### ________________________________________________________________ 125 United States Office of Water EPA

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- R

- 12

- 007 Environmental Protection 4304T April 2012 Agency



# AQUATIC LIFE AMBIENT WATER QUALITY CRITERIA FOR CARBARYL

- 201 2

### ii EPA

- 820

- R

- 12

- 007

AQUATIC LIFE

AMBIENT WATER QUALITY CRITERIA FOR

CARBARYL

(CAS Registry Number 63

- 25

- 2)

April 2012

U.S. ENVIRONMENTAL PROTECTION AGENCY

OFFICE OF WATER
OFFICE OF SCIENCE AND TECHNOLOGY
HEALTH AND ECOLOGICAL CRITERIA DIVISION

WASHINGTON

, D.C.

### iii NOTICES

This document has been reviewed by the Health and Ecological Criteria Division, Office of Science and Te chnology, U.S. Environmental Protection Agency, and is approved for publication.

Mention of trade names or commercial products does not constitute endorsement or recommendation for use.

This document is available to the public through the National Techni cal Information Service (NTIS), 5285 Port Royal Road, Springfield, VA 22161.

### iv FOREWORD

Section 304(a)(l) of the Clean Water Act of 1977 (P.L. 95

- 217) requires that the Administrator of the En vironmental Protection Agency (EPA) publish water quality criteria that accurately reflect the latest scientific knowledge on the kind and extent of all identifiable effects on health and welfare that might be expected from the presence of pollutants in any body of water, including gro und water. This document is a final ambient water quality criteria (AWQC) document for the protection of aquatic life based upon consideration of all available information relating to effects of carbary l on aquatic organisms

. The term "water quality c riteria" is used in two sections of the Clean Water Act, section 304(a)(l) and section 303(c)(2). The term has a different program impact in each section. In section 304, the term represents a non

- regulatory, scientific assessment of ecological effects. Criteria presented in this document are such scientific assessments. If water quality criteria associated with specific stream uses are adopted by a state or EPA as water quality standards under section 303, they become maximum acceptable pollutant conce ntrations for permitting and listing in ambient waters within that state . Water qu ality criteria adopted in state water quality standards could have the same numerical values as criteria developed under section 304. However, in many situations states mig ht want to adjust water quality criteria developed under section 304 to reflect local environmental conditions and human exposure patterns. Alternatively, states may use different data and assumptions than EPA in deriving numeric criteria that are scienti fically defensible and protective of designated uses. It is not until their adoption as part of state water quality standards that criteria become regulatory. Guidelines to assist the states and Indian tribes in modifying the criteria presented in this d ocument are contained in the Water Quality Standards Handbook (U.S. EPA 1994). This handbook and additional guidance on the development of water quality standards and other water

- related programs of this agency have been developed by the Office of Water.

This final document is guidance only. It does not establish or affect legal rights or obligations. It does not establish a binding norm and cannot be finally determinative of the issues addressed. Agency decisions in any particular situation will be m ade by applying the Clean Water Act and EPA regulations on the basis of specific facts presented and scientific information then available.

Elizabeth Southerland Director Office of Science and Technology

### v ACKNOWLEDG E MENTS

Prep ar ed by: Diana Eignor (point of contact) U.S. EPA, Office of Water, Office of Science and Technology Health and Ecological Criteria Division Washington , D C

Reviewed by: Thomas Steeger and Kristina Garber U.S. EPA, Office of Chemical Safety and Pollution Prevention, Office of Pesticide Programs Environmental Fate and Effects Division Washington, DC

Elizabeth Behl and Joseph Beaman U.S. EPA, Office of Water, Office of Science and Technology Health and Ecological Criteria Division Washington, DC

Dale Hoff and Russ Erickson U.S. EPA, Office of Research and Development Duluth, MN

Walter Berry U.S. EPA, Office of Research and Development Narragansett, RI

Contract Support: Gregory J. Smith and Craig M. Voros Great Lakes Environmental Center Columbus, O H

This aquatic life criteria document for carbaryl has undergone many revisions and has benefitted from the insights of various reviewers , including members of the Ecological Risk Assessment Branch in the Office of Water, Office of Science and Technology . A dditionally, much of the fate and transport information and additional toxicity information ha ve been procured from various ecological risk assessments documents in the Office of Pesticide Programs ’ Environmental Fate and Effects Division.

### vi EXECUTIVE SUM MARY

Background Carbaryl (1

- naphthyl

- N

- methylcarbamate; C 12 

### H 22 

### NO 2 

### , CAS #63

- 25

- 2) is an insecticide

, a
molluscide

, and is used to thin fruit in orchards, and it belong s to the N

- methyl carbamate class of pesticides . Introduced by the Union Carbide Corporation in 195 6, c arbaryl acts on animals through contact and ingesti on

. Carbaryl is registered in the United States for use in controlling more than 160 insect pests on over 115 agricultural and non

- crop use applications, including home and garden us es (U.S. EPA 2007 a ; U.S. EPA 2010 a ). Major uses include insect control on lawns, home gardens, citrus, fruit, forage and field crops, forests, nuts, ornamentals, rangeland, turf, shade trees, poultry and pets (U.S. EPA 2010 a ). Agricultural c rops with the greatest annual use of carbaryl include apples, pecans, grapes, alfalfa, oranges, and corn. Carbaryl was the third

most commonly used conventional pesticide used in homes and gardens in 2005 and 2007 with a range of 4 to 6 million pounds of active ingred ient used annually ( U.S. EPA 2011). U.S. Geological Survey ’s National Water Quality Asses sment (NAWQA) Program reported carbaryl as the second most frequently found insecticide in water, with detections in approximately 50% of urban streams. F requencies of detection in surface water associated with

urban uses are commonly higher than th ose associated with agricultural uses. The majority of

these detections are below 0.1 μg/L. The NAWQA program analyzed a total of 11,732 water samples from 1999 to 2005 f or carbaryl . They reported 29% of all samples with concentrations greater than the minimum detection limit of 0.021 μg/L . The mean concentr ation reported was 0.058 μg/L and t he maximum concentration was 33.5 μg/L

, associated with agricultural land

. The h ighest concentration reported in urban areas was 16 μg/L

.

Carbaryl Criteria Derivation

U.S. EPA is developing recommended ambient water quality criteria for carbaryl through its authority under section 304(a) of the Clean Water Act (CWA). These water quality criteria may be used by states and authorized tribes to establish water quality standards for carbaryl. The carbaryl aquatic life c riteria are developed using p e er reviewed methods and d ata that are acceptable for the derivation of a f reshwater and estuarine/marine criteria

. Data evaluated for

criteria derivation include data submitted in support of the registration of th is pesticide and

### vii

reviewed by U.S. EPA’s Office of Pesticide Programs as well as studies reported in the open

literat ure

. The resulting recommended ambient water quality criteria indicate that freshwater aquatic organisms would have an appropriate level of protection if the one

- hour average concentration does not exceed 2.1 μg/L more than once every three years on average and if the

four

- day average concentration of carbaryl does not exceed 2.1 μg/L more than once every three

years on average ( except where a locally im portant species may be more sensitive )

. Estuarine/marine aquatic organisms would have an appropriate level of protection if the one

- hour average concentration does not exceed 1.6 μg/L more than once every three years on average
( except where a locally imp o rtant species may be more sensitive )

. This document provides guidance to states and tribes authorized to establish water quality standards under the CWA to protect aquatic life from the acute and chronic effects of carbaryl.
Under the CWA, states and aut horized tribes may adopt water quality criteria into water quality

standards to protect designated uses. While this document constitutes U.S. EPA’s scientific
recommendations regarding ambient concentrations of carbaryl, this document does not

substitute for the CWA or U.S. EPA’s regulations; nor is it a regulation itself. Thus, it cannot
impose legally binding requirements on U.S. EPA, s tates, authorized t ribes, or the regulated community, and it might not apply to a particular situation based upon the c ircumstances. State

and t ribal decision

- makers retain the discretion to adopt approaches on a case

- by

- case basis that differ from this guidance when appropriate. U.S. EPA may change this guidance in the future.

Table 1. Summary of Aquatic Life Criteria for Carbaryl Acute Chronic

Freshwater 2.1 μg/L 2.1 μg/L

Estuarine/marine 1.6 μg/L N/A

N/A

– not available, unable to calculate estuarine/marine chronic criterion

### viii TABLE OF CONTENTS Page

NOTICES

................................ ................................ ................................ ................................ ..................... iii FOREWORD

................................ ................................ ................................ ................................ ............... iv ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS

................................ ................................ ................................ .......................... v EXECUTIVE SUMMARY

................................ ................................ ................................ ......................... vi TABLE OF CONTENTS

................................ ................................ ................................ ........................... viii TABLES

................................ ................................ ................................ ................................ ...................... ix FIGURES

................................ ................................ ................................ ................................ ..................... ix APPENDICES

................................ ................................ ................................ ................................ .............. x I. INTRODUCTION AN D BACKGROUND

................................ ................................ .............................. 1 II. PROBLEM FORMULATION

................................ ................................ ................................ ................. 2 A. Stressor Characteristics

................................ ................................ ................................ ........................ 2 1. Mode of Action and Toxicity

................................ ................................ ................................ ........... 2 2. Overview of Pesticide Usage

................................ ................................ ................................ ........... 4 3. Environmental Fate and Transport

................................ ................................ ................................ ... 6 4. Occurrence

................................ ................................ ................................ ................................ ....... 7 B. Assessment Endpoints and Measures of Effect

................................ ................................ ................... 8 1. Stressors of Concern

................................ ................................ ................................ ......................... 9 2. Assessment Endpoints

................................ ................................ ................................ ...................... 9 3. Measures of Effect

................................ ................................ ................................ ......................... 11 C. Conceptual Model

................................ ................................ ................................ .............................. 14 1. Conceptual Diagram

................................ ................................ ................................ ....................... 14 D. Analysis Plan

................................ ................................ ................................ ................................ ..... 16 E. Identification of Data Gaps for Aquatic Organisms

................................ ................................ ........... 18 III. EFFECTS ANALYSES TO AQUATIC ORGANISMS

................................ ................................ ...... 18 A. Acute Toxicity to Aquatic Animals

................................ ................................ ................................ ... 18 1. Freshwater

................................ ................................ ................................ ................................ ...... 18 2. Estuarine/Marine

................................ ................................ ................................ ............................ 25 B. Chronic Toxicity to Aquatic Animals

................................ ................................ ................................ 29 1. Freshwater

................................ ................................ ................................ ................................ ...... 29 2. Estuarine/Marine

................................ ................................ ................................ ............................ 31 3. Acute

- Chronic Ratio

................................ ................................ ................................ ...................... 3 2 C. Toxicity to Aquatic Plants

................................ ................................ ................................ ................. 35 D. Degradate Toxicity

................................ ................................ ................................ ............................ 35 E. Sum mary of National Criteria

................................ ................................ ................................ ............ 35 IV. EFFECTS CHARACTERIZATION

................................ ................................ ................................ .... 36 A. Effects on Aquatic Animals

................................ ................................ ................................ ............... 36 1. Freshwater Acute Toxicity

................................ ................................ ................................ ............. 36 2. Freshwater Chronic Toxicity

................................ ................................ ................................ .......... 38 3. Freshwater Field Studies

................................ ................................ ................................ ................ 40 4. Estuarine/Marine Acute Toxicity

................................ ................................ ................................ ... 41 5. Estuarine/Marine Chronic Toxicity

................................ ................................ ................................ 42 6. Bioaccumulation

................................ ................................ ................................ ............................. 43 B. Effects on Aquatic Plants

................................ ................................ ................................ ................... 43 V. IMPLEMENTATION

................................ ................................ ................................ ............................ 44 REFERENCES

................................ ................................ ................................ ................................ ........... 46

### ix TABLES Page
Table 1. Summary of Aquatic Life Criteria for Carbaryl

................................ ................................ ........... vii Table 2. Summary of Assessment Endpoints and Measures of Effect Used in Criteria Derivation

.......... 12 Table 3. Summary Table of Number of Species with Acceptable Toxicity Data S eparated into the Minimum Data Requirements in the “Guidelines”

................................ ................................ ...... 13

Table 4. Ranked Freshwater Genus Mean Acute Values

................................ ................................ ........... 21

Table 5. Ranked Estuarine/Marine Genus Mean Acute Values

................................ ................................ . 27

Table 6. Ranked Freshwater Genus Mean Chronic Values

................................ ................................ ....... 31

Table 7. Ranked Estuarine/Marine Genus Mean Chronic Values

................................ ............................. 32

Table 8. Acute

- Chronic Ratios

................................ ................................ ................................ ................... 33 Table 9. Summary Table of Aquatic Life Criteria for Carbaryl

................................ ................................ 36



### FIGURES Page
Figure 1: Historical Extent (2002) of carbaryl usage in agriculture.

................................ ............................ 5 Figure 2: Conceptual model for carbaryl effects on aquatic organisms.

................................ ..................... 15 Figure 3: Ranked Summary of Carbaryl Genus Mean Acute Values (GMAVs)

- Freshwater Animals

.... 24 Figure 4: Ranked Summary of Carbaryl Genus Mean Acute Values (GMAVs)

- Estuarine/Marine

Animals

................................ ................................ ................................ ................................ ....... 28 Figure 5: Chronic Toxicity of Carbaryl to Aquatic Animals

................................ ................................ ...... 34

### x APPENDICES Page

Appendix A . Acceptable Acute Toxicity Data of Carbaryl to Freshwater Aquatic Animals

................... 100 Appendix B . Acceptable Acute Toxicity Data of Carbaryl to Estuarine/Marine Aquatic Animals

......... 115 Appendix C . Acceptable Chronic Toxicity Data of Carbaryl to Freshwater Aquatic Animals

................ 119 Appendix D . Chronic Toxicity Data of Carbaryl to Estuarine/Marine Aquatic Animals used Qualitatively

in the Assessment

................................ ................................ ................................ ............... 121 Appendix E . Acceptable Toxicity Data of Carbaryl to Freshwater Aquatic Plants

................................ .. 123 Appendix F . Acceptable Toxicity Data of Carbaryl to Estuarine/Mainre Aquatic Plants

........................ 125 Appendix G . Acceptable Bioaccumulation Data of Carbaryl by Aquatic Organisms

.............................. 128 Appendix H . Other Data on Effects of Carbaryl to Freshwater Aquatic Organisms

................................ 130 Appendix I . Other Data on Effects of Carbaryl to Estuarine/Marine Aquatic Organisms

........................ 139 Appendix J . List of Carbaryl Studies Not Used in Document Along with Reasons

................................ . 149

### 1

I

. INTRODUCTION AND BACKGROUND

U.S. EPA is developing ambient water quality criteria for carbaryl through its authority

under section 304(a) of the Clean Water Act (CWA). Although not regulatory in themselves,

t hese water quality criteria may be used by s tates and authorized t ribes to establish water quality standards for carbaryl to pro tect aquatic life designated us es

. The criteria presented herein are the agency’s best estimate of maxim um concentrations of carbaryl to protect most aquatic organisms from unacceptabl e short

- or long

- term effects. Carbaryl (1

- naphthyl

- N

- methylcarbamate; C 12 

### H 22 

### NO 2 

### , CAS #63

- 25

- 2) is an insecticide belong ing to the N

- methyl carbamate class of pesticides. Carbaryl is registered in the United

States for use o n over 115 agricultural and non

- crop use applications, including home and garden

uses (U.S. EPA 2007 a ; U.S. EPA 2010 a ). All pesticides distributed or sold in the United State s must be registered by U

. S

. EPA , and the registrations are periodically re

- evaluated to determine whether they meet current regulatory standards

. The next Registration Review Decision for carbaryl will be made by U.S. EPA O ffice o f P esticide P rograms (OPP) in 2015.
In 2003, OPP completed an ecological risk assessment to support a 2004 Interim Registration Eligibility Decision (IRED) for carbaryl, which identified potential acute risk to fish
associated with one use, and acute and c hronic risks to aquatic invertebrates associated with most registered uses of carbaryl ( U.S. EPA 2004 a ) . The IRED cited a study by the U.S. Geological Survey’s National Water Quality Assessment (NAWQA) Program that reported carbaryl as the

second most fre quently found insecticide in water, with detections in approximately 50% of

ur ban streams (U

. S

. G

. S

. 2006 ). Of the top five most frequently detected insecticides ( listed in descending order )

– chloropyrifos, carbaryl, carbofuran, diazinon, and malathion (U

. S

. G

. S

. 2006), there are existing ambient water quality criteria for chloropyrifos, diazinon and malathion ;
carbofuran tolerances are now cancelled

. In 2007 (U.S. EPA 2007b)

, OPP updated a summary

of U.S. surface water monitoring supporting the fin al Regi stration Decision. That assessment

conclud ed that carbaryl had relatively high frequencies of detection , with c oncentrations as high as 33.5 μg/L in an agricultural area and 16.5 μg/L i n urban areas . D etections were more frequent in urban areas than agri cultural areas, but concentrations were mostly less than 0.1 μg/L. In more recent assessments by OPP

, the Agency has made ‘may affect’ and ‘likely to adversely

affect’ determinations for the California red

- legged frog ( Rana aurora draytonii; U.S

. EPA

2007 a ) and the California Delta smelt ( Hypomesus transpacificus ; U.S. EPA 2010 b ) from the use

### 2

of carbaryl in California . Additionally, the Agency determined that there is the potential for modification of designated critical habitat for both of the Federally

- listed species from the use of carbaryl . Based on the conclusions of these assessments, the Agency indicated that formal

consultations with the U.S. Fish and Wildlife Service under section 7 of the Endangered Species

Act should be initiated for the pestic ide registration action

.

II. P ROBLEM FORMULATION

Problem formulation provides a strategic framework for water quality criteria development by focusing the effects assessment on the most relevant chemical properties and endpoints. The structure of this e ffects assessment is consistent with U.S. EPA’s Guidance for
Ecological Risk Assessment ( U.S. EPA, 1998 ) and the approach used by U.S. EPA for pesticide

effects assessment (U.S. EPA, 2004 a ).

Th is ecological effects assessment develop s scientifically defensible water quality criteria

value s for carbaryl under section 304(a) ( 1 ) of the Clean Water Act. The goal of the Clean Water Act is to protect and restore the biological, chemical and physical integrity of waters of the U

. S.

S ection 304(a)(1) of the Clean Water Act requires U.S. EPA to develop criteria for water quality that accurately reflect the latest scientific knowledge. These criteria are based solely on data and best professional scientific judgments on toxicological effects. Criteria are developed following

the guidance outlined in the Agency’s “ Guidelines for Deriving Numerical National Water
Quality Criteria for the Protection of Aquatic Organisms and Their Uses" (Stephan et al. 1985)

. Once the section 304(a) water quality criteria are finalized, s tates and authorized t ribes

may adopt the criteria into their water quality standards to protect designated uses of water

bodies

. States and tribes may also modify the criteria to reflect site

- specific conditions or use other scientifically defensible methods to develop standards

. Water quality standards are subsequently approved by U.S. EPA.

A . Stressor Characteristics

1 . Mode of Action and Toxicit y

Carbaryl is an insecticide belonging to the N

- methyl carbamate class of pesticides

. After contact or ingestion, the toxic mode of action of carbaryl ( and other carbamate insecticides ) for

### 3

animals is inhibition of the enzyme acetylcholinesterase (AChE) at synaptic junctions in the

nervous system. AChE breaks down the neurotransmitter acety l choline. Inhibition of AChE

results in the accumulation of acetylcholine in the nerve synapses which leads to continual firing

of nerve pulses through out the nervous system. This buildup results in uncontrolled movement, paralysis, convulsions , tetany, and possible death (Gunasekara et al

. 2008). Without proper nerve function, the respiratory, circulatory and other vital body systems will fail, ultimately

ca using death of the organism (Kuhr and Dorough 1976). T he acetyl cholinesterase inhibition effects of carbaryl are reversible with removal of exposure of the stressor chemical

. The primary degradate of carbaryl , 1

- na phthol, does not inhibit acetyl cholinest erase and its toxic mode of

action for animals is thought to be narcosis ( Russom et al

. 1997 )

. In aquatic organisms, narcosis is a reversible anesthetic effect that is caused by chemicals partitioning into cell membranes and

nervous tissue that result in disruption of cell functions including central nervous system

function ( Barron et al. 2001 ). Carbaryl is also used to thin fruit (removing excess fruit so the remaining fr uit increase in
size and flavor) in orchards; its activity in the abscission (dropping) of flower buds may be related to its structural similarity to plant auxins, such as α

- naphthalene acetic acid. The carbaryl degradate 1

- naphthol is a known plant auxin (Wood 2010)

. Carbaryl is included on the final list of chemicals for initial Tier 1 Screening under U.S. EPA’s Endocrine Disruptor Screening Program (EDSP) released on April 2009. This list includes chemicals that the Agency has decided should be tested first, based upon exposure pathway potential to humans ; t his list should not be construed as a list of known or likely endocrine disruptors. On October 2009, U.S. EPA issued test orders for a data call

- in (DCI) from manufacturers/formulators of carbaryl. Test results for carbaryl are due by November 12,

2011.

Water t emperature, pH and hardness are factors potentially affecting the toxicity of

carba ryl in the aquatic environment

. Schoettger and Mauck (1978) found that the toxicity of carbaryl increased with temperature and hardness (that were in the normal range for natural
waters) for the brook trout ( Salvelinus fontinalis ). Rainbow trout ( Oncorhyncus mykiss ) and bluegill ( Lepomi s macrochirus ) were similarly tested (Sanders et al

. 1983). B luegill showed increased susceptibility to carbaryl with i ncreases in pH, hardness, and temperature , whereas rainbow trout showed no appreciable changes to any of the parameters tested

. Midge larva,

### 4

Chironomus riparius , showed no significant changes in toxicity when exposed to carbaryl at pHs
of 4, 6 and 8 ; additional testing at elevated temperatures showed that increased temperature resulted in slight increases in carbaryl toxicity at pH s of 4 and 6, but not at 8 (Fisher and Lohner 1986). Thus, the lack of sufficient data showing consistent trends (with the exception of brook
trout) for specific physio

- chemical parameters precludes the need to adjust water quality criteria for these para meters

. An assessment of the available data regarding the relative toxicity of the degradate 1

- naphthol to parent carbaryl compound is inconclusive. Thus, additional acute and chronic aquatic toxicity studies involving fish and invertebrates are needed to complete a more definitive evaluation and to address the uncertainties surrounding the toxicity and effects from 1

- nap h thol.

2 . Overview of Pesticide Usage

Carbaryl (main trade names: Sevin, Arilat, Carbatox, Dicarbam) was first registered by

the Union C arbide Corporation in 1956. Currently, c arbaryl is nationally registered for over 115 uses in agriculture, professional turf management, ornamental production, and residential settings ( U.S. EPA 2010 a ). Carbaryl’s main use is an insecticide in the contro l of mites, fleas, aphids, fire ants, common garden insects, and other insect pests in orchards and agricultural

fields. Carbaryl also is registered for use as a mosquito adulticide and as a molluscacide

. Agricultural uses include root crops, tree fruit, nuts, fruit and vegetable, and grain crops. Carbaryl is used by homeowners in residential settings for lawn care, gardening (vegetables and ornamentals), and pet care (pet collars, powders, and dips, in kennels, and on pet sleeping quarters). Carbaryl al so is used by nursery, landscape, and golf course industries on turf, annuals, perennials, and shrubs. Carbaryl has forestry and rangeland uses and is used for control of grasshoppers and crickets, adult mosquitoes, ticks and fire ants. Additionally, carbaryl is used to thin fruit in orchards to enhance fruit size and enhance repeat bloom. Carbaryl is available for use in various formulations, including baits, dusts, wettable powders, molasses, oil and water suspensions, pellets and granules.

At the t ime of the carbaryl IRED ( U.S. EPA 2004 b ), approximately 3.9 million pounds of carbaryl active ingredient were sold annually in the U.S.; with about half used in agriculture and

half in non

- agricultural settings (per 1998 data). The amount of carbaryl usa ge per year in agriculture has declined somewhat from an average of 1.9 mill ion pounds of active ingredient in

### 5

1992 to 1 to 1.5 million pounds of active ingredient in 2001. Figure 1 depicts the extent of estimated annual carbaryl agricultural use national ly as of 2002. According to U.S. EPA’s October 19, 2009 Screening Level Estimates of Agricultural Uses of Carbaryl (U.S. EPA.

2010 a ) , the amount of carbaryl (total formulated product) use has declined to approximately 1. 5 million pounds used annually in 2001

. The highest annual application is hay (approximately

600 ,000 lbs), followed by apples ( 300,000 lbs), pecans (100,000 lbs)

, and oranges (100,000 lbs )
(U.S. EPA 2010 a ). Usage of carbaryl in the home and garden sector was ranked third most

commonl y used pesticide active ingredient with a range of 4 to 6 million pound s active ingredient applied in 2005 and 2007

. This was a decrease from the 6 to 9 million pound s active ingredient of carbaryl applied in home and gardens during 2003 (U.S. EPA 2011)

. Usage data in the home and garden sector is not available to allow development of a map for non

- agricultural

use similar to Figure 1

.

Figure 1 : Historical Extent (2002) of carbaryl usage in agriculture

. (Source http://ca.water.usgs.gov/pnsp/pesticide_use_maps/show_map.php?year=02&map=m6006 )

### 6

3

. Environmental Fate and Transport

Technical grade carbaryl is an odorless and colorless to tan crystal (depending on purity), and has a molecular weight of 201.2 2 g/mole. Carbaryl has a density of 1.2 1 g/mL at 20 o 

### C, a vapor pressure of 1.36 x 10 - 7 

### torr at 25 o 

### C

, and is soluble in water to 32 mg/L at 30 o 

### C ( U.S. EPA

2010 a ). It has an n

- octanol/wate r partitioning coefficient ( K ow 

### ) of 229 and an organic

- carbon normalized partition coefficient (K oc 

### ) of 196 L/kg oc 

### ( U.S. EPA 2010 a ). Its Henry’s law constant

of 1.28 x 10 - 8 

### atm m 3 

### g/mol @ 25 o 

### C suggests it will have minimal volatilization from aqueous
solutions ( U.S. EPA 2010 a ).

The h ydrolysis of carbaryl is pH related, occurring more rapidly in alkaline solutions
( U.S. EPA 2010 a )

. There is no evidence of degradation at a pH of 5 and degradation occurs in neutral (pH 7) and alkaline (pH 9) systems with measured half

- lives ( t 1⁄2 

### ) of 12 days and 0.13 days, respectively ( U.S. EPA 20 10 a ). Hydrolysis of carbaryl is also evident in saltwater , wi th reported half

- life of one day (pH=7.9) in filtered saltwater (Armbust and Crosby 1991). The major degradate of hydrolysis is 1

- naphthol. In aerobic soil and aquatic systems, microbially

mediated degradation (metabolism) of carbaryl occurs fairly rapid ly (t 1⁄2 

### =4.0 and 4.9 days respectively) but more slowly under anaerobic conditions (t 1⁄2 

### =72 days ) (U

. S

. EPA 2010 a )

. Under both aerobic and anaerobic conditions the major degradate is 1

- naphthol. Aqueous photolysis is a nother route of degradation f or carbaryl , and may occur in the

upper water column of an aquatic system , where clearer waters allow light to penetrat e

. Carbaryl degraded rapidly by aqueous photolysis to 1

- naphthol with a half

- life of 1.8 days, which in turn degraded very rapidly with a half

- life of less than 1 hour. The primary degradate ( i.e.

, 1

- naphthol ) in all the degradation studies reviewed , only formed transiently (t 1⁄2 

### ~<1 hr) and in most cases completely degraded by the end of each study. Data on the primary degradate, 1

- naphthol are limited; however, it appears to be less mobile than the parent (discussed below) and is not likely to persist due to fairly rapid degradation. Since 1

- naphthol can occur from a variety of natural and anthropogenic processes, its presence cannot be considered indicative of carbaryl use.

Besides 1

- naphthol , t he only other major degradate reported was 1, 4

- napthoquinone

which was found at 17.3% on the third day after study initiation in the aerobic aquatic metabolism study ( U.S. EPA 2010 a ). No additional environmental fate data were available for this degradate.

### 7

Carbaryl is considered moderately mobile in soils and sorption of carbaryl is dependen t on soil organic matter ( U.S. EPA 2010 a ). Following a high rain event , carbaryl may reach aquatic environments from areas of application in sheet and channel flow runoff. In urban environments, carbaryl present in runoff from yards and gardens could eve ntually end up in stormwater and wastewater treatment influent. Agricultural applications could have runoff that is subsequently discharged into a surface water body. Potential transport mechanisms of carbaryl in air include spray drift, and secondary dri ft

of volatilized or soil

- bound residues leading to deposition onto nearby or more distant

ecosystems. Carbaryl has been shown to be transported and deposited b y atmospheric processes
( U.S. EPA 2010 a ) ; however

, given carbaryl’s relatively rapid degradation, its potential for long

range atmospheric transport is likely limited.

4. Occurrence

In 2003, the OPP E nvironmental F ate and E ffects D ivision reported that carbaryl was the second most widely detected insecti cide in surface water in the U. S. Geological Survey’s (USGS) National Water Quality Assessme nt (NAWQA) monitoring program

. In the 2003

assessment of NA WQ A data, 1,067 (21%) out of 5,198 surface water samples had detections greater than the minimum detect able limit (0.021 μg/L) . The maximum reported concentration was 5.5 μg/L across all sites. Th e mean concentration was 0.11 μg/L , with a standard deviation

of 0.43 μg/L. In a summary of pesticide occurrence and concentrations for 40 NAWQA stream

sites wi th primarily agricultural basins, carbaryl was detected in 11% of the samples (N = 1,001) with a maximum concentration of 1.5 μg/L. In a report released in 2006 summarizing pesticide results from NAWQA from 1992 to 2001 (U

. S

. G

. S

. 2006), carbaryl is listed as one of the 14 most frequently detected pesticide compounds in surface water and one of the 3 most frequently detected along with diazinon and chlorpyrifos . Carbaryl was detected in 50% of urban samples over this time period. The majority of carbaryl concentrations reported were low wit h 35% of the urban samples less than 0.1 μg/L. Detection frequencies in agricultural and mixed land use streams were lower (10% and 17%, respectively), and concentrations associated with those land uses were a lmost all less than 0.1 μg/L

.

### 8

In 2007, OPP obtained carbaryl data from the USGS NAWQA data warehouse from 1999

to 2005. A total of 11,732 samples were collected in that timeframe and analyzed for carbaryl with 29% of all samples reporting residues greate r than the minimum detection limit. For samples with detections, the mean concentration reported was 0.058 μg/L. The maximum concentration reported was 33.5 μg/L at a location associated with agricultural land (mean in agricultural areas: 0.094 μg/L). T he detection frequency associated with agricultural uses was lower (19%) than that associated with urban uses (50%). The highest concentration reported in

an urban area was 16 μg/L

. The higher detection frequency in urban streams (versus agricultural

or mixed land uses) is consistent with data summarized in the USGS reports and earlier EPA

2003 assessment ( U

. S

. EPA 2003)

. The concentrations detected in urban streams (mostly low concentrations, a few detections in the multiple ppb range), are also consist ent with earlier data. The relatively high concentration reported associated with agricultural uses is unusual but not outside of the range predicted by modeling done by EPA for pesticide registration (U.S. EPA
2008)

. Thus, carbaryl was detected less freq uently but at higher concentrations in agricultural areas/uses, while carbaryl was detected more frequently but at lower concentrations in urban

areas. Carbaryl’s vapor pressure ( 1.36 x 10 - 6 

### torr ) and Henry’s law constant (1.28 x 10 - 8 

### atm

- m - 3



### mol - 1 

### ) are consistent with compounds which are found at least occasionally in the atmosphere.

Other than near

- field spray drift studies, carbaryl was only measured in a two studies. Carbaryl was detected in 37 percent of rainfall samples collected from Marylan d, Indiana, Nebraska and California agricultural watersheds during the 2003 and 2004 growing season, at concentrations ranging from 0.024 to 0.093 μg/L ( Vogel et al . 2008 )

. Carbaryl was found in fog in concentrations as high as 0.0 69 μ g /L in six samples c ollected at three sites along the Pacific Coast in Monterey County, CA ( S c homburg et al. 1991 ). Carbaryl has been also detected in precipitation samples in California (Majewski et al. 2006). Out of 137 rain samples, 93 had detectable carbaryl with a maximum concentration of 0.756 μg /L

. Based on these data, it is possible that carbaryl can be deposited on land and aquatic environments in precipitation.

B

. Assessment Endpoints and Measur e s of Effect

U.S. EPA derives ambient water quality criteria for the protection of aquatic life that are protective of the designated uses established for waters of the United States. U.S. EPA is using

### 9

the peer

- reviewed procedures defined in the Agency’s “ Guidelines for Deriving Numerical
National Water Quality Criter ia for the Protection of Aquatic Organisms and Their Uses" (Stephan et al. 1985) to derive national Water Quality Criteria for carbaryl.

1. Stressors of Concern

This criteria document quantitatively considers effects of exposures of carbaryl only.

Carbar yl degrades into one major degradate : 1

- naphthol ; however, 1

- naphthol is also formed naturally as a degradation product of naphthalene and other polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons.

Available environmental fate data indicate that 1

- naphthol degrades more rap idly and is less

mobile than carbaryl . Toxicity data indicate that 1

- naphthol is roughly equal to or less toxic than the parent compound depending on the species tested ( U.S. EPA 2010 b ). Additional data are

needed to better quantify the relative toxicity of the degradate 1

- naphthol to parent carbaryl

. Since 1

- naphthol is less persistent and less mobile than the parent compound, acts through a different mode of action, and is no more toxic than the parent compound, this criteria docum ent focuses on the parent compound alone.

2

. Assessment Endpoints

Assessment endpoints are defined as “explicit expressions of the actual environmenta l value that is to be protected” and are defined by an ecological entity (species, community, or other entity) and its attribute or characteristics ( U.S. EPA 1998 ). Assessment endpoints may be identified at any level of organization (e.g. individual, population, community). In the context of

t he Clean Water Act

, aquatic life criteria rely on the results of growth, reproduction, and survival of the assessed taxa. This information is aggregated into a species sensitivity analyses that evaluates the impact on the aquatic community. Criteria are d esigned to be protective of the vast majority of aquatic species in an aquatic community (i.e., 5 th 

### percentile of tested aquatic animals representing the aquatic community )

. As a result, the designated uses ( i.e ., aquatic life support)

and their associat ed criteria may be considered as assessment endpoints. To develop 304(a) aquatic life criteria under CWA, U.S. EPA typically requires the following:

### 10

 Acute toxicity test data for species from a minimum of eight diverse taxonomic groups. The diversity of t ested species is intended to ensure protection of various components of an aquatic ecosystem.

o The acute freshwater requirement is fulfilled with the following 8 minimum data requirements :

 the family Salmonidae in the class Osteichthyes

 a second family in the class Osteichthyes, preferably a commercially or recreationally important warmwater species (e.g., b luegill, channel catfish, etc.)

 a third family in the phylum Chordata (may be in the class Osteichthye s or may be an amphibian, etc.)

 a planktonic crustacean (e .g., cladoceran, copepod, etc.)

 a benthic crustacean (e.g., ostracod, is opod, amphipod, crayfish, etc.)

 an insect (e.g., mayfly, dragonfly, damselfly, stonefly, ca ddisfly, mosquito, midge, etc.)

 a family in a phylum other than Arthropoda or Ch ordata (e.g., Rotifera, Annelida, Mollusca, etc.)

 a family in any order of insect or any phylum not already represented

o The acute estuarine/marine requirement is fulfilled with the following 8 minimum data requirements:

 two families in the phylum Chordata

 a family in a phylum ot her than Arthropoda or Chordata

 either the Mysidae or Penaeidae family

 three other families not in the phylum Chordata (may include Mysidae or Penaeidae, whichever was not used above)

 any other family

o Chronic toxicity test data (longer

- term survival, growth, or reproduction) are required for a minimum of three taxa, with at least one chronic test being from an acutely

- sensitive species. Acute

- chronic ratios can be calculated with data from species of aquatic animals from at leas t three different families if the following data requirements are met:

 at least one is a fish

 at least one is an invertebrate

 f or freshwater chronic criterion: at least one is an acutely sensitive freshwater species (the other two may be estuarine/marine species) or for estuarine/marine chronic criterion: at least one is an acutely sensitive estuarine/marine species (the other two may be freshwater species).

### 11

3. Measures of Effect

Each assessment endpoint requires one or more “measures of ecological effe ct” which are defined as changes in the attributes of an assessment endpoint itself or changes in a surrogate entity or attribute in response to chemical exposure. Ecological effect data are used as measures

of direct and indirect e ffects to biological re ceptors. The measures of effect selected represent

the growth, reproduction, and survival of the organisms

.

 The acute measures of effect used for organisms in this document are the LC50, EC50 , and IC 50 . LC stands for “Lethal Concentration” and LC 50 is the concentration of a chemical that is estimated to kill 50% of the test organisms. EC stands for “Effective Concentration” and the EC 50 is the concentration of a chemical that is estimated to produce a specific effect in 50% of the test organisms. IC stands for “Inhibitory Concentration” and the IC 50 is the concentration of a chemical that is estimated to inhibit some biological process (i.e. growth, etc.) by 50% compared to a control organism

.

 Endpoints for chronic measures of exposure are the N OEC

, LOEC , and MATC . The NOEC (i.e., “No

- Observed

- Effect

- Concentration”) is the highest test concentration at which none of the observed effects were statistically different from the control. The LOEC ( i.e., “Lowest

- Observed

- Effect

- Concentration”) is the lo west test concentration at which observed effects were statistically different from the control. The M aximum A cceptable T oxicant C oncentration ( MATC ) is the calculated geometric mean of the NOEC and LOEC.

Data for carbaryl were obtained from studies submi tted to EPA’s Office of Pesticide Programs by registrants to support registration and from studies published in the open literature

and identified in a literature search using the ECOTOXicology database (ECOTOX) as meeting data quality standards

. ECOTOX is a source of high quality toxicity data for aquatic life, terrestrial plants, and wildlife. The database was created and is maintained by the U

. S

. EPA, Office of Research and Development, and the National Health and Environmental Effects

Research Laboratory's Mid

- Continent Ecology Division. The latest comprehensive literature search for this document was conducted in May 2009

. The amount of toxicity testing data available for any given pollutant varies significantly, depending primarily on whethe r it has raised any significant environmental issues and, in the case of a pesticide, how long it has been registered. A further evaluation of available data is performed by EPA t o determine test acceptability. Appendix A of Quality Criteria for Water

### 12

19 86 ( U.S. EPA 1986 ) provides an in

- depth discussion of the minimum data requirements and data quality requirements for aquatic life criteria development.

