# Patent

## Title
Method of fabricating and operating an optical modulator

## Abstract

A semiconductor device comprising a substrate; a monolithic gain region disposed on the substrate and operable to produce optical gain in response to current injection, including a first electrode over a first portion of the gain region having a first length L1, with a first current I1 being applied; and a second electrode over a second portion of the gain region having a second length L2, with a second current I2 being applied; wherein I1/L1 is greater than I2/L2.

## Background
REFERENCE TO RELATED APPLICATIONS
The present application is a continuation-in-part of U.S. patent application Ser. No. 14/086,112, filed Nov. 21, 2013, which is in turn a continuation-in-part of U.S. patent application Ser. No. 13/831,334, filed Mar. 14, 2013, each of which is hereby incorporated by reference in its entirety. The present application also claims the benefit of U.S. Provisional Application No. 62/050,347 filed Sep. 15, 2014, which is hereby incorporated by reference in its entirety.


BACKGROUND OF THE INVENTION
1. Field of the Invention
This invention relates to an optical transmission system for analog or digital radio frequency (RF) signals using an externally modulated solid-state laser, and in particular to an optical modulator fabricated with and coupled to such laser.
2. Description of the Related Art
An optical telecommunication system transmits information from one place to another by way of an optical carrier whose frequency typically is in the visible or near-infrared region of the electromagnetic spectrum. A carrier with such a high frequency is sometimes referred to as an optical signal, an optical carrier, light beam, or a lightwave signal. The optical telecommunication system includes several optical fibers and each optical fiber includes multiple channels. A channel is a specified frequency band of an electromagnetic signal, and is sometimes referred to as a wavelength. The purpose for using multiple channels in the same optical fiber (called dense wavelength division multiplexing (DWDM)) is to take advantage of the high capacity (i.e., bandwidth) offered by optical fibers. Essentially, each channel has its own wavelength, and all wavelengths are separated enough to prevent overlap. International Telecommunications Union (ITU) standards currently determines the channel separations.
One link of an optical telecommunication system typically has a transmitter, the optical fiber, and a receiver. The optical transmitter has a laser, which converts an electrical signal into the optical signal and launches it into the optical fiber. The optical fiber transports the optical signal to the receiver. The receiver converts the optical signal back into an electrical signal.
Optical transmitters for the transmission of analog or digital radio-frequency (RF) signals over an optical fiber may use either a directly modulated laser or a continuous wave (CW) laser coupled to an external modulator.
Directly modulating the analog intensity of a light-emitting diode (LED) or semiconductor laser with an electrical signal is considered among the simplest methods known in the art for transmitting analog signals, such as voice and video signals, over optical fibers. Although such analog transmission techniques have the advantage of substantially smaller bandwidth requirements than digital transmission, such as digital pulse code modulation, or analog or pulse frequency modulation, the use of amplitude modulation typically places more stringent requirements on the noise and distortion characteristics of the transmitter. A limiting factor in such links can be the second order distortion due to the combination of optical frequency modulation, or chirp, and fiber dispersion.
For these reasons, direct modulation techniques have typically been used in connection with 1310 nm lasers where the application is to short transmission links that employ fiber optic links with low dispersion. It is also possible to use direct modulation of 1550 nm lasers, but in this case the distortion produced by chirp and dispersion must be cancelled using a predistorter that is set for the specific fiber length. In some case, such as when the signal must be sent to more than one location or through redundant fiber links of different length, such a programmable predistorter can be undesirable.
Stimulated Brillouin scattering (SBS) effects that depend on the optical launch power and the total fiber length may also degrade DWDM system performance. SBS is an opto-acoustic nonlinear process that can occur in single mode optical fibers. This optically induced acoustic resonance effectively limits the amount of optical power that can be successfully transmitted through the single mode optical fiber.
The SBS can perhaps be best explained in terms of three waves in an optical fiber. When an incident wave (also known as “pump wave”) propagating along the optical fiber reaches a threshold power (which may vary), it excites an acoustic wave in the optical fiber. The optical properties of the optical fiber such as the refractive index are altered by the acoustic wave, and the fluctuation in the refractive index scatters the incident wave, thereby generating a reflected wave (also known as “Stokes wave”) that propagates in the opposite direction.
Because of the scattering, power is transferred from the incident wave to the reflected wave, and molecular vibrations in the optical fiber absorb the lost energy, because of which, the reflected wave has a lower frequency than the incident wave. Hence, the scattering effect can result in attenuation, power saturation and/or backward-propagation, each of which deteriorates the DWDM system performance. Hence, the attenuation is caused by the transfer of power from the incident wave to the acoustic and reflected waves. Due to power saturation, there is a limit to the maximum amount of power that can be transmitted over the optical fiber. Also, the backward propagation wave can create noise in transmitters and saturate amplifiers.
The phenomenon of SBS has been known by optical network equipment designers for a number of years. Essentially, SBS results when a threshold power level is exceeded within a sufficiently narrow frequency band in a fiber optic light guide. The increasing operational relevance of SBS relates to the development of lasers such as, for example, single longitudinal mode lasers which readily provide an output that exceeds the SBS threshold (typically about 4 mW in, for example, a 50 kilometer fiber optic cable). Moreover, limitation of optical power to a level as low as 4 mW not only fails to utilize the output power available from state of the art lasers, but limits distance transmission through fiber optic cable by an unacceptable margin.
Various approaches to minimize the effect of SBS are also known. In general, SBS impact can be reduced in an externally modulated analog system if the optical signal's spectrum can be broadened since the energy per bandwidth is lowered. Some effective and widely used techniques for combating SBS include the use of an optical phase modulator or dithering the laser or the combination of both, in the case of external modulators.
To avoid the distortion problems related to chirp and dispersion at 1550 nm with direct modulation, low chirp external optical modulators are commonly used in analog fiber optic communication systems, such as CATV signal distribution, to amplitude modulate an optical carrier with an information or content-containing signal, such as audio, video, or data signals.
Since the present disclosure also relates to external optical modulators associated with a laser, a brief background on external optical modulators is noted here. There are two general types of external optical modulators implemented as semiconductor devices known in the prior art: Mach Zehnder modulators and electro-absorption modulators. A Mach-Zehnder modulator splits the optical beam into two arms or paths on the semiconductor device, one arm of which incorporates a phase modulator. The beams are then recombined which results in interference of the two wavefronts, thereby amplitude modulating the resulting light beam as a function of the modulated bias signal applied to the phase modulated arm. An electro-absorption modulator is implemented as a waveguide in a semiconductor device in which the absorption spectrum in the waveguide is modulated by an applied electric bias field, which changes the band gap energy in that region of the semiconductor, thereby modulating the amplitude or intensity of the light beam traversing the waveguide.
SUMMARY OF THE INVENTION
Objects of the Disclosure
It is an object of the present invention to provide an improved optical transmission system using an externally modulated laser.
It is another object of the present invention to provide an electro-optical modulator for use in an externally modulated 1550 nm optical transmission system with high power and good linearity using a modulated semiconductor saturable absorber.
