverse taxonomic groups. 

The diversity of tested species is intended to ensure protection of various components of 

an aquatic ecosystem.

o The acute freshwater requirement is fulfilled with the following 8 minimum data 

requirements: 

 the family Salmonidae in the class Osteichthyes 

 a second family in the class Osteichthyes, preferably a commercially or 

recreationally important warmwater species (e.g., bluegill, channel catfish, 

etc.)

 a third family in the phylum Chordata (may be in the class Osteichthyes or 

may be an amphibian, etc.)

 a planktonic crustacean (e.g., cladoceran, copepod, etc.)

 a benthic crustacean (e.g., ostracod, isopod, amphipod, crayfish, etc.)

 an insect (e.g., mayfly, dragonfly, damselfly, stonefly, caddisfly, 

mosquito, midge, etc.)

 a family in a phylum other than Arthropoda or Chordata (e.g., Rotifera, 

Annelida, Mollusca, etc.)

 a family in any order of insect or any phylum not already represented

o The acute estuarine/marine requirement is fulfilled with the following 8 minimum 

data requirements:

 two families in the phylum Chordata

 a family in a phylum other than Arthropoda or Chordata

 either the Mysidae or Penaeidae family

 three other families not in the phylum Chordata (may include Mysidae or 

Penaeidae, whichever was not used above)

 any other family

o Chronic toxicity test data (longer-term survival, growth, or reproduction) are 

required for a minimum of three taxa, with at least one chronic test being from an 

acutely-sensitive species. Acute-chronic ratios can be calculated with data from 

species of aquatic animals from at least three different families if the following 

data requirements are met:

 at least one is a fish 

 at least one is an invertebrate 

 for freshwater chronic criterion: at least one is an acutely sensitive 

freshwater species (the other two may be estuarine/marine species) or for 

estuarine/marine chronic criterion: at least one is an acutely sensitive 

estuarine/marine species (the other two may be freshwater species). 
11

3. Measures of Effect

Each assessment endpoint requires one or more “measures of ecological effect” which are 

defined as changes in the attributes of an assessment endpoint itself or changes in a surrogate 

entity or attribute in response to chemical exposure. Ecological effect data are used as measures 

of direct and indirect effects to biological receptors. The measures of effect selected represent 

the growth, reproduction, and survival of the organisms. 

 The acute measures of effect used for organisms in this document are the LC50, 

EC50, and IC50. LC stands for “Lethal Concentration” and LC50 is the 

concentration of a chemical that is estimated to kill 50% of the test organisms. EC 

stands for “Effective Concentration” and the EC50 is the concentration of a chemical 

that is estimated to produce a specific effect in 50% of the test organisms. IC stands 

for “Inhibitory Concentration” and the IC50 is the concentration of a chemical that is 

estimated to inhibit some biological process (i.e. growth, etc.) by 50% compared to a 

control organism.

 Endpoints for chronic measures of exposure are the NOEC, LOEC, and MATC. The 

NOEC (i.e., “No-Observed-Effect-Concentration”) is the highest test concentration at 

which none of the observed effects were statistically different from the control. The 

LOEC (i.e., “Lowest-Observed-Effect-Concentration”) is the lowest test 

concentration at which observed effects were statistically different from the control. 

The Maximum Acceptable Toxicant Concentration (MATC) is the calculated 

geometric mean of the NOEC and LOEC.

Data for carbaryl were obtained from studies submitted to EPA’s Office of Pesticide 

Programs by registrants to support registration and from studies published in the open literature

and identified in a literature search using the ECOTOXicology database (ECOTOX) as meeting 

data quality standards. ECOTOX is a source of high quality toxicity data for aquatic life, 

terrestrial plants, and wildlife. The database was created and is maintained by the U.S. EPA, 

Office of Research and Development, and the National Health and Environmental Effects 

Research Laboratory's Mid-Continent Ecology Division. The latest comprehensive literature 

search for this document was conducted in May 2009.

The amount of toxicity testing data available for any given pollutant varies significantly, 

depending primarily on whether it has raised any significant environmental issues and, in the 

case of a pesticide, how long it has been registered. A further evaluation of available data is 

performed by EPA to determine test acceptability. Appendix A of Quality Criteria for Water 
12

1986 (U.S. EPA 1986) provides an in-depth discussion of the minimum data requirements and 

data quality requirements for aquatic life criteria development.

The assessment endpoints for aquatic life criteria are based on growth, reproduction, and 

survival of the assessed taxa. The measures of effect are provided by the acute and chronic 

toxicity data. These toxicity endpoints [expressed as genus means] are used in the species 

sensitivity distribution of the aquatic community to derive the aquatic life criteria. Endpoints 

used in this assessment are listed in Table 2.

Table 2. Summary of Assessment Endpoints and Measures of Effect Used in Criteria 

Derivation

Assessment Endpoints for the Aquatic 

Community

Measures of Effect

Survival, growth, and reproduction of 

freshwater fish, other freshwater vertebrates,

and invertebrates

For acute effects: LC50, EC50

For chronic effects: NOEC and LOEC, 

calculated MATC, or EC20

Survival, growth, and reproduction of 

estuarine/marine fish and invertebrates

For acute effects: LC50, EC50

For chronic effects: NOEC and LOEC, 

calculated MATC, or EC20

Maintenance and growth of aquatic plants

from standing crop or biomass (freshwater 

and estuarine/marine)

For effects: LOEC, EC20, EC50, IC50, 

reduced growth rate, cell viability, calculated 

MATC

MATC = Maximum acceptable toxicant concentration (geometric mean of NOEC and LOEC)

NOEC = No observed effect concentration

LOEC = Lowest observed effect concentration

LC50 = Lethal concentration to 50% of the test population

EC50/EC20 = Effect concentration to 50%/20% of the test population

IC50 = Concentration of carbaryl at which growth is inhibited 50% compared to control organism growth.

Table 3 provides a summary of the number of toxicity data available for genera and 

species that fulfill the minimum dataset requirements for calculation of acute and chronic criteria 

for both freshwater and estuarine/marine organisms. 
13

Table 3. Summary Table of Number of Species with Acceptable Toxicity Data Separated 

into the Minimum Data Requirements in the “Guidelines”

Genus Mean 

Acute Value

(GMAV)

Species Mean 

Acute Value

(SMAV)

Genus Mean 

Chronic Value

(GMCV)

Species Mean 

Chronic Value

(SMCV)

Freshwater

Family Salmonidae in the class 

Osteichthyes

3 9 - -

Second family in the class 

Osteichthyes, preferably a 

commercially or recreationally 

important warmwater species

20 23 3 1

Third family in the phylum 

Chordata (may be in the class 

Osteichthyes or may be an 

amphibian, etc.)

4

1

4

1

- -

Planktonic Crustacean 4 6 2 2

Benthic Crustacean 6 8 - -

Insect 6 6 - -

Family in a phylum other than 

Arthropoda or Chordata (e.g., 

Rotifera, Annelida, or Mollusca)

3

2

3

2

- -

Family in any order of insect or any 

phylum not already represented

1

3

1

3

- -

Total 47 60 5 3

Estuarine/Marine

Family in the phylum Chordata:

phylum Chordata, family 

Gasterosteidae

1 1 - -

Family in the phylum Chordata:

phylum Chordata, family 

Cyprinodontidae

1 1 - -

Either the Mysidae or Penaeidae 

family: family Mysidae

1 1 - -

Family in a phylum other than 

Arthropoda or Chordata 

1

4

1

4

- -

Family in a phylum other than 

Chordata 

1

5

1

5

- -

Family in a phylum other than 

Chordata 

1

6

1

6

- -

Family in a phylum other than 

Chordata 

1

7

2

7

- -

Any other family 1

8

1

8

- -

Any other family 3

9

3

9

- -

Total 11 12 - -

1

Phylum Chordata, Class Amphibia

2

Phylum Annelida and Phylum Mollusca

3 Class Insecta, Family Perlidae

4

Phylum Mollusca, Family Tellinidae

5

Phylum Mollusca, Family Cardiidae

6

Phylum Mollusca, Family Veneridae

7

Phylum Mollusca, Family Ostreidae

8

Phylum Mollusca, Family Mytilidae

9

Phylum Arthropoda

 Dash indicates not available
14

The aquatic plant data available for carbaryl indicate that plants are roughly two orders of 

magnitude less sensitive than the aquatic animals tested (Appendix E). Therefore, no further 

analyses for development of plant criteria were initiated.

C. Conceptual Model

Conceptual models consist of a written description and diagram (U.S. EPA 1998) that 

illustrate the relationships between human activities, stressors, and ecological effects on 

assessment endpoints. The conceptual model links exposure characteristics, with the ecological 

endpoints important for management goals. Under the Clean Water Act, these management 

goals are established by states and tribes as designated uses of waters of the United States (for 

example, aquatic life support). In deriving aquatic life criteria, U.S. EPA is developing 

acceptable thresholds for pollutants that, if not exceeded, are expected to protect designated uses. 

A state and/or tribe may implement these criteria by adopting them into their respective water 

quality standards.

1. Conceptual Diagram

Environmental exposure to carbaryl, while ultimately determined by various site specific 

conditions and processes, is initiated by an application of the pesticide. The environmental fate 

properties of carbaryl indicate that runoff, ground water recharge, spray drift, and atmospheric 

deposition represent potential transport mechanisms of carbaryl to surface water which serves as 

habitat for aquatic organisms. These transport mechanisms are depicted in the conceptual model 

below (Figure 2). The model also depicts exposure pathways for biological receptors of concern 

(e.g., non-target aquatic animals) and the potential attribute changes (i.e., effects such as reduced 

survival, growth and reproduction) in the receptors due to carbaryl exposure.

The conceptual model provides a broad overview of how aquatic organisms can 

potentially be exposed to carbaryl. Transport mechanisms and exposure pathways are not 

considered in the derivation of aquatic life criteria. Derivation of criteria focuses on effects on 

survival, growth and reproduction of aquatic organisms. However, the pathways, receptors, and 

attribute changes depicted in Figure 2 may be helpful for states and tribes as they adopt criteria 

into standards and need to evaluate potential exposure pathways affecting designated uses.
15

Figure 2: Conceptual model for carbaryl effects on aquatic organisms. 

(Dotted lines indicate exposure pathways that have a low likelihood of contributing to ecological effects).
16

D. Analysis Plan

During development of CWA section 304(a) criteria, U.S. EPA assembles available test 

data and considers all the relevant data that meet acceptable data quality standard together for all 

genera. In most cases, data on freshwater and estuarine/marine species are grouped separately to 

develop separate freshwater and estuarine/marine criteria. Thus, where data allow, four criteria 

are developed (acute freshwater, acute estuarine/marine, chronic freshwater, and chronic 

estuarine/marine). If plants are more sensitive than vertebrates and invertebrates, plant criteria 

are developed.

The CWA criteria are based on a species sensitivity distribution (SSD) comprised of 

genus mean acute values (GMAVs), calculated from species mean acute values (SMAVs) for

acceptable available data. SMAVs are calculated using the geometric mean for all acceptable 

toxicity tests within a given species (e.g. all tests for Daphnia magna). If only one test is 

available, the SMAV is that test value by default. GMAVs are then calculated using the 

geometric means of all SMAVs within a given genus (e.g. all SMAVs for genus Daphnia -

Daphnia pulex, Daphnia magna). Once again, if only one SMAV is available for a genus, then 

the GMAV is represented by that value. GMAVs are then rank-ordered by sensitivity from most 

sensitive to least sensitive. The final acute value (FAV) is determined by regression analysis 

based on the four most sensitive genera (reflected as GMAVs) in the data set to interpolate or 

extrapolate (as appropriate) to the 5th percentile of the distribution represented by the tested 

genera. The acute criterion is the FAV divided by two, which is intended to provide an acute 

criterion protective of nearly all individuals in such a genus (see “Guidelines”).

Although the aquatic life criteria derivation process relies on selected toxicity endpoints 

from the sensitive species tested, it does not necessarily mean that the selected toxicity endpoints 

reflect sensitivity of the most sensitive species existing in a given environment. The intent of the 

eight minimum data requirements is to serve as a sample representative of the aquatic 

community. These minimum data requirements represent different ecological, trophic, 

taxonomic and functional differences observed in the natural aquatic ecosystem. Use of species 

sensitivity distribution where the criteria values are based on the four most sensitive taxa is 

reflective of the whole distribution, representing a censored statistical approach that improves 

estimation of the lower tail when the shape of the whole distribution is uncertain.
17

The chronic criterion may be determined by one of two methods. If all 8 minimum data 

requirements are met with acceptable chronic test data, then the chronic criterion is derived using

the same method used for the acute criterion. In cases where less chronic data are available (i.e.,

must have at least three chronic tests from taxa that also have appropriate acute toxicity data) the 

chronic criterion can be derived by determining an appropriate acute-chronic ratio (ACR). The 

ACR is a way of relating the acute and chronic toxicities of a material to aquatic organisms. 

Acute-chronic ratios can be used to derive chronic criteria with data for species of aquatic 

animals provided that at least three of the minimum data requirements are met and that: 

- at least one is a fish

- at least one is an invertebrate

- at least one is an acutely sensitive freshwater species (or estuarine/marine species if 

estuarine/marine criteria are being derived); the other two species data may be 

freshwater or estuarine/marine as appropriate to the derivation.

ACRs are calculated by dividing the acute toxicity test values by a “paired” (same lab, same 

dilution water) chronic test value. Comparisons of ACRs across taxa may elucidate differences 

and similarities in taxa response. For example, invertebrate ACRs for carbaryl are similar 

indicating similar taxonomic sensitivity. If variability is greater than ten-fold among calculated 

ACRs, and no explainable trend exists, then a chronic criterion should not be derived. The Final 

ACR (FACR) is then derived by calculating the geometric mean of all acceptable ACRs. The 

Final Chronic Value (FCV) is then estimated by dividing the FAV by the FACR. This serves as

the basis for the chronic criterion. Finally, the acute or chronic criterion may be lowered to 

protect recreationally or commercially important species.

In addition, whenever adequately justified, a state or tribe may replace a national criterion 

with a site-specific criterion (U.S. EPA 1983a), which may include not only site-specific 

criterion concentrations, but also site-specific durations of averaging periods and site-specific 

frequencies of allowed excursions (U.S. EPA 1991). For more information on criteria 

derivation, see:

http://water.epa.gov/scitech/swguidance/waterquality/standards/upload/2009_01_13_criteria_85g

uidelines.pdf.

The criteria presented herein are the agency’s best estimate of maximum concentrations 

of carbaryl to protect most aquatic organisms from any unacceptable short- or long-term effects. 
18

Results of such intermediate calculations such as Species Mean Acute Values (Appendices A

and B) and chronic values (Appendices C and D) are specified to four significant figures to 

prevent round-off error in subsequent calculations and the number of places beyond the decimal 

point does not reflect the precision of the value. 

E. Identification of Data Gaps for Aquatic Organisms

Data gaps were identified for carbaryl. No acceptable aquatic vascular plant data are 

available. However, given the large difference between toxicity to aquatic plants and animals, it 

is not likely that aquatic vascular plants would be more sensitive to carbaryl that aquatic animals. 

Also, additional acute and chronic aquatic toxicity studies using the degradate 1-naphthol on fish 

and invertebrates are recommended to address lack of information for this degradate. This data 

gap was identified in EPA’s problem formulation for the re-evaluation of carbaryl (U.S. EPA

2010a) thus, in the future, additional degradate data may become available. In addition, 

supplemental estuarine/marine chronic studies would be beneficial since there is only one study 

available for evaluation.

III. EFFECTS ANALYSES TO AQUATIC ORGANISMS

A. Acute Toxicity to Aquatic Animals

All available data relating to the acute effects of carbaryl on aquatic animals were 

considered in deriving the carbaryl criteria. Data that were suitable (in terms of test acceptability 

and quality), according to the “Guidelines,” for the derivation of a freshwater and 

estuarine/marine FAV are presented in Appendices A and B, respectively (most fish and

invertebrate data are 96-hr duration, except cladocerans, midges, mysids and certain embryos 

and larvae of specific estuarine/marine groups are 48-hr duration). 

1. Freshwater

Sixty freshwater species representing 47 genera were represented in the dataset of 

acceptable data for acute toxicity to carbaryl. Species Mean Acute Values (SMAV) ranged from 

3.175 μg/L for the stonefly (Isogenus sp.) to 27,609 μg/L for the catfish (Clarias batrachus). 
19

The second, third, fourth and seventh most sensitive tested species SMAVs are also stoneflies 

(Skwala sp., Pteronarcys californica, Claassenia sabulosa and Pteronarcella badia), with 

SMAVs of 3.6, 4.8, 5.6 and 9.163 μg/L, respectively. Cladocerans are the next most sensitive 

taxon (SMAVs ranged from 5.958 μg/L for Ceriodaphnia dubia to 35 μg/L for Daphnia 

carinata), followed by amphipods (Gammarus pseudolimnaeus, G. lacustris, Hyalella azteca and

Pontoporeia hoyi with SMAVs of 10.12, 18.76, 15.2 and 250 μg/L, respectively). Thus, the ten 

freshwater genera most sensitive to carbaryl are in the classes Insecta and Crustacea (Table 4), 

as would be expected for an insecticide.

The most sensitive fish SMAV was for brown trout, Salmo trutta (SMAV of 700 μg/L), 

followed by the rainbow trout (SMAV of 860 μg/L) and lake trout (Salvelinus namaycush, 

SMAV of 988.1 μg/L). Tests relating to effects on several endangered fish species were also 

available: the shortnosed sturgeon, Acipenser brevirostrum, with a SMAV of 1,810 μg/L 

(Dwyer et al. 2000); the razorback sucker, Xyrauchen texanus, with a SMAV of 4,350 μg/L

(Dwyer et al. 1995); the Gila topminnow, Poeciliopsis occidentalis, with a SMAV of >3,000 

μg/L (Dwyer et al. 1999b); the bonytail chub, Gila elegans, with a SMAV of 2,655 μg/L (Dwyer 

et al. 1995; Beyers et al. 1994); the Atlantic salmon, Salmo salar, with a SMAV of 1,129 μg/L 

(Mayer and Ellersieck 1986); and the Colorado pikeminnow (formerly squawfish), Ptychochelius 

lucius, with a SMAV of 2,005 μg/L (Dwyer et al. 1995; Beyers et al. 1994). Tests relating to 

effects on one threatened fish species was available, i.e., the Apache trout, Oncorhynchus 

apache, with a SMAV of 1,540 μg/L (Dwyer et al. 1995). Tests relating to effects on two 

threatened/endangered fish species (certain populations threatened, and others endangered) were 

also available, the Coho salmon, Oncorhynchus kisutch, with a SMAV of 1,654 μg/L (Katz 

1961; Macek and McAllister 1970; Post and Schroeder 1971; Johnson and Finley 1980; Mayer 

and Ellersieck 1986) and the Chinook salmon, Oncorhynchus tshawytscha, with a SMAV of 

2,690 μg/L (Johnson and Finley 1980; Mayer and Ellersieck 1986; Phipps and Holcombe 1985;

1990). Available data indicates endangered fish species tested are not found to be more sensitive 

than non-endangered fish species. 

Aquatic-phase amphibians (Rana clamitans, SMAV = 16,296 μg/L; Bufo boreas, SMAV 

= 12,310 μg/L; Hyla versicolor, SMAV = 2,470 μg/L and Xenopus laevis (frog that is a common 

test species with fully aquatic life cycle that is non-native to the U.S.), SMAV = 1,730 μg/L), 

freshwater mussels (Anodonta imbecillis, SMAV = 24,632 μg/L) and the aquatic air-breathing 
20

snail (Aplexa hypnorum, SMAV = >27,000 μg/L) were comparatively insensitive to carbaryl. 

The least sensitive species tested with carbaryl is C. batrachus, with a SMAV of 27,609 μg/L.

GMAVs for 47 freshwater genera are provided in Table 4. The four most sensitive 

genera were within a factor of 1.8 of one another. The freshwater FAV (the 5th percentile of the 

species sensitivity distribution) for carbaryl is 4.219 μg/L, calculated using the procedures 

described in the “Guidelines.” The Final Acute Value is an estimate of the concentration of the 

material corresponding to a cumulative probability of 0.05 in the acute toxicity values for the 

genera with which acceptable acute tests have been conducted on the material. The FAV is 

slightly higher than the GMAVs for two genera of stoneflies, Isogenus (3.175 μg/L) and Skwala

(3.6 μg/L). The FAV is then divided by two to account for the fact that the toxicity tests were 

designed to assess LC50 values, and the criterion needed to protect aquatic life at levels below 

which effects on test organisms are indistinguishable from control (unexposed) organisms. 

Therefore, the FAV/2, which is the freshwater continuous maximum concentration (CMC), for 

carbaryl is 2.1 μg/L and should be protective for all freshwater organisms potentially exposed to 

carbaryl under short-term conditions (Figure 3).
21

Table 4. Ranked Freshwater Genus Mean Acute Values

Ranka Genus Mean Acute 

Value (μg/L) Species Species Mean Acute Valueb (μg/L)

47 27,609 Walking catfish,

Clarias batrachus 27,609

46 >27,000 Snail,

Aplexa hypnorum >27,000

45 24,632 Mussel,

Anodonta imbecillis 24,632

44 20,000 Black bullhead,

Ameiurus melas 20,000

43 16,700 Goldfish,

Carassius auratus 16,700

42 16,296 Green frog,

Rana clamitans 16,296

41 12,400 Channel catfish,

Ictalurus punctatus 12,400

40 12,310 Boreal toad,

Bufo boreas 12,310

39 9,039 Green sunfish,

Lepomis cyanellus 9,460

-

Redear sunfish

L. microlophus 11,200

-

Bluegill,

L. macrochirus 6,970

38 8,656 European chub,

Leuciscus cephalus 8,656

37 8,200 Oligochaete worm,

Lumbriculus variegatus 8,200

36 8,012 Fathead minnow,

Pimephales promelas 8,012

35 6,400 Largemouth bass,

Micropterus salmoides 6,400

34 4,350 Razorback sucker,

Xyrauchen texanus 4,350

33 4,153 Common carp,

Cyprinus carpio 4,153

32 >3,000 Gila topminnow,

Poeciliopsis occidentalis >3,000

31 2,930 Nile tilapia,

Oreochromis niloticus 2,930

30 2,655 Bonytail chub,

Gila elegans 2,655

29 2,600 Black crappie,

Pomoxis nigromaculatus 2,600

28 2,515 Guppy,

Poecilia reticulate 2,515
22

Table 4. Ranked Freshwater Genus Mean Acute Values

Ranka Genus Mean Acute 

Value (μg/L) Species Species Mean Acute Valueb (μg/L)

27 2,480 Yellow perch,

Perca flavescens 2,480

26 2,470 Gray tree frog,

Hyla versicolor 2,470

25 2,462 Crayfish,

Orconectes immunis 2,870

-

Crayfish,

O. virilis 2,112

24 2,079 Greenthroat darter,

Etheostoma lepidum 2,140

-

Fountain darter,

E. fonticola 2,020

23 2,005

Colorado pikeminnow 

(formerly squawfish),

Ptychochelius lucius

2,005

22 1,810 Apache trout,

Oncorhynchus apache 1,540

-

Coho salmon,

O. kisutch 1,654

-

Chinook salmon,

O. tshawytscha 2,690

-

Cutthroat trout,

O. clarkii

3,300

-

Rainbow trout,

O. mykiss 860

21 1,810 Shortnosed sturgeon,

Acipenser brevirostrum 1,810

20 1,730 African clawed frog,

Xenopus laevis 1,730

19 1,322 Striped bass,

Morone saxatilis 1,322

18 1,269 Brook trout,

Salvelinus fontinalis 1,629

-

Lake trout,

S. namaycush 988.1

17 1,000 Crayfish,

Procambarus clarkii

1,000

16 889.0 Atlantic salmon,

Salmo salar 1,129

-

Brown trout,

S. trutta

700

15 839.6 Crayfish,

Cambarus bartoni 839.6
23

Table 4. Ranked Freshwater Genus Mean Acute Values

Ranka Genus Mean Acute 

Value (μg/L) Species Species Mean Acute Valueb (μg/L)

14 280 Aquatic sowbug,

Asellus brevicaudus 280

13 250 Amphipod,

Pontoporeia hoyi 250

12 230 Mysid,

Mysis relicta 230

11 200 Backswimmer,

Notonecta undulate 200

10 15.2 Amphipod,

Hyalella azteca 15.2

9 13.78 Amphipod,

Gammarus lacustris 18.76

-

Amphipod,

G. pseudolimnaeus 10.12

8 11.90 Cladoceran,

Daphnia carinata 35

-

Cladoceran,

D. magna

7.521

-

Cladoceran,

D. pulex 6.4

7 9.163 Stonefly,

Pteronarcella badia 9.163

6 8.781 Cladoceran,

Simocephalus serrulatus 8.781

5 5.958 Cladoceran,

Ceriodaphnia dubia 5.958

4 5.6 Stonefly,

Claassenia sabulosa 5.6

3 4.8 Stonefly,

Pteronarcys californica

4.8

2 3.6 Stonefly,

Skwala sp. 3.6

1 3.175 Stonefly,

Isogenus sp. 3.175

a Ranked from the most resistant to the most sensitive based on Genus Mean Acute Value.

b

From Appendix A.
24

Figure 3: Ranked Summary of Carbaryl Genus Mean Acute Values (GMAVs) - Freshwater

Animals

1

1 0

100

1000

10000

100000

0.0 0.1 0.2 0.3 0.4 0.5 0.6 0.7 0.8 0.9 1.0

Carbaryl Effect Concentration (μg/L)

Genus Mean Acute Values

(Cumulative Fraction)

Summary of Ranked Carbaryl GMAVs

Freshwater

Freshwater Invertebrates

Freshwater Fish

Freshwater Amphibians

Freshwater Final Acute Value = 4.219 μg/L carbaryl

Criteria Maximum Concentration = 2.1 μg/L carbaryl
25

2. Estuarine/Marine

SMAVs (SMAVs and GMAVs are equal with the exception of the genus Crassostrea) 

for 11 genera representing 12 species of estuarine/marine organisms were calculated for carbaryl 

(Table 5). SMAVs and GMAVs are equal when there is only one species present per genus. 

The most sensitive genus was the mysid (Americamysis sp.), with a SMAV of 7.188 μg/L, 

followed by the Dungeness crab (Metacarcinus magister) with a SMAV of 10 μg/L. The two 

most tolerant genera were the bent-nosed clam (Macoma nasuta) and the threespine stickleback 

(Gasterosteus aculeatus), with SMAVs of 17,000 and 3,990 μg/L, respectively (Figure 4). 

The four most sensitive estuarine/marine genera are Americamysis, Metacarcinus, 

Callianassa and Upogebia with GMAVs that differ by a factor of approximately 8.3. The ghost 

shrimp (Callianassa californiensis) and mud shrimp (Upogebia pugettensis) studies were 

conducted under static conditions with measured concentrations over a 48-hr duration (Stewart et 

al. 1967). Although the test duration is not the recommended 96-hr duration, these two 

datapoints were determined to be acceptable and are included in the estuarine/marine acute 

criteria calculation. Acetylcholinesterase inhibition studies and recovery studies using carbaryl 

indicate that results for 48-hr acute toxicity tests with invertebrates would be similar to results 

from 96-hr tests. Scaps et al. (1997) determined the maximum percentage of 

acetylcholinesterase activity inhibition occurred at 48 hours after exposure and then remained 

stable for up to seven days for the estuarine/marine polychaete worm, Nereis diversicolor. 

Therefore, the maximum percentage of acetylcholinesterase activity inhibition at 48 hours would 

lead to the highest level of immobilization or death for the test organisms. Parsons and 

Surgeoner (1991) found that third-instar mosquito larvae (Aedes aegypti) did not recover from

immobilization that occurred after a 24-hr exposure to carbaryl. The ability of larvae to recover 

from immobilization following exposure to carbaryl decreased with increasing exposure time. 

These results indicate that a 48-hr acute toxicity test EC50 or LC50 would be similar to those for 

96-hr tests and provide justification for the use of 48-hr results in the criterion calculation.

Bivalves are moderately insensitive to carbaryl, with GMAVs ranging from 1,650 μg/L 

for the bay mussel (Mytilus trossulus) to 3,850 μg/L for cockle clam (Clinocardium nuttallii).

The threespine stickleback (G. aculeatus) has a similar SMAV of 3,990 μg/L. The most 

sensitive genus (Americamysis, GMAV of 7.188 μg/L) is greater than 2,365 times more sensitive 

than the most tolerant genus tested, M. nasuta (SMAV = 17,000 μg/L).
26

The “Guidelines” indicate that eight minimum data requirements are needed to calculate 

an estuarine/marine FAV; data are available for 11 genera and meet the family requirement 

outlined above. The estuarine/marine FAV is 3.15 μg/L (Table 5). The estuarine/marine CMC 

(1.58 μg/L) is protective of all estuarine/marine organisms acutely exposed to carbaryl (Figure 

4).
27

Table 5. Ranked Estuarine/Marine Genus Mean Acute Values

Ranka Genus Mean Acute 

Value (μg/L) Species Species Mean Acute Valueb (μg/L)

11 17,000 Bent-nosed clam,

Macoma nasuta 17,000

10 3,990 Threespine stickleback,

Gasterosteus aculeatus 3,990

9 3,850 Cockle clam,

Clinocardium nuttalli 3,850

8 3,820 Hard clam,

Mercenaria mercenaria 3,820

7 2,600 Sheepshead minnow,

Cyprinodon variegatus 2,600

6 2,291 Pacific oyster,

Crassostrea gigas 2,200

-

Eastern oyster,

C. virginica 2,386

5 1,650 Bay mussel,

Mytilus edulis 1,650

4 60.0 Mud shrimp,

Upogebia pugettensis 60.0

3 48.99 Ghost shrimp,

Callianassa californiensis 48.99

2 10

Dungeness crab,

Metacarcinus magister formerly

Cancer magister

10

1 7.188 Mysid,

Americamysis bahia 7.188

a Ranked from the most resistant to the most sensitive based on Genus Mean Acute Value.

b

From Appendix B.
28

Figure 4: Ranked Summary of Carbaryl Genus Mean Acute Values (GMAVs) -

Estuarine/Marine Animals

1

1 0

100

1000

10000

100000

0.0 0.1 0.2 0.3 0.4 0.5 0.6 0.7 0.8 0.9 1.0

Carbaryl Effect Concentration (μg/L)

Genus Mean Acute Values

(Cumulative Fraction)

Summary of Ranked Carbaryl GMAVs

Estuarine/marine

Estuarine/marine Invertebrates

Estuarine/marine Fish

Estuarine/marine Final Acute Value = 3.153 μg/L carbaryl

Criteria Maximum Concentration = 1.6 μg/L carbaryl
29

B. Chronic Toxicity to Aquatic Animals

1. Freshwater

Freshwater chronic toxicity data that meet the test acceptability and quality 

assurance/control criteria in the “Guidelines” are presented in Appendix C. All tests were 

conducted with measured concentrations of carbaryl. Carbaryl chronic toxicity data are available 

for five species of freshwater organisms: two invertebrate species (cladocerans) and three fish 

species. 

Carbaryl was evaluated by Oris et al. (1991) using the cladoceran, Ceriodaphnia dubia. 

The pH of the seven-day static-renewal test was 8.18. The mean total young per female was the 

most sensitive endpoint with a final chronic value (geomean of NOEC and LOEC) of 10.6 μg/L. 

Replicate seven-day reproduction toxicity tests using hypothesis testing and median inhibition 

concentration interpolation analysis (median IC50 value approximates chronic values) yielded 

the same final chronic value. Division of the 48-hr LC50 acute value of 11.6 μg/L from the 

same study (Appendix A) by the chronic value of 10.6 μg/L results in an acute-chronic ratio 

(ACR) of 1.094 for C. dubia (Table 8).

Two chronic exposures have been conducted with the cladoceran, Daphnia magna, to 

carbaryl (Brooke 1991 and Surprenant 1985b). Daphnia magna was exposed for 21 days to five 

measured concentrations of carbaryl - 0.29, 0.58, 1.07, 2.16, and 4.04 μg/L at a mean pH of 8.2 

(Brooke 1991). Neither survival of the adults nor the number of young produced was 

significantly different from that of the control organisms at concentrations ≤ 4.04 μg/L. Since 

there was no significant difference at the highest tested concentration of 4.04 μg/L, the 

“Guidelines” stipulate that a greater than value (>) be assigned. Therefore, the “no-effect” 

concentration range for D. magna exposed to carbaryl was between 4.04 μg/L and the 48-hr 

EC50 of 10.1 μg/L. Given the 48-hr EC50 value of 10.1 μg/L from the acute toxicity test 

(Brooke 1991) this would produce a “theoretical” ACR ranging from 1.0 to < 2.5. This 

theoretical ACR, while not usable in the direct calculation of the chronic criteria, is consistent 

with the ACR from freshwater invertebrate taxa that is available, 1.094 for Daphnia magna. 

This indicates that acute and chronic toxicities for the invertebrate taxa are closely related.

Another study with the cladoceran, D. magna, was conducted by Surprenant (1985b). 

The author exposed the cladoceran for 21 days in a flow-through measured exposure. The most 
30

sensitive endpoint was an effect of reproduction observed at 3.3 μg/L when compared to the 

solvent control. The chronic value was calculated to be 2.225 μg/L. An ACR was not derived 

for this study because there was not an associated acute test.

Two chronic exposures have been conducted with fathead minnows to carbaryl (Carlson

1971 and Norberg-King 1989). Both tests were conducted in the same laboratory by different 

researchers in different years and with different test durations. Carlson (1971) exposed fathead 

minnows through a complete life-cycle test beginning with 1- to 5-day old fry at 5 exposure 

concentrations, i.e., 8, 17, 62, 210, and 680 μg/L. The exposure lasted 9 months resulting in 

reduced survival at 6 months in the highest exposure concentration of 680 μg/L. After 9 months 

at the same concentration, fish exhibited reduced egg production and no larvae hatched. No 

statistically significant effects were noted for survival, growth or reproduction at the 210 μg/L 

exposure. Thus, the chronic value of 378 μg/L for this study is the geometric mean of the lowest 

observed effect concentration (LOEC) of 680 μg/L and the no observed effect concentration 

(NOEC) of 210 μg/L based on reproduction. Division of the 96-hr LC50 of 9,000 μg/L from the 

same study by the chronic value of 377.9 μg/L results in an ACR of 23.82.

A second chronic test with the fathead minnow was conducted as a 32-day early-lifestage test (Norberg-King 1989). No adverse effects in fish were observed from exposure to 

carbaryl at concentrations ≤720 μg/L, but adverse effects were measured at 1,600 μg/L. Growth 

in length, but not weight was reduced at 1,600 μg/L, as was survival. The chronic value for 

fathead minnows in this test is 1,073 μg/L, which is the geometric mean of the lowest observed 

effect concentration (LOEC) of 1,600 μg/L and the no observed effect concentration (NOEC) of 

≤720 μg/L. Calculation of an ACR from this study is not possible since the authors did not 

measure the concentration of the exposure in the acute toxicity test. However, two other acute 

tests for fathead minnows have been conducted at the same laboratory since 1971. Carlson 

(1971) reported a value of 9,000 μg/L, and Phipps and Holcombe (1985) a value of 5,010 μg/L. 

The geometric mean of these values is 6,715 μg/L which results in an ACR of 6.258 for the 

early-life-stage chronic test. The ACR for the complete life cycle test is 23.82, which shows 

more sensitivity to carbaryl chronic toxicity.

Beyers et al. (1994) conducted individual 32-day early life-stage (ELS) chronic toxicity 

tests with the endangered Colorado pikeminnow (formerly squawfish), Ptychochelius lucius, and 

the bonytail chub, Gila elegans. In both studies, however, considerable ontogenetic development 
31

of the test organisms had occurred before test initiation whereby the required embryo and 

protolarva life stages were not present during the exposure period (mesolarval, metalarval and 

juvenile life stages were present). Thus, the ELS tests were initiated with 41-day old 

pikeminnow larvae and 48-day old chub larvae. In both tests, growth was as sensitive as or more 

sensitive than survival as a measure of chronic toxic effects, and was the only value reported. 

The NOEC and LOEC for Colorado pikeminnow and bonytail chub were 445 and 866 μg/L, and 

650 and 1,240 μg/L, respectively. The final chronic value for P. lucius was 620.8 μg/L and 

897.8 μg/L for G. elegans. ACR values could not be determined for these studies because an 

accompanying flow-through measured acute toxicity value was not available for each species, 

nor were there any other available appropriate acute toxicity tests for these species.

