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Filed 4/19/22; Certified for Publication 5/16/22 (order attached)

IN THE COURT OF APPEAL OF THE STATE OF CALIFORNIA

THIRD APPELLATE DISTRICT

(Sacramento)

----

NSHAN SIMONYAN,

Plaintiff and Appellant,

v.

NATIONWIDE INSURANCE COMPANY OF 

AMERICA,

Defendant and Respondent.

C091100

(Super. Ct. No. 

34201800240790CUBCGDS)

This dispute between Nshan Simonyan and his insurer, Nationwide Insurance

Company of America (Nationwide), involves Nationwide’s handling of his defense in an 

action arising out of a three-car accident in which Simonyan was a driver. Simonyan 

asked Nationwide to appoint, as Cumis1 counsel, a law firm that he had already hired to 

advance his affirmative claim against the driver who hit him. Nationwide refused. 

1 San Diego Federal Credit Union v. Cumis Ins. Society, Inc. (1984) 162 Cal.App.3d 358 

(Cumis).
2

Simonyan appeals from a judgment of dismissal after the trial court sustained 

Nationwide’s demurrer to his second amended complaint without leave to amend. 

Simonyan argues his allegations were sufficient to state claims for breach of contract and 

breach of the implied covenant of good faith and fair dealing, and that the trial court 

abused its discretion in denying his motion to reconsider based on new allegations. We 

will affirm the judgment.

I. BACKGROUND

In the operative complaint, Simonyan alleges that, on October 18, 2017, he came 

to a stop near an intersection and was rear-ended by a truck. He alleges the impact forced 

his car to hit the car in front of him. 

At the time of the accident, Simonyan was insured by Nationwide. He contacted 

them to make a claim. He alleges that, after taking his statement regarding what 

happened, Nationwide made an internal decision that he was liable for causing the 

accident. 

Simonyan retained Gavrilov & Brooks to represent him with respect to the 

collision. In December 2017, Simonyan filed suit against the driver of the truck that hit 

him. 

In May 2018, Simonyan notified Nationwide that he had been sued by the driver 

of the car that he had hit. Under the terms of the policy, Nationwide had agreed to “pay 

damages for ‘bodily injury’ or ‘property damage’ for which any ‘insured’ becomes 

legally responsible because of an auto accident. . . . We will settle or defend, as we 

consider appropriate, any claim or suit asking for these damages. In addition to our limit 

of liability, we will pay all defense costs we incur.” The policy requires Simonyan, as a 

person seeking coverage, to “[c]ooperate with [Nationwide] in the investigation, 

settlement or defense of any claim or suit.” 

Simonyan requested that Nationwide appoint Gavrilov & Brooks as Cumis

counsel. Simonyan argued there was a conflict of interest between him and Nationwide 
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because Nationwide had already determined he was liable for causing the accident. 

Further, he argued Gavrilov & Brooks was already familiar with the case. Nationwide 

denied there was a conflict of interest, but agreed to appoint outside counsel “as an 

accommodation to the insured’s concerns.” Nationwide appointed the law firm of Porter 

Scott. Simonyan complained this failed to correct the alleged conflict of interest and 

created a new conflict of interest because Nationwide often retains Porter Scott, and the 

law firm “would have an incentive to litigate in a way that would cause [Nationwide] to 

send the firm more work.” Simonyan further contended representation by two law firms 

would hinder his ability to receive fair treatment at trial and complicate the discovery 

process. 

Nationwide replied that it would not pay for Gavrilov & Brooks as Cumis counsel 

and demanded that Simonyan cooperate with Porter Scott and Nationwide, or else 

Nationwide would decline to pay any defense costs or judgments against him in the 

defense action. Nationwide stated its internal decision that Simonyan was at fault for the 

collision was not a final decision and it had a financial interest in vigorously defending

him. 

Several months later, in October 2018, Nationwide raised Simonyan’s policy 

premiums based on its determination that he was at fault for the October 2017 collision 

and removed various discounts. 