It is still another object of the present invention to provide a highly linear optical transmission system suitable for long haul dispersive optical fiber media using an externally modulated laser with a predetermined bias, and an optical modulator with a lower electrical bias.
It is still another object of the present invention to provide an optical modulator having a waveguide region operated in a positive voltage, negative current characteristic region suitable for use in an analog optical transmission system using long haul dispersive optical fiber media.
It is also an object of the present invention to provide a method for biasing a semiconductor waveguide region in an electro-optical modulator in a broadband analog optical transmission system so that carriers are excited into a conduction band and are extracted from the semiconductor by an electrical field.
It is also an object of the present invention to provide a method for fabricating an optical modulator by estimating the gain peak wavelength of the semiconductor material, and fabricating the modulator with a material composition of the quantum well region so that the modulator has an operating wavelength below that of the gain peak wavelength of the semiconductor material.
It is also an object of the present invention to provide a method for fabricating an optical modulator by determining the material composition of the quantum well region so that the modulator is transparent at a gain peak wavelength that is greater than the predetermined wavelength by a predetermined amount.
It is also an object of the present invention to provide a method for fabricating an optical modulator by using an electroluminescence measurement to determine the material composition of the quantum well region prior to fabrication of the grating of the laser.
It is also an object of the present invention to provide a method for fabricating an integrated laser and optical modulator fabricating of the grating of the laser so that the gain peak wavelength associated with the modulator portion of the structure is at least 10 nm less than the wavelength of the light beam from the laser.
It is an object of the present invention to provide SBS suppression in an integrated laser and optical modulator.
It is still another object of the disclosure to provide an electrically adjustable biasing element for setting the level of SBS suppression in a laser semiconductor device.
It is still another object of the disclosure to provide an 2.4 GHz signal applied to an electrode of the laser for SBS suppression.
It is also an object of the present invention to provide a method for biasing a semiconductor waveguide region in the laser portion of an integrated laser and optical modulator.
It is also an object of the present invention to provide a method for biasing a monolithic gain region forming a first semiconductor region including a first electrode over a first portion of the gain region having a first length L1, with a first current I1 being applied; and a second electrode over a second portion of the gain region having a second length L2, with a second current I2 being applied.
It is also an object of the present invention to provide a method for biasing a semiconductor waveguide region in the laser portion of an integrated laser and optical modulator with a fixed frequency signal for suppressing SBS.
Some implementations or embodiments may achieve fewer than all of the foregoing objects.
Features of the Invention
Briefly, and in general terms, the present disclosure provides a method of operating an optical modulator including a semiconductor device having an optical input for receiving a continuous wave coherent light beam having a predetermined power, a waveguide for transferring the light beam, an electrode connected to a radio frequency signal input and a bias potential for creating an electric field in the waveguide and optically modulating the light beam as the beam traverses the waveguide, and an optical output connected to the waveguide for transferring the modulated optical signal, including applying a continuous wave (cw) coherent light beam to the optical input; and applying a bias voltage to the electrode so that the coherent light beam is optically modulated by the signal modulating the absorption characteristic in the semiconductor device so that the waveguide operates in the absorption region at wavelengths less than the gain peak wavelength.
In some embodiments, the modulator generates electrical current from the photovoltaic effect, the current being withdrawn or extracted from the modulator.
In some embodiments, the carrier density along the length of the semiconductor modulator in the direction of the optical beam is modulated, thereby optically modulating the cw optical beam entering the modulator.
In some embodiments, the gain peak wavelength of the optical signal as a function of wavelength is at least 10 nm greater than the wavelength of the cw optical beam.
In some embodiments, the semiconductor device is operated in the negative current region of the I-V characteristic.
In some embodiments, the gain peak wavelength associated with the modulator is between 20 and 40 nm greater than the wavelength of the light applied to the modulator.
In some embodiments, the bias is in the range of 0.6 to 1.0 volts with the coherent light beam being applied to the optical input.
In some embodiments, the bias is in the range of 0.7 to 0.9 volts with the coherent light beam being applied to the optical input.
In some embodiments, the bias is in the range of 0.85 to 1.05 volts with the coherent light beam being applied to the optical input.
In some embodiments, the bias is 0.8 volts with the coherent light beam being applied to the optical input.
In some embodiments, the bias is 0.95 volts with the coherent light beam being applied to the optical input.
In some embodiments, the modulator junction voltage with no net current injection of extraction is in the range of 0.7 to 0.9 volts with the coherent light beam being applied to the optical input.
In some embodiments, the modulator junction voltage with no net current injection of extraction is 0.8 volts with the coherent light beam being applied to the optical input.
In another aspect, the present disclosure provides a method of fabricating an optical modulator including a semiconductor device having an optical input for receiving a continuous wave coherent light beam having a predetermined power, a waveguide layer for transferring the light beam, an electrode connected to a radio frequency signal input and a bias potential for creating an electric field in the waveguide and optically modulating the light beam as the beam traverses the waveguide, and an optical output connected to the waveguide for transferring the modulated optical signal, including determining the wavelength of the continuous wave coherent light beam to be applied to the modulator; determining the gain of an optical signal as a function of wavelength for various predetermined compositions of the waveguide layer; and fabricating the waveguide layer with a specific composition so that the gain peak of an optical signal as a function of wavelength is greater than the predetermined wavelength of the continuous wave coherent light beam to be applied to the modulator.
In some embodiments, the gain peak of an optical signal in the waveguide layer is between 20 and 40 nm greater than the wavelength of the continuous wave coherent light beam to be applied to the modulator.
In another aspect, the present disclosure provides a method of fabricating a laser transmitter for optical communications including a semiconductor device including (a) a first semiconductor region for producing a coherent light output in response to current injection; and (b) a second semiconductor region disposed adjacent to the first semiconductor region and separated therefrom by a channel, the second semiconductor region having an optical input optically coupled thereto for receiving the coherent light output from the first semiconductor region, and an optical output connected to the second semiconductor region for transferring the modulated optical signal, including forming a laser resonator in the first semiconductor region so as to operate at an optical output wavelength; forming a semiconductor waveguide structure in the second semiconductor region for transferring the coherent light output from the first semiconductor region light beam; forming an optical modulator in the semiconductor waveguide structure, the optical modulator including an active layer including a quantum well region, and an electrode connected to a radio frequency signal input and a bias potential for creating an electric field in the waveguide structure so that the coherent light output is optically modulated as the light beam traverses the waveguide; determining the material composition of the quantum well region so that the modulator is transparent at a gain peak wavelength that is greater than the output wavelength of the laser resonator by a predetermined amount; and fabricating the modulator with said determined material composition.