Table 6. Ranked Freshwater Genus Mean Chronic Values

Ranka

Genus Mean 

Chronic Value 

(μg/L)

Species Species Mean Chronic Valueb 

(μg/L)

5 897.8 Bonytail chub,

Gila elegans 897.8

4 636.8 Fathead minnow,

Pimephales promelas 636.8

3 620.8

Colorado pikeminnow 

(formerly squawfish),

Ptychochelius Lucius

620.8

2 10.6 Cladoceran,

Ceriodaphnia dubia 10.6

1 3.770

Cladoceran,

Daphnia magna 3.770

a Ranked from the most resistant to the most sensitive based on Genus Mean Chronic Value.

b

From Appendix C.

2. Estuarine/Marine

One carbaryl estuarine/marine chronic toxicity test is available for inclusion in the 

document. A 28-day flow-through test with measured concentrations initiated with 24-hr old 

neonates was conducted with the mysid, Americamysis bahia (Thursby and Champlin 1991b). 

The NOEC and LOEC based on survival were 7.18 μg/L and 13.7 μg/L, respectively for a final 

chronic value of 9.918 μg/L carbaryl. The total percent control survival of 63% is below the 

acceptable total percent control survival of 70% required in ASTM guide E1191-03a (ASTM 
32

2008). The percent control survival for mating pairs is 75% and exceeds the ASTM requirement 

of 70%. However, the number of young produced by the first-generation females in the controls 

was less than three which is an ASTM requirement. Two young were produced by the firstgeneration females in the control and is below the ASTM requirement of three. Therefore, this 

study is used qualitatively and used in the discussion of acute-chronic ratios. The calculated 

ACR of 0.8530 is based on the 96-hr LC50 of 8.46 μg/L reported for the same study. 

Table 7. Ranked Estuarine/Marine Genus Mean Chronic Values

Ranka

Genus Mean 

Chronic Value 

(μg/L)

Species Species Mean Chronic 

Valueb (μg/L)

1 9.918 Mysid,

Americamysis bahia 9.918

a Ranked from the most resistant to the most sensitive based on Genus Mean Chronic Value.

b

From Appendix D.

3. Acute-Chronic Ratio

Four valid ACRs are available for carbaryl using the fifth, eighth and thirty-sixth most 

sensitive genera of freshwater organisms (Table 4). Since the difference between the lowest 

ACR (1.094 for Ceriodaphnia dubia) and the highest ACR (23.82 for Pimephales promelas) is a 

factor of 22, and since the “Guidelines” stipulate that if the species mean ACR seems to increase 

as the SMAV increases, the FACR (final ACR) should be calculated as the geometric mean of 

the ACRs for species whose SMAVs are close to the FAV. Using this recommendation, the 

FACR would be the geometric mean of 1.094 (C. dubia) and 1.581 (D. magna), or 1.315. 

However, the “Guidelines”, also stipulate that if the most appropriate species mean ACRs are

less than 2.0, the FACR should be assumed to be 2.0. Low ACRs may reflect acclimation to the 

toxicant during the chronic test, or test organisms being fed vs. unfed which may affect

bioavailability and susceptibility. Thus, the FACR for carbaryl is assumed to be 2.0 for 

freshwater organisms. 

Dividing the freshwater FAV of 4.219 by the ACR of 2.0 results in a freshwater final 

chronic value (FCV) of 2.1 μg/L. It is concluded that all freshwater species will be protected 
33

(Figures 3 and 5) from adverse effects due to chronic carbaryl exposure with the freshwater 

FCV of 2.1 μg/L. 

Table 8. Acute-Chronic Ratios

Species Acute Value

(μg/L)

Chronic Value

(μg/L) Ratio Reference

Freshwater Species

Cladoceran,

Ceriodaphnia dubia 11.6 10.6 1.094 Oris et al. 1991

Cladoceran,

Daphnia magna 10.1 6.389a

1.581 Brooke 1991

Fathead minnow,

Pimephales promelas 9,000 377.9 23.82 Carlson 1971

Fathead minnow,

Pimephales promelas 6,715 1,073 6.258b Norberg-King 1989

a The chronic value of 6.389 μg/L is calculated as the geometric mean of the highest chronic test exposure 

 concentration (4.04 μg/L) which had no adverse impact and the 48-hr EC50 value of 10.1 μg/L from the 

 acute toxicity test.

b Only data from Carlson (1971) used to calculate ACR for this species.

Freshwater

Final Acute Value = 4.219 μg/L

Final Acute-Chronic Ratio = 2.0 

Final Chronic Value = (4.219 μg/L)/2.0 = 2.1 μg/L
34

Figure 5: Chronic Toxicity of Carbaryl to Aquatic Animals

1

1 0

100

1000

0.0 0.1 0.2 0.3 0.4 0.5 0.6 0.7 0.8 0.9 1.0

Carbaryl Effect Concentration (μg/L)

Genus Mean Chronic Values

(Cumulative Fraction)

Chronic Toxicity of Carbaryl to Aquatic Animals

Freshwater Invertebrates

Freshwater Fish

Freshwater Final Chronic Value = 2.1 μg/L carbaryl

Estuarine/Marine Final Chronic Value = cannot be calculated
35

C. Toxicity to Aquatic Plants

No carbaryl toxicity tests with important aquatic plant species in which the 

concentrations of test material were measured and the endpoint was biologically important are 

available in the literature. Therefore, a Final Plant Value cannot be determined. Effects on 

aquatic plants are discussed qualitatively in the Effects Characterization chapter.

D. Degradate Toxicity

Acute toxicity testing of carbaryl’s major degradate 1-naphthol in fish shows that the 

compound ranged from being moderately to highly toxic (LC50 range 750 to 1,600 μg/L). The 

toxic mode of action for 1-naphthol is thought to be narcosis (Russom et al. 1997). In aquatic 

organisms, narcosis is a reversible anesthetic effect that is caused by chemicals partitioning into 

cell membranes and nervous tissue that result in disruption of central nervous system function 

(Barron et al. 2001). Chronic exposure of fathead minnows to 1-naphthol reduced larval growth 

and survival with a NOEC = 100 μg/L (U.S. EPA 2010a). No data are available on the acute or 

chronic toxicity of 1-naphthol to amphibians. For freshwater invertebrates, 1-naphthol ranged 

from moderately to highly toxic with an EC50 range: 200 to 3,000 μg/L (U.S. EPA 2010a). 

Toxicity data are not available for the other major degradate, 1,4-napthoquinone which is a data 

gap.

E. Summary of National Criteria

The resulting recommended ambient water quality criteria indicate that freshwater 

aquatic organisms would have an appropriate level of protection if the one-hour average 

concentration does not exceed 2.1 μg/L more than once every three years on average and if the 

four-day average concentration of carbaryl does not exceed 2.1 μg/L more than once every three 

years on average (except where a locally important species may be more sensitive). 

Estuarine/marine aquatic organisms would have an appropriate level of protection if the one-hour 

average concentration does not exceed 1.6 μg/L more than once every three years on average 

(except where a locally important species may be more sensitive). Note: a Criterion Continuous 
36

Concentration (CCC) could not be calculated for estuarine/marine aquatic organisms due to 

insufficient data.

Table 9. Summary Table of Aquatic Life Criteria for Carbaryl

Acute Chronic

Freshwater 2.1 μg/L 2.1 μg/L

Estuarine/Marine 1.6 μg/L N/A

N/A – not available, unable to calculate estuarine/marine chronic criterion

IV. EFFECTS CHARACTERIZATION

Carbaryl is expected to be mobile, but degrades rapidly in neutral to alkaline aquatic 

systems; however, under acidic conditions, carbaryl is more persistent. Its environmental fate 

characteristics are consistent with other carbamate insecticides (e.g. carbofuran). Based on 

environmental fate data, potential exposure would be expected to be greater in aquatic 

environments with pH less than 7. Fate data on the primary degradate, 1-naphthol, has been 

identified as a data gap. Although 1-naphthol appears to be somewhat mobile, it is not likely to 

persist due to fairly rapid degradation.

The primary mode of action for carbaryl is acetylcholinesterase inhibition. This effect is 

reversible with removal of exposure to carbaryl leading to the possibility of recovery of test 

organisms at sub-lethal concentrations. The following information addresses studies that are not 

used in the calculation of criteria but provide supporting evidence for the validity of the criteria.

A. Effects on Aquatic Animals

1. Freshwater Acute Toxicity

Acceptable acute toxicity data are available for 60 freshwater species representing 47 

genera and represents a dataset supporting development of the acute criterion. In general, 

technical grade carbaryl is classified as highly toxic to fish, aquatic-phase amphibians and is very 

highly toxic to aquatic invertebrates on an acute exposure basis (U.S. EPA 2010a). Chronic 
37

exposure to carbaryl resulted in decreased growth in freshwater fish and decreased reproduction 

in freshwater invertebrates. 

Invertebrate species, particularly arthropods (e.g., daphnids, mysids) are the most 

sensitive, with the 10 lowest SMAVs (and GMAVs) ranging from 3.175 to 15.2 μg/L, and 

represented by the classes Insecta and Crustacea (Table 4). Cladocerans and amphipods showed 

high sensitivity to carbaryl in acute toxicity tests. The most sensitive genus tested is the stonefly 

Isogenus, which is more than 8,600 times as sensitive as the most resistant genus tested, i.e., the 

walking catfish Clarias (Figure 3). 

Several studies were identified as not meeting screening guidelines for inclusion in 

criterion calculations (Appendix H), but showed similar ranges of toxicity and are presented 

here to provide additional supporting evidence of the potential toxicity of carbaryl to aquatic 

organisms. Daphnia magna LC50 values ranged from 0.66 μg/L (Rawash et al. 1975) to 21 

μg/L (Wernersson and Dave 1997) for exposures lasting 24 hours. Mayer and Ellersieck (1986) 

showed similar sensitivities to the amphipod species Gammarus pseudolimnaeus, with 48-hr 

measured LC50 values of 8 and 13 μg/L carbaryl. Several species of Diptera larvae were also 

exposed to carbaryl; larvae of midges appear to be more sensitive than larvae of mosquitoes. 

The LC50 values (24-hr) of various midge species ranged from 1.0 to 110 μg/L. These studies 

were not used in quantitative criterion calculations because test durations were insufficient.

A study of the persistence of carbaryl toxicity was conducted by Mayer and Ellersieck 

(1986). Stonefly nymphs (Isogenus sp.) were exposed to carbaryl solutions which were fresh 

(Appendix A) and others that had been aged 7, 14 or 21 days (Appendix H). Aged solutions 

were mixed and allowed to sit under normal laboratory conditions. The results showed a trend of 

decreased toxicity with aging of the solutions. The toxicity of carbaryl solutions aged 21 days 

decreased the toxicity to about one-third that of fresh solutions. These data support conclusions 

based on environmental fate properties that the “aging” process decreased exposure

concentration, thus decreasing toxicity. Results from the aged solutions were not used in the 

quantitative criterion calculations because the concentrations of carbaryl were not measured at 

the initiation or completion of the aged solution toxicity tests.

In general, fish are less sensitive to carbaryl than invertebrates. Of the fish tested, brown 

trout, Salmo trutta (SMAV of 700 μg/L) is the most sensitive tested vertebrate species by a 

factor of approximately 39 times compared to the least sensitive fish tested, i.e., walking catfish, 
38

Clarias batrachus, with a SMAV of 27,609 μg/L. Mayer and Ellersieck (1986) exposed 

cutthroat trout (Oncorhynchus clarkii) to carbaryl solutions aged for 0, 7, 14 and 21 days. Again, 

results from the aged solutions were not used in the quantitative criterion calculations because 

the concentrations of carbaryl were not measured at the initiation of the aged solution toxicity 

tests. Cutthroat trout exposed to fresh carbaryl solutions had a 96-hr LC50 of 6,800 μg/L at pH= 

7.3 (Appendix A), and a LC50 of 2,300 μg/L at pH= 7.2 when exposed to a solution aged 21 

days. The results from this study show enhanced sensitivity to aged carbaryl solutions and are 

not consistent with the similar “aged” solution study with stonefly nymphs (Mayer and 

Ellersieck 1986). These data may indicate potential taxa differences or differences in responses 

to degradates.

Similar to the response of fish, amphibians are also less sensitive to carbaryl than 

invertebrates. Two different FETAX studies showed divergent values for effects on embryos of 

the African clawed frog, Xenopus laevis. A 24-hr static study of carbaryl with unmeasured 

concentrations had an LC50 of 4,700 μg/L, while an exposure for the same amount of time and 

experimental conditions caused developmental abnormalities (localized edema and ventral 

bending) at 110 μg/L (Elliott-Freeley and Armstrong 1982). However, Bacchetta et al. (2008) 

reported substantially reduced sensitivity for the species with a LC50 of 20,280 μg/L after a 115-

hr static exposure (unmeasured concentrations) of larvae. These studies were not used in 

quantitative criterion calculations because of insufficient duration of the tests. The SMAV 

calculated using acceptable LC50 values for X. laevis in Appendix A is 1,730 μg/L carbaryl,

which is lower than reported LC50 values in these qualitative studies. 

Acetylcholinesterase inhibition in fish is also demonstrated in the results of Zinkl et al.

(1987) with rainbow trout (Appendix H). The authors observed decreased brain cholinesterase 

activity within 24 hours at carbaryl concentrations ≥500 μg/L. This study was not included in 

quantitative criterion calculations because it is an atypical endpoint; while it is reflective of the 

MOA, it is not directly measuring the typical endpoints of survival, growth, or reproduction. 

2. Freshwater Chronic Toxicity

Acceptable chronic toxicity data are available for five freshwater species representing 

five different genera (two crustaceans and three fish; Appendix C). No data were available for 

coldwater fish. Similar to acute toxicity testing results, invertebrates were more sensitive to 
39

carbaryl than fish on a chronic toxicity basis as well. Chronic toxicity values for cladocerans 

ranged from 2.2 to 10.6 μg/L, while fish chronic toxicity values ranged from 620.8 to 897.8 

μg/L. However, paired acute and chronic toxicity data were only available for three of the 

freshwater species (two crustaceans and one fish), and these were the only studies used in 

derivation of the ACR to calculate the FCV (Table 8).

An additional fathead minnow study did not meet screening guidelines for inclusion in 

criterion calculations because of test duration, but the study showed similar ranges of toxicity 

and provides additional supporting evidence. Larval fathead minnows (<24-hr old) were 

exposed for seven days (Norberg-King 1989)(Appendix H). Exposure for seven days is too 

short a duration for this test to be used quantitatively for evaluating chronic toxicity. However, 

the chronic values estimated for four studies ranged from 576 to 1,088 μg/L, which is consistent

with the fathead minnow chronic values of the life-cycle toxicity test (378 μg/L) and the 32-day 

ELS toxicity test (1,073 μg/L). 

The use of NOEC/LOEC/MATC approach in criteria derivation can contribute to 

uncertainty. Potential sources of uncertainty are the range of test concentrations (dilution series)

and the sample size used in the test. Where the design is suboptimal, higher NOEC and LOEC 

values may be reported due to low statistical power and high error variance. Typically, as the 

accuracy of the test increases, the NOEC decreases. Additional uncertainty is inherent in the 

calculation of the MATC which is the geometric mean of the NOEC and LOEC. The calculation 

compounds the fact that higher NOEC and LOEC values may be reported due to poor design. 

Thus some effects could occur below the calculated MATC due to the inherent uncertainty in the 

calculation.

Another source of uncertainty for chronic criterion calculations is the use of ACRs. 

When chronic data are lacking for a particular species’ response to a given chemical, ACRs are 

determined using a formula that relates acute responses (LC50 values) to chronic concentrations 

using empirical relationships between acute and chronic values for taxonomically similar species 

for which both acute and chronic data are available. This approach has been incorporated into 

the 1985 “Guidelines” for evaluating chronic toxicity thresholds where the species mean chronic 

value (SMCV) is calculated to be the geometric mean between the NOEC and LOEC. For 

example, the carbaryl FACR is assumed to be 2.0 for freshwater species. The most appropriate 

calculated species mean ACRs are less than 2.0, and the “Guidelines” stipulate acclimation has 
40

probably occurred during the chronic test and the FACR should be assumed to be 2.0. This 

assumption is a potential source of uncertainty. 

3. Freshwater Field Studies

Field studies have been conducted to measure effects of aerial application of carbaryl for 

forest pest control upon the non-target aquatic stream and pond organisms. In northern Maine, 

nine streams, with different substrate, velocity and cover conditions, were studied to determine 

the effect of aerial application of carbaryl formulated endproduct (Sevin®-4-oil) on aquatic 

stream invertebrates applied at a rate of 0.840 kg active ingredient per hectare (0.840 kg a.i./ha). 

Drift of aquatic invertebrates (defined as the release, dispersal, and downstream displacement of 

invertebrates normally inhabiting benthic substrates) increased by 170 times two days posttreatment compared to controls, with drift samples commonly containing Plecoptera (stoneflies), 

Ephemeroptera (Mayflies), and Diptera (flies/mosquitoes) (Courtemanch and Gibbs 1980). In 

forest ponds, amphipods were severely impacted following aerial spraying of Sevin-4-oil applied 

at the same rate (Gibbs et al. 1984). The amphipods Hyalella azteca and Crangonyx 

richmondensis were completely eliminated and failed to recolonize 30 months after treatment,

with maximum residue concentrations of 254 μg/L found in the water and 53,793 μg/kg (dry 

weight) in the sediment. 

In a 77-day mesocosm study, researchers examined the effects of carbaryl on amphibians 

in terms of body size, length of larval period, and survival to metamorphosis when exposed to 

carbaryl (21.3% active ingredient) early in the larval period (Boone and Semlitsch 2002). The 

study units consisted of fifty 1480-L polyethylene ponds (1.85 m in diameter) containing 1,000 L 

of well water, 1 kg of leaf litter, and plankton from natural ponds. The study manipulated initial 

larval density, i.e., low (80) and high (240), pond hydroperiod, (constant or drying), and 

chemical concentration (absent, 3.5 mg/L, 5.0 mg/L, or 7.0 mg carbaryl /L). Frog species 

included: Southern leopard frog (Rana sphenocephala), Plains leopard frog (R. blairi), green 

frog (R. clamitans), and the Woodhouse’s toad (Bufo woodhousii). Toads in the high-density 

larval ponds showed greater survival than those in low-density larval ponds at the highest 

carbaryl level. For Southern and Plains leopard frogs, carbaryl treatment did not have a 

significant effect on either species. For R. clamitans, carbaryl exposure had a significant effect
41

(p<0.05) on days to metamorphosis with tadpoles in the chemical treatments generally having 

longer larval periods.

4. Estuarine/Marine Acute Toxicity

Acute toxicity data are available for 12 estuarine/marine species representing 11 genera. 

These data represent a dataset supporting the development of an estuarine/marine acute criterion.

SMAVs for carbaryl range from 7.188 to 17,000 μg/L. The most sensitive genus was the 

mysid (Americamysis), with a GMAV of 7.188 μg/L, followed by the Dungeness crab 

(Metacarcinus) with a GMAV of 10 μg/L. The two most tolerant genera were the bent-nosed 

clam (Macoma) and the threespine stickleback (Gasterosteus), with SMAVs of 17,000 and 3,990 

μg/L, respectively (Table 5 and Figure 4). 

The four most sensitive estuarine/marine genera are Americamysis, Metacarcinus, 

Callianassa and Upogebia with SMAVs of 7.188, 10, 48.99, and 60.0 μg/L, respectively. 

Additional toxicity data on the effect of carbaryl on estuarine/marine species that were not used 

quantitatively are very similar to acute and chronic ranges of toxicity and provide additional 

supporting evidence of potential toxicity of carbaryl. Shrimp were found to be more sensitive 

than bivalves to carbaryl by different researchers (Appendix I). Various 24- to 96-hr LC50

values for different species ranged from 1.5 μg/L (Penaeus aztecus) to 76 μg/L (Palaemonetes 

pugio). The LC50 values for other test species include: Crangon septemspinosa (20 μg/L), 

Americamysis bahia (21 μg/L), Penaeus duorarum (32 μg/L), Callianassa californiensis (49

μg/L), and Upogebia pugettensis (40 μg/L for 24-hr test and 60 μg/L for a 48-hr test). These 

studies were excluded from quantitative calculation of a criterion due to test design. Similarly, 

sensitive organisms include testing with the prezoea Dungeness crab, Metacarcinus magister, 

where a concentration of 6 μg/L for 24 hours prevented half of the test organisms from molting

to zoea (Buchannan et al. 1970). The duration of this test was too short for quantitative use in 

this assessment. Another sensitive species tested was the embryo of the killifish, Fundulus 

heteroclitus, which at a carbaryl concentration of 10 μg/L for 40 days exhibited slowed 

development and diminished pigmentation in fry (Crawford and Guarino 1985). This study was 

excluded from use in quantitative criterion calculations because of test design.

Bivalves are moderately insensitive to carbaryl, with SMAVs ranging from 1,650 μg/L 

for the bay mussel (Mytilus) to 3,850 μg/L for cockle clam (Clinocardium). Tests with the blue 
42

mussel (Mytilus edulis) at various lifestages for 1 hour exposure had EC50 values for 

development (e.g., disjunction of blastomeres, reduced development rate and asynchronus and 

unaligned cleavages) that ranged from 5,300 to 24,000 μg/L (Armstrong and Milleman 1974c). 

This study was excluded from quantitative assessment due to less than 3 exposure concentrations 

and a community field exposure test. However, the test results are consistent with longer term 

tests (10-40 days) on shell growth that had effect concentrations of >1,300 to >2,900 μg/L (Liu 

and Lee 1975, Appendix I).

The sheepshead minnow (Cyprinodon variegates) and the threespine stickleback 

(Gasterosteus aculeatus) have SMAVs of 2,600 and 3,990 μg/L, respectively. Acute toxicity of 

carbaryl to striped bass, Morone saxatilis was reported by (Korn and Earnest 1974). The 

bioassays were 4-day tests using proportional diluters and carbaryl had a 96-hr LC50 = 1,000 

g/l. Although the LC50 for striped bass is more sensitive than the sheepshead minnow and the 

threespine stickleback, the study was not included in criterion calculations because control 

survival was not reported.

There were three studies available for estuarine/marine species that evaluated atypical 

endpoints and were not included in the quantitative criterion calculations. Sheepshead minnows 

(Cyprinodon variegatus) did not avoid water with 100 μg carbaryl/L after 1.5 hour of exposure 

(Hansen 1969; 1970). Likewise, grass shrimp (Palaemonetes pugio) did not avoid water with 

100 μg carbaryl/L after a similar 1.5 hour exposure (Hansen et al. 1973). However, Weis and 

Weis (1974b) observed schooling behavior disrupted in Atlantic silversides (Menidia menidia) 

after 24 hour exposure at 100 μg carbaryl/L.

5. Estuarine/Marine Chronic Toxicity

Only one carbaryl estuarine/marine chronic toxicity test is available for qualitative

consideration in this document. Survival was the most sensitive endpoint for the mysid, A. 

bahia, with a chronic value of 9.918 μg/L (Thursby and Champlin 1991b). There is uncertainty 

associated with this study because reported total control survival was 63% and the number of 

young produced by the first-generation females in the control was below the accepted ASTM 

requirement. However, the calculated ACR for this study is similar to the freshwater chronic 

invertebrate studies and provides an additional line of evidence for the sensitivity of 

invertebrates to carbaryl.
43

A ten week flow-through colonization study where exposure concentrations were 

measured provides qualitative information on the chronic effects of carbaryl on the development 

of estuarine/marine communities. This study, conducted in laboratory aquaria (Tagatz et al.

1979) showed similar tendencies as the mysid test. The amphipods were exposed to measured 

carbaryl concentrations of 0, 1.1, 11.1 and 103 μg/L. The number of species collected in the two 

highest concentrations was approximately half that from the control and lowest concentration, 

with the Phylum Arthropoda most obviously reduced. The number of amphipods, Corophium 

acherusicum, decreased by about 48 percent relative to the control at 1.1 μg/L, and this 

amphipod was totally absent at 11.1 and 103 μg/L.

6. Bioaccumulation

No acceptable data on the bioaccumulation of carbaryl in freshwater or estuarine/marine 

waters are available; however, because of its low octanol/water partition coefficient (229), 

carbaryl is not expected to bioconcentrate to a significant extent (U.S. EPA 2010a). Reported 

Kow values range from 65 to 229 (Bracha and O'Brian 1966; Mount and Oehme 1981; Windholz 

et al. 1976).

The U.S. EPA Office of Water’s fish tissue sampling program does not include carbaryl 

as an analyte, as it is not expected to bioaccumulate or bioconcentrate. No U.S. Food and Drug 

Administration (FDA) action level or other maximum acceptable concentration in tissue, as 

defined in the “Guidelines” is available for carbaryl. Therefore, a Final Residue Value cannot be 

calculated for fish tissue.

B. Effects on Aquatic Plants

In general, freshwater and estuarine/marine plants appear less sensitive than animals to 

carbaryl. The most sensitive aquatic plant tests are roughly two orders of magnitude less 

sensitive to carbaryl than the aquatic animal tests (Appendix E). For freshwater plants the effect 

concentrations ranged from 100 μg/L for the green alga, Scenedesmus quadricaudata (Lejczak 

1977), to 50,000 μg/L for the blue green alga, Anabaena torulosa (Obulakondaiah et al. 1993). 

A planktonic alga mixture was adversely impacted at a concentration of 10,000 μg/L for two 

weeks (Butler et al. 1975), and growth of the green alga Ankistrodesmus braunii was reduced by 
44

a concentration of 25,000 μg/L in a 48-hr test (Kopecek et al. 1975). Other algae were adversely 

impacted by much lower concentrations. The green alga, Chlorella pyrenoidosa, had reduced 

growth after a four-day exposure to 100 μg/L (Christie 1969), and the blue-green alga, 

Microcystis aeruginosa, began to show adverse effects after eight days of exposure to 1,350 

μg/L carbaryl (Bringmann and Kuhn 1978a; 1978b). The only freshwater vascular plant tested is 

duckweed (Lemna minor), which had a 50% inhibition of growth at 23,900 μg/L (Brooke 1993).

Estuarine/marine plant growth effect values varied widely ranging from 100 μg/L for 

green algae (Chlorella sp., Dunaliella euchora and Protococcus sp.), diatoms (Phaeodactylum 

tricornutum) and golden algae (Monochrysis lutheri) to 100,000 μg/L for the same species. The 

main difference between the values is that cells were viable at the lower concentrations (the 

effect of carbaryl was algistatic, i.e., the cells recovered after exposure was terminated), but not 

at the higher values where the effect was algicidal (i.e., the cells were killed as a result of the 

exposure) (Ukeles 1962). 

V. IMPLEMENTATION

As discussed in the Water Quality Standards Regulation (U.S. EPA 1983a) and the 

Foreword to this document, a water quality criterion for aquatic life has regulatory impact only 

when it has been adopted in a state/tribal water quality standard or EPA promulgated standard 

for a state or tribe. Such a regulatory standard would specify a criterion for a pollutant that 

would be protective of a particular designated use. With the approval of the U.S. EPA, 

states/tribes designate one or more uses for waters in their states/tribes and adopt criteria that are 

protective of those use(s) they have designated (U.S. EPA 1983a;b; 1987; 1994). States/tribes 

may adopt water quality criteria with the same numerical values as EPA’s recommended section

304 criteria. However there are situations where states and authorized tribes might want to 

adjust water quality criteria developed under section 304 to reflect either statewide or sitespecific natural environmental conditions and/or sensitivities of local species. Alternatively, 

states and tribes may use different data and assumptions than the EPA in deriving numeric 

criteria when those data have been reviewed and deemed to be scientifically defensible and the 

resulting criteria value is protective of designated uses. State/tribe water quality standards 

include both numeric and narrative criteria. A state/tribe may adopt a numeric criterion within 
45

its water quality standards and apply it either to all waters for the use the criterion is designed to 

protect or to a specific site. A state/tribe may use an indicator characteristic or the national 

criterion supplemented with other relevant information, to interpret its narrative criteria within its 

water quality standards to develop a numeric value for use in developing National Pollutant 

Discharge Elimination System (NPDES) effluent limitations under 40 CRF 122.44(d)(1)(vi).2

(http://cfr.vlex.com/vid/122-44-establishing-applicable-npdes-see-123-19811557).

Site-specific criteria may include not only site-specific criterion concentrations (U.S. 

EPA 1994), but also site-specific, and possibly pollutant-specific, durations of averaging periods 

and frequencies of allowed excursions (U.S. EPA 1991). The averaging periods of "one hour" 

and "four days" were selected by the U.S. EPA on the basis of data concerning how rapidly some 

aquatic species react to increases in the concentrations of some aquatic pollutants, and "three 

years" return frequency is the Agency's scientific judgment regarding the average amount of time 

aquatic ecosystems should be provided to recover between excursions (Stephan et al. 1985; U.S. 

EPA 1991). However, various species and ecosystems react and recover at greatly differing 

rates. Therefore, if adequate justification is provided, site-specific and/or pollutant-specific 

concentrations, durations, and frequencies may be higher or lower than those given in national 

recommended water quality criteria for aquatic life.
46

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100

Appendix A
101

Appendix A. Acceptable Acute Toxicity Data of Carbaryl to Freshwater Aquatic Animals

Species Methoda Chemical

Hardness 

(mg/L as 

CaCO3)

LC50 or 

EC50 

(μg/L)

Species 

Mean 

Acute 

Value 

(μg/L) Reference

Freshwater Species

Oligochaete worm,

Lumbriculus variegatus S, U Analytical 30 8,200 8,200 Bailey and Liu 1980

Snail (adult),

Aplexa hypnorum F, M - 44.4 >27,000 >27,000 Phipps and Holcombe 1985

Mussel 

(juvenile; 1-2 d),

Anodonta imbecillis

R, U 99% 40-50 23,700 - Johnson et al. 1993

Mussel 

(juvenile; 7-10 d),

Anodonta imbecillis

R, U 99% 40-50 25,600 24,632 Johnson et al. 1993

Cladoceran (<24 hr),

Ceriodaphnia dubia R, M 98% 169 3.06 - Brooke 1990; 1991

Cladoceran (<12 hr),

Ceriodaphnia dubia R, M >99% 57 11.6 5.958 Oris et al. 1991

Cladoceran 

(adult; 2-2.5 mm),

Daphnia carinata

S, U Technical - 35 35 Santharam et al. 1976

Cladoceran (5 d),

Daphnia magna S, U 97.6% - 7.2b

- Lakota et al. 1981

Cladoceran (<24 hr),

Daphnia magna R, M 99% 40-50

1,900b

(LC, not EC 

value)

- Johnson et al. 1993

Cladoceran (<24 hr),

Daphnia magna S, U 99.5% 40 5.6 - Sanders et al. 1983

Cladoceran (<24 hr),

Daphnia magna R, M 98% 181.8 10.1 7.521 Brooke 1991

Cladoceran (<24 hr),

Daphnia pulex S, U - 40-48 6.4 6.4 Sanders and Cope 1966

Cladoceran (<24 hr),

Simocephalus 

serrulatus

S, U 99.5% 44 11

(10oC) - Mayer and Ellersieck 1986

Cladoceran (<24 hr),

Simocephalus 

serrulatus

S, U - 44 7.6

(16oC) - Sanders and Cope 1966
102

Appendix A. Acceptable Acute Toxicity Data of Carbaryl to Freshwater Aquatic Animals

Species Methoda Chemical

Hardness 

(mg/L as 

CaCO3)

LC50 or 

EC50 

(μg/L)

Species 

Mean 

Acute 

Value 

(μg/L) Reference

Cladoceran (<24 hr),

Simocephalus 

serrulatus

S, U 99.5% 44 8.1

(21oC) 8.781 Mayer and Ellersieck 1986

Mysid,

Mysis relicta R, M 98% 139.3 230 230 Landrum and Dupuis 1990

Aquatic sowbug 

(mature),

Asellus brevicaudus

S, U 99.5% 44 280 280 Johnson and Finley 1980; 

Mayer and Ellersieck 1986 

Amphipod (2 mo),

Gammarus lacustris S, U 100% 30.5 16 - Sanders 1969

Amphipod (mature),

Gammarus lacustris S, U 99.5% 44 22 18.76 Johnson and Finley 1980; Mayer and Ellersieck 1986

Amphipod,

Gammarus 

pseudolimnaeus

S, U 99% 40 13

(pH=6.5) - Woodward and Mauck 1980

Amphipod (mature),

Gammarus 

pseudolimnaeus

S, U 99% 40 7

(pH=7.5) - Woodward and Mauck 1980

Amphipod (mature),

Gammarus 

pseudolimnaeus

S, U 99% 40 7.2

(pH=8.5) - Woodward and Mauck 1980 

Amphipod (mature),

Gammarus 

pseudolimnaeus

S, U 99.5% 40 16 10.12 Sanders et al. 1983

Amphipod (14 d),

Hyalella azteca S, U Technical 280 15.2 15.2 McNulty et al. 1999

Amphipod,

Pontoporeia hoyi R, M 98% 139.3 250 250 Landrum and Dupuis 1990

Crayfish (3-4 cm),

Cambarus bartoni R, U 99.8% - 839.6 839.6 Simon 1982

Crayfish (3.9 g),

Orconectes immunis F, M - 44.4 2,870 2,870 Phipps and Holcombe 1985

Crayfish 

(5-8 cm; males),

Orconectes virilis

R, U 99.8% - 2,112 2,112 Simon 1982
103

Appendix A. Acceptable Acute Toxicity Data of Carbaryl to Freshwater Aquatic Animals

Species Methoda Chemical

Hardness 

(mg/L as 

CaCO3)

LC50 or 

EC50 

(μg/L)

Species 

Mean 

Acute 

Value 

(μg/L) Reference

Crayfish (15-38 g),

Procambarus clarkii S, U - 250 1,000 1,000 Andreu-Moliner et al. 1986

Stonefly (nymph),

Claassenia sabulosa S, U Technical 44 5.6 5.6 Sanders and Cope 1968

Stonefly 

(1st yr class),

Isogenus sp.

S, U 99.5% 35 2.8 - Mayer and Ellersieck 1986

Stonefly 

(1st yr class),

Isogenus sp.

