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IN THE SUPREME COURT OF THE STATE OF IDAHO

Docket No. 42141

HILARY BETH CANDLAND FIRMAGE fka 

HILARY SNOW,

 Plaintiff-Respondent,

v.

HOWARD HUNTER SNOW,

 Defendant-Appellant.

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Boise, September 2014 Term

2015 Opinion No. 35

Filed: April 1, 2015

Stephen W. Kenyon, Clerk

SUBSTITUTE OPINION. THE 

COURT’S PRIOR OPINION 

DATED FEBRUARY 26, 2015 IS 

HEREBY WITHDRAWN

Appeal from the Magistrate Court of the Fourth Judicial District of the State of 

Idaho, Ada County. Hon. Russell A. Comstock, Magistrate Judge.

The custody modification order of the magistrate court is affirmed.

Howard Hunter Snow, appellant pro se argued.

Ludwig Shoufler Miller Johnson LLP, Boise, for respondent. Daniel A. Miller 

argued.

_____________________

J. JONES, Justice

This case was brought before the magistrate court as a request for modification of the 

child custody arrangement of the parties’ four children, in which Hilary Firmage sought sole 

custody and permission to relocate. The parties orally stipulated to resolve the custody matter in 

favor of the future recommendations that would result from a child custody evaluation that was 

ongoing at that time. When the evaluation was made available, the magistrate court ordered a 

custody modification conforming to the evaluator’s recommendations. Snow appealed the 

modification order. Following argument, we temporarily remanded the case to the trial court to 

issue specific written findings and conclusions as to the best interests of the children in this case. 

Such written findings and conclusions have been furnished for the record and the parties have 

had the opportunity to supplement their briefing with regard to the same. We affirm. 

I.

FACTUAL AND PROCEDURAL BACKGROUND
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Ms. Hilary Firmage and Mr. Howard Snow were married from 1992 until 2010, when 

they stipulated to a divorce based on irreconcilable differences. They had four children during

that time. From the time of their divorce in 2010 until January 2014, the custody arrangement 

was that the children spent all weekdays and the last weekend of each month with Firmage and 

spent the first three weekends of each month with Snow. In 2012, both parties sought

modification of the custody arrangement, Snow seeking 50/50 custody and Firmage seeking sole 

custody and permission to relocate to Utah to live with her new husband. Trial was set for 

November 2013. Upon Firmage’s motion, the court appointed Dr. Robert Engle to perform a 

child custody evaluation. At the time of the pre-trial conference, Dr. Engle had not yet finished 

the evaluation, and Snow went to the conference under the impression that the trial would be set 

to a later date because of the delay in getting the evaluation. When the matter of the custody 

evaluation was raised at that conference, Snow orally offered to resolve the case in favor of the 

forthcoming recommendations of the custody evaluator to avoid the necessity of a trial. Firmage 

accepted the offer. The court accepted the parties’ stipulation, vacated the trial, and suggested 

that the parties meet following the release of the custody evaluation to work out any details not 

addressed in that evaluation. The court also stated that the parties would have a conference with 

the court following release of the recommendations where the court would make a record of the 

stipulation and enter an order on the custody issues.

Dr. Engle’s completed report recommended, among several other things, that: (1) 

Firmage be permitted to relocate to Utah with the three youngest children, of which she was to 

have sole legal custody; (2) Snow was to have sole legal custody of the oldest child;1 and (3) for 

the first year of the arrangement, Snow’s contact with the three youngest children would consist 

of approximately six weeks of the year when they would stay with Snow and weekly thirtyminute phone calls with the children, which were to be recorded to ensure no disparaging 

remarks were made to the children about Firmage. Upon receipt of the custody evaluation, the 

court set a status conference, and Firmage’s attorney sent Snow a copy of a proposed final order 

that adopted the recommendations. Snow responded to Firmage’s attorney, expressing his strong 

disagreement with the recommendations and saying he would not go along with their stipulation

to abide by those recommendations. Firmage moved the trial court for an interim order allowing 

 1 According to a finding of fact by the magistrate court, the eldest child was born in November of 1996 and therefore 

attained adulthood during the pendency of this appeal. The issue of such child’s custody is therefore rendered moot. 
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her to relocate to Utah with the three youngest children, for enforcement of the pre-trial 

stipulation, and for entry of final judgment as per the evaluator’s recommendations. At a January 

