FILED 2019 IL App (4th) 170261 August 12, 2019 

Carla Bender 

NO. 4-17-0261 4th District Appellate 

Court, IL 

IN THE APPELLATE COURT 

OF ILLINOIS 

FOURTH DISTRICT 

THE PEOPLE OF THE STATE OF ILLINOIS, ) Appeal from the 

Plaintiff-Appellee, ) Circuit Court of 

v. ) Logan County 

CHRISTOPHER J. HARRIS, ) No. 09CF171 

Defendant-Appellant. ) 

) Honorable 

) Scott D. Drazewski, 

) Judge Presiding. 

JUSTICE KNECHT delivered the judgment of the court, with opinion. 

Justices Turner and Cavanagh concurred in the judgment and opinion. 

OPINION 

¶ 1 Defendant, Christopher J. Harris, appeals from the summary dismissal of his 

pro se petition for relief under the Post-Conviction Hearing Act (Act) (725 ILCS 5/122-1 to 122-

7 (West 2016)). On appeal, defendant argues we should reverse the trial court’s judgment 

because his petition states an arguable claim his trial counsel rendered ineffective assistance by 

failing to request a continuance on the last day of his trial to secure testimony from two 

witnesses who would have supported his claim of self-defense. We disagree and affirm. 

¶ 2 I. BACKGROUND 

¶ 3 On September 21, 2009, several members of the Gee family, including Raymond 

(“Rick”) Gee, Ruth Ann Gee, Justina Constant (16 years old), Dillen Constant (14 years old), and 

Austin Gee (11 years old) were found dead in their home. The youngest member of the Gee 
 

 

 

 

 

 

family, T.G. (3 years old), was found alive but suffering from severe head trauma. Defendant, 

the ex-husband of Nicole Gee (a daughter of Rick), was later charged with various criminal 

offenses associated with the deaths and injuries caused to the members of the Gee family. 

¶ 4 At a May 2013 jury trial, defendant testified he acted in self-defense and killed 

14-year-old Dillen after he entered the Gee residence and discovered Dillen was in the process of 

killing the other members of the Gee family. The jury disbelieved defendant’s account and found 

him guilty of five counts of first degree murder (720 ILCS 5/9-1(a) (West 2008)), one count of 

attempt (first degree murder) (id. § 8-4(a), 9-1(a)(3)), one count of aggravated battery of a child 

(id. § 12-4.3(a)), one count of home invasion (id. § 12-11(a)(1)), and one count of armed robbery 

(id. § 18-2(a)). The trial court sentenced defendant to five terms of natural life imprisonment for 

first degree murder, 30 years’ imprisonment for attempt (first degree murder), 30 years’ 

imprisonment for home invasion, and 20 years’ imprisonment for armed robbery, all of which 

were imposed consecutively. (The court merged the aggravated-battery-of-a-child conviction 

with the attempt (first degree murder) conviction.) On direct appeal, we affirmed defendant’s 

convictions and sentences. People v. Harris, 2015 IL App (4th) 130672-U. 

¶ 5 In December 2016, defendant filed the instant postconviction petition claiming, in 

part, his trial counsel rendered ineffective assistance by failing to request a continuance on the 

last day of his trial to secure testimony from two witnesses who would have supported his claim 

of self-defense. Defendant alleged Nicole and A.H, his and Nicole’s daughter, were scheduled to 

testify on the last day of his trial but had “unintentionally” missed their flight from Florida to 

Illinois. Defendant alleged the “testimony was crucial to the defense as both witnesses [had] 

firsthand knowledge of [Dill[e]n’s] *** threats to kill everyone in his family,” which “did not 

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have another source to come from during *** trial.” To support these allegations, defendant 

attached to his petition (1) a signed and notarized personal evidentiary affidavit, (2) an unsigned 

“affidavit” drafted by defendant for Nicole, and (3) an unsigned “affidavit” drafted by defendant 

for A.H. In his personal evidentiary affidavit, defendant stated he questioned his trial counsel on 

the last day of trial regarding why counsel rested without calling Nicole and A.H., to which 

counsel stated he did so because Nicole and A.H. had missed their flights. Defendant averred, 

had Nicole been called to testify, she would have testified, in part, she “had talked with Rick Gee 

*** only days before the murders, and that Rick was scared Dill[e]n would violently act out after 

Rick had punished Dill[e]n recently for breaking down Rick[’]s bedroom door[ ] and stealing 

money from Rick,” and “Dill[e]n had ‘lashed out’ and said he ‘would kill Rick’ and said ‘your 

[sic] not my dad.’ ” Defendant further averred, had A.H. been called to testify, she would have 

testified, in part, she “was there when Dill[e]n would tell his siblings that he’d kill them.” 