S, U 99.5% 42 3.6 3.175 Mayer and Ellersieck 1986

Stonefly 

(1st yr class; 15-20 

mm),

Pteronarcella badia

S, U Technical 44 1.7 - Sanders and Cope 1968

Stonefly (1st yr class),

Pteronarcella badia S, U 99% 38 11(pH=6.5) -

Woodward and Mauck 

1980; Mayer and Ellersieck 

1986

Stonefly (1st yr class),

Pteronarcella badia S, U 99% 38 13(pH=7.5) -

Woodward and Mauck 

1980; Mayer and Ellersieck 

1986

Stonefly (1st yr class),

Pteronarcella badia S, U 99% 38 29(pH=8.5) 9.163

Woodward and Mauck 

1980; Mayer and Ellersieck 

1986

Stonefly (1st yr class),

Pteronarcys californica

S, U Technical 44 4.8 4.8 Sanders and Cope 1968

Stonefly (naiad),

Skwala sp. S, U 99.5% - 3.6 3.6 Johnson and Finley 1980

Backswimmer (adult),

Notonecta undulata S, U 94% - 200 200 Federle and Collins 1976

Apache trout 

(0.38-0.85 g),

Oncorhynchus apache

S, U 99.7% 169 1,540 1,540 Dwyer et al. 1995

Coho salmon 

(2.7-4.1 g),

Oncorhynchus kisutch

S, U 95% - 997 - Katz 1961
104

Appendix A. Acceptable Acute Toxicity Data of Carbaryl to Freshwater Aquatic Animals

Species Methoda Chemical

Hardness 

(mg/L as 

CaCO3)

LC50 or 

EC50 

(μg/L)

Species 

Mean 

Acute 

Value 

(μg/L) Reference

Coho salmon,

Oncorhynchus kisutch S, U 99% 40-48 764 - Macek and McAllister 1970

Coho salmon (1.50 g),

Oncorhynchus kisutch S, U 98% 318-348 1,300 - Post and Schroeder 1971

Coho salmon (1.0 g),

Oncorhynchus kisutch S, U 99.5% 44 4,340 -

Johnson and Finley 1980; 

Mayer and Ellersieck 1986 

Coho salmon (4.6 g),

Oncorhynchus kisutch S, U 99.5% 42 2,400 - Mayer and Ellersieck 1986

Coho salmon (5.1g),

Oncorhynchus kisutch S, U 99.5% 42 1,750 - Mayer and Ellersieck 1986

Coho salmon (10.10 g),

Oncorhynchus kisutch S, U 99.5% 42 2,700 - Mayer and Ellersieck 1986

Coho salmon (19.1 g),

Oncorhynchus kisutch S, U 99.5% 42 1,150 1,654 Mayer and Ellersieck 1986

Chinook salmon 

(fingerling),

Oncorhynchus 

tshawytscha

F, U 99.5% 314 2,400c-

Johnson and Finley 1980; 

Mayer and Ellersieck 1986 

Chinook salmon 

(3.0 g),

Oncorhynchus 

tshawytscha

F, M - 44.4 2,690 2,690 Phipps and Holcombe 1985;

1990

Cutthroat trout (0.37 g),

Oncorhynchus clarkii

S, U 98% 318-348 1,500 - Post and Schroeder 1971

Cutthroat trout (1.30 g),

Oncorhynchus clarkii

S, U 98% 318-348 2,169 - Post and Schroeder 1971

Cutthroat trout (0.5 g),

Oncorhynchus clarkii

S, U 99.5% 40 7,100 -

Johnson and Finley 1980; 

Mayer and Ellersieck 1986 

Cutthroat trout (0.6 g),

Oncorhynchus clarkii

S, U 99% 40

6,000

(pH=7.5)

(7oC)

-

Woodward and Mauck 

1980; Mayer and Ellersieck 

1986 

Cutthroat trout (0.7 g),

Oncorhynchus clarkii

S, U 99% 40

5,000

(pH=6.5)

(12oC)

-

Woodward and Mauck 

1980; Mayer and Ellersieck 

1986 

Cutthroat trout (0.6 g),

Oncorhynchus clarkii

S, U 99% 40

970

(pH=8.5)

(12oC)

-

Woodward and Mauck 

1980; Mayer and Ellersieck 

1986

Cutthroat trout (0.5 g),

Oncorhynchus clarkii

S, U 99% 320

3,950

(pH=7.8)

(12oC)

-

Woodward and Mauck 

1980; Mayer and Ellersieck 

1986

Cutthroat trout (0.5 g),

Oncorhynchus clarkii

S, U 99.5% 40 6,800

(pH=7.3) - Mayer and Ellersieck 1986
105

Appendix A. Acceptable Acute Toxicity Data of Carbaryl to Freshwater Aquatic Animals

Species Methoda Chemical

Hardness 

(mg/L as 

CaCO3)

LC50 or 

EC50 

(μg/L)

Species 

Mean 

Acute 

Value 

(μg/L) Reference

Cutthroat trout (0.9 g),

Oncorhynchus clarkii

S, U 99.5% 42 6,700

(pH=7.5) - Mayer and Ellersieck 1986

Cutthroat trout,

Oncorhynchus clarkii

S, U 99% 40

3,950

(pH=7.5)

(12oC)

- Woodward and Mauck 1980

Greenback cutthroat 

trout (0.31 g),

Oncorhynchus clarkii

stomias

S, U 99.7% 169 1,550 - Dwyer et al. 1995

Lahontan cutthroat trout 

(0.34-0.57 g),

Oncorhynchus clarkii

henshawi

S, U 99.7% 169 2,250 3,300 Dwyer et al. 1995

Rainbow trout (3.2 g),

Oncorhynchus mykiss S, U 95% - 1,350 - Katz 1961

Rainbow trout,

Oncorhynchus mykiss S, U 99% 40-48 4,340 - Macek and McAllister 1970

Rainbow trout (1.24 g),

Oncorhynchus mykiss S, U 98% 318-348 1,470 - Post and Schroeder 1971

Rainbow trout (1.5 g),

Oncorhynchus mykiss S, U 99.5% 42 1,950 -

Johnson and Finley 1980; 

Mayer and Ellersieck 1986; 

Rainbow trout,

Oncorhynchus mykiss S, U 99.5% 40 2,200

(12oC) - Sanders et al. 1983

Rainbow trout,

Oncorhynchus mykiss S, U 99.5% 40 2,800

(7oC) - Sanders et al. 1983

Rainbow trout,

Oncorhynchus mykiss S, U 99.5% 40 1,100(pH=6.5) - Sanders et al. 1983

Rainbow trout,

Oncorhynchus mykiss S, U 99.5% 40 800(pH=7.5) - Sanders et al. 1983

Rainbow trout,

Oncorhynchus mykiss S, U 99.5% 40 1,500(pH=8.5) - Sanders et al. 1983

Rainbow trout,

Oncorhynchus mykiss S, U 99.5% 40 900 - Sanders et al. 1983

Rainbow trout,

Oncorhynchus mykiss S, U 99.5% 320 800 - Sanders et al. 1983

Rainbow trout (1.0 g),

Oncorhynchus mykiss S, U - - 935 - Marking et al. 1984

Rainbow trout (1.0 g),

Oncorhynchus mykiss S, U - - 1,000 - Marking et al. 1984

Rainbow trout (1.0 g),

Oncorhynchus mykiss S, U - - 1,400 - Marking et al. 1984

Rainbow trout (1.0 g),

Oncorhynchus mykiss S, U - - 1,000 - Marking et al. 1984
106

Appendix A. Acceptable Acute Toxicity Data of Carbaryl to Freshwater Aquatic Animals

Species Methoda Chemical

Hardness 

(mg/L as 

CaCO3)

LC50 or 

EC50 

(μg/L)

Species 

Mean 

Acute 

Value 

(μg/L) Reference

Rainbow trout (1.0 g),

Oncorhynchus mykiss S, U - - 1,740 - Marking et al. 1984

Rainbow trout 

(juvenile),

Oncorhynchus mykiss

R, U 99% - 4,835 - Douglas et al. 1986

Rainbow trout (1.5 g),

Oncorhynchus mykiss S, U 99.5% 272 1,200 - Mayer and Ellersieck 1986

Rainbow trout (0.8 g),

Oncorhynchus mykiss S, U 99.5% 40 1,360 - Mayer and Ellersieck 1986

Rainbow trout (0.8 g),

Oncorhynchus mykiss S, U 99.5% 40 2,080 - Mayer and Ellersieck 1986

Rainbow trout (1.1 g),

Oncorhynchus mykiss S, U 99.5% 40 1,900 - Mayer and Ellersieck 1986

Rainbow trout (1.1 g),

Oncorhynchus mykiss S, U 99.5% 40 2,300 - Mayer and Ellersieck 1986

Rainbow trout (0.5 g),

Oncorhynchus mykiss S, U 99.5% 314 1,330 - Mayer and Ellersieck 1986

Rainbow trout (0.8 g),

Oncorhynchus mykiss S, U 99.5% 40 <750 - Mayer and Ellersieck 1986

Rainbow trout (1.1 g),

Oncorhynchus mykiss S, U 99.5% 40 <320 - Mayer and Ellersieck 1986

Rainbow trout (1.2 g),

Oncorhynchus mykiss S, U 99.5% 40 1,090 - Mayer and Ellersieck 1986

Rainbow trout (1.1 g),

Oncorhynchus mykiss S, U 99.5% 40 1,460 - Mayer and Ellersieck 1986

Rainbow trout (1.2 g),

Oncorhynchus mykiss S, U 99.5% 40 3,500 - Mayer and Ellersieck 1986

Rainbow trout (1.2 g),

Oncorhynchus mykiss S, U 99.5% 320 3,000 - Mayer and Ellersieck 1986

Rainbow trout (1.0 g),

Oncorhynchus mykiss S, U 99.5% 40 1,600 - Mayer and Ellersieck 1986

Rainbow trout (1.0 g),

Oncorhynchus mykiss S, U 99.5% 40 1,100 - Mayer and Ellersieck 1986

Rainbow trout (1.0 g),

Oncorhynchus mykiss S, U 99.5% 40 1,200 - Mayer and Ellersieck 1986

Rainbow trout (1.0 g),

Oncorhynchus mykiss S, U 99.5% 40 780 - Mayer and Ellersieck 1986

Rainbow trout (1.0 g),

Oncorhynchus mykiss S, U 99.5% 40 1,450 - Mayer and Ellersieck 1986

Rainbow trout 

(0.48-1.25 g),

Oncorhynchus mykiss

S, U 99.7% 169 1,880 - Dwyer et al. 1995
107

Appendix A. Acceptable Acute Toxicity Data of Carbaryl to Freshwater Aquatic Animals

Species Methoda Chemical

Hardness 

(mg/L as 

CaCO3)

LC50 or 

EC50 

(μg/L)

Species 

Mean 

Acute 

Value 

(μg/L) Reference

Rainbow trout 

(juvenile; 2.7 g),

Oncorhynchus mykiss

S, M 99% - 5,400c- Ferrari et al. 2004

Rainbow trout (19.7 g),

Oncorhynchus mykiss F, M Technical 44.4 860 860 Phipps and Holcombe 1985

Atlantic salmon (0.4 g),

Salmo salar S, U 99.5% 42 4,500 - Mayer and Ellersieck 1986

Atlantic salmon (0.8 g),

Salmo salar S, U 99.5% 42 2,070 - Mayer and Ellersieck 1986

Atlantic salmon (0.8 g),

Salmo salar S, U 99.5% 42 1,180 - Mayer and Ellersieck 1986

Atlantic salmon (0.4 g),

Salmo salar S, U 99.5% 42 905 - Mayer and Ellersieck 1986

Atlantic salmon (0.8 g),

Salmo salar S, U 99.5% 12 2,010 - Mayer and Ellersieck 1986

Atlantic salmon (0.8 g),

Salmo salar S, U 99.5% 42 1,430 - Mayer and Ellersieck 1986

Atlantic salmon (0.2 g),

Salmo salar S, U 99.5% 42 500 - Mayer and Ellersieck 1986

Atlantic salmon (0.2 g),

Salmo salar S, U 99.5% 42 1,000 - Mayer and Ellersieck 1986

Atlantic salmon (0.2 g),

Salmo salar S, U 99.5% 42 1,150 - Mayer and Ellersieck 1986

Atlantic salmon (0.2 g),

Salmo salar S, U 99.5% 42 1,100 - Mayer and Ellersieck 1986

Atlantic salmon (0.2 g),

Salmo salar S, U 99.5% 42 1,350 - Mayer and Ellersieck 1986

Atlantic salmon (0.2 g),

Salmo salar S, U 99.5% 42 220 - Mayer and Ellersieck 1986

Atlantic salmon (0.2 g),

Salmo salar S, U 99.5% 42 900 - Mayer and Ellersieck 1986

Atlantic salmon (0.2 g),

Salmo salar S, U 99.5% 42 1,000 1,129 Mayer and Ellersieck 1986

Brown trout,

Salmo trutta S, U 99% 40-48 1,950b

- Macek and McAllister 1970

Brown trout (0.6 g),

Salmo trutta S, U 99.5% 42 6,300b

-

Johnson and Finley 1980; 

Mayer and Ellersieck 1986 

Brown trout 

(fingerling),

Salmo trutta

F, U 99.5% 314 2,000b- Mayer and Ellersieck 1986
108

Appendix A. Acceptable Acute Toxicity Data of Carbaryl to Freshwater Aquatic Animals

Species Methoda Chemical

Hardness 

(mg/L as 

CaCO3)

LC50 or 

EC50 

(μg/L)

Species 

Mean 

Acute 

Value 

(μg/L) Reference

Brown trout (fry),

Salmo trutta S, U 97.6% - 700 700 Lakota et al. 1981

Brook trout (1.15 g),

Salvelinus fontinalis S, U 98% 318-348 1,070 - Post and Schroeder 1971

Brook trout (2.04 g),

Salvelinus fontinalis S, U 98% 318-348 1,450 - Post and Schroeder 1971

Brook trout (1.0 g),

Salvelinus fontinalis S, U 99.5% 42 680 - Mayer and Ellersieck 1986

Brook trout (0.7 g),

Salvelinus fontinalis S, U 99.5% 42 4,560 - Mayer and Ellersieck 1986

Brook trout (0.7 g),

Salvelinus fontinalis S, U 99.5% 42 2,130 - Mayer and Ellersieck 1986

Brook trout (0.7 g),

Salvelinus fontinalis S, U 99.5% 42 1,130 - Mayer and Ellersieck 1986

Brook trout (0.8 g),

Salvelinus fontinalis S, U 99.5% 42 1,200 - Mayer and Ellersieck 1986

Brook trout (0.8 g),

Salvelinus fontinalis S, U 99.5% 300 1,290 - Mayer and Ellersieck 1986

Brook trout (1.3 g),

Salvelinus fontinalis S, U 99.5% 42 4,500 1,629 Mayer and Ellersieck 1986

Lake trout (1.7 g),

Salvelinus namaycush S, U 99.5% 40 690 -

Johnson and Finley 1980; 

Mayer and Ellersieck 1986 

Lake trout (1.7 g),

Salvelinus namaycush S, U 99.5% 40 740 - Mayer and Ellersieck 1986

Lake trout (1.7 g),

Salvelinus namaycush S, U 99.5% 40 920 - Mayer and Ellersieck 1986

Lake trout (0.5 g),

Salvelinus namaycush S, U 99.5% 162 872 - Mayer and Ellersieck 1986

Lake trout (2.6 g),

Salvelinus namaycush F, U 99.5% 260 2,300 988.1 Mayer and Ellersieck 1986

Goldfish (0.9 g),

Carassius auratus S, U 99% 40-48 13,200c

- Macek and McAllister 1970

Goldfish (0.9 g),

Carassius auratus S, U 99.5% 272 12,800c

- Mayer and Ellersieck 1986

Goldfish 

(juvenile; 1.3-3.3 g),

Carassius auratus

S, U 99.7% - 17,500c- Pfeiffer et al. 1997

Goldfish (14.2 g),

Carassius auratus

F, M - 44.4 16,700 16,700 Phipps and Holcombe 1985
109

Appendix A. Acceptable Acute Toxicity Data of Carbaryl to Freshwater Aquatic Animals

Species Methoda Chemical

Hardness 

(mg/L as 

CaCO3)

LC50 or 

EC50 

(μg/L)

Species 

Mean 

Acute 

Value 

(μg/L) Reference

Common carp (0.6 g),

Cyprinus carpio S, U 99% 40-48 5,280 - Macek and McAllister 1970

Common carp (0.38 g),

Cyprinus carpio S, U 94% 22 1,700 - Chin and Sudderuddin 1979

Common carp (fry),

Cyprinus carpio S, U 97.6% - 4,220 - Lakota et al. 1981

Common carp 

(20-34 mm),

Cyprinus carpio

S, U 85% - 7,850 4,153 de Mel and Pathiratne 2005

European chub 

(12.43 cm; 18.14 g)

Leuciscus cephalus

S,U 85% 61-65 8,656 8,656 Verep 2006

Fathead minnow 

(0.5 g),

Pimephales promelas

S, U 99.5% 42 14,000c- Mayer and Ellersieck 1986

Fathead minnow 

(0.8 g),

Pimephales promelas

S, U 99% 40-48 14,600c-

Macek and McAllister 1970; 

Sanders et al. 1983

Fathead minnow 

(0.8 g),

Pimephales promelas

S, U 99.5% 272 7,700c- Mayer and Ellersieck 1986

Fathead minnow 

(larvae),

Pimephales promelas

R, U 99% 44-49 >1,600c- Norberg-King 1989

Fathead minnow 

(0.32-0.56 g),

Pimephales promelas

S, U 99.7% 173 5,210c- Dwyer et al. 1995

Fathead minnow 

(2 mo),

Pimephales promelas

F, M 80% 41-49 9,000 - Carlson 1971

Fathead minnow 

(0.3 g),

Pimephales promelas

F, M Technical 44.4 5,010 - Phipps and Holcombe 1985

Fathead minnow (31 d),

Pimephales promelas F, M 99% 43.8 9,470 - Geiger et al. 1985; 1988

Fathead minnow (28 d),

Pimephales promelas F, M 99% 45.4 8,930 - Geiger et al. 1985; 1988

Fathead minnow (28 d),

Pimephales promelas F, M 99% 44.1 10,400 - Geiger et al. 1985; 1988

Fathead minnow (29 d),

Pimephales promelas F, M 99% 45.4 6,670 8,012 Geiger et al. 1985; 1988

Bonytail chub 

(0.29-0.52 g),

Gila elegans

S, U 99.7% 173 3,490 - Dwyer et al. 1995
110

Appendix A. Acceptable Acute Toxicity Data of Carbaryl to Freshwater Aquatic Animals

Species Methoda Chemical

Hardness 

(mg/L as 

CaCO3)

LC50 or 

EC50 

(μg/L)

Species 

Mean 

Acute 

Value 

(μg/L) Reference

Bonytail chub (6 d),

Gila elegans R, M 99% 212-216 2,020 2,655 Beyers et al. 1994

Colorado pikeminnow 

(formerly squawfish)

(0.32-0.34 g),

Ptychochelius lucius

S, U 99.7% 173 3,070 - Dwyer et al. 1995

Colorado pikeminnow 

(26 d),

Ptychochelius lucius

R, M 99% 212-216 1,310 2,005 Beyers et al. 1994

Razorback sucker 

(0.31-0.32 g),

Xyrauchen texanus

S, U 99.7% 173 4,350 4,350 Dwyer et al. 1995

Black bullhead (1.2 g),

Ameiurus melas S, U 99% 40-48 20,000 20,000 Macek and McAllister 1970

Channel catfish (1.5 g),

Ictalurus punctatus S, U 99% 40-48 15,800c

- Macek and McAllister 1970

Channel catfish (0.3 g),

Ictalurus punctatus

S, U 100% 10 1,300c- Brown et al. 1979

Channel catfish (1.5 g),

Ictalurus punctatus S, U 99.5% 272 7,790c

- Mayer and Ellersieck 1986

Channel catfish 

(fingerling),

Ictalurus punctatus

F, U 99.5% 314 17,300c- Mayer and Ellersieck 1986

Channel catfish 

(27.6 g),

Ictalurus punctatus

F, M - 44.4 12,400 12,400 Phipps and Holcombe 1985

Walking catfish 

(17-18 cm; 60-70 g),

Clarias batrachus

R, U Technical - 46,850 - Tripathi and Shukla 1988

Walking catfish 

(14 cm; 25 g),

Clarias batrachus

S, U 99% - 16,270 27,609 Lata et al. 2001

Guppy (2.0 cm),

Poecilia reticulata R, M 99% - 2,515 2,515 Gallo et al. 1995

Gila topminnow 

(219 mg),

Poeciliopsis 

occidentalis

S, U 99.7% 167 >3,000 >3,000 Dwyer et al. 1999b
111

Appendix A. Acceptable Acute Toxicity Data of Carbaryl to Freshwater Aquatic Animals

Species Methoda Chemical

Hardness 

(mg/L as 

CaCO3)

LC50 or 

EC50 

(μg/L)

Species 

Mean 

Acute 

Value 

(μg/L) Reference

Striped bass (56 d),

Morone saxatilis S, U - 40 760 - Palawski et al. 1985

Striped bass,

Morone saxatilis S, U - 45.5 2,300 1,322 Palawski et al. 1985

Green sunfish (1.1 g),

Lepomis cyanellus S, U 99.5% 272 9,460 9,460 Mayer and Ellersieck 1986

Redear sunfish (1.1 g),

Lepomis microlophus S, U 99% 40-48 11,200 11,200 Macek and McAllister 1970

Bluegill,

Lepomis macrochirus S, U 99.9% - 14,000c

- McCann and Young 1969

Bluegill (1.2 g),

Lepomis macrochirus S, U 99% 40-48 6,760c

- Macek and McAllister 1970

Bluegill,

Lepomis macrochirus S, U 99.5% 40 16,000c(12oC) - Sanders et al. 1983

Bluegill,

Lepomis macrochirus S, U 99.5% 40 8,200c

(22oC) - Sanders et al. 1983

Bluegill,

Lepomis macrochirus S, U 99.5% 40 5,400c(pH=6.5) - Sanders et al. 1983

Bluegill,

Lepomis macrochirus S, U 99.5% 40 5,200c(pH=7.5) - Sanders et al. 1983

Bluegill,

Lepomis macrochirus S, U 99.5% 40 1,800c(pH=8.5) - Sanders et al. 1983

Bluegill,

Lepomis macrochirus S, U 99.5% 40 2,200c

- Sanders et al. 1983

Bluegill,

Lepomis macrochirus S, U 99.5% 320 1,000c

- Sanders et al. 1983

Bluegill (1.2 g),

Lepomis macrochirus S, U 99.5% 272 5,230c

- Mayer and Ellersieck 1986

Bluegill (0.6 g),

Lepomis macrochirus F, U 99.5% 314 5,047c

- Mayer and Ellersieck 1986

Bluegill (0.4 g),

Lepomis macrochirus S, U 99.5% 44 7,400c

- Mayer and Ellersieck 1986

Bluegill (0.4 g),

Lepomis macrochirus S, U 99.5% 44 5,200c

- Mayer and Ellersieck 1986

Bluegill (0.8 g),

Lepomis macrochirus S, U 99.5% 40 16,000c

- Mayer and Ellersieck 1986

Bluegill (0.8 g),

Lepomis macrochirus S, U 99.5% 40 7,000c

-

Sanders et al. 1983; Mayer 

and Ellersieck 1986 

Bluegill (0.8 g),

Lepomis macrochirus S, U 99.5% 40 8,200c

- Mayer and Ellersieck 1986
112

Appendix A. Acceptable Acute Toxicity Data of Carbaryl to Freshwater Aquatic Animals

Species Methoda Chemical

Hardness 

(mg/L as 

CaCO3)

LC50 or 

EC50 

(μg/L)

Species 

Mean 

Acute 

Value 

(μg/L) Reference

Bluegill (0.4 g),

Lepomis macrochirus S, U 99.5% 320 6,200c

- Mayer and Ellersieck 1986

Bluegill (0.7 g),

Lepomis macrochirus S, U 99.5% 40 5,400c

- Mayer and Ellersieck 1986

Bluegill (0.7 g),

Lepomis macrochirus S, U 99.5% 40 5,200c

- Mayer and Ellersieck 1986

Bluegill (0.7 g),

Lepomis macrochirus S, U 99.5% 40 1,800c

- Mayer and Ellersieck 1986

Bluegill (0.7 g),

Lepomis macrochirus S, U 99.5% 40 2,600c

- Mayer and Ellersieck 1986

Bluegill (0.5 g),

Lepomis macrochirus F, M - 44.4 6,970 6,970 Phipps and Holcombe 1985

Largemouth bass 

(0.9 g),

Micropterus salmoides

S, U 99% 40-48 6,400 6,400 Macek and McAllister 1970

Black crappie (1.0 g),

Pomoxis 

nigromaculatus

S, U 99.5% 40 2,600 2,600 Johnson and Finley 1980; 

Mayer and Ellersieck 1986; 

Greenthroat darter 

(133 mg),

Etheostoma lepidum

S, U 99.7% 167 2,140 2,140 Dwyer et al. 1999b

Fountain darter 

(62 mg),

Etheostoma fonticola

S, U 99.7% 167 2,020 2,020 Dwyer et al. 2005

Yellow perch (1.4 g),

Perca flavescens S, U 99% 40-48 745 - Macek and McAllister 1970 

Yellow perch (0.6 g),

Perca flavescens S, U 99.5% 42 5,100 -

Johnson and Finley 1980; 

Mayer and Ellersieck 1986 

Yellow perch (1.0 g),

Perca flavescens S, U 99.5% 42 13,900 - Mayer and Ellersieck 1986

Yellow perch (1.0 g),

Perca flavescens S, U 99.5% 42 5,400 - Mayer and Ellersieck 1986

Yellow perch (1.0 g),

Perca flavescens S, U 99.5% 42 3,400 - Mayer and Ellersieck 1986

Yellow perch (1.0 g),

Perca flavescens S, U 99.5% 42 1,200 - Mayer and Ellersieck 1986

Yellow perch (0.9 g),

Perca flavescens S, U 99.5% 42 4,000 - Mayer and Ellersieck 1986
113

Appendix A. Acceptable Acute Toxicity Data of Carbaryl to Freshwater Aquatic Animals

Species Methoda Chemical

Hardness 

(mg/L as 

CaCO3)

LC50 or 

EC50 

(μg/L)

Species 

Mean 

Acute 

Value 

(μg/L) Reference

Yellow perch (0.9 g),

Perca flavescens S, U 99.5% 42 4,200 - Mayer and Ellersieck 1986

Yellow perch (0.9 g),

Perca flavescens S, U 99.5% 42 480 - Mayer and Ellersieck 1986

Yellow perch (0.9 g),

Perca flavescens S, U 99.5% 42 350 - Mayer and Ellersieck 1986

Yellow perch (1.0 g),

Perca flavescens S, U 99.5% 42 3,800 - Mayer and Ellersieck 1986

Yellow perch (1.0 g),

Perca flavescens S, U 99.5% 170 5,000 - Mayer and Ellersieck 1986

Yellow perch (1.0 g),

Perca flavescens S, U 99.5% 300 3,750 - Mayer and Ellersieck 1986

Yellow perch 

(fingerling),

Perca flavescens

F, U 99.5% 314 1,420 2,480 Mayer and Ellersieck 1986

Shortnosed sturgeon,

Acipenser brevirostrum S, U 99.7% 170 1,810 1,810 Dwyer et al. 2000

Nile tilapia 

(45-55 mm; 3.17 g),

Oreochromis niloticus

S, U 85% - 2,930 2,930 dela Cruz and Cagauan 

1981

Green frog (Gosner 

stage 25 tadpole),

Rana clamitans

S, U 99.7% 286 22,020

(17oC) - Boone and Bridges 1999

Green frog (Gosner 

stage 25 tadpole),

Rana clamitans

S, U 99.7% 286 17,360

(22oC) - Boone and Bridges 1999

Green frog (Gosner 

stage 25 tadpole),

Rana clamitans

S, U 99.7% 286 11,320

(27oC) 16,296 Boone and Bridges 1999

Boreal toad (200 mg),

Bufo boreas S, U 99.7% 286 12,310 12,310 Dwyer et al. 1999b

Gray tree frog 

(tadpole),

Hyla versicolor

S, U 99.7% - 2,470 2,470 Zaga et al. 1998

African clawed frog 

(embryo),

Xenopus laevis

S, U 99.7% - 15,250b- Zaga et al. 1998
114

Appendix A. Acceptable Acute Toxicity Data of Carbaryl to Freshwater Aquatic Animals

Species Methoda Chemical

Hardness 

(mg/L as 

CaCO3)

LC50 or 

EC50 

(μg/L)

Species 

Mean 

Acute 

Value 

(μg/L) Reference

African clawed frog 

(tadpole),

Xenopus laevis

S, U 99.7% - 1,730 1,730 Zaga et al. 1998

a

S = static; R = renewal; F = flow-through; M = measured; U = unmeasured.

b Data not used to calculate SMAV because a more sensitive life stage or endpoint, or definitive value available for the 

species.

c Data not used to calculate SMAV because a more sensitive test exposure available for the species.

Dash indicates not available
115

Appendix B
116

Appendix B. Acceptable Acute Toxicity Data of Carbaryl to Estuarine/Marine Aquatic Animals

Species Methoda Chemical

Salinity 

(g/kg)

LC50 or 

EC50 

(μg/L)

Species Mean 

Acute Value 

(μg/L) References

Estuarine/marine Species

Bay mussel (adult),

Mytilus edulis S, M 99.7% 25 22,700b

- Liu and Lee 1975

Bay mussel 

(embryo/larva),

Mytilus edulis

S, M 99.7% 25.9 1,480

(22oC) - Liu and Lee 1975

Bay mussel 

(embryo/larva),

Mytilus edulis

S, M 99.7% 25.9 1,800

(22oC) - Liu and Lee 1975

Bay mussel 

(embryo/larva),

Mytilus edulis

S, M 99.7% 25.9 1,210

(22oC) - Liu and Lee 1975

Bay mussel (larva),

Mytilus edulis S, U 80% 25 2,300 1,650 Stewart et al. 1967

Pacific oyster (larva),

Crassostrea gigas S, U 80% 25 2,200 2,200 Stewart et al. 1967

Eastern oyster 

(embryo/larva),

Crassostrea virginica

S, U - -

3,000

(24oC) - Davis and Hidu 1969

Eastern oyster (juvenile),

Crassostrea virginica F, U 99.7% 27 >2,000

(29oC) - Hansen 1980; Mayer 1987

Eastern oyster (juvenile),

Crassostrea virginica F, U 99.7% 17 >2,000

(20oC) Hansen 1980

Eastern oyster (embryo),

Crassostrea virginica S, M 99% - 2,700 2,386 Surprenant et al. 1985

Cockle clam (2-5 mm),

Clinocardium nuttalli R, U 80% 25 3,850 3,850 Butler et al. 1968

Bent-nosed clam (2.5 g),

Macoma nasuta R, U 80% 25 17,000 17,000 Armstrong and Millemann 1974b

Hard clam 

(embryo/larva),

Mercenaria mercenaria

S, U - -

3,820

(24oC) 3,820 Davis and Hidu 1969

Mysid (24 hr)

Americamysis bahia R, U 99% 30 19c

- Thursby and Champlin 1991a

Mysid (juvenile),

Americamysis bahia F, M - - >7.7 - Nimmo et al. 1981
117

Appendix B. Acceptable Acute Toxicity Data of Carbaryl to Estuarine/Marine Aquatic Animals

Species Methoda Chemical

Salinity 

(g/kg)

LC50 or 

EC50 

(μg/L)

Species Mean 

Acute Value 

(μg/L) References

Mysid (24 hr)

Americamysis bahia F, M 99% 31 8.46(pH=7.85) - Thursby and Champlin 1991b

Mysid (<24 hr)

Americamysis bahia F, M 99.7% 20 5.7 7.188 Lintott 1992a

Mud shrimp 

(larva; 3 mm),

Upogebia pugettensis

S, U 80% 25 90

(16oC) - Stewart et al. 1967

Mud shrimp 

(larva; 3 mm),

Upogebia pugettensis

S, U 80% 25 40

(20oC) 60.0 Stewart et al. 1967

Ghost shrimp 

(larva; 3 mm),

Callianassa 

californiensis

S, U 80% 25 80

(17oC) - Stewart et al. 1967

Ghost shrimp 

(larva; 3 mm),

Callianassa 

californiensis

S, U 80% 25 30

(20oC) 48.99 Stewart et al. 1967

Dungeness crab 

(9th stage),

Metacarcinus magister 

(formerly Cancer 

magister)

R, U 80% 25 300b

(10oC) - Buchanan et al. 1970

Dungeness crab 

(9th stage),

Metacarcinus magister 

(formerly Cancer 

magister)

R, U 80% 25 280b

(10oC) - Buchanan et al. 1970

Dungeness crab (adult),

Metacarcinus magister 

(formerly Cancer 

magister)

R, U 80% 25 180b

(18oC) - Buchanan et al. 1970

Dungeness crab (adult),

Metacarcinus magister 

(formerly Cancer 

magister)

R, U 80% 25 260b

(11oC) - Buchanan et al. 1970

Dungeness crab (zoea),

Metacarcinus magister 

(formerly Cancer 

magister)

S, U 80% 25 10

(10oC) 10 Buchanan et al. 1970

Sheepshead minnow 

(10.27 g; 24 mm), 

Cyprinodon variegatus

S, U 99% 32 2,200c- Surprenant 1985a
118

Appendix B. Acceptable Acute Toxicity Data of Carbaryl to Estuarine/Marine Aquatic Animals

Species Methoda Chemical

Salinity 

(g/kg)

LC50 or 

EC50 

(μg/L)

Species Mean 

Acute Value 

(μg/L) References

Sheepshead minnow 

(juvenile; 0.9 g; 29 mm), 

Cyprinodon variegatus

F, M 99.7% 20 2,600 2,600 Lintott 1992b

Threespine stickleback 

(0.38-0.77 g; adult), 

Gasterosteus aculeatus

S, U 95% 5 3,990 - Katz 1961

Threespine stickleback 

(0.38-0.77 g; adult), 

Gasterosteus aculeatus

S, U 95% 25 3,990 3,990 Katz 1961

a

S = static; R = renewal; F = flow-through; M = measured; U = unmeasured.

b Data not used to calculate SMAV because a more sensitive life stage or endpoint, or definite value available for the 

species.

c Data not used to calculate SMAV because a more sensitive test exposure available for the species.

Dash indicates not available
119

Appendix C
120

Appendix C. Acceptable Chronic Toxicity Data of Carbaryl to Freshwater Aquatic Animals

Species Testa Chemical

Hardness 

(mg/L as 

CaCO3)

Chronic 

Limitsb

(μg/L)

Chronic 

Valuec

(μg/L)

Species Mean 

Chronic Value 

(μg/L) Reference

Freshwater Species

Cladoceran (<12 hr),

Ceriodaphnia dubia LC >99% 57 - 10.6 10.6 Oris et al. 1991

Cladoceran (≤24 hr),

Daphnia magna LC 99% 140-170 1.5-3.3 2.225 - Surprenant 1985b

Cladoceran,

Daphnia magna LC 98% 201.5 4.04-10.1d

6.389 3.770 Brooke 1991

Fathead minnow,

Pimephales promelas LC 80% 41-49 210-680 377.9 - Carlson 1971

Fathead minnow,

Pimephales promelas ELS 99% 44-49 720-1,600 1,073 636.8 Norberg-King 1989

Bonytail chub (48 d),

Gila elegans ELS 99% 344-378 650-1,240 897.8 897.8 Beyers et al. 1994

Colorado

pikeminnow

(formerly squawfish)

(41 d),

Ptychochelius lucius

ELS 99% 344-378 445-866 620.8 620.8 Beyers et al. 1994

a LC = life-cycle or partial life-cycle; ELS = early life-stage.

b NOEC is listed first, then the LOEC.

c Chronic value = calculated geometric mean of NOEC and LOEC

d LOEC is based on the EC50 value obtained in a parallel acute test conducted in the same study (Brooke 1991). 

 Chronic value should be considered an upper bound value for the species from this study.

Dash indicates not available
121

Appendix D
122

Appendix D. Chronic Toxicity Data of Carbaryl to Estuarine/Marine Aquatic Animals used 

Qualitatively in the Assessment

Species Testa Chemical

Salinity 

(g/kg)

Chronic 

Limitsb

(μg/L)

Chronic 

Valuec

(μg/L)

Species Mean 

Chronic Value 

(μg/L) Reference

Estuarine/marine Species

Mysid (24 hr),

Americamysis bahia LC 99% 31.5 7.18-13.7 9.918 9.918 Thursby and Champlin 1991b

a LC = life-cycle or partial life-cycle; ELS = early life-stage.

b NOEC is listed first, then the LOEC.

c Chronic value = calculated geometric mean of NOEC and LOEC
123

Appendix E
124

Appendix E. Acceptable Toxicity Data of Carbaryl to Freshwater Aquatic Plants

Species Chemical Methoda

Hardness 

(mg/L as 

CaCO3)

Duration 

(days) Effect

Concentration

(μg/L) Reference

Freshwater Species

Blue green alga, 

Nostoc muscorum 99.9% S,U - 4

Chronic Value 

(growth) 7,071 Bhunia et al. 1994

Blue green alga,

Anabaena torulosa 99.9% S,U - 21 LOEC (growth) 50,000 Obulakondaiah et al. 1993

Green alga,

Pseudokirchneriella 

subcapitata

Analytical S,U - 4

EC20

(growth, cell #) 1,040 Versteeg 1990

Green alga,

Pseudokirchneriella 

subcapitata

99.7% S, M - 5

Chronic Value 

(cell number) 537.2 Lintott 1992c

Green alga,

Pseudokirchneriella 

subcapitata

98% - 81.9 4 IC50b490 Brooke 1993

Green alga,

Scenedesmus 

quadricauda

97% S,U - 10

LOEC 

(chlorophyll 

content)

100 Lejczak 1977

Green alga,

Scenedesmus 

quadricauda

97% - - 10

Reduced 

chlorophyll 

content

100 Lejczak 1977

Diatom, 

Navicula pelliculosa 99.7% S, M - 5

LOEC 

(cell number) 400 Lintott 1992d

Duckweed,

Lemna minor 98% - 171 4 IC50b

23,900 Brooke 1993

a

S = static; R = renewal; F = flow-through; M = measured; U = unmeasured.

b IC50 = concentration of carbaryl at which growth is inhibited 50% compared to control organism growth.

