Importation of Fresh Strawberry, Fragaria spp., Fruit with 

Calyx and Short Stalk from Egypt into the Continental 

United States 

A Qualitative, Pathway-Initiated Risk Assessment

January 4, 2012

Agency Contact:

Center for Plant Health Science and Technology

Plant Epidemiology and Risk Analysis Laboratory

United States Department of Agriculture

Animal and Plant Health Inspection Service

Plant Protection and Quarantine

1730 Varsity Drive, Suite 300

Raleigh, NC 27606
Pest Risk Assessment for Strawberries from Egypt

Ver. 1 (Original) January 4, 2012 i

Executive Summary

The United States Department of Agriculture (USDA), Animal and Plant Health Inspection 

Service (APHIS) prepared this pathway-initiated risk assessment to determine the risks 

associated with the importation of field-grown strawberry fruit (Fragaria spp.) with calyces and 

short stalks into the continental United States from the Arab Republic of Egypt.

We developed a list of pests reported in Egypt that are known to be associated with Fragaria 

spp. using standard sources, scientific literature, port-of-entry pest interception data, and 

information provided by the government of Egypt. Quarantine pests that follow the pathway

were qualitatively analyzed and risk estimates expressed in descriptive terms (High, Medium, 

and Low).

We found the following three quarantine pests were likely to follow the pathway, and further 

analyzed them:

Type Organism Taxonomy Pest Risk 

Potential

Acari Eutetranychus orientalis (Klein) Acari: Tetranychidae High

Arthropods Chrysodeixis chalcites (Esper) Lepidoptera: Noctuidae High

Spodoptera littoralis (Boisduval) Lepidoptera: Noctuidae High

We estimated Consequences of Introduction based on five elements related to the biology and 

ecology of the pests, and Likelihood of Introduction by considering both the quantity of the 

commodity imported annually and potential factors affecting pest introduction. We summed the 

Consequences of Introduction and Likelihood of Introduction values to estimate overall Pest 

Risk Potentials, which describe risk in the absence of mitigation. Based on this analysis, we 

found that all three pests had High pest risk potentials. Such pests usually require mitigations in 

addition to port-of-entry inspection. The choice of appropriate phytosanitary measures to 

mitigate pest risk is part of the pest risk management phase within APHIS and is not addressed in 

this document. 
Pest Risk Assessment for Strawberries from Egypt

Ver. 1 (Original) January 4, 2012 ii

Table of Contents

Executive Summary....................................................................................................................... i

1. Introduction............................................................................................................................... 1

1.1. Botany and Origin...............................................................................................................1

1.2. Production Worldwide and in Egypt...................................................................................2

1.3. Standard postharvest processing.........................................................................................2

2. Risk Assessment ........................................................................................................................ 3

2.1. Initiating Event: Proposed Action.......................................................................................3

2.2. Assessment of Weed Potential of Fragaria spp. ................................................................3

2.3. Current Status, Decision History, and Pest Interceptions...................................................5

2.4. Pest Categorization-Identification of Pests of Fragaria spp. in Egypt...............................5

2.5. Quarantine Pests Likely to Follow the Pathway...............................................................20

2.6. Consequences of Introduction...........................................................................................20

2.7. Likelihood of Introduction................................................................................................24

2.8. Pest Risk Potential and Conclusion ..................................................................................27

3. Authors and Reviewers........................................................................................................... 27

4. Literature Cited ....................................................................................................................28

5. Appendices............................................................................................................................... 39

Appendix A. Countries from which strawberries are permitted entry into the United States. 39

Appendix B. Decision sheets for Fragaria spp. ......................................................................40

Appendix C. Pest interceptions on Fragaria sp., F. ananassa, F. chiloensis, and F. vesca

entering the United States..................................................................................................42

Appendix D. Harvest and post-harvest practices, and standard packinghouse procedures 

described for strawberries produced in Egypt (CAPQ, 2006)...........................................50

Appendix E. Quarantine pests reported on strawberries (Fragaria spp.) (in any country) and 

present in Egypt .................................................................................................................52
Pest Risk Assessment for Strawberries from Egypt

Ver. 1 (Original) January 4, 2012 1

1. Introduction

This document was prepared by the Plant Epidemiology and Risk Analysis Laboratory of the 

Center for Plant Health Science and Technology, USDA Animal and Plant Health Inspection 

Service (APHIS), Plant Protection and Quarantine (PPQ), in response to a request to evaluate the 

risks associated with the importation of commercially produced fresh fruits of strawberry

(Fragaria spp.) from the Arab Republic of Egypt into the continental United States.

The International Plant Protection Convention (IPPC) provides guidance for conducting pest risk 

analyses. The methods used here are consistent with guidelines provided by the IPPC, 

specifically the International Standard for Phytosanitary Measures (ISPM) on ‘Pest Risk 

Analysis for Quarantine Pests, Including Analysis of Environmental Risks and Living Modified 

Organisms’ (IPPC, 2009: ISPM #11). The use of biological and phytosanitary terms is consistent 

with the ‘Glossary of Phytosanitary Terms and the Compendium of Phytosanitary Terms’ (IPPC, 

2009: ISPM #5). 

Three stages of pest risk analysis are described in international standards: Stage 1, Initiation, 

Stage 2, Risk Assessment, and Stage 3, Risk Management. This document satisfies the 

requirements of Stages 1 and 2.

This is a qualitative risk analysis; estimates of risk are expressed in terms of High, Medium, and 

Low pest risk potentials based on the combined ratings for specified risk elements (PPQ, 2000)

related to the probability and consequences of importing fresh fruits of strawberry from the Arab 

Republic of Egypt. For the purposes of this assessment High, Medium, and Low probabilities 

will be defined as:

High: More likely to occur than not to occur

Medium: As likely to occur as not to occur

Low: Less likely to occur than not to occur

The appropriate risk management strategy for a particular pest depends on the risk posed by that 

pest. Identification of appropriate sanitary and phytosanitary measures to mitigate the risk, if any, 

for this pest is undertaken as part of Stage 3 (Risk Management). Other than listing possible 

mitigation options for the pests of concern, we did not discuss risk management in this 

document.

1.1. Botany and Origin

Fragaria species belong to the Rosaceae family. The genus Fragaria contains fifteen strawberry

species that are distributed throughout the northern temperate regions of the world, and one 

species that extends into South America. Fragaria virginiana and F. chiloensis are native to the 

Americas (CABI, 2007). Five species of Fragaria are native to or found in the United States: F. 

x ananassa, F. bringhurstii, F. chiloensis, F. vesca, and F. virginiana. Within these five species 

there are 13 subspecies that are native to or naturalized in the continental United States (NRCS, 

2010). Northeast Asia contains the largest number of species.
Pest Risk Assessment for Strawberries from Egypt

Ver. 1 (Original) January 4, 2012 2

The hybrid F. ananassa Duchesne was obtained in Europe in the mid-eighteenth century from 

the crossing of F. virginiana Duchesne and F. chiloensis (L). This hybrid was rapidly cultivated 

by growers around the world because it was superior in many ways to the wild species that were 

the source of strawberry fruit (CABI, 2007). Other native species are still harvested from the 

wild, but these rarely appear in markets because of their small size and poor shelf life. 

1.2. Production Worldwide and in Egypt

North America is the largest world producer of strawberries (Perez and Pollack, 2007). 

Strawberry production in California and Florida in 2009 was forecast to be 2.4 billion pounds 

and 182,600 pounds, respectively (Perez and Pollack, 2009). An estimated 6.8 pounds of U.S. 

fresh strawberry were consumed per person in 2009 (Perez and Pollack, 2009).

The demand level is met by the projected bigger domestic crop and from imports (Perez and 

Pollack, 2009). In 2009, 178.2 pounds of fresh strawberry were imported (Perez and Pollack, 

2009). The major source of imported strawberries is Mexico (Perez and Pollack, 2009), but other 

suppliers include Argentina, China, Chile, Canada, Ecuador, New Zealand, Peru, and Poland 

(Perez and Pollack, 2007; Perez and Pollack, 2009).

In Egypt, strawberries are produced under plasticulture and plastic tunnels; crops are located at 

the governorates of Ismailia, Kalyoubia, Nobarya, and Sharkia (CAPQ, 2006). Drip irrigation 

and soil mulching are used (CAPQ, 2006). Strawberries are planted at the end of the year. The 

major varieties are Sweet Charlie, Early bright, Festival, Rosalinda, Camarosa, and Gaviota 

(CAPQ, 2006). Commercial cultivars produce individual fruits weighing as much as 30-50 g, 

although 10-20 g is typical (CABI, 2007).

In 2006, the cultivated area for strawberries in Egypt was 8,871 acres (CAPQ, 2006), and total 

production was 139,165 tons. Exports of strawberries from Egypt to the European Union, 

Egypt’s neighboring countries (Bahrain, the United Arab Emirates, Jordan, Kuwait, Oman, Saudi 

Arabia, and Qatar), and other countries reached 8,638 tons in 2006 (CAPQ, 2006).

Strawberry production in Egypt includes the use of disease-free planting stock and biological and 

cultural control practices as solarization, crop rotation, avoidance of excess nitrogen, leaf 

removal, dead organic matter removal, weed control, good air circulation, temperature control, 

avoidance of free water on plants, and proper soil drainage (CAPQ, 2006). Some of the chemical 

compounds used in Egypt are Abamectin, Etoxazole, and Mibelmertin (acaricides); and 

micronized sulphur and/or coprous compounds, potassium thiosulfate, and calcium chloride 

(fungicides) (CAPQ, 2006). Only chemicals approved by the Egyptian Ministry of Agriculture can 

be used for fumigation (including soil). 

1.3. Standard postharvest processing

Strawberries at post-harvest sites are forced-air cooled, culled and graded (firm texture, color, 

size, ripeness, quality, health, insect or external injuries), packed and labeled, cooled to 1-2°C,

and stored (See appendix D).
Pest Risk Assessment for Strawberries from Egypt

Ver. 1 (Original) January 4, 2012 3

2. Risk Assessment

2.1. Initiating Event: Proposed Action

We conducted this commodity-based, pathway-initiated risk assessment in response to a request 

made by the Arab Republic of Egypt (CAPQ, 2006) to the USDA to authorize the importation of 

fresh strawberry fruit (with calyx and short stalk) grown in Egypt into the continental United 

States. The importation is a potential pathway for the introduction of plant pests. The USDA has 

regulatory authority for the importation of fruits and vegetables from foreign sources into the 

United States (7 CFR § 319, 2010).

2.2. Assessment of Weed Potential of Fragaria spp.

The results of the weed screening for Fragaria spp. did not prompt a weed-initiated risk 

assessment (Table 1).

Table 1. Assessment of weed potential of Fragaria spp.

Commodity scientific name: Fragaria × ananassa Duchesne ex Rozier [Rosaceae]

Common name: Strawberry

The genus Fragaria has 15 species, but only Fragaria × ananassa contributes significantly to 

commercial production. It is the hybrid of two species: F. virginiana Duchesne from eastern 

North America and F. chiloensis (L.) Duchesne from North and South America, which is still 

grown in Chile. Fruits of wild native species are harvested, but rarely appear in markets 

because of their small size and short shelf-life. Other species, such as F. vesca, are mainly

cultivated for ornamental purposes. Today, wild species are mainly of interest for specific 

genes that they can contribute to the octoploid F. x ananassa (CABI, 2010). 

Synonyms: Fragaria × ananassa var. cuneifolia (Nutt. ex Howell) Staudt (= F. × ananassa

nothosubsp. cuneifolia) 

F. chiloensis var. ananassa (Duchesne ex Rozier) Ser. 

F. cuneifolia Nutt. ex Howell (= F. × ananassa nothosubsp. cuneifolia) 

F. × magna auct.

Potentilla × ananassa (Duchesne ex Rozier) Mabb. (NGRP, 2011)

Phase 1: 

Fragaria spp. L. are reported in all states of the continental United States (NRCS, 2010). 

The hybrid Fragaria x ananassa is reported in the following states: Alaska, California,

Connecticut, Illinois, Massachusetts, Maine, Missouri, North Carolina, New Hampshire, 

New Jersey, New York, Oregon, Pennsylvania, Rhode Island, South Carolina, Virginia, 

Washington, and West Virginia (NRCS, 2010).

