TEXAS COURT OF APPEALS, THIRD DISTRICT, AT AUSTIN

ON MOTION FOR REHEARING 

NO. 03-13-00189-CV

Hunt County Community Supervision and Corrections Department, Appellant

v.

Christina Gaston, Appellee

FROM THE DISTRICT COURT OF TRAVIS COUNTY, 250TH JUDICIAL DISTRICT

NO. D-1-GN-11-003857, HONORABLE AMY CLARK MEACHUM, JUDGE PRESIDING

D I S S E N T I N G O P I N I O N

The dissenting opinion dated August 6, 2014, is withdrawn, and this opinion is

substituted in its place.

According to the majority, a public employee who reports alleged governmental

malfeasance to a state or local governmental entity with actual authority to investigate that conduct

is not protected by the Whistleblower Act unless the employee knows, at the time the report is made,

the precise method by which the governmental entity could exercise its investigative authority. See

Slip op. at 35-37. In reaching this conclusion, the majority has applied a degree of strictness that is

nowhere found in the statutory language and is, in my opinion, antithetical to the Whistleblower

Act’s purpose. In addition, the majority implies—but does not expressly hold—that a district court
does not constitute either a state or local governmental entity, a conclusion that would have the effect

of depriving all district court employees of the Whistleblower Act’s anti-retaliation protection. See

id. at 18-19 n.51 & 37 n.114. Accordingly, I respectfully dissent.

Christina Gaston’s employment was terminated by the Hunt County Community

Supervision and Corrections Department (HCCSCD) after she reported to a state district court

judge—the Hon. Stephen Tittle—that she believed HCCSCD employees had engaged in activities

that violated state law. Gaston testified that she reported the activity to Judge Tittle because she

believed he could “put a stop to it and . . . investigate it and see if it was legal or not.” Gaston’s

belief that Judge Tittle could investigate the allegations was subjectively and objectively reasonable

because, under the court-of-inquiry process governed by Chapter 52 of the Texas Code of Criminal

Procedure, district court judges possess investigative authority distinct from both their traditional

adjudicatory and remedial powers and their internal authority to regulate and enforce compliance as

supervisors. See Tex. Code Crim. Proc. arts. 52.01-.09 (governing court-of-inquiry proceedings);

University of Tex. Sw. Med. Ctr. v. Gentilello, 398 S.W.3d 680, 682-88 (Tex. 2013) (as used in

Whistleblower Act, “appropriate law enforcement authority” connotes external authorityto regulate,

enforce, investigate, or prosecute violations of law against third parties outside of employing entity

itself rather than purelyinternal authority). That an employer may lack investigative authority in one

capacity does not prevent it from having such authority in a different capacity. See Gentilello,

398 S.W.3d at 686 (recognizing that employer may not be “appropriate law enforcement authority”

in supervisory capacity but might independently satisfy that definition due to authority employer

possesses in another capacity); Leach v. Texas Tech Univ., 335 S.W.3d 386, 395-96, 397 n.5 (Tex.

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App.—Amarillo 2011, pet. denied) (holding that petition instituting civil lawsuit did not constitute

“report” under Whistleblower Act because judiciary’s role vis-à-vis lawsuit is adjudicatory and

remedial, not investigative or regulatory, but acknowledging that some judges may possess authority

beyond mere adjudication that might independently satisfy statutory definition of “appropriate law

enforcement authority”).

Themajoritynonetheless concludes that Gaston’s claim under the Whistleblower Act

fails as a matter of law because Gaston lacked a good-faith belief that a state district court judge

could “investigate or prosecute a violation of criminal law.” See Slip op. at 35-37. Moreover, even

though not necessaryto the majority’s disposition, the opinion goes further bysuggesting that district

courts do not constitute either a state or a local governmental entity within the meaning of the

Whistleblower Act. See Slip op. at 18-19 n.51 & 37 n.114. Such a holding would categorically

exclude district court employees from protection under the Whistleblower Act. In my view, the

majority’s analysis of these issues relies on an unreasonable construction of the statute and fine-spun

distinctions that are incompatible with the Act’s legislative purpose. See, e.g., University of Houston

v. Barth, 178 S.W.3d 157, 162 (Tex. App.—Houston [1st Dist.] 2005, no pet.) (“Because the

[Whistleblower Act] is remedial in nature, we construe its provisions liberally to effectuate its

legislative purpose—to enhance openness in government and compel the government’s compliance

with the law by protecting those who inform authorities of wrongdoing.”).

