2007 D e c i sion s O p inion s of the U nit e d S t at e s C our t of Appe al s for the Thir d C ir c uit 1-31-2007 

# U SA v . Alexande r P r e c e de nt i al or N on-P r e c e de nt i al : N on-P r e c e de nt i al D ocke t N o . 05-5145

F o llow thi s and a dd it ion al work s at : http://d i git alc ommon s .l a w . vi ll anova . e du/thir dc ir c uit_2007

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w . vi ll anova . e du/thir dc ir c uit_2007/1717NOT P RE CE DE NT I AL U N I TED STA TES C O U RT O F A PPEA LS F O R T H E T H IR D C IR C U IT N o. 05- 5145 UNI T E D S T AT E S OF AM E RI CA ,

v. R O B E R T O F . A L E X A N D E R , A p p e llan t.

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____________ Subm i t t ed U nderT hi r d C i r cui tL A R 34. 1( a)

J anuary9, 2007 B e f o re : S L O V IT E R a n d R E N D E L L , C ir c u it J u d g e s , and R U FE *, D i s t r i ctJ udge. ( Fi l ed: J anuary31, 2007)

OPI NI ON O F THE COURT

__________________ * H onor abl e C ynt hi a M . R ufe, J udge of the U ni t ed St at es D i s t r i ctC our tforthe E as t ern D i s t r i ctof Penns y l vani a, s i t t i ng bydes i gnat i on.W e have j ur i s di ct i on pur s uantt o 18 U . S. C . § 3742( a) ( 1) . See U ni t ed St at es v. 1 C ooper , 437 F. 3d 324 ( 3d C i r . 2006) . I n C ooper , w e hel d t hatan appe l l at e courthas j ur i s di ct i on t o r evi ew t he unr eas onabl enes s of a s ent ence , “w hetherw i t hi n orout s i de the advi s orygui del i nes r ange, ” pur s uantt o 18 U . S. C . § 3742( a) ( 1) . I d. at328. 2 R U FE , D i s t r i ctJ udge. A p p e llan t R o b e rto F . A lex a n d e r (“ A lex a n d e r” ), d e p o rte d f ro m th e U n ited S tate s in 2 0 0 1 f o r a n a g g ra v a ted f

e lo n y , p lea d e d g u iltyto ill e g a l re -e n tryin to th e U n ited S tate s in vi ol at i on of 8 U . S. C . §§ 1326( a) and ( b) ( 2) . A l exande rw as s ent ence d bythe D i s t r i ct C our tt o 70 m ont hs i m pr i s onm entt o run concurr ent l yw i t h a N ew J er s eys t at e s ent ence fo r po sses sion o f a co n tr o ll ed d an g ero u s su b stan ce w ith inten t t o d istri b u te. T h is C o u rt s u m m a ri ly re m a n d e d th e D is tr ic t C o u rt ’s s e n te n c e in lig h t o f U n ite d S ta te s v . B o o k e r, 5 4 3 U .S . 2 2 0 (2 0 0 5 ), an d th e D istric t C o u rt re se n ten c e d A lex a n d e r to th e sa m e 7 0 -m o n th s ent ence , bas ed on an a dvi s or yU ni t ed St at es Sent enci ng G ui del i nes ( “G ui del i nes ”) r ange a n d o th e r 1 8 U .S .C . § 3 5 5 3 (a ) f a c to rs to b e c o n sid e re d u n d e r B o o k e r. T h e 7 0 -m o n th se n ten c e im p o se d b yth e D istric t C o u rt lies w ith in th e a d v iso ryG u id e lin e s ra n g e o f 7 0 to 8 7 mo n th s a n d Al e x a n d e rd o e s n o ta r g u e th a tth e r a n g e wa s c a l c u l a t e d i n c o r r e c t l y . On appea l , A l exande rar gues t hatt he s ent ence i m pos ed w as unr eas onabl e due t o t he D i s tr i ct C our t ’ s i nadequa t e cons i der at i on of the other18 U . S. C . § 3553( a) fac t or s . Forthe 1
re a s o n s th a t f