In some embodiments, the gain peak wavelength associated with the modulator is between 20 and 40 nm greater than the output wavelength of the light applied to the modulator.
In another aspect, the present disclosure provides a method of performing an electroluminescence measurement on the waveguide structure.
In some embodiments, the electroluminescence measurement on the waveguide structure is made prior to fabrication of the laser resonator.
In some embodiments, the optical output wavelength of the laser resonator is determined by a grating in the laser resonator, and the grating is formed so that the gain peak wavelength associated with the laser resonator is between 20 and 40 nm less than the gain peak wavelength at which the modulator region is transparent.
In another aspect, the present disclosure provides an electro-optical arrangement comprising a semiconductor device including: (a) a first semiconductor region including a laser resonator operable to produce a coherent light output in response to current injection; and (b) a second semiconductor region disposed adjacent to the first semiconductor region and separated therefrom by a channel, the second semiconductor region having the same composition as the first semiconductor region, and including an optical input optically coupled to the first semiconductor region for receiving the coherent light output from the first semiconductor region, the second semiconductor device being electrically biased at a lower second bias potential than the first semiconductor device and electrically coupled to an radio frequency information-containing signal source, so that current is generated in the second semiconductor device and extracted therefrom, while the coherent light beam is optically modulated by the signal.
In some embodiments, the first bias potential is a positive bias, and the second bias is in the range of 0.7 to 0.9 volts with the coherent light output being applied to the optical input.
In some embodiments, the semiconductor region comprises an InP semiconductor waveguide structure.
In some embodiments, the first semiconductor region comprises an InP semiconductor gain structure having a mirrored first end region and a second end region disposed adjacent to the modulator.
In some embodiments, the semiconductor device includes a first electrode disposed over the InP semiconductor gain structure, and a second electrode disposed over the InP semiconductor waveguide structure.
In some embodiments, the bias applied to the second electrode is zero.
In some embodiments, the bias applied to the second electrode is plus or minus 0.1 volts from the value of the voltage that would have occurred if the modulator is pumped by the source laser, and no current is injected or extracted from the electrode coupled to the modulator.
In another aspect, the present disclosure provides a method of fabricating an optical modulator including a semiconductor device having an optical input for receiving a continuous wave coherent light beam having a predetermined power, a waveguide in the semiconductor device for transferring the light beam, an electrode disposed on the semiconductor device and connected to a radio frequency signal input and a bias potential for creating an electric field in the waveguide and optically modulating the light beam as the beam traverses the waveguide, and an optical output in the semiconductor device connected to the waveguide for transferring the modulated optical signal, comprising the steps of specifying the wavelength of the continuous wave coherent light beam to be applied to the modulator; determining the gain of an optical signal in the waveguide as a function of wavelength for various predetermined compositions of the waveguide and fabricating the waveguide with a specific composition so that the gain peak of an optical signal as a function of wavelength is greater by more than 10 nm than the specified wavelength of the continuous wave coherent light beam to be applied to the modulator.
In another aspect, the present disclosure provides a method of fabricating an optical modulator including a semiconductor device having an optical input for receiving a continuous wave coherent light beam having a predetermined power, a waveguide in the semiconductor device for transferring the light beam, an electrode disposed on the semiconductor device and connected to a radio frequency signal input and a bias potential for creating an electric field in the waveguide and optically modulating the light beam as the beam traverses the waveguide, and an optical output in the semiconductor device connected to the waveguide for transferring the modulated optical signal, comprising the steps of specifying the wavelength of the continuous wave coherent light beam to be applied to the modulator; making an electroluminescence measurement of the modulator at open circuit conditions for determining the gain of an optical signal in the waveguide as a function of wavelength; fabricating the waveguide with a specific composition so that the gain peak of an optical signal as a function of wavelength is greater by more than 10 nm than the specified wavelength of the continuous wave coherent light beam to be applied to the modulator.
In another aspect, the present disclosure provides a method of fabricating a laser transmitter for optical communications including a semiconductor device including (a) a first semiconductor region for producing a coherent light output in response to current injection; and (b) a second semiconductor region disposed adjacent to the first semiconductor region and separated therefrom by a channel, the second semiconductor region having an optical input optically coupled thereto for receiving the coherent light output from the first semiconductor region, and an optical output connected to the second semiconductor region for transferring the modulated optical signal, comprising providing a predetermined wavelength value at which the transmitter is designed to operate; forming a laser resonator in the first semiconductor region; forming a semiconductor waveguide structure in the second semiconductor region for transferring the coherent light output from the first semiconductor region light beam; forming an optical modulator in the semiconductor waveguide structure, the optical modulator including an active layer including a quantum well region, and an electrode connected to a radio frequency signal input and a bias potential for creating an electric field in the waveguide structure so that the coherent light output is optically modulated as the light beam traverses the waveguide; and making an electroluminescence measurement of the modulator at open circuit conditions for determining the gain of an optical signal in the waveguide as a function of wavelength; determining the material composition of the quantum well region so that the modulator is optically transparent to the coherent light output at a gain peak wavelength that is greater than the predetermined wavelength by a predetermined amount, and fabricating the modulator with said determined material composition.
In some embodiments, the predetermined amount of the difference in wavelength is greater than 10 nm but less than 50 nm.
In another aspect, the present disclosure provides an electro-optical arrangement comprising a semiconductor device including: (a) a first semiconductor region including a laser resonator operable to produce a continuous wave coherent light output in response to current injection at a specified wavelength; and (b) a second semiconductor region disposed adjacent to the first semiconductor region and separated therefrom by a channel, the second semiconductor region having the same composition as the first semiconductor region, and including an optical input optically coupled to the first semiconductor region for receiving the coherent light output from the first semiconductor region, the second semiconductor device being electrically biased at a lower second bias potential than the first semiconductor device and electrically coupled to an radio frequency information-containing signal source, so that current is generated in the second semiconductor device and extracted therefrom, while the coherent light beam transmitted in the second semiconductor region is optically modulated by the signal so that the gain peak of the optical signal as a function of wavelength is greater by more than 10 nm than the specified wavelength of the continuous wave coherent light beam applied to the modulator.
In another aspect, the present disclosure provides a an optical modulator comprising an information-containing radio frequency signal input; a semiconductor device having an optical input optically for receiving the coherent light beam, and an electrode connected to said radio frequency signal input and having a modulated bias potential so that current is generated in the semiconductor device and extracted therefrom, fabricating the waveguide with a specific composition so that while the coherent light beam is optically modulated by the signal so that the gain peak of the optical signal as a function of wavelength is greater by more than 10 nm than the specified wavelength of the continuous wave coherent light beam applied to the modulator.