Defendant noted in his affidavit both Nicole and A.H. were “willing to sign their affidavits, but 

due to the harsh conditions of confinement, I have been unable to secure them.” 

¶ 6 In March 2017, the trial court entered a written order summarily dismissing 

defendant’s postconviction petition. As to defendant’s claim suggesting his trial counsel rendered 

ineffective assistance by failing to request a continuance to secure testimony from Nicole and 

A.H., the court found defendant failed to attach the necessary supporting material or sufficiently 

explain why the same was not attached. The court also found, even if it considered defendant’s 

summary of the alleged testimony from Nicole and A.H., that testimony did not show counsel’s 

failure to seek a continuance to call those witnesses was arguably deficient as Nicole’s testimony 

would have been inadmissible as hearsay and irrelevant and A.H.’s testimony would have been 

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inadmissible as neither specific nor associated with a relevant time frame. 

¶ 7 This appeal followed. 

¶ 8 II. ANALYSIS 

¶ 9 On appeal, defendant argues we should reverse the trial court’s judgment 

summarily dismissing his postconviction petition because his petition states an arguable claim 

his trial counsel rendered ineffective assistance by failing to request a continuance to secure 

testimony from Nicole and A.H. to support his claim of self-defense. The State disagrees. 

¶ 10 The Act (725 ILCS 5/122-1 to 122-7 (West 2016)) “provides a mechanism by 

which a criminal defendant can assert that his conviction and sentence were the result of a 

substantial denial of his rights under the United States Constitution, the Illinois Constitution, or 

both.” People v. English, 2013 IL 112890, ¶ 21, 987 N.E.2d 371. The adjudication of a 

postconviction petition follows a three-stage process. People v. Allen, 2015 IL 113135, ¶ 21, 32 

N.E.3d 615. In this case, defendant’s postconviction petition was dismissed at the first stage. We 

review a first-stage dismissal de novo. People v. Boykins, 2017 IL 121365, ¶ 9, 93 N.E.3d 504. 

¶ 11 Because most postconviction petitions are drafted by pro se defendants, “the 

threshold for a petition to survive the first stage of review is low.” Allen, 2015 IL 113135, ¶ 24. 

The low threshold, however, “does not excuse the pro se [defendant] from providing factual 

support for his claims; he must supply sufficient factual basis to show the allegations in the 

petition are ‘capable of objective or independent corroboration.’ ” Id. (quoting People v. Collins, 

202 Ill. 2d 59, 67, 782 N.E.2d 195, 199 (2002)). 

¶ 12 Section 122-2 of the Act provides a postconviction petition “shall have attached 

thereto affidavits, records, or other evidence supporting its allegations or shall state why the 

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same are not attached.” 725 ILCS 5/122-2 (West 2016). “The purpose of the ‘affidavits, records, 

or other evidence’ requirement is to establish that a petition’s allegations are capable of objective 

or independent corroboration.” People v. Hodges, 234 Ill. 2d 1, 10, 912 N.E.2d 1204, 1208 

(2009). The supporting material must (1) show “the petition’s allegations are capable of 

corroboration” and (2) identify “the sources, character, and availability of evidence alleged to 

support the petition’s allegations.” Allen, 2015 IL 113135, ¶ 34. 