Phase 2:

The species is listed in:

YES Geographical Atlas of World Weeds (Holm et al., 1991a) as F. indica (for 

Mauritius), F. vesca, and F. virginiana (both for the United States).

NO World’s Worst Weeds (Holm et al., 1991b).

NO World Weeds: Natural Histories and Distribution (Holm et al., 1997).

YES Weed Science Society of America (WSSA, 2010) as Fragaria virginiana.
Pest Risk Assessment for Strawberries from Egypt

Ver. 1 (Original) January 4, 2012 4

NO Federal Noxious Weed List (PPQ, 2010a).

NO Economically Important Foreign Weeds (Reed, 1977).

NO Identification of disseminules listed in the Federal Noxious Weed Act (Gunn and 

Ritchie, 1988).

YES Global Invasive Species Database (ISSG, 2010) as Fragaria virginiana.

YES A Global Compendium of Weeds (Randall, 2003) as:

F. x ananassa: Naturalized, cultivation, escape, and casual alien. Cultivated, medicinal 

and culinary uses.

F. chiloensis: Cultivated, medicinal and culinary uses.

F. chiloensis ssp. lucida: Naturalized.

F. indica: Weed. Cultivated medicinal and culinary uses.

F. moschata: Cultivation escape. Cultivated, medicinal and culinary uses.

F. muricata: Naturalized.

Fragaria spp.: Weed. Medicinal and culinary uses.

F. vesca: Weed, Naturalized. Cultivated, medicinal and culinary uses.

F. vesca ssp. americana: Weed.

F. virginiana: Weed. Cultivated, medicinal and culinary uses.

F. viridus: Weed.

NO Invasive Species of the World (Weber, 2003).

YES Invasive Plant atlas of the United States (UGA, 2010).

NO Noxious weeds in the United States and Canada (Rice, 2010).

NO State Noxious Weeds (NRCS, 2010).

Other: Scientific literature, Internet sources, etc.:

NO AGRICOLA (NAL, 2010), CAB (CABI, 2010), AGRIS (FAO, 2010).

NO Florida's Invasive Species List, Florida Exotic Pest Plant Council (FLEPPC, 2009).

YES Pacific Island Ecosystems at Risk (Forest Service, 2010), as Fragaria vesca.

NO Noxious weed list for Australian states and territories (Australian Weeds 

Committee, 2010).

Phase 3:

Fragaria sp. and Fragaria x ananassa are widely prevalent in the continental United States 

and the answer to four of the above questions is yes. In this case, we need to provide additional 

comments on our findings (PPQ, 2000):

 Fragaria vesca and F. virginiana are listed as weeds of unknown importance in the 

United States (Holm et al., 1991a), while Fragaria indica, Fragaria spp., F. vesca, 

F. vesca ssp. americana, F. virginiana, and F. viridus are also considered weeds

(Randall, 2003).

 F. vesca L., F. vesca ssp. vesca, and F. chiloensis, are native but invasive in some 

natural areas of the United States (UGA, 2010).

 F. vesca is “present on Pacific islands” (Forest Service, 2010).

Conclusion: We proceeded with the pest risk assessment for the following reasons: 1) 

Cropped strawberries are economically important (Wiersema and Leon, 1999); 2) cultivated 

and wild strawberries (Fragaria spp.) grow in 49 states without being under official control; 

and 3) Fragaria spp., as strawberry fruit, are currently permitted entry into the United States 

from 92 countries (APHIS, 2010).
Pest Risk Assessment for Strawberries from Egypt

Ver. 1 (Original) January 4, 2012 5

2.3. Current Status, Decision History, and Pest Interceptions

2.3.1. Current status

Strawberries are authorized to enter into the United States through all U.S. ports-of-entry from 

92 countries (see Appendix A). 

2.3.2. Decision history

From 1924 to 1994, imports of strawberries into the United States were disapproved from the 

following countries: French Guiana, Ghana, Guyana, Peru, the Philippines, and Zimbabwe. The 

principal risks detected in decision sheets were 1) Halotydeus destructor, 2) mites, 3) Dacus sp., 

and 4) Bactrocera sp. (CPHST, 2008).

Entry is approved from (selected listing) Australia (Queensland and Tasmania), Chile, Haiti, 

Israel, Korea, Morocco, Nicaragua, and Scotland (CPHST, 2008). For further details, see 

Appendix B.

2.3.3. Pest interceptions

From 1984 to 2010, many different pests were intercepted on F. x ananassa, F. chiloensis,

Fragaria sp., and F. vesca at U.S. ports-of-entry (PestID, 2010). Most of the intercepted pests 

belonged to the Coleoptera, Hemiptera, and Lepidoptera families (see Appendix C).

2.4. Pest Categorization-Identification of Pests of Fragaria spp. in Egypt

2.4.1. Pest list 

Below we present information on pests associated with Fragaria spp. (in any country) that occur 

in Egypt (Table 2). The data include (1) the presence or absence of these pests in the continental 

United States and pertinent citations for that distribution, (2) pertinent citations supporting the 

association of the pest with Fragaria spp., (3) the association of the pest with plant parts and 

pertinent citations showing that association, (4) the quarantine status of the pest in the 

continental United States, and (5) whether the pest is likely to follow the pathway into the United 

States on strawberry.

Please note that in the pest list, we do not provide information for non-quarantine pests on plant 

part association and whether or not the pest is likely to follow the pathway. Even if nonquarantine pests are able to follow the pathway, phytosanitary measures against these pests 

would not be justified because they already occur in the continental United States. Therefore, for 

non-quarantine pests we indicate that information with N/A (not applicable).
Pest Risk Assessment for Strawberries from Egypt

Ver. 1 (Original) January 4, 2012 6

Table 2. Pests reported on Fragaria spp. and present in Egypt.

Pest Geographic 

distribution1

Reported on 

Fragaria spp.

Plant part 

affected2

Quarantine pestFollow 

pathway

ARTHROPODS

ARACHNIDA

Acari: Tenuipalpidae

Brevipalpus obovatus 

Donnadieu 

EG (CABI, 2007); US 

(CABI, 2007; Jeppson 

et al., 1975)

CABI, 2007 N/A No N/A

Brevipalpus phoenicis 

(Geijskes)

EG (CABI, 2007; 

Zaher et al., 1970); US 

(CABI, 2007)

Ochoa et al., 1991 N/A No N/A

Acari: Tetranychidae

Aponychus corpuzae 

Rimando

EG (Zaher et al., 1982); 

US (Tuttle and Baker, 

1968)

Bolland et al., 

1998

N/A No N/A

Bryobia praetiosa Koch EG (Zaher et al., 1982; 

CABI, 2007); US 

(Migeon and Dorkeld, 

2010)

Gomez and Mizell 

III, 2008; Ben-Dov 

et al., 2010)

N/A No N/A

Eutetranychus orientalis 

Klein Syn: Anychus 

orientalis Klein

EG (Bodenheimer, 

1951; CABI, 2007; 

Migeon and Dorkeld, 

2010; Zaher et al., 

1982)

Migeon and 

Dorkeld, 2010

F (Poole, 1999); 

L (CABI, 2007; 

NAPPO, 2001)

Yes Yes

Oligonychus coffeae 

(Nietner)

EG (CABI, 2007; 

CABI, 2010; Migeon 

and Dorkeld, 2010); 

US (Bolland et al., 

1998; CABI, 2010; 

Migeon and Dorkeld, 

2010)

Bolland et al., 

1998; Migeon and 

Dorkeld, 2010

N/A No N/A

Oligonychus punicae (Hirst) EG (Migeon and 

Dorkeld, 2010; Zaher 

et al., 1982); US 

(CABI, 2007; Jeppson 

et al., 1975; Migeon 

and Dorkeld, 2010)

Migeon and 

Dorkeld, 2010

N/A No N/A

Panonychus ulmi (Koch) EG (Bolland et al., 

1998; CABI, 2007); US

(CABI, 2007)

Bolland et al., 

1998

N/A No N/A

Petrobia harti (Ewing) EG (Bolland et al., 

1998); US (Jeppson et 

al., 1975)

Bolland et al., 

1998

N/A No N/A

 

1 We only considered the geographic distribution the continental United States (including Alaska) and Egypt. EG = Egypt, 

US = United States, CT = Connecticut, WV = West Virgina 

2

Plant parts: Buds = Bd; Fruit = F; Flower/Inflorescence = I; Leaf = L; Root = R; Seedlings= Sd; Shoot = Sh; Stem = S.
Pest Risk Assessment for Strawberries from Egypt

Ver. 1 (Original) January 4, 2012 7

Pest Geographic 

distribution1

Reported on 

Fragaria spp.

Plant part 

affected2

Quarantine pestFollow 

pathway

Petrobia latens (O.F. 

Müller)

EG (CABI, 2010; ElGhar and Osman, 

1973); US (CABI, 

2010)

Bolland et al., 

1998; CABI, 2010

N/A No N/A

Tetranychus cinnabarinus

(Boisduval) 

Syn: T. telarius (L.)

EG (Gentry, 1965); US 

(CABI, 2007)

CABI, 2007 N/A No N/A

Tetranychus ludeni Zacher EG (Migeon and 

Dorkeld, 2010); US 

(Jeppson et al., 1975; 

Migeon and Dorkeld, 

2010) 

CABI, 2007; 

Migeon and 

Dorkeld, 2010; 

PestID, 2010

N/A No N/A

Tetranychus 

neocalendonicus André

EG (Migeon and 

Dorkeld, 2010); US 

(Jeppson et al., 1975; 

Migeon and Dorkeld, 

2010)

MAF, 2007 N/A No N/A

Tetranychus urticae Koch EG (Abdel-Galil et al., 

2006; CABI, 2010); US 

(CABI, 2007; Migeon 

and Dorkeld, 2010)

CABI, 2007; 

CAPQ, 2006; 

Migeon and 

Dorkeld, 2010; 

PestID, 2010

N/A No N/A

INSECTA

Coleoptera: Curculionidae

Hypera brunnipennis 

Boheman

EG (Windbiel et al., 

2004); US (CABI, 

2007) 

MAF, 2007 N/A No N/A

Hypera postica (Gyllenhal) 

Syn: Phytonomus 

variabilis Herbst.

EG; US (CABI, 2007) CABI, 2007 N/A No N/A

Otiorhynchus cribricollis 

Gyllenhal

EG; US (CABI, 2007) MAF, 2007 N/A No N/A

Otiorhynchus rugosostriatus 

(Goeze)

EG (Walker, 2005); US 

(CABI, 2007)

CABI, 2007 N/A No N/A

Otiorhynchus sulcatus

(Fabricius)

EG (Botha et al., 2000;

CABI, 2010); US 

(CABI, 2010)

Botha et al., 2000; 

CABI, 2010

N/A No N/A

Pantomorus cervinus

(Boheman) 

Syn: Asynonychus 

godmani Crotch

EG; US (CABI, 2010) CABI, 2007; 

MAF, 2007

N/A No N/A
Pest Risk Assessment for Strawberries from Egypt

Ver. 1 (Original) January 4, 2012 8

Pest Geographic 

distribution1

Reported on 

Fragaria spp.