The assessment endpoints for aquatic life criteria are based on growth, reproduction, and

survival of t he assessed taxa

. The measures of effect are provided by the acute and chronic toxicity data

. These toxicity endpoints [expressed as genus means] are used in the species sensitivity distribution of the aquatic community to derive the aquatic life criteri a. Endpoints

used in this assessment are listed in Table 2

.

Table 2. Summary of Assessment Endpoints and Measures of Effect Used in Criteria Derivation

Assessment Endpoint s for the Aquatic Community Measures of Effect

Survival , growth, and reproduction of freshwater fish , other freshwater vertebrates, and invertebrates For acute effects: LC 50

, EC 50 For chronic effects: NOEC and LOEC, calculated MATC , or EC20

Survival , growth, and reproduction of estuarine/marine fish and invertebrates For acute effects: LC 50

, EC 50 For chronic effects: NOEC and LOEC, calculated MATC , or EC20
Maintenance and growth of aquatic plants from standing crop or biomass (freshwater and estuarine/marine) For effects: LOEC, EC20, EC50, IC50

, reduced growth rate, cell viability, calculated MATC

MATC = M aximum ac ceptable toxicant concentration ( geometric mean of NOEC and LOEC) NOEC = No observed effect concentration LOEC = Lowest observed effect concentration LC 50 = Lethal concentration to 50% of the test population EC50/EC20 = Effect concentration to 50%/20% of the test population IC50 = C oncentration of carbaryl at which growth is inhibited 50% compared to control organism growth.



### Table 3 provides a summary of the number of toxicity data available for gen era and species that fulfill the minimum dataset requirements for calculation of acute and chronic criteria

for both freshwater and estuarine/marine organisms

.

### 13

T able 3. Summary Table of Number of Species w ith Acceptable Tox icity Data S eparated into the Minimum Data Requirements in the “Guidelines”
Genus Mean Acute Value ( GMAV) Species Mean

Acute Value ( SMAV) Genus Mean

Chronic Value ( GMCV) Species Mean

Chronic Value ( SMCV) Freshwater Family Salmonidae in the c lass Osteichthyes 3 9

- -
Second family in the c lass Osteichthyes, preferably a commercially or recreationally important warmwater species 20 23 3 1

Third family in the p hylum Chordata (may be in the c lass Osteichthyes or may be an amphibian, etc.) 4 1 4 1

- -

Planktonic Crustacean 4 6 2 2 Benthic Crustacean 6 8

- - Insect 6 6

- - Family in a p hylum other than Arthropoda or Chordata ( e.g ., Rotifera, Annelida, or Mollusca) 3 2 3 2

- -

Family in any o rder of insect or any
p hylum not already represented 1 3 1 3

- -

Total 47 60 5 3 Estuarine/Marine Family in the p hylum Chordata:
p hylum Chordata, f

amily Gasterosteidae 1 1

- -

Family in the p hylum Chordata:
p hylum Chordata, f

amily Cyprinodontidae 1 1

- -

Either the Mysidae or Penaeidae f amily: f amily Mysidae 1 1

- -
Family in a p hylum other than Arthropoda or Chordata 1 4 1 4

- -
Family in a p hylum other than Chordata 1 5 1 5

- -
Family in a p hylum other than Chordata 1 6 1 6

- -
Family in a p hylum other than Chordata 1 7 2 7

- -
Any o ther f

amily 1 8 1 8

- - Any o ther f

amily 3 9 3 9

- - Total 11 1 2

- - 1 Phylum Chordata, Class Amphibia
2 Phylum Annelida and Phylum Mollusca
3 Class Insecta, Family Perlidae
4 Phylum Mollusca, Family Tellinidae
5 Phylum Mollusca, Family Cardiidae
6 Phylum Mollusca, Family Veneridae
7 Phylum Mollusca, Family Ostreidae
8 Phylum Mollusca, Family Mytilidae
9 Phylum Arthropoda Dash indicates not available

### 14

The aquatic plant data available for carbaryl indicate that plants are roughly two orders of magnitude less sensitive than the aquatic animals tested ( Appendix E ). Therefore, no further analyses for development of plant criteria were initiated.

C. Conceptual Model

Conceptual models consist of a written descriptio n and diagram ( U.S. E PA 1998 ) that illustrate the relationships between human activities, stressors, and ecological effects on assessment endpoints

. The conceptual model links exposure characteristics, with the ecological endpoints important for management goals. Under the Clean Water Act, these management goals are established by s tates and t ribes as designated uses of waters of the United States (fo r example, aquatic life support). In deriving aquatic life criteria, U.S. EPA is developing acceptable thresholds for pollutants that, if not exceeded, are expected to protect designated uses.

A s tate and /or t ribe may implement these criteria by adopting them into their respective water quality standards.

1 . Conceptual Diagram

Environmental exposure to carbaryl, while ultimately determined by various site specific conditions and process es , is initiated by an application of the pesticide . The environmen tal fate properties of carbaryl indicate that runoff, ground water recharge, spray drift, and atmospheric deposition represent potential transport mechanisms of carbaryl to surface water which serves as habitat for aquatic organisms. These transport mecha nisms are depicted in the conceptual model
below ( Figu re 2 ). The model also depicts exposure pathways for biological receptors of concern
( e.g. , non

- target aquatic animals) and the potential attribute changes ( i.e., effects such as reduced survival, growth and reproduction) in the receptors due to carbaryl exposure. The conceptual model provides a broad overview of how aquatic organisms can potentially be exposed to carbaryl. Tran sport mechanisms and exposure pathw ays are not considered in the derivation of aquatic life criteria. Derivation of criteria focuses on effects on
survival, grow th and reproduction of aquatic organisms

. However, the pathways, recep tors, and attribute changes depicted in Figure 2 may be he lpful for states and tribes as they adopt criteria

into standards and need to evaluate p otential exposure pathways affecting design a ted uses

.

### 15

Figure 2: Conceptual model for carbaryl effects on aquatic organisms. (Dotted lines indicate exposure pathways that have a low likelihood of contributing to ecological effects )

.

### 16

D. Analysis Plan

During development of CWA sec tion 304(a) criteria

, U.S. EPA assembles available test

data and considers all the relevant data that meet acceptable data quality standard together for a ll

genera

. In most cases, data on freshwater and estuarine /marine species are grouped separately to develop separate freshwater and estuarine /marine criteria. Thus, where data allow , four criteria are developed (acute freshwater, acute estuarine /marine , chronic freshwater, and chronic

estuarine /marine ). If plants are more sensitive than vertebrates and invertebrates, plant criteria are developed.

The CWA criteria are based on a species se nsitivity distribution (SSD) comprised of

g enus mean acute values (GMAVs), calculated from species mean acute values (SMAVs) f or acceptable available data

. SMAVs are calculated using the geometric mean for all acceptable toxicity tests within a given species (e.g. all tests for Daphnia magna ). If only one test is available, the SMAV is that test value by default. GMAVs are then calculated using the geometric means of all SMAVs within a given genus (e.g. all SMAVs for genus Daphnia

- Daphnia pulex

, Daphnia magna ). Once again, if only one SMAV is available for a genus, then the GMAV is represented by that value. GMAVs are then rank

- ordered by sensitivity from most

sensitive to least sensitive. The final acute value (FAV) is determined by regression analysis based on the four most sensitive genera (reflected as GMAVs) in the data set to interpolate or extrapolate (as appropriate) to the 5 th 

### percentile of the distribution represented by the tested

genera

. The acute criterion is the FAV divided by two, which is intended to provide an acute

criterion protective of nearly all individuals in such a genus (see “Guidelines”)

. Although the aquatic life criteria derivation process relies on selected toxicity endpoints from the sensitive species tested, it does not necessarily mean that the selected toxicity endpoints reflect sensitivity of the most sensitive species existing in a given environment. The intent of the eight minimum data requirements is to serve as a sample representative of the aquatic community. These minimum data requirements represent different ecological, trophic,

taxonomic and functional differences observed in the natural aquatic ecosystem. Use of species sensitivity distribution where the criteria value s are based on the four most sensitive taxa is reflective of the whole distribution, representing a censored statistical approach that improves

estimation of the lower tail when the shape of the whole distribution is uncertain

.

### 17

T he chronic criterion may be determined by one of two methods

. If all 8 minimum data requirements are met with acceptable chronic test data , then the chronic criterion is derived using

the same method used for the acute criterion. In cases where less chronic data are available ( i.e

. , must have at least three chronic tests from taxa that also have appropriate acute toxicity data ) t he

chronic criterion can be derived by determining an ap propriate acute

- chronic ratio ( ACR )

. The ACR is a way of relating the acute and chronic toxicities of a material to aquatic organisms.

Acute

- chronic ratios can be used to derive chronic criteria with data for species of aquatic

animals provided that at least three of the minimum data requirements are met and that:

- at least one is a fish

- at least one is an invertebrate

- at least one is an acutely sensitive freshwater species (or estuarine/marine species if

estuarine/marine criteria are be ing derived); t he other two species data may be

freshwater or estuarine/marine as appropriate to the derivation

. ACRs are calculated by dividing the acute toxicity test values by a “paired” (same lab, same
dilution water) chronic test value. Comparisons o f ACRs across taxa may elucidat e differences and similarities in taxa response

. F or example, invertebrate ACRs for carbaryl are similar indicating similar taxonomic sensitivity

. If variability is greater than ten

- fold among calculated

ACRs , and no explai nable trend exists, then a chronic criterion should not be d e rived. The Final ACR (FACR) is then derived by calculating the geometric mean of all acceptable ACRs. The

Final C hronic Value (FCV) is then estimated by dividing the FAV by the FACR. This serve s as
the basis for the chronic criterion. Finally, t he acute or chronic criterion may be lowered to protect recreationally or commercially important species. In addition, whenever adequately justified, a s tate or t ribe may replace a national criterion

with a site

- specific criterion (U.S. EPA 1983a) , which may include not only site

- specific
criterion concentrations, but also site

- specific durations of averaging periods and site

- specific frequencies of allowed excursions (U.S. EPA 1991). For more information on criteria

derivation , see : http://water.epa.gov/scitech/swguidance/waterquality/standards/upload/2009_01_13_criteria_85g uidelines.pdf

. The criteria presented herein are the agency’s best estimate of maximum concentr ations

of carbaryl to protect most aquatic organisms from any unacceptable short

- or long

- term effects.

### 18

Results of such intermediate calculations s uch as Species Mean Acute Values ( Appendices A

and B ) and chronic values ( Appendices C and D ) are specified to four significant figures to

prevent round

- off e rror in subsequent calculations and the number of places beyond the decimal point does not reflect the precision of the value.

E

. Identification of Data Gaps for Aquatic Organisms

Data gaps were identified for carbaryl

. No acceptable aquatic vascular plant data are

available. However, given the large difference between toxicity to aquatic plants and animals, it is not likely that aquatic vascular plants would be more sensitive to carbaryl that aquatic animals.

Also

, additional a cute and chronic aquatic toxicity studies using the degradate 1

- naphthol on fish

and invertebrates are recommended to address lack of information for this degradate

. This data gap was identified in EPA ’s problem formula tion for the re

- evaluation of carbaryl ( U.S. EPA

2010 a ) thus, in the future, additional degradate data may be come available. In a ddition, supplement al es tuarine/marine chronic studies would be beneficial since there is only one study

available for evaluation

.

I II . E FFECTS ANALYSES TO AQUATIC ORGANISMS

A. Acute Toxicity to Aquatic Animals

All available data relating to the acute effects of carbaryl on aquatic animals were considered in deriving the carbaryl criteria. Data that were suitable ( in terms of test acceptability and quality), according to the “Guidelines,” for the derivation of a freshwater and
estuarine/marine FAV are presented in Appendices A and B , respectively ( most fish and

invertebrate data are 96

- h r duration, except cladoceran s, midges, mysids and certain embryos and larvae of specific estuarine/marine groups are 48

- h r duration ).

1. Freshwater

Sixty freshwater sp ecies representing 47 genera were represented in the dataset of acceptable data for acute toxicity to carbaryl

. Species Mean Acute Values (SMAV) ranged from 3.175 μg/L for the stonefly ( Isogenus sp. ) to 27,609 μg/L for the catfish ( Clarias batrachus ).

### 19

The second, third, fourth and seventh most sensitive tested species SMAVs are also stoneflies
( Skwala sp

. , Pteronar cys californic a , Claassenia sabulosa and Pteronarcella badia ), with SMAVs of 3.6, 4.8, 5.6 and 9.163 μg/L, respectively. Cladocerans are the next most sensitive taxon (SMAVs ranged from 5.958 μg/L for Ceriodaphnia dubia to 35 μg/L for Daphnia

carinata ), f

ollowed by amphipods ( Gammarus ps eudolimnaeus

, G. lacustris

, Hya le ll a azteca and
Pontoporeia hoyi with SMAVs of 10.12, 18.76, 15.2 and 250 μg/L, respectively). Thus, the ten

freshwater genera most sensitive to carbaryl are in the classes Insecta and Crustacea ( Table 4 )

, as would be expected for an insecticide

. The most sensitive fish SMAV was for brown trout, Salmo trutta (SMAV of 700 μg/L), followed by the rainbow trout (SMAV of 860 μg/L) and lake trout ( Salvelinus namaycush

, SMA V of 988.1 μg/L )

. Tests relating to effects on several endangered fish species were also

available : the shortnosed sturgeon, Acipenser brevirostrum , with a SMAV of 1,810 μg/L
(Dwyer et al

. 2000) ; the razorback sucker, Xyrauchen texanus , with a SMAV of 4, 350 μg/L (Dwyer et al

. 1995); the Gila topminnow, Poeciliopsis occidentalis , with a SMAV of >3,000
μg/L ( Dwyer et al

. 1999b); the bonytail chub, Gila elegans , with a SMAV of 2,655 μg/L (Dwyer

et al

. 1995; Beyers et al

. 1994); the Atlantic salmon, Salmo salar , with a SMAV of 1,129 μg/L (Mayer and Ellersieck 1986); and the Colorado pikeminnow (formerly squawfish )

, Ptychochelius

lucius , with a SMAV of 2,005 μg/L (Dwyer et al

. 1995; Beyers et al

. 1994). Tests relating to effects on one threatened fish speci es was available

, i.e.

, the Apache trout, Oncorhynchus
apache , with a SMAV of 1,540 μg/L (Dwyer et al

. 1995). Tests relating to effects on two threatened/endangered fish species (certain population s threatened, and others endangered) were also available, the Coho salmon, Oncorhynchus kisutch , with a SMAV of 1,654 μg/L (Katz

1961 ; Macek and McAllister 1970 ; Post and Schroeder 1971 ; Johnson and Finley 1980; Mayer
and Ellersieck 1986) and the Chinook salmon, Oncorhynchus tshawytscha

, with a SMAV of
2,690 μg/L ( Johnson and Finley 1980; Mayer and Ellersieck 1986 ; Phipps and Holcombe 1985 ; 1990). Available data indicates endangered fish species tested are not found to be more sensitive

than non

- endangered fish species.

A quatic

- phase a mphibians ( Rana clamitans

, SMAV = 16,296 μg/L; Bufo boreas

, SMAV
= 12,310 μg/L; Hyla versicolor , SMAV = 2,470 μg/L and Xenopus laevis ( frog that is a common test species with fully aquatic life cycle that is non

- native to the U.S. ) , SMAV = 1,730 μg/L),

freshwater mussels (

Anodonta imbecillis , SMAV = 24,632 μg/L) and the aquatic air

- breathing

### 20

snail ( Aplexa hypnorum , SMAV = >27,000 μg/L) were comparatively insensitive to carbaryl.

The least sensitive species tested with carbaryl is C

. batrachus

, with a SMAV of 27,609 μg/L.

GMAVs for 47 freshwater genera are provided in Table 4

. The four most sensitive genera were within a factor of 1.8 of one another. The freshwater FAV (the 5 th 

### percentile of the species sensitivity distribution) for carbaryl is 4.219 μg/L, calculated using the proc edures

described in the “Guidelines .” The Final Acute Value is an estimate of the concentration of the material corresponding to a cumulative probability of 0.05 in the acute toxicity values for the genera with which acceptable acute tests have been conducted on the material. The FA V is slight ly higher than the GMAVs for two genera of stoneflies, Isogenus (3.175 μg/L) and Skwala
(3.6 μg/L ). The FAV is then divided by two to account for the fact that the toxicity tests were designed to assess LC 50 value s, and the criteri on need ed to protect aqu atic life at levels below which effects on test organisms are indistinguishable from control (unexposed) organisms.
Therefore, the FAV/2, which is the freshwater continuous maximum concentration (CMC), for carbaryl is 2.1 μg/L and should be protective for all freshwater organisms potentially exposed to carbaryl under sh ort

- term conditions ( Figure 3 ).

### 21

Table 4. Ranked Freshwater Genus Mean Acute Values

Rank a 

### Genus Mean Acute

Value (μg/L) Species Species Mean Acute Value b 

### (μg/L)

47 27,609 Walking catfish, Clarias batrachus 27,609

46 >27,000 Snail, Aplexa hypnorum >27,000

45 24,632 Mussel, Anodonta imbecillis 24,632

44 20,000 Black bullhead, Ameiurus melas 20,000

43 16,700 Goldfish, Carassius auratus 16,700

42 16,296 Green frog, Rana clamitans 16,296

41 12,400 Channel catfish, Ictalurus punctatus 12,400

40 12,310 Boreal toad, Bufo boreas 12,310

39 9,039 Green sunfish, Lepomis cyanellus 9,460

- Redear sunfish

L

. microlophus 11,200

- Bluegill,

L

. macrochirus 6,970

38 8,656 European chub

, Leuciscus cephalus 8,656

37 8,200 Oligochaete worm, Lumbriculus variegatus 8,200

36 8,012 Fathead minnow, Pimephales promelas 8,012

35 6,400 Largemouth bass, Micropterus salmoides 6,400

34 4,350 Razorback sucker, Xyrauchen texanus 4,350

33 4,153 Common carp, Cyprinus carpio 4,153

32 >3,000 Gila topminnow, Poeciliopsis occidentalis >3,000

31 2,930 Nile tilapia, Oreochromis niloticus 2,930

30 2,655 Bonytail chub, Gila elegans 2,655

29 2,600 Black crappie, Pomoxis nigromaculatus 2,600

28 2,515 Guppy, Poecilia reticulate 2,515

### 22

Table 4. Ranked Freshwater Genus Mean Acute Values

Rank a 

### Genus Mean Acute

Value (μg/L) Species Species Mean Acute Value b 

### (μg/L)

27 2,480 Yellow perch, Perca flavescens 2,480

26 2,470 Gray tree frog, Hyla versicolor 2,470

25 2,462 Crayfish, Orconectes immunis 2,870

- Crayfish,

O

. virilis 2,112

24 2,079 Greenthroat darter, Etheostoma lepidum 2,140

- Fountain darter,

E

. fonticola 2,020

23 2,005 Colorado pikeminnow (formerly squawfish )

, Ptychochelius lucius 2,005

22 1,810 Apache trout, Oncorhynchus apache 1,540

- Coho salmon,

O

. kisutch 1,654

- Chinook salmon,

O

. tshawytscha 2,690

- Cutthroat trout,

O

. clarki i 3,300

- Rainbow trout,

O

. mykiss 860

21 1,810 Shortnosed sturgeon, Acipenser brevirostrum 1,810

20 1,730 African clawed frog, Xenopus laevis 1,730

19 1,322 Striped bass, Morone saxatilis 1,322

18 1,269 Brook trout, Salvelinus fontinalis 1,629

- Lake trout,

S

. namaycush 988.1

17 1,000 Crayfish, Procambarus clarki i 1,000

16 889.0 Atlantic salmon, Salmo salar 1,129

- Brown trout,

S

. trutta 700

15 839.6 Crayfish, Cambarus bartoni 839.6

### 23

Table 4. Ranked Freshwater Genus Mean Acute Values

Rank a 

### Genus Mean Acute

Value (μg/L) Species Species Mean Acute Value b 

### (μg/L)

14 280 Aquatic sowbug, Asellus brevicaudus 280

13 250 Amphipod, Pontoporeia hoyi 250

12 230 Mysid, Mysis relicta 230

11 200 Backswimmer, Notonecta undulate 200

10 15.2 Amphipod, Hyalella azteca 15.2

9 13.78 Amphipod, Gammarus lacustris 18.76

- Amphipod,

G

. pseudolimnaeus 10.12

8 11.90 Cladoceran, Daphnia carinata 35

- Cladoceran,

D

. magna 7.521

- Cladoceran,

D

. pulex 6.4

7 9.163 Stonefly, Pteronarcella badia 9.163

6 8.781 Cladoceran, Simocephalus serrulatus 8.781

5 5.958 Cladoceran, Ceriodaphnia dubia 5.958

4 5.6 Stonefly, Claassenia sabulosa 5.6

3 4.8 Stonefly, Pteronarcys californic a 4.8

2 3.6 Stonefly, Skwala sp. 3.6

1 3.175 Stonefly, Isogenus sp. 3.175

a 

### Ranked from the most resistant to the most sensitive based on Genus Mean Acute Value.
b 

### From Appendix A

.

### 24

Figure 3 : Ranked Summary of Carbaryl Genus Mean Acute Values ( GMAVs )

- Freshwater Animals

### 25

2. Estuarine/M arine

S MAVs (SMAVs and GMAVs are equal with the exception of the genus Crassostrea )

for 11 genera representing 1 2 species of estuarine/marine organisms were calculated for carbaryl
( Table 5 ). SMAVs and GMAVs are equal when there is only one species present per genus. The most sensitive genus was the mysid ( Americamysis sp. ), with a S MAV of 7.188 μg/L, followed by the Dungeness crab ( Metacarcinus magister ) with a S MAV of 10 μg/L. The two most tolerant genera were the bent

- nosed clam ( Macoma nasuta ) and the threespine stickleback
( Gasterosteus aculeatus ), with S MAVs of 17,000 and 3,990 μg/L, respectively ( Figure 4 ).

The four mo st sensitive estuarine/marine genera are Americamysis

, Metacarcinus

, Callianassa and Upogebia with G MAVs that differ by a factor of approximately 8.3

. The ghost shrimp ( Callianassa californiensis ) and mud shrimp ( Upogebia pugettensis) studies were

conducted under static conditions with measured concentrations over a 48

- hr duration (Stewart et

al. 1967). Although the test duration is not the recommended 96

- hr duration, these two datapoints were determined to be acceptable and are included in the est uarine/marine acute

criteria calculation

. Ac e tylcholinesterase inhibition studies and recovery studies using carbaryl

indicate that results for 48

- hr acute toxicity tests with invertebrates would be similar to results

from 96

- hr tests. Scaps et al. ( 1997 ) determined the maximum percentage of

acety l cholinesterase activity inhibition occurred at 48 hours after exposure and then remained stable for up to seven days for the estuarine/marine polychaete worm , Nereis diversicolor

. Therefore, the maximum percentage of acety l cholinesterase activity inhi bi tion at 48 hours would lead to the highest level of immobilization or death for the test organisms. Parsons and
Surgeoner ( 1991 ) found that third

- instar mosquito larvae ( Aedes aegypti ) did not recover from

immobilization that occurred after a 24

- hr exposure to carbaryl. The ability of larvae to recover

from immobil iz ation following exposure to carbaryl decreased with increasing exposure time.

These results indicate that a 48

- hr acute toxicity test EC 50 or LC 50 would be similar to those for

96

- hr tests and provide justification for the use of 48

- hr results in the criteri on calculation.

B ivalves are moderately insensitive to carbaryl, with G MAVs ranging from 1,650 μg/L for the bay mussel ( Mytilus trossulus ) to 3,850 μg/L for cockle clam ( Clinocardium nuttallii ). The threespine stickleback ( G . aculeatus ) has a similar S MAV of 3,990 μg/L. The most sensitive genus (

Americamysis

, G MAV of 7.188 μg/L) is greater than 2,365 times more sensitive

than the most tole rant genus tested, M . nasuta ( S MAV = 17,000 μg/L).

### 26

The “Guidelines” indicate that eight minimum data requirements are needed to calculate
an estuarine/marine FAV; data are available for 11 genera and meet the family requirement

outlined above

. The estuarine/marine FAV is 3.15 μg/L ( Table 5 ). The estuarine/marine CMC
( 1.58 μg/L) is protective of all estuarine/marine organisms acutely exposed to carbaryl ( Figure

4 ).

### 27

Table 5. Ranked Estuarine/Marine Genus Mean Acute Values

Rank a 

### Genus Mean Acute

Value (μg/L) Species Species Mean Acute Value b 

### (μg/L)

11 17,000 Bent

- nosed clam, Macoma nasuta 17,000

10 3,990 Threespine stickleback, Gasterosteus aculeatus 3,990

9 3,850 Cockle clam, Clinocardium nuttalli 3,850

8 3,820 Hard clam, Mercenaria mercenaria 3,820

7 2,600 Sheepshead minnow, Cyprinodon variegatus 2,600

6 2,291 Pacific oyster, Crassostrea gigas 2,200

- Eastern oyster, C

. virginica 2,386

5 1,650 Bay mussel, Mytilus edulis 1,650

4 60.0 Mud shrimp, Upogebia pugettensis 60.0

3 48.99 Ghost shrimp, Callianassa californiensis 48.99

2 10 Dungeness crab, Metacarcinus magister formerly Cancer magister 10

1 7.188 Mysid, Americamysis bahia 7.188

a 

### Ranked from the most resistant to the most sensitive based on Genus Mean Acute Value.
b 

### From Appendix B

.

### 28

Figure 4: Ranked Summary of Carbaryl Genus Mean Acute Values (GMAVs)

- Estuarine/Marine Animals

### 29

B. Chronic Toxicity to Aquatic Animals

1. Freshwater

Freshwater c hronic toxicity data that meet the test acceptability and quality assurance/control criteria in the “Guidelines” are presented in Appendix C

. All tests were conducted with measured concentrations of carbaryl. C arbaryl c hronic t oxicity data are available

for f ive species of freshwater organisms : two invertebrate species (cladoc erans) and three fish species. Carbaryl was evaluated by Oris et al

. (1991) using the cladoceran, Ceriodaphnia dubia

. The pH of the seven

- day static

- renew al test was 8.18. The mean total young per female was the most sensitive endpoint wit h a final chronic value (geomean of NOEC and LOEC) of 10.6 μg/L. Replicate seven

- day reproduction toxicity tests using hypothesis testing and median inhibition

concentra tion interpolation analysis (median IC 50 value approximates chronic values) yielded

the same final chronic value. Division of the 48

- hr LC 50 acute value of 11.6 μg/L from the same study ( Appendix A ) by the chronic value of 10.6 μg/L results in an acute

- ch ronic ratio
(ACR) of 1.094 for C. dubia ( Table 8 ). Two chronic exposures have been conducted with the cladoceran, Daphnia magna, to carbaryl (Brooke 1991 and Su r prenant 1985b). Daphnia magna was exp osed for 21 days to five

measured concentrations of carbaryl

- 0.29 , 0.58, 1.07, 2.16, and 4.04 μg/L at a mean pH of 8.2 (Brooke 1991). Neither survival of the adults nor the number of young produced was significantly different from that of the control organisms at concentrations ≤ 4.04 μ g/L . Since there was no significant difference at the highest tested concentration of 4.04 μg/L , the

“ Guidelines ” stipulate that a greater than value (>) be assigned. Therefore, the “no

- effect”
concentration range for D. magna exposed to carbaryl was bet ween 4.04 μg/L and the 48

- hr

EC 50 of 10.1 μg/L. Given the 48

- hr EC 50 value of 10.1 μg/L from the acute toxicity test
(Brooke 1991) this would produce a “theoretical” ACR ranging from 1.0 to < 2.5. This
theoretical ACR, while not usable in the direct calc ulation of the chronic criteria, is consistent

with the ACR from freshwater invertebrate taxa that is available, 1.094 for Daphnia magna

. This indicates that acute and chronic toxicit ies for the invertebrate taxa are closely related

. Another study with th e cladoceran, D

. magna , was conducted by Surprenant (1985b). The author exposed the cladoceran for 21 days in a flow

- through measured exposure. The most

### 30

sensitive endpoint was a n effect of reproduction observed at 3.3 μg/L when compared to the

solvent control. The chronic value was calculated to be 2.225 μg/L. An ACR was not derived for this study because there was not an associated acute test. Two chronic exposures have been conducted with fathead minnows to carbaryl (Carlson 1971 and Norberg

- King 19 89)

. Both tests were conducted in the same laboratory by different

researchers in different years and with different test durations

. Carlson (1971) exposed fathead minnows through a complete life

- cycle test beginning with 1

- to 5

- day old fry at 5 exposur e
concentrations

, i.e

., 8, 17, 62, 210, and 680 μg/L

. The exposure lasted 9 months resulting in reduced survival at 6 months in the highest exposure concentration of 680 μg/L. After 9 months at the same concentration, fish exhibited reduced egg productio n and no larvae hatched. No statistically significant effects were noted for survival, growth or reproduction at the 210 μg/L

exposure. Thus, the chronic value of 3 78 μg/L for this study is the geometric mean of the lowest
observed effect concentration ( LOEC) of 680 μg/L and the no observed effect concentration (NOEC) of 210 μg/L based on reproduction. Division of the 96

- hr LC 50 of 9,000 μg/L from the same study by the chronic value of 377.9 μg/L results in an ACR of 23.82.

A second chronic test with the fathead minnow was conducted as a 32

- day early

- life

stage test (Norberg

- King 1989). No adverse effects in fish were observed from exposure to carbaryl at concentrations ≤720 μg/L, but adverse effects were measured at 1,600 μ g/L. Growth in length, but not weight was reduced at 1,600 μg/L, as was survival. The chronic value for fathead minnows in this test is 1,073 μg/L , which is the geometric mean of the lowest observed effect concentration (LOEC) of 1,600 μg/L and the no ob served effect concentration (NOEC) of ≤720 μg/L . Calculation of an ACR from this study is not possible since the authors did not measure the concentration of the exposure in the acute toxicity test. However, two other acute

tests for fathead minnows have been conducted at the same laboratory since 1971. Carlson (1971) reported a value of 9,000 μg/L, and Phipps and Holcombe (1985) a value of 5,010 μg/L. The geometric mean of these values is 6,715 μg/L which results in an ACR of 6.258 for the early

- life

- s tage chronic test. The ACR for the complete life cycle test is 23.82, which shows more sensitivity to carbaryl chronic toxicity

. Beyers et al

. (1994) conducte d individual 32

- day early life

- stage (ELS) chronic toxicity tests with the endangered Colorado pi keminnow (formerly squawfish )

, Ptychochelius lucius , and the bonytail chub, Gila elegans

. In both studies, however, considerable ontogenetic development

### 31

of the test organisms had occurred before test initiation whereby the required embryo and protolarva l ife stages were not present during the exposure period (mesolarval, metalarval and juvenile life stages were present). Thus

, the ELS tests were initiated with 41

- day old pikeminnow larvae and 48

- day old chub larvae. In both tests

, growth was as sensitive as or more
sensitive than survival as a measure of chronic toxic effects, and was the only value reported.

The NOEC and LOEC for Colorado pikeminnow and bonytail chub were 445 and 866 μg/L, and 650 and 1,240 μg/L, respectively. The final chronic value f or P. lucius was 620.8 μg/L and 897.8 μg/L for G. elegans . ACR values could not be determined for these studies because an accompanying flow

- through measured acute toxicity value was not available for each species, nor were there any other available appro priate acute toxicity tests for these species

.

Table 6. Ranked Freshwater Genus Mean Chronic Values

Rank a 

### Genus Mean

Chronic Value (μg/L) Species Species Mean Chronic Value b 

### (μg/L)

5 897.8 Bonytail chub, Gila elegans 897.8

4 636.8 Fathead minnow, Pimephales promelas 636.8

3 620.8 Colorado pikeminnow (formerly squawfish )

, Ptychochelius Lucius 620.8

2 10.6 Cladoceran, Ceriodaphnia dubia 10.6

1 3.77 0 Cladoceran, Daphnia magna 3.770

a 

### Ranked from the most resistant to the most sensitive based on Genus Mean Chronic Value.
b 

### From Appendix C

.



### 2. Estuarine/M arine

One carbaryl estuarine/marine chronic toxicity test is available for i nclusion in the

document. A 28

- day flow

- through test wit h measured concentrations initiated with 24

- h r old neonates was conducted with the mysid, Americamysis bahia (Thursby and Champlin 1991b).

The NOEC and LOEC based on survival were 7.18 μg /L and 13.7 μg/L, respectively for a final

chronic value of 9.918 μg/L carbaryl. The t otal percent control survival of 63% is below the

accept able total percent control survival of 70% required in ASTM guide E1191

- 03a (ASTM

### 32

2008)

. T he percent control survival for matin g pairs is 75% and exceeds the ASTM requir ement

of 70%. However, the number of young produced by the first

- generation females in the controls was less than three which is an ASTM requirement. T wo young were produced by the first

generation females in the control and is below the ASTM requirement of three. Therefore, this study is used qualitatively and used in the discussion of acute

- chronic ratios

. The calculated

ACR of 0.8530 is based on the 96

- hr LC 50 of 8.46 μg/L reported for the same study.

Table 7. Ranked Estuarine/Marine Genus Mean Chronic Values

Rank a 

### Genus Mean

Chronic Value (μg/L) Species Species Mean Chronic Value b 

### (μg/L)

1 9.918 Mysid, Americamysis bahia 9.918

a 

### Ranked from the most resistant to the most sensitive based on Genus Mean Chronic Value.
b 

### From Appendix D

.



### 3. Acute

- Chronic Ratio

Four valid ACRs are available for carbaryl using the fifth, eighth and thirty

- sixth most sensitive genera of freshwater organisms ( Table 4 ). Since the difference between the lowest
ACR ( 1.094 for Ceriodaphnia dubia ) and the highest ACR (23.82 for Pimephales promelas ) is a

factor of 2 2 , and since the “ Guidelines ” stipulate that if the species mean ACR seems to increase

a s the SMAV increases, the F ACR (final ACR) should be calculated as the geometric mean of

the ACRs for species w hose SMAVs are close to the FAV . Using this recommendation, the FACR would be the geometric mean of 1.094 ( C. dubia ) and 1.581 ( D. magna ), or 1. 315

. However, the “ Guidelines ”

, also stipulate that if the most appropriate species mean ACRs are
less than 2.0, the FACR should be assumed to be 2.0. Low ACRs may reflect acclimation to the

toxicant during the chronic test, or test organisms being fed vs. unfed which may affect bioavailability and susceptibility. Thus, the FACR for carbaryl is assu med to be 2.0 for

freshwater organisms

. Dividing the freshwater FAV of 4.219 by the ACR of 2.0 results in a freshwater final chronic value (FCV) of 2.1 μg/L. It is concluded that all freshwater species will be protected

### 33

( Figures 3 and 5 ) from adverse effects due to chronic carbaryl exposure with the freshwater FCV of 2.1 μg/L.

Table 8 . Acute

- Chronic Ratios

Species Acute Value

(μg/L) Chronic Value

(μg/L) Ratio Reference



### Freshwater Species
Cladoceran, Ceriodaphnia dubia 11.6 10.6 1.094 Oris et al. 1991
Cladoceran, Daphnia magna 10.1 6.389 a 1.581 Brooke 1991
Fathead minnow, Pimephales promelas 9,000 377.9 23.82 Carlson 1971
Fathead minnow, Pimephales promelas 6,715 1,073 6.258 b Norberg

- King 1989

a The chronic value of 6.389 μg/L is calculated as the geometric mean of the highest chronic test exposure concentration (4.04 μg/L) which had no adverse impact and the 48

- hr EC50 value of 10.1 μg/L from the acute toxicity test.
b Only data from Carlson (1971) used to calculate ACR for this species.



### Freshwater Final Acute Value = 4.219 μg/L Final Acute

- Chronic Ratio = 2.0 Final Chronic Value = (4.219 μg/L)/2.0 = 2.1 μg/L

### 34

Figure 5 : Chronic Toxicity of Carbaryl to Aquatic Ani mals

### 35

C. Toxicity to Aquatic Plants

No carbaryl toxicity tests with important aquatic plant species in which the concentrations of test material were measured and the endpoint was biolo gical ly important are
available in the literature. Therefore, a Final Plant Value cannot be determined. Effects on aquatic plants are discussed qualitatively in the Effects Characterization chapter.

D. Degradate Toxicity

Acute toxicity testing of carbaryl’s major degradate 1

- naphthol in fish shows that the compound ranged from being moderately to highly toxic (LC 50 range 75 0 to 1

, 6 00 μ g/L). The

toxic mode of action for 1

- naphthol is thought to be narcosis ( Russom et al

. 1997)

. In aquatic organisms, narcosis is a reversible anesthetic effect that is cau sed by chemicals partitioning into

cell membranes and nervous tissue that result in disruption of central nervous system function
( Barron et al. 2001 ). Chronic exposure of fathead minnows to 1

- naphthol reduced larval growt h

and survival with a NOEC = 1 00 μ g/L ( U.S. EPA 2010 a )

. No data are available on the acute or chronic toxicity of 1

- naphthol to amphibians. For freshwater invertebrates, 1

- naphthol ranged

f rom moderately to highly toxic with an EC 50 range: 2 00 to 3 ,000 μ g/ L ( U.S. EPA 2010 a )

. Toxicity data are not available for the other major degradate, 1,4

- napthoquinone which is a data

gap

.

E. Summary of National Criteria

The resulting recommended ambient water quality criteria indicate that freshwater aquatic organisms would have an appropriate level of protection if the one

- hour average concentration does not exceed 2.1 μg/L more than once every three years on average and if the

four

- day average concentration of carbaryl does not exceed 2.1 μg/L more than once every three years on average (except where a locally important species may be more sensitive). Estuarine/marine aquatic organisms would have an appropriate level of protection if the one

- hour average concentration does not exceed 1.6 μg/L more than once every three years on average (except where a locally important species may be more sensitive). Note: a Criterion Continuous

### 36

Concentration (CCC) could not be calculate d for estuarine/marine aquatic organisms due to

insufficient data

.