27 hearing on Firmage’s motion, Snow argued the recommendations were contrary to Idaho law 

and that the court should not enforce the pre-trial stipulation. Finding that Snow was no longer 

willing to abide by his stipulation and that there would be prejudice to Firmage and the children 

if Snow were not held to his stipulation, the magistrate court made a final order for custody 

modification. The court stated that the custody evaluation “I think covers all of the—considers 

properly the factors that support the 32-717. He’s an experienced custody evaluator, and I just 

don’t see there’s a reasonable basis to allow you to rescind your agreement, Mr. Snow.”

The court then vacated the status conference that had been scheduled for February. Snow 

moved to reconsider. In March, the trial court heard argument and denied Snow’s motion to 

reconsider. This Court then granted Snow’s motion for permissive appeal under I.A.R. 12.1. 

Following argument on appeal, we temporarily remanded the case to the magistrate court to issue

written findings as to the best interests of the children. Having now received those findings, we 

affirm the magistrate court.

II.

ISSUES ON APPEAL

1. Whether the magistrate court abused its discretion in ordering the child custody 

modification.

2. Whether the order requiring that Snow’s phone calls with his children be recorded 

violates his constitutional right to privacy.

3. Whether Firmage is entitled to attorney fees on appeal.

III.

ANALYSIS

A. The magistrate court did not abuse its discretion in ordering the child custody 

modification.

In his appeal, Snow does not directly attack specific findings of fact made by the 

magistrate court, nor does he raise issues as to which of the parties bore the burden of proof. 

Rather, Snow argues that the magistrate court abused its discretion by “failing to correctly 

analyze the best interests of the children as directed by I.C. § 32-717, and failing to clearly state 

the reasons why a denial of joint custody was orders [sic] as dictated by I.C. § 32-717B.” He also 

argues that the magistrate court abused its discretion by relying on the evaluator’s findings and 
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adopting those findings as its own. In his supplemental brief submitted after the entry of the 

magistrate court’s written findings, Snow expands on this argument, claiming that the magistrate 

court erred in relying upon Dr. Engle’s findings because they were unreliable and inadmissible 

hearsay. 

This Court set out the applicable standard of review in Suter v. Biggers, 157 Idaho 542, 

546, 337 P.3d 1271, 1275 (2014):

A trial court’s child custody decision will not be overturned absent an abuse of 

discretion. A trial court does not abuse its discretion as long as the court 

recognizes the issue as one of discretion, acts within the outer limits of its 

discretion and consistently with the legal standards applicable to the available 

choices, and reaches its decision through an exercise of reason. When the trial 

court’s decisions affect children, the best interests of the child is the primary 

consideration.

(Internal citation and quotations omitted). 

Idaho Code section 32-717(1) provides that “the court may, before and after judgment 

[for divorce], give such direction for the custody, care and education of the children of the 

marriage as may seem necessary or proper in the best interests of the children.” That section goes 

on to provide a list of factors the trial court may consider in making its custody determination, 

(a) The wishes of the child's parent or parents as to his or her custody;

(b) The wishes of the child as to his or her custodian;

(c) The interaction and interrelationship of the child with his or her parent or 

parents, and his or her siblings;

(d) The child’s adjustment to his or her home, school, and community;

(e) The character and circumstances of all individuals involved;

(f) The need to promote continuity and stability in the life of the child; and

(g) Domestic violence as defined in section 39-6303, Idaho Code, whether or 

not in the presence of the child.

I.C. § 32-717(1). “This list of factors is not exhaustive or mandatory and courts are free to 

consider other factors that may be relevant.” Bartosz v. Jones, 146 Idaho 449, 454, 197 P.3d 310, 

315 (2008). The factors are relevant to a determination of physical custody, legal custody, and 

relocation of the custodial parent. See id. at 454–55, 197 P.3d at 315–16. Except in a case 

involving a parent who is a habitual perpetrator of domestic violence, “there shall be a 

presumption that joint custody is in the best interests of a minor child or children,” which 

presumption may be overcome by a preponderance of the evidence to the contrary. I.C. § 32-
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717B(4)&(5). If a court “declines to enter an order awarding joint custody, the court shall state in 

its decision the reasons for denial of an award of joint custody.” I.C. § 32-717B(1).

