20-169-cv

Wachovia Mortgage, FSB v. Toczek

UNITED STATES COURT OF APPEALS

FOR THE SECOND CIRCUIT

SUMMARY ORDER

RULINGS BY SUMMARY ORDER DO NOT HAVE PRECEDENTIAL EFFECT. CITATION TO A SUMMARY 

ORDER FILED ON OR AFTER JANUARY 1, 2007, IS PERMITTED AND IS GOVERNED BY FEDERAL RULE OF 

APPELLATE PROCEDURE 32.1 AND THIS COURT=S LOCAL RULE 32.1.1. WHEN CITING A SUMMARY ORDER 

IN A DOCUMENT FILED WITH THIS COURT, A PARTY MUST CITE EITHER THE FEDERAL APPENDIX OR AN 

ELECTRONIC DATABASE (WITH THE NOTATION ASUMMARY ORDER@). A PARTY CITING TO A SUMMARY 

ORDER MUST SERVE A COPY OF IT ON ANY PARTY NOT REPRESENTED BY COUNSEL. 

At a stated term of the United States Court of Appeals for the Second Circuit, 

held at the Thurgood Marshall United States Courthouse, 40 Foley Square, in the City of 

New York, on the 6th day of January, two thousand twenty-one.

PRESENT:

AMALYA L. KEARSE,

JOSEPH F. BIANCO,

STEVEN J. MENASHI,

Circuit Judges.

_____________________________________

Wachovia Mortgage, FSB, 

Wells Fargo Bank, N.A.,

Plaintiffs-Appellees,

v. 20-169

Aleksandra Toczek,

Defendant-Appellant,

Pawel Toczek, National City Bank,

Defendants.

_____________________________________
FOR PLAINTIFF-APPELLEE

WELLS FARGO BANK, N.A.: David Michael Bizar, 

Seyfarth Shaw LLP, Boston, 

MA.

FOR DEFENDANT-APPELLANT: Aleksandra Toczek, pro se,

Weston, CT.

Appeal from orders of the United States District Court for the District of Connecticut 

(Bryant, J.).

UPON DUE CONSIDERATION, IT IS HEREBY ORDERED, ADJUDGED, AND 

DECREED that the orders of the district court are AFFIRMED. 

Appellant Aleksandra Toczek (“Toczek”), proceeding pro se, appeals the district court’s 

order awarding costs under 28 U.S.C. § 1447(c) following an improper removal of a state court 

action to the district court. 

Wells Fargo Bank, N.A. (“Wells Fargo”)1 sued Toczek’s then-husband, Pawel Toczek, in 

Connecticut state court seeking foreclosure on a mortgage. After Toczek intervened in the action, 

Wells Fargo obtained a judgment of strict foreclosure against them regarding real property in 

which Toczek retained an interest following the Toczeks’ divorce. Toczek, pro se, removed the 

foreclosure proceeding to federal court on the date on which she would lose her interest in the 

property if she failed to redeem the mortgage (“law day”). The district court granted Wells 

Fargo’s expedited motion for remand, found that Toczek lacked a reasonable basis for removal, 

and ordered Plaintiff Wells Fargo to submit an application for the recovery of costs associated with 

the removal. 

1 On November 1, 2009, during the pendency of the state foreclosure action, Wachovia Mortgage, 

FSB changed its name to Wells Fargo Bank Southwest, N.A., which merged into and has been 

subsequently operated as part of Wells Fargo Bank, N.A. 
3

Plaintiff submitted an application describing the work performed by attorneys David M. 

Bizar, Esq., and J. Patrick Kennedy, Esq., and by paralegal William Lugo (“the Application”), 

claiming a total of $15,471.40, for the costs of preparing the motion to remand. Toczek filed an 

opposition to the Application accusing the attorneys of copying and pasting their motion to remand 

from a previous one in another case and thus inflating their costs in bad faith. The attorneys filed 

a reply brief and requested an additional $2,695.40 for the costs of preparing that brief. Citing 

average rates for in-district attorneys and time required for similar filings, the court awarded 

$9,891.50 to Wells Fargo. Toczek moved for reconsideration, and the district court denied the 

motion. Toczek appeals. We assume the parties’ familiarity with the underlying facts, the 

procedural history of the case, and the issues on appeal.

Under 28 U.S.C. § 1447(c), “[a]n order remanding the case may require payment of just 

costs and any actual expenses, including attorney fees, incurred as a result of the removal.” We 

review the fee award for an abuse of discretion. Calabro v. Aniqa Halal Live Poultry Corp., 650 

F.3d 163, 166 (2d Cir. 2011) (per curiam). This standard of review “is highly deferential to the 

district court,” and “takes into account that the amount sought for attorney’s fees is dependent on 

the unique facts of each case.” Alderman v. Pan Am World Airways, 169 F.3d 99, 102 (2d Cir. 

1999) (internal quotation marks omitted).

I. Award Amount

Generally, a district court determines attorneys’ fees by “setting a reasonable hourly rate, 

taking account of all case-specific variables” and multiplying that rate by the number of hours 

expended. Arbor Hill Concerned Citizens Neighborhood Ass’n v. Cnty. of Albany & Albany Cnty. 

Bd. of Elections, 522 F.3d 182, 189 (2d Cir. 2008). “The reasonable hourly rate is the rate a 
4

paying client would be willing to pay,” assuming that “a reasonable, paying client wishes to spend 

the minimum necessary to litigate the case effectively.” Id. at 190. There is a rebuttable 

presumption “that a reasonable, paying client would in most cases hire counsel from within his 

district, or at least counsel whose rates are consistent with those charged locally.” Id. at 191. 

Thus, in most cases, a reasonable hourly rate is comparable to prevailing rates for attorneys of 

similar skill, experience, and reputation in the local community. See Blum v. Stenson, 465 U.S. 

886, 898–99 (1984). When adjusting it, courts consider, inter alia, each attorney’s experience, 

reputation, and ability; the time, labor, and skill required; the novelty and complexity of the legal 

issues posed; and awards in similar cases. Arbor Hill, 522 F.3d at 186 n.3. A district court will 

be found to have abused its discretion in arriving at an award amount only “if it based its ruling on 

an erroneous view of the law or on a clearly erroneous assessment of the evidence, or rendered a 

decision that cannot be located within the range of permissible decisions.” Calabro, 650 F.3d at 

166 (internal quotation marks omitted).

Here, the district court did not abuse its discretion in awarding Wells Fargo 52% of the 

amount it requested for the attorneys’ preparation and filing of the motion to remand. The district 

court first found that Toczek had no reasonable basis for removing the case and invited Wells 

Fargo to file an application for costs. Upon receipt of the application for 32.7 hours of attorney 

time and 16 hours of paralegal time, the district court observed that other recent in-district motions 

to remand required between 20 and 30 hours of work and reduced the billable time to 29.9 hours. 

Toczek argues that the district court should have reduced the time calculation further because the 

attorneys copied and pasted their motion from previous filings in cases like U.S. Bank Trust, N.A. 

v. Walbert, No. 3:17-cv-00991 (CSH), 2017 WL 4613192 (D. Conn. Oct. 16, 2017). But this 
5

argument is meritless. This case has a long history spanning more than a decade which sets it 

apart from other cases like Walbert and, in any event, Toczek produced no evidence that the 

attorneys inaccurately reported the time they spent tailoring their previous filings to the 

complexities of this case. Moreover, the district court appropriately considered those previous 

filings when reducing awardable time for the paralegal’s preparation of appearance and corporate 

disclosure forms. 

As Toczek concedes, the district court similarly conducted a careful and case-specific 

analysis when calculating hourly rates. Proceeding from the sound premise that litigants should 

not be reimbursed “for hiring costly counsel for simple matters,” the district court looked to other 

recent district court remands—including in Walbert (where Bizar’s awarded hourly rate was 

$425)—and determined they “set the prevailing rate for experienced attorneys handling complex 

civil litigation at between $400 and $500 and the upper-limit for paralegals at $150.” App’x at 

202. Based on this information, the district court reduced Bizar’s hourly rate from $551 to $425, 

Kennedy’s from $420 to $250, and Lugo’s from $195 to $140. Thus, the district court did not 

abuse its discretion when it awarded $8,106.50 for the motion to remand after reducing the hours 

expended and rates requested. 

