### Page 1 of 85 OFFICE OF CHEMICAL SAFETY

AND POLLUTION PREVENTION 

## UNITED STATES ENVIRONMENTAL PROTECTION AGENCY
WASHINGTON, D.C. 20460

April 12 , 2013

PC Codes: 030001, 030004, 030016, 030019, 030025, 030035, 030053, 030063, 030066,

051505

MEMORANDUM DP Barcode: 402410

Subject: EFED Registration Review Problem Formulation for 2,4

- D

- REVISED

To: Garland Waleko , Chemical Review Manager Cathryn Britton, Team Leader

Pesticide Re

- evaluation Division ( 7508P )

From: Meghan Radtke, Ph.D. , Biologist Faruque Khan, Ph.D., Senior Scientist

Environmental Risk Branch 1 Environmental Fate and Effects Division (7507P)

Through: Edward Odenkirchen , Ph.D., Acting Branch Chief Sujatha Sankula, Ph.D., Lead Biologist

Environmental Risk Branch 1 Environmental Fate and Effects Division (7507P)

Attached is t he Environmental Fate and Effects Division ’s (EFED) scoping document for 2,4

- D acid, salts, and esters to support registr ation review

. The updated document reflects revisions that were a result of public comments received on the draft Problem Formulation and an additional data requirement (honeybee larval toxicity) as recommended by the recent Pollinator White Paper

.

### Page 2 of 85 

## Table of Contents

1. Introduction

................................ ................................ ................................ ................................ 3 1.1 Purpose..................................................................................................3

1. 2 . Ecological Risk Assessments

................................ ................................ .............................. 3

1. 3 . Drinking Water Exposure Assessments

................................ ................................ .............. 3

1. 4

. Safe Drinking Water Act and Clean Water Act Programs

................................ ................. 4

2. Stressor Source and Distribution

................................ ................................ ............................... 4

2.1. Mechanism of Action

................................ ................................ ................................ .......... 9 2.2. Overview of Pesticide Usage

................................ ................................ ............................ 10

2.3 Environmental Fate Bridg ing Strategy...........................................................10

2.4 . Environmental Fate and Transport

................................ ................................ .................... 10 3. Receptors

................................ ................................ ................................ ................................ .. 16 3.1. Effects to Aquatic Organisms

................................ ................................ ........................... 17 3.2. Effects to Terrestrial Organisms

................................ ................................ ....................... 20 3.3. Ecological Incidents

................................ ................................ ................................ .......... 21 4. Conceptual Model

................................ ................................ ................................ ..................... 22 5. Analysis Plan

................................ ................................ ................................ ........................... 24

5.1. Stressor s of Concern

................................ ................................ ................................ ......... 24 5.2. Measures of Exposure

................................ ................................ ................................ ....... 25

5.3. Measures of Effect

................................ ................................ ................................ ............ 25 5.4. Drinking Water Assessment

................................ ................................ ............................. 25 6. Endocrine Disruptor Screening Program

................................ ................................ ................. 25 7. Preliminary Identification of Data Gaps

................................ ................................ .................. 25

7.1. Environmental Fate

................................ ................................ ................................ ............ 25

7.2. Effects

................................ ................................ ................................ ............................. 27 7 7.3. Environmental Fate and Effects Data for Degradate, 2,4

- DCP...............................30

8. References

................................ ................................ ................................ ................................ 31 Appendix A. Physical Parameters of 2,4

- D and Its Forms.............................................3 6 Appendix B. Screening Level Models to Evaluate Potential Importance of Drinking Water and Inhalation Exposure Pat hways....................................................... 40 Appendix C. Incident Information from the EIIS Database........................................... 4 2

### Page 3 of 85 

# 1. Introduction

1 .1. Purpose

2,4

- D is an herbicide in the phenoxy or phenoxyacetic acid family that is used postemergence for

selective control of broadleaf weeds

. The purpose of the Problem Formulation is to broadly review the registered uses of 2,4

- D acid, salts, amines, and esters, a nd identify potentially complete environmental exposure pathways that will be assessed during the comprehensive Registration Review process. This document specifically addresses the following ten forms of 2,4

- D: 2,4

- dichlorophenoxyacetic acid, dimethylam ine salt of 2,4

- D, 2

- ethylhexyl ester of 2,4

- D, butoxyethyl ester of 2,4

- D, triisopropanolamine salt of 2,4

- D, isopropylamine salt of 2,4

- D, diethanolamine salt of 2,4

- D, sodium salt of 2,4

- D, isopropyl ester of 2,4

- D, and choline salt of 2,4

- D.



# 1

. 2

. Ecological Risk Assessments

The Agency has conducted several ecological risk assessments on 2,4

- dichlorophenoxyacetic acid (2,4

- D) that serve as a basis for this scoping document. The two most recent are the 2005 Reregistration Eligibility Decision (RED)

, and the 2009 California red

- legged frog and A lameda whipsnake endangered species assessment

.

The RED document f or 2,4

- D (USEPA 2005 a ) found the following major ecological conclusions (Table 1) :

Table 1 . Summary of Risk Concerns Identified for 2,4

- D 1 

### in the RED

Birds Mammals Terrestrial

Plants Terrestrial

Inverts Fish Aquatic

Inverts Aquatic

Plants

Yes Yes Yes No Yes Yes Yes 1 Risk conclusions are based on acid equivalent (ae) of various forms of 2,4

- D . See

Section 2.3 for a description of the bridging strategy between 2,4

- D acid and it salts, amines, and esters.



## Risks to terrestrial birds, mammals, and plants were primarily caused by spray drift and runoff while risks to aquatic fish, invertebrates, and plants (terrestrial and aquatic) were the result of direct applications of 2,4

- D to aquatic systems for weed control.

The California red

- legged frog and A lameda whipsnake assessment (USEPA 2009) concluded a “may affect and likely to adversely affect” determinat ion for all uses of 2,4

- D except for citrus and potatoes. For citrus and potatoes, the determination was “may affect, but not likely to adversely affect.



# 1. 3 . Drinking Water Exposure Assessments

In the 2005 RED, EFED conducted an evaluation of concentra tions of 2,4

- D to which humans

may be exposed through the ingestion of drinking water. The assessment also included modeling and an evaluation of surface water and groundwater monitoring data. A number of modeling

### Page 4 of 85 

## approaches were used to provide estimate d drinking water concentrations ( EDWCs ) for drinking water. The highest exposure scenario was the direct application of 2,4

- D to surface water bodies for the control of aquatic weeds with an E DWC of 4000 μg ae/ L for peak (acute) exposure and

627 μg ae/ L for the annual mean (chronic) exposure. As a refinement, a screening level model incorporating an advection dispersion equation, the predicted peak concentration at a drinking water intake in the EFED index reservoir with a setback of 1500 feet predicted an acute EDWC of 811μg ae/l and a chronic EDWC of 102 μg ae/l.



# 1. 4

. Safe Drinking Water Act and Clean Water Act Programs

2,4

- D is regulated under the Safe Drinking Water Act (SDWA) and has a Maximum Contaminant Level (MCL) of 70 μg ae/ L

, a One

- Day Hea lth Advisory (HA) for children of 1000

μ g ae/L

, and a 10

- d ay HA for children of 300 μ g ae/ L

. EFED reviewed non

- targeted 2,4

- D use monitoring data, which provided context to modeled results and indicated that there is little

evidence that concentrations ar e likely to be found exceeding the drinking water standards.

An Aquatic Life Ambient Water Quality Criteria (Clean Water Act, section 304 ( a) ) document has not been published for 2,4

- D. Aquatic life benchmarks have been published and are listed in

Table 2 below ( http://www.epa.gov/oppefed1/ecorisk_ders/aquatic_life_benchmark.htm )

.

Table 2. OPP Aquatic Life Benchmarks (μg ae/L freshwater)

Fish Invertebrates Nonvascular

Plants Vascular

Plants

Acute Chronic Acute Chronic Acute Acute

2,4

- D salts and acid 12075 14200 12500 16050 3880 13.1
2,4

- D esters 130 79.2 1100 200 66 330



# 2. Stressor Source and Distribution

There are multiple forms of 2,4

- D (Table 3) that are designed to control a wide range of broadleaf weeds and aquatic weeds. Chemical forms covered by this risk assessment are: 2,4

- D acid, 2,4

- D DMA, 2,4

- D IPA, 2,4

- D TIPA, 2,4

- D EHE, 2,4

- D 

## BEE, 2,4

- D DEA, 2,4

- D IPE, 2,4

- D sodium salt (Na), and 2,4

- D choline. Registered formulation types include: emulsifiable concentrate, granular, soluble concentrate/solid, water dispersible granules (dry flowable), and wettable powder. 2,4

- D may be applied with a wide range of application equipment including

ai rcraft (fixed/rotary wing), ground boom sprayer, backpack/hand held sprayers, and tree injection equipment. Methods of application may include broadcast application, band treatment, basal spray treatment, frill treatment, girdle treatment, spot treatment, stump treatment, tree injection treatment, and surface water treatment. The timing of 2,4

- D applications to crops can occur at emergence, before bud break, dormant, dough stage , established plantings, foliar, post

emergence, pre

- emergence, pre

- harvest, p re

- plant. Table 4 presents a summary of the registered 2,4

- D uses and maximum application rates, as derived from the 2,4

- D Industry and IR

- 4 supported Master Label (2012).

### Page 5 of 85 

## Table 3. 2,4

- D Acid, Salts, Amines, and E sters

PC Code Name 1 

## Abbreviation

Acid

030001 2,4

- dichlorophenoxyacetic acid Acid

Salts

030004 Sodium salt of 2,4

- D Na

051505 Choline salt of 2,4

- D Choline

Amine Salts

030016 Diethanolamine salt of 2,4

- D DEA

030019 Dimethylamine salt of 2,4

- D DMA

030025 Isopropylamine salt of 2,4

- D IPA

030035 Triisopropanolamine salt of 2,4

- D TIPA

Esters

030053 Butoxyethyl ester of 2,4

- D BEE

030063 2

- ethylhexyl ester of 2,4

- D 2

- EHE

030066 Isopropyl ester of 2,4

- D IPE

1 

### Structures of various chemical forms can be obtained from Appendix A

### Page 6 of 85 

# Table 4. Labeled 2,4

- D Use Patterns of Maximum Exposure

Use Max. Single App.

Rate (lbs ae/A) Max. No. of App. per Year Min. Reapp. Interval (d) Max. Annual App. Rate (lbs ae/A) App. Method Chemical Form

Cereal g rains 1.25 1 post

- emergence 1 preharvest NS A 

### 1.75 Ground or aerial spray

Broadcast Acid, DMA, 2

- EHE, BEE, TIPA, IPA, DEA, Na,

Choline

Field corn and

pop corn 1 (preplant or preemergence) 0.5 (postemergence) 1.5 (preharvest) 1 application per

crop stage NS 3 Ground or aerial spray

Broadcast

Directed band Acid, DMA, 2

- EHE, BEE, TIPA, IPA, DEA, Na,

Choline

Sweet corn 1 (preplant or preemergence) 0.5 (post emergence) 1 application per

crop stage 21 1.5 Ground or aerial spray

Broadcast

Directed band Acid, DMA, 2

- EHE, BEE, TIPA, IPA, DEA, Na,

Choline

Grain or forage sorghum 1 (amines, acid, salts) or 0.5 (esters) 1 NR B 

### 1 (amines, acid, salts) or 0.5 (esters) Ground or aerial spray

Broadcast

Directed band Acid, DMA, 2

- EHE, BEE, TIPA, IPA, DEA, Na,

Choline

Soybeans 1 1 NR 1 Ground or aerial spray Broadcast Acid, DMA, 2

- EHE, BEE, TIPA, IPA, DEA, Na,

Choline

Sugarcane 2 (preemergence) 2 (postemergence) 1 application per

crop stage NS 4 Ground or aerial spray

Broadcast or band Acid, DMA,
TIPA, IPA, DEA, Na, Choline

Rice 1 (preplant)

1.5 (postemergence) 1 application per
crop stage NS 1.5 Ground or aerial spray

Broadcast or s pot

treatment Acid, DMA,
TIPA, IPA, DEA, Na, Choline

Wild rice E 

### 0.25 1 NR 0.25 Ground or aerial spray Broadcast or spot

treatment Acid, DMA,
TIPA, IPA, DEA,

Na

Pome fruits 2 2 75 4 Broadcast ground or

spot treatment Acid, DMA,
TIPA, IPA, DEA, Na, Choline

Stone fruits 2 2 75 4 Broadcast ground or

spot treatment Acid, DMA,
TIPA, IPA, DEA, Na, Choline

Nut orchards, pistachios 2 2 30 4 Broadcast ground or

spot treatment Acid, DMA,
TIPA, IPA, DEA, Na, Choline

Filberts 1 lb ae/100 gal 4 30 NS Ground spot treatment Acid, DMA,
TIPA, IPA, DEA,

Na

### Page 7 of 85 

# Table 4. Labeled 2,4

- D Use Patterns of Maximum Exposure

Use Max. Single App.

Rate (lbs ae/A) Max. No. of App. per Year Min. Reapp. Interval (d) Max. Annual App. Rate (lbs ae/A) App. Method Chemical Form

Established
grass pastures, rangeland, and perennial grasslands not in agricultural production 2 2 30 4 Ground or aerial spray Broadcast or spot Acid, DMA, 2

- EHE, BEE, TIPA, IPA, DEA, Na,

Choline

Ornamental

turf 1.5 2 NS 3 Broadcast ground or

spot treatment Acid, DMA, 2

- EHE, BEE, TIPA, IPA, DEA, Na,

Choline

Grass (turf) grown for

seed and sod 2 2 21 4 Broadcast ground or

spot treatment Acid, DMA, 2

- EHE, BEE, TIPA, IPA, DEA, Na,

Choline

Fallow land and crop

stubble 2 2 30 4 Ground or aerial spray

Broadcast Acid, DMA,2

- EHE, BEE, TIPA, IPA, DEA, Na,

Choline

Forest site preparation,

forest roadsides, brush control,

established

conifer release 4 1 NR 4 Ground or aerial spray

Broadcast Acid, DMA, 2

- EHE, BEE, TIPA, IPA, DEA, Na,

Choline

Tree and

brush control 8 lb ai/100 gal (basal spray, cut surface

– stumps, frill)

2 ml of 4 lb

ae/ injection site (injection) 1 NR 4 (broadcast only) Ground or aerial spray Broadcast, spot, basal, frill, cut stump or injection Acid, DMA, 2

- EHE, BEE, TIPA, IPA, DEA, Na,

Choline

Non

- cropland 4 2 30 4 Ground or aerial spray Broadcast or spot Acid, DMA, 2

- EHE, BEE, TIPA, IPA, DEA, Na,

Choline

Aquatic weed

control (irrigation

ditch bank application) 2 2 30 (broadcast only) 4 Boat or aerial spray Broadcast or spot Acid, DMA, BEE, TIPA, IPA, DEA, Na, Choline

### Page 8 of 85 

# Table 4. Labeled 2,4

- D Use Patterns of Maximum Exposure

Use Max. Single App.

Rate (lbs ae/A) Max. No. of App. per Year Min. Reapp. Interval (d) Max. Annual App. Rate (lbs ae/A) App. Method Chemical Form

Aquatic weed

control (surface application for floating and

emergent weeds) 4 2 21 (broadcast only) 8 Boat or aerial spray Broadcast or spot Acid, DMA, BEE, TIPA, IPA, DEA, Na, Choline

Aquatic weed

control (surface application or

subsurface injection for

submersed weeds) 4 ppm ae/A (10.8 lb ae/Acre foot) 2 21 10.8 lb

ae/Acre foot Boat or aerial spray Broadcast or spot Acid, DMA, BEE,
TIPA, IPA, DEA, Na, Choline

Potatoes 0.07 2 10 0.14 Ground or aerial spray

Broadcast Acid, DMA, 2

- EHE, BEE, TIPA, IPA, DEA, Na

Asparagus 2 2 30 4 Ground or aerial spray

Broadcast Acid, DMA,
TIPA, IPA, DEA,

Na

Hops 0.5 3 30 1.5 Ground or aerial spray

Broadcast Acid, DMA,
TIPA, IPA, DEA,

Na

Strawberries C 

### 1.5 1 NR 1.5 Ground or aerial spray

Broadcast Acid, DMA,
TIPA, IPA, DEA,

Na

Low bush

blueberries Wiper solution (0.0375 lb/gal) (postemergence)

1 lb ae/10 gal) 1 application per

crop stage NS NS Directed, ground wipe or spot application Acid, DMA,
TIPA, IPA, DEA,

Na

High bush

blueberries 1.4 (postemergence and postharvest 1 application per

crop stage NS 2.8 Directed, ground wipe

or spot application Acid, DMA, TIPA, IPA, DEA,

Na

Grapes D 

### 1.36 1 NR 1.36 Ground directed Acid, DMA,
TIPA, IPA, DEA,

Na

Cranberries 4 (dormant

– granular ester only) 1.2 (postemergence

– amines, salts, and acid only) 1 (dormant)

2 (postemergence) NS 4 (dormant)

2.4 (postemergen ce) Ground wipe or spot (acid, amines, and salt) Ground granule spreader (esters) Acid, DMA, 2

- EHE, BEE, TIPA, IPA, DEA, Na

### Page 9 of 85 

# Table 4. Labeled 2,4

- D Use Patterns of Maximum Exposure

Use Max. Single App.

Rate (lbs ae/A) Max. No. of App. per Year Min. Reapp. Interval (d) Max. Annual App. Rate (lbs ae/A) App. Method Chemical Form

Citrus 0.1 (navel oranges, valencia oranges and grapefruit)

1 application per

crop stage NR 0.1 Ground or aerial spray Broadcast or directed IPE

200 ppm (navel oranges and valencia oranges) 200 ppm Ground or aerial spray

Broadcast or directed (September

– January)

24 ppm (lemons, navel oranges, valencia oranges, tangelos) 24 ppm Ground or aerial spray

Broadcast or directed Fall oil, water, whitewash sprays

500 ppm (lemons) 500 ppm (~0.7 lb

ae/million lbs

of lemons or 0.7 ppm) Dip or spray equipment

A 

### NS means “not stated.”

B 

### NR means “not relevant.”

C 

### Do not apply in California or Florida

D 

### For use in California only

E 

### For use in Minnesota only



# 2.1. Mechanism of Action

2,4

- D is a plant growth regulator (synthetic auxin herbicide) in the phenoxy or phenoxyacetic acid family. It is most commonly used as a post

- emergence herbicide for the selective control of broadleaf weeds. 2,4

- D cause s disruption of multiple growth processes in susceptible plants by affecting proteins in the plasma membrane, interfering with RNA production, and changing the properties and integrity of the plasma membran e. Excessive cell division and the resulting growth destroy the plant’s vascular transport system. The most susceptible tissues are those that are undergoing active cell division and growth (Gibson and Liebman, 2002). Plant injuries include growth and re production abnormalities, especially on new growth. Broadleaf plants experience stem and petiole twisting (epinasty), leaf malformations (parallel venation, leaf strapping, and cupping), undifferentiated cell masses and adventitious root formation on stem s, and stunted root growth. Grass plants exhibit r olled leaves (onion leafing), fused brace roots, leaning stems, and stalk brittleness. Disruption of reproductive processes may occur resulting

### Page 10 of 85 

## in sterile or multiple florets and nonviable seed production

. Symptoms may appear on young growth almost immediately after application, but death may not occur for several weeks.



# 2.2. Overview of Pesticide Usage

National pesticide usage data from the USDA

- NASS (United States Department of Agriculture's

National Agricultural Statistics Service) and Private Pest icide Market Research indicate that an

annual average of nearly 29 million pounds of all forms of 2,4

- D were applied to agricultural crops in the United States annually between 2006 and 2010 (USEPA 2012 a ). The available

usage data presents information in terms of 2,4

- D acid and does not break down the usage into the various salts and esters of 2,4

- D. The crops with the highest uses (based on average treated fraction of acreage) wer e : almond (15%), appl es (20%), barley (25%), cherries (15%), fallow (25%), hazelnuts (25%), nectarines (15%), oats (15%), oranges (20%), peaches (20%), pears (15%), plums (15%), prunes (15%), sorghum (20%), sugarcane (40%), tangelos (30%), wheat (30%). All other treated crops averaged 10% or less of the total acreage grown. Average annual use on lawns, turf, nurseries, etc. in commercial settings has decreased from 5 million to 4 million pounds per year (2002, 2004, 2006). Homeowner and aquatic weed control uses have

remaine d fairly constant with average annual uses of 9 to 9.5 million pounds per year (2003, 2005).



# 2. 3. Environmental Fate Bridging Strategy

Selected physicochemical properties

, chemical structures , and the ratios of molecular weight of various forms of 2, 4

- D are provided in Appendix A. The environmental fate strategy for 2,4

- D is based on bridging the degradation of 2,4

- D esters and 2,4

- D amine salts to 2,4

- D acid
[ Registration Standard for 2,4 Dichlorophenoxyacetic acid (2,4

- D), 1988, 540/RS

- 88

- 115 ]

. The bridging data provide information on the time of dissociation of 2,4

- D amine salts and the rate of hydrolysis of 2,4

- D esters. There are acceptable bridging data for 2,4

- D DMA ; 2,4

- D IPA ; 2,4

- D

TIPA ; 2,4

- D EHE ; 2,4

- D BEE ; 2,4

- D DEA ; and 2,4

- D IPE. The sodium and choline salt s of 2,4

- D are also considered to be equivalent to 2,4

- D acid. T he 2,4

- D amine salts as well as 2,4

- D

choline salt have been shown to dissociate rapidly in water. The bridging data indicate esters of 2,4

- D are rapidly hydrolyzed to 2,4

- D acid in alkaline aquatic environments, soil/water slurries,

and moist soils

. Under extremely dry soil conditions, these degradat ion mechanisms may be inhibited, which could result in an increase d persistence of 2,4

- D est ers. The laboratory bridging data indicate that under most environmental conditions, 2,4

- D esters and 2,4

- D amine salts will degrade rapidly to form 2,4

- D acid.



# 2.3. Environmental Fate and Transport

The physicochemical properties in Table 5 suggest that 2,4

- D acid is soluble in water ( 569 mg/L )

. The vapor pressure ( 1.4 × 10 - 7 

## mm Hg ) and Henry's L aw C onstant ( 8.56 x 10 - 6 

## atm

m 3 

## /mol) indicate that 2,4

- D acid has a low volatility

. However, b ased on the physical

- chemical properties of the ester forms (Appendix A) of 2,4

- D and on evidence from the open literature, there may be a concern for effects to non

- target organisms from volatilization and off

- site deposition of 2,4

- D esters. 2,4

- D acid is unlikely to bioaccumulate in fish given the l ow value of

the l og n

- octanol/water partition coefficient (log K

ow 

## 0.18 at neutral pH)

. However, t he log K

ow

### Page 11 of 85 

## of e ster forms of 2,4

- D ranges from 2.4 to 5.78 , which is higher than 2,4

- D acid (Appendix A)

. The higher values for the ester suggest that these compounds can potential ly bioaccumul ate in aquatic organisms

, but t hese values were based on a regression

- based estimation method (i.e. EPIsuite) that assum es the compound s are not altered physically or chemically once released into

the environment

. A field study shows no accumulation in fish of applied 2,4

- D DMA or 2,4

- D

BEE at the higher rate in a lake in Georgia (Hoeppel and Westerdahl 1983). Both formulations were converted to free 2,4

- D acid rapidly

– 2,4

- D amines within 3 minutes and esters with in 24 hours after application.