In the interim, Simonyan had initiated this action against Nationwide. The 

original complaint and the second amended complaint both allege two causes of action: 

(1) breach of the implied covenant of good faith and fair dealing, and (2) breach of 

contract. 

Nationwide demurred to the second amended complaint on the grounds that 

neither cause of action stated facts sufficient to constitute a cause of action. The trial 

court sustained the demurrer without leave to amend. 
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Simonyan filed a motion for reconsideration based on Porter Scott’s subsequent 

refusal to sign a substitution of attorney allowing Gavrilov & Brooks to withdraw from 

the action. The court denied the motion. 

The court entered judgment dismissing Simonyan’s second amended complaint 

with prejudice. Simonyan filed a timely appeal. 

II. DISCUSSION

A. Standard of Review

“It is well established that a demurrer tests the legal sufficiency of the complaint. 

[Citations.] On appeal from a dismissal entered after an order sustaining a demurrer, we 

review the order de novo, exercising our independent judgment about whether the 

petition states a cause of action as a matter of law. [Citations.] We give the petition a 

reasonable interpretation, reading it as a whole and viewing its parts in context. 

[Citations.] We deem to be true all material facts that were properly pled. [Citation.] 

We must also accept as true those facts that may be implied or inferred from those 

expressly alleged. [Citation.] We may also consider matters that may be judicially 

noticed, but do not accept contentions, deductions or conclusions of fact or law.” (City of 

Morgan Hill v. Bay Area Air Quality Management Dist. (2004) 118 Cal.App.4th 861, 

869-870; see also Blank v. Kirwan (1985) 39 Cal.3d 311, 318.)

“If the court sustained the demurrer without leave to amend, as here, we must 

decide whether there is a reasonable possibility the plaintiff could cure the defect with an 

amendment. [Citation.] If we find that an amendment could cure the defect, we conclude 

that the trial court abused its discretion and we reverse; if not, no abuse of discretion has 

occurred. [Citation.] The plaintiff has the burden of proving that an amendment would 

cure the defect.” (Schifando v. City of Los Angeles (2003) 31 Cal.4th 1074, 1081.)

We review a trial court’s ruling on a motion for reconsideration under the abuse of 

discretion standard. (New York Times Co. v. Superior Court (2005) 135 Cal.App.4th 206, 

212.) 
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B. Breach of Contract

Simonyan argues he sufficiently pled a breach of contract claim based on 

Nationwide’s refusal to provide independent counsel. The second amended complaint

alleged this refusal is a breach of Nationwide’s contractual duty to defend. 

“Generally, an insurer owing a duty to defend an insured, arising because there 

exists a potential for liability under the policy, ‘has the right to control defense and 

settlement of the third party action against its insured, and is . . . a direct participant in the 

litigation.’ [Citations.] The insurer typically hires defense counsel who represents the 

interests of both the insurer and the insured. [Citations.] In this ‘usual tripartite 

relationship existing between insurer, insured and counsel, there is a single, common 

interest shared among them. Dual representation by counsel is beneficial since the shared 

goal of minimizing or eliminating liability to a third party is the same.’ ” (Long v. 

Century Indem. Co. (2008) 163 Cal.App.4th 1460, 1468.) 

“In the landmark Cumis opinion, the court held that if a conflict of interest exists 

between an insurer and its insured, based on possible noncoverage under the insurance 

policy, the insured is entitled to retain its own independent counsel at the insurer’s 

expense. [Citation.] [¶] The Cumis opinion was codified in 1987 by the enactment of 

Civil Code section 2860, which ‘ “clarifies and limits” ’ the rights and responsibilities of 

insurer and insured as set forth in Cumis.” (James 3 Corp. v. Truck Ins. Exchange (2001) 

91 Cal.App.4th 1093, 1100, fn. omitted (James 3).) 

Civil Code section 2860 provides, in relevant part:

“(a) If the provisions of a policy of insurance impose a duty to defend upon an 

insurer and a conflict of interest arises which creates a duty on the part of the insurer to 

provide independent counsel to the insured, the insurer shall provide independent counsel 

to represent the insured unless, at the time the insured is informed that a possible conflict 

may arise or does exist, the insured expressly waives, in writing, the right to independent 

counsel. . . .
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“(b) For purposes of this section, a conflict of interest does not exist as to 

allegations or facts in the litigation for which the insurer denies coverage; however, when 

an insurer reserves its rights on a given issue and the outcome of that coverage issue can 

be controlled by counsel first retained by the insurer for the defense of the claim, a 

conflict of interest may exist.” 