Table 9. Summary Table of Aquatic Life Criteria for Carbaryl

Acute Chronic

Freshwater 2.1 μg/L 2.1 μg/L

Estuarine/M arine 1.6 μg/L N/A

N/A

– not available, unable to calculate estuarine/marine chronic criterion



### I V

. EFFECTS CHARACTERIZATION

C arbaryl is expected to be mobile, but degrade s rapidly in neutral to alkaline aquatic systems; h owever, under acidic conditions

, carbaryl is more persistent. Its environmental fate

charact eristics are consistent with other carbamate insecticides ( e.g

. carbofuran)

. Based on environmental fate data, potential exposure would be expected to be greater in aquatic environments with pH less than 7. Fate data on the primary degradate, 1

- naphthol, has been

identified as a data gap . Although 1

- naphthol appears to be somewhat mobile

, it is not likely to persist due to fairly rapid degradation. The primary mode of action for carbaryl is acetylcholinesterase inhibition . This effect is

reve rsible with removal of exposure to carbaryl leading to the possibility of recovery of test organisms at sub

- lethal concentrations. The following information addresses studies that are not used in the calculation of criteria but provide supporting evidence for the validity of the criteria.

A. Effects on Aquatic Animals

1. Freshwater A cute Toxicity

Acceptable a cute toxicity data are available for 60 freshwater species representing 47

genera and represent s a dataset supporting development of the acute criterion

. In general, technical grade carbaryl is classified as highly toxic to fish, aquatic

- phase amphibians and is very highly toxic to aquatic invertebrates on an acute exposure basis (U

. S

. EPA 2010 a ). Chronic

### 37

exposure to carbaryl resulted in decreased growth in freshwater fish and decreased reproduction

in freshwater invertebrates

. Invertebrate species , particularly arthropods (e.g., daphnids, mysids) are the most
sensitive, with the 10 lowest SMAVs (an d GMAVs) ranging from 3.175 to 15.2 μg/ L, and represented by the classes Insecta and Crustacea ( Table 4 ). Cladocerans and amphipods showed high sensitivity to carbaryl in acute toxicity tests. T he most sensitive genus tested is the stonefly
Isogenus

, which is more than 8,600 times as sensitiv e as the most resistant genus tested

, i.e

., the walking catfish Clarias ( Figure 3 ). Several studies were identified as not meeting screening guidelines for inclusion in

criteri on calculations ( Appendix H ), but showed similar ranges of toxicity and are presented

here to provide additional supporting evidence of the potential toxicity of carbaryl to aquatic organisms

. Daphnia magna LC 50 values ranged from 0.66 μg/L ( Rawash et al

. 1975 ) to 21 μg/L (Wernersson and Dave 1997) for exposures lasting 24 ho urs. Mayer and Ellersieck (1986) showed similar sensitivities to the amphipod species Gammarus pseudolimnaeus , with 48

- hr

measured LC 50 values of 8 and 13 μg/L carbaryl. Several species of Diptera larvae were also exposed to carbaryl ; l arva e of midges ap pear to be more sensitive than larva e of mosquitoes.

The LC 50 values (24

- hr) of various midge speci es ranged from 1.0 to 110 μg/L. These studies were not used in qua ntitat ive criteri on calculations because test duration s were insufficient

. A study of the persistence of carbaryl toxicity was conduct ed by Mayer and Ellersieck (1986). Stonefly nymphs ( Isogenus sp .) were exposed to carbaryl solutions which were fresh
( Appendix A ) and others that had been aged 7, 14 or 21 days ( Appendix H ). Aged solutions were mixed and allowed to sit under normal laboratory conditions. The results showed a trend of decreased toxicity with aging of the solutions. The toxicity of carbaryl solutions aged 21 days decreased the toxicity to about one

- third that of fresh soluti ons. Th es e data support conclusions based on environmental fate properties that the “aging” process decreased exposure

concentration , thus decreasing toxicity. Results from the aged solutions were not used in the quantitative criteri on calculations becau se the concentrations of carbaryl were not measured at

the initiation or completion of the aged solution toxicity tests. In general, f

ish are less sensitive to carbaryl than invertebrates. Of the fish tested, brown

trout, Salmo trutta (SMAV of 700 μg/L) i s the most sensitive tested vertebrate species by a factor of approximately 39 times compared to the least sensitive fish tested

, i.e

., walking catfish,

### 38

Clarias batrachus

, with a SMAV of 27,609 μg/L

. Mayer and Ellersieck (1986) exposed
cutthroat trout ( Oncorhynchus clarkii ) to carbaryl solutions aged for 0, 7, 14 and 21 days. Again,

r esults from the aged solutions were not used in the quantitative criteri on calculations because the concentrations of carbaryl were not measured at the initiation of the ag ed solution toxicity

tests. Cutthroat trout exposed to fresh carbaryl solutions had a 96

- hr LC 50 of 6,800 μg/L at pH=

7.3 ( Appendix A ), and a LC 50 of 2,300 μg/L at pH= 7.2 when exposed to a solution aged 21 days. T he results from this study show enhanced sensitivity to aged carbaryl solutions and are

not consistent with the similar “aged” solution study with stonefly nymphs (Mayer and
Ellersieck 1986) . These data may indicat e potential taxa differences or differences in responses to degradates

. Similar t o the response of fish, a mphibians are also less sensitive to carbaryl than

invertebrates. Two different FETAX studies showed divergent values for effects on embryos of the African clawed frog, Xenopus laevis . A 24

- hr static study of carbaryl with unmeasured

concentrations had an LC 50 of 4,700 μg/L, while a n exposure for the same amount of time and experimental conditions caused developmental abnormalities (localized edema and ventral bending) at 110 μg/L (Elliott

- Freeley and Armstrong 1982). However, Bacchetta et al

. (2008) reported substantially reduced sensitivity for the species with a LC 50 of 20,280 μg/L after a 115

- hr static exposure (unmeasured concentrations) of larvae

. These studies were not used in quantitative criterion calculation s because of insufficient duration of the tests. The SMAV calculated using acceptable LC 50 values for X. laevis in Appendix A is 1,730 μg/L carbaryl

, which is lower than reported LC 50 values in these qua li t a tive studies

. Acetylcholinesterase inhibition in fish is also demonstrated in the results of Zinkl et al

. (1987) with rainbow trout ( Appendix H ). The authors observed decreased brain cholinesterase activity within 24 hours at carbaryl concentrations ≥500 μg/L. This st udy was not included in quantitative criteri on calculations because it is an atypical endpoint ; while it is reflective of the
MOA, it is not directly measuring the typical endpoints of survival, growth, or reproduction

.

2. Freshwater C hronic T oxicity

Acceptable chronic toxicity data are available for five freshwater species representing five different genera (two crustaceans and three fish; Appendix C ). No data were available for

coldwater fish. Similar to acute toxicity testing results, i nvertebrate s were more sensitive to

### 39

carbaryl than fish on a chronic toxicity basis as well . Chronic toxicity values for cladocerans ranged from 2.2 to 10.6 μg/L, while fish chronic toxicity values ranged from 620.8 to 897.8
μg/L. However, paired acute and chronic t oxicity data were only available for three of the freshwater species (two crustaceans and one fish), and these were the only studies used in

derivation of the ACR to calculate the FCV ( Table 8 ). An additional fathead minnow study did not meet screening gu idelines for inclusion in

criteri on calculations because of test duration

, but the study showed similar ranges of toxicity and provide s additional supporting evidence. Larval fathead minnows (<24

- hr old) were exposed for seven days (Norberg

- King 1989) ( App endix H )

. Exposure for seven days is too

short a duration for this test to be used quantitatively for evaluating chronic toxicity . However,

t he chronic values estimated for four studies ranged from 576 to 1,088 μg/L, which is consistent

with the fathead minnow chronic values of the life

- cycle toxicity test (378 μg/L) and the 32

- day ELS toxicity test (1,073 μg/L). The use of NOEC/LOEC/MATC approach in criteria derivation can contribute to uncertainty. Potential sources of uncertainty are the range of te st c oncentrations (dilution series) and the sample size used in the test. Where the design is suboptimal, higher NOEC and LOEC values may be reported due to low statistical power and high error variance. Typically, as the accuracy of the test increases, the NOEC decreases. Additional uncertainty is inherent in the calculation of the MATC which is the geometric mean of the NOEC and LOEC. The calculation compounds the fact that higher NOEC and LOEC values may be reported due to poor design.

Thus some eff

ects could occu r below the calculated MATC due to the inherent uncertainty in the

calculation

. A nother source of uncertai n ty for chronic criteri on calculations is the use of ACRs. When chronic data are lacking for a particular species’ response to a given chemical, ACRs are
determined using a formula that relates acute responses (LC 50 values) to chronic concentrations using empirical relationships between acute and chronic values fo r taxonomically similar species for which both acute and chronic data are available. This approach has been incorporated into the 1985 “Guidelines” for evaluating chronic toxicity thresholds where the species mean chronic
value (SMCV) is calculat ed to be the geometric mean between the NOEC and LOEC. F or example , the carbaryl F ACR is assumed to be 2.0 for freshwater species. The most appropriate

calculated species mean ACRs are less than 2.0, and the “Guidelines” stipulate acclimation has

### 40

probably occurre d during the chronic test and the FACR should be assumed to be 2.0. This assumption is a potential source of uncertainty.

3

. Freshwater Field Studies

Field studies have been conducted to measure effects of aerial application of carbaryl for forest pest control upon the non

- target aquatic stream and pond organisms. I n northern Maine,
nine streams, with different substrate , velocity and cover conditions, were studied to determine the effect of aerial application of carbaryl formulated endproduct (Sevin ®



### - 4

- oil) on aquatic stream invertebrates applied at a rate of 0.840 kg active ingredient per hectare (0.840 kg a.i./ha)

. Drift of aquatic invertebrates (defined as the release, dispersal, and downstream displacement of invertebrates normally inhabiting ben thic substrates) increased by 170 times two days post

treatment compared to controls , with drift samples commonly containing Plecoptera (stoneflies)

, Ephemeroptera (Mayflies) , and Diptera (flies/mosquito e s) (Courtemanch and Gibbs 1980). In forest ponds, a mphipods were severely impacted following aerial spraying of Sevin

- 4

- oil applied

at the same rate ( Gibbs et al

. 1984). The amphipods Hyalella azteca and Crangonyx

richmondensis were completely eliminated and failed to recolonize 30 months after treatment, with maximum residue concentrations of 254 μg/L found in the water and 53,793 μg/kg (dry weight) in the sediment.

In a 77

- day mesocosm study, researchers examined the effects of carbaryl on amphibians in terms of body size, length of larval period, and survival to metamorphosis when exposed to carbaryl (21.3% active ingredient) early in the larval period (Boone and Semlitsch 2002). The study units consisted of fifty 1480

- L polyethylene ponds (1.85 m in diameter) containing 1

, 000 L of well water, 1 kg of leaf litter, and plankton from natural ponds. The study manipulated initial larval density

, i.e

., low (80) and high (240), pond hydroperiod, (constant or drying), and chemical concentration (absent, 3.5 mg/L, 5.0 mg/L, or 7.0 mg carbaryl /L). Frog speci es included: Southern leopard frog ( Rana sphenocephala ), P lains leopard frog ( R. blairi ), green frog ( R. clamitans ), and the Woodhouse’s toad ( Bufo woodhousii ). Toads in the high

- density

larval ponds showed greater survival than those in low

- density larva l ponds at the highest carbaryl level. For Southern and P lains leopard frogs, carbaryl treatment did not have a significant effect on either species. For R. clamitans , carbaryl exposure had a significant effect

### 41

(p<0.05) on days to metamorphosis with tadp oles in the chemical treatments generally having longer larval periods.

4. Estuarine/Marine A cute T oxicity

Acute toxicity data are available for 1 2 estuarine/marine species representing 11 genera. These data represent a dataset supporting the development of an estuarine/marine acute criteri on

. S MAVs for carbaryl range from 7.188 to 17,000 μg/L

. The most sensitive genus was the mysid ( Americamysis ), with a G MAV of 7.188 μg/L, followed by t he Dungeness crab
( Metacarcinus ) with a G MAV of 10 μg/L. The two most tolerant genera were the bent

- nosed
clam ( Macoma ) and the threespine stickleback ( Gasterosteus ), with SMAVs of 17,000 and 3,990 μg/L, respectively ( Table 5 and Figure 4 ). The four most sensitive estuarine/marine genera are Americamysis

, Metacarcinus

, Callianassa and Upogebia with SMAVs of 7.188, 10, 48.99 , and 60.0 μg/L, respectively

. Additional toxicity data on the effect of carbaryl on estuarine/marine species that w ere not used quantitatively are very similar to acute and chronic ranges of toxicity and provide additional supporting evidence of potential toxicity of carbaryl. Shrimp were found to be more sensitive than bivalves to carbaryl by different researchers ( Appen dix I ). Various 24

- to 96

- hr LC 50 values for different species ranged from 1.5 μg/L ( Penaeus aztecus ) to 76 μg/L ( Palaemonetes
pugio ). The LC 50 values for other test species include: Crangon septemspinosa (20 μg/L),
Americamysis bahia (21 μg/L), Penaeus duorarum (32 μg/L)

, Callianassa californiensis (49 μg/L)

, and Upogebia pugettensis (40 μg/L for 24

- hr test and 60 μg/L for a 48

- hr test ). These studies were excluded from quantitative calculation of a criterion due to test design

. Similarly,

sens itive organisms include testing with the prezoea Dungeness crab, Metacarcinus magister

, where a concentration of 6 μg/L for 24 hours prevented half of the test organisms from molt ing
to zoea (Buchannan et al. 1970). The duration of this test was too short for quantitative use in

this assessment . Another sensitive species tested was the embryo of the killifish, Fundulus

heteroclitus , which at a carbaryl concentration of 10 μg/L for 40 days exhibited slowed development and diminished pigmentation i n fry (Cr awford and Guarino 1985 ). This study was excluded from use in quantitative criteri on calculation s because of test design

. Bivalves are moderately insensitive to carbaryl, with SMAVs ranging from 1,650 μg/L for the bay mussel ( Mytilus ) to 3,850 μg/L for cockle clam ( Clinocardium ). Tests with the blue

### 42

mussel ( Mytilus edulis ) at various lifestages for 1 hour exposure had EC 50 values for development ( e.g ., disjunction of blastomeres, reduced development rate and asynchronus and unaligned cleavages) that ran ged from 5,300 to 24,000 μg/L (Armstrong and Milleman 1974c). This study was excluded from quantitative assessment due to less than 3 exposure concentrations and a community field exposure test. However, the test results are consistent with longer term

t ests (10

- 40 days) on shell growth that had effect concentrations of >1,300 to >2,900 μg/L (Liu
and Lee 1975, Appendix I ).

The sheepshead minnow ( Cyprinodon variegates) and the threespine stickleback
( Gasterosteus aculeatus ) have SMAV s of 2,600 and 3,990 μg/L , respectively . Acute toxicity of carbaryl to striped bass, Morone saxatilis was reported by (Korn and Earnest 1974). The bioassays were 4

- day tests using proportional diluters and carbaryl had a 96

- hr LC 50 = 1,000

 g/l. Although the LC 50 f or stripe d bass is more sensitiv e than the sheepshead minnow and the
threespine stickleback, the study was not included in criterion calculations because control survival was not reported

. There were three studies available for estuarine/marine species that evaluat ed atypical endpoints and were not included in the quantitative criteri on calculations. Sheepshead minnows
( Cyprinodon variegatus ) did not avoid water with 100 μg carbaryl/L after 1.5 hour of exposure (Hansen 1969; 1970). Likewise, grass shrimp ( Palaemonetes pugio ) did not avoid water with 100 μg carbaryl/L after a similar 1.5 hour exposure (Hansen et al. 1973). However, Weis and
Weis (1974b) ob s erved schooling behavior disrupted in Atlantic silversides ( Menidia menidia ) after 24 hour exposure at 100 μg carbaryl/L

.

5. Estuarine/Marine C hronic T oxicity

Only one carbaryl estuarine/marine chronic toxicity test is available for qualitative consideration in this document. Survival was the most sensitive endpoint for the mysid, A.

bahia , with a chron ic value of 9.918 μg/L (Thursby and Champlin 1991b)

. There is uncertainty associated with this study because reported total con trol survival was 6 3% and the number of young produced by the first

- generation females in the control was below the accepted AST M requirement. However , the calculated ACR for this study is similar to the freshwater chronic invertebrate studies and provides an additional line of evidence for the sensitivity of invertebrates to carbaryl.

### 43

A ten week flo w

- through colonization study where exposure concentrations were

measured provides qualitative information on the chronic effects of carbaryl on the development

of estuarine/marine communities . This study, conducted in laboratory aquaria (Tagatz et al

. 1979) showed similar tendencies as the mysid test . The amphipods were exposed to measured carbaryl concentrations of 0, 1.1, 11.1 and 103 μg/L. The number of species collected in the two highest concentrations was approximately half that from the control and lowest concentration,

with the Phylum Arthropoda most obviously reduced. The number of amphipods, Corophium

acherusicum , decreased by about 48 percent relative to the control at 1.1 μg/L, and this amphipod was totally absent at 11.1 and 103 μg/L.

6. Bioaccumulation

No acceptable data on the bioaccumulation of carbaryl in freshwater or estuarine/marine

waters are available ; however, b ecause of its low octanol/water partition coefficient ( 229 )

, carbaryl is not expected to bioconcentrate to a significant extent ( U.S. EPA 2010 a ). Reported

K ow 

### values range from 65 to 229 ( Bracha and O'Brian 1966 ; Mount and Oehme 1981 ; Windholz

et al. 1976 )

. The U.S. EPA Office of Water’s fish tissue sampling program does not include carbaryl
as an analyte, as it is not expected to bioac cumulate or bioconcentrate. No U.S. Food and Drug
Administration ( FDA ) action level or other maximum acceptable concentration in tissue, as defined in the “Guidelines” is available for carbaryl. Therefore, a Final Residue Value cannot be

calculated for fi sh tissue.

B. Effects on Aquatic Plants

In general, freshwater and estuarine/marine plants appear less sensitive than animals to carbaryl. The most sensitive aquatic plant tests are roughly two orders of magnitude less

sensitive to carbaryl than the aqua tic animal tests ( Appendix E ). For freshwater plants the effect concentrations ranged from 100 μg/L for the green alga, Scenedesmus quadricaudata ( Lejczak

1977 ), to 50,000 μg/L for the blue green alga, Anabaena torulosa (Obulakondaiah et al

. 1993). A planktonic alga mixture was adversely impacted at a concentration of 10,000 μg/L for two
weeks ( Butler et al

. 1975), and growth of the green alga Ankistrodesmus braunii was reduced by

### 44

a concentration of 25,000 μg/L in a 48

- hr test (Kopecek et al

. 1975). Other algae were adversely impacted by much lower concentrations. The green alga, Chlorella pyrenoidosa , had reduced growth after a four

- day exposure to 100 μg/L (Christie 1969), and the blue

- green alga,
Microcystis aeruginosa , began to show adv erse effects after eight days of exposure to 1,350 μg/L carbaryl (Bringman n and Kuhn 1978 a ; 1978 b ). The only freshwater vascular plant tested is
duckweed ( Lemna minor ), which had a 50% inhibition of growth at 23,900 μg/L (Brooke 1993). Estuarine/marine pl ant growth effect values varied widely ranging from 100 μg/L for green algae ( Chlorella sp

., Dunaliella euchora and Protococcus sp .), diatoms ( Phaeodactylum

tricornutum ) and golden algae ( Monochrysis lutheri ) to 100,000 μg/L for the same species. The

main difference between the values is that cells were viable at the lower concentrations (the effect of carbaryl was algistatic

, i.e

., the cells recovered after exposure was terminated ), but not

at the higher value s where the effect was algicidal ( i.e., the ce lls were killed as a result of the

exposure ) (Ukeles 1962).

V . I MPLEMENTATION

As discussed in the Water Quality Standards Regulation (U.S. EPA 1983 a ) and the Foreword to this document, a water quality criterion for aquatic life has regulatory impact only when it has been adopted in a s tate / t ribal water quality standard or EPA promulgated standard

for a state or tribe . Such a regulatory standard would specify a criterion for a pollutant that would be protective of a particular designated use. With the approval of the U.S. EPA,

s tates / t ribes designate one or more uses for waters in their states/tribes and adopt criteria that are protective of those use( s) they have designated ( U.S. EPA 1983 a ; b ; 1987 ; 1994). States/tribes may adopt w ater quality criteria with the same numerical values as EPA’s recommended section

304 criteria . However there are situations where s tates and authorized t ribes might want to adjust water quality criteria developed under section 304 to reflect either statewide or site

specific natural environmental conditions and/or sensitivities of local species. Alternatively,

s tates and t ribes may use different data and assumptions than the EPA in deriving numeric

criteria when th ose data ha ve been reviewed and deemed to be scientifically defensible and the resulting criteria value is protective of designated uses. State /tribe water quality standards

include both numeric and narrative criteria. A state /tribe may adopt a numeric criterion within

### 45

its water quality standards and apply it either to all waters for the use the criterion is designed to protect or to a specific site. A state /tribe may use an indicator character istic or the national criterion supplemented with other relevant information, to interpret its narrative criteria within its water quality standards to develop a numeric value for use in developing National Pollutant Discharge Elimination System ( NPDES ) ef fluent limitations under 40 CRF 122.44(d)(1)(vi). 2
( http://cfr.vlex.com/vid/122

- 44

- establishing

- applicable

- npdes

- see

- 123

- 19811557 )

. Site

- specific criteria may in clude not only site

- specific criterion concentrations (U.S.
EPA 1994), but also site

- specific, and possibly pollutant

- specific, durations of averaging periods and frequencies of allowed excursions (U.S. EPA 1991). The averaging periods of "one hour"

and " four days" were selected by the U.S. EPA on the basis of data concerning how rapidly some aquatic species react to increases in the concentrations of some aquatic pollutants, and "three years" return frequency is the Agency's scientific judgment regarding the average amount of time aquatic ecosystems should be provided to recover between excursions (Stephan et al

. 1985; U.S. EPA 1991). However, various species and ecosystems react and recover at greatly differing rates. Therefore, if adequate justification is provided, site

- specific and/or pollutant

- specific concentrations, durations, and frequencies may be highe r or lower than those given in national

recommended water quality criteria for aquatic life.

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### 100 

# Appendix A

### 101

Appendix A . Acceptable Acute Toxicity Data of Carbaryl to Freshwater Aquatic Animals

Species Method a Chemical Hardness (mg/L as CaCO 3 ) LC50 or

EC50 (μg/L) Species

Mean Acute Value (μg/L) Reference

Freshwater Species

Oligochaete worm, Lumbriculus variegatus S, U Analytical 30 8,200 8,200 Bailey and Liu 1980

Snail (adult), Aplexa hypnorum F, M

- 44.4 >27,000 >27,000 Phipps and Holcombe 1985

Mussel (juvenile; 1

- 2 d), Anodonta imbecillis R, U 99% 40

- 50 23,700

- Johnson et al. 1993

Mussel (juvenile; 7

- 10 d), Anodonta imbecillis R, U 99% 40

- 50 25,600 24,632 Johnson et al. 1993

Cladoceran (<24 hr), Ceriodaphnia dubia R, M 98% 169 3.06

- Brooke 1990 ; 1991

Cladoceran (<12 hr), Ceriodaphnia dubia R, M >99% 57 11.6 5.958 Oris et al. 1991

Cladoceran (adult; 2

- 2.5 mm), Daphnia carinata S, U Technical

- 35 35 Santharam et al. 1976

Cladoceran (5 d), Daphnia magna S, U 97.6%

- 7.2 b

- Lakota et al. 1981

Cladoceran (<24 hr), Daphnia magna R, M 99% 40

- 50 1,900 b
(LC, not EC value) - Johnson et al. 1993

Cladoceran (<24 hr), Daphnia magna S, U 99.5% 40 5.6

- Sanders et al. 1983

Cladoceran (<24 hr), Daphnia magna R, M 98% 181.8 10.1 7.521 Brooke 1991

Cladoceran (<24 hr), Daphnia pulex S, U

- 40

- 48 6.4 6.4 Sanders and Cope 1966

Cladoceran (<24 hr), Simocephalus serrulatus S, U 99.5% 44 11 (10 o C) - Mayer and Ellersieck 1986

Cladoceran (<24 hr), Simocephalus serrulatus S, U

- 44 7.6 (16 o C) - Sanders and Cope 1966

### 102

Appendix A . Acceptable Acute Toxicity Data of Carbaryl to Freshwater Aquatic Animals

Species Method a Chemical Hardness (mg/L as CaCO 3 ) LC50 or

EC50 (μg/L) Species

Mean Acute Value (μg/L) Reference Cladoceran (<24 hr), Simocephalus serrulatus S, U 99.5% 44 8.1 (21 o C) 8.781 Mayer and Ellersieck 1986

Mysid, Mysis relicta R, M 98% 139.3 230 230 Landrum and Dupuis 1990

Aquatic sowbug (mature), Asellus brevicaudus S, U 99.5% 44 280 280 Johnson and Finley 1980; Mayer and Ellersieck 1986

Amphipod (2 mo), Gammarus lacustris S, U 100% 30.5 16

- Sanders 1969

Amphipod (mature), Gammarus lacustris S, U 99.5% 44 22 18.76 Johnson and Finley 1980; Mayer and Ellersieck 1986

Amphipod, Gammarus pseudolimnaeus S, U 99% 40 13 (pH=6.5) - Woodward and Mauck 1980

Amphipod (mature), Gammarus pseudolimnaeus S, U 99% 40 7 (pH=7.5) - Woodward and Mauck 1980

Amphipod (mature), Gammarus pseudolimnaeus S, U 99% 40 7.2 (pH=8.5) - Woodward and Mauck 1980

Amphipod (mature), Gammarus pseudolimnaeus S, U 99.5% 40 16 10.12 Sanders et al. 1983

Amphipod (14 d), Hyalella azteca S, U Technical 280 15.2 15.2 McNulty et al. 1999

Amphipod, Pontoporeia hoyi R, M 98% 139.3 250 250 Landrum and Dupuis 1990

Crayfish (3

- 4 cm), Cambarus bartoni R, U 99.8%

- 839.6 839.6 Simon 1982

Crayfish (3.9 g), Orconectes immunis F, M

- 44.4 2,870 2,870 Phipps and Holcombe 1985

Crayfish (5

- 8 cm; males), Orconectes virilis R, U 99.8%

- 2,112 2,112 Simon 1982

### 103

Appendix A . Acceptable Acute Toxicity Data of Carbaryl to Freshwater Aquatic Animals

Species Method a Chemical Hardness (mg/L as CaCO 3 ) LC50 or

EC50 (μg/L) Species

Mean Acute Value (μg/L) Reference Crayfish (15

- 38 g), Procambarus clarkii S, U

- 250 1,000 1,000 Andreu

- Moliner et al. 1986

Stonefly (nymph), Claassenia sabulosa S, U Technical 44 5.6 5.6 Sanders and Cope 1968

Stonefly (1st yr class), Isogenus sp. S, U 99.5% 35 2.8

- Mayer and Ellersieck 1986

Stonefly (1st yr class), Isogenus sp. S, U 99.5% 42 3.6 3.175 Mayer and Ellersieck 1986

Stonefly (1st yr class ; 15

- 20 mm), Pteronarcella badia S, U Technical 44 1.7

- Sanders and Cope 1968

Stonefly (1st yr class), Pteronarcella badia S, U 99% 38 11 (pH=6.5) - Woodward and Mauck 1980; Mayer and Ellersieck 1986

Stonefly (1st yr class), Pteronarcella badia S, U 99% 38 13 (pH=7.5) - Woodward and Mauck 1980; Mayer and Ellersieck 1986

Stonefly (1st yr class), Pteronarcella badia S, U 99% 38 29 (pH=8.5) 9.163 Woodward and Mauck 1980; Mayer and Ellersieck 1986

Stonefly (1st yr class), Pteronarcys californi ca S, U Technical 44 4.8 4.8 Sanders and Cope 1968

Stonefly (naiad), Skwala sp. S, U 99.5%

- 3.6 3.6 Johnson and Finley 1980

Backswimmer (adult), Notonecta undulata S, U 94%

- 200 200 Federle and Collins 1976

Apache trout (0.38

- 0.85 g), Oncorhynchus apache S, U 99.7% 169 1,540 1,540 Dwyer et al. 1995

Coho salmon (2.7

- 4.1 g), Oncorhynchus kisutch S, U 95%

- 997

- Katz 1961

### 104

Appendix A . Acceptable Acute Toxicity Data of Carbaryl to Freshwater Aquatic Animals

Species Method a Chemical Hardness (mg/L as CaCO 3 ) LC50 or

EC50 (μg/L) Species

Mean Acute Value (μg/L) Reference Coho salmon, Oncorhynchus kisutch S, U 99% 40

- 48 764

- Macek and McAllister 1970

Coho salmon (1.50 g), Oncorhynchus kisutch S, U 98% 318

- 348 1,300

- Post and Schroeder 1971

Coho salmon (1.0 g), Oncorhynchus kisutch S, U 99.5% 44 4,340

- Johnson and Finley 1980; Mayer and Ellersieck 1986 Coho salmon (4.6 g), Oncorhynchus kisutch S, U 99.5% 42 2,400

- Mayer and Ellersieck 1986

Coho salmon (5.1g), Oncorhynchus kisutch S, U 99.5% 42 1,750

- Mayer and Ellersieck 1986

Coho salmon (10.10 g), Oncorhynchus kisutch S, U 99.5% 42 2,700

- Mayer and Ellersieck 1986

Coho salmon (19.1 g), Oncorhynchus kisutch S, U 99.5% 42 1,150 1,654 Mayer and Ellersieck 1986

Chinook salmon (fingerling), Oncorhynchus tshawytscha F, U 99.5% 314 2,400 c

- Johnson and Finley 1980; Mayer and Ellersieck 1986

Chinook salmon (3.0 g), Oncorhynchus tshawytscha F, M

- 44.4 2,690 2,690 Phipps and Holcombe 1985 ; 1990

Cutthroat trout (0.37 g), Oncorhynchus clarki i S, U 98% 318

- 348 1,500

- Post and Schroeder 1971

Cutthroat trout (1.30 g), Oncorhynchus clarki i S, U 98% 318

- 348 2,169

- Post and Schroeder 1971

Cutthroat trout (0.5 g), Oncorhynchus clarki i S, U 99.5% 40 7,100

- Johnson and Finley 1980; Mayer and Ellersieck 1986
Cutthroat trout (0.6 g), Oncorhynchus clarki i S, U 99% 40 6,000 (pH=7.5) (7oC) - Woodward and Mauck 1980; Mayer and Ellersieck 1986
Cutthroat trout (0.7 g), Oncorhynchus clarki i S, U 99% 40 5,000 (pH=6.5) (12oC) - Woodward and Mauck 1980; Mayer and Ellersieck 1986

Cutthroat trout (0.6 g), Oncorhynchus clarki i S, U 99% 40 970 (pH=8.5) (12oC) - Woodward and Mauck 1980; Mayer and Ellersieck 1986

Cutthroat trout (0.5 g), Oncorhynchus clarki i S, U 99% 320 3,950 (pH=7.8) (12oC) - Woodward and Mauck 1980; Mayer and Ellersieck 1986 Cutthroat trout (0.5 g), Oncorhynchus clarki i S, U 99.5% 40 6,800 (pH=7.3) - Mayer and Ellersieck 1986

### 105

Appendix A . Acceptable Acute Toxicity Data of Carbaryl to Freshwater Aquatic Animals

Species Method a Chemical Hardness (mg/L as CaCO 3 ) LC50 or

EC50 (μg/L) Species

Mean Acute Value (μg/L) Reference Cutthroat trout (0.9 g), Oncorhynchus clarki i S, U 99.5% 42 6,700 (pH=7.5) - Mayer and Ellersieck 1986

Cutthroat trout, Oncorhynchus clarki i S, U 99% 40 3,950 (pH=7.5) (12oC) - Woodward and Mauck 1980

Greenback cutthroat trout (0.31 g), Oncorhynchus clarki i stomias S, U 99.7% 169 1,550

- Dwyer et al. 1995

Lahontan cutthroat trout (0.34

- 0.57 g), Oncorhynchus clarki i henshawi S, U 99.7% 169 2,250 3,300 Dwyer et al. 1995

Rainbow trout (3.2 g), Oncorhynchus mykiss S, U 95%

- 1,350

- Katz 1961

Rainbow trout, Oncorhynchus mykiss S, U 99% 40

- 48 4,340

- Macek and McAllister 1970

Rainbow trout (1.24 g), Oncorhynchus mykiss S, U 98% 318

- 348 1,470

- Post and Schroeder 1971

Rainbow trout (1.5 g), Oncorhynchus mykiss S, U 99.5% 42 1,950

- Johnson and Finley 1980; Mayer and Ellersieck 1986; Rainbow trout, Oncorhynchus mykiss S, U 99.5% 40 2,200 (12 o C) - Sanders et al. 1983

Rainbow trout, Oncorhynchus mykiss S, U 99.5% 40 2,800 (7 o C) - Sanders et al. 1983

Rainbow trout, Oncorhynchus mykiss S, U 99.5% 40 1,100 (pH=6.5) - Sanders et al. 1983

Rainbow trout, Oncorhynchus mykiss S, U 99.5% 40 800 (pH=7.5) - Sanders et al. 1983

Rainbow trout, Oncorhynchus mykiss S, U 99.5% 40 1,500 (pH=8.5) - Sanders et al. 1983

Rainbow trout, Oncorhynchus mykiss S, U 99.5% 40 900

- Sanders et al. 1983

Rainbow trout, Oncorhynchus mykiss S, U 99.5% 320 800

- Sanders et al. 1983

Rainbow trout (1.0 g), Oncorhynchus mykiss S, U

- - 935

- Marking et al. 1984

Rainbow trout (1.0 g), Oncorhynchus mykiss S, U

- - 1,000

- Marking et al. 1984

Rainbow trout (1.0 g), Oncorhynchus mykiss S, U

- - 1,400

- Marking et al. 1984
Rainbow trout (1.0 g), Oncorhynchus mykiss S, U

- - 1,000

- Marking et al. 1984

### 106

Appendix A . Acceptable Acute Toxicity Data of Carbaryl to Freshwater Aquatic Animals

Species Method a Chemical Hardness (mg/L as CaCO 3 ) LC50 or

EC50 (μg/L) Species

Mean Acute Value (μg/L) Reference Rainbow trout (1.0 g), Oncorhynchus mykiss S, U

- - 1,740

- Marking et al. 1984

Rainbow trout (juvenile), Oncorhynchus mykiss R, U 99%

- 4,835

- Douglas et al. 1986

Rainbow trout (1.5 g), Oncorhynchus mykiss S, U 99.5% 272 1,200

- Mayer and Ellersieck 1986

Rainbow trout (0.8 g), Oncorhynchus mykiss S, U 99.5% 40 1,360

- Mayer and Ellersieck 1986

Rainbow trout (0.8 g), Oncorhynchus mykiss S, U 99.5% 40 2,080

- Mayer and Ellersieck 1986

Rainbow trout (1.1 g), Oncorhynchus mykiss S, U 99.5% 40 1,900

- Mayer and Ellersieck 1986

Rainbow trout (1.1 g), Oncorhynchus mykiss S, U 99.5% 40 2,300

- Mayer and Ellersieck 1986

Rainbow trout (0.5 g), Oncorhynchus mykiss S, U 99.5% 314 1,330

- Mayer and Ellersieck 1986

Rainbow trout (0.8 g), Oncorhynchus mykiss S, U 99.5% 40 <750

- Mayer and Ellersieck 1986

Rainbow trout (1.1 g), Oncorhynchus mykiss S, U 99.5% 40 <320

- Mayer and Ellersieck 1986

Rainbow trout (1.2 g), Oncorhynchus mykiss S, U 99.5% 40 1,090

- Mayer and Ellersieck 1986

Rainbow trout (1.1 g), Oncorhynchus mykiss S, U 99.5% 40 1,460

- Mayer and Ellersieck 1986

Rainbow trout (1.2 g), Oncorhynchus mykiss S, U 99.5% 40 3,500

- Mayer and Ellersieck 1986

Rainbow trout (1.2 g), Oncorhynchus mykiss S, U 99.5% 320 3,000

- Mayer and Ellersieck 1986

Rainbow trout (1.0 g), Oncorhynchus mykiss S, U 99.5% 40 1,600

- Mayer and Ellersieck 1986

Rainbow trout (1.0 g), Oncorhynchus mykiss S, U 99.5% 40 1,100

- Mayer and Ellersieck 1986

Rainbow trout (1.0 g), Oncorhynchus mykiss S, U 99.5% 40 1,200

- Mayer and Ellersieck 1986

Rainbow trout (1.0 g), Oncorhynchus mykiss S, U 99.5% 40 780

- Mayer and Ellersieck 1986

Rainbow trout (1.0 g), Oncorhynchus mykiss S, U 99.5% 40 1,450

- Mayer and Ellersieck 1986

Rainbow trout (0.48

- 1.25 g), Oncorhynchus mykiss S, U 99.7% 169 1,880

- Dwyer et al. 1995

### 107

Appendix A . Acceptable Acute Toxicity Data of Carbaryl to Freshwater Aquatic Animals

Species Method a Chemical Hardness (mg/L as CaCO 3 ) LC50 or

EC50 (μg/L) Species

Mean Acute Value (μg/L) Reference Rainbow trout (juvenile; 2.7 g), Oncorhynchus mykiss S, M 99%

- 5,400 c

- Ferrari et al. 2004

Rainbow trout (19.7 g), Oncorhynchus mykiss F, M Technical 44.4 860 860 Phipps and Holcombe 1985

Atlantic salmon (0.4 g), Salmo salar S, U 99.5% 42 4,500

- Mayer and Ellersieck 1986

Atlantic salmon (0.8 g), Salmo salar S, U 99.5% 42 2,070

- Mayer and Ellersieck 1986

Atlantic salmon (0.8 g), Salmo salar S, U 99.5% 42 1,180

- Mayer and Ellersieck 1986

Atlantic salmon (0.4 g), Salmo salar S, U 99.5% 42 905

- Mayer and Ellersieck 1986

Atlantic salmon (0.8 g), Salmo salar S, U 99.5% 12 2,010

- Mayer and Ellersieck 1986

Atlantic salmon (0.8 g), Salmo salar S, U 99.5% 42 1,430

- Mayer and Ellersieck 1986

Atlantic salmon (0.2 g), Salmo salar S, U 99.5% 42 500

- Mayer and Ellersieck 1986

Atlantic salmon (0.2 g), Salmo salar S, U 99.5% 42 1,000

- Mayer and Ellersieck 1986

Atlantic salmon (0.2 g), Salmo salar S, U 99.5% 42 1,150

- Mayer and Ellersieck 1986

Atlantic salmon (0.2 g), Salmo salar S, U 99.5% 42 1,100

- Mayer and Ellersieck 1986

Atlantic salmon (0.2 g), Salmo salar S, U 99.5% 42 1,350

- Mayer and Ellersieck 1986

Atlantic salmon (0.2 g), Salmo salar S, U 99.5% 42 22 0

- Mayer and Ellersieck 1986

Atlantic salmon (0.2 g), Salmo salar S, U 99.5% 42 900

- Mayer and Ellersieck 1986

Atlantic salmon (0.2 g), Salmo salar S, U 99.5% 42 1,000 1,129 Mayer and Ellersieck 1986