Table 5 also provides environmental fate properties of 2,4

- D acid, along with the major and minor degradates detected in the submitted environmental fate and transport studies. 2,4

- D acid

is stable to abiotic hydrolysis in b uffered aqueous solutions at pH 4, 5, 7

, and 9 . The degradation of 2,4

- D acid appears to be dependent on oxidative microbial ly

- mediated mineralization in the terrestrial environment and photodegradation in water. Results from laboratory studies indicate rapid to moderately rapid degradation under aerobic soil conditions with half

- lives ranging from 1.4 days to 12.4 days and a median half

- life of 2.9 days. Only minor degradates, 2,4

- d ichlorophenol (2,4

- DCP ; a maximum of 3.5% of applied ) and 2,4

- dichloroa nisol (2,4

- DCA ; a maximum of 2.8% of applied ), were identified in soils. The photodegradation half

- life of 2,4

- D acid was 12.9 days in a pH 5.0 buffer solution and a major degradate, 1,2,4

- benezenetriol (37% of applied) was identified. 2,4

- D acid was st able to photodegradation in soil.

2,4

- D acid was not stable in aerobic aquatic environments (t 1/2 

## =15.0 days) but was moderately persistent to persistent (t 1/2 

## =28.5 to 333 days) in anaerobic aquatic laboratory studies. The major degradates were chlorohydroquinone (CHQ) ( maximum of 16.0 % of applied) in aerobic aquatic conditions and 2,4

- DCP (maximum of 32.0 % of applied) under anaerobic aquatic environment.

There were t hree major degradates identified in the submitted environmental fate studie s for 2,4

- D ; a maximum of 37 % of 1,2,4

- benezenetriol, a maximum of 32.6% of 2,4

- D

- di chlorophenol (2,4

- DCP)

, and a maximum of 16% of c hlorohydroquinone (CHQ) . The minor degradates (<3% of applied) detected were 4

- chloropheno xyacetic acid (4

- CPA)

, 4

- chlorop henol

, and 2,4

- DCA (Table 5)

. The major degradate, 1,2,4

- benzenetriol

, is a photodegradate that was observed under abiotic conditions and is less likely to occur under natural conditions where microbe

- mediated degradation occurs. However, there are insuf ficient data on the major degradates of 2,4

- D to adequately assess their persistence and mobility.

### Page 12 of 85 

## Table 5 . Physical Chemical and Environmental Fate Properties of 2,4

- D Acid

Parameter Value Source

Selected Physical/Chemical Parameters

Chemical Structure 1 

### TOXNET

IUAPC Name (2,4

- dichlorophenoxy)acetic acid U.S. EPA, 2005 a

CAS Name (2,4

- dichlorophenoxy)acetic acid U.S. EPA, 2005 a

CAS No. 94

- 75

- 7 U.S. EPA, 2005 a

Molecular Weight (molecular formula) 221.04 g/mol (C 8 

### H 6 

### Cl 2 

### O 3 

### ) U.S. EPA, 2005 a

Smile s Code O=C(O)COc(c(cc(c1)Cl)Cl)c1 EPISUITE4.1

Vapor pressure (25°C) 1.4 x 10
- 7 

### mm Hg U.S. EPA, 2005 a

Aqueous solubility (20 ° C) 569 mg/L U.S. EPA, 2005 a

Dissociation constants (pKa ) in water (25°C) 2.60 MRID 471122

- 02

Henry’s Law Constant (25°C) 8.56 x10
- 6 

### atm

- m 3 

### /mol Rice et al, 1997

Log octanol

- to

- water partition coefficient (log K OW 

### ) 2.14 @ pH 5.0 0.18 @ pH 7.0 0.10 @ pH 9.0 U.S. EPA, 2005 a

Persistence

Hydrolysis half

- life Stable MRID 41007301

Aqueous photolysis half

- life 12.98 days

Degradates 1,2,4

- benzenetriol (37% of applied)

CO 2 

### (25% of applied) MRID 41125306

Soil photolysis half

- life Stable

CO 2 

### (5% of applied) MRID 41125305

### Page 13 of 85 

## Table 5 . Physical Chemical and Environmental Fate Properties of 2,4

- D Acid

Parameter Value Source

Aerobic soil metabolism half

- life (days) Catlin Silty clay loam

– 1.7 day

Commerce Loam

– 4.62 days Catlin Silty clay loam

– 1.4 days Fargo Clay

– 12.4 days Keith Clay loam

– 4.4 days

Walla Walla silt loam

– 2.0 days Cecil Sandy loam

- 2.9 days Degradates 2,4

- DCP (3.5%) 2,4

- DCA (2.8%) MRID 43167501,

MRID 00116625

Anaerobic aquatic metabolism half

- life (total system) 333 days

28.5 days

41 .0 days

Degradates
2,4 DCP (Maximum 32.6% of applied)

4

- chloropheno xy acetic acid ( 4

- CPA)

< 2.0% of applied),

4

- chlorophenol ( 4

- CPP) < 2.0% of applied), 2,4

- D CA (<2% of applied) MRID 43356001

MRID 42979201

MRID 41557901

Aerobic aquatic metabolism half

- life (total system) 15 days

Inconclusive 2



### D egradates
Chlorohydroquinone (CHQ) (maximum 16% of Applied) 2,4

- DCP (4.9 of applied) MRIDs 42045301

44188601

### Page 14 of 85 

## Table 5 . Physical Chemical and Environmental Fate Properties of 2,4

- D Acid

Parameter Value Source

Mobility

Adsorption/desorption

K d

- ads 

### / K d

- des 

### (mL/g)

K foc

- ads 

### / (mL/g) Adsorption Freundlich adsorption K f

- ads 

### values Sand

0.36 Sandy loam 0.17

Loam 0.28 Silty clay loam 0.52 Clay 1.27

Desorption Freundlich adsorption K f

- des 

### values

Sand 1.16 Sandy loam 0.87

Loam 1.58 Silty clay loam 1.99 Clay 1.64

Adsorption Freundlich adsorption K foc 

### values

Sand 76 Sandy loam 70

Loam 117 Silty clay loam 59 Clay 58.1 MRID 44117901

MRID 42045302

Leaching Thin Layer Chromatography (TLC) Retention Value (R f, 

### unitless) (Un

- aged sample)

Sand 1.0 Sandy loam 0.77 .

Silt loam 0.60

Loam 0.41

Column Study (Aged sample)

Immobile MRID 00 1 12937

MRID 00057313

MRID 42045302

MRID 44105201

MRID 00080124

MRID 44158501

### Page 15 of 85 

## Table 5 . Physical Chemical and Environmental Fate Properties of 2,4

- D Acid

Parameter Value Source

Field Dissipation

Terrestrial field dissipation half

- life The first order half

- lives ranged from 1.1 to 42.5 days with a median half

- life of 6.1 days MRID 43914701

MRID 43762401

MRID 43762402

MRID 43514601

MRID 43533401

MRID 43864001

MRID 43592801

MRID 43762403

MRID 43762404

MRID 43640601

MRID 43831702

MRID 43 872703

MRID 43849102

MRID 43831701

MRID 43705202

Aquatic field dissipation half

- life Estimated dissipation half

- lives of 20.7 and 2.7 days from the North Carolina pond after the first and second applications, 14 days and 6.1 days in

water from a North Dakota pond after the first and second applications, and 1.0 day in water from the Louisiana rice paddy after a single application MRID 43908302

MRID 43491601

MRID 439 54 701

Forest Field Dissipation half

- life The estimated half lives for 2,4

- D were 59 days in exposed soil, 68 days in protected soil, 42 days on foliage, and 72 days on

leaf litter at the OR site with DMA

.



## In GA Site, the estimated half

- lives on foliage for 2,4

- D of 32.5 days and for 2,4

- D EHE of 32.7 days. The

estimated half

- lives in lea f litter for 2,4

- D of 51.7 days and for 2,4

- D EHE of 50.5 days. MRID 43954702

MRID 43927101

1 

### Structures and other physicochemical properties of various chemical forms can be obtained from Appendix A

2 

### Half

- lif e cannot be calculated because study duration was insufficient

.



## Given that 2,4

- D acid is anionic (X

- COO

- H+) under most environmental conditions, it is expected to be mobile to moderately mobile with a range of K foc 

## of 58.1 to 117 mL/g (using the classification scheme of FAO, 2006) in soil. The mobility of 2,4

- D acid in supplemental soil thin layer chromatography (TLC) studies was classified as intermediately mobile (Rf=0.41) to very mobile (Rf=1.00) in mineral soils.

### Page 16 of 85 

## A series of fate studies were also submitted for the various che mical forms of 2,4

- D. These

forms included DMA, IPA, TIPA , DEA, 2

- EHE, BEE, and IPE. These data suggest that fate properties of 2,4

- D salts and esters are comparable to 2,4

- D acid. A detailed assessment of 2,4

- D’s environmental fate can be obtained from EFED’s Risk Assessment for the Reregistration Eligibility Document for 2,4

- D (USEPA, 2005a)

.

The registrant conducted a total of 30 terrestrial field dissipation studies in CA, CO, NC, ND, NE, OH, and TX on bare ground plots as well as plots cropped with corn, pasture, turf, and wheat. The 2,4

- D acid half

- lives ranged from 1.1 days to 42.5 days with a median half

- life of 6.1 days. These half

- lives reflect dissipation from the surface soil layer (0 to 6 inches). The data indicate a rapid to moderate ly rapid dissipation rate for 2,4

- D acid. The half

- lives of 2,4

- D degradation products (2,4

- DCP and 2,4

- DCA) were not estimated because of their sporadic occurrence patterns in surface soils.

T o address the behavior of 2,4

- D in aquatic systems

, a serie s of aquatic field dissipation studies

were conducted in ND, NC, and L A

. The estimated dissipation half lives were 20.7 and 2.7 days in water from the NC pond after the first and second applications, 14 days and 6.1 days in water from a ND pond after the first and second applications, and 1.0 day in water from the L A rice paddy after the single application. The high application rates result in peak concentrations of 4,800 μg ae / L at day 1 in the ND pond (application rate of 41.8 lb ae/ A ), of 2,800 μ g ae / L on day 0 in the NC pond (application rate of 41.8 lb ae/ A ), and of 2,300 μ g ae / L on day 0 in the L A pond (application rate of 1.8 lbs ae/ A ). These concentrations are higher than the 2,4

- D Maximum Contaminant Level (MCL) of 70 μg ae / L . 2,4

- D concentrations in water did not decrease to below the MCL until after day 30 (1,500 μ g ae / L ) at the ND pond, until after day 29 (860 μg

ae / L ) at the NC pond, and until after day 3 (390 μg ae / L ) at the L A pond. T hree additional aquatic dispersion and dissipation studies were also conducted in F L and M N for the application of DMA to control aquatic weeds. At the maximum application rate, the target DMA concentration in aquatic environments does not exceed the solubility concentra tion for DMA.

In addition, two field dissipation studies usin g DMA were also submitted to address forest field dissipation. DMA was applied as a spray at a nominal rate of 4.0 lb ae/A onto a forest plot of loam soil planted with fir trees . R egistrant

- c alculated dissipation half lives for 2,4

- D acid were 38.7 days in exposed soil, 50.8 days in protected soil, 37.4 days on foliage, and 65.7 days on leaf

litter. However, the apparent first half

- lives occurred between 0 and 1 day post

- treatment in the

expo sed soil, 1 and 3 days in the protected soil, 3 and 7 days on the foliage, and 7 and 14 days on the leaf litter; dissipation was observed to be biphasic in each case. EFED estimated half lives for 2,4

- D acid of 59 days in exposed soil, 68 days in protecte d soil, 42 days on foliage, and 72 days on leaf litter , at the OR site with DMA, and 51.7 days on foliage, and 32.5 days on leaf litter at the GA site with 2,4

- D 2

- EHE

. 

# 3. Receptors

In general, the ester forms of 2,4

- D are more toxic to aquatic organisms than the acid, amine, and

salt forms. Table 6 provides a summary of the most sensitive aquatic endpoints for salts, amines, and the acid of 2,4

- D. Table 7 provides a summary of the most sensitive aquatic endpoints f or

### Page 17 of 85 

## 2,4

- D esters. These will be considered separately i n the aquatic analyses. Table 8 provides a list

of the most sensit ive endpoints for mammals, birds, and terrestrial invertebrates , regardless of their chemical form; in contrast to the aquatics, data do not indicate that terrestrial organisms are more sensitive to one particular form of 2,4

- D. Terrestrial plants are also considered separately for esters and acid, amine, and salt forms because esters are significantly more soluble in water.

The terres trial plant runoff scenario is based upon t he solubility of the compound; thus, making it appropriate to consider esters separately.



# 3.1. Effects to Aquatic Organisms

Table 6. Summary of the Most Sensitive Endpoints from Aqua tic Toxicity Studies for 2,4

- D A cid, Amines, and S alts

Taxonomic

Group Study Type Surrogate Species

and Form Toxicity Value MRID and

Classification Acute Toxicity

Classification

Freshwater fish 1 

### Acute Rainbow trout ( Oncorhynchus mykiss )

– DEA 96

- h LC 50 

### > 81.6 mg

ae/L Acceptable

41975105 Slightly toxic

Chronic (Early

Life

Stage) Fathead minnow ( Pimphales promelas )

- DMA NOAEC = 23.6 mg ae/L (based on length) Acceptable

41767701 ---

Freshwater

invertebrates Acute Waterflea ( Daphnia

magna )

– 2,4

- D acid 48

- h LC 50 

### =25 mg

ae/L Acceptable

41158301 Slightly toxic

Chronic Waterflea ( Daphnia

magna )

- DEA NOAEC = 16.05 mg ae/L (based on

survival and reproduction) Acceptable

42018303 ---

Freshwater amphibian Acute Leopard frog tadpoles ( Rana pipiens )

- DMA 96

- h LC 50 

### = 278 mg

ae/L Supplemental

44517306 Practically

non

- toxic

Estuarine/marine

fish Acute Tidewater silverside ( Menidia beryllina )

- DEA 96

- h LC 50 

### > 80.24 mg

ae/L Acceptable

42018301 Slightly toxic

Estuarine/marine

invertebrates Acute Eastern oyster ( Crassostrea virginica )

- IPA 96

- h EC 50 

### = 49.6 mg

ae/L Acceptable

41429003 Slightly toxic

Aquatic plants and algae Vascular Duckweed, ( Lemna gibba )

- DEA EC 50 

### = 0.2992 mg ae/L Acceptable

42712204 ---

Non

vascular Freshwater diatom ( Navicula pelliculosa )

- DMA EC 50 

### = 3.88 mg ae/L Acceptable

41505903 ---

Terrestrial plants Seedling

emergence Sorghum ( Sorghum

bicolor )

– DMA EC 25 

### = 0.026

NOAEC = 0.015 (based on fresh weight) TEP 3 

### Acceptable

42389501 ---

### Page 18 of 85 Table 6. Summary of the Most Sensitive Endpoints from Aqua tic Toxicity Studies for 2,4

- D A cid, Amines, and S alts

Taxonomic

Group Study Type Surrogate Species

and Form Toxicity Value MRID and

Classification Acute Toxicity

Classification

Lettuce ( Lactuca

sativa )

– DMA EC 25 

### = 0.026

NOAEC = 0.025 (based on dry weight)

TEP 3 

### Acceptable

47106001 ---

Vegetative vigor Onion ( A llium cepa )

– 2,4

- D acid EC 25 

### ≥ 0.0075 lb ae/A

NOAEC < 0.0075 lb ae/A (based on fresh weight)

TGAI 2 

### Acceptable

42416801 ---

Lettuce ( Lactuca

sativa )

– DMA EC 25 

### = 0.0038

NOAEC = 0.0017 (based on dry weight)

TEP 3 

### Acceptable

47106002 ---

1 Freshwater fish may be surrogate s for aquatic

- phase amphibians.

2 Technical Gradient Active Ingredient (TEP studies are also available, but yielded less sensitive toxicity endpoints)

3 Typical End

- use Product



### Table 7. Summary of the Most Sensitive Endpoints from Aqua tic Toxicity Studies for 2,4

- D E sters

Taxonomic

Group Study Type Surrogate Species

and Form Toxicity Value MRID and

Classification Acute Toxicity

Classification

Freshwater fish 1 

### Acute 4 

### Bluegill sunfish ( Lepomis

macrochirus )

- IPE 96

- h LC 50 

### = 0.26 mg

ae/L Acceptable

43930701 Highly toxic

Acute Bluegill sunfish ( Lepomis

macrochirus )

– BEE 96

- hr LC 50 

### = 0.428 mg

ae/L Acceptable

41353801 Highly toxic

Chronic (Full Life Cycle) Fathead minnow ( Pimephales promelas )

- EHE NOAEC = 0.0792 mg

ae/L (based on larval fish survival) Supplemental

41737305 ---

Freshwater

invertebrates Acute 4 

### Waterflea ( Daphnia magna )

- IPE 96

- h LC 50 

### = 2.2 mg

ae/L Acceptable

43930601 Moderately

toxic

Acute Waterflea ( Daphnia magna )

– EHE 96

- hr LC 50 

### = 3.4 mg

ae/L Acceptable

41158306 Moderately

toxic

Chronic Waterflea ( Daphnia magna )

- BEE NOAEC = 0.20 mg

ae/L Acceptable

41353802 ---

Estuarine/marine

fish Acute Tidewater

silverside ( Menidia beryllina )

- EHE 96

- h LC 50 

### > 0.1564 mg ae/L Supplemental

41835205 Highly toxic

### Page 19 of 85 Table 7. Summary of the Most Sensitive Endpoints from Aqua tic Toxicity Studies for 2,4

- D E sters

Taxonomic

Group Study Type Surrogate Species

and Form Toxicity Value MRID and

Classification Acute Toxicity

Classification

Chronic Sheepshead

minnow ( Cyprinodon variegatus )

- BEE NO A EC = 0.05554 mg ae/L (based on survival) Acceptable

41345701 ---

Estuarine/marine

invertebrates Acute Grass shrimp 2



### ( Palaemonetes pugio )

- EHE 96

- h LC 50 

### >0.092 mg

ae/L Supplemental

41835206 Very h ighly

toxic

Aquatic plants and algae V ascular Duckweed ( Lemna gibba )

- EHE EC 50 

### = 0.33 mg ae/L Acceptable

41735203 ---

Non

vascular Marine diatom ( Skeletonema

costatum )

– EHE EC 50 

### = 0.152 mg ae/L Acceptable

41735204 ---

Terrestrial plants Seedling

emergence 4 

### Onion ( A llium

cepa )

– IPE EC 25 

### = 0.010 lb ae/A

NOAEC = 0.005628 lb ae/A (based on shoot length)

TGAI 2 

### Acceptable

43982101 ---

Lettuce ( Lactuca

sativa )

– IPE EC 25 

### = 0.00081 lb

ae/A

NOAEC = 0.00047 (based on shoot length)

TGAI 2 

### Supplemental

43982101 ---

Onion ( Allium

cepa )

– EHE EC 25 

### = 0.17 lb ae/A

NOAEC = 0.0019 lb ae/A (based on shoot height) TEP 3 

### Acceptable

47106003

Tomato ( Lycopersicon

esculentum )

– EHE EC 25 

### = 0.0012 lb ae/A

NOAEC = 0.0058 lb ae/A (based on dry weight) TEP 3 

### Acceptable

47106003

Vegetative vigor Onion ( Allium

cepa )

– EHE EC 25 

### = 0.088

NOAEC = 0.0245 (based on dry weight)

TEP 3 

### Acceptable

47106004 ---

Lettuce ( Lactuca

sativa )

– EHE EC 25 

### = 0.0021 lb ae/A

NOAEC = 0.00167 lb

ae/A (based on dry weight )

TEP 3 

### Acceptable

47106004 ---

1 Freshwater fish may be surrogates for aquatic

- phase amphibians.

2 Technical Gradient Active Ingredient (TEP studies are also available, but yielded less sensitive toxicity endpoints)

3 Typical End

- use Product

4 IPE use is currently limited to citrus and will only be used as an endpoint for this use. For other uses, the next most sens itive

ester will be chosen.

### Page 20 of 85 

# 3.2. Effects to Terrestrial Organisms

Table 8. Summary of the Most Sensitive Endpoints from Terrestrial Toxicity Studies for 2,4

- D ( All

F orms)

Taxonomic

Group Study Type Surrogate Species and

Form Toxicity Value MRID and

Classification Acute Toxicity

Classification

Birds 1 

### Acute Northern bobwhite quail ( Colinus virginianus )

- TIPA LD 50 

### = 218.7 mg ae/kg

- bw Acceptable

41644401 Moderately

toxic

Sub

- acute dietary Northern bobwhite quail ( Colinus virginianus )

– TIPA L C 50 

### >3035 mg ae/kg

- diet Acceptable

41644402

Slightly toxic Mallard duck ( Anas platyrhynchos )

- TIPA L C 50 

### >3035 mg ae/kg

- diet Acceptable

41644403

Chronic Northern bobwhite quail ( Colinus virginianus )

– 2.4

- D acid NOAEC = 962 mg ae/kg

diet (no effects) Acceptable

45336401 ---

Mammals Acute o ral Laboratory rat ( Rattus norvegicus )

- TIPA LD 50 

### = 4 05 mg ae/kg

- bw Acceptable

41413501 Moderately

toxic

Acute

Inhalation Laboratory rat ( Rattus norvegicus )

– 2,4

- D acid LC 50 

### > 1.79 mg ae /L Acceptable

00161660 Category III

Chronic (reproduction) Laboratory rat ( Rattus norvegicus )

– 2,4

- D acid Parental

NOAEL = 16.6 mg ae/kg

bw (based on increased kidney weights, and degenerative lesions in the proximal convoluted tubules

in P1 rats )

Reproductive

NOAEL = 45.3 mg/kg bw/day in males, 40.2 mg/kg bw/day in females (based on no effects )

Offspr ing

NOAEL = 20.9/ mg/kg bw/day in males and 23.3 mg/kg/day in females (based

on decreased body weights, increased kidney weights

and increased incidence of degeneration of the proximal

convoluted tubules ) Acceptable

47972101 ---

### Page 21 of 85 Table 8. Summary of the Most Sensitive Endpoints from Terrestrial Toxicity Studies for 2,4

- D ( All

F orms)

Taxonomic

Group Study Type Surrogate Species and

Form Toxicity Value MRID and

Classification Acute Toxicity

Classification

Insects Acute contact Honey bee ( Apis mellifera )

- EHE 96

- h LD 50 

### > 66 μg ae/bee Acceptable

44517301 Practically

non

- toxic

Insects Acute oral Honey bee ( Apis mellifera )

- EHE 72

- h LD 50 

### > 66μg ae/bee Supplemental

44517302 Practically

non

- toxic

1 Birds represent surrogates for terrestrial

- phase amphibians and reptiles.



# 3.3. Ecological Incidents

T he Avian Incident Monitoring System (AIMS) was searched on June 5, 2012 and three ecological incidents were identified that involv ed 2,4

- D. One incident was classified as certain

to h ave been caused by 2,4

- D and involved a misuse of the pesticide to corn. The incident occurred in Iowa on May 19, 1996 and resulted in one dead bird (species unknown) at the site. The other two incidents were listed as unlikely to have been caused by 2,4

- D.

A search of the Ecological Incident Information System database (EIIS) on August 6, 2012

returned more than 400 incidents for 2,4

- D, ranging from 1949 to the present (Table 9). The majority of these incidents were reported for 2,4

- D acid and involv ed plants. Entries included both residential and agricultural use of 2,4

- D products. Many of the plant incidents appeared to

result from over

- application of 2,4

- D products to lawns or application of 2,4

- D products to types of grass that are sensitive to 2,4

- D. Other plant incidents were the result of spray drift in agricultural settings. A limited number of incidents with other organisms (fish, aquatic plants, birds, mammals, reptiles, and terrestrial insects) were also reported. Incidents will need to be carefully reviewed to determine the role that 2,4

- D products may have played; many incidents involved the application of other pesticides as well. In addition, incidents that are the result of a clear misuse of 2,4

- D will be removed from the analysis. No incidents were reported for Na or IPE; the choline salt was not listed in the database (Appendix C)

.