The duty to provide independent counsel “ ‘is not based on insurance law but on 

the ethical duty of an attorney to avoid representing conflicting interests.’ ” (James 3, 

supra, 91 Cal.App.4th at p. 1101.) “ ‘As statutory and case law make clear, not every 

conflict of interest triggers an obligation on the part of the insurer to provide the insured 

with independent counsel at the insurer’s expense.’ ” (Ibid.) “A mere possibility of an 

unspecified conflict does not require independent counsel. The conflict must be 

significant, not merely theoretical, actual, not merely potential.” (Dynamic Concepts, 

Inc. v. Truck Ins. Exchange (1998) 61 Cal.App.4th 999, 1007.) 

“Some of the circumstances that may create a conflict of interest requiring the 

insurer to provide independent counsel include: (1) where the insurer reserves its rights 

on a given issue and the outcome of that coverage issue can be controlled by the insurer’s 

retained counsel [citations]; (2) where the insurer insures both the plaintiff and the 

defendant [citation]; (3) where the insurer has filed suit against the insured, whether or 

not the suit is related to the lawsuit the insurer is obligated to defend [citation]; (4) where 

the insurer pursues settlement in excess of policy limits without the insured’s consent and 

leaving the insured exposed to claims by third parties [citation]; and (5) any other 

situation where an attorney who represents the interests of both the insurer and the 

insured finds that his or her ‘representation of the one is rendered less effective by reason 

of his [or her] representation of the other.’ ” (James 3, supra, 91 Cal.App.4th at p. 1101.) 

Here, Nationwide has agreed to defend without any reservation of rights and none of the 

first four circumstances apply. There remains the catch-all principle that a “[c]onflict of 

interest between jointly represented clients occurs whenever their common lawyer’s 
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representation of the one is rendered less effective by reason of his representation of the 

other.” (Spindle v. Chubb/Pacific Indemnity Group (1979) 89 Cal.App.3d 706, 713.) 

However, Simonyan’s claim that there is a conflict of interest does not rely on the catchall standard either.

Simonyan argues a conflict of interest exists because there is a “significant risk”

Porter Scott’s representation of his interests will be “materially limited.” This proposed 

standard is derived from rule 1.7(b) of the Rules of Professional Conduct, which 

provides, in relevant part: “A lawyer shall not . . . represent a client if there is a 

significant risk the lawyer’s representation of the client will be materially limited by the 

lawyer’s responsibilities to or relationships with another client, a former client or a third 

person, or by the lawyer’s own interests.” (Italics added.) Even if we assume the right to 

independent counsel attaches at this point, the standard is unhelpful to Simonyan because 

his allegations do not meet it. One of the comments to the rule explains this paragraph

applies where “there is a significant risk that a lawyer’s ability to consider, recommend or 

carry out an appropriate course of action for the client will be materially limited as a 

result of the lawyer’s other responsibilities, interests, or relationships, whether legal, 

business, financial, professional, or personal.” (Com. 4 to Rules Prof. Conduct, rule 

1.7(b).) “The mere possibility of subsequent harm” is insufficient. (Ibid.) “The critical 

questions are the likelihood that a difference in interests exists or will eventuate and, if it 

does, whether it will materially interfere with the lawyer’s independent professional 

judgment in considering alternatives or foreclose courses of action that reasonably should 

be pursued on behalf of each client.” (Ibid.) Simonyan has not alleged facts sufficient to 

show such a likelihood. 