In another aspect, the present disclosure provides a method of fabricating an optical modulator comprising an information-containing radio frequency signal input; a semiconductor device having an optical input optically for receiving the coherent light beam, and an electrode connected to said radio frequency signal input and having a modulated bias potential so that current is generated in the semiconductor device and extracted therefrom, while the coherent light beam is optically modulated by the signal so that the gain peak of the optical signal as a function of wavelength is greater by more than 10 nm than the specified wavelength of the continuous wave coherent light beam applied to the modulator.
In another aspect, the present invention provides an electro-optical arrangement comprising a semiconductor device including a first semiconductor region including a laser resonator operable to produce a coherent light output in response to current injection; and a second semiconductor region disposed adjacent to the first semiconductor region and separated therefrom by a channel, the second semiconductor region having an optical input optically coupled thereto for receiving the coherent light output from the first semiconductor region, the second semiconductor device being electrically biased at a lower second bias potential than the first semiconductor device and electrically coupled to an radio frequency information-containing signal source, so that current is generated in the second semiconductor device and extracted therefrom, while the coherent light beam is optically modulated so that the gain peak of the optical signal as a function of wavelength is greater by more than 10 nm than the specified wavelength of the continuous wave coherent light beam applied to the modulator.
In another aspect, the present invention provides a laser transmitter for optical communications comprising a first semiconductor device including a laser resonator operable to produce a coherent light output in response to current injection at a first bias potential; a second semiconductor device disposed adjacent to the first semiconductor device and having an optical input optically coupled thereto for receiving the coherent light output, the second semiconductor device being electrically biased at a lower second bias potential than the first semiconductor device and electrically coupled to an radio frequency information-containing signal source, so that current is generated in the second semiconductor device and extracted therefrom, while the coherent light beam is optically modulated so that the gain peak of the optical signal as a function of wavelength is greater by more than 10 nm than the specified wavelength of the continuous wave coherent light beam applied to the modulator.
In another aspect, the present invention provides a method of fabricating a laser transmitter for optical communications comprising a first semiconductor device including a laser resonator operable to produce a coherent light output in response to current injection at a first bias potential; a second semiconductor device disposed adjacent to the first semiconductor device and having an optical input optically coupled thereto for receiving the coherent light output, the second semiconductor device being electrically biased at a lower second bias potential than the first semiconductor device and electrically coupled to an radio frequency information-containing signal source, so that current is generated in the second semiconductor device, while the coherent light beam is optically modulated so that the gain peak of the optical signal as a function of wavelength is greater by more than 10 nm than the specified wavelength of the continuous wave coherent light beam applied to the modulator.
In another aspect, the present invention provides a method of operating an optical modulator including a semiconductor device having an optical input for receiving a continuous wave coherent light beam having a predetermined power, a waveguide layer for transferring the light beam, an electrode connected to a radio frequency signal input and a bias potential for creating an electric field in the waveguide and optically modulating the light beam as the beam traverses the waveguide, and an optical output connected to the waveguide for transferring the modulated optical signal, comprising: applying a continuous wave coherent light beam to the optical input; and applying a bias voltage to the electrode so that the coherent light beam is optically modulated and the gain peak of the optical signal as a function of wavelength is greater by more than 30 nm than the specified wavelength of the continuous wave coherent light beam applied to the modulator.
In another aspect, the present invention provides a method of making an optical modulator by determining the material composition of the quantum well region in the waveguide portion of the modulator so that the modulator is transparent at a gain peak wavelength that is greater than the predetermined wavelength by a predetermined amount, and fabricating the modulator with the determined material composition.
In some embodiments, the operating wavelength of the modulator is from 1540 to 1550 nm.
In some embodiments, the gain peak of an optical signal as a function of wavelength is greater by more than 20 nm than the specified wavelength of the continuous wave coherent light beam to be applied to the modulator.
In some embodiments, the gain peak of an optical signal as a function of wavelength is 30 nm greater than the specified wavelength of the continuous wave coherent light beam to be applied to the modulator.
In some embodiments, the operating wavelength of the modulator is at least 30 nm below the gain peak wavelength.
In some embodiments, the operating wavelength of the modulator is from 30 to 40 nm below the gain peak wavelength.
In some embodiments, the operating wavelength of the modulator is 40 nm below the gain peak wavelength.
In some embodiments, the laser and the modulator are integrated on a single semiconductor substrate.
In another aspect, the bias potential applied to the laser is less than the bias potential applied to the modulator.
In some embodiments, the external electrical bias potential applied to the modulator is plus or minus 0.1 volts.
In some embodiments, the modulator is optically pumped by the light beam from the laser to a level of 0.8 volts.
In another aspect, in operation the modulator generates electrical current from the photovoltaic effect, which is withdrawn from the modulator.
In another aspect, the carrier density along the length of the semiconductor modulator in the direction of the optical beam is modulated, thereby optically modulating the cw optical beam entering the modulator.
In another aspect, the modulator comprises an InP semiconductor waveguide structure.
In another aspect, the laser comprises an InP semiconductor gain structure having a mirrored first end region and a second end region disposed adjacent to the modulator.
In another aspect, the laser includes a first electrode disposed over the InP semiconductor gain structure.
In another aspect, the present disclosure is also related generally to the phenomenon of Stimulated Brillouin Scattering (hereinafter SBS) in the light guide of an optical communication system and more particularly to a method and associated apparatus for adjusting and optimizing the SBS performance of such an optical communication system by using, in some embodiments, a 2.4 GHz signal applied to an electrode over the laser gain region.
In some embodiments, the laser further comprises a signal source that applies a 2.4 GHz signal to the first electrode of the laser for SBS suppression.
In another aspect, the modulator includes second electrode disposed over the InP semiconductor waveguide structure.
In another aspect, the laser and the modulator are integrated on a single semiconductor substrate, and a vertical gap extending approximately one micron into the substrate electrically separates the laser and the modulator. The laser and modulator are optically connected by a common optical waveguide.
Additional objects, advantages, and novel features of the present invention will become apparent to those skilled in the art form this disclosure, including the following detailed description as well as by practice of the invention. While the invention is described below with reference to preferred embodiments, it should be understood that the invention is not limited thereto. Those of ordinary skill in the art having access to the teachings herein will recognize additional applications, modifications and embodiments in other fields, which are within the scope of the invention as disclosed and claimed herein and with respect to which the invention could be of utility.



