In the

Court of Appeals

Second Appellate District of Texas

at Fort Worth ___________________________

No. 02-22-00282-CV

___________________________

On Appeal from the 415th District Court

Parker County, Texas

Trial Court No. CV21-1067

Before Kerr, Birdwell, and Walker, JJ.

Opinion by Justice Birdwell

CSL S WEATHERFORD, LLC AND CAPITAL SENIOR MANAGEMENT S,

INC., Appellants

V. 

SHIRLEY JEAN ARENS, Appellee
2

OPINION

This is an interlocutory appeal challenging the trial court’s denial of a motion to 

dismiss, with prejudice, the health care liability claims of Appellee Shirley Arens 

against Appellants CSL S Weatherford, LLC (“Weatherford”) and Capital Senior 

Management S, Inc. d/b/a1 Martin Crest (“Management”) due to her alleged failure to

serve them with an expert report as required by the Texas Medical Liability Act 

(TMLA). See Tex. Civ. Prac. & Rem. Code Ann. § 74.351(b); see also id. § 51.014(a)(9) 

(allowing interlocutory appeal for denial of motion under Section 74.351(b)).

Because (1) the TMLA authorizes service upon a “party or the party’s attorney”

even before the filing of a health care liability claim and (2) the record reflects Arens

accomplished such pre-suit service upon Appellants through their attorney, we hold 

that the trial court did not abuse its discretion by denying the motion. Accordingly, we

affirm.

1

“D/b/a means ‘doing business as.’” Perkins v. Hicks, No. 02-17-00227-CV,

2018 WL 3968489, at *4 (Tex. App.—Fort Worth Aug. 16, 2018, no pet.) (mem. op.).

Use of the acronym “d/b/a” indicates that the person or business named immediately 

preceding conducts business under an assumed name. See Fettner v. Daniel Jackson & 

Assocs., P.C., No. 14-19-00497-CV, 2021 WL 126396, at *2 & n.2 (Tex. App.—

Houston [14th Dist.] Jan. 14, 2021, no pet.) (mem. op.). “An ‘assumed name’ is a 

word or phrase by which a person may be known to the public, and is not a legal 

entity.” Id. at *2 (quoting CA Partners v. Spears, 274 S.W.3d 51, 69 n.11 (Tex. App.—

Houston [14th Dist. 2008, pet. denied)). In effect, the acronym “d/b/a” identifies two 

or more names as synonyms, “each of which refers to the same person or business.”

Id.
3

I. Background

A. The First Lawsuit

On October 6, 2020, Arens filed suit against Capital Senior Living, Inc. d/b/a

Martin Crest Assisted Living (“Living”) and Mark Sanders, D.O., in the 43rd District 

Court of Parker County, asserting health care liability claims arising from her

residency at the assisted living facility. By way of her petition, Arens alleged the 

negligence of the nursing staff at the facility proximately caused her physical injuries 

due to falls, poor nutrition and hydration, and the development of a Stage III bed

sore. She specifically identified Becky Phillips as the facility director responsible for 

the poor care she received and alleged the facility was vicariously liable for the 

negligence of its nursing staff.

On November 25, 2020, Living filed its original answer, specifically denying

that it was the proper party to be sued or that it did business as Martin Crest Assisted 

Living. By electronically signing the answer, Michael L. Hurst of the Thompson, Coe, 

Cousins & Irons, LLP firm appeared as the attorney of record for Living. Arens 

subsequently nonsuited her lawsuit on March 12, 2021, “for the sole purpose of 

getting the expert report.”

B. The Second Lawsuit and the Chapter 74 Expert Report

On August 17, 2021, Arens refiled her lawsuit in the 415th District Court of 

Parker County, naming Living as the sole defendant. Contemporaneously with the 

filing of her original petition, Arens filed a Chapter 74 expert report, see id. § 74.351, 
4

authored by Donna S. Jones, R.N. The expert report addressed the standard of 

nursing care owed by “Martin Crest Assisted Living Facility” to Arens and named

Becky Phillips and one of the facility’s licensed vocational nurses, T. Tidwell, as 

responsible nursing care providers, but did not identify Living or any other entity as 

the owner or manager of the facility. Soon after filing, counsel for Arens received a 

“Notification of Service” from the electronic filing manager, which identified Hurst—

by both name and the email address he employed in the first lawsuit—as a service 

contact for the expert report, although “not [one] associated with a party on the case.”

The electronic filing envelope further confirmed that Hurst opened the file at 9:02 

a.m. the following day, August 18.

Shortly before filing the second lawsuit on August 17, counsel for Arens had 

emailed Hurst inquiring, “Will you be accepting service on Martin Crest in this case?”

When Hurst did not immediately respond, counsel sent a second email on August 19 

following up on the original. Finally, on August 25, Hurst responded affirmatively:

“Sorry, I was out on vacation—back today. I can accept service if still an option. We 

can say service was today and the answer will be due on or before Monday, September 

20. Does that work?” Counsel for Arens responded a few minutes later: “Yes, sir.”

The next day, another attorney representing Arens forwarded pdf versions of the 

original petition and the expert report to Hurst, copying Arens’s lead counsel on the 

email: “That works. Attached is the Original Petition and Expert Report we filed. 

