PUBLISH

UNITED STATES COURT OF APPEALS

Filed 10/18/96

TENTH CIRCUIT
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CATHERINE L. WITHIAM,

Plaintiff-Appellee,

v.

BAPTIST HEALTH CARE OF

OKLAHOMA, INC.; ROLAND GEE,

Defendants-Appellants,

and

LOGAN HOSPITAL AND MEDICAL

CENTER AUTHORITY; JOEL TATE;

KENNY DAVIS,

Defendants.

______________________________

CATHERINE L. WITHIAM,

Plaintiff-Appellee,

v.

BAPTIST HEALTH CARE OF

OKLAHOMA, INC.; LOGAN

HOSPITAL AND MEDICAL

CENTER AUTHORITY; ROLAND

GEE; KENNY DAVIS,

Defendants,

No. 95-6265

No. 95-6313
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and

JOEL TATE,

Defendant-Appellant.

______________________________

CATHERINE L. WITHIAM,

Plaintiff-Appellee,

v.

BAPTIST HEALTH CARE OF

OKLAHOMA, INC.; ROLAND GEE,

Defendants-Appellants,

and

LOGAN HOSPITAL AND MEDICAL

CENTER AUTHORITY; JOEL TATE;

KENNY DAVIS,

Defendants.

No. 95-6440

APPEAL FROM THE UNITED STATES DISTRICT COURT

FOR THE WESTERN DISTRICT OF OKLAHOMA

(D.C. No. CIV-94-892-W)
1After examining the briefs and appellate record, this panel has determined

unanimously that oral argument would not materially assist the determination of

these appeals. See Fed. R. App. P. 34(a); 10th Cir. R. 34.1.9. The cases are

therefore ordered submitted without oral argument.

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Submitted on the briefs:

David L. Kearney, Gable & Gotwals, Edmond, Oklahoma, for Plaintiff-Appellee.

Jack S. Dawson, James A. Scimeca, and Leslie L. Lynch, Miller, Dollarhide,

Dawson, & Shaw, Oklahoma City, Oklahoma, for Defendants-Appellants.

Before ANDERSON, LOGAN, and MURPHY, Circuit Judges.

MURPHY, Circuit Judge.

Plaintiff’s civil rights claims were premised on an alleged retaliatory

termination by her employer, a hospital management company. The primary

question presented is whether an employee’s public endorsement of a particular

company to manage a public hospital constitutes speech entitled to First

Amendment protection. The speech in question is not of sufficient public concern

to warrant such protection as the premise of a retaliatory termination claim under

42 U.S.C. § 1983.

These three appeals arise out of the same facts.1

 Plaintiff Catherine L.

Withiam was employed from 1972 until mid-1993 by a state public-trust hospital,
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now known as Logan Hospital and Medical Center. At the time of her discharge,

plaintiff had been Director of Personnel Services for fifteen years. The hospital

was managed by Quorum Healthcare Resources, Inc. until 1992, when the Logan

Hospital and Medical Center Authority, through its Board of Trustees, changed

management companies. On July 23, 1992, the Authority scheduled a meeting of

the trustees to discuss the change, which at that time was a mere proposal. At this

meeting, plaintiff and ten other hospital managers presented a signed resolution

which stated:

On behalf of the managers listed below, representing their respective

departments, let it be resolved that we the undersigned voice our

opinion in approval of retaining the current management contract

with Quorum Health Care Resources, Inc. 

We have signed this document freely and at our own will to provide

the Board of Trustees of Logan Hospital and Medical Center, our

input for the future growth and stability of the hospital.

Dated this July 22, 1992.