Dash indicates not available
125

Appendix F
126

Appendix F. Acceptable Toxicity Data of Carbaryl to Estuarine/Marine Aquatic Plants

Species Chemical Methoda

Salinity 

(g/kg)

Duration 

(days) Effect

Concentration 

(μg/L) Reference

Estuarine/marine Species

Green alga,

Chlorococcum sp. - S, U - 4

EC50

(growth) 2,100 Walsh and Alexander 1980

Green alga,

Chlorococcum sp. - S, U - 4

EC50

(growth) 1,800 Walsh and Alexander 1980

Green alga,

Chlorococcum sp. - S, U - 12 EC50(growth) 2,700 Walsh and Alexander 1980

Green alga,

Chlorococcum sp. - S, U - 12 EC50(growth) 2,900 Walsh and Alexander 1980

Green alga,

Chlorella sp. - S, U - 4

EC50

(growth) 1,000 Walsh and Alexander 1980

Green alga,

Chlorella sp. - S, U - 4

EC50

(growth) 600 Walsh and Alexander 1980

Green alga,

Chlorella sp. - S, U - 12 EC50(growth) 1,200 Walsh and Alexander 1980

Green alga,

Chlorella sp. - S, U - 12 EC50(growth) 1,400 Walsh and Alexander 1980

Green alga,

Chlorella sp. 95% S, U - 10 10% reduced growth rate 100 Ukeles 1962

Green alga,

Chlorella sp. 95% S, U - 10 20% reduced growth rate 1,000 Ukeles 1962

Green alga,

Chlorella sp. 95% S, U - 10

100% reduced 

growth rate, 

cells not viable

10,000 Ukeles 1962

Green alga,

Chlorella sp. 95% S, U - 10

100% reduced 

growth rate, 

cells not viable

100,000 Ukeles 1962

Green alga,

Dunaliella euchora 95% S, U - 10 10% reduced growth rate 100 Ukeles 1962

Green alga,

Dunaliella euchora 95% S, U - 10 35% reduced growth rate 1,000 Ukeles 1962

Green alga,

Dunaliella euchora 95% S, U - 10

100% reduced 

growth rate, 

cell viable

10,000 Ukeles 1962

Green alga,

Dunaliella euchora 95% S, U - 10

100% reduced 

growth rate, 

cells not viable

100,000 Ukeles 1962

Green alga,

Protococcus sp. 95% S, U - 10 20% reduced growth rate 100 Ukeles 1962

Green alga,

Protococcus sp. 95% S, U - 10 26% reduced growth rate 1,000 Ukeles 1962

Green alga,

Protococcus sp. 95% S, U - 10

100% reduced 

growth rate, 

cell viable

10,000 Ukeles 1962

Green alga,

Protococcus sp. 95% S, U - 10

100% reduced 

growth rate, 

cells not viable

100,000 Ukeles 1962
127

Appendix F. Acceptable Toxicity Data of Carbaryl to Estuarine/Marine Aquatic Plants

Species Chemical Methoda

Salinity 

(g/kg)

Duration 

(days) Effect

Concentration 

(μg/L) Reference

Diatom,

Skeletonema 

costatum

- S, U - 4

EC50

(growth) 1,700 Walsh and Alexander 1980

Diatom,

Skeletonema 

costatum

- S, U - 4

EC50

(growth) 900 Walsh and Alexander 1980

Diatom,

Skeletonema 

costatum

- S, U - 12 EC50

(growth) 1,800 Walsh and Alexander 1980

Diatom,

Skeletonema 

costatum

- S, U - 12 EC50

(growth) 1,600 Walsh and Alexander 1980

Diatom,

Nitzschia angularum - S, U - 4

EC50

(growth) 1,500 Walsh and Alexander 1980

Diatom,

Nitzschia angularum - S, U - 4

EC50

(growth) 1,000 Walsh and Alexander 1980

Diatom,

Nitzschia angularum - S, U - 12 EC50(growth) 1,600 Walsh and Alexander 1980

Diatom,

Nitzschia angularum - S, U - 12 EC50(growth) 1,500 Walsh and Alexander 1980

Diatom,

Phaeodactylum 

tricornutum

95% S, U - 10

100% reduced 

growth rate, 

cells viable

100 Ukeles 1962

Diatom,

Phaeodactylum 

tricornutum

95% S, U - 10

100% reduced 

growth rate, 

cells viable

1,000 Ukeles 1962

Diatom,

Phaeodactylum 

tricornutum

95% S, U - 10

100% reduced 

growth rate, 

cells viable

10,000 Ukeles 1962

Diatom,

Phaeodactylum 

tricornutum

95% S, U - 10

100% reduced 

growth rate, 

cells viable

100,000 Ukeles 1962

Chrysophyte,

Monochrysis lutheri 95% S, U - 10 13% reduced growth rate 100 Ukeles 1962

Chrysophyte,

Monochrysis lutheri 95% S, U - 10

100% reduced 

growth rate, 

cells viable

1,000 Ukeles 1962

Chrysophyte,

Monochrysis lutheri 95% S, U - 10

100% reduced 

growth rate, 

cells not viable

10,000 Ukeles 1962

Chrysophyte,

Monochrysis lutheri 95% S, U - 10

100% reduced 

growth rate, 

cells not viable

100,000 Ukeles 1962

a

S = static; R = renewal; F = flow-through; M = measured; U = unmeasured.

Dash indicates not available
128

Appendix G
129

Appendix G. Acceptable Bioaccumulation Data of Carbaryl by Aquatic Organisms

There are no acceptable bioaccumulation data for carbaryl.
130

Appendix H
131

Appendix H. Other Data on Effects of Carbaryl to Freshwater Aquatic Organisms

Species Chemical Duration Effect

Concentration 

(μg/L) Reference

Reason Other 

Data

Freshwater Species

Bacterium,

Vibrio fischeri Analytical 30 min EC50 (luminescence) 2,440 Hernando et al. 2007

Single-cell 

organism

Bacteria,

Pseudomonas putida - -

LOEC

(reduced cell growth) >5,000 Bringmann and Kuhn 1977

Single-cell 

organism

Planktonic algae 

mixture 99.7% 14 day LOEC(growth inhibition) 10,000 Butler et al. 1975 Community exposure

Blue-green algae 

mixture - 24 hr Reduced carbon uptake 500 Vickers and Boyd 1971

Community 

exposure

Blue-green algae,

Microcystis 

aeruginosa

- 8 day LOEC

(reduced cell growth) 1,350 Bringmann and Kuhn 1978a; b

Lack of exposure 

details

Green alga,

Ankistrodesmus 

braunii

- 48 hr Reduced growth 25,000 Kopecek et al. 

1975 Duration

Green algae,

Chlorella 

pyrenoidosa

- 96 hr LOEC

(growth) 100 Christie 1969 Lack of exposure details

Green alga,

Raphidocelis 

subcapitata

Analytical 6 day LOEC

(growth) 5,030 Bierkens et al. 1998

Lack of exposure 

details

Green alga,

Raphidocelis 

subcapitata

Analytical 6 day LOEC

(heat shock protein 70) 2,072 Bierkens et al. 1998 Atypical endpoint

Green algae,

Scenedesmus 

quadricaudata

- 6 day Increased cell biomass 100 Stadnyk et al. 

1971

Lack of exposure 

details

Green algae,

Scenedesmus 

quadricaudata

- 8 day Reduced cell growth 1,400

Bringmann and 

Kuhn 1977; 

1978a; b

Lack of exposure 

details

Ciliate protozoa,

Colpidium campylum - 43 hr LOEC(growth inhibition) <10,000 Dive et al. 1980 Duration

Protozoa (7 day),

Paramecium aurelia 97.5% 24 hr LC50 46,000 Edmiston et al. 1984

Single-cell 

organism

Protozoa (7 day),

Paramecium 

bursaria

97.5% 24 hr LC50 31,000 Edmiston et al. 

1984

Single-cell 

organism

Protozoa (7 day),

Paramecium 

caudatum

97.5% 24 hr LC50 10,000 Edmiston et al. 

1984

Single-cell 

organism

Protozoa (7 day),

Paramecium 

multimicronucleatum

97.5% 24 hr LC50 24,000 Edmiston et al. 

1984

Single-cell 

organism

Protozoa (12 day),

Paramecium 

multimicronucleatum

97.5% 24 hr LC50 28,000 Edmiston et al. 

1985

Single-cell 

organism

Tubificid worm,

Branchiura sowerbyi - 72 hr LOEC(mortality) 4,000 Naqvi 1973 Duration
132

Appendix H. Other Data on Effects of Carbaryl to Freshwater Aquatic Organisms

Species Chemical Duration Effect

Concentration 

(μg/L) Reference

Reason Other 

Data

Snail (< 24 hr),

Lymnea stagnalis 97-99% 1 mo 82.5% mortality 2,000 Seuge and Bluzat 1983

Unmeasured 

exposure

Snail,

Physa acuta Technical 48 hr LC50 27,000 Hashimoto and Nishiuchi 1981 Duration

Cladoceran (<24 hr),

Ceriodaphnia dubia 99.7% 7 day IC25 <330 Dwyer et al. 1999a

Static, 

unmeasured 

exposure

Cladoceran 

(2nd instar),

Daphnia galeata 

mendotae

>99% 8-14 hr LOEC

(enlarged helmet) 5

Hanazato and 

Dodson 1993 Duration

Cladoceran 

(1st and 2nd instar),

Daphnia lumholtzi

>99% 8-14 hr LOEC

(enlarged helmet) 10 Hanazato and Dodson 1993 Duration

Cladoceran (<26 hr),

Daphnia magna - 24 hr LC50 1.1 Gaaboub et al. 1975 Duration

Cladoceran (<24 hr),

Daphnia magna

Technical 

grade 0.5 hr EC50(erratic swimming) 12 Parker et al. 1970 Duration

Cladoceran (0-24 hr),

Daphnia magna - 24 hr LC50 0.66 Rawash et al. 1975 Duration

Cladoceran (4 day),

Daphnia magna - 24 hr LC50 21 Wernersson and Dave 1997 Duration

Cladoceran

(2nd instar),

Daphnia pulex

>99% 8-14 hr LOEC

(enlarged helmet) 15 Hanazato and Dodson 1993 Duration

Cladoceran,

Dapnia pulex - 3 hr LC50 0.85 Nishiuchi and Hashimoto 1967 Duration

Cladoceran,

Daphnia pulex Technical 3 hr LC50 50 Hashimoto and Nishiuchi 1981 Duration

Cladoceran 

(1st and 2nd instar),

Daphnia retrocurva

>99% 8-14 hr LOEC

(enlarged helmet) 20 Hanazato and Dodson 1993 Duration

Cladoceran,

Moina macrocopa - 3 hr LC50 1.0 Nishiuchi and Hashimoto 1967 Duration

Cladoceran,

Moina macrocopa Technical 3 hr LC50 50 Hashimoto and Nischiuchi 1981 Duration

Cladoceran 

(adult female),

Bosmina longirostris

>99% 24 hr LC50 8.597 Sakamoto et al. 

2005 Duration

Cladoceran 

(juvenile/adult),

Leptodora kindtii

>99% 24 hr LC50 3.477 Sakamoto et al. 

2005 Duration

Ostracod,

Cypretta kawatai 99.9% 72 hr LC50 1,800 Hansen and Kawatski 1976 Duration

Opossum shrimp 

(adult),

Mysis relicta

98% 6 hr Avg. BCF = 149 7.24 and 15.95 Landrum and 

Dupuis 1990 Duration

Seed shrimp 

(mature),

Cypridopsis vidua

99.5% 48 hr EC50 115 Johnson and 

Finley 1980 Duration
133

Appendix H. Other Data on Effects of Carbaryl to Freshwater Aquatic Organisms

Species Chemical Duration Effect

Concentration 

(μg/L) Reference

Reason Other 

Data

Amphipod (mature),

Pontoporeia hoyi 98% 6 hr Avg. BCF = 18,700 1.44-3.81 Landrum and Dupuis 1990 Duration

Amphipod,

Gammarus 

pseudolimnaeus

99.5% 96 hr LC50 16 Schoettger and 

Mauck 1978

Control survival 

not reported

Amphipod (mature),

Gammarus 

pseudolimnaeous

99.5% 48 hr LC50 13 Mayer and 

Ellersieck 1986 Duration

Amphipod (mature),

Gammarus 

pseudolimnaeous

99.5% 48 hr LC50 8

Mayer and 

Ellersieck 1986 Duration

Grass shrimp,

Palaemonetes 

kadiakensis

- 24 hr LC50 42.5 Naqvi and 

Ferguson 1970 Duration

Red Crayfish,

Procambarus clarkii

Technical 72 hr LC50 2,000 Muncy and Oliver 

1963 Duration

Mayfly (nymph),

Cloeon dipterum Technical 48 hr LC50 370 Hashimoto and Nishiuchi 1981 Duration

Stonefly

(1st year class),

Isogenus sp.

99.5% 96 hr LC50

(solution aged 7 days) 6.6 Mayer and Ellersieck 1986 Aged solution

Stonefly

(1st year class),

Isogenus sp.

99.5% 96 hr

LC50

(solution aged 14 

days)

6.6 Mayer and 

Ellersieck 1986 Aged solution

Stonefly

(1st year class),

Isogenus sp.

99.5% 96 hr

LC50

(solution aged 21 

days)

12 Mayer and 

Ellersieck 1986 Aged solution

Stonefly (nymph),

Pteronarcys 

californica

99.5% 96 hr LC50 2

Schoettger and 

Mauck 1978

Control survival 

not reported

Crawling water 

beetle (5 mg),

Peltodytes sp.

≥94% 96 hr LC50 3,300 Federle and 

Collins 1976

Three species 

exposed 

simultaneously

Blackfly (larva),

Simulium vittatum ≥98% 48 hr LC50 23.72 Overmyer et al. 2003 Duration

Midge (4th instar),

Chironomus 

plumosus

99.5% 48 hr EC50 10 Sanders et al. 

1983 Duration

Midge (4th instar),

Chironomus riparius Analytical 24 hr EC50(reduced lactate) 1.0 Forcella et al. 2007 Duration

Midge (4th instar),

Chironomus riparius >98% 24 hr LC50 110 Lydy et al. 1990 Duration

Midge (4th instar),

Chironomus tentans 99.9% 72 hr LC50 5,900 Hansen and Kawatski 1976 Duration

Mosquito (2nd stage),

Aedes aegypti 97.6% 36 hr LC50 336 Lakota et al. 1981 Duration

Mosquito 

(4th instar larvae),

Culex pipiens

- 24 hr LC50 75 Rawash et al. 

1975 Duration
134

Appendix H. Other Data on Effects of Carbaryl to Freshwater Aquatic Organisms

Species Chemical Duration Effect

Concentration 

(μg/L) Reference

Reason Other 

Data

Mosquito 

(4th instar larvae),

Culex pipiens

- 24 hr LC50 170 Gaaboub et al. 

1975 Duration

Apache trout,

Oncorhynchus 

apache

- 96 hr

NOEC

(muscarinic 

cholinergic receptors)

1,300 Jones et al. 1998 Atypical endpoint

Coho salmon 

(6-18 mo),

Oncorhynchus 

kisutch

- ≤ 30 day

BCF = 3.58

(substantial mortality

at 30 days)

2,600 Walsh and Ribelin 

1973 Control issues

Coho salmon 

(4.9 cm; 1.3 g; 4-7 

mo),

Oncorhynchus 

kisutch

99% 96 hr LC50 >150 Laetz et al. 2009 Control survival 

not reported

Rainbow trout,

Oncorhynchus mykiss 99% 96 hr

EC50

(muscular 

cholinesterase)

270 Ferrari et al. 

2007a Atypical endpoint

Rainbow trout,

Oncorhynchus mykiss 99% 96 hr EC50(brain cholinesterase) 19.24 Ferrari et al. 2007a Atypical endpoint

Rainbow trout (2 yr),

Oncorhynchus mykiss - 48 hr LC0 30,000 Lysak and Marcinek 1972 Duration

Rainbow trout (2 yr),

Oncorhynchus mykiss - 24 hr LC100 100,000 Lysak and Marcinek 1972 Duration

Rainbow trout 

(1-1.5 yr),

Oncorhynchus mykiss

- 4.5 hr LOEC

(respiration rate) 2,000 Lunn et al. 1976 Duration

Rainbow trout 

(1-1.5 yr),

Oncorhynchus mykiss

- 4.5 hr NOEC

(respiration rate) 1,000 Lunn et al. 1976 Duration

Rainbow trout 

(1.8 g),

Oncorhynchus mykiss

99.5% 24 hr LC50 4,620 Mayer and 

Ellersieck 1986 Duration

Rainbow trout 

(2.2 g),

Oncorhynchus mykiss

99.5% 24 hr LC50 6,090 Mayer and 

Ellersieck 1986 Duration

Rainbow trout 

(30-80 g),

Oncorhynchus mykiss

Technical 24 hr LC50 1,410 Zinkl et al. 1987 Duration

Rainbow trout 

(30-80 g),

Oncorhynchus mykiss

Technical 24 hr

LOEC

(depression of brain 

cholinesterase activity)

500 Zinkl et al. 1987 Atypical endpoint

Rainbow trout 

(0.5-1.0 g),

Oncorhynchus mykiss

99.9% 96 hr

LOEC

(survival from 

predation)

10 Little et al. 1990 Atypical endpoint

Rainbow trout,

Oncorhynchus mykiss - 96 hr NOEC (muscarinic cholinergic receptors) 3,600 Jones et al. 1998 Atypical endpoint
135

Appendix H. Other Data on Effects of Carbaryl to Freshwater Aquatic Organisms

Species Chemical Duration Effect

Concentration 

(μg/L) Reference

Reason Other 

Data

Lahontan cutthroat 

trout,

Oncorhynchus clarkii

henshawi

- 96 hr

NOEC

(muscarinic 

cholinergic receptors)

2,200 Jones et al. 1998 Atypical endpoint

Cutthroat trout 

(0.5 g),

Oncorhynchus clarkii

99.5% 96 hr LC50

(solution aged 7 days)

4,000

(pH=7.3)

Mayer and 

Ellersieck 1986 Aged solution

Cutthroat trout 

(0.5 g),

Oncorhynchus clarkii

99.5% 96 hr

LC50

(solution aged 14 

days)

3,380

(pH=7.2)

Mayer and 

Ellersieck 1986 Aged solution

Cutthroat trout 

(0.5 g),

Oncorhynchus clarkii

99.5% 96 hr

LC50

(solution aged 21 

days)

2,300

(pH=7.2)

Mayer and 

Ellersieck 1986 Aged solution

Atlantic salmon 

(3-4 cm),

Salmo salar

- 24 hr

NOEC

(temperature 

preference)

1,000 Peterson 1976 Atypical endpoint

Atlantic salmon 

(0.4 g),

Salmo salar

99.5% 24 hr LC50

(pH=6.5) 1,400 Mayer and Ellersieck 1986 Duration

Brook trout,

Salvelinus fontinalis 99.5% 96 hr

LC50

(pH=7.5)

(7oC)

3,000 Schoettger and 

Mauck 1978

Control survival 

not reported

Brook trout,

Salvelinus fontinalis 99.5% 96 hr

LC50

(pH=7.5)

(12oC)

2,100 Schoettger and 

Mauck 1978

Control survival 

not reported

Brook trout,

Salvelinus fontinalis 99.5% 96 hr

LC50

(pH=7.5)

(17oC)

900 Schoettger and 

Mauck 1978

Control survival 

not reported

Brook trout,

Salvelinus fontinalis 99.5% 96 hr

LC50

(pH=8)

(12oC)

5,400 Schoettger and 

Mauck 1978

Control survival 

not reported

Brook trout,

Salvelinus fontinalis 99.5% 96 hr

LC50

(pH=8)

(12oC)

2,500 Schoettger and 

Mauck 1978

Control survival 

not reported

Brook trout,

Salvelinus fontinalis 99.5% 96 hr

LC50

(pH=6.5)

(12oC)

4,600 Schoettger and 

Mauck 1978

Control survival 

not reported

Brook trout,

Salvelinus fontinalis 99.5% 96 hr

LC50

(pH=7.5)

(12oC)

3,700 Schoettger and 

Mauck 1978

Control survival 

not reported

Brook trout,

Salvelinus fontinalis 99.5% 96 hr

LC50

(pH=8.5)

(12oC)

2,100 Schoettger and 

Mauck 1978

Control survival 

not reported

Brook trout,

Salvelinus fontinalis 99.5% 96 hr

LC50

(pH=9.0)

(12oC)

1,100 Schoettger and 

Mauck 1978

Control survival 

not reported

Brook trout (0.8 g),

Salvelinus fontinalis 99.5% 24 hr LC50 10,000 Mayer and Ellerseick 1986 Duration
136

Appendix H. Other Data on Effects of Carbaryl to Freshwater Aquatic Organisms

Species Chemical Duration Effect

Concentration 

(μg/L) Reference

Reason Other 

Data

Lake trout 

(6-18 month old),

Salvelinus 

namaycush

- ≤ 30 day

BCF = 4.00

(substantial mortality 

at 30 days)

2,600 Walsh and Ribelin 

1973 Control issues

Goldfish,

Carassius auratus - 48 hr LC50 >10,000 Nishiuchi and Hashimoto 1967 Duration

Goldfish,

Carassius auratus 99% 10 day LC50 >10,000 Shea and Berry 1983 Duration

Goldfish,

Carassius auratus - 7 day 40% with vertebral deformation 5,000 Imada 1976 Duration

Carp,

Cyprinus carpio Technical 48 hr LC50 13,000 Hashimoto and Nishiuchi 1981 Duration

Common carp (larva; 

8 mm; 3 day),

Cyprinus carpio

Commercial 96 hr LC50 2,000 Verma et al. 

1981a

Formulation

Common carp (larva; 

8 mm; 3 day),

Cyprinus carpio

Commercial 60 day NOEC

(growth) 50 Verma et al. 1981a

Formulation

Common carp (larva; 

8 mm; 3 day),

Cyprinus carpio

Commercial 60 day LOEC

(growth) 80 Verma et al. 1981a

Formulation

Common carp,

Cyprinus carpio - 48 hr LC50 >10,000 Nishiuchi and Hashimoto 1967 Duration

Common carp 

(20-34 mm),

Cyprinus carpio

85% 7 & 14 

day

LOEC

(reduced AChE 

activity in brain)

39 de Mel and 

Pathiratne 2005 Atypical endpoint

Common carp (egg),

Cyprinus carpio - 55-74 hr LC50 1,400 Kaur and Toor 1977 Duration

Common carp (egg),

Cyprinus carpio - 55-74 hr 100% mortality 2,500 Kaur and Toor 1977 Duration

Carp (1.2 g),

Cyrpinus carpio Technical 72 hr LC50 13,000 Nishiuchi and Asano 1981 Duration

Carp (3.0 g),

Cyrpinus carpio Technical 48 hr LC50 13,000 Nishiuchi and Asano 1981 Duration

Zebrafish (embryo),

Danio rerio 99.9% 24 hr LC50 44,660 Lin et al. 2007 Duration

Zebrafish (embryo),

Danio rerio 99.9% 24 hr

EC50

(pericardial edema, tail 

malformations)

7,520 Lin et al. 2007 Duration

Fathead minnow 

(1-2 g), 

Pimephales promelas

95% 96 hr LC50 13,000 Henderson et al. 

1960

Control survival 

not reported

Fathead minnow 

(1-2 g), 

Pimephales promelas

95% 96 hr LC50 7,000 Henderson et al. 

1960

Control survival 

not reported

Fathead minnow 

(larva),

Pimephales promelas

99.9% 7 day Chronic Value

(growth) 576 Norberg-King 1989 Duration
137

Appendix H. Other Data on Effects of Carbaryl to Freshwater Aquatic Organisms

Species Chemical Duration Effect

Concentration 

(μg/L) Reference

Reason Other 

Data

Fathead minnow 

(larva),

Pimephales promelas

99.9% 12 day Chronic Value

(growth) 1,275 Norberg-King 1989 Duration

Fathead minnow 

(larva),

Pimephales promelas

99.9% 7 day Chronic Value

(survival and growth) 1,088 Norberg-King 1989 Duration

Fathead minnow 

(larva),

Pimephales promelas

99.9% 7 day Chronic Value

(survival) 1,018 Norberg-King 1989 Duration

Fathead minnow 

(larva),

Pimephales promelas

99.9% 7 day Chronic Value

(growth) 569 Norberg-King 1989 Duration

Fathead minnow 

(larva),

Pimephales promelas

99.9% 7 day Chronic Value

(survival and growth) 976 Norberg-King 1989 Duration

Fathead minnow 

(1 day),

Pimephales promelas

99.8% 7 day Chronic Value

(growth) 707 Pickering et al. 1996 Duration

Fathead minnow 

(4 day),

Pimephales promelas

99.8% 7 day Chronic Value

(growth) <250 Pickering et al. 1996 Duration

Fathead minnow 

(7 day),

Pimephales promelas

99.8% 7 day Chronic Value

(growth) 707 Pickering et al. 1996 Duration

Fathead minnow 

(<24 hr),

Pimephales promelas

99.7% 7 day IC25 420 Dwyer et al. 

1999a Duration

Colorado 

pikeminnow 

(formerly squawfish),

Ptychocheilus lucius

99% 24 hr NOEC

(AChE inhibition) 29.3 Beyers and Sikoski 1994 Duration

Colorado 

pikeminnow,

Ptychocheilus lucius

99% 24 hr LOEC

(AChE inhibition) 49.1 Beyers and Sikoski 1994 Duration

Colorado 

pikeminnow

(5-6 day),

Ptychocheilus lucius

99.7% 7 day IC25 1,330 Dwyer et al. 

1999a Duration

Bonytail chub 

(2-7 day),

Gila elegans

99.7% 7 day IC25 250 Dwyer et al. 

1999a Duration

Razorback sucker 

(6-7 day),

Xyrauchen texanus

99.7% 7 day IC25 2,060 Dwyer et al. 

1999a Duration

Yellow bullhead 

(adult),

Ictalurus natalis

80% 48 hr LOEC

(behavior) 1,000 Morison 1984 Duration

Walking catfish 

(15-20 cm; 20-30 g),

Clarias batrachus

99% 15 day Decreased glucose and 

protein 4,000 Sharma 1999 Atypical endpoint
138

Appendix H. Other Data on Effects of Carbaryl to Freshwater Aquatic Organisms

Species Chemical Duration Effect

Concentration 

(μg/L) Reference

Reason Other 

Data

Walking catfish 

(15-20 cm; 70-90 g),

Clarias batrachus

99% 96 hr Increased lactic acid in 

liver and muscle 1,000 Sharma and Gopal 1995 Atypical endpoint

Walking catfish 

(15-20 cm; 70-90 g),

Clarias batrachus

99% 96 hr

Increased lactic acid in 

heart, gills, kidney and 

spleen

2,000 Sharma and Gopal 

1995 Atypical endpoint

Walking catfish 

(15-20 cm; 70-90 g),

Clarias batrachus

99% 96 hr Reduced AChE levels 

in various tissues 1,000 Sharma et al. 1993 Atypical endpoint

Killifish,

Fundulus heteroclitus 99% 10 day 40% Mortality 10,000 Shea and Berry 1983 Duration

Mosquitofish 

(20-45 mm),

Gambusia affinis

98% 24 hr Irritated 10,000 Hansen et al. 1972 Duration

Mosquitofish,

Gambusia affinis Analytical 24 hr Avoidance 13,000 Krieger and Lee 1973 Duration

Mosquitofish,

Gambusia affinis Analytical 24 hr LC50 13,000 Krieger and Lee 1973 Duration

Guppy (juvenile),

Poecilia reticulata 97.6% 36 hr LC50 3,840 Lakota et al. 1981 Duration

Bluegill (adult),

Lepomis macrochirus - 96 hr Increased ventilator response

2,400 Carlson 1990 Atypical endpoint

Bluegill (1-2 g),

Lepomis macrochirus 95% 96 hr LC50 5,600 Henderson et al. 1960

Control survival 

not reported

Bluegill (0.87 g),

Lepomis macrochirus Technical 96 hr LC50 2,000 Cope 1965 Control survival not reported

Mozambique tilapia,

Tilapia mossambica Commercial 48 hr LC50 5,495 Basha et al. 1983 Duration

Plains Leopard frog,

Rana blairi 99.7% 24 hr LOEC(reduced activity) 3,500 Bridges 1997 Duration

Gray tree frog 

(Gosner stage 25),

Hyla versicolor

99.7% 48 hr LC50 >2,510 Little et al. 2000 Duration

African clawed frog 

(embryo),

Xenopus laevis

- 24 hr LC50 4,700

Elliott-Freeley 

and Armstrong 

1982

Duration

African clawed frog 

(tadpole),

Xenopus laevis

- 24 hr Abnormal 

development 110

Elliott-Freeley 

and Armstrong 

1982

Duration

African clawed frog 

(embryo),

Xenopus laevis

99.8% 115 hr LC50 20,280 Bacchetta et al. 

2008 Duration

Dash indicates not available
139

Appendix I
140

Appendix I. Other Data on Effects of Carbaryl to Estuarine/Marine Aquatic Organisms

Species Chemical Duration Effect

Concentration 

(μg/L) Reference

Reason Other 

Data

Estuarine/marine Species

Bacteria 99% 34 day Reduction in diversity 100,000 Weber and 

Rosenberg 1984

Single-cell 

organism

Bacteria 99% 42 day 

(field)

No effect on numbers, 

diversity or filter paper 

composition

1,000 Weber and 

Rosenberg 1984

Single-cell 

organism

Bacteria 99% 42 day 

(field)

No effect on numbers, 

diversity or filter paper 

composition

10,000 Weber and 

Rosenberg 1984

Single-cell 

organism

Bacteria 99% 42 day 

(field)

No effect on numbers, 

diversity or filter paper 

composition

100,000 Weber and 

Rosenberg 1984

Single-cell 

organism

Bacteria 99% 70 day 

(lab)

No effect on filter 

paper decomposition 1,000 Weber and Rosenberg 1984

Single-cell 

organism

Bacteria 99% 70 day 

(lab)

No effect on filter 

paper decomposition 10,000 Weber and Rosenberg 1984

Single-cell 

organism

Bacteria 99% 70 day 

(lab)

Complete inhibition of 

filter paper 

decomposition

100,000 Weber and 

Rosenberg 1984

Single-cell 

organism

Bacterium,

Vibrio fischeri Analytical 30 min EC50(luminescence) 1,651 Hernando et al. 2007

Single-cell 

organism

Green alga,

Chlorococcum sp. - 48 hr 75% reduced growth rate 10,000 Maly and Ruber 1983 Duration

Green alga,

Chlorococcum sp. - 48 hr 40% reduced growth rate 2,000 Maly and Ruber 1983 Duration

Green alga,

Chlorococcum sp. - 48 hr 48% reduced growth rate 1,000 Maly and Ruber 1983 Duration

Green alga,

Chlorococcum sp. - 48 hr

No significant 

reduction in growth 

rate

500 Maly and Ruber 

1983 Duration

Green alga,

Chlorococcum sp. - 96 hr >100% reducedgrowth rate 10,000 Maly and Ruber 1983

Lack of exposure 

details

Green alga,

Chlorococcum sp. - 96 hr

92% reduction in 

growth rate between 

48 & 96 hr

2,000 Maly and Ruber 

1983

Lack of exposure 

details

Green alga,

Chlorococcum sp. - 96 hr

54% reduction in 

growth rate between 

48 & 96 hr

1,000 Maly and Ruber 

1983

Lack of exposure 

details

Green alga,

Chlorococcum sp. - 96 hr

No sign. reduction in 

growth rate between 

48 and 96 hr

500 Maly and Ruber 

1983

Lack of exposure 

details

Diatom,

Nitzschia closterium - 48 hr >100% reduced growth rate 10,000 Maly and Ruber 1983 Duration

Diatom,

Nitzschia closterium - 48 hr 69% reduced growth rate 2,000 Maly and Ruber 1983 Duration

Diatom,

Nitzschia closterium - 48 hr

No significant 

reduction in growth 

rate

1,000 Maly and Ruber 

1983 Duration
141

Appendix I. Other Data on Effects of Carbaryl to Estuarine/Marine Aquatic Organisms

Species Chemical Duration Effect

Concentration 

(μg/L) Reference

Reason Other 

Data

Diatom,

Nitzschia closterium - 96 hr

No significant 

reduction in growth 

rate between 48 and 

96 hr

10,000 Maly and Ruber 

1983

Lack of exposure 

details

Diatom, 

Amphora 

coffeaformis v. 

borealis

- 48 hr >100% reduced 

growth rate 10,000 Maly and Ruber 1983 Duration

Diatom, 

Amphora 

coffeaformis v. 

borealis

- 48 hr >100% reduced 

growth rate 2,000 Maly and Ruber 1983 Duration

Diatom, 

Amphora 

coffeaformis v. 

borealis

- 48 hr 99% reduced growth 

rate 1,000 Maly and Ruber 1983 Duration

Diatom, 

Amphora 

coffeaformis v. 

borealis

- 48 hr

No significant 

reduction in growth 

rate

500 Maly and Ruber 

1983 Duration

Diatom, 

Amphora 

coffeaformis v. 

borealis

- 96 hr

69% reduction in 

growth rate between 

48 & 96 hr

10,000 Maly and Ruber 

1983

Lack of exposure 

details

Diatom, 

Amphora 

coffeaformis v. 

borealis

- 96 hr

No significant 

reduction in growth 

rate between 48 & 96 

hr

2,000 Maly and Ruber 

1983

Lack of exposure 

details

Diatom,

Amphiprora sp. - 48 hr >100% reduced growth rate 10,000 Maly and Ruber 1983 Duration

Diatom,

Amphiprora sp. - 48 hr 75% reduced growth rate 2,000 Maly and Ruber 1983 Duration

Diatom,

Amphiprora sp. - 48 hr 63% reduced growth rate 1,000 Maly and Ruber 1983 Duration

Diatom,

Amphiprora sp. - 48 hr

No significant 

reduction in growth 

rate

500 Maly and Ruber 

1983 Duration

Diatom,

Amphiprora sp. - 96 hr

No significant 

reduction in growth 

rate between 48 & 96 

hr

10,000 Maly and Ruber 

1983

Lack of exposure 

details

Dinoflagellate, 

Gonyaulax sp. - 48 hr

No significant 

reduction in growth 

rate

10,000 Maly and Ruber 

1983 Duration

Dinoflagellate, 

Gonyaulax sp - 96 hr

No significant 

reduction in growth 

rate between 48 & 96 

hr

10,000 Maly and Ruber 

1983

Lack of exposure 

details

Hermatypic coral,

Pocillopora 

damicornis

Analytical 96 hr NOEC

(survival) 10,000 Acevedo 1991 Duration
142

Appendix I. Other Data on Effects of Carbaryl to Estuarine/Marine Aquatic Organisms

Species Chemical Duration Effect

Concentration 

(μg/L) Reference

Reason Other 

Data

Polychaete worm,

Nereis diversicolor - 2-8 day Reduced AChE activity 201.2 Scaps et al. 1997 Atypical endpoint

Lugworm,

Arenicola marina 99% 48 hr LC50 7,200 Conti 1987 Duration

Bay mussel 

(30-40 mm),

Mytilus edulis

98% 72 hr EC50

(feeding rate) 8,370 Donkin et al. 1997 Atypical endpoint

Bay mussel 

(embryo),

Mytilus edulis

80% 48 hr EC50 

(development) 2,400 Dimick and Breese 1965

Control survival 

not reported

Blue mussel 

(unfertilized egg),

Mytilus edulis

80% 1 hr EC50

(development) 20,070 Armstrong and Milleman 1974c Duration

Blue mussel 

(1st polar body),

Mytilus edulis

80% 1 hr EC50

(development) 5,300 Armstrong and Milleman 1974c Duration

Blue mussel (2 cell),

Mytilus edulis 80% 1 hr EC50(development) 7,000 Armstrong and Milleman 1974c Duration

Blue mussel

(≥64 cell),

Mytilus edulis

80% 1 hr EC50

(development) 8,300 Armstrong and Milleman 1974c Duration

Blue mussel 

(ciliated blastula),

Mytilus edulis

80% 1 hr EC50

(development) 16,000 Armstrong and Milleman 1974c Duration

Blue mussel 

(trochophore),

Mytilus edulis

80% 1 hr EC50

(development) 19,000 Armstrong and Milleman 1974c Duration

Blue mussel 

(early veliger),

Mytilus edulis

80% 1 hr EC50

(development) 24,000 Armstrong and Milleman 1974c Duration

Blue mussel,

Mytilus edulis 99.7% 10 day EC50(shell growth) >2,610 Liu and Lee 1975 Control issues

Blue mussel,

Mytilus edulis 99.7% 20 day EC50(shell growth) >1,300 Liu and Lee 1975 Control issues

Blue mussel,

Mytilus edulis 99.7% 20 day

EC50

(metamorphosis with 

dissoconch shell)

>2,900 Liu and Lee 1975 Control issues

Blue mussel,

Mytilus edulis 99.7% 40 day LC50 >2,900 Liu and Lee 1975 Control issues

Blue mussel,

Mytilus edulis 99.7% 40 day EC50(shell growth) >2,900 Liu and Lee 1975 Control issues

Blue mussel,

Mytilus edulis 99.7% 20 day Chronic Value(growth) 463.1 Liu and Lee 1975 Control issues

Blue mussel,

Mytilus edulis - 24 hr EC50(# of byssal threads) >30,000 Roberts 1975 Atypical endpoint

Blue mussel,

Mytilus edulis - 48 hr EC50( # of byssal threads) >30,000 Roberts 1975 Atypical endpoint

Eastern oyster,

Crassostrea virginica >95% 24 hr LOEC(growth) 1,000 Butler et al. 1960 Duration
143

Appendix I. Other Data on Effects of Carbaryl to Estuarine/Marine Aquatic Organisms

Species Chemical Duration Effect

Concentration 

(μg/L) Reference

Reason Other 

Data

Eastern oyster 

(fertilized egg),

Crassotrea virginica

- 48 hr LOEC

(development) 1,000 Davis 1961 Lack of exposure details

Eastern oyster,

Crassostrea virginica - 12 day LC50(larvae) 3,000 Davis and Hidu 1969 Duration

Eastern oyster,

Crassostrea virginica - 96 hr 19% decrease in shell growth 2,000 Butler 1963 Lack of exposure details

Eastern oyster,

Crassostrea virginica - 96 hr 14% decrease in shell growth 2,000 Butler 1963 Lack of exposure details

Cockle clam (adult),

Clinocardium 

nuttallii

80% 24 hr EC50 7,300 Stewart et al. 