I would hold that (1) there is evidence that Gaston honestly believed that Judge Tittle

could investigate her allegations of criminal misconduct; (2) it is objectively reasonable to believe

that district court judges are authorized to investigate allegations of criminal misconduct given the

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investigative authority conferred on them under Chapter 52 of the Code of Criminal Procedure; and

(3) district courts are state or local governmental entities (and as a practical matter, it is irrelevant

which one). I therefore cannot join in the majority’s opinion and judgment.

DISCUSSION

The Whistleblower Act forbids state and local governmental entities from taking

adverse employment action against “a public employee who in good faith reports a violation of law

by the employing governmental entityor another public employee to an appropriate law enforcement

authority.” Tex. Gov’t Code § 554.002(a). A “public employee” is defined by the Act as “an

employee or appointed officer . . . who is paid to perform services for a state or local governmental

entity.” Id. § 554.001(4). “[A] report is made to an appropriate law enforcement authority if the

authority is a part of a state or local governmental entity . . . that the employee in good faith believes

is authorized to . . . investigate or prosecute a violation of criminal law.” Id. § 554.002(b).

As used in the Whistleblower Act, the term “appropriate law enforcement entity”

requires more than being empowered to discipline internally or to refer suspected violations

elsewhere. See Gentilello, 398 S.W.3d at 682. Instead, consistent with the Act’s “undeniable focus

on law enforcement,” id., the Texas Supreme Court has identified various attributes that are

characteristic of entities possessing law-enforcement authority within the meaning of the

Whistleblower Act:

C “free-standing regulatory, enforcement, or crime-fighting authority”;

C authority to “make the law or pursue those who break the law”;

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C “authority to enforce, investigate, or prosecute violations of law against third

parties outside of the entity itself, or . . . authority to promulgate regulations

governing the conduct of such third parties”;

C “power to enforce the law allegedly violated or to investigate or prosecute

criminal violations against third parties generally”;

C “authorities that issue legal directives, not authorities that follow them”; and

C “a law-enforcement official formally investigating or prosecuting [legal]

noncompliance on behalf of the public, or a regulatory authority charged with

promulgating or enforcing regulations applicable to third parties generally.”

Id. at 682, 686-87; see also Slip op. at 26. It has also been said that the phrase “appropriate law

enforcement authority” in the Whistleblower Act refers to an entity “charged with the ability to

enforce or regulate the laws purportedly breached or [to] investigate the breach of those laws,” and

that such a description evokes “visions of police, administrative agencies, district attorneys, the

attorney general, and like bodies commonly associated with investigating and enforcing the law.”

Leach, 335 S.W.3d at 396.

The foregoing attributes are distinct from those embodied in the traditional role of

the judiciary, which is to use the power of adjudication to apply the law and, if appropriate, provide

a remedy. Those attributes are also distinct from a judge’s role as a supervisor. Thus, I have no

quarrel with the majority’s conclusion that trial courts do not meet the statutory definition of “an

appropriate law enforcement authority” when only their adjudicative or supervisory capacities are

implicated. See Slip op. at 22-24 & 31; see also Gentilello, 398 S.W.3d at 684 (holding that public

employee did not have objectively reasonable belief that supervisor was “appropriate law

enforcement authority” because “[g]iven his training and expertise, he should have known that his

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supervisor’s purely internal authority was not law enforcement but law compliance” (emphasis

added)); Leach, 335 S.W.3d at 395-96 (filing civil lawsuit is not “report” under Whistleblower Act

because lawsuits invoke court’s adjudicatory powers, which do not include power to investigate or

regulate except in general sense through adjudication).