BRIEF DESCRIPTION OF THE DRAWINGS
These and other features and advantages of this invention will be better understood and more fully appreciated by reference to the following detailed description when considered in conjunction with the accompanying drawings, wherein:
FIG. 1 is an example of an externally modulated optical transmission system known in the prior art;
FIG. 2 is a first embodiment of a external modulator coupled to a laser according to the present disclosure;
FIG. 3 is a second embodiment of a external modulator coupled to a laser according to the present disclosure;
FIG. 4 is a graph of the current versus voltage operating characteristics of an electro-optical modulator for various input powers in the prior art and according to the present disclosure;
FIG. 5 is a graph depicting the modulator output power versus the modulator input power at various current operation levels according to the present disclosure;
FIG. 6 is a graph depicting the modulator output power versus the modulator input power at various operation levels according to a Mach Zehnder or EA modulator known in the prior art;
FIG. 7 is a graph depicting the modal gain versus wavelength showing the gain peak wavelength for a given composition of the modulator waveguide;
FIG. 8 is a graph depicting the modal gain versus wavelength showing the gain peak wavelength and a range of potential operating wavelengths for the design of a modulator waveguide;
FIG. 9 is a graph depicting the modal gain versus wavelength showing the gain peak wavelength and a selected operating wavelength for a given composition of the modulator waveguide;
FIG. 10 is a graph depicting the modal gain versus wavelength showing the gain peak wavelength from an electroluminescence measurement of a specimen test modulator at various modulator current values;
FIG. 11 is a graph depicting the gain peak wavelength versus current from an electroluminescence measurement of a specimen test modulator at various modulator current values; and
FIG. 12 is a cross-sectional of another embodiment of an external modulation coupled to a laser according to the present disclosure.



Additional objects, advantages, and novel features of the present invention will become apparent to those skilled in the art from this disclosure, including the following detailed description as well as by practice of the invention. While the invention is described below with reference to preferred embodiments, it should be understood that the invention is not limited thereto. Those of ordinary skill in the art having access to the teachings herein will recognize additional applications, modifications and embodiments in other fields, which are within the scope of the invention as disclosed and claimed herein and with respect to which the invention could be of utility.
DETAILED DESCRIPTION OF THE PREFERRED EMBODIMENT
Details of the present invention will now be described including exemplary aspects and embodiments thereof. Referring to the drawings and the following description, like reference numbers are used to identify like or functionally similar elements, and are intended to illustrate major features of exemplary embodiments in a highly simplified diagrammatic manner. Moreover, the drawings are not intended to depict every feature of the actual embodiment nor the relative dimensions of the depicted elements, and are not drawn to scale.
Reference throughout this specification to “one embodiment” or “an embodiment” means that a particular feature, structure, or characteristic described in connection with the embodiment is included in at least one embodiment of the present invention. Thus, the appearances of the phrases “in one embodiment” or “in an embodiment” in various places throughout this specification are not necessarily all referring to the same embodiment. Furthermore, the particular features, structures, or characteristics may be combined in any suitable manner in one or more embodiments.
FIG. 1 is block diagram of a prior art optical transmission system in which information or “content” such as audio, video, data files, data bases, or other data is transmitted by an optical transmitter over an optical fiber link to a remote receiver, where the information content is reproduced, displayed, performed, executed or is otherwise utilized. The optical transmitter may be such as represented in U.S. Pat. No. 5,699,179 utilizing an external modulator. The transmitter, shown generally at 10, transmits an optical signal to a remote receiver 30 over an optical fiber path 20. The transmitter 10 includes a semiconductor laser 11, which produces a continuous wave (CW) output. Typical examples of such lasers are distributed feedback (DFB) lasers or Fabry-Perot lasers that produce an output optical beam at a wavelength of 1,550 nm. The un-modulated optical signal from the laser is coupled to a modulator 13 by optical fiber 12. The modulator 13 may be a single modulator such as a Mach-Zehnder modulator, a cascaded MZ modulator or more than one modulator such as in a feed-forward linearizer.
The information or content-containing signal 14, such as audio, video, or data, is initially converted into a broadband RF signal in a suitable channel or frequency band for transmission, such as an amplitude modulated vestigial sideband (AM-SDB) cable television (CATV) or video signal, or a digital signal such as a quadrature amplitude modulated (QAM) symbols which represents the data in digital format. The broadband RF signal 15 is applied to the modulator 13 via a terminal or electrode on its surface. An electrical bias 16 is also applied to the modulator 13.
The modulated optical signal which carries the video data may, in some embodiments, be coupled to an amplifier 17, which in turn is coupled to the a fiber link 20. The amplifier 17 is typically an erbium doped fiber amplifier (EDFA). The amplified optical signal is transmitted over the fiber optical transmission link 20 to the receiver 30. The optical fiber transmission link 20 may be a long-distance link extending up to 100 km. In this case, line amplifiers such as EDFA 17 may be provided at spaced intervals along in the line in order to boost the signal to desired levels. At the receiver 30, an amplifier (not shown) may also be provided to boost the incoming optical signal. The boosted signal is then applied to a photodetector and demodulated at the receiver 30 to an RF electrical signal 31, which is applied to a terminal or display 32 where the original audio, video or data signal is reproduced at the remote location.
FIG. 2 is a first embodiment of an optical transmitter including an external modulator coupled to a laser according to the present disclosure. There is depicted a semiconductor laser 11, which produces a continuous wave (CW) output. The laser 11 is operated at an electrical bias which is denoted as Bias (1). The un-modulated optical beam from the laser is coupled to an external modulator 51 by optical fiber 50, or by free space propagation. The modulator 51 is configured as a waveguide with electrodes coupled thereto, and operated at an electrical bias which is denoted as Bias (2), which is less than that Bias (1). In some embodiments, Bias (2) may be 0.8 volts, and Bias (1) may be 1.2 volts. In some embodiments, Bias (2) may be plus or minus 0.1 volts from the value of the voltage that would have occurred if the modulator is pumped by the source laser, and no current is injected or extracted from the electrode coupled to the modulator. In some embodiments, Bias (2) may be in the range of 0.7 to 0.9 volts. In some embodiments, Bias (2) may be in the range of 0.6 to 01.0 volts.
The information-containing RF signal 53 is also applied to the electrode of the modulator 51, so that during modulation the electrical bias applied to the modulator remains less than Bias (1). The electrical bias applied to the modulator 51 determines the amount of the cw light beam from the laser 11 that is absorbed by the modulator 51. In this way, the cw light beam entering the modulator is modified or modulated by the RF signal 53. An optical output is provided for transferring the modulated optical beam to an output fiber 55.
FIG. 3 is a second embodiment of an external modulator coupled to a laser according to the present disclosure. The design and operation of the device of FIG. 3 is similar to that of FIG. 2, except that the laser and the modulator are implemented on a single integral semiconductor device. More particularly, there is depicted a semiconductor device 100 including a first semiconductor region 103 including a laser resonator 100 operable to produce a coherent light output in response to current injection; and a second semiconductor region 104 disposed adjacent to the first semiconductor region and separated therefrom by a channel 105. The second semiconductor region 104 has an optical input optically coupled thereto for receiving the coherent light output emitted from the first semiconductor region 103 and traversing the channel 105.
The first semiconductor device 103 is electrically biased by an electrode 107 on the top surface, which is connected to an external electrical bias potential 106 to inject current into the region 103. The second semiconductor device includes a waveguide layer for transferring the light beam from the optical input, an electrode 109 connected to a radio frequency signal input 110 and a bias potential 108 for creating an electric field in the waveguide and optically modulating the light beam as the beam traverses the waveguide. The second semiconductor device further includes an optical output 112 connected to the waveguide for transferring the modulated optical signal to an external fiber or other optical component. The bias voltage applied to the electrode 109 is appropriately selected so that the coherent light beam in the waveguide is optically modulated by the applied RF signal by modifying or modulating the absorption characteristic in the semiconductor device while the current generated in the waveguide as a result of photoabsorption of the continuous wave coherent light beam is extracted from the semiconductor device. The RF and DC currents generated are sunk by the RF source and DC bias respectively.
In some embodiments, the laser and the modulator comprise a single chip InP semiconductor device. The laser may comprise an InP semiconductor gain structure region 103 having a mirrored first end region and a second end region disposed adjacent to the modulator. The first electrode 107 is disposed over the InP semiconductor gain structure 103, and the second electrode 109 is disposed over the InP semiconductor waveguide structure 104, and a ground electrode 102 is provided extending over the bottom surface of the entire semiconductor structure.
In the embodiment in which the laser and the modulator are integrated on a single semiconductor substrate, and a vertical gap extending about 1 micron into the substrate electrically separates the laser and the modulator, or the first and second semiconductor regions 103 and 104.
In other embodiments, the laser and the modulator are implemented on two adjacent discrete semiconductor devices, such as depicted in FIG. 2. In some embodiments, an air gap having a width of less than 1 micron may separate the laser and the modulator devices.
The first semiconductor device 103 is electrically biased by an electrode 107 on the top surface, which is connected to an external electrical bias potential 106. The second semiconductor device 104 is electrically biased at a lower second bias potential than the first semiconductor device 103. The specific biasing of the second semiconductor device 104 and the operating current versus voltage characteristics of the device will be described in greater detail with reference to FIG. 4.
FIG. 4 is a graph of the current versus voltage operating characteristics of an electro-optical modulator for various input powers (i.e., 10 mW, 20 mW, 30 mW, and 40 mW) of the cw optical beam in the prior art and according to the present disclosure. In the prior art, in an electro-absorption modulator, the waveguide is biased to operate in a negative voltage, positive current region as shown by the dashed line region marked “PRIOR ART EA OPERATING RANGE”. In the modulator according to the present disclosure, the waveguide is biased to operate in a positive voltage, higher negative current region as shown by the dashed line region marked “PROPOSED OPERATING RANGE”.
In the absence of any applied bias signal, a small amount of the cw optical beam is absorbed in the modulator and this causes a steady-state carrier density to build up in the modulator. These carriers recombine with a typical lifetime of about one nanosecond. An equilibrium level is reached when the number of carriers generated by optical absorption balances the number lost through recombination. In an embodiment, the absorption is high when the carrier level is low and the absorption is low and when the carrier density is high. When the bias signal is applied, carriers are extracted from the modulator. This lowers the carrier density, and therefore increases absorption of the modulator. In particular, if a current of −10 mA is extracted from the modulator, then the absorption is increased by an amount required to produce that current of −10 mA. Similarly, if a current of −20 mA is extracted from the modulator, then the absorption is increased by an amount required to produce that current of −20 mA. Another way of describing the operation is that carriers in the semiconductor waveguide generated by the cw optical beam are excited into a conduction band and are extracted from the semiconductor region by an applied electrical bias field.
FIG. 5 shows a graph of the output power vs input power for the modulator according to the present disclosure with the parameter being the current extracted from the modulator. Since the proposed modulator has a low RF impedance, it is possible to modulate it in a manner that is close to a current source modulation (at least down to the point that the output power is close to 0). As can be seen from the FIG. 5, this really modulates the saturation power of the device. When operated at a fixed input power of say 30 mW, the net effect is a modulation of the optical output power. The operation is analogous to an optical power subtraction device in which an amount of light corresponding to the extracted current is absorbed from the input cw optical beam. In effect, after the amount of light corresponding to the extracted current is absorbed, that absorption mechanism is saturated.
The operation of the modulator of FIG. 5 should be contrasted with a traditional modulator where the optical transmission factor is modulated. FIG. 6 shows what happens with a MZ or EA type modulator. The parameter in this FIG. 6 is the transmission through the modulator. For a fixed input power of 30 mW, a modulated output similar to the output of the proposed modulator is produced. However, variation of the output optical power with input optical power with a fixed bias signal is substantially linear, in contrast to the saturation-type variation of the proposed modulator. This reflects the fundamentally different modulation mechanism involved in the proposed modulator.
