United States Court of Appeals

For the First Circuit

No. 16-1115

GERMAN DONALDO RIVERA-COCA,

Petitioner,

v.

LORETTA E. LYNCH,

ATTORNEY GENERAL OF THE UNITED STATES,

Respondent.

PETITION FOR REVIEW OF AN ORDER

OF THE BOARD OF IMMIGRATION APPEALS

Before

Kayatta, Selya and Barron,

Circuit Judges.

Ilana Etkin Greenstein and Macias & Greenstein, LLC on brief 

for petitioner.

Benjamin C. Mizer, Principal Deputy Assistant Attorney 

General, Civil Division, United States Department of Justice, Eric 

W. Marsteller, Senior Litigation Counsel, Office of Immigration 

Litigation, Rachel L. Browning and Juria L. Jones, Trial Attorneys, 

Office of Immigration Litigation, on brief for respondent.

December 30, 2016
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SELYA, Circuit Judge. The petitioner, German Donaldo 

Rivera-Coca, is a Honduran national. He seeks judicial review of 

a final order of the Board of Immigration Appeals (BIA), which 

denied his application for asylum and withholding of removal. 

Concluding, as we do, that the BIA's order is supported by 

substantial evidence, we deny the petition.

I. BACKGROUND

We rehearse the facts as recounted by the petitioner and 

then limn the travel of the case. The petitioner owned a small 

accounting firm in Puerto Cortes, Honduras, which frequently did 

business with that nation's Liberal Party (though the petitioner 

states that he is not politically inclined and does not support 

any particular political party). Early in 2011, the petitioner 

discovered political propaganda posters supporting the rival 

National Party displayed on the walls and windows of his office. 

He tore down the posters but they soon reappeared.

After the petitioner removed the posters a second time, 

three or four men, dressed in clothing typically worn by National 

Party activists, came to his office and assaulted him. The 

petitioner says that he reported the matter to the police and that 

he sought medical treatment. He asserts that, despite his report, 

the police never investigated the matter.

A few days later, the petitioner discovered that the 

posters were once more in evidence. He removed them but, shortly 
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thereafter, he started receiving threats. We briefly describe the 

threats. The petitioner testified that a handwritten note was 

delivered to his office and — although the original note was never 

produced — he claimed that it said that he "had to be very careful" 

and that those who do not respect "the blue ones" regret it.1 The 

petitioner did not report this message to the police.

One evening in March of 2011, a stranger dressed in what 

the petitioner described as typical National Party attire (a white 

shirt and blue jeans) approached the petitioner on the street. 

The stranger told the petitioner that he was "going to die if [he 

did not] join [them]." Once again, the petitioner did not report 

this threat to the police.

The petitioner's family also became involved: on a few 

unspecified occasions, National Party activists told the 

petitioner's wife that they knew where her husband lived and where 

he was. In addition, caravans of cars bearing National Party flags

stopped in front of the family's home. The occupants of the cars

shouted, "I know who you are and I know who you're dealing with."

Concerned about the situation, the petitioner took his

family to his mother-in-law's house (five or six hours away). 

Despite this relocation, caravans of cars continued to appear. 

 

1 The petitioner testified that "the blue ones" was a 

shorthand for members of the National Party.
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Men shouted from the cars, "Never mind where you go. Never mind 

where you are. We know where you are."

The petitioner decided to flee to the United States. 

Leaving his family in Honduras, he entered the United States 

without documentation in May of 2011. He was apprehended and 

questioned by Border Patrol agents. He told the agents that he 

intended to live and work in the United States for two years and 

that he did not fear returning to Honduras. But during an

interview some months later, the petitioner changed his tune, 

saying that he in fact feared persecution and was afraid to return 

to Honduras.

In due course, the Department of Homeland Security 

initiated removal proceedings, charging that the petitioner was 

present in the United States without legal sanction. See 8 U.S.C. 

§ 1182(a)(7)(A)(i)(I). The petitioner conceded removability but 

cross-applied for asylum, withholding of removal, and protection 

under the United Nations Convention Against Torture (CAT). He 

argued that he had a well-founded fear of persecution based on his 

recent experiences in Honduras.