o llo w , w e w ill a f

f ir m . I. O n February4, 2001, t he I m m i gr at i on and N atur al i zat i on Ser vi ce ( “I N S”)A l exande ri s a nat i ve of the D om i ni can Republ i c w ho l egal l yent er ed the U ni t ed 2 St at es i n 1978 and ea r ned perm anentr es i dents t atus i n 1985 w hi l e pl ay i ng m i norl eague bas ebal l fort he Los A ngel es D odger s . A l exande r ’ s car eerw as cuts hor tbyi nj uryand he tur ned t o drugs and al cohol . I n M ay1991, A l exande rw as s ent ence d t o 15 y ear s i n N ew J er s eys t at e cus t odyfors ever al nar cot i cs - r el at ed convi ct i ons i ncl udi ng di s t r i but i on of a contr ol l ed dange r ous s ubs t ance ( coca i ne) . A ft erhavi ng s erved fi ve y ear s of hi s 15- y ear s ent ence , A l exande rw as par ol ed i n J anuary1996. O n O ct ober8, 1997, w hi l e on par ol e, A l exande rw as or der ed deport ed as an a g g ra v a ted f

e lo n b a se d o n h is 1 9 9 1 n a rc o tics c o n v ictio n . A lex a n d e r f a iled to c o m p ly w i th the deport at i on or derand r emai ned unl aw ful l yi n t he U ni t ed St at es . A l exande rw as s u b s e q u e n tly a rr e s te d in J a n u a ry 1 9 9 8 in N e w Y o rk o n f e d e ra l n a rc o tic s c h a rg e s . B eca us e A l exande rent er ed a c ooper at i on pl ea t o t he cha r ges , he w as s ent ence d i n M ar ch 2 0 0 0 i n t h e Un i t e d S t a t e s Di s t r i c tCo u r tf o rth e S o u t h e r n Di s t r i c to f Ne w Yo r k t o t i me s erved, aft erhavi ng s pent774 day s i n pr i s on, and thr ee y ear s of s upervi s ed r el eas e af t er r ece i vi ng t he bene fi tof a G overnm entm ot i on underU . S. S. G . § 5K 1. 1. T w o day s aft erA l exande r ’ s fede r al s ent enci ng, N ew J er s eyr evoked hi s par ol e on the 1 9 9 1 co n v ict ion . H e re m aine d in state cu stod yo n the p aro le rev o ca ti o n u n ti l Jan u ary 2001, atw hi ch poi nthe w as t r ans ferr ed t o t he cus t odyof the I m m i gr at i on and N a tu ra liz a tio n S e rv ic e (“ IN S ” ) f o r e x e c u tio n o f

th e 1 9 9 7 d e p o rt a tio n o rd e r. 3 exec ut ed an O ct ober8, 1997 O r derof D epor t at i on bydepor t i ng A l exande rt o hi s nat i ve 2 D om i ni can Republ i c and a dvi s i ng hi m thathe w oul d have t o r eappl yw i t h t he A t t orney G ener al ’ s O ffi ce s houl d he w i s h t o r eturn t o t he U ni t ed St at es . B yhi s ow n admi s s i on, A l exande ri l l egal l yr e- ent er ed the U ni t ed St at es day s l at eri n vi ol at i on of the D epor t at i on O rd e r. O n S e p t e m b e r2 4 , 2 0 0 2 , A l e x a n d e rw a s a r r e s t e d i n B e r g e n C o u n t y, N e w J e r s e y, fo r co ca ine p o sses sion . B erg en C o u n tyjai l of ficials no ti fied IN S o ff

ici als o f A lexa n d er’s arr es t ; and on D ece m ber11, 2002, he appe ar ed bef or e a f eder al m agi s t r at e j udge i n t he D istric t o f

N e w Je rse yf

o r a rra ig n m e n t o n th e ill e g a l re -e n tryc h a rg e . U p o n h is a rre st,4