The Idaho Rules of Family Law Procedure2 (IRFLP) authorize the trial court to appoint a 

“parenting time evaluator” to

investigat[e] and analy[ze] the best interest of children with regard to disputed 

parenting time issues . . . [with t]he purpose of . . . provid[ing] the Court with 

information it may consider to make decisions regarding custody and parenting 

time arrangements that are in the child's best interest. This is accomplished, 

among other things, by assessing the capacity to parent, and the developmental, 

emotional, and physical needs of the child. Unless otherwise specified in the 

order, evaluators must consider and respond to the factors set forth at Idaho Code 

Section 32-717.

IRFLP 719.A. An evaluator may be appointed “in any action involving custody of minor 

children to assist the trier of fact with matters that affect the best interest of the child.” IRFLP

719.B. “The court may consider the information contained in the report in making a decision on 

the parenting plan, and the Idaho Rules of Evidence do not exclude the report from 

consideration.” IRFLP 719.I.

IRFLP 104.F provides that when the parties enter a stipulation, that stipulation to the 

court is “considered as a joint motion by the parties to the court for its consideration, and shall 

not be binding on the court.” Therefore, the trial court has discretion to accept or reject the 

stipulation in the first place and to later bind the parties to, or release them from, that stipulation. 

An “[o]ral stipulation[] of the parties in the presence of the court [is] generally held to be binding 

[on the parties], especially when acted upon or entered on the court records.” Kohring v. 

Robertson, 137 Idaho 94, 99, 44 P.3d 1149, 1154 (2002). So, although the court is not bound by 

the parties’ stipulations to certain facts or evidence, the parties are so bound and are not in a 

position to later challenge those facts or evidence. See Ratliff v. Ratliff, 129 Idaho 422, 425, 925 

P.2d 1121, 1124 (1996).

In Ratliff, the parties had stipulated to a modification of a custody order based solely on 

the recommendations of Dr. Craig Beaver, who had acted as a negotiator between the parties in a 

high conflict custody dispute. Id. The only difference between Ratliff and this case is that there

the expert’s recommendations were known at the time the parties stipulated to abide by them. 

 2 On January 1, 2013, the Fourth Judicial District adopted a pilot version of the Idaho Rules of Family Law 

Procedure. On July 1, 2014, it formally adopted the final version of those rules, which apply to all modification 

proceedings thereafter filed. IRFLP 101.A.
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The mother objected to certain of Dr. Beaver’s recommendations after he placed them on the 

court record but this Court held she was bound by “the stipulation that was represented before 

the magistrate court.” And, further, “[b]ecause we conclude that the parties stipulated to a change 

in custody, we do not consider [mother’s] other arguments concerning the sufficiency of the 

evidence supporting the order.” Id. (citing Perry v. Schaumann, 110 Idaho 596, 598, 716 P.2d 

1368, 1370 (Ct. App. 1986) (stating that stipulations are a form of judicial admission which 

obviate the necessity for proof of facts within the ambit of the stipulation)). 

The IRFLP provisions and Ratliff, together with the parties’ stipulation to resolve the 

custody issues in accordance with Dr. Engle’s recommendations, address Snow’s claims as to the 

admissibility and reliability of Dr. Engle’s recommendations. At the time the parties entered into 

their stipulation, it does not appear that they knew what Dr. Engle was going to recommend. 

However, it cannot be argued that his report, including the findings and recommendations, was 

somehow inadmissible or unreliable evidence for the court to consider.

Because the parties cannot agree to divest the court of its discretionary power in favor of 

another decision-maker, when they agreed to resolve the custody matter in accordance with Dr. 