1967 Duration

Hard clam,

Mercenaria 

mercenaria

- 14 day LC50

(larvae) >2,500 Davis and Hidu 1969

Lack of exposure 

details

Quahog clam

(fertilized egg),

Mercenaria 

mercenaria

- 48 hr LOEC

(development) 2,500 Davis 1961 Lack of exposure details

Amphipod,

Corophium 

acherusicum

99.5% 10 wk 48% reduction in # of 

individuals 1.1 Tagatz et al. 1979 Community exposure

Amphipod,

Corophium 

acherusicum

99.5% 10 wk 100% reduction in # of 

individuals 11.1 Tagatz et al. 1979 Community exposure

Amphipod,

Corophium 

acherusicum

99.5% 10 wk 100% reduction in # of 

individuals 103 Tagatz et al. 1979 Community exposure

Mysid shrimp 

(juvenile),

Americamysis bahia

99% 72 hr LC50 8.45 Thursby and 

Champlin 1991b 96 hr value used

Mysid shrimp 

(juvenile),

Americamysis bahia

99% 24 hr LC50 21 Thursby and 

Champlin 1991a 96 hr value used

Mysid shrimp 

(juvenile),

Americamysis bahia

99% 48 hr LC50 19 Thursby and 

Champlin 1991a 96 hr value used

Mysid shrimp 

(juvenile),

Americamysis bahia

99% 72 hr LC50 19 Thursby and 

Champlin 1991a 96 hr value used

Grass shrimp,

Palaemonetes pugio 99% 24 hr LC50 76 Thursby and Champlin 1991a Duration

Grass shrimp,

Palaemonetes pugio 99% 72 hr LC50(fed) 22 Thursby and Champlin 1991a Test species fed

Grass shrimp,

Palaemonetes pugio 99% 96 hr LC50(fed) 22 Thursby and Champlin 1991a Test species fed

Grass shrimp,

Palaemonetes pugio 98% 1.5 hr

NOEC

(contaminant 

avoidance)

100 Hansen et al. 1973 Atypical endpoint
144

Appendix I. Other Data on Effects of Carbaryl to Estuarine/Marine Aquatic Organisms

Species Chemical Duration Effect

Concentration 

(μg/L) Reference

Reason Other 

Data

Grass shrimp,

Palaemonetes pugio 98% 1.5 hr LC50 38 Hansen et al. 1973 Atypical endpoint

Grass shrimp 

(juvenile),

Palaemonetes pugio

99.7% 48 hr LC50 28 Hansen 1980; 

Mayer 1987 Duration

Brown shrimp 

(juvenile),

Penaeus aztecus

99.7% 48 hr LC50 1.5 Hansen 1980; 

Mayer 1987 Duration

Brown shrimp 

(adult),

Penaeus aztecus

- 48 hr LC50 2.5 Butler 1963 Duration

Brown shrimp,

Penaeus aztecus - 24 hr EC50 5.5 Butler 1963 Duration

Pink shrimp 

(juvenile),

Penaeus duorarum

99.7% 48 hr LC50 32 Hansen 1980; 

Mayer 1987 Duration

Mud shrimp (larva),

Upogebia pugettensis 80% 24 hr LC50 130 Stewart et al. 1967 Duration

Mud shrimp (larva),

Upogebia pugettensis 80% 24 hr LC50 40 Stewart et al. 1967 Duration

Ghost shrimp (larva),

Callianassa 

californiensis

80% 24 hr EC50 470 Stewart et al. 

1967 Duration

Ghost shrimp (larva),

Callianassa 

californiensis

80% 24 hr EC50 170 Stewart et al. 

1967 Duration

Ghost shrimp (larva),

Callianassa 

californiensis

80% 24 hr EC50 5,600 Stewart et al. 

1967 Duration

Ghost shrimp (adult),

Callianassa 

californiensis

80% 24 hr EC50 130 Stewart et al. 

1967 Duration

Sand shrimp 

(2.4-4.5 g),

Crangon 

septemspinosa

- 96 hr Lethal threshold 20 McLeese et al. 

1979 Atypical endpoint

American lobster 

(1st stage),

Homarus americanus

99% 24 hr LC50 38.73 Champlin and 

Poucher 1992 Duration

American lobster 

(1st stage),

Homarus americanus

99% 48 hr LC50 23.13 Champlin and 

Poucher 1992 Test species fed

American lobster 

(1st stage),

Homarus americanus

99% 72 hr LC50 20.89 Champlin and 

Poucher 1992 Test species fed

American lobster 

(1st stage),

Homarus americanus

99% 96 hr LC50 20.89 Champlin and 

Poucher 1992 Test species fed

Blue crab (juvenile),

Callinectes sapidus 99.7% 48 hr LC50 320 Hansen 1980; Mayer 1987 Duration
145

Appendix I. Other Data on Effects of Carbaryl to Estuarine/Marine Aquatic Organisms

Species Chemical Duration Effect

Concentration 

(μg/L) Reference

Reason Other 

Data

Blue crab (juvenile),

Callinectes sapidus - 48 hr LC50 550 Butler 1963 Duration

Dungeness crab 

(prezoea),

Metacarcinus 

magister (formerly 

Cancer magister)

80% 24 hr NOEC

(hatching) 1,000 Buchanan et al. 1970 Duration

Dungeness crab 

(juvenile male),

Metacarcinus 

magister 

80% 24 hr EC50 600 Stewart et al. 

1967 Duration

Dungeness crab 

(juvenile female),

Metacarcinus

magister

80% 24 hr EC50 630 Stewart et al. 

1967 Duration

Dungeness crab 

(egg),

Metacarcinus

magister

80% 24 hr NOEC

(hatching @ 10oC) 1,000 Buchannan et al. 

1970 Duration

Dungeness crab 

(prezoea),

Metacarcinus

magister

80% 24 hr

EC50

(molting to zoea @

10oC)

6

Buchannan et al. 

1970 Duration

Dungeness crab 

(prezoea),

Metacarcinus

magister

80% 24 hr

EC50

(molting to zoea @ 

10oC)

20 Buchannan et al. 

1970 Duration

Dungeness crab 

(prezoea),

Metacarcinus

magister

80% 24 hr

EC50

(molting to zoea @ 

10oC)

30 Buchannan et al. 

1970 Duration

Dungeness crab 

(zoea; 1-2 day),

Metacarcinus

magister

80% 24 hr LC50

(17oC) 80 Buchannan et al. 

1970 Duration

Dungeness crab 

(zoeae; 1-2 day),

Metacarcinus

magister

80% 24 hr LC50

(17oC) 5

Buchannan et al. 

1970 Duration

Dungeness crab 

(zoeae),

Metacarcinus

magister

80% 24 hr

EC50

(cessation of 

swimming)

(10oC)

6.5 Buchannan et al. 

1970 Duration

Dungeness crab 

(zoea; 1 day),

Metacarcinus

magister

80% 24 hr EC50

(10oC) >1,000 Buchannan et al. 

1970 Duration

Dungeness crab 

(juvenile),

Metacarcinus

magister

80% 48 hr EC50

(14oC) 76 Buchannan et al. 

1970 Duration
146

Appendix I. Other Data on Effects of Carbaryl to Estuarine/Marine Aquatic Organisms

Species Chemical Duration Effect

Concentration 

(μg/L) Reference

Reason Other 

Data

Dungeness crab 

(juvenile),

Metacarcinus

magister

80% 48 hr EC50

(12oC) 57 Buchannan et al. 

1970 Duration

Dungeness crab 

(9th stage; juvenile),

Metacarcinus

magister

80% 24 hr EC50

(18oC) 350 Buchannan et al. 1970 Duration

Dungeness crab

(9th stage; juvenile),

Metacarcinus

magister

80% 24 hr EC50

(18oC) 320 Buchannan et al. 

1970 Duration

Dungeness crab 

(9th stage; juvenile),

Metacarcinus

magister

80% 48 hr EC50

(18oC) 620 Buchannan et al. 1970 Duration

Dungeness crab

(9th stage; juvenile),

Metacarcinus

magister

80% 48 hr EC50

(18oC) 220 Buchannan et al. 

1970 Duration

Dungeness crab 

(adult),

Metacarcinus

magister

80% 24 hr EC50

(11oC) 320 Buchannan et al. 1970 Duration

Dungeness crab 

(adult),

Metacarcinus

magister

80% 24 hr EC50

(18oC) 490 Buchannan et al. 

1970 Duration

Shore crab 

(adult male),

Hemigrapsus 

oregonensis

80% 24 hr EC50 710 Stewart et al. 

1967 Duration

Shore crab 

(adult female),

Hemigrapsus 

oregonensis

80% 24 hr EC50 270 Stewart et al. 

1967 Duration

Sand dollar,

Echinarachnius 

parma

- 72 hr NOEC

(development) 10,000 Crawford and Guarino 1976 Duration

Sea urchin 

(embryo/larva),

Arbacia punctulata

99% 48 hr LC50 4,700 Thursby and 

Champlin 1991a Duration

Sheepshead minnow,

Cyprinodon 

variegatus

99% 24 hr LC50 6,300 Thursby and 

Champlin 1991a Duration

Sheepshead minnow,

Cyprinodon 

variegatus

99% 48 hr LC50 6,300 Thursby and 

Champlin 1991a Duration

Sheepshead minnow,

Cyprinodon 

variegatus

99% 72 hr LC50 6,000 Thursby and 

Champlin 1991a Duration
147

Appendix I. Other Data on Effects of Carbaryl to Estuarine/Marine Aquatic Organisms

Species Chemical Duration Effect

Concentration 

(μg/L) Reference

Reason Other 

Data

Sheepshead minnow,

Cyprinodon 

variegatus

99% 96 hr LC50

(fed) 5,800 Thursby and Champlin 1991a Test species fed

Sheepshead minnow,

Cyprinodon 

variegatus

98% 24 hr LC50 2,800 Hansen 1969; 

1970 Duration

Sheepshead minnow,

Cyprinodon 

variegatus

98% 1.5 hr No avoidance 100 Hansen 1969; 

1970 Duration

Longnose killifish 

(juvenile),

Fundulus similis

99.7% 48 hr EC50

(mortality) 1,600 Hansen 1980; Mayer 1987 Duration

Longnose killifish,

Fundulus similis - 24 hr LC50 1,750 Butler 1963 Duration

Longnose killifish,

Fundulus similis - 48 hr LC50 1,750 Butler 1963 Duration

Killifish (embryo),

Fundulus heteroclitus - 40 day LOEC(fry development) 10 Crawford and Guarino 1985 Duration

Killifish,

Fundulus heteroclitus 99% 10 day LC50 >10,000 Shea and Berry 1983 Duration

Mummichog,

Fundulus heteroclitus 99.1% 10 day LC40 10,000 Shea and Berry 1983 Duration

Killifish, 

(8-16 cell stage),

Fundulus heteroclitus

99.2% 72 hr NOEC

(development arrest) 100 Weis and Weis 1974a Duration

Atlantic silverside 

(2-3 wk), 

Menidia beryllina

99% 24 hr LC50 1,800 Thursby and 

Champlin 1991a Duration

Atlantic silverside 

(2-3 wk), 

Menidia beryllina

99% 48 hr LC50 1,700 Thursby and 

Champlin 1991a Duration

Atlantic silverside 

(2-3 wk), 

Menidia beryllina

99% 72 hr LC50 1,600 Thursby and 

Champlin 1991a Duration

Atlantic silverside 

(2-3 wk), 

Menidia beryllina

99% 96 hr LC50

(fed) 1,600 Thursby and Champlin 1991a Test species fed

Atlantic silverside 

(juvenile),

Menidia beryllina

99.2% 24 hr Disruption in 

schooling behavior 100 Weis and Weis 1974b Duration

Threespine 

stickleback 

(juvenile),

Gasterosteus 

aculeatus

80% 24 hr EC50 6,700 Stewart et al. 

1967 Duration

Threespine 

stickleback,

Gasterosteus 

aculeatus

95% 48 hr LC50 10,450 Katz 1961 Duration
148

Appendix I. Other Data on Effects of Carbaryl to Estuarine/Marine Aquatic Organisms

Species Chemical Duration Effect

Concentration 

(μg/L) Reference

Reason Other 

Data

Threespine 

stickleback,

Gasterosteus 

aculeatus

95% 72 hr LC50 4,940 Katz 1961 Duration

Threespine 

stickleback,

Gasterosteus 

aculeatus

95% 48 hr LC50 16,625 Katz 1961 Duration

Threespine 

stickleback,

Gasterosteus 

aculeatus

95% 72 hr LC50 6,175 Katz 1961 Duration

Striped bass 

(31 mm; 0.42 g),

Morone saxatilis

98% 96 hr LC50 1,000 Korn and Earnest 

1974

Control survival 

not reported

Shiner perch 

(juvenile),

Cymatogaster 

aggregate

80% 24 hr EC50 3,900 Stewart et al. 

1967 Duration

Mullet (juvenile),

Mugil cephalus 99.7% 48 hr EC50(mortality) 2,400 Hansen 1980; Mayer 1987 Duration

White mullet 

(juvenile),

Mugil curema

- 48 hr LC50 2,500 Butler 1963 Duration

English sole 

(juvenile),

Parophrys vetulus

80% 24 hr EC50 4,100 Stewart et al. 

1967 Duration

Dash indicates not available
149

Appendix J
150

Appendix J. List of Carbaryl Studies Not Used in Document Along with Reasons

Author Title Date Organism(s)

Concentration

(μg/L) Reason Unused

Expanded 

Reason

Abbasi and Soni 

Studies on the environmental 

impact of three common 

pesticides with respect to toxicity 

towards a larvivore (channelfish 

N. denricus).

1991 Channelfish,

Nuria denricus

96 hr

LC50=34,670

Not North 

American species

Adhikary

Effect of pesticides on the growth, 

photosynthetic oxygen evolution 

and nitrogen fixation of 

Westiellopsis prolific.

1989

Cyanobacteria, 

Westiellopsis 

prolifica

- Formulation Sevin

(50% carbaryl)

Adhikary et al.

Effect of the carbamate 

insecticide sevin® on Anabaena 

sp. and Westiellopsis prolifica.

1984

Cyanobacteria, 

Anabaena sp.

Westiellopsis 

prolifica

- Formulation Sevin

(50% carbaryl)

Aggarwal et al.

Effect of some carbamate 

pesticides on nodulation, plant 

yield and nitrogen fixation by 

Pisum sativum and Vigna sinensis

in the presence of their rhizobia.

1986

Garden pea,

Pisum sativum

Cow pea,

Vigna sinensis

- Sediment exposure

Agrawal

The accumulation of biocide 

residues in a few tissues of 

Lamellidens marginalis.

1986

Bivalve,

Lamellidens 

marginalis

-

Bioaccumulation: 

steady state not 

reached

Static, unmeasured 

study

Almar et al.

Influence of temperature on 

several pesticides toxicity to 

Melanopsis dufouri under 

laboratory conditions.

1988 Snail,

Melanopsis dufouri

96 hr

LC50=10,100

Not North 

American species

Anbu and 

Ramaswamy. 

Adaptive changes in respiratory 

movements of an air-breathing 

fish, Channa striatus (Bleeker) 

exposed to carbamate pesticide, 

sevin.

1991 Snakehead catfish,

Channa striatus - Formulation Sevin (10% dust)

Ansara-Ross et 

al.

Probabilistic risk assessment of 

the environmental impacts of 

pesticides in the Crocodile (west) 

Marico catchment, North-West 

Province.

2008 - - Data modeling

Areekul 

Toxicity to fishes of insecticides 

used in paddy fields and water 

resources. I. Laboratory 

experiment.

1986 - -

Lack of exposure 

details

Text in foreign 

language

Ariaratnam and 

Georghiou

Carbamate resistance in 

Anopheles albimanus.

1975

Mosquito,

Anopheles 

albimanus

-

Not North 

American species Metabolism study

Armstrong and 

Millemann

Effects of the insecticide carbaryl 

on clams and some other 

intertidal mud flat animals.

1974a - -

Too few exposure 

concentrations

(<3)

Community field 

exposure

Arora and 

Kulshrestha

Comparison of the toxic effects of 

two pesticides on the testes of a 

fresh water teleost Channa 

striatus Bloch.

1984 Snakehead catfish,

Channa striatus -

Not North 

American species; 

Formulation

Sevin (50 WP)

Arora and 

Kulshrestha

Effects of chronic exposure to 

sublethal doses of two pesticides 

on alkaline and acid phosphatase 

activities in the intestine of a fresh 

water Teleost, Channa striatus

Bloch. (Channidae).

1985 Snakehead catfish,

Channa striatus -

Not North 

American species; 

Formulation

Sevin (50 WP)
151

Appendix J. List of Carbaryl Studies Not Used in Document Along with Reasons

Author Title Date Organism(s)

Concentration

(μg/L) Reason Unused

Expanded 

Reason

Arunachalam and 

Palanichamy

Sublethal effects of carbaryl on 

surfacing behaviour and food 

utilization in the air-breathing 

fish, Macropodus cupanus.

1982

Paradise fish,

Macropodus 

cupanus

-

Not North 

American species; 

Formulation

Carbaryl (50 WP)

Arunachalam et 

al.

Toxic and sublethal effects of 

carbaryl on a freshwater catfish, 

Mystus vittatus (Bloch).

1980 Catfish,

Mystus vittatus -

Not North 

American species; 

Formulation

Carbaryl (50 WP)

Arunachalam et 

al.

Effect of carbaryl on esterases in 

the air-breathing fish Channa 

punctatus (Bloch).

1985a Snakehead catfish,

Channa punctatus -

Not North 

American species; 

Only one exposure 

concentration

Arunachalam et 

al.

Sublethal effects of carbaryl on 

food utilization and oxygen 

consumption in the air-breathing 

fish, Channa punctatus (Bloch).

1985b

Snakehead catfish,

Channa punctatus

96 hr

LC50=6,000

Not North 

American species

Arunachalam et 

al.

The impact of pesticides on the 

feeding energetics and body 

composition in the freshwater 

catfish, Mystus vittatus.

1990 Catfish,

Mystus vittatus -

Not North 

American species; 

Formulation

Carbaryl (50 EC)

Ashauer et al.

Simulating toxicity of carbaryl to 

Gammarus pulex after sequential 

pulsed exposure.

2007a Amphipod,

Gammarus pulex -

Not North 

American species Pulsed exposure

Ashauer et al.

Modeling combined effects of 

pulsed exposure to carbaryl and 

chlorpyrifos on Gammarus pulex.

2007b Amphipod,

Gammarus pulex -

Not North 

American species; 

Mixture; Pulsed 

exposure

Carbaryl and 

chlorpyrifos

Atallah and Ishak

Toxicity of some commonly used 

insecticides to the snail 

Biomphalaria alexandria, 

intermediate host of Schistosoma 

mansoni in Egypt.

1971

Snail,

Biomphalaria 

alexandria

24 hr

LC50=47,000

Not North 

American species

Bajpai and Perti Resistance to malathion. 1969 Mosquito,

Culex fatigans - Prior exposure Malathion resistant strain

Bakr et al.

Insect growth regulators: I. 

Biological activity of some IGR's 

against the susceptible and 

resistant strains of Culex pipiens

larvae: II. Pattern of cross 

resistance to IGR's in carbarylresistant strain.

1989 Mosquito,

Culex pipiens - Prior exposure Carbaryl-resistant strain

Balasubramanian 

and Ramaswami

Effect of pesticide sevin on 

acetylcholinesterase (AchE) 

activity in different tissues of 

Oreochromis mossambicus

(Peters).

1991

Mozambique tilapia,

Oreochromis 

mossambicus

24 hr 

decrease AChE 

activity in brain 

and heart at 3,000

Only two exposure 

concentrations

Bansal et al.

Pesticide-induced alterations in 

the oxygen uptake rate of a 

freshwater major carp Labeo 

rohita.

1979 Carp,

Labeo rohita -

Not North 

American species; 

Formulation

Sevin (50% WP)

Bansal et al.

Predicting long-term toxicity by 

subacute screening of pesticides 

with larvae and early juveniles of 

four species of freshwater major 

carp.

1980

Carp,

Labeo rohita,

Cirrhina mrigala,

Catla catla,

Cyprinus carpio

- Formulation Sevin (50% WP)
152

Appendix J. List of Carbaryl Studies Not Used in Document Along with Reasons

Author Title Date Organism(s)

Concentration

(μg/L) Reason Unused

Expanded 

Reason

Barahona and 

Sanchez-Fortun.

Toxicity of carbamates to the 

brine shrimp Artemia salina and 

the effect of atropine, BW284c51, 

iso-OMPA and 2-PAM on 

carbaryl toxicity.

1999 Brine shrimp,

Artemia salina Brine shrimp

Barker et al.

Relationship between Legionella 

pneumophila and Acanthamoeba 

polyphaga: physiological status 

and susceptibility to chemical 

inactivation.

1992 - - Not applicable

No carbaryl 

toxicity 

information

Barry

The effects of a pesticide on 

inducible phenotypic plasticity in 

Daphnia.

1999

Cladoceran, 

Daphnia 

longicephala

- Formulation Yates Carbaryl®

Basak and Konar

Effects of an organophosphorus 

insecticide, dimethoate, on the 

survival, behavior, growth and 

reproduction of fish.

1975 - - Not applicable

No carbaryl 

toxicity 

information

Basak and Konar Toxicity of six insecticides to 

fish. 1976a

Carp,

Cyprinus carpio

Mozambique tilapia,

Oreochromis 

mossambicus

Catfish,

Heteropneustes 

fossilis

- Formulation Sevin (50% WP)

Basak and Konar

Pollution of water by pesticides 

and protection of fishes: 

parathion.

1976b

Carp,

Cyprinus carpio

Mozambique tilapia,

Oreochromis 

mossambicus

Catfish,

Heteropneustes 

fossilis

- Formulation Sevin (50% WP)

Basha et al.

Respiratory potentials of the fish 

(Tilapia mossambica) under 

malathion, carbaryl and lindane 

intoxication.

1984

Mozambique tilapia,

Oreochromis 

mossambicus

48 hr

decreased oxygen 

consumption at 

1,832

Only one exposure 

concentration

Basol et al.

Comparative toxicity of some 

pesticides on human health and 

some aquatic species.

1980 Electric eel -

Altered test 

species; No 

scientific name 

given

Basso et al.

Alterations of Aplysia feeding 

behavior following acute 

carbamate intoxication.

1986

Marine snails,

Aplysia depilans,

Aplysia punctata,

Aplysia fasciata

- Formulation AS 50, Sipcam 

(47.5% carbaryl)

Beauvais et al.

Cholinergic and behavioral 

neurotoxicty of carbaryl and 

cadmium to larval rainbow trout 

(Oncorhynchus mykiss).

2001

Rainbow trout,

Oncorhynchus 

mykiss

- Excessive solvent 0.75 mL/L acetone

Beyers et al.

Effects of rangeland aerial 

application of sevin-4-oil® on 

fish and aquatic invertebrate drift 

in Little Missouri River, North 

Dakota.

1995 - - Formulation Sevin-4-oil®

Bhatia Toxicity of some pesticides to 

Puntius ticto (Hamilton). 1971a Ticto barb,Puntius ticto

96 hr

TLm=70,000

Not North 

American species
153

Appendix J. List of Carbaryl Studies Not Used in Document Along with Reasons

Author Title Date Organism(s)

Concentration

(μg/L) Reason Unused

Expanded 

Reason

Bhatia

Toxicity of some insecticides to 

Cirrhinus mrigala (Hamilton) and 

Colisa fasciata (Bloch & 

Schneider).

1971b

Mrigal, 

Cirrhinus mrigala

Kholisa,

Colisa fasciata

96 hr 

LC50=3,168

LC50=1,237 

Not North 

American species

Bhattacharya

Target and non-target effects of 

anticholinesterase pesticides in 

fish.

1993 Snakehead catfish,

Channa punctatus - Formulation 50% carbaryl

Bhattacharya

Stress response to pesticides and 

heavy metals in fish and other 

vertebrates.

2001 - -

Review of 

previous studies

Bhavan and 

Geraldine

Carbaryl-induced alterations in 

biochemical metabolism of the 

prawn, Macrobrachium 

malcolmsonii.

2002

Prawn, 

Macrobrachium 

malcolmsonii

-

Not North 

American species; 

Formulation

Sevin

(50% carbaryl)

Bhunia et al.

Carbaryl-induced effects of 

glutathione content, glutathione 

reductase and superoxide 

dismutase activity of the 

cyanobacterium Nostoc 

muscorum.

1993 Cyanobacterium,

Nostoc muscorum - Altered test species Excised tissue

Bhunya and 

Sahoo

Genotoxic potential of carbaryl in 

the peripheral blood erythrocytes 

of Anabas testudineus.

2004 Climbing perch,

Anabas testudineus -

Injected toxicant; 

Formulation

Sevin

(50% carbaryl)

Bielecki

The effect of phoschlorine, 

carbatox and copper sulphate on 

the development of eggs and 

hatching of miracidia in Fasciola 

hepatica L.

1987 Liver fluke,

Fasciola hepatica

3 hr

inhibit egg 

development at 

3,000,000

Only one exposure 

concentration

Binelli et al.

New evidence for old biomarkers: 

effects of several xenobiotics on 

EROD and AChE activities in 

zebra mussel (Dreissena 

polymorpha).

2006

Zebra mussel,

Dreissena 

polymorpha

96 hr

Decrease AChE 

activity at 

100,000

Only one exposure 

concentration

Bluzat and Seuge

Effects of three insecticides 

(lindane, fenthion, and carbaryl) 

on the acute toxicity to four 

aquatic invertebrate species and 

the chronic toxicity.

1979

Amphipod,

Gammarus pulex

Mayfly,

Cleon sp.

Midge,

Chaoborus sp.

Snail,

Lymnaea stagnalis

48 hr 

LC50=29

LC50=480

LC50=296

LC50=21,000

Excessive solvent 

used; Text in 

foreign language

1% solvent

Bogacka and 

Groba

Toxicity and biodegradation of 

chlorfenvinphos, carbaryl and 

propoxur in water environment.

1980 Cladoceran,

Daphnia magna

48 hr

LC50=1

Lack of detail; text 

in foreign language

Bogaerts et al.

Use of ciliated protozoan 

Tetrahymena pyriformis for the 

assessment of toxicity and 

quantitative structure-activity 

relationships of xenobiotics: 

comparison with the microtox 

test.

2001

Protozoan,

Tetrahymena 

pyriformis

-

Excessive solvent 

used DMSO (0.12%)

Bonning and 

Hemingway

The efficacy of 

acetylcholinesterase in 

organophosphorus and carbamate 

resistance in Culex pipiens L. 

from Italy.

1991 Mosquito,

Culex pipiens - Prior exposure Carbaryl resistant strain
154

Appendix J. List of Carbaryl Studies Not Used in Document Along with Reasons

Author Title Date Organism(s)

Concentration

(μg/L) Reason Unused

Expanded 

Reason

Boone

Examining the single and 

interactive effects of three 

insecticides on amphibian 

metamorphosis.

2008

American toad, 

Bufo americanus

Green frog,

Rana clamitans

-

Formulation; Only 

two exposure 

concentrations

Sevin

(22.5% carbaryl)

Boone and 

Bridges

Effects of carbaryl on green frog 

(Rana clamitans) tadpoles: timing 

of exposure versus multiple 

exposures.

2003 Green frog,

Rana clamitans

- Pulsed exposure

Boone and James

Interactions of an insecticide, 

herbicide, and natural stressors in 

amphibian community 

mesocosms.

2003

American toad, 

Bufo americanus

Southern leopard 

frog,

Rana 

sphenocephala

Spotted salamander,

Ambystoma 

maculatum

Small-mouth 

salamander,

A. texanum

-

Only two exposure 

concentrations; 

Formulation

Sevin

(21.3% carbaryl)

Boone and 

Semlitsch

Interactions of an insecticide with 

larval density and predation in 

experimental amphibian 

communities.

2001

Woodhouse toad,

Bufo woodhouse

Gray treefrog,

Hyla versicolor

Green frog,

Rana clamitans

- Formulation Sevin

(21.3% carbaryl)

Boone and 

Semlitsch

Interactions of bullfrog tadpole 

predators and an insecticide: 

predation release and facilitation.

2003

Bullfrog,

Rana catesbeiana

Red-spotted newt,

Notophthalmus 

viridescens

Bluegill,

Lepomis 

macrochirus

Crayfish,

Orconectes sp.

-

Only two exposure 

concentrations; 

Formulation

Sevin

(21.3% carbaryl)

Boone et al.

Growth and development of larval 

green frogs (Rana clamitans) 

exposed to multiple doses of an 

insecticide.

2001 Green frog,

Rana clamitans - Formulation Sevin(21.3% carbaryl)

Boone et al.

Effects of an insecticide on 

amphibians in large-scale 

experimental ponds.

2004

Woodhouse toad,

Bufo woodhouse

Southern leopard 

frog,

Rana 

sphenocephala

- Formulation Sevin

(21.3% carbaryl)

Boone et al.

Multiple sublethal chemicals 

negatively affect tadpoles of the 

green frog, Rana clamitans.

2005 Green frog,

Rana clamitans -

Only one exposure 

concentration; 

Formulation

Sevin 

(22.5% carbaryl)
155

Appendix J. List of Carbaryl Studies Not Used in Document Along with Reasons

Author Title Date Organism(s)

Concentration

(μg/L) Reason Unused

Expanded 

Reason

Boone et al.

Multiple stressors in amphibian 

communities: Effects of chemical 

contamination, bullfrogs, and fish.

2007

American toad, 

Bufo americanus

Southern leopard 

frog,

Rana 

sphenocephala

Bullfrog,

Rana catesbeiana

Spotted salamander,

Ambystoma 

maculatum

Bluegill,

Lepomis 

macrochirus

- Formulation Sevin 

(22.5% carbaryl)

Boran et al.

Acute toxicity of carbaryl, 

methiocarb and carbosulfan to the 

rainbow trout (Oncorhynchus 

mykiss) and guppy (Poecilia 

reticulata).

2007

Rainbow trout,

Oncorhynchus 

mykiss

Guppy,

Poecilia reticulata

96 hr

LC50=522

LC50=1,383

Excessive solvent 

used 0.2%

Bradbury et al.

Use of respiratory-cardiovascular 

responses of rainbow trout 

(Oncorhynchus mykiss) in 

identifying acute toxicity 

syndromes in fish: part 4. Central 

nervous system seizure agents.

1991

Rainbow trout, 

Oncorhynchus 

mykiss

-

Too few test 

organisms; 

Surgically altered 

test species

Spinally transected 

trout

Bridges

Effects of a pesticide on tadpole 

activity and predatory avoidance 

behavior.

1999a Gray treefrog,

Hyla versicolor

24 hr

decrease tadpole 

activity at 2,500

Only two exposure 

concentrations

Bridges

Predator-prey interactions 

between two amphibian species: 

effects of insecticide exposure.

1999b

Southern leopard 

frog,

Rana 

sphenocephala

Red-spotted newt,

Notophthalmus 

viridescens

1 hr

decrease newt 

consumption of 

tadpoles at 2,500

Only one exposure 

concentration

Bridges

Long-term effects of pesticide 

exposure at various life stages of 

the southern leopard frog (Rana 

sphenocephala).

2000

Southern leopard 

frog,

Rana 

sphenocephala

-

Unmeasured 

chronic exposure

Bridges and 

Boone

The interactive effects of UV-B 

and insecticide exposure on 

tadpole survival, growth and 

development.

2003

Southern leopard 

frog,

Rana 

sphenocephala

- Formulation Sevin ®

(22.5% carbaryl)

Bridges and 

Semlitsch

Variation in pesticide tolerance of 

tadpoles among and within 

species of ranidae and patterns of 

amphibian decline.

2000 - -

Only one exposure 

concentration

Bridges and 

Semlitsch

Genetic variation in insecticide 

tolerance in a population of 

southern leopard frogs (Rana 

sphenocephala): implications for 

amphibian conservation

2001

Southern leopard 

frog,

Rana 

sphenocephala

-

Only one exposure 

concentration

Bridges et al.

Comparative contaminant 

toxicity: are amphibian larvae 

more sensitive than fish?

2002 - -

Review of 

previous studies
156

Appendix J. List of Carbaryl Studies Not Used in Document Along with Reasons

Author Title Date Organism(s)

Concentration

(μg/L) Reason Unused

Expanded 

Reason

Brown

Effects of split applications of 

sevin-4-oil® on aquatic 

invertebrate drift.

1980 - - Formulation Sevin-4-oil®

Bruner and Fisher

The effects of temperature, pH, 

and sediment on the fate and 

toxicity of 1-naphthol to the 

midge larvae Chironomus 

riparius.

1993

Midge,

Chironomus 

riparius

- Not applicable

No carbaryl 

toxicity 

information

Burdick et al. Effect of sevin upon the aquatic 

environment. 1960 - - Formulation Sevin

Burdick et al. Toxicity of sevin (carbaryl) to 

fingerling brown trout. 1965 Brown trout -

Lack of detail; 

Formulation

Sevin; Species 

name not given

Butler

Pesticide-wildlife studies, 1964. 

A review of Fish and Wildlife 

Service investigations during the 

calendar year.

1964 Marine shrimp and 

drills - Formulation Sevin (10%, 3% and 2%)

Cajaraville et al.

Acute toxicity of two 

hydroxylated hydrocarbons to the 

prosobranch gastropod Littorina 

littorea.

1989a Snail,

Littorina littorea - Not applicable

No carbaryl 

toxicity 

information

Cajaraville et al.

A stereological survey of 

lysosomal structure alterations in 

Littorina littorea exposed to 1-

naphthol.

1989b Snail,

Littorina littorea - Not applicable

No carbaryl 

toxicity 

information

Cajaraville et al.

Short-term toxic effects of 1-

naphthol on the digestive glandgonad complex of the marine 

prosobranch Littorina littorea (L): 

a light microscopic study.

1990 Snail,

Littorina littorea - Not applicable

No carbaryl 

toxicity 

information

Calapaj

Chemical pollution of Mytilus. I. 

Radiostrontium, radiocesium, 

inorganic mercury, hexavalent 

chromium.

1973 - - Lack of detail Text in foreign 

language

Campero et al.

Ecological relevance and 

sensitivity depending on the 

exposure time for two 

biomarkers.

2007a Damselfly,

Coenagrion puella

7d Growth 

NOEC=5

LOEC=40

Not North 

American species

Campero et al.

Sublethal pesticide concentrations 

and predation jointly shape life 

history: Behavioral and 

physiological mechanisms.

2007b Damselfly,

Coenagrion puella -

Not North 

American species

Predator present in 

exposure medium

Capaldo

Effects of carbaryl (SEVIN) on 

the stage I zoeae of the redjointed fiddler crab, Uca minax

(LeConte).

1987

Red-jointed fiddler 

crab,

Uca minax

- Formulation Sevin

(27% carbaryl)

Carlson et al.

Neurological effects on startle 

response and escape from 

predation by medaka exposed to 

organic chemicals.

1998 Medaka,

Oryzias latipes

48 hr

LC50=9,400

Not North 

American species

Carter

‘In vivo’ studies of brain 

acetylcholinesterase inhibition by 

organophosphate and carbamate 

insecticides in fish.

1971 - - Excessive solvent

Carter and Graves Measuring effects of insecticides 

on aquatic animals. 1972 - -

Lack of exposure 

details

No scientific 

names given
157

Appendix J. List of Carbaryl Studies Not Used in Document Along with Reasons

Author Title Date Organism(s)

Concentration

(μg/L) Reason Unused

Expanded 

Reason

Chaiyarach et al.

