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The Honorable Paul A. Magnuson, United States District Judge for the District

of Minnesota, sitting by designation.

 United States Court of Appeals

FOR THE EIGHTH CIRCUIT

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No. 07-3552

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Sandra J. Chronister, *

*

Appellant, *

* On Appeal from the United States

v. * District Court for the Eastern

* District of Arkansas

Unum Life Insurance Company *

of America, *

*

Appellee. *

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Submitted: December 12, 2008

Filed: April 30, 2009

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Before MELLOY and BENTON, Circuit Judges, and MAGNUSON,1

 District Judge.

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MAGNUSON, District Judge

Appellant Sandra J. Chronister appeals the District Court’s grant of summary

judgment in favor of Appellee Unum Life Insurance Company of America (“Unum”).

For the reasons that follow, we reverse.
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Sandra Chronister was employed as a nurse at Baptist Health in Arkansas. In

1995, she was injured in a car accident, and thereafter sought disability benefits under

Baptist Health’s long-term disability plan, which was insured and administered by

Unum. Unum initially granted her application for disability benefits. At Unum’s

urging, Chronister also applied for, and received, social security disability benefits.

After 24 months, however, Unum informed Chronister that it was terminating her

benefits under the “self-reported symptoms” limitation of the plan. Chronister

exhausted her administrative remedies and then brought suit. The district court

ultimately determined that Unum’s decision to deny Chronister benefits based on the

self-reported symptoms limitation was not supported by substantial evidence. The

court remanded the matter to Unum with directions to re-open the administrative

record and make a new determination.

Both parties appealed that decision. See Chronister v. Baptist Health, 442 F.3d

648 (8th Cir. 2006) (“Chronister I”). As relevant to the current appeal, the panel

determined that the appropriate standard of review for Unum’s decision to deny

Chronister benefits was the abuse-of-discretion standard used by the district court.

Chronister argued that a less-deferential standard applied because (1) Unum operated

under a financial conflict because it both makes the claim determination and pays the

claim, and (2) Unum failed to consider Chronister’s social security disability award

and did not obtain Chronister’s records from the Social Security Administration. Id.

at 654. In determining that Chronister had not established that a less-deferential

review was required, the Court found that Chronister had “failed to demonstrate any

connection between the alleged procedural irregularities and the substantive decision

reached.” Id. at 655.

After remand, Chronister contends that Unum did not timely determine her

claim. She therefore moved the district court to reopen the case. Several days later,

Unum denied Chronister’s claim. Unum determined that Chronister could perform

sedentary work and was therefore not disabled from performing any occupation, as
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required by the disability insurance plan. Chronister amended her Complaint and the

parties proceeded to assemble the administrative record and cross-move for summary

judgment. The district court, applying an abuse-of-discretion standard, granted

Unum’s motion for summary judgment, affirming its decision to deny Chronister’s

claim for disability benefits.

Chronister now argues that the Supreme Court’s recent decision in

Metropolitan Life Ins. Co. v. Glenn, 128 S. Ct. 2343 (2008), requires a less-deferential

standard of review for Unum’s decision on remand. In response, Unum contends that

the law of the case mandates the use of an abuse-of-discretion standard. The question

before the Court is whether Glenn changed the way courts should review Unum’s

decision. 

There is no doubt that Glenn changed ERISA review in some ways. First, the

Supreme Court determined specifically that when the entity that administers the plan

“both determines whether an employee is eligible for benefits and pays benefits out

of its own pocket” a conflict of interest exists. Glenn, 128 S. Ct. at 2346. Prior to

Glenn, this Court held the opposite. See, e.g., Chronister I, 442 F.3d at 655 (“[I]t is

wrong to assume a financial conflict of interest from the fact that a plan administrator

is also the insurer.”) (quoting McGarrah v. Hartford Life Ins. Co., 234 F.3d 1026,

1030 (8th Cir. 2000)).

Similarly, under this Court’s pre-Glenn precedent, a financial conflict of interest

would not trigger less-deferential review unless the claimant could show that the

conflict was causally connected to the specific decision at issue. See Woo v. Deluxe

Corp., 144 F.3d 1157, 1160 (8th Cir. 1998); McGarrah, 234 F.3d at 1030. Glenn

makes clear that, while a causal connection might be important in determining the

appropriate level of scrutiny for a plan administrator’s decisionmaking, such a

connection is not required. Glenn, 128 S. Ct. at 2351 (“The conflict of interest . . .

should prove more important . . . where circumstances suggest a higher likelihood that
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 We are not faced with determining whether Glenn changes the discovery

limitations in ERISA cases. See, e.g., Hogan-Cross v. Metro. Life Ins. Co., 568 F.

Supp. 2d 410, 415 (S.D.N.Y. 2008) (finding that Glenn “rejected special procedural

or evidentiary rules and . . . thus abrogated the limitations on discovery unique to

ERISA cases . . . .”). As discussed further below, the evidence in the administrative

record, in addition to the documented history of biased claims administration,

provides ample support that Unum’s financial conflict of interest motivated Unum’s

decision to deny Chronister’s claim. 

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it affected the benefits decision . . . .”). Under Glenn, courts must analyze the facts

of the case at issue, taking into consideration not only the conflict of interest, but also

other factors that might bear on whether the administrator abused its discretion.2

 Id.