¶ 13 Our supreme court has found the failure to attach the necessary supporting 

material or explain its absence is “fatal” to a postconviction petition and alone “justifies the 

petition’s summary dismissal.” Collins, 202 Ill. 2d at 66; see also Allen, 2015 IL 113135, ¶ 26 

(referring to a postconviction petition that fails to comply with section 122-2 as being 

“substantially incomplete”). However, our supreme court has also carved out an exception to this 

rule and found compliance with section 122-2 is not required where a defendant’s claim is based 

on consultations with his or her attorney, as it can be reasonably inferred the only supporting 

material a defendant could provide, other than a personal evidentiary affidavit, is an evidentiary 

affidavit of the attorney, the difficulty of which is self-apparent. See People v. Hall, 217 Ill. 2d 

324, 333-34, 841 N.E.2d 913, 919 (2005). 

¶ 14 Defendant initially suggests he adequately supported the allegation in his 

postconviction petition that Nicole and A.H. had “firsthand knowledge of [Dill[e]n’s] *** threats 

to kill everyone in his family” with his personal evidentiary affidavit, which outlined Nicole’s 

and A.H.’s alleged testimony. We disagree. Defendant’s personal evidentiary affidavit 

summarizing what he believed would be the testimony of Nicole and A.H. does not demonstrate 

defendant’s allegation in his petition is capable of objective or independent corroboration, nor 

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does it identify the availability of evidence alleged to support the petition’s allegation. See 

People v. Dupree, 2018 IL 122307, ¶ 34, 124 N.E.3d 908 (“[I]n most cases where [a claim of 

ineffective assistance based on counsel’s failure to investigate and call a witness] is raised, 

without an affidavit [from the proposed witness], there can be no way to assess whether the 

proposed witness could have provided evidence that would have been helpful to the defense.”); 

see also People v. Teran, 376 Ill. App. 3d 1, 4, 876 N.E.2d 734, 737 (2007) (“[C]ommon sense 

dictates that a defendant’s own affidavit is not at all objective or independent.”). 

¶ 15 Defendant alternatively contends he provided a sufficient explanation for why he 

failed to obtain signatures from his ex-wife and daughter for the proposed affidavits he drafted 

for them. In support, defendant cites People v. Washington, 38 Ill. 2d 446, 449, 232 N.E.2d 738, 

739 (1967), for the proposition that imprisonment, by itself, can excuse a defendant’s failure to 

attach supporting material to a postconviction petition. 

¶ 16 In Washington, the defendant, who was serving a 25-year prison sentence, 

appealed from the trial court’s decision granting the State’s motion to dismiss his postconviction 

petition. Id. at 447-48. In his petition, defendant alleged, in part, his attorney informed him, in 

the presence of his sister, the trial judge and the prosecutor agreed that if he pleaded guilty he 

would be sentenced to 14 years’ imprisonment and, “ ‘relying on the promise of his attorney,’ ” 

he pleaded guilty. Id. at 448. Before the supreme court, the State argued dismissal was proper 

because defendant’s petition “lacked supporting affidavits.” Id. The court began by reviewing the 

contents of defendant’s petition, noting it (1) “stated why affidavits were not attached,” 

(2) identified every person involved by name, and (3) was verified. Id. at 449. The court next 

reviewed the contents of the State’s motion to dismiss, as well as the State’s arguments before 

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the trial court. Id. After reviewing the State’s motion to dismiss and the arguments presented, the 

court found the State could not “depart from the position it took in the trial court” and “argue that 

the petition was properly dismissed for want of supporting affidavits.” Id. After declining to 

entertain the State’s argument, the court turned to the merits of defendant’s claim. Id. at 449-50. 

The court found defendant was entitled to an evidentiary hearing on his claim and reversed and 

remanded for further proceedings. Id. at 450-51. 

¶ 17 Contrary to defendant’s argument, the supreme court in Washington neither 

(1) “held that under section 122-2[ ] [the defendant’s postconviction] petition adequately 

explained why the sister’s affidavit was not attached” nor (2) “relied on the fact that [the 

defendant] stated he could not obtain the affidavits because he was incarcerated.” Instead, the 

court, after reviewing the contents of the defendant’s petition and the State’s written and oral 

arguments in support of its motion to dismiss, held that the State forfeited its argument 

concerning compliance with section 122-2 by failing to raise it before the trial court. In fact, 

Justice Underwood, in dissent, explicitly rejected the notion the defendant’s explanation as to 

why he did not attach an affidavit from his sister was sufficient, stating: 

“While a defendant’s indigency and incarceration might 

conceivably excuse his failure to provide supporting material in 

some instances, surely it cannot be thought sufficient to excuse his 

failure to secure an affidavit from his sister corroborating 

defendant’s allegations regarding her participation in the 

conversations with his attorney.” Id. at 451-52 (Underwood, J., 

dissenting). 