Acute toxicity of the insecticides 

toxaphene and carbaryl and the 

herbicides propanil and molinate 

to four species of aquatic 

organisms.

1975

Mosquitofish,

Gambusia affinis

Grass shrimp,

Palaemonetes 

kadiakensis

Crayfish,

Procambarus 

simulans

Clam,

Rangia cuneata

96 hr

LC50=31,800

LC50=120

LC50=2,430

LC50=125,000

Prior exposure

Chakrawarti and 

Chaurasia

Toxicity of some 

organophosphate, chlorinated and 

carbamate pesticides to some 

fresh water fishes.

1981

Walking catfish,

Clarias batrachus

Catfish,

Heteropneustes 

fossilis

96 hr LC50=

>1,200,000 

for both species

Lack of exposure 

details

Dilution water not 

characterized

Chambers

Investigation of chemical control 

of ghost shrimp on oyster grounds 

1960-1963.

1969

Ghost shrimp,

Callianassa 

californiensis

- Formulation Sevin

Chandran et al.

Method for the estimation of safe 

experimental concentration for 

intermediate toxicity test.

1991

Catfish,

Mystus tengara

Catfish,

Heteropneustes 

fossilis

Catfish,

Anabas testudineus

96 hr

LC50=18,000

LC50=58,000

LC50=20,500

Not North 

American species

Chang et al.

Impact of pesticide application on 

zooplankton communities with 

different densities of invertebrate 

predators: an experimental 

analysis using small-scale 

mesocosms.

2005 - -

Only one exposure 

concentration

Chari

A rapid bioassay procedure to 

determine the toxicity of 

pesticides to Channa punctatus

Bloch.

1992 Snakehead catfish,

Channa punctatus - Formulation Sevin

Cheah et al. Some effects of rice pesticides on 

crawfish. 1980a

Crayfish,

Procambarus 

clarkii

96 hr

LC50=500

Lack of exposure 

details

Cheah et al.

Acute toxicity of selected rice 

pesticides to crayfish, 

Procambarus clarkii.

1980b

Crayfish,

Procambarus 

clarkii

- Formulation Sevin

Chen et al.

Laboratory studies on the 

susceptibility of mosquito-eating 

fish, Lebistes reticulatus and the 

larvae of Culex pipiens fatigans to 

insecticides.

1971

Guppy,

Lebistes reticulatus

Mosquito,

Culex pipiens 

fatigans

24 hr

LC50=2,600

LC50=400

Excessive solvent 

used; Lack of 

exposure details

0.4%; Dilution 

water not 

characterized

Chen and 

Sudderuddin

Toxicological studies of 

insecticides on Culex 

quinquefasciatus Say and Aedes

aegypti (L.).

1978

Mosquito,

Culex 

quinquefasciatus

Mosquito,

Aedes aegypti

24 hr

LC50=680

LC50=690

Lack of exposure 

details

Dilution water not 

characterized

Chitra and Pillai

Development of 

organophosphorus and carbamateresistance in Indian strains of 

Anopheles stephensi Liston.

1984 Mosquito,

Anopheles stephensi - Excessive solvent 4 mL/L ethanol
158

Appendix J. List of Carbaryl Studies Not Used in Document Along with Reasons

Author Title Date Organism(s)

Concentration

(μg/L) Reason Unused

Expanded 

Reason

Choudhury et al.

Non lethal concentrations of 

pesticide impair ovarian function 

in the freshwater perch, Anabas 

testudineus.

1993 Perch,

Anabas testudineus -

Not North 

American species; 

Only one exposure 

concentration

Christensen and 

Tucker

Effects of selected water toxicants 

on the in vitro activity of fish 

carbonic anhydrase.

1976 Channel catfish,

Ictalurus punctatus -

Surgically altered 

test species Red blood cells

Christoffers and 

Ernst

The in-vivo fluorescence of 

Chlorella fusca as a biological 

test for the inhibition of 

photosynthesis.

1983 Green alga,

Chlorella fusca -

Only one exposure 

concentration; 

Excessive solvent

1% acetone

Chung et al.

Toxicity of carbaryl, diquat 

dibromide, and fluoranthene, 

individually and in mixture, to 

larval grass shrimp, Palaemonetes 

pugio.

2008 Grass shrimp,

Palaemonetes pugio

96 hr

LC50=43.02

Excessive solvent 

used 0.1%

Cocks

The effect of aldrin on water 

balance in the freshwater 

pulmonate gastropod 

(Biomphalaria glabrata).

1973

Snail,

Biomphalaria 

glabrata

24 hr

heart beat 31% of 

control at 64,390

Not North 

American species

Conners and 

Black

Evaluation of lethality and 

genotoxicity in the freshwater 

mussel Utterbackia imbecillis

(Bivalvia: Unionidae) exposed 

singly and in combination to 

chemicals used in lawn care.

2004

Mussel,

Utterbackia 

imbecillis

- Formulation Sevin

(22.5% carbaryl)

Cook et al.

Succession of microfungi in 

estuarine microcosms perturbed 

by carbaryl, methyl parathion and 

pentachlorophenol.

1980 - -

Only one exposure 

concentration

Coors and De 

Meester

Synergistic, antagonistic and 

additive effects of multiple 

stressors: Predation threat, 

parasitism and pesticide exposure 

in Daphnia magna.

2008 Cladoceran,

Daphnia magna

21 d reduced 

reproduction at 

5.6

Only one exposure 

concentration; 

Lack of exposure 

details

Dilution water not 

characterized

Coppage

Anticholinesterase action of 

pesticidal carbamates in the 

central nervous system of 

poisoned fishes.

1977 Sailfin molly,

Poecilia latipinna

15 hr reduced 

survival at 1,333

Only one exposure 

concentration; 

Lack of exposure 

details

Dilution water not 

characterized

Courtemanch and 

Gibbs

The effects of sevin-4-oil® on 

lentic communities.

1978 - - Formulation Sevin-4-oil®

Cutkomp et al.

ATPase activity in fish tissue 

homogenates and inhibitory 

effects of DDT and related 

compounds.

1971

Bluegill,

Lepomis 

macrochirus

-

Surgically altered 

test species

Homogenized 

tissue

Dahlberg Toxicity to acrolein to barnacles

(Balanus eburneus). 1971 Barnacle,Balanus eburneus - Not applicable

No carbaryl 

toxicity 

information

Damalas et al.

Bispyribac-sodium efficacy on 

early watergrass (Echinochloa 

oryzoides) and late watergrass 

(Echinochloa phyllopogon) as 

affected by coapplication of 

selected rice herbicides and 

insecticides.

2008

Early Watergrass,

Echinochloa 

oryzoides

Late Watergrass,

Echinochloa 

phyllopogon

- Mixture Bispyribac-sodium 

and carbaryl
159

Appendix J. List of Carbaryl Studies Not Used in Document Along with Reasons

Author Title Date Organism(s)

Concentration

(μg/L) Reason Unused

Expanded 

Reason

Das and Adhikary Toxicity of three pesticides to 

several rice-field cyanobacteria. 1996 Cyanobacteria - Formulation Sevin (50% WP)

Das and Kumar Toxicity of carbaryl on α-amylase 

of the fish Colisa fasciatus.

1993 Giant gourami,

Colisa fasciatus

48 hr

LC50=112

Not North 

American species; 

Lack of detail

No procedure 

information 

provided

Das and 

Rajagopalan

Susceptibility of larvae of Culex 

fatigans (Wiedmann), Anopheles 

stephensi (Liston) and Aedes 

aegypti (Linn.) to insecticides in 

Pondicherry.

1979

Mosquito,

Culex fatigans

Mosquito,

Anopheles stephensi

Mosquito,

Aedes aegypti

- Formulation Sevimol

(40% carbaryl)

Davey et al.

Toxicity of five ricefield 

pesticides to the mosquitofish, 

Gambusia affinis, and green 

sunfish, Lepomis cyanellus, under 

laboratory and field conditions in 

Arkansas.

1976

Mosquitofish,

Gambusia affinis

Green sunfish, 

Lepomis cyanellus

- Formulation

Davidson et al.

Effects of chytrid and carbaryl 

exposure on survival, growth and 

skin peptide defenses in foothill 

yellow-legged frogs.

2007

Foothill yellowlegged frog,

Rana boylii

-

Formulation; Only 

one exposure 

concentration

Deshmukh and 

Keshavan

Acute toxicity of DDT and sevin 

to the bullfrog, Rana tigrina.

1984 Bullfrog,

Rana tigrina

96 hr

LC50=70,000

Not North 

American species

Dhanapakiam and 

Premlatha

Histopathological changes in the 

kidney of Cyprinus carpio

exposed to malathion and sevin.

1994 Carp,

Cyprinus carpio - Formulation

Sevin 

(commercial 

grade)

Dimayuga et al.

Insecticide-induced accumulation 

of melanomacrophage centers 

(MMCs) in Nile tilapia 

(Oreochromis niloticus Linn.).

2008

Nile tilapia,

Oreochromis 

niloticus

- Formulation Sevin

Dodson et al.

Behavioral responses of Daphnia 

pulex exposed to carbaryl and 

Chaoborus kairomone

1995 Cladoceran,

Daphnia pulex -

Only two exposure 

concentrations

Downing et al.

Community and ecosystem 

responses to a pulsed pesticide 

disturbance in freshwater 

ecosystems.

2008 Aquatic mesocosm - Formulation Sevin

(5% carbaryl)

Dumbauld et al.

Efficacy of the pesticide carbaryl 

for thalassinid shrimp control in 

Washington State oyster 

(Crassostrea gigas, Thunberg, 

1793) aquaculture.

1997 - -

Mixture, Field 

exposure; 

Formulation

Dumbauld et al.

Response of an estuarine benthic 

community to application of the 

pesticide carbaryl and cultivation 

of Pacific oysters (Crassostrea 

gigas) in Willapa Bay, 

Washington.

2001 Estuarine benthic 

community -

Formulation; 

Mixture Field exposure

Dumbauld et al.

An integrated pest management 

program for burrowing shrimp 

control in oyster aquaculture.

2006 - - Mixture
160

Appendix J. List of Carbaryl Studies Not Used in Document Along with Reasons

Author Title Date Organism(s)

Concentration

(μg/L) Reason Unused

Expanded 

Reason

Durfey and 

Simpson

Control of two burrowing shrimp 

species, ghost shrimp, 

Callianassa californiensis and 

mud shrimp, Upogebia 

pugettensis, using subsurface 

injection of carbaryl (“sevin”) as 

an alternative to aerial application 

in preparation of oyster beds for 

seeding.

1995

Ghost shrimp, 

Callianassa 

californiensis

Mud shrimp, 

Upogebia 

pugettensis

- Sediment exposure

El-Magid

Effects of some pesticides on the 

growth of blue-green alga 

Spirulina platensis.

1986 Blue-green alga,

Spirulina platensis

5 d Growth

NOEC=1,000

LOEC=5,000

Not North 

American species

Epstein and 

Legator

The mutagenicity of pesticides 

concepts and evaluation. 1971 - -

Review of 

previous studies

Estenik and 

Collins

In vivo and in vitro studies of 

mixed-function oxidase in an 

aquatic insect, Chironomus 

riparius. In: Pesticide and 

xenobiotic metabolism in aquatic 

organisms.

1979

Midge,

Chironomus 

riparius

24 hr

LC50=104.5

Excessive solvent 

used 0.1%

European 

Commission DG 

Environment

Endocrine disrupters: Study on 

gathering information on 435 

substances with insufficient data.

2002 - -

Review of 

previous studies

Feldhaus et al.

Interactive effects of pesticide 

mixtures on the neurobehavioral 

responses and AChE levels of the 

planaria.

1998 Brown planaria,

Dugesia tigrina -

Dilution water is 

deionized water 

without the proper 

salts added

Fernandez et al.

Amphibian micronucleus test(s): 

A simple and reliable method for 

evaluating in vivo genotoxic 

effects of freshwater pollutants 

and radiations: Initial assessment.

1993 Newt,

Pleurodeles waltl

8 d

increased 

micronucleus 

frequency at 

2,500

Only one exposure 

concentration

Fernandez-Alba

et al.

Toxicity of pesticides in 

wastewater: a comparative 

assessment of rapid bioassays.

2001

Bacterium,

Vibrio fischeri

Cladoceran,

Daphnia magna

- Not applicable

No carbaryl 

toxicity 

information

Ferrari et al.

Effects of carbaryl and azinphos 

methyl on juvenile rainbow trout 

(Oncorhynchus mykiss) 

detoxifying enzymes.

2007b

Rainbow trout,

Oncorhynchus 

mykiss

96 hr 

decreased liver 

CbE at 

1,000

Only two exposure 

concentrations

Ferrari et al.

Antioxidant responses to azinphos 

methyl and carbaryl during the 

embryonic development of the 

toad Rhinella (Bufo) arenarum

Hensel.

2009

Toad,

Rhinella (Bufo) 

arenarum

Increased 

embryonic 

development 

malformations at 

20,000

Not North 

American species; 

Only one exposure 

concentration

Fischer et al.

The effect of benzimidazole, 

carbamate and 

organophosphorous pesticides on 

the oxygen-dependent nuclear 

volume alterations in the 

chloragocytes of Tubifex tubifex

Mull.

1982 Tubificid worm,

Tubifex tubifex

5 d 

did not induce 

nuclear swelling 

within the 

physiological 

range at 

1,000

Only one exposure 

concentration

Fisher and 

Lohner

Studies on the environmental fate 

of carbaryl as a function of pH. 1986

Midge,

Chironomus 

riparius

24 hr

LC50=103

Excessive solvent 

used 1 mL/L
161

Appendix J. List of Carbaryl Studies Not Used in Document Along with Reasons

Author Title Date Organism(s)

Concentration

(μg/L) Reason Unused

Expanded 

Reason

Fisher et al.

Quantitative structure-activity 

relationships for predicting the 

toxicity of pesticides in aquatic 

systems with sediment.

1993

Midge,

Chironomus 

riparius

-

Excessive solvent 

used; Sediment in 

exposure media

1 mL/500 mL 

acetone

Fitzgerald et al.

Studies on chemicals with 

selective toxicity to blue-green 

algae.

1952 - - Not applicable

No carbaryl 

toxicity 

information

Fleeger et al. Indirect effects of contaminants in 

aquatic ecosystems.

2003 - -

Review of 

previous studies

Foster and Tullis

A quantitative structure-activity 

relationship between partition 

coefficients and the acute toxicity 

of naphthalene derivatives in 

Artemia salina nauplii.

1984 Brine shrimp,

Artemia salina - Brine shrimp

Freitag et al.

Ecotoxicological profile analysis. 

VII. Screening chemicals for their 

environment behavior by 

comparative evaluation

1982

Green alga,

Chlorella fusca var. 

vacuolated

-

Bioaccumulation 

study: steady state 

not reached, static 

exposure

Frempong-Boadu

A laboratory study of the 

effectiveness of methoxychlor, 

fenthion and carbaryl against 

blackfly larvae (Diptera: 

Simuliidae).

1966

Blackflies,

Prosimulium 

mixtum,

P. magnum,

Simulium venustum,

S. tuberosum

- Formulation 1% carbaryl

Galindo Reyes et 

al.

Effects of pesticides on DNA and 

protein of shrimp larvae 

Litopenaeus stylirostris of the 

California Gulf.

2002

Shrimp larvae,

Litopenaeus 

stylirostris

- Formulation Sevin

Garcia-Ripoll et 

al.

Confirming Pseudomonas putida

as a reliable bioassay for 

demonstrating biocompatibility 

enhancement by solar photooxidative process of a 

biorecalcitrant effluent.

2009

Bacteria,

Pseudomonas 

putida

- Sediment exposure

Ghosh

Interrelationship of 

acetylcholinesteraseacetylcholine, triiodothyroninethyroxine and gonadotropingonadotropin releasing hormone 

in pesticide treated murrel, 

Channa punctatus (Bloch).

1990 Snakehead catfish,

Channa punctatus -

Lack of detail 

(procedures); Not 

North American 

species; Only one 

exposure 

concentration

Ghosh and 

Bhattacharya

Elevation of c-reactive protein in 

serum of Channa punctatus as an 

indicator of water pollution.

1992 Snakehead catfish,

Channa punctatus -

Not North 

American species; 

Only one exposure 

concentration

Ghosh et al.

Impact of nonlethal levels of 

metacid-50 and carbaryl on 

thyroid function and cholinergic 

system of Channa punctatus.

1989 Snakehead catfish,

Channa punctatus -

Not North 

American species; 

Only one exposure 

concentration

Ghosh et al.

Impairment of the regulation of 

gonadal function in Channa 

punctatus by the metacid-50 and 

carbaryl under laboratory and 

field conditions.

1990 Snakehead catfish,

Channa punctatus -

Not North 

American species; 

Only one exposure

concentration
162

Appendix J. List of Carbaryl Studies Not Used in Document Along with Reasons

Author Title Date Organism(s)

Concentration

(μg/L) Reason Unused

Expanded 

Reason

Ghosh et al.

Glutathione depletion in the liver 

and kidney of Channa punctatus

exposed to carbaryl and metacid50.

1993 Snakehead catfish,

Channa punctatus -

Not North 

American species; 

Only one exposure 

concentration

Gibbs Effects of a split application of 

sevin-4-oil on aquatic organisms. 1979 - - Formulation Sevin-4-oil

Gibbs et al.

The effects on pond 

macroinvertebrates from forest 

spraying of carbaryl (sevin-4-oil) 

and its persistence in water and 

sediment.

1981 - - Formulation Sevin-4-oil

Gibbs et al.

The effects in 1982 on pond 

macroinvertebrates from forest 

spraying of carbaryl, sevin-4-oil, 

in 1980.

1982 - - Formulation Sevin-4-oil

Gibbs et al.

Persistence of carbaryl (sevin-4-

oil) in woodland ponds and its 

effects on pond 

macroinvertebrates following 

forest spraying.

1984

Spruce budworm,

Choristoneura 

fumiferana

- Formulation Sevin-4-oil

(49% carbaryl)

Gilbert et al.

Rapid assessment of metabolic 

activity in marine microalgae: 

application in ecotoxicological 

test and evaluation of water 

quality.

1992

Green alga,

Tetraselmis suecica

Skeletonema 

costatum

Prorocentrum lima

-

Lack of details 

(procedure, purity, 

exposure media)

Gill et al.

Gill, liver, and kidney lesions 

associated with experimental 

exposures to carbaryl and 

dimethoate in the fish (Puntius 

conchonius Ham.).

1988 Barb,

Puntius conchonius -

Not North 

American species; 

Formulation

Sevin (50% WP)

Gillott et al.

The role of sediment as a 

modifying factor in pesticidealgae interactions.1975 Alga,

Euglena gracilis

24 hr

C-14 

incorporation

NOEC=5

LOEC=10

Excessive solvent 

used 1 mL/L

Goel and 

Srivastava

Laboratory evaluation of some 

molluscicides against fresh water 

snails, Indoplanorbis and 

Lymnaea species.

1981

Snail,

Indoplanorbis 

exustus

Snail,

Lymnaea acuminata

24 hr

LC50=30,000

LC50=15,980

Not North 

American species; 

Lack of exposure 

details

Dilution water not 

characterized

Gouda et al.

Toxicity of dimecron, sevin and 

lindex to Anabas scandens and 

Heteropneustes fossilis. 

1981

Climbing perch,

Anabas scandens

Catfish,

Heteropneustes 

fossilis

-

Not North 

American species; 

Formulation

Sevin 

(50% carbaryl)

Gray et al.

Emerging issues: The effects of 

endocrine disrupters on 

reproductive development.

1996 - - Not applicable

No carbaryl 

toxicity 

information

Groba and 

Trzcinska

Effect of selected 

organophosphorous and 

carbamate insecticides on rainbow 

trout (Salmo gairdneri R.).

1979

Rainbow trout,

Oncorhynchus 

mykiss

-

Only two exposure 

concentrations; 

Lack of exposure 

details

Text in foreign 

language

Grosch

Reproduction tests: the toxicity 

for Artemia of derivatives from 

non-persistent pesticides.

1973 Brine shrimp,

Artemia salina - Brine shrimp
163

Appendix J. List of Carbaryl Studies Not Used in Document Along with Reasons

Author Title Date Organism(s)

Concentration

(μg/L) Reason Unused

Expanded 

Reason

Gruber and Munn

Organophosphate and carbamate 

insecticides in agricultural waters 

and cholinesterase (ChE) 

inhibition in common carp 

(Cyprinus carpio).

1998 Common carp,

Cyprinus carpio - Mixture

Gupta and Sahai

Qualitative detection of 

organochlorine and carbamate 

residues in the brain of catfish, 

Heteropenustes fossilis (Bloch) 

by thin layer chromatography

1989

Catfish, 

Heteropenustes 

fossilis

-

Lack of detail 

(procedure)

Gupta and 

Sundararaman

Correlation between burrowing 

capability and AChE activity in 

the earthworm, Pheretima 

posthuma, on exposure to 

carbaryl.

1991

Earthworm, 

Pheretima 

posthuma

-

Dilution water is 

distilled water 

without proper 

salts added

Haines

Effect of an aerial application of 

carbaryl on brook trout 

(Salvelinus fontinalis)

1981 Brook trout,

Salvelinus fontinalis -

Lack of details 

(procedure)

Han Il et al.

Studies on control effects of 

pesticide applications against the 

vector mosquito larvae in rice 

fields in Korea.

1981

Mosquito,

Culex 

tritaeniorhynchus

Anopheles sinensis

- Formulation Sevin

(50% carbaryl)

Hanazato

Effects of long- and short-term 

exposure to carbaryl on survival, 

growth and reproduction of 

Daphnia ambigua.

1991a Cladoceran,

Daphnia ambigua -

Lack of details 

(procedure, 

duration)

Hanazato

Effects of repeated application of 

carbaryl on zooplankton 

communities in experimental 

ponds with or without the 

predator Chaoborus.

1991b Zooplankton 

community -

Only two exposure 

concentrations

Hanazato

Pesticides as chemical agents

inducing helmet formation on 

Daphnia ambigua.

1991c Cladoceran,

Daphnia ambigua -

Excessive solvent 

used 3.5 mL/L ethanol

Hanazato

Insecticide inducing helmet 

development in Daphnia 

ambigua.

1992 Cladoceran,

Daphnia ambigua -

Only two exposure 

concentrations

Hanazato

Combined effect of the insecticide 

carbaryl and the Chaoborus

kairomone on helmet 

development in Daphnia 

ambigua.

1995 Cladoceran,

Daphnia ambigua -

Lack of details 

(procedure, 

duration)

Hanazato and 

Dodson

Complex effects of a kairomone 

of Chaoborus and an insecticide 

on Daphnia pulex.

1992 Cladoceran,

Daphnia pulex -

Lack of details 

(procedure, 

duration)

Hanazato and 

Hirokawa

Changes in vulnerability of 

Daphnia to an insecticide 

application depending on the 

population phase.

2004 Cladoceran,

Daphnia pulex -

Only one exposure 

concentration

Hanazato and 

Yasuno

Effects of a carbamate insecticide, 

carbaryl, on the summer phytoand zooplankton communities in 

ponds.

1987 Zooplankton 

community -

Only one exposure 

concentration
164

Appendix J. List of Carbaryl Studies Not Used in Document Along with Reasons

Author Title Date Organism(s)

Concentration

(μg/L) Reason Unused

Expanded 

Reason

Hanazato and 

Yasuno

Influence of overwintering 

Daphnia on spring zooplankton 

communities: an experimental 

study.

1989a Zooplankton 

community -

Only one exposure 

concentration; 

Possible mixture 

used

Hanazato and 

Yasuno

Effects of carbaryl on the spring 

zooplankton communities in 

ponds.

1989b Zooplankton 

community -

Only one exposure 

concentration

Hanazato and 

Yasuno

Influence of persistence period of 

an insecticide on recovery 

patterns of a zooplankton 

community in experimental 

ponds.

1990a Zooplankton 

community - Formulation 50% carbaryl

Hanazato and 

Yasuno

Influence of time of application of 

an insecticide on recovery 

patterns of a zooplankton 

community in experimental 

ponds.

1990b Zooplankton 

community - Formulation 50% carbaryl

Hanazato and 

Yasuno

Influence of Chaoborus density 

on the effects of an insecticide on 

zooplankton communities in 

ponds.

1990c Zooplankton 

community - Formulation 50% carbaryl

Hardersen and

Wratten

The sensitivity of the nymphs of 

two New Zealand damselfly 

species (Odonata: Zygoptera) to 

azinphos-methyl and carbaryl.

1996

Damselfly,

Xanthocnemis 

zealandia

Austrolestes 

colensonis

48 hr

LC50=600

LC50=3,130

Not North 

American species

Hardersen and

Wratten

The effects of carbaryl exposure 

on the penultimate larval instars 

of Xathocnemis zealandica on 

emergence and fluctuating 

asymmetry.

1998

Damselfly,

Xanthocnemis 

zealandia

-

Not North 

American species; 

Exposure 

concentrations 

fluctuated widely

Harilal and Sahai

Qualitative identification of 

metabolites of carbaryl in the 

gonads of catfish Heteropneustes 

fossilis (Bloch).

1990

Catfish,

Heteropneustes 

fossilis

-

Bioaccumulation 

study: steady state 

not reached; Mot 

North American 

species

Havens

An experimental comparison of 

the effects of two chemical 

stressors on a freshwater 

zooplankton assemblage.

1994 Zooplankton 

community -

Dilution water not 

characterized; 

Formulation

Commercial grade

Havens

Insecticide (carbaryl, 1-napthyl-nmethylcarbamate) effects on a 

freshwater plankton community: 

zooplankton size, biomass, and 

algal abundance.

1995 Plankton 

community - Formulation Commercial grade

Haynes et al. The toxicity of sevin to goldfish. 1958 Goldfish,

Carassius auratus - Formulation Sevin(50% carbaryl)

Heldal et al.

Toxic responses of the green alga 

Dunaliella bioculata

(Chlorophycea, Volvocales) to 

selected oxidized hydrocarbons.

1984

Green alga,

Dunaliella 

bioculata

- Not applicable

No carbaryl 

toxicity 

information

Hemingway and 

Georghiou

Studies on the 

acetylcholinesterase of Anopheles 

albimanus resistant and 

susceptible to organophosphate 

and carbamate insecticides.

1983

Mosquito,

Anopheles 

albimanus

24 hr

LC50=890

Excessive solvent 

used; Waxed cups 

used

1 mL/100 mL
165

Appendix J. List of Carbaryl Studies Not Used in Document Along with Reasons

Author Title Date Organism(s)

Concentration

(μg/L) Reason Unused

Expanded 

Reason

Hendrick et al.

Effects of some insecticides on 

the survival, reproduction, and 

growth of the Louisiana red 

crawfish.

1966

Crawfish,

Procambarus 

clarkia

-

Formulation; Field 

application

Hermann

Routine testing of new Bayer

pesticides for fish toxicity, as part 

of the product development 

programme.

1975 - -

Review of 

previous studies

Hernandez et al.

Toxicity of ethil-parathion and 

carbaryl on early stages of the 

development of sea urchin.

1986

Sea urchin,

Pseudechinus 

magellanicus

-

Text in foreign 

language; Not 

North American 

species

Hernandez et al.

Toxicity of ethyl-parathion and 

carbaryl on early development of 

sea urchin.

1990

Sea urchin,

Pseudechinus 

magellanicus

96 hr

EC50=92.5

Not North 

American species

Hidaka et al. Avoidance of pesticides with 

medakas (Oryzias latipes). 1984 Medaka,Oryzias latipes -

Not North 

American species; 

Lack of exposure 

details

Text in foreign 

language

Hiltibran

Oxygen and phosphate 

metabolism of bluegill liver 

mitochondria in the presence of 

some insecticides.

1974

Bluegill,

Lepomis 

macrochirus

-

Surgically altered 

test species Liver mitochondria

Hirose and 

Kitsukawa

Acute toxicity of agricultural 

chemical to seawater teleosts, 

with special respect to TLm and 

the vertebral abnormality.

1976 Medaka,

Oryzias latipes -

Text in foreign 

language

Holcombe et al.

The acute toxicity of selected 

substituted phenols, benzenes and 

benzoic acid esters to fathead 

minnows Pimephales promelas.

1984

Fathead minnows, 

Pimephales 

promelas

- Not applicable

No carbaryl 

toxicity 

information

Hopf and Muller

Laboratory breeding and testing 

of Australorbis glabratus for 

molluscicidal screening.

1962

Snail,

Australorbis 

glabratus

-

Lack of details 

(procedure)

Hopkins and 

Winne

Influence of body size on 

swimming performance of four 

species of neonatal natricine 

snakes acutely exposed to a 

cholinesterase-inhibiting 

pesticide.

2006

Semi-aquatic 

snakes,

Nerodia taxispilota,

N. rhombifer,

N. fasciata,

Seminatrix pygaea

- Formulation

Sevin

(commercial 

grade)

Hopkins et al.

Differential swimming 

performance of two natricine 

snakes exposed to a 

cholinesterase-inhibiting 

pesticide.

2005

Black swamp snake,

Seminatrix pygaea

Diamondback water 

snake,

Nerodia rhombifer

-

Only two exposure 

concentrations; 

Formulation

Sevin®

Hota et al.

Metabolic effects of kilex 

carbaryl on a fresh water teleost, 

Channa punctatus (Bloch).

1993 Snakehead catfish,

Channa punctatus

24 hr

decline in protein 

concentration in 

liver at 2,000

Only one exposure 

concentration; Not 

North American 

species

Hulbert

Effects of sevin, a spruce 

budworm insecticide on fish and 

invertebrates in the 

Mattawamkeag River in 1976.

1978 - - Formulation Sevin-4-oil
166

Appendix J. List of Carbaryl Studies Not Used in Document Along with Reasons

Author Title Date Organism(s)

Concentration

(μg/L) Reason Unused

Expanded 

Reason

Huque Preliminary report on the residues 

of carbaryl granules in rice plants. 1972 - -

Formulation; 

Bioaccumulation 

study: steady state 

not reached

Carbaryl 10% 

granules

Hydorn et al.

Effect of forest spraying with 

acephate insecticide on 

consumption of spiders by brook 

trout (Salvelinus fontinalis).

1979 - - Not applicable

No carbaryl 

toxicity 

information

Ishii and 

Hashimoto

Metabolic fate of carbaryl (1-

naphthyl N-methyl carbamate) 

orally administered to carp, 

Cyprinus carpio. 

1970 Carp,

Cyprinus carpio -

Dietary exposure; 

Lack of exposure 

details

Text in foreign 

language

Jacob et al.

Toxicity of certain pesticides 

found in the habitat to the 

larvivorous fishes Aplocheilus 

lineatus (Cuv. & Val.) and 

Macropodus cupanus (Cuv. & 

Val.).

1982

Panchax,

Aplocheilus lineatus

Paradise fish,

Macropodus 

cupanus

-

Not North 

American species; 

Formulation

Sevin (50% WP)

Jadhv et al.

Effect of pesticides on amylase 

activity in digestive gland of fresh 

water bivalve Corbicula 

striatella.

1995 Bivalve,

Corbicula striatella

96 hr

decrease amylase

activity at 2,500

Not North 

American species;

Only one exposure 

concentration

Jadhv et al. Carbaryl toxicity to freshwater 

bivalve Corbicula striatella.

1996 Bivalve,

Corbicula striatella

96 hr

LC50=5,100

Not North 

American species

James and 

Sampath

Combined toxic effects of 

carbaryl and methyl parathion on 

survival, growth, and respiratory 

metabolism in Heteropneustes 

fossilis (Bloch).

1994

Catfish,

Heteropneustes 

fossilis

-

Not North 

American species; 

Formulation

Carbaryl 

(50% WDP)

Jamnback and 

Frempong-Boadu

Testing blackfly larvicides in the 

laboratory and in streams. 1966 Blackfly,Simulium sp.

5 min.

47% detachment 

at 400

Only two exposure 

concentrations; 

Lack of exposure 

details

Dilution water not 

characterized

Jauhar and 

Kulshrestha

Histopathological changes 

induced by the sublethal doses of 

endosulfan and carbaryl in the 

intestine of Channa striatus

Bloch.

1983 Snakehead catfish,

Channa striatus -

Not North 

American species; 

Formulation

Sevin (50 WP)

Jauhar and 

Kulshrestha

Histopathological effects induced 

by sublethal doses of sevin and 

thiodan on the gills of Channa 

striatus Bloch. (Pisces, 

Channidae).

1985 Snakehead catfish,

Channa striatus -

Not North 

American species; 

Formulation

Sevin (50 WP)

Jayaprada and 

Ramana Rao

Carbaryl toxicity on tissue 

acetylcholinesterase in the 

penaeid prawn, Metapenaeus 

monceros (Fabricius) a 

monitoring study.

1991

Prawn, 

Metapenaeus 

monceros

96 hr

LC50=24.87

Not North 

American species

Jeyasingam et al.

The relative toxicities of 

insecticides on aquatic insect 

Eretes sticticus (Linn.) 

(Coleoptera: Dytiscidae).

1978 Diving beetle,

Eretes sticticus

48 hr

TLm=890

Not North 

American species
167

Appendix J. List of Carbaryl Studies Not Used in Document Along with Reasons

Author Title Date Organism(s)

Concentration

(μg/L) Reason Unused

Expanded 

Reason

John

Alteration of certain blood 

parameters of freshwater teleost 

Mystus vittatus after chronic 

exposure to metasystox and sevin.

2007 Catfish,

Mystus vittatus

30 d

decreased blood 

ESR and Hb% at 

7,000

Not North 

American species; 

Only one exposure 

concentration; 

Lack of exposure 

details

Dilution water not 

characterized

John and Prakash Acute toxicity of metasystox and 

sevin to Mystus vittatus.

1998 Catfish,

Mystus vittatus -

Not North 

American species; 

Formulation

Sevin®

(505 carbaryl)

Joshi and Kumar

Acid and alkaline phosphates 

activity in different tissues of 

fresh water crab, Paratelphusa 

masoniana (Henderson) to 

pesticide exposure.

2001

Crab,

Paratelphusa 

masoniana

-

Lack of details 

(procedure)

Juchelka and 

Snell

Rapid toxicity assessment using 

ingestion rate of cladocerans and 

ciliates.

1995 - - Not applicable

No carbaryl 

toxicity 

information

Juhnke and 

Luedemann

Results of the investigation of 200 

chemical compounds for acute 

fish toxicity with the golden orfe 

test.

1978

Golden orfe,

Leuciscus idus 

melanotus

48 hr

LC50=20,000

Lack of exposure 

details

Dilution water not 

characterized

Jyothi and 

Narayan

Toxic effects of carbaryl on 

gonads of freshwater fish, Clarias 

batrachus (Linnaeus).

1999a Walking catfish,

Clarias batrachus -

Only one exposure 

concentration; 

Formulation

Commercial grade

Jyothi and 

Narayan

Certain pesticide-induced 

carbohydrate metabolic disorders 

in the serum of freshwater fish 

Clarias batrachus (Linn.).

1999b Walking catfish,

Clarias batrachus -

Only one exposure 

concentration; 

Formulation

Sevin 

(50% WDP 

powder)

Jyothi and 

Narayan

Pesticide induced alterations of 

non-protein nitrogenous 

constituents in the serum of a 

fresh water cat fish, Clarias 

batrachus (Linn.).

2000 Walking catfish,

Clarias batrachus - Formulation

Sevin 

(50% WDP 

powder)

Jyothi and 

Narayan

Effect of pesticides carbaryl and 

phorate on serum cholesterol level 

in fish, Clarias batrachus (Linn).

2001 Walking catfish,

Clarias batrachus -

Only one exposure 

concentration; 

Formulation

Commercial grade

Kader et al.

The relative toxicities of ten 

biocides on Spicodiaptomus 

chelospinus Rajendran (1973) 

[Copepoda: Calanoida].

1976

Copepod,

Spicodiaptomus 

chelospinus

48 hr

TLm=130

Not North 

American species; 

Lack of exposure 

details

Dilution water not 

characterized

Kallander et al.

Recovery following pulsed 

exposure to organophosphorus 

and carbamamte insecticides in 

the midge, Chironomus riparius.

1997

Midge,

Chironomus 

riparius

-

Excessive solvent 

used 1.0 mL/L acetone

Kanazawa

Uptake and excretion of 

organophosphorus and carbamate 

insecticides by fresh water fish, 

motsugo, Pseudorasbora parva.

1975

Motsugo,

Pseudorasbora 

parva

-

Not North 

American species; 

Bioaccumulation 

study: steady state 

not reached

Kanazawa

Prediction of biological 

concentration potential of 

pesticides in aquatic organisms.