The district court also did not abuse its discretion in awarding fees for the attorneys’ work

in preparing their reply brief to Toczek’s opposition to the Application. This is an award of “fees

on fees”—that is, fees incurred as a part of attorney work undertaken in submitting or defending a 

fee application rather than fees incurred for attorney work undertaken to defend or prosecute the 

underlying action. Lilly v. City of New York, 934 F.3d 222, 235 (2d Cir. 2019). We have held 

that these fees are available under the fee shifting provision in 42 U.S.C. § 1988, see Hines v. City 
6

of Albany, 862 F.3d 215, 223 (2d Cir. 2017), and the Supreme Court has acknowledged that fees 

on fees are allowed under the fee shifting provision in 28 U.S.C. § 2412(d), see Comm'r, INS. v. 

Jean, 496 U.S. 154, 161–62 (1990). We see no reason why these fees should not also be available 

under the fee shifting provision relevant to this case, 28 U.S.C. § 1447(c). See Weyant v. Okst, 

198 F.3d 311, 316 (2d Cir. 1999) (“As a general matter, such motion costs should be granted 

whenever underlying costs are allowed.” (internal quotation marks omitted)).

The district court carefully considered the specifics of the case when awarding attorneys’

fees for the reply brief to Toczek’s opposition to the Application. First, the district court noted 

that Toczek’s accusation of bad faith warranted a response. While Toczek included filings from 

previous motions to remand like Walbert with her opposition, she offered no evidence to support 

her allegation that the attorneys misrepresented either their detailed, contemporaneous billing 

records or the figures contained in their sworn declarations that they submitted with the 

Application. Toczek now concedes that she “should not have used the word[s] ‘bad faith’” to 

frame her argument regarding the attorneys’ time calculations. Appellant’s Br. at 30. 

Nevertheless, she maintains that the district court’s consideration of the attorneys’ past work 

product in reducing the total award, coupled with the fact that the attorneys spent a portion of their 

reply brief addressing her merits arguments, means that the district court wrongly awarded costs 

for the reply brief’s preparation and filing. However, these arguments, even if accepted, would 

not show an abuse of discretion. The District of Connecticut Local Rules permit parties to file 

reply briefs. D. Conn. L. Civ. R. 7(d). Notwithstanding the district court’s apparent agreement 

with Toczek that the award should account for the attorneys’ use of prior filings, it did not abuse 
7

its discretion when it held that Toczek’s separate allegation of bad faith warranted a reply brief 

and relied on an in-district case to determine that its preparation and filing required 5.6 hours. 

Finally, Toczek argues for the first time on appeal that the district court incorrectly 

calculated the attorney hours for J. Patrick Kennedy because the hours awarded in the district 

court’s analysis are lower than the hours awarded in the district court’s final tabulations chart. 

We disagree. 2 Wells Fargo sought a total of 19.7 hours for Kennedy’s work in its initial 

application for fees, 17.9 for work composing the motions for remand and to expedite and 1.8 for 

miscellaneous work relating to those motions. In its analysis, the district court made only three 

reductions to those hours: (1) It chose to compensate 2.1 of the 17.9 hours expended by Kennedy 

composing the motions for remand and to expedite at the $140 hourly rate it used for paralegal 

work as opposed to the $250 hourly rate it used for Kennedy’s legal work. These 2.1 hours 

reflected time Kennedy spent reviewing the district court chambers’ practices in preparation for 

filing the motions. (2) It declined to award any compensation for 1.1 hours expended by Kennedy 

in connection with redacted communication-related time entries that the district court determined 

were too vague.

3 And (3) it reduced the hours expended on the corporate disclosure statement by 

50%, which for Kennedy resulted in a reduction of .1 hours. Thus, removing the total of 3.3 hours 

2 Although Wells Fargo argues that Toczek waived this argument regarding any computational 

error by failing to raise it in her motion for reconsideration before the district court, we need not 

address that issue because we conclude that Toczek’s argument fails on the merits. See Pollara 

v. Seymour, 344 F.3d 265, 268 (2d Cir. 2003) (appellate court can affirm on any grounds for which 

there is sufficient support in the record). 

3 Although the analysis in the district court opinion groups the denied hours in this category for 

attorneys Kennedy and Bizar as a total of 2.3 hours without a breakdown by attorney, we can easily 

discern from the time records (and the district court’s tabulations chart) that 1.1 of those denied 

hours belong to Kennedy.
8

in reductions for Kennedy contained in the district court’s analysis section, the total hours awarded 

for Kennedy at the $250 hourly rate is 16.4 hours out of the 19.7 hours, 15.8 hours for the work 

composing the motions and 0.6 hours for miscellaneous work relating to those motions. The 

tabulations chart at the end of the district court’s opinion contains the identical number of hours 

awarded for Kennedy at that rate—namely, 16.4 out of 19.7 hours. 

To the extent that Toczek believes that the reference in the district court’s analysis to 14.7 

hours for Kennedy’s work on the motions for remand and to expedite conflicts with the 15.8 hours 

awarded in the tabulations chart, we find that argument unpersuasive. In referencing the 14.7 

hours, the district court apparently not only included its 2.1-hour reduction for time Kennedy spent 

reviewing the district court chambers’ practices but also its reduction of the 1.1 hours for the vague 

communications entry (15.8 hours minus 1.1 hours), while the chart reflects the reduction of 1.1 

hours in a separate entry below the reference to 15.8 hours. Thus, although the hours are 

structured differently, the total hours in the analysis section and the tabulations chart for Kennedy 

are identical, and consistent with the reductions articulated by the district court. Any concern that

the reference to 14.7 hours in the analysis section (as a subtotal) reflects some unarticulated, 

additional reduction in hours for Kennedy by the district court is further dispelled by the later 

reference in the analysis section to the total hours for the legal team as consisting of 38.2 hours for 

the notice of removal (including 29.9 hours by the legal team on the motions), which exactly 

matches the third column in the chart that contains the 15.8 hours for Kennedy. In short, Toczek 

has failed to demonstrate that the total number of hours awarded for Kennedy (as reflected in the 

tabulations chart) contains any computational error, or that such hours are unsupported by the 
9

district court’s analysis in exercising its discretion. Accordingly, there is no basis to disturb that 

award.

In sum, the district court neither based its $9,891.50 total award “on an erroneous view of 

the law or on a clearly erroneous assessment of the evidence, [n]or rendered a decision that cannot 

be located within the range of permissible decisions.” Calabro, 650 F.3d at 166. The district 

court, therefore, did not abuse its discretion when it awarded this reduced amount.

II. Motion for Reconsideration

We review denials of motions for reconsideration for abuse of discretion. Analytical 

Surveys, Inc. v. Tonga Partners, L.P., 684 F.3d 36, 52 (2d Cir. 2012). Reconsideration motions

are “a mechanism for extraordinary judicial relief invoked only if the moving party demonstrates 

exceptional circumstances.” Ruotolo v. City of New York, 514 F.3d 184, 191 (2d Cir. 2008) 

(internal quotation marks omitted). “The major grounds justifying reconsideration are an 

intervening change of controlling law, the availability of new evidence, or the need to correct a 

clear error or prevent manifest injustice.” Virgin Atl. Airways, Ltd. v. Nat’l Mediation Bd., 956 

F.2d 1245, 1255 (2d Cir. 1992) (internal quotation marks omitted). Hence, reconsideration is 

generally denied unless the moving party “can point to controlling decisions or data that the court 

overlooked” and it is not warranted where the party seeks “solely to relitigate . . . issue[s] already 

decided.” Shrader v. CSX Transp., Inc., 70 F.3d 255, 257 (2d Cir. 1995).

Here, the district court properly denied reconsideration, concluding that it did not overlook 

Toczek’s evidence and arguments when calculating the award amount. Toczek argues that the 

district court’s holding that she failed to submit evidence of inflated time calculations was clearly 

erroneous because she submitted the attorneys’ previous remand motions with her opposition. 
10

However, the district court considered the attorneys’ previous in-district motions to remand when 

it reduced the award for their work. Thus, in moving for reconsideration, Toczek aimed “solely 

to relitigate . . . issue[s] already decided,” id., and fell far short of demonstrating “exceptional 

circumstances,” Ruotolo, 514 F.3d at 191 (internal quotation marks omitted). Accordingly, the 

district court did not abuse its discretion in denying Toczek’s motion for reconsideration.

We have considered Toczek’s remaining arguments and find them to be without merit. 

Accordingly, we AFFIRM the orders of the district court.

FOR THE COURT: 

Catherine O=Hagan Wolfe, Clerk of Court