Brown trout, Salmo trutta S, U 99% 40

- 48 1,950 b

- Macek and McAllister 1970

Brown trout (0.6 g), Salmo trutta S, U 99.5% 42 6,300 b

- Johnson and Finley 1980; Mayer and Ellersieck 1986
Brown trout (fingerling), Salmo trutta F, U 99.5% 314 2,000 b

- Mayer and Ellersieck 1986

### 108

Appendix A . Acceptable Acute Toxicity Data of Carbaryl to Freshwater Aquatic Animals

Species Method a Chemical Hardness (mg/L as CaCO 3 ) LC50 or

EC50 (μg/L) Species

Mean Acute Value (μg/L) Reference Brown trout (fry), Salmo trutta S, U 97.6%

- 700 700 Lakota et al. 1981

Brook trout (1.15 g), Salvelinus fontinalis S, U 98% 318

- 348 1,070

- Post and Schroeder 1971

Brook trout (2.04 g), Salvelinus fontinalis S, U 98% 318

- 348 1,450

- Post and Schroeder 1971

Brook trout (1.0 g), Salvelinus fontinalis S, U 99.5% 42 680

- Mayer and Ellersieck 1986

Brook trout (0.7 g), Salvelinus fontinalis S, U 99.5% 42 4,560

- Mayer and Ellersieck 1986

Brook trout (0.7 g), Salvelinus fontinalis S, U 99.5% 42 2,130

- Mayer and Ellersieck 1986

Brook trout (0.7 g), Salvelinus fontinalis S, U 99.5% 42 1,130

- Mayer and Ellersieck 1986

Brook trout (0.8 g), Salvelinus fontinalis S, U 99.5% 42 1,200

- Mayer and Ellersieck 1986

Brook trout (0.8 g), Salvelinus fontinalis S, U 99.5% 300 1,290

- Mayer and Ellersieck 1986
Brook trout (1.3 g), Salvelinus fontinalis S, U 99.5% 42 4,500 1,629 Mayer and Ellersieck 1986

Lake trout (1.7 g), Salvelinus namaycush S, U 99.5% 40 690

- Johnson and Finley 1980; Mayer and Ellersieck 1986 Lake trout (1.7 g), Salvelinus namaycush S, U 99.5% 40 740

- Mayer and Ellersieck 1986

Lake trout (1.7 g), Salvelinus namaycush S, U 99.5% 40 920

- Mayer and Ellersieck 1986

Lake trout (0.5 g), Salvelinus namaycush S, U 99.5% 162 872

- Mayer and Ellersieck 1986

Lake trout (2.6 g), Salvelinus namaycush F, U 99.5% 260 2,300 988.1 Mayer and Ellersieck 1986

Goldfish (0.9 g), Carassius auratus S, U 99% 40

- 48 13,200 c

- Macek and McAllister 1970
Goldfish (0.9 g), Carassius auratus S, U 99.5% 272 12,800 c

- Mayer and Ellersieck 1986

Goldfish (juvenile; 1.3

- 3.3 g), Carassius auratus S, U 99.7%

- 17,500 c

- Pfeiffer et al. 1997

Goldfish (14.2 g), Carassius auratus F, M

- 44.4 16,700 16,700 Phipps and Holcombe 1985

### 109

Appendix A . Acceptable Acute Toxicity Data of Carbaryl to Freshwater Aquatic Animals

Species Method a Chemical Hardness (mg/L as CaCO 3 ) LC50 or

EC50 (μg/L) Species

Mean Acute Value (μg/L) Reference Common carp (0.6 g), Cyprinus carpio S, U 99% 40

- 48 5,280

- Macek and McAllister 1970
Common carp (0.38 g), Cyprinus carpio S, U 94% 22 1,700

- Chin and Sudderuddin 1979

Common carp (fry), Cyprinus carpio S, U 97.6%

- 4,220

- Lakota et al. 1981
Common carp (20

- 34 mm), Cyprinus carpio S, U 85%

- 7,850 4,153 d e Mel and Pathiratne 2005

European chub (12.43 cm ; 18.14 g) Leuciscus cephalus S,U 85% 61

- 65 8,656 8,656 Verep 2006

Fathead minnow (0.5 g), Pimephales promelas S, U 99.5% 42 14,000 c

- Mayer and Ellersieck 1986

Fathead minnow (0.8 g), Pimephales promelas S, U 99% 40

- 48 14,600 c

- Macek and McAllister 1970; Sanders et al. 1983

Fathead minnow (0.8 g), Pimephales promelas S, U 99.5% 272 7,700 c

- Mayer and Ellersieck 1986

Fathead minnow (larvae), Pimephales promelas R, U 99% 44

- 49 >1,600 c

- Norberg

- King 1989

Fathead minnow (0.32

- 0.56 g), Pimephales promelas S, U 99.7% 173 5,210 c

- Dwyer et al. 1995

Fathead minnow (2 mo), Pimephales promelas F, M 80% 41

- 49 9,000

- Carlson 1971

Fathead minnow (0.3 g), Pimephales promelas F, M Technical 44.4 5,010

- Phipps and Holcombe 1985

Fathead minnow (31 d), Pimephales promelas F, M 99% 43.8 9,470

- Geiger et al. 1985 ; 1988

Fathead minnow (28 d), Pimephales promelas F, M 99% 45.4 8,930

- Geiger et al. 1985 ; 1988

Fathead minnow (28 d), Pimephales promelas F, M 99% 44.1 10,400

- Geiger et al. 1985 ; 1988

Fathead minnow (29 d), Pimephales promelas F, M 99% 45.4 6,670 8,012 Geiger et al. 1985 ; 1988

Bonytail chub (0.29

- 0.52 g), Gila elegans S, U 99.7% 173 3,490

- Dwyer et al. 1995

### 110

Appendix A . Acceptable Acute Toxicity Data of Carbaryl to Freshwater Aquatic Animals

Species Method a Chemical Hardness (mg/L as CaCO 3 ) LC50 or

EC50 (μg/L) Species

Mean Acute Value (μg/L) Reference Bonytail chub (6 d), Gila elegans R, M 99% 212

- 216 2,020 2,655 Beyers et al. 1994

Colorado pikeminnow (formerly squawfish ) (0.32

- 0.34 g), Ptychochelius lucius S, U 99.7% 173 3,070

- Dwyer et al. 1995

Colorado pikeminnow (26 d), Ptychochelius lucius R, M 99% 212

- 216 1,310 2,005 Beyers et al. 1994

Razorback sucker (0.31

- 0.32 g), Xyrauchen texanus S, U 99.7% 173 4,350 4,350 Dwyer et al. 1995

Black bullhead (1.2 g), Ameiurus melas S, U 99% 40

- 48 20,000 20,000 Macek and McAllister 1970

Channel catfish (1.5 g), Ictalurus punctatus S, U 99% 40

- 48 15,800 c

- Macek and McAllister 1970
Channel catfish (0.3 g), Ictalurus punctatus S, U 100% 10 1,300 c

- Brown et al. 1979

Channel catfish (1.5 g), Ictalurus punctatus S, U 99.5% 272 7,790 c

- Mayer and Ellersieck 1986

Channel catfish (fingerling), Ictalurus punctatus F, U 99.5% 314 17,300 c

- Mayer and Ellersieck 1986

Channel catfish (27.6 g), Ictalurus punctatus F, M

- 44.4 12,400 12,400 Phipps and Holcombe 1985

Walking catfish (17

- 18 cm; 60

- 70 g), Clarias batrachus R, U Technical

- 46,850

- Tripathi and Shukla 1988

Walking catfish (14 cm; 25 g), Clarias batrachus S, U 99%

- 16,270 27,609 Lata et al. 2001

Guppy (2.0 cm), Poecilia reticulata R, M 99%

- 2,515 2,515 Gallo et al. 1995

Gila topminnow (219 mg), Poeciliopsis occidentalis S, U 99.7% 167 >3,000 >3,000 Dwyer et al. 1999b

### 111

Appendix A . Acceptable Acute Toxicity Data of Carbaryl to Freshwater Aquatic Animals

Species Method a Chemical Hardness (mg/L as CaCO 3 ) LC50 or

EC50 (μg/L) Species

Mean Acute Value (μg/L) Reference Striped bass (56 d), Morone saxatilis S, U

- 40 760

- Palawski et al. 1985

Striped bass, Morone saxatilis S, U

- 45.5 2,300 1,322 Palawski et al. 1985

Green sunfish (1.1 g), Lepomis cyanellus S, U 99.5% 272 9,460 9,460 Mayer and Ellersieck 1986

Redear sunfish (1.1 g), Lepomis microlophus S, U 99% 40

- 48 11,200 11,200 Macek and McAllister 1970

Bluegill, Lepomis macrochirus S, U 99.9%

- 14,000 c

- McCann and Young 1969
Bluegill (1.2 g), Lepomis macrochirus S, U 99% 40

- 48 6,760 c

- Macek and McAllister 1970
Bluegill, Lepomis macrochirus S, U 99.5% 40 16,000 c (12 o C) - Sanders et al. 1983

Bluegill, Lepomis macrochirus S, U 99.5% 40 8,200 c (22 o C) - Sanders et al. 1983

Bluegill, Lepomis macrochirus S, U 99.5% 40 5,400 c (pH=6.5) - Sanders et al. 1983

Bluegill, Lepomis macrochirus S, U 99.5% 40 5,200 c (pH=7.5) - Sanders et al. 1983

Bluegill, Lepomis macrochirus S, U 99.5% 40 1,800 c (pH=8.5) - Sanders et al. 1983

Bluegill, Lepomis macrochirus S, U 99.5% 40 2,200 c

- Sanders et al. 1983

Bluegill, Lepomis macrochirus S, U 99.5% 320 1,000 c

- Sanders et al. 1983

Bluegill (1.2 g), Lepomis macrochirus S, U 99.5% 272 5,230 c

- Mayer and Ellersieck 1986

Bluegill (0.6 g), Lepomis macrochirus F, U 99.5% 314 5,047 c

- Mayer and Ellersieck 1986

Bluegill (0.4 g), Lepomis macrochirus S, U 99.5% 44 7,400 c

- Mayer and Ellersieck 1986

Bluegill (0.4 g), Lepomis macrochirus S, U 99.5% 44 5,200 c

- Mayer and Ellersieck 1986

Bluegill (0.8 g), Lepomis macrochirus S, U 99.5% 40 16,000 c

- Mayer and Ellersieck 1986

Bluegill (0.8 g), Lepomis macrochirus S, U 99.5% 40 7,000 c

- Sanders et al. 1983; Mayer and Ellersieck 1986 Bluegill (0.8 g), Lepomis macrochirus S, U 99.5% 40 8,200 c

- Mayer and Ellersieck 1986

### 112

Appendix A . Acceptable Acute Toxicity Data of Carbaryl to Freshwater Aquatic Animals

Species Method a Chemical Hardness (mg/L as CaCO 3 ) LC50 or

EC50 (μg/L) Species

Mean Acute Value (μg/L) Reference Bluegill (0.4 g), Lepomis macrochirus S, U 99.5% 320 6,200 c

- Mayer and Ellersieck 1986
Bluegill (0.7 g), Lepomis macrochirus S, U 99.5% 40 5,400 c

- Mayer and Ellersieck 1986

Bluegill (0.7 g), Lepomis macrochirus S, U 99.5% 40 5,200 c

- Mayer and Ellersieck 1986

Bluegill (0.7 g), Lepomis macrochirus S, U 99.5% 40 1,800 c

- Mayer and Ellersieck 1986

Bluegill (0.7 g), Lepomis macrochirus S, U 99.5% 40 2,600 c

- Mayer and Ellersieck 1986

Bluegill (0.5 g), Lepomis macrochirus F, M

- 44.4 6,970 6,970 Phipps and Holcombe 1985

Largemouth bass (0.9 g), Micropterus salmoides S, U 99% 40

- 48 6,400 6,400 Macek and McAllister 1970

Black crappie (1.0 g), Pomoxis nigromaculatus S, U 99.5% 40 2,600 2,600 Johnson and Finley 1980; Mayer and Ellersieck 1986;

Greenthroat darter (133 mg), Etheostoma lepidum S, U 99.7% 167 2,140 2,140 Dwyer et al. 1999b

Fountain darter (62 mg), Etheostoma fonticola S, U 99.7% 167 2,020 2,020 Dwyer et al. 2005

Yellow perch (1.4 g), Perca flavescens S, U 99% 40

- 48 745

- Macek and McAllister 1970
Yellow perch (0.6 g), Perca flavescens S, U 99.5% 42 5,100

- Johnson and Finley 1980; Mayer and Ellersieck 1986 Yellow perch (1.0 g), Perca flavescens S, U 99.5% 42 13,900

- Mayer and Ellersieck 1986

Yellow perch (1.0 g), Perca flavescens S, U 99.5% 42 5,400

- Mayer and Ellersieck 1986

Yellow perch (1.0 g), Perca flavescens S, U 99.5% 42 3,400

- Mayer and Ellersieck 1986

Yellow perch (1.0 g), Perca flavescens S, U 99.5% 42 1,200

- Mayer and Ellersieck 1986

Yellow perch (0.9 g), Perca flavescens S, U 99.5% 42 4,000

- Mayer and Ellersieck 1986

### 113

Appendix A . Acceptable Acute Toxicity Data of Carbaryl to Freshwater Aquatic Animals

Species Method a Chemical Hardness (mg/L as CaCO 3 ) LC50 or

EC50 (μg/L) Species

Mean Acute Value (μg/L) Reference Yellow perch (0.9 g), Perca flavescens S, U 99.5% 42 4,200

- Mayer and Ellersieck 1986

Yellow perch (0.9 g), Perca flavescens S, U 99.5% 42 480

- Mayer and Ellersieck 1986

Yellow perch (0.9 g), Perca flavescens S, U 99.5% 42 350

- Mayer and Ellersieck 1986

Yellow perch (1.0 g), Perca flavescens S, U 99.5% 42 3,800

- Mayer and Ellersieck 1986

Yellow perch (1.0 g), Perca flavescens S, U 99.5% 170 5,000

- Mayer and Ellersieck 1986

Yellow perch (1.0 g), Perca flavescens S, U 99.5% 300 3,750

- Mayer and Ellersieck 1986
Yellow perch (fingerling), Perca flavescens F, U 99.5% 314 1,420 2,480 Mayer and Ellersieck 1986

Shortnosed sturgeon, Acipenser brevirostrum S, U 99.7% 170 1,810 1,810 Dwyer et al. 2000

Nile tilapia (45

- 55 mm; 3.17 g), Oreochromis niloticus S, U 85%

- 2,930 2,930 dela Cruz and Cagauan 1981

Green frog (Gosner stage 25 tadpole), Rana clamitans S, U 99.7% 286 22,020 (17 o C) - Boone and Bridges 1999

Green frog (Gosner stage 25 tadpole), Rana clamitans S, U 99.7% 286 17,360 (22 o C) - Boone and Bridges 1999

Green frog (Gosner stage 25 tadpole), Rana clamitans S, U 99.7% 286 11,320 (27 o C) 16,296 Boone and Bridges 1999

Boreal toad (200 mg), Bufo boreas S, U 99.7% 286 12,310 12,310 Dwyer et al. 1999b

Gray tree frog (tadpole), Hyla versicolor S, U 99.7%

- 2,470 2,470 Zaga et al. 1998

African clawed frog (embryo), Xenopus laevis S, U 99.7%

- 15,250 b

- Zaga et al. 1998

### 114

Appendix A . Acceptable Acute Toxicity Data of Carbaryl to Freshwater Aquatic Animals

Species Method a Chemical Hardness (mg/L as CaCO 3 ) LC50 or

EC50 (μg/L) Species

Mean Acute Value (μg/L) Reference African clawed frog (tadpole), Xenopus laevis S, U 99.7%

- 1,730 1,730 Zaga et al. 1998

a S = static; R = renewal; F = flow

- through; M = measured; U = unmeasured.
b Data not used to calculate SMAV because a more sensitive life stage or endpoint, or definitive value available for the species.

c Data not used to calculate SMAV because a more sensitive test exposure available for the species. Dash indicates not available

### 115 

# Appendix B

### 116

Appendix B

. Acceptable Acute Toxicity Data of Carbaryl to Estuarine/M arine Aquatic Animals

Species Method a Chemical Salinity (g/kg) LC50 or

EC50 (μg/L) Species Mean

Acute Value (μg/L) References

Estuarine/marine Species

Bay mussel (adult), Mytilus edulis S, M 99.7% 25 22,700 b

- Liu and Lee 1975
Bay mussel (embryo/larva), Mytilus edulis S, M 99.7% 25.9 1,480 (22 o C) - Liu and Lee 1975

Bay mussel (embryo/larva), Mytilus edulis S, M 99.7% 25.9 1,800 (22 o C) - Liu and Lee 1975

Bay mussel (embryo/larva), Mytilus edulis S, M 99.7% 25.9 1,210 (22 o C) - Liu and Lee 1975

Bay mussel (larva), Mytilus edulis S, U 80% 25 2,300 1,650 Stewart et al. 1967

Pacific oyster (larva), Crassostrea gigas S, U 80% 25 2,200 2,200 Stewart et al. 1967

Eastern oyster (embryo/larva), Crassostrea virginica S, U

- - 3,000 (24 o C) - Davis and Hidu 1969

Eastern oyster (juvenile), Crassostrea virginica F, U 99.7% 27 > 2,000 (29 o C) - Hansen 1980; Mayer 1987

Eastern oyster (juvenile), Crassostrea virginica F, U 99.7% 17 >2,000 (20 o C) Hansen 1980

Eastern oyster (embryo), Crassostrea virginica S, M 99%

- 2,700 2,386 Surprenant et al. 1985

Cockle clam (2

- 5 mm), Clinocardium nuttalli R, U 80% 25 3,850 3,850 Butler et al. 1968

Bent

- nosed clam (2.5 g), Macoma nasuta R, U 80% 25 17,000 17,000 Armstrong and Millemann 1974b

Hard clam (embryo/larva), Mercenaria mercenaria S, U

- - 3,820 (24 o C) 3,820 Davis and Hidu 1969

Mysid (24 hr) Americamysis bahia R, U 99% 30 19 c

- Thursby and Champlin 1991a
Mysid (juvenile), Americamysis bahia F, M

- - >7.7

- Nimmo et al. 1981

### 117

Appendix B

. Acceptable Acute Toxicity Data of Carbaryl to Estuarine/M arine Aquatic Animals

Species Method a Chemical Salinity (g/kg) LC50 or

EC50 (μg/L) Species Mean

Acute Value (μg/L) References Mysid (24 hr) Americamysis bahia F, M 99% 31 8.46 (pH=7.85) - Thursby and Champlin 1991b
Mysid (<24 hr) Americamysis bahia F, M 99.7% 20 5.7 7.188 Lintott 1992a

Mud shrimp (larva; 3 mm), Upogebia pugettensis S, U 80% 25 90 (16 o C) - Stewart et al. 19 6 7

Mud shrimp (larva; 3 mm), Upogebia pugettensis S, U 80% 25 40 (20 o C) 60.0 Stewart et al. 19 6 7

Ghost shrimp (larva; 3 mm), Callianassa californiensis S, U 80% 25 80 (17 o C) - Stewart et al. 19 6 7

Ghost shrimp (larva; 3 mm), Callianassa californiensis S, U 80% 25 30 (20 o C) 48.99 Stewart et al. 19 6 7

Dungeness crab (9 th stage), Metacarcinus magister (formerly Cancer magister ) R, U 80% 25 300 b (10 o C) - Buchanan et al. 1970

Dungeness crab (9 th stage), Metacarcinus magister (formerly Cancer magister ) R, U 80% 25 280 b (10 o C) - Buchanan et al. 1970

Dungeness crab (adult), Metacarcinus magister (formerly Cancer magister ) R, U 80% 25 180 b (18 o C) - Buchanan et al. 1970

Dungeness crab (adult), Metacarcinus magister (formerly Cancer magister ) R, U 80% 25 260 b (11 o C) - Buchanan et al. 1970

Dungeness crab (zoea), Metacarcinus magister (formerly Cancer magister ) S, U 80% 25 10 (10 o C) 10 Buchanan et al. 1970

Sheepshead minnow (10.27 g ; 24 mm), Cyprinodon variegatus S, U 99% 32 2,200 c

- Surprenant 1985a

### 118

Appendix B

. Acceptable Acute Toxicity Data of Carbaryl to Estuarine/M arine Aquatic Animals

Species Method a Chemical Salinity (g/kg) LC50 or

EC50 (μg/L) Species Mean

Acute Value (μg/L) References Sheepshead minnow (juvenile ; 0.9 g ; 29 mm), Cyprinodon variegatus F, M 99.7% 20 2,600 2,600 Lintott 1992b

Threespine stickleback (0.38

- 0.77 g ; adult), Gasterosteus aculeatus S, U 95% 5 3,990

- Katz 1961

Threespine stickleback (0.38

- 0.77 g ; adult), Gasterosteus aculeatus S, U 95% 25 3,990 3,990 Katz 1961

a S = static; R = renewal; F = flow

- through; M = measured; U = unmeasured.
b Data not used to calculate SMAV because a more sensitive life stage or endpoint, or definite value available for the species.

c Data not used to calculate SMAV because a more sensitive test exposure available for the species. Dash indicates not available

### 119 

# Appendix C

### 120 Appendix C

. Acceptable Chronic Toxicity Data of Carbaryl to Freshwater Aquatic Animals

Species Test a Chemical Hardness (mg/L as CaCO 3 ) Chronic

Limits b (μg/L) Chronic

Value c (μg/L) Species Mean

Chronic Value (μg/L) Reference

Freshwater Species

Cladoceran (<12 h r ), Ceriodaphnia dubia LC >99% 57

- 10.6 10.6 Oris et al. 1991

Cladoceran (≤24 hr), Daphnia magna LC 99% 140

- 170 1.5

- 3.3 2.225

- Surprenant 1985b

Cladoceran, Daphnia magna LC 98% 201.5 4.04

- 10.1 d 6.389 3.770 Brooke 1991

Fathead minnow, Pimephales promelas LC 80% 41

- 49 210

- 680 377.9

- Carlson 1971

Fathead minnow, Pimephales promelas ELS 99% 44

- 49 720

- 1,600 1,073 636.8 Norberg

- King 1989

Bonytail chub (48 d), Gila elegans ELS 99% 344

- 378 650

- 1,240 897.8 897.8 Beyers et al. 1994

Colorado pikeminnow (formerly s quawfish) (41 d), Ptychochelius lucius ELS 99% 344

- 378 445

- 866 620.8 620.8 Beyers et al. 1994

a LC = life

- cycle or partial life

- cycle; ELS = early life

- stage. b NOEC is listed first, then the LOEC

. c Chronic value = calculated geometric mean of NOEC and LOEC
d LOEC is based on the EC50 value obtained in a parallel acute test conducted in the same study (Brooke 1991). Chronic value should be considered an upper bound value for the species from this study. Dash indicates not available

### 121 

# Appendix D

### 122

Appendix D

. Chronic Toxicity Data of Carbaryl to E stuarine/M arine Aquatic Animals used Qualitatively in the Assessment

Species Test a Chemical Salinity (g/kg) Chronic

Limits b (μg/L) Chronic

Value c (μg/L) Species Mean

Chronic Value (μg/L) Reference

Estuarine/marine Species

Mysid (24 hr), Americamysis bahia LC 99% 31.5 7.18

- 13.7 9.918 9.918 Thursby and Champlin 1991b

a LC = life

- cycle or partial life

- cycle; ELS = early life

- stage. b NOEC is listed first, then the LOEC.

c Chronic value = calculated geometric mean of NOEC and LOEC

### 123 

# Appendix E

### 124 Appendix E . Acceptable Toxicity Data of Carbaryl to Freshwater Aquatic Plants

Species Chemical Method a Hardness (mg/L as CaCO 3 ) Duration

(days) Effect Concentration ( μg/L) Reference



### Freshwater Species

Blue green alga, Nostoc muscorum 99.9% S,U

- 4 Chronic Value (growth) 7,071 Bhunia et al. 1994
Blue green alga, Anabaena torulosa 99.9% S,U

- 21 LOEC (growth) 50,000 Obulakondaiah et al. 1993 Green alga, Pseudokirchneriella subcapitata Analytical S,U

- 4 EC20 (growth, cell #) 1,040 Versteeg 1990

Green alga, Pseudokirchneriella subcapitata 99.7% S, M

- 5 Chronic Value (cell number) 537.2 Lintott 1992c

Green alga, Pseudokirchneriella subcapitata 98%

- 81.9 4 IC50 b 490 Brooke 1993

Green alga, Scenedesmus quadricauda 97% S,U

- 10 LOEC (chlorophyll content) 100 Lejczak 1977

Green alga, Scenedesmus quadricauda 97%

- - 10 Reduced chlorophyll
content 100 Lejczak 1977

Diatom, Navicula pelliculosa 99.7% S, M

- 5 LOEC (cell number) 400 Lintott 1992d
Duckweed, Lemna minor 98%

- 171 4 IC50 b 23,900 Brooke 1993

a S = static; R = renewal; F = flow

- through; M = measured; U = unmeasured.
b IC50 = concentration of carbaryl at which growth is inhibited 50% compared to control organism growth. Dash indicates not available

### 125 

# Appendix F

### 126 Appendix F . Acceptable Toxicity Data of Carbaryl to Estuarine/M arine Aquatic Plants

Species Chemical Method a Salinity (g/kg) Duration

(days) Effect Concentration ( μg/L) Reference



### Estuarine/marine Species

Green alga, Chlorococcum sp. - S, U

- 4 EC50 (growth) 2,100 Walsh and Alexander 1980 Green alga, Chlorococcum sp. - S, U

- 4 EC50 (growth) 1,800 Walsh and Alexander 1980 Green alga, Chlorococcum sp. - S, U

- 12 EC50 (growth) 2,700 Walsh and Alexander 1980 Green alga, Chlorococcum sp. - S, U

- 12 EC50 (growth) 2,900 Walsh and Alexander 1980 Green alga, Chlorella sp. - S, U

- 4 EC50 (growth) 1,000 Walsh and Alexander 1980 Green alga, Chlorella sp. - S, U

- 4 EC50 (growth) 600 Walsh and Alexander 1980 Green alga, Chlorella sp. - S, U

- 12 EC50 (growth) 1,200 Walsh and Alexander 1980 Green alga, Chlorella sp. - S, U

- 12 EC50 (growth) 1,400 Walsh and Alexander 1980 Green alga, Chlorella sp. 95% S, U

- 10 10% reduced growth rate 100 Ukeles 1962
Green alga, Chlorella sp. 95% S, U

- 10 20% reduced growth rate 1,000 Ukeles 1962

Green alga, Chlorella sp. 95% S, U

- 10 100% reduced growth rate, cells not viable 10,000 Ukeles 1962

Green alga, Chlorella sp. 95% S, U

- 10 100% reduced growth rate, cells not viable 100,000 Ukeles 1962

Green alga, Dunaliella euchora 95% S, U

- 10 10% reduced growth rate 100 Ukeles 1962
Green alga, Dunaliella euchora 95% S, U

- 10 35% reduced growth rate 1,000 Ukeles 1962

Green alga, Dunaliella euchora 95% S, U

- 10 100% reduced growth rate, cell viable 10,000 Ukeles 1962

Green alga, Dunaliella euchora 95% S, U

- 10 100% reduced growth rate, cells not viable 100,000 Ukeles 1962

Green alga, Protococcus sp. 95% S, U

- 10 20% reduced growth rate 100 Ukeles 1962
Green alga, Protococcus sp. 95% S, U

- 10 26% reduced growth rate 1,000 Ukeles 1962

Green alga, Protococcus sp. 95% S, U

- 10 100% reduced growth rate, cell viable 10,000 Ukeles 1962

Green alga, Protococcus sp. 95% S, U

- 10 100% reduced growth rate, cells not viable 100,000 Ukeles 1962

### 127 Appendix F . Acceptable Toxicity Data of Carbaryl to Estuarine/M arine Aquatic Plants

Species Chemical Method a Salinity (g/kg) Duration

(days) Effect Concentration ( μg/L) Reference Diatom, Skeletonema

costatum - S, U

- 4 EC50 (growth) 1,700 Walsh and Alexander 1980
Diatom, Skeletonema

costatum - S, U

- 4 EC50 (growth) 900 Walsh and Alexander 1980
Diatom, Skeletonema

costatum - S, U

- 12 EC50 (growth) 1,800 Walsh and Alexander 1980
Diatom, Skeletonema

costatum - S, U

- 12 EC50 (growth) 1,600 Walsh and Alexander 1980
Diatom, Nitzschia angularum - S, U

- 4 EC50 (growth) 1,500 Walsh and Alexander 1980 Diatom, Nitzschia angularum - S, U

- 4 EC50 (growth) 1,000 Walsh and Alexander 1980 Diatom, Nitzschia angularum - S, U

- 12 EC50 (growth) 1,600 Walsh and Alexander 1980 Diatom, Nitzschia angularum - S, U

- 12 EC50 (growth) 1,500 Walsh and Alexander 1980 Diatom, Phaeodactylum tricornutum 95% S, U

- 10 100% reduced growth rate, cells viable 100 Ukeles 1962

Diatom, Phaeodactylum tricornutum 95% S, U

- 10 100% reduced growth rate, cells viable 1,000 Ukeles 1962

Diatom, Phaeodactylum tricornutum 95% S, U

- 10 100% reduced growth rate, cells viable 10,000 Ukeles 1962

Diatom, Phaeodactylum tricornutum 95% S, U

- 10 100% reduced growth rate, cells viable 100,000 Ukeles 1962

Chrysophyte, Monochrysis lutheri 95% S, U

- 10 13% reduced growth rate 100 Ukeles 1962

Chrysophyte, Monochrysis lutheri 95% S, U

- 10 100% reduced growth rate, cells viable 1,000 Ukeles 1962

Chrysophyte, Monochrysis lutheri 95% S, U

- 10 100% reduced growth rate, cells not viable 10,000 Ukeles 1962

Chrysophyte, Monochrysis lutheri 95% S, U

- 10 100% reduced growth rate, cells not viable 100,000 Ukeles 1962

a S = static; R = renewal; F = flow

- through; M = measured; U = unmeasured. Dash indicates not available

### 128 

# Appendix G

### 129

Appendix G . Acceptable Bioaccumulation Data of Carbaryl by Aquatic Organisms

There are no acceptable bioaccumulation data for carbaryl.

### 130 

# Appendix H

### 131 Appendix H . Other Data on Effects of Carbaryl to Freshwater Aquatic Organisms

Species Chemical Duration Effect Concentration ( μg/L) 

### Reference Reason Other Data



### Freshwater Species

Bacterium, Vibrio fischeri Analytical 30 min EC50 (luminescence) 2,440 Hernando et al. 2007 Single

- cell

organism Bacteria, Pseudomonas putida - - LOEC (reduced cell growth) >5,000 Bringmann and Kuhn 1977 Single

- cell

organism Plan k tonic algae mixture 99.7% 14 day LOEC (growth inhibition) 10,000 Butler et al. 1975 Community
exposure Blue

- green algae mixture - 24 hr Reduced carbon uptake 500 Vickers and Boyd 1971 Community

exposure Blue

- green algae, Microcystis aeruginosa - 8 day LOEC (reduced cell growth) 1,350 Bringmann and Kuhn 1978a ; b Lack of exposure

details
Green alga, Ankistrodesmus braunii - 48 hr Reduced growth 25,000 Kopecek et al. 1975 Duration

Green algae, Chlorella pyrenoidosa - 96 hr LOEC (growth) 100 Christie 1969 Lack of exposure details
Green alga, Raphidocelis subcapitata Analytical 6 day LOEC (growth) 5,030 Bierkens et al. 1998 Lack of exposure

details
Green alga, Raphidocelis subcapitata Analytical 6 day LOEC (heat shock protein 70) 2,072 Bierkens et al. 1998 Atypical endpoint

Green algae, Scenedesmus quadricaudata - 6 day Increased cell biomass 100 Stadnyk et al. 1971 Lack of exposure

details
Green algae, Scenedesmus quadricaudata - 8 day Reduced cell growth 1,400 Bringmann and Kuhn 1977 ; 1978a ; b Lack of exposure

details
Ciliate protozoa, Colpidium campylum - 43 hr LOEC (growth inhibition) <10,000 Dive et al. 1980 Duration
Protozoa (7 day), Paramecium aurelia 97.5% 24 hr LC50 46,000 Edmiston et al. 1984 Single

- cell

organism Protozoa (7 day), Paramecium bursaria 97.5% 24 hr LC50 31,000 Edmiston et al. 1984 Single

- cell

organism
Protozoa (7 day), Paramecium caudatum 97.5% 24 hr LC50 10,000 Edmiston et al. 1984 Single

- cell

organism
Protozoa (7 day), Paramecium multimicronucleatum 97.5% 24 hr LC50 24,000 Edmiston et al. 1984 Single

- cell

organism
Protozoa (12 day), Paramecium multimicronucleatum 97.5% 24 hr LC50 28,000 Edmiston et al. 1985 Single

- cell

organism
Tubificid worm, Branchiura sowerbyi - 72 hr LOEC (mortality) 4,000 Naqvi 1973 Duration

### 132 Appendix H . Other Data on Effects of Carbaryl to Freshwater Aquatic Organisms

Species Chemical Duration Effect Concentration ( μg/L) 

### Reference Reason Other Data Snail (< 24 hr), Lymnea stagnalis 97

- 99% 1 mo 82.5% mortality 2,000 Seuge and Bluzat 1983 Unmeasured

exposure Snail, Physa acuta Technical 48 hr LC50 27,000 Hashimoto and Nishiuchi 1981 Duration

Cladoceran (<24 hr), Ceriodaphnia dubia 99.7% 7 day IC25 <330 Dwyer et al. 1999a Static,

unmeasured
exposure Cladoceran (2 nd instar), Daphnia galeata mendotae >99% 8

- 14 hr LOEC (enlarged helmet) 5 Hanazato and Dodson 1993 Duration

Cladoceran (1 st and 2 nd instar), Daphnia lumholtzi >99% 8

- 14 hr LOEC (enlarged helmet) 10 Hanazato and Dodson 1993 Duration

Cladoceran (<26 hr), Daphnia magna - 24 hr LC50 1.1 Gaaboub et al. 1975 Duration
Cladoceran (<24 hr), Daphnia magna Technical grade 0.5 hr EC50 (erratic swimming) 12 Parker et al. 1970 Duration
Cladoceran (0

- 24 hr), Daphnia magna - 24 hr LC50 0.66 Rawash et al. 1975 Duration
Cladoceran (4 day), Daphnia magna - 24 hr LC50 21 Wernersson and Dave 1997 Duration

Cladoceran (2 nd instar), Daphnia pulex >99% 8

- 14 hr LOEC (enlarged helmet) 15 Hanazato and Dodson 1993 Duration

Cladoceran, Dapnia pulex - 3 hr LC50 0.85 Nishiuchi and Hashimoto 1967 Duration
Cladoceran, Daphnia pulex Technical 3 hr LC50 50 Hashimoto and Nishiuchi 1981 Duration

Cladoceran (1 st and 2 nd instar), Daphnia retrocurva >99% 8

- 14 hr LOEC (enlarged helmet) 20 Hanazato and Dodson 1993 Duration

Cladoceran, Moina macrocopa - 3 hr LC50 1.0 Nishiuchi and Hashimoto 1967 Duration
Cladoceran, Moina macrocopa Technical 3 hr LC50 50 Hashimoto and Nischiuchi 1981 Duration

Cladoceran (adult female), Bosmina longirostris >99% 24 hr LC50 8.597 Sakamoto et al. 2005 Duration

Cladoceran (juvenile/adult), Leptodora kindtii >99% 24 hr LC50 3.477 Sakamoto et al. 2005 Duration

Ostracod, Cypretta kawatai 99.9% 72 hr LC50 1,800 Hansen and Kawatski 1976 Duration
Opossum shrimp (adult), Mysis relicta 98% 6 hr Avg. BCF = 149 7.24 and 15.95 Landrum and Dupuis 1990 Duration

Seed shrimp (mature), Cypridopsis vidua 99.5% 48 hr EC50 115 Johnson and Finley 1980 Duration

### 133 Appendix H . Other Data on Effects of Carbaryl to Freshwater Aquatic Organisms

Species Chemical Duration Effect Concentration ( μg/L) 

### Reference Reason Other Data Amphipod (mature), Pontoporeia hoyi 98% 6 hr Avg. BCF = 18,700 1.44

- 3.81 Landrum and Dupuis 1990 Duration
Amphipod, Gammarus pseudolimnaeus 99.5% 96 hr LC50 16 Schoettger and Mauck 1978 Control survival

not reported
Amphipod (mature), Gammarus pseudolimnaeous 99.5% 48 hr LC50 13 Mayer and Ellersieck 1986 Duration

Amphipod (mature), Gammarus pseudolimnaeous 99.5% 48 hr LC50 8 Mayer and Ellersieck 1986 Duration

Grass shrimp, Palaemonetes kadiakensis - 24 hr LC50 42.5 Naqvi and Ferguson 1970 Duration

Red Crayfish, Procambarus clarki i Technical 72 hr LC50 2,000 Muncy and Oliver 1963 Duration
Mayfly (nymph), Cloeon dipterum Technical 48 hr LC50 370 Hashimoto and Nishiuchi 1981 Duration
Stonefly (1 st year class), Isogenus sp. 99.5% 96 hr LC50 (solution aged 7 days) 6.6 Mayer and Ellersieck 1986 Aged solution

Stonefly (1 st year class), Isogenus sp. 99.5% 96 hr LC50 (solution aged 14 days) 6.6 Mayer and Ellersieck 1986 Aged solution

Stonefly (1 st year class), Isogenus sp. 99.5% 96 hr LC50 (solution aged 21 days) 12 Mayer and Ellersieck 1986 Aged solution

Stonefly (nymph), Pteronarcys californica 99.5% 96 hr LC50 2 Schoettger and Mauck 1978 Control survival

not reported
Crawling water beetle (5 mg), Peltodytes sp. ≥94% 96 hr LC50 3,300 Federle and Collins 1976 Three species

exposed simultaneously Blackfly (larva), Simulium vittatum ≥98% 48 hr LC50 23.72 Overmyer et al. 2003 Duration
Midge (4 th instar), Ch iro nomus plumosus 99.5% 48 hr EC50 10 Sanders et al. 1983 Duration