Answer date on or before September 20th. Thank you.”
5

Consistent with this email agreement, Living filed its original answer in the 

second lawsuit on September 20, 2021,2 and again specifically denied that it was the 

proper party to be sued or that it did business as Martin Crest Assisted Living. Hurst 

again signed the answer as the attorney of record for Living and, also under his

signature, contemporaneously filed Living’s initial disclosures, specifically denying

Living did business as Martin Crest Assisted Living but identifying six different 

potential defendants—two of whom were Appellants Weatherford and Management.

Significantly, Exhibit A attached to these disclosures identified Appellants in 

the following manner as persons with knowledge of relevant facts:

(8) Employees, agents, and representatives of Capital Senior 

Management S, Inc. including Becky Phillips, Terrlynn Tidwell, 

LVN, Christine Lang, Laurie Mayberry, RN, and Jessica 

McDonald, RN

2

“It has long been the law in Texas that waiver of service of process may not be 

made prior to the initiation of the suit.” Gamboa v. Alecio, 604 S.W.3d 513, 517 (Tex. 

App.—Houston [14th Dist.] 2020, no pet.) (first citing McAnelly v. Ward, 12 S.W. 206, 

206–07 (Tex. 1888); and then citing Tex. Civ. Prac. & Rem. Code Ann. § 30.001). 

Rule 119 requires the filing of a verified written memorandum by the defendant or by 

its duly authorized agent or attorney “after suit is brought” to effectuate the waiver

and formally subject the defendant to the trial court’s personal jurisdiction. Tex. R. 

Civ. P. 119. No such verified written memorandum appears in this record. See Macs v. 

Lenahan, No. 04-17-00033-CV, 2018 WL 280469, at *2–3 (Tex. App.—San Antonio 

Jan. 3, 2018, pet. denied) (mem. op.) (holding unsworn Rule 11 agreement between 

attorneys could not serve as valid Rule 119 waiver of citation); Combustion Eng’g, Inc. v. 

Vukich, No. 13-01-750-CV, 2002 WL 34231010, at *4 (Tex. App.—Corpus Christi–

Edinburg Nov. 21, 2002, no pet.) (not designated for publication) (same).

Nevertheless, the subsequent filing of an answer on behalf of Living cured any 

defect in the email agreement reached between counsel. Tex. R. Civ. P. 121 (“An 

answer shall constitute an appearance of the defendant so as to dispense with the 

necessity for the issuance or service of citation upon him.”).
6

c/o Michael L. Hurst

Thompson, Coe, Cousins & Irons

Plaza of the Americas

700 N. Pearl Street, 25th Floor

Dallas, Texas 75201

(214) 871-8200

Manager of Martin Crest during Shirley Arens’[s] residency

(9) CSL S Weatherford LLC

c/o Michael L. Hurst

Thompson, Coe, Cousins & Irons

Plaza of the Americas

700 N. Pearl Street, 25th Floor

Dallas, Texas 75201

(214) 871-8200

Owner of the facility during Shirley Arens[’s] residency at Martin Crest

So, in addition to identifying himself as the attorney of record for Living, Hurst 

further identified himself as the attorney through whom counsel for Arens could 

contact Appellants as owner and manager of Martin Crest Assisted Living, as well as 

those employees identified as knowledgeable of the nursing care provided to Arens at

the facility, including Becky Phillips and Terrlynn Tidwell—both of whom were 

implicated by the expert report.

3

3

When asked to describe documents that may be used to support a claim or 

defense on the part of Living, the disclosures deny possession of any such documents

as to Living but confirm that “records have been produced by a separate potential 

Defendant and bate-stamped [sic] ARENS 000001 through ARENS 000361.” See 

Texaco, Inc. v. Dominguez, 812 S.W.2d 451, 457 (Tex. App.—San Antonio 1991, orig. 

proceeding) (describing Bates-stamping as a numbering system by which documents 

exchanged in anticipation of or during litigation facilitate discovery).
7

C. Arens’s First Amended Petition

On January 4, 2022, Arens filed her first amended petition, alleging the same 

health care liability claims, but adding Appellants Weatherford and Management 

(incorrectly named Capital Senior Management) as new defendants. Arens did not, 

however, file and serve an expert report contemporaneously with her amended 

pleading, as she had with her original petition.

Before filing the amended pleading, counsel for Arens had emailed Hurst 

inquiring whether he would be accepting service of process on behalf of the new 

defendants. Indeed, the amended petition stated, “it is anticipated that attorneys for 

Martin Crest will accept service on behalf of the defendants.” Having not received a 

response, counsel for Arens followed up by email the next day. Hurst responded 

immediately, indicating that he had emailed a recommendation to “the people on my 

end” that he be authorized to accept service for the new defendants but had not yet 

heard back. Neither of these emails referenced any expert report as part of the service 

to be accepted. On January 8, Hurst emailed counsel for Arens confirming that he 

had been given “permission to accept service” for the new defendants but that

Management had been misnamed. Consistent with this email agreement between 

This confirmation of a pre-suit document exchange between Arens and a 

separate “potential Defendant” identified in the disclosures—which included 

Weatherford and Management whom Hurst specifically identified as the facility’s

owner and manager—reasonably suggests Hurst’s participation in the exchange on the

“potential Defendant[’s]” behalf.
8

counsel, Appellants filed their original answer on January 31, 2022. Hurst signed the 

answer as Appellants’ attorney of record.