Plant part 

affected2

Quarantine pestFollow 

pathway

Coleoptera: Nitidulidae

Aethina tumida Murray EG (FAO, 2008; 

Neumann and Elzen, 

2004); US (CABI, 

2007; de Guzman et al., 

2009; Lounsberry et 

al., 2010)

Huang, 1999 N/A No N/A

Diptera: Drosophilidae

Drosophila melanogaster

Meigen 

EG; US (CABI, 2010) CSC and CMCC, 

2003

N/A No N/A

Hemiptera: Aleyrodidae

Bemisia tabaci (Gennadius) EG (CABI, 2007 ; 

Abdel-Moniem and ElWahaba, 2006); US 

(CABI, 2007)

Arnal et al., 1993 N/A No3 N/A

Hemiptera: Aphididae

Aphis fabae Scopoli EG (Ismail et al., 

2000); US (CABI, 

2010; Jensen et al., 

2008)

MAF, 2007 N/A No N/A

Aphis gossypii Glover EG (Abdel-Moniem 

and Abd El-Wahab, 

2006; CABI, 2007); US 

(CABI, 2007; Stoltz et 

al., 1994)

PestID, 2010; 

Strand, 1994

N/A No N/A

Brachycaudus helichrysi

Kaltenbach 

EG; US (CABI, 2007) CABI, 2007 N/A No N/A

Macrosiphum euphorbiae

Thomas

EG (CABI, 2010); US 

(CABI, 2010; Strand, 

1994)

CABI, 2007; 

PestID, 2010; 

Strand, 1994

N/A No N/A

Macrosiphum rosae 

Linnaeus

EG (CABI, 2010); US 

(CABI, 2010; Jensen et 

al., 2008)

CABI, 2010 N/A No N/A

Metopolophium dirhodum

(Walker)

EG (Abdel-Mallek et 

al., 2005; CABI, 2010); 

US (CABI, 2007; 

Jensen et al., 2008)

CABI, 2007 N/A No N/A

Myzus persicae Sulzer EG (CABI, 2010;

Jensen et al., 2008); US 

(CABI, 2007; Jensen et 

al., 2008; Strand, 1994; 

Stoltz, 1997)

CABI, 2007 N/A No N/A

 

3 No action is required except when on tomato from the Dominican Republic (PestID, 2010).
Pest Risk Assessment for Strawberries from Egypt

Ver. 1 (Original) January 4, 2012 9

Pest Geographic 

distribution1

Reported on 

Fragaria spp.

Plant part 

affected2

Quarantine pestFollow 

pathway

Hemiptera: Coccidae

Coccus hesperidum

Linnaeus

EG; US (CABI, 2007) CABI, 2010; 

Malipatil and 

Wainer, 2007; 

N/A No N/A

Hemiptera: Margarodidae

Icerya purchasi Maskell EG (Bodenheimer, 

1951; CABI, 2007; US 

(CABI, 2007)

CABI, 2007 N/A No N/A

Icerya seychellarum

Westwood

EG (CABI, 2007) CABI, 2007 F, L, S (CABI, 

2007)

Yes4 No5

Hemiptera: Pseudococcidae

Dysmicoccus brevipes

(Cockerell)

EG; US (Ben-Dov et 

al., 2010; CABI, 2010)

Ben-Dov et al., 

2010; MAF, 2007

N/A No N/A

Planococcus citri (Risso) EG (Ben-Dov et al., 

2010; CABI, 2007; 

Hamdy, 1984); US 

(CABI, 2007)

Ben-Dov et al., 

2010; PestID, 2010

N/A No N/A

Pseudococcus longispinus

Targioni Tozzetti

EG; US (Ben-Dov, 

2010; CABI, 2007) 

Ben-Dov, 2010; 

PestID, 2010

N/A No N/A

Lepidoptera: Crambidae

Ostrinia nubilalis (Hübner) EG (CABI, 2010); US 

(CABI, 2010; 

Robinson et al., 2007)

Maas et al., 1998; 

Robinson et al., 

2007

N/A No N/A

Lepidoptera: Gelechiidae

Anarsia lineatella Zeller EG; US (CABI, 2007) Robinson et al., 

2007

N/A No N/A

Lepidoptera: Noctuidae

Agrotis ipsilon (Hufnagel)

Syn: Euxoa ipsilon

Hufnagel, Feltia ipsilon

Hufnagel

EG (Sabbour and Abd 

El-Azis, 2001; CABI, 

2007; Zhang, 1994); 

US (CABI, 2007)

CABI, 2007; 

Robinson et al., 

2001; Robinson et 

al., 2007; Zhang, 

1994

N/A No N/A

Agrotis segetum Denis and 

Schiffermüller 

Syn: Scotia segetum Denis 

and Schiffermüller, Euxoa 

segetum Denis and 

Schiffermüller 

EG (CABI, 2007; Tòth 

et al., 1992)

CABI, 2007; 

MAF, 2007; 

Robinson et al., 

2001; Robinson et 

al., 2007

L, R, S (CABI, 

2007)

Yes6 No7

 

4

Icerya seychellarum is a reportable pest (PestID, 2010)

5

Icerya seychellarum in heavy infestations attacks fruit petioles (PPQ, 2002). This pest could be easily detected due to its 

size (5 mm) and its yellow or white wax color that contrasts with plant tissues. Affected fruits could be discarded at postharvest and culling. Therefore, this pest is highly unlikely to follow the pathway.

6 Agrotis segetum is a reportable pest (PestID, 2010).

7

Agrotis segetum could be detected by visual inspection because its eggs are stuck on plant residues and soil particles by a 

putty-like substance secreted by the female (CABI, 2007). We think larvae will not remain under the calyx, because 1) they 
Pest Risk Assessment for Strawberries from Egypt

Ver. 1 (Original) January 4, 2012 10

Pest Geographic 

distribution1

Reported on 

Fragaria spp.

Plant part 

affected2

Quarantine pestFollow 

pathway

Chrysodeixis chalcites

(Esper)

EG (CABI, 2010; 

Harakly, 1974; Harakly 

and Farag, 1975) 

CABI, 2010 F, L (CABI, 

2007; NAPPO, 

2006)

Yes Yes

Helicoverpa armigera

(Hübner) Syn: Heliothis 

armigera (Hübner)

EG (Gentry, 1965) Kirkpatrick, 1961; 

Orta-Cordero and 

Gonzalez-Tirado, 

2000; Zalucki et 

al., 1986

Bd, F, I, S 

(Aguirre et al., 

2005; 

Kirkpatrick, 

1961; 

Queensland 

government, 

2010)

Yes No8

Spodoptera exigua (Hübner) EG (Dahi and AbdelKhalek, 2006; CABI, 

2007; CABI, 2010); US 

(CABI, 2010; 

Robinson et al., 2007)

CABI, 2010 

PestID, 2010; 

Strand, 1994

N/A No N/A

Spodoptera littoralis

(Boisduval)

EG (CABI, 2007; 

Mohamed et al., 2006; 

Pogue, 2008)

CABI, 2010; 

Fraval, 2008

F, L (CABI, 

2007)

Yes Yes

Trichoplusia ni (Hübner) EG (Ali et al., 1988;

CABI, 2010); US 

(CABI, 2007) 

CABI, 2007; NSFIPM, 1999; Strand, 

1994

N/A No N/A

Lepidoptera: Nymphalidae

Cynthia cardui Linnaeus 

Syn: Vanessa cardui

Linnaeus

EG; US (CABI, 2007) Korshunov and 

Gorbunov, 1995

N/A No N/A

Pandemis heparana Denis 

and Schiffermüller

EG (Zhang, 1994) Meijerman and 

Ulenberg, 2004; 

Ovsyannikova and 

Grichanov, 2009; 

Robinson et al., 

2007

F, I, L, Sh 

(Meijerman and

Ulenberg, 2004)

Yes No9

 

are large, 45 to 50 mm, with recognizable coloring (Fraval, 1997); 2) they pupate in the ground, and conceal themselves 

there during the day; and 3) the calyx is not known to carry this pest during trade and transport (CABI, 2007). Thus, this 

pest is highly unlikely to follow the pathway.

8 Although Helicoverpa armigera is reported to attack strawberry fruits (Aguirre et al., 2005; Queensland government, 2010),

detailed information shows that larvae foremost attack shoots of plantlets, flowers, and young fruits from cultivated 

strawberries (Kirkpatrick, 1961). This pest could be easily inspected and culled at harvest and post-harvest procedures for

the following reasons: 1) eggs and young larvae that are expected in young fruits are glistening and white, cream, and later 

brown and their size is from 0.4 to 0.6 mm in diameter, while first larvae instars are yellowish-white to reddish-brown in 

color (CABI, 2007). These characteristics make them easily to detect. 2) Affected harvested fruits will be inspectable due 

to the size of H. armigera larvae when they reach 20-40 mm on their last instars (Queensland government, 2010). 3) When 

Helicoverpa armigera larvae are present in fruits, associated frass renders them unfit for fresh market sale (Queensland 

government, 2010).

9 Pandemis heparana damage on fruits is very similar to the feeding injury by Adoxophyes orana caterpillars that graze on the 

fruit epidermis (Meijerman and Ulenberg, 2004). Larvae are 25 mm long and bright green (Meijerman and Ulenberg, 
Pest Risk Assessment for Strawberries from Egypt

Ver. 1 (Original) January 4, 2012 11

Pest Geographic 

distribution1

Reported on 

Fragaria spp.

Plant part 

affected2

Quarantine pestFollow 

pathway

Orthoptera: Gryllotalpidae

Gryllotalpa africana Palisot 

de Beauvois

EG (CABI, 2007) MAF, 2007 Bd, R, Sd (Hill, 

1983)

Yes10 No

Gryllotalpa gryllotalpa

(Linnaeus)

EG; US (CABI, 2007) CABI, 2007 N/A No N/A

Thysanoptera: Thripidae

Frankliniella occidentalis

(Pergande)

EG; US (CABI, 2007) CABI, 2007; 

PestID, 2010

N/A No N/A

Frankliniella schultzei 

(Trybom)

EG (EPPO and CABI, 

1999; CABI, 2010); 

US (CABI, 2010; 

Kakkar et al., 2010) 

PestID, 2010 N/A No N/A

Thrips tabaci Lindeman EG (Abdel-Moniem 

and Abd El-Wahab, 

2006; CABI, 2007); US 

(CABI, 2007)

PestID, 2010; 

Raspudic et al., 

2009

N/A No N/A

BACTERIA and PHYTOPLASMAS11

Erwinia amylovora (Burrill) 

Winslow et al.

EG; US (CABI, 2007) Atanasova et al., 

2009 

N/A No N/A

Rhizobium radiobacter

(Beijerinck & van Delden) 

Young et al.

EG ; US (Bradbury, 

1986; CABI, 2007)

CABI, 2007 N/A No N/A

Rhodococcus fascians 

(Tilford) Goodfellow

EG; US (CABI, 2007) CABI, 2007 N/A No N/A

FUNGI and CHROMISTANS12

Alternaria alternata (Fr: Fr) 

Keissl. Syn: A. tenuis

Nees 

EG (CABI, 2007; Farr 

et al., 2011); US 

(CABI, 2007; Conners, 

1967; Farr et al., 2011)

CABI, 2007; Farr 

et al., 2011

N/A No N/A

Alternaria tenuissima (Nees 

& T. Nees : Fr.) Wiltshire

EG (Zohri and AbdelGawad; 1993), US 

(Farr et al., 2011)

Farr et al., 2011; 

Gubler and 

Converse, 1993

N/A No N/A

Aspergillus niger Tieghem EG (CABI, 2007; 

Morsy et al., 2009); 

US (CABI, 2007)

Farr et al., 2011; 

Gubler and 

Converse, 1993

N/A No N/A

Aspergillus spp. EG (Embaby, 2007) Embaby, 2007 F (Embaby, 

2007)

Yes Yes

 

2004). Damaged fruits are culled and larvae could be easily detected in post-harvest handling and processing. Therefore, 

this pest is highly unlikely to follow the pathway.

10 Gryllotalpa africana is a reportable pest (PestID, 2010).

11 Bacterial classification and nomenclature are written according to Euzéby (2008).

12 Fungal classification and nomenclature are written according to the Systematic Mycology and Microbiology Laboratory

(Farr et al., 2011).
Pest Risk Assessment for Strawberries from Egypt

Ver. 1 (Original) January 4, 2012 12

Pest Geographic 

distribution1

Reported on 

Fragaria spp.

Plant part 

affected2

Quarantine pestFollow 

pathway

Athelia rolfsii (Curzi) Tu & 

Kimbr Anamorph: 

Sclerotium rolfsii Sacc. 

Syn: Corticium rolfsii

Curzi 

EG; US (Farr et al., 

2011)

Gubler and 

Converse, 1993; 

Maas, 1998

N/A No N/A

Botryodiplodia phaseoli 

(Tassi) Goid

EG; US (Farr et al., 

2011)

Gubler and 

Converse, 1993

N/A No N/A

Botryotinia fuckeliana (de 

Bary) Whetzel 

Syn: Botrytis cinerea

Pers.: Fr. 