However, state district court judges are not limited to acting in those capacities. By

virtue of the court-of-inquiry powers conferred by Chapter 52 of the Code of Criminal Procedure,

district court judges are unambiguously permitted to step out of their adjudicatory roles and are

expressly authorized to investigate—and to a limited degree prosecute—alleged violations of

criminal law. See Tex. Code Crim. Proc. arts. 52.01-.09. 1

Chapter 52 empowers district court judges to:

(1) initiate investigative proceedings into unlawful conduct by requesting that the

presiding judge of the administrative district appoint a district court judge to

commence a court of inquiry and by executing a sworn affidavit establishing

probable cause to believe that a specific violation of the law has occurred;

(2) preside over a court of inquiry and conduct a fact-finding investigation into

allegations of criminal misconduct, including summoning witnesses and hearing

testimony; and 

The terms “investigate” and “prosecute” are not defined in the Whistleblower Act. In

1

common parlance, “investigate” means “[t]o inquire into (a matter) systematically . . . [t]o make an

official inquiry.” Black’s Law Dictionary 953 (10th ed. 2009); see American Heritage Dictionary

of the English Language 689 (1973) (defining “investigate” and “investigation” to include making

an inquiry). “Prosecute” means “[t]o commence and carry out (a legal action) . . . [t]o institute and

pursue a criminal action against (a person) . . . [t]o engage in; carry on.” Black’s Law Dictionary

1416 (10th ed. 2009); see American Heritage Dictionary of the English Language 1050 (1973)

(defining term to include “[t]o initiate legal or criminal court action against . . . [t]o seek to obtain

or enforce by legal action”).

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(3) issue an arrest warrant to facilitate further prosecution if there is sufficient

evidence that an offense has been committed.

See id. arts. 52.01, .08. These activities are substantially similar to the basic investigative powers

characteristic of law-enforcement authorities in non-judicial branches of the government, such as

police officers and district attorneys. They are also virtually indistinguishable from the attributes the

Texas Supreme Court has recognized as being characteristic of an “appropriate law enforcement

authority.” See Gentilello, 398 S.W.3d at 682, 686-87. Thus, under Chapter 52, district court judges

possess authority beyond adjudication and internal disciplinary authority: acting in the capacity of

“magistrate,” they have the power to investigate criminal breaches of the law by the citizenry at

large. Cf. In re Thompson, 330 S.W.3d 411, 415 (Tex. App.—Austin 2010, orig. proceeding)

(holding that district judge had distinct powers when acting in capacity as “district judge” as

compared to acting in capacity as “magistrate”). For purposes of the Whistleblower Act, the power

to “investigate” while acting in the capacity as a magistrate makes district court judges functional

equivalents of typical law-enforcement entities in terms of their fundamental investigative authority

as to allegations of criminal conduct.2

There is nothing novel about the concept that governmental actors who wear more than one 2

hat might independently satisfy the statutory definition of “appropriate law enforcement authority”

in one capacity but not in another. In fact, such a scenario was expressly contemplated by the

supreme court in Gentilello:

We do not hold that a Whistleblower Act report can never be made internally. A

police department employee could retain the protections of the Whistleblower Act

if she reported that her partner is dealing narcotics to her supervisor in the narcotics

or internal affairs division. In such a situation, the employee works for an entitywith

authority to investigate violations of drug laws committed by the citizenry at large.

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The majority discerns from supreme court precedent the “core notion” that an

“appropriate law enforcement authority” is “an entity that is empowered to respond on behalf of the

public to reported alleged ‘violations of law’ by taking action against whatever third parties may

have committed the alleged wrongdoing.” See Slip op. at 26. That, of course, is precisely what

Chapter 52 authorizes district court judges to do. The court-of-inquiry process confers on district

court judges external, free-standing authority to investigate allegations of criminal misconduct and,

if such misconduct is shown, to pursue third-party criminal actors by issuing an arrest warrant. In

accordance with the Whistleblower Act’s plain language, a district court judge could therefore be

“an appropriate law enforcement authority” to whom a “public employee” can “report” alleged

violations of criminal law.

The majority reaches a contrary conclusion by importing extra-textual requirements,

considering discrete portions of the court-of-inquiry process isolated from the statute as a whole, and

characterizing a court-of-inquiry proceeding as an adjudicatoryprocess because it involves a hearing

at which witnesses are questioned rather than the typical law-enforcement image of a police officer

conducting a witness interview. What derives from this analysis is the majority’s conclusion that

Gaston failed to meet her burden to plead and produce evidence that she had a “good-faith” belief

University of Tex. Sw. Med. Ctr. v. Gentilello, 398 S.W.3d 680, 686 (Tex. 2013); accord Leach v.