After a merits hearing, an immigration judge (IJ) denied 

the petitioner's requests for relief and ordered his removal. In 

doing so, the IJ noted several inconsistencies in the petitioner's 

testimony and expressed serious doubts about his credibility. The 

IJ went on to find that the petitioner's testimony was not 
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"otherwise credible," that is, that the petitioner had not overcome 

the inconsistencies in his testimony through readily available 

corroborating evidence and, thus, had failed to carry his burden 

of proving eligibility for relief.

The IJ did not stop there but, rather, used both a belt 

and suspenders. She held that even if the absence of corroborating 

evidence was overlooked and the petitioner's testimony was deemed

fully credible, the mistreatment that he allegedly suffered did 

not rise to the level of past persecution. By the same token, 

that mistreatment did not justify a well-founded fear of future 

persecution. She added that no probative evidence showed that the 

petitioner was likely to be targeted should he be repatriated, 

especially given the recent election (2013) of a new president in 

Honduras and the ascension to power of a new administration.

With this preface in place, the IJ ruled that the 

petitioner was not entitled to asylum, withholding of removal, or 

CAT protection. The petitioner countered by appealing to the BIA. 

He asseverated that the IJ committed clear error in evaluating his 

credibility, in requiring corroborating evidence, in concluding

that past persecution had not been demonstrated, and in concluding

that no well-founded fear of future persecution existed.

The BIA dismissed the petitioner's appeal. Its 

reasoning was relatively narrow: it affirmed the IJ's holding that,

even presuming the petitioner to be credible, he had not carried 
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either his burden of explaining the lack of corroborating evidence 

or of showing that what he had experienced rose to the level of 

persecution. Relatedly, it affirmed the IJ's ruling that the 

petitioner had not demonstrated an objectively reasonable basis to 

support his claim of a well-founded fear of future persecution.

This timely petition for judicial review followed. See

8 U.S.C. § 1252(a).

II. ANALYSIS

In this venue, the petitioner challenges the denial of 

his claims for asylum and withholding of removal. He does not 

challenge the denial of his CAT claim. We limit our analysis

accordingly and treat the CAT claim as waived. See Ahmed v. 

Holder, 611 F.3d 90, 98 (1st Cir. 2010).

In the immigration context, judicial review normally 

focuses on the decision of the BIA, which constitutes the agency's 

final order. See Wan v. Holder, 776 F.3d 52, 55 (1st Cir. 2015). 

But where, as here, the BIA merely adds its gloss to the IJ's 

findings and conclusions, we treat the two decisions as a unit and 

review them together. See id. at 55-56.

We start with the petitioner's asylum claim because a 

claim for withholding of removal "imposes a 'more stringent burden 

of proof on an alien than does a counterpart claim for asylum.'" 

Morgan v. Holder, 634 F.3d 53, 60 (1st Cir. 2011) (quoting 

Rodriguez-Ramirez v. Ashcroft, 398 F.3d 120, 123 (1st Cir. 2005)). 
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Thus, if the petitioner "fails to establish a well-founded fear of 

persecution sufficient to ground an asylum claim, a counterpart 

claim for withholding of removal . . . necessarily fails." Amouri

v. Holder, 572 F.3d 29, 35 (1st Cir. 2009).

Absent any material error of law — and we discern none 

here — our review of a refusal to grant asylum is aimed at 

determining whether the agency's denial is supported by 

substantial evidence in the record. See Da Silva v. Ashcroft, 394 

F.3d 1, 4 (1st Cir. 2005). In the course of that review, we must 

accept the agency's findings of fact, including its credibility 

determinations, as long as they are "supported by reasonable, 

substantial, and probative evidence on the record considered as a 

whole." INS v. Elias-Zacarias, 502 U.S. 478, 481 (1992) (citation 

omitted). Consequently, the agency's fact-based determination 

that an alien is not entitled to asylum must be upheld unless "any 

reasonable adjudicator would be compelled to conclude to the 

contrary." 8 U.S.C. § 1252(b)(4)(B).

Of course, the agency's rulings of law are reviewed de 

novo. See Da Silva, 394 F.3d at 5. In this context, however, 

courts must afford some deference to the BIA's reasonable 

interpretations of statutes and regulations relating directly to 

immigration matters. See INS v. Aguirre-Aguirre, 526 U.S. 415, 

425 (1999); see also Ahmed, 611 F.3d at 94 (explaining that the 
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BIA is afforded "a measure of respect" with regard to its 

interpretations of immigration statutes).

