Illinois Official Reports 

Appellate Court

People v. Fickes, 2017 IL App (5th) 140300

Appellate Court 

Caption

THE PEOPLE OF THE STATE OF ILLINOIS, Plaintiff-Appellee, v. 

MICHAEL FICKES, Defendant-Appellant.

District & No. Fifth District

Docket No. 5-14-0300

Filed May 4, 2017

Decision Under 

Review

Appeal from the Circuit Court of Fayette County, No. 13-CF-24; the 

Hon. Michael D. McHaney, Judge, presiding.

Judgment Affirmed in part; conviction reduced; cause remanded.

Counsel on

Appeal

Michael J. Pelletier, Ellen J. Curry, and Alexander G. Muntges, of 

State Appellate Defender’s Office, of Mt. Vernon, for appellant.

Joshua Morrison, State’s Attorney, of Vandalia (Patrick Delfino, 

David J. Robinson, and Jennifer M. Bernhardt, of State’s Attorneys 

Appellate Prosecutor’s Office, of counsel), for the People.

Panel PRESIDING JUSTICE MOORE delivered the judgment of the court, 

with opinion.

Justice Goldenhersh concurred in the judgment and opinion.

Justice Welch concurred in part and dissented in part, with opinion.
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 OPINION 

¶ 1 The defendant, Michael Fickes, appeals his conviction, following a trial by jury in the 

circuit court of Fayette County, for the offense of aggravated participation in 

methamphetamine manufacturing. For the following reasons, we affirm in part, reduce the 

defendant’s aggravated participation in methamphetamine manufacturing conviction to simple 

participation in methamphetamine manufacturing, and remand for a new sentencing hearing on 

that conviction. 

¶ 2 FACTS 

¶ 3 The facts necessary to our disposition of this appeal follow. On February 24, 2014, the 

defendant proceeded to trial before a jury on the seven counts with which he was charged, 

which were as follows: (1) count I, participation in methamphetamine manufacturing (400 

grams or more but less than 900 grams); (2) count II, unlawful possession of 

methamphetamine manufacturing materials; (3) count III, unlawful disposal of 

methamphetamine manufacturing waste; (4) count IV, aggravated participation in 

methamphetamine manufacturing (400 grams or more but less than 900 grams); (5) count V, 

aggravated participation in methamphetamine manufacturing (100 grams or more but less than 

400 grams); (6) count VI, participation in methamphetamine manufacturing (100 grams or 

more but less than 400 grams); and (7) count VII, possession of a methamphetamine precursor. 

The aggravated participation charges stemmed from the allegation that the manufacturing in 

question took place “within 1,000 feet of a place of worship, St. James Lutheran Church.”

¶ 4 At a pretrial conference in late January, the judge who was to conduct the trial, the 

Honorable S. Gene Schwarm, asked the parties “if there was anything that could be stipulated 

to, to avoid calling [certain witnesses] or decrease the testimony.” Judge Schwarm noted that 

he asked because he was “thinking about an attempt to shorten up the trial” in light of snowy 

weather conditions that had occurred or were forecast. Although the parties discussed the 

possibility of certain stipulations with regard to witnesses, neither party raised the question of 

stipulating with regard to St. James Lutheran Church. Ultimately, the trial date was not 

changed. 

¶ 5 At trial on February 24, 2014, Judge Schwarm admonished the potential jurors not to do 

any “independent research” on the case, explaining that the jurors would “hear from that 

witness stand what you need to make decisions in this case” and that he and the parties wanted 

the jury “to base your decisions on what you hear in this courtroom and not be influenced by 

anything outside the courtroom.” Following voir dire, when the jury was sworn, he reminded 

the sitting jurors not to conduct independent research. During her opening statement, counsel 

for the State told the jury that she expected testimony from police officer Jerry Bowling that 

the alleged offenses occurred “approximately a hundred feet from a church.”