3 Appellants’ App. (Nos. 95-6265, 95-6313) at 895. 

The Authority decided to contract instead with defendant Baptist

Healthcare of Oklahoma, Inc. (BHO) to manage the hospital. BHO named

defendant Joel Tate interim administrator; he served for approximately ninety

days. Defendant Roland Gee took over as administrator on October 1, 1992, and

Mr. Tate left shortly thereafter. Mr. Gee terminated plaintiff in July 1993.
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Plaintiff sued several defendants on a number of theories, but only two

claims went to trial: retaliatory termination for exercising her First Amendment

right to free speech in violation of 42 U.S.C. § 1983 and Oklahoma public policy. 

While defendants asserted that the termination resulted from a reduction in force,

a jury found in favor of plaintiff and against defendants BHO and Gee on both

claims and awarded plaintiff compensatory damages of $226,279.49. The jury

also awarded punitive damages of $25,000 against BHO and $1.00 against Gee. 

The district court awarded plaintiff her attorney’s fees. The jury found against

plaintiff on her claims against defendant Tate. The district court denied Tate’s

subsequent motion for attorney’s fees. This court has jurisdiction over all three

appeals under 28 U.S.C. § 1291.

No. 95-6265

In No. 95-6265, defendants BHO and Gee argue that: (1) plaintiff’s acts of

signing and presenting the resolution to the hospital trustees are not protected

speech under the First Amendment; (2) they are not state actors for the purposes

of § 1983; (3) Burk v. K-Mart Corp., 770 P.2d 24 (Okla. 1989) has not been

expanded to include a public policy exception to employment-at-will on the basis

of protected speech; and (4) the district court erred in allowing the jury to award

punitive damages. Resolution of the first of these issues is dispositive.
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Supreme Court cases establish the decisional framework. First, the

employee must show that her speech involves a matter of public concern. 

Connick v. Myers, 461 U.S. 138, 146-47 (1983). Second, if the employee’s

expression meets this threshold requirement, the employee must then show that

her interest in the particular expression outweighs the employer’s interest in

efficiently performing its public service. Pickering v. Board of Educ., 391 U.S.

563, 568 (1968). Third, the employee must demonstrate that her speech was a

substantial or motivating factor in the employer’s adverse employment action. 

Mt. Healthy City Sch. Dist. Bd. of Educ. v. Doyle, 429 U.S. 274, 287 (1977). 

Plaintiff’s expression of support for management in the resolution fails to

meet the threshold requirement of constituting a matter of sufficient public

concern to warrant First Amendment protection. Speech involves a matter of

public concern when it can “be fairly considered as relating to any matter of

political, social, or other concern to the community.” Connick, 461 U.S. at 146. 

It is not enough that the subject matter be of public concern; the content of the

expression must also be of public concern. Wilson v. City of Littleton, 732 F.2d.

765, 769 (10th Cir. 1984). The content is the “crux of the public concern content

inquiry.” Wren v. Spurlock, 798 F.2d 1313, 1317 n.1 (10th Cir. 1986), cert.

denied, 479 U.S. 1085 (1987). General public interest is not the equivalent of

public concern for First Amendment purposes. Koch v. City of Hutchinson, 847
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F.2d 1436, 1445 (10th Cir. 1988). To be protected speech, the expression must

“sufficiently inform the issue as to be helpful to the public in evaluating the

conduct of government.” Wilson, 732 F.2d at 768.

The resolution plaintiff and the other managers signed and presented to the

hospital’s trustees expressed nothing more than the bare opinion that the thencurrent management company should be retained. The resolution offered no

reasons or explanation at all for the opinion it expressed. Although the resolution

was presented at a trustees’ meeting, it simply offered nothing at all to inform the

public about the management of the hospital. It was neither an exposé of

government ineptitude, waste or corruption nor a recitation of reasons, arguments

or facts supporting retention of contract management. The resolution was but a

bald, unadorned and nonspecific endorsement. As such, it did not involve a

matter of public concern warranting First Amendment protection.