To qualify for asylum, an alien must carry the burden of 

establishing that he is a "refugee" within the meaning of the 

Immigration and Nationality Act (INA). See 8 U.S.C. § 1158(b)(1); 

see also id. § 1101(a)(42)(A) (defining "refugee" as any person 

outside his home country who is unable or unwilling to return due 

to persecution or a well-founded fear of future persecution). An 

alien may carry this burden either by proving past persecution 

based on "race, religion, nationality, membership in a particular 

social group, or political opinion," or by proving a well-founded 

fear of future persecution based on one of these five protected 

grounds. Id. § 1101(a)(42)(A); see 8 C.F.R. § 208.13(b); see also

Bocova v. Gonzales, 412 F.3d 257, 262 (1st Cir. 2005), superseded 

in unrelated part by 8 C.F.R. § 1240.26(i), as recognized in Ivanov

v. Holder, 736 F.3d 5, 20 (1st Cir. 2013). If the alien succeeds 

in showing that he has suffered past persecution, a rebuttable 

presumption arises that he will suffer future persecution as well. 

See Palma-Mazariegos v. Gonzales, 428 F.3d 30, 34 (1st Cir. 2005).

An alien may satisfy his burden of proving entitlement 

to asylum "by [his] own testimony if that testimony is specific 

and credible." Chhay v. Mukasey, 540 F.3d 1, 6 (1st Cir. 2008). 

This allocation of the burden of proof has consequences: if the 

alien's testimony is not itself compelling, the "absence of easily 
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obtainable corroborating documentation can be the final straw." 

Id. Indeed, Congress has specifically allowed IJs to require 

corroboration even to support otherwise credible testimony. See

8 U.S.C. § 1158(b)(1)(B)(ii); see also Soeung v. Holder, 677 F.3d 

484, 488 (1st Cir. 2012). If the IJ "determines that the applicant 

should provide [corroborating evidence], such evidence must be 

provided unless the applicant does not have the evidence and cannot 

reasonably obtain [it]." 8 U.S.C. § 1158(b)(1)(B)(ii). A failure 

either to provide readily available corroborating evidence or to 

offer a compelling explanation for such a failure can be fatal to 

an asylum claim. See Soeung, 677 F.3d at 487-88; Chhay, 540 F.3d 

at 6.

In the case at hand, the IJ rested her decision on two 

independently sufficient grounds. First, she ruled that the 

petitioner's testimony did not suffice to carry his burden of proof 

because she had serious doubts about his truthfulness and the 

petitioner failed to produce corroborating evidence to overcome 

these doubts. Second, the IJ ruled that, even if she overlooked 

her doubts about the petitioner's credibility and the lack of 

corroborating evidence, the mistreatment that he experienced did 

not rise to the level of persecution. She added that with past 

persecution not proven, the record (unaided by any presumption) 

failed to show a well-founded fear of future persecution.
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The BIA did not pass directly upon the petitioner's 

credibility, but upheld the IJ's finding that the petitioner had 

failed to submit readily available corroborating evidence and, 

thus, had failed to carry his burden of proof. It also upheld the 

IJ's alternate holding that the petitioner had failed to prove 

persecution. We hold that substantial evidence supports the BIA's 

lack-of-corroborating-evidence rationale. Because this rationale 

is independently sufficient to sustain the denial of asylum, we 

take no view of the BIA's lack-of-persecution rationale.

We are bound to accept the IJ's and the BIA's

determinations regarding the unpersuasiveness of the alien's 

testimony, the availability of corroborating evidence, and the 

effect of not producing corroborating evidence "unless the record 

compels a contrary conclusion." Chhay, 540 F.3d at 6 (citing, 

inter alia, Kho v. Keisler, 505 F.3d 50, 57 (1st Cir. 2007)). The 

record before us compels no such conclusion.

The IJ would have been permitted to require the 

petitioner to produce corroborating evidence even if she had found 

him "otherwise credible," as the BIA assumed for the purpose of 

his appeal. See 8 U.S.C. § 1158(b)(1)(B)(ii); Soeung, 677 F.3d at 

488. Here, however, the IJ identified several gaps in the 

petitioner's testimony that prompted her to require additional 

corroborating evidence. For example, she observed that even though 

the petitioner "had appeared to testify sincerely and 
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forthrightly," other evidence in the record called his story into

serious question. For instance, the petitioner testified that 

after his assault, he went to the doctor and then to the police. 

The reports that he submitted, though, indicated that he went first 

to the police and then to the doctor three to five days later. 

Moreover, the police report included no mention of any assault.

To cite another example, the IJ observed that even though 

the petitioner initially told Border Patrol agents that he did not 

fear returning to Honduras, he reversed his field a few months 

later. On a different point, the IJ noted that the petitioner 

offered no evidence indicating that his accounting business ever 

existed.

The petitioner did not produce the corroborating 

evidence that the IJ reasonably required. See 8 U.S.C. 

§ 1158(b)(1)(B)(ii). For example, he submitted no credible 

evidence proving the existence of his accounting business. Nor 

did he submit an affidavit or statement from his wife or motherin-law verifying any aspect of his story. So, too, he failed to 

furnish the original threat letter that he claimed to have received 

(even though he testified that his wife had saved it).

Nor did the petitioner adequately explain his failure to 

supply corroborating evidence. Such evidence appears to have been

readily available, given that the petitioner remained in contact 

with his family in Honduras and asserted that they could provide 
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statements to support his claim. Yet, when the petitioner was 

asked whether he had an "affidavit or a letter from [his] wife" or 

mother-in-law supporting his version of the events, he simply 

responded: "No."

To say more would be pointless. The petitioner does not 

argue that the IJ failed to follow proper procedures or that he 

was entitled to additional notice that corroboration would be 

required. By the same token, he does not challenge the 

reasonableness of the IJ's request. And any such challenge would 

be fruitless: the IJ expected him to produce important items of 

corroboration that the petitioner himself had indicated were 

readily available.

The short of it is that the IJ expressed reasonable 

concerns about the credibility of the petitioner's testimony and 

anticipated that he would supply reasonably available 

documentation to support his claims. In response, the petitioner 

stonewalled: he failed to furnish either corroborating evidence or 

a plausible explanation for the absence of it. We hold, therefore, 

that the IJ's and the BIA's lack-of-corroboration rationale is 

supported by substantial evidence in the record considered as a 

whole.

The petitioner's claim of a well-founded fear of future 

persecution can be swiftly dispatched. To show a well-founded 

fear of future persecution without the benefit of any rebuttable 
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presumption based on past persecution, see Palma-Mazariegos, 428 

F.3d at 34-35, an alien must establish both that he had a genuine 

fear of future persecution and that an objectively reasonable basis 

existed for that fear. See Nikijuluw v. Gonzales, 427 F.3d 115, 

121-22 (1st Cir. 2005). The petitioner might have been afraid, 

but he has not identified an objectively reasonable basis for that 

fear.

To be sure, the petitioner submitted general information 

about the political climate in Honduras. That evidence mentioned 

isolated incidents in which political dissidents were targeted by 

National Party activists during the period leading up to the 2013 

election. Overall, though, that election was generally 

transparent, orderly, and credible. It resulted in the seating of 

a new president, and nothing in the record suggests that this new 

administration supports (or even tolerates) violent persecution of 

its opponents. Seen in this light, we have no sound basis for 

disturbing the agency's determination that the petitioner has not 

carried his burden of establishing a well-founded fear of future 

persecution. See Rodriguez-Ramirez, 398 F.3d at 123.

Based on the foregoing, we conclude that the IJ's and

the BIA's denial of the petitioner's claim for asylum must stand. 

This conclusion effectively ends our inquiry: our disposition of 

the petitioner's asylum claim dooms his withholding of removal 

claim as well. See Amouri, 572 F.3d at 35 (noting that if the 
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petitioner "fails to establish a well-founded fear of persecution 

sufficient to ground an asylum claim, a counterpart claim for 

withholding of removal . . . . necessarily fails"); RodriguezRamirez, 398 F.3d at 123 (similar).

III. CONCLUSION

We need go no further. For the reasons elucidated above, 

we deny the petition for judicial review.

So ordered.