EG (CABI, 2007;

Embaby, 2007); US 

(CABI, 2007;Conners, 

1967; Farr et al., 2011)

CABI, 2007; Farr et 

al., 2011; Gubler 

and Converse, 1993

N/A No N/A

Cladosporium 

cladosporioides (Fresen.) 

G.A. de Vries

EG (CABI, 2007); US 

(CABI, 2007; Farr et 

al., 2011)

Koike et al., 2003 N/A No N/A

Cladosporium herbarum 

(Pers. : Fr.) Link

EG; US (Conners, 

1967; Farr et al., 

2011))

Farr et al., 2011 N/A No N/A

Colletotrichum acutatum

J.H. Simmonds 

EG (Embaby, 2009); 

US (CABI, 2007)

CABI, 2007; Farr 

et al., 2011

N/A No N/A

Colletotrichum dematium

(Pers. : Fr.) Grove

EG (Saber et al., 

2003); US (Farr et al., 

2011)

Ridings and 

Howard, 1979

N/A No N/A

Colletotrichum fragariae 

A.N. Brooks

EG (Abdet-Sattar et 

al., 2008); US (Farr et 

al., 2011)

Farr et al., 2011 N/A No N/A

Colletotrichum 

gloeosporioides (Penz.) 

Penzig & Saccardo 

Syn:Glomerella cingulata

(Stoneman) Spaulding & 

H. Schrenk

EG (Embaby, 2009);

US (CABI, 2007)

Farr et al., 2011 N/A No N/A

Cylindrocarpon didymum 

(Harting) Wollenw

EG (Brayford, 1987; 

Farr et al., 2011); US 

(FL, WA) (Farr et al., 

2011) 

Brayford, 1987 R, Sd 

(Brayford, 

1987)

Yes No

Diplocarpon earliana (Ellis 

& Ev.) Wolf Syn: 

Dyplocarpon earlianum

EG (UNDP, 2006); US 

(Averre et al., 1996; 

Conners, 1967; Horst, 

2001)

Farr et al., 2011 N/A No N/A

Fusarium culmorum (Wm.G. 

Sm.) Sacc.

EG (CABI, 2007); US 

(CABI, 2007; Farr et 

al., 2011)

Farr et al., 2011 N/A No N/A

Fusarium oxysporum 

Schlechtendahl 

EG (Abdet-Sattar et 

al., 2008); US (CABI, 

2007; Farr et al., 2011)

Farr et al., 2011 N/A No N/A
Pest Risk Assessment for Strawberries from Egypt

Ver. 1 (Original) January 4, 2012 13

Pest Geographic 

distribution1

Reported on 

Fragaria spp.

Plant part 

affected2

Quarantine pestFollow 

pathway

Fusarium oxysporum f. sp. 

fragariae Winks & Y.N. 

Williams

EG (UNDP, 2006) Nagarajan et al., 

2006; Nagarajan et 

al., 2004

R, S (Golzar et 

al., 2007)

Yes No

Fusarium sambucinum

Fuckel 

Teleomorph: Gibberella 

pulicaris (Fr. Fr.) Sacc.

EG (Farr et al., 2011); 

US (CABI, 2007)

Farr et al., 2011 N/A No N/A

Fusarium solani (Mart.) 

Sacc.

Teleomorph:

Haematonectria 

haematococca (Berk. & 

Broome) Samuels & 

Rossman

EG (Hilal, 2006); US 

(Farr et al., 2011)

Farr et al., 2011 N/A No N/A

Fusarium sporotrichioides 

Sherb.

EG (CABI, 2010); US 

(Farr et al., 2011)

Farr et al., 2011 N/A No N/A

Kalmusia coniothyrium 

(Fuckel) Huhndorf

EG (Punithalingam, 

1967); US (Farr et al., 

2011) 

Farr et al., 2011 N/A No N/A

Macrophomina phaseolina 

(Tassi) Goid.

EG (Morsy et al., 

2009); US (CABI, 

2007)

CABI, 2007; Farr 

et al., 2011

N/A No N/A

Myrothecium roridum Tode : 

Fr.

EG (CABI, 2007); US 

(Farr et al., 2011)

Farr et al., 2011 N/A No N/A

Penicillium expansum Link 

Syn: P. glaucum Link 

EG; US (CABI, 2007) CABI, 2007; 

Gubler and 

Converse, 1993; 

Maas, 1998

N/A No N/A

Peronospora sparsa Berk. EG (Skalicky, 1983);

US (Farr et al., 2011)

Farr et al., 2011 N/A No N/A

Pestalotia longisetula Guba EG (Embaby, 2007);

US (Farr et al., 2011)

Embaby, 2007 N/A No N/A

Phomopsis obscurans (Ellis 

& Everh.) B. Sutton

Syn: Dendrophoma 

obscurans (Ellis & 

Everh.) H.W. Anderson

EG (Haggag, 2009; 

UNDP, 2006); US 

(Farr et al., 2011)

Farr et al., 2011 N/A No N/A

Phytophthora cactorum

(Lebert & Cohn) J. Schröt.

EG (Abada et al., 

2005; CABI, 2010; 

Embaby, 2007; UNDP, 

2006); US (Farr et al., 

2011)

Farr et al., 2011 N/A No N/A

Phytophthora citrophthora 

(R.E. Sm. & E.H. Sm.) 

Leonian 

EG; US (CABI, 2007) Farr et al., 2011; 

Gubler and 

Converse, 1993

N/A No N/A
Pest Risk Assessment for Strawberries from Egypt

Ver. 1 (Original) January 4, 2012 14

Pest Geographic 

distribution1

Reported on 

Fragaria spp.

Plant part 

affected2

Quarantine pestFollow 

pathway

Phytophthora cryptogea

Pethybr. & Laff. 

EG; US (CABI, 2007) CABI, 2007; Farr 

et al., 2011

N/A No N/A

Phytophthora fragariae C.J. 

Hickman 

EG (UNDP, 2006); US

(CABI, 2007; EPPO 

and CABI, 1997)

Farr et al., 2011; 

SENASA, 2007

N/A No N/A

Phytophthora nicotianae

Breda de Haan 

Syn: P. nicotianae var. 

irregulare (Dastur) G. M. 

Waterh; P. parasitica

Dastur

EG (CABI, 2007; Farr 

et al., 2011); US 

(CABI, 2007)

Farr et al., 2011 N/A No N/A

Podosphaera fuliginea

(Schltdl.) U. Braun & S. 

Takam. 

Syn.: Sphaerotheca 

fuliginea (Schltdl.) 

Pollacci, S. humuli var. 

fuliginea (Schltdl.) E.S. 

Salmon

EG; US (Farr et al., 

2011) 

Farr et al., 2011 N/A No N/A

Podosphaera macularis

(Wallr.) U. Braun & S. 

Takam. 

Syn: Sphaerotheca humuli

(DC.) Burrill, S. macularis

(Wallr.) Lind 

EG (Farr et al., 2011; 

UNDP, 2006); US 

(CABI, 2007; Conners, 

1967) 

Farr et al., 2011 N/A No N/A

Pythium debaryanum R. 

Hesse

EG; US (CABI, 2010; 

Conners, 1967; Farr et 

al., 2011) )

MAF, 2007; Gubler 

and Converse, 1993

N/A No N/A

Pythium irregulare Buisman EG; US (CABI, 2007) CABI, 2007; Farr 

et al., 2011

N/A No N/A

Pythium ultimum Trow EG (Abdet-Sattar et 

al., 2008); US (CABI, 

2007)

CABI, 2007 ; Farr 

et al., 2011

N/A No N/A

Ramularia brunnea Peck 

Syn: Mycosphaerella 

fragariae (Tulasne) 

Lindau 

EG (UNDP, 2006); US 

(CABI, 2007; Conners, 

1967; Farr et al., 2011) 

Farr et al., 2011 N/A No N/A

Rhizopus stolonifer 

(Ehrenb.: Fr.) Vuill. Syn: 

R. nigricans Ehrenb.

EG (Embaby, 2007; 

UNDP et al., 2006); 

US (CABI, 2007)

CABI, 2007 N/A No N/A

Rhizoctonia fragariae 

Hussain & W.E. McKeen

EG (CABI, 2007);

US (CT) (CABI, 2007)

(WV) (Farr et al., 

2011)

MAF, 2007 R (MAF, 2007) Yes No
Pest Risk Assessment for Strawberries from Egypt

Ver. 1 (Original) January 4, 2012 15

Pest Geographic 

distribution1

Reported on 

Fragaria spp.

Plant part 

affected2

Quarantine pestFollow 

pathway

Rhizoctonia solani J.G. 

Kühn

EG (Abdet-Sattar et 

al., 2008); US 

(Conners, 1967; Farr et 

al., 2011)

Abdet-Sattar et al., 

2008

N/A No N/A

Sclerotinia sclerotiorum

(Libert) de Bary 

EG (CABI, 2010; 

Embaby, 2007; Hilal et 

al., 2006); US (CABI, 

2010; Farr et al., 2011)

CABI, 2007; Farr et 

al., 2011

N/A No N/A

Thanatephorus cucumeris

(A.B. Frank) Donk

Syn: Rhizoctonia solani

J.G. Kühn

EG; US (CABI, 2007; 

Farr et al., 2011) 

Farr et al., 2011; 

Gubler and 

Converse, 1993

N/A No N/A

Verticillium albo-atrum 

Reinke & Berthold

EG (UNDP, 2006); US 

(CABI, 2007)

Farr et al., 2011 N/A No N/A

Verticillium dahliae Klebahn EG; US (CABI, 2007) CABI, 2007; Farr 

et al., 2011

N/A No N/A

Mollusca

Helix aspersa Müller

Syn: Cornu aspersum

Müller (Helicidae)

EG; US (CABI, 2010) CABI, 2007; 

Iglesias and 

Castillejo, 1999; 

PestID, 2010

L, I, F (Flint 

and Wilen, 

2009)

Yes13 No14

Theba pisana (Muller) EG (CABI, 2007; 

PestID, 2010); US 

(CA) (CABI, 2007)

PestID, 2010 L, I, F (Flint 

and Wilen, 

2009)

[Yes] No14

NEMATODES15

Aphelenchoides besseyi 

Christie 

EG (CABI, 2007); US 

(Ferris, 2010)

Ferris, 2010 N/A No N/A

Helicotylenchus digonicus

Perry 

EG (Abou-El-Naga, 

1979); US (Mekete et 

al., 2010)

Celal, 2004; Ferris, 

2010

N/A No N/A

Helicotylenchus dihystera 

(Cobb) Sher 

EG (Abou-El-Naga, 

1979); US (CABI, 

2007)

CABI, 2007; 

Ferris, 2010; Park 

et al., 2005

N/A No N/A

Helicotylenchus erythrinae 

(Zimmermann) 

EG (Abou-El-Naga, 

1979); US (Handoo et 

al., 2007)

Ferris, 2010 N/A No N/A

Helicotylenchus 

pseudorobustus (Steiner) 

Golden 

EG (CABI, 2010); US 

(CABI, 2007)

CABI, 2007 N/A No N/A

 

13 Helix aspersa does not require action except in Florida, Alabama, and Puerto Rico (PestID, 2010).

14 Helix aspersa and Theba pisana chew ripening fruits that are close to the ground (Flint and Wilen, 2009). Helix aspersa is 

28 to 32 mm in diameter, while T. pisana is 12 to 15 mm in diameter and 9 to 12 mm in height (Deisler et al., 2010). Fruit 

damage and pests (due to their size) can be detected visually and affected fruit can be culled and removed during postharvest practices. Therefore, these pests are highly unlikely to follow the pathway.

15 Nematode classification and nomenclature are written according to Ferris (2010).
Pest Risk Assessment for Strawberries from Egypt

Ver. 1 (Original) January 4, 2012 16

Pest Geographic 

distribution1

Reported on 

Fragaria spp.

Plant part 

affected2

Quarantine pestFollow 

pathway

Longidorus elongatus (de 

Man) Micoletzky 

EG (Abou-El-Naga, 

1979); US (CABI, 

2007)

CABI, 2007; 

Ferris, 2010; MAF, 

2007

N/A No N/A

Meloidogyne arenaria

(Neal) Chitwood

EG (Abou-El-Naga. 