Texas Tech Univ., 335 S.W.3d 386, 397 n.5 (Tex. App.—Amarillo 2011, pet. denied) (making a

similar observation, although otherwise concluding that civil lawsuit did not constitute “report”

under Act because, within context of lawsuit, district court judge had authority only to adjudicate

civil law violations alleged in lawsuit, not regulate or investigate); see also Slip op. at 23

(acknowledging that “[a] report recipient . . . could be ‘part’ of an entity possessing authority

extending beyond merely ensuring internal compliance and independently satisfying the definition

of ‘appropriate law enforcement authority’”).

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that Judge Tittle was an “appropriate law enforcement authority.” However, given that district court

judges actually have the statutory authority to investigate allegations of criminal malfeasance by

governmental actors (and anyone else for that matter), the majority’s conclusion that there is no

evidence that Gaston honestly and reasonably believed that Judge Tittle possessed the requisite

investigative powers is without foundation. See Texas Dep’t of Transp. v. Needham, 82 S.W.3d 314,

320 (Tex. 2002) (Whistleblower Act’s good-faith requirement comes into play when employee is

wrong about whether entity was “appropriate law enforcement authority”); cf. Lastor v. City of

Hearne, 810 S.W.2d 742, 744 (Tex. App.—Waco 1991, writ denied)(emphasizing that “good faith”

is issue only if employee is wrong about illegality of reported conduct).

As used in the Whistleblower Act, the “good faith” requirements in subsections

(a) and (b) of section 554.002 have both subjective and objective components. See Needham,

82 S.W.3d at 320-21. As used in section 554.002(b), “good faith” means:

(1) the employee believed the governmental entity was authorized to (a) regulate

under or enforce the law alleged to be violated in the report, or (b) investigate or

prosecute a violation of criminal law; and

(2) the employee’s belief was reasonable in light of the employee’s training and

experience.

Id. at 321. The first element of the good-faith standard refers to “honesty in fact,” while the second

element ensures that the reporting employee’s belief, even if incorrect, was objectively reasonable. 

Id. at 320.

The majorityconcludes thatGaston’s whistleblower claim fails on both counts. First,

the majority opines that “Gaston could not have met her burden to show a subjective good faith

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belief that Judge Tittle was empowered to ‘investigate . . . a violation of law’” because there is no

allegation or evidence that she knew the precise method by which he could exercise his external

law-enforcement authority—namely, the court-of-inquiry process. See Slip op. at 35 (“Gaston

presented no allegation or evidence that she ‘reported’ the asserted ‘violations of law’ with the intent

or belief that Judge Tittle would ‘investigate’ them through the court-of-inquiry process.”). Second,

the majority concludes that even if Gaston possessed a subjective belief of these facts, it would not

be objectively reasonable to believe that district court judges possess authority to investigate

criminal-law violations because a district judge who initiates a court of inquiry cannot also preside

over it, see Tex. Code Crim. Proc. art. 52.01(b)(2), and because the majority contends that district

court judges essentiallyfunction as adjudicators in the court-of-inquiryprocess, see Slip op. at 35-36.

With regard to evidence of subjective “good faith,” there is no statutory requirement

that an employee know the specific method by which a law-enforcement entity can investigate or

prosecute a violation of criminal law. Nor is there any such requirement discernable from the

interpretive case law. To the contrary, in construing the good-faith requirement in section

554.002(a), Texas appellate courts have consistently held that “[t]here is no requirement that an

employee identify a specific law when making such report.” Texas Dep’t of Criminal Justice

v. McElyea, 239 S.W.3d 842, 850 (Tex. App.—Austin 2007, pet. denied); see also Texas Youth

Comm’n v. Bollinger, No. 07-11-00152-CV, 2013 WL 2390101, at *2 (Tex. App.—Amarillo

May 28, 2013, pet. denied) (mem. op.); Wilson v. Dallas Indep. Sch. Dist., 376 S.W.3d 319, 323

(Tex. App.—Dallas 2012, no pet.); Llanes v. Corpus Christi Indep. Sch. Dist., 64 S.W.3d 638, 642

(Tex. App.—Corpus Christi 2001, pet. denied).