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In so finding, Justice Underwood noted, “The majority avoid this problem by saying the State 

did not question the absence of the supporting material at the trial level and are therefore now 

precluded from doing so.” Id. at 452. We find Washington does not support the proposition 

imprisonment, by itself, can excuse a defendant’s failure to attach supporting material to a 

postconviction petition. 

¶ 18 Defendant also asserts the supreme court’s later decision in Collins supports his 

interpretation of Washington. In Collins, 202 Ill. 2d at 66, the defendant, who failed to attach to 

his postconviction petition any supporting material and offered no explanation for the absence of 

such material, asserted his sworn verification could serve as a substitute for the supporting 

material required by section 122-2. In rejecting the defendant’s argument, the supreme court 

found the defendant’s reliance on Washington to be unpersuasive, as Washington was 

distinguishable. Id. at 67-68. The court distinguished Washington based on the fact the 

postconviction petition in that case contained “an explanation” as to why the supporting material 

was not attached, which it noted “explicitly” complied with the letter of the statute. Id. The court 

did not, however, address the sufficiency of the explanation given in Washington. At another 

point in its decision, the court asserted Washington was an example of a case where a pro se 

defendant should be excused from attaching supporting material as the burden to do so would be 

unreasonable. Id. at 68. The court, however, cited Washington as an example after only 

addressing the fact the petition in that case contained a claim arising from “conversations 

between the defendant and his attorney,” the type of claim for which, as discussed above, the 

supreme court has carved out an exception to compliance with section 122-2. Id. at 67. We find 

Collins does not support defendant’s interpretation of Washington. 

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¶ 19 As noted by the State, relief under the Act is available only to persons 

“imprisoned in the penitentiary.” 725 ILCS 5/122-1(a) (West 2016). Yet the Act also includes 

the requirement to attach supporting materials. Id. § 122-2. Because the Act contemplates 

defendants seeking postconviction relief are likely to be imprisoned, we hold imprisonment, by 

itself, cannot excuse a defendant’s failure to attach supporting material to a postconviction 

petition. To hold otherwise would be to render the requirement to attach supporting materials 

meaningless, which we may not do. See People v. Lloyd, 2013 IL 113510, ¶ 25, 987 N.E.2d 386 

(“[S]tatutes should be *** construed so that no part is rendered meaningless or superfluous.”). 

¶ 20 Defendant has not described any efforts he made to obtain the signatures of his 

ex-wife and daughter for the proposed affidavits he drafted for them, nor has he described any 

circumstances, other than his imprisonment, that may have prevented him from obtaining those 

signatures. We find defendant’s imprisonment, by itself, fails to adequately explain why he was 

unable to obtain supporting material. Because defendant failed to attach the necessary supporting 

material or provide a reasonable explanation for its absence, we find summary dismissal of 

defendant’s postconviction petition was proper. 

¶ 21 III. CONCLUSION 

¶ 22 We affirm the trial court’s judgment. 

¶ 23 Affirmed. 

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No. 4-17-0261 

Cite as: People v. Harris, 2019 IL App (4th) 170261 

Decision Under Review: Appeal from the Circuit Court of Logan County, No. 09-CF-171; 

the Hon. Scott D. Drazewski, Judge, presiding. 

Attorneys James E. Chadd, Patricia Mysza, and Peter Sgro, of State 

for Appellate Defender’s Office, of Chicago, for appellant. 

Appellant: 

Attorneys Kwame Raoul, Attorney General, of Chicago (David L. Franklin, 

for Solicitor General, and Michael M. Glick and Eldad Z. 

Appellee: Malamuth, Assistant Attorneys General, of counsel), for the 

People. 

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