D. Appellants’ Motion to Dismiss

On June 6, 2022, pursuant to Section 74.351(b), Hurst filed a motion to dismiss

Arens’s health care liability claims against Appellants asserting as grounds her failure

to timely serve any expert report on Appellants and requesting reasonable attorney’s

fees and court costs. The motion conceded that Arens had timely served an expert 

report on Living but categorically denied that such service could be imputed to

Appellants.

Arens responded that the expert report timely served on Living asserted 

negligence specifically against Martin Crest Assisted Living, the assisted living facility 

Living was alleged to be doing business as, and argued that service on Hurst—as 

counsel for “Martin Crest”—constituted service on counsel for Appellants, 

particularly since Hurst identified himself as retained to represent “ALL Defendants.”

After hearing the motion and considering testimony and documentary evidence, the

trial court denied the motion in its entirety. Appellants now challenge that ruling in 

this interlocutory appeal.

II. Discussion

A. Standard of Review

To prosecute a health care liability claim, a claimant must comply with the 

expert report requirement of the TMLA. Id. § 74.351. Section 74.351(a) provides that, 
9

as a prerequisite for filing and maintaining such a claim, “a claimant shall, not later 

than the 120th day after the date each defendant’s original answer is filed . . . , serve 

on that party or the party’s attorney one or more expert reports.” Id. § 74.351(a). 

“Strict compliance with that provision is mandatory.” Zanchi v. Lane, 408 S.W.3d 373, 

376 (Tex. 2013). “If a claimant does not serve an expert report by the statutory 

deadline and the parties have not agreed to extend the deadline, the statute requires, 

with one exception not relevant here, dismissal of the claim with prejudice ‘on the 

motion of the affected physician or health care provider.’” Id. (quoting Tex. Civ. Prac. 

& Rem. Code Ann. § 74.351(b)).

A trial court’s ruling on a motion to dismiss pursuant to Section 74.351(b) is 

subject to review for an abuse of discretion. Am. Transitional Care Ctrs. of Tex., Inc. v.

Palacios, 46 S.W.3d 873, 875 (Tex. 2001); Jackson v. Kindred Hosps. Ltd. P’ship, 565 

S.W.3d 75, 80 (Tex. App.—Fort Worth 2018, pet. denied). “Under an abuse of 

discretion standard, the appellate court defers to the trial court’s factual 

determinations if they are supported by evidence, but reviews the trial court’s legal 

determinations de novo.” Stockton v. Offenbach, 336 S.W.3d 610, 615 (Tex. 2011). “A 

trial court abuses its discretion if it acts in an arbitrary or unreasonable manner 

without reference to any guiding rules or principles.” Walker v. Gutierrez, 111 S.W.3d 

56, 62 (Tex. 2003). In applying this standard, an appellate court may not substitute its 

own judgment for that of the trial court, or otherwise find an abuse of discretion 

merely because it would have ruled differently on the same. See id. To that end, if the 
10

trial court did not file findings of fact or conclusions of law, the reviewing court may 

“uphold the trial court’s ruling on any theory supported by the record and imply any

findings of fact necessary to support its ruling.” Rinkle v. Graf, 658 S.W.3d 821, 824 

(Tex. App.—Houston [14th Dist.] 2022, no pet.).

B. The Meaning of “the Party’s Attorney” Under the TMLA

In Zanchi, the Supreme Court of Texas interpreted the TMLA’s requirement of 

service of an expert report on a “party” to authorize such service upon a health care 

liability defendant not yet subject to the trial court’s personal jurisdiction through

service of process. 408 S.W.3d at 377–79. In so holding, the court expressly 

disapproved of the reasoning of this court and four of our sister courts of appeals

interpreting the term “party” to mean “one who has been named in a[ health care 

liability claim] and served with citation and a copy of the petition, accepted or waived 

such service, or made an appearance.”4 See id. at 377–78. In particular, the court found 

persuasive that the TMLA expressly defined “defendant”—or the intended “party” to 

be served—to mean a “physician or health care provider against whom a health care 

liability claim is asserted” without regard to whether the physician or provider has 

been served with citation. Id. at 378 (quoting Tex. Civ. Prac. & Rem. Code Ann. 

4

See, e.g., Key v. Muse, 352 S.W.3d 857, 860–64 (Tex. App.—Dallas 2011, no

pet.); Carroll v. Humsi, 342 S.W.3d 693, 701 (Tex. App.—Austin 2011, no pet.); Dingler 

v. Tucker, 301 S.W.3d 761, 766–68 (Tex. App.—Fort Worth 2009, pets. denied); 

Carreras v. Zamora, 294 S.W.3d 348, 350 (Tex. App.—Corpus Christi–Edinburg 2009, 

no pet.); Yilmaz v. McGregor, 265 S.W.3d 631, 640 (Tex. App.—Houston [1st Dist.] 