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Although the cases cited above involve the “good faith” reporting requirement in

subsection (a) of section 554.002, the same good-faith test applies to the “good faith” requirement

in subsection (b): “[T]he same test applies to determine if a public employee in good faith believed

the governmental entity to which he reported a violation of law was an appropriate law enforcement

authority. Applying this test upholds the statutory construction principle that, when feasible, we

should consistently interpret terms used throughout a statute.” Needham, 82 S.W.3d at 320-21. If

“good faith” does not require the employee to know the specific law violated when reporting

suspected illegal activity, it cannot logically require knowing the specific source of the

law-enforcement authority’s investigative powers. It is therefore immaterial whether there is

evidence that Gaston was subjectively aware that Judge Tittle derived his investigative authority

from the court-of-inquiry process in Chapter 52. The relevant inquiry is whether there is an

allegation, and at least some evidence, that Gaston honestly believed that a state district court judge

has the authority to investigate allegations of criminal misconduct. See id. at 320 (even if employee

made report to entity that was not actually “an appropriate law enforcement authority” for particular

violation alleged, employee could still obtain protection under whistleblower statute if he had “good

faith” belief); cf. Lastor, 810 S.W.2d at 744 (emphasizing that “good faith” is an issue only if

employee is mistaken). For the limited purpose of our jurisdictional inquiry, the subjective “good

faith” component is satisfied not only by the fact that Chapter 52 gives district court judges

investigative authority—thus making them an appropriate law-enforcement authority under the

Whistleblower Act—but also byGaston’s pleadings and testimonythat she believed that Judge Tittle

could “put a stop to [the activity she reported] and . . . investigate it and see if it was legal or not.”

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The majority further concludes that Gaston’s belief that Judge Tittle had some

investigative authority—even if honestly held—was not objectively reasonable because Chapter 52

does not, in their view, confer enough investigative authority to meet the statutory definition of

“appropriate law enforcement authority.” See Slip op. at 35-36 (concluding that any authority

conferred under Chapter 52 is “not the sort” of “‘free-standing . . . crime-fighting authority’” or

power “‘to investigate or prosecute criminal violations against third parties generally’” that is

characteristic of “appropriate law enforcement authority”). In support of this conclusion, the

majority opines that (1) the first judge in the court-of-inquiry process is only empowered to “refer

suspected illegality to external entities” and thus does not have any authority to “investigate” within

the meaning of the Whistleblower Act and (2) the court-of-inquiry process is essentially

indistinguishable from an adjudicative proceeding. See Slip op. 35-36.

Although any district court judge can initiate or preside over a court of inquiry, the

same judge cannot do both. Tex. Code Crim. Proc. art. 52.01(a), (b)(2). Therefore, although Judge

Tittle could be appointed to conduct a court of inquiry that he did not initiate, the majority concludes

that it was not objectively reasonable for Gaston to believe that he possessed authority to

“investigate” her allegations because he could not have presided over a court of inquiry that he

himself initiated. According to the majority, this places Judge Tittle in the role of merely referring

allegations of criminal conduct to an “external entity” (i.e., another district court judge who would

conduct the court of inquiry). The majority’s analysis on this point is flawed for at least two reasons. 

First, in determining whether a report was made to “an appropriate law

enforcement authority,” we must look at either the entity to which the report was made or to the

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specific individual to whom it was made. See, e.g., Texas Dep’t of Human Servs. v. Okoli,

57 Tex. Sup. Ct. J. 1214, 2014 WL 4116807, at *5 (Tex. Aug. 22, 2014) (“To satisfy the Act’s

requirements, a report must be made to (1) an individual person who possesses the law-enforcement

power specified under the Act, or (2) someone who, like a police-intake clerk, works for a

governmental arm specifically charged with exercising such powers.”); Robertson Cnty. v. Wymola,

17 S.W.3d 334, 340 & n.6 (Tex. App.—Austin 2000, pet. denied). The relevant inquiry, therefore,

is whether either Judge Tittle personally or state district court judges are “authorized to . . .

investigate or prosecute violations of criminal law.” Tex. Gov’t Code § 554.002(b)(2). Because

Chapter 52 clearly confers such authority, district court judges possess the authority to investigate

criminal allegations even if a particular judge would be precluded from presiding over a court of

inquiry as to a particular allegation.