1979; CABI, 2010); US 

(CABI, 2010; Handoo 

et al., 2007; Starr et al., 

2002)

Park et al., 2005 N/A No N/A

Meloidogyne hapla

Chitwood 

EG (Abou-El-Naga, 

1979; CABI, 2010); US 

(CABI, 2010; Handoo 

et al., 2007) 

CABI, 2010; 

Ferris, 2010; 

Handoo et al., 

2007

N/A No N/A

Meloidogyne incognita

(Kofoid & White) 

Chitwood 

EG (Abou-El-Naga, 

1979; CABI, 2010); US 

(CABI, 2010; Handoo 

et al., 2007)

Park et al., 2005; 

Ferris, 2010

N/A No N/A

Meloidogyne javanica

(Treub) Chitwood 

EG (Abou-El-Naga, 

1979; CABI, 2010; 

Handoo et al., 2007); 

US (CABI, 2010; 

Handoo et al., 2007)

Ferris, 2010 N/A No N/A

Merlinius brevidens (Allen) 

Siddiqi 

EG (Abou-El-Naga, 

1979; CABI, 2010); US 

(CABI, 2010; Handoo 

et al., 2007)

Ferris, 2010 N/A No N/A

Paratrichodorus minor 

(Colbran) Siddiqi

EG (CABI, 2010; 

Ibrahim et al., 2000); 

US (CABI, 2010 ̧

Handoo et al., 2007; 

CERIS, 2010)

Ferris, 2010 N/A No N/A

Pratylenchus brachyurus

Godfrey) Filipjev & 

Schuurmans Stekhoven

EG (Abou-El-Naga. 

1979; CABI, 2007), US 

(CABI, 2007)

Ferris, 2010 N/A No N/A

Pratylenchus coffeae 

(Zimmerman) Filipjev & 

Schuurmans-Stekhoven

EG (Abou-El-Naga. 

1979); US (CABI, 

2007)

Ferris, 2010 N/A No N/A

Pratylenchus neglectus 

(Rensch) Filipjev & S. 

Stekhoven

EG (Abou-El-Naga. 

1979); US (CABI, 

2007)

CABI, 2007 N/A No N/A

Pratylenchus penetrans 

(Cobb) Filipjev & 

Schuurmans-Stekhoven

EG (Abou-El-Naga. 

1979); US (CABI, 

2007)

CABI, 2007 N/A No N/A
Pest Risk Assessment for Strawberries from Egypt

Ver. 1 (Original) January 4, 2012 17

Pest Geographic 

distribution1

Reported on 

Fragaria spp.

Plant part 

affected2

Quarantine pestFollow 

pathway

Pratylenchus scribneri 

Steiner

EG (Abou-El-Naga, 

1979); US (CABI, 

2007)

Ferris, 2010 N/A No N/A

Pratylenchus thornei Sher & 

Allen

EG (Abou-El-Naga, 

1979); US (CABI, 

2007)

CABI, 2007 N/A No N/A

Pratylenchus vulnus Allen & 

Jensen

EG (Abou-El-Naga, 

1979); US (CABI, 

2007)

CABI, 2007; 

Ferris, 2010

N/A No N/A

Pratylenchus zeae Graham EG (Abou-El-Naga, 

1979); US (CABI, 

2007)

Ferris, 2010 N/A No N/A

Radopholus similis (Cobb) 

Thorne

EG (Abou-El-Naga, 

1979); US (CABI, 

2010)

Ferris, 2010 N/A No N/A

Tylenchorhynchus clarus 

Allen

EG (Youssef, 1998); 

US (Smiley et al., 

2004)

Ferris, 2010 N/A No N/A

Xiphinema americanum 

Cobb

EG (Abou-El-Naga, 

1979); US (CABI, 

2007)

Ferris, 2010 N/A No N/A

VIRUS

Apple mosaic virus (AMV) EG (Ghanem and 

Ashour, 2002; Ragab et 

al., 2009); US 

(Büchen-Osmond; 

2006)

Ragab et al., 2009 N/A No N/A

Beet pseudo yellows virus

(BPYV)

EG (Ragab et al., 

2009); US (Tzanetakis 

et al, 2001)

Martin et al., 2007; 

Ragab et al., 2009;

Tzanetakis et al, 

2001

N/A No N/A

Raspberry ringspot virus

(RpRSV)

EG (Dogdog et al., 

2010); US (BüchenOsmond; 2006)

Dogdog et al., 

2010

N/A No N/A

Strawberry latent ringspot 

virus (SLRSV)

EG (Dogdog et al., 

2010; Ragab et al., 

2009); US (BüchenOsmond; 2006)

Ragab et al., 2009 N/A No N/A

Strawberry leaf curl virus 

(StLCV)

EG (El-gaied et al., 

2008)

El-gaied et al., 

2008

L (El-gaied et 

al., 2008)

Yes No16

 

16 Strawberry leaf curl virus (StLCV) (El-gaied et al., 2008) is highly unlikely to follow the pathway because there is no 

evidence of 1) strawberry calyces getting infected or 2) viruliferous whiteflies following the pathway in attached plant 

parts as strawberry calyces. 
Pest Risk Assessment for Strawberries from Egypt

Ver. 1 (Original) January 4, 2012 18

Pest Geographic 

distribution1

Reported on 

Fragaria spp.

Plant part 

affected2

Quarantine pestFollow 

pathway

Strawberry mild yellow-edge 

virus (SMYEV)

EG (Ragab et al., 

2009); US (BüchenOsmond; 2006)

Ragab et al., 2009 N/A No N/A

Strawberry mottle virus 

(SMoV)

EG (El-gaied et al., 

2008), US (Moyer et 

al., 2009)

Moyer et al., 2009 N/A No N/A

Strawberry pallidosisassociated virus (SPaV) EG (Ragab et al., 

2009); US (Moyer et 

al., 2009)

Moyer et al., 2009; 

Ragab et al., 2009

N/A No N/A

Strawberry vein banding

virus (SVBV)

EG (Ragab et al., 

2009); US (Moyer et 

al., 2009)

Moyer et al., 2009; 

Ragab et al., 2009

N/A No N/A

Tomato ringspot virus

(TmRSV)

EG (CABI, 2007); US 

(CABI, 2007; 

Converse, 1986)

Converse, 1986 N/A No N/A

2.4.2. Pests not included in the pest list 

Questionable distribution in Egypt. We did not find sufficient evidence that the following 

pests were present in Egypt, despite some reports that they are in the region. A large number of 

pests are reported from the Near East, which includes the Peninsula of Sinai (Egypt) (Fauna 

Europaea, 2004): the acari Bryobia rubrioculus, B. vasiljevi, Panonychus citri, Phillocoptes 

gracilis, and Tetranychus turkestani; the insects Adoxophyes orana, Arctia caja, Aphrophora 

alni, Ascotis selenaria, Aulacorthum solani, Biston betularia, Cacoecimorpha pronubana, 

Calathus fuscipes, Callimorpha dominula, Carpophilus fumatus, Celypha cespitana, C.

lacunana, Chaetocnema concinna, Chaetosiphon fragaefolii, C. tetrarhodum, Chloroclysta 

truncata, Clepsis pallidana, Cnephasia communana, C. stephensiana, Diaspidiotus perniciosus, 

Dociostaurus maroccanus, Evacanthus interruptus, Eulecanium tiliae, Forficula auricularia, 

Frankliniella intonsa, Galeruca tanaceti, Haplothrips aculeatus, Harpalus affinis, Hyles 

livornica, Hyphantria cunea, Myzaphis rosarum, Myzus ascalonicus, M. ornatus, Nebria 

brevicollis, Otiorhynchus armatus, Pandemis dumetana, Parornix anglicella, Philaenus 

spumarius, Pseudococcus calceolariae, Ptycholoma lecheana, Rhodobium porosum, Sitobion 

fragariae, Sitona hispidulus, Solenopsis geminata, Sparganothis pilleriana, Stelidota geminata, 

Stigmella aurella, Strophomorphus porcellus, Tapinoma melanocephalum, Thrips atratus, T.

(Frankliniella) fuscipennis, T. major, Tipula oleracea, T. paludosa, and Trialeurodes 

vaporariorum. In addition, the bacterium Pseudomonas syringae; the fungus Armillaria mellea; 

the nematodes Aphelenchoides fragariae and Ditylenchus dipsaci; and the viruses Arabis mosaic 

virus (ArMV) and Strawberry crinkle virus (SCV) (AQIS, 2010) are reported as pests from 

Egypt. 

Ctenopseustis obliquana has been intercepted once from Egypt on a commodity other than 

strawberry (PestID, 2010). In the absence of other information, this is insufficient evidence that 

the pest is in the host country.
Pest Risk Assessment for Strawberries from Egypt

Ver. 1 (Original) January 4, 2012 19

Finally, Monilinia fructigena (CABI, 2010) is a known quarantine pest associated with 

strawberries. The evidence that placed it in Egypt is described as unconfirmed, regional but 

lacking a specific mention of Egypt, or lacking appropriate references to determine the origin of 

the information. If the only evidence available for the presence of the pest has one or more of 

these problems, then the evidence is insufficient to confirm the pest’s presence. If more 

information becomes available in the future, the pest’s status could change.

Misidentification of pest species. Spodoptera litura has been reported on strawberries 

(CABI, 2007; Robinson et al., 2007), but we did not include it because the records from 

Egypt (PPQ, 2002) correspond to misidentifications since S. litura and Spodoptera littoralis

were considered same species (Pogue, 2008). Spodoptera litura only occurs from India east 

through Southeast Asia, Australia, and almost the entire South Pacific, except Hawaii 

(Pogue, 2008). 

Questionable host status. We did not list two pest species because we could not confirm 

that the commodity was a valid host.

For Ceratitis capitata, Mediterranean fruit fly (Medfly), which occurs in Egypt 

(Bodenheimer, 1951; CABI, 2007; Hashem et al., 2001), strawberry is considered an 

“unlikely” or only “occasional” host (Steck, 2008; Thomas et al., 2005; Weems, 1981). is by 

Medfly only infests strawberry if it is grown near primary hosts that have large Medfly

populations (Steck, 2008). This may explain the only report of a natural field infestation, 

which was in a garden in Hawaii (Kobayashi and Fujimoto, 1975, as cited by Liquido et al., 

1991). Other reports are either laboratory reports or listings (Liquido et al., 1991; Thomas et 

al., 2005; Weems, 1981), the latter of which may be based on the Hawaii field infestation. 

PPQ has long permitted the entry of strawberries without specific mitigation measures for 

Medfly from many countries where it occurs (e.g., Israel, Morocco, Turkey, France, Spain), 

and it has only been intercepted once on Fragaria fruit at a U.S. port-of-entry (PestID, 2010). 

That was in passenger baggage from Hungary, not on commercial fruit. This lack of 

interceptions suggests that commercial strawberry fruit are unlikely to be infested with 

Medfly. Based on this evidence, we think that export-quality strawberry fruit from Egypt is 

highly unlikely to be a host of Medfly, so we did not include Medfly in the pest list.

Bactrocera cucurbitae, or melon fly, primarily attacks plants in the family Cucurbitaceae 

(pumpkins, squash, gourds, cucumbers, melons, and related species) (White and Elson Harris, 

1992). It can attack fruits and flowers, and occasionally stems and roots. There are numerous 

unconfirmed records on non-cucurbit hosts, but non-cucurbit hosts are uncommon (White and 

Elson Harris, 1992). According to a review by Liquido et al. (unpublished) melon fly has never

been collected from strawberry in any records between 1949 and 1991 in Hawaii, even though 

melon fly is widespread in Hawaii and strawberry is commonly grown (Liquido et al, 1991). The 

original reference of Narayanan and Barat (1961) cited in Dhillon et al (2005) does not show an 

original citation or reference for strawberry being attacked by melon fly. There is no other 

reliable evidence that strawberry serves as a host for melon fly. Therefore, we did not list this 

pest in the table. 
Pest Risk Assessment for Strawberries from Egypt

Ver. 1 (Original) January 4, 2012 20

2.4.3. Quarantine Pests Not Likely to Follow the Pathway

Other quarantine plant pests in this assessment that we did not analyze further may be 

detrimental to the agricultural production systems of the United States, but several reasons exist 

for not analyzing them further.