Simonyan argues there is a conflict of interest because “[h]e thought the driver 

who rear-ended him was at fault for the collision and filed an action against the driver, 

whereas Nationwide determined Simonyan was at fault.” Simonyan alleges Nationwide 

raised his premiums and removed his driving discounts based on this determination. He 
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cites no authority that concludes that when an insurance company raises premiums based 

on its belief of fault, it now has a conflict of interest. Regardless of Nationwide’s belief 

of Simonyan’s fault, it is required by the insurance policy to pay for his defense and any 

damages. Simonyan acknowledges Nationwide did not reserve its rights and agreed to 

defend the claim fully. Thus, Nationwide’s interest in the litigation is to defeat liability 

and minimize any damages. (See James 3, supra, 91 Cal.App.4th at p. 1103 [explaining 

that the interests of the insured and insurer did not conflict vis-à-vis the defense of causes 

of actions the insurer had agreed to defend without a reservation of rights]; cf. Nede

Mgmt., Inc. v. Aspen American Insurance Company (2021) 68 Cal.App.5th 1121, 1135 

[explaining that belief of managing underwriter and insurer-appointed counsel that 

insureds would be bad witnesses “is not a conflict of interest. If [insurer-appointed 

counsel] had entertained such a view, it is part of an attorney’s honest assessment about 

the merits of a case”].) The suggestion that Porter Scott would work against Simonyan’s

interest in the litigation because Nationwide has raised Simonyan’s premiums based on 

its assessment of fault is no more than a mere possibility. Simonyan argues his 

contractual duty to cooperate “crystalizes” the conflict. He posits a scenario where a 

lawyer appointed by Nationwide “will prepare him to testify one way based on 

Nationwide’s belief that he was at fault,” and he must “choose to cooperate with 

Nationwide’s position that he is at fault, or he can choose to speak the truth and lose his 

defense counsel.” Alleging “anticipated circumstances” that “have not occurred yet in 

the underlying litigation” is insufficient to state a claim that independent counsel is 

required. (Centex Homes v. St. Paul Fire & Marine Ins. Co. (2015) 237 Cal.App.4th 23, 

31.) Simonyan has failed to establish any error with respect to the trial court’s sustaining 

of the demurrer as to his breach of contract claim.

C. Breach of Implied Covenant of Good Faith and Fair Dealing

Our Supreme Court has explained “ ‘[there] is an implied covenant of good faith 

and fair dealing in every contract [including insurance policies] that neither party will do 
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anything which will injure the right of the other to receive the benefits of the 

agreement.’ ” (Gruenberg v. Aetna Ins. Co. (1973) 9 Cal.3d 566, 573.) “The precise 

nature and extent of the duty imposed by such an implied promise will depend on the 

contractual purposes.” (Egan v. Mutual of Omaha Ins. Co. (1979) 24 Cal.3d 809, 818.) 

Simonyan argues he sufficiently alleged a claim for breach of the implied 

covenant of good faith and fair dealing based on Nationwide’s selection of Porter Scott

instead of the counsel he had already retained. He relies primarily on Barney v. Aetna 

Casualty & Surety Co. (1986) 185 Cal.App.3d 966 (Barney). We find this case unhelpful 

to his position. 

In Barney, the insured was injured in an automobile accident and retained her own 

attorney to represent her in her personal injury claim against the driver of the other 

vehicle. (Barney, supra, 185 Cal.App.3d at p. 970.) Meanwhile, the other driver filed a 

personal and property damage action against the insured. (Ibid.) As the appellate court 

explained, the insurer met its obligation under the contract to defend and indemnify the 

insured by hiring counsel on her behalf and settling the claim within policy limits. (Id. at 

p. 975.) The insurer had no duty to file a cross-complaint because “nothing in the policy 

provisions imposes upon the insurer the duty to prosecute claims of the insured against 

third parties.” (Ibid.) However, the insured alleged that the insurer was aware of her