Engle’s recommendations, the parties were in substance agreeing to allow Dr. Engle’s custody 

evaluation to be the only evidence the trial court considered in making its independent decision 

as to the best interests of the children. A custody evaluator can be a valuable tool in custody 

decisions. He or she has the opportunity to spend one-on-one time with the children in the case, 

observe the children interacting with the parents, and witness first-hand the environments in 

which the children would be living if in the custody of each parent. Although not binding on the 

court, it is clearly proper for trial judges to give careful consideration to the recommendations of 

a parenting time evaluator in determining what is in the best interests of the children. Dr. Engle:

listed over eighty sources he consulted before making his final report; considered, among other 

items, letters of recommendation, court documents, police records, and the children’s report 

cards; personally interviewed each child and adult involved; observed the children interacting 

with the parents and siblings in each parent’s home; conducted psychological evaluations of the 

parents and their partners; and submitted a thirty-seven page report explaining what he had done, 

what he had found, what he was recommending, and why he considered the custody 

recommendations were best for the interests of the children. In the course of his investigation, 

Dr. Engle was able to observe things the court would have been unable to observe in the 
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courtroom setting. This type of in-depth analysis is what makes a parenting time evaluation such 

a valuable tool.

In ultimately deciding to modify the parties’ child custody arrangement in a way that 

conformed to Dr. Engle’s recommendations, the trial court properly weighed the evidence in that 

evaluation as it applied to the pertinent statutory factors. Considering those factors, the trial court 

noted the parents’ wishes regarding custody were apparent from each of their pleadings and the 

custody evaluation. Firmage desired sole custody and permission to relocate. Snow desired an 

equally shared arrangement. As to the wishes of the children, the court found the evidence to 

show that, while none of the children wanted to relocate to Utah, the oldest child wished to live 

with Snow, the second oldest child wished to live with Firmage, and the two youngest children 

were more ambivalent about the custody arrangement they desired. These desires of the children 

were reflected in the report of Dr. Engle’s interviews with the children.

Based on the parties’ history before the court as well as Dr. Engle’s report on interviews 

with the parents and children, the court found the case involves substantial on-going conflict 

between the parents to which the children were regularly exposed, coupled with a lack of mutual 

support between the parents. The court noted that in such cases it places greater weight on (1) the 

children’s interactions with their parents and siblings, (2) the character of the individuals 

involved, and (3) the need to promote stability in the children’s lives, especially the younger 

children.

The children’s interactions with their parents and siblings support the custody 

modification. The court found the children were over-exposed to parental conflict, primarily 

caused by Snow. It stated the conflict was overburdening the parties’ second child, was causing 

depression to the point of suicidal ideation in their third child, and was causing overeating in 

their fourth child. The court found the situation was sufficiently deteriorated that there would not 

likely be a positive change unless a modification to the custody arrangement was made. These

findings with respect to the children’s interactions with their parents and each other are 

supported by the following evidence in the evaluation.

Dr. Engle’s report showed Snow had told the parties’ second child an inappropriate 

amount of information about the parties’ divorce. The child has shown and expressed a desire not 

to see Snow at all. On one occasion the child went to Snow’s house and ended up calling 

Firmage, saying he wanted to hurt himself, requiring the police to respond. The child stated that 
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“Dad threatens to leave us all the time because we’re not loyal to him. I have to go to my mom 

and say we want 50/50 [custody].” The child said that Snow threatened to take him out of his 

established school district if the child wanted to stay with Firmage. He stated that Snow “for 

several years bad mouthed [Firmage].” The child said that Snow is not truthful with him. When 

Dr. Engle asked the youngest child what he would wish for if he had three wishes, the youngest 

child’s first wish was that Snow would be nicer to the parties’ second child, which demonstrates 

the degree of hostility between the two. Dr. Engle opined that the custody battle has forced the 

child into a sense of hyper-responsibility that is too big a burden for a child of his age.

The parties’ third child said that Snow told him that if he wanted to see Firmage, Snow 

“was done with” the child. The child said that Snow was talking to him a great deal about the 

conflict between Snow and Firmage. He reported that “because of the custody battle” he had said 

at one point that he “was really stressed and wanted to die.” This resulted in an emergency room 

visit. Dr. Engle stated, “As a result of this documented suicidal ideation and semi-structured 

suicide plan, [the child] was referred to Saint Alphonsus Hospital.” The child was prescribed 

Celexa, an antidepressant. Dr. Engle stated that “[the child] has described being suicidal a 

number of times to various individuals, including several third-party professionals.” The child 

told one medical professional that the causes of his suicidal thoughts included Snow’s campaign 

for 50/50 custody and Snow’s chronic disparagement of Firmage. Additionally, Dr. Engle found 

the child to be very frightened of Snow’s reaction to an expression of the child’s desire for 

anything other than a 50/50 custody arrangement.