1980

Topmouth gudgeon,

Pseudorasbora 

parva

14 d

BCF=9

(whole body)

Not North 

American species

Kanazawa Bioconcentration potential of 

pesticides by aquatic organisms. 1981 - -

Review of 

previous studies
168

Appendix J. List of Carbaryl Studies Not Used in Document Along with Reasons

Author Title Date Organism(s)

Concentration

(μg/L) Reason Unused

Expanded 

Reason

Kanazawa

In vitro and in vivo effects of 

organophosphorus and carbamate 

insecticides on brain 

acetylcholinesterase activity of 

fresh-water fish, topmouth 

gudgeon.

1983a

Topmouth gudgeon,

Pseudorasbora 

parva

24 hr

reduced brain 

AChE by 72-78% 

at 4,000

Not North 

American species

Kanazawa

A method of predicting the 

bioconcentration potential of 

pesticides by using fish.

1983b

Topmouth gudgeon,

Pseudorasbora 

parva

-

Not North 

American species; 

Bioaccumulation: 

steady state not 

reached

Kanazawa et al.

Distribution of carbaryl and 3,5-

xylyl methylcarbamate in an 

aquatic model ecosystem.

1975 Community model 

ecosystem -

Sediment present 

in test media

Karnak and 

Collins

The susceptibility to selected 

insecticides and 

acetylcholinesterase activity in a 

laboratory colony of midge 

larvae, Chironomus tentans

(Diptera: Chironomidae).

1974 Midge,

Chironomus tentans

24 hr

LC50=2.5

Excessive solvent 

used; Test species 

fed

Kasai et al.

P450 monooxygenases are an 

important mechanism of 

permethrin resistance in Culex 

quinquefasciatus Say larvae.

1998

Mosquito,

Culex 

quinquefasciatus

-

Dilution water is 

distilled water 

without proper 

salts added

Kashiwada et al.

Stage-dependent differences in 

effects of carbaryl on population 

growth rate in Japanese medaka 

(Oryzias latipes).

2008 Medaka,

Oryzias latipes

14 d

decreased embryo 

growth at 5,000

Not North 

American species; 

Only two exposure 

concentrations; 

Excessive solvent

0.1%

Kaur and Dhawan

Variable sensitivity of Cyprinus 

carpio eggs, larvae, and fry to 

pesticides.

1993 Common carp,

Cyprinus carpio - Formulation Sevin(50 WP)

Kaur and Dhawan

Effect of carbaryl on tissue 

composition, maturation, and 

breeding potential of Cirrhina 

mrigala (Ham.).

1996 Carp,

Cirrhina mrigala - Formulation 50% WP

Kaur and Toor

Role of abiotic factors in the 

embryonic development of scale 

carp.

1980 Common carp,

Cyprinus carpio -

Lack of details 

(procedure)

Kaur and Toor

Toxicity of some insecticides to 

the fingerlings of Indian major 

carp, Cirrhina mrigala

(Hamilton).

1995 Carp,

Cirrhina mrigala - Formulation Carbaryl 50 WP

Kaur and Toor

Histopathological changes in the 

liver of fingerlings of Indian 

major carp, Cirrhina mrigala

(Hamilton) exposed to some 

biocides.

1997 Carp,

Cirrhina mrigala -

Only one exposure 

concentration

Kaushik and 

Kumar

Susceptibility of the freshwater 

crab Paratelphusa masoniana

(Henserson) to three pesticides, 

singly and in combination.

1993

Crab,

Paratelphusa 

masoniana

-

Not North 

American species; 

Formulation

Carbaryl 50% WP

Kaushik and 

Kumar

Midgut pathology of aldrin, 

monocrotophos, and carbaryl in 

the freshwater crab, Paratelphusa 

masoniana (Henderson).

1998

Crab,

Paratelphusa 

masoniana

-

Not North 

American species; 

only one exposure 

concentration
169

Appendix J. List of Carbaryl Studies Not Used in Document Along with Reasons

Author Title Date Organism(s)

Concentration

(μg/L) Reason Unused

Expanded 

Reason

Kay Toxicology of pesticides: Recent 

advances. 1973 - -

Review of 

previous studies

Kem et al.

Inhibition of barnacle larval 

settlement and crustacean toxicity 

of some hoplonemertine pyridyl 

alkaloids.

2003 Barnacle,

Balanus amphitrite - Not applicable

No carbaryl 

toxicity 

information

Khalil et al.

Filarial infectivity rate of Culex 

pipiens molestus subjected to 

sublethal concentrations of 

insecticides abate and sevin and 

distribution of infective filaria 

larvae in mosquito body regions.

1974 - -

Lack of exposure 

details; Mixture

Dilution water not 

characterized

Khan and Nelson

Adverse effects of some selected 

agrochemicals and 

pharmaceuticals in aquatic 

environment with reference to 

amphibians and fish.

2005 - -

Review of 

previous studies

Khangarot et al.

Man and biosphere - studies on 

the Sikkim Himalayas. Part 6: 

Toxicity of selected pesticides to 

frog tadpole Rana hexadactyla

(Lesson).

1985 Frog,

Rana hexadactyla -

Not North 

American species; 

Formulation

Kelex 

(50% carbaryl)

Khillare and 

Wagh

Chronic effects of endosulfan, 

malathion and sevin in the fresh 

water fish, Barbus stigma testis 

histopathology.

1987a Barb,

Barbus stigma -

Not North 

American species; 

Only one exposure 

concentration

Khillare and 

Wagh

Developmental abnormalities 

induced by the pesticides in the 

fish, Barbus stigma (Ham.).

1987b Barb,

Barbus stigma -

Not North 

American species; 

Only one exposure 

concentration

Khillare and 

Wagh

Long-term effects of pesticides 

endosulfan, malathion and sevin 

on the fish, Puntius stigma.

1988a Fish,

Puntius stigma -

Not North 

American species; 

Lack of details 

(procedure)

Khillare and 

Wagh

Acute toxicity of pesticides in the 

freshwater fish Barbus stigma: 

histopathology of the stomach.

1988b Barb,

Barbus stigma -

Not North 

American species; 

Lack of details 

(procedure)

Khillare and 

Wagh

Effect of certain pesticides on 

spermatogenesis in fish Barbus 

stigma (Ham.).

1989 Barb,

Barbus stigma -

Not North 

American species; 

Only one exposure 

concentration

Kikuchi et al.

Screening of organophosphate 

insecticide pollution in water by 

using Daphnia magna.

2000 - - Not applicable

No carbaryl 

toxicity 

information

Kimura and 

Keegan

Toxicity of some insecticides and 

molluscicides for the Asian blood 

sucking leech, Hirudo nipponia

Whitman.

1966 Leech,

Hirudo nipponia

48 hr

LC50=5,500

Not North 

American species

Klassen et al.

Toxicities of certain larvicides to 

resistant and susceptible Aedes 

aegypti (L.)

1965 Mosquito,

Aedes aegypti LC50=4,400

Prior exposure; 

Lack of exposure 

details

Dilution water not 

characterized; 

Duration not given

Kolankaya

Organochlorine pesticide residues 

and their toxic effects on the 

environment and organisms in 

Turkey.

2006 - - Not applicable

No carbaryl 

toxicity 

information
170

Appendix J. List of Carbaryl Studies Not Used in Document Along with Reasons

Author Title Date Organism(s)

Concentration

(μg/L) Reason Unused

Expanded 

Reason

Korn The uptake and persistence of 

carbaryl in channel catfish. 1973 Channel catfish,Ictalurus punctatus -

Bioaccumulation: 

steady state not 

reached

Koundinya and 

Murthi

Haematological studies in 

Sarotherodon (Tilapia) 

mossambica (Peters) exposed to 

lethal (LC50/48 hrs) 

concentration of sumithion and 

sevin.

1979

Mozambique tilapia,

Oreochromis 

mossambica

- Formulation

Sevin

(commercial 

grade)

Koundinya and 

Ramamurthi

Comparative study of inhibition 

of acetylcholinesterase activity in 

the freshwater teleost 

Sarotherodon (Tilapia) 

mossambica (Peters) by sevin 

(carbamate) and sumithion 

(organophosphate).

1979

Mozambique tilapia,

Oreochromis 

mossambica

- Formulation

Sevin

(commercial 

grade)

Koundinya and 

Ramamurthi

Effect of sub-lethal concentration 

of sumithion and sevin on certain 

hematological values of 

Sarotherodon mossambicus

(Peters).

1980a

Mozambique tilapia,

Oreochromis 

mossambica

- Formulation Carbaryl

(50% WP)

Koundinya and 

Ramamurthi

Toxicity of sumithion and sevin 

to the freshwater fish, 

Sarotherodon mossambicus

(Peters).

1980b

Mozambique tilapia,

Oreochromis 

mossambica

- Formulation Sevin

(50% WP)

Koundinya and 

Ramamurthi

Tissue respiration in 

Sarotherodon mossambicus 

(Peters) exposed to sub-lethal 

concentration of sumithion and 

sevin.

1981

Mozambique tilapia,

Oreochromis 

mossambica

- Formulation Sevin

Koval'Chuk et al. Acute toxicity of yalan, eptam 

and sevin for Daphnia magna. 1971 Cladoceran,Daphnia magna -

Lack of exposure 

details

Text in foreign 

language

Krishnan and 

Chockalingam

Toxic and sublethal effects of 

endosulfan and carbaryl on 

growth and egg production of 

Moina micrura Kurz (Cladocera: 

Moinidae).

1989 Cladoceran,

Moina micrura

24 hr

LC50=119.6

Not North 

American species

Kulshrestha and 

Arora

Effect of sublethal doses of

carbaryl and endosulfan on the 

skin of Channa striatus Bloch.

1984a Snakehead catfish,

Channa striatus -

Not North 

American species; 

Formulation

Sevin (50% WP)

Kulshrestha and 

Arora

Impairments induced by sublethal 

doses of two pesticides in the 

ovaries of a freshwater teleost 

Channa striatus Bloch.

1984b Snakehead catfish,

Channa striatus -

Not North 

American species; 

Formulation

Sevin (50 WP)

Kulshrestha and 

Jauhar

Impairments induced by sublethal 

doses of sevin and thiodan on the 

brain of a freshwater teleost 

Channa striatus Bloch. 

(Channidae).

1986 Snakehead catfish,

Channa striatus -

Not North 

American species; 

Formulation

Sevin

Kumar and 

Banerjee

Effects of lethal toxicity of sevin 

(carbaryl) on the blood 

parameters in Clarias batrachus 

(L).

1991 Walking catfish,

Clarias batrachus -

Only one exposure 

concentration
171

Appendix J. List of Carbaryl Studies Not Used in Document Along with Reasons

Author Title Date Organism(s)

Concentration

(μg/L) Reason Unused

Expanded 

Reason

Kurtak et al.

Management of insecticide 

resistance in control of the 

Simulium damnosum complex by 

the onchocerciasis control 

programme, West Africa: 

Potential use of negative 

correlation between 

organophosphate resistance and 

pyrethroid susceptibility.

1987

Blackfly,

Simulium 

damnosum

-

Not North 

American species; 

Lack of exposure 

details

Dilution water not 

characterized; 

Duration not given

Labenia et al.

Behavioral impairment and 

increased predation mortality in 

cutthroat trout exposed to 

carbaryl.

2007

Cutthroat trout,

Oncorhynchus 

clarkii clarkii

6 hr

decreased 

swimming 

performance at 

750 

Lack of exposure 

details

Dilution water not 

characterized

Lakshmi et al.

Toxicity of endosulfan and 

carbaryl to a brackish water 

oligochaete Pontodrilus 

bermudensis.

2002

Oligochaete,

Pontodrilus 

bermudensis

-

Not North 

American species; 

Lack of details 

(procedure)

Lange et al.

Comparison of testing acute 

toxicity on embryo of zebrafish, 

Brachydanio rerio and RTG-2 

cytotoxicity as possible 

alternatives to the acute fish test.

1995 Zebrafish,

Danio rerio - In vitro study

Li and Chen

Study on the acute toxicities of 

commonly used pesticides to two 

kinds of fish.

1981

Mosquitofish,

Gumbusia patruelis

Tilapia,

Tilapia sp.

Carp,

Cyprinus carpio

48 hr

TLm=955

TLm=1,958

TLm=10,000

Text in foreign 

language

Lichtenstein et al. Toxicity and fate of insecticide 

residues in water. 1966 Mosquito,Aedes aegypti

24 hr

70% mortality at 

1,000

Only one exposure 

concentration; 

Lack of exposure 

details

Distilled water 

without proper 

salts added

Lingaraja and 

Venugopalan

Pesticide induced physiological 

and behavioural changes in an 

estuarine teleost Therapon jarbua

(Forsk).

1978 Fish,

Therapon jarbua -

Not North 

American species; 

Lack of details 

(procedure)

Lloyd

The toxicity of ammonia to 

rainbow trout (Salmo gairdnerii

Richardson).

1961

Rainbow trout,

Oncorhynchus 

mykiss

- Not applicable

No carbaryl 

toxicity 

information

Lohner and 

Fisher

Effects of pH and temperature on 

the acute toxicity and uptake of 

carbaryl in the midge, 

Chironomus riparius.

1990

Midge, 

Chironomus

riparius

24 hr

EC50=96

Excessive solvent 

used 2 mL/L

Lowe

Effects of prolonged exposure to 

sevin on an estuarine fish, 

Leiostomus xanthurus Lacepede.

1967

Spot,

Leiostomus 

xanthurus

-

High control 

mortality; Only 

one exposure 

concentration

65%

Lubick Order matters in pesticide 

exposures.

2007 Amphipod,

Gammarus pulex - Mixture Carbaryl and chlorpyrifos

Ma et al.

Differential responses of eight 

cyanobacterial and green algal 

species, to carbamate insecticides.

2006 Cyanobacteria and 

green alga - Lack of detail 

LC50 values are 

not identified to 

the species

Macek Acute toxicity of pesticide 

mixtures to bluegills. 1975

Bluegill, 

Lepomis 

macrochirus

- Mixture Sevin and 

malathion
172

Appendix J. List of Carbaryl Studies Not Used in Document Along with Reasons

Author Title Date Organism(s)

Concentration

(μg/L) Reason Unused

Expanded 

Reason

MacKenzie and

Shearer

Chemical control of Polydora 

websteri and other annelids 

inhabiting oyster shells.

1959 Worm,

Polydora websteri -

Only one exposure 

concentration

Maly

A study of the effects of pesticide 

on single and mixed species 

cultures of algae.

1980 - -

Only one exposure 

concentration; No 

control 

information

Manna and 

Ghosh

Anaerobic toxicity of sublethal 

concentration of carbaryl 

pesticide sevin to guppy Lebistes 

reticulatus.

1987 Guppy,

Lebistes reticulatus -

Lack of details 

(procedure, purity 

not given)

Manonmani et al.

Establishment of a standard test 

method for determining 

susceptibility of mesocyclops to 

different insecticides.

1989 Copepod,

Mesocyclops sp. -

Not North 

American species; 

Formulation

Carbaryl

(50% WP)

Mansour and 

Hassan

Pesticides and Daphnia. 3. An 

analytical bioassay method, using 

Ceriodaphnia quadrangula, for 

measuring extremely low 

concentrations of insecticides in 

waters. 

1993

Cladoceran,

Ceriodaphnia 

quadrangula

- Mixture

Marian et al.

Acute and chronic effects of 

carbaryl on survival, growth, and 

metamorphosis in the bullfrog 

(Rana tigrina). 

1983 Bullfrog,

Rana tigrina -

Not North 

American species; 

Formulation

50% WP

Markey et al. Insecticides and a fungicide affect 

multiple coral life stages. 2007 Coral,Acropora millepora

18 hr

EC50=1

Not North 

American species

Marking and Bills

Effects of contaminants on 

toxicity of the lampricides TFM 

and Bayer 73 to three species of 

fish.

1985

Rainbow trout,

Oncorhynchus 

mykiss

White sucker,

Catostomus 

commersoni

Fathead minnow,

Pimephales 

promelas

- Mixture Carbaryl and TFM 

or Bayer 73

Marutani and 

Edirveerasingam

Influence of irrigation methods 

and an adjuvant on the persistence 

of carbaryl on pakchoi.

2006

Pakchoi,

Brassica rapa L. 

subsp. chinensis

-

Only one exposure 

concentration; 

Filed exposure; 

Sediment present

Massachusetts 

Pesticide Board

Report of the surveillance 

program conducted in connection 

with an application of carbaryl 

(sevin) for the control of gypsy 

moth on Cape Cod, 

Massachusetts. 

1966 - -

Formulation;

Only one exposure 

concentration; 

Aerial application

Mathur Toxicity of sevin to certain fishes. 1974

Barb,

Esomus danrica

Catfish,

Heteropneustes 

fossilis

Catfish,

Channa punctatus

Rasbora,

Rasbora daniconius

-

Not North 

American species; 

Formulation

Sevin
173

Appendix J. List of Carbaryl Studies Not Used in Document Along with Reasons

Author Title Date Organism(s)

Concentration

(μg/L) Reason Unused

Expanded 

Reason

Matos et al.

Biochemical and histological 

hepatic changes of Nile tilapia 

Oreochromis niloticus exposed to 

carbaryl.

2007

Nile tilapia,

Oreochromis 

niloticus

14 d

decreased hepatic 

activity at 250

Only two exposure 

concentrations

Matsumura Toxicology of insecticides. 1975 - -

Review of 

previous studies

Mazzeo et al.

Interclonal variation in response 

to simazine stress in Lemna gibba

(Lemnaceae).

1998 Duckweed,

Lemna gibba - Not applicable

No carbaryl 

toxicity 

information

McKim et al.

Use of respiratory-cardiovascular 

responses of rainbow trout (Salmo 

gairdneri) in identifying acute 

toxicity syndromes in fish: Part 2. 

Malathion, carbaryl, acrolein and 

benzaldehyde.

1987

Rainbow trout,

Oncorhynchus 

mykiss

-

Surgically altered 

test species Spinally transected

Megharaj et al. The use of unicellular soil green 

algae for insecticide bioassay.

1989

Green alga,

Chlorella vulgaris

Scenedesmus 

bijugatus

-

Agar exposure 

media

Metcalf and 

Sanborn

Pesticides and environmental 

quality in Illinois. 1975 - -

Review of 

previous studies

Metts et al.

Interaction of an insecticide with 

larval density in pond-breeding 

salamanders (Ambystoma).

2005

Salamander,

Ambystoma 

maculatum

A. opacum

-

Only two exposure 

concentrations; 

Formulation

Sevin

(22.5% carbaryl)

Meyer Quarterly report of progress, 

April-June, 1981. 1981 Rainbow trout -

Lack of exposure 

details

Dilution water not 

characterized; No 

scientific name 

given

Mills and 

Semlitsch

Competition and predation 

mediate the indirect effects of an 

insecticide on southern leopard 

frogs.

2004

Southern leopard 

frog,

Rana 

sphenocephala

- Formulation Sevin 

(21.35 carbaryl)

Mishra et al.

Toxicity of kilex carbaryl to a 

fresh water teleost Channa 

punctatus (Bloch).

1991 Snakehead catfish,

Channa punctatus

96 hr

TLm=14,000

Not North 

American species

Mishra et al.

Responses of interregnal cells of 

freshwater teleost, Channa 

punctatus (Bloch), exposed to 

sublethal concentrations of 

carbaryl and cartap.

2006 Snakehead catfish,

Channa punctatus

96 hr 

caused kidney 

hyperplasia at 

5,200

Not North 

American species; 

Only one exposure 

concentration

Mitsuhashi et al. Effects of insecticides on cultures 

of insect cells. 1970 Mosquito,Aedes aegypti -

Surgically altered 

test species Cell culture

Mora et al.

Cholinesterase activity as 

potential biomarker in two 

bivalves.

1999

Mussel,

Mytilus 

galloprovincialis

Asiatic clam,

Corbicula fluminea

-

Lack of exposure 

details

Dilution water not 

characterized

Mora et al.

Relationship between 

toxicokinetics of carbaryl and 

effect on acetylcholinesterase 

activity in Pomacea patula snail.

2000 Snail,

Pomacea patula -

Excessive solvent 

used 4 mL/L ethanol

Morgan

Monitoring pesticides by means 

of changes in electric potential 

caused by fish opercular rhythms.

1975 Largemouth bass -

Formulation; No 

scientific name 

given

Karbaspray

(50% carbaryl)
174

Appendix J. List of Carbaryl Studies Not Used in Document Along with Reasons

Author Title Date Organism(s)

Concentration

(μg/L) Reason Unused

Expanded 

Reason

MuirheadThomsonLaboratory evaluation of pesticide 

impact on stream invertebrates. 1973 Dragonfly naiads - Formulation Sevin

Mulla et al. Control of chironomid midges in 

recreational lakes. 1971 Midges - Formulation 20% carbaryl

Mulla et al.

Aquatic midge larvicides, their 

efficacy and residues in water, 

soil, and fish in a warm-water 

lake.

1973 Midges - Formulation Carbaryl

(20% granules)

Murray and 

Guthrie

Effects of carbaryl, diazinon and 

malathion on native aquatic 

populations of microorganisms.

1980 - -

Only one exposure 

concentration; 

Lack of exposure 

details

Dilution water not 

characterized

Nalecz-Jawecki 

and Sawicki

Spirotox - a new tool for testing 

the toxicity of volatile 

compounds.

1999 - - Not applicable

No carbaryl 

toxicity 

information

Nalecz-Jawecki 

et al.

The sensitivity of protozoan 

Spirostomum ambiguum to 

selected pesticides.

2002

Protozoan,

Spirostomum 

ambiguum

-

Excessive solvent 

used 1% acetone

Naqvi and 

Ferguson

Pesticide tolerances of selected 

freshwater invertebrates. 1968 Cyclopoid copepods -

Prior exposure 

pesticides

Naqvi and 

Hawkins

Toxicity of selected insecticides 

(thiodan, security, spartan, and 

sevin) to mosquitofish, Gambusia 

affinis.

1988 Mosquitofish,

Gambusia affinis - Formulation Sevin(5% carbaryl)

Nishiuchi Toxicity of formulated pesticides 

to some fresh water organisms. 1976 Japanese toad,Bufo bufo japonicas -

Not North 

American species; 

Lack of exposure 

details

Text in foreign 

language

Nishiuchi Toxicity of formulated pesticides 

to some freshwater organisms. 1977 - -

Not North 

American species; 

Lack of exposure 

details

Text in foreign 

language

Nishiuchi and 

Asano

Toxicity of formulated 

agrochemicals to fresh water 

organisms.

1978

Dragonfly,

Orthetrum 

albistylum 

speciosum

-

Not North 

American species; 

Lack of exposure 

details

Text in foreign 

language

Nishiuchi and 

Yoshida

Toxicities of pesticides to some 

fresh water snails. 1972

Red snail,

Indoplanorbis 

exustus

Marsh snail,

Semisulcospira 

libertina

Round snail,

Cipangopaludina 

malleata

Saka snail,

Physa acuta

48 hr

TLm=28,000

TLm=25,000

TLm=30,000

TLm=27,000

Not North 

American species

Nogrady and 

Keshmirian

Rotifer neuropharmacology - I. 

Cholinergic drug effects on 

oviposition of Philodina 

acuticornis (Rotifera, 

Aschelminthes).

1986

Rotifer,

Philodina 

acuticornis

- Formulation Sevin
175

Appendix J. List of Carbaryl Studies Not Used in Document Along with Reasons

Author Title Date Organism(s)

Concentration

(μg/L) Reason Unused

Expanded 

Reason

Nollenberger

Toxicant-induced changes in 

brain, gill, liver, and kidney of 

brook trout exposed to carbaryl, 

atrazine, 2,4-

dichlorophenoxyacetic acid, and 

parathion: a cytochemical study.

1981 Brook trout,

Salvelinus fontinalis -

Only one exposure 

concentration

Omkar and Murti

Toxicity of some pesticides to the 

freshwater prawn Macrobrachium 

dayanum (Henderson) (Decapoda, 

Caridea).

1985

Prawn,

Macrobrachium 

dayanum

- Formulation Sevin

(50 WP)

Omkar and 

Shukla

Toxicity of insecticides to 

Macrobrachium lamarrei (H. 

Milne Edwards) (Decapoda: 

Palaemonidae).

1985

Prawn,

Macrobrachium 

lamarrei

96 hr

LC50=19

Not North 

American species

Owen

Aquatic insect populations 

reduced by aerial spraying of 

insecticide sevin.

1967 - - Formulation Sevin

Padhy and 

Mohapatra

Toxicity of two carbamate 

insecticides to the 

cyanobacterium Anabaena PCC 

7120 and the computations of 

partial lethal concentrations by 

the probit method.

2001 Cyanobacteria,

Anabaena - Formulation Sevin(50W)

Palanichamy et 

al.

Effect of pesticides on protein 

metabolism in the freshwater 

catfish Mystus vittatus.

1989 Catfish,

Mystus vittatus -

Not North 

American species; 

Only one exposure 

concentration

Panigrahy and 

Padhy

Toxicity of carbamate pesticides 

to cells, heterocysts and akinetes 

of the cyanobacterium 

Cylindrospermum sp.

2000

Cyanobacterium,

Cylindrospermum 

sp.

- Formulation Sevin

(50W)

Pant and Singh

Inducement of metabolic 

dysfunction by carbamate and 

organophosphorus compounds in 

a fish, Puntius conchonius.

1983 Barb,

Puntius conchonius -

Not North 

American species; 

Formulation

Sevin (50% WP)

Patil et al.

Toxicity of carbamate insecticides 

to freshwater crab Paratelphusa 

jacquemontii (Rathbun).

1992

Crab,

Paratelphusa 

jacquemontii

-

Not North 

American species; 

Formulation

Sevimol

Patnaik and Patra

Haemoatopoietic alterations 

induced by carbaryl in Clarias 

batrachus (Linn.).

2006 Walking catfish,

Clarias batrachus

96 hr

LC50=15,300

Lack of exposure 

details

Dilution water not 

characterized

Pauli et al. RATL: A database of reptile and 

amphibian toxicology literature. 2000 - -

Review of 

previous studies

Pelletier et al.

Symposium-in-print: UV effects 

on aquatic and coastal 

ecosystems. Ecotoxicological 

effects of combined UVB and 

organic contaminants in coastal 

waters: A review.

2006 - - Mixture Carbaryl, atrazine, 

and acifluorfen

Perry

Pesticide and PCB residues in the 

Upper Snake River ecosystem, 

southeastern Idaho, following the 

collapse of the Teton Dam 1976.

1979 - - Mixture
176

Appendix J. List of Carbaryl Studies Not Used in Document Along with Reasons

Author Title Date Organism(s)

Concentration

(μg/L) Reason Unused

Expanded 

Reason

Pesando et al.

Biological targets of neurotoxic 

pesticides analyzed by alteration 

of developmental events in the 

Mediterranean sea urchin, 

Paracentrotus lividus.

2003

Mediterranean sea 

urchin, 

Paracentrotus 

lividus

-

Not North 

American species; 

Lack of details 

(procedure)

Pesch and 

Hoffman

Adaption of the polychaete 

Neanthes arenaceodentata to 

copper.

1982

Polychaete,

Neanthes 

arenaceodentata

- Not applicable

No carbaryl 

toxicity 

information

Peterson et al.

Effect of varying pesticide 

exposure duration and 

concentration on the toxicity of 

carbaryl to two field-collected 

stream invertebrates, Calineuria 

californica (Plecoptera: Perlidae) 

and Cinygma sp. (Ephemeroptera: 

Heptageniidae).

2001a

Stonefly, 

Calineuria 

californica

Mayfly, 

Cinygma sp.

- Formulation Clean Crop ® 

(43% carbaryl)

Peterson et al.

A test system to evaluate the 

susceptibility of Oregon, USA, 

native stream invertebrates to 

triclopyr and carbaryl.

2001b

Stonefly, 

Calineuria 

californica

Mayfly, 

Cinygma sp.

Caddisfly, 

Brachycentrus 

americanus

Caddisfly,

Lepidostoma 

unicolor 

Caddisfly,

Psychoglypha sp.

Mayfly, 

Ameletus sp.

- Formulation Clean Crop ® 

(43% carbaryl)

Pozarycki

Sublethal effects of estuarine 

carbaryl applications on juvenile 

English sole (Pleuronectes 

vetulus).

1999

English sole,

Pleuronectes 

vetulus

- Mixture

Prescott et al.

The effects of pesticides, 

polychlorinated biphenyls and 

metals on the growth and 

reproduction of Acanthamoeba 

castellanii.

1977

Amoeba,

Acanthamoeba 

castellanii

6 d

decreased growth 

at 10,000

Only one exposure 

concentration

Pridgeon et al.

Susceptibility of Aedes aegypti, 

Culex quinquefasciatus Say and 

Anopheles quadrimaculatus Say 

to 19 pesticides with different 

modes of action.

2008

Mosquito, 

Aedes aegypti

Mosquito,

Culex 

quinquefasciatus

Mosquito,

Anopheles 

quadrimaculatus

-

Topically applied 

contaminant

Puglis and Boone

Effects of fertilizer, an 

insecticide, and a pathogenic 

fungus on hatching and survival 

of bullfrog (Rana catesbeiana) 

tadpoles.

2007 Bullfrog,

Rana catesbeiana - Formulation Sevin(22.5% carbaryl)

Rajendran and 

Venugopalan

Effect of pesticides on 

phytoplankton production. 1983 - - Mixture
177

Appendix J. List of Carbaryl Studies Not Used in Document Along with Reasons

Author Title Date Organism(s)

Concentration

(μg/L) Reason Unused

Expanded 

Reason

Ramachandran et 

al.

Effect of pesticides on 

photosynthesis and respiration of 

marine macrophytes.

1984 Macrophytes -

Only one exposure 

concentration

Ramakrishnan et 

al.

Sublethal effects of pesticides on 

feeding energetics in the air 

breathing fish Channa striatus.

1997a Snakehead catfish,

Channa striatus -

Not North 

American species; 

Formulation

Hexavin

Ramakrishnan et 

al.

Sublethal effects of pesticides on 

physiological energetics of 

freshwater fish, Oreochromis 

mossambicus.

1997b

Mozambique tilapia,

Oreochromis 

mossambicus

-

Not North 

American species; 

Formulation

Hexavin

Ramaswami

Adaptive trends in lipid levels of 

liver and muscle of Sarotherodon 

mossambicus (Peters) exposed to 

sevin.

1990

Mozambique tilapia,

Oreochromis 

mossambicus

Not North 

American species; 

Formulation

Sevin

(10% dust)

Ramaswamy

Effects of sevin on blood free 

amino acid levels of the fish 

Sarotherodon mossambicus.

1987

Mozambique tilapia,

Oreochromis 

mossambicus

-

Not North 

American species; 

Formulation

Sevin

Ramaswamy and

Maheswari

Comparative lactic acidosis in 

fishes following pesticide stress. 1993

Mozambique tilapia,

Oreochromis 

mossambicus

-

Not North 

American species; 

Formulation

Sevin

(10% dust)

Ramaswamy et 

al.

Glutamic oxaloacetic 

transaminase (GOT) and glutamic 

pyruvic transaminase (GPT) 

enzyme activities in different 

tissues of Sarotherodon 

mossambicus (Peters) exposed to 

a carbamamte pesticide, carbaryl.

1999

Mozambique tilapia,

Oreochromis 

mossambicus

Not North 

American species; 

Formulation

Commercial grade 

(100g/kg dust)

Rao

Effect of γ-hexachloran and sevin 

on the survival of the Black Sea 

mussel, Mytilus galloprovincialis

Lam.

1981

Mussel,

Mytilus 

galloprovincialis

96 hr

LC50=>10,000

Not North 

American species

Rao

Variations in the nitrogen 

products of Channa punctatus

augmented by interaction of 

carbaryl and phenthoate in the 

media.

1987 Snakehead catfish,

Channa punctatus

48 hr

decreased level of 

ammonia and 

urea at 3,000

Not North 

American species; 

Only one exposure 

concentration; 

Lack of exposure 

details

Dilution water not 

characterized

Rao and 

Kannupandi

Acute toxicity of three pesticides 

and their effect on the behavior of 

the edible crab Scylla serrata

(Forskal).

1990 Crab,

Scylla serrata

96 hr

LC50=466

Not North 

American species

Rao and Rao

Independent and combined action 

of carbaryl and phethoate on 

snake head, Channa punctatus

(Bloch).

1987 Snakehead catfish,

Channa punctatus -

Not North 

American species; 

Lack of exposure 

details

Rao et al.

Relative toxicity of technical 

grade and formulated carbaryl and 

1-naphthol to, and carbarylinduced biochemical changes in 

the fish Cirrhinus mrigala.

1984a Carp,

Cirrhinus mrigala

96 hr

LC50=2,500

Not North 

American species

Rao et al.

Differential action of malathion, 

carbaryl and BHC on acetylcholinesterase activity of a 

teleost, Tilapia mossambica

(Peters).

1984b

Mozambique tilapia,

Oreochromis 

mossambicus

- Formulation Carbaryl (50% EC)
178

Appendix J. List of Carbaryl Studies Not Used in Document Along with Reasons

Author Title Date Organism(s)

Concentration

(μg/L) Reason Unused

Expanded 

Reason

Rao et al.

Combined action of carbaryl and 

phenthoate on a freshwater fish 

(Channa punctatus Bloch).

1985a Snakehead catfish,

Channa punctatus

48 hr

LC50=8,710

Not North 

American species; 

Lack of exposure 

details

Dilution water not 

characterized

Rao et al.

Combined action of carbaryl and 

phenthoate on tissue lipid 

derivatives of murrel, Channa 

punctatus (Bloch).

1985b Snakehead catfish,

Channa punctatus

48 hr

lethal 

concentration at 

8,710

Not North 

American species; 

Lack of exposure 

details

Dilution water not 

characterized

Rao et al.

Inhibition and recovery of 

selected target enzyme activities 

in tissues of penaeid prawn, 

Metapenaeus monoceros

(Fabricus), exposed to different 

insecticides.

1991

Prawn, 

Metapenaeus 

monoceros

48 hr

LC50=137

Not North 

American species

Ray and Poddar

Carbaryl induced elevation of 

corticosterone level and 

cholinergic mechanism.

1983 - - Not applicable

No carbaryl 

toxicity 

information

Razmi et al.

Persistence of toxicity of some 

insecticides against the neonate 

larvae of Leucinodes orbonalis

Guen.

1991

Shoot borer,

Leucinodes 

orbonalis

-

Not North 

American species; 

Aerial application

Reddy and Rao

Tissue glycolytic potentials of

penaeid prawn, Metapenaeus 

monoceros during 

methylparathion, carbaryl and 

aldrin exposure.

1991a

Prawn,

Metapenaeus 

monoceros

96 hr 

LC50=120

Not North 

American species; 

Lack of exposure 

details

Reddy and Rao

Methylparathion, carbaryl and 

aldrin impact on nitrogen 

metabolism of prawn, Penaeus 

indicus.

1991b Prawn,

Penaeus indicus

96 hr

LC50=21

Not North 

American species

Reddy and Rao

Toxicity of selected insecticides

to the penaeid prawn, 

Metapenaeus monoceros

(Fabricius).

1992

Prawn,

Metapenaeus 

monoceros

96 hr

LC50=24.3

Not North 

American species

Reddy et al.

Recovery of carbaryl inhibited 

AChE in penaeid prawn, 

Metapenaeus monoceros.

1990

Prawn,

Metapenaeus 

monoceros

96 hr

LC50=24.87

Not North 

American species; 

Lack of exposure 

details

Regoli et al.

Effects of copper and cadmium 

on the presence of renal 

concretions in the bivalve 

Donacilla cornea.

1992 Bivalve,

Donacilla cornea.

- Not applicable

No carbaryl 

toxicity 

information

Relyea

Growth and survival of five 

amphibian species exposed to 

combinations of pesticides

2004

Gray tree frog,

Hyla versicolor

Leopard frog,

Rana pipiens

Bullfrog,

R. catesbeiana

Green frog,

R. clamitans

Bullfrog,

Bufo americanus

-

Formulation; Only 

two exposure 

concentrations

Commercial grade

Relyea

The impact of insecticides and 

herbicides on the biodiversity and 

productivity of aquatic 

communities.

2005 Various species - Formulation Carbaryl

(22.3%)
179

Appendix J. List of Carbaryl Studies Not Used in Document Along with Reasons

Author Title Date Organism(s)

Concentration

(μg/L) Reason Unused

Expanded 

Reason

Relyea

The effects of pesticides, pH, and 

predatory stress on amphibians 

under mesocosm conditions.