A lex a n d e r a ttem p ted to c o o p e ra te w ith sta te a n d f e d e ra l law a u th o rities , b u t h is e f f o rts y ie ld e d n o v ia b le in f

o rm a tio n f

o r t h e a u th o ri tie s a n d th e re f o re d id n o t r e s u lt in a § 5 K 1 .1 m o tio n . C oncurr ent l yw i t h A l exande r ’ s at t empt t o cooper at e w i t h author i t i es , the N ew J er s eys t at e cha r ge forcoca i ne pos s es s i on pr ocee ded aga i ns thi m . A l exande rpl eade d gui l tyt o pos s es s i on of a c ont r ol l ed dange r ous s ubs t ance w i t h i nt entt o di s t r i but e. O n M ay 20, 2004, he w as s ent ence d i n s t at e courtt o fi ve y ear s i ncar cer at i on. O n Ju n e 3 , 2 0 0 4 , A lex a n d e r e n ter e d h is p lea o f g u iltyto ill e g a l re -e n tryin
v io latio n o f

8 U .S .C . § 1 3 2 6 (a ) a n d (b )(2 ). W h ile a ll p a rties a g re e d th a t th e a p p lica b le G ui del i nes r ange w oul d be 70 t o 87 m ont hs forA l exande r ’ s s ent ence , A l exande rm oved fora dow nw ar d departur e i n l i ghtof the “e xtr aor di nary ” fa ctual s i tuat i on, ar gui ng thatbut f o r h is a ttem p t to c o o p e ra te w ith th e a u th o rities , h e w o u ld h a v e b e e n se n ten c e d p rio r to the r es ol ut i on of hi s s t at e drug char ge and thr ee f ew erpoi nt s w oul d have be en adde d
w hen ca l cul at i ng hi s cr i m i nal hi s t ory . A pp. at62- 63. O n Sept ember17, 2004, the H o n o ra b le J e ro m e B . S im a n d le s e n ten c e d A lex a n d e r to 7 0 m o n th s, to ru n c o n c u rre n tly
w ith h is N e w J e rs e ys ta te s e n te n c e . A l exande rfi l ed a t i m el yappea l of hi s s ent ence and w hi l e hi s appea l w as pendi ng, the U n it ed S tat es S u p rem e C o u rtd ec ided B o o k er. I n li g h t of B o o k er, A lexa n d er’s s e n t e n c e wa s s u mm a r i l yv a c a t e d a n d h i s c a s e wa s r e ma n d e d f o rr e s e n t e n c i n g . On N o v e m b e r 1 6 , 2 0 0 5 , Ju d g e S im a n d le s e n ten c e d A lex a n d e r to th e sa m e 7 0 -m o n thU nder18 U . S. C . § 3553( a) , t he r el evantfac t or s t o be cons i der ed i n i m pos i ng a 3 s ent ence i ncl ude:

( 1) t he natur e and c i r cumst ance s of the off ens e and the hi s t oryand c h a ra c ter istics o f

th e d e f e n d a n t; ( 2) t he nee d fort he s ent ence i m pos ed– ( A ) t o r efl ectt he s er i ous nes s of the off ens e, t o pr om ot e r es pectfor the l aw , and t o pr ovi de j us tpuni s hm entforthe off ens e; (B ) to a f f o rd a d e q u a te d e ter re n c e to c rim in a l co n d u c t; ( C ) t o pr ot ectt he publ i c fr om fur t hercr i m es of the def endant ; and ( D ) t o pr ovi de the def

endantw i t h neede d educa t i onal orvocat i onal tr ainin g , m ed ical care , o r oth er c o rrecti o n al trea tm en t i n the m o st eff ec ti v e m an n er; (3 ) th e k in d s o f

se n ten c e s a v a ilab le; ( 4) t he ki nds of s ent ence and the s ent enci ng r ange e s t abl i s hed for. . . the appl i cabl e ca t egoryof off ens e comm i t t ed bythe appl i cabl e ca t egoryof def endantas s et f o rt h in th e g u id e lin e s . . . ;

(5 ) a n yp e rt in e n t p o lic ys ta te m e n t . . . ; (6 ) th e n e e d to a v o id u n w a rra n ted se n ten c e d isp a rities a m o n g d e f e n d a n ts w i th s i m i l arr ecor ds w ho have be en found gui l t yof s i m i l arconduct ; and