Table 9. EIIS R eports for all F orms of 2,4

- D

Plants Fish Aquatic

invertebrates Aquatic plants Birds Mammals Reptiles Terrestrial

insects N /S

2,4

- D acid 304 22 N/R 1 4 4 1 1 4

DMA 90 3 N/R N/R 1 N/R N/R N/R N/R

2

- EHE 6 N/R N/R N/R N/R N/R N/R N/R N/R

BEE 1 N/R N/R N/R N/R N/R N/R N/R N/R

TIPA 19 N/R N/R N/R N/R N/R N/R N/R N/R

IPA 1 N/R N/R N/R N/R N/R N/R N/R N/R

DEA 1 N/R N/R N/R N/R N/R N/R N/R N/R

Na N/R N/R N/R N/R N/R N/R N/R N/R N/R

IPE N/R N/R N/R N/R N/R N/R N/R N/R N/R

### Page 22 of 85 

## Table 9. EIIS R eports for all F orms of 2,4

- D

Plants Fish Aquatic

invertebrates Aquatic plants Birds Mammals Reptiles Terrestrial

insects N /S

Choline N/R NR N/R N/R N/R N/R N/R N/R N/R N/R = none reported N/S = species not specified

The Aggregate Incident Reports database was searched on June 5, 2012 and contained numerous incidents for 2,4

- D acid and its forms (Table 10 ). Incidents were reported from 1996 to the

present. Specific information was not available for these incidents (e.g., species involved, other chemicals, etc.).

Table 10 . Aggregate Incident R eports for All F orms of 2,4

- D

Minor fish and

wildlife incidents Minor plant incidents Minor “other non

target” incidents

2,4

- D acid 40 7915 0

DMA 19 5787 0

2

- EHE 0 84 2

BEE 5 1 0

TIPA 3 10 0

IPA N/ R N/ R N/ R

DEA 0 1 0

Na N/ R N/ R N/ R

IPE N/ R N/ R N/ R

Choline N/ R N/ R N/ R N/R = none reported



# 4. Conceptual Model

There is potential for exposure to terrestrial and aquatic organisms from the labeled uses of 2,4

- D (Figure 1). The environmental fate properties indicate that exposures may result through spray drift, runoff, volatilization, wet /dry deposition, and leaching to ground water

. The Screening Imbibition Program (SIP) model indicates that exposure to 2,4

- D through drinking water may be a potential concern for birds and mammals. The Screening Tool for Inhalation Risk (STIR) model indicates that exposure via inhalation is not likely significant for mammals or birds

.

The h ypothesi s for testing by risk assessment methods for each existing and proposed 2,4

- D use

is “ 2,4

- D, used in accordance with the label, produces adverse effects on individual survival, growth, or reproduction in terrestrial vertebrates, terre strial invertebrates, terrestrial plants, aquatic vertebrates, aquatic invertebrates, or aquatic plants .”

### Page 23 of 85 Stressors 

### 2,4

- D products applied to use site

Transport Pathways Spray

Drift

Exposure

Media

Exposure

Route Ingestion/

Inhalation Direct contact/ Root Uptake Direct contact/ Root Uptake Gill/ Integument Uptake

Receptors

Attribute Changes Birds/ Mammals/ Insects Terrestrial

Plants

Acute Effects

• Mortality 

### Aquatic Invertebrates Aquatic Vertebrates Amphibians Wetland/ Riparian Plants/Aquatic plant

Individual Plants

• Seedling emergence

• Vegetative vigor



### Terrestrial

Aquatic Volatilization and

Atmospheric transport

and deposition Leaching to groundwater

Terrestrial Environment Aquatic Environment

Chronic Effects

• Reproduction

• Growth

• Survival 

### Acute Effects

• Mortality 

### Chronic Effects

• Reproduction

• Growth

• Survival 

### Chronic Effects

• Reproduction

• Growth

• Survival 

### Source/

In

- situ deposition

(Soil and Foliage)

Runoff

Air

plant

transfer 

# Exposure Routes for 2,4

- D

Figure 1. Aquatic and terrestrial exposure conceptual model

### Page 2 4 of 85 

# 5. Analysis Plan

This analysis plan will be revisited and may be revised depending upon a full review of the data available in the open literature and the information submitted by the public in response to the opening of the registration review docket.



# 5.1. Stressors of Concern

The stressors of ecological concern for terrestrial and aquatic organisms are the 10 forms of 2,4

- D. Submitted ecological studies indicate that the ester forms for 2,4

- D are generally more toxic to aquatic organisms than the salt, am ine, and acid forms. Consequently, the esters will be considered separately for aquatic organisms , as has been done in recent risk assessments (USEPA 2005a and 2009) . For terrestrial scenarios, the most sensitive endpoint, regardless of the 2,4

- D form (e ster, salt, amine, acid) will be used in the risk assessment.

Several major degradat es ( 1,2,4

- benzenetriol, 2,4

- DCP and CHQ) of 

## 2,4

- D (Table 5) were detected in submitted environmental fate studies. With the exception of 2

, 4

- DCP (a maximum of

3.5% of a pplied), the degradates were not detected in the terrestrial environment

. The 1,2,4

- benzenetriol degradate was eliminated from concern because it is formed only via aqueous photolysis

. I t may be less likely to occur in many environments as degradation of 2,4

- D , which appears to be dependent primarily on oxidative microbial

- mediated mineralization

. The exposure of CHQ in the environment is likely to be low since it formed in aerobic aquatic environments to a significant extent only on day 27, and, from that point, dissipation was rapid (half

- life of 

## 5 days). Although 2,4

- DCP is a minor degradate in t errestrial environment, it is a major degradate (<32%) under anaerobic aquatic conditions . 2,4

- DCP is also a product impurit y of 2,4

- D. There are some toxicity data of 2 ,4

- DCP available in the ECOTOX ( http://cfpub.epa.gov/ecotox/ ), which suggest it is mor e toxic than 2,4

- D for selected aquatic organisms. T herefore, 2,4

- D (acid, salts, and esters) as well as its degradate, 2,4

- DCP will be considered as stressors of concern in ecological risk assessment

.

Polychloro dibenzo

- p

- dioxin (PCDD) and polychloro dibenzo

- p

- furans (PCDF) may be formed during the manufacture of 2,4

- D and can remain in the products as impurities. According to 2,4

- D registrants, since the 1990’s, the manufacturing processes for 2,4

- D and its chemical

intermediat e, dichlorophenol, have been modified to reduce concentrations of PCDD and PCDF in the technical 2,4

- D products. However, EFED will explore current data on impurities in 2,4

- D and perform a similar ecological risk assessment to the one that was conducted in 2005 (US EPA, 2005 b ) for PCDD and PCDF, if warranted.

### Page 25 of 85 

# 5.2. Measures of Exposure

EFED will use standard available models to evaluate potential exposures to aquatic and terrestrial organisms. Screening level calculations for birds and mammals have suggested that the drinking water exposure pathway may be significant, but that the inhalation exposure pathway is unlikely to be significant (see Appendix B for a more detailed rationale) . These exposure pathways may be further considered at the time of the risk assessment

. The Agency is

also aware of 2,4

- D monitoring conducted in various environmental media by federal and state agencies

. R oute s of exposure will be considered in the ass essment to the extent that data on 2,4

- D are available , based on the conceptual model (Figure 1)

.



# 5.3. Measures of Effect

Toxicity data presented in Section 3 of this problem formulation will be used to calculate risk quotients , which are calculated by dividing Estimated Environmental Concentrations ( EECs ) by the most sensitive toxicity value for a given taxon . Any additional information submitted by the registrant or found in the open literature prior to conduct of the risk assessment will also be

cons idered.



# 5.4. Drinking Water Assessment

If a revised drinking water assessment is warranted, EFED will conduct a drinking water

assessment to support future human health dietary risk assessments of 2,4

- D . The drinking water

assessment will be performed based on EFED’s current guidance using appropriate surface and groundwater models. Descriptions of all executable versions of current models for drinking water exposure can be obtained from URL link below. http://www.epa.gov/oppefed1/models/water/



# 6. E ndocrine Disruptor Screening Program

2,4

- D was included in the first group of 67 chemicals issued an order to conduct Tier 1 EDSP testing ( http://www.epa.gov/endo/pubs/prioritysetting/final_listfacts.htm )

. 

# 7. Preliminary Identification of Data Gaps

7.1. Environmental Fate

Table 11 identifies environmental fate studies by MRID that offer data for each guideline requirement, as well as study classifications and whether or not furt her data are needed to support the risk assessment.

### Page 26 of 85 Table 11 . S ubmitted Environmental Fate Data for 2,4

- D

OCSPP

Guideline Data Requirement Submitted

Studies (MRID) Study

Classifications Sufficient

for

EFED? Rationale for Additional Data Need

835.2120 Hydrolysis 41007301 Acceptable Yes Not Applicable

835.2240 Aqueous photolysis 41125306 Acceptable Yes Not Applicable

835.2410 Soil photolysis 41125305 Acceptable Yes Not Applicable

835.4100 Aerobic soil

metabolism 43167501 Acceptable Yes Not Applicable 00116625

835.4200 Anaerobic soil

metabolism --- --- --- Submitted a naerobic aquatic study data

show ed that 2, 4

- D is moderately persistent to persistent under anaerobic aquatic environment. Given the persistent nature of 2,4

- D under anaerobic environment, an additional study may not provide new information on the persisten ce of this chemical.

835.4300 Aerobic aquatic

metabolism 42045301 Acceptable Yes Not Applicable 44188601

835.4400 Anaerobic aquatic

metabolism 43356001 Acceptable

Yes Not Applicable 42979201 Supplemental

41557901

835.1230

835.1240 Adsorption/ desorption 42045302

Acceptable Yes Not Applicable 44117901

00112937

Leaching 00057313 Supplemental Yes Not Applicable

00080124

- Not Applicable

835.1410 Volatility

laboratory 42059601 Acceptable Yes Not Applicable

835. 8100 Volatility Field 48862902

--- In review

835.6100 Terrestrial field dissipation 43914701

Acceptable Yes Not Applicable 43762401

43762402

43514601

43533401

43864001

43592801

43762403

43763404

43640601

### Page 27 of 85 Table 11 . S ubmitted Environmental Fate Data for 2,4

- D

OCSPP

Guideline Data Requirement Submitted

Studies (MRID) Study

Classifications Sufficient

for

EFED? Rationale for Additional Data Need

43831702

43872703

43849102

43831701

43705202

850.6100 Analytical

method in soil No An environmental chemistry method (ECM) in soil was not submitted in support of submitted terrestrial field dissipation studies. An independently validated environmental chemistry method

as well as ECM in soil is necessary to evaluate the results of the most recently submitted terrestrial field dissipation study

.

835.6200

850.6100 Aquatic field dissipation 43908302
Acceptable Yes Not Applicable 439 54701

43491601

Analytical

method in water

and sediment 42045301 Unacceptab l e No The submitted study involves an aerobic aquatic metabolism evaluation of 14 

### C

- 2,4

- D. Environmental chemistry method (ECM) and independent laboratory

validation method (ILV) were not
submitted

. Therefore, ECM and ILV f or 2,4

- D residues in water and sediment are required to support monitoring for 2,4

- D

residues and to evaluate submitted environmental fate and ecological effects

data.

165

- 4 (850.1730) Fish

bioconcentration --- ---- --- Waived for low Log K

ow



## Environmental Chemistry Methods and Associated I ndependent Laboratory V alidation:

Guideline 850.6100 An independently validated environmental chemistry method for 2,4

- D residues in soil, water

and sediment ha s not been submitted by the registrant. Therefo re, an environmental chemistry method for 2,4

- D residues of concern in soil, water

, and sediment a s well as i ndependent laboratory validation of the method s are required to support monitoring for 2,4

- D residues and to evaluate newly submitted environmental fate and ecological effects data. Independently validated analytical methods for residues in soil, water, and sediment, and plant material (environmental chemistry methods) submitted by the registrant are used to evaluate analyses

described in submitted environmental fate and ecological effects studies. Submitted analytical methods are also used by various f ederal, s tate, t ribal, and local agencies to detect and monitor residues that are or are suspected to be in environmental compartments from outdoor u ses and accidental releases. Independent laboratory validations for submitted analytical methods are necessary to confirm that the methods are functional and to confirm the levels of detection and quantitation reported in registrant

- prepared validations.

### Page 28 of 85 

# 7.2. Effects

Tables 1 2 and 13 identify the ecological effects studies (most sensitive endpoints) by MRID that offer data for each guideline requirement, as well as study classifications and whether or not further data are needed to support risk assessment . Rationale for the additional data requested is presented below the tables.

Table 1 2 . Aquatic Ecological Effects Data for 2,4

- D

OCSPP

Guideline Data Requirement Submitted

Studies (MRID) Study

Classifications Sufficient

for

EFED? Rationale for Additional Data Need

850.1010 Freshwater

invertebrate acute toxicity 41158301 (non

- ester) Acceptable Yes Not Applicable

43930601 (ester)

850.1025

850.1035

850.1045

850.1055 Estuarine/marine

invertebrate acute toxicity 41429003 (non

- ester) Acceptable

Yes Not Applicable

41835206 (ester) Supplemental

850.1075 Freshwater fish acute toxicity 419751 05 (non

- ester) Acceptable Yes Not Applicable

43930701 (ester)

850.1075 Estuarine/marine

fish acute toxicity 42018301 (non

- ester) Acceptable

Yes Not Applicable

41835205 (ester) Supplemental

850.1300 Freshwater

invertebrate life cycle 42018303 (non

- ester) Acceptable Yes Not Applicable

41353802 (ester)

850.1350 Estuarine/marine

invertebrates life cycle N/A

N/A Yes Although this is a data gap, EFED is not requesting data because 2,4

- D is not expected to remain in the aquatic environment long enough to result in chronic exposures.

850.1400 Freshwater fish early

- life stage 41767701 (non

- ester) Acceptable Yes Not Applicable

### Page 29 of 85 Table 1 2 . Aquatic Ecological Effects Data for 2,4

- D

OCSPP

Guideline Data Requirement Submitted

Studies (MRID) Study

Classifications Sufficient

for

EFED? Rationale for Additional Data Need

850.1400 Estuarine/marine

fish early

- life stage 41345701 (ester) Acceptable Yes Not Applicable

850.1500 Freshwater fish life cycle 41737305 (ester) Supplemental Yes Not Applicable

850.4400 Aquatic plant growth:

Tier II vascular plants 42712204 (non

- ester) Acceptable Yes Not Applicable 41735203 (ester)

850.5400 Aquatic Plant

Growth: Tier II algae 41505903 (non

- ester) Acceptable Yes Not Applicable 41735204 (ester)



### Table 13

. Terrestrial Ecological Effects Data for 2,4

- D

OCSPP

Guideline Data Requirement Submitted

Studies (MRID) Study

Classifications Sufficient

for

EFED? Rationale for Additional Data Need

850.2100 Avian oral toxicity 41644401 Acceptable No Acute oral toxicity data are necessary for a passerine species.

850.2200 Avian dietary toxicity 41644402 Acceptable Yes Not Applicable

41644403

850.2300 Avian reproduction 4 5336401 Acceptable Yes Although reproductive data are usually required for one upland game species and one waterfowl species, it

is unlikely that the addition of a mallard duck reproductive study would change the risk picture. The oral and dietary studies have demonstrated that the bobwhite quail is more sensitive to 2,4

- D than the mallard duck; thus the current reproductive study usi ng bobwhite quail will be sufficient for ecological risk analysis.

850.3020 Honey bee

acute contact toxicity 44517301 Acceptable Yes Not Applicable

Non

guideline Honey bee

acute oral toxicity 44517302 Supplemental Yes Not Applicable

### Page 30 of 85 Table 13

. Terrestrial Ecological Effects Data for 2,4

- D

OCSPP

Guideline Data Requirement Submitted

Studies (MRID) Study

Classifications Sufficient

for

EFED? Rationale for Additional Data Need

Non

guideline Honey bee larval toxicity (None) (N/A) No A honey bee larval toxicity test is necessary for screening level

assessments.

850.3030 Honey bee

residue on foliage (None) (N/A) Yes Not Applicable

850.3040 Field testing for pollinators (None) (N/A) Yes Not Applicable

850.4100 Terrestrial plant toxicity:

Tier II seedling

emergence 43982101 1 

### Acceptable Yes Not Applicable

850.4150 Terrestrial plant toxicity:

Tier II vegetative vigor 42416801 1 

### Acceptable Yes Not Applicable

47106004

1 TEP studies are also available, but yielded less sensitive toxicity endpoints.



## The following terrestrial toxicity data are needed for the 2,4

- D ecological effects assessment:

Avian Acute Oral Toxicity Test (Passerine Species): Guideline 850.2100 Acute avian oral toxicity data are required for either one waterfowl or one upland game species and one passerine species under the 40 CFR Part 158 (2010) data requirements for conventional pesticides with o utdoor uses (can be performed with any 2,4

- D salt or ester ) . The lowest

en dpoint from s ubmitted acute oral avian effects data show s an LD 50 

## of > 218.7 mg ae /kg

- bw for

t he bobwhite quail (MRID 41644401)

. Given that passerine species have higher metabolic rates

because of their smaller sizes than either waterfowl or upland game b ird species and because they may utilize different metabolic pathways, they may be more or less sensitive to 2,4

- D

. EPA’s California Red Legged Frog and RED assessment s showed the level of concern was

exceeded for birds. A passerine study protocol should be submitted for review by the Agency prior to initiation of the study.

Honeybee Larval Toxicity Test: Non

- Guideline Honeybee larval toxicity data are needed to complete a screening level risk assessme nt for risks to honeybees. In combination with ac ute contact toxicity and acute oral toxicity data, the larval toxicity component ensures that exposure routes to representative life stages of honeybees have been considered. The assessment process is further described in the Pollinator White Paper (USEPA 2012b).

### Page 31 of 85 

# 7.3 Environmental Fate and Effect s Data for Degradate

, 2,4

- DCP

There are some toxicity data for 2 ,4

- DCP available in the ECOTOX ( http://cfpub.epa.gov/ecotox/ ), which suggest it is more toxic than 2,4

- D for selected aquatic organisms. There have been no registrant submitted environmental effects studies for this degradate. Given that this degradate is relevant to aquatic environments, the Agency notes that

there are m ultiple freshwater invertebrate and fish studies for 2,4

- DCP in the E COTOX database. The Agency plans to review these studies for the registration review risk assessment and incorporate toxicity information from this degradate, as appropriate. Some registrant

- submitted

information is available for the environmental fate o f 2,4

- DCP. The 2,4

- DCP degradate was measured and reported in all 30 plus field and aquatic dissipation studies. The registrant and/or public is welcome to submit additional information that would validate 2,4

- DCP' s environmental

fate and effects properties . In the case that the ECOTOX studies are not found to meet the Agency's criteria, conservative assumptions will be made about the fate properties and

t oxicological effects of 2,4

- DCP, including the use of predictive models to generate appropri ate
data

. T he Agency would be interested in any public perspective regarding the availability of data and its consistency with the Agency’s data evaluation criteria outlined in http://www.epa.gov/pesticides/science/efed/policy_guidance/team_authors/endang ered_species_ reregistration_workgroup/esa_evaluation_open_literature.htm



# 8. References

MRID Citation
Environmental Fate and Product Chemistry Studies

00116625 McCall, P, S. Vrona, and S. Kelley. 1981. Fate of uniformly carbon

- 14 ring

- labeled 2,4,5

- trichlorophenoxyacetic acid and 2,4

- dichl orophenoxyacetic acid. Source unknown. Also In unpublished submission received Oct. 21, 1982 under 11683

- EX

- 2; submitted U.S. Dept. of the Interior, Washington, DC; CDL: 248614

- U.

41007301 Tamma, Rama V. and Sam uel P. Cohen. 1989. Hydrolysis of 2,4,

- D In Aqueous Solutions Buffered at pH 5, 7, and 9. Submitted by Industry Task Force on 2,4

- D Research Data. Performed by Center for s

- Hazardous Materials Research, Pittsburgh, PA.

41125305 Tamma, Rama V. and Samuel P. Cohen. 1989. Photodegradation of 2,4

- Dichlorophenoxyacetic

Acid on Soil. Submitt ed by Industry Task Force on 2, 4

- D Research Data. Performed by Center for Hazardous Materials Research, Pittsburgh, PA

41125306 Cohen, Samuel P. and Rama V. Tamma. 1989. Aqueous Photodegradation of 2,4 Dichlorophenoxyacetic Acid in pH 7 Buffer Solution. Submitted by Industry Task Force on 2,4

- D Research Data. Performed by Center for Hazardous Materials Research, Pittsburgh, PA.

41557901 Levine, A. (1990) Anaerobic Aquatic Metabolism of 2,4

- Dichlorophenoxyacetic Acid: Lab Project Number: 002/001/007/88. Unpublished study prepared by Center for Hazardous Materials Research. Transmittal of 1 study.

42045301 Cohen, Samuel P. 19151. Aerobic Aquatic Metabolism of 2,4

- Dichlorophenoxyacetic Acid. Submitted by Industry Task Force on 2,4

- D Research Data. Performed by Center for Hazardous Materials Research, Pittsburgh, PA

42045302 Cohen Samuel. 1989. Mobility of Unaged 2,4

- Dichlorophenoxyacetic Acid Using Batch Equilibri um Technique. Submitted by Industry Task Force on 2,4

- D Research Data. Performed by Center for Hazardous Materials Research, Pittsburgh, PA.

### Page 32 of 85 MRID Citation

42059601 Doyle, R. (1991) Laboratory Volatility of the 2

- Ethylhexyl Ester of 2,4

- Dichloro

- phenoxyacetic

Acid: Lab Project Number: T08037T601. Unpublished study prepared by IIT Research Institute. 257 p.

42979201 Concha, Marian and Kathryn Shepler, 1993. Aerobic Aquatic Metabolism of [14c] 2,4

- D. Performed by PTRL

- West, Inc. Richmond, CA. Submitted by Industry Task Fo rce I1 on 2,4

- D Research Data c/o DowElanco, Indianapolis, IN.

43167501 Concha, Marian, and Kathryn Shepler. 1994. Aerobic Soil Metabolism of [14c]

- 2 , 4

- Dichlorophenoxyacetic Acid. Performed by PTRL

- West, Inc. Richmond, CA. Submitted by Industry Task Fo rce I1 on 2,4

- D Research Data c/o DowElanco, Indianapolis, IN.

43356001 Concha, Marian and Kathryn Shepler. 1993. Anaerobic Aquatic Metabolism of [14C] 2 , 4

- D. Performed by PTRL

- West, Inc . Richmond, CA. Submitted by Industry Task Force I1 on 2,4

- D Research Data c/o DowElanco, Indianapolis, IN.

43491601 Barney, W. (1994) Aquatic Field Dissipation Study of 2,4

- D DMAS in Louisiana: Lab Project

Number: 2001RI: F93154

- 032: F93309

- 517. Unpublished study prepared by Environmental Technologies Institute, Inc. 580p

43514601 Silvoy, J. (1995) Terrestrial Field Dissipation Study of 2,4

- D 2

- EHE on Bare Soil in Colorado: Lab Project Number: 2000WH03

- COLORADO: SC930169: RAM 8862

- 93

- 001. Unpublished study prepared by ETI; Agvise; and A&L Labs, Inc. 780 p.

43533401 Silvoy, J. J. 1995. Terrestrial field dissipation study of 2,4

- D 2

- EHE on wh eat in Colorado. Study No. 2000WH07

- Colorado. Unpublished study performed by Environmental Technologies Institute, Inc., Research Triangle Park, NC (field phase); AGVISE Laboratories, Inc., Northwood, ND (processing phase); Battelle Memorial Institute, Col umbus, OH; and A&L Laboratories, Inc., Fort Wayne, IN (analytical phases); and submitted by Industry Task Force I1 on 2,4

- D Research

Data.

43592801 Barney, W. P. 1995. Terrestrial field dissipation study of 2,4

- D 2

- EHE on bare soil in North

Carolina. Study No: 2000WH04. Unpublished study performed by ETI, Inc., Research Triangle Park, NC (in

- life phase); DowElanco, Indianapolis, IN; and AGVISE Laboratories, Inc., Northwood, ND (processing phase); Battelle Memorial Institute, Columbus, OH; and A & L

Gre at Lakes Laboratories, Inc., Fort Wayne, IN (analytical phase); and submitted by Industry Task Force I1 on 2,4

- D Research Data.