Pests in Egypt on other commodities. We included pests intercepted from Egypt on 

commodities other than strawberries because they are reported to be Fragaria spp. pests, for 

example, Theba pisana (PestID, 2010). 

Not associated with fruit. In many cases, the quarantine pest’s primary association is with plant 

parts other than the fruit. This is the case for the arthropod Ptycholoma lecheana and the 

pathogens Cylindrocarpon didymium and Fusarium oxysporum f. sp. fragariae.

2.5. Quarantine Pests Likely to Follow the Pathway

We analyzed the quarantine pests expected to follow the pathway [i.e., be included in 

commercial shipments of strawberry] (Table 3) in detail below [Steps 5-7 (PPQ, 2000)].

Table 3. Quarantine pests likely to follow the pathway and selected for further analysis.

Pest Taxonomy

Chrysodeixis chalcites (Esper) Lepidoptera: Noctuidae

Eutetranychus orientalis (Klein) Acari: Tetranychidae

Spodoptera littoralis (Boisduval) Lepidoptera: Noctuidae

2.6. Consequences of Introduction

Using our guidelines (PPQ, 2000), we assessed the Consequences of Introduction in five risk 

elements. We summarized the values for the Consequences of Introduction for each pest below 

(Table 4). 

Chrysodeixis chalcites Risk ratings

Risk Element #1: Climate-Host Interaction

Chrysodeixis chalcites is primarily distributed in southern Europe and the 

Mediterranean, and the Middle East to southern Africa (CABI, 2007). This pest is 

native in the following countries: Albania, Austria, Belgium, Bulgaria, Cyprus, 

Denmark, France (including Corsica), Germany, Greece, Hungary, Italy, Malta, 

the Netherlands, Portugal (including Madeira), Romania, Serbia and Montenegro, 

Spain (including the Canary Islands), Sweden, Switzerland, and the United 

Kingdom in Europe; Iran, Iraq, Israel, Jordan, Lebanon, Syria, and Turkey in 

Asia; and Algeria, Angola, Cameroon, Cape Verde, Comoros, the Democratic 

Republic of the Congo, Côte d'Ivoire, Egypt, Gambia, Guinea, Kenya, Libya, 

Madagascar, Malawi, Mauritius (including Rodrigues Island), Morocco, 

Mozambique, Nigeria, Réunion, Saint Helena, Sao Tome and Principe, Senegal, 

Medium (2)
Pest Risk Assessment for Strawberries from Egypt

Ver. 1 (Original) January 4, 2012 21

Chrysodeixis chalcites Risk ratings

Seychelles, Sierra Leone, South Africa, Tunisia, Uganda, Zambia, and Zimbabwe 

in Africa (CABI, 2007). Host plant species are widely distributed in the 

continental United States (NRCS, 2010). The potential areas where C. chalcites

could be established correspond to U.S. Plant Hardiness Zones 8-11 (Magarey et 

al.. 2008). Because of its small size, Zone 11 does not count toward the total. 

Consequently, we rated this element Medium.

Risk Element #2: Host Range

Chrysodeixis chalcites is a polyphagous pest with 34 host plant species in 18 

families. The primary hosts of C. chalcites include beans, tobacco, tomatoes, 

cotton, cruciferae species, maize, soybeans, potatoes, and greenhouse crops 

(CABI, 2007; Kravchenko et al., 2005; Passoa, 1995; Zhang, 1994). The most 

important crops belong to the following families: Apiaceae, Asteraceae, 

Boraginaceae, Brassicaceae, Cucurbitaceae, Fabaceae, Geraniaceae, Lamiaceae, 

Liliaceae, Malvaceae, Moraceae, Poaceae, Rosaceae, Solanaceae, Ulmaceae, 

Urticaceae, and Verbenaceae (CABI, 2007; Kravchenko et al., 2005; Singh et al., 

2003). We rated C. chalcites High for Host Range.

High (3)

Risk Element #3: Dispersal Potential

Under natural conditions, C. chalcites is polyvoltine, with up to eight or nine 

generations per year in Egypt (CABI, 2007). Males live, on average, about 11 

days, and female longevity is about 12 days. The number of eggs oviposited per 

female can vary considerably: means were 149-385 at 20°C, 640 at 25°C, and 

405 eggs at 30°C (CABI, 2007). Females lay up to 1060 eggs (Amate et al., 

1998). Although C. chalcites has been recorded in northern Europe, winter 

mortality prevents continual establishment, but it extends its distribution by 

establishing in glasshouses (CABI, 2007). A massive migratory dispersion of this 

pest has been recorded (Spitzer and Jaros, 2004). Fruit and leaves of plants can 

also carry the larvae long distances in trade (CABI, 2007), and several hundred 

interceptions of C. chalcites larvae have been recorded on different commodities 

(PestID, 2010). Overall, we rated it High for Dispersal Potential.

High (3)

Risk Element #4: Economic Impact 

Chrysodeixis chalcites and closely related species defoliate plants and feed on 

flowers and fruits (CABI, 2007; Mau and Martin Kessing, 1991). This pest also 

attacks crops under glasshouse production (Amate et al., 1998). Control measures 

for C. chalcites include pheromone trapping, chemical, and biological treatments 

(CABI, 2007), but mainly insecticides (Medina et al., 2007; Thomas, 2004). 

Those practices increase production costs (NAPPO, 2006). Chrysodeixis 

chalcites is considered a pest of national concern in the United States (CAPS, 

2011). Our risk rating for Economic Impact is High.

High (3)

Risk Element #5: Environmental Impact 

Families containing Endangered and Threatened plant species present in the 

continental United States that the pest may attack include Asteraceae (Helianthus 

paradoxus and H. schweinitzii), Fabaceae (Trifolium amoenum, T. stoloniferum, 

and T. trichocalyx), and Solanaceae (Solanum drymophilum) (USFWS, 2010). 

When C. chalcites is introduced, eradication programs have been started (CFIA, 

2006), likely using chemical and biological control. Our risk rating is High.

High (3)
Pest Risk Assessment for Strawberries from Egypt

Ver. 1 (Original) January 4, 2012 22

Eutetranychus orientalis Risk ratings

Risk Element #1: Climate-Host Interaction

Eutetranychus orientalis is found in tropical savannahs and deserts where 

humidity is sufficient for egg survival (CABI, 2007). The species is present in 

Asia (from Turkey and Iran, to India, Japan, and China), Africa, and Europe 

(EPPO and CABI, 1997). It can establish in U.S. Plant Hardiness Zones 8-11 

(Magarey et al.. 2008), where one or more of its hosts are present (NRCS, 2010).

Because of its small size, Zone 11 does not count toward to total. Therefore, our 

risk rating for Climate-Host Interaction is Medium.

Medium (2)

Risk Element #2: Host Range

Citrus species are the main hosts of E. orientalis. In Egypt, lemons (C. limon), 

mandarins (C. reticulata), and oranges (C. sinensis) are all attacked. It also 

attacks a wide range of other crops, including almonds (Prunus dulcis), bananas 

(Musa paradisiaca), cassava (Manihot esculenta), cotton (Gossypium sp.), 

eggplant (Solanum melongena), figs (Ficus carica and F. macrophylla), guavas 

(Psidium guajava), luffa (Luffa sp.), mulberries (Morus sp. and M. alba), olives 

(Olea europaea), pawpaws (Carica papaya), peaches (Prunus persica), pears 

(Pyrus sp. and P. comunis), Plumeria alba, quinces (Cydonia oblonga), castor

bean (Ricinus communis), sunflowers (Helianthus annuus), sweet potatoes 

(Ipomoea batatas), water hyacinth (Eichhornia crassipes), watermelons 

(Citrullus lanatus), Alstonia glaucescens, and over 50 other plant species in 

different families (CABI, 2007; EPPO and CABI, 1997). Thus, we rated it High.

High (3)

Risk Element #3: Dispersal Potential

For E. orientalis, optimum conditions are 21°C (69.8°F) and 59-70 percent 

relative humidity (RH), although development proceeded between 18 and 30°C 

(64.4 and 86°F) and between 35 and 72 percent RH. High temperatures and 

humidity favor the development of E. orientalis, particularly the egg, which is 

sensitive to low humidity (EPPO and CABI, 1997). Females have a mean 

lifespan of 15.2 days, and lay between 6 and 8 eggs per day, with a maximum of 

35 eggs per female (CABI, 2007; EPPO and CABI, 1997). Under optimal 

conditions, 25-27 generations per year are possible (CABI, 2007). 

In general, wind currents are the main means of dispersal for E. orientalis. In 

international trade, this pest might be carried on plants (EPPO and CABI, 1997).

Consequently, our risk rating for Dispersal Potential is High.

Medium (2)

Risk Element #4: Economic Impact

Eutetranychus orientalis is an important pest of citrus. In India, out of seven 

Eutetranychus pests on citrus, only E. orientalis was a major pest in all areas 

(CABI, 2007). This mite causes defoliation and dieback of twigs in nurseries and 

orchards, resulting in premature fruit drop, lowering the yield of host crops 

(PPQ, 2002). The presence of this pest requires implementation of control 

programs which increase production costs. Eutetranychus orientalis is on the 

EPPO A2 list (CABI, 2007). It is not known to occur in the western hemisphere 

and its introduction into the United States can cause loss of foreign and domestic 

markets. Consequently, our risk rating for Economic Impact is High.

High (3)
Pest Risk Assessment for Strawberries from Egypt

Ver. 1 (Original) January 4, 2012 23

Eutetranychus orientalis Risk ratings

Risk Element #5: Environmental Impact

Endangered species of the genera Prunus (e.g., P. geniculata, FL), Manihot (e.g., 

M. walkerae, TX), and Ziziphus (e.g., Z. celata, FL) are potential hosts (USFWS, 

2010) of E. orientalis. Biological and/or chemical control programs are likely to 

be implemented if the mite is introduced. Successful examples include control 

with predatory mites and a parasitic fungus in Jordan and Israel (CABI, 2007). 

Acaricides are commonly used for chemical control of this mite (CABI, 2007). 

Consequently, we rated it High for Environmental Impact.

High (3)

Spodoptera littoralis Risk ratings

Risk Element #1: Climate-Host Interaction

Spodoptera littoralis is present throughout the Mediterranean countries including 

Spain, Portugal, Greece, and Italy, as well as the Middle East, Israel, Egypt, and 

Africa. It has been introduced into central and southern Europe (CABI, 2007; 

Zhang, 1994). In the continental United States, the pest could establish in 

Hardiness Zones 8 to 11 (Magarey et al., 2008). Because of its small size, Zone 

11 does not count toward the total. Our risk rating for Host-Climate is Medium.

Medium (2)

Risk Element #2: Host Range

Spodoptera littoralis is a pest of greenhouse crops and vegetables (CABI, 2007; 

Zhang, 1994). The host range includes over 40 families, with at least 87 species 

of economic importance (CABI, 2007), such as alfalfa (Medicago sativa), beans 

(Phaseolus spp.), carrots (Daucus carota), citrus (Citrus spp.), cotton 

(Gossypium spp.), grapes (Vitis spp.), onion (Allium cepa), peppers (Capsicum 

annuum), potato (Solanum tuberosum), tobacco (Nicotiana tabacum), tomato 

(Solanum lycopersicum), and various grasses (CABI, 2007). Based on this 

evidence, we rated the Host Range as High risk.

High (3)

Risk Element #3: Dispersal Potential

The lifecycle of S. littoralis can be completed in about five weeks (EPPO and 

CABI, 1997). This species produces ten generations each year, but only seven 

generations in greenhouses (Fraval, 1997). Females lay 1000-2000 eggs in 

masses of 100-300 (EPPO and CABI, 1997). Fecundity is reduced by high 

temperatures and low humidity; the greatest numbers of eggs (about 960) are 

produced at 30°C (86°F) and 90 percent RH (EPPO and CABI, 1997). Newly

laid eggs of one strain of S. littoralis survived exposure to 1°C (33.8°F) for eight 

days (EPPO and CABI, 1997).