( 7) t he nee d t o pr ovi de r es t i tut i on t o anyvi ct i m s of the off ens e. 5 s e n te n c e . T h is a p p e a l f o llo w e d . II. Fora s ent ence t o be r eas onabl e underB ooker , “[t ] he r ecor d m us tdemonstr at e the tr i al cour tgave meani ngful cons i der at i on t o t he § 3553( a) fac t or s , ” w hi ch i ncl ude the r ange s ugges t ed byt he s ent enci ng gui del i nes . U ni t ed St at es v. C ooper , 437 F. 3d 324, 3 329 ( 3d C i r . 2006) . W e ther efor e cons i derw hetherthe D i s t r i ctC our tgave “ m eani ngful cons i der at i on” t o “anys ent enci ng gr ounds pr oper l yr ai s ed bythe part i es w hi ch have r ecogni zed l egal m er i tand fa ctual s uppor ti n t he r ecor d. ” I d. at329, 332 ( i nt ernal ci t at i ons om i t t ed) . “[T] her e ar e no magi c w or ds thatthe di s t r i ctj udge musti nvoke w hen s ent enci ng, ” how ever , and the di s t r i ctcour tneed notm echa ni cal l ys t at e byr ot e thati thas6

c o n s i d e r e d e a c h o f

t h e f a c t o r s wh e n i mp o s i n g a s e n t e n c e . I d . a t3 3 2 . F i n a l l y , we cons i derw hethert he D i s t r i ctC our t“r eas onabl yappl i ed [the § 3553( a) fac t or s ] t o t he ci r cumst ance s of the ca s e. ” I d. at330. W e appl ya “de fer ent i al s t andar d” i n r evi ew i ng the D i stri ctC ou rt ’s app l i cat i on of the § 3 55 3(a) fact ors, “[t ]he tri al cou rtbeing i n the best pos i t i on t o det erm i ne the appr opr i at e s ent ence i n l i ghtof the part i cul arci r cumst ance s of the c ase , ” a n d m u st aff

irm w h ere the D istri ct C o u rtissue d a se n tenc e “ fo r reaso n s tha t are l ogi cal and cons i s t entw i t h t he fa ct or s s etfor t h i n s ect i on 3553( a) . ” I d. T he part ythat chal l enges t he s ent ence has t he bur den of pr ovi ng thati ti s unr eas onabl e. I d. at332. III . A l exande rar gues t hatt he s ent ence i m pos ed bythe D i s t r i ctC our tw as unr eas onabl e. H e cont ends t hatw hi l e the D i s t r i ctC our tr ecogni zed the fa ct or s embodi ed i n 18 U . S. C . § 3553( a) , t he courtfai l ed t o s uffi ci ent l ycons i derthos e fa ct or s . A l exande r al s o ar gues t hatt he D i s t r i ctC our tfai l ed t o s uffi ci ent l yaddr es s the conc erns r ai s ed byt he d e f e n se . A lex a n d e r q u e stio n s w h e th e r th e D istric t C o u rt a c c o u n ted f o r h is e f f o rts to cooper at e w i t h l aw - enfor cement ; pr obl ems thatr es ul t ed fr om the del ay ; and w hethert he D is tr ic t C o u rt c o n s id e re d h is h is to ry o f d ru g a n d a lc o h o l a b u s e . T h e re c o rd o f

th e D is tr ic t C o u rt p ro c e e d in g s f a ils to s u p p o rt A le x a n d e r’ s c la im s . A t th e o u tse t o f

A lex a n d e r’s re se n ten c in g h e a rin g , Ju d g e S im a n d le n o ted th a t h is “func t i on i s t o i m pos e a s ent ence t hat ’ s r eas onabl e and that ’ s s uffi ci entbutno gr eat er than nec es s aryt o acc om pl i s h t he s t atut orygoal s of s ent enci ng i n s ect i on 3553( a) , and the7