43640601 Barney, W.P. 1995. Terrestrial field dissipation study of 2,4

- D 2

- EHE on wheat in North Carolina. ETI Study No. 2000WH 08. Unpublished study performed by Environmental Technologies Institute, Inc., Research Triangle Park, NC (field phase); AGVISE Laboratories, Inc., Northwood, ND (processing phase); Battelle Memorial Institute, Columbus, OH; and A&L Great Lakes Laboratories, Inc., Fort Wayne, lN (analytical phases); and submitted by Industry Task Force I1 on 2,4

- D Research Data.

43705202 Barney, W.P. 1995. Terrestrial field dissipation study of 2,4

- D 2

- EHE on pasture in Texas. ETI Study Number: 2000P A04. Minnesota Valley Testing Laboratory Number: 10

- 9305

- 04. Unpublished study performed by Environmental Technology Institute, Inc. (ETI), Research Triangle Park, NC (field phase); AGVISE Laboratories, Northwood, ND (processing phase);

A&L Great Lakes Lab oratories, Fort Wayne, IN; and Minnesota Valley Testing Labs, New Ulm, MN (analytical phases); and submitted by Industry Task Force I1 on 2,4

- D Research Data.

43762401 Hatfield, M.W. 1995. Field soil dissipation of the 2

- ethylhexyl ester of 2,4

- D in pasture in California. AASI Study No. AA940017, Agvise Project No. RES94002, HWI Study No. 6397

- 140. Unpublished study performed by American Agricultural Services, Cary, NC (in

- life phase); AGVISE Laboratories, Northwood, ND (processing phase), and Hazlet on Wisconsin, Inc., Madison, WI (analytical phase); and submitted by The Industry Task Force I1 on 2,4

- D Research Data, c/o DowElanco, Indianapolis, IN.

43762402 Hatfield, M. W. 1995. Field soil dissipation of the 2

- ethylhexyl ester of 2,4

- D in turf in

Ca lifornia. AASI Study No. AA940019, Agvise Project No. RES94004, HWI Study No. 6397

- 142. Unpublished study performed by American Agricultural Services, Cary, NC (in

- life phase); AGVISE Laboratories, Northwood ND (processing phase), and Hazleton Wisconsin, Inc., Madison Wisconsin (analytical phase); and submitted by the Industry Task Force I1 on 2,4

- D Research Data, c/o DowElanco, Indianapolis, IN.

### Page 33 of 85 MRID Citation

43762403 Barney, W.P. 1995. Terrestrial field dissipation study of 2,4

- D 2

- EHE on bare soil in North

Carolina: conducted according to a turf use pattern. Laboratory Project ID: 2000BS04. Unpublished study performed by ETI, Inc. Research Triangle Park, NC (in

- life phase); AGVISE Laboratories, Northwood, ND and DowElanco, Indianapolis IN (processing phase), and

McKe nzie Laboratories Phoenix, AZ and A & L Great Lakes Laboratories, Inc., Fort Wayne, IN (analytical phase); and submitted by The Industry Task Force I1 on 2,4

- D Research Data, c/o DowElanco, Indianapolis, IN.

43762404 Barney, W.P. 1995. Terrestrial field d issipation study of 2,4

- D 2

- EHE on turf in North Carolina. Laboratory Project ID: 2000TF04. Unpublished study performed by ETI, Inc. Research Triangle Park, NC (in

- life phase); AGVISE Laboratories, Northwood, ND and DowElanco, Indianapolis IN (processing phase), and McKenzie Laboratories Phoenix, AZ and A & L Great Laltes Laboratories, Inc., Fort Wayne, IN (analytical phase); and submitted by The Industry Task Force I1 on 2,4

- D Research Data, c/o DowElanco, Indianapolis, IN.

43831701 Hatfie ld, M. (1995) Field Soil Dissipation of the 2

- Ethylhexyl Ester of 2,4

- D Granules on Turf in Ohio: Final Report: Lab Project Number: AA940024: 6397

- 147: RES94011. Unpublished study prepared by American Agricultural Services, Inc.; Agvise, Inc.; and Hazleto n Wisconsin, Inc. 513

p.
43831702 Hatfield, M. (1995) Field Soil Dissipation of the 2

- Ethylhexyl Ester of 2,4

- D on Bare Soil in a Wheat Use Pattern in North Dakota: Final Report: Lab Project Number: AA940015: 6397

- 138: RES94022. Unpublished study prepared by American Agricultural Services, Inc.; Agvise, Inc.; and Hazleton Wisconsin, Inc. 445 p.

43849102 Hatfield, M. W. 1995. Field soil dissipation of the 2

- ethylhexyl ester of 2,4

- D on bare soil in a corn use pattern in Ohio. AASI Study No. AA940013, Agvis e Project No. RES94010, HWI Study No. 6397

- 136. Unpublished study performed by American Agricultural Services, Inc., Cary, NC (in

- life phase); AGVISE Laboratories, Northwood, ND (processing phase), and Hazleton Wisconsin, Inc., Madison, WI (analytical phase); and submitted by the Industry Task Force I1 on 2,4

- D Research Data, c/o DowElanco, Indianapolis, IN.

43864001 Hatfield, M. W. 1995. Field soil dissipation of the 2

- ethylhexyl ester of 2,4

- D on bare soil in a

corn use pa ttern in Nebraska. Study No. AA 40011 , 6397

- 134, RES94008 . Unpublished study performed by American Agricultural Services, Inc., Cary, NC (in

- life phase); AGVISE Laboratories, Northwood, ND (processing phase); and Hazleton Wisconsin, Inc., Madison, WI (analytical phase); and submitted by Industry Task Force I1 on 2,4

- D Research Data.

43872703 Hatfield, M. W. 1995. Field soil dissipation of the 2

- ethylhexyl ester of 2,4

- D granules on bare ground in Ohio. Study No. AA940025 , 6397

- 148, RES94012 . Unpublished study performed by

American Agricultural Services, Inc., Cary, NC (in

- life phase); Agvise Laboratories, Northwood, ND (processing phase); and Hazleton Wisconsin, Inc., Madison, WI (analytical phase); and submitted by the Industry Task Force I1 on 2,4

- D Research Data, c/o DowElanco, I ndianapolis, IN.

43908302 Hatfield, M.W. 1995. Aquatic dissipation of the dimethylamine salt of 2,4

- D in a small pond in North Dakota. American Ag; AGVISE; Hazleton, Wisconsin. Study number AA940027; 6397

- 150; RES94027.

43914701 Hatfield, M. W. 1995. Field soil dissipation of the 2

- ethylhexyl ester of 2,4

- D in bare ground in California. Study No. AA94002, 6397

- 144, RES94006 . Unpublished study performed by American Agricultural Services, Inc., Cary, NC (in

- life phase); AGVISE Laboratories, Northwood, ND (processing phase); and Hazleton Wisconsin, Inc., Madison, WI (analytical phase); and submitted by Industry Task Force I1 on 2,4

- D Research Data.

43927101 Barney, W. (1996) Forest Field Dissipation Study of 2,4

- Dichlorophenoxyacetic Acid, Isooctyl (2

- E thylhexyl) Ester in Georgia: Lab Project Number: 2002FO02: F93356

- 533: F93312

- 510. Unpublished study prepared by Environmental Technologies Institute, Inc. 1355 p.

### Page 34 of 85 MRID Citation

43954701 Hatfield, M. (1995) Aquatic Dissipation of the Dimethylamine Salt of 2,4

- D in a Sm all Pond in North Carolina: Final Report: Lab Project Number: RES94026: RES944226: HWI6397

- 149. Unpublished study prepared by Agvise Labs; Hazleton Wisconsin, Inc.; and American Agricultural Services, Inc. 713 p.

44105201 Fathulla, R. (1996) The Adsorption and Desorption of (carbon 14)

- 2,4

- DCP on Representative Agricultural Soils: Lab Project Number: CHW 6397

- 168. Unpublished study prepared by Corning Hazleton Inc. 82 p.

44117901 Fathulla, R. (1996) The Adsorption and Desorption of (carbon 14)

- 2, 4

- D on Representative Agricultural Soils: Final Report: Lab Project Number: CHW 6397

- 166. Unpublished study prepared by Corning Hazleton Inc. 84 p.

44158501 Fathulla, R. (1996) The Adsorption and Desorption of (carbon 14)

- 2,4

- DCA on Representative Agricultural Soils: Final Report: Lab Project Number: CHW 6397

- 170. Unpublished study prepared by Corning Hazleton, Inc. 84 p.

44188601 Fathulla, R. (1996) Aerobic Aquatic Metabolism of (carbon 14)

- 2,4

- D: Final Report: Lab Project

Number: CHW 6397

- 172. Un published study prepared by Corning Hazleton, Inc. 83 p.

47112202 Stoehr, C.M. (2007) Determination of physical and chemical characteristics and preliminary analyses of technical 2,4

- D dichlorophenoxyacetic acid (2,4

- D). Unpublished study prepared by

EPL Bio Analytical Services

. 176 p. Ecological Effects Studies

00161660 Terrell, J.B. 1986. An acute inhalation toxicity study of 2,4

- dichlorophenoxyacetic acid in the rat. Project number: 86

- 7893. Unpublished study prepared by Biodynamics, Inc.

41158301 Alexander, H.; Mayes, M.; Gersich, F. (1983) The Acute Toxicity of (2,4

- Dichlorophenoxy)acetic Acid to Representative Aquatic Organisms: Project Study ID: ES

- DR

- 0002

- 2297

- 4. Unpublished study prepared by Dow Chemical U.S.A. 26 p.

41158306 Alexan der, H., F. Gersich, M. Mayes, and S.L. Appelgath. 1983. The acute toxicity of (2,4

- dichlorophenoxy) acetic acid isooctyl ester to representative aquatic organisms. Performed by DOW Chemical USA for the Industry Task Force II on 2,4

- D. Study ID: #ES

- D R

- 0019

- 1208

- 3.

41345701 Mayes, M.A., S.J. Gorzinski, D.W. Harms, C.H. Richardson,

- and K.M. Lehr. 1989. 2,4

- Dichlorophenoxyacetic Acid, 2

- Butoxyethyl Ester: Evaluation of the Toxicity to Early Life Stages of the Fathead Minnow, Pimephales promelas Rafinesque. Study ID No. ES

- DR

- 0131

- 3037

- 1. Performed by Environmental Toxicology and Chemistry Research Laboratory, The Dow Chemical Company, Midland, MI. Submitted by Agricultural Products Dept., Dow Chemical USA.

41353801 Alexander, H.C., M.A. Mayes, F.M. Gersich, E.A. Bartlett, and S.L. Appelgath. 1983. Freshwater fish static acute toxicity test, coldwater species tested: rainbow trout ( Salmo gairdneri ), warmwater species tested: bluegill sunfish ( Lepomis macrochirus ) and fathead

minnow ( Pimphales promelus ). Study no. ES

- 586. Performed by Environmental Toxicology and Chemistry Research Laboratory, The Dow chemical Company, Midland, MI. Submitted by The Dow Chemical Company.

41353802 Gersich, F.M., Gorzinski, S.J., Harms, D., Milazzo, D.P., and K.M. Lehr. 1989. Freshwater

Invertebrate 21

- Day Flow

- through Life

- cycle Toxicity Test, Species Tested: Daphnia magna

. Study ID No. ES

- DR

- 0131

- 3037

- 2. Performed by Environmental Toxicology and Chemistry Research Laboratory , The Dow Chemical Company, Midland, MI. Submitted by The Dow Chemical Company.

41413501 Berdasco, N.; Schuetz, D.; Jersey, G. et al. (1989) 2,4

- Dichloro

- phenoxyacetic Acid Triisopropanolamine Salt: Acute Oral Toxicity Study in Fischer 344 Rats: Lab Pro ject Number:

K

- 008866

- 002A. Unpublished study prepared by The Dow Chemical Co.

41429003 Dionne, E. 1990. (2,4

- D IPA)

- Acute Toxicity to Eastern Oyster ( Crassostrea virginica ) Under

Flow

- Through Conditions. SLI Report No. 89

- 11

- 3134. Dow Laboratory Project ID No. ES

- 2229. Performed by Springborn Laboratories, Inc., Wareham, Massachusetts. Submitted by The Dow Chemical Company, Midland, Michigan.

41505903 Dimethylamine Salt t o Navicula pelliculosa . Laboratory Project ID 0460

- 05

- 1100

- 5. Conducted by Malcolm Pirnie, Inc., Elmsford, NY. submitted by Industry Task Force II on 2,4

- D Research
Data, c/o DowElanco, Midland, MI

.

### Page 35 of 85 MRID Citation

41644401 Hoxter, K.A. 1990. 2,4

- Dichlorophenoxyactic Acid, Triisorpropanolamine Salt: An Acute Oral Toxicity Study With The Northern Bobwhite. Performing Laboratory; Wildlife International Ltd. Easton, MD. Study Sponsor; Dow chemical Company, Midland, MI.

41644402 Hoxter, K.A. 1990. 2,4

- Dichlorophenoxyaceti c Acid, Triisopropanolamine Salt: A Dietary LC50 Study With The Northern Bobwhite. Performing Laboratory; Wildlife International Ltd. Easton, MD. Study Sponsor; Dow Chemical Company, Midland, MI.

41644403 Hoxter, K.A. 1990. 2,4

- Dichlorophenoxyacetic Acid, Triisopropanolamine Salt: A Dietary LC50 Study With The Mallard. Performing Laboratory; Wildlife International Ltd. Easton, MD. Study Sponsor; Dow Chemical Company, Midland, MI.

41735203 Ester to Lemna gibba G3. Laboratory Project ID B460

- 07

- 4. Conducted by Malcolm Pirnie, Inc., Elmsford, NY. Submitted by Industry Task Force I1 on 2,4

- D Research Data, c/o DowElanco, Indianapolis, IN.

41735204 Hughes, J .S. 1990. The Toxicity of 2,4

- D 2

- Ethylhexyl Ester to Skeletonema costatum. Laboratory Project ID B460

- 07

- 3. Conducted by Malcolm Pirnie, Inc., Elmsford, NY. Submitted by Industry Task Force I1 on 2,4

- D Research Data, c/o DowElanco, Indianapolis IN.

41737305 Mayes, M.A., S.J. Gorzinski, R.B. Potter, and C.H. Richardson. 1990. 2,4

- Dichlorophenoxyacetic Acid (2

- Ethylhexyl Ester): Evaluation of the Toxicity to Early Life Stages of the Fathead Minnow, Pimephales promelas Rafinesque . Laboratory Project Study ID. ES

- DR

- 0019

- 1208

- 7. Prepared by The Dow Chemical Company, Environmental To xicology and Chemistry Research Laboratory, Midland, MI. Submitted by Industry Task Force I1 on 2,4

- D Research Data.

41767701 Dill, D.C., S.J. Gorzinski, R.B. Potter, C.H. Richardson, and D.C. Stahl. 1990. 2,4

- dichlorophenoxyacetic Acid Dimethylamine Sal t: Evaluation of the Toxicity to Early Life Stages of the Fathead Minnow, Pimphales promelas Rafinesque . Laboratory Project Study ID No. ES

DR

- 0008

- 3556

- 4. Performed by the Dow Chemical Company, Midland, Michigan. submitted by the Industry Task Force I1 on 2,4

- D Research Data, DowElanco, Indianapolis, Indiana.

41835205 Ward, T.J. and R.L. Boeri. 1991. Acute Flow

- Through Toxicity of 2,4

- D, 2

- Ethylhexyl Ester to the Tidewater Silverside, Menidia beryllina. EnviroSystems Study No. 9035

- D. Prepared by

EnviroS ystems Division, Resource Analysts, Inc., Hampton, NH. Submitted by Industry Task Force I1 on 2,4

- D Research Data.

41835206 Ward, T.J. and R.L. Boeri. 1991. Acute Flow

- Through Toxicity of 2,4

- D, 2

- Ethylhexyl Ester to the Grass Shrimp, Palaemonetes pugio. EnviroSystems Study No. 9036

- D. Prepared by EnviroSystems Division, Resource Analysts, Inc., Hampton, NH. Submitted by Industry Task Force I1 on 2,4

- D Research Data.

41975101 Campbell, Susan, Grimes, Jennie and Smith, Gregory. Diethanolamine salt of 2,4

- D: An acute oral toxicity study with the Northern bobwhite. Wildlife International, 305 Commerce Drive, Easton, MD for PBI Gordon, 1217 West 12 St., P.O. Box 4090, Kansas City, MO 64101. Study

ID#281

- 109.

41975105 Graves, William C., and Peters, Gregory T. 2,4

- D diethanolamine salt: A 96

- hour flow

- through acute toxicity test with the rainbow trout, Oncorhvnchus mvkiss . Performed by Wildlife International, 305 Commerce Drive, Easton, MD 21601 for the PBI Gordon, 1217 West 12 St., PO Box 4090, Kansas City, MO. WI study ID #281A

- 101A.

42018301 Graves, W.C. and G.T. Peters. 1991. Diethanolamine Salt of 2,4

- D: A 96

- Hour Flow

- Through Acute Toxicity Test with the Atlantic Silverside (Menidia menidia). Project No. 281A

- 102A. Prepared by Wildlife International Lt d., Easton, MD. Submitted by PBI/Gordon Corporation, Kansas City, MO.

42018303 Holmes, C.M. and G.T. Peters. 1991. Diethanolamine Salt of 2,4

- D: A Flow

- Through Life

- Cycle Toxicity Test with the Cladoceran (Daphnia magna). Project No. 281A

- 106. Prepared by Wildlife International Ltd., Easton, MD. Submitted by PBI/Gordon Corporation, Kansas City, MO.

42389501 Backus, P. and K. Crosby. 1992. Effect of 2,4

- D DMAS on seed germination/seedling emergence (tier II). Laboratory project ID No. 90

- 0407. Conducted by Ricerca Inc., Painesville, OH. Submitted by Industry Task Force II on 2,4

- D Research Data.

42416801 Backus, P. (1992) Effect of 2,4

- D Acid on Vege tative Vigor of Plants: Tier II: Lab Project

Number: 91

- 0390: 5097

- 91

- 0390

- BE

- 001. Unpublished study prepared by Ricerca, Inc. 124 p.

### Page 36 of 85 MRID Citation

42712204 Thompson, Susan G. and James P. Swigert. 1993. Diethanolamine Salt of 2,4

- D: A 14

- Day Toxicity Test With Duckwee d ( Lemna gibba G3). Wildlife International, Ltd. Project No. 281A

116.

43930601 Drotter, K. R., and J. P. Swigert. 1996. 2,4

- D isopropyl ester: a 48

- hour flow

- through acute toxicity test with the cladoceran ( Daphnia magna ). Performed by Wildlife Inter national, Ltd., Easton, MD. Sponsored by California Citrus Quality Council, Diamond Bar, CA. Laboratory Report ID 435A

- 104A.

43930701 Drotter, K. R., and J. P. Swigert. 1996. 2,4

- D isopropyl ester: a 96

- hour flow

- through acute toxicity test with t he bluegill ( Lepomis macrochirus ). Performed by Wildlife International, Ltd., Easton, MD. Sponsored by California Citrus Quality Council, Diamond Bar, CA. Laboratory Report ID 435A

- 105.

43954702 Barney, W. 1995. Forest field dissipation study of 2 ,4

- dichlorophenoxyacetic acid dimethylamine salt in Oregon. Environmental Technologies Institute, Inc.; Collins Ag Consultants; AGVISE. Study number 2002FO01: F9331

- 523: F9331

- 527.

43982101 Hoberg, J.R. 1996. 2,4

- D Isopropyl Ester

- Determination of Effects on Seed Germination, Seedling Emergence and Vegetative Vigor of Ten Plant Species. Performed by Springborn Laboratories, Inc., Wareham, MA. Sponsored by California Citrus Quality Council, Diamond Bar, CA. Laboratory Report ID 96

- 2

- 6356.

445173 01 Palmer, S. J., and H, Krueger. 1997. An acute contact toxicity study with the honey bee. Performed by Wildlife International. Easton, MD. Sponsored by Industry Task Force II on 2,4

- D Research Data, DowElanco, Indianapolis, IN. Laboratory Report ID 467

- 104.

44517306 Palmer, S. J., and H, Krueger. 1997. 2,4

- D diethylamine salt: a 96

- hour static acute test with the leopard frog tadpoles ( Rana pipiens ). Performed by Wildlife International. Easton, MD. Sponsored by Industry Task Force II on 2,4

- D Research Data, DowElanco, Indianapolis, IN. Laboratory Report ID 467A

- 103.

45336401 Mitchell et al. 2000. 2,4

- D Acid: a reproduction study with the northern bobwhite. Performed by Wildlife International, Easton, Md. Sponsored by the 2,4

- D Workin g Group via Nufarm GmbH and Company KG, Linz, Austria. Laboratory report ID 467

- 106.

47106001 Porch, J.R., H.O. Krueger, and K.H. Martin. 2006. 2,4

- D dimethylamine salt: a toxicity test to determine the effects of the test substance on the seedling emergence test of ten species of plants. Unpublished study performed by Wildlife International, Ltd., Easton, MD. Laboratory report

number 467

- 111. Study submitted to Industry Task Force II on 2,4

- D Research Data, c/o McKenna Long & Aldridge, LLP, Washi ngton, DC. Study completed April 10, 2006.

47106002 Porch, J.R., H.O. Krueger, and K.H. Martin. 2006. 2,4

- D dimethylamine salt: a toxicity test to determine the effects of the test substance on the vegetative vigor of ten species of plants grown

under greenhouse conditions. Unpublished study performed by Wildlife International, Ltd., Easton, MD. Laboratory report number 467

- 112. Study submitted to Industry Task force II on 2,4

- D Research Data, c/o McKenna Long & Aldridge, LLP, Washington, DC. Study completed April 11, 2006.

47106003 Porch, John R., H.O. Krueger, and K.H. Martin. 2006. 2,4

- D 2

- ethylhexyl ester (2,4

- D 2

- EHE): a toxicity test to determine the effects of the test substance on seedling emergence of ten species of plants. Unpublished study performed by Wildlife International, Ltd., Easton, MD. Laboratory report number 467

- 107. Study submitted to Industry Task Force II on 2,4

- D Research Data, c/o McKenna Long & Aldridge, LLP, Washington, DC. Study completed April 10, 2006.

47106004 Porch, John R., H.O. Krueger and K.H. Martin. 2006. 2,4

- D 2

- Ethylhexyl Ester (2,4

- D 2

- EHE ): A Toxicity Test to Determine the Effects of the Test Substance on Vegetative Vigor of Ten Species of Plants Grown Under Greenhouse Conditions. Unpublished study performed by Wildlife International, Ltd., Easton, MD. Laboratory report number 467

- 108. Study submitted to Indus try
Task Force II on 2,4

- D Resea rch Data, c/o McKenna Long & Aldridge, LLP, Washington, DC. Study completed April 10, 2006.

47972101 Marty, MS ; Zablotny, CL; Andrus, AK; et al. (2010) 2, 4

- D: An Extended One Generation Dietary Toxicity Study in Crl:CD(SD) Rats. Toxicology & Environmental Research and Consulting. The Dow Chemical Company. Laboratory Project Study ID 081104, January 30, 2010. MRI D 47972101. Unpublished.

### Page 37 of 85 

## Gibson, L. R. and M. Liebman. 2002. Course Material for Principles of Weed Science

, Agronomy 317, Iowa State University. Website accessed 15 July 2003, http://www.agron.iastate.edu/courses/Agron317/Herbicide_mode_of_action.htm

.

Hoeppel RE; Westerdahl HE. 1983. Dissipation of 2,4

- D DMA and BEE from water, mud, and fish at Lake Seminole, Georgia. Jour

. Am

. Water Res

. Asso

. : 19: 197

- 204.

