United States Court of Appeals

FOR THE EIGHTH CIRCUIT

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No. 03-2954/3098

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Kimberly R. Crump, Susan W. * 

McKinley, Taryen R. Crump, * 

Michelle L. Govro, and Melissa * 

Crump Morris, * 

* 

Appellants/Cross-Appellees, * 

* 

* Appeal from the United States

v. * District Court for the

* Eastern District of Missouri

Versa Products, Inc. * 

and Sam's East, Inc., * 

doing business as Sam's Club, *

*

Appellees/Cross-Appellants. *

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Submitted: December 13, 2004

Filed: March 18, 2005 (corrected 3/23/05)

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Before MELLOY, BRIGHT, and BENTON, Circuit Judges.

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BENTON, Circuit Judge.

On July 29, 1997, Forrest E. Crump died after falling from a ladder

manufactured by Versa Products, Inc. and sold by Sam's East, Inc. Crump's family

(the "Crumps") sued Versa and Sam's in state court, who removed the case to the
1

The Honorable Henry E. Autrey, United States District Judge for the Eastern

District of Missouri.

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district court1

 due to diversity. After a two-week jury trial, the Crumps submitted on

strict liability design defect, and negligent failure to warn. The jury found for the

defendants. 

Jurisdiction being proper under 28 U.S.C. § 1291, this court affirms.

I.

The Crumps' first two points address jury instruction No. 16, asserting that

defense counsel changed the wording of the instruction so it misstated Missouri law,

without notifying the court or Crumps' counsel. Accordingly, the Crumps request a

new trial for either the erroneous instruction or the alleged misconduct. The third

point challenges the trial court's exclusion of other "substantially similar" accidents.

Finally, the Crumps claim the district court improperly admitted testimony of two

defense experts. 

The "Versaladder" uses a patented hinge – the "Automatically Interlockable

Hinge Fitting." The Versaladder includes several such hinges, allowing for various

configurations. The Crumps allege the hinges unlock unexpectedly, and a user cannot

visually check if the hinges are locked.

 

Neither party objects on appeal to the application of Missouri law to the

products liability issues in this case. In Keener v. Dayton Electric Manufacturing

Company, 445 S.W.2d 362, 364 (Mo. 1969), Missouri "adopted the rule of strict

liability in defective product claims as defined in Restatement (Second) of Torts §

402A." Gramex Corp. v. Green Supply, Inc., 89 S.W.3d 432, 438-39 (Mo. banc

2002), citing Lippard v. Houdaille Indus., Inc., 715 S.W.2d 491, 492 (Mo. banc

1986), and Blevins v. Cushman, 551 S.W.2d 602, 606 (Mo. banc 1977). This rule
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causes a person who sells a product "in a defective condition

[un]reasonably dangerous to the user or consumer" to be liable to the

ultimate user or consumer for any harm caused by use of the product if

"(a) the seller is engaged in the business of selling such a product, and

(b) it is expected to and does reach the user or consumer without

substantial change in the condition in which it is sold." 

Gramex, 89 S.W.3d at 439, quoting Keener, 445 S.W.2d at 364. 

The district court gave instruction 16: 

The defendants in this case are not guarantors against or liable for any

and all accidents and injuries that arise or occur by reason of the use of

the ladder. Nor is there a duty upon the Defendants to sell a ladder

which is "accident proof" or "fool proof." What the defendants are

required to do is sell a product free from defective and unreasonably

dangerous condition.

In submitting instruction 16, Versa and Sam's cited "82.08 Devitt, Blackmar &

Wolff" and cases, including Laubach v. Otis Elevator Co., 37 F.3d 427, 429 (8th Cir.

1994). 

The Crumps claim instruction 16 misstates Missouri law. The parties dispute

whether the Crumps preserved this error for appeal, and whether Versa and Sam's

attorneys committed misconduct. In view of the disposition below, this court

assumes preservation and addresses the merits of the instruction. See Commercial

Prop. Inv., Inc. v. Quality Inns Int'l, Inc., 61 F.3d 639, 643 (8th Cir. 1995).

Reviewing for abuse of discretion, this court determines "whether the instructions

fairly and adequately submitted the issues to the jury." Bennett v. Hidden Valley

Golf and Ski, Inc., 318 F.3d 868, 873 (8th Cir. 2003) (citation omitted). "In this

diversity case, Missouri law applies to the substance of the instructions, while federal
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law 'governs our review of the discretion exercised in refusing or admitting such

instructions.'" Id. (citation omitted).

The Crumps argue that the first and second sentences of instruction 16 conflict

with Nesselrode v. Executive Beechcraft, Inc., 707 S.W.2d 371 (Mo. banc 1986).

Strict products liability extends to "reasonablely anticipated use . . . includ[ing]

misuse and abnormal use, which is objectively foreseeable." Id. at 381. A product

"is actionable if dangerous to an extent beyond that which would be contemplated by

the ordinary consumer, who either purchases it or uses it, with the ordinary

knowledge common to the community as to its characteristics." Id. at 376. "[T]he

jury gives this concept content by applying their collective intelligence and

experience to the broad evidentiary spectrum of facts and circumstances presented by

the parties." Id. at 378. Still, "strict tort liability is not, nor was it ever intended to

be, an enveloping net of absolute liability." See id. at 375. 

The Crumps assert that instruction 16 omits the concepts that "reasonably

anticipated use" can include "misuse," and that sellers must protect against accidental

and foolish uses that are objectively foreseeable. See Nesselrode, 707 S.W.2d at 381.

This court agrees that the first and second sentences of instruction 16, in isolation, do

not capture that Missouri leaves the definition of "unreasonably dangerous" to the

jury, and allows recovery for misuse that is foreseeable or reasonably anticipated. 

Nevertheless, jury instructions must be read together and viewed in their

entirety. Chohlis v. Cessna Aircraft Co., 760 F.2d 901, 904 (8th Cir. 1985);

Laubach, 37 F.3d at 429. "The test is not whether the charge was faultless in every

particular but whether the jury was misled in any way and whether it had

understanding of the issues and its duty to determine those issues." Westborough

Mall, Inc.,v. City of Cape Girardeau, Mo., 794 F.2d 330, 335 (8th Cir. 1986).
2

Instruction 18 is identical to 17, except for the defendant's name. 

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The Crumps acknowledge that the third sentence of instruction 16, "What

defendants are required to do is sell a product free from defective and unreasonably

dangerous conditions," correctly states Missouri law. The Crumps also concede that

instructions 17 and 18 state the standard for imposing strict liability under Missouri

law, following Missouri Approved Instructions 25.04 and 19.01. Instruction 17

reads:

Your verdict must be for the plaintiffs on their claim for products

liability against defendant Versa products [sic], Inc. if you believe:

First, defendant Versa Products, Inc. sold the Versaladder in the course

of defendant's business, and

Second, the Versaladder was then in a defective condition unreasonably

dangerous when put to a reasonably anticipated use, and

Third, the Versaladder was used in a manner reasonably anticipated, and

Fourth, such defective condition that existed when the Versaladder was

sold directly caused or directly contributed to cause damage to

plaintiffs.2

Under instructions 17 and 18, the jury determines whether the product was

unreasonably dangerous when used in a manner reasonably anticipated. Instruction

16 – read together with 17 and 18 – permits the jury to find for the Crumps even if it

believes the Versaladder was used accidently or foolishly. In context, instruction 16

reflects Missouri's doctrine that strict liability is not absolute liability. See

Nesselrode, 707 S.W.2d at 375.
3

The Laubach instruction read: "The defendant in this case is not a guarantor

or liable against [sic] any and all accidents and injuries that arise or occur by reason

of the use of the elevator maintained by it. Nor is there any duty upon the defendant

to maintain the elevator in an 'accident proof' or 'fool proof' or 'accident free

condition.'" Laubach, 37 F.3d at 429.

4

The plaintiff in Laubach actually complained that the instruction "was

tantamount to directing a verdict in favor of the defendant" because such language

was intended for use in product liability cases. Id.

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In Laubach – a res ipsa loquitor case – this court held that an instruction similar

to instruction 16, "[w]hen placed in context . . . can fairly be read as cautioning the

jury that it was allowed to return a verdict in favor of Laubach only if he proved that

Otis was negligent, and not merely because an accident occurred."3

 Laubach, 37

F.3d at 430 (emphasis added). In both Laubach and this case, the challenged

instruction, in context, requires more than an injured party in order to impose liability.

The instructions in Laubach required that the jury find negligence, while here, the

instructions require the jury find the ladder "unreasonably dangerous."4

 

The Crumps also object that instruction 16 misstates the law as to their failureto-warn claim submitted in instruction 19, because instruction 16 misleads the jury

as to the scope of the risks about which defendants must warn. To the contrary,

instruction 19 – the verdict director for failure-to-warn, based on Missouri Approved

Instructions 25.09 and 19.01 – specifies the precise risks about which Versa allegedly

must warn. The terms "defective" and "unreasonably dangerous" do not appear in

instruction 19.

Accordingly, this court finds the instructions, in total, fairly and adequately

submitted the issues of strict product liability and failure-to-warn. See Bennett, 318

F.3d at 873. In context, there is no error. 
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The Crumps next challenge the district court's excluding 44 other incidents of

alleged hinge failure of the Versaladder. Admissibility of evidence is reviewed for

abuse of discretion. Drabik v. Stanley-Bostitch, Inc., 997 F.2d 496, 508 (8th Cir.

1993).

Although evidence of substantially similar incidents may be admitted in a

products liability case, "evidence of other injuries may also raise extraneous

controversial points, lead to a confusion of issues, and present undue prejudice

disproportionate to its usefulness." Id. (citation omitted).

 

Mr. Crump's incident occurred on July 28, 1997, with the ladder in a straight

configuration. The district court allowed evidence of incidents before July 28, 1997,

with the ladder in a straight position. The district court excluded 44 other incidents,

which occurred either after that date or with the ladder in other than a straight

position. Although these 44 incidents also involved alleged hinge failure, the district

court did not abuse its discretion in excluding evidence of them.

Additionally, the Crumps contend defense counsel improperly inferred in

closing argument that only 22 allegations of hinge failure had ever been reported.

Because the Crumps failed to object then, this court reviews for plain error. See

Pavlik v. Cargill, Inc., 9 F.3d 710, 715 (8th Cir. 1993). Based upon the evidence of

the 22 substantially similar incidents, this court does not find the claimed errors

affected the substantial rights of the parties, created undue prejudice or irreparably

tainted the proceeding. See Hoffer v. Mack Trucks, Inc., 981 F.2d 377, 384-85 (8th

Cir. 1992), citing Matthews v. CTI Container Transp. Int'l, Inc., 871 F.2d 270, 278

(2nd Cir. 1989). 

Finally, the Crumps challenge the admission of the video testimony and testing

of John E. Johnson and John D. Hatfield, claiming defense counsel failed to disclose

the witnesses in accordance with Federal Rule of Civil Procedure 26(a)(2)(b). Again,
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this court does not disturb an evidentiary ruling absent a clear and prejudicial abuse

of the trial court's discretion. Dillon v. Nissan Motor Co., Ltd., 986 F.2d 263, 270

(8th Cir. 1993).

Rule 26(a) requires disclosure of each individual likely to have discoverable

information, providing a copy of all relevant documents in the party's possession or

control, and identifying any person who may be used to present expert testimony.

Fed. R. Civ. P. 26(a). Disclosure of any retained witness, or person "specially

employed to provide expert testimony in the case whose duties as an employee of the

party regularly involve giving expert testimony," must "be accompanied by a written

report prepared and signed by the witnesses." Fed. R. Civ. P. 26(a)(2)(B). Failure

to disclose an expert witness required by rule 26(a)(2)(B) can justify exclusion of

testimony at trial. Fed. R. Civ. P. 37(c)(1). 

Johnson and Hatfield testified for Versa in prior lawsuits, but were not retained

by Versa for analysis of the Crump case. Versa sought to introduce their testimony

only after the Crumps' expert, Joseph G. Leane, identified Johnson as a "peer" who

supported Leane's theories. Versa claims that Johnson and Hatfield were nonretained experts, and thus rule 26(a)(2)(B) disclosures were not required. See Brandt

Distrib. Co., Inc. v. Fed. Ins. Co., 247 F.3d 822, 825 (8th Cir. 2001). 

Even if the experts were retained by Versa, the Crumps show no prejudice from

inadequate disclosure. SeeFed. R. Civ. P. 37(c)(1) (use of non-disclosed information

may still be admitted if "failure [to disclose] is harmless"). During discovery, Versa

provided the Crumps with each expert's resume, Hatfield's report, and made each

available for deposition. The Crumps' expert revealed in deposition his familiarity

with Johnson and Hatfield's testing and theories. Leane clearly had reviewed and

possessed before trial Hatfield and Johnson's testing results and reports, videos and
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depositions. The district court, therefore, did not abuse its discretion in admitting the

testimony of Hatfield and Johnson. 

 

II.

Versa cross-appeals, inter alia, the district court's denial of discovery sanctions

under Federal Rule of Civil Procedure 37. This court reviews for an abuse of

discretion. See Chrysler Corp. v. Carey, 186 F.3d 1016, 1019 (8th Cir. 1999). Versa

argues that the Crumps sought irrelevant and inadmissible evidence, outside the

bounds of permissible discovery, by pursing information about all previous lawsuits

against Versa Products, Inc. See Fed. R. Civ. P. 26. During discovery, the district

court defined the "substantially similar" incidents that would be admissible. While

the parties differed in identifying "substantially similar" incidents, Versa could not

unilaterally define "substantially similar" to limit the Crumps' discovery. The Crumps

rightfully pursued information, not privileged, “reasonably calculated to lead to the

discovery of admissible evidence.” Fed. R. Civ. P. 26(b)(1). Thus, the district court

did not abuse its discretion by denying discovery sanctions.

 The judgment of the district court is affirmed, and all remaining points raised

in the cross-appeal are dismissed as moot.

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