gu i deli nes playan im po rt ant par t , bu tno tthe o nlypart , i n d et erm i ning t he reasonab l eness o f a se n ten c e .” A p p . at 1 0 7 . Q u e stio n in g “ [ w ]h a t h a s [ A lex a n d e r] . . . c o n trib u ted to th is countryothert han the vi ol at i on of ourl aw s , ” J udge Si m andl e s t at ed:
w hati s s ad i s t hat[A l exande r ] . . . hadn’ tl earned byage 39 w hen i n 1998 he w as arr es t ed and e ventual l yconvi ct ed forcons pi r acyt o di s t r i but e fi ve ki l ogr ams of coc ai ne and mor e. A nd he hadn’ tl earned i tbyage 41 w hen h e ill e g a llyre -e n ter e d a n d w a s a rre ste d o n th e sta te c h a rg e s a n d e v e n tu a lly convi ct ed i n B er gen C ount yand he’ s s ervi ng the s ent ence that , the pr es ent s ent ence i n fede r al courthas been made conc urr entw i t h. I don’ tknow that h e g o t so b ri ll iant b etw ee n ag e 4 1 an d ag e 4 5 that I ca n rea ll yco n clud e h e’s lea rn e d a n yles so n s. H e ’s h a d so m a n yc h a n c e s. A n d lo o k in g th ro u g h h is r eport , I j us tdon’ ts ee a nys t r i ng of y ear s w hen he’ s been c r i m e- fr ee l et al one drug- fr ee oral cohol - fr ee. A p p . a t 1 1 2 . I n s ett i ng for t h t he r eas ons forhi s s ent ence , J udge Si m andl e fi r s tnot ed thatthe cr i m e i t s el f w as “br aze n” and ge ner al l ydi s cus s ed how the s ent ence i m pos ed r efl ect s t he s er i ous nes s of the off

ens e and thati tpr ovi des j us tpuni s hm entforthe off ens e. See A pp. at131- 34. N ot i ng fur t hert hatA l exande rhas no di s put e w i t h t he advi s oryG ui del i ne r ange of 70 t o 87 m ont hs of i m pr i s onm ent , A pp. at131, J udge Si m andl e gave an a rticu late a n d w e ll-re a so n e d re v iew o f A lex a n d e r’s c rim in a l h isto rya n d sta ted th a t h is c o n tin u a l ru n -in s w ith th e law “ [ sa y ] a lo t to m e a b o u t h is c h a ra c ter a n d a lso h is p ro sp e c ts of r eci di vi s m and I ’ ve cons i der ed thos e. . . . I thi nk of the nee d t o det erthi s defe ndant beca us e of hi s s i gni fi cantbrus hes w i t h t he cr i m i nal j us t i ce s y s t em and t he fa ctthatthey haven’ tdet err ed hi m fr om vi ol at i ng the l aw s of the U ni t ed St at es and of N ew J er s ey , and s o it’ s h a rd to a c c e p t th a t h e h a s tu rn e d s o m e th in g a ro u n d .” A p p . a t 1 3 2 -3 3 .§ 5 H 1 .4 o f th e a d v iso ryG u id e lin e s e x p licitlysta tes th a t su b sta n c e a b u se is n o t a 4 r eas on fori m pos i ng a r educe d s ent ence . 8 A c c o rd in g ly , Ju d g e S im a n d le’ s s e n ten c e a ttem p ts to a f f o rd a d e q u a te d e ter re n c e to cr i m i nal conductand t o pr ot ectt he publ i c fr om fur t hercr i m es of A l exande r . See 18 U .S .C . § § 3 5 5 3 (a )( 2 )( B -C ). J udge Si m andl e s ubs equent l yaddr es s ed A l exande r ’ s ar gum entthathi s cooper at i on w i th author i t i es s houl d r es ul ti n a r educe d s ent ence and s t at ed: I pr evi ous l ycons i der ed, att he t i m e of the i ni t i al s ent enci ng, the s peci al c irc u m sta n c e s s u rro u n d in g h is a ttem p t at c o o p e ra tio n a n d I to o k th a t in to acc ountbyt aki ng t he r ecomm ended s ent ence atthatt i m e, and I s t i l l have the r ecomm endat i on fr om t he pr obat i on depart m ent , w hi ch w as a s ent ence a t th e to p o f

th e ra n g e , a n 8 7 -m o n th s e n te n c e is w h a t w a s re c o m m e n d e d . I di dn’ ti m pos e thatatt he t i m e and ga ve a 17- m onth br eak a nd i m pos ed a s ent ence att he bott om of the r ange, w hi ch i s onl y70, notonl y , buti tw as 70 m o n th s, a su b sta n tial p e rio d o f tim e to b e su re . In re c o g n iti o n o f th e f a c t, w h ich w as a lso a rgu ed at th e se co n d sen tenc ing , if h e w as se n tenc ed b ef o re the s t at e t i m e, hi s cr i m i nal hi s t oryw oul d have be en fourr atherthan fi ve, a n d a l l o f

