Notice: This opinion is subject to correction before publication in the PACIFIC REPORTER. 

Readers are requested to bring errors to the attention of the Clerk of the Appellate Courts, 

303 K Street, Anchorage, Alaska 99501, phone (907) 264-0608, fax (907) 264-0878, email 

corrections@appellate.courts.state.ak.us. 

THE SUPREME COURT OF THE STATE OF ALASKA 

CASEY K., 

Appellant, 

v. 

STATE OF ALASKA, 

DEPARTMENT OF HEALTH & 

SOCIAL SERVICES, OFFICE OF 

CHILDREN’S SERVICES, 

Appellee. 

) 

) Supreme Court No. S-14985 

Superior Court No. 3PA-10-00190 CN 

O P I N I O N 

No. 6837 – October 23, 2013 

) 

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Appeal from the Superior Court of the State of Alaska, Third 

Judicial District, Palmer, Eric Smith, Judge. 

Appearances: Janella Combs Kamai, Johnson & Combs, PC, 

Kodiak, for Appellant. Laura Fox, Assistant Attorney 

General, Anchorage, and Michael C. Geraghty, Attorney 

General, Juneau, for Appellee. 

Before: Fabe, Chief Justice, Stowers, Winfree, Maassen, and 

Bolger, Justices. 

STOWERS, Justice. 

I. INTRODUCTION 

A mother appeals the termination of her parental rights to her child. She 

challenges the superior court’s rulings that: (1) the child was a child in need of aid under 
 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

AS 47.10.011; (2) she failed to remedy the conduct that placed the child in need of aid; 

(3) the Office of Children’s Services (OCS) made reasonable efforts to reunify the 

family; and (4) termination of her parental rights was in the child’s best interests.1 

Because all of the superior court’s rulings are supported by the record, we affirm the 

court’s decision to terminate the mother’s parental rights. 

II. FACTS AND PROCEEDINGS 

Cheyenne C.2 was born to Casey K. and Cash C. in May 2005. Cash was 

violent toward Casey; at least once during their relationship he was convicted of 

violating a domestic violence protective order. Casey and Cash initially tried to raise 

Cheyenne together, but they split up in 2009 or 2010 and began sharing custody of 

Cheyenne on an informal, unscheduled basis. Neither parent established a stable home, 

and Cheyenne moved frequently among temporary living situations. 

On September 9, 2010, OCS received a report of concern involving 

“[a]llegations of parental substance abuse and neglect” of Cheyenne, but the report was 

screened out because the family could not be located. Less than two weeks later, OCS 

received another report that was similar in nature. This time, OCS was able to locate the 

family and opened an investigation. 

OCS social worker Cathy Gray conducted interviews with Cheyenne, Cash, 

and Casey as part of OCS’s investigation. Gray reported that Cheyenne “stated her 

mother smokes [marijuana] in front of her.” Casey admitted to occasionally smoking 

marijuana but denied ever using in front of her daughter. Gray requested that Cash, 

Casey, and Casey’s boyfriend (with whom she was living at the time) complete 

1 Although the superior court’s decision also terminated the father’s parental 

rights, he did not appeal; thus we address only the termination of the mother’s parental 

rights. 

2 Pseudonyms are used for the family to protect their privacy. 

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urinalysis (UA) tests, but none of them complied. OCS continued to receive reports that 

both parents were using drugs and that Cheyenne lacked a stable living situation. 

In November 2010 Cash was arrested while Cheyenne was with him. The 

arresting officer contacted Casey’s mother, Brenda, and one of Cash’s friends dropped 

Cheyenne off at Brenda’s house. Brenda tried to locate Casey but was unable to do so, 

and OCS was notified of Cash’s arrest. Rather than take immediate legal custody of 

Cheyenne, OCS worked out a safety plan with Casey whereby Cheyenne would remain 

in Brenda’s care and Casey would submit UA test results to verify her sobriety. Casey 

underwent four of the scheduled UAs: the first two did not produce a sample; the third 

tested positive for THC; and the fourth tested negative for all substances. 

OCS took legal custody of Cheyenne on December 10, 2010, and Cheyenne 

remained in Brenda’s care. At a contested probable cause hearing OCS explained why 

it had concluded that Cheyenne was a child in need of aid. OCS stated it was concerned 

about Casey’s and Cash’s drug use, their lack of stable housing, Casey’s ongoing 

relationships with alleged drug dealers and perpetrators of domestic violence, and 

Cheyenne’s possible exposure to domestic violence. OCS also asserted that Cheyenne 

had missed eight days of school by the third week of September while in Cash’s and 

Casey’s care, though it was unclear whether the missed days occurred when Cheyenne 

was with Cash or with Casey. 

Brenda also testified that Cheyenne was exhibiting troubling behaviors. For 

example, soon after Cheyenne moved in with her, Brenda discovered that Cheyenne kept 

a bag under her bed with a change of clothes, stuffed animals, and food. Cheyenne 

referred to this bag as her “getaway bag” and explained to Brenda that she kept it in case 

she had to leave quickly, because when she was with Cash or Casey she sometimes had 

to leave places in the middle of the night and never knew whether she would return. 

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Brenda also noted that Cheyenne was hoarding items, such as half-eaten candies and 

scraps of paper. 

The superior court found that probable cause existed to believe Cheyenne 

was a child in need of aid under AS 47.10.011(8)(b)(ii) (domestic violence) and 

AS 47.10.011(9) (neglect) and granted OCS temporary custody.3 Cheyenne stayed in 

Brenda’s care, where she has remained ever since. 

In January 2011 OCS established a case plan requiring Casey to complete 

random UAs twice a week, obtain a substance abuse assessment and follow treatment 

recommendations, enroll in a domestic violence program and follow all 

recommendations, visit Cheyenne regularly, and maintain safe and stable housing. OCS 

agreed to pay for UA testing, substance abuse assessments, all necessary referrals, and 

transportation costs. 

OCS case worker Brooke Antonich, who was assigned to the case in March 

2011, did not have contact information for Casey and “pretty much just didn’t know 

where she was or how to get a hold of her.” In May 2011 Casey visited the OCS office 

and left a note with a phone number, but Casey did not answer when Antonich tried to 

call, and the voice mailbox was full. Casey visited the office again the following month 

and left another note with a different phone number, and Antonich was able to make 

contact after leaving several messages. 

Casey was incarcerated on criminal impersonation charges for just over a 

week in June and July 2011. Soon after her release she met with Antonich to discuss her 

case plan for the first time. After the meeting Casey set up an appointment for a 

substance abuse evaluation with a treatment program, but OCS failed to timely submit 

The superior court also found probable cause under AS 47.10.011(10) 

(substance abuse), but this finding pertained only to Cash. 

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required collateral information to the assessor. Lacking the collateral information, the 

assessor relied exclusively on Casey’s self-reporting during the evaluation and concluded 

that Casey did not need any substance abuse treatment. OCS sent the required collateral 

information about three weeks after the July 21, 2011 evaluation, but an updated 

evaluation was not available until March 2012, due in part to OCS’s delay. 

As part of Casey’s case plan OCS arranged for Casey to visit Cheyenne at 

Brenda’s house at least twice a week. Casey’s visits were sporadic: a visitation log 

revealed that Casey was late or failed to show up for nearly two-thirds of the visits from 

September to November 2011, and Brenda testified this was typical behavior for Casey. 

Casey also failed to show up to two meetings with Antonich in October and November, 

and Antonich rarely knew where Casey was living. Casey’s participation in the random 

UA testing program was equally minimal: Antonich testified that Casey only completed 

two or three UAs during OCS’s involvement in the case over the span of two years even 

though random UA testing was always part of her case plan. 

Casey was convicted of eluding a peace officer and incarcerated for over 

a month during December 2011 and January 2012. Casey made efforts to adhere to her 

case plan while incarcerated, completing a parenting class offered by the corrections 

system. However, Brenda did not bring Cheyenne to see Casey while she was 

incarcerated because of a mental health provider’s recommendation and earlier 

discussions with Cash and Casey in which they all agreed that Cheyenne would never 

visit either parent in jail. 

After her release Casey started attending domestic violence education 

classes, and Antonich noted “an improvement” in Casey’s progress as her visits with 

Cheyenne became more consistent. Casey met with Antonich to discuss her case plan 

again in March 2012, and Antonich updated the case plan. Casey informed Antonich 

that she had yet to secure an apartment for herself, but she was staying with her father 

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and intended to move into her own apartment soon. Antonich never heard anything 

further about the apartment, however, and she was unable to locate Casey at her father’s 

house or elsewhere. Casey spoke with Antonich again in April, but she was unable to 

provide Antonich with her contact information. Antonich also expressed concern that 

although Casey had nearly completed the domestic violence education classes, she 

continued to associate with past partners who had been accused of committing domestic 

violence. 

Casey was again arrested and incarcerated in April 2012, this time for 

attempting to falsify a UA by using a device containing another person’s urine. Casey 

was convicted of tampering with physical evidence and sentenced to two years’ 

imprisonment, with one year suspended. Casey was housed in segregation in the 

correctional facility because she allegedly attempted to escape from a pre-trial detention 

facility. As a result, Casey was unable to take advantage of the substance abuse, 

domestic violence, anger management, and parenting programs offered by the 

corrections system. According to her probation officer, Casey was also “written up . . . 

for various incidents” of misconduct while incarcerated. At the time of the termination 

trial, Casey was still incarcerated and housed in segregation, and the escape allegations 

were still under investigation. 

Although Cheyenne did not visit Casey at the jail, Casey saw her daughter 

when she was released on a temporary furlough to attend a family funeral in July. That 

visit went well, and Casey was very attentive to Cheyenne. Casey also wrote letters to 

Cheyenne from prison and spoke to her by phone on one occasion. But phone 

communication had to be arranged by OCS because Casey was housed in segregation, 

and it is unclear whether Casey requested OCS to arrange for additional phone visitation. 

The superior court held a termination trial in November 2012, nearly two 

years after OCS took legal custody of Cheyenne. Antonich testified that it would be in 

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Cheyenne’s best interests to be freed for adoption by her grandparents. Antonich 

expressed concern that it would take at least six to eight months after Casey’s release 

from prison before Casey and Cheyenne could be reunified, and she did not think it was 

appropriate “to delay [Cheyenne’s] permanency any longer.” 

Casey testified to why her parental rights should not be terminated. Casey 

stated that she expected to be released in December, at which time she intended to move 

in with her family, go back to work, obtain a college degree, and follow her case plan so 

she could regain custody. When asked whether her parental rights should be terminated, 

Casey responded, “I know that I wasn’t as serious as I should have been before, and I — 

it’s my own fault for not doing all of it like I should have. But I believe I deserve 

another chance, at least another six months to get everything done.” Casey also stated 

she believed it would take her no more than six months to achieve stability. 

Brenda testified that Cheyenne knew her and her husband as her primary 

caregivers, and she agreed that it would not be in Cheyenne’s best interests to “stay in 

limbo” by putting the termination decision off for another year or so while Casey and 

Cash worked on their case plans. Brenda acknowledged that the termination decision 

was “really, really hard” and stated that she fully intended to encourage Cheyenne to 

maintain relationships with her birth parents. 

At the conclusion of the termination trial Superior Court Judge Eric Smith 

issued oral findings, which were followed the next month by a written order terminating 

Casey’s parental rights. The superior court found by clear and convincing evidence that 

Cheyenne was a child in need of aid pursuant to AS 47.10.011(1) (abandonment), (9) 

(neglect), and (10) (substance abuse). 4 The court found that Casey had done “very little 

The superior court also found Cheyenne to be a child in need of aid under 

AS 47.10.011(2) (incarceration), but this finding pertained only to Cash. 

-7- 6837 

4 
 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

on her case plan”; that “there was ample and credible testimony of neglect of [Cheyenne] 

while she was living with her folks due to the drug use and the lifestyles that were 

induced by the drug use, as well as the fact that both parents have been . . . unavailable 

to [Cheyenne] because they were incarcerated due to their drug use”; and that Casey had 

an “ongoing substance abuse addiction.” 

The superior court also found by clear and convincing evidence that Casey 

had not “remedied the conduct or conditions in the home that put the child at substantial 

risk of harm,” and that OCS “made timely and reasonable efforts as required by 

AS 47.10.086 to effectuate reunification between the parents and the child . . . .” Finally, 

the superior court found by a preponderance of the evidence that termination of Casey’s 

parental rights was in Cheyenne’s best interests. 

Casey appeals from the termination order. 

III. STANDARD OF REVIEW 

In a child in need of aid (CINA) termination proceeding we review a 

superior court’s factual findings for clear error.5

 Factual findings “are clearly erroneous 

if review of the entire record leaves us with a definite and firm conviction that a mistake 

has been made.”6 “Conflicting evidence is generally insufficient to overturn the superior 

court, and we will not reweigh evidence when the record provides clear support for the 

superior court’s ruling.”7

 “Whether a child is in need of aid and whether the parent failed 

5 Christina J. v. State, Dep’t of Health & Soc. Servs., Office of Children’s 

Servs., 254 P.3d 1095, 1103 (Alaska 2011). 

6 Sherman B. v. State, Dep’t of Health & Soc. Servs., Office of Children’s 

Servs., 290 P.3d 421, 427-28 (Alaska 2012) (internal quotation marks omitted). 

7 Id. (quoting Maisy W. v. State, Dep’t of Health & Soc. Servs., Office of 

Children’s Servs., 175 P.3d 1263, 1267 (Alaska 2008)) (internal quotation marks 

(continued...) 

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to remedy the ‘conduct or the conditions that placed the child at substantial risk’ of harm 

are factual findings reviewed for clear error.”8 Whether OCS has made reasonable 

reunification efforts is a mixed question of law and fact.9 Best interests findings are 

factual findings reviewed for clear error.10 Whether the superior court’s factual findings 

satisfy the CINA statutes is a question of law that we review de novo, adopting the rule 

of law that is most persuasive in light of precedent, reason, and policy.11 

IV. DISCUSSION 

In order to terminate parental rights under AS 47.10.088, a superior court 

must find by clear and convincing evidence that: (1) a child is in need of aid under at 

least one of the subsections listed in AS 47.10.011; (2) the parent has not remedied the 

conduct or conditions that caused the child to be in need of aid or that returning the child 

to the parent would put the child at substantial risk of physical or mental injury; and (3) 

OCS has made reasonable efforts to provide family support services to the child and to 

the parent.12 The court must also find by a preponderance of the evidence that 

7

(...continued) 

omitted). 

8 Id. (quoting Pravat P. v. State, Dep’t of Health & Soc. Servs., Office of 

Children’s Servs., 249 P.3d 264, 270 (Alaska 2011)). 

9 Sherman V. v. State, Dep’t of Health and Soc. Servs., Office of Children’s 

Servs., 290 P.3d 421, 428 (Alaska 2012). 

10 Id. 

11 J.S. v. State, 50 P.3d 388, 391 (Alaska 2002). 

12 AS 47.10.088(a). 

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termination is in the child’s best interests.13 

A.	 The Superior Court Did Not Err In Finding That Cheyenne Was A 

Child In Need Of Aid. 

In order to terminate parental rights, the superior court must find by clear 

and convincing evidence that a child is in need of aid under at least one subsection of 

AS 47.10.011.14 Alaska Statute 47.10.011(10) provides that the superior court may find 

a child is in need of aid if “the parent, guardian, or custodian’s ability to parent has been 

substantially impaired by the addictive or habitual use of an intoxicant, and the addictive 

or habitual use of the intoxicant has resulted in a substantial risk of harm to the child.” 

We have explained that the substantial-risk-of-harm requirement is satisfied where a 

parent’s addictions are “at least partially responsible for his current and past 

incarcerations, and . . . his frequent and prolonged absences while incarcerated 

13	 AS 47.10.088(c); CINA Rule 18(c)(3). 

14 AS 47.10.088(a). Casey does not appeal the superior court’s finding that 

Cheyenne was a child in need of aid under AS 47.10.011(9) (neglect) or (10) (substance 

abuse); she appeals only the court’s finding that she abandoned Cheyenne under 

AS 47.10.011(1). But only one statutory basis is required for a CINA finding. See G.C. 

v. State, Dep’t of Health & Soc. Servs., Div. of Family & Youth Servs., 67 P.3d 648, 651 

(Alaska 2003) (affirming superior court’s finding that child was in need of aid under 

AS 47.10.011(1) and declining to review the court’s findings under AS 47.10.011(2) or 

(9) or AS 25.23.180(c)(3), “since one statutory basis is sufficient for finding a child to 

be in need of aid in a termination proceeding”). Casey has therefore waived any 

challenge to the superior court’s finding that Cheyenne was a child in need of aid. See 

Alyssa B. v. State, Dep’t of Health & Soc. Servs., Div. of Family & Youth Servs., 

165 P.3d 605, 618 (Alaska 2007) (“Because either finding [that child was in need of aid] 

alone would support the termination order and because Alyssa does not challenge the 

court’s finding of abandonment, her challenge to the mental illness finding has no impact 

on the outcome of the case.”). Nevertheless, we address the merits of the superior 

court’s substance-abuse finding because it informs our analysis of whether Casey 

remedied her conduct within a reasonable time and whether OCS made reasonable 

efforts to reunify Casey with Cheyenne. 

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substantially impair his ability to parent.”15 

Here, there was abundant evidence in the record of Casey’s substance abuse 

problems. Casey repeatedly failed to participate in the UA testing program required by 

her case plan; Antonich testified that Casey only completed two or three UAs during 

OCS’s nearly two-year involvement in the case even though random UA testing was 

always part of her case plan.16 These missed UAs counted against Casey as failed UAs. 

Moreover, as late as several months before the termination trial, Casey attempted to 

falsify a UA. Casey’s substance abuse directly resulted in her current incarceration, 

which itself prevented Casey from having in-person contact with her daughter. The 

superior court did not clearly err in finding that Cheyenne was a child in need of aid 

under AS 47.10.011(10) and, as we explained above, Casey does not contest this finding 

on appeal. 

Because we affirm the superior court’s finding that Casey’s substance abuse 

issues placed her child in need of aid under AS 47.10.011(10), we need not consider 

whether the superior court’s findings that Cheyenne was a child in need of aid under the 

other subsections of AS 47.10.011 were clearly erroneous.17 

15 David S. v. State, Dep’t of Health & Soc. Servs., Office of Children’s Servs., 

270 P.3d 767, 777 (Alaska 2012) (quoting Stanley B. v. State, DFYS, 93 P.3d 403, 407 

(Alaska 2004)) (internal quotation marks omitted). 

16 OCS indicated in the initial emergency petition that Casey submitted to four 

UAs: one tested clean, one tested positive for THC, and two did not produce a sufficient 

sample. It is unclear whether Antonich’s statement about the number of UAs Casey 

completed took into account only those UAs Casey completed after her case plan was 

created or whether Antonich did not include those UAs that did not produce a sample. 

Either way, the record demonstrates that Casey’s participation in the random UA testing 

program was minimal. 

17 See G.C., 67 P.3d at 651. 

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B.	 The Superior Court Did Not Err In Finding That Casey Did Not 

Remedy Her Substance Abuse Issues In A Reasonable Amount Of 

Time. 

In order to terminate parental rights, the superior court must find by clear 

and convincing evidence that the parent has failed, within a reasonable time, to remedy 

the conduct that placed the child at substantial risk of harm. 18 In making this 

determination, the court may consider “any fact relating to the best interests of the child,” 

including: (1) the likelihood of returning the child to the parent within a reasonable time 

based on the child’s age or needs; (2) the amount of effort by the parent to remedy the 

conduct or the conditions in the home; (3) the harm caused to the child; (4) the likelihood 

that the harmful conduct will continue; and (5) the history of conduct by or conditions 

created by the parent. 19 “The superior court is entitled to rely on a parent’s documented 

history of conduct as a predictor of future behavior.”20 

In finding there was clear and convincing evidence that Casey had not 

remedied the conduct or conditions in the home that put Cheyenne at substantial risk of 

harm, the superior court cited Casey’s failure to complete substance abuse treatment, her 

failure to comply with her probation program, and her lack of “concrete plans” following 

her release from prison. Casey argues she made “substantial progress” toward 

remedying her conduct and, but for OCS’s failure to provide the collateral information 

for her substance abuse evaluation, she would have done so within a reasonable amount 

of time. Casey acknowledges that she initially struggled to follow her case plan, but 

18 AS 47.10.088(a)(2); Sherman B. v. State, Dep’t of Health & Soc. Servs., 

Office of Children’s Servs., 290 P.3d 421, 431 (Alaska 2012). 

19 AS 47.10.088(b). 

20 Sherry R. v. State, Dep’t of Health & Soc. Servs., Div. of Family & Youth 

Servs., 74 P.3d 896, 903 (Alaska 2003). 

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argues that “[o]nce she engaged” she “moved forward with all aspects of her case 

plan[].” OCS responds that even if OCS were at fault for some delay, Casey still had a 

reasonable opportunity to remedy her conduct. OCS contends that “[w]ere it not for 

Casey’s seven-month failure to engage, sporadic contacts with OCS, continued pattern 

of poor decision-making, and commission of criminal acts leading to incarceration and 

segregation, she would have had ample time to complete substance abuse treatment and 

demonstrate sobriety within the two years preceding the termination trial.” 

Casey exaggerates the extent to which she complied with her case plan. As 

described above, Casey made no efforts to participate in her case plan or remedy her 

conduct for the first seven months after OCS took custody of Cheyenne, and Antonich 

testified that she was unable to get in contact with Casey for a four-month period when 

she was first assigned to the case. Casey completed only two to four UAs during the 

entire period of OCS’s involvement even though random UA testing was always 

required by her case plan. All of her missed or incomplete UAs were properly 

considered failed UAs. And although Casey’s progress improved in early 2012, she was 

again incarcerated in April 2012, this time for conduct directly related to her substance 

addictions: Casey attempted to falsify her UA test result by substituting another person’s 

urine for her own. At the time of the termination trial, Casey was still incarcerated, 

housed in segregation, and had an unknown release date. 

Casey properly notes that OCS’s failure to timely provide required 

collateral information to the substance abuse treatment assessor prevented her from 

receiving an accurate substance abuse evaluation for eight months. Although this failure 

may have made it more difficult for Casey to receive immediate treatment for her 

substance abuse issues, it did not preclude her from remedying her substance abuse 

problems within a reasonable time. Cheyenne had been in OCS’s custody for nearly two 

years at the time of the parental rights termination trial, and yet Casey remained 

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incarcerated with an unknown release date. Moreover, Casey received the accurate 

substance abuse evaluation in March 2012, yet she was incarcerated for tampering with 

a UA device a month later.21 

The record suggests that although Casey made some progress toward 

remedying her conduct for a two-month period in the spring of 2012, her overall efforts 

over the nearly two-year period of OCS’s involvement were minimal and sporadic. The 

superior court did not clearly err in finding that Casey failed to remedy her conduct in 

a reasonable time. 

C.	 The Superior Court Did Not Err In Finding That OCS Made 

Reasonable Efforts To Reunify Casey With Cheyenne. 

Casey challenges the superior court’s finding that OCS made reasonable 

efforts to reunify her with Cheyenne, arguing there is insufficient evidence in the record 

to support this finding. Before terminating parental rights, the court must find by clear 

and convincing evidence that OCS has made reasonable efforts to effectuate reunification 

between the parent and the child.22 Alaska Statute 47.10.086 requires OCS to “make 

timely, reasonable efforts to provide family support services to the child and to the 

parents or guardian of the child that are designed to prevent out-of-home placement of 

the child or to enable the safe return of the child to the family home, when appropriate, 

if the child is in an out-of-home placement.”23 As part of these “reasonable efforts,” OCS 

must identify, “actively offer,” and refer the parent to family support services that will 

21 We also note that the treatment assessor’s initial assessment of Casey was 

based exclusively on information which Casey provided. Thus, to the extent the provider 

erroneously concluded that Casey did not need treatment, this error was presumably 

caused by Casey’s own misstatements in her self-reporting. 

22 AS 47.10.088(a)(3). 

23 AS 47.10.086(a). 

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assist him or her in remedying the conduct or conditions in the home that made the child 

24 25 a child in need of aid. OCS must also document its actions. When making 

determinations under AS 47.10.086, “the primary consideration is the child’s best 

interests.”26 

“The efforts that OCS makes must be reasonable but need not be perfect.”27 

We have recognized that OCS maintains “some discretion in determining what efforts 

to pursue and whether the timing is reasonable.”28 Additionally, “[a] parent’s willingness 

to participate in services is relevant to the scope of the efforts OCS must provide.”29 

The superior court found that OCS’s efforts included the development of 

an initial safety plan; the development of case plans; referrals for UAs and substance 

abuse assessments; provision of funds for UAs and assessments; the establishment of an 

“open and liberal” visitation schedule; and the provision of programs by the Department 

of Corrections (DOC) while Casey was incarcerated. The court further found that OCS 

“provided extensive services for the child and there was ongoing contact between [OCS] 

and the parents including phone calls, attempted phone calls to return the parents’ calls 

24 Id. 

25 Id. 

26 AS 47.10.086(f). 

27 Audrey H. v. State, Office of Children’s Servs., 188 P.3d 668, 678 (Alaska 

2008). 

28 Sean B. v. State, Dep’t of Health & Soc. Servs., Office of Children’s Servs., 

251 P.3d 330, 338 (Alaska 2011) (citing Jeff A.C., Jr. v. State, 117 P.3d 697, 706 (Alaska 

2005)). 

29 Sherman B. v. State, Dep’t of Health & Soc. Servs., Office of Children’s 

Servs., 290 P.3d 421, 432 (Alaska 2012) (quoting Sean B., 251 P.3d at 338) (internal 

quotation marks omitted). 

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and a variety of meetings to address the status of the case and the needs of the parents 

and child.” Based on this evidence, the superior court concluded that there was “clear 

and convincing evidence that [OCS] made timely and reasonable efforts as required by 

AS 47.10.086 to effectuate reunification between the parents and the child . . . .” 

As discussed above and as Casey stresses in her appellate brief, OCS’s 

efforts were not perfect: OCS failed to timely provide the required collateral information 

for her substance abuse evaluation (OCS’s delay was three weeks). This three-week 

oversight resulted in Casey having to wait for eight months to receive an accurate 

substance abuse evaluation. But the reasonableness of OCS’s efforts must be viewed “in 

light of the entire history of services” provided,30 and we have repeatedly held that a brief 

lapse in OCS’s provision of services does not foreclose a finding that OCS made 

reasonable efforts toward reunification. 31 Thus, OCS’s delay in providing the collateral 

information to the substance abuse evaluators did not in itself render OCS’s efforts 

unreasonable. And given OCS’s other efforts throughout the history of services, which 

included the creation of a safety plan, the creation of a case plan and at least one update 

of that case plan, the provision of liberal visitation with Cheyenne, a mental health 

30 Erica A. v. State, Dep’t of Health & Soc. Servs., Div. of Family & Youth 

Servs., 66 P.3d 1, 7 (Alaska 2003). 

31 See Roland L. v. State, Office of Children’s Servs., 206 P.3d 453, 456 

(Alaska 2009) (holding that even under the higher “active efforts” burden required in 

Indian Child Welfare Act (ICWA) cases, the fact that OCS failed to make efforts during 

three of the 26 months it was involved in the case was not determinative); Jon S. v. State, 

Dep’t of Health & Soc. Servs., Office of Children’s Servs., 212 P.3d 756, 765 (Alaska 

2009) (holding that OCS made “active efforts” as required by ICWA, even where OCS’s 

efforts temporarily declined when father was incarcerated). 

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assessment for Cheyenne,32 frequent attempts to contact Casey, referrals for services, the 

provision of funds, and DOC’s provision of services while Casey was incarcerated, the 

superior court did not err in concluding that OCS made the requisite “reasonable efforts.” 

Casey also argues that OCS “did not identify and provide any services 

while [Casey] was incarcerated.” Casey asserts that OCS’s “failure to work with the 

correctional facility falls far beneath the appropriate standards that are expected of the 

Department to meet its burden in preventing the ultimate break up of a family.” 

When a parent is incarcerated, DOC rather than OCS has the primary 

responsibility of providing services.33 Although a parent’s incarceration does not relieve 

OCS of its duty to make reasonable efforts, it affects the scope of that duty.34 In the 

context of an ICWA case where OCS bears the higher burden of making “active efforts” 

to promote reunification, we have held: 

A parent’s incarceration significantly affects the scope of the 

active efforts that the State must make to satisfy the statutory 

requirement. While neither incarceration nor doubtful 

prospects for rehabilitation will relieve the State of its duty 

. . . to make active remedial efforts, the practical 

circumstances surrounding a parent’s incarceration — the 

difficulty of providing resources to inmates generally, the 

32 Casey notes that OCS “only obtained one mental health evaluation” of 

Cheyenne and argues that “[n]o other assessments or evaluations were completed to 

show that any contact between mother and child should be restricted[.]” But Casey does 

not provide any grounds why more than one evaluation was needed. Moreover, OCS 

never attempted to restrict contact between Casey and Cheyenne; the case plan provided 

for liberal visitation. 

33 Martin N. v. State, Dep’t of Health & Soc. Servs., Div. of Family & Youth 

Servs., 79 P.3d 50, 56 (Alaska 2003). 

34 Barbara P. v. State, Dep’t of Health & Soc. Servs., Office of Children’s 

Servs., 234 P.3d 1245, 1262 (Alaska 2010). 

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unavailability of specific resources, and the length of 

incarceration — may have a direct bearing on what active 

[ ] remedial efforts are possible. 35

Contrary to Casey’s argument, OCS did identify and make available 

services while Casey was incarcerated. Casey completed a parenting program offered 

by DOC when she was first incarcerated, but she was unable to take advantage of this 

or other programs during her most recent incarceration because she was housed in 

segregation due to her alleged escape attempt.36 Thus, the “practical circumstances” of 

Casey’s situation had a “direct bearing” on the services OCS and DOC could offer her.37 

Cheyenne did not visit Casey while she was incarcerated, but this lack of visitation was 

again due to the parties’ consensus that it would be unhealthy for Cheyenne to visit the 

jail. And although OCS only arranged one phone call between Casey and Cheyenne 

while Casey was housed in segregation, the parties disputed whether Casey requested 

increased phone contact. 

Finally, Casey’s own lack of participation in the services offered by OCS 

supports the superior court’s finding that OCS made reasonable efforts toward 

reunification.38 As described above, Casey consistently failed to follow her case plan 

35 A.A. v. State, Dep’t of Family & Youth Servs., 982 P.2d 256, 261 (Alaska 

1999) (internal quotation marks and alterations omitted); see Barbara P., 234 P.3d at 

1262 (applying A.A. to CINA “reasonable efforts” determination). 

36 Cf. Martin N., 79 P.3d at 56 (rejecting parent’s argument that OCS failed 

to make reasonable efforts, where parent’s “maximum security status — which resulted 

from [his] own actions while in prison — precluded him from taking further classes” 

offered by the prison). 

37 See A.A., 982 P.2d at 261. 

38 See Sherman B. v. State, Dep’t of Health & Soc. Servs., Office of Children’s
 

Servs., 290 P.3d 421, 432 (Alaska 2012); Erica A. v. State, Dep’t of Health & Soc.
 

(continued...)
 

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throughout the duration of OCS’s involvement. Given the entire history of the services 

offered by OCS and Casey’s general lack of participation, we hold that the superior court 

did not clearly err in concluding that OCS made reasonable efforts to reunify Casey with 

Cheyenne. 

D.	 The Superior Court Did Not Err In Finding That Termination Of 

Casey’s Parental Rights Was In Cheyenne’s Best Interests. 

Before parental rights may be terminated, the superior court must find by 

a preponderance of the evidence that termination is in the child’s best interests.39 In 

making this determination, the superior court may consider the same factors it may 

consider to determine whether a parent remedied her conduct within a reasonable time, 

set forth above.40 The court also may consider the presence or lack of favorable present 

placements.41 

The superior court ruled that terminating Casey’s parental rights would be 

in Cheyenne’s best interests. The court found that Cheyenne needed permanency, which 

Casey was unable to provide to her; that there was no evidence that Casey was going to 

change her behavior, and “without change, the best predictor of future behavior is past 

behavior”; that once released, it would take Casey up to two years to prove her sobriety 

and stability; and that it was not in Cheyenne’s best interests “to give [Casey] an 

unlimited amount of time to remedy the harm [she] pose[d]” to Cheyenne. 

Casey argues that “[c]onsidering the bond between mother and child, the 

38(...continued) 

Servs., Div. of Family & Youth Servs., 66 P.3d 1, 8 (Alaska 2003). 

39 AS 47.10.088(c); CINA Rule 18(c)(3). 

40 AS 47.10.088(b). 

41 Sean B. v. State, Dep’t of Health & Soc. Servs., Office of Children’s Servs., 

251 P.3d 330, 339 (Alaska 2011). 

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efforts made by [Casey] that were impeded by the Department[,] and the temporal 

proximity of a near completion of [Casey’s] case plan, there was insufficient evidence 

to show that the best interests of Cheyenne were met with termination of her mother’s 

rights.” 

Casey correctly asserts there was evidence that she and Cheyenne shared 

a bond: at the probable cause hearing in January 2011, Brenda testified that, before her 

recent troubles, Casey had “always been a good mom,” and Brenda also acknowledged 

at the termination trial that Cheyenne had an attachment to Casey. But Casey again 

mischaracterizes the extent to which she complied with her case plan and the extent to 

which OCS’s failure to provide the collateral information for her substance abuse 

evaluation impeded her progress. As described above, Casey failed to participate in or 

even discuss her case plan for the first seven months of OCS’s involvement, and her 

participation remained sporadic and minimal for the next six or seven months. Casey 

complied with some aspects of her case plan for two months in the spring of 2012, but 

she was incarcerated soon after. Casey stated that she thought she would be released in 

December 2012, just a month after the termination trial, and once released it would take 

her no more than six months to achieve stability. But Casey’s actual release date was 

unknown at the time of the trial because she was facing pending escape charges. And 

Antonich testified that it would take at least six to eight months of stability — including 

“clean UAs, working a case plan, steady employment, housing, safe housing, stable 

housing” — before Cheyenne and Casey could be reunified. Notwithstanding the 

evidence of Casey’s bond with Cheyenne,42 it was appropriate for the superior court to 

emphasize Cheyenne’s need for permanency and stability in determining whether 

Brenda also testified that she intended to encourage Cheyenne to maintain 

relationships with her birth parents, indicating that the bond between Cheyenne and 

Casey will not necessarily be severed by the termination of Casey’s parental rights. 

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42 
 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

termination was in her best interests.43 Casey’s incarceration, Casey’s past behavior, and 

Antonich’s time-frame estimation all supported the court’s conclusion that Casey would 

be unable to meet Cheyenne’s needs. 

Casey also argues there was “limited to no evidence presented concerning 

the harm Cheyenne suffered,” and “little history to show any harm” committed by Casey. 

But there was evidence in the record that Cheyenne was “way behind” in school and in 

danger of being held back a grade “because she had missed so much [school]” while in 

Casey’s and Cash’s custody; that Cheyenne maintained a “getaway bag” because she was 

accustomed to hurriedly having to leave places where she would stay with her parents; 

that Cheyenne exhibited “hoarding behavior”; and that Casey’s failure to adhere to the 

visitation schedule upset Cheyenne. The record thus supported the superior court’s 

finding that Casey had harmed Cheyenne in the past, and this past behavior supported 

the court’s finding that termination of Casey’s parental rights would be in Cheyenne’s 

best interests. 

Finally, the presence of Brenda as a favorable placement supported the 

superior court’s conclusion that termination was in Cheyenne’s best interests.44 Antonich 

43 See Barbara P. v. State, Dep’t of Health & Soc. Servs., Office of Children’s 

Servs., 234 P.3d 1245, 1263-64 (Alaska 2010) (holding that a superior court “properly 

considered the children’s need for permanency, a crucial need for young children,” in 

evaluating the best interests of the child in a termination proceeding); Dashiell R. v. 

State, Dep’t of Health & Soc. Servs., Office of Children’s Servs., 222 P.3d 841, 850-51 

(Alaska 2009) (approving of a superior court’s consideration of “the children’s need for 

stability and permanency” in evaluating the best interests of the children). 

44 See Sherman B. v. State, Dep’t of Health & Soc. Servs., Office of Children’s 

Servs., 290 P.3d 421, 434 (Alaska 2012) (“[T]he fact that a child has bonded with her 

foster parent can be a factor in considering whether it is in the child’s best interests to 

terminate a parent’s rights.” (quoting Karrie B. ex rel. Reep v. Catherine J., 181 P.3d 

177, 185 (Alaska 2008))) (internal quotation marks omitted). 

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testified that Cheyenne was “thriving” in Brenda’s home and that it was OCS’s position 

that Cheyenne’s long-term goal should be adoption by her grandparents. Brenda testified 

that Cheyenne viewed her and her husband as her primary caretakers and that she and 

her husband were “100 percent” committed to Cheyenne. Brenda further stated that she 

and her husband were able to provide Cheyenne with stability: notwithstanding her 

earlier problems, Cheyenne was excelling in school at the time of the termination trial, 

and she had developed a routine with Brenda and her husband. The superior court did 

not clearly err in concluding that this evidence, together with the evidence of Casey’s 

conduct, established that termination was in Cheyenne’s best interests. 

V. CONCLUSION 

For the reasons explained above, we AFFIRM the superior court in all 

respects. 

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