2006

Bullfrog,

Rana catesbeiana

Green frog,

R. clamitans

-

Lack of exposure 

details; 

Formulation

Dilution water not 

characterized;

Sevin

(22% carbaryl)

Relyea

A cocktail of contaminants: How 

mixtures of pesticides at low 

concentrations affect aquatic 

communities.

2009

Gray tree frog,

Hyla versicolor

Leopard frog,

Rana pipiens

~57 d

no effect on 

metamorphosis, 

growth, and 

survival at 6.9 

(both species)

Only one exposure 

concentration; 

High TOC

Relyea and Mills

Predator-induced stress makes the 

pesticide carbaryl more deadly to 

gray treefrog tadpoles (Hyla 

versicolor).

2001 Gray tree frog,

Hyla versicolor

10-16 d

3-4% of LC50 

killed 10-60% of 

frog

Unmeasured 

chronic exposure

Rettich

The susceptibility of mosquito 

larvae to eighteen insecticides in 

Czechoslovakia.

1977

Mosquitoes,

Aedes cantans, 

A. vexans,

A. excrucians,

Culex pipiens,

A. punctor

24 hr 

LC50=376.6

LC50=322.6

LC50=145.5

LC50=333

LC50=298.3

Lack of exposure 

details

Distilled water 

without proper 

salts added

Riad et al.

Aromatic sulphides, sulphoxides, 

and sulphones as larvicides for 

Culex pipiens molestus and Aedes 

caspius (Diptera: Culicidae).

1992

Mosquito,

Culex pipiens

Aedes caspius

-

Lack of exposure 

details; Excessive 

solvent used

4 mL/L acetone

Rifaat et al.

Effect of sublethal concentrations 

of the insecticides DDT, abate 

and sevin applied to 3rd stage 

larvae of Anopheles pharoensis

on malaria cycle in the adult 

mosquito.

1974

Mosquito,

Anopheles 

pharoensis

24 hr

LC50=600

Lack of exposure 

details

Dilution water not 

characterized, 

purity not given

Rohr et al.

Lethal and sublethal effects of 

atrazine, carbaryl, endosulfan, and 

octylphenol on the streamside 

salamander (Ambystoma 

barbouri).

2003

Streamside 

salamander,

Ambystoma 

barbouri

- Prior exposure

Organisms 

collected in an 

agricultural area

Rohr et al.

Understanding the net effects of 

pesticides on amphibian 

trematode infections.

2008

Trematode,

Echinostoma 

trivolvis

Snail,

Planorebella 

trivolvis

Green frog,

Rana clamitans

Survival

24 hr NOEC

14 d NOEC

14 d NOEC 

at 33.5

Only one exposure 

concentration

Rossini and 

Ronco

Acute toxicity bioassay using 

Daphnia obtusa as a test 

organism.

1996 Cladoceran,

Daphnia obtusa

48 hr

EC50=11.5

Not North 

American species

Ruber and Baskar

Sensitivities of selected 

microcrustacea to eight mosquito 

toxicants.

1968 Mosquitoes -

Lack of exposure 

details

Dilution water not 

characterized

Rybakova On the toxic effect of sevin on 

animals. 1966 - - Not applicable

No carbaryl 

toxicity 

information

Rzehak et al.

The effect of karbatox 75, a 

carbaryl insecticide, upon the 

development of tadpoles of Rana 

temporaria and Xenopus laevis.

1977

Common frog,

Rana temporaria

African clawed 

frog,

Xenopus laevis

- Formulation Karbatox 75
180

Appendix J. List of Carbaryl Studies Not Used in Document Along with Reasons

Author Title Date Organism(s)

Concentration

(μg/L) Reason Unused

Expanded 

Reason

Sadek et al.

Effect of sublethal concentrations 

of the insecticides DDT, abate 

and sevin, applied to 3rd stage 

larvae of Culex pipiens molestus

on certain biological aspects of 

the mosquito.

1974

Mosquito,

Culex pipiens 

molestus

-

Lack of exposure 

details; 

Formulation

Dilution water not 

characterized

Sahai and Gupta

Residue analysis of some 

pesticides in the brain of a teleost 

fish Heteropneustes fossilis

(Bloch).

1992

Catfish,

Heteropneustes 

fossilis

-

Not North 

American species; 

Only one exposure 

concentration

Sahu et al.

Reaction of blue-green algae of 

rice-field soils to pesticide 

application.

1992 Blue-green alga - Formulation Carbaryl (50%)

Sakamoto et al.

Inhibition of development of antipredator morphology in the small 

cladoceran Bosmina by an 

insecticide: Impact of an 

anthropogenic chemical on preypredator interactions.

2006 Cladoceran,

Bosmina fatalis

6d 

reduced 

reproduction at 2

Not North 

American species; 

Only one exposure 

concentration

Sampath and 

Elango

Lipid metabolism in common frog 

(Rana tigrina) exposed to 

carbaryl.

1997 Common frog,

Rana tigrina -

Not North 

American species; 

Formulation

Sevin

(50% WP)

Sampath et al.

Effect of carbaryl (sevin) on the 

carbohydrate metabolism of the 

common frog Rana tigrina.

1992 Common frog,

Rana tigrina -

Not North 

American species; 

Formulation

Sevin

(50% WDP)

Sampath et al.

Effect of carbaryl on the levels of 

protein and amnioacids of 

common frog Rana tigrina.

1995 Common frog,

Rana tigrina -

Not North 

American species; 

Formulation; 

Injected toxicant

Sevin

(50% WDP)

Sampath et al.

Pesticide impact on excretory 

physiology of the common frog, 

Rana tigrina.

2002 Common frog,

Rana tigrina -

Not North 

American species; 

Lack of exposure 

details

Dilution water not 

characterized, 

purity unknown

Sanders

Toxicity of some insecticides to 

four species of malacostracan 

crustaceans.

1972

Amphipod,

Gammarus fasciatus

Sowbug,

Asellus brevicaudus

Shrimp,

Palaemonetes 

kadinkensis

Crayfish,

Orconectes nais

96 hr

LC50=26

LC50=240

LC50=5.6

LC50=8.6

Excessive solvent 

used 1 mL/L

Sastry and 

Siddiqui

Chronic toxic effects of the 

carbamate pesticide sevin on 

carbohydrate metabolism in a 

freshwater snakehead fish, 

Channa punctatus. 

1982 Snakehead,

Channa punctatus

60 d

caused blood 

alterations at 

1,050

Not North 

American species; 

Only one exposure 

concentration

Sastry and 

Siddiqui

Effect of the carbamate pesticide 

sevin on the intestinal absorption 

of some nutrients in the teleost 

fish, Channa punctatus.

1985 Snakehead,

Channa punctatus

1 hr

decreased rate of 

absorption of 

glucose at 10,000

Not North 

American species

Sastry et al.

Acute and chronic toxic effects of 

the carbamate pesticide sevin on 

some haematological, 

biochemical and enzymatic 

parameters in the fresh water 

teleost fish Channa punctatus.

1988 Snakehead,

Channa punctatus -

Not North 

American species; 

Only one exposure 

concentration
181

Appendix J. List of Carbaryl Studies Not Used in Document Along with Reasons

Author Title Date Organism(s)

Concentration

(μg/L) Reason Unused

Expanded 

Reason

Saxena and 

Aggarwal

Toxicity of some insecticides to 

the Indian catfish, Heteropneustes 

fossilis (Bloch).

1970

Catfish,

Heteropneustes 

fossilis

-

Not North 

American species; 

Formulation

50% WP

Saxena and Garg

Effect of insecticidal pollution on 

ovarian recrudescence in the fresh 

water teleost Channa punctatus

(Bloch).

1978 Snakehead catfish,

Channa punctatus -

Not North 

American species; 

Formulation

Carbaryl

(50% WP)

Saxena et al.

Effects of some pesticides on invitro lipid and protein synthesis 

by the liver of the freshwater 

teleost, Channa punctatus (Bl.).

1989 Snakehead catfish,

Channa punctatus -

Not North 

American species; 

Formulation

Carbaryl

(50% WP)

Sayce and 

Chambers

Observations on potential uptake 

of sevin by Pacific oysters. 1969 - - Lack of details Dilution water not characterized

Scaps et al.

Biochemical and physiological 

responses induced by toxics in 

annelida: utilization as 

biomarkers.

2002 Polychaete,

Nereis diversicolor -

Only one exposure 

concentration

Schacht et al. Bioassays for risk assessment of 

coal conversion products. 1999 - - Not applicable

No carbaryl 

toxicity 

information

Scholz et al.

Dose-additive inhibition of 

Chinook salmon 

acetylcholinesterase activity by 

mixtures of organophosphate and 

carbamate insecticides.

2006

Chinook salmon,

Oncorhynchus 

tshawytscha

-

Surgically altered 

test species

Olfactory rosettes 

removed

Schulz

Field studies on exposure, effects, 

and risk mitigation of aquatic 

nonpoint-source insecticide 

pollution: A review.

2004 - -

Review of 

previous studies

Scott and 

Georghiou

Malathion-specific resistance in 

Anopheles stephensi from 

Pakistan.

1986 Mosquito,

Anopheles stephensi

24 hr

LC50=720

Not North 

American species

Scott and Sloman

The effects of environmental 

pollutants on complex fish 

behavior: integrating behavioural 

and physiological indicators of 

toxicity.

2004 - -

Review of 

previous studies

Seiffer and 

Schoof

Tests of 15 experimental 

molluscicides against 

Australorbis glabratus.

1967

Snail,

Australorbis 

glabratus

6 hr

100% death at 

10,000

Not North 

American species; 

Only one exposure 

concentration

Selvakumar et al.

Stressor-specific induction of heat 

shock protein 70 in the freshwater 

prawn Macrobrachium 

malcolmsonii (H. Milne Edwards) 

exposed to the pesticides 

endosulfan and carbaryl.

2005

Prawn,

Macrobrachium 

malcolmsonii

-

Not North 

American species; 

Only two exposure 

concentrations

Semlitsch et al.

Genetic variation and a fitness 

tradeoff in the tolerance of gray 

treefrog (Hyla versicolor) 

tadpoles to the insecticide 

carbaryl.

2000 Green treefrog,

Hyla versicolor -

Only one exposure 

concentration

Seuge and Bluzat

Chronic toxicity of carbaryl and 

lindane to the freshwater mollusc 

Lymnaea stagnalis L.

1979a Snail,

Lymnaea stagnalis -

Only two exposure 

concentrations; 

Text in foreign 

language
182

Appendix J. List of Carbaryl Studies Not Used in Document Along with Reasons

Author Title Date Organism(s)

Concentration

(μg/L) Reason Unused

Expanded 

Reason

Seuge and Bluzat

Study of the chronic toxicity of 

two insecticides (carbaryl and 

lindane) toward the F-sub-1 

generation of Lymnaea stagnalis

L. (Mollusca, Gasteropoda, 

Pulmonata). 2. Consequences on 

the reproductive potential.

1979b Snail,

Lymnaea stagnalis -

Only two exposure 

concentrations; 

Text in foreign 

language

Shacklock and 

Croft

Effect of grazers on Chondrus 

crispus in culture. 1981 Irish moss,Chondrus crispus - Formulation Sevin(50% carbaryl)

Shaikila et al.

Adaptive trends in tissue acid and 

alkaline phosphatases of 

Sarotherodon mossambicus

(Peters) under sevin toxicity.

1993

Mozambique tilapia,

Oreochromis 

mossambicus

96 hr

increased alkaline 

phosphatase 

enzyme activities 

of liver and 

muscle at 3,000

Only one exposure 

concentration

Shamaan et al.

Insecticide toxicity, glutathione 

transferases and carboxylesterase 

activities in the larva of the Aedes

mosquito.

1993 Mosquito,

Aedes aegypti -

Dilution water is 

distilled water 

without the proper 

salts added

Shanmugam et al.

Effect of pesticides on the 

freshwater crab Barytelphusa 

cunicularis (West Wood).

2000

Crab,

Barytelphusa 

cunicularis

-

Not North 

American species; 

Formulation

50% carbaryl

Shea

Testing of chemical and microbial 

insecticides for safety...some 

techniques.

1977 - - Formulation Sevin-4-oil

Sherstneva, Effect of some pesticides on the 

fresh water crustaceans. 1978 - - Lack of details Text in foreign language

Shrivastava and 

Singh

Toxic effect of carbaryl on 

glucose level in the muscles of 

Heteropneustes fossilis.

2003

Catfish,

Heteropneustes 

fossilis

30 d

decrease in 

glucose content 

of muscles at 40

Not North 

American species; 

Only one exposure 

concentration

Shrivastava and 

Singh

Changes in protein content in the 

muscle of Heteropneustes fossilis

exposed to carbaryl.

2004

Catfish,

Heteropneustes 

fossilis

30 d

decrease in 

protein of 

muscles at 40

Not North 

American species; 

Only one exposure 

concentration

Shrivastava et al.

Study of cholesterol content in 

muscle of carbaryl exposed 

Heteropneustes fossilis (Bloch.).

2005

Catfish,

Heteropneustes 

fossilis

30 d

decrease in 

cholesterol 

content of 

muscles at 40

Not North 

American species; 

Only one exposure 

concentration

Shukla and 

Mishra

Bioassay studies on effects of 

carbamate insecticides on 

dragonfly nymphs.

1980

Dragonfly,

Brachythermis 

contaminate

-

Not North 

American species; 

Formulation

Carbaryl 

(WDP 10%)

Shukla and 

Omkar

Insecticide toxicity to 

Macrobrachium lamarrei (H. 

Milne Edwards) (Decapoda, 

Palaemonidae).

1984

Prawn,

Macrobrachium 

lamarrei

-

Not North 

American species; 

Formulation

Sevin (50 WP)

Shukla et al.

Acute toxicity of few pesticides to 

an aquatic insect, Ranatra 

elongata (Fabr.).

1982 Water scorpion,

Ranatra elongata -

Not North 

American species; 

Formulation

50% WP

Sikka and Rice Interaction of selected pesticides 

with marine microorganisms. 1974 - -

Lack of exposure 

details

Sikka et al. Metabolism of selected pesticides 

by marine microorganisms. 1973 - -

Excessive carrier 

solvent 1% ethanol
183

Appendix J. List of Carbaryl Studies Not Used in Document Along with Reasons

Author Title Date Organism(s)

Concentration

(μg/L) Reason Unused

Expanded 

Reason

Singh and 

Agarwal

Toxicity of certain pesticides to 

two economic species of snails in 

northern India.

1981

Snail,

Lymnaea acuminata

Pila globosa

96 hr

LC50=4,500

LC50=36,500

Not North 

American species

Singh and 

Agarwal

In vivo and in vitro studies on 

synergism with anticholinesterase 

pesticides in the snail Lymnaea 

acuminata.

1983a Snail,

Lymnaea acuminata

96 hr

LC50=4,400

Not North 

American species

Singh and 

Agarwal

Inhibition kinetics of certain 

organophosphorus and carbamate 

pesticides on acetylcholinesterase 

from the snail Lymnaea 

acuminata.

1983b Snail,

Lymnaea acuminata -

Not North 

American species; 

Surgically altered 

test species

Nervous tissue 

around the buccal

mass

Singh and 

Agarwal

Carbamate and organophosphorus 

pesticides against snails. 1984

Snail,

Lymnaea acuminata

Pila globosa

96 hr

LC50=4,150

LC50=35,500

Not North 

American species

Singh and 

Agarwal

Synergistic effect of sulfoxide 

with carbaryl on the in vivo 

acetylcholinesterase activity and 

carbohydrate metabolism of the 

snail Lymnaea acuminata.

1986a

Snail,

Lymnaea acuminata -

Not North 

American species; 

Mixture

Singh and 

Agarwal

Toxicity of pesticides to 

fecundity, hatchability and 

survival of young snails of 

Lymnaea acuminata.

1986b Snail,

Lymnaea acuminata

48 hr

LOEC(fecundity)

=11,000

LOEC 

(hatchability)

=1,000

Not North 

American species

Singh and 

Agarwal

Toxicity of piperonyl butoxide -

carbaryl synergism on the snail 

Lymnaea acuminata.

1989 Snail,

Lymnaea acuminata -

Not North 

American species; 

Only two exposure 

concentrations

Singh and 

Shrivastava

Histopathological changes in the 

liver of the fish Nandus nandus

exposed to endosulfan and 

carbaryl.

1998 Fish,

Nandus nandus -

Not North 

American species; 

Only one exposure 

concentration

Singh et al.

Evaluation of acute toxicity of 

carbaryl and malathion to 

freshwater teleosts, Channa 

punctatus (Bloch) and 

Heteropneustes fossilis (Bloch).

1984

Snakehead catfish,

Channa punctatus

Catfish,

Heteropneustes 

fossilis

-

Not North 

American species; 

Formulation

50% WP

Singh et al.

Toxicity of malathion and 

carbaryl pesticides: effects on 

some biochemical profiles of the 

freshwater fish Colisa fasciatus.

2004 Gourami,

Colisa fasciatus

96 hr

LC50=8,000

Not North 

American species

Sinha et al.

Thiodicarb, an effective 

molluscicide for grazer snails of 

blue green algae.

1986a Snails - Formulation Carbaryl 50 WP

Sinha et al. An effective molluscide for grazer 

snails of blue green algae. 1986b Snails - Formulation Carbaryl 50 WP

Sinha et al.

Carbaryl-induced thyroid 

dysfunction in the freshwater 

catfish Clarias batrachus.

1991a Walking catfish,

Clarias batrachus

96 hr

decreased 

thyroxin levels at 

12,000

Only two exposure 

concentrations

Sinha et al.

Pesticides induced changes in 

circulating thyroid hormones in 

the freshwater catfish Clarias 

batrachus.

1991b Walking catfish,

Clarias batrachus - Formulation 50% carbaryl
184

Appendix J. List of Carbaryl Studies Not Used in Document Along with Reasons

Author Title Date Organism(s)

Concentration

(μg/L) Reason Unused

Expanded 

Reason

Sinha et al.

Effect of pesticides on 

extrathyroidal conversion of T4to 

T3in the freshwater catfish 

Clarias batrachus.

1993 Walking catfish,

Clarias batrachus -

Only one exposure 

concentration

Smith and 

Grigoropoulos

Toxic effects of odorous trace 

organics. 1968 Trout Red shiner -

Formulation; No 

scientific names 

given

Sevin 

(50% carbaryl)

Smulders et al.

A noncompetitive, sequential 

mechanism for inhibition of rat 

α4β2 neuronal nicotinic 

acetylcholine receptors by 

carbamate pesticides.

2004 - - In vitro test

Solomon

The teratogenic effects of the 

insecticides DDT, carbaryl, 

malathion and parathion on 

developing medaka eggs (Oryzias 

latipes).

1978 Medaka,

Oryzias latipes

96 hr

10,000 negatively 

affected

embryonic 

development

Not North 

American species

Solomon and 

Weis

Abnormal circulatory 

development in medaka caused by 

the insecticides carbaryl, 

malathion and parathion.

1979 Medaka,

Oryzias latipes

ED50=2,500 

(circulatory 

anomalies)

Not North 

American species

Somnuek et al.

Gene expression of 

acetylcholinesterase in hybrid 

catfish (Clarias gariepinus x 

Clarias macroephalus) exposed 

to chlorpyrifos and carbaryl.

2009

Hybrid catfish,

Clarias gariepinus x

C. macrocephalus

24 hr

gene expression

NOEC=8,652

Not North 

American species

Srivastava and 

Pandey

Effect of carbaryl on Chironomus

larvae (Chironomidae). 2007 Midge,Chironomus sp. -

Lack of exposure 

details; 

Formulation

Statham and Lech

Potentiation of the acute toxicity 

of several pesticides and 

herbicides in trout by carbaryl.

1975a

Rainbow trout,

Oncorhynchus 

mykiss

- Mixture

Statham and Lech

Synergism of the acute toxic 

effects of 3,4-D butyl ester, 

dieldrin, rotenone, and 

pentachlorophenol in rainbow 

trout by carbaryl.

1975b

Rainbow trout,

Oncorhynchus 

mykiss

- Mixture

Statham and Lech

Studies on the mechanism of 

potentiation of the acute toxicity 

of 2,4-D n-butyl ester and 2',5-

dichloro-4'-nitrosalicylanilide in 

rainbow trout by carbaryl.

1976

Rainbow trout,

Oncorhynchus 

mykiss

- Mixture

Strickman

Aquatic bioassay of 11 pesticides 

using larvae of the mosquito, 

Wyeomyia smithii (Diptera: 

Culicidae).

1985 Mosquito,

Wyeomyia smithii

7d survival

LOEC=1,000

Excessive solvent 

used 3.3 mL/L

Sukumar and Rao

Toxicity of y-HCH, methyl 

parathion and carbaryl to two 

varieties of a tropical freshwater 

gastropod, Bellamya bengalensis

(Lamarck) (Gastropoda: 

Viviparidae).

1985

Gastropod,

Bellamya 

bengalensis

-

Not North 

American species; 

Formulation

Sevin

Sundaram and 

Szeto

Distribution and persistence of 

carbaryl in some terrestrial and 

aquatic components of a forest 

environment.

1987

Brook trout, 

Salvelinus fontinalis

Slimy sculpin,

Cottus cognatus

- Formulation Sevin-2-oil
185

Appendix J. List of Carbaryl Studies Not Used in Document Along with Reasons

Author Title Date Organism(s)

Concentration

(μg/L) Reason Unused

Expanded 

Reason

Suseela et al.

Toxic effects of pesticides on 

survival and proximate 

composition of Tubifex tubifex.

1994 Tubificid worm,

Tubifex tubifex - Formulation Sevin

Suwanchaichinda 

and Brattsten

Effects of exposure to pesticides 

on carbaryl toxicity and 

cytochrome P450 activities in 

Aedes albopictus larvae (Diptera: 

Culicidae).

2001 Mosquito,

Aedes albopictus

24 hr 

LC50=830

Inappropriate 

dilution water

Distilled water 

without proper 

salts added

Suwanchaichinda 

and Brattsten

Induction of microsomal 

cytochrome P450s by tireleachate compounds, habitat 

components of Aedes albopictus

mosquito larvae.

2002 Mosquito,

Aedes albopictus -

Mixture; 

Inappropriate 

dilution water

Pure water without 

proper salts added

Swanson et al.

Testing for pesticide toxicity to 

aquatic plants: Recommendations 

for test species.

1991 - -

Review of 

previous studies

Takahashi and 

Yasutomi

Insecticidal resistance of Culex 

tritaeniorhynchus (Diptera: 

Culicidae) in Japan: Genetics and 

mechanisms of resistance to 

organophosphorus insecticides.

1987

Mosquito,

Culex 

tritaeniorhynchus

24 hr

LC50=268

Not North 

American species; 

Lack of exposure 

details

Dilution water not 

characterized

Tegelberg and 

Magoon

Sevin treatment of a subtidal 

oyster bed in Grays Harbor. 1969 - -

Lack of exposure 

details; 

Formulation

Dilution water not 

characterized

Tejada et al.

Toxicity of pesticides to target 

and non-target fauna of the 

lowland rice ecosystem.

1994 Various species - Formulation Sevin

Thakur and Sahai

Toxicity assessment of some 

commonly used pesticides to 

three species of fishes.

1994

Snakehead catfish,

Channa punctatus

C. striatus

Garra gotyla gotyla

96 hr

LC50=15,000

LC50=17,500

LC50=7,500

Not North 

American species

Thakur et al.

Effect of pesticides on N-use 

efficiency and growth dynamic in 

rice.

1988 Rice -

Formulation;

Only one exposure 

concentration

Carbaryl 4G

Tham et al.

Assessment of Clarias batrachus

as a source of acetylcholinesterase 

(AChE) for the detection of 

insecticides.

2009 Walking catfish,

Clarias batrachus -

Surgically altered 

test species Brain extract

Thomas and 

Murthy

Acid phosphatase activity in a 

fresh-water air breathing fish 

Heteropneustes fossilis and the 

effect of certain organic pesticides 

on it.

1976

Catfish,

Heteropneustes 

fossilis

-

Not North 

American species; 

Injected toxicant

Tierney et al.

Linuron and carbaryl 

differentially impair baseline 

amino acid and bile salt olfactory 

responses in three salmonids.

2007

Coho salmon,

Oncorhynchus 

kisutch

Sockeye salmon,

O. nerka

Rainbow trout,

O. mykiss

-

Surgically altered 

test species

Olfactory rosette 

removed

Tilak

Relative toxicity of carbaryl, 1-

naphthol, and three formulations 

of carbaryl to Channa punctata

(Bloch).

1982 Snakehead catfish,

Channa punctatus

96 hr

LC50=5,000

Not North 

American species
186

Appendix J. List of Carbaryl Studies Not Used in Document Along with Reasons

Author Title Date Organism(s)

Concentration

(μg/L) Reason Unused

Expanded 

Reason

Tilak et al.

Toxicity of carbaryl and 1-

naphthol to the freshwater fish 

Labeo rohita.

1980 Rohu,

Labeo rohita

96 hr

LC50=4,600

Not North 

American species

Tilak et al.

Toxicity of carbaryl and 1-

naphthol to four species of 

freshwater fish.

1981

Catfish,

Catla catla

Anabas testudineus

Mystus cavasius

Mystus vittatus

96 hr

LC50=6,400

LC50=5,500

LC50=4,600

LC50=2,400

Not North 

American species

Todd and 

Leeuwen

Effects of sevin (carbaryl 

insecticide) on early life stages of 

zebrafish (Danio rerio).

2002 Zebrafish,

Danio rerio -

Not North 

American species; 

Formulation

21.3% carbaryl

Tompkins

Report of the surveillance 

program conducted in connection 

with an application of carbaryl 

(sevin) for the control of gypsy 

moth on Cape Cod, 

Massachusetts.

1966 - -

Field survey; 

Mixture

Toor and Kaur Toxicity of pesticides to the fish, 

Cyprinus carpio communis Linn. 1974 Carp,Cyprinus carpio - Formulation Carbaryl(50% WP)

Trial

The effects of sevin-4-oil on 

aquatic insect communities of 

streams: a continuation of 1976 

studies.

1978 - - Formulation Sevin-4-oil

Trial

The effects of sevin-4-oil on 

aquatic insect communities of 

streams (1976-1978).

1979 - - Formulation Sevin-4-oil

Trial

The effects of sevin-4-oil on 

aquatic insect communities of 

streams (1976-1979).

1980a - - Formulation Sevin-4-oil

Trial

The effectiveness of unsprayed 

buffers in lessening the impact of 

aerial applications of carbaryl on 

aquatic insects.

1980b - - Formulation Sevin-4-oil

Trial

The effect of carbaryl on leaf 

litter processing in Maine 

streams.

1981 - -

Formulation; Lack 

of exposure details 

(procedure)

Trial

The effectiveness of upstream 

refugia for promoting 

recolonization of plecoptera killed 

by exposure to carbaryl.

1982 - - Formulation Sevin-4-oil

Trial and Gibbs

Effects of orthene®, sevin 4 oil® 

and dylox® on aquatic insects 

incidental to attempts to control 

spruce budworm in Maine, 1976.

1978 - - Formulation Sevin-4-oil

Tripathi and 

Agarwal

Synergism in tertiary mixtures of 

pesticides. 1997 Snail,Lymnaea acuminata -

Not North 

American species; 

Mixture

Sevin and Decis

Tripathi and 

Singh

Toxic effects of dimethoate and 

carbaryl pesticides on 

carbohydrate metabolism of 

freshwater snail Lymnaea 

acuminata.

2002 Snail,

Lymnaea acuminata

96 hr

decrease 

hepatopancreas 

glycogen at 3,000

Not North 

American species
187

Appendix J. List of Carbaryl Studies Not Used in Document Along with Reasons

Author Title Date Organism(s)

Concentration

(μg/L) Reason Unused

Expanded 

Reason

Tripathi and 

Singh

Toxic effects of dimethoate and 

carbaryl pesticides on protein 

metabolism of freshwater snail 

Lymnaea acuminata.

2003a Snail,

Lymnaea acuminata

96 hr

decrease 

hepatopancreas 

total protein at 

3,000

Not North 

American species

Tripathi and 

Singh

Toxic effects of dimethoate and 

carbaryl pesticides on 

reproduction and related enzymes 

of freshwater snail Lymnaea 

acuminata.

2003b Snail,

Lymnaea acuminata -

Not North 

American species

Tripathi and 

Singh

Carbaryl induced alterations in 

the reproduction and metabolism 

of freshwater snail Lymnaea 

acuminata.

2004 Snail,

Lymnaea acuminata

96 hr

decrease number 

of eggs at 2,000

Not North 

American species

Tsuge et al.

Uptake of pesticides from 

aquarium tank water by aquatic 

organisms.

1980

Guppy,

Lebistes reticulatus

Red snail,

Indoplanorbis 

exustus

Mosquito,

Culex pipiens

Cladoceran,

Daphnia pulex

-

Lack of exposure 

details

Text in foreign 

language

Upadhyay and 

Upadhyay

Development of marked 

basophilia in the liver of 

Heteropneustes fossilis by some 

selected chemicals.

1993

Catfish,

Heteropneustes 

fossilis

-

Not North 

American species; 

Only one exposure 

concentration

Vaishampayan

Mutagenic activity of alachlor, 

butachlor and carbaryl to a N2-

fixing cyanobacterium Nostoc 

muscorum.

1985 Cyanobacterium,

Nostoc muscorum - Sediment present

Van Hoof

Evaluation of an automatic 

system for detection of toxic 

substances in surface water using 

trout.

1980

Rainbow trout,

Oncorhynchus 

mykiss

-

Only one exposure 

concentration

Van Hoof et al.

The evaluation of bacterial 

biosensors for screening of water 

pollutants.

1992 - -

Lack of exposure 

details; Only two 

exposure 

concentrations

Vasseur et al.

Interactions between copper and 

some carbamates used in 

phytosanitary treatments.

1988

Bacteria,

Photobacterium 

phosphoreum

Protozoa,

Colpidium 

campylum

- Mixture Carbaryl and 

copper

Vasumathi et al.

Acute toxicity of endosulfan, 

methyl parathion and carbaryl on 

Macropodus cupanus.

2001

Paradisefish,

Macropodus 

cupanus

96 hr

LC50=14,540

Not North 

American species

Venkateswaran 

and Ramaswamy

Lactic acidosis in different of 

Sarotherdon mossambicus

(Peters) exposed to sevin.

1987

Mozambique tilapia,

Oreochromis 

mossambicus

- Formulation Sevin

(10% dust)

Verma and Gupta

Pesticide in relation to water 

pollution (accumulation of aldrin 

and ethyl parathion in the few 

tissues of Colisa fasciatus and 

Notopterus notopterus).

1976

Fish,

Colisa fasciatus

Notopterus 

notopterus

- Not applicable

No carbaryl 

toxicity 

information
188

Appendix J. List of Carbaryl Studies Not Used in Document Along with Reasons

Author Title Date Organism(s)

Concentration

(μg/L) Reason Unused

Expanded 

Reason

Verma and Tonk

Biomonitoring of the 

contamination of water by a 

sublethal concentration of 

pesticides - a system analysis 

approach.

1984

Catfish,

Heteropneustes 

fossilis

-

Not North 

American species; 

Formulation

Sevin (50% WP)

Verma et al.

Quantitative estimation of biocide 

residues in a few tissues of Labeo 

rohita and Saccobranchus fossilis.

1977

Rohu,

Labeo rohita

Catfish,

Saccobranchus 

fossilis

-

Not North 

American species; 

Lack of exposure 

details

Dilution water not 

characterized

Verma et al.

Acute toxicity of twenty three 

pesticides to a fresh water teleost, 

Saccobranchus fossilis.

1979

Catfish,

Saccobranchus 

fossilis

-

Not North 

American species; 

Lack of exposure 

details (procedure)

Verma et al.

Studies on the accumulation and 

elimination of three pesticides in 

the gonads of Notopterus 

notopterus and Colisa fasciatus.

1981b

Fish,

Colisa fasciatus

Notopterus 

notopterus

-

Not North 

American species; 

Formulation

Sevin (50% WP)

Verma et al.

Bioassay trials with twenty three 

pesticides to a fresh water teleost, 

Saccobranchus fossilis.

1982

Catfish,

Saccobranchus 

fossilis

-

Not North 

American species; 

Formulation

Sevin (50% WP)

Verma et al.

Evaluation of an application 

factor for determining the safe 

concentration of agricultural and 

industrial chemicals.

1984 Carp,

Cirrhina mrigala -

Not North 

American species; 

Formulation

Sevin (50% WP)

Virk et al.

Histopathological and 

biochemical changes induced by 

endrin and carbaryl in the 

stomach, intestine and liver of 

Mystus tengara.

1987 Catfish,

Mystus tengara -

Not North 

American species; 

Formulation

Carbaryl

(50% WP)

von Windeguth et 

al.

The efficacy of carbaryl, 

propoxur, abate and methoxychlor 

as larvicides against field 

infestations of Aedes aegypti.

1971 Mosquito,

Aedes aegypti - Formulation 0.5, 1.25 and 2.5% carbaryl

Vonesh and Buck Pesticide alters oviposition site 

selection in gray tree frogs. 2007 Gray treefrog,Hyla chrysoscelis -

Only one exposure 

concentration; 

Formulation

Sevin

(commercial 

grade)

Vryzas et al.

Spatial and temporal distribution 

of pesticide residues in surface 

waters in northeastern Greece.

2009 - - Not applicable

No carbaryl 

toxicity 

information

Walsh The pathology of pesticide 

poisoning in fish. 1974

Coho salmon,

Oncorhynchus 

kisutch

Lake trout,

Salvelinus 

namaycush

30 d

decreased relative 

spleen weight at 

1,000

Only one exposure 

concentration

Weber et al. Toxicity of certain insecticides to 

protozoa. 1982 Protozoa -

Lack of exposure 

details (procedure)

Weis and Mantel

DDT as an accelerator of limb 

regeneration and molting in 

fiddler crabs.

1976

Fiddler crab,

Uca pugilator

U. pugnax

- Not applicable

No carbaryl 

toxicity 

information

Weis and Weis Retardation of fin regeneration in 

Fundulus by several insecticides. 1975 Killifish,Fundulus sp. -

Surgically altered 

test species
189

Appendix J. List of Carbaryl Studies Not Used in Document Along with Reasons

Author Title Date Organism(s)

Concentration

(μg/L) Reason Unused

Expanded 

Reason

Weis and Weis

Optical malformations induced by 

insecticides in embryos of the 

Atlantic silverside, Menidia 

menidia.

1976 Atlantic silverside,

Menidia menidia -

Lack of exposure 

details (procedure)

Whitmore and 

Hodges

In vitro pesticide inhibition of 

muscle esterases of the 

mosquitofish, Gambusia affinis.

1978 Mosquito,

Gambusia affinis -

Surgically altered 

test species

Homogenized 

muscle tissue

Whitten and 

Goodnight

Toxicity of some common 

insecticides to tubificids. 1966

Tubificid worms,

Tubifex sp.

Limnodrilus sp.

- Formulation Sevin (20% EC)

Whyard et al.

Isolation of an esterase conferring 

insecticide resistance in the 

mosquito Culex tarsalis.

1994 Mosquito,

Culex tarsalis - Prior exposure

Wilder and 

Stanley

RNA-DNA ratio as an index to 

growth in salmonid fishes in the 

laboratory and in streams 

contaminated by carbaryl.

1983 - -

Only one exposure 

concentration; 

Formulation

Sevin-4-oil

Wood et al.

Carbamate and organophosphate 

resistance in Culex pipiens L. 

(Diptera: Culicidae) in southern 

France and the significance of 

EST-3A.

1984 Mosquito,

Culex pipiens

24 hr

LC50=500

Inappropriate 

dilution water

Deionized water 

without proper 

salts added

Worthley and 

Schott

The comparative effects of Cs and 

various pollutants on fresh water 

phytoplankton colonies of Wolffia 

papulifera Thompson.

1972 Duckweed,

Wolffia papulifera - Formulation 21.5% carbaryl

Yasutomi et al.

Insecticide-resistance of 

Anopheles sinensis and Culex 

tritaeniorhynchus in Saitama 

Prefecture, Japan.

1986

Mosquito,

Anopheles sinensis

Mosquito,

Culex 

tritaeniorhynchus

-

Lack of exposure 

details

Text in foreign 

language

Yokoyama et al.

Sensitivity of Japanese eel, 

Anguilla japonica, to 68 kinds of 

agricultural chemicals.

1988 Japanese eel,

Anguilla japonica -

Lack of exposure 

details

Text in foreign 

language

Yoshida and 

Nishiuchi

Toxicity of pesticides to some 

water organisms. 1972 - -

Lack of exposure 

details

Text in foreign 

language

Yoshioka et al.

The estimation for toxicity of 

chemicals on fish by physicochemical properties.1986 - -

Review of 

previous studies

Dash indicates not available