According to Salama and Shoukry (1972, cited by EPPO and CABI, 1997), the 

moths can fly 1.5 km in four hours overnight, facilitating dispersion and 

oviposition on different hosts. In international trade, eggs or larvae may be 

present on planting material, cut flowers, or vegetables (EPPO and CABI, 1997).

Thus, we rated Dispersal Potential as High.

High (3)

Risk Element #4: Economic Impact

Spodoptera littoralis is one of the most destructive agricultural lepidopteran pests 

High (3)
Pest Risk Assessment for Strawberries from Egypt

Ver. 1 (Original) January 4, 2012 24

Spodoptera littoralis Risk ratings

within its subtropical and tropical range. Year-round, it attacks crops such as 

cotton, cowpea, groundnuts, potatoes, and tomatoes (EPPO and CABI, 1997). 

These crops are widespread in the continental United States (NRCS, 2010).

The establishment of S. littoralis would increase costs because of the chemical, 

biological, or other control methods that would be used. In addition, this pest 

could cause the loss of international and interstate markets since it would be 

considered a quarantine pest by other countries (EPPO and CABI, 1997). This 

pest is considered a pest of national concern in the United States for soybean and

oat production (CAPS, 2011). Based on this evidence, we rated the Economical 

Impact for S. littoralis as High.

Risk Element #5: Environmental Impact

Spodoptera littoralis attacks families containing Endangered and Threatened 

plant species present in the continental United States, such as Amarantaceae 

(Amaranthus pumilus), Asteraceae (Helianthus paradoxus, H. schweinitzii, 

Senecio franciscanus, and S. layneae), Cactaceae (Opuntia treleasei), Fabaceae 

(Trifolium amoenum, T. stoloniferum, T. trichocalyx), Fagaceae (Quercus 

hinckleyi), Liliaceae (Allium munzii), Cucurbitaceae (Cucurbita okeechobeensis

ssp. okeechobeensis), Rosaceae (Prunus geniculata), and Verbenaceae (Verbena 

californica) (USFWS, 2010). Establishment of this pest could lead to chemical 

and biological control programs being implemented. Our risk rating for 

Environmental Impact is High.

High (3)

Table 4. Risk ratings for Consequences of Introduction.

Pest Risk Elements Cumulative 

risk ratinga

Climate-host

interaction

Host 

range

Dispersal 

potential

Econ. 

Impact

Environ. 

Impact

Chrysodeixis chalcites Med (2) High (3) High (3) High (3) High (3) High (14)

Eutetranychus 

orientalis

Med (2) High (3) Med (2) High (3) High (3) High (13)

Spodoptera littoralis Med (2) High (3) High (3) High (3) High (3) High (14)

a

Low is 5-8 points, Medium is 9-12 points, and High is 13-15 points

2.7. Likelihood of Introduction

We rated each pest for the Likelihood of Introduction based on two separate components. First, 

we estimated the amount of commodity likely to be imported (sub-element #1). Secondly, we 

estimated pest opportunity using five biological features (sub-elements #2-6). Details of the 

rating criteria are explained in PPQ (2000). We summarized our ratings and the overall value for 

the Likelihood of Introduction below (Table 5).
Pest Risk Assessment for Strawberries from Egypt

Ver. 1 (Original) January 4, 2012 25

2.7.1. Quantity of Commodity Imported Annually

Volume imported is assessed in terms of the number of 40-foot long shipping containers 

expected (approximately 18,143 kg or 40,000 pounds) (FAS, 2008). In Egypt in 2006, 

strawberries were cultivated on nearly 8,546 Feddans (8,871 acres) and yielded 139,165 tons of 

fruit (CAPQ, 2006). In their market access request document (CAPQ, 2006), Egypt states that 

they expect to export 24 tons (48,000 lbs) of strawberries from Egypt to the continental United 

States per year. This may increase depending on the market demand and possible increases in 

cultivated area. This equals an annual imported volume of nearly 1.2 containers, which is Low

risk. 

2.7.2. Survive Post-Harvest Treatment

Detailed practices for harvest, post-harvest, and packinghouses are described in Appendix E 

(CAPQ, 2006). Picking, handling, and transferring berries from the field to pre-cooling units and 

transport boxes, then to the airport by refrigerated trucks represents the complete system (CAPQ, 

2006). Egyptian fresh strawberry fruit is harvested as three-quarters mature fruit with the calyx

(or cap) and a short stem attached. Harvested fruit is collected, graded, culled (pickers eliminate 

overripe, underripe, diseased, or insect-damaged fruit), and packed in the field (Appendix E) 

(CAPQ, 2006). Packed fruit is sheltered under shade and transported to packinghouses. Fruits are 

held in temporary cold short temperature storage at 1°C and 90-98% RH. In packing facilities 

fruit is weighed and forced-air cooled as quickly as possible (the process needs to be completed 

in less than two hours) to reach an internal pulp temperature of'1-2°C, then cartons are moved to 

a storage area (1°C and 90-98 % RH), and cold conditions are maintained during transportation 

(CAPQ, 2006). 

Exportation of strawberries from Egypt into the United States follows testing for pesticides 

residues, for strawberry flavor and smell, and inspection for any visible matter (CAPQ, 2006).

Based on this information, our considerations and ratings for the pests follow.

Lepidoptera. Chrysodeixis chalcites and Spodoptera littoralis larvae burrow into the flesh 

beneath the shelter of the calyx. Small neonate larvae may escape detection during normal postharvest procedures. However, the presence of later instars on fruit would probably be detected 

due to the presence of frass and visible feeding damage (CABI, 2007). Consequently, we rated 

the likelihood of survival for these pests as Medium.

External feeders. Eutetranychus orientalis is a tiny external feeder that could be concealed 

beneath the calyx. The egg stages of this pest will be difficult to detect, and the calyx, sepals, and 

stem parts on the fruit would likely provide shelter. The post-harvest information available for 

this commodity in Egypt does not include detailed practices to manage and mitigate this pest. 

Consequently, we rated E. orientalis High.

2.7.3. Shipment Survival

Shipment of pallets of cooled strawberries from Egypt to the United States could take 13-14 

hours in non-stop flights. In addition, pallets of cooled strawberries can be wrapped with plastic

and carbon dioxide can be injected into the pallet. Carbon dioxide slows respiration and mold 

development and prolongs the shelf life of fruit. Given this, we do not expect shipping to 
Pest Risk Assessment for Strawberries from Egypt

Ver. 1 (Original) January 4, 2012 26

significantly affect quarantine pests present in the shipment, either due to time or low 

temperatures. Interceptions of all pests (Table 4) corroborate this idea. Specifically, we do not 

expect that there would be mortality associated with shipping, nor would Lepidoptera larvae 

undergo significant changes in size or maturity.

Thus, our rating for all pests for this sub-element is High.

2.7.4. Undetected at Port-of-Entry

Estimating the probability that these pests will not be detected at the port-of-entry involves the 

consideration of pest size, mobility, and degree of concealment. 

Eutetranychus orientalis is a minute external feeder, which could be concealed beneath the calyx

or in packing materials. They may escape detection at low population densities or in the egg 

stage despite color differences. Because of this, we rated the risk of not detecting E. orientalis as 

High.

Although the Lepidoptera are internal feeders, the later instars are large and feeding damage 

would be relatively easy to detect during normal inspection procedures. Interception data 

corroborates this (Appendix C). Thus, for this sub-element we rated the risk for Chrysodeixis 

chalcites, and Spodoptera littoralis as Low.

2.7.5. Imported or Moved to Area with Environmental Suitability for Survival

Strawberries are the fifth most consumed fresh fruit in the United States (Boriss et al., 2006; 

Geisler, 2010). We assume that the demand for strawberries is proportional to the size of the 

consumer population in potential markets, and that imports might be concentrated in certain 

regions of the United States, not all of which may be conducive to pest survival. Imported 

strawberries from Egypt are likely to be sold in most states of the continental United States; 

except California and Florida where strawberries have a surplus production that allows net 

exportation (Garret, 2008; Geisler, 2010). Our ratings are based on the proportional population in 

the areas suitable for pest establishment (Climate-Host interactions, above). Zone 9, by itself, 

includes more than 20 percent of the population (PERAL, 2008), and all pests of concern here 

can establish in that and other zones. Therefore, the rating for this sub-element for all pests is 

High.

2.7.6. Come into Contact with Host Material Suitable for Reproduction

Chrysodeixis chalcites and Spodoptera littoralis are mobile as larvae (CABI, 2007) and could 

reach new hosts when discarded in compost piles or elsewhere. Their larvae can develop 

successfully on numerous species, and adult females will oviposit on numerous plants species 

(Meijerman and Ulenberg, 2004; Zhang, 1994). These Lepidoptera can also fly to search for 

hosts (Spitzer and Jaros, 2004; Vajgand et al., 2004; CABI, 2007; EPPO and CABI, 1997). We 

rated the risk of these Lepidoptera pests contacting host material suitable for reproduction as 

High.

The mite Eutetranychus orientalis has a wide host range (CABI, 2007). However, this pest 

attacks citrus, cotton, bananas, guavas, and other crops of warmer climates with limited in 

distribution in the United States (NRCS, 2010). Thus, these hosts are less likely to be 
Pest Risk Assessment for Strawberries from Egypt

Ver. 1 (Original) January 4, 2012 27

encountered and colonized within the pest’s potential range (Magarey et al., 2008). We rated the 

risk for this mite as Medium.

Table 5. Risk ratings for Likelihood of Introduction. The rating for “Quantity Imported 

Annually,” was Low for all pestsa

Pest Sub-element Cumulative 

risk ratingb

Survive 

post-harvest 

treatment

Survive

shipment

Not detected 

at ports-ofentry

Moved to 

suitable 

habitat

Contact 

with host 

material

Chrysodeixis chalcites Med (2) High (3 Low (1) High (3 High (3) Medium (13)

Eutetranychus orientalis High (3) High (3 High (3) High (3 Med (2) High (15)

Spodoptera littoralis Med (2) High (3 Low (1) High (3 High (3) Medium (13)

a This rating adds 1 pt to each pest’s row total.

b

Low = 6-9, Medium = 10-14, High = 15-18 points.

2.8. Pest Risk Potential and Conclusion

The sums of the cumulative ratings for the Consequences of Introduction and the Likelihood of 

Introduction indicate that all species have High or Medium Pest Risk Potentials (Table 6). The 

PPQ Guidelines state that a High pest risk potential means that specific phytosanitary measures 

are strongly recommended and that port-of-entry inspection is not considered sufficient to 

provide phytosanitary security. The choice of appropriate measures to mitigate risk is undertaken 

as part of risk management and is not addressed in this document.

Table 6. Pest risk potentials.

Pest Consequences of 

Introduction 

Likelihood of 

Introduction 

Pest Risk Potentiala

Chrysodeixis chalcites High (14) Medium (13) High (27)

Eutetranychus orientalis High (13) High (15) High (28)

Spodoptera littoralis High (14) Medium (13) High (27)

a

Low: 11-18 points, Medium: 19-26 points, High: 27-33 points

3. Authors and Reviewers

Authors:

N. Arciniegas, Pest Risk Analysta

J. Rogers, Pest Risk Analystb

Reviewers:

C. Devorshak, Entomologistb

L. M. Ferguson, Plant Pathologistb
Pest Risk Assessment for Strawberries from Egypt

Ver. 1 (Original) January 4, 2012 28

a USDA-APHIS-PPQ-CPHST-PERAL, Bogota, Colombia

b USDA-APHIS-PPQ-CPHST-PERAL, Raleigh, NC

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Ver. 1 (Original) January 4, 2012 39

5. Appendices

Appendix A. Countries from which strawberries are permitted entry into the United States.

Table A1. Countries from which strawberries can enter the United States (PPQ, 2010).