As to the parties’ fourth child, Dr. Engle’s evaluation showed the child did not have a lot 

of energy and had a weight problem. Dr. Engle concluded the child’s overeating “is a symptom 

of the unhappiness he goes great lengths to conceal.” When staying at Snow’s house, the child 

often requested to sleep in bed with Snow, which Dr. Engle concluded is a symptom of anxiety 

and negative mood. When asked what he would wish for if he could have three wishes, the child 

responded, “My dad to be nicer to [the parties’ second child], my step-dad to be nicer to [the 

parties’ oldest child], and my dad and mom to be nicer to each other.” The fact that all three of 

the child’s greatest wishes involved reducing conflict in familial relationships highlights how 

severe the problem was with the current arrangement. It is clear that the regular exposure to 

conflict was adversely affecting all the children’s relationships with each parent.

In addition to deteriorating relationships, the court found the comparison of each party’s 
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character to favor primary custody of the three youngest children to be with Firmage in Utah. 

The court found Snow had inappropriately used the dispute as a tool to measure and influence 

the children’s loyalty to each parent. It further found that Firmage’s motivations in relocating

were to benefit the children by withdrawing the family from the constant conflict and putting 

them in a more stable financial situation. These findings are also supported by substantial 

evidence in the evaluation. On multiple occasions, Snow damaged Firmage’s property, the most 

severe case being when Snow threw a piece of concrete curbing through Firmage’s front 

window, causing damage to property inside her house as well. Snow has repeatedly filed 

contempt actions and called the police for minor incidents. The evaluation shows that Snow has 

continued to expose the children to aspects of the divorce that are not appropriate for them to 

know. Snow admits to talking to his children about the parental disputes. Despite the effects of 

Snow’s actions, Dr. Engle opined that Snow “lacked insight into how his negative feelings 

toward [Firmage] were adversely affecting the children.”

The trial court found all the evidence discussed above showed that Snow’s behavior is 

destabilizing to the children. Although the children were established in their homes, schools, and 

communities in Ada County, Idaho, merely being in the same living situation for many years 

does not necessarily equate to continuity and stability. There are many things in Dr. Engle’s 

report that evidence psychological discontinuity and instability. Ultimately, the court found the 

relocation would result in significantly improved stability for the children because their exposure 

to the conflict would be significantly reduced. As the trial court stated, moving to Utah may 

require a short-term adjustment for the children that they may not like at first, but the distance 

from the conflict will likely benefit them in the long term. Additionally, the new situation would 

also provide more financial stability to the children, as Firmage’s husband has secured more 

lucrative employment in Utah. 

Both in hearings at the trial level and in the trial court’s written findings of fact, the court 

correctly recognized the question of child custody modification to be within its discretion. By 

properly applying the statutory factors to this case and weighing them against one another, the 

trial court acted within the scope of its discretion and consistently with the applicable legal 

theories. Additionally, the court issued a thorough, well-reasoned analysis in its Findings of Fact 

and Conclusions of Law, showing that it reached its decision by the exercise of reason. Therefore 
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we hold that the trial court did not abuse its discretion in ordering the modification.3

B. The trial court’s order that Snow’s conversations with his children be recorded does 

not violate his right to privacy.

Snow argues that the trial court’s order violates his constitutional right to privacy by 

ordering that his phone calls with his children be recorded.4 Protecting the best interests of 

children is a compelling state interest sufficient to warrant certain limits on their parents’ 

fundamental constitutional rights when those limits are necessary to protect the children’s best 

interests. See Bartosz, 146 Idaho at 462–63, 197 P.3d at 323–24.

5 The limitation on a parent’s 

fundamental right “is necessary to serve a compelling government interest when it is the least 

restrictive way to achieve the government’s objective.” Id. at 463, 197 P.3d at 324.

Here, the children’s psychological well-being and their relationships with their mother 

and siblings are at stake with respect to their phone calls with Snow. There is evidence in the 

record that Snow has continued to manipulate the children and expose them to elements of the 

divorce and custody battle to which it is not appropriate for them to be exposed. There is 

evidence that Snow consistently speaks about Firmage disparagingly to the children and 

pressures them to side with him in the dispute. Dr. Engle concluded that a primary cause of the 

“psychological and behavioral disturbances” the children are experiencing is their “overexposure to their parents’ conflict with one another,” and that this over-exposure is primarily 

being created and maintained by Snow. The court ordered the recording of phone calls for the 

first year of the new custody arrangement to ensure the disparaging remarks about Firmage and 

her husband do not continue to contribute to psychological disturbance in the children’s lives. 

Given that the conflict between the parents has apparently been ongoing since their divorce four 

years ago, further steps are necessary to put an end to it. Although Snow claims the phone-call 

 3 Additionally, Snow appealed the trial court’s decision not to release Snow from the parties’ pre-trial stipulation. He 

argued that it was an abuse of discretion not to release the parties under Idaho Rule of Civil Procedure 6(e)(3) “at the 

expense of the children’s best interests.” Because today we affirm the trial court’s finding that the modification is in 

the children’s best interests, we need not address Snow’s argument that is based on the premise that the stipulation 

was upheld at the expense of the children’s best interests.

4 As we stated in Cowles Publishing Company v. Kootenai County Board of Commissioners, “The Federal 

Constitution protects a ‘zone of privacy.’ This includes an individual's interest in having certain personal matters 

remain private. However, the exact contours of this zone of privacy are not well established.” 144 Idaho 259, 265, 

159 P.3d 896, 902 (2007) (internal citations omitted). Snow has not cited any authority for the proposition that the 

recording of his weekly thirty-minute phone calls with the children for the duration of one year is a situation that 

falls under the protection of the fundamental right to privacy. For purposes of the Court’s analysis today, we assume, 

but do not decide, that it does.

5 Although Bartosz is in the context of a restriction on a parent’s constitutional right to travel, the Court’s reasoning 

applies equally well in this case.
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recording implicates his right to privacy, it is not an overly-restrictive limitation. At most, he is 

only exposed to being recorded for thirty minutes per week for one year from the date of the 

order, which was January 30, 2014.

6 Further, if Snow feels he simply cannot abide by the order 

because he must speak disparagingly about Firmage, he is not required to make the weekly 

phone call, and then he will not be subjected to the phone-call recording. Finally, these phone 

calls are not the only form of communication Snow has with his children. The custody 

modification ordered that the children would spend approximately six weeks with Snow over the 

course of the year, and there does not appear to be any restrictions on his ability to engage in 

written communication with the children. Because the alleged violation of his right to privacy is 

so limited, it appears to be the least restrictive means of achieving the necessary state interest of 

ensuring these children’s psychological well-being and positive familial relationships.

C. Firmage is not entitled to attorney fees on appeal.

Firmage seeks attorney fees on appeal under Idaho Code section 12-121 and Idaho Rule 

of Civil Procedure 54(e)(1) because she argues Snow brought the appeal without a legal or 

factual basis. This Court will not award attorney fees under that statute “if the losing party 

brought the appeal in good faith and presented a genuine issue of law. In normal circumstances, 

attorney fees will only be awarded when this Court is left with the abiding belief that the appeal 

was brought, pursued or defended frivolously, unreasonably or without foundation.” Clearwater 

REI, LLC v. Boling, 155 Idaho 954, 962, 318 P.3d 944, 952 (2014) (internal citations and 

quotations omitted).

Though we are not persuaded by his arguments, it appears that Snow initially appealed

based on a good faith belief that the trial court had abused its discretion in failing to expressly 

analyze the best interests of the children in written findings of fact and conclusions of law. Snow 

made a number of reasonable arguments based on his reading of the relevant statutes and case 

law. Therefore, we are not left with the belief that this appeal was brought frivolously, 

unreasonably, or without foundation, and attorney fees are not appropriate.

IV.

CONCLUSION

We affirm the magistrate court’s order of the child custody modification. Costs are 

awarded to Firmage, but no attorney fees.

 6 It is worth noting that, at the time of this opinion, the first year following the trial court’s order has passed.
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Chief Justice BURDICK, and Justices EISMANN and HORTON, and Justice Pro Tem 

WALTERS CONCUR.