t h a tw a s c o n s i d e r e d c a r e f u l l y a tth a tt i m e a n d a g a i n t o d a y. A pp. at134- 35. J udge Si m andl e i s qui t e expl i ci ti n addr es s i ng A l exande r ’ s ar gum entt hat h is c o o p e ra tio n w ith a u th o rities sh o u ld re su lt i n a re d u c e d se n ten c e a n d c o n c lu d e d th a t h is c o o p e ra tio n w a s f

a c to re d in to th e se n ten c e . T h u s, a n yc laim th a t th e D istric t C o u rt d id n o t c o n s id e r A le x a n d e r’ s c o o p e ra tio n w ith a u th o ri tie s h a s n o m e ri t. Fi nal l y , A l exande r ’ s hi s t or yof drug and al cohol abus e, w hi l e notcons i der ed a vi abl e ar gum entt o r educe a G ui del i nes s ent ence , w as pr oact i vel yaddr es s ed byJ udge 4 Si m andl e: “I w oul d encour age y ou t o par t i ci pat e, t o geton t he w ai t i ng l i s torw hat ever9

needs t o be done a nd t hen tr yt o getbenef i tfr om m eet i ng w i t h otherm en w ho have ha d sim ilar p ro b lem s a n d a re try in g to o v e rc o m e th e m . . . . [ W ]h e n y o u c o m e o u t an d if al cohol ordrugs ar e att he r ootof y ourpr obl ems, then y ou have t o s ol ve that . ” A pp. at 1 2 7 . W e re c o g n ize Ju d g e S im a n d le’ s e f f o rts to e n c o u ra g e A lex a n d e r to se e k a p p ro p ria te a ss ista n c e f

o r h is c h e m ica l d e p e n d e n c ies a s a n a ttem p t to p ro v id e th e d e f e n d a n t w ith n e e d e d c o rr e c tio n a l tr e a tm e n t. S e e 1 8 U .S .C . § 3 5 5 3 (a )( 2 )( D ). T he D i s t r i ctC our tul t i m at el ys ent ence d A l exande rt o t he mi ni m um t erm w i t hi n t he a d v iso ryra n g e a n d f

u rth e r lim ited th e se n ten c e b yo rd e rin g th a t itru n c o n c u rre n tlyw ith A l exande r ’ s N ew J er s eys t at e s ent ence . T he J udge notonl yl ooked atthe r ecomm ended G u id e lin e se n ten c e , b u t ef f e c tiv e lyc o n sid e re d m u lti p le o th e r § 3 5 5 3 (a ) f a c to rs in det erm i ni ng A l exande r ’ s s ent ence . J udge Si m andl e conc l uded, “I ful l yr ecogni ze thatt he G ui del i nes ar e notbi ndi ng, buti n t hi s cas e, I don’ ts ee a nyfac t orthatw oul d m ake a G ui del i ne s ent ence unr eas onabl e and I don’ tfi nd thatther e’ s anys ent ence l es s than 7 0 m o n th s th a t w o u ld b e su f f icie n t an d n e c e ss a ryto a c h iev e th e p u rp o se s o f se n ten c e in M r . A l exande r ’ s cas e. ” A pp. at136. W e agr ee w i t h t he l earned D i s t r i ctJ udge and, ac co rdin g ly , are co n v ince d that the D istri ct C o u rtef fe cti v elyap p li ed the § 3 5 5 3 (a) fa ctors t o the ci r cumst ance s i n A l exande r ’ s cas e. I V. W e f in d th a t th e re c o rd d e m o n stra tes th a t th e D istric t C o u rt m e a n in g f u lly cons i der ed the nec es s ary§ 3553( a) fac t or s and appl i ed them t o t he ci r cumst ance s of the10

cas e i n det erm i ni ng a s ent ence forA l exande r . W e conc l ude thatthe s ent ence i m pos ed by the D i s tr i ctC our tw as r eas onabl e. Fort he for egoi ng r eas ons , w e w i l l A FFIRM the J udgm entand C om m i t m entO r der o f th e D istric t C o u rt.