In sum, the Supreme Court found in Glenn that the abuse-of-discretion standard

remains the appropriate standard to evaluate an ERISA fiduciary’s decision. That

standard, however, requires a court “to determine lawfulness by taking account of

several different, often case-specific, factors, reaching a result by weighing all

together.” Glenn, 128 S. Ct. at 2351. The Supreme Court’s instruction differs from

the manner in which this Court has applied the abuse-of-discretion standard in ERISA

cases by, for example, eliminating the causal connection requirement, and in that

regard constitutes a change in the law. See, e.g., Jones v. Mountaire Corp. Long Term

Disability Plan, 542 F.3d 234, 240 (8th Cir. 2008) (remanding to district court for

reconsideration in light of Glenn); Champion v. Black & Decker (US) Inc., 550 F.3d

353, 355 (4th Cir. 2008) (noting that after Glenn the court “must take a new approach”

to evaluating conflicted plan administrator’s decisions).

This Court’s post-Glenn decision in Wakkinen v. Unum Life Ins. Co. of Am.,

531 F.3d 575 (8th Cir. 2008), is not to the contrary. The Wakkinen panel noted that

Glenn did not announce a change in the ERISA standard of review, but rather

instructed lower courts to continue to review administrator’s decisions for an abuse

of discretion, considering the conflict as one factor to determine whether the

administrator abused its discretion. Wakkinen, 531 F.3d at 581. Notably, the Court
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 These procedures were put in place pursuant to settlement agreements and

consent decrees between Unum and various state insurance commissioners and the

Department of Labor after investigations into Unum’s claims-handling practices. See

Wakkinen, 531 F.3d at 582.

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did not decide whether the causal connection requirement imposed by previous

decisions still applied post-Glenn. The Court ultimately determined that all of the

facts of the case, taken together, failed to show that the administrator abused its

discretion in denying the claim. Id. at 584.

Here, there are several factors that point to an abuse of discretion in Unum’s

handling of Chronister’s claim. First is Unum’s financial conflict of interest, which

during the time of Chronister’s initial application for benefits led to a “disturbing

pattern of erroneous and arbitrary benefit denials, bad faith contract

misinterpretations, and other unscrupulous tactics.” Radford Trust v. First Unum Life

Ins. Co., 321 F. Supp. 2d 226, 247 (D. Mass. 2006). The Supreme Court itself

commented on Unum’s “ history of biased claims administration.” Glenn, 128 S. Ct.

at 2351 (citing John H. Langbein, Essay, Trust Law as Regulatory Law: The

Unum/Provident Scandal and Judicial Review of Benefit Denials Under ERISA, 101

Nw. U. L. Rev. 1315, 1317-21 (Spring 2007)). Unum’s history of arbitrarily denying

claims such as Chronister’s is another factor that the Court must consider in

determining whether Unum abused its discretion in denying Chronister’s claim. See

Glenn, 128 S. Ct. at 2351 (noting that a conflict of interest should be more important

in cases where the insurer has “a history of biased claims administration”).

Other evidence also indicates an abuse of discretion under the circumstances

of this case. Most egregious is Unum’s failure to follow its own claims-handling

procedures3

 with respect to the determination of the Social Security Administration

(“SSA”) that Chronister was disabled and therefore entitled to Social Security
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 Unum urges us to follow Chronister I’s determination that Unum’s failure to

consider the SSDI award did not mandate less-deferential review. Chronister I, 442

F.3d at 655. That decision, however, found that Chronister had failed to show a

connection between the alleged procedural irregularity and the benefits decision. Id.

Under Glenn, such causal connections are not required. Moreover, Unum’s claims

manual regarding SSDI determinations was not in place during the initial

determination of Chronister’s 1997 benefits application, and it does not appear that

the Chronister I panel was aware of the manual’s requirements in any event.

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Disability Insurance (“SSDI”) benefits.4

 Unum’s claims manual unequivocally

requires Unum to give “significant weight” to the SSA’s disability determination and

to reject that determination only if there is “compelling evidence” that the decision is

(1) legally erroneous or an abuse of discretion, (2) inconsistent with the medical

evidence, (3) inconsistent with the insurance policy’s definition of disability, or (4)

“[t]here is other evidence that clearly shows that the claimant is not disabled.” (Pl.’s

Mem. in Supp. of Mot. for Summ. J., Ex. E at 2.) 

More importantly, however, the manual provides that, should Unum’s disability

determination differ from that of the SSA, Unum “must [] articulate the reason and

analysis [based on the four factors listed above]; and [] support that reason and

analysis with reference to facts and information in the claim file documentation.” (Id.)

In its January 19, 2007, letter denying Chronister’s claim on remand, however, Unum

nowhere mentions the SSA’s determination that Chronister was disabled. Nor does

the letter perform the analysis required by the claims manual. There is no explanation

of why the SSA’s disability determination was not entitled to significant weight in

Chronister’s case, and no attempt by Unum to support its unstated decision to reject

the SSA’s determination with reference to any facts in Chronister’s claim file. It

appears from the denial letter that Unum did not consider the SSA’s disability

determination at all. This is contrary to the clear dictates of Unum’s claims-handling

policies, and is a factor weighing in favor of a finding that Unum abused its discretion

in its denial of Chronister’s remanded claim.
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Weighing all the evidence, as Glenn requires, the Court is left with the firm

impression that Unum’s decision to deny Chronister’s remanded claim was an abuse

of the discretion given to Unum under the terms of the plan. Chronister urges us not

to remand this matter for further proceedings, given that her benefits claims have been

pending for more than a decade, and we agree that such a remand would needlessly

delay the already long-delayed benefits payments. 

Accordingly, we reverse the judgment of the district court and remand for the

entry of judgment in Chronister’s favor.

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