Midge (4 th instar), Chironomus riparius Analytical 24 hr EC50 (reduced lactate) 1.0 Forcella et al. 2007 Duration
Midge (4 th instar), Chironomus riparius >98% 24 hr LC50 110 Lydy et al. 1990 Duration
Midge (4 th instar), Chironomus tentans 99.9% 72 hr LC50 5,900 Hansen and Kawatski 1976 Duration
Mosquito (2 nd stage), Aedes aegypti 97.6% 36 hr LC50 336 Lakota et al. 1981 Duration
Mosquito (4 th instar larvae), Culex pipiens - 24 hr LC50 75 Rawash et al. 1975 Duration

### 134 Appendix H . Other Data on Effects of Carbaryl to Freshwater Aquatic Organisms

Species Chemical Duration Effect Concentration ( μg/L) 

### Reference Reason Other Data Mosquito (4 th instar larvae), Culex pipiens - 24 hr LC50 170 Gaaboub et al. 1975 Duration

Apache trout, Oncorhynchus apache - 96 hr NOEC (muscarinic cholinergic receptors) 1,300 Jones et al. 1998 Atypical endpoint

Coho salmon (6

- 18 mo), Oncorhynchus kisutch - ≤ 30 day BCF = 3.58 (substantial mortality at 30 days) 2,600 Walsh and Ribelin 1973 Control issues

Coho salmon (4.9 cm ; 1.3 g ; 4

- 7 mo), Oncorhynchus kisutch 99% 96 hr LC50 >150 Laetz et al. 2009 Control survival not reported

Rainbow trout, Oncorhynchus mykiss 99% 96 hr EC50 (muscular cholinesterase) 270 Ferrari et al. 2007a Atypical endpoint

Rainbow trout, Oncorhynchus mykiss 99% 96 hr EC50 (brain cholinesterase) 19.24 Ferrari et al. 2007a Atypical endpoint
Rainbow trout (2 yr), Oncorhynchus mykiss - 48 hr LC0 30,000 Lysak and Marcinek 1972 Duration
Rainbow trout (2 yr), Oncorhynchus mykiss - 24 hr LC100 100,000 Lysak and Marcinek 1972 Duration

Rainbow trout (1

- 1.5 yr), Oncorhynchus mykiss - 4.5 hr LOEC (respiration rate) 2,000 Lunn et al. 1976 Duration

Rainbow trout (1

- 1.5 yr), Oncorhynchus mykiss - 4.5 hr NOEC (respiration rate) 1,000 Lunn et al. 1976 Duration

Rainbow trout (1.8 g), Oncorhynchus mykiss 99.5% 24 hr LC50 4,620 Mayer and Ellersieck 1986 Duration

Rainbow trout (2.2 g), Oncorhynchus mykiss 99.5% 24 hr LC50 6,090 Mayer and Ellersieck 1986 Duration

Rainbow trout (30

- 80 g), Oncorhynchus mykiss Technical 24 hr LC50 1,410 Zinkl et al. 1987 Duration

Rainbow trout (30

- 80 g), Oncorhynchus mykiss Technical 24 hr LOEC (depression of brain cholinesterase activity) 500 Zinkl et al. 1987 Atypical endpoint

Rainbow trout (0.5

- 1.0 g ), Oncorhynchus mykiss 99.9% 96 hr LOEC (survival from predation) 10 Little et al. 1990 Atypical endpoint

Rainbow trout, Oncorhynchus mykiss - 96 hr NOEC (muscarinic cholinergic receptors) 3,600 Jones et al. 1998 Atypical endpoint

### 135 Appendix H . Other Data on Effects of Carbaryl to Freshwater Aquatic Organisms

Species Chemical Duration Effect Concentration ( μg/L) 

### Reference Reason Other Data Lahontan cutthroat trout, Oncorhynchus clarki i henshawi - 96 hr NOEC (muscarinic cholinergic receptors) 2,200 Jones et al. 1998 Atypical endpoint

Cutthroat trout (0.5 g), Oncorhynchus clarki i 99.5% 96 hr LC50 (solution aged 7 days) 4,000 (pH=7.3) Mayer and

Ellersieck 1986 Aged solution

Cutthroat trout (0.5 g), Oncorhynchus clarki i 99.5% 96 hr LC50 (solution aged 14 days) 3,380

(pH=7.2) Mayer and

Ellersieck 1986 Aged solution

Cutthroat trout (0.5 g), Oncorhynchus clarki i 99.5% 96 hr LC50 (solution aged 21 days) 2,300

(pH=7.2) Mayer and

Ellersieck 1986 Aged solution

Atlantic salmon (3

- 4 cm), Salmo salar - 24 hr NOEC (temperature preference) 1,000 Peterson 1976 Atypical endpoint

Atlantic salmon (0.4 g), Salmo salar 99.5% 24 hr LC50 (pH=6.5) 1,400 Mayer and Ellersieck 1986 Duration

Brook trout, Salvelinus fontinalis 99.5% 96 hr LC50 (pH=7.5) (7 o C) 3,000 Schoettger and Mauck 1978 Control survival

not reported

Brook trout, Salvelinus fontinalis 99.5% 96 hr LC50 (pH=7.5) (12 o C) 2,100 Schoettger and Mauck 1978 Control survival

not reported

Brook trout, Salvelinus fontinalis 99.5% 96 hr LC50 (pH=7.5) (17 o C) 900 Schoettger and Mauck 1978 Control survival

not reported

Brook trout, Salvelinus fontinalis 99.5% 96 hr LC50 (pH=8) (12 o C) 5,400 Schoettger and Mauck 1978 Control survival

not reported

Brook trout, Salvelinus fontinalis 99.5% 96 hr LC50 (pH=8) (12 o C) 2,500 Schoettger and Mauck 1978 Control survival

not reported

Brook trout, Salvelinus fontinalis 99.5% 96 hr LC50 (pH=6.5) (12 o C) 4,600 Schoettger and Mauck 1978 Control survival

not reported

Brook trout, Salvelinus fontinalis 99.5% 96 hr LC50 (pH=7.5) (12 o C) 3,700 Schoettger and Mauck 1978 Control survival

not reported

Brook trout, Salvelinus fontinalis 99.5% 96 hr LC50 (pH=8.5) (12 o C) 2,100 Schoettger and Mauck 1978 Control survival

not reported

Brook trout, Salvelinus fontinalis 99.5% 96 hr LC50 (pH=9.0) (12 o C) 1,100 Schoettger and Mauck 1978 Control survival

not reported
Brook trout (0.8 g), Salvelinus fontinalis 99.5% 24 hr LC50 10,000 Mayer and Ellerseick 1986 Duration

### 136 Appendix H . Other Data on Effects of Carbaryl to Freshwater Aquatic Organisms

Species Chemical Duration Effect Concentration ( μg/L) 

### Reference Reason Other Data Lake trout (6

- 18 month old), Salvelinus namaycush - ≤ 30 day BCF = 4.00 (substantial mortality at 30 days) 2,600 Walsh and Ribelin 1973 Control issues

Goldfish, Carassius auratus - 48 hr LC50 >10,000 Nishiuchi and Hashimoto 1967 Duration
Goldfish, Carassius auratus 99% 10 day LC50 >10,000 Shea and Berry 1983 Duration
Goldfish, Carassius auratus - 7 day 40% with vertebral deformation 5,000 Imada 1976 Duration
Carp, Cyprinus carpio Technical 48 hr LC50 13,000 Hashimoto and Nishiuchi 1981 Duration
Common carp (larva; 8 mm ; 3 day), Cyprinus carpio Commercial 96 hr LC50 2,000 Verma e t al. 1981 a Formulation

Common carp (larva; 8 mm ; 3 day), Cyprinus carpio Commercial 60 day NOEC (growth) 50 Verma e t al. 1981 a Formulation

Common carp (larva; 8 mm ; 3 day), Cyprinus carpio Commercial 60 day LOEC (growth) 80 Verma e t al. 1981 a Formulation

Common carp, Cyprinus carpio - 48 hr LC50 >10,000 Nishiuchi and Hashimoto 1967 Duration
Common carp (20

- 34 mm), Cyprinus carpio 85% 7 & 14 day LOEC

(reduced AChE activity in brain) 39 de Mel and Pathiratne 2005 Atypical endpoint

Common carp (egg), Cyprinus carpio - 55

- 74 hr LC50 1,400 Kaur and Toor 1977 Duration
Common carp (egg), Cyprinus carpio - 55

- 74 hr 100% mortality 2,500 Kaur and Toor 1977 Duration
Carp (1.2 g), Cyrpinus carpio Technical 72 hr LC50 13,000 Nishiuchi and Asano 1981 Duration
Carp (3.0 g), Cyrpinus carpio Technical 48 hr LC50 13,000 Nishiuchi and Asano 1981 Duration
Zebrafish (embryo), Danio rerio 99.9% 24 hr LC50 44,660 Lin et al. 2007 Duration

Zebrafish (embryo), Danio rerio 99.9% 24 hr EC50 (pericardial edema, tail malformations) 7,520 Lin et al. 2007 Duration

Fathead minnow (1

- 2 g), Pimephales promelas 95% 96 hr LC50 13,000 Henderson et al. 1960 Control survival

not reported

Fathead minnow (1

- 2 g), Pimephales promelas 95% 96 hr LC50 7,000 Henderson et al. 1960 Control survival

not reported

Fathead minnow (larva), Pim e phales promelas 99.9% 7 day Chronic Value (growth) 576 Norberg

- King 1989 Duration

### 137 Appendix H . Other Data on Effects of Carbaryl to Freshwater Aquatic Organisms

Species Chemical Duration Effect Concentration ( μg/L) 

### Reference Reason Other Data Fathead minnow (larva), Pim e phales promelas 99.9% 12 day Chronic Value (growth) 1,275 Norberg

- King 1989 Duration

Fathead minnow (larva), Pim e phales promelas 99.9% 7 day Chronic Value (survival and growth) 1,088 Norberg

- King 1989 Duration

Fathead minnow (larva), Pim e phales promelas 99.9% 7 day Chronic Value (survival) 1,018 Norberg

- King 1989 Duration

Fathead minnow (larva), Pim e phales promelas 99.9% 7 day Chronic Value (growth) 569 Norberg

- King 1989 Duration

Fathead minnow (larva), Pime p hales promelas 99.9% 7 day Chronic Value (survival and growth) 976 Norberg

- King 1989 Duration

Fathead minnow (1 day), Pimephales promelas 99.8% 7 day Chronic Value (growth) 707 Pickering et al. 1996 Duration

Fathead minnow (4 day), Pimephales promelas 99.8% 7 day Chronic Value (growth) <250 Pickering et al. 1996 Duration

Fathead minnow (7 day), Pimephales promelas 99.8% 7 day Chronic Value (growth) 707 Pickering et al. 1996 Duration

Fathead minnow (<24 hr), Pimephales promelas 99.7% 7 day IC25 420 Dwyer et al. 1999a Duration

Colorado pikeminnow (formerly squawfish )

, Ptychocheilus lucius 99% 24 hr NOEC (AChE inhibition) 29.3 Beyers and Sikoski 1994 Duration

Colorado pikeminnow

, Ptychocheilus lucius 99% 24 hr LOEC (AChE inhibition) 49.1 Beyers and Sikoski 1994 Duration

Colorado pikeminnow (5

- 6 day), Ptychocheilus lucius 99.7% 7 day IC25 1,330 Dwyer et al. 1999a Duration

Bonytail chub (2

- 7 day), Gila elegans 99.7% 7 day IC25 250 Dwyer et al. 1999a Duration

Razorback sucker (6

- 7 day), Xyrauchen texanus 99.7% 7 day IC25 2,060 Dwyer et al. 1999a Duration

Yellow bullhead (adult), Ictalurus natalis 80% 48 hr LOEC (behavior) 1,000 Morison 1984 Duration

Walking catfish (15

- 20 cm ; 20

- 30 g), Clarias batrachus 99% 15 day Decreased glucose and protein 4,000 Sharma 1999 Atypical endpoint

### 138 Appendix H . Other Data on Effects of Carbaryl to Freshwater Aquatic Organisms

Species Chemical Duration Effect Concentration ( μg/L) 

### Reference Reason Other Data Walking catfish (15

- 20 cm ; 70

- 90 g), Clarias batrachus 99% 96 hr Increased lactic acid in liver and muscle 1,000 Sharma and Gopal 1995 Atypical endpoint

Walking catfish (15

- 20 cm ; 70

- 90 g), Clarias batrachus 99% 96 hr Increased lactic acid in heart, gills, kidney and spleen 2,000 Sharma and Gopal 1995 Atypical endpoint

Walking catfish (15

- 20 cm ; 70

- 90 g), Clarias batrachus 99% 96 hr Reduced AChE levels in various tissues 1,000 Sharma et al. 1993 Atypical endpoint

Killifish, Fundulus heteroclitus 99% 10 day 40% Mortality 10,000 Shea and Berry 1983 Duration
Mosquitofish (20

- 45 mm), Gambusia affinis 98% 24 hr Irritated 10,000 Hansen et al. 1972 Duration

Mosquitofish, Gambusia affinis Analytical 24 hr Avoidance 13,000 Krieger and Lee 1973 Duration
Mosquitofish, Gambusia affinis Analytical 24 hr LC50 13,000 Krieger and Lee 1973 Duration
Guppy (juvenile), Poecilia reticulata 97.6% 36 hr LC50 3,840 Lakota et al. 1981 Duration
Bluegill (adult), Lepomis macrochirus - 96 hr Increased ventilator
response 2,400 Carlson 1990 Atypical endpoint
Bluegill (1

- 2 g), Lepomis macrochirus 95% 96 hr LC50 5,600 Henderson et al. 1960 Control survival

not reported Bluegill (0.87 g), Lepomis macrochirus Technical 96 hr LC50 2,000 Cope 1965 Control survival not reported Mozambique tilapia, Tilapia mossambica Commercial 48 hr LC50 5,495 Basha et al. 1983 Duration

Plains Leopard frog, Rana blairi 99.7% 24 hr LOEC (reduced activity) 3,500 Bridges 1997 Duration
Gray tree frog (Gosner stage 25), Hyla versicolor 99.7% 48 hr LC50 >2,510 Little et al. 2000 Duration

African clawed frog (embryo), Xenopus laevis - 24 hr LC50 4,700 Elliott

- Freeley and Armstrong 1982 Duration

African clawed frog (tadpole), Xenopus laevis - 24 hr Abnormal development 110 Elliott

- Freeley and Armstrong 1982 Duration

African clawed frog (embryo), Xenopus laevis 99.8% 115 hr LC50 20,280 Bacchetta et al. 2008 Duration

Dash indicates not available

### 139 

# Appendix I

### 140 Appendix I . Other Data on Effects of Carbaryl to Estuarine/M arine Aquatic Organisms

Species Chemical Duration Effect Concentration ( μg/L) 

### Reference Reason Other Data



### Estuarine/marine Species

Bacteria 99% 34 day Reduction in diversity 100,000 Weber and Rosenberg 1984 Single

- cell

organism

Bacteria 99% 42 day (field) No effect on numbers,

diversity or filter paper composition 1,000 Weber and Rosenberg 1984 Single

- cell

organism

Bacteria 99% 42 day (field) No effect on numbers,

diversity or filter paper composition 10,000 Weber and Rosenberg 1984 Single

- cell

organism

Bacteria 99% 42 day (field) No effect on numbers,

diversity or filter paper composition 100,000 Weber and Rosenberg 1984 Single

- cell

organism

Bacteria 99% 70 day (lab) No effect on filter

paper decomposition 1,000 Weber and Rosenberg 1984 Single

- cell

organism

Bacteria 99% 70 day (lab) No effect on filter

paper decomposition 10,000 Weber and Rosenberg 1984 Single

- cell

organism

Bacteria 99% 70 day (lab) Complete inhibition of

filter paper decomposition 100,000 Weber and Rosenberg 1984 Single

- cell

organism
Bacterium, Vibrio fischeri Analytical 30 min EC50 (luminescence) 1,651 Hernando et al. 2007 Single

- cell

organism Green alga, Chlorococcum sp. - 48 hr 75% reduced growth
rate 10,000 Maly and Ruber 1983 Duration
Green alga, Chlorococcum sp. - 48 hr 40% reduced growth
rate 2,000 Maly and Ruber 1983 Duration
Green alga, Chlorococcum sp. - 48 hr 48% reduced growth
rate 1,000 Maly and Ruber 1983 Duration

Green alga, Chlorococcum sp. - 48 hr No significant reduction in growth
rate 500 Maly and Ruber 1983 Duration

Green alga, Chlorococcum sp. - 96 hr >100% reduced growth rate 10,000 Maly and Ruber 1983 Lack of exposure

details
Green alga, Chlorococcum sp. - 96 hr 92% reduction in growth rate between 48 & 96 hr 2,000 Maly and Ruber 1983 Lack of exposure

details

Green alga, Chlorococcum sp. - 96 hr 54% reduction in growth rate between 48 & 96 hr 1,000 Maly and Ruber 1983 Lack of exposure

details

Green alga, Chlorococcum sp. - 96 hr No sign. reduction in growth rate between 48 and 96 hr 500 Maly and Ruber 1983 Lack of exposure

details
Diatom, Nitzschia closterium - 48 hr >100% reduced growth rate 10,000 Maly and Ruber 1983 Duration
Diatom, Nitzschia closterium - 48 hr 69% reduced growth
rate 2,000 Maly and Ruber 1983 Duration

Diatom, Nitzschia closterium - 48 hr No significant reduction in growth
rate 1,000 Maly and Ruber 1983 Duration

### 141 Appendix I . Other Data on Effects of Carbaryl to Estuarine/M arine Aquatic Organisms

Species Chemical Duration Effect Concentration ( μg/L) 

### Reference Reason Other Data

Diatom, Nitzschia closterium - 96 hr No significant reduction in growth rate between 48 and 96 hr 10,000 Maly and Ruber 1983 Lack of exposure

details

Diatom, Amphora coffeaformis v. borealis - 48 hr >100% reduced growth rate 10,000 Maly and Ruber 1983 Duration

Diatom, Amphora coffeaformis v. borealis - 48 hr >100% reduced growth rate 2,000 Maly and Ruber 1983 Duration

Diatom, Amphora coffeaformis v. borealis - 48 hr 99% reduced growth
rate 1,000 Maly and Ruber 1983 Duration

Diatom, Amphora coffeaformis v. borealis - 48 hr No significant reduction in growth
rate 500 Maly and Ruber 1983 Duration

Diatom, Amphora coffeaformis v. borealis - 96 hr 69% reduction in growth rate between 48 & 96 hr 10,000 Maly and Ruber 1983 Lack of exposure

details

Diatom, Amphora coffeaformis v. borealis - 96 hr No significant reduction in growth rate between 48 & 96 hr 2,000 Maly and Ruber 1983 Lack of exposure

details

Diatom, Amphiprora sp. - 48 hr >100% reduced growth rate 10,000 Maly and Ruber 1983 Duration
Diatom, Amphiprora sp. - 48 hr 75% reduced growth
rate 2,000 Maly and Ruber 1983 Duration
Diatom, Amphiprora sp. - 48 hr 63% reduced growth
rate 1,000 Maly and Ruber 1983 Duration

Diatom, Amphiprora sp. - 48 hr No significant reduction in growth
rate 500 Maly and Ruber 1983 Duration

Diatom, Amphiprora sp. - 96 hr No significant reduction in growth rate between 48 & 96 hr 10,000 Maly and Ruber 1983 Lack of exposure

details

Dinoflagellate, Gonyaulax sp. - 48 hr No significant reduction in growth
rate 10,000 Maly and Ruber 1983 Duration

Dinoflagellate, Gonyaulax sp - 96 hr No significant reduction in growth rate between 48 & 96 hr 10,000 Maly and Ruber 1983 Lack of exposure

details

Hermatypic coral, Pocillopora damicornis Analytical 96 hr NOEC (survival) 10,000 Acevedo 1991 Duration

### 142 Appendix I . Other Data on Effects of Carbaryl to Estuarine/M arine Aquatic Organisms

Species Chemical Duration Effect Concentration ( μg/L) 

### Reference Reason Other Data Polychaete worm, Nereis diversicolor - 2

- 8 day Reduced AChE activity 201.2 Scaps et al. 1997 Atypical endpoint
Lugworm, Arenicola marina 99% 48 hr LC50 7,200 Conti 1987 Duration
Bay mussel (30

- 40 mm), Mytilus edulis 98% 72 hr EC50 (feeding rate) 8,370 Donkin et al. 1997 Atypical endpoint

Bay mussel (embryo), Mytilus edulis 80% 48 hr EC50 (development) 2,400 Dimick and Breese 1965 Control survival

not reported

Blue mussel (unfertilized egg), Mytilus edulis 80% 1 hr EC50 (development) 20,070 Armstrong and Milleman 1974c Duration

Blue mussel (1 st polar body), Mytilus edulis 80% 1 hr EC50 (development) 5,300 Armstrong and Milleman 1974c Duration

Blue mussel (2 cell), Mytilus edulis 80% 1 hr EC50 (development) 7,000 Armstrong and Milleman 1974c Duration

Blue mussel (≥64 cell), Mytilus edulis 80% 1 hr EC50 (development) 8,300 Armstrong and Milleman 1974c Duration

Blue mussel (ciliated blastula), Mytilus edulis 80% 1 hr EC50 (development) 16,000 Armstrong and Milleman 1974c Duration

Blue mussel (trochophore), Mytilus edulis 80% 1 hr EC50 (development) 19,000 Armstrong and Milleman 1974c Duration

Blue mussel (early veliger), Mytilus edulis 80% 1 hr EC50 (development) 24,000 Armstrong and Milleman 1974c Duration

Blue mussel, Mytilus edulis 99.7% 10 day EC50 (shell growth) >2,610 Liu and Lee 1975 Control issues
Blue mussel, Mytilus edulis 99.7% 20 day EC50 (shell growth) >1,300 Liu and Lee 1975 Control issues

Blue mussel, Mytilus edulis 99.7% 20 day EC50 (metamorphosis with dissoconch shell) >2,900 Liu and Lee 1975 Control issues

Blue mussel, Mytilus edulis 99.7% 40 day LC50 >2,900 Liu and Lee 1975 Control issues
Blue mussel, Mytilus edulis 99.7% 40 day EC50 (shell growth) >2,900 Liu and Lee 1975 Control issues
Blue mussel, Mytilus edulis 99.7% 20 day Chronic Value (growth) 463.1 Liu and Lee 1975 Control issues
Blue mussel, Mytilus edulis - 24 hr EC50 (# of byssal threads) >30,000 Roberts 1975 Atypical endpoint
Blue mussel, Mytilus edulis - 48 hr EC50 ( # of byssal threads) >30,000 Roberts 1975 Atypical endpoint
Eastern oyster, Crassostrea virginica >95% 24 hr LOEC (growth) 1,000 Butler et al. 1960 Duration

### 143 Appendix I . Other Data on Effects of Carbaryl to Estuarine/M arine Aquatic Organisms

Species Chemical Duration Effect Concentration ( μg/L) 

### Reference Reason Other Data Eastern oyster (fertilized egg), Crassotrea virginica - 48 hr LOEC (development) 1,000 Davis 1961 Lack of exposure details
Eastern oyster, Crassostrea virginica - 12 day LC50 (larvae) 3,000 Davis and Hidu 1969 Duration
Eastern oyster, Crassostrea virginica - 96 hr 19% decrease in shell growth 2,000 Butler 1963 Lack of exposure details Eastern oyster, Crassostrea virginica - 96 hr 14% decrease in shell growth 2,000 Butler 1963 Lack of exposure details Cockle clam (adult), Clinocardium nuttallii 80% 24 hr EC50 7,300 Stewart et al. 1967 Duration

Hard clam, Mercenaria mercenaria - 14 day LC50 (larvae) >2,500 Davis and Hidu 1969 Lack of exposure

details
Quahog clam (fertilized egg), Mercenaria mercenaria - 48 hr LOEC (development) 2,500 Davis 1961 Lack of exposure details

Amphipod, Corophium acherusicum 99.5% 10 wk 48% reduction in # of individuals 1.1 Tagatz et al. 1979 Community
exposure Amphipod, Corophium acherusicum 99.5% 10 wk 100% reduction in # of individuals 11.1 Tagatz et al. 1979 Community
exposure Amphipod, Corophium acherusicum 99.5% 10 wk 100% reduction in # of individuals 103 Tagatz et al. 1979 Community
exposure Mysid shrimp (juvenile), Americamysis bahia 99% 72 hr LC50 8.45 Thursby and Champlin 1991b 96 hr value used

Mysid shrimp (juvenile), Americamysis bahia 99% 24 hr LC50 21 Thursby and Champlin 1991a 96 hr value used

Mysid shrimp (juvenile), Americamysis bahia 99% 48 hr LC50 19 Thursby and Champlin 1991a 96 hr value used

Mysid shrimp (juvenile), Americamysis bahia 99% 72 hr LC50 19 Thursby and Champlin 1991a 96 hr value used

Grass shrimp, Palaemonetes pugio 99% 24 hr LC50 76 Thursby and Champlin 1991a Duration
Grass shrimp, Palaemonetes pugio 99% 72 hr LC50 (fed) 22 Thursby and Champlin 1991a Test species fed
Grass shrimp, Palaemonetes pugio 99% 96 hr LC50 (fed) 22 Thursby and Champlin 1991a Test species fed

Grass shrimp, Palaemonetes pugio 98% 1.5 hr NOEC (contaminant avoidance) 100 Hansen et al. 1973 Atypical endpoint

### 144 Appendix I . Other Data on Effects of Carbaryl to Estuarine/M arine Aquatic Organisms

Species Chemical Duration Effect Concentration ( μg/L) 

### Reference Reason Other Data Grass shrimp, Palaemonetes pugio 98% 1.5 hr LC50 38 Hansen et al. 1973 Atypical endpoint
Grass shrimp (juvenile), Palaemonetes pugio 99.7% 48 hr LC50 28 Hansen 1980; Mayer 1987 Duration

Brown shrimp (juvenile), Penaeus aztecus 99.7% 48 hr LC50 1.5 Hansen 1980; Mayer 1987 Duration

Brown shrimp (adult), Penaeus aztecus - 48 hr LC50 2.5 Butler 1963 Duration

Brown shrimp, Penaeus aztecus - 24 hr EC50 5.5 Butler 1963 Duration
Pink shrimp (juvenile), Penaeus duorarum 99.7% 48 hr LC50 32 Hansen 1980; Mayer 1987 Duration

Mud shrimp (larva), Upogebia pugettensis 80% 24 hr LC50 130 Stewart et al. 1967 Duration
Mud shrimp (larva), Upogebia pugettensis 80% 24 hr LC50 40 Stewart et al. 1967 Duration
Ghost shrimp (larva), Callianassa californiensis 80% 24 hr EC50 470 Stewart et al. 1967 Duration

Ghost shrimp (larva), Callianassa californiensis 80% 24 hr EC50 170 Stewart et al. 1967 Duration

Ghost shrimp (larva), Callianassa californiensis 80% 24 hr EC50 5,600 Stewart et al. 1967 Duration

Ghost shrimp (adult), Callianassa californiensis 80% 24 hr EC50 130 Stewart et al. 1967 Duration

Sand shrimp (2.4

- 4.5 g), Crangon septemspinosa - 96 hr Lethal threshold 20 McLeese et al. 1979 Atypical endpoint

American lobster (1 st stage), Homarus americanus 99% 24 hr LC50 38.73 Champlin and Poucher 1992 Duration

American lobster (1 st stage), Homarus americanus 99% 48 hr LC50 23.13 Champlin and Poucher 1992 Tes t species fed

American lobster (1 st stage), Homarus americanus 99% 72 hr LC50 20.89 Champlin and Poucher 1992 Test species fed

American lobster (1 st stage), Homarus americanus 99% 96 hr LC50 20.89 Champlin and Poucher 1992 Test species fed

Blue crab (juvenile), Callinectes sapidus 99.7% 48 hr LC50 320 Hansen 1980; Mayer 1987 Duration

### 145 Appendix I . Other Data on Effects of Carbaryl to Estuarine/M arine Aquatic Organisms

Species Chemical Duration Effect Concentration ( μg/L) 

### Reference Reason Other Data Blue crab (juvenile), Callinectes sapidus - 48 hr LC50 550 Butler 1963 Duration
Dungeness crab (prezoea), Metacarcinus magister (formerly Cancer magister) 80% 24 hr NOEC (hatching) 1,000 Buchanan et al. 1970 Duration

Dungeness crab (juvenile male), Metacarcinus magister 80% 24 hr EC50 600 Stewart et al. 1967 Duration

Dungeness crab (juvenile female), Metacarcinus magister 80% 24 hr EC50 630 Stewart et al. 1967 Duration

Dungeness crab (egg), Metacarcinus magister 80% 24 hr NOEC (hatching @ 10 o C) 1,000 Buchannan et al. 1970 Duration

Dungeness crab (prezoea), Metacarcinus magister 80% 24 hr EC50 (molting to zoea @ 10 o C) 6 Buchannan et al. 1970 Duration

Dungeness crab (prezoea), Metacarcinus magister 80% 24 hr EC50 (molting to zoea @ 10 o C) 20 Buchannan et al. 1970 Duration

Dungeness crab (prezoea), Metacarcinus magister 80% 24 hr EC50 (molting to zoea @ 10 o C) 30 Buchannan et al. 1970 Duration

Dungeness crab (zoea; 1

- 2 day), Metacarcinus magister 80% 24 hr LC50 (17 o C) 80 Buchannan et al. 1970 Duration

Dungeness crab (zoeae; 1

- 2 day), Metacarcinus magister 80% 24 hr LC50 (17 o C) 5 Buchannan et al. 1970 Duration

Dungeness crab (zoeae), Metacarcinus magister 80% 24 hr EC50 (cessation of swimming) (10 o C) 6.5 Buchannan et al. 1970 Duration

Dungeness crab (zoea ; 1 day), Metacarcinus magister 80% 24 hr EC50 (10 o C) >1,000 Buchannan et al. 1970 Duration

Dungeness crab (juvenile), Metacarcinus magister 80% 48 hr EC50 (14 o C) 76 Buchannan et al. 1970 Duration

### 146 Appendix I . Other Data on Effects of Carbaryl to Estuarine/M arine Aquatic Organisms

Species Chemical Duration Effect Concentration ( μg/L) 

### Reference Reason Other Data Dungeness crab (juvenile), Metacarcinus magister 80% 48 hr EC50 (12 o C) 57 Buchannan et al. 1970 Duration

Dungeness crab (9 th stage ; juvenile), Metacarcinus magister 80% 24 hr EC50 (18 o C) 350 Buchannan et al. 1970 Duration

Dungeness crab (9 th stage ; juvenile), Metacarcinus magister 80% 24 hr EC50 (18 o C) 320 Buchannan et al. 1970 Duration

Dungeness crab (9 th stage ; juvenile), Metacarcinus magister 80% 48 hr EC50 (18 o C) 620 Buchannan et al. 1970 Duration

Dungeness crab (9 th stage ; juvenile), Metacarcinus magister 80% 48 hr EC50 (18 o C) 220 Buchannan et al. 1970 Duration

Dungeness crab (adult), Metacarcinus magister 80% 24 hr EC50 (11 o C) 320 Buchannan et al. 1970 Duration

Dungeness crab (adult), Metacarcinus magister 80% 24 hr EC50 (18 o C) 490 Buchannan et al. 1970 Duration

Shore crab (adult male), Hemigrapsus oregonensis 80% 24 hr EC50 710 Stewart et al. 1967 Duration

Shore crab (adult female), Hemigrapsus oregonensis 80% 24 hr EC50 270 Stewart et al. 1967 Duration

Sand dollar, Echinarachnius
parma - 72 hr NOEC (development) 10,000 Crawford and Guarino 1976 Duration

Sea urchin (embryo/larva), Arbacia punctulata 99% 48 hr LC50 4,700 Thursby and Champlin 1991a Duration

Sheepshead minnow, Cyprinodon variegatus 99% 24 hr LC50 6,300 Thursby and Champlin 1991a Duration

Sheepshead minnow, Cyprinodon variegatus 99% 48 hr LC50 6,300 Thursby and Champlin 1991a Duration

Sheepshead minnow, Cyprinodon variegatus 99% 72 hr LC50 6,000 Thursby and Champlin 1991a Duration

### 147 Appendix I . Other Data on Effects of Carbaryl to Estuarine/M arine Aquatic Organisms

Species Chemical Duration Effect Concentration ( μg/L) 

### Reference Reason Other Data Sheepshead minnow, Cyprinodon variegatus 99% 96 hr LC50 (fed) 5,800 Thursby and Champlin 1991a Test species fed

Sheepshead minnow, Cyprinodon variegatus 98% 24 hr LC50 2,800 Hansen 1969 ; 1970 Duration

Sheepshead minnow, Cyprinodon variegatus 98% 1.5 hr No avoidance 100 Hansen 1969 ; 1970 Duration

Longnose killifish (juvenile), Fundulus similis 99.7% 48 hr EC50 (mortality) 1,600 Hansen 1980; Mayer 1987 Duration

Longnose killifish, Fundulus similis - 24 hr LC50 1,750 Butler 1963 Duration
Longnose killifish, Fundulus similis - 48 hr LC50 1,750 Butler 1963 Duration
Killifish (embryo), Fundulus heteroclitus - 40 day LOEC (fry development) 10 Crawford and Guarino 1985 Duration
Killifish, Fundulus heteroclitus 99% 10 day LC50 >10,000 Shea and Berry 1983 Duration
Mummichog, Fundulus heteroclitus 99.1% 10 day LC40 10,000 Shea and Berry 1983 Duration
Killifish, (8

- 16 cell stage), Fundulus heteroclitus 99.2% 72 hr NOEC (development arrest) 100 Weis and Weis 1974a Duration

Atlantic silverside (2

- 3 wk), Menidia beryllina 99% 24 hr LC50 1,800 Thursby and Champlin 1991a Duration

Atlantic silverside (2

- 3 wk), Menidia beryllina 99% 48 hr LC50 1,700 Thursby and Champlin 1991a Duration

Atlantic silverside (2

- 3 wk), Menidia beryllina 99% 72 hr LC50 1,600 Thursby and Champlin 1991a Duration

Atlantic silverside (2

- 3 wk), Menidia beryllina 99% 96 hr LC50 (fed) 1,600 Thursby and Champlin 1991a Test species fed

Atlantic silverside (juvenile), Menidia beryllina 99.2% 24 hr Disruption in schooling behavior 100 Weis and Weis 1974b Duration

Threespine stickleback (juvenile), Gasterosteus aculeatus 80% 24 hr EC50 6,700 Stewart et al. 1967 Duration

Threespine stickleback, Gasterosteus aculeatus 95% 48 hr LC50 10,450 Katz 1961 Duration

### 148 Appendix I . Other Data on Effects of Carbaryl to Estuarine/M arine Aquatic Organisms

Species Chemical Duration Effect Concentration ( μg/L) 

### Reference Reason Other Data Threespine stickleback, Gasterosteus aculeatus 95% 72 hr LC50 4,940 Katz 1961 Duration

Threespine stickleback, Gasterosteus aculeatus 95% 48 hr LC50 16,625 Katz 1961 Duration

Threespine stickleback, Gasterosteus aculeatus 95% 72 hr LC50 6,175 Katz 1961 Duration

Striped bass (31 mm; 0.42 g), Morone saxatilis 98% 96 hr LC50 1,000 Korn and Earnest 1974 Control survival

not reported
Shiner perch (juvenile), Cymatogaster aggregate 80% 24 hr EC50 3,900 Stewart et al. 1967 Duration

Mullet (juvenile), Mugil cephalus 99.7% 48 hr EC50 (mortality) 2,400 Hansen 1980; Mayer 1987 Duration

White mullet (juvenile), Mugil curema - 48 hr LC50 2,500 Butler 1963 Duration

English sole (juvenile), Parophrys vetulus 80% 24 hr EC50 4,100 Stewart et al. 1967 Duration

Dash indicates not available

### 149 

# Appendix J

### 150 Appendix J

. List of Carbaryl Studies Not Used in Document Along with Reasons

Author Title Date Organism (s) Concentration (μg/L) Reason Unused Expanded Reason

Abbasi and Soni Studies on the environmental

impact of three common pesticides with respect to toxicity towards a larvivore (channelfish N. denricus ). 1991 Ch a nnelfish, Nuria denricus 96 hr LC50=34,670 Not North

American species

Adhikary Effect of pesticides on the growth,

photosynthetic oxygen evolution and nitrogen fixation of Westiellopsis prolific

. 1989 Cyanobacteria, Westiellopsis prolifica - Formulation Sevin (50% carbaryl)

Adhikary et al. Effect of the carbamate

insecticide sevin® on Anabaena
sp . and Westiellopsis prolifica. 1984 Cyanobacteria, Anabaena sp. Westiellopsis prolifica - Formulation Sevin (50% carbaryl)

Aggarwal et al. Effect of some carbamate

pesticides on nodulation, plant yield and nitrogen fixation by Pisum sativum and Vigna sinensis in the presence of their rhizobia. 1986 Garden pea, Pisum sativum Cow pea, Vigna sinensis - Sediment exposure

Agrawal The accumulation of biocide

residues in a few ti ssues of Lamellidens marginalis

. 1986 Bivalve, Lamellidens marginalis - Bioaccumulation: steady state not reached Static, unmeasured

study

Almar et al. Influence of temperature on

several pesticides toxicity to Melanopsis dufouri under laboratory conditions. 1988 Snail, Melanopsis dufouri 96 hr LC50=10,100 Not North

American species

Anbu and Ramaswamy

. Adaptive changes in respiratory

movements of an air

- breathing fish, Channa striatus (Bleeker) exposed to carbamate pesticide, sevin. 1991 Snakehead catfish, Channa striatus - Formulation Sevin (10% dust)

Ansara

- Ross et al. Probabilistic risk assessment of

the environmental impacts of pesticides in the Crocodile (west) Marico catchment, North

- West Province. 2008

- - Data modeling

Areekul Toxicity to fishes of insecticides

used in paddy fields and water resources. I. Laboratory experiment. 1986

- - Lack of exposure details Text in foreign

language

Ariaratnam and Georghiou Carbamate resistance in

Anopheles albimanus

. 1975 Mosquito, Anopheles albimanus - Not North American species Metabolism study

Armstrong and Millemann Effects of the insecticide carbaryl

on clams and some other intertidal mud flat animals. 1974a

- - Too few exposure concentrations (<3) Community field

exposure

Arora and Kulshrestha Comparison of the toxic effects of

two pesticides on the testes of a fresh water teleost Channa striatus Bloch. 1984 Snakehead catfish, Channa striatus - Not North American species ; Formulation Sevin (50 WP)

Arora and Kulshrestha Effects of chronic exposure to

sublethal doses of two pesticides on alkaline and acid phosphatase activities in the intestine of a fresh water Teleost, Channa striatus Bloch. (Channidae). 1985 Snakehead catfish, Channa striatus - Not North American species ; Formulation Sevin (50 WP)

### 151 Appendix J

. List of Carbaryl Studies Not Used in Document Along with Reasons

Author Title Date Organism (s) Concentration (μg/L) Reason Unused Expanded Reason

Arunachalam and Palanichamy Sublethal effects of carbaryl on

surfacing behaviour and food utilization in the air

- breathing fish, Macropodus cupanus

. 1982 Paradise fish, Macropodus
cupanus - Not North American species ; Formulation Carbaryl (50 WP)

Arunachalam et al. Toxic and sublethal effects of

carbaryl on a freshwater catfish, Mystus vittatus (Bloch). 1980 Catfish, Mystus vittatus - Not North American species ; Formulation Carbaryl (50 WP)

Arunachalam et al. Effect of carbaryl on esterases in

the air

- breathing fish Channa punctatus (Bloch). 1985a Snakehead catfish, Channa punctatus - Not North American species ; Only one exposure concentration

Arunachalam et al. Sublethal effects of carbaryl on

food utilization and oxygen consumption in the air

- breathing fish, Channa punctatus (Bloch). 1985 b Snakehead catfish, Channa punctatus 96 hr LC50=6,000 Not North

American species

Arunachalam et al. The impact of pesticides on the

feeding energetics and body composition in the freshwater catfish, Mystus vittatus. 1990 Catfish, Mystus vittatus - Not North American species ; Formulation Carbaryl (50 EC)

Ashauer et al. Simulating toxicity of carbaryl to

Gammarus pulex after sequential pulsed exposure. 2007a Amphipod, Gammarus pulex - Not North American species Pulsed exposure

Ashauer et al. Modeling combined effects of

pulsed exposure to carbaryl and chlorpyrifos on Gammarus pulex

. 2007b Amphipod, Gammarus pulex - Not North American species ; Mixture; Pulsed
exposure Carbaryl and

chlorpyrifos

Atallah and Ishak Toxicity of some commonly used

insecticides to the snail Biomphalaria alexandria

, intermediate host of Schistosoma mansoni in Egypt. 1971 Snail

, Biomphalaria alexandria 24 hr LC50=47,000 Not North

American species

Bajpai and Perti Resistance to malathion. 1969 Mosquito, Culex fatigans - Prior exposure Malathion resistant strain

Bakr et al. Insect growth regulators: I.