Albania Finland Netherland

Antigua and Barbuda France New Zealand

Argentina French Guiana Nicaragua

Armenia Georgia Norway

Australia Germany Panama

Austria Greece Paraguay

Azerbaijan Grenada Peru

Bahamas Guadalupe Poland

Barbados Guatemala Portugal

Belarus Guyana Romania

Belgium Haiti Russian Federation

Belize Honduras Saint Barthelemy

Bermuda Hungary Saint Kitts and Nevis

Bolivia Ireland Saint Lucia

Bosnia and Herzegovina Israel Saint Vincent and Grenadines

Brazil Italy Serbia

Bulgaria Jamaica Slovakia

Canada* Japan* Slovenia

Cayman Islands Kazakhstan Spain

Chile Korea Sweden

Colombia Kyrgyzstan Switzerland

Costa Rica Latvia Tajikistan

Croatia Lithuania Trinidad and Tobago

Curacao Macedonia Turkey

Czech Republic Martinique Turkmenistan

Denmark Mexico Ukraine

Dominica Moldova United Kingdom

Dominican Republic Montenegro Uruguay

Ecuador Montserrat Uzbekistan

El Salvador Morocco Venezuela

Estonia Netherland
Pest Risk Assessment for Strawberries from Egypt

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Appendix B. Decision sheets for Fragaria spp.

Table B1. Decision sheets for entry of strawberries into the United States (CPHST, 2008). The 

symbol “—” indicates data were not available or legible, and entries where the decision was 

unclear were not listed.

Year Country Decision Ports-of-entry 

(region)a

Reasons/Conditions

1924 Mexico Approved —

1926 Holland Approved —

1928 Peru Disapproved —

1932 Ecuador Approved N, S

1932 Mexico Approved SAG

1939 England Approved NA Subject to inspection

1940 Japan Approved All

1942 Mexico Approved All

1946 France Approved —

1947 b Argentina Approved NA Accepted from Miami

1947 Jamaica Approved NA

1947 South 

America

Approved —

1948 Australia Approved — T&E movement to Canada via 

Honolulu, San Francisco, and NP ports, 

subject to usual certification and 

marking requirements for Australian 

fruit

1948 New Zealand Approved All

1949 New Zealand Approved —

1950 Belgium Approved NY

1950 France Approved All

1950 Italy Approved NY

1950 Switzerland Approved NY

1951 Europe Approved All

1951 Haiti, Central 

and South 

America, and 

West Indies

Approved —

1951 Scotland Approved All

1967, 

1968

Israel Approved All Requires certification that strawberries 

were produced in an area free of redlegged earth mite

1969 Australia Disapproved — Risk of introducing red-legged earth 

mite, Halotydeus destructor Tucker
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Year Country Decision Ports-of-entry 

(region)a

Reasons/Conditions

1970 b Australia Disapproved Guam a. No approved treatment if infested 

with mites.

b. No approved treatment available if 

strawberries found infested with mites 

for arrival in Guam.

1971 Australia 

(Queensland 

only)

Approved All Requires certification that strawberries 

were produced in an area free of redlegged earth mite

1973, 

1974

Australia 

(Tasmania)

Approved All Requires certification that strawberries 

were produced in an area free of redlegged earth mite

1982, 

1988

Morocco Approved All Commercial shipments only, subject to 

inspection. Treatment if pest found.

1986 b Ghana Disapproved All Lack of specific information on pests of 

strawberry in Ghana

1986 Zimbabwe Disapproved — Lack of available information on pests 

of strawberry in Zimbabwe

1988 b Korea Disapproved All A complex of insect pests for which 

there is no acceptable treatment

1991 French 

Guiana

Disapproved — Trapping of Dacus sp. in Guyana

1991 c Nicaragua Approved All Requires certification that strawberries 

were produced in an area free of redlegged earth mite

1992 b Korea Approved All a. Requires certification that 

strawberries were produced in an area 

free of red-legged earth mite.

b. From September 15 through May 31. 

Subject to inspection

1994 Guyana Disapproved — Trapping of Bactrocera sp. in Guyana

1994 Philippines Disapproved All No approved treatment

— c Chile Approved All

— Philippines Disapproved — No approved treatment

a

Ports-of-entry, or regions, are: All, NA = North Atlantic, NY = New York, NP = North Pacific, 

S =South, SA = South Atlantic, SAG = South Atlantic & Gulf, and SP = South Pacific.

b

This entry combines information from two separate sheets to make a complete record.c Another 

entry exists for this year and country, but the information in that entry was either the same or 

unclear.
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Ver. 1 (Original) January 4, 2012 42

Appendix C. Pest interceptions on Fragaria sp., F. ananassa, F. chiloensis, and F. vesca

entering the United States 

Table C1. Pest interceptions on Fragaria spp. from 1985 to 2010 (PestID, 2010).

Pest Origin Interceptions 

(no.)

Where found

Acaridae, species of Italy, New Zealand 4 Baggage

Acrididae, species of Chile 1 Permit cargo

Agallia sp. Chile 1 Permit cargo

Agriolimacidae, species of New Zealand 1 Permit cargo

Agriolimax reticulatus New Zealand, Romania 5 Baggage, General cargo

Agriolimax sp. Poland 1 Baggage

Agromyzidae, species of Guatemala 1 Permit cargo

Agrotis sp. Chile, Ecuador 3 Permit cargo

Agrypnus sp. New Zealand 1 Permit cargo

Aleyrodes lonicerae Czech Republic, Italy 2 Baggage, Permit cargo

Aleyrodidae, species of Mexico, New Zealand, Peru, 

Philippines

7 Baggage, Permit cargo

Allantus sp. Polland 1 Baggage

Alternaria sp. Canada, China 2 Baggage, Permit cargo

Amorbia emigratella Mexico 1 Permit cargo

Amorbia sp. Costa Rica, Mexico 7 Baggage, Permit cargo

Amphideritus sp. Ecuador 1 Permit cargo

Anchonus sp. Costa Rica 1 Permit cargo

Anobidae, species of Peru 6 Permit cargo

Anthocoridae, species of Peru 2 Permit cargo

Anystidae, species of New Zealand 1 Permit cargo

Aphididae, species of Argentina, Australia, Canada, 

Colombia, Costa Rica, El 

Salvador, Japan, Mexico, The 

Netherlands, New Zealand, 

Peru, Russia, South Korea, 

Spain, Unknown

74 Baggage, General cargo, 

Permit cargo

Aphis gossypii Costa Rica, Japan 2 Permit Cargo

Aphodiinae, species of Australia, Peru 2 Permit cargo

Apion sp. Mexico 1 General cargo

Aranae, species of Canada 1 General cargo

Arctiidae, species of Unknown 1 Baggage

Arhyssus parvicornis Mexico 1 Permit cargo

Arhyssus sp. Mexico 2 Permit cargo

Aspidiotus sp. Fiji 1 Permit cargo

Aulacorthum solani New Zealand, Costa Rica 3 Permit cargo
Pest Risk Assessment for Strawberries from Egypt

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Pest Origin Interceptions 

(no.)

Where found

Baridinae, species of Mexico 1 Baggage

Blaptinus sp. Guatemala, Mexico 2 Permit cargo

Brachycaudus sp. Mexico 1 Permit cargo

Braconidae, species of Canada, Mexico 2 General cargo, permit 

cargo

Carabidae, species of Mexico 1 Permit cargo

Cecidomyiidae, species of Russia 1 Baggage

Ceratitis capitata Hungary 1 Baggage

Cercospora sp. Sweden 1 Baggage

Chaetosiphon fragaefolii Argentina, Australia, New 

Zealand

4 Permit cargo

Chaetosiphon sp. New Zealand 7 Permit cargo

Chaetosiphon thomasi New Zealand 18 Permit cargo

Chironomidae, species of Australia, Canada 2 Baggage, General cargo

Chrysomelidae, species of New Zealand, Unknown 7 Baggage, Permit cargo

Chrysomelinae, species of New Zealand 1 General cargo

Cicadellidae, species of Australia, Chile, Germany, 

Peru

5 Baggage, Permit cargo

Cirsium sp. China 1 Permit cargo

Cladosporium sp. China 1 Baggage

Cleridae, species of Peru 7 Permit cargo

Coccidae, species of France 1 Stores

Coccinellidae, species of Canada, Mexico 3 Permit cargo

Coleoptera, species of Colombia, Peru 32 Permit cargo

Collembola, species of Bosnia and Herzegovina, Peru 3 Permit cargo, Baggage

Colletotrichum acutatum New Zealand 2 Permit cargo

Colletotrichum 

gloesporioides

New Zealand 1 Permit cargo

Conoderus exsul New Zealand 1 Permit cargo

Conoderus sp. New Zealand 1 Baggage

Conotrachelus sp. Costa Rica 1 Permit cargo

Copitarsia sp. Argentina, Chile, Colombia, 

Costa Rica, Guatemala

13 Permit cargo

Cornu aspersum New Zealand 5 Permit cargo

Corticariidae, species of Australia 1 Permit cargo

Corylophidae, species of Mexico, The Netherlands 2 General cargo, Permit 

cargo

Corythucha ciliata United States of America 1 Permit cargo

Corythucha unifasciata Mexico 1 Permit cargo

Cossoninae, species of New Zealand 1 Permit cargo
Pest Risk Assessment for Strawberries from Egypt

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Pest Origin Interceptions 

(no.)

Where found

Criconematidae, species of Ukraine 1 Baggage

Cryptophagidae, species of Canada 1 General cargo

Cryptorhynchinae, species 

of

New Zealand 1 Permit cargo

Ctenopseustis obliquana New Zealand 5 Permit cargo

Cucujidae , species of Mexico, Peru 2 General cargo, Permit 

cargo

Curculionidae, species of Colombia, Costa Rica, 

Ecuador, Latvia, New Zealand

11 Baggage, General cargo, 

Permit cargo

Delochilocoris caliginosus Guatemala 1 Permit cargo

Dermaptera, species of Japan 1 Baggage

Deroceras cf. 

panormitanum

South Korea, New Zealand 2 Permit cargo

Deroceras laeve New Zealand, Spain 7 Permit cargo

Deroceras panormitanum Australia 1 Permit cargo

Deroceras sp. New Zealand, Poland 3 Baggage, Permit cargo

Diplodia, species of Canada 1 General cargo

Diptera, species of Australia, Peru, South Korea 7 Baggage, Permit cargo

Drosophila sp. Canada 1 General cargo

Drosophilidae, species of Canada, China, Japan, Mexico, 

Peru

8 Baggage, Permit cargo

Elateridae, species of New Zealand 1 Permit cargo

Entomobryidae, species of Peru 2 Permit Cargo

Eotetranychus sp. Israel 1 Permit cargo

Epiphyas postvittana Australia, New Zealand 35 Permit cargo

Epiphyas sp. New Zealand 2 Permit cargo

Epitragus sp. Colombia 1 Permit cargo

Eumolpinae, species of New Zealand 1 Permit cargo

Eupodidae, species of Canada, New Zealand 3 Permit cargo

Frankliniella cestrum Chile 7 Permit cargo

Frankliniella intonsa Japan 1 Permit cargo

Frankliniella occidentalis Australia, Mexico, New 

Zealand, Peru, South Korea

20 Baggage, General cargo, 

Permit cargo

Frankliniella panamensis Ecuador 1 Permit cargo

Frankliniella schultzei Argentina, Bolivia 2 Permit cargo

Frankliniella sp. Argentina, Australia, Chile, 

Colombia, Ecuador, 

Guatemala, Mexico, Peru, 

Unknown, Venezuela

27 Baggage, General cargo, 

Permit cargo, Stores

Galgupha albipennis Chile 1 Permit cargo
Pest Risk Assessment for Strawberries from Egypt

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Pest Origin Interceptions 

(no.)

Where found

Geocoridae, species of Peru 1 Permit cargo

Gocoris sp. Mexico, Peru 2 Permit cargo

Geometridae, species of Mexico, New Zealand 5 Permit cargo

Gryllus sp. Mexico 1 Permit cargo

Gymnetron sp. New Zealand 4 Baggage

Haplothrips aculeatus Russia 1 Baggage

Helicidae, species of Spain 1 Permit cargo

Helicotylenchus 

rotundicauda

Argentina 1 Baggage

Helicoverpa armigera New Zealand 2 Permit cargo

Helicoverpa punctigera Australia 1 Permit cