Hoos , A.B. and G. McMahon, 2009, Spatial analysis of instream nitrogen loads and 

factors controlling nitrogen delivery to streams in the southeastern United States using 

Spatially Referenced Regression on Watershed Attributes (SPARROW) and regional 

classification frameworks, Hydrological Processes, in press. 

Robertson , D.M., Schwarz, G.E., Saad, D.A., and Alexander, R.B., 2009, Incorporating

uncertainty into the ranking of SPARROW model nutrient yields from

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SPARROW-RELATED PUBLICATIONS 

Mississippi/Atchafalaya River basin watersheds, Journal of the American Water 

Resources Association, 42, 534-549. [Supporting information: phosphorus , nitrogen] 

Preston, S.D., Alexander, R.B., Woodside, M.D., and Hamilton, P.A., SPARROW 

MODELING--Enhancing Understanding of the Nation's Water Quality, U.S. Geological 

Survey Fact Sheet 2009-3019, 6 p. 

Alexander, R.B., Böhlke, J.K., Boyer, E.W., David, M.B., Harvey, J.W., Mulholland, P.J., 

Seitzinger, S.P., Tobias, C.R., Tonitto, C., and Wollheim, W.M., 2009 Dynamic modeling of 

nitrogen losses in river networks unravels the coupled effects of hydrological and 

biogeochemical processes, Biogeochemistry, 93,1/2, 91-116. DOI:10.1007/s110533-

008-9274-8 (Special Issue: New Approaches to Modeling Denitrification) 

Harrison, J.A., Maranger, R.J., Alexander, R.B., Giblin, A.E., Jacinthe, P.A., Mayorga, E., 

Seitzinger, S.P., Sobata, D.J., and Wollheim, W.M., 2009, The regional and global 

significance of nitrogen removal in lakes and reservoirs, Biogeochemistry, 93, 1/2, 143-

157. DOI:10.1007/s10533-008-9272-x (Special Issue: New Approaches to Modeling 

Denitrification) 

Böhlke, J.K., Antweiler, R.C., Harvey, J.W., Laursen, A.E., Smith, L.K., Smith, R.L., and 

Voytek, M.A., 2009, Multi-scale measurements and modeling of denitrification in streams 

with varying flow and nitrate concentration in the upper Mississippi River basin, USA, 

Biogeochemistry, 93,1/2, 117-141. DOI:10.1007/s10533-008-9282-8 (Special Issue: 

New Approaches to Modeling Denitrification) 

Schwarz, G.E., 2008, A Preliminary SPARROW model of suspended sediment for the 

conterminous United States, U.S. Geological Survey Open-File Report 2008–1205, 8 p. 

Alexander, R.B., Smith, R.A., Schwarz, G.E., Boyer, E.W., Nolan, J.V., and Brakebill, J.W., 

2008, Differences in phosphorus and nitrogen delivery to the Gulf of Mexico from the 

Mississippi River Basin, Environ. Sci. Technol., 42, 3, 822-830. DOI:10.1021/es0716103 

Alexander, R.B., Boyer, E.W., Smith, R.A., Schwarz, G.E., and Moore, R.B., 2007, The role 

of headwater streams in downstream water quality, Journal Amer. Water Resources 

Assoc. 43, 41-59. DOI:10.1111/j.1752-1688.2007.00005.x (Abstract, PDF, HTML ) 

JAWRA Featured Collection on Headwaters Hydrology 

Scott, D., Harvey, J., Alexander, R., and G. Schwarz, 2007, Dominance of organic nitrogen

from headwater streams to large rivers across the conterminous U.S., Global 

Biogeochemical Cycles, 21, GB1003, DOI:10.1029/2006GB002730. 

USGS SPARROW Surface Water-Quality Modeling Page 1 of 5

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Anning, D.W., Bauch, N.J., Gerner, S.J., Flynn, M.E., Hamlin, S.N., Moore, S.J., Schaefer, 

D.H., Anderholm, S.K., and Spangler, L.E., 2007, Dissolved solids in basin-fill aquifers and

streams in the southwestern United States, U.S. Geological Survey Scientific 

Investigations Report 2006-5315. 

Boyer, E.W., Alexander, R.B., Parton, W.J., Li, C., Butterbach-Bahl, K., Donner, S.D., 

Skaggs, R.W., and S.J. Del Grosso, 2006, Modeling denitrification in terrestrial and

aquatic ecosystems at regional scales, Ecological Applications, 16, 2123-2142. (Invited 

Feature on Denitrification Across Landscapes and Waterscapes) 

Schwarz, G.E., Hoos, A.B., Alexander, R.B., and R.A. Smith, 2006, The SPARROW surface 

water-quality model: Theory, application, and user documentation, U.S. Geological 

Survey Techniques and Methods Report, Book 6, Chapter B3. 

Alexander, R.B., and R.A. Smith, 2006, Trends in the nutrient enrichment of U.S. rivers 

during the late 20th century and their relation to changes in probable stream trophic 

conditions, Limnology and Oceanography, 51, 639-654. (L&O special issue on 

Eutrophication of Freshwater and Marine Ecosystems) 

Alexander, R.B., Smith, R.A., and Schwarz, G.E., 2006, Comment on "In-stream nitrogen 

attenuation: Model-aggregation effects and implications for coastal nitrogen impacts", 

Environmental Science and Technology, 40, 2485-6. 

Elliott, A.H., Alexander, R.B., Schwarz, G.E., Shankar U., Sukias, J.P.S., McBride, G.B., 

2005, Estimation of nutrient sources and transport for New Zealand using the hybrid 

physical-statistical model SPARROW, New Zealand Journal of Hydrology, 44, 1-27. 

Moore, R.B., Johnston, C.M., Robinson, K.W., and Deacon, J.R., 2004, Estimation of total 

nitrogen and phosphorus in New England streams using spatially referenced regression 

models, U.S. Geological Survey Scientific Investigations Report 2004-5012. 

Ierardi, M.C., R.B. Alexander, G.E. Schwarz, and R.A. Smith, 2004, SPARROW-WEB: A 

graphical interactive system for displaying reach-level water-resource information for 

rivers of the conterminous United States, Proceedings of the AWRA Spring Specialty 

Conference, Geographic Information Systems and Water Resources III, Nashville, 

Tennessee, May 17-19, 2004. 

Brakebill, J.W., and Preston, S.E., 2004, Digital data used to relate nutrient inputs to 

water quality in the Chesapeake Bay Watershed, Version 3.0, U.S. Geological Survey 

Open-File Report 2004-1433 

Alexander, R.B., Smith, R.A., and Schwarz, G.E., 2004, Estimates of diffuse phosphorus 

sources in surface waters of the United States using a spatially referenced watershed 

model, Water Science and Technology, 49, 1-10 (Article PDF). 

Smith, R.A., Alexander, R.B., and Schwarz, G.E., 2003, Estimating the natural background

concentrations of nutrients in streams and rivers of the conterminous United States, 

Environ. Sci. Tech., 37, 3039-3047 (Article; Supporting Information; Data for Fig. 7). 

McMahon, G., Alexander, R.B., Qian, S., 2003, Support of TMDL programs using spatially 

referenced regression models, ASCE Journal of Water Resources Planning and 

Management, 129, 315-329. (Special Issue TMDL Approach to Water Quality 

Management) 

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Brakebill, J.W., and Preston, S.E., 2003, A hydrologic network supporting spatially 

referenced regression modeling in the Chesapeake Bay watershed, Environ. Mon. 

Assess., 81, 73-84. 

Alexander, R.B., Elliott, A.H., Shankar, U., and McBride, G.B., 2002, Estimating the 

sources and transport of nutrients in the Waikato River Basin, New Zealand, Water 

Resources Research, 38, 1268-1290. 

Alexander, R.B., Johnes, P.J., Boyer, E.W., and Smith, R.A., 2002, A comparison of models

for estimating the riverine export of nitrogen from large watersheds, Biogeochemistry, 

57/58, 295-339. (Biogeochemistry Special Issue on The Nitrogen Cycle at Regional to 

Global Scales) 

Seitzinger, S.P., Styles, R.V., Boyer, E.W., Alexander, R.B., Billen, G., Howarth, R.W., 

Mayer, B., and van Breemen, N., 2002, Nitrogen retention in rivers: Model development 

and application to watersheds in the eastern United States, Biogeochemistry, 57/58. 

McMahon, G, and Roessler, C., 2002, A regression-based approach to understand 

baseline total nitrogen loading for TMDL planning, Proceedings of Water Environment 

Federation National TMDL Science and Policy Conference, Phoenix, Arizona, November 

13-16, 2002 (Article PDF). 

Nolan, J.V., Brakebill, J.W., Alexander, R.B., and Schwarz, G.E., 2002, Enhanced River 

Reach File 2, (U.S. Geological Survey Open-File Report 02-40, Reston, Virginia). 

Sauer, T.J., Alexander, R.B., Brahana, J.V., and R.A. Smith, 2001, The importance and 

role of watersheds in the transport of nitrogen, in Nitrogen in the environment: Sources, 

problems, and management, Follett, R.F. and J.L. Hatfield (eds.) Elsevier Science 

Publishers, the Netherlands. 

Schwarz, G.E., Smith, R.A., Alexander, R.B., and Gray, J.R., 2001, A spatially referenced

regression model (SPARROW) for suspended sediment in streams of the conterminous

U.S., in U.S. Subcommittee on Sedimentation, Proceedings of the Seventh Federal 

Interagency Sedimentation Conference, March 25-29, 2001, Reno, Nevada USA, pp. VII80-7. 

Alexander, R.B., Smith, R.A. Schwarz, G.E., Preston, S.D., Brakebill, J.W., Srinivasan, R., 

and Pacheco, P.A., 2001, Atmospheric Nitrogen Flux from the Watersheds of Major 

Estuaries of the United States: An Application of the SPARROW Watershed Model, In: 

Nitrogen Loading in Coastal Water Bodies: An Atmospheric Perspective, American

Geophysical Union Monograph 57, Richard Valigura, Richard Alexander, Mark Castro, 

Tilden Meyers, Hans Paerl, Paul Stacey, and R. Eugene Turner (eds.) pp. 119-170. 

Stacey, P.E., Greening, H.S., Kremer, J.N., Peterson, D., and Tomasko, D.A., 2001, 

Contributions of Atmospheric Nitrogen Deposition to U.S. Estuaries: Summary and 

Conclusions, In: Nitrogen Loading in Coastal Water Bodies: An Atmospheric Perspective, 

American Geophysical Union Monograph 57, Richard Valigura, Richard Alexander, Mark 

Castro, Tilden Meyers, Hans Paerl, Paul Stacey, and R. Eugene Turner (eds.). 

Alexander, R.B., Smith, R.A., and Schwarz, G.E., 2000, Effect of stream channel size on 

the delivery of nitrogen to the Gulf of Mexico, Nature, 403, 758-761. 

Smith, R.A. and Alexander, R.B., 2000, Sources of Nutrients in the Nation's Watersheds

In: Managing Nutrients and Pathogens from Animal Agriculture, Proceedings from the 

USGS SPARROW Surface Water-Quality Modeling Page 3 of 5

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Natural Resource, Agriculture, and Engineering Service Conference for Nutrient 

Management Consultants, Extension Educators, and Producer Advisors March 28-30, 

2000, Camp Hill, Pennsylvania 

Alexander, R.B., Brakebill, J.W., Brew, R.E., and Richard A. Smith, 1999, ERF1—Enhanced 

River Reach File 1.2 (U.S. Geological Survey Open-File Report 99-457, Reston, Virginia). 

Alexander, R.B., Smith, R.A., Focazio, M.J., and Horn, M.A., 1999, Source-Area 

Characteristics of Large Public Surface-Water Supplies in the Conterminous United 

States: An Information Resource for Source-Water Assessment (U.S. Geological Survey 

Open-File Report 99-248, Reston, Virginia). 

Preston, S.D. and Brakebill, J.W., 1999, Application of Spatially Referenced Regression 

Modeling for the Evaluation of Total Nitrogen Loading in the Chesapeake Bay Watershed 

(U.S. Geological Survey Water Resources Investigations Report 99-4054, Baltimore, 

Maryland). 

Brakebill, J.W, and Preston, S.E., 1999, Digital Data Used to Relate Nutrient Inputs to 

Water Quality in the Chesapeake Bay Watershed, Version 1.0 (U.S. Geological Survey 

Water Open-File Report 99-60). 

Brezonik, P.L. & V.J. Bierman, V.J. (co-chairs), R. Alexander, J. Anderson, J. Barko, M. 

Dortch, L. Hatch, D. Keeney, D. Mulla, V. Smith, C. Walker, T. Whitledge, and W. Wiseman

(task group members), 1999, Effects of reducing nutrient loads to surface waters within 

the Mississippi River Basin and the Gulf of Mexico (Report of Task Group 4 to the White 

House Committee on Environment and Natural Resources, Hypoxia Work Group) Federal 

Register, 64, 23834-23835. 

Alexander, R.B., Slack, J.R., Ludtke, A.S., Fitzgerald, K.K., and Schertz, T.L., 1998, Data 

from selected U.S. Geological Survey National Stream Water-Quality Monitoring 

Networks, Water Resources Research, 34, 9, 2401-2405. 

Smith, R.A., Schwarz, G.E., and Alexander, R.B., 1997, Regional interpretation of waterquality monitoring data , Water Resources Research, 33, 12, 2781-2798. 

Alexander, R.B., Slack, J.R., Ludtke, A.S., Fitzgerald, K.K., and Schertz, T.L., 1996, Data 

from Selected U.S. Geological Survey National Stream Water-Quality Monitoring 

Networks (WQN) (U.S. Geological Survey Digital Data Series—DDS 37, Reston, Virginia). 

Alexander, R.B., Murdoch, P.S., and Smith, R.A., 1996, Streamflow-induced variations in 

nitrate flux in tributaries to the Atlantic Coastal Zone, Biogeochemistry, 33, 149-177. 

Schwarz, G.E. and Alexander, R.B., 1995, State Soil Geographic (STATSGO) Data Base for 

the Conterminous United States (U.S. Geological Survey Open-File Report 95-449, 

Reston, Virginia). 

Smith, R.A., Alexander, R.B., Tasker, G.D., Price, C.V., Robinson, K.W., and White, D.A., 

1993, Statistical Modeling of Water Quality in Regional Watersheds (Proceeding of 

Watershed '93, A national conference on watershed management, Alexandria, Virginia, 

March 21-24, 1993, pp. 751-754) 

White, D. A., Smith, R. A., Price, C. V., Alexander, R. B., and Robinson, K. W., 1992, A 

spatial model to aggregate point-source and nonpoint-source water-quality data over 

large areas, Computers and Geosciences, v. 18, no. 8, pp. 1055-1073. 

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