2008, pet. denied).
11

§ 74.351(r)(4)). Consistent with this reasoning, the court held that service of a report 

need not comply with the strict dictates of Rule 106 of the Texas Rules of Civil 

Procedure for service of citation but could be accomplished by one of the methods 

set forth by Rule 21a. Id. at 380–81. Accordingly, the court held that the expert report 

served upon the defendant anesthesiologist via certified mail before the claimant 

accomplished service of citation complied with Section 74.351(a). See id. at 379–81.

The supreme court subsequently clarified its interpretation of the term “party”

in Hebner v. Reddy, to include a physician or health care provider served with an expert 

report “concurrently” with the pre-suit notice mandated by the TMLA, expressly 

rejecting the filing of a petition formally naming the recipient as a defendant as a 

necessary predicate for compliance. 498 S.W.3d 37, 41–43 (Tex. 2016). After serving

an expert report concurrently with pre-suit notice of their claim approximately six 

months before filing suit, the claimants—parents of a baby girl who tragically did not 

survive a delivery by emergency caesarean section—thereafter mistakenly served the

defendant physician with a second report authored by the same expert but critiquing 

care provided to a different patient by a different doctor. See id. at 38–39. In response 

to the defendant physician’s argument that Zanchi required her formal naming in an 

existing lawsuit as a predicate to service of a report, the court observed that “we did 

not mandate that physicians or health[ ]care providers on the receiving end of a 

health[ ]care liability claim must be a ‘party’ to a lawsuit before they could be properly 

served with an expert report.” Id. at 42 (emphasis in original). Indeed, the court noted 
12

that “the statute does not say that the party must be a party at the time the report is 

served, and none of the statute’s other provisions expressly or implicitly prohibit 

service before the defendant is named as a party to the suit.” Id. Accordingly, the 

court held that service of the expert report concurrently with pre-suit notice complied 

with Section 74.351(a). Id. at 43; see also Ransom v. Eaton, 503 S.W.3d 411, 411–12 (Tex. 

2016) (holding expert report properly served on “party” concurrently with pre-suit 

notice).

Although the supreme court has not yet interpreted the meaning of the phrase 

“the party’s attorney” in Section 74.351(a), Zanchi, Hebner, and Ransom strongly suggest

that the referenced attorney need not make a formal appearance on behalf of a named 

defendant in an existing lawsuit before he becomes eligible to accept service of an 

expert report. See Villarreal v. Fowler, 526 S.W.3d 633, 634–35 & n.1 (Tex. App.—Fort 

Worth 2017, no pet.) (observing that, given email service of expert report on her 

attorney two weeks before the filing of suit, defendant licensed professional counselor 

“understandably asserted no argument challenging the pre-suit service”).

The question presented by this appeal, therefore, is whether the evidentiary 

record supports the trial court’s implicit conclusion that Hurst was the attorney for 

Appellants when he accepted service of the expert report concurrently with Arens’s 

original petition naming Living as the sole health care liability defendant. Absent the 

filing of findings of fact and conclusions of law, see Rinkle, 658 S.W.3d at 824, we

conclude that it does.
13

C. Analysis

Appellants argue the failure of Arens to serve an expert report on them 

concurrently with or after filing her first amended petition should decide the question 

decisively in their favor, particularly since Hurst never formally appeared on their 

behalf until he signed and filed their original answer and had previously appeared in 

the first and second lawsuits solely on behalf of Living. Relying on the supreme 

court’s clarification of Zanchi in Hebner, Arens counters that she served Appellants

when she served the report on Hurst concurrently with her original petition and that 

Hurst accepted service as the attorney for “Martin Crest” and later confirmed his 

authority to do so by filing an original answer for Appellants. Appellants respond that 

Hebner is factually distinguishable because, unlike Arens, the claimant parents served 

the defendant physician—not her attorney—with the expert report before filing suit 

against her. Unfortunately, neither Arens nor Appellants support their arguments with 

any post-Zanchi authority describing under what circumstances an attorney is

considered “the party’s attorney” for purposes of pre-suit service of an expert report, 

particularly when representing multiple health care liability defendants, actual or 

eventual.

5

5

Appellants cite Matthews v. Lenoir as post-Zanchi authority suggesting a “party’s 

attorney” becomes so only after a formal appearance. 439 S.W.3d 489, 495–97 (Tex.