FIG. 7 is a graph depicting the modal gain versus wavelength showing the gain peak wavelength for a given composition of the modulator waveguide. It is noted that there are different maximum or peak values of the modal gain for different current values through the modulator.
FIG. 8 is a graph depicting the modal gain versus wavelength showing the gain peak wavelength and a range of potential operating wavelengths for the design of a modulator waveguide.
FIG. 9 is a graph depicting the modal gain versus wavelength showing the gain peak wavelength and a selected operating wavelength for a given composition of the modulator waveguide.
In the proposed device according to the present disclosure, the material in the modulator section 104 is mostly pumped by the light coming from the source laser 103 that is operating DC. In a test environment, one may evaluate the modulator under the open circuit condition where one is neither injecting nor extracting DC current from the modulator. Under this open circuit condition, the material in the modulator section 104 is pumped to give a carrier density just below the level for which the material becomes optically transparent or has no net absorption or gain. The modulator junction under this condition is at a voltage corresponding to about 0.8 volts forward bias (analogous to the open circuit voltage of a solar cell).
The modulator does not have to be used with the open circuit bias condition. One can either bias the modulator by injecting current, in which case the material will move towards optical gain or extracting current, in which case the absorption increases compared to the open circuit bias condition. The current values in the curves graphed in FIG. 7 are merely intended as nominal or representative to depict typical gain peak wavelengths at different current values, since the depicted data is derived from a prototype test structure that is only electrically pumped, unlike the proposed modulator that would be used in actual practice and which would be mostly optically pumped. Although experimentally one cannot directly measure the optical gain curves for the optically pumped case, the data is suggestive and it is believed that the corresponding curves for the optically pumped case move up and to the left for increasing current, similarly to the curves graphed in FIG. 7 for electrically pumped test structures.
The present disclosure does not specify the signal wavelength relative to the modulator gain curve, since that may depend upon other product design specifications and the customer application environment. However, one aspect of the present disclosure is the fabrication method for the design of an optical modulator and how to specify the wavelength of the material for given operational specifications or requirements. Two methods are reasonable and are embodiments of the present disclosure. One is determining the photoluminescence (PL) peak wavelength. In this case the material is optically pumped and the spectrum of the light emitted from the material is measured by commercially available photoluminescence instruments. This measurement of the photoluminescence (PL) peak wavelength not the same as measurement of the gain curve, but they are related. For example the material used for the gain data presented in FIG. 10 has a PL peak wavelength of 1574 nm. A second method would be to specify the peak of the gain curve under some specific pumping condition. No pumping at all is not a good experimental approach for specifying a gain peak since there isn't any gain peak, the absorption just gets steadily larger as the wavelength is reduced. Pumping the modulator until there is a peak in the gain at some specific level is another way to try to specify this, but it is believed to be less well defined than the PL peak. One embodiment of the present disclosure therefore provides making a PL measurement and using the PL wavelength so determined as a method of characterizing the material. In terms of operation, one would want to have the signal wavelength be below the PL peak, which is different from the design of the semiconductor material in as EA modulator where the signal wavelength in the EA modulator is typically much greater than the peak PL wavelength. One embodiment of the present disclosure therefore provides the selection or specification of the operating wavelength that one is at least 10 nm below the PL peak. In some embodiments, the selection or specification of the operating wavelength is one that is 30 nm below the PL peak.
FIG. 10 is a graph depicting the modal gain versus wavelength showing the gain peak wavelength from an electroluminescence (EL) measurement of a specimen test modulator at various modulator current values. In one embodiment of the present disclosure, the peak wavelength extrapolated to zero current is an appropriate and precise way to characterize the material. In this case illustrated in FIG. 10, the peak wavelength is about 1589 nm. This is not the same as the PL characterization which was 1574 nm for the same test wafer. In terms of the operating wavelengths that would use with this material, in one embodiment of the present disclosure, suitable wavelengths would be in the range of 1540 to 1550 nm. In another embodiment of the present disclosure, the operating wavelength would be at least 30 nm below the gain peak wavelength. In another embodiment of the present disclosure, the operating wavelength would be in the range of 40 to 30 nm below the gain peak wavelength.
FIG. 11 is a graph depicting the gain peak wavelength versus current from an electroluminescence measurement of a specimen test modulator at various modulator current values.
FIG. 12 is a cross-sectional view of another embodiment of the device in cross-section FIG. 3. In this embodiment, in place of a single electrode 107 shown in FIG. 3, there are two electrodes 120 and 121 which have lengths L1 and L2 respectively, and are spaced apart along the common optical waveguide over region 103. A first current I1 is applied to the first electrode 120, and a second current I2 is applied to the second electrode 121.
In some embodiments, the ratio I1/L1 is greater the I2/L2. To be more specific, in some embodiments, the ratio I1/L1 is at least two times greater as I2/L2.
In some embodiments, L2 is greater that L1, and more specifically, in some embodiments at least four times as great as L1. In some embodiments, L2 may be four to six times as great as L1.
In some embodiments, a SBS signal source 150 is provided that generates a suitable signal applied to the first electrode 120. As we noted above, the impact of SBS in an optical network can be reduced in an externally modulated system if the optical signal's spectrum can be broadened since the energy per bandwidth is lowered. Thus, in some embodiments, the SBS signal source 150 is provided that functions for dithering the laser to broaden its spectrum. These “dither signals” are implemented to spread the output power of the associated laser over a wider range of optical wavelengths. In some embodiments, the SBS signal source 150 is a high frequency signal that has a frequency at least twice that of the radio frequency information-containing signal source.
In some embodiments, the SBS signal source 150 is at least a 2.4 GHz signal generator. In some embodiments, the SBS signal source 150 is a 2.5 GHz signal generator.
The ratio I1/L1 and I2/L2 are suitably selected to achieve the appropriate level of SBS suppression for the optical network application.
Based upon the foregoing characterization of the material, in one embodiment of the present disclosure, the present disclosure provides a method of fabricating a laser transmitter for optical communications including a semiconductor device including (a) a first semiconductor region for producing a coherent light output in response to current injection; and (b) a second semiconductor region disposed adjacent to the first semiconductor region and separated therefrom by a channel, the second semiconductor region having an optical input optically coupled thereto for receiving the coherent light output from the first semiconductor region, and an optical output connected to the second semiconductor region for transferring the modulated optical signal, comprising the steps of providing a predetermined wavelength value at which the transmitter is designed to operate; forming a laser resonator in the first semiconductor region; forming a semiconductor waveguide structure in the second semiconductor region for transferring the coherent light output from the first semiconductor region light beam; forming an optical modulator in the semiconductor waveguide structure, the optical modulator including an active layer including a quantum well region, and an electrode connected to a radio frequency signal input and a bias potential for creating an electric field in the waveguide structure so that the coherent light output is optically modulated as the light beam traverses the waveguide; and determining the material composition of the quantum well region so that the modulator is transparent at a gain peak wavelength that is greater than the predetermined wavelength by a predetermined amount, and fabricating the modulator with said determined material composition.
In another aspect, in one embodiment of the present disclosure, the present disclosure provides a method of fabricating a laser transmitter for optical communications including a semiconductor device including (a) a first semiconductor region for producing a coherent light output in response to current injection; and (b) a second semiconductor region disposed adjacent to the first semiconductor region and separated therefrom by a channel, the second semiconductor region having an optical input optically coupled thereto for receiving the coherent light output from the first semiconductor region, and an optical output connected to the second semiconductor region for transferring the modulated optical signal, comprising the steps of providing a predetermined wavelength value at which the transmitter is designed to operate; forming a laser resonator in the first semiconductor region; forming a semiconductor waveguide structure in the second semiconductor region for transferring the coherent light output from the first semiconductor region light beam; forming an optical modulator in the semiconductor waveguide structure, the optical modulator including an active layer including a quantum well region, and an electrode connected to a radio frequency signal input and a bias potential for creating an electric field in the waveguide structure so that the coherent light output is optically modulated as the light beam traverses the waveguide; and determining the material composition of the quantum well region so that the modulator is transparent at a gain peak wavelength that is greater than the predetermined wavelength by a predetermined amount, and fabricating the modulator with said determined material composition.
In another aspect, in one embodiment of the present disclosure, the present disclosure provides a method of fabricating a laser transmitter for optical communications including a semiconductor device including (a) a first semiconductor region for producing a coherent light output in response to current injection; and (b) a second semiconductor region disposed adjacent to the first semiconductor region and separated therefrom by a channel, the second semiconductor region having an optical input optically coupled thereto for receiving the coherent light output from the first semiconductor region, and an optical output connected to the second semiconductor region for transferring the modulated optical signal, comprising the steps of providing a predetermined wavelength value at which the transmitter is designed to operate; forming a laser resonator in the first semiconductor region; forming a semiconductor waveguide structure in the second semiconductor region for transferring the coherent light output from the first semiconductor region light beam; forming an optical modulator in the semiconductor waveguide structure, the optical modulator including an active layer including a quantum well region, and an electrode connected to a radio frequency signal input and a bias potential for creating an electric field in the waveguide structure so that the coherent light output is optically modulated as the light beam traverses the waveguide; and determining the material composition of the quantum well region so that the modulator is transparent at a gain peak wavelength that is greater than the predetermined wavelength by a predetermined amount, and fabricating the modulator with said determined material composition.
Although some specific embodiments of the present invention have been demonstrated in detail with examples, it should be understood by a person skilled in the art that the above examples are only intended to be illustrative but not to limit the scope of the present invention. It should be understood that the above embodiments can be modified without departing from the scope and spirit of the present invention which are to be defined by the attached claims.