Industry Task Force II on 2,4

- D Research Data and IR

- 4. 2012. Master label for registrati on review 2,4

- dichlorophenoxyacetic acid uses. 2,4

- D Industry and IR

- 4, May 2012.

Rice, C. P.; Chernyak, S. M.; McConnell, L. L. 1997. Henry’s Law Constants for Pesticides Measured as a Function of Temperature and Salinity. J. Agric. Chem. 45, 2291

- 2298.

US EPA. 200 4. Revised Environmental Fate and Effects Division Revised Preliminary Risk Assessment for the 2,4

- Dichlorophenoxyacetic acid (2,4

- D) Reregistration Eligibility

Decision Document

.

US EPA. 2005 a. Reregistration Eligibility Decision for 2,4

- D. Office of Prevention, Pesticides

and Toxic S ubstances

, (7508C) EPA 738

- R

- 05

- 002 June 2005

.

U.S. EPA 2005b. Revised Screening level ecological risk assessment of polychlorinated dibenzodioxins (PCDDs) and polychlorinated dibenzofuran s (PCDFs) contaminants from technical products of 2,4

- dichlorophenoxyacetic acid (2,4

- D). Confidential memo.

USEPA. 2009. Risk of 2,4

- D Use to the Federally Threatened California Red

- legged Frog ( Rana aurora draytonii ) and Alameda Whipsnake ( Masticophis lateralis euryxanthus ). Office of Pesticide Programs, Washington, DC.

USEPA. 2012 a . BEAD chemical profile for registration review: 2,4

- D chemical case. Biological and Economic Analysis Division, Office of Pesticide Programs, United State

Environment al Protection Agency, Washington, DC.

USEPA. 2012b. White paper in support of the proposed risk assessment process for bees. Environmental Protection Agency, Health Canada, and California Department of Pesticide Regulation

### Page 38 of 85 

## APPENDIX A

Physical Parameters of 2,4

- D and Its Forms

Table A.1. Molecular weight ratio and c hemical structure of registered 2,4

- D forms

Active Ingredient and

PC Code Molecular Weight

Ratio Structure

2,4

- D dichlorophenoxyacetic

acid

03000 1 (2,4

- D) 1.0

Sodium Salt of 2,4

- D

030004 (2,4

- D Na) 1.10

Choline Salt of 2,4

- D

051505 (Choline) 1.47

Amine Salts

Diethanolamine Salt of 2,4

- D 030016 ( DEA ) 1.48 O Cl Cl

O O - [ N H 2 ( C H 2 C H 2 O H ) 2 ] +

### Page 39 of 85 

## Table A.1. Molecular weight ratio and c hemical structure of registered 2,4

- D forms

Active Ingredient and

PC Code Molecular Weight

Ratio Structure

Dimethylamine Salt of 2,4

- D 030019 ( DMA ) 1.20

Isopropylamine Salt of 2,4

- D 030025 ( IPA ) 1.27

Triisopropanolamine Salt of 2,4

- D 030035 (TIPA) 1.87

Esters

Butoxyethyl Ester of 2,4

- D 030053 (BEE) 1.45 Cl Cl

O O

O - [ N H 3 C H ( C H 3 ) 2 ] +

O Cl Cl

O

O N H + ( C H 2 C H O H C H 3 ) 3

### Page 40 of 85 

## Table A.1. Molecular weight ratio and c hemical structure of registered 2,4

- D forms

Active Ingredient and

PC Code Molecular Weight

Ratio Structure

2

- Ethylhexyl Ester of 2,4

- D 030063 (2

- EHE) 1.51

Isopropyl Ester of 2,4

- D 030066 (IPE) 1.19

Table A.2. Selected physical chemical properties of various forms of 2,4

- D 1



## PC Code

Active Ingredient Molecular

Formula and weight (g/mol) Solubility (mg/L) Density (g/cm3) Log K
ow 

## Vapor Pressure (mm Hg@ ≈25°C)

030001 2,4

- D C 8 

## H 6 

## Cl 2 

## O 3 

## 221.04 569 1.42 0.18 @pH

7.0 1.4 x 10 - 7



## 030004 2,4

- D Na

Salt C 8 

## H 5 

## Cl 2 

## NaO 3 

## 243.02 4500 0.68 Na salt dissociate to acid

030016 2,4

- D DEA

salt C 12 

## H 17 

## Cl 2 

## NO 5 

## 326.17 806 0.76 2.24 x 10 - 2 

## <9.98 x 10 - 8



## 030019 2,4

- D DMA

salt C 10 

## H 13 

## Cl 2 

## NO 3 

## 266.12 72900 1.23 DMA salt

dissociate to

acid and

water <1 x 10 - 7



## 030025 2,4

- D IPA C 11 

## H 15 

## Cl 2 

## NO 3 

## 280.15 17400 1.15 IPA salt dissociate to acid

### Page 41 of 85 

## Table A.2. Selected physical chemical properties of various forms of 2,4

- D 1



## PC Code

Active Ingredient Molecular

Formula and weight (g/mol) Solubility (mg/L) Density (g/cm3) Log K
ow 

## Vapor Pressure (mm Hg@ ≈25°C)

salt

030035 2,4

- D TIPA

salt C 17 

## H 27 

## Cl 2 

## NO 6 

## 412.31 46100 1.21 TIPA salt dissociate to acid

030053 2,4

- D BEE C 14 

## H 18 

## Cl 2 

## O 4 

## 321.20 8.03 1.03 4.49 <1.0 x 10 - 7



## 030063 2,4

- D EHE C 16 

## H 22 

## Cl 2 

## O 3 

## 333.25 0.087 1.16 5.78 3.59X10 - 6



## 030066 2,4

- D IPE C 11 

## H 12 

## Cl 2 

## O 3 

## 230 1.27 2.40 3.98 x 10 - 6



## 051505 2



## 2,4

- D

Choline C 13 

## H 19 

## Cl 2 

## NO 4 

## 324.7 NA 1.21 Choline salt dissociate to acid

1 

### Data assembled for 2005 RED (USEPA, 2005 a )

2 

### MRID 482346

- 01

NA Not available

### Page 42 of 85 

## Appendix B

Screening Level Models to Evaluate Potential Importance of Drinking Water and

Inhalation Exposure Pathways

SIP ( Screening Imbibition Program, v1.0) was used to calculate an upper bound estimate of 2,4

- D exposure via drinking water using solubility of 2,4

- D forms , the most sensitive acute and chronic avian toxicity endpoints (bobwhite quail, L D 50 

## > 218.7 mg/kg

- bw and NOAEC = 962 mg ae/kg

- diet) and the most sensitive acute and chronic mammalian toxicity endpoints (rat, LD 50 

## = 405 mg/kg

- bw and NOAEL = 5 mg/kg

- bw). The model indicated that EHE (0.087 mg/L) and BEE (8.03 mg/L) do not present acute or chronic concerns for birds and mammals. All other 2,4

- D salts, amines, and esters present potential acute and chronic concerns for birds and mammals through d rinking wat er exposure . Results for IPE (solubility = 230 mg/L) are presented in Tables B.1 and B.2 ; all other 2,4

- D forms had higher solubility limits (2,4

- D = 569 mg/L; DEA = 806 mg/L; Na = 4500 mg/L; IPA = 17400 mg/L; TIPA 46100 mg/L; and DMA = 72900 mg/L

.

Table B.1 . SIP Avian Results for IPE

Parameter Acute Chronic

Upper bound exposure (mg/kg

- bw) 186.3000 186.3000
Adjusted toxicity value (mg/kg

- bw) 157.5579 102.2590
Ratio of exposure to acute toxicity 1.1824 1.8218

Conclusion* Exposure through drinking water alone is a potential

concern for birds Exposure through drinking water alone is a potential

concern for birds



## Table B.2 . SIP Mammalian Results for IPE

Parameter Acute Chronic

Upper bound exposure (mg/kg

- bw) 39.5600 39.5600
Adjusted toxicity value (mg/kg

- bw) 311.5100 3.8458
Ratio of exposure to toxicity 0.1270 10.2865

Conclusion* Exposure through drinking water alone is a potential

concern for mammals Exposure through drinking water alone is a potential

concern for mammals

*Conclusion is for drinking water exposure alone. This does not combine all routes of exposure. Therefore, when aggregated with other routes ( i.e. , diet, inhalation, dermal), pesticide exposure through drinking water may contribute to a total exposure that has the potential for additional effects to non

- target animals.



## STIR ( S creening T ool for I nhalation R isk

, v1.0) was used to calculate an upper bound estimate of 2,4

- D exposure via inhalation using 2,4

- D’s molecular weight (221.04 g/mole), vapor pressure (1.4 x 10 - 7 

## mmHg), highest non

- granular application rate (4 lb ae/A), most sensitive acute avian toxicity endpoint (bobwhite quail, LD 50 

## = 218.7 mg/kg

- bw), and most sensitive acute oral and inhalation mammalian toxicity endpoints (rat, LD 50 

## = 405 mg/kg

- bw and 4 hr LC 50 

## > 1.79 mg/L, respectively). Inhalation alone is not a potential pathway of concern for birds (droplet inhalation) for any of the 2,4

- D forms ( Table B.3 s hows an example) ; exposure is not likely

### Page 43 of 85 

## significant for birds. The results for mammals also indicated no adverse effects from the inhalation exposure route ( Table B.4 ). Exposure is not likely significant for mammals.

Table B.3 . STIR Avian (0.020 kg) Results for EHE

Maximum Vapor Concentration in Air at Saturation (mg/m 3 

### ) 6.43E

- 02

Maximum 1

- hour Vapor Inhalation Dose (mg/kg) 8.09E

- 03

Adjusted Inhalation LD 50 

### 5.39E+00

Ratio of Vapor Dose to Adjusted Inhalation LD 50 

### 1.50E

- 03 Exposure not Likely Significant

Maximum Post

- treatment Spray Inhalation Dose (mg/kg) 3.84E

- 01

Ratio of Droplet Inhalation Dose to Adjusted Inhalation LD50 7.13E

- 02 Exposure not Likely Significant



## Table B.4. STIR Mammalian (0.15 kg) Results for EHE

Maximum Vapor Concentration in Air at Saturation (mg/m 3 

### ) 6.43E

- 02

Maximum 1

- hour Vapor Inhalation Dose (mg/kg) 1.02E

- 02

Adjusted Inhalation LD 50 

### 1.07E+02

Ratio of Vapor Dose to Adjusted Inhalation LD 50 

### 9.54E

- 05 Exposure not Likely Significant

Maximum Post

- treatment Spray Inhalation Dose (mg/kg) 4.83E

- 01 Ratio of Droplet Inhalation Dose to Adjusted Inhalation

LD50 4.53E

- 03 Exposure not Likely Significant

### Page 44 of 85 

## Appendix C

Incident Information from the EIIS Database

Table C.1 Ecological Incidents Associated with 2,4

- D Acid, Salts, Amines, and Esters from the EIIS Database

Incident

Number (Source) Taxa Magnitude Year State Use Legality of

Use Certainty Category Residues Other Chemicals

Involved Comments

2,4

- D I000636

- 017 Catfish Several 1987 MO Home/ lawn Registered High probability N/R No Mortality caused by runoff into a pond

2,4

- D I010581

- 056 Grass Unknown 2000 NJ Turf, residential Registered Probable N/R Mecoprop Plant damage caused by direct

treatment

2,4

- D I010581

- 057 Grass 75% of

lawn 2000 VA Turf, residential Registered Possible N/R Dicamba Mecoprop

- P Plant damage caused by direct

treatment

2,4

- D I010581

- 060 Grass 95% of

lawn 2000 NY Turf, residential Registered Possible N/R Mecoprop Plant damage caused by direct

treatment

2,4

- D I010581

- 062 Grass 50% of

lawn 2000 CA Turf, residential Registered Possible N/R Mecoprop Plant damage caused by direct

treatment

2,4

- D I009786

- 013 Grass N/R 1999 FL Home/lawn Misuse Probable N/R Mecoprop Plant damage caused by

accidental

treatment

2,4

- D I009916

- 014 Grass N/R 2000 PA Home/lawn Misuse Probable N/R No Plant damage caused by

accidental over

application

2,4

- D I010546

- 001 Bluegrass 85% of

lawn 2000 OH Home/lawn Misuse Probable N/R Dicamba Mecoprop Plant damage caused by

accidental over

application

### Page 45 of 85 

## Table C.1 Ecological Incidents Associated with 2,4

- D Acid, Salts, Amines, and Esters from the EIIS Database

Incident

Number (Source) Taxa Magnitude Year State Use Legality of

Use Certainty Category Residues Other Chemicals

Involved Comments

2,4

- D I010546

- 002 Bluegrass 60

- 70% of

lawn 2000 NY Home/lawn Misuse Probable N/R Dicamba Mecoprop Mortality caused by over

application

2,4

- D I010581

- 052 Grass 60

- 70% of

lawn 2000 MD Turf, residential Registered Probable N/R Mecoprop Plant damage caused by direct

treatment

2,4

- D I010581

- 054 Grass 60% of

lawn 2000 CT Turf, residential Registered Probable N/R Dicamba Mecoprop

- P Plant damage caused by direct

treatment

2,4

- D I009445

- 052 Grass 50% of

lawn 1999 IL Home/lawn Not

determined Probable N/R No Mortality caused by direct

treatment

2,4

- D I009445

- 053 Grass 20

- 25% of

lawn 1999 PA Home/lawn Not

determined Probable N/R No Mortality caused by direct

treatment

2,4

- D I009445

- 054 Grass 50% of

lawn 1999 NY Home/lawn Not

determined Probable N/R No Mortality caused by direct

treatment

2,4

- D I009445

- 057 Grass N/R 1999 IL Home/lawn Registered Probable N/R No Mortality caused by direct

treatment

2,4

- D I009786

- 011 Grass 50% of

lawn 1999 FL Home/lawn Misuse Probable N/R Mecoprop Plant damage caused by direct

treatment

2,4

- D I009786

- 012 Grass All portions

treated 2000 FL Home/lawn Misuse Probable N/R Mecoprop Plant damage caused by

accidental direct

treatment

2,4

- D I009445

- 044 Grass 50% of

lawn 1999 NY Home/lawn Misuse Probable N/R No Mortality caused by accidental

over

- application

2,4

- D I009445

- 045 Grass N/R 1999 MI Home/lawn Not

determined Probable N/R No Mortality caused by direct

treatment

### Page 46 of 85 

## Table C.1 Ecological Incidents Associated with 2,4

- D Acid, Salts, Amines, and Esters from the EIIS Database

Incident

Number (Source) Taxa Magnitude Year State Use Legality of

Use Certainty Category Residues Other Chemicals

Involved Comments

2,4

- D I009445

- 047 Grass 90% of

lawn 1999 OR Home/lawn Not

determined Probable N/R No Mortality caused by direct

treatment

2,4

- D I009445

- 049 Grass 90% of

lawn 1999 CT Home/lawn Misuse Probable N/R No Mortality caused by accidental

over

- application

2,4

- D I009445

- 050 Grass 90% of

front lawn 1999 GA Home/lawn Not

determined Probable N/R No Mortality caused by direct

treatment

2,4

- D I009445

- 051 Grass Unknown 1999 CT Home/lawn Not

determined Probable N/R No Mortality caused by direct

treatment

2,4

- D I009262

- 064 Grass 60% of

lawn 1999 NY Home/lawn Misuse Probable N/R No Browning caused by direct

treatment

2,4

- D I009445

- 039 Grass 85% of

lawn 1999 MD Home/lawn Registered Probable N/R No Mortality caused by direct

treatment

2,4

- D I009445

- 040 Grass N/R 1999 FL Home/lawn Misuse Probable N/R No Mortality caused by accidental

over

- application

2,4

- D I009445

- 041 Grass Unknown 1999 GA Home/lawn Not

determined Probable N/R No Mortality caused by direct

treatment

2,4

- D I009445

- 042 Grass N/R 1999 Cana

da Home/lawn Registered Probable N/R No Mortality caused by direct

treatment

2,4

- D I009445

- 043 Grass 50% of

lawn 1999 CT Home/lawn Registered Probable N/R No Mortality caused by direct

treatment

2,4

- D I009262

- 053 Grass 100% of

lawn 1999 MA Home/lawn Misuse Probable N/R No Browning caused by accidental

over

- application

### Page 47 of 85 

## Table C.1 Ecological Incidents Associated with 2,4

- D Acid, Salts, Amines, and Esters from the EIIS Database

Incident

Number (Source) Taxa Magnitude Year State Use Legality of

Use Certainty Category Residues Other Chemicals

Involved Comments

2,4

- D I009262

- 054 Grass N/R 1999 NJ Home/lawn Registered Probable N/R Pendimethalin Browning caused b y direct application

2,4

- D I009262

- 057 Grass 50% of

lawn 1999 MI Home/lawn Registered Probable N/R No Browning caused by direct

treatment

2,4

- D I009262

- 061 Grass 50% of

lawn 1999 OH Home/lawn Misuse Probable N/R No Plant damage caused by

accidental over

application

2,4

- D I009262

- 062 Grass 75% of

lawn 1999 VA Home/lawn Registered Probable N/R No Browning caused by direct

treatment

2,4

- D I009262

- 063 Grass 95% of

lawn 1999 IL Home/lawn Misuse Probable N/R No Browning caused by direct

treatment

2,4

- D I009262

- 047 Grass Unknown 1999 Engl

and Home/lawn Not

determined Probable N/R No Browning caused by direct

treatment

2,4

- D I009262

- 048 Grass 50% of

lawn 1999 MI Home/lawn Not

determined Probable N/R No Browning caused by direct

treatment

2,4

- D I009262

- 049 Grass 90% of

lawn 1999 NJ Home/lawn Not

determined Probable N/R No Browning caused by direct

treatment

2,4

- D I009262

- 050 Grass 100% of

lawn 1999 OH Home/lawn Not

determined Probable N/R No Browning caused by direct

treatment

2,4

- D I009262

- 051 Grass 100% of

lawn 1999 FL Home/lawn Misuse Probable N/R No Browning caused by accidental

direct treatment

2,4

- D I009262

- 052 Grass 50% of

lawn 1999 TN Home/lawn Misuse Probable N/R No Browning caused by accidental

over

- application

### Page 48 of 85 

## Table C.1 Ecological Incidents Associated with 2,4

- D Acid, Salts, Amines, and Esters from the EIIS Database

Incident

Number (Source) Taxa Magnitude Year State Use Legality of

Use Certainty Category Residues Other Chemicals

Involved Comments

2,4

- D I009262

- 040 Grass 50% of

lawn 1999 NY Home/lawn Registered Probable N/R No Browning caused by direct

treatment

2,4

- D I009262

- 041 Grass 65% of

lawn 1999 OH Home/lawn Registered Probable N/R No Browning caused by direct

treatment

2,4

- D I009262

- 042 Grass 50% of

lawn 1999 FL Home/lawn Not

determined Probable N/R No Browning caused by direct

treatment

2,4

- D I009262

- 043 Grass 85% of

lawn 1999 SC Home/lawn Registered Probable N/R No Browning caused by direct

treatment

2,4

- D I009262

- 045 Grass 100% of

lawn 1999 PA Home/lawn Not

determined Probable N/R No Browning caused by direct

treatment

2,4

- D I009262

- 046 Grass 50% of

lawn 1999 FL Home/lawn Not

determined Probable N/R No Browning caused by direct

treatment

2,4

- D I009262

- 034 Grass 90% of

lawn 1999 OH Home/lawn Not

determined Probable N/R No Browning caused by direct

treatment

2,4

- D I009262

- 035 Grass 60% of

lawn 1999 NJ Home/lawn Not

determined Probable N/R No Browning caused by direct

treatment

2,4

- D I009262

- 036 Grass 100% of

front lawn 1999 NJ Home/lawn Registered Probable N/R No Browning caused by direct

treatment

2,4

- D I009262

- 037 Grass 750 ft 2 1999 NY Home/lawn Misuse Probable N/R No Browning caused by accidental

over

- application

2,4

- D I009262

- 039 Grass N/R 1999 MA Home/lawn Registered Probable N/R No Browning caused by direct

treatment

### Page 49 of 85 

## Table C.1 Ecological Incidents Associated with 2,4

- D Acid, Salts, Amines, and Esters from the EIIS Database

Incident

Number (Source) Taxa Magnitude Year State Use Legality of

Use Certainty Category Residues Other Chemicals

Involved Comments

2,4

- D I007371

- 030 Grass Unknown 1997 PA Turf, residential Registered Probable N/R No Plant damage caused by drift

2,4

- D I007714

- 001 Corn 20

- 30% of

crop 1998 IL Agricultural

area Registered Probable N/R Clopyralid

Flumetsulam Plant damage caused by direct

treatment

2,4

- D I007750

- 001 Corn 60 acres 1998 ND Corn Registered Probable N/R Clopyralid Plant damage caused by direct

treatment

2,4

- D I007754

- 001 Corn 56 acres 1998 IL Agricultural

area Registered Probable N/R Flumetsulam Clopyralid Plant damage caused by direct

treatment

2,4

- D I007875

- 001 Ornamental N/R 1991 WI Pasture Registered Probable N/R Triclopyr Plant damage caused by drift

2,4

- D I008571

- 031 Grass Unknown 1998 FL Home/lawn Not

determined Probable N/R Mecoprop Plant damage caused by direct

treatment

2,4

- D I006214

- 012 Soybean Unknown 1997 IL Soybean Registered Probable N/R Clopyralid

Flumetsulam Plant damage caused by direct

treatment

2,4

- D I006442

- 001 Corn N/R 1998 WI Field Registered Probable N/R Clopyralid

Flumetsulam Incapacitation caused by direct

treatment

2,4

- D I006442

- 002 Corn N/R 1998 NE Field Registered Probable N/R Clopyralid

Flumetsulam Incapacitation caused by direct

treatment

2,4

- D I006442

- 003 Corn N/R 1998 IL Field Registered Probable N/R Clopyralid

Flumetsulam Incapacitation caused by direct

treatment

2,4

- D I007259

- 001 Corn Unknown 1998 WI N/R Not

determined Possible N/R Clopyralid

Flumetsulam Plant damage

2,4

- D I006214

- 005 Corn Unknown 1997 IA Corn Registered Probable N/R Clopyralid

Flumetsulam Plant damage caused by direct

treatment

### Page 50 of 85 

## Table C.1 Ecological Incidents Associated with 2,4

- D Acid, Salts, Amines, and Esters from the EIIS Database

Incident

Number (Source) Taxa Magnitude Year State Use Legality of

Use Certainty Category Residues Other Chemicals

Involved Comments

2,4

- D I006214

- 006 Corn Unknown 1997 IA Corn Registered Probable N/R Clopyralid

Flumetsulam Plant damage caused by direct

treatment

2,4

- D I006214

- 007 Corn Unknown 1997 IL Corn Registered Probable N/R Clopyralid

Flumetsulam Mortality caused by direct

treatment

2,4

- D I006214

- 008 Corn Unknown 1997 IA Corn Registered Probable N/R Clopyralid

Flumetsulam Plant damage caused by direct

treatment

2,4

- D I006214

- 009 Corn Unknown 1997 MN Corn Registered Probable N/R Clopyralid

Flumetsulam Plant damage caused by direct

treatment

2,4

- D I006130

- 001 Willow oak N/R 1997 MS Agricultural

area Registered Probable N/R No Plant damage

caused by drift

2,4

- D I006214

- 001 Corn Unknown 1997 MN Corn Registered Probable N/R Clopyralid

Flumetsulam Plant damage caused by direct

treatment

2,4

- D I006214

- 002 Corn Unknown 1997 IA Corn Registered Probable N/R Clopyralid

Flumetsulam Plant damage caused by direct

treatment

2,4

- D I006214

- 003 Corn Unknown 1997 IA Corn Registered Probable N/R Clopyralid

Flumetsulam Plant damage caused by direct

treatment

2,4

- D I006214

- 004 Soybean Unknown 1997 IL Soybean Registered Probable N/R Clopyralid

Flumetsulam Plant damage caused by direct

treatment

2,4

- D I006214

- 011 Corn Unknown 1997 MN Corn Registered Probable N/R Clopyralid

Flumetsulam Plant damage caused by direct

treatment

2,4

- D I003826

- 024 Unknown fish Unknown 1994 NC Agricultural

area Registered Unlikely N/A Pyrethrin I Glyphosate isopropylamine salt Mortality