App.—Houston [1st Dist.] 2014, pet. denied) (holding timely service of expert report 

on attorney general after formal appearance on behalf of defendant state employer,

but before formal appearance on behalf of defendant nurse employee, did not satisfy 

Section 74.351(a)). But Matthews turned on the unique statutory requirements for 
14

Ironically, the supreme court’s disapproval of our reasoning in Dingler v. Tucker

provides helpful guidance.6 301 S.W.3d 761, 766–68 (Tex. App.—Fort Worth 2009, 

pets. denied), abrogated by Zanchi, 408 S.W.3d at 377–79. By incorrectly foreclosing the 

possibility of “party” status under Section 74.351(a) absent service of process upon a 

triggering attorney general representation of a defendant state employee. See id. at 

496–97 (citing Tex. Civ. Prac. & Rem. Code Ann. § 104.005). “A state employee is not 

served through service on the state attorney general[, however]; service on the 

attorney general is simply a mechanism necessary to ensure that the state is liable for 

the conduct of its employees.” Id. at 497 (citing Hamilton v. Pechacek, No. 02-12-00383-

CV, 2014 WL 1096018, at *2 (Tex. App.—Fort Worth Mar. 20, 2014, no pet.) (mem. 

op.)). Because Section 104.005 “does not designate the attorney general as an agent 

for service of process for public servants” and service of process on the defendant 

nurse employee did not trigger attorney general representation until after the deadline 

for serving an expert report had already passed, as a matter of law, the attorney 

general was not a “party’s attorney” upon whom service of the expert report satisfied 

Section 74.351(a) as to the defendant nurse employee. See id. at 496–97.

The other post-Zanchi case cited by Appellants is also distinguishable. See Univ. 

of Tex. Health Sci. Ctr. at Houston v. Joplin, 525 S.W.3d 772 (Tex. App.—Houston [14th 

Dist.] 2017, pet. denied). In Joplin, the claimants served their expert report on the 

defendant physician, who then forwarded the report to her former government 

employer, the health center, requesting defense and representation. Id. at 775. The 

claimants subsequently amended their petition and substituted the health center for 

the physician as a defendant but never served their expert report on the health center

or its attorney, the attorney general. Id. The Joplin court rejected the argument that 

service may be satisfied when one defendant (physician employee) provides a copy of the

expert report to another defendant (government employer). Id. at 781 (citing Tex. Civ. 

Prac. & Rem. Code Ann. § 74.351(a)). But this case contemplates pre-suit service of 

the report by the claimant herself on a defendant “party’s attorney.” Moreover, 

Appellants are not governmental units represented by the attorney general, like the 

health center in Joplin, and this is not a case involving employee–employer defendants.

6

The supreme court’s disapproval of the very argument urged by this author

during his representation of Dr. Dingler before this court renders that “victory”

retrospectively Pyrrhic in nature, particularly given the necessity of documenting the

error in this opinion. See Dingler, 301 S.W.3d at 766–68.
15

named health care liability defendant, this court avoided the question presented by 

pre-suit legal representation of multiple defendants. Consideration of the factual 

circumstances of Dingler in light of Zanchi and Hebner supports the trial court’s ruling 

in this case.

 1. Dingler v. Tucker

In Dingler, the Tuckers filed their original petition on November 5, 2007, 

alleging health care liability claims against Dr. Dingler and Nocona Medical Clinic. 301 

S.W.3d at 763. They served Nocona with citation by certified mail the following day.

Id. Nocona subsequently filed its original answer on November 26, 2007, signed by its 

attorney of record. Id. at 764. That same day, the Tuckers served Nocona’s counsel—

having formally appeared on behalf of Nocona—with their expert report in 

compliance with Section 74.351(a). Id.

Nocona subsequently challenged the sufficiency of the expert report, both as to

its direct liability alleged therein and as to any vicarious liability asserted due to the 

negligence of Dr. Dingler. See id. “On June 6, 2008, Nocona filed a motion to dismiss 

the Tuckers’ claims.” Id. Significantly, three of Nocona’s filings in this time frame—its 

original answer, its objections to the expert report, and its special exceptions to the 

Tuckers’ original petition—listed its attorneys with the designation “Attorneys for 

Defendant Dingler” or “Attorneys for Defendant Len Dingler, M.D.” in their

signature blocks. Id. at 766 n.2.
16

Then, “approximately seven months after the Tuckers filed the lawsuit, they 

served Dr. Dingler with citation by personal service.” Id. at 764. Dr. Dingler 

subsequently filed his original answer with another attorney—from the same firm as 

counsel for Nocona—formally appearing as his attorney of record by signing the 

pleading on his behalf. Id. “The Tuckers never personally served Dr. Dingler with [the 

expert] report—either before or after service of citation.” Id. He thereafter filed a 

motion to dismiss “on the ground that the Tuckers had failed to comply with 

[Section] 74.351(a) by failing to serve either him or his attorneys with an expert report 

within 120 days after the date the original petition was filed.”7 Id. (emphasis added).

The trial court ultimately sustained Nocona’s objections to the report and granted its 

motion to dismiss, but it denied Dr. Dingler’s motion to dismiss, prompting the 

appeal. Id. at 764.

On appeal, Dr. Dingler argued that the Tuckers failed to comply with Section 

74.351(a) because

(1) he was not served with the report at any time between the filing of 

the original petition and the filing of his motion to dismiss and (2) the 

Tuckers’ service of [the expert] report upon counsel for Nocona in 

November 2007 constituted service on behalf of only Nocona, not him 

too, because—even though he share[d] attorneys with Nocona—at that 

7

Counting February 29 for the leap year 2008, the Tuckers served Dr. Dingler

with citation 219 days after filing their original petition—well beyond the 120-day

deadline for serving their expert report. See id. at 763–64, 766–67. During that time 

frame, they had attempted personal service of citation through certified mail, “but the 

citation, which issued November 5, 2007, was returned unclaimed after the post office 

made several attempts to serve it.” Id. at 763–64.
17

point in time, he had not been served with citation nor had he made an 

appearance in the case.

Id. at 766. A majority of this court agreed, interpreting the term “party” to require

service of citation upon a defendant named in an existing health care liability lawsuit,

thereby foreclosing service of an expert report upon that “party’s attorney” absent 

such service of citation. See id. at 766–67. Accordingly, the majority expressly rejected 

the Tuckers’ argument that service of the report upon Nocona’s counsel should be 

imputed to Dr. Dingler since they subsequently appeared on his behalf. See id.

The majority further rejected the Tuckers’ equitable argument that the court

should impute timely service of the expert report due to Dr. Dingler’s conscious 

decision not to claim certified mail from the clerk of the court, noting the Tuckers’

failure to present any evidence of improper avoidance of service or to cite any authority 

by which we could do so, even if we so found such gamesmanship. Id. at 767–68. 

Finally, the majority implicitly dismissed as a basis for imputation the signing of 

Nocona’s pleadings on behalf of Dr. Dingler by Nocona’s attorney because the 

substance of the pleadings unequivocally demonstrated advocacy on behalf of 

Nocona, not Dr. Dingler. See id. at 766 n.2. Finding an abuse of discretion in the trial 

court’s refusal to grant Dr. Dingler’s motion to dismiss, the majority reversed the trial 

court’s ruling and remanded with instructions to enter an order of dismissal with 

prejudice including an award of reasonable attorney’s fees. See id. at 768, 771.
18

Dissenting from the majority’s decision in favor of Dr. Dingler, Justice Terrie 

Livingston found persuasive the Tuckers’ argument imputing service of the expert 

report upon Nocona’s attorney to Dr. Dingler:

I believe that once Dr. Dingler became a party to the suit—when he was 

served with citation—he was served with the expert report that same day 

because the attorneys who actually represent him in this litigation had 

already been served with the report on behalf of Nocona. While 

Dr. Dingler was not an actual “party” to the suit until June 11, 2008, 

when he was finally served with citation, the service of the expert report 

on Nocona’s and Dr. Dingler’s mutual attorneys, which had occurred 

previously, ripened as to Dr. Dingler on the day he became a party. In 

other words, as to Dr. Dingler, it was a prematurely served report, but 

once service on Dr. Dingler was perfected, so too was service of the

expert report.

Id. at 771–72 (Livingston, J., concurring and dissenting) (footnotes omitted). Further 

observing that the majority’s interpretation of Section 74.351(a) impaired the ability of 

health care liability claimants to comply as to defendants subject to delayed service of

citation and otherwise encouraged avoidance of such service until expiration of the 

120-day deadline, Justice Livingston concluded that “the duty to serve the report 

cannot begin to run until the particular defendant has been made a party” and that 

“Dr. Dingler’s counsel was timely served with the expert report.” Id. at 772.8

8

Because we unanimously sustained the Tuckers’ cross-appeal complaining of

the trial court’s dismissal of their vicarious liability claims against Nocona, they were 

ultimately able to prosecute their allegations of negligence against Dr. Dingler through 

Nocona. See id. at 771.
19

2. St. Luke’s Episcopal Hospital v. Poland

Another pre-Zanchi dissenting opinion, the reasoning of which we find equally 

persuasive, is that of Justice Terry Jennings in St. Luke’s Episcopal Hospital v. Poland, 

wherein he and Justice Jane Bland rejected the majority’s ruling that an expert report 

could be served on a party’s attorney only after the filing of a lawsuit. 288 S.W.3d 38, 

49–55 (Tex. App.—Houston [1st Dist.] 2009, pet. denied) (op. on reh’g) (Jennings, J., 

dissenting from denial of en banc reconsideration). The dissent interpreted former 

Section 74.351(a) to contemplate pre-suit service of an expert report upon a party’s 

attorney when counsel for the defendant health care providers responded to the 

claimants’ properly served pre-suit notice of claim by identifying themselves as 

counsel for the health care providers and inviting settlement negotiations and counsel 

for the claimants faxed a copy of an expert report to them in furtherance of such 

negotiations. See id.

Indeed, Justice Jennings’s dissent, joined by Justice Bland, anticipated Hebner in 

concluding that “[n]othing in former [S]ection 74.351(a) precludes a claimant from

serving an implicated physician or health care provider with her expert report . . .

along with an original petition or prior to the actual filing of such a claim in court,” so 

“service of the expert report directly upon counsel for [the health care providers] was 

more than adequate.” See id. at 53. The St. Luke’s dissent would have held that the trial 

court did not abuse its discretion in concluding the same. See id. at 53, 54 (“Setting 

aside the trial court’s express finding that the [claimants] had timely served their 
20

expert report on the [health care providers’] attorneys . . . under these circumstances 

constitutes a misapplication of the former Section 74.351(a).”).

3. Abrogation of Dingler and St. Luke’s

Given the Zanchi court’s abrogation of the majority’s interpretation of Section 

74.351(a) in Dingler and St. Luke’s, the Dingler and St. Luke’s dissents provide

persuasive authority contemplating service of an expert report on a party’s attorney

before the attorney makes a formal appearance on its behalf, even after the attorney has 

appeared formally on behalf of another related defendant. Nevertheless, neither Zanchi

nor its progeny embraced the retrospective imputation of service the Dingler dissent

suggests; instead, the evidentiary record must demonstrate the existence of an 

attorney–client relationship between the party and the attorney concerning the very 

health care liability claim made the subject of the expert report. See Ransom, 503 

S.W.3d at 411–12; Hebner, 498 S.W.3d at 41–43; Zanchi, 408 S.W.3d at 377–79; see also 

St. Luke’s, 288 S.W.3d at 53 (Jennings, J., dissenting from denial of en banc 

reconsideration).

For example, in Dingler, counsel for Nocona signed Nocona’s original answer 

identifying himself and his firm as counsel of record for both Nocona and

Dr. Dingler. The Tuckers thereafter served their expert report (which imputed 

Dr. Dingler’s medical negligence to Nocona vicariously) on said counsel in support of 

their health care liability claims against both. The trial court could have reasonably 

inferred from that exchange that counsel for Nocona and counsel’s firm were
21

Dr. Dingler’s attorneys for purposes of Section 74.351(a) service, despite the 

undisputed fact that Dr. Dingler had yet to be served with citation. The trial court’s 

inference could have been confirmed by (1) the two subsequent pleadings with 

signature blocks referencing the firm’s representation of Dr. Dingler as a defendant in 

the lawsuit and (2) the firm’s eventual formal appearance on his behalf. See Dingler, 301

S.W.3d at 766 n.2. By way of contrast, given that none of the three pleadings 

substantively advocated for any party other than Nocona, the trial court would not 

have abused its discretion by declining to find a sufficient attorney–client relationship

at the time of the Tuckers’ service of the report on counsel for Nocona. See id. (“The 

substance of the filings demonstrate that they are made on behalf of only Nocona.”).

4. The Evidentiary Record in the Current Lawsuit

Appellants categorically deny that Hurst was their attorney for service of an

expert report until, at the earliest, he obtained their permission to accept service of 

process on their behalf and emailed counsel for Arens to that effect. During the 

hearing on Appellants’ motion to dismiss, Hurst testified:

My name is Michael L. Hurst; I’m an attorney in Dallas, Texas[,] with the 

law firm of Thompson, Coe, Cousins, and Irons. I was retained to 

represent Capital Senior Living, Inc. in a lawsuit brought by Ms. Arens.

In that capacity, I filed an original answer for that defendant. At 

the time that the original petition was filed against Capital Senior Living, 

Inc., an expert report was served on me as counsel of Capital Senior 

Living, Inc. on or about August 17[], 2021.
22

Capital Senior Living, Inc.’s original answer was filed 09/20/2021. 

In that answer, it was asserted that Capital Senior Living, Inc. was not a 

proper party to the action.

Subsequent to the answer being filed for Capital Senior Living, 

Inc., the plaintiff chose to sue Capital -- CSL Weatherford, LLC and 

Capital Senior Management S, Inc.

Subsequent to the filing of that petition, I was retained to 

represent these two defendants. The original answer was filed on January 

31[], 2022. From the time that the First Amended Petition was filed, on 

January 4, 2022, until May 31[], 2022, no expert report was served upon 

me as counsel for CSL Weatherford, LLC or on me as counsel for 

Capital Senior Management S, Inc. I have never received any type of 

expert report during the time period that I represented these two new 

defendants.

On cross, Hurst denied that he represented Martin Crest Assisted Living or knew who 

did business as Martin Crest Assisted Living. More specifically, when asked which of 

the two legal entities he represented “does business” as Martin Crest Assisted 

Living—Weatherford or Management—Hurst dissembled: “I’m not prepared to tell 

you that under oath, I’m sorry. I don’t know if it’s them, Capital Senior Living, Inc., 

or somebody else. I don’t know.”

Finally, when confronted with the email from counsel for Arens inquiring 

whether he would accept service on “Martin Crest” and his affirmative response 

thereto, Hurst testified: “I don’t know. I’m not denying it; I just don’t know the 

e-mail.” Asked the same question a second time, Hurst again denied familiarity with 

the email exchange: “I don’t know what the e-mail says, but if you just want to put it 

into evidence. But I don’t know what the e-mail says.”
23

Hurst’s testimony is not supported by the evidentiary record. Significantly, 

Hurst himself introduced the documentary evidence that contradicted critical portions 

of his sworn testimony, including Living’s original answer and its initial disclosures.

9

Moreover, by identifying Appellants and Martin Crest employees as persons with 

knowledge of the health care liability claims asserted by Arens and instructing that 

they be contacted not by their individual or business addresses and telephone 

numbers but strictly “c/o Michael L. Hurst [of] Thompson, Coe, Cousins & Irons,”

Hurst formally confirmed his authority to accept correspondence and 

9

Hurst testified to not knowing which, if any, of the three entities he

represented did business as Martin Crest Assisted Living: Living, Weatherford, or 

Management. On the contrary, Hurst introduced for the trial court’s consideration the 

original answer he signed and filed on behalf of Living, which specifically denied “that 

it does business as Martin Crest Assisted Living.” See W.C. Turnbow Petroleum Co. v. 

Fulton, 194 S.W.2d 256, 257 (Tex. 1946) (“Counsel should sign their names to motions 

and pleadings ‘to make themselves responsible for what is stated in them, and so as to 

leave no doubt as to the parties for whom they appear.’” (quoting Simmons v. Fisher, 46 

Tex. 126, 129 (1876))); In re Valliance Bank, 422 S.W.3d 722, 726 (Tex. App.—Fort 

Worth 2012, orig. proceeding [mand. denied]) (en banc op. on reh’g) (“An attorney’s 

signature on a pleading certifies that he has read the document and that to the best of 

his knowledge, information, and belief, formed after reasonable inquiry, the instrument is 

not groundless and not brought in bad faith or for the purpose of harassment.”

(emphasis added) (citing Tex. R. Civ. P. 13)).

Hurst also introduced Living’s initial disclosures wherein, by his signature, he 

specifically identified Weatherford and Management as the owner and manager, 

respectively, of “Martin Crest.” See Tex. R. Civ. P. 191.3(b) (“The signature of an 

attorney or party on a disclosure constitutes a certification that to the best of the 

signer’s knowledge, information, and belief, formed after a reasonable inquiry, the 

disclosure is complete and correct as of the time it is made.” (emphasis added)); In re 

Allied Chem. Corp., 227 S.W.3d 652, 657 (Tex. 2007) (orig. proceeding) (observing that 

parties and the attorneys who sign discovery responses on their behalf certify that a 

response is complete “based on all information reasonably available to the responding 

party or its attorney at the time the response is made”).
24

communications on behalf of Appellants as their attorney the very same day and 

contemporaneously with his making a formal appearance on behalf of Living. See 

Regalado v. State, 934 S.W.2d 852, 854 (Tex. App.—Corpus Christi–Edinburg 1996, no 

writ) (affirming default judgment in a bond forfeiture proceeding and concluding that 

the only fair and reasonable construction of the return of citation identifying “Name: 

c/o Maria Regalado” as the recipient indicated “that the executing officer left the 

citation in the care of Maria Regalado; that is, in Maria Regalado’s own hands”

(emphasis in original)); see also W. Union Tel. Co. v. Young, 13 S.W. 985, 985 (Tex. 1890)

(“The direction to ‘Mrs. N. Young, care of W.R. Henry & Co.,’ has the same meaning 

and legal effect as it would have had if the direction had been ‘to W.R. Henry & Co., 

for Mrs. Young.’”); In re Panek-Hortman, 593 B.R 400, 402 (Bankr. W.D.N.Y. 2018) 

(observing letters “c/o” are “a common abbreviation that stands for the words ‘in 

care of’” typically used “to identify a third party to whom mail is being sent on behalf 

of the intended recipient”).

In other words, the evidentiary record considered by the trial court supported a 

reasonable inference that Hurst was the “party’s attorney” for Living, Weatherford,

and Management not only at the time of his formal appearance on behalf of Living

but also at the time he agreed to and did accept service of both the original petition 

and the expert report on behalf of “Martin Crest.” This inference is supported by 

both Hurst’s apparent pre-suit participation in the production of records from Martin 
25

Crest10 and by his formal appearance on behalf of Living, Weatherford, and 

Management in defense of the health care liability claims brought by Arens. And the 

subsequent email exchange between counsel for Arens and Hurst confirming Hurst’s

authority to accept service of citation on behalf of Appellants did not conclusively 

contradict the reasonable inference that he was the “party’s attorney” for Appellants

at the time he accepted service on behalf of “Martin Crest,” given the more restrictive 

process due for formally appearing. See supra note 2 (observing that effective service of 

citation upon a named defendant’s attorney requires the filing of a verified written 

memorandum).

Accordingly, deferring as we must to the trial court’s implicit finding that Hurst 

was the attorney for Appellants when counsel for Arens served him with the expert 

report by email on August 25, 2022, we conclude the trial court did not abuse its 

discretion in denying the motion to dismiss. See United Healthcare of Tex., Inc. v. Low-T 

Physicians Serv., P.L.L.C., 660 S.W.3d 545, 552 (Tex. App.—Fort Worth 2023, no pet.) 

(observing the trial court “is the sole judge of the witnesses’ credibility and the weight 

to be given their testimony” when acting as the factfinder).

10As noted above, Hurst reasonably suggested his participation in a pre-suit 

document exchange on behalf of a separate “potential Defendant” identified in the 

initial disclosures—well before making a formal appearance on behalf of Living or 

Appellants—particularly when he identified Weatherford and Management “c/o 

Michael L. Hurst.
26

III. Conclusion

Having overruled Appellants’ sole issue on appeal, we affirm the trial court’s

order denying Appellants’ motion to dismiss in its entirety.

/s/ Wade Birdwell

Wade Birdwell

Justice

Delivered: April 6, 2023