Biological activity of some IGR's against the susceptible and resistant strains of Culex pipiens larvae: II. Pattern of cross resistance to IGR's in carbaryl

resistant strain. 1989 Mosquito, Culex pipiens - Prior exposure Carba ryl

- resistant strain

Balasubramanian and Ramaswami Effect of pesticide sevin on

acetylcholinesterase (AchE) activity in different tissues of Oreochromis mossambicus (Peters). 1991 Mozambique tilapia, Oreochromis mossambicus 24 hr decrease AChE activity in brain and heart at 3,000 Only two exposure

concentrations

Bansal et al. Pesticide

- induced alterations in

the oxygen uptake rate of a freshwater major carp Labeo rohita

. 1979 Carp, Labeo rohita - Not North American species ; Formulation Sevin (50% WP)

Bansal et al. Predicting long

- term toxicity by

subacute screening of pesticides with larvae and early juveniles of four species of freshwater major
carp. 1980 Carp, Labeo rohita

, Cirrhina mrigala

, Catla catla

, Cyprinus carpio - Formulation Sevin (50% WP)

### 152 Appendix J

. List of Carbaryl Studies Not Used in Document Along with Reasons

Author Title Date Organism (s) Concentration (μg/L) Reason Unused Expanded Reason

Barahona and Sanchez

- Fortun. Toxicity of carbamates to the

brine shrimp Artemia salina and the effect of atropine, BW284c51, iso

- OMPA and 2

- PAM on carbaryl toxicity. 1999 Brine shrimp, Artemia salina Brine shrimp

Barker et al. Relationship between Legio nella

pneumophila and Acanthamoeba polyphaga : physiological status and susceptibility to chemical inactivation. 1992

- - Not applicable No carbaryl toxicity information

Barry The effects of a pesticide on

inducible phenotypic plasticity in Daphnia

. 1999 Cladoceran, Daphnia longicephala - Formulation Yates Carbaryl®

Basak and Konar Effects of an organophosphorus

insecticide, dimethoate, on the survival, behavior, growth and reproduction of fish. 1975

- - Not applicable No carbaryl toxicity information

Basak and Konar Toxicity of six insecticides to

fish. 1976 a Carp, Cyprinus carpio Mozambique tilapia, Oreochromis mossambicus Catfish, Heteropneustes fossilis - Formulation Sevin (50% WP)

Basak and Konar Pollution of water by pesticides

and protection of fishes: parathion. 1976b Carp, Cyprinus carpio Mozambique tilapia, Oreochromis mossambicus Catfish, Heteropneustes fossilis - Formulation Sevin (50% WP)

Basha et al. Respiratory potentials of the fish

( Tilapia mossambica ) under malathion, carbaryl and lindane intoxication. 1984 Mozambique tilapia, Oreochromis mossambicus 48 hr

decreased oxygen consumption at 1,832 Only one exposure

concentration

Basol et al. Comparative toxicity of some

pesticides on human health and some aquatic species. 1980 Electric eel

- Altered test species ; No scientific name given

Basso et al. Alterations of Aplysia feeding

behavior following acute carbamate intoxication. 1986 Marine snails, Aplysia depilans

, Aplysia punctata

, Aplysia fasciata - Formulation AS 50, Sipcam (47.5% carbaryl)

Beauvais et al. Cholinergic and behavioral

neurotoxicty of carbaryl and cadmium to larval rainbow trout ( Oncorhynchus mykiss ). 2001 Rainbow trout, Oncorhynchus mykiss - Excessive solvent 0.75 mL/L acetone

Beyers et al. Effects of rangeland aerial

application of sevin

- 4

- oil® on fish and aquatic invertebrate drift in Little Missouri River, North Dakota. 1995

- - Formulation Sevin

- 4

- oil®

Bhatia Toxicity of some pesticides to

Puntius ticto (Hamilton). 1971a Ticto barb, Puntius ticto 96 hr TLm=70,000 Not North

American species

### 153 Appendix J

. List of Carbaryl Studies Not Used in Document Along with Reasons

Author Title Date Organism (s) Concentration (μg/L) Reason Unused Expanded Reason

Bhatia Toxicity of some insecticides to

Cirrhinus mrigala (Hamilton) and Colisa fasciat a (Bloch & Schneider). 1971b Mrigal, Cirrhinus mrigala Kholisa, Colisa fasciata 96 hr LC50=3,168 LC50=1,237 Not North

American species

Bhattacharya Target and non

- target effects of

anticholinesterase pesticides in fish. 1993 Snakehead catfish, Channa punctatus - Formulation 50% carbaryl

Bhattacharya Stress response to pesticides and

heavy metals in fish and other vertebrates

. 2001

- - Review of previous studies

Bhavan and Geraldine Carbaryl

- induced alterations in

biochemical metabolism of the
prawn, Macrobrachium malcolmsonii

. 2002 Prawn, Macrobrachium malcolmsonii - Not North American species; Formulation Sevin

(50% carbaryl)

Bhunia et al. Carbaryl

- induced effects of

glutathione content, glutathione reductase and superoxide dismutase activity of the cyanobacterium Nostoc

muscorum

. 1993 Cyanobacterium, Nostoc muscorum - Altered test species Excised tissue

Bhunya a nd Sahoo Genotoxic potential of carbaryl in

the peripheral blood erythrocytes of Anabas testudineus

. 2004 Climbing perch, Anabas testudineus - Injected toxicant; Formulation Sevin

(50% carbaryl)

Bielecki The effect of phoschlorine,

carbatox and copper sulphate on the development of eggs and hatching of miracidia in Fasciola hepatica L. 1987 Liver fluke, Fasciola hepatica 3 hr inhibit egg development at 3,000,000 Only one exposure

concentration

Binelli et al. New evidence for old biomarkers:

effects of several xenobiotics on EROD and AChE activities in zebra mussel ( Dreissena polymorpha )

. 2006 Z ebra mussel

, Dreissena polymorpha 96 hr Decrease AChE activity at 100,000 Only one exposure

concentration

Bluza t and Seuge Effects of three insecticides

(lindane, fenthion, and carbaryl) on the acute toxicity to four aquatic invertebrate species and the chronic toxicity. 1979 Amphipod, Gammarus pulex Mayfly, Cleon sp. Midge, Chaoborus sp. Snail, Lymnaea stagnalis 48 hr LC50=29 LC50=480 LC50=296 LC50=21,000 Excessive solvent

used ; Text in foreign language 1% solvent

Bogacka and Groba Toxicity and biodegradation of

chlorfenvinphos, carbaryl and propoxur in water environment. 1980 Cladoceran, Daphnia magna 48 hr LC50=1 Lack of detail; text

in foreign language

Bogaerts et al. Use of ciliated protozoan

Tetrahymena pyriformis for the
assessment o f toxicity and quantitative structure

- activity relationships of xenobiotics: comparison with the microtox
test. 2001 P rotozoan
, Tetrahymena pyriformis - Excessive solvent used DMSO (0.12%)

Bonning and Hemingway The efficacy of

acetylcholinesterase in organophosphorus and carbamate resistance in Culex pipiens L. from Italy. 1991 Mosquito, Culex pipiens - Prior exposure Carbaryl resistant strain

### 154 Appendix J

. List of Carbaryl Studies Not Used in Document Along with Reasons

Author Title Date Organism (s) Concentration (μg/L) Reason Unused Expanded Reason

Boone Examining the single and

interactive effects of three insecticides on amphibian metamorphosis. 2008 American toad, Bufo americanus Green frog, Rana clamitans - Formulation; Only two exposure concentrations Sevin

(22.5% carbaryl)

Boone and Bridges Effects of carbaryl on green frog

( Rana clamitans ) tadpoles: timing of exposure versus multiple
exposures. 2003 G reen frog

, Rana clamitan s - Pulsed exposure

Boone and James Interactions of an insecticide,

herbicide, and natural stressors in amphibian community

mesocosms. 2003 American toad, Bufo americanus Southern leopard frog, Rana sphenocephala Spotted salamander, Ambystoma maculatum Small

- mouth salamander, A. texanum - Only two exposure concentrations; Formulation Sevin

(21.3% carbaryl)

Boone and Semlitsch Interactions of an insecticide with

larval density and predation in experimental amphibian communities

. 2001 Woodhouse toad, Bufo woodhouse Gray treefrog, Hyla versicolor Green frog, Rana clamitans - Formulation Sevin (21.3% carbaryl)

Boone and Semlitsch Interactions of bullfrog tadpole

predators and an insecticide: predation release and facilitation

. 2003 Bullfrog, Rana catesbeiana Red

- spotted newt, Notophthalmus viridescens Bluegill, Lepomis macrochirus Cr a yfish, Orconectes sp. - Only two exposure concentrations; Formulation Sevin

(21.3% carbaryl)

Boone et al. Growth and development of larval

green frogs ( Rana clamitans ) exposed to multiple doses of an insecticide. 2001 Green frog, Rana clamitans - Formulation Sevin (21.3% carbaryl)

Boone et al. Effects of an insecticide on

amphibians in large

- scale experimental ponds. 2004 Woodhouse toad, Bufo woodhouse Southern leopard frog, Rana sphenocephala - Formulation Sevin (21.3% carbaryl)

Boone et al. Multiple sublethal chemicals

negatively affect tadpoles of the green frog, Rana clamitans

. 2005 Green frog, Rana clamitans - Only one exposure concentration; Formulation Sevin

(22.5% carbaryl)

### 155 Appendix J

. List of Carbaryl Studies Not Used in Document Along with Reasons

Author Title Date Organism (s) Concentration (μg/L) Reason Unused Expanded Reason

Boone et al. Multiple stressors in amphibian

communities: Effects of chemical contamination, bullfrogs, and fish. 2007 American toad, Bufo americanus Southern leopard frog, Rana sphenocephala Bullfrog, Rana catesbeiana Spotted salamander, Ambystoma maculatum Bluegill, Lepomis macrochirus - Formulation Sevin (22.5% carbaryl)

Boran et al. Acute toxicity of carbaryl,

methiocarb and carbosulfan to the rainbow trout ( Oncorhynchus mykiss ) and guppy ( Poecilia reticulata ). 2007 Rainbow trout, Oncorhynchus mykiss Guppy, Poecilia reticulata 96 hr LC50=522 LC50=1,383 Excessive solvent

used 0.2%

Bradbury et al. Use of respiratory

- cardiovascular

responses of rainbow trout ( Oncorhynchus mykiss ) in identifying acute toxicity syndromes in fish: part 4. Central nervous system seizure agents. 1991 Rainbow trout, Oncorhynchus mykiss - Too few test organisms; Surgically altered test species Spinally transected

trout

Bridges Effects of a pesticide on tadpole

activity and predatory avoidance behavior. 1999a Gray treefrog, Hyla versicolor 24 hr

decrease tadpole activity at 2,500 Only two exposure

concentrations

Bridges Predator

- prey interactions

between two amphibian species: effects of insecticide exposure. 1999b Southern leopard frog, Rana sphenocephala Red

- spotted newt, Notophthalmus viridescens 1 hr decrease newt consumption of tadpoles at 2,500 Only one exposure

concentration

Bridges Long

- term effects of pesticide

exposure at various life stages of the southern leopard frog ( Rana sphenocephala ). 2000 Southern leopard frog, Rana sphenocephala - Unmeasured chronic exposure

Bridges and Boone The interactive effects of UV

- B

and insecticide exposure on tadpole survival, growth and development. 2003 Southern leopard frog, Rana sphenocephala - Formulation Sevin ® (22.5% carbaryl)

Bridges and Semlitsch Variation in pesticide tolerance of

tadpoles among and within species of ranidae and patterns of amphibian decline. 2000

- - Only one exposure concentration

Bridges and Semlitsch Genetic variation in insecticide

tolerance in a population of southern leopard frogs ( Rana sphenocephala ): implications for amphibian conservation 2001 Southern leopard frog, Rana sphenocephala - Only one exposure concentration

Bridges et al. Comparative contaminant

toxicity: are amphibian larvae more sensitive tha n fish? 2002

- - Review of previous studies

### 156 Appendix J

. List of Carbaryl Studies Not Used in Document Along with Reasons

Author Title Date Organism (s) Concentration (μg/L) Reason Unused Expanded Reason

Brown Effects of split applications of

sevin

- 4

- oil® on aquatic invertebrate drift. 1980

- - Formulation Sevin

- 4

- oil®

Bruner and Fisher The effects of temperature, pH,

and sediment on the fate and toxicity of 1

- naphthol to the midge larvae Chironomus riparius. 1993 Midge, Chironomus riparius - Not applicable No carbaryl toxicity information

Burdick et al. Effect of sevin upon the aquatic

environment. 1960

- - Formulation Sevin

Burdick et al. Toxicity of sevin (carbaryl) to

fingerling brown trout. 1965 Brown trout

- Lack of detail; Formulation Sevin; Species

name not given

Butler Pesticide

- wildlife studies, 1964.

A review of Fish and Wildlife Service investigations during the calendar year. 1964 Marine shrimp and drills - Formulation Sevin (10%, 3% and 2%)

Cajaraville et al. Acute toxicity of two

hydroxylated hydrocarbons to the prosobranch gastropod Littorina littorea

. 1989a Snail, Littorina littorea - Not applicable No carbaryl toxicity information

Cajaraville et al. A stereological survey of

lysosomal structure alterations in Littorina littorea exposed to 1

- naphthol. 1989b Snail, Littorina littorea - Not applicable No carbaryl toxicity information

Cajaraville et al. Short

- term toxic effects of 1

-

naphthol on the digestive gland

gonad complex of the marine prosobranch Littorina littorea (L): a light microscopic study. 1990 Snail, Littorina littorea - Not applicable No carbaryl
to xicity information

Calapaj Chemical pollution of Mytilus. I.

Radiostrontium, radiocesium, inorganic mercury, hexavalent chromium

. 1973

- - Lack of detail Text in foreign language

Campero et al. Ecological relevance and

sensitivity depending on the exposure time for two biomarkers. 2007a Damselfly, Coenagrion puella 7d Growth NOEC=5 LOEC=40 Not North

American species

Campero et al. Sublethal pesticide concentrations

and predation jointly shape life history: Behavioral and physiological mechanisms. 2007b Damselfly, Coenagrion puella - Not North American species Predator present in

exposure medium

Capaldo Effects of carbaryl (SEVIN) on

the stage I zoeae of the red

jointed fiddler crab, Uca minax (LeConte ). 1987 R ed

- jointed fiddler crab, Uca minax - Formulation Sevin (27% carbaryl)

Carlson et al. Neurological effects on startle

response and escape from predation by medaka exposed to organic chemicals. 1998 Medaka, Oryzias latipes 48 hr LC50=9,400 Not North

American species

Carter ‘In vivo’ studies of brain

acetylcholinesterase inhibition by organophosphate and carbamate insecticides in fish. 1971

- - Excessive solvent

Carter and Graves Measuring effects of insecticides

on aquatic animals. 1972

- - Lack of exposure details No scientific

names given

### 157 Appendix J

. List of Carbaryl Studies Not Used in Document Along with Reasons

Author Title Date Organism (s) Concentration (μg/L) Reason Unused Expanded Reason

Chaiyarach et al. Acute toxicity of the insecticides

toxaphene and carbaryl and the herbicides propanil and molinate to four species of aquatic organisms. 1975 Mosquitofish, Gambusia affinis Grass shrimp, Palaemonetes kadiakensis Crayfish, Procambarus simulans Clam, Rangia cuneata 96 hr LC50=31,800 LC50=120 LC50=2,430 LC50=125,000 Prior exposure

Chakrawarti and Chaurasia Toxicity of some

organophosphate, chlorinated and carbamate pesticides to some fresh water fishes. 1981 Walking catfish, Clarias batrachus Catfish, Heteropneustes fossilis 96 hr LC50= >1,200,000 for both species Lack of exposure

details Dilution water not

characterized

Chambers Investigation of chemical control

of ghost shrimp on oyster grounds 1960

- 1963. 1969 Ghost shrimp, Callianassa californiensis - Formulation Sevin

Chandran et al. Method for the estimation of safe

experimental concentration for intermediate toxicity test. 1991 Catfish, Mystus tengara Catfish, Heteropneustes fossilis Catfish

, Anabas testudineus 96 hr LC50=18,000 LC50=58,000 LC50=20,500 Not North

American species

Chang et al. Impact of pesticide application on

zooplankton communities with different densities of invertebrate predators: an experimental analy sis using small

- scale

mesocosms. 2005

- - Only one exposure concentration

Chari A rapid bioassay procedure to

determine the toxicity of pesticides to Channa punctatus Bloch

. 1992 Snakehead catfish, Channa punctatus - Formulation Sevin

Cheah et al. Some effects of rice pesticides on

crawfish. 1980a Crayfish, Procambarus clarkii 96 hr LC50=500 Lack of exposure

details

Cheah et al. Acute toxicity of selected rice

pesticides to crayfish, Procambarus clarki i

. 1980b Crayfish, Procambarus clarkii - Formulation Sevin

Chen et al. Laboratory studies on the

susceptibility of mosquito

- eating fish, Lebistes reticulatus and the larvae of Culex pipiens fatigans to insecticides. 1971 Guppy, Lebistes reticulatus Mosquito, Culex pipiens fatigans 24 hr LC50=2,600 LC50=400 Excessive solvent

u sed ; Lack of exposure details 0.4%; Dilution

water not characterized

Chen and Sudderuddin Toxicological studies of

insecticides on Culex quinquefasciatus Say and Aedes aegypti (L.). 1978 Mosquito, Culex quinquefasciatus Mosquito, Aedes aegypti 24 hr LC50=680 LC50=690 Lack of exposure

details Dilution water not

characterized

Chitra and Pillai Development of

organophosphorus and carbamate

resistance in Indian strains of Anopheles stephensi Liston. 1984 Mosquito, Anopheles stephensi - Excessive solvent 4 mL/L ethanol

### 158 Appendix J

. List of Carbaryl Studies Not Used in Document Along with Reasons

Author Title Date Organism (s) Concentration (μg/L) Reason Unused Expanded Reason

Choudhury et al. Non lethal concentrations of

pesticide impair ovarian function in the freshwater perch, Anabas testudineus

. 1993 Perch, Anabas testudineus - Not North American species; Only one exposure concentration

Christensen and Tucker Effects of selected water toxicants

on the in vitro activity of fish carbonic anhydrase. 1976 Channel catfish, Ictalurus punctatus - Surgically a ltered test species Red blood cells

Christoffers and Ernst The in

- vivo fluorescence of

Chlorella fusca as a biological test for the inhibition of photosynthesis. 1983 Green alga, Chlorella fusca - Only one exposure concentration; Excessive solvent 1% acetone

Chung et al. Toxicity of carbaryl, diquat

dibromide, and fluoranthene, individually and in mixture , to larval grass shrimp, Palaemonetes pugio

. 2008 Grass shrimp, Palaemonetes pugio 96 hr LC50=43.02 Excessive solvent

used 0.1%

Cocks The effect of aldrin on water

balance in the freshwater pulmonate gastropod ( Biomphalaria glabrata ). 1973 Snail, Biomphalaria glabrata 24 hr

heart beat 31% of control at 64,390 Not North

American species

Conners and Black Evaluation of lethality and

genotoxicity in the freshwater mussel Utterbackia imbecillis (Bivalvia: Unionidae) exposed singly and in combination to chemicals used in lawn care. 2004 M ussel

, Utterbackia imbecillis - Formulation Sevin (22.5% carbaryl)

Cook et al. Suc c ession of microfungi in

estuarine microcosms perturbed by carbaryl, methyl pa rathion and pentachlorophenol. 1980

- - Only one exposure concentration

Coors and De Meester Synergistic, antagonistic and

additive effects of multiple stressors: Predation threat, parasitism and pesticide exposure in Daphnia magna

. 2008 Cladoceran, Daphnia magna 21 d reduced reproduction at 5.6 Only one exposure

concentration ; Lack of exposure details Dilution water not

characterized

Coppage Anticholinesterase action of

pesticidal carbamates in the central nervous system of poisoned fishes. 1977 Sailfin molly, Poecilia latipinna 15 hr reduced

survival at 1,333 Only one exposure

concentration ; Lack of exposure details Dilution water not

characterized

Courtemanch and Gibbs The effects of sevin

- 4

- oil® on

lentic communities

. 1978

- - Formulation Sevin

- 4

- oil®

Cutkomp et al. ATPase activity in fish tissue

homogenates and inhibitory effects of DDT and related compounds. 1971 Bluegill, Lepomis macrochirus - Surgically a ltered test species H omogenized

tissue

Dahlberg Toxicity to acrolein to barnacles

( Balanus eburneus ). 1971 B arnacle

, Balanus eburneus - Not applicable No carbaryl toxicity information

Damalas et al. Bispyribac

- sodium efficacy on

early watergrass ( Echinochloa oryzoides ) and late watergrass ( Echinochloa phyllopogon ) as affected by coapplication of selected rice herbicides and insecticides. 2008 Early Watergrass, Echinochloa oryzoides Late Watergrass, Echinochloa phyllopogon - Mixture Bispyribac

- sodium and carbaryl

### 159 Appendix J

. List of Carbaryl Studies Not Used in Document Along with Reasons

Author Title Date Organism (s) Concentration (μg/L) Reason Unused Expanded Reason
Das and Adhikary Toxicity of three pesticides to

several rice

- field cyanobacteria. 1996 Cyanobacteria

- Formulation Sevin (50% WP)

Das and Kumar Toxicity of carbaryl on α

- amylase

of the fish Colisa fasciatus

. 1993 Giant gourami, Colisa fasciatus 48 hr LC50=112 Not North

American species; Lack of detail No procedure

information provided

Das and Rajagopalan Susceptibility of larvae of Culex

fatigans (Wiedmann), Anopheles stephensi (Liston) and Aedes aegypti (Linn.) to insecticides in Pondicherry. 1979 Mosquito, Culex fatigans Mosquito, Anopheles stephensi Mosquito, Aedes aegypti - Formulation Sevimol (40% carbaryl)

Davey et al. Toxicity of five ricefield

pesticides to the mosquitofish, Gambusia affinis , and green sunfish, Lepomis cyanellus , under laboratory and field conditions in Arkansas. 1976 M osquitofish, Gambusia affinis G reen sunfish, Lepomis cyanellus - Formulation

Davidson et al. Effects of chytrid and carbaryl

exposure on survival, growth and skin peptide defenses in foothill yellow

- legged frogs. 2007 Foothill yellow

legged frog, Rana boylii - Formulation; Only
one exposure concentration

Deshmukh and Keshavan Acute toxicity of DDT and sevin

to the bullfrog, Rana tigrina

. 1984 B ullfrog, Rana tigrina 96 hr LC50=70,000 Not North

American species
Dhanapakiam and Premlatha Histopathological changes in the

kidney of Cyprinus carpio exposed to malathion and sevin. 1994 Carp, Cyprinus carpio - Formulation Sevin (commercial grade)

Dimayuga et al. Insecticide

- induced accumulation

of melanomacrophage centers (MMCs) in Nile tilapia ( Oreochromis niloticus Linn.). 2008 Nile tilapia, Oreochromis niloticus - Formulation Sevin

Dodson et al. Behavioral responses of Daphnia

pulex exposed to carbaryl and Chaoborus kairomone 1995 Cladoceran, Daphnia pulex - Only two exposure concentrations

Downing et al. Community and ecosystem

responses to a pulsed pesticide disturbance in freshwater ecosystems. 2008 Aquatic mesocosm

- Formulation Sevin (5% carbaryl)

Dumbauld et al. Efficacy of the pesticide carbaryl

for thalassinid shrimp control in Washington State oyster ( Crassostrea gigas , Thunberg, 1793) aquaculture. 1997

- - Mixture, Field
exposure; Formulation

Dumbauld et al. Response of an estuarine benthic

community to application of the pesticide carbaryl and cultivation of Pacific oysters ( Crassostrea gigas ) in Willapa Bay, Washington. 2001 Estuarine benthic community - Formulation; Mixture Field exposure

Dumbauld et al. An integrated pest management

program for burrowing shrimp control in oyster aquaculture. 2006

- - Mixtu re

### 160 Appendix J

. List of Carbaryl Studies Not Used in Document Along with Reasons

Author Title Date Organism (s) Concentration (μg/L) Reason Unused Expanded Reason

Durfey and Simpson Control of two burrowing shrimp

species, ghost shrimp, Callianassa californiensis and mud shrimp, Upogebia pugettensis , using subsurface injection of carbaryl (“sevin”) as an alternative to aerial application in preparation of oyster beds for seeding. 1995 G host shrimp, Callianassa californiensis M ud shrimp, Upogebia pugettensis - Sediment exposure

El

- Magid Effects of some pesticides on the

growth of blue

- green alga Spirulina platensis

. 1986 B lue

- green alga

, Spirulina platensis 5 d Growth NOEC=1,000 LOEC=5,000 Not North

American species
Epstein and Legator The mutagenicity of pesticides

concepts and evaluation. 1971

- - Review of previous studies

Estenik and Collins In vivo and in vitro studies of

mixed

- function oxidase in an aquatic insect, Chironomus riparius . In: Pesticide and xenobiotic metabolism in aquatic organisms. 1979 Midge, Chironomus riparius 24 hr LC50=104.5 Excessive solvent

used 0.1%

European Commission DG Environment Endocrine disrupters: Study on

gathering information on 435 substances with insufficient data. 2002

- - Review of previous studies

Feldhaus et al. Interactive effects of pesticide

mixtures on the neurobehavioral responses and AChE levels of the planaria. 1998 Brown planaria, Dugesia tigrina - Dilution water is deionized water without the proper salts added

Fernandez et al. Amphibian micronucleus test(s):

A simple and reliable method for evaluating in vivo genotoxic effects of freshwater pollutants and radiations: Initial assessment. 1993 Newt, Pleurodeles waltl 8 d increased micronucleus frequency at 2,500 Only one exposure

concentration

Fernandez

- Alba et al. Toxicity of pesticides in

wastewater: a comparative assessment of rapid bioassays. 2001 Bacterium, Vibrio fischeri Cladoceran, Daphnia magna - Not applicable No carbaryl toxicity information

Ferrari et al. Effects of carbaryl and azinphos

methyl on juvenile rainbow trout (O ncorhynchus mykiss ) detoxifying enzymes. 2007b Rainbow trout, Oncorhynchus mykiss 96 hr decreased liver CbE at 1,000 Only two exposure

concentrations

Ferrari et al. Antioxidant responses to azinphos

methyl and carbaryl during the embryonic development of the toad Rhinella ( Bufo ) arenarum Hensel. 2009 Toad, Rhinella (Bufo)

arenarum Increased embryonic development malformations at 20,000 Not North

American species ; Only one exposure concentration

Fischer et al. The effect of benzimidazole,

carbamate and organophosphorous pesticides on the oxygen

- dependent nuclear volume alterations in the chloragocytes of Tubifex tubifex Mull. 1982 Tubificid worm, Tubifex tubifex 5 d did not induce nuclear swelling within the ph ysiological range at 1,000 Only one exposure

concentration

Fisher and Lohner Studies on the environmental fate

of carbaryl as a function of pH. 1986 Midge, Chironomus riparius 24 hr LC50=103 Excessive solvent

used 1 mL/L

### 161 Appendix J

. List of Carbaryl Studies Not Used in Document Along with Reasons

Author Title Date Organism (s) Concentration (μg/L) Reason Unused Expanded Reason

Fisher et al. Quantitative structure

- activity

relationships for predicting the toxicity of pesticides in aquatic systems with sediment. 1993 Midge, Chironomus riparius - Excessive solvent used ; Sediment in exposure media 1 mL/500 mL

acetone

Fitzgerald et al. Studies on chemicals wi th

selective toxicity to blue

- green algae. 1952

- - Not applicable No carbaryl toxicity information
Fleeger et al. Indirect effects of contaminants in

aquatic ecosystems

. 2003

- - Review of previous studies

Foster and Tullis A quantitative structure

- activity

relationship between partition coefficients and the acute toxicity of naphthalene derivatives in Artemia salina nauplii. 1984 Brine shrimp, Artemia salina - Brine shrimp

Freitag et al. Ecotoxicological profile analysis.

VII. Screening chemicals for their environment behavior by comparative evaluation 1982 Green alga, Chlorella fusca var. vacuolated - Bioaccumulation study: steady state not reached, static
exposure

Frempong

- Boadu A laboratory study of the

effectiveness of methoxychlor, fenthion and carbaryl against blackfly larvae (Diptera: Simuliidae). 1966 Blackflies, Prosimulium mixtum

, P. magnum

, Simulium venustum

, S. tuberosum - Formulation 1% carbaryl

Galindo Reyes et al. Effects of pesticides on DNA and

protein of shrimp larvae Litopenaeus stylirostris of the California Gulf. 2002 S hrimp larvae

, Litopenaeus stylirostris - Formulation Sevin

Garcia

- Ripoll et al. Confirming Pseudomonas putida

as a reliable bioassay for demonstrating biocompatibility enhancement by solar photo

oxidative process of a biorecalcitrant effluent. 2009 Bacteria, Pseudomonas putida - Sediment exposure

Ghosh Interrelationship of

acetylcholinesterase

acetylcholine, triiodothyronine

thyroxine and gonadotropin

gonadotropin releasing hormone in pesticide treated murrel, Channa punctatus (Bloch). 1990 Snakehead catfish, Channa punctatus - Lack of detail (procedures ); Not North American species; Only one
exposure concentration

Ghosh and Bhattacharya Elevation of c

- reactive protein in

serum of Channa punctatus as an indicator of water pollution. 1992 Snakehead catfish, Channa punctatus - Not North American species; Only one exposure concentration

Ghosh et al. Impact of nonlethal levels of

metacid

- 50 and carbaryl on thyroid function and cholinergic system of Channa punctatus

. 1989 Snakehead catfish, Channa punctatus - Not North American species; Only one exposure concentration

Ghosh et al. Impairment of the regulation of

gonadal function in Channa punctatus by the metacid

- 50 and carbaryl under laboratory and field conditions. 1990 Snakehead catfish, Channa punctatus - Not North American species; Only one exposure concentration

### 162 Appendix J

. List of Carbaryl Studies Not Used in Document Along with Reasons

Author Title Date Organism (s) Concentration (μg/L) Reason Unused Expanded Reason

Ghosh et al. Glutathione depletion in the liver

and kidney of Channa punctatus exposed to carbaryl and metacid

50. 1993 Snakehead catfish, Channa punctatus - Not North American species; Only one exposure concentration

Gibbs Effects of a split application of

sevin

- 4

- oil on aquatic organisms. 1979

- - Formulation Sevin

- 4

- oil

Gibbs et al. T he effects on pond

macroinvertebrates from forest spraying of carbaryl (sevin

- 4

- oil) and its persistence in water and sediment. 1981

- - Formulation Sevin

- 4

- oil

Gibbs et al. The effects in 1982 on pond

macroinvertebrates from forest spraying of carbaryl, sevin

- 4

- oil, in 1980

. 1982

- - Formulation Sevin

- 4

- oil

Gibbs et al. Persistence of carbaryl (sevin

- 4

-

oil) in woodland ponds and its effects on pond macroinvertebrates following forest spraying. 1984 Spruce budworm, Choristoneura fumiferana - Formulation Sevin

- 4

- oil (49% carbaryl)

Gilbert et al. Rapid assessment of metabolic

activity in marine microalgae: application in ecotoxicological test and evaluation of water quality. 1992 Green alga, Tetraselmis suecica Skeletonema

costatum Prorocentrum lima - Lack of details (procedure, purity, exposure media)

Gill et al. Gill, liver, and kidney lesions

associated with experimental exposures to carbaryl and dimethoate in the fish ( Puntius conchonius Ham.). 1988 Barb, Puntius conchonius - Not North American species ; Formulation Sevin (50% WP)

Gillott et al. The role of sediment as a

modifying factor in pesticide

algae interactions. 1975 Alga, Euglena gracilis 24 hr C

- 14 incorporation NOEC=5 LOEC=10 Excessive solvent

used 1 mL/L

Goel and Srivastava Laboratory evaluation of some

molluscicides against fresh water snails, Indoplanorbis and Lymnaea species. 1981 Snail, Indoplanorbis

exustus Snail, Lymnaea acuminata 24 hr LC50=30,000 LC50=15,980 Not North

American species ; Lack of exposure details Dilution water not

characterized

Gouda et al. Toxicity of dimecron, sevin and

lindex to Anabas scandens and Heteropneustes fossilis

. 1981 Climbing perch, Anabas scandens Catfish, Heteropneustes fossilis - Not North American species ; Formulation Sevin

(50% carbaryl)

Gray et al. Emerging issues: The effects of

endocrine disrupters on reproductive development. 1996

- - Not applicable No carbaryl toxicity information

Groba and Trzcinska Effect of selected

organophosphorous and carbamate insecticides on rainbow trout ( Salmo gairdneri R.). 1979 Rainbow trout, Oncorhynchus mykiss - Only two exposure concentrations; Lack of exposure details Text in foreign

language

Grosch Reproduction tests: the toxicity

for Artemia of derivatives from

non

- persistent pesticides. 1973 Brine shrimp, Artemia salina - Brine shrimp

### 163 Appendix J

. List of Carbaryl Studies Not Used in Document Along with Reasons

Author Title Date Organism (s) Concentration (μg/L) Reason Unused Expanded Reason

Gruber and Munn Organophosphate and carbamate

insecticides in agricultural waters and cholinesterase (ChE) inhibition in common carp ( Cyprinus carpio ). 1998 Common carp, Cyprinus carpio - Mixture

Gupta and Sahai Qualitative detection of

organochlorine and carbamate residues in the brain of catfish, Heteropenustes fossilis (Bloch) by thin layer chromatography 1989 C atfish, Heteropenustes fossilis - Lack of detail (procedure)

Gupta and Sundararaman Correlation between burrowing

capability and AChE activity in the earthworm, Pheretima posthuma , on exposure to carbaryl. 1991 E arthworm, Pheretima posthuma - Dilution water is distilled water without proper salts added

Haines Effect of an aerial application of

carbaryl on brook trout ( Salvelinus fontinalis ) 1981 B rook trout

, Salvelinus fontinalis - Lack of details (procedure)

Han Il et al. Studies on control effects of

pesticide applications against the vector mosquito larvae in rice fields in Korea. 1981 Mosquito

, Culex tritaeniorhynchus Anopheles sinensis - Formulation Sevin (50% carbaryl)

Hanazato Effects of long

- and short

- term

exposure to carbaryl on survival, growth and reproduction of Daphnia ambigua

. 1991a Cladoceran, Daphnia ambigua - Lack of details (procedure, duration)

Hanazato Effects of repeated application of

carbaryl on zooplankton communities in experimental ponds with or without the predator Chaoborus

. 1991b Zooplankton community - Only two exposure concentrations

Hanazato Pesticides as chemical agents

inducing helmet formation on Daphnia ambigua

. 1991c Cladoceran, Daphnia ambigua - Excessive solvent used 3.5 mL/L ethanol

Hanazato Insecticide inducing helmet

development in Daphnia ambigua

. 1992 Cladoceran, Daphnia ambigua - Only two exposure concentrations

Hanazato Combined effect of the insecticide

carbaryl and the Chaoborus kairomone on helmet development in Daphnia ambigua

. 1995 Cladoceran, Daphnia ambigua - Lack of details (procedure, duration)

Hanazato and Dodson Complex effects of a kairomone

of Chaoborus and an insecticide

on Daphnia pulex

. 1992 Cladoceran, Daphnia pulex - Lack of details (procedure, duration)

Hanaza to and Hirokawa Changes in vulnerability of

Daphnia to an insecticide application depending on t he population phase. 2004 Cladoceran, Daphnia pulex - Only one exposure concentration

Hanazato and Yasuno Effects of a carbamate insecticide,

carbaryl, on the summer phyto

and zooplankton communities in ponds

. 1987 Zooplankton community - Only one exposure concentration

### 164 Appendix J

. List of Carbaryl Studies Not Used in Document Along with Reasons

Author Title Date Organism (s) Concentration (μg/L) Reason Unused Expanded Reason

Hanazato and Yasuno Influence of overwintering

Daphnia on spring zooplankton communities: an experimental study

. 1989a Zooplankton community - Only one exposure concentration; Possible mixture used