## Claims

1. A semiconductor device comprising:
a substrate;
a monolithic gain region forming a first semiconductor region disposed on the substrate and operable to produce optical gain in response to current injection, including an optical waveguide layer extending from a first end of the substrate to a second end of the substrate opposite to the first end, the optical waveguide layer including an active layer formed on the upper surface of the substrate, a reflective mirror provided at one end of the optical waveguide layer, and an exit aperture on the other end of the optical waveguide layer for emitting optical energy;
a first electrode over a first portion of the gain region having a first length L1, with a first current I1 being applied; and
a second electrode over a second portion of the gain region having a second length L2, with a second current I2 being applied,
wherein I1/L1 is greater than I2/L2.

2. The semiconductor device of claim 1, wherein I1/L1 is at least two times as great as I2/L2, and the gain region comprises an InP semiconductor waveguide structure.

3. The semiconductor device of claim 1, wherein I1/L1 is at least five times as great as I2/L2.

4. The semiconductor device of claim 1, wherein L2 is at least four times as long as L1.

5. The semiconductor device of claim 1, wherein L2 is five times as long as L1.

6. The semiconductor device of claim 1, further comprising a second semiconductor region disposed on a substrate adjacent to the first semiconductor region and separated therefrom by a channel, the second semiconductor region having the same composition as the first semiconductor region, and including an optical input optically coupled to the first semiconductor region for receiving coherent light output from the first semiconductor region, the second semiconductor device being electrically biased by a third electrode disposed over the second semiconductor region at a lower second bias potential than the bias over the first semiconductor device, the third electrode being electrically coupled to an radio frequency information-containing signal source, so that current is generated in the second semiconductor device and extracted therefrom, while the coherent light output is optically modulated by the signal.

7. The semiconductor device of claim 6, further comprising a signal source for applying a high frequency signal to the first electrode for SBS suppression, wherein the high frequency signal has a frequency at least twice that of the radio frequency information-containing signal source.

8. The semiconductor device of claim 7, wherein the first bias potential is a positive bias, and the second bias is in the range of either 0.7 to 0.9, or 0.85 to 1.05, volts with the coherent light output being applied to the optical input.

9. A method of operating an optical modulator, the optical modulator including (a) a semiconductor device with a gain region with first and second electrodes, and (b) an optical amplifier region, the optical amplifier region having (i) an optical input for receiving a continuous wave coherent light beam from the gain region, (ii) a waveguide for transferring the light beam, (iii) a third electrode connected to a radio frequency signal input and a bias potential for creating an electric field in the waveguide and optically modulating the light beam as the light beam traverses the waveguide, and (iv) an optical output connected to the waveguide for transferring the modulated optical signal, the method comprising;
applying a first bias potential to a first electrode disposed over a first portion of the gain region, the first electrode having a first length L1, with a first current I1 being applied;
applying a second bias potential to a second electrode disposed over a second portion of the gain region, the second electrode having a second length L2, with a second current I2 being applied, wherein I1/L1 is greater than I2/L2; and
applying a bias voltage to the third electrode so that the light beam is optically modulated by the signal modulating the absorption characteristic in the optical amplifier region so that the waveguide operates in the absorption region at wavelengths less than the gain peak wavelength.

10. The method of claim 9, wherein the modulator generates electrical current from the photovoltaic effect, the current being withdrawn or extracted from the modulator.

11. The method of claim 9, wherein the carrier density along the length of the semiconductor modulator in the direction of the light beam is modulated, thereby optically modulating the light beam entering the modulator, and the gain peak wavelength of the optical signal as a function of wavelength is at least 10 nm greater than the wavelength of the light beam.

12. The method of claim 9, the semiconductor device comprises an InP semiconductor waveguide structure.

13. The method of claim 9, wherein the semiconductor device is operated in the negative current region of an I-V characteristic.

14. The method of claim 9, wherein the gain peak wavelength associated with the modulator is between 20 and 40 nm greater than the wavelength of the light applied to the modulator.

15. The method of claim 13, wherein the bias is in the range of either (i) 0.6 to 1.0 volts, (ii) 0.7 to 0.9 volts, or (iii) 0.85 to 1.05 volts, with the light beam being applied to the optical input.