Moreover, even if the focus were on the individual, Chapter 52 gives Judge Tittle the

authority to initiate a criminal investigation by requesting a court of inquiry even if he could not

personally preside over the ensuing proceeding before a district court judge. The power to initiate

an investigation is an integral part of the investigative process. A court of inquiry can neither begin

nor proceed unless a district court judge requests it and files a probable-cause affidavit. Tex. Code

Crim. Proc. art. 52.01(a), (b) (district court judge may only request commencement of court of

inquiry after “enter[ing] into the minutes of his court a sworn affidavit stating the substantial facts

establishing probable cause that a specific offense has been committed against the laws of this

state”). Even without liberally construing the Whistleblower Act to effectuate its purpose, the power

to initiate a court of inquiry is part and parcel of the court-of-inquiry process and is, in my opinion,

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sufficient to meet the statutory requirement that “an appropriate law enforcement authority” be

“authorized to . . . investigate . . . a violation of criminal law.” To the extent the majority holds

otherwise, it does so by erecting a highly formalistic barrier to a statutory remedy that we

are admonished to construe broadly. Accordingly, I would hold that Judge Tittle is “an

individual person who possesses the law-enforcement powers specified under the Act.” See Okoli,

2014 WL 4116807, at *5.

I also disagree with the court’s suggestion that the court-of-inquiry process is

materially indistinct from a criminal trial. The role district court judges play in the court-of-inquiry

process bears no resemblance to the role they play in adjudicating a criminal complaint. Unlike the

court-of-inquiry process, criminal trials do not originate from the judges who preside over them. 

Judges also do not summon the witnesses who appear in those cases or decide the inquiries to make

of testifying witnesses. Unlike a criminal trial, no rights are adjudicated in a court of inquiry, no

remedies are crafted, and no adjudicative findings are made. The only “finding” that can be said to

result from the court-of-inquiry process is that there is or is not sufficient evidence for an arrest

warrant to be issued. See Tex. Code Crim. Proc. art. 52.08. While it is true that a court of inquiry

does not authorize a district court judge to pursue a criminal violation through conviction or

acquittal, that is not what the Whistleblower Act requires. If it were, there would be precious few

who would meet the statutory definition of “appropriate law enforcement authority.” Such a

conclusion is not a reasonable construction of the statute and is fundamentally at odds with the broad

remedial measure the legislature enacted.

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On a separate issue, the majority intimates a belief that district courts are excluded

from the statutory definitions of “state governmental entity” and “local governmental entity.” See

Slip op. at 18-19 n.51, 37 n.114. Though the majority’s discussion of this issue is relegated to

two footnotes, it cannot be left unaddressed. The practical effect of construing the Whistleblower

Act as the majority implies would extend far beyond merely barring a district court judge from ever

being an “appropriate law enforcement authority.” It would mean that district courts are wholly

exempted from the Whistleblower Act’s prohibitions and their employees denied its protections.

The breadth of the terms “state governmental entity” and “local governmental entity”

is critical in determining whom the Act governs, whom the Act protects, and to whom protected

reports must be made to invoke the Act’s protections and prohibitions. The majority hints that

district courts have been categorically excluded from these statutory terms and therefore could not

ever be “an appropriate law enforcement authority” to whom a report could may be made under the

Act. See id. Because the Whistleblower Act specifically protects “public employee[s]”—a term

defined as those employed by “a state or local governmental entity”—such a holding would sweep

away the Act’s protection for all employees of district courts. It is unfathomable that this was the

legislature’s intent in enacting a statute whose purpose is “to enhance openness in government and

compel the government’s compliance with the law by protecting those who inform authorities of

wrongdoing.” See Barth, 178 S.W.3d at 162; see also City of Waco v. Lopez, 259 S.W.3d 147, 154

(Tex. 2008) (“The Whistleblower Act is a broad remedial measure intended to encourage disclosure

of governmental malfeasance and corruption.”). Because the broad statutory language encompasses

every other nook and cranny of state and local government, see Tex. Gov’t Code § 554.001(2), (5),

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there is no reason why a statute of such obvious breadth would exclude from its protection—for no

apparent purpose or reason—an entire categoryof governmental entities and employees. Excluding 3

district court employees from the Whistleblower Act’s protection would simply be untenable given

both the statute’s evident purpose and its text as a whole.

When a term is specially defined in a statute, we are bound by the statutory definition. 

Id. § 311.011(b); TGS-NOPEC Geophysical Co. v. Combs, 340 S.W.3d 432, 439 (Tex. 2011). 

Undefined terms used in statutory definitions are afforded their ordinary meaning unless a different

or more precise definition is apparent from the context of the statute. Tex. Gov’t Code § 311.011(a);

TGS-NOPEC, 340 S.W.3d at 439. In construing and applying statutory terms, our mandate is to

ascertain and give effect to the legislature’s intent.

The Whistleblower Act expansively defines the term “state governmental entity”

to mean:

(A) a board, commission, department, office, or other agency in the executive

branch of state government, created under the constitution or a statute of the

state, including an institution of higher education, as defined by Section

61.003, Education Code;

(B) the legislature or a legislative agency; or

The majority posits that wholesale exclusion of district courts from the Whistleblower Act 3

can be explained to the extent such exclusion is necessary to preclude district courts from meeting

the definition of “appropriate law enforcement authority.” See Slip op. at 37 n.114 (“We would add

that if the Legislature had actually contemplated that ‘investigate or prosecute a violation of criminal

law’ could be construed to encompass district courts by virtue of chapter 52, this might well explain

a decision to exclude such courts from the Act altogether.”). But any need to limit the scope of the

“appropriate law enforcement authority” definition does not explain a categorical exemption of

district courts from the Act’s anti-retaliation provisions.

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(C) the Texas Supreme Court, the Texas Court of Criminal Appeals, a court of

appeals, a state judicial agency, or the State Bar of Texas.

Tex. Gov’t Code § 554.001(5). Thus, in broad terms, the Act defines “state governmental entity”

to include the executive branch, the legislative branch, and the judicial branch of state government. 

Although the state’s appellate courts are specifically listed in the judicial-branch component of the

statute, district courts and other trial courts are not. But if district courts are not included in the term

“state judicial agency,” the anomalous result would be that a relativelyminor judicial agency—such

as the Office of Court Administration, the Texas Supreme Court Rules Committee, the Texas Court

Records Preservation Task Force, or the Judicial Committee on Information Technology—would

constitute a “state judicial agency” that is governed by the Act, while a district court would not. Cf.

Tex. R. Jud. Admin. 12, reprinted in Tex. Gov’t Code, tit. 2, subtit. F app. (“Judicial Agencymeans

an office, board, commission, or other similar entity that is in the Judicial Department and that serves

an administrative function for a court. A task force or committee created by a court or judge is a

‘judicial agency.’”). Likewise, other adjudicative bodies, such as the Board of Disciplinary Appeals

and the State Office of Administrative Hearings, would arguably be governed by the Act and thus

could be “an appropriate law enforcement authority” to receive reports of governmental malfeasance

but a district court would not. Such a construction of the Act would result in district courts being

categorically exempted from the Act’s anti-retaliation prohibitions. This defies logic.

While we discern legislative intent primarily from the language of a statute, the

statutory purpose “is the context in which the words speak.” Jaster v. Comet II Constr. Inc.,

57 Tex. Sup. Ct. J. 1005, 2014 WL 2994503, at * 20 (Tex. July 3, 2014) (Hecht, C.J., dissenting). 

17
“When we can find that purpose without inventing it, and pursue it without adding or detracting from

it, it should inform our interpretation.” Id. Thus, it has long been a rule of statutory construction

that “a statute is to be construed with reference to its manifest object, and if the language is

susceptible of two constructions, one of which will carry out and the other defeat such manifest

object, [the statute] should receive the former construction.” Citizens Bank v. First State Bank,

580 S.W.2d 344, 348 (Tex. 1979).

Here, the breadth of the definitions in the Whistleblower Act evinces a legislative

intent to apply the statute to all state and local governmental entities—so much so that it would be

reasonable to expect the legislature to specifically exclude district courts if it had so intended, rather

than finding such an exclusion by implication. Giving full effect to the language the legislature

chose, it would be more consistent with the inclusiveness of the statute to recognize and embrace

an overlap in the terms used, rather than resorting to extra-textual construction aids to unnecessarily

exclude a broad category of governmental actors from the statute’s broad scope. Although “we

should avoid, when possible, treating statutory language as surplusage, . . . there are times when

redundancies are precisely what the Legislature intended.” In re Estate of Nash, 220 S.W.3d 914,

917-18 (Tex. 2007) (internal citations omitted). Indeed, statutory redundancies may mean that “the

Legislature repeated itself out of an abundance of caution, for emphasis, or both.” In re City of

Georgetown, 53 S.W.3d 328, 336 (Tex. 2001). I believe that is the case here. Indeed, it is the only

construction that makes sense in the context of the statute as a whole. If state district courts must

come within the term “state judicial agency” in order for court employees to fall within the

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protection of the Whistleblower Act, then common sense and reason dictate that district courts are

so included, because any other construction defeats the statute’s purpose.

Alternatively, the definition of “local governmental entity” could reasonably be

construed as including state district courts based on the role such courts play in the state’s

governmental structure and their county- or district-level jurisdiction. As broadly defined in the

Whistleblower Act, the term “local governmental entity” means “a political subdivision of this state”

and expressly “includ[es]” in that term a “county,” “municipality,” “public school district,” and

“special-purpose district or authority.” Tex. Gov’t Code § 554.001(2). “‘Includes’ and ‘including’

are terms of enlargement and not of limitation or exclusive enumeration, and use of the terms does

not create a presumption that components not expressed are excluded.” Id. § 311.005. District

courts and other trial courts are not specifically mentioned and must therefore be included in the

definition of “local governmental entity” if they would reasonably fall within the ambit of the

undefined phrase “a political subdivision of this state.” In general, the term “political subdivision”

refers to “[a] division of a state that exists primarily to discharge some function of local

government.” Black’s Law Dictionary 1346 (10th ed. 2014); see American Heritage Dictionary of

the English Language 1015 (1973) (defining “political” to include “[o]f, pertaining to, or dealing

with the . . . structure, or affairs of government . . . of the state . . . [having] a definite or organized

policy or structure of government”), 1281 (“subdivision” means the act of “divid[ing] a part or parts

of into smaller parts”). Consistent with the ordinary meaning of that term, district courts exercise

delegated judicial authority over geographic subdivisions of the state and, as a practical matter, are

conceptually indistinguishable from special-purpose districts, which are expressly included in the

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“local governmental entity” definition. See Tex. Gov’t Code § 554.001(2). Again, it defies logic

that the legislature intended to extend the Whistleblower Act’s protections and prohibitions to

discrete special-purpose districts—for example, a crime-control district or a development

district—but deny any protection to employees of district courts.

Regardless of whether a district court is properly characterized as a “state judicial

agency” (state governmental entity) or “a political subdivision of the state” (local governmental

entity), it is apparent that the Whistleblower Act’s protections and prohibitions were intended to

apply broadly to all levels of state and local government. Would the statute be clearer if district

courts had been expressly mentioned? Certainly. Is the scope of the Act—and derivatively, its

waiver of sovereign immunity—unclear because there is no such reference? No.

Given the statutory definitions, the common meaning of the undefined words used

in them, the statute’s purpose, and the onerous consequence of excluding district courts and their

employees from these terms, I would hold that, under the circumstances presented here, a district

court judge can be “an appropriate law enforcement authority” within the meaning of section

554.002(b) of the Whistleblower Act.

CONCLUSION

The dominant purpose of the Whistleblower Act is “to enhance openness in

government and compel the government’s compliance with the law by protecting those who inform

authorities of wrongdoing.” Barth, 178 S.W.3d at 162. The law must be liberally construed with

a view of accomplishing this paramount purpose. I believe the majority’s hypertechnical division

of the court-of-inquiry process into discrete components and its overly restrictive reading of the

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definitions and requirements in the Whistleblower Act amount to legalistic hairsplitting that subverts

the legislative purpose and intent of the Act. Because such technicalities and constructions should

not be used to thwart the Act’s purpose, I dissent.

_____________________________________________

J. Woodfin Jones, Chief Justice

Before Chief Justice Jones, Justices Pemberton and Rose

Filed: September 19, 2014

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