¶ 6 The first witness to testify for the State was Jerry Bowling, a police officer with the city of 

Vandalia. He testified that on January 30, 2013, he was on duty and was attempting to serve an 

outstanding warrant on an individual not connected with this case at a nearby apartment 

building when he smelled a strong chemical odor that he suspected might be tied to 

methamphetamine manufacturing. Bowling was subsequently asked to “describe exactly” 

where this took place. He testified, “The address is 117 South Seventh Street. The St. James 

Lutheran Church out here on Gallatin, just south of that, behind that church 111 feet.” When 
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asked how he knew the distance, Bowling testified that he “measured it personally with a 

measuring wheel” used for traffic accidents, although he did not testify as to when he measured 

the distance. He testified that it was 111 feet from “the front door of the residence to the back 

door of the church.” Bowling testified in detail about how the defendant became a suspect, 

what was discovered during a subsequent search of the premises, and other facts not relevant to 

the issue raised by the defendant in this appeal. On cross-examination, when asked to explain 

the layout of the premises, Bowling testified that the house where the methamphetamine 

manufacturing materials were found was “pretty much right behind the St. James Lutheran 

Church.” He was then asked, “That is the one, pretty much, right behind the courthouse?” He 

testified, “Yes,” then was asked, “So the church is there on this block, correct?” He again 

testified, “Yes.” He was later asked, still on cross-examination, about methamphetamine 

manufacturing materials found outside of the house, in “a big open yard.” He attempted to 

describe the yard in relation to other structures. He testified that “there is a house—or, it’s the 

church and then the road.” To clarify, he testified that the closest building to where the 

materials were found was “the church.”

¶ 7 The next witness to testify for the State was Deputy Sheriff Larry Halleman. Before 

Halleman began his testimony, Judge Schwarm noted the proximity to the courthouse of the 

area where the alleged offense occurred and reminded the jurors, “you can’t do any 

independent research. We want you to listen to the evidence and base your decision on the 

evidence. So don’t drive over there until this trial is done, if you want to go look at the 

premises.” Thereafter, Halleman testified that on January 30, 2013, he “was dispatched to 

assist the Vandalia Police Department with what they believed to be a meth manufacturing lab 

in Vandalia.” When asked where he responded to, Halleman testified, “It was behind the 

church directly across from this building on Seventh Street.” Like Bowling, Halleman testified 

in detail about how the defendant became a suspect, what was discovered during a subsequent 

search of the premises, and other facts not relevant to the issue raised by the defendant in this 

appeal. Following Halleman’s testimony, the trial was recessed for the day.

¶ 8 On February 25, 2014, testimony resumed. Cheri Wright testified for the State that on 

January 30, 2013, she lived in Vandalia at the house where police discovered the 

methamphetamine manufacturing materials. She testified in detail about the events of that 

night but did not testify as to the location of the house in relation to any other building. She 

testified that ultimately she was arrested and pleaded guilty to unlawful possession of 

methamphetamine manufacturing materials. Two forensic scientists and a special agent for the 

State Police also testified for the State. However, none of them testified about the location of 

the house in relation to any other building. Following their testimony, the State rested. The 

defendant moved for the admission of certain documents, and documents were admitted that 

showed that witness Wright had pleaded guilty to unlawful possession of methamphetamine 

manufacturing materials, as she had testified. The defendant also moved for a directed verdict, 

contending, with regard to counts I, II, and III, that the State had failed to present sufficient 

evidence to prove that any of the methamphetamine manufacturing materials that were found 

at Wright’s residence were connected to the defendant. Judge Schwarm denied the motion for 

counts I, II, and III. When asked if he had argument with regard to the remaining counts, 

counsel for the defendant stated that counts IV through VI were “pretty much, the same 

argument as Count I and Count II. So I would stand by that argument, but I think it goes along 

with do you believe—there was testimony the property was within a thousand feet of a place of 
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worship, and that’s really the only difference between Count I and Count II.” Judge Schwarm 

responded, “I recall that too that I think it was Officer Bowling testified he actually measured 

with a measuring device and St. James Lutheran Church was 110 feet, or thereabouts.” Judge 

Schwarm subsequently denied the motion for a directed verdict with regard to counts IV 

through VII as well. 