### Page 51 of 85 

## Table C.1 Ecological Incidents Associated with 2,4

- D Acid, Salts, Amines, and Esters from the EIIS Database

Incident

Number (Source) Taxa Magnitude Year State Use Legality of

Use Certainty Category Residues Other Chemicals

Involved Comments

2,4

- D I004374

- 002 Bluegill Largemouth bass Bluegill

– 150

Bass

– N/R 1995 MO N/R Spill Unlikely 2,4

- D was not

found in the

residue testing Linuron Pentachlorophenol Mortality caused by runoff into pond

2,4

- D I004668

- 001 Unknown fish 600 fish 1996 LA N/R Misuse Probable N/R Bromacil Mortality caused by spill into river

2,4

- D I004848

- 001 Corn N/A 1996 IL Agricultural

area Registered Probable N/R Clopyralid

Flumetsulam Stunted growth caused by direct

treatment

2,4

- D I005880

- 046 Raspberry Unknown N/R WI Agricultural

area Misuse Probable N/R Clomazone Discoloration caused by drift (300 ft)

2,4

- D I003578

- 001 Cotton 1248 acres N/A CA Rice Misuse Probable N/R No Plant damage caused by

accidental drift

2,4

- D I003601

- 001 White sucker Notropis minnow

American eel

Blacknose dace Hundreds 1993 DE Stream Registered Probable N/R Bromacil Mortality

2,4

- D I003654

- 004 Unknown fish Hundreds 1993 NC Lake Registered Unlikely Foliage

– 90 ppb No Mortality

2,4

- D I003826

- 002 N/R Unknown 1995 NC Tobacco Not

determined Unlikely N/R Disulfoton

Dimethoate

Aldicarb Mortality caused by runoff into pond

2,4

- D I003826

- 003 N/R Unknown 1995 NC Pond Not

determined Unlikely Foliage

– 38000 ppb No Mortality caused by drift into pond

2,4

- D I006214

- 010 Corn Unknown 1997 MN Corn Registered Probable N/R Clopyralid

Flumetsulam Plant damage caused by direct

treatment

2,4

- D I001358

- 001 Home lawn Unspecified

area 1994 CO Home/lawn Not

determined Unlikely N/R No Plant damage

2,4

- D I001849

- 010 Unknown fish 20 1994 LA Sugarcane Misuse Probable N/R Azinphos

- methyl Mortality caused by accidental drift

### Page 52 of 85 

## Table C.1 Ecological Incidents Associated with 2,4

- D Acid, Salts, Amines, and Esters from the EIIS Database

Incident

Number (Source) Taxa Magnitude Year State Use Legality of

Use Certainty Category Residues Other Chemicals

Involved Comments

2,4

- D I002168

- 001 Tobacco N/R 1995 FL Agricultural

area Misuse Probable N/R Picloram Plant damage (accidental)

2,4

- D I003138

- 001 Switch grass Thousands N/R MN Switch grass Registered Probable N/R Clopyralid Plant damage caused by direct

treatment

2,4

- D I003151

- 001 Corn N/R 1996 MN Corn Registered Probable N/R Clopyralid

Flumetsulam Mortality caused by direct

treatment

2,4

- D B000150

- 002 Bluegill Greengill

Silver minnow

Catfish

Smallmouth bass Largemouth bass Crappie

Sunfish

Watersnake Fox squirrel Catfish

– 1

Watersnake

– 1 Fox squirrel

– 2

All others

– N/R 1970 IL Agricultural

area Registered Probable 2,4

- D not

tested Propachlor

Phorate Mortality caused by runoff into pond

2,4

- D I000008

- 001 Bluebird 3 nests 1992 NC N/R Misuse Unlikely N/R No Mortality (accidental)

2,4

- D I000026

- 001 Poplar N/R 1991 IA Fencerow/ soybean Misuse Probable N/R No Mortality caused by accidental drift

2,4

- D I000546

- 001 Unknown tree N/R 1993 AR Home/tree Not

determined Probable N/R 2,4,5

- T Plant damage caused by drift (1.5 miles)

2,4

- D I000799

- 003 Turkey

Cardinal

Blackbird

Duck

Bream

Bass Duck,
Bream,

Bass

– hundreds

All others

– Unknown 1991 NC Home/lawn Not

determined Probable 2,4

- D tested

for in duck

and blackbird tissue; 2,4

- D

detected in

water

– 1 ppb Dicamba Mecoprop Carbaryl

Diazinon Pentachlorophenol Oxamyl Mortality caused by ingestion (birds) and runoff into stream (fish)

2,4

- D B0000

- 300

- 69 Ornamental Unknown 1976 OR Tree farm Misuse Probable N/R 2,4,5

- T Plant damage caused by drift

2,4

- D B0000

- 300

- 70 Unknown tree 1 tree 1976 AR Ornamental, woody Misuse Probable N/R 2,4,5

- T Plant damage caused by direct

treatment

### Page 53 of 85 

## Table C.1 Ecological Incidents Associated with 2,4

- D Acid, Salts, Amines, and Esters from the EIIS Database

Incident

Number (Source) Taxa Magnitude Year State Use Legality of

Use Certainty Category Residues Other Chemicals

Involved Comments

2,4

- D B0000

- 300

- 77 N/R One

- mile

stretch 1970 NC Right

- of

- way Spill Probable N/R 2,4,5

- T Mortality caused by direct treatment (spill)

into river

2,4

- D B0000

- 300

- 78 Salmon 5400 1974 ME Spill Misuse Probable Water

– 7900 ppb 2,4,5

- T Juvenile mortality caused by spill into adjacent

stream

2,4

- D B000150

- 001 Bluegill

Bass Bluegill

– 30

Bass

- 20 1970 IL Corn Not

determined Unrelated N/R Propachlor

EPTC

Phorate

Atrazine Mortality caused by runoff into pond

2,4

- D B0000

- 300

- 58 Ornamental Unknown 1969 AZ Hillside Misuse Probable N/R 2,4,5

- T Plant damage caused by

accidental drift

2,4

- D B0000

- 300

- 59 Unknown fish Unknown 1970 NC N/R Spill Probable N/R 2,4,5

- T Mortality caused by spill into adjacent river

2,4

- D B0000

- 300

- 61 Cotton N/R N/R TX N/R Misuse Probable N/R 2,4,5

- T Plant damage

2,4

- D B0000

- 300

- 62 Unknown plant N/R N/R OR Municipal site Not

determined Probable N/R 2,4,5

- T Plant damage caused by drift

2,4

- D B0000

- 300

- 65 Unknown plant

Ornamental Unknown 1973 MO Pasture Misuse Probable N/R 2,4,5

- T Plant damage caused by accidental spill

2,4

- D B0000

- 300

- 35 N/R (aquatic) N/R 1984 SC N/R Not

determined Probable N/R No Mortality caused by ingestion

2,4

- D B0000

- 300

- 36 Mullet 18 fish 1984 SC N/R Not

determined Probable N/R No Mortality caused by ingestion

2,4

- D B0000

- 300

- 37 Drum

Bream

Croaker 100 fish

each 1984 SC N/R Not

determined Probable N/R No Mortality caused by ingestion

### Page 54 of 85 

## Table C.1 Ecological Incidents Associated with 2,4

- D Acid, Salts, Amines, and Esters from the EIIS Database

Incident

Number (Source) Taxa Magnitude Year State Use Legality of

Use Certainty Category Residues Other Chemicals

Involved Comments

2,4

- D B0000

- 300

- 48 Pumpkin Cantaloupe

Watermelon Pepper N/R 1973 OK Right

- of

- way Misuse Probable N/R MSMA

Diuron Plant damage caused by

accidental drift (125 yards)

2,4

- D B0000

- 300

- 56 Alfalfa

Wheat Thousands

of acres 1966 UT Rangeland Misuse Probable N/R 2,4,5

- T Plant damage caused by accidental spray

drift

2,4

- D I000925

- 001 Unknown fish 23000 1993 WV Right

- of

- way, rail Registered High probability Confirmed in

water,
concentration

not reported Triclopyr Mortality caused by drift into

stream

2,4

- D I003116

- 001 Cherry N/R 1994 OR Ag area Misuse High probability N/R No Accidental aerial spill near orchard

2,4

- D I003386

- 001 Sweet Cherry 665 1994 OR Wheat Misuse High Probability Foliage

– 1.2

- 7.5 ppb

Cherries

– 0.00

- 0.20 ppb Metsulfuron

- methyl Intentional

misuse resulted in drift (aerial) to nearby orchard

2,4

- D I003104

- 001 Canola, potato N/R 1996 ID Green

- house, ag

area Registered High probability Canola tissue

– 0.1

- 1 ppm Clopyralid Mortality caused by drift from use in greenhouse and

ag area

2,4

- D I003249

- 006 Carrot Thousands 1996 CA Ag area Registered High probability N/R No Mortality caused by drift

2,4

- D I004875

- 001 N/R (aquatic) Hundreds 1996 LA N/R Misuse High probability N/R Bromacil Mortality caused by ingestion

2,4

- D I004495

- 001 Unknown bird Unknown 1996 IA Corn Misuse High probability Foliage

EHE

- 4.5 ppb

2,4

- D

– 0.041

- 4.5 ppb Glyphosate, isopropylamine salt Mortality caused by drift from

accidental misuse

### Page 55 of 85 

## Table C.1 Ecological Incidents Associated with 2,4

- D Acid, Salts, Amines, and Esters from the EIIS Database

Incident

Number (Source) Taxa Magnitude Year State Use Legality of

Use Certainty Category Residues Other Chemicals

Involved Comments

2,4

- D I013883

- 026 Cypress trees N/R 1997 WA N/R Not

determined High probability Residue

found in plants,

concentration

not reported Triclopyr Plant damage caused by drift

2,4

- D I009262

- 033 Grass 50% of

lawn 1999 FL 00598

- 009 Not

determined High probability N/R No Browning of lawn caused by treating with 2,4

- D

2,4

- D I014290

- 001 Ornamental 900 ft 2 2003 ID Right

- of

- way, road Misuse High probability N/R Metsulfuron

methyl Plant damaged caused by drift from garden in

accidental misuse

2,4

- D I020627

- 026 Grape N/R N/R WA Ag area Not

determined Possible N/R No Plant damage caused by drift

2,4

- D I015748

- 001 Hay 10.2 acres N/R VA Hay Registered Possible N/R Picloram Plant damage caused by treating directly

2,4

- D I003780

- 002 Unknown grass

and tree Unknown N/R IA Ag area Not

determined Possible N/R Atrazine Cyanazine Plant damage

from runoff

2,4

- D I020627

- 005 Unknown tree

and shrub Unknown N/R WA Right

- of

- way, road Misuse Possible N/R Diuron

Bromacil Plant damage from spray drift

2,4

- D I020627

- 037 Grape N/R N/R WA N/R Not

determined Possible Tissues

– positive test Glyphosate

Dicamba Plant damage caused by spray

drift

2,4

- D B0000

- 300

- 45 Tomato, squash,

pepper Tomato

- 98 Squash

– 6 Pepper

- 70 1972 OK Right

- of

- way, rail Not

determined Possible N/R Diuron

MSMA Plant damage caused by drift

2,4

- D B0000

- 300

- 63 Unknown plant

and tree Unknown 1973 OR Municipal operation Not

determined Possible N/R 2,4,5

- T Plant damage caused by drift

2,4

- D B0000

- 300

- 64 Unknown plant N/R 1973 TN Right

- of

- way Not

determined Possible N/R 2,4,5

- T Plant damage caused by drift

### Page 56 of 85 

## Table C.1 Ecological Incidents Associated with 2,4

- D Acid, Salts, Amines, and Esters from the EIIS Database

Incident

Number (Source) Taxa Magnitude Year State Use Legality of

Use Certainty Category Residues Other Chemicals

Involved Comments

2,4

- D B0000

- 300

- 87 Bass, bream, mullet, eel Bass

- 200

Bream

- 500

Mullet

- 50

Eel

- 10 1979 SC N/R Not

determined Possible N/R 2,4,5

- T Mortality caused by ingestion in

contaminated pond

2,4

- D B0000

- 502

- 13 Spot tail bass, bream, croaker 100 of each 1984 SC Turf, golf course Not

determined Possible Water

– 6.02 ppb Malathion Mortality

2,4

- D I000598

- 009 Carp Bluegill

Gizzard shad

C atfish

U nknown fish Unknown

fish

–

numerous

All others

- N/R 1988 NE Right

- of

- way, rail Not

determined Possible Tested water, but nothing

found Atrazine Mortality caused by drift

2,4

- D I014404

- 023 Onion N/R 1990 WA N/R Not

determined Possible N/R Glyphosate isopropylamine salt Plant damage caused by

carryover

2,4

- D I014404

- 003 Pea N/R 1990 WA Wheat Not

determined Possible N/R No Plant damage caused by spray

drift

2,4

- D I014404

- 017 Unknown plant N/R 1990 WA N/R Misuse Possible N/R Dicamba Plant damage caused by drift

2,4

- D I014404

- 026 Ornamental N/R 1991 WA Corn Misuse Possible N/R Dicamba Plant damage caused by spray

drift

2,4

- D I000804

- 014 Unknown fish Unknown 1991 SD Lake Misuse Possible Water and soil, but no

detects Dimethoate Mortality caused by ingestion

2,4

- D I003602

- 003 Bluegill 1000 1991 NY Pond Registered Possible N/R Copper sulfate pentahydrate Mortality

2,4

- D I014409

- 002 Alfalfa Half of crop 1992 WA N/R Not

determined Possible N/R Glyphosate Plant damage caused by drift

2,4

- D I014409

- 003 Concord grape N/R 1992 WA N/R Misuse Possible N/R No Plant damage caused by drift

### Page 57 of 85 

## Table C.1 Ecological Incidents Associated with 2,4

- D Acid, Salts, Amines, and Esters from the EIIS Database

Incident

Number (Source) Taxa Magnitude Year State Use Legality of

Use Certainty Category Residues Other Chemicals

Involved Comments

2,4

- D I000309

- 001 Forage/ hay, horse, dog, squirrel, chipmunk Forage/hay

– N/R

Horse

– 7 Dog

– 6 Chipmunk and squirrel

- numerous 1992 UT Ag area Not

determined Possible Tissue samples from dog, but no

results reported Dicamba Mortality in hay/forage caused by drift. Mortality in other

animals caused by ingestion.

One horse was incapacitated

2,4

- D I014409

- 009 Unknown plant N/R 1992 WA Driveway Registered Possible N/R Triclopyr Glyphosate Plant damage caused by spray

drift

2,4

- D I014409

- 042 Grape N/R 1992 WA N/R Misuse Possible N/R No Plant damage

from direct

treatment

2,4

- D I014409

- 044 Apricot 30

- 40 trees 1992 WA N/R Not

determined Possible N/R No Mortality caused by drift

2,4

- D I014409

- 048 Wheat 18 acres 1992 WA Winter wheat Misuse Possible N/R No Mortality caused by direct

treatment

2,4

- D I014409

- 019 Baby’s breath N/R 1992 WA N/R Not

determined Possible N/R No Plant damage caused by drift

2,4

- D I000360

- 016 Corn 399 acres 1993 MN Corn Registered

use Possible N/R Dicamba diethylamine salt

Alachlor Plant damage

from direct

treatment

2,4

- D I000358

- 003 Ornamental N/R 1993 CO N/R Not

determined Possible N/R Glyphosate isopropylamine salt Plant damage

2,4

- D I000358

- 002 Cotton 30 acres 1993 MS Cotton Not

determined Possible N/A Glyphosate isopropylamine salt Plant damage

2,4

- D I000360

- 004 Pinto bean 540 acres 1993 CO Pinto beans Registered Possible N/A Trifluralin

Alachlor Plant damage

2,4

- D I001473

- 001 Tobacco N/R 1994 KY Right

- of

- way, road Registered Possible Tissue samples, but no reported

value Chlorsulfuron Plant damage caused by 300 ft

drift

### Page 58 of 85 

## Table C.1 Ecological Incidents Associated with 2,4

- D Acid, Salts, Amines, and Esters from the EIIS Database

Incident

Number (Source) Taxa Magnitude Year State Use Legality of

Use Certainty Category Residues Other Chemicals

Involved Comments

2,4

- D I014407

- 045 Unknown tree

and lilac N/R 1994 WA N/R Not

determined Possible N/R No Plant damage caused by spray

drift

2,4

- D I014407

- 047 Potato N/R 1994 WA N/R Not

determined Possible Laboratory analysis was negative No Plant damage caused by spray drift

2,4

- D I014405

- 014 Ornamental N/R 1996 WA N/R Not

determined Possible N/R No Plant damage

2,4

- D I013883

- 012 Apple N/R 1997 WA Right

- of

- way Registered

use Possible Residues at right

- of

- way No Plant damage from spray drift

2,4

- D I013883

- 022 Grape N/R 1997 WA N/R Not

determined Possible N/R No Plant damage caused by spray

drift

2,4

- D I013883

- 037 Grape N/R 1997 WA Wheat Registered Possible N/R No Plant damage caused by drift

2,4

- D I013883

- 034 Grape N/R 1997 WA N/R Not

determined Possible N/R No Plant damage caused by drift

2,4

- D I013883

- 020 Canola N/R 1997 WA N/R Not

determined Possible No residues

detected Glyphosate Plant damage caused by spray

drift

2,4

- D I013884

- 007 Unknown tree N/R 1997 WA Orchard Misuse Possible N/R No Plant damage

2,4

- D I013883

- 038 Grape N/R 1997 WA N/R Not

determined Possible N/R No Plant damage caused by drift

2,4

- D I005879

- 014 Hickory Unknown 1997 IA N/R Not

determined Possible Clomazaone

detected Clomazone Whitening caused by drift

2,4

- D I013883

- 028 Unknown plant N/R 1997 WA Road Registered Possible N/R Clopyralid Plant damage caused by drift

2,4

- D I013883

- 027 Blackberry and

cottonwood N/R 1997 WA N/R Not

determined Possible N/R No Plant damage caused by drift

### Page 59 of 85 

## Table C.1 Ecological Incidents Associated with 2,4

- D Acid, Salts, Amines, and Esters from the EIIS Database

Incident

Number (Source) Taxa Magnitude Year State Use Legality of

Use Certainty Category Residues Other Chemicals

Involved Comments

2,4

- D I006139

- 001 Bass, catfish, crappie, perch, grass seed N/R 1997 OK N/R Not

determined Possible N/R Picloram Mortality caused by runoff into pond and pond edge

2,4

- D I007259

- 001 Corn N/R 1998 WI N/R Not

determined Possible N/R Clopyralid

Flumetsulam Plant damage

2,4

- D I008336

- 001 Tomato N/R 1998 TX Hay Registered Possible N/R Picloram triethylamine salt Plant damage caused by direct

treatment

2,4

- D I007340

- 654 Grass Lawn 1998 CO Home/ lawn Not

determined Possible N/R No Mortality caused by direct

treatment

2,4

- D I007340

- 710 Grass Lawn 1998 CA Home/ lawn Not

determined Possible N/R No Mortality caused by direct

treatment

2,4

- D I013884

- 025 Ornamental N/R 1998 WA Right

- of

- way Misuse Possible N/R No Plant damage caused by spray

drift

2,4

- D I007980

- 047 Grass 65% of

lawn 1998 SD Home/ lawn Not

determined Possible N/R No Mortality caused by direct

treatment

2,4

- D I007980

- 029 Grass Lawn 1998 NY Home/ lawn Not

determined Possible N/R No Mortality caused by direct

treatment

2,4

- D I007980

- 042 Grass Lawn 1998 OH Home/ lawn Not

determined Possible N/R No Mortality caused by direct

treatment

2,4

- D I007980

- 039 Grass Lawn 1998 CA Home/ lawn Not

determined Possible N/R No Mortality caused by direct

treatment

2,4

- D I007980

- 028 Grass 80% mortality 1998 GA Home/ lawn Not

determined Possible N/R No Mortality caused by direct

treatment

### Page 60 of 85 

## Table C.1 Ecological Incidents Associated with 2,4

- D Acid, Salts, Amines, and Esters from the EIIS Database

Incident

Number (Source) Taxa Magnitude Year State Use Legality of

Use Certainty Category Residues Other Chemicals

Involved Comments

2,4

- D I007980

- 038 Grass Lawn 1998 NJ Home/ lawn Not

determined Possible N/R No Mortality caused by direct

treatment

2,4

- D I008333

- 001 Wheat 40 acres 1998 KS Wheat Registered Possible N/R Glyphosate isopropylamine salt

Picloram Plant damage caused by direct

treatment

2,4

- D I013884

- 022 Tomato 4 plants 1998 WA Lawn Registered Possible N/R No Plant damage caused by drift

2,4

- D I007980

- 046 Grass 75% of

lawn 1998 CA Home/ lawn Not

determined Possible N/R No Plant damaged caused by direct

treatment

2,4

- D I007980

- 037 Grass 50% of

lawn 1998 OH Home/ lawn Not

determined Possible N/R No Mortality caused by direct

treatment

2,4

- D I007980

- 036 Grass Lawn 1998 NY Home/ lawn Not

determined Possible N/R No Mortality caused by direct

treatment

2,4

- D I007980

- 045 Grass Lawn 1998 OH Home/ lawn Not

determined Possible N/R No Mortality caused by direct

treatment

2,4

- D I013884

- 034 Grape N/R 1998 WA N/R Not

determined Possible Samples did

not detect

residues No Plant damage

2,4

- D I007980

- 010 Grass Home lawn 1998 PA Home/ lawn Not

determined Possible N/R No Browning caused by direct

treatment

2,4

- D I007980

- 011 Grass 144 ft 2 lawn 1998 NY Home/ lawn Misuse Possible N/R No Browning caused by accidental

direct treatment

2,4

- D I007980

- 012 Grass Lawn 1998 IA Home/ lawn Not

determined Possible N/R No Browning caused by direct

treatment

### Page 61 of 85 

## Table C.1 Ecological Incidents Associated with 2,4

- D Acid, Salts, Amines, and Esters from the EIIS Database

Incident

Number (Source) Taxa Magnitude Year State Use Legality of

Use Certainty Category Residues Other Chemicals

Involved Comments

2,4

- D I013884

- 030 Unknown tree Several

willows 1998 WA Right

- of

- way Registered Possible N/R No Plant damage

2,4

- D I007980

- 013 Grass Lawn 1998 NJ Home/ lawn Not

determined Possible N/R No Browning caused by direct

treatment

2,4

- D I007980

- 015 Grass Lawn 1998 LA Home/ lawn Misuse Possible N/R No Plant damage caused by

accidental direct

treatment

2,4

- D I007980

- 014 Grass Lawn 1998 NV Home/ lawn Not

determined Possible N/R No Browning caused by direct

treatment

2,4

- D I007980

- 017 Grass Lawn 1998 NY Home/ lawn Not

determined Possible N/R No Browning caused by direct

treatment

2,4

- D I007980

- 016 Grass Lawn 1998 PA Home/ lawn Not

determined Possible N/R No Mortality caused by direct

treatment

2,4

- D I007980

- 052 Grass N/R 1998 NY Home/ lawn Not

determined Possible N/R No Mortality caused by direct

treatment

2,4

- D I013884

- 032 Unknown tree N/R 1998 WA Wheat Registered Possible N/R Dicamba Plant damage caused by drift

2,4

- D I007980

- 026 Grass 60% lawn 1998 CO Home/ lawn Not

determined Possible N/R No Mortality caused by direct

treatment

2,4

- D I007980

- 021 Grass Lawn 1998 WV Home/ lawn Not

determined Possible N/R No Mortality caused by direct

treatment

2,4

- D I007980

- 035 Grass Lawn 1998 NY Home/ lawn Not

determined Possible N/R No Mortality caused by direct

treatment

### Page 62 of 85 

## Table C.1 Ecological Incidents Associated with 2,4

- D Acid, Salts, Amines, and Esters from the EIIS Database

Incident

Number (Source) Taxa Magnitude Year State Use Legality of

Use Certainty Category Residues Other Chemicals

Involved Comments

2,4

- D I007980

- 022 Grass 80% lawn 1998 MO Home/ lawn Not

determined Possible N/R No Mortality caused by direct

treatment

2,4

- D I007980

- 034 Grass Lawn 1998 CT Home/ lawn Not

determined Possible N/R No Mortality caused by direct

treatment

2,4

- D I007980

- 033 Grass Lawn 1998 CA Home/ lawn Not

determined Possible N/R No Mortality caused by direct

treatment

2,4

- D I007980

- 030 Grass Unknown 1998 NY Home/ lawn Not

determined Possible N/R No Plant damaged caused by direct

treatment

2,4

- D I007980

- 031 Grass Lawn 1998 CA Home/ lawn Not

determined Possible N/R No Mortality caused by direct

treatment

2,4

- D I007980

- 032 Grass Lawn 1998 MA Home/ lawn Not

determined Possible N/R No Mortality caused by direct

treatment

2,4

- D I007980

- 053 Grass 60% of

lawn 1998 CA Home/ lawn Not

determined Possible N/R No Mortality caused by direct

treatment

2,4

- D I007980

- 027 Grass Whole lawn 1998 OH Home/ lawn Not

determined Possible N/R No Mortality caused by direct

treatment

2,4

- D I007980

- 040 Grass Lawn 1998 CO Home/ lawn Not

determined Possible N/R No Mortality caused by direct

treatment

2,4

- D I007980

- 043 Grass Lawn 1998 PA Home/ lawn Not

determined Possible N/R No Mortality caused by direct

treatment

2,4

- D I007980

- 001 Grass Unknown 1998 PA Home/ lawn Registered Possible N/R No Plant damage caused by direct

treatment

### Page 63 of 85 

## Table C.1 Ecological Incidents Associated with 2,4

- D Acid, Salts, Amines, and Esters from the EIIS Database

Incident

Number (Source) Taxa Magnitude Year State Use Legality of

Use Certainty Category Residues Other Chemicals

Involved Comments

2,4

- D I008033

- 007 Grass Lawn 1998 OH Home/ lawn Not

determined Possible N/R Diazinon Mortality caused by direct

treatment

2,4

- D I007980

- 044 Grass 3 lawns 1998 KY Home/ lawn Not

determined Possible N/R No Mortality caused by direct

treatment

2,4

- D I007980

- 023 Grass Lawn 1998 MO Home/ lawn Not

determined Possible N/R No Mortality caused by direct

treatment

2,4

- D I007980

- 050 Grass Lawn 1998 VA Home/ lawn Not

determined Possible N/R No Browning caused by direct

treatment

2,4

- D I007980

- 051 Grass N/R 1998 CT Home/ lawn Not

determined Possible N/R No Browning caused by direct

treatment

2,4

- D I007980

- 008 Grass 50% of

lawn 1998 IL Home/ lawn Registered Possible N/R No Plant damage caused by direct

treatment

2,4

- D I007980

- 025 Grass 75%

affected 1998 CT Home/ lawn Not

determined Possible N/R No Mortality caused by direct

treatment

2,4

- D I007980

- 002 Grass N/R 1998 NJ Home/ lawn Registered Possible N/R No Plant damage caused by direct

treatment

2,4

- D I007980

- 024 Grass 50% damaged 1998 NY Home/ lawn Not

determined Possible N/R No Plant damage caused by direct

treatment

2,4

- D I007980

- 048 Grass Lawn 1998 IL Home/ lawn Not

determined Possible N/R No Mortality caused by direct

treatment

2,4

- D I007980

- 009 Grass Unknown 1998 FL Home/ lawn Registered Possible N/R No Browning caused by direct

treatment

### Page 64 of 85 

## Table C.1 Ecological Incidents Associated with 2,4

- D Acid, Salts, Amines, and Esters from the EIIS Database

Incident

Number (Source) Taxa Magnitude Year State Use Legality of

Use Certainty Category Residues Other Chemicals

Involved Comments

2,4

- D I007980

- 054 Grass 75% of

lawn 1998 IN Home/ lawn Not

determined Possible N/R No Mortality caused by direct

treatment

2,4

- D I007980

- 041 Grass Lawn 1998 NJ Home/ lawn Not

determined Possible N/R No Mortality caused by direct

treatment

2,4

- D I007980

- 006 Grass Unknown 1998 FL Home/ lawn Misuse Possible N/R No Plant damage caused by

accidental direct

treatment

2,4

- D I007980

- 007 Grass N/R 1998 FL Home/ lawn Misuse Possible N/R No Plant damage caused by

accidental direct

treatment

2,4

- D I007980

- 018 Grass Lawn 1998 VA Home/ lawn Not

determined Possible N/R No Browning caused by direct

treatment

2,4

- D I007980

- 005 Grass Unknown 1998 FL Home/ lawn Misuse Possible N/R No Plant damage caused by

accidental direct

treatment

2,4

- D I007980

- 004 Grass Unknown 1998 RI Home/ lawn Registered Possible N/R No Plant damage caused by direct

treatment

2,4

- D I007980

- 049 Grass 80

- 90% of

lawn 1998 CA Home/ lawn Not

determined Possible N/R No Mortality caused by direct

treatment

2,4

- D I007980

- 003 Grass N/R 1998 FL Home/ lawn Registered Possible N/R No Plant damage

caused by direct

treatment

2,4

- D I008027

- 001 Grass N/R 1998 TX Home/ lawn Misuse Possible N/R No Mortality caused by accidental

direct treatment

### Page 65 of 85 

## Table C.1 Ecological Incidents Associated with 2,4

- D Acid, Salts, Amines, and Esters from the EIIS Database

Incident

Number (Source) Taxa Magnitude Year State Use Legality of

Use Certainty Category Residues Other Chemicals

Involved Comments

2,4

- D I007980

- 020 Grass Lawn 1998 TX Home/ lawn Misuse Possible N/R No Browning caused by accidental

direct treatment

2,4

- D I007980

- 019 Grass 80% of

lawn 1998 NJ Home/ lawn Not

determined Possible N/R No Browning caused by direct

treatment

2,4

- D I008027

- 004 Evergreen 40 1998 IA Home/ tree Not

determined Possible N/R No Browning caused by direct

treatment

2,4

- D I008027

- 003 Grass 80%

affected 1998 NJ Home/ lawn Not

determined Possible N/R No Mortality caused by direct

treatment

2,4

- D I008027

- 002 Grass N/R 1998 FL Home/ lawn Misuse Possible N/R No Mortality caused by accidental

direct treatment

2,4

- D I013587

- 074 Unknown plant Unknown 1999 WA Pasture Registered Possible N/R No Plant damage caused by spray

drift

2,4

- D I013587

- 008 Pine Unknown 1999 WA Right

- of

- way, road Misuse Possible N/R Dicamba Plant damage caused by direct

treatment

2,4

- D I009262

- 038 Grass Lawn 1999 OH Home/ lawn Registered Possible N/R No Browning caused by direct

treatment

2,4

- D I013587

- 013 Potato Unknown 1999 WA Potato Misuse Possible Residues in potato foliage

and tubers Methamidophos Glyphosate Plant damage caused by

accidental direct

treatment

2,4

- D I020459

- 018 Beet N/R 2000 WA N/R Not

determined Possible N/R Glyphosate Plant damage caused by drift

2,4

- D I020459

- 015 Unknown tree N/R 2000 WA N/R Not

determined Possible N/R Triclopyr Plant damage caused by spray

drift

### Page 66 of 85 

## Table C.1 Ecological Incidents Associated with 2,4

- D Acid, Salts, Amines, and Esters from the EIIS Database

Incident

Number (Source) Taxa Magnitude Year State Use Legality of

Use Certainty Category Residues Other Chemicals

Involved Comments

2,4

- D I020459

- 003 Potato N/R 2000 WA Right

- of

- way, road Not

determined Possible N/R Diuron Imazapyr Plant damage caused by drift

2,4

- D I020459

- 027 Grape N/R 2000 WA Grape Not

determined Possible N/R No Plant damage caused by drift

2,4

- D I020459

- 026 Grape 40 acres 2000 WA N/R Not

determined Possible N/R No Plant damage

2,4

- D I020459

- 028 Arborvitae 100 2000 WA Right

- of

- way, railroad Not

determined Possible N/A Dicamba Plant damage caused by spray

drift

2,4

- D I010581

- 059 Grass 2/3 damaged 2000 MN Turf, residential Registered Possible N/R Dicamba Mecoprop

Meco p r op

- P Plant damage caused by direct

treatment

2,4

- D I020459

- 031 Grape $290,000

losses 2000 WA N/R Not

determined Possible N/R No Plant damage

caused by drift

2,4

- D I010527

- 001 Pensacola bahia 45% of 65

acres 2000 TX Rangeland Registered Possible N/R Picloram triisopropanolamine

salt Plant damage

from direct

treatment

2,4

- D I010581

- 063 Grass Unknown 2000 NH Turf, residential Registered Possible N/R Dicamba Mecoprop

- P Plant damage caused by direct

treatment

2,4

- D I010581

- 065 Grass 3/4 Damaged 2000 IL Turf, residential Registered Possible NR Mecoprop Plant damage caused by direct

treatment

2,4

- D I010581

- 066 Grass 95% Damage 2000 NV Turf, residential Misuse Probable NR Mecoprop Plant damage caused by

accidental direct

treatment

2,4

- D I010581

- 069 Grass All 2000 TN Turf, residential Registered Probable N/R Mecoprop Plant damage caused by direct

treatment

2,4

- D I010581

- 070 Grass All 2000 NY Turf, residential Misuse Probable N/R Mecoprop Plant damage caused by

accidental over

application

### Page 67 of 85 

## Table C.1 Ecological Incidents Associated with 2,4

- D Acid, Salts, Amines, and Esters from the EIIS Database

Incident

Number (Source) Taxa Magnitude Year State Use Legality of

Use Certainty Category Residues Other Chemicals

Involved Comments

2,4

- D I010581

- 071 Grass 5000 ft 2 2000 AL Turf, residential Registered Possible N/R Mecoprop Plant damage caused by direct

treatment

2,4

- D I010581

- 072 Grass 95% of

lawn 2000 CO Turf, residential Registered Probable N/R Mecoprop Plant damage caused by direct

treatment

2,4

- D I010581

- 073 Grass Unknown 2000 NJ Turf, residential Registered Possible N/R Mecoprop Plant damage caused by direct

treatment

2,4

- D I010581

- 074 Grass Unknown 2000 FL Turf, residential Misuse Probable N/R Mecoprop Plant damage caused by

accidental over

application

2,4

- D I010581

- 075 Grass 15,000 ft 2 2000 MN Turf, residential Registered Probable N/R Mecoprop Plant damage caused by direct

treatment

2,4

- D I010581

- 076 Grass 2675 ft 2 2000 WA Turf, residential Misuse Probable N/R Mecoprop Plant damage caused by

accidental over

application

2,4

- D I010581

- 077 Grass 50% of

lawn 2000 CA Turf, residential Misuse Probable N/R Mecoprop Plant damage caused by

accidental over

application

2,4

- D I010581

- 078 Grass Unknown 2000 OR Turf, residential Misuse Probable N/R Mecoprop Plant damage caused by

accidental over

application

2,4

- D I010581

- 081 Grass All 2000 TX Turf, residential Registered Probable N/R Mecoprop Plant damage caused by direct

treatment

2,4

- D I010581

- 086 Grass 75% of

lawn 2000 WV Turf, residential Misuse Probable N/R Mecoprop Plant damage caused by

accidental over application

2,4

- D I010581

- 087 Grass 70% of

lawn 2000 MI Turf, residential Registered Probable N/R Mecoprop

- P

Dicamba Plant damage caused by direct

treatment

### Page 68 of 85 

## Table C.1 Ecological Incidents Associated with 2,4

- D Acid, Salts, Amines, and Esters from the EIIS Database

Incident

Number (Source) Taxa Magnitude Year State Use Legality of

Use Certainty Category Residues Other Chemicals

Involved Comments

2,4

- D I010581

- 089 Grass 7,000 ft 2 2000 PA Home/lawn Registered Probable N/R Mecoprop Plant damage caused by direct

treatment

2,4

- D I010581

- 090 Grass All 2000 CA Turf, residential Misuse Probable N/R Mecoprop Plant damage caused by

accidental over

application

2,4

- D I010581

- 094 Grass 9000 ft 2 2000 NY Turf, residential Registered Possible N/R Mecoprop Plant damage caused by direct

treatment

2,4

- D I010581

- 095 Grass 21,780 ft 2 2000 NJ Turf, residential Registered Possible N/R Mecoprop Plant damage caused by direct

treatment

2,4

- D I010581

- 096 Grass All 2000 MA Turf, residential Misuse Probable N/R Mecoprop Plant damage caused by

accidental over application

2,4

- D I010581

- 097 Grass All 2000 NY Turf, residential Registered Probable N/R Mecoprop Plant damage caused by direct

treatment

2,4

- D I010581

- 099 Grass All 2000 NM Turf, residential Misuse Probable Mecoprop Plant damage caused by

accidental over

application

2,4

- D I010927

- 015 Corn 132 a cres 1999 IA Corn Registered Probable N/R Clopyralid

Flumetsulam Plant damage caused by direct

treatment

2,4

- D I011249

- 001 Soybean Unknown 2000 NE Pasture Registered

use Possible N/R Picloram Plant damage caused by half mile spray drift

2,4

- D I012243

- 001 Cotton 40,000

a cres 2001 MO Cotton Registered Possible N/R No Plant damage caused by drift

2,4

- D I012366

- 008 Field corn 30 acres 2001 IA Corn, field Registered Possible N/R Clopyralid

Flumetsulam Plant damage caused by direct

treatment

2,4

- D I012366

- 009 Field corn 105 acres 2001 IA Corn, field Registered Possible N/R Acetochlor

Flumetsulam Clopyralid Plant damaged caused by direct

treatment

### Page 69 of 85 

## Table C.1 Ecological Incidents Associated with 2,4

- D Acid, Salts, Amines, and Esters from the EIIS Database

Incident

Number (Source) Taxa Magnitude Year State Use Legality of

Use Certainty Category Residues Other Chemicals

Involved Comments

2,4

- D I012366

- 010 Field corn 134 a cres 2001 IA Corn, field Registered Possible N/R Acetochlor

Flumetsulam Clopyralid Plant damage caused by direct

treatment

2,4

- D I012366

- 062 Field corn 105 acres 2001 IA Corn, field Not

determined Possible N/R Acetochlor

Flumetsulam Clopyralid Plant damage caused by direct

treatment

2,4

- D I012366

- 063 Field corn 134 a cres 2001 IA Corn, field Not

determined Possible N/R Acetochlor

Flumetsulam Clopyralid Plant damage caused by direct

treatment

2,4

- D I012786

- 005 Ornamental trees 10 trees 2001 Fran

ce Ornamental, woody Not

determined Possible N/R Triclopyr Phytotoxicity caused by direct

treatment

2,4

- D I013550

- 004 Grass 18 acres 2001 FL Grass Registered Probable N/R Triclopyr butoxyethyl ester Stunting caused by direct application

2,4

- D I013587

- 023 Alfalfa Unknown 1999 WA Wheat Misuse Probable N/R No Plant damage caused by spray

drift

2,4

- D I013587

- 043 Ornamental Unknown 1999 WA Barley Misuse Probable N/R No Plant damage caused by spray

drift

2,4

- D I013587

- 053 Grape Unknown 1999 WA Yard Misuse Probable N/R No Plant damage caused by spray

drift

2,4

- D I013636

- 002 Field corn 68 acres 2003 OH Field corn Registered Probable N/R Atrazine

Acetochlor Plant damage

from direct application

2,4

- D I013636

- 006 Field corn 27 acres 2002 IN Field corn Registered Possible N/R Ammonium

sulfamate

Atrazine Glyphosate isopropylamine salt

s

- Metalochlor Plant damage

from direct

treatment

2,4

- D I013883

- 003 Apple Cherry Unknown 1997 WA Wheat Registered Probable N/R Chlorsulfuron Plant damage caused by spray

drift

2,4

- D I013883

- 005 Ornamental Unknown 1997 WA N/R Registered Probable N/R No Plant damage caused by spray

### Page 70 of 85 

## Table C.1 Ecological Incidents Associated with 2,4

- D Acid, Salts, Amines, and Esters from the EIIS Database

Incident

Number (Source) Taxa Magnitude Year State Use Legality of

Use Certainty Category Residues Other Chemicals

Involved Comments

drift

2,4

- D I013883

- 006 Cherry Grape Unknown 1997 WA Rangeland Registered Probable N/R Dicamba Plant damage caused by spray

drift

2,4

- D I013883

- 007 Ornamental N/R 1997 WA Rangeland Registered Probable N/R Dicamba Plant damage caused by spray

drift

2,4

- D I013883

- 019 Bean N/R 1997 WA Bean Misuse Probable N/R Dicamba Plant damage caused by

accidental direct

treatment

2,4

- D I013884

- 006 Grass N/R 1998 WA Pasture Registered Probable N/R Clopyralid Plant damage

2,4

- D I013884

- 009 Unknown plant N/R 1998 WA Wheat Registered Probable N/R No Plant damage caused by drift

2,4

- D I013884

- 021 Potato N/R 1998 WA Right

- of

- way, road Misuse Probable N/R Dicamba Plant damage caused by drift

2,4

- D I013884

- 035 Unknown tree 36 trees 1998 WA Right

- of

- way Registered Probable N/R Dicamba

MCPA Plant damage caused by drift

2,4

- D I014266

- 002 Strawberry Unknown 2003 Cana

da N/R Misuse Possible N/R Fluorxypyr 1

- methylheptyl ester Clodinafop

propargyl Plant damage caused by spray

drift

2,4

- D I014404

- 019 Ornamental N/R 1990 WA Fencerow Misuse Probable N/R Triclopyr Plant damage caused by spray

drift

2,4

- D I014407

- 016 Ornamental N/R 1994 WA Ornamental Not

determined Probable N/R Dicamba Plant damage caused by drift

2,4

- D I014407

- 034 Blueberry N/R 1994 WA L awn Misuse Probable N/R No Mortality caused by accidental

drift

2,4

- D I014407

- 041 Unknown tree N/R 1994 WA Trees Not

determined Probable N/R No Plant damage

### Page 71 of 85 

## Table C.1 Ecological Incidents Associated with 2,4

- D Acid, Salts, Amines, and Esters from the EIIS Database

Incident

Number (Source) Taxa Magnitude Year State Use Legality of

Use Certainty Category Residues Other Chemicals

Involved Comments

2,4

- D I014407

- 043 Grape N/R 1949 WA N/R Not

determined Probable N/R No Plant damage

2,4

- D I014409

- 028 Cherry N/R 1992 WA Cherry Registered Probable N/R No Plant damage

2,4

- D I014409

- 075 Poplar

Ornamental Poplar

– 1

r ow Ornamental

– N/R 1992 WA Pasture Misuse Possible N/R No Plant damage

2,4

- D I014702

- 002 Potato N/R 2003 ID P otato Registered Possible N/R Clopyralid Plant damage caused by

carryover

2,4

- D I014806

- 001 Potato 3020 acres 2003 ID Agricultural

area Registered Unlikely N/R Clopyralid Plant damage caused by

carryover

2,4

- D I016297

- 001 Tomato

Melon 5 acres 2005 MD N/R Not

determined Possible N/R Glyphosate isopropylamine salt

Thifensulfuron methyl

Tribenuron

- methyl

Flumioxazin Plant damage caused by spray drift (400ft)

2,4

- D I016680

- 001 Grape 13 acres 2005 OR Right

- of

- way Not

determined Possible N/R Triclopyr triethylamine salt

Sulfometuron

Hexazinone Plant damage caused by spray

drift

2,4

- D I017483

- 001 Wheat 23 acres 2006 KY Wheat Registered Possible N/R Nicosulfuron

Thifensulfuron methyl

Tribenuron

- methyl Plant damage caused by direct

treatment

2,4

- D I017576

- 001 Horned lark Mourning dove Kangaroo rat

American robin

Western

meadowlark

Red

- winged

blackbird Lark bunting 2200 2006 CO Sunflower Registered Unlikely N/R Carbofuran Glyphosate Mortality caused by ingestion

### Page 72 of 85 

## Table C.1 Ecological Incidents Associated with 2,4

- D Acid, Salts, Amines, and Esters from the EIIS Database

Incident

Number (Source) Taxa Magnitude Year State Use Legality of

Use Certainty Category Residues Other Chemicals

Involved Comments

Sparrow Common grackle

American kestrel

Unknown bird

2,4

- D I017841

- 001 Soybean 1500 acres 2006 LA Soybean Misuse Probable N/R Dicamba Glyphosate Plant damage caused by direct

treatment

2,4

- D I017958

- 011 Tobacco 6 acres 2006 KY Pasture Registered

Use Possible N/R Aminopyralid Plant damage 200 yards from

treated site

2,4

- D I019025

- 039 Rabbit 4 rabbits 2007 PA Turf, residential Not

determined Possible N/R Mecoprop

Dicamba Mortality caused by ingestion

2,4

- D I019442

- 001 Clover Timothy grass

Grass N/R 2007 OH Right

- of

- way, road Misuse Possible Residues found, but not of 2,4

- D Atrazine

Acetochlor

Metribuzin

Clomazone

Permethrin Glyphosate Plant damage caused by drift

2,4

- D I020459

- 021 Unknown plant Unknown aquatic plant N/R 2000 WA Ornamental Misuse Possible N/R Glyphosate Plant damage caused by spray

drift into a canal

2,4

- D I020459

- 032 Grape N/R 2000 WA N/R Not

determined Probable N/R No Plant damage caused by drift

2,4

- D I020627

- 003 Grape 350 acres 2001 WA Grape Misuse Possible N/R Fluoxypyr Plant damage caused by spray

drift

2,4

- D I020627

- 007 Ornamental N/R 2001 WA Wheat Not

determined Possible N/R Metsulfuron

methyl

Sulfometuron Plant damage caused by spray

drift

2,4

- D I020627

- 008 Tomato Strawberry N/R 2001 WA Turf, residential Registered Possible N/R MCPP diethanoline

salt MCPP isoocytl ester Plant damage caused by drift

2,4

- D I020627

- 010 Hay N/R 2001 WA Hay Not

determined Possible N/R Glyphosate Plant damage caused by drift

2,4

- D I020627

- 011 Ornamental N/R 2001 WA Turf, residential Not

determined Possible N/R Dicamba Plant damage caused by drift

### Page 73 of 85 

## Table C.1 Ecological Incidents Associated with 2,4

- D Acid, Salts, Amines, and Esters from the EIIS Database

Incident

Number (Source) Taxa Magnitude Year State Use Legality of

Use Certainty Category Residues Other Chemicals

Involved Comments

2,4

- D I020627

- 014 Willow N/R 2001 WA Right

- of

- way Not

determined Possible N/R Glyphosate Plant damage caused by drift

2,4

- D I020627

- 015 Ornamental N/R 2001 WA Right

- of

- way Not

determined Possible N/R MSMA Plant damage caused by drift

2,4

- D I020627

- 017 Unknown p lant Unknown 2001 WA Berry, blackberry Not

determined Possible N/R Triclopyr Plant damage caused by spray drift

2,4

- D I020627

- 018 Unknown t ree Unknown shrub Unknown 2001 WA Berry, blackberry Not

determined Possible N/R Triclopyr Plant damage caused by drift,

vapor

2,4

- D I020627

- 021 Unknown plant Unknown 2001 WA Berry, blackberry Not

determined Possible N/R Triclopyr Plant caused by

drift

2,4

- D I020627

- 025 Grape N/R 2001 WA Right

- of

- way Not

determined Possible N/R No Plant damage caused by drift

2,4

- D I020627

- 028 Grape N/R 2001 WA Right

- of

- way Not

determined Unlikely N/R No Plant damage caused by drift

2,4

- D I020627

- 031 Grape Unknown 2001 WA Right

- of

- way, road Misuse Probable N/R Glyphosate Clopyralid Plant damage caused by drift

2,4

- D I020998

- 030 Alfalfa N/R 2002 WA Agricultural

area Not

determined Possible N/R Glyphosate Plant damage caused by spray drift

2,4

- D I021002

- 005 Tomato Pepper Squash Unknown 2009 NC Hay Not

determined Unlikely N/R Aminopyralid Plant damage caused by

compost

2,4

- D I021457

- 005 Cherry Orchard

and Feed 2006 WA Orchard (unspecified) Misuse Possible N/R Tribenuron

- methyl Mortality caused by spray drift.