Hanazato and Yasuno Effects of carbaryl on the spring

zooplankton communities in ponds. 1989b Zooplankton community - Only one exposure concentration

Hanazato and Yasuno Influence of persistence period of

an insecticide on recovery patterns of a zooplankton community in experimental ponds

. 1990a Zooplankton community - Formulation 50% carbaryl

Hanazato and Yasuno Influence of time of application of

an insecticide on recovery patterns of a zooplankton community in experimental ponds. 1990b Zooplankton community - Formulation 50% carbaryl

Hanazato and Yasuno Influence of Chaoborus density

on the effects of an insecticide on zooplankton communities in ponds

. 1990c Zooplankton community - Formulation 50% carbaryl

Hardersen and Wratten The sensitivity of the nymphs of

two New Zealan d damselfly species (Odonata: Zygoptera) to azinphos

- methyl and carbaryl. 1996 Damselfly, Xanthocnemis zealandia Austrolestes colensonis 48 hr LC50=600 LC50=3,130 Not North

American species

Hardersen and Wratten The effects of carbaryl exposure

on the penultimate larval instars of Xathocnemis zealandica on emergence and fluctuating asymmetry. 1998 Damselfly, Xanthocnemis zealandia - Not North American species; Exposure concentrations fluctuated widely

Harilal and Sahai Qualitative identification of

metabolites of carbaryl in the gonads of catfish Heteropneustes fossilis (Bloch). 1990 C atfish

, Heteropneustes fossilis - Bioaccumulation study: steady state not reached; Mot North American species

Havens An experimental comparison of

the effects of two chemical stressors on a freshwater zooplankton assemblage. 1994 Zooplankton community - Dilution water not characterized; Formulation Commercial grade

Havens Insecticide (carbaryl, 1

- napthyl

- n

methylcarbamate) effects on a freshwater plankton community: zooplankton size, biomass, and algal abundance. 1995 Plankton community - Formulation Commercial grade

Haynes et al. The toxicity of sevin to goldfish. 1958 Goldfish, Carassius auratus - Formulation Sevin (50% carbaryl)

Heldal et al. Toxic responses of the green alga

Dunaliella bioculata (Chlorophycea, Volvocales) to selected oxidized hydrocarbons. 1984 Green alga, Dunaliella bioculata - Not applicable No carbaryl toxicity information

Hemingway and Georghiou Studies on the

acetylcholinesterase of Anopheles albimanus resistant and susceptible to organophosphate and carbamate insecticides. 1983 Mosquito, Anopheles albimanus 24 hr LC50=890 Excessive solvent

used ; Waxed cups used 1 mL/100 mL

### 165 Appendix J

. List of Carbaryl Studies Not Used in Document Along with Reasons

Author Title Date Organism (s) Concentration (μg/L) Reason Unused Expanded Reason

Hendrick et al. Effects of some insecticides on

the survival, reproduction, and growth of the Louisiana red crawfish. 1966 Crawfish, Procambarus clarkia - Formulation; Field application

Hermann Routine testing of new Bayer

pesticides for fish toxicity, as part of the product development
programme. 1975

- - Review of previous studies

Hernandez et al. Toxicity of ethil

- parathion and

carbaryl on early stages of the development of sea urchin

. 1986 Sea urchin, Pseudechinus magellanicus - Text in foreign language; Not North American species

Hernandez et al. Toxicity of ethyl

- parathion and

carbaryl on early development of sea urchin. 1990 Sea urchin, Pseudechinus magellanicus 96 hr EC50=92.5 Not North

American species

Hidaka et al. Avoidance of pesticides with

medakas ( Oryzias latipes ). 1984 Medaka, Oryzias latipes - Not North American species ; Lack of exposure details Text in foreign

language

Hiltibran Oxygen and phosphate

metabolism of bluegill liver mitochondria in the presence of some insecticides. 1974 Bluegill, Lepomis macrochirus - Surgically a ltered test species Liver mitochondria

Hirose and Kitsukawa Acute toxicity of agricultural

chemical to seawater teleosts, with special respect to TLm and the vertebral abnormality

. 1976 Medaka, Oryzias latipes - Text in foreign language

Holcombe et al. The acute toxicity of selected

substituted phenols, benzenes and benzoic acid esters to fathead minnows Pimephales promelas

. 1984 F athead minnows

, Pimephales promelas - Not applicable No carbaryl toxicity information

Hopf and Muller Laboratory breeding and testing

of Australorbis glabratus for molluscicidal screening. 1962 Snail, Australorbis glabratus - Lack of details (procedure)

Hopkins and Winne Influence of body size on

swimming performance of four species of neonatal natricine snakes acutely exposed to a cholinesterase

- inhibiting pesticide. 2006 Semi

- aquatic snakes, Nerodia taxispilota

, N. rhombifer

, N. fasciata

, Seminatrix pygaea - Formulation Sevin (commercial grade)

Hopkins et al. Differential swimming

performance of two natricine snakes exposed to a cholinesterase

- inhibiting pesticide. 2005 Black swamp snake, Seminatrix pygaea Diamondback water snake, Nerodia rhombifer - Only two exposure concentrations; Formulation Sevin®

Hota et al. Metabolic effects of kilex

carbaryl on a fresh water teleost, Channa punctatus (Bloch). 1993 Snakehead catfish, Channa punctatus 24 hr

decline in protein concentration in liver at 2,000 Only one exposure

concentration; Not North American species

Hulbert Effects of sevin, a spruce

budworm insecticide on fish and invertebrates in the Mattawamkeag River in 1976. 1978

- - Formulation Sevin

- 4

- oil

### 166 Appendix J

. List of Carbaryl Studies Not Used in Document Along with Reasons

Author Title Date Organism (s) Concentration (μg/L) Reason Unused Expanded Reason

Huque Preliminary report on the residues

of carbaryl granules in rice plants. 1972

- - Formulation; Bioaccumulation study: steady state not reached Carbaryl 10%

granules

Hydorn et al. Effect of forest spraying with

acephate insecticide on consumption of spiders by brook trout ( Salvelinus fontinalis ). 1979

- - Not applicable No carbaryl toxicity information

Ishii and Hashimoto Metabolic fate of carbaryl (1

-

naphthyl N

- methyl carbamate) orally administered to carp, Cyprinus carpio

. 1970 Carp, Cyprinus carpio - Dietary exposure ; Lack of exposure details Text in foreign

language

Jacob et al. Toxicity of certain pesticides

found in the habitat to the larvivorous fishes Aplocheilus lineatus (Cuv. & Val.) and Macropodus cupanus (Cuv. & Val.). 1982 Panchax, Aplocheilus lineatus Paradise fish, Macropodus
cupanus - Not North American sp ecies ; Formulation Sevin (50% WP)

Jadhv et al. Effect of pesticides on amylase

activity in digestive gland of fresh water bivalve Corbicula striatella

. 1995 B ivalve

, Corbicula striatella 96 hr

decrease amylase activity at 2,500 Not North

American species; Only one exposure concentration

Jadhv et al. Carbaryl toxicity to freshwater

bivalve Corbicula striatella

. 1996 B ivalve

, Corbicula striatella 96 hr LC50=5,100 Not North

American species

James and Sampath Combined toxic effects of

carbaryl and methyl parathion on survival, growth, and respiratory metabolism in Heteropneustes fossilis (Bloch). 1994 Catfish, Heteropneustes fossilis - Not North American species ; Formulation Carbaryl

(50% WDP)

Jamnback and Frempong

- Boadu Testing blackfly larvicides in the

laboratory and in streams. 1966 Blackfly, Simulium sp. 5 min.

47% detachment at 400 Only two exposure

concentrations; Lack of exposure details Dilution water not

characterized

Jauhar and Kulshrestha Histopathological changes

induced by the sublethal doses of endosulfan and carbaryl in the intestine of Channa striatus Bloch. 1983 Snakehead catfish, Channa striatus - Not North American species ; Formulation Sevin (50 WP)

Jauhar and Kulshrestha Histopath ological effects induced

by sublethal doses of sevin and thiodan on the gills of Channa striatus Bloch. (Pisces, Channidae). 1985 Snakehead catfish, Channa striatus - Not North American species ; Formulation Sevin (50 WP)

Jayaprada and Ramana Rao Carbaryl toxicity on tissue

acetylcholinesterase in the penaeid prawn, Metapenaeus

monceros (Fabricius) a monitoring study. 1991 P rawn, Metapenaeus

monceros 96 hr LC50=24.87 Not North

American species

Jeyasingam et al. The relative toxicities of

insecticides on aquatic insect Eretes sticticus (Linn.) (Coleoptera: Dytiscidae). 1978 Diving beetle, Eretes sticticus 48 hr TLm=890 Not North

American species

### 167 Appendix J

. List of Carbaryl Studies Not Used in Document Along with Reasons

Author Title Date Organism (s) Concentration (μg/L) Reason Unused Expanded Reason

John Alteration of certain blood

parameters of freshwater teleost Mystus vittatus after chronic exposure to metasystox and sevin. 2007 Catfish, Mystus vittatus 30 d

decreased blood ESR and Hb% at 7,000 Not North

American species ; Only one exposure concentration; Lack of exposure details Dilution water not

characterized

John and Prakash Acute toxicity of metasystox and

sevin to Mystus vittatus

. 1998 Catfish, Mystus vittatus - Not North American species; Formulation Sevin®

(505 carbaryl)

Joshi and Kumar Acid and alkaline phosphates

activity in different tissues of fresh water crab, Paratelphusa masoniana (Henderson) to pesticide exposure. 2001 C rab, Paratelphusa masoniana - Lack of details (procedure)

Juchelka and Snell Rapid toxicity assessment using

ingestion rate of cladocerans and ciliates. 1995

- - Not applicable No carbaryl toxicity information

Juhnke and Luedemann Results of the investigation of 200

chemical compounds for acute fish tox icity with the golden orfe
test. 1978 Golden orfe, Leuciscus idus melanotus 48 hr LC50=20,000 Lack of exposure

details Dilution water not

characterized

Jyothi and Narayan Toxic effects of carbaryl on

gonads of freshwater fish, Clarias batrachus (Linnaeus). 1999a Walking catfish, Clarias batrachus - Only one exposure concentration; Formulation Commercial grade

Jyothi and Narayan C er tain pesticide

- induced

carbohydrate metabolic disorders in the serum of freshwater fish Clarias batrachus (Linn.). 1999b Walking catfish, Clarias batrachus - Only one exposure concentration; Formulation Sevin

(50% WDP powder)

Jyothi and Narayan Pesticide induced alterations of

non

- protein nitrogenous constituents in the serum of a fresh water cat fish, Clarias batrachus (Linn.). 2000 Walking catfish, Clarias batrachus - Formulation Sevin (50% WDP powder)

Jyothi and Narayan Effect of pesticides carbaryl and

phorate on serum cholesterol level in fish, Clarias batrachus (Linn). 2001 Walking catfish, Clarias batrachus - Only one exposure concentration; Formulation Commercial grade

Kader et al. The relative toxicities of ten

biocides on Spicodiaptomus chelospinus Rajendran (1973) [Copepoda: Calanoida]. 1976 Copepod, Spicodiaptomus chelospinus 48 hr TLm=130 Not North

American species ; Lack of exposure details Dilution water not

characterized

Kallander et al. Recovery following pulsed

exposure to organophosphorus and carbamamte insecticides in the midge, Chironomus riparius

. 1997 M idge, Chironomus riparius - Excessive solvent used 1.0 mL/L acetone

Kanazawa Uptake and excretion of

organophosphorus and carbamate insecticides by fresh water fish, motsugo, Pseudorasbora parva

. 1975 Motsugo, Pseudorasbora
parva - Not North American species; Bioaccumulation study: steady state not reached

Kanazawa Prediction of biological

concentration potential of pesticides in aquatic organisms. 1980 Topmouth gudgeon, Pseudorasbora
parva 14 d BCF=9 (whole body) Not North

American species

Kanazawa Bioconcentration potential of

pesticides by aquatic organisms. 1981

- - Review of previous studies

### 168 Appendix J

. List of Carbaryl Studies Not Used in Document Along with Reasons

Author Title Date Organism (s) Concentration (μg/L) Reason Unused Expanded Reason

Kanazawa In vitro and in vivo effects of

organophosphorus and carbamate insecticides on brain acetylcholinesterase activity of fresh

- water fish, topmouth gudgeon. 1983 a Topmouth gudgeon, Pseudorasbora
parva 24 hr reduced brain AChE by 72

- 78% at 4,000 Not North

American species

Kanazawa A method of predicting the

bioconcentration potential of pesticides by using fish. 1983b Topmouth gudgeon, Pseudorasbora
parva - Not North American species; Bioaccumulation: steady state not reached

Kanazawa et al. Distribution of carbaryl and 3,5

-

xylyl methylcarbamate in an aquatic model ecosystem. 1975 Community model ecosystem - Sediment present in test media

Karnak and Collins The susceptibility to selected

insecticides and acetylcholinesterase activity in a laboratory colony of midge larvae, Chironomus tentans (Diptera: Chironomidae). 1974 Midge, Chironomus tentans 24 hr LC50=2.5 Excessive solvent

used ; Test species fed

Kasai et al. P450 monooxygenases are an

important mechanism of permethrin resistance in Culex quinquefasciatus Say larvae. 1998 Mosquito, Culex quinquefasciatus - Dilution water is distilled water without proper salts added

Kashiwada et al. Stage

- dependent differences in

effects of carbaryl on population growth rate in Japanese medaka ( Oryzias latipes ). 2008 Medaka, Oryzias latipes 14 d

decreased embryo growth at 5,000 Not North

American species ; Only two exposure concentrations; Excessive so lvent 0.1%

Kaur and Dhawan Variable sensitivity of Cyprinus

carpio eggs, larvae, and fry to pesticides. 1993 Common carp, Cyprinus carpio - Formulation Sevin (50 WP)

Kaur and Dhawan Effect of carbaryl on tissue

composition, maturation, and breeding potential of Cirrhina mrigala (Ham.). 1996 Carp, Cirrhina mrigala - Formulation 50% WP

Kaur and Toor Role of abiotic factors in the

embryonic development of scale
carp. 1980 Common carp, Cyprinus carpio - Lack of details (procedure)

Kaur and Toor Toxicity of some insecticides to

the fingerlings of Indian major
carp, Cirrhina mrigala (Hamilton). 1995 Carp, Cirrhina mrigala - Formulation Carbaryl 50 WP

Kaur and Toor Histopathological changes in the

liver of fingerlings of Indian major carp, Cirrhina mrigala (Hamilton) exposed to some biocides. 1997 Carp, Cirrhina mrigala - Only one exposure concentration

Kaushik and Kumar Susceptibility of the freshwater

crab Parate lphusa masoniana (Henserson) to three pesticides, singly and in combination

. 1993 C rab

, Paratelphusa masoniana - Not North American species; Formulation Carbaryl 50% WP

Kaushik and Kumar Midgut pathology of aldrin,

monocrotophos, and carbaryl in the freshwater crab, Paratelphusa masoniana (Henderson). 1998 C rab

, Paratelphusa masoniana - Not North American species; only one exposure concentration

### 169 Appendix J

. List of Carbaryl Studies Not Used in Document Along with Reasons

Author Title Date Organism (s) Concentration (μg/L) Reason Unused Expanded Reason
Kay Toxicology of pesticides: Recent

advances. 1973

- - Review of previous studies

Kem et al. Inhibition of barnacle larval

settlement and crustacean toxicity of some hoplonemertine pyridyl alkaloids. 2003 Barnacle, Balanus amphitrite - Not applicable No car b aryl toxicity information

Khalil et al. Filarial infectivity rate of Culex

pipiens molestus subjected to sublethal concentrations of insecticides abate and sevin and distribution of infective filaria larvae in mosquito body regions. 1974

- - Lack of exposure details; Mixture Diluti on water not

characterized

Khan and Nelson Adverse effects of some selected

agrochemicals and pharmaceuticals in aquatic environment with reference to amphibians and fish. 2005

- - Review of previous studies

Khangarot et al. Man and biosphere

- studies on

the Sikkim Himalayas. Part 6: Toxicity of selected pesticides to frog tadpole Rana hexadactyla (Lesson). 1985 Frog, Rana hexadactyla - Not North American species ; Formulation Kelex

(50% carbaryl)

Khillare and Wagh Chronic effects of endosulfan,

malathion and sevin in the fresh water fish, Barbus stigma testis histopathology. 1987a Barb, Barbus stigma - Not North American species; Only one exposure concentration

Khillare and Wagh Developmental abnormalities

induced by the pesticides in the fish, Barbus stigma (Ham.). 1987b Barb, Barbus stigma - Not North American species; Only one exposure concentration

Khillare and Wagh Long

- term effects of pesticides

endosulfan, malathion and sevin on the fish, Puntius stigma

. 1988a F ish, Puntius stigma - Not North American species; Lack of details (procedure)

Khillare and Wagh Acute toxicity of pesticides in the

freshwater fish Barbus stigma : histopathology of the stomach. 1988b Barb, Barbus stigma - Not North American species; Lack of details (procedure)

Khillare and Wagh Effect of certain pesticides on

spermatogenesis in fish Barbus stigma (Ham.). 1989 Barb, Barbus stigma - Not North American species; Only one exposure concentration

Kikuchi et al. Screening of organophosphate

insecticide pollution in water by using Daphnia magna

. 2000

- - Not applicable No carbaryl toxicity information

Kimura and Keegan Toxicity of some insecticides and

molluscicides for the Asian blood sucking leech, Hirudo nipponia Whitman. 1966 Leech, Hirudo nipponia 48 hr LC50=5,500 Not North

American species

Klassen et al. Toxicities of certain larvicides to

resistant and susceptible Aedes aegypti (L.) 1965 Mosquito, Aedes aegypti LC50=4,400 Prior exposure; Lack of exposure details Dilution water not

characterized; Duration not given

Kolankaya Organochlorine pesticide residues

and their toxic effects on the environment and organisms in Turkey. 2006

- - Not applicable No carbaryl toxicity information

### 170 Appendix J

. List of Carbaryl Studies Not Used in Document Along with Reasons

Author Title Date Organism (s) Concentration (μg/L) Reason Unused Expanded Reason

Korn The uptake and persistence of

carbaryl in channel catfish. 1973 Channel catfish, Ictalurus punctatus - Bioaccumulation: steady state not reached

Koundinya and Murthi Haematological studies in

Sarotherodon ( Tilapia ) mossambica (Peters) exposed to lethal (LC50/48 hrs) concentration of sumithion and sevin. 1979 Mozambique tilapia, Oreochromis mossambica - Formulation Sevin (commercial grade)

Koundinya and Ramamurthi Comparative study of inhibition

of acetylcholinesterase activity in the freshwater teleost Sarotherodon ( Tilapia ) mossambica (Peters) by sevin (carbamate) and sumithion (organophosphate). 1979 Mozambique tilapia, Oreochromis mossambica - Formulation Sevin (commercial grade)

Koundinya and Ramamurthi Effect of sub

- lethal concentration

of sumithion and sevin on certain hematological values of Sarotherodon mossambicus (Peters). 1980a Mozambique tilapia, Oreochromis mossambica - Formulation Carbaryl (50% WP)

Koundinya and Ramamurthi Toxicity of sumithion and sevin

to the freshwater fish, Sarotherodon mossambicus (Peters). 1980b Mozambique tilapia, Oreochromis mossambica - Formulation Sevin (50% WP)

Koundinya and Ramamurthi Tissue respiration in

Sarotherodon mossambicu s (Peters) exposed to sub

- lethal concentration of sumithion and sevin. 1981 Mozambique tilapia, Oreochromis mossambica - Formulation Sevin

Koval'Chuk et al. Acute toxicity of yalan, eptam

and sevin for Daphnia magna. 1971 Cladoceran, Daphnia magna - Lack of exposure details Text in foreign

language

Krishnan and Chockalingam Toxic and sublethal effects of

endosulfan and carbaryl on growth and egg production of Moina micrura Kurz (Cladocera: Moinidae). 1989 Cladoceran, Moina micrura 24 hr LC50=119.6 Not North

American species

Kulshrestha and Arora Effect of sublethal doses of

carbaryl and endosulfan on the skin of Channa striatus Bloch. 1984a Snakehead catfish, Channa striatus - Not North American species ; Formulation Sevin (50% WP)

Kulshrestha and Arora Impairments induced by sublethal

doses of two pesticides in the ovaries of a freshwater teleost Channa striatus Bloch. 1984b Snakehead catfish, Channa striatus - Not North American species ; Formulation Sevin (50 WP)

Kulshrestha and Jauhar Impairments induced by sublethal

doses of sevin and thiodan on the brain of a freshwater teleost Channa striatus Bloch. (Channidae). 1986 Snakehead catfish, Channa striatus - Not North American species ; Formulation Sevin

Kumar and Banerjee Effects of lethal toxicity of sevin

(carbaryl) on the blood parameters in Clarias batrachus (L). 1991 Walking catfish, Clarias batrachus - Only one exposure concentration

### 171 Appendix J

. List of Carbaryl Studies Not Used in Document Along with Reasons

Author Title Date Organism (s) Concentration (μg/L) Reason Unused Expanded Reason

Kurtak et al. Management of insecticide

resistance in control of the Simulium damno sum complex by the onchocerciasis control programme, West Africa: Potential use of negative correlation between organophosphate resistance and pyrethroid susceptibility. 1987 Blackfly, Simulium damnosum - Not North American species ; Lack of exposure details Dilution water not

characterized; Duration not given

Labenia et al. Behavioral impairment and

increased predation mortality in cutthroat trout exposed to carbaryl. 2007 Cutthroat trout, Oncorhynchus clarkii clarkii 6 hr decreased swimming performa nce at 750 Lack of exposure

details Dilution water not

characterized

Lakshmi et al. Toxicity of endosulfan and

carbaryl to a brackish water oligochaete Pontodrilus bermudensis

. 2002 O ligochaete

, Pontodrilus bermudensis - Not North American species; Lack of details (procedure)

Lange et al. Comparison of testing acute

toxicity on embryo of zebrafish, Brachydanio rerio and RTG

- 2 cytotoxicity as possible alternatives to the acute fish test

. 1995 Zebrafish, Danio rerio - In vitro study

Li and Chen Study on the acute toxicities of

commonly used p esticides to two kinds of fish. 1981 Mosquitofish, Gumbusia patruelis Tilapia, Tilapia sp. Carp, Cyprinus carpio 48 hr TLm=955 TLm=1,958 TLm=10,000 Text in foreign

language

Lichtenstein et al. Toxicity and fate of insecticide

residues in water. 1966 Mosquito, Aedes aegypti 24 hr

70% mortality at 1,000 Only one exposure

concentration; Lack of exposure details Distilled water

without proper salts added

Lingaraja and Venugopalan Pesticide induced physiological

and behavioural changes in an estuarine teleost Therapon jarbua (Forsk). 1978 Fish, Therapon jarbua - Not North American species; Lack of details (procedure)

Lloyd The toxicity of ammonia to

rainbow trout ( Salmo gairdnerii Richardson). 1961 Rainbow trout, Oncorhynchus mykiss - Not applicable No carbaryl toxicity information

Lohner and Fisher Effects of pH and temperature on

the acute toxicity and uptake of carbaryl in the midge, Chironomus riparius

. 1990 Midge, Chironomus riparius 24 hr EC50=96 Excessive solvent

used 2 mL/L

Lowe Effects of prolonged exposure to

sevin on an estuarine fish, Leiostomus xanthurus Lacepede. 1967 Spot, Leiostomus xanthurus - High control mortality ; Only
one exposure concentration 65%

Lubick Order matters in pesticide

exposures. 2007 Amphipod, Gammarus pulex - Mixture Carbaryl and chlorpyrifos

Ma et al. Differential responses of eight

cyanobacterial and green algal species, to carbamate insecticides. 2006 Cyanobacteria and green alga - Lack of detail LC50 values are not identified to the species

Macek Acute toxicity of pesticide

mixtures to bluegills. 1975 Bluegill, Lepomis macrochirus - Mixture Sevin and malathion

### 172 Appendix J

. List of Carbaryl Studies Not Used in Document Along with Reasons

Author Title Date Organism (s) Concentration (μg/L) Reason Unused Expanded Reason

MacKenzie and Shearer Chemical control of Polydora

websteri and other annelids inhabiting oyster shells. 1959 Worm, Polydora websteri - Only one exposure concentration

Maly A study of the effects of pesticide

on single and mixed species cultures of algae. 1980

- - Only one exposure concentration; No control information

Manna and Ghosh Anaerobic toxicity of sublethal

concentration of carbaryl pesticide sevin to guppy Lebistes reticulatus

. 1987 G uppy , Lebistes reticulatus - Lack of details (procedure, purity not given)

Manonmani et al. Establishment of a standard test

method for determining susceptibility of mesocyclops to different insecticides. 1989 Copepod, Mesocyclops sp. - Not North American species ; Formulation Carbaryl

(50% WP)

Mansour and Hassan Pesticides and Daphnia. 3. An

analytical bioassay method, using Ceriodaphnia quadrangula , for measuring extremely low concentrations of insecticides in
waters. 1993 Cladoceran, Ceriodaphnia quadrangula - Mixture

Marian et al. Acute and chronic effects of

carbaryl on survival, growth, and metamorphosis in the bullfrog ( Rana tigrina ). 1983 Bullfrog, Rana tigrina - Not North American species ; Formulation 50% WP

Markey et al. Insecticides and a fungicide affect

multiple coral life stages. 2007 Coral, Acropora millepora 18 hr EC50=1 Not North

American species

Marking and Bills Effects of contaminants on

toxicity of the lampricides TFM and Bayer 73 to three species of fish. 1985 Rainbow trout, Oncorhynchus mykiss White sucker, Catostomus commersoni Fathead minnow, Pimephales promelas - Mixture Carbaryl and TFM or Bayer 73

Marutani and Edirveerasingam Influence of irrigation methods

and an adjuvant on the persistence of carbaryl on pakchoi. 2006 Pakchoi, Brassica rapa L. subsp. c hinensis - Only one exposure concentration; Filed exposure; Sediment present

Massachusetts Pesticide Board Report of the surveillance

program conducted in connection with an application of carbaryl (sevin) for the control of gypsy moth o n Cape Cod, Massachusetts. 1966

- - Formulation; Only one exposure concentration; Aerial application

Mathur Toxicity of sevin to certain fishes. 1974 Barb, Esomus danrica Catfish, Heteropneustes fossilis Catfish, Channa punctatus Rasbora, Rasbora daniconius - Not North American species ; Formulation Sevin

### 173 Appendix J

. List of Carbaryl Studies Not Used in Document Along with Reasons

Author Title Date Organism (s) Concentration (μg/L) Reason Unused Expanded Reason

Matos et al. Biochemical and histological

hepatic changes of Nile tilapia Oreochromis niloticus exposed to carbaryl. 2007 Nile tilapia, Oreochromis niloticus 14 d

decreased hepatic activity at 250 Only two exposure

concentrations

Matsumura Toxicology of insecticides. 1975

- - Review of previous studies

Mazzeo et al. Interclonal variation in response

to simazine stress in Lemna gibba (Lemnaceae). 1998 Duckweed, Lemna gibba - Not applicable No carbaryl toxicity information

McKim et al. Use of respiratory

- cardiovascular

responses of rainbow trout ( Salmo gairdneri ) in identifying acute toxicity syndromes in fish: Part 2. Malathion, carbaryl, acrolein and benzaldehyde. 1987 Rainbow trout, Oncorhynchus mykiss - Surgically a ltered test species Spinally transected

Megharaj et al. The use of unicellular soil green

algae for insecticide bioassay

. 1989 Green alga, Chlorella vulgaris Scenedesmus bijugatus - Agar exposure media

Metcalf and Sanborn Pesticides and environmental

quality in Illinois. 1975

- - Review of previous studies

Metts et al. Interaction of an insecticide with

larval density in pond

- breeding salamanders (

Ambystoma ). 2005 Salamander, Ambystoma maculatum A. opacum - Only two exposure concentrations; Formulation Sevin

(22.5% carbaryl)

Meyer Quarterly report of progress,

April

- June, 1981. 1981 Rainbow trout

- Lack of exposure details Dilution water not

characterized; No scientific name given

Mills and Semlitsch Competition and predation

mediate the indirect effects of an insecticide on southern leopard frogs. 2004 Southern leopard frog, Rana sphenocephala - Formulation Sevin (21.35 carbaryl)

Mishra et al. Toxicity of kilex carbaryl to a

fresh water teleost Channa punctatus (Bloch). 1991 Snakehead catfish, Channa punctatus 96 hr TLm=14,000 Not North

American species

Mishra et al. Responses of interregnal cells of

freshwater teleost, Channa punctatus (Bloch), exposed to sublethal concentrations of carbaryl and cartap. 2006 Snakehead catfish, Channa punctatus 96 h r caused kidney hyperplasia at 5,200 Not North

American species ; Only one exposure concentration

Mitsuhashi et al. Effects of insecticides on cultures

of insect cells. 1970 Mosquito, Aedes aegypti - Surgically a ltered test species Cell culture

Mora et al. Cholinesterase activity as

potential biomarker in two bivalves. 1999 Mussel, Mytilus galloprovincialis Asiatic clam, Corbic u la fluminea - Lack of exposure details Dilution water not

characterized

Mora et al. Relationship between

toxicokinetics of carbaryl and effect on acetylcholinesterase activity in Pomacea patula snail. 2000 Snail, Pomacea patula - Excessive solvent used 4 mL/L ethanol

Morgan Monitoring pesticides by means

of changes in electric potential caused by fish opercular rhythms. 1975 Largemouth bass

- Formulation; No scientific name given Karbaspray

(50% carbaryl)

### 174 Appendix J

. List of Carbaryl Studies Not Used in Document Along with Reasons

Author Title Date Organism (s) Concentration (μg/L) Reason Unused Expanded Reason Muirhead

Thomson Laboratory evaluation of pesticide

impact on stream invertebrates. 1973 Dragonfly naiads

- Formulation Sevin

Mulla et al. Control of chironomid midges in

recreational lakes. 1971 Midges

- Formulation 20% carbaryl

Mulla et al. Aquatic midge larvicides, their

efficacy and residues in water, soil, and fish in a warm

- water lake. 1973 Midges

- Formulation Carbaryl (20% granules)

Murray and Guthrie Effects of carbaryl, diazinon and

malathion on native aquatic populations of microorganisms. 1980

- - Only one exposure concentration; Lack of exposure details Dilution water not

characterized

Nalecz

- Jaw ecki and Sawicki Spirotox

- a new tool for testing

the toxicity of volatile compounds

. 1999

- - Not applicable No carbaryl toxicity information

Nalecz

- Jaw ecki et al. The sensitivity of protozoan

Spirostomum ambiguum to selected pesticides

. 2002 P rotozoan
, Spirostomum ambi guum - Excessive solvent used 1% acetone

Naqvi and Ferguson Pesticide tolerances of selected

freshwater invertebrates. 1968 Cyclopoid copepods

- Prior exposure pesticides

Naqvi and Hawkins Toxicity of selected insecticides

(thiodan, security, spartan, and sevin) to mosquitofish, Gambusia affinis

. 1988 Mosquitofish, Gambusia affinis - Formulation Sevin (5% carbaryl)

Nishiuchi Toxicity of formulated pesticides

to some fresh water organisms. 1976 Japanese toad, Bufo bufo japonicas - Not North American species ; Lack of exposure details Text in foreign

language

Nishiuchi Toxicity of formulated pesticides

to some freshwater organisms. 1977

- - Not North American species ; Lack of exposure details Text in foreign

language

Nishiuchi and Asano Toxicity of formulated

agrochemicals to fresh water organisms. 1978 Dragonfly, Orthetrum albistylum speciosum - Not North American species ; Lack of exposure details Text in foreign

language

Nishiuchi and Yoshida Toxicities of pesticides to some

fresh water snails. 1972 Red snail, Indoplanorbis

exustus Marsh snail, Semisulcospira libertina Round snail, Cipangopaludina malleata Saka snail, Physa acuta 48 hr TLm=28,000 TLm=25,000 TLm=30,000 TLm=27,000 Not North

American species

Nogrady and Keshmirian Rotifer neuropharmacology

- I.

Cholinergic drug effects on oviposition of Philodina acuticornis (Rotifera, Aschelminthes). 1986 Rotifer, Philodina acuticornis - Formulation Sevin

### 175 Appendix J

. List of Carbaryl Studies Not Used in Document Along with Reasons

Author Title Date Organism (s) Concentration (μg/L) Reason Unused Expanded Reason

Nollenberger Toxicant

- induced changes in

brain, gill, liver, and kidney of brook trout exposed to carbaryl, atrazine, 2,4

- dichlorophenoxyacetic acid, and parathion: a cytochemical study. 1981 Brook trout, Salvelinus fontinalis - Only one exposure concentration

Omkar and Murti Toxicity of some pesticides to the

freshwater prawn Macrobrachium dayanum (Henderson) (Decapoda, Caridea). 1985 Prawn, Macrobrachium dayanum - Formulation Sevin (50 WP)

Omkar and Shukla Toxicity of insecticides to

Macrobrachium lamarrei (H. Milne Edwards) (Decapoda: Palaemonidae). 1985 Prawn, Macrobrachium lamarrei 96 hr LC50=19 Not North

American species

Owen Aquatic insect populations

reduced by aerial spraying of insecticide sevin. 1967

- - Formulation Sevin

Padhy and Mohapatra Toxicity of two carbamate

insecticides to the cyanobacterium Anabaena PCC 7120 and the computations of partial lethal concentrations by the probit method. 2001 C yanob acteria, Anabaena - Formulation Sevin (50W)

Palanichamy et al. Effect of pesticides on protein

metabolism in the freshwater

ca t fish Mystus vittatus

. 1989 C at f ish

, Mystus vittatus - Not North American species; Only one exposure concentration

Panigrahy and Padhy Toxicity of carbamate pesticides

to cells, heterocysts and akinetes of the cyanobacterium Cylindrospermum sp

. 2000 Cyanobacterium, Cylindrospermum
sp. - Formulation Sevin (50W)

Pant and Singh Inducement of metabolic

dysfunction by carbamate and organophosphorus compounds in a fish, Puntius conchonius

. 1983 Barb, Puntius conchonius - Not North American species ; Formulation Sevin (50% WP)

Patil et al. Toxicity of carbamate insecticides

to freshwater crab Paratelphusa jacquemontii (Rathbun). 1992 C rab

, Paratelphusa jacquemontii - Not North American species; Formulation Sevimol

Patnaik and Patra Haemoatopoietic alterations

induced by carbaryl in Clarias batrachus (Linn.). 2006 Walking catfish, Clarias batrachus 96 hr LC50=15,300 Lack of exposure

details Dilution water not

characterized

Pauli et al. RATL: A database of reptile and

amphibian toxicology literature. 2000

- - Review of previous studies

Pelletier et al. Symposium

- in

- print: UV effects

on aquatic and coastal ecosystems. Ecotoxicological effects of combined UVB and organic contaminants in coastal waters: A review. 2006

- - Mixture Carbaryl, atrazine, and acifluorfen

Perry Pesticide and PCB residues in the

Upper Snake River ecosystem, southeastern Idaho, following the collapse of the Teton Dam 1976. 1979

- - Mixture

### 176 Appendix J

. List of Carbaryl Studies Not Used in Document Along with Reasons

Author Title Date Organism (s) Concentration (μg/L) Reason Unused Expanded Reason

Pesando et al. Biological targets of neurotoxic

pesticides analyzed by alteration of developmental events in the Mediterranean sea urchin, Paracentrotus lividus

. 2003 Mediterranean sea urchin, Paracentrotus lividus - Not North American species; Lack of details (procedure)

Pesch and Hoffman Adaption of the polychaete

Neanthes arenaceodentata to copper

. 1982 P olychaete

, Neanthes arenaceodentata - Not applicable No carbaryl toxicity information

Peterson et al. Effect of varying pesticide

exposure duration and concentration on the toxicity of carbaryl to two field

- collected stream invertebrates, Calineuria californica (Plecoptera: P erlidae) and Cinygma sp . (Ephemeroptera: H eptageniidae). 2001a Stonefly, Caline uria californica Mayfly, Cinygma sp

. - Formulation Clean Crop ® (43% carbaryl)

Peterson et al. A test system to evaluate the

susceptibility of Oregon, USA, native stream invertebrates to triclopyr and carbaryl. 2001b Stonefly, Calineuria californica Mayfly, Cinygma sp. Caddisfly, Brachycentrus americanus Caddisfly, Lepidostoma unicolor Caddisfly

, Psychoglypha sp

. Mayfly, Ameletus sp

. - Formulation Clean Crop ® (43% carbaryl)

Pozarycki Sublethal effects of estuarine

carbaryl applications on juvenile English sole ( Pleuronectes vetulus ). 1999 English sole

, Pleuronectes vetulus - Mixture

Prescott et al. The effects of pesticides,

polychlorinated biphenyls and metals on the growth and reproduction of Acanthamoeba castellanii

. 1977 Amoeba, Acanthamoeba castellanii 6 d

decreased growth at 10,000 Only one exposure

concentration

Pridgeon et al. Susceptibility of Aedes aegypti

,

Culex quinquefasciatus Say and Anopheles quadrimaculatus Say to 19 pesticides with different modes of action. 2008 Mosquito, Aedes aegypti Mosquito, Culex quinquefasciatus Mosquito, Anopheles quadrimaculatus - Topically applied contaminant

Puglis and Boone Effects of fertilizer, an

insecticide, and a pathogenic fungus on hatching and survival of bullfrog ( Rana catesbeiana ) tadpoles. 2007 Bullfrog, Rana catesbeiana - Formulation Sevin (22.5% carbaryl)

Rajendran and Venugopalan Effect of pesticides on

phytoplankton production. 1983

- - Mixture

### 177 Appendix J

. List of Carbaryl Studies Not Used in Document Along with Reasons

Author Title Date Organism (s) Concentration (μg/L) Reason Unused Expanded Reason

Ramachandran et al. Effect of pesticides on

photosynthesis and respiration of marine macrophytes. 1984 Macrophytes

- Only one exposure concentration

Ramakrishnan et al. Sublethal effects of pesticides on

feeding energetics in the air breathing fish Channa striatus

. 1997a Snakehead catfish, Channa striatus - Not North American species ; Formulation Hexavin

Ramakrishnan et al. Sublethal effects of pesticides on

physiological energetics of freshwater fish, Oreochromis mossambicus

. 1997b Mozambique tilap ia, Oreochromis mossambicus - Not North American species ; Formulation Hexavin

Ramaswami Adaptive trends in lipid levels of

liver and muscle of Sarotherodon mossambicus (Peters) exposed to sevin. 1990 Mozambique tilapia, Oreochromis mossambicus Not North American species ; Formulation Sevin

(10% dust)

Ramaswamy Effects of sevin on blood free

amino acid levels of the fish Sarotherodon mossambicus

. 1987 Mozambique tilapia, Oreochromis mossambicus - Not North American species ; Formulation Sevin

Ramaswamy and Maheswari Comparative lactic acidosis in

fishes following pesticide stress. 1993 Mozambique tilapia, Oreochromis mossambicus - Not North American species ; Formulation Sevin

(10% dust)

Ramaswamy et al. Glutamic oxaloacetic

transaminase (GOT) and glutamic pyruvic transaminase (GPT) enzyme activities in different tissues of Sarotherodon mossambicus (Peters) exposed to a carbamamte pesticide, carbaryl. 1999 Mozambique tilapia, Oreochromis mossambicus Not North American species ; Formulation Commercial grade

(100g/kg dust)

Rao Effect of γ

- hexachloran and sevin

on the survival of the Black Sea mussel, Mytilus galloprovincialis Lam. 1981 M ussel, Mytilus galloprovincialis 96 hr LC50=>10,000 Not North

American species

Rao Variations in the nitrogen

products of Channa punctatus augmented by interaction of carbaryl and phenthoate in the media. 1987 Snakehead catfish, Channa punctatus 48 hr

decreased level of ammonia and urea at 3,000 Not North

American species ; Only one exposure concentration; Lack of exposure details Dilution water not

characterized

Rao and Kannupandi Acute toxicity of three pesticides

and their effect on the behavior o f the edible crab Scylla serrata (Forskal). 1990 C rab

, Scylla serrata 96 hr LC50=466 Not North

American species

Rao and Rao Independent and combined action

of carbaryl and phethoate on snake head, Channa punctatus (Bloch). 1987 Snakehead catfish, Channa punctatus - Not North American species ; Lack of exposure details

Rao et al. Relative toxicity of technical

grade and formulated carbaryl and 1

- naphthol to, and carbaryl

induced biochemical changes in the fish Cirrhinus mrigala

. 1984a Carp, Cirrhinus mrigala 96 hr LC50=2,500 Not North

American species

Rao et al. Differential action of malathion,

carbaryl and BHC on acetyl

cholinesterase activity of a teleost, Tilapia mossambica (Peters). 1984b Mozambique tilapia, Oreochromis mossambicus - Formulation Carbaryl (50% EC)

### 178 Appendix J

. List of Carbaryl Studies Not Used in Document Along with Reasons

Author Title Date Organism (s) Concentration (μg/L) Reason Unused Expanded Reason

Rao et al. Combined action of carbaryl and

phenthoate on a freshwater fish ( Channa punctatus Bloch). 1985a Snakehead catfish, Channa punctatus 48 hr LC50=8,710 Not North

American species ; Lack of exposure details Dilution water not

characterized

Rao et al. Combined action of carbaryl and

phenthoat e on tissue lipid derivatives of murrel, Channa punctatus (Bloch). 1985b Snakehead catfish, Channa punctatus 48 hr lethal concentration at 8,710 Not North

American species ; Lack of exposure details Dilution water not

characterized

Rao et al. Inhibition and recovery of

selected target enzyme activities in tissues of penaeid prawn, Metapenaeus monoceros (Fabricus), exposed to different insecticides. 1991 P rawn, Metapenaeus

monoceros 48 hr LC50=137 Not North

American species

Ray and Poddar Carbaryl induced elevation of

corticosterone level and cholinergic mechanism. 1983

- - Not applicable No carbaryl toxicity information

Razmi et al. Persistence of toxicity of some

insecticides against the neonate larvae of Leucinodes orbonalis Guen. 1991 Shoot borer, Leucinodes orbonalis - Not North American species; Aerial application

Reddy and Rao Tissue glycolytic potentials of

penaeid prawn, Metapenaeus

monoceros during methylparathion, carbaryl and aldrin exposure

. 1991a Prawn, Metapenaeus

monoceros 96 hr LC50=120 Not North

American species; Lack of exposure details

Reddy and Rao Methylparathion, carbaryl and

aldrin impact on nitrogen metabolism of prawn, Penaeus indicus

. 1991b P rawn , Penaeus indicus 96 hr LC50=21 Not North

American species

Reddy and Rao Toxicity of selected insecticides

to the penaeid prawn, Metapenaeus monoceros (Fabricius). 1992 Prawn, Metapenaeus

monoceros 96 hr LC50=24.3 Not North

American species

Reddy et al. Recovery of carbaryl inhibited

AChE in penaeid prawn, Metap enaeus monoceros

. 1990 Prawn, Metapenaeus

monoceros 96 hr LC50=24.87 Not North

American species; Lack of exposure details

Regoli et al. Effects of copper and cadmium

on the presence of renal concretions in the bivalve Donacilla cornea

. 1992 B ivalve

, Donacilla cornea

. - Not applicable No carbaryl toxicity information

Relyea Growth and survival of five

amphibian species exposed to combinations of pesticides 2004 Gray tree frog, Hyla versicolor Leopard frog, Rana pipiens Bullfrog, R. catesbeiana Green frog, R. clamitans Bullfrog, Bufo americanus - Formulation; Only two exposure concentrations Commercial grade

Relyea The impact of insecticides and

herbicides on the biodiversity and productivity of aquatic communities

. 2005 Various species

- Formulation Carbaryl (22.3%)

### 179 Appendix J

. List of Carbaryl Studies Not Used in Document Along with Reasons

Author Title Date Organism (s) Concentration (μg/L) Reason Unused Expanded Reason

Relyea The effects of pesticides, pH, and

predatory stress on amphibians under mesocosm conditions. 2006 Bullfrog, Rana catesbeiana Green frog, R. clamitans - Lack of exposure details ; Formulation Dilution water not

characterized; Sevin (22% carbaryl)

Relyea A cocktail of contaminants: How

mixtures of pesticides at low concentrations affect aquatic communities. 2009 Gray tree frog, Hyla versicolor Leopard frog, Rana pipiens ~57 d no effect on metamorphosis, growth, and survival at 6.9 (both species) Only one exposure

concentration; High TOC

Relyea and Mills Predator

- induced stress makes the

pesticide carbaryl more deadly to gray treefrog tadpoles ( Hyla versicolor ). 2001 Gray tree frog, Hyla versicolor 10

- 16 d 3

- 4% of LC50 killed 10

- 60% of frog Unmeasured

chronic exposure

Rettich The susceptibility of mosquito

larvae to eighteen insecticides in Czechoslovakia. 1977 Mosquitoes, Aedes cantans

, A

. vexans , A. excrucians

, Culex pipiens

, A. punctor 24 hr LC50=376.6 LC50=322.6 LC50=145.5 LC50=333 LC50=298.3 Lack of exposure

details Distilled water

without proper salts added

Riad et al. Aromatic sulphides, sulphoxides,

and sulphones as larvicides for Culex pipiens molestus and Aedes caspius (Diptera: Culicidae). 1992 Mosquito, Culex pipiens Aedes caspius - Lack of exposure details; Excessive solvent used 4 mL/L acetone

Rifaat et al. Effect of sublethal concentrations

of the insecticides DDT, abate and sevin applied to 3rd stage larvae of Anopheles pharoensis on malaria cycle in the adult mosquito. 1974 Mosquito, Anopheles pharoensis 24 hr LC50=600 Lack of exposure

details Dilution water not

characterized, purity not given

Rohr et al. Lethal and sublethal effects of

atrazine, carbaryl, endosulfan, and octylphenol on the streamside salamander (

Ambystoma barbouri ). 2003 S treamside salamander

, Ambystoma barbour i - Prior exposure Organisms collected in an agricultural area

Rohr et al. Understanding the net effects of

pesticides on amphibian trematode infections. 2008 Trematode, Echinostoma trivolvis Snail, Planorebella trivolvis Green frog, Rana clamitans Survival 24 hr NOEC 14 d NOEC 14 d NOEC at 33.5 Only one exposure

concentration

Rossini and Ronco Acute toxicity bioassay using

Daphnia obtus a as a test organism. 1996 Cladoceran, Daphnia obtus a 48 hr EC50=11.5 Not North

American species

Ruber and Baskar Sensitivities of selected

microcrustacea to eight mosquito toxicants. 1968 Mosquitoes

- Lack of exposure details Dilution water not

characterized

Rybakova On the toxic effect of sevin on

animals. 1966

- - Not applicable No carbaryl toxicity information

Rzehak et al. The effect of karbatox 75, a

carbaryl insecticide, upon the development of tadpoles of Rana temporaria and Xenopus laevis

. 1977 Common frog, Rana temporaria African clawed frog, Xenopus laevis - Formulation Karbatox 75

### 180 Appendix J

. List of Carbaryl Studies Not Used in Document Along with Reasons

Author Title Date Organism (s) Concentration (μg/L) Reason Unused Expanded Reason

Sadek et al. Effect of sublethal concentrations

of the insecticides DDT, abate and sevin, applied to 3rd stage larvae of Culex pipiens molestus on certain biological aspects of the mosquito. 1974 Mosquito, Culex pipiens molestus - Lack of exposure details ; Formulation Dilution water not

characterized

Sahai and Gupta Residue analysis of some

pesticides in the brain of a teleost fish Heteropneustes fossilis (Bloch). 1992 Catfish, Heteropneustes fossilis - Not North American species ; Only one exposure concentration

Sahu et al. Reaction of blue

- green algae of

rice

- field soils to pesticide application. 1992 Blue

- green alga

- Formulation Carbaryl (50%)

Sakamoto et al. Inhibition of development of anti

predator morphology in the small cladoceran Bosmina by an insecticide: Impact of an anthropogenic chemical on prey

predator interactions. 2006 Cladoceran, Bosmina fatalis 6d reduced reproduction at 2 Not North

American species ; Only one exposure concentration

Sampath and Elango Lipid metabolism in common frog

( Rana tigrina ) exposed to carbaryl. 1997 Common frog, Rana tigrina - Not North American species ; Formulat ion Sevin

(50% WP)

Sampath et al. Effect of carbaryl (sevin) on the

carbohydrate metabolism of the common frog Rana tigrina

. 1992 Common frog, Rana tigrina - Not North American species ; Formulation Sevin

(50% WDP)

Sampath et al. Effect of carbaryl on the levels of

protein and amnioacids of common frog Rana tigrina

. 1995 Common frog, Rana tigrina - Not North American species ; Formulation; Injected toxicant Sevin

(50% WDP)

Sampath et al. Pesticide impact on excretory

physiology of the common frog, Rana tigrina

. 2002 Common frog, Rana tigrina - Not North American species ; Lack of exposure details Dilution water not

characterized, purity unknown

Sanders Toxicity of some insecticides to

four species of malacostracan
crustaceans. 1972 Amphipod, Gammarus fasciatus Sowbug, Asellus brevicaudus Shrimp, Palaemonetes kadinkensis Crayfish, Orconectes nais 96 hr LC50=26 LC50=240 LC50=5.6 LC50=8.6 Excessive solvent

used 1 mL/L

Sastry and Siddiqui Chronic toxic effects of the

carbamate pesticide sevin on carbohydrate metabolism in a freshwater snakehead fish, Channa punctatus

. 1982 Snakehead, Channa punctatus 60 d caused blood alterations at 1,050 Not North

American species ; Only one exposure concentration

Sastry and Siddiqui Effect of the carbamate pesticide

sevin on the intestinal absorption of some nutrients in the teleost fish, Channa punctatus

. 1985 Snakehead, Channa punctatus 1 hr

decreased rate of absorption of glucose at 10,000 Not N orth

American species

Sastry et al. Acute and chronic toxic effects of

the carbamate pesticide sevin on some haematological, biochemical and enzymatic parameters in the fresh water teleost fish Channa punctatus

. 1988 Snakehead, Channa punctatus - Not North American species ; Only one exposure concentration

### 1 81 Appendix J

. List of Carbaryl Studies Not Used in Document Along with Reasons

Author Title Date Organism (s) Concentration (μg/L) Reason Unused Expanded Reason

Saxena and Aggarwal Toxicity of some insecticides to

the Indian catfish, Heteropneustes fossilis (Bloch). 1970 Catfish, Heteropneustes fossilis - Not North American species ; Formulation 50% WP

Saxena and Garg Effect of insecticidal pollution on

ovarian recrudescence in the fresh water teleost Channa punctatus (Bloch). 1978 Snakehead catfish, Channa punctatus - Not North American species ; Formulation Carbaryl

(50% WP)

Saxena e t al. Effects of some pesticides on in

vitro lipid and protein synthesis by the liver of the freshwater teleost, Channa punctatus (Bl.). 1989 Snakehead catfish, Channa punctatus - Not North American species ; Formulation Carbaryl

(50% WP)

Sayce and Chambers Observations on potential uptake

of sevin by Pacific oysters. 1969

- - Lack of details Dilution water not characterized

Scaps et al. Biochemical and physiological

responses induced by toxics in annelida: utilization as biomarkers. 2002 Polychaete, Nereis diversicolor - Only one exposure concentration

Schacht et al. Bioassays for risk assessment of

coal conversion products. 1999

- - Not applicable No carbaryl toxicity information

Scholz et al. Dose

- additive inhibition of

Chinook salmon acetylcholinesterase activity by mixtures of organophosphate and carbamate insecticides. 2006 Chinook salmon, Oncorhynchus tshawytscha - Surgically a ltered test species Olfactory rosettes

removed

Schulz Field studies on exposure, effects,

and risk mitigation of aquatic nonpoint

- source insecticide pollution: A review

. 2004

- - Review of previous studies

Scott and Georghiou Malathion

- specific resistance in

Anopheles stephensi from Pakistan. 1986 Mosquito, Anopheles stephensi 24 hr LC50=720 Not North

American species

Scott and Sloman The effects of environmental

pollutants on complex fish behavior: integrating behavioural and physiological indicators of toxicity

. 2004

- - Review of previous studies

Seiffer and Schoof Tests of 15 experimental

molluscicides against Australorbis glabratus

. 1967 Snail, Australorbis glabratus 6 hr 100% death at 10,000 Not North

American species ; Only one exposure concentration

Selvakumar et al. Stressor

- specific induction of heat

shock protein 70 in the freshwater
prawn Macrobrachium malcolmsonii (H. Milne Edwards) exposed to the pesticides endosulfan and carbaryl. 2005 P rawn , Macrobrachium malcolmsonii - Not North American species ; Only two exposure concentrations

Semlitsch et al. Genetic variation and a fitness

tradeoff in the tolerance of gray treefrog ( Hyla versicolor ) tadpoles to the insecticide carbaryl. 2000 Green treefrog, Hyla versicolor - Only one exposure concentration

Seuge and Bluzat Chronic toxicity of carbaryl and

lindane to the freshwater mollusc Lymnaea stagnalis L. 1979a Snail, Lymnaea stagnalis - Only two exposure concentrations; Text in foreign language

### 182 Appendix J

. List of Carbaryl Studies Not Used in Document Along with Reasons

Author Title Date Organism (s) Concentration (μg/L) Reason Unused Expanded Reason

Seuge and Bluzat Study of the chronic toxicity of

two insecticides (carbaryl and lindane) toward the F

- sub

- 1 generation of Lymnaea stagnalis L. (Mollusca, Gasteropoda, Pulmonata). 2. Consequences on the reproductive potential. 1979b Snail, Lymnaea stagnalis - Only two expo sure concentrations; Text in foreign language

Shacklock and Croft Effect of grazers on Chondrus

crispus in culture. 1981 Irish moss, Chondrus crispus - Formulation Sevin (50% carbaryl)

Shaikila et al. Adaptive trends in tissue acid and

alkaline phosphatases of Sarotherodon mossambicus (Peters) under sevin toxicity. 1993 Mozambique tilapia, Oreochromis mossambicus 96 hr

increased alkaline phosphatase enzyme activities of liver and muscle at 3,000 Only on e exposure

concentration

Shamaan et al. Insecticide toxicity, glutathione

transferases and carboxylesterase activities in the larva of the Aedes mosquito

. 1993 Mosquito, Aedes aegypti - Dilution water is distilled water without the proper salts added

Shanmugam et al. Effect of pesticides on the

freshwater crab Barytelphusa cunicularis (West Wood). 2000 C rab

, Barytelphusa cunicularis - Not North American species ; Formulation 50% carbaryl

Shea Testing of chemical and microbial

insecticides for safety...some techniques. 1977

- - Formulation Sevin

- 4

- oil

Sherstneva, Effect of some pesticides on the

fresh water crustaceans. 1978

- - Lack of details Text in foreign language

Shrivastava and Singh Toxic effect of carbaryl on

glucose level in the muscles of Heteropneustes fossilis

. 2003 Catfish, Heteropneustes fossilis 30 d decrease in glucose content of muscles at 40 Not North

American species; Only one exposure concentration

Shrivastava and Singh Changes in protein content in the

muscle of Heteropneustes fossilis exposed to carbaryl. 2004 Catfish, Heteropneustes fossilis 30 d decrease in protein of muscles at 40 Not North

American species; Only one exposure concentration

Shrivastava et al. Study of cholesterol content in

muscle of carbaryl exposed Heteropneustes fossilis (Bloch.). 2005 Catfish, Heteropneustes fossilis 30 d decrease in cholesterol content of muscles at 40 Not North

American species; Only one exposure concentration

Shukla and Mishra Bioassay studies on effects of

carbamate insecticides on dragonfly nymphs. 1980 Dragonfly, Brachythermis contaminate - Not North American species ; Formulation Carbaryl

(WDP 10%)

Shukla and Omkar Insecticide toxicity to

Macrobrachium lamarrei (H. Milne Edwards) (Decapoda, Palaemonidae). 1984 Prawn, Macrobrachium lamarrei - Not North American species ; Formulation Sevin (50 WP)

Shukla et al. Acute toxicity of few pesticides to

an aquatic insect, Ranatra elongata (Fabr.). 1982 Water scorpion, Ranatra elongata - Not North American species ; Formulation 50% WP

Sikka and Rice Interaction of selected pesticides

with marine microorganisms. 1974

- - Lack of exposure details

Sikka et al. Metabolism of selected pesticides

by marine microorganisms. 1973

- - Excessive carrier solvent 1% ethanol

### 183 Appendix J

. List of Carbaryl Studies Not Used in Document Along with Reasons

Author Title Date Organism (s) Concentration (μg/L) Reason Unused Expanded Reason
Singh and Agarwal Toxicity of certain pesticides to

two economic species of snails in northern India. 1981 Snail, Lymnaea acuminata Pila globosa 96 hr LC50=4,500 LC50=36,500 Not North

American species

Singh and Agarwal In vivo and in vitro studies on

synergism with anticholinesterase pesticides in the snail Lymnaea acuminata

. 1983a Snail, Lymnaea acuminata 96 hr LC50=4,400 Not North

American species

Singh and Agarwal Inhibition kinetics of certain

organophosphorus and carbamate pesticides on acetylcholinesterase from the snail Lymnaea acuminata

. 1983b Snail, Lymnaea acuminata - Not North American species ; Surgically altered test species Nervous tissue

around the buccal

mass

Singh and Agarwal Carbamate and organophosphorus

pesticides against snails. 1984 Snail, Lymnaea acuminata Pila globosa 96 hr LC50=4,150 LC50=35,500 Not North

American species

Singh and Agarwal Synergistic effect of sulfoxide

with carbaryl on the in vivo acetylcholinesterase activity and carbohydrate metabolism of the snail Lymnaea acuminata

. 1986 a Snail, Lymnaea acuminata - Not North American species ; Mixture

Singh and Agarwal Toxicity of pesticides to

fecundity, hatchability and survival of young snails of Lymnaea acuminata

. 1986b Snail, Lymnaea acuminata 48 hr

LOEC(fecundity) =11,000 LOEC (hatchability) =1,000 Not North

American species

Singh and Agarwal Toxicity of piperonyl butoxide

-

carbaryl synergism on the snail Lymnaea acuminata

. 1989 Snail, Lymnaea acuminata - Not North American species ; Only two exposure concentrations

Singh and Shrivastava Histopathological changes in the

liver of the fish Nand us nandus exposed to endosulfan and carbaryl. 1998 F ish

, Nandus nandus - Not North American species ; Only one exposure concentration

Singh et al. Evaluation of acute toxicity of

carbaryl and malathion to freshwater teleosts, Channa punctatus (Bloch) and Heteropneustes fossilis (Bloch). 1984 Snakehead catfish, Channa punctatus Catfish, Heteropneustes fossilis - Not North American species ; Formulation 50% WP

Singh et al. Toxicity of malathion and

carbaryl pesticides: effects on some biochemical profiles of the freshwater fish Colisa fasciatus

. 2004 Gourami, Colisa fasciatus 96 hr LC50=8,000 Not North

American species

Sinha et al. Thiodicarb, an effective

molluscicide for grazer snails of blue green algae. 1986a Snails

- Formulation Carbaryl 50 WP

Sinha et al. An effective molluscide for grazer

snails of blue green algae. 1986b Snails

- Formulation Carbaryl 50 WP

Sinha et al. Carbaryl

- induced thyroid

dysfunction in the freshwater catfish Clarias batrachus

. 1991a Walking catfish, Clarias batrachus 96 hr decreased thyroxin levels at 12,000 Only two exposure

concentrations

Sinha et al. Pesticides induced changes in

circulating t hyroid hormones in the freshwater catfish Clarias batrachus

. 1991b Walking catfish, Clarias batrachus - Formulation 50% carbaryl

### 184 Appendix J

. List of Carbaryl Studies Not Used in Document Along with Reasons

Author Title Date Organism (s) Concentration (μg/L) Reason Unused Expanded Reason

Sinha et al. Effect of pesticides on

extrathyroidal conversion of T 4 to T 3 in the freshwater catfish Clarias batrachus

. 1993 Walking catfish, Clarias batrachus - Only one exposure concentration

Smith and Grigoropoulos Toxic effects of odorous trace

organics. 1968 Trout Red shiner - Formulation; No scientific names given Sevin

(50% carbaryl)

Smulders et al. A noncompetitive, sequential

mechanism for inhibition of rat α4β2 neuronal nicotinic acetylcholine receptors by carbamate pesticides. 2004

- - In vitro test

Solomon The teratogenic effects of the

insecticides DDT, carbaryl, malathion and parathion on developing medaka eggs ( Oryzias latipes ). 1978 Medaka, Oryzias latipes 96 hr

10,000 negatively affected embryonic development Not North

American species

Solomon and Weis Abnormal circulatory

development in medaka caused by the insecticides carbaryl, malathion and parathion. 1979 Medaka, Oryzias latipes ED50=2,500 (circulatory anomalies) Not North

American species

Somnuek et al. Gene expression of

acetylcholinesterase in hybrid catfish ( Clarias gariepinus x Clarias macroephalus ) exposed
to chlorpyrifos and carbaryl. 2009 Hybrid catfish, Clarias gariepinus x C. macrocephalus 24 hr

gene expression NOEC=8,652 Not North

American species

Srivastava and Pandey Effect of carbaryl on Chironomus

larvae (Chironomidae). 2007 Midge, Chironomus sp. - Lack of exposure details ; Formulation

Statham and Lech Potentiation of the acute toxicity

of several pesticides and herbicides in trout by carbaryl. 1975a Rainbow trout, Oncorhynchus mykiss - Mixture

Statham and Lech Synergism of the acute toxic

effects of 3,4

- D butyl ester, dieldrin, rotenone, and pentachlorophenol in rainbow trout by carbaryl. 1975b Rainbow trout, Oncorhynchus mykiss - Mixture

Statham and Lech Studies on the mechanism of

potentiation of the acute toxicity of 2,4

- D n

- butyl ester and 2',5

- dichloro

- 4'

- nitrosalicylanilide in rainbow trout by carbaryl. 1976 Rainbow trout, Oncorhynchus mykiss - Mixture

Strickman Aquatic bioassay of 11 pesticides

using larvae of the mosquito, Wyeomyia smithii (Diptera: Culicidae). 1985 Mosquito, Wyeomyia smithii 7d survival LOEC=1,000 Excessive solvent

used 3.3 mL/L

Sukumar and Rao Toxicity of y

- HCH, methyl

parathion and carbaryl to two varieties of a tropical freshwater gastropod, Bellamya bengalensis (Lamarck) (Gastropoda: Viviparidae). 1985 G astropod, Bellamya bengalensis - Not North American species; Formulation Sevin

Sundaram and Szeto Distribution and persistence of

carbaryl in some terrestrial and aquatic components of a forest environment. 1987 Brook trout, Salvelinus fontinalis Slimy sculpin, Cottus cognatus - Formulation Sevin

- 2

- oil

### 185 Appendix J

. List of Carbaryl Studies Not Used in Document Along with Reasons

Author Title Date Organism (s) Concentration (μg/L) Reason Unused Expanded Reason

Suseela et al. Toxic effects of pesticides on

survival and proximate composition of Tubifex tubifex

. 1994 Tubificid worm, Tubifex tubifex - Formulation Sevin

Suwanchaichinda and Brattsten Effects of exposure to pesticides

on carbaryl toxicity and cytochrome P450 activities in Aedes albopictus larvae (Diptera: Culicidae). 2001 Mosquito, Aedes albopictus 24 hr LC50=830 Inappropriate

dilution water Distilled water

without proper salt s added

Suwanchaichinda and Brattsten Induction of microsomal

cytochrome P450s by tire

leachate compounds, habitat components of Aedes albopictus mosquito larvae. 2002 Mosquito, Aedes albopictus - Mixture; Inappropriate dilution water Pure water without

proper salts added

Swanson et al. Testing for pesticide toxicity to

aquatic plants: Recommendations for test species. 1991

- - Review of previous studies

Takahashi and Yasutomi Insecticidal resistance of Culex

tritaeniorhynchus (Diptera: Culicidae) in Japan: Genetics and mechanisms of resistance to organophosphorus insecticides. 1987 Mosquito, Culex tritaeniorhynchus 24 hr LC50=268 Not North

American species ; Lack of exposure details Dilution water not

characterized

Tegelberg and Magoon Sevin treatment of a subtidal

oyster bed in Grays Harbor. 1969

- - Lack of exposure details; Formulation Dilution water not

characterized

Tejada et al. Toxicity of pesticides to target

and non

- target fauna of the lowland rice ecosystem. 1994 Various species

- Formulation Sevin

Thakur and Sahai Toxicity assessment of some

commonly used pesticides to three species of fishes. 1994 Snakehead catfish, Channa punctatus C. striatus Garra gotyla gotyla 96 hr LC50=15,000 LC50=17,500 LC50=7,500 Not North

American species

Thakur et al. Effect of pesticides on N

- use

efficiency and growth dynamic in rice. 1988 Rice

- Formulation; Only one exposure concentration Carbaryl 4G

Tham et al. Assessment of Clarias batrachus

as a source of acetylcholinesterase (AChE) for the detection of insecticides. 2009 Walking catfish, Clarias batrachus - Surgically a ltered test species Brain extract

Thomas and Murthy Acid phosphatase activity in a

fresh

- water air breathing fish Heteropneustes fossilis and the effect of certain organic pesticides on it. 1976 Catfish, Heteropneustes fossilis - Not North American species; Injected toxicant

Tierney et al. Linuron and carbaryl

differentially impair baseline amino acid and bile salt olfactory responses in three salmonids. 2007 Coho salmon, Oncorhynchus kisutch Sockeye salmon, O. nerka Rainbow trout, O. mykiss - Surgically a ltered test species Olfactory rosette

removed

Tilak Relative toxicity of carbaryl, 1

-

naphthol, and three formulations of carbaryl to Channa punctata (Bloch). 1982 Snakehead catfish, Channa punctatus 96 hr LC50=5,000 Not North

American species

### 186 Appendix J

. List of Carbaryl Studies Not Used in Document Along with Reasons

Author Title Date Organism (s) Concentration (μg/L) Reason Unused Expanded Reason

Tilak et al. Toxicity of carbaryl and 1

-

naphthol to the freshw ater fish Labeo rohita

. 1980 Rohu, Labeo rohita 96 hr LC50=4,600 Not North

American species

Tilak et al. Toxicity of carbaryl and 1

-

naphthol to four species of freshwater fish. 1981 Catfish, Catla catla Anabas testudineus Mystus cavasius Mystus vittatus 96 hr LC50=6,400 LC50=5,500 LC50=4,600 LC50=2,400 Not North

American species

Todd and Leeuwen Effects of sevin (carbaryl

insecticide) on early life stages of zebrafish ( Danio rerio ). 2002 Z ebrafish

, Danio rerio - Not North American species; Formulation 21.3% carbaryl

Tompkins Report of the surveillance

program conducted in connection with an application of carbaryl (sevin) for the control of gypsy moth on Cape Cod, Massachusetts. 1966

- - Field survey; Mixture

Toor and Kaur Toxicity of pesticides to t he fish,

Cyprinus carpio communis Linn. 1974 Carp, Cyprinus carpio - Formulation Carbaryl (50% WP)

Trial The effects of sevin

- 4

- oil on

aquatic insect communities of streams: a continuation of 1976 studies. 1978

- - Formulation Sevin

- 4

- oil

Trial The effects of sevin

- 4

- oil on

aquatic insect communities of streams (1976

- 1978). 1979

- - Formulation Sevin

- 4

- oil

Trial The effects of sevin

- 4

- oil on

aquatic insect communities of streams (1976

- 1979). 1980a

- - Formulation Sevin

- 4

- oil

Trial The effectiveness of unsprayed

buffers in lessening the impact of aerial applications of carbaryl on aquatic insects

. 1980b

- - Formulation Sevin

- 4

- oil

Trial The effect of carbaryl on leaf

litter processing in Maine
streams

. 1981

- - Formulation; Lack of exposure details (procedure)

Trial The effectiveness of upstream

refugia for promoting recolonization of plecoptera killed by exposure to carbaryl. 1982

- - Formulation Sevin

- 4

- oil

Trial and Gibbs Effects of orthene®, sevin 4 oil®

and dylox® on aquatic insects incidenta l to attempts to control spruce budworm in Maine, 1976. 1978

- - Formulation Sevin

- 4

- oil

Tripathi and Agarwal Synergism in tertiary mixtures of

pesticides. 1997 Snail, Lymnaea acuminata - Not North American species ; Mixture Sevin and D ecis

Tripathi and Singh Toxic effects of dimethoate and

carbaryl pesticides on carbohydrate metabolism of freshwater snail Lymnaea acuminata

. 2002 Snail, Lymnaea acuminata 96 hr decrease hepatopancreas glycogen at 3,000 Not North

American species

### 187 Appendix J

. List of Carbaryl Studies Not Used in Document Along with Reasons

Author Title Date Organism (s) Concentration (μg/L) Reason Unused Expanded Reason

Tripathi and Singh Toxic effects of dimethoate and

carbaryl pesticides on protein metabolism of freshwater snail Lymnaea acuminata

. 2003a Snail, Lymnaea acuminata 96 hr decrease hepatopancreas total protein at 3,000 Not North

American species

Tripathi and Singh Toxic effects of dimethoate and

carbaryl pesticides on reproduction and related enzymes of freshwater snail Lymnaea acuminata

. 2003b Snail, Lymnaea acuminata - Not North American species

Tripathi and Singh Carbaryl induced alterations in

the reproduction and metabolism of freshwater snail Lymnaea acuminata

. 2004 Snail, Lymnaea acuminata 96 hr

decrease number of eggs at 2,000 Not North

American species

Tsuge et al. Uptake of pesticides from

aquarium tank water by aquatic organisms. 1980 Guppy, Lebistes reticulatus Red snail, Indoplanorbis

exustus Mosquito, Culex pipiens Cladoceran, Daphnia pulex - Lack of exposure details Text in foreign

language

Upadhyay and Upadhyay Development of marked

basophilia in the liver of Heteropneustes fossilis by some selected chemicals. 1993 Catfish, Heteropneustes fossilis - Not North American species; Only one exposure concentration

Vaishampayan Mutagenic activity of alachlor,

butachlo r and carbaryl to a N2

- fixing cyanobacterium Nostoc

muscorum

. 1985 C yanobacterium

, Nostoc muscorum - Sediment present

Van Hoof Evaluation of an automatic

system for detection of toxic substances in surface water using
trout

. 1980 Rainbow trout, Oncorhynchus mykiss - Only one exposure concentration

Van Hoof et al. The evaluation of bacterial

biosensors for screening of water pollutants. 1992

- - Lack of exposure details ; Only two
exposure concentrations

Vasseur et al. Interactions between copper and

some carbamates used in phytosanitary treatments. 1988 Bacteria, Photobacterium phosphoreum Protozoa, Colpidium campylum - Mixture Carbaryl and
copper

Vasumathi et al. Acute toxicity of endosulfan,

methyl parathion and carbaryl on Macropodus cupanus

. 2001 Paradisefish, Macropodus
cupanus 96 hr LC50=14,540 Not North

American species

Venkateswaran and Ramaswamy Lactic acidosis in different of

Sarotherdon mossambicus (Peters) exposed to sevin. 1987 Mozambique tilapia, Oreochromis mossambicus - Formulation Sevin (10% dust)

Verma and Gupta Pesticide in relation to water

pollution (accumulation of aldrin and ethyl parathion in the few tissues of Colisa fasciatus and Notopterus notopterus ). 1976 Fish, Colisa fasciatus Notopterus notopterus - Not applicable No carbaryl toxicity information

### 188 Appendix J

. List of Carbaryl Studies Not Used in Document Along with Reasons

Author Title Date Organism (s) Concentration (μg/L) Reason Unused Expanded Reason

Verma and Tonk Biomonitoring of the

contamination of water by a sublethal concentration of pesticides

- a system analysis approach. 1984 Catfish, Heteropneustes fossilis - Not North American species; Formulation Sevin (50% WP)

Verma et al. Quantitative estimation of biocide

residues in a few tissues of Labeo rohita and Saccobranchus fossilis

. 1977 Rohu, Labeo rohita Catfish, Saccobranchus fossilis - Not North American species ; Lack of exposure details Dilution water not

characterized

Verma et al. Acute toxicity of twenty three

pesticides to a fresh water teleost, Saccobranchus fossilis

. 1979 Catfish, Saccobranchus fossilis - Not North American species ; Lack of exposure details (procedure)

Verma et al. Studies on the accumulation and

elimination of three pesticides in the gonads of Notopterus notopterus and Colisa fasciatus

. 1981b Fish, Colisa fasciatus Notopterus notopterus - Not North American species; Formulation Sevin (50% WP)

Verma et al. Bioassay trials with twenty three

pesticides to a fresh water teleost, Saccobranchus fossilis

. 1982 Catfish, Saccobranchus fossilis - Not North American species ; Formulation Sevin (50% WP)

Verma et al. Evaluation of an application

factor for determining the safe concentration of agricultural and industrial chemicals. 1984 Carp, Cirrhina mrigala - Not North American species ; Formulation Sevin (50% WP)

Virk et al. Histopathological and

biochemical changes induced by endrin and carbaryl in the stomach, int estine and liver of Mystus tengara

. 1987 Catfish, Mystus tengara - Not North American species; Formulation Carbaryl

(50% WP)

von Windeguth et al. The efficacy of carbaryl,

propoxur, abate and methoxychlor as larvicides against field infestations of Aedes aegypti

. 1971 Mosquito, Aedes aegypti - Formulation 0.5, 1.25 and 2.5% carbaryl

Vonesh and Buck Pesticide alters oviposition site

selection in gray tree frogs. 2007 Gray treefrog, Hyla chrysoscelis - Only one exposure concentration; Formulation Sevin

(commercial grade)

Vryzas et al. Spatial and temporal distribution

of pesticide residues in surface waters in northeastern Greece. 2009

- - Not applicable No carbaryl toxicity information

Walsh The pathology of pesticide

poisoning in fish. 1974 Coho salmon, Oncorhynchus kisutch Lake trout, Salvelinus namaycush 30 d

decreased relative spleen weight at 1,000 Only one exposure

concentration

Weber et al. Toxicity of certain insecticides to

protozoa. 1982 Protozoa

- Lack of exposure details (procedure)

Weis and Mantel DDT as an accelerator of limb

regeneration and molting in fiddler crabs

. 1976 Fiddler crab, Uca pugilator U. pugnax - Not applicable No carbaryl toxicity information

Weis and Weis Retardation of fin regeneration in

Fundulus by several insecticides. 1975 Killifish, Fundulus sp. - Surgically altered test species

### 189 Appendix J

. List of Carbaryl Studies Not Used in Document Along with Reasons

Author Title Date Organism (s) Concentration (μg/L) Reason Unused Expanded Reason

Weis and Weis Optical malformations induced by

insecticides in embryos of the Atlantic silverside, Menidia menidia

. 1976 Atlantic silverside, Menidia menidia - Lack of exposure details (procedure)

Whitmore and Hodges In vitro pesticide inhibition of

muscle esterases of the mosquitofish, Gambusia affinis

. 1978 Mosquito, Gambusia affinis - Surgically a ltered test species Homogenized

muscle tissue

Whitten and Goodnight Toxicity of some common

insecticides to tubificids. 1966 Tubificid worms, Tubifex sp. Limnodrilus sp. - Formulation Sevin (20% EC)

Whyard et al. Isolation of an esterase conferring

insecticide resistance in the mosquito Culex tarsalis

. 1994 Mosquito, Culex tarsalis - Prior exposure

Wilder and Stanley RNA

- DNA ratio as an index to

growth in salmonid fishes in the laboratory and in streams contaminated by carbaryl. 1983

- - Only one exposure concentration; Formulation Sevin

- 4

- oil

Wood et al. Carbamate and organophosphate

resistance in Culex pipiens L. (Diptera: Culicidae) in southern France and the significance of EST

- 3A. 1984 Mosquito, Culex pipiens 24 hr LC50=500 Inappropriate

dilution water D eionized water

without proper salt s added

Worthley and Schott The comparative effects of Cs and

various pollutants on fresh water phytoplankton colonies of Wolffia papulifera Thompson. 1972 Duckweed, Wolffia papulifera - Formulation 21.5% carbaryl

Yasutomi et al. Insecticide

- resistance of

Anopheles sinensis and Culex tritaeniorhynchus in Saitama Prefecture, Japan. 1986 Mosquito, Anopheles sinensis Mosquito, Culex tritaeniorhynchus - Lack of exposure details Text in foreign

language

Yokoyama et al. Sensitivity of Japanese eel,

Anguilla japonica , to 68 kinds of agricultural chemicals

. 1988 Japanese eel, Anguilla japonica - Lack of exposure details Text in foreign

language

Yoshida and Nishiuchi Toxicity of pesticides to some

water organisms. 1972

- - Lack of exposure details Text in foreign

language

Yoshioka et al. The estimation for toxicity of

chemicals on fish by physico

chemical properties. 1986

- - Review of previous studies

Dash indicates not available