Because the resolution is undeserving of First Amendment protection, we

reverse the judgment based on the jury verdict. Plaintiff’s failure to present

evidence of any protected expression also undermines the very premise of her

Oklahoma public policy claim. It is therefore unnecessary to decide whether

defendants BHO and Gee are state actors for purposes of § 1983, or whether they

are liable for punitive damages. 
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No. 95-6440

In No. 95-6440, defendants BHO and Gee appeal from the district court’s

award under 42 U.S.C. § 1988 of attorney’s fees to plaintiff as the prevailing

party on her claims against them. 3 Appellants’ App. at 894. Because we reverse

on the merits of plaintiff’s claims, we also reverse the award of attorney’s fees to

plaintiff.

No. 95-6313

In No. 95-6313, defendant Joel Tate contends the district court abused its

discretion in denying his motion for attorney’s fees under 42 U.S.C. § 1988(b)

after he successfully defended plaintiff’s claims against him. We review the

denial of a request for attorney’s fees under § 1988 for abuse of discretion. 

Operating Eng’rs Local Union No. 3 v. Bohn, 737 F.2d 860, 863 (10th Cir. 1984). 

“Underlying findings are reviewed under the clearly erroneous standard, while the

district court’s statutory interpretation and legal analysis are subject to de novo

review.” Carter v. Sedgwick County, 36 F.3d 952, 956 (10th Cir. 1994).

Under § 1988(b), the district court may award fees only if plaintiff’s claims

were “‘frivolous, unreasonable, or without foundation, even though not brought in

subjective bad faith.’” Figures v. Board of Pub. Utils., 967 F.2d 357, 362 (10th

Cir. 1992) (quoting Christiansburg Garment Co. v. EEOC, 434 U.S. 412, 421
2Tate ended his employment at the hospital approximately nine months

before Withiam was terminated.

3Tate’s motion for directed verdict was not submitted as part of the record.

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(1978)). Without making any specific factual findings, the district court

concluded that plaintiff’s claims against defendant were not frivolous,

unreasonable, or without foundation. 3 Appellants’ App. (Nos. 95-6265, 95-

6313) at 827-28. 

Tate argues in his Brief that it is Withiam’s failure to present evidence

showing Tate was causally connected to her termination2 which made Withiam’s

claim frivolous, unreasonable, or without foundation. So far as this court is able

to discern, however, Tate never presented that argument to the district court. 

Based upon the record provided us,3

 the only defense motions which

specifically referenced Tate as a defendant were his motion to dismiss plaintiff’s

amended complaint and his motion for attorney’s fees. Tate’s motion to dismiss

plaintiff’s amended complaint addressed jurisdictional and state actor issues

common to all defendants. 1 Appellants’ App. (Nos. 95-6265, 95-6313) at 72-75. 

Tate’s motion for attorney’s fees simply argued that he was entitled to fees and

costs under § 1988(b) because he was the prevailing party. 3 Appellants’ App.

(Nos. 95-6265, 95-6313) at 767-801. The other motions presented by the

defendants again dealt only with issues common to all defendants. None of the
4

In fact, as indicated above, Tate never argued that Withiam’s case was

frivolous, unreasonable, or without foundation for any reason. Instead, he simply

asserted that he was entitled to his fees as a prevailing party.

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defense motions made specific mention of the argument that Withiam failed to

present any evidence showing Tate was causally connected to her termination.

In sum, as reflected in the record presented to this court, Tate never argued

to the district court that Withiam’s claim was frivolous, unreasonable, or without

foundation based on a failure of proof of causation.

4

 Thus, because that argument

was never made below, this court cannot find the district court abused its

discretion in denying fees on that ground. Walker v. Mather (In re Walker), 959

F.2d 894, 896 (10th Cir. 1992). We therefore affirm the district court’s

conclusion that Tate is not entitled to an award of attorney’s fees.

CONCLUSION

In No. 95-6313, the judgment of the United States District Court for the

Western District of Oklahoma is AFFIRMED. In Nos. 95-6265 and 95-6440, the

judgment is REVERSED.