NOT RECOMMENDED FOR PUBLICATION 

File Name: 17a0113n.06 

No. 16-5651 

UNITED STATES COURT OF APPEALS 

FOR THE SIXTH CIRCUIT

JAMES HACKNEY, 

 Plaintiff-Appellant, 

v. 

ALLMED HEALTHCARE MANAGEMENT INC., 

 Defendant-Appellee. 

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ON APPEAL FROM THE 

UNITED STATES DISTRICT 

COURT FOR THE EASTERN 

DISTRICT OF KENTUCKY 

OPINION 

BEFORE: McKEAGUE, KETHLEDGE, and STRANCH, Circuit Judges. 

JANE B. STRANCH, Circuit Judge. James Hackney was covered by a disability 

policy through his employer and, due to his declining medical condition, filed a claim for longterm disability insurance benefits. The insurance carrier sent his medical records to a third-party 

reviewer, AllMed, for a medical opinion on whether Hackney’s records supported a finding of 

total disability. Upon receiving AllMed’s opinion that Hackney was not disabled, the insurance 

carrier denied his claim. Hackney subsequently brought this state-law claim against AllMed, 

which removed the case to federal court alleging complete preemption under the Employee 

Retirement Income Security Act of 1974 (ERISA). Hackney appeals the district court’s denial of 

his motion to remand the case to state court and its grant of AllMed’s motion to dismiss his case. 

Applying our precedent to the facts in this record, we AFFIRM.
No. 16-5651, Hackney v. AllMed Healthcare Mgmt., Inc. 

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I. BACKGROUND 

Hackney worked in Kentucky as an associate account manager, and then director of 

marketing, for Vascular Solutions, Inc. (VSI), a Minnesota-based company. Hackney v. Lincoln 

Nat’l Life Ins. Co., 657 F.App’x 563, 566 (6th Cir. 2016). Through his employment, Hackney 

was covered by a group long-term disability insurance policy that was financed by VSI and 

administered by Lincoln National Life Insurance Company (Lincoln). Id. at 567. In October 

2010, Hackney’s medical condition of hypoparathyroidism made it so he could no longer work. 

Id. He took medical leave and applied to Lincoln for benefits provided by his employerfurnished insurance policy. Lincoln engaged AllMed, an Oregon-based third-party record 

reviewer, to evaluate Hackney’s medical documents and provide an opinion on whether the 

medical evidence supported Hackney’s claim of complete disability. AllMed opined that 

Hackney was able to work: 

Based on a review of the additional medical records, the claimant does not appear 

to have any impairments that would translate into restrictions or limitations . . . 

The restrictions and limitations that were placed upon the claimant’s work 

activities by [Hackney’s treating physicians] are not consistent with the additional 

medical records. 

(R. 1-1, PageID 12). 

AllMed’s opinion was drafted and revised by its agents Robert J. Cooper and Skip 

Freedman. Neither AllMed nor its agents were licensed to practice medicine in Kentucky at the 

time they reviewed Hackney’s records and rendered their opinion on Hackney’s medical status. 

Based in part on AllMed’s opinion, Hackney’s claim for disability benefits was denied. Due to 

the same medical condition, however, Hackney was granted disability benefits through a separate 

private insurance plan. Additionally, the Social Security Administration determined Hackney to 

be totally and permanently disabled effective October 2010. Hackney, 657 F.App’x at 568. 
No. 16-5651, Hackney v. AllMed Healthcare Mgmt., Inc. 

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 Hackney filed a lawsuit, separate from this one, against VSI and Lincoln in Kentucky 

state court that included claims for breach of contract, breach of the duty of good faith and fair 

dealing, and the unlicensed practice of medicine in connection with the denial of his application 

for short-term disability benefits under his employer-sponsored plan. Id. at 569. The unlicensed 

practice claim alleged violation of Kentucky law by “employing unlicensed, out-of-state nurses 

to review his application for benefits.” Id. at 579. The case was removed to federal court on the 

basis of diversity jurisdiction, where summary judgment was granted to the defendants on all 

claims. On appeal, we reversed and remanded to the finder of fact on the claims for breach of 

contract and the duty of good faith and fair dealing. Id. We affirmed on the unlicensed practice 

of medicine claim, finding that the nurses’ review of Hackney’s file did not fall within the state 

statute governing the practice of medicine. Id. 

Hackney filed this lawsuit against AllMed in state court alleging a state-law violation 

relating to AllMed’s “actions in rendering an unlicensed medical opinion” concerning Hackney. 

The medical opinion was requested by Lincoln, who was reviewing Hackney’s request for longterm disability benefits under the ERISA-based insurance plan that it administered for VSI 

employees. AllMed removed the case to federal court based on complete preemption under 

ERISA. The trial court denied Hackney’s motion to remand the case to state court and granted 

AllMed’s motion to dismiss under Rule 12(b)(6). Hackney timely appealed the final judgment 

against him. 

II. ANALYSIS 

A. Standard of Review 

We review de novo a district court’s decision involving legal questions of subject matter 

jurisdiction. Hogan v. Jacobson, 823 F.3d 872, 879 (6th Cir. 2016). Factual determinations 
No. 16-5651, Hackney v. AllMed Healthcare Mgmt., Inc. 

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regarding jurisdictional matters are reviewed for clear error. Id. A district court’s ruling on a 

motion to dismiss a claim is reviewed de novo. Id. at 883. 

B. Complete Preemption of State-Law Claims under ERISA 

The Supreme Court has articulated a two-prong test to determine whether a claim is 

completely preempted under § 1132(a) of ERISA. Aetna Health Inc. v. Davila, 542 U.S. 200, 

210 (2004). A claim is completely preempted when it satisfies both prongs of the following test: 

(1) the plaintiff complains about the denial of benefits to which he is entitled only 

because of the terms of an ERISA-regulated employee benefit plan; and (2) the 

plaintiff does not allege the violation of any legal duty (state or federal) 

independent of ERISA or the plan terms. 

Gardner v. Heartland Indus. Partners, LP, 715 F.3d 609, 613 (6th Cir. 2013) (quoting Davila, 

542 U.S. at 210). The state-law claims in Davila involved insurance plans failing to exercise 

ordinary care when the plans denied coverage for certain medical procedures. Davila, 542 U.S. 

at 20405. Those claims involved “pure eligibility decisions” and were preempted by ERISA. 

Id. at 221. 

1. Claims Based on the Terms of an ERISA-Regulated Plan 

 To determine whether a claim satisfies the first prong of the Davila test, courts look 

beyond the “label placed on a state law claim” and instead ask “whether in essence such a claim 

is for the recovery of an ERISA benefit plan.” Hogan, 823 F.3d at 880 (quoting Peters v. 

Lincoln Elec. Co., 285 F.3d 456, 469 (6th Cir. 2002)). A claim “likely falls within the scope of 

§ 1132 when the only action complained of is a refusal to provide benefits under an ERISA plan 

and the only relationship between the plaintiff and defendant is based on the plan.” Id. (quoting 

Davila, 542 U.S. at 211). 

The plaintiff in Hogan—represented by the same counsel as in this case—brought 

negligence per se claims against two medical professionals who were employees of the insurance 
No. 16-5651, Hackney v. AllMed Healthcare Mgmt., Inc. 

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company that administered a plan governed by ERISA. Id. at 877. The medical professionals 

were allegedly negligent because they were not licensed to practice medicine or psychology in 

the Commonwealth of Kentucky at the time they reviewed plaintiff’s records and rendered 

opinions that were relied on by the insurance company. Id. In Hogan, we held that the claim of 

negligence per se against the plan’s medical professionals involved “a relationship created solely 

by the ERISA plan and an incident that is subsumed entirely within the denial of benefits under 

an ERISA plan.” Id. at 881. The claim was completely preempted by ERISA because the 

negligence it alleged was “the negligent processing and denial of [Hogan’s] claim for ERISA 

benefits.” Id. 

As both parties concede, the claim in this case shares many parallels with the claims in 

Hogan. The alleged negligence of medical professionals in both cases involves the same 

Kentucky licensing law: Ky. Rev. Stat. § 311.560. Id. at 878. As in this case, the medical 

professional defendants in Hogan rendered opinions that were considered by the plan as it 

decided to deny benefits. Id. at 877. The nurses in Hogan, however, were straight employees of 

the plan administrator, whereas here they are employees of an independent contractor retained by 

the plan. This factual distinction does not matter for the first prong of Davila because there the 

focus is on the nature of the claim itself and whether it is “about the denial of ERISA-plan 

benefits,” not on the formal title of the individuals conducting the medical review. See id. at 

880. 

Moreover, when Hogan argued—exactly as Hackney does here—that the first prong of 

the Davila test was not satisfied because the nurses reviewing her file were not proper defendants 

for an ERISA action and therefore Hogan could not have brought her claim against them under 

ERISA, the court rejected her argument as misunderstanding our complete preemption case law. 
No. 16-5651, Hackney v. AllMed Healthcare Mgmt., Inc. 

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Hogan, 823 F.3d at 879–80. The court emphasized that prong one of Davila hinges not on who 

was sued, but on “whether in essence such a claim is for the recovery of an ERSIA plan benefit.” 

Id. at 880. 

AllMed’s “conduct was indisputably part of the process used to assess a participant’s 

claim for a benefit payment under the plan, making the negligence claim an alternative 

enforcement mechanism to ERISA’s civil enforcement provisions.” Id. (quoting Danca v. 

Private Health Care Sys., Inc., 185 F.3d 1, 6 (1st Cir. 1999)). As in Hogan, the damages in this 

case “arise from the ultimate denial of disability benefits.” Id. at 881; see, e.g., R. 1-1, PID 12 

(Hackney’s complaint states that “[a]s a direct result of AllMed’s medical opinions . . . [Lincoln] 

denied his claim for disability income benefits.”). Therefore, the first prong of the Davila test 

for complete preemption is satisfied. 

2. Legal Duty Independent of ERISA 

The second prong of the Davila test instructs us to ask whether the plaintiff alleges the 

violation of an independent legal duty. 542 U.S. at 210. A state-law tort is independent of 

ERISA when the duty conferred was “not derived from, or conditioned upon, the terms of” the 

plan and there is no “need[] to interpret the plan to determine whether that duty exists.” Gardner, 

715 F.3d at 614. In Gardner, we held that a claim for tortious interference with a plaintiff’s right 

to receive benefits under an ERISA plan was not preempted when the claim did not require the 

interpretation of any plan terms. Id. at 615. 

Hackney argues that the claim here does not require the interpretation of any terms in the 

plan agreement so the duty is independent. AllMed argues that the independent duty inquiry 

should end with the determination that the relationship between it and Hackney arose solely from 

an ERISA plan. While Gardner demonstrates that an independent duty may exist even when an 

ERISA plan is the basis for the relationship between the parties, see Gardner, 715 F.3d at 615, 
No. 16-5651, Hackney v. AllMed Healthcare Mgmt., Inc. 

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there is no such duty here. In Hackney’s case against VSI and Lincoln, we determined that 

reviewing medical records does not by itself constitute the practice of medicine. Hackney, 

657 F.App’x. at 579. In Milby v. MCMC LLC, 844 F.3d 605, 612 (6th Cir. 2016), another recent 

case involving a negligence per se claim based on the same Kentucky licensing law, we held that 

“it follows that the licensing law does not create a duty that flows from those professionals to 

claimants.” Id. 

The allegations in Hackney’s complaint implicitly rely on ERISA to establish the duty 

required for his negligence claim. The claim here therefore satisfies the second prong of the 

Davila test. Because both of the prongs of the Davila test are met, the state-law negligence 

claim is completely preempted by ERISA. We affirm the district court’s denial of Hackney’s 

motion to have the case remanded to state court. 

C. Dismissal under Rule 12(b)(6) 

The district court found that AllMed was not a proper defendant for an ERISA claim and 

dismissed the complaint. In Hogan, we affirmed dismissal of similar claims against nurses 

employed by a plan administrator in part because “the proper defendant in an ERISA action 

concerning benefits is the plan administrator.” 823 F.3d at 884 (quoting Riverview Health Inst. 

LLC v. Med. Mut. of Ohio, 601 F.3d 505, 522 (6th Cir. 2010)). The appropriate avenue for 

Hackney’s potential relief on these matters is in the previously filed case against the plan 

administrator. We therefore affirm the district court’s grant of AllMed’s motion to dismiss the 

claim under Rule 12(b)(6). 

III. CONCLUSION 

The state-law claim in this case is completely preempted by ERISA. The claim is in 

essence about the denial of benefits under an ERISA plan and the defendant does not owe an 
No. 16-5651, Hackney v. AllMed Healthcare Mgmt., Inc. 

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independent duty to the plaintiff under the Kentucky medical licensing statute. Dismissal of the 

claim was proper. The district court’s judgment is therefore AFFIRMED. 
No. 16-5651, Hackney v. AllMed Healthcare Mgmt., Inc. 

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McKEAGUE, Circuit Judge, concurring. I agree with the court’s opinion, but write 

separately because my understanding of ERISA complete preemption leads me to conclude that 

even if Kentucky’s medical licensing statute had imposed a duty on AllMed, this duty would not 

have “arise[n] independently of ERISA or the plan terms” since it is inextricably intertwined 

with the benefits review process; thus, Hackney’s claim would remain completely preempted 

under 29 U.S.C. § 1132(a)(1)(B), state law notwithstanding. See Aetna Health v. Davila, 

542 U.S. 200, 212 (2004). In my view, the lead opinion mistakenly uses the lack of a duty under 

Kentucky law as a foothold for the conclusion that AllMed owed no independent duty to 

Hackney. See Maj. Op. at 7. Instead, the focus under prong two of Davila should be on the state 

law’s connection to the benefits review process itself. 

“Whether a duty is ‘independent’ of an ERISA plan, for purposes of the Davila rule, does 

not depend merely on whether the duty nominally arises from a source other than the plan’s 

terms,” such as under a state statute. Gardner v. Heartland Indus. Partners, LP, 715 F.3d 609, 

613 (6th Cir. 2013); see also Hogan v. Jacobson, 823 F.3d 872, 882 (6th Cir. 2016). Instead, if a 

state law claim “derives entirely from the particular rights and obligations established by the 

benefit plans,” a duty is not independent. Davila, 542 U.S. at 213. This court’s recent decision 

in Hogan—which found no independent legal duty irrespective of Kentucky law on nearly 

identical facts—reiterates that it is the state law’s relationship to ERISA that is key. The Hogan 

court found that Hogan’s unlicensed practice of medicine claim did not arise independent of 

ERISA because “the relationship between the parties arose in the context of a benefits-review 

process under an ERISA plan, and that Hogan’s claimed damages flow[ed] entirely from the 

denial of her request for benefits.” Hogan, 823 F.3d at 882. 
No. 16-5651, Hackney v. AllMed Healthcare Mgmt., Inc. 

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The same is true here, where Hackney’s claim against AllMed exists solely because 

Lincoln retained AllMed for the purpose of determining whether Hackney was entitled to 

benefits under the terms of his ERISA-regulated plan. The fact that the medical reviewers in 

Hogan were employees of the plan administrator, while AllMed was hired by Lincoln as an 

independent contractor, should not alter the analysis. Kentucky law presumably imposes the 

same duty on all medical reviewers—employees and independent contractors alike—so I see no 

reason why we should deviate from the analysis in Hogan, especially given that the reviewers 

were performing the same duties in both cases. Yet, the lead opinion does not mention Hogan 

and seems to imply that if reviewing medical files did happen to constitute the practice of 

medicine in Kentucky, Hackney’s state law claim would be allowed to proceed. But this seems 

contrary to Davila and Hogan given the claim’s direct ties to benefits review. 

I am not suggesting that any ERISA-based relationship between two parties is sufficient 

to preclude a duty from ever being independent, no matter how tenuous. See Milby v. MCMC, 

LLC, 844 F.3d 605, 611 (6th Cir. 2016). Gardner illustrates otherwise, where we held that the 

duty of corporate executives not to interfere with an ERISA-regulated employee benefit plan 

while negotiating changes of ownership arose independent of ERISA. Gardner, 715 F.3d at 

613–14. But, Hackney’s claim is “distinct from those . . . in which a truly independent state-law 

tort claim is brought between parties that happen also to have an ERISA-based relationship.” 

Hogan, 823 F.3d at 883 (citing Gardner as one such distinguishable case). 

Here, just like in Hogan, because “any duty that [AllMed] owed [Hackney] arose solely 

because of and within the context of benefits review required by the plan,” id. (emphasis added), 

ERISA’s “extraordinary pre-emptive power” bars the state law claim, Davila, 542 U.S. at 209. 

Prong two of Davila involves an inherently comparative analysis between the state law claim and 
No. 16-5651, Hackney v. AllMed Healthcare Mgmt., Inc. 

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ERISA. Only if a court determines that the state law is distinct does it seem necessary to then 

ask whether that law creates a duty flowing to the specific defendants. Here, since Hackney’s 

unlicensed practice of medicine claim does not arise independent of ERISA, it does not matter 

whether AllMed owed a duty under the state law or not. Even the lead opinion seems to 

recognize this by stating that “[t]he allegations in Hackney’s complaint implicitly rely on ERISA 

to establish the duty required for his negligence claim.” See Maj. Op. at 7. It is this relationship 

between Hackney’s state law claim and the benefits review process itself—not interpretation of 

Kentucky law—that, in my opinion, should drive the conclusion that AllMed owed no legal duty 

independent of ERISA.