2,4

- D I021457

- 011 Grape Vineyard 2006 WA Home, exterior Misuse Possible N/R Dicamba Mecoprop Plant damage caused by

volatilization

2,4

- D I021457

- 013 N/R S ome 2006 WA G rass field Not

determined Possible N/R Triclopyr Plant damage caused by drift

### Page 74 of 85 

## Table C.1 Ecological Incidents Associated with 2,4

- D Acid, Salts, Amines, and Esters from the EIIS Database

Incident

Number (Source) Taxa Magnitude Year State Use Legality of

Use Certainty Category Residues Other Chemicals

Involved Comments

2,4

- D I021457

- 018 American

Mountain Ash 1 aspen tree 2006 WA N/R Not

determined Possible N/R Diuron Plant damage caused by direct application

2,4

- D I021457

- 019 Bean bean plants 2006 WA N/R Misuse Possible N/R Dicamba Plant damage caused by drift

2,4

- D I021587

- 001 Honey Bee 320 hives 2009 UT Agricultural

area Not

determined Unlikely N/R Carbaryl Fenoxaprop

- ethyl Coumaphos

Fluvalinate

Fenhexamid

Boscalid

Chlorothalonil Chlorpyrifos Cyprodinil

Diflubenzuron

Pendimethalin Pyraclostrobin

Tebuconazole Mortality

DMA I000058

- 001 Pecan Sago Palm

Mountain Laurel

Rose

Avocado

Poinsettia Grapefruit 18 plants 1992 TX Yard Not

determined Possible N/R No Mortality caused by drift.

DMA I000500

- 002 Rhododend r on Unknown 1993 MO R hododendrons Not

determined Possible N/R No Plant damage

DMA I000910

- 001 Bream

Garfish

Catfish

Minnow

Perch

Sunfish Unknown 1992 LA Turf, golf course Registered Possible N/R Carbaryl Chlorpyrifos

Atrazine Iprodione

MSMA Dicamba with 2,4

- D Mortality caused by runoff.

DMA I000941

- 075 Grass N/R 1994 FL Home/lawn Registered Probable N/R No Plant damage

### Page 75 of 85 

## Table C.1 Ecological Incidents Associated with 2,4

- D Acid, Salts, Amines, and Esters from the EIIS Database

Incident

Number (Source) Taxa Magnitude Year State Use Legality of

Use Certainty Category Residues Other Chemicals

Involved Comments

DMA I000941

- 076 Grass N/R 1994 FL Home/lawn Registered Probable N/R No Plant damage

DMA I000941

- 083 Ornamental N/R 1994 FL Home/lawn Registered Probable N/R No Plant damage

DMA I001863

- 002 Bass 32 fish 1994 LA Sugarcane Registered Unlikely N/R Azinphos

- methyl Morality caused by drift.

DMA I001965

- 002 Grass Seed All 1995 FL Home/lawn Registered Possible N/R Azinphos

- methyl Morality caused by drift

DMA I001965

- 003 Grass Seed All 1995 FL Home/lawn Registered Possible N/R No Plant damage caused by direct

treatment.

DMA I001965

- 004 Grass Seed All 1995 PA Home/lawn Registered Possible N/R No Plant damage caused by direct

treatment.

DMA I003258

- 001 Grass N/R 1996 CA Home Misuse Probable N/R No Plant damage caused by

accidental application

DMA I003619

- 001 Ornamental Unknown 1995 N/R Home/lawn Misuse Probable N/R No Incapacitation caused by drift or

use error

DMA I003826

- 017 Unknown Fish N/R 1994 NC Athletic fields Not

determined Possible N/R Dicamba dimethylamine salt

MCPP

- p,DMA salt

D iazinon

Atrazine

Alachlor Diclofop

- methyl Mortality caused by runoff

DMA I007340

- 613 Grass Unknown 1998 FL Home/lawn Not

determined Possible N/R No Plant damage caused by direct application

DMA I007340

- 621 Grass Unknown 1998 TX Home/lawn Not

determined Possible N/R Dicamba dimethylamine salt Mecoprop dimethylamine Plant damage caused by direct application

### Page 76 of 85 

## Table C.1 Ecological Incidents Associated with 2,4

- D Acid, Salts, Amines, and Esters from the EIIS Database

Incident

Number (Source) Taxa Magnitude Year State Use Legality of

Use Certainty Category Residues Other Chemicals

Involved Comments

DMA I007340

- 627 Grass Lawn 1998 PA Home/lawn Not

determined Possible N/R No Mortality caused by direct application

DMA I007340

- 633 Grass Lawn 1998 VA Home/lawn Not

determined Possible N/R No Mortality caused by direct application

DMA I007340

- 637 Grass Unknown 1998 NY Home/lawn Not

determined Possible N/R No Mortality caused by direct application

DMA I007340

- 639 Grass Lawn 1998 NJ Home/lawn Not

determined Possible N/R No Mortality caused by direct application

DMA I007340

- 641 Grass Lawn 1998 IL Home/lawn Not

determined Possible N/R No Mortality caused by direct application

DMA I007340

- 642 Grass Lawn 1998 MN Home/lawn Not

determined Possible N/R No Mortality caused by direct application

DMA I007340

- 645 Grass Lawn 1998 IL Home/lawn Not

determined Possible N/R No Mortality caused by direct application

DMA I007340

- 646 Grass Lawn 1998 MO Home/lawn Not

determined Possible N/R Mecoprop dimethylamine Mortality caused by direct application

DMA I007340

- 649 Grass Lawn 1998 CO Home/lawn Not

determined Possible N/R Mecoprop dimethylamine Mortality caused by direct application

DMA I007340

- 652 Grass Lawn 1998 FL Home/lawn Not

determined Possible N/R Dicamba dimethylamine salt Mecoprop dimethylamine Mortality caused by direct application

DMA I007340

- 653 Grass Lawn 1998 NY Home/lawn Not

determined Possible N/R Mecoprop dimethylamine Mortality caused by direct application

DMA I007340

- 655 Grass Lawn 1998 PA Home/lawn Not

determined Possible N/R Mecoprop dimethylamine Mortality caused by direct application

### Page 77 of 85 

## Table C.1 Ecological Incidents Associated with 2,4

- D Acid, Salts, Amines, and Esters from the EIIS Database

Incident

Number (Source) Taxa Magnitude Year State Use Legality of

Use Certainty Category Residues Other Chemicals

Involved Comments

DMA I007340

- 659 Grass Lawn 1998 SD Home/lawn Not

determined Possible N/R Mecoprop dimethylamine Mortality caused by direct application

DMA I007340

- 660 Grass Lawn 1998 MO Home/lawn Not

determined Possible N/R No Mortality caused by direct application

DMA I007340

- 664 Grass Lawn 1998 NC Home/lawn Not

determined Possible N/R No Mortality caused by direct application

DMA I007340

- 668 Grass Lawn 1998 IL Home/lawn Not

determined Possible N/R No Mortality caused by direct application

DMA I007340

- 673 Grass Lawn 1998 WI Home/lawn Not

determined Possible N/R No Mortality caused by direct application

DMA I007340

- 674 Grass Lawn 1998 MO Home/lawn Not

determined Possible N/R No Mortality caused by direct application

DMA I007340

- 676 Grass Lawn 1998 CT Home/lawn Not

determined Possible N/R No Mortality caused by direct application

DMA I007340

- 678 Grass Lawn 1998 KY Home/lawn Not

determined Possible N/R No Mortality caused by direct application

DMA I007340

- 679 Grass Lawn 1998 FL Home/lawn Not

determined Possible N/R No Mortality caused by direct application

DMA I007340

- 683 Grass Lawn 1998 UT Home/lawn Not

determined Possible N/R No Mortality caused by direct application

DMA I007340

- 688 Grass Lawn 1998 NE Home/lawn Not

determined Possible N/R No Mortality caused by d irect application

DMA I007340

- 691 Grass Lawn 1998 KY Home/lawn Not

determined Possible N/R No Mortality caused by direct application

### Page 78 of 85 

## Table C.1 Ecological Incidents Associated with 2,4

- D Acid, Salts, Amines, and Esters from the EIIS Database

Incident

Number (Source) Taxa Magnitude Year State Use Legality of

Use Certainty Category Residues Other Chemicals

Involved Comments

DMA I007340

- 694 Grass Lawn 1998 CO Home/lawn Not

determined Possible N/R No Mortality caused by direct application

DMA I007340

- 695 N/R Unknown 1998 NJ N/R Not

determined Possible N/R No Plant damage caused by direct application

DMA I007340

- 696 Grass Lawn 1998 MO Home/lawn Not

determined Possible N/R No Mortality caused by direct application

DMA I007340

- 697 Grass Lawn 1998 PA Home/lawn Not

determined Possible N/R No Mortality caused by direct application

DMA I007340

- 705 Grass Lawn 1998 TN Home/lawn Not

determined Possible N/R No Mortality caused by direct application

DMA I007340

- 709 Grass Lawn 1998 MO Home/lawn Not

determined Possible N/R No Mortality caused by direct application

DMA I007340

- 711 Grass Lawn 1998 OH Home/lawn Not

determined Possible N/R No Mortality caused by direct application

DMA I007340

- 713 Grass Lawn 1998 MN Home/lawn Not

determined Possible N/R No Mortality caused by direct application

DMA I007908

- 001 Grass 10 acres 1998 AL R angeland Registered Possible N/R No Mortality caused by direct application

DMA I008693

- 031 Grass N/R 1999 PA Home/lawn Misuse Probable N/R No Mortality caused by over

a pplication

DMA I008693

- 032 Grass Lawn 1997 TX Home/lawn Registered Possible N/R No Browning caused by direct application

DMA I008693

- 033 Grass Lawn 1999 N/R Home/lawn Misuse Probable N/R No Mortality caused by over

application

### Page 79 of 85 

## Table C.1 Ecological Incidents Associated with 2,4

- D Acid, Salts, Amines, and Esters from the EIIS Database

Incident

Number (Source) Taxa Magnitude Year State Use Legality of

Use Certainty Category Residues Other Chemicals

Involved Comments

DMA I008693

- 034 Grass 5000 ft 2 1999 FL Home/lawn Misuse Probable N/R No Mortality caused by accidental direct application

DMA I008693

- 036 Grass Lawn 1999 TX Home/lawn Misuse Probable N/R No Mortality caused by direct application

DMA I008693

- 037 Grass Lawn 1999 NJ Home/lawn Misuse Probable N/R No Mortality caused by accidental direct application

DMA I008693

- 038 Ross’ Goose 14

r osebushes 1999 N/R Home/lawn Not

determined Possible N/R No Mortality caused by drift.

DMA I008693

- 039 Rose 11 plants 1999 OH Ornamental Misuse Probable N/R No Mortality caused by accidental direct application

DMA I008693

- 040 Grass 70% of

l awn 1999 IL Home/lawn Registered Possible N/R No Mortality caused by direct application

DMA I008969

- 015 Grass 3000 ft 2 1999 OR Home/lawn Registered Possible N/R Mecoprop dimethylamine Plant damage caused by direct application

DMA I009262

- 072 Grass All 1999 MA Home/lawn Not

determined Probable N/R No Browning caused by direct application

DMA I009262

- 103 Grass All 1999 FL Home/lawn Misuse Probable N/R Dicamba dimethylamine salt Plant damage caused by direct application

DMA I009262

- 118 Grass Unknown 1999 WA Home/lawn Registered Probable N/R No Mortality caused by direct application

DMA I009786

- 014 Grass 60% of

lawn 2000 FL Home/lawn Registered Probable N/R Dicamba dimethylamine salt Mecoprop dimethylamine Plant damage caused by direct application

DMA I009786

- 015 Grass 50 to 60%

of lawn 2000 FL Home/lawn Registered Probable N/R Dicamba dimethylamine salt Mecoprop dimethylamine Plant damage caused by direct application

### Page 80 of 85 

## Table C.1 Ecological Incidents Associated with 2,4

- D Acid, Salts, Amines, and Esters from the EIIS Database

Incident

Number (Source) Taxa Magnitude Year State Use Legality of

Use Certainty Category Residues Other Chemicals

Involved Comments

DMA I009786

- 016 Grass 80% of

lawn 2000 FL Home/lawn Registered Probable N/R Dicamba dimethylamine salt Mecoprop dimethylamine Plant damage caused by direct application

DMA I009786

- 017 Grass Unknown 2000 FL Home/lawn Registered Possible N/R Dicamba dimethylamine salt Mecoprop dimethylamine Plant damage caused by direct application

DMA I009786

- 018 Grass Unknown 2000 FL Home/lawn Registered Possible N/R Dicamba dimethylamine salt Mecoprop dimethylamine Plant damage caused by direct application

DMA I009786

- 019 Grass Lawn 2000 FL Home/lawn Registered Probable N/R Mecoprop dimethylamine Plant damage caused by direct application

DMA I009916

- 017 Grass 95% of

lawn 2000 FL Home/lawn Registered Probable N/R Dicamba dimethylamine salt Mecoprop dimethylamine Plant damage caused by direct application

DMA I009916

- 018 Grass Unknown 2000 FL Home/lawn Registered Probable N/R Dicamba dimethylamine salt Mecoprop dimethylamine Plant damage caused by direct application

DMA I009916

- 019 Grass Unknown 2000 FL Home/lawn Not

determined Possible N/R Dicamba dimethylamine salt Mecoprop dimethylamine Plant damage caused by direct application

DMA I009916

- 020 Grass 90% of

l awn 2000 FL Home/lawn Not

determined Probable N/R Dicamba dimethylamine salt Mecoprop dimethylamine Plant damage caused by direct application

DMA I009916

- 021 Grass Lawn 2000 FL Home/lawn Registered Probable N/R Mecoprop dimethylamine Mortality caused by direct application

DMA I009916

- 022 Grass 7000 ft 2 2000 FL Home/lawn Misuse Probable N/R Mecoprop dimethylamine Mortality caused by accidental direct application

### Page 81 of 85 

## Table C.1 Ecological Incidents Associated with 2,4

- D Acid, Salts, Amines, and Esters from the EIIS Database

Incident

Number (Source) Taxa Magnitude Year State Use Legality of

Use Certainty Category Residues Other Chemicals

Involved Comments

DMA I010017

- 013 Grass Lawn 2000 FL Home/lawn Registered Probable N/R Dicamba dimethylamine salt Mecoprop dimethylamine Plant damage caused by direct application

DMA I010017

- 014 Grass 50% of

lawn 2000 FL Home/lawn Registered Probable N/R Dicamba dimethylamine salt Mecoprop dimethylamine Plant damage caused by direct application

DMA I010017

- 015 Grass Lawn 2000 FL Home/lawn Registered Probable N/R Mecoprop dimethylamine Plant damage caused by direct application

DMA I010062

- 002 Grass Unknown 2000 N/R Home/lawn Misuse Probable N/R Dicamba dimethylamine salt Mecoprop dimethylamine Plant damage caused by

accidental direct application

DMA I010764

- 001 Grass 210 ft 2 2000 NY Home/lawn Registered Probable N/R Mecoprop dimethylamine Plant damage caused by direct application

DMA I012452

- 004 White pine t ree 6 trees 2001 PA Fence row Registered Possible N/R Dicamba dimethylamine salt

Mec oprop dimethylamine Mortality caused by drift.

DMA I013850

- 001 Grass 1/3 of backyard 2002 MI Right

- of

- way, rail Registered Unlikely N/R Bromacil

Diuron Glyphosate isopropylamine salt Mortality caused by runoff

DMA I014415

- 001 Cotton 75% of 120

acres 2003 TX Conservation

Reserve Not

determined Possible N/R Dicamba dimethylamine salt

Metsulfuron

- methyl Plant damage caused by drift.

DMA I016656

- 001 Millet 35 of 140

acres 2004 ND Agricultural

area Not

determined Possible N/R No Plant damage caused by direct application

DMA I017837

- 003 Unknown Tree $118,000 2004 MN Right

- of

- way, utility Registered Possible N/R Triclopyr triethylamine salt Mortality caused by spray drift.

DMA I017893

- 021 Alfalfa $ 49,999 damage 2006 CA Agricultural

area Misuse Possible N/R Malathion

Dicamba dimethylamine salt Plant damage caused by

accidental spray drift.

### Page 82 of 85 

## Table C.1 Ecological Incidents Associated with 2,4

- D Acid, Salts, Amines, and Esters from the EIIS Database

Incident

Number (Source) Taxa Magnitude Year State Use Legality of

Use Certainty Category Residues Other Chemicals

Involved Comments

DMA I020366

- 001 Cotton 65,378.5

acres 2008 AR Agricultural

area Not

determined Probable N/R No Plant damage caused by spray drift.

DMA I020366

- 001 Cotton 65,378.5

acres 2008 AR Agricultural

area Not

determined Probable N/R No Plant damage caused by spray drift.

DMA I020366

- 001 Cotton 65,378.5

acres 2008 AR Agricultural

area Not

determined Probable N/R No Plant damage caused by spray drift.

DMA I020388

- 001 Cotton 65,378.5

acres 2006 AR Rice Registered Probable N/R No Plant damage caused by spray drift.

DMA I020388

- 001 Cotton 65,378.5

acres 2006 AR Rice Registered Probable N/R No Plant damage caused by spray drift.

DMA I020388

- 001 Cotton 65,378.5

acres 2006 AR Rice Registered Probable N/R No Plant damage caused by spray drift.

DMA I020388

- 001 Cotton 65,378.5

acres 2006 AR Rice Registered Probable N/R No Plant damage caused by spray drift.

DMA I020388

- 001 Cotton 65,378.5

acres 2006 AR Rice Registered Probable N/R No Plant damage caused by spray drift.

DMA I020388

- 001 Cotton 65,378.5

acres 2006 AR Rice Registered Probable N/R No Plant damage caused by spray drift.

DMA I020388

- 001 Cotton 65,378.5

acres 2006 AR Rice Registered Probable N/R No Plant damage caused by spray drift.

2

- EHE I007898

- 001 Vegetable ALL 1998 CO Agricultural

area Registered Possible N/R Dicamba Plant damage caused by drift.

2

- EHE I020340

- 001 Vegetable 80% of 235

acres 2008 WA Barley Registered Unlikely N/R Metsulfuron

methyl Plant damage caused by

carryover

2

- EHE I020388

- 001 Cotton 65,378.5

acres 2006 AR Rice Registered Probable N/R DMA Plant damage caused by drift.

### Page 83 of 85 

## Table C.1 Ecological Incidents Associated with 2,4

- D Acid, Salts, Amines, and Esters from the EIIS Database

Incident

Number (Source) Taxa Magnitude Year State Use Legality of

Use Certainty Category Residues Other Chemicals

Involved Comments

2

- EHE I020388

- 001 Cotton 65,378.5

acres 2006 AR Rice Registered Probable N/R DMA Plant damage caused by due to

drift.

2

- EHE I020388

- 001 Cotton 65,378.5

acres 2006 AR Rice Registered Probable N/R DMA Plant damage caused by drift.

2

- EHE I020627

- 006 Wheat 1400 acres 2001 WA Agricultural

area Misuse Possible N/R Glyphosate

Metsulfuron

- methyl Plant damage caused by

accidental drift and glyphosate

and late application of
2,4

- D.

BEE I021421

- 001 Grape N/R N/R NC Pasture Misuse Highly probable N/R Triclopyr, butoxyethyl ester Plant damage caused by spray drift.

TIPA I009507

- 001 Soybean 10 acres 1999 SD Soybean Registered Possible N/R Clopyralid Plant damage

from direct treatment. Heavy

amounts of straw

manure present.

TIPA I010624

- 001 Potato

Tomato N/R 2000 WA Hay Registered Unlikely N/R Picloram triisopropanolamine

salt Plant damage possibly from

Tordon

- treated grass hay in

compost stream.

TIPA I012366

- 045 Brome 500 acres 2000 KS Brome Registered Probable N/R Picloram triisopropanolamine

salt Plant damage

from direct

treatment.

TIPA I012366

- 046 Bahia grass 30 acres 2000 TX Pasture Registered Probable N/R Picloram triisopropanolamine

salt Plant damage

from direct

treatment.

TIPA I012366

- 047 Hay 42 acres 2000 AR Hay Registered Possible N/R Picloram triisopropanolamine

salt

Metsulfuron

- methyl Plant damage caused by

carryover.

TIPA I013550

- 001 Peanut 360 acres 2002 TX Peanut Misuse Probable N/R Picloram triisopropanolamine

salt Plant damage

from direct

treatment.

### Page 84 of 85 

## Table C.1 Ecological Incidents Associated with 2,4

- D Acid, Salts, Amines, and Esters from the EIIS Database

Incident

Number (Source) Taxa Magnitude Year State Use Legality of

Use Certainty Category Residues Other Chemicals

Involved Comments

Picloram potassium

salt

Ethalfluralin

TIPA I014034

- 009 Pasture Grass 60 acres 2003 GA Pasture Registered Possible N/R Picloram triisopropanolamine

salt Paraquat dichloride Plant damage

from direct

treatment.

TIPA I014561

- 012 Oak Various 2003 TX N/R Not

determined Possible N/R Picloram triisopropanolamine

salt Plant damage caused by drift.

TIPA I014702

- 018 Pasture Grass 60 acres N/R MO Pasture Registered Possible N/R Picloram triisopropanolamine

salt Plant damage

from direct

treatment.

TIPA I014702

- 019 Hay 40 acres 2003 MS Hay Registered Possible N/R Picloram triisopropanolamine

salt Plant damage

from direct

treatment.

TIPA I015748

- 016 Field corn 132 acres 2004 OH Corn, field Registered Possible N/R Atrazine Clopyralid

monoethanolamine

salt

Acetochlor Plant damage

from direct

treatment.

TIPA I015921

- 002 Unknown tree trees (hundreds) 2003 OK Agricultural

area Not

determined Possible N/R Picloram

Tebuthiuron Triclopyr Plant damage

and m ortality caused by drift.

TIPA I018930

- 031 Watermelon

Tomato

Onion Pepper 2 acres 2007 TX Hay Misuse Possible N/R Picloram triisopropanolamine

salt Plant damage caused by misuse.

TIPA I020761

- 001 Tomato

Cucumber Squash

Zinnia N/R 2008 NC Hay Registered Possible N/R Aminopyralid triisopropanolamine Plant damage possibly from

compost.

IPA I000360

- 015 Milo 340 acres 1993 KS Milo Registered Possible N/R Glyphosate isopropylamine salt Plant d amage

DEA I018984

- 004 Alfalfa N/R 2007 CA Agricultural

area Registered Possible N/R Dicamba diglycoamine salt Mortality and

d amage caused

### Page 85 of 85 

## Table C.1 Ecological Incidents Associated with 2,4

- D Acid, Salts, Amines, and Esters from the EIIS Database

Incident

Number (Source) Taxa Magnitude Year State Use Legality of

Use Certainty Category Residues Other Chemicals

Involved Comments

by direct application.