¶ 9 The defendant testified on his own behalf. He denied ownership or possession of all of the 

methamphetamine manufacturing materials in question, with the exception of a bottle of drain 

cleaner, which he testified Wright gave him to use to unclog her toilet, and which he testified 

he did use to unclog her toilet. He denied participating in the manufacturing of 

methamphetamine. Counsel for the defendant specifically asked the defendant if the defendant 

had participated “in the manufacture of methamphetamine somewhere between more than 400 

grams but less than 900 grams of a substance containing meth within a thousand feet of 

worship [sic] from the St. James Lutheran Church here in Vandalia?” The defendant 

responded, “No.” Counsel for the defendant then asked the defendant if the defendant had 

participated “in methamphetamine manufacturing which was more than 100 grams but less 

than 400 grams of a substance containing meth within a thousand feet of St. James Lutheran 

Church in Vandalia?” The defendant responded, “No.” Following the defendant’s testimony, 

the defense rested. 

¶ 10 The following morning, February 26, 2014, the parties concluded their jury instruction 

conference. The State moved to dismiss count V (aggravated participation in 

methamphetamine manufacturing, 100 grams or more but less than 400 grams) and count VI 

(participation in methamphetamine manufacturing, 100 grams or more but less than 400 

grams). The defendant did not oppose the motion, and it was granted. During closing 

argument, the State told the jury that “Officer Bowling told you that this property from the 

front door of Cheri Wright’s house to the church is 111 feet” and that part of what the jury had 

to determine was whether the manufacture of methamphetamine “was within 111 feet or 

within a thousand feet of the church.” Subsequently, the jury was instructed that to convict the 

defendant of aggravated participation in methamphetamine manufacturing, the jury must find, 

inter alia, that “the manufacture of methamphetamine was within 1,000 feet of a place of 

worship.” After deliberating for approximately 3.5 hours, the jury reached its verdicts on the 

five counts that remained. The defendant was found guilty of (1) aggravated participation in 

methamphetamine manufacturing, (2) participation in methamphetamine manufacturing, (3) 

unlawful possession of methamphetamine manufacturing materials, and (4) unlawful disposal 

of methamphetamine manufacturing waste. He was found not guilty of possession of a 

methamphetamine precursor.

¶ 11 A sentencing hearing was held on March 18, 2014. At the hearing, Judge Schwarm first 

entertained the defendant’s motion for a judgment of acquittal notwithstanding the verdict, 

wherein the defendant again challenged the sufficiency of the evidence against him on the four 

counts of which he was convicted, contending again that no evidence showed the defendant 

had “any control, possession, [of] the items.” With regard to the aggravated participation in 

methamphetamine manufacturing count, counsel for the defendant stated that “We would 

concede that Cheri’s residence was within 1,000 feet of a place of worship.” Subsequently, 

Judge Schwarm denied the defendant’s motion in its entirety and proceeded to sentencing.

¶ 12 The State recommended a 40-year sentence on the aggravated participation in 

methamphetamine manufacturing conviction, to be served at 75%. The State contended that 
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the participation in methamphetamine manufacturing and unlawful possession of 

methamphetamine manufacturing materials convictions would merge with the aggravated 

participation conviction. The State recommended a 14-year concurrent sentence on the 

unlawful disposal of methamphetamine manufacturing waste conviction. Thereafter, Judge 

Schwarm found that the participation in methamphetamine manufacturing and unlawful 

possession of methamphetamine manufacturing materials convictions did in fact merge with 

the aggravated participation conviction. Accordingly, he sentenced the defendant only on the 

aggravated participation in methamphetamine manufacturing conviction and the unlawful 

disposal of methamphetamine manufacturing waste conviction. He sentenced the defendant to 

35 years in the Illinois Department of Corrections, followed by a 3-year term of mandatory 

supervised release (MSR), on the aggravated participation conviction and to a concurrent term 

of 10 years, followed by 2 years of MSR, on the unlawful disposal conviction. Both sentences 

were to be served at 75%.

¶ 13 On June 16, 2014, a hearing was held before the Honorable Michael D. McHaney, wherein 

the defendant asked that his sentence be reduced. The State responded that the defendant’s 

35-year sentence on his Class X felony conviction “was approximately in the middle” of the 

15- to 60-year sentencing range for the conviction and that the 10-year concurrent sentence 

“was not the top end” of the 3- to 14-year sentencing range for that conviction. The defendant’s 

motion was denied, and this timely appeal followed.

¶ 14 ANALYSIS 

¶ 15 On appeal, the defendant does not challenge his conviction and sentence for unlawful 

disposal of methamphetamine manufacturing waste. Accordingly, that conviction and 

sentence are affirmed. With regard to his conviction for aggravated participation in 

methamphetamine manufacturing, he challenges the sufficiency of the evidence, contending 

that because the State presented no evidence that a building, purported to be a church, operated 

as a place of worship on the date in question, his conviction must be reduced to simple 

participation in methamphetamine manufacturing and this case must be remanded for a new 

sentencing hearing on that conviction. The State responds that (1) the defendant has forfeited 

his challenge because it is not really a sufficiency of the evidence argument but is instead a 

challenge for lack of proper foundation and, (2) forfeiture notwithstanding, there was adequate 

evidence adduced at trial from which the jury could have inferred that St. James Lutheran 

Church operated as a place of worship on the date in question. 

¶ 16 We find the State’s first argument unconvincing. The gist of the State’s first argument is 

that although sufficiency of the evidence challenges are not subject to the doctrines of 

forfeiture or waiver, in this case, the defendant’s challenge is in fact “an argument as to lack of 

proper foundation for the testimony of the police officers on whether the building was actually 

a place of worship” and therefore is subject to the doctrines of forfeiture and waiver. As a 

factual matter, this is simply incorrect. No officer testified at trial “on whether the building was 

actually a place of worship,” and the defendant does not contend on appeal that if the officers 

had so testified, they would have lacked a sufficient foundation for so doing. 

¶ 17 We turn, therefore, to the question of the sufficiency of the evidence. “When a defendant 

challenges the sufficiency of the evidence in a criminal case, it is not the function of a 

reviewing court to retry the defendant.” People v. Boykin, 2013 IL App (1st) 112696, ¶ 6. 

Instead, we ask “ ‘whether, after viewing the evidence in the light most favorable to the 
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prosecution, any rational trier of fact could have found the essential elements of the crime 

beyond a reasonable doubt.’ ” Id. (quoting Jackson v. Virginia, 443 U.S. 307, 319 (1979)). We 

do not substitute our judgment for that of the trier of fact on issues of the weight of the 

evidence presented or the credibility of the witnesses who testified. Id. However, it is 

fundamental to our system of justice that the State bears the burden of proving, beyond a 

reasonable doubt, all essential elements of the charged offense, and where the evidence that 

has been adduced at trial is so unsatisfactory as to justify a reasonable doubt of the defendant’s 

guilt, we must reverse a defendant’s conviction. Id. If, from the evidence presented to the trier 

of fact at trial, we can reasonably draw an inference in the State’s favor, we will draw that 

inference. People v. Sims, 2014 IL App (4th) 130568, ¶ 131. Nevertheless, caution is 

warranted, as “[t]he line between a reasonable inference and speculation can be difficult to 

locate.” Id. ¶ 138. 

¶ 18 In this case, the parties agree that the statutory section at issue is section 15(b)(1)(H) of the 

Methamphetamine Control and Community Protection Act (Act) (720 ILCS 646/15(b)(1)(H) 

(West 2012)), which, at the time of the alleged offense, stated that a person engages in 

aggravated participation in methamphetamine manufacturing if the person knowingly 

participates in the manufacture of methamphetamine with the intent that methamphetamine or 

a substance containing methamphetamine be produced and “the methamphetamine 

manufacturing occurs within 1,000 feet of a place of worship or parsonage.”1

 We note that no 

published opinions interpret section 15(b)(1)(H) of the Act. However, as the State notes, 

section 2-15b of the Criminal Code of 2012 defines “place of worship” as “a church, 

synagogue, mosque, temple, or other building, structure, or place used primarily for religious 

worship and includes the grounds of a place of worship.” 720 ILCS 5/2-15b (West 2012). 

Therefore, we agree with the parties that cases interpreting enhancement provisions of statutes 

other than the Act that also refer to locations fitting the “place of worship” definition are 

among the appropriate guides for us as we consider the defendant’s sufficiency of the evidence 

challenge. 

¶ 19 In support of his argument on appeal, the defendant points to People v. Ortiz, 2012 IL App 

(2d) 101261, ¶¶ 6, 10-13, wherein our colleagues in the Second District held that, for purposes 

of a bench trial conviction pursuant to section 407(b) of the Illinois Controlled Substances Act 

(which makes it illegal to deliver less than one gram of a controlled substance within 1000 feet 

of a “church, synagogue, or other building, structure, or place used primarily for religious 

worship” (720 ILCS 570/407(b)(1) (West 2008))), the State’s failure to prove beyond a 

reasonable doubt that the building in question functioned primarily as a place of worship on the 

date of the offense rendered the evidence insufficient to sustain the defendant’s conviction, 

despite the trial court’s conclusion that it could reasonably infer from photographs and 

testimony admitted at trial that the building was in fact a church. The Ortiz court noted that the 

photographs and testimony were insufficient because they did not support the temporal 

requirement that the church must have existed on the date of the offense; instead, the evidence 

adduced by the State left “no way of knowing whether the Emmanuel Baptist Church existed 

 

1Because the defendant’s simple participation in methamphetamine manufacturing conviction 

involved 400 or more grams but less than 900 grams, on remand he will be subject to a sentence of 

between 12 to 50 years, rather than the sentence of 15 to 60 years he faced under the enhancement the 

State failed to adduce testimony to prove. See 720 ILCS 646/15(a)(2)(d), (b)(2)(d) (West 2012).
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on January 7, 2009.” 2012 IL App (2d) 101261, ¶ 11. Subsequent to Ortiz, our colleagues in 

the Second District reiterated, in People v. Cadena, 2013 IL App (2d) 120285, ¶¶ 13, 16, that 

to sustain a conviction pursuant to section 407(b), the State must prove beyond a reasonable 

doubt that the building in question was functioning primarily as a place of worship on the date 

of the offense or offenses, holding that testimony that a church was “an active church,” without 

specifying that it was active on the date of the offense or offenses, rather than at the time of 

trial, was insufficient. The Cadena court added that the State must also prove beyond a 

reasonable doubt how it is known that the building in question was functioning primarily as a 

place of worship on the date of the offense or offenses, noting that “the bare facts that [a] 

witness is a police officer with a certain number of years of service” is not sufficient—instead, 

there must be “the demonstration and explanation of how the witness is familiar with the 

enhancing location.” Id. ¶ 17. Thereafter, in People v. Rodriguez, 2014 IL App (2d) 130148, 

¶¶ 60-68, our colleagues in the Second District applied the same analysis to a conviction 

pursuant to an enhancement to the aggravated discharge of a firearm statute vis-à-vis the 

occurrence of the offense within 1000 feet of a school (see 720 ILCS 5/24-1.2(b) (West 2010)). 

The Rodriguez court concluded that the State had proven the temporal requirement beyond a 

reasonable doubt where the State presented sufficient testimony from which “the jury 

reasonably could infer that the building comprising Brady Elementary was operating as a 

school on the date of the offense.” 2014 IL App (2d) 130148, ¶ 66. 

¶ 20 The State, on the other hand, points to People v. Foster, 354 Ill. App. 3d 564, 566-68 

(2004), wherein—years prior to the Ortiz, Cadena, and Rodriguez decisions—our colleagues 

in the First District held that, for purposes of a bench trial conviction pursuant to section 

407(b), the stipulation of the parties that, if called, a witness “would testify he measured the 

distance from 4310 West Crystal Street to the New Hope Church located at 4255 Division 

Street” and that the distance “measured 580 feet” was sufficient to sustain the defendant’s 

conviction because “a rational trier of fact could have inferred New Hope Church was a church 

used primarily for religious worship based on its name.” The State urges us to rely on Foster

and a Fourth District case interpreting it—People v. Sims, 2014 IL App (4th) 130568—to 

conclude that in the present case, “the evidence presented by the State at trial established 

Officer Bowling’s personal knowledge of the area as of January 30, 2013,” and that a 

reasonable jury could have inferred from Bowling’s testimony that “St. James Lutheran 

Church operated as a place of worship and was within 1,000 feet of the residence in question as 

of January 30, 2013.”

¶ 21 In reply, the defendant contends that Foster is logical, and therefore persuasive, only when 

limited to its own factual posture: a stipulation wherein the location in question was 

specifically referred to as “New Hope Church”—a phrase that included the word “church.” As 

the defendant points out, when a stipulation is involved, a party is generally “precluded from 

attacking or contradicting any facts to which” the party has previously stipulated. People v. 

Hill, 345 Ill. App. 3d 620, 631 (2003). Therefore, it would have been patently unfair in Foster

to allow the defendant, on appeal, to attack the sufficiency of his own stipulation at trial that 

the building was a church. Under the circumstances of such a stipulation, we agree with the 

defendant—and the Foster court—that a reasonable trier of fact could have inferred from the 

stipulation that the building was a church used primarily for religious worship based on its 

name. 
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¶ 22 Unlike in Foster, in this case there was no stipulation. The relevant testimony adduced at 

trial in this case is set out in detail above. In its brief on appeal, the State tries to string together 

this testimony in a manner that would support a reasonable inference that St. James Lutheran 

Church was functioning primarily as a place of worship on January 30, 2013. The State posits 

that Bowling’s testimony that he had been a Vandalia police officer for almost seven years and 

that the church was on the same block as the county courthouse, as well as his use of street 

names relative thereto and his testimony as to the relationship between the church and other 

businesses, would allow the jury to “reasonably infer that he was familiar with the area to 

which he was testifying.” 

¶ 23 The foregoing notwithstanding, the fact remains that there was no direct testimony from 

the two officers that they were familiar with the area in question on the date of the offense. 

Although Bowling’s testimony might support the inference that he was familiar with the area 

at the time of trial, there is nothing about the testimony that would support the inference that he 

was familiar with the area on the date of the offense. Bowling was not asked if he was, or had 

ever been, a patrol officer, nor was he asked any questions about what his general duties as a 

police officer entailed, or if he was familiar, because of those duties or otherwise, with the area 

in question, as opposed to other areas of Vandalia. In terms of his duties, he testified only to 

attempting to serve an outstanding warrant, to previous experience investigating the 

manufacturing of methamphetamine, to using a measuring wheel customarily used for traffic 

accidents, and to his actions in investigating the present offense at Wright’s residence. 

Likewise, although Halleman testified that his duty, on the night he was dispatched to Wright’s 

residence, was “patrol,” he did not testify that he was familiar with the area to which he was 

dispatched, as opposed to other areas of Vandalia and his larger jurisdiction of Fayette County 

that he might have patrolled or that he had ever patrolled that area before or since the date of 

the offense. In fact, when Halleman testified that he was familiar with the defendant’s truck, he 

testified that he had seen the truck “around the county” and parked at the defendant’s 

residence, which was not on the same street as Wright’s residence. 

¶ 24 In conjunction with these deficiencies in the evidence the State adduced in its effort to 

obtain a conviction for aggravated participation in methamphetamine manufacturing, there 

was also no direct testimony, from the officers or anyone else, that St. James Lutheran Church 

was functioning primarily as a place of worship on January 30, 2013, or, for that matter, that it 

had ever functioned primarily as a place of worship. Nor do we believe, based upon the 

testimony presented, that a reasonable jury could have inferred that the building in question 

was functioning primarily as a place of worship on January 30, 2013. There was no testimony 

to support such a temporal inference. As a matter of both logic and common sense, there is no 

inherent rational connection between a witness’s mere use of the term “church” at trial and the 

fact that the “church” was or was not functioning primarily as a place of worship on a 

particular date prior to trial. Although the State claims that if St. James Lutheran Church was 

not operating as a church on both the date of trial and the date of the offense, Bowling would 

have referred to it at trial as a “currently a church” rather than as a “church,” we find this 

contrary to logic and common sense; more convincing is the argument of the defendant that a 

building that once housed a church might still be referred to, by people in the locality, by the 

name of the former church—or generically as the “church”—even if it no longer functioned 

primarily as one, either at the time of the offense or the time of the trial. We also agree with the 

defendant that “it is common sense that churches and other entities cease to operate” while 
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“their physical structures and signs can remain unchanged.” Moreover, the defendant is correct 

in his assertion that Bowling’s and Halleman’s consistent use of the present tense, rather than 

the past tense, when referring to the “church” at trial does not support the inference that the 

building in question functioned primarily as a place of worship on the date of the offense, as 

opposed to on the date of the trial. Therefore, although on appeal the State makes a valiant 

effort to string together the testimony in this case in such a way as to create the inference that 

St. James Lutheran Church was functioning primarily as a place of worship on January 30, 

2013, the State failed at trial to adduce testimony sufficient to render such an inference 

reasonable. The State’s presentation of evidence in support of its theory of aggravated 

participation in methamphetamine manufacturing was, at best, cursory. The State’s theory that 

the jury could have strung together the pieces of Bowling’s and Halleman’s testimony to infer 

that they were familiar with the area in question and to further infer from their familiarity that 

their testimony should be construed to imply that St. James Lutheran Church was functioning 

primarily as a place of worship on January 30, 2013, is also dubious in light of Judge 

Schwarm’s repeated admonitions that the jury was to refrain from independent investigation 

and was to “listen to the evidence and base your decision on the evidence.” As the Sims court 

noted, “[t]he line between a reasonable inference and speculation can be difficult to locate.” 

2014 IL App (4th) 130568, ¶ 138. In this case, we believe speculation, rather than reasonable 

inference, would have been required for the jury to convict the defendant of aggravated 

participation in methamphetamine manufacturing on the basis of the foregoing evidence.

¶ 25 We note another problem with accepting the State’s invitation to affirm the defendant’s 

conviction on the basis of Foster: the Foster court omitted entirely from its legal analysis the 

temporal nature of the evidence the State was required to present: that the location in question 

must have been functioning primarily as a place of worship on the date of the offense.

2

Although the Sims court restates the holding of Foster to include the temporal requirement (see 

id. ¶ 107), in fact, the Foster court did not address it at all (see Foster, 354 Ill. App. 3d at 

567-68).3

 Perhaps within the context of a stipulation, this omission is acceptable, for a 

reasonable argument could be advanced that the stipulation that the building was a church 

inherently included the stipulation that it was operating as such on the date of the offense in 

question. However, in the absence of such a stipulation, the Foster court’s omission of the 

temporal requirement is fatal to the application of Foster beyond its unique set of facts. The 

Supreme Court of Illinois has held that enhancements due to proximity to places of worship 

pass due process and constitutional muster because places of worship, like schools and other 

zones of enhancement, cater to “segments of our society which may well be considered 

particularly vulnerable and less able to deal with the incursions of drug trafficking and its 

related evils.” People v. Falbe, 189 Ill. 2d 635, 643, 647 (2000). The Falbe court noted the 

previous reasoning of this court that “ ‘[p]laces of worship reach out and extend an invitation 

to the public; doors are unlocked; security is relaxed’ ” (id. at 647 (quoting People v. Carter, 

 

2There is no requirement, for purposes of section 407(b), that religious services actually be in 

session at the time of the offense (see, e.g., People v. Sparks, 335 Ill. App. 3d 249, 257 (2002)), nor does 

either party in this case argue that there should be such a requirement for section 15(b)(1)(H) of the Act. 

3With regard to affirming on the basis of Foster, Sims does not aid the State. Although the Sims

court purported to follow Foster (see Sims, 2014 IL App (4th) 130568, ¶ 133), in fact it did not: it 

followed its own modified version of Foster—one that included the temporal requirement that was not 

present in Foster. See id. ¶¶ 134-38. 
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228 Ill. App. 3d 526, 534-35 (1992))) and concluded that “[t]he very ideals of those who 

worship there can make them vulnerable in the same sense that school children, the poor, and 

the aged may be at risk” (id. at 647-48). Clearly, if a building does not function primarily as a 

place of worship on the date of an alleged offense, the concerns expressed by this court in 

Carter, and the Illinois Supreme Court in Falbe, are not present. Accordingly, the absence of a 

temporal requirement would call into question the due process and constitutional soundness of 

any statutory scheme that purported to allow enhancement on the basis of proximity to a place 

of worship. 

¶ 26 A final reason to doubt the viability of Foster outside the context of a stipulation is found in 

Boykin, 2013 IL App (1st) 112696, ¶ 16, which, like Foster, came from our colleagues in the 

First District but which incorporated the temporal requirement found in Cadena and other 

cases and concluded that the section 407(b) conviction enhancement before it could not be 

sustained because the evidence was “insufficient to prove beyond a reasonable doubt that ‘Our 

Lady of Peace’ was a school on the date of the offense.” In any event, its citation to Foster and 

its request that we follow Foster notwithstanding, in this case the State concedes the temporal 

requirement, devoting long passages of its brief on appeal to an analysis of how the jury could 

have inferred that St. James Lutheran Church “existed and was in operation on [the date of the 

offense]” and presenting no argument that a court can dispense with the temporal requirement.

¶ 27 In the case before us, we conclude that the State did not adduce sufficient evidence at trial 

to render reasonable the inference that St. James Lutheran Church was functioning primarily as 

a place of worship on January 30, 2013. Accordingly, the State failed to prove, beyond a 

reasonable doubt, that the defendant was guilty of aggravated participation in 

methamphetamine manufacturing. We agree with our colleagues in other districts of this court 

that in the absence of a stipulation, the State must present evidence, from a witness or 

witnesses who are sufficiently familiar with the area in question, that supports a reasonable 

inference that the building in question was functioning primarily as a place of worship on the 

date of the offense. See, e.g., Rodriguez, 2014 IL App (2d) 130148, ¶¶ 65-66.

¶ 28 CONCLUSION 

¶ 29 For the foregoing reasons, we affirm the defendant’s conviction and sentence for unlawful 

disposal of methamphetamine manufacturing waste, reduce the defendant’s aggravated 

participation in methamphetamine manufacturing conviction to simple participation in 

methamphetamine manufacturing, and remand for a new sentencing hearing on that 

conviction. 

¶ 30 Affirmed in part; conviction reduced; cause remanded. 

¶ 31 JUSTICE WELCH, concurring in part and dissenting in part. 

¶ 32 I respectfully dissent from that portion of the majority’s opinion finding that the 

defendant’s aggravated participation in methamphetamine manufacturing should be reduced to 

simple participation in methamphetamine manufacturing. 

¶ 33 Officer Bowling testified that on January 30, 2013, he was near Wright’s residence when 

he smelled a chemical odor he suspected was related to methamphetamine manufacturing. He 

testified that the home was 111 feet south of the St. James Lutheran Church. On several other 
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occasions during his testimony, he referred to St. James Lutheran Church as the “church.” His 

testimony generally establishes that he had personal knowledge of the area. Defense counsel 

also referred to the building as a “church” on cross-examination. Deputy Sheriff Larry 

Halleman also testified that on January 30, 2013, he traveled “behind the church directly across 

from” Wright’s residence. Finally, in the defendant’s motion for judgment of acquittal 

notwithstanding the verdict, defense counsel conceded that the residence was within 1000 feet 

of a place of worship. 

¶ 34 In viewing the evidence in light most favorable to the prosecution, a rational trier of fact 

could have inferred that St. James Lutheran Church was a church used primarily for worship 

on the date of the offense. See People v. Foster, 354 Ill. App. 3d 564, 568 (2004). Taken 

together, the State demonstrated that “the methamphetamine manufacturing occur[red] within 

1,000 feet of a place of worship or parsonage” to enhance the conviction to aggravated 

participation in methamphetamine manufacturing. 720 ILCS 646/15(b)(1)(H) (West 2012). 

Accordingly, I would find that the testimony was sufficient for the jury to find beyond a 

reasonable doubt that St. James Lutheran Church was used primarily as a place for religious 

worship on January 30, 2013. I would affirm the trial court’s judgment.

¶ 35 I concur with that portion of the majority’s opinion regarding the unlawful disposal of 

methamphetamine manufacturing waste.