“substantial counterclaim” against the driver and effectuated a settlement agreement 

without her knowledge that operated to bar that counterclaim. (Id. at p. 976.) The court 

held this was sufficient to allege a cause of action for breach of the implied covenant of 

good faith and fair dealing. (Id. at p. 973.) The insurer had argued that “the insured’s 

right to prosecute a claim against third parties is not a right under the policy and therefore 

the covenant of good faith and fair dealing does not come into play.” (Id. at p. 977.) The 

court disagreed: “Defendant’s interpretation of what constitutes a right under the policy 

is too narrow when viewed in light of the reasonable expectations of the insured. . . . An 

insured reasonably expects that the insurer, in using the authority granted under the 
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policy, will not knowingly effect a settlement which works to the detriment of the 

insured. The insured can hardly be said to have received any benefit from the policy of 

insurance if that benefit is totally voided by a countervailing detriment imposed upon him 

by the insurer without his consent.” (Ibid.) The court held the insurer “had a duty not to 

knowingly use its discretionary power under the policy to effect a settlement in a manner 

injurious of [the insured]’s rights.” (Id. at p. 978.) Simonyan’s allegations do not 

implicate Nationwide’s power to effect a settlement. They implicate Nationwide’s right 

to control the defense it must provide under the contract. (See James 3, supra, 91 

Cal.App.4th at p. 1106.) Regardless, Simonyan’s allegations fail to state a claim for 

breach of the implied covenant of good faith and fair dealing. 

The potential harms Simonyan identifies are not protected by the implied covenant 

of good faith and fair dealing in his insurance policy. Simonyan argues Nationwide 

breached this implied covenant in part by reminding him of his duty to cooperate under 

the terms of the policy. Further, he argues having two law firms represent him would 

increase litigation fees and costs. He asserts that two law firms “would needlessly 

complicate the discovery process and trial presentation” and “create problems because 

the trial court would likely not allow two attorneys who both represent Simonyan to 

conduct voir dire, cross-examine a single witness, and deliver an opening statement and a 

closing argument.” “[A] liability insurance policy’s purpose is to provide the insured 

with a defense and indemnification for third party claims within the scope of the coverage 

purchased, and not to insure the entire range of the insured’s well-being.” (Western 

Polymer Technology, Inc. v. Reliance Ins. Co. (1995) 32 Cal.App.4th 14, 27 [alleged 

injury to business reputation insufficient].) What Simonyan describes is the reality of the 

parties’ rights under the policy—Nationwide has a duty to defend and in the absence of a 

conflict it has a right to control the defense litigation and ask for cooperation. (See, e.g., 

Swanson v. State Farm General Ins. Co. (2013) 219 Cal.App.4th 1153, 1160 [insured had 

“right to take control of the litigation with an attorney of its choosing and to cease paying 
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. . . Cumis counsel chosen by [the insured], after [insurer] withdrew its Cumis-triggering 

reservation of rights”].) It would not be reasonable for Simonyan to expect otherwise 

based on their agreement. As the trial court noted, Civil Code section 2860, subdivision

(f) provides: “Where the insured selects independent counsel pursuant to the provisions 

of this section, both the counsel provided by the insurer and independent counsel selected 

by the insured shall be allowed to participate in all aspects of the litigation. Counsel shall 

cooperate fully in the exchange of information that is consistent with each counsel’s 

ethical and legal obligation to the insured. Nothing in this section shall relieve the 

insured of his or her duty to cooperate with the insurer under the terms of the insurance 

contract.” Thus, even when Cumis counsel is provided, these issues may still exist. 

Simonyan argues that “it seems probable that Nationwide thinks that by insisting 

Simonyan has a ‘duty to cooperate,’ it could later force him to compromise his collateral 

rights or lose his defense under the policy on the ground that he failed to ‘cooperate.’ ” 

The main authority on which Simonyan relies is perhaps the best illustration of the 

counterpoint. The insurer in Barney breached the implied covenant of good faith and fair 

dealing by directing that counsel enter into a settlement agreement that allegedly caused 

the insured to lose her claim for personal injuries. Moreover, given Barney’s holding that 

an insurance company has “a duty not to knowingly use its discretionary power under the 

policy to effect a settlement in a manner injurious of [the insured]’s rights,” we do not see 

how we can infer a probability that such a breach would occur. (Barney, supra, 185 

Cal.App.3d at p. 978.) The trial court did not err in granting the demurrer as to 

Simonyan’s claim for breach of the implied covenant of good faith and fair dealing.

D. Motion for Reconsideration and Leave to Amend

Simonyan filed a motion for reconsideration pursuant to Code of Civil Procedure 

section 1008. The statute provides that, within 10 days after service of notice of entry of 

an order, a party may make a motion to reconsider “based upon new or different facts, 

circumstances, or law.” (Code Civ. Proc., § 1008, subd. (a).) Simonyan’s motion 
12

asserted that, after the trial court sustained Nationwide’s demurrer without leave to 

amend, he determined he could not afford to pay Gavrilov & Brooks and decided that he 

did not want two law firms to represent him in the same action. Simonyan sent a 

substitution of attorney to Porter Scott for signature, and Porter Scott did not sign. An 

attorney with Porter Scott explained, “I am not interested in taking Mr. Simonyan’s 

plaintiff personal injury case and I will not be signing the substitution of attorney.” 

Simonyan argued this refusal established a conflict of interest and he should be permitted 

to amend his complaint on that basis “because Porter Scott is not adhering to its ethical 

duties to him.” The trial court denied the motion for reconsideration. On appeal, 

Simonyan argues the trial court abused its discretion in denying leave to amend based on 

Porter Scott’s refusal to sign the substitution of attorney. We disagree.

The court explained that it “finds that Porter[] Scott’s ‘refusal’ to represent 

plaintiff in his capacity as a personal injury claimant creates no conflict of interest which 

justifies the reconsideration of the . . . order sustaining the demurrer to the [second 

amended complaint] without leave to amend. In short, neither defendant Nationwide nor 

Porter[] Scott is under any obligation to represent plaintiff in connection with his own 

affirmative personal injury claims given that the subject insurance policy is by its own 

terms otherwise limited to providing plaintiff with a defense when a covered claim is 

made against him. [¶] Nothing in California Rules of Professional Conduct, Rule 1.7 . . . 

changes this since plaintiff has failed to show the existence of any ‘significant risk’ that 

Porter[] Scott’s representation of plaintiff in his capacity as a defendant in the underlying 

action as expressly provided for in the subject insurance policy ‘will be materially limited 

by the lawyer’s responsibilities to or relationships with another client, a former client, or 

a third person, or by the lawyer’s own interests.’ ” We agree with the trial court’s 

analysis. Simonyan has failed to establish the court abused its discretion in denying his 

motion for reconsideration or in denying him leave to amend his complaint.
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III. DISPOSITION

The judgment is affirmed. Nationwide shall recover its costs on appeal. (Cal. 

Rules of Court, rule 8.278(a)(1) & (2).)

/S/

 

RENNER, J.

We concur:

/S/

 

BLEASE, Acting P. J.

/S/

 

MAURO, J.
1

Filed 5/16/22

CERTIFIED FOR PUBLICATION

IN THE COURT OF APPEAL OF THE STATE OF CALIFORNIA

THIRD APPELLATE DISTRICT

(Sacramento)

----

NSHAN SIMONYAN,

Plaintiff and Appellant,

v.

NATIONWIDE INSURANCE COMPANY OF 

AMERICA,

Defendant and Respondent.

C091100

(Super. Ct. No. 

34201800240790CUBCGDS)

ORDER CERTIFYING 

OPINION FOR 

PUBLICATION

[NO CHANGE IN 

JUDGMENT]

APPEAL from a judgment of the Superior Court of Sacramento County, 

Christopher E. Krueger, Judge. Affirmed.

Gavrilov & Brooks, Sheila Wirkus Pendergast, and Ognian A. Gavrilov, for 

Plaintiff and Appellant.

Dentons US, Sonia R. Martin, Emily S. Nozick, and David R. Simonton for 

Defendant and Respondent.

THE COURT:

The opinion in the above-entitled matter filed April 19, 2022, was not certified for 

publication in the Official Reports. For good cause it appears now that the opinion 
2

should be published in the Official Reports, and it is so ordered. There is no change in 

judgment.

 

/S/

_________________________

BLEASE, Acting P. J.

/S/

________________________

MAURO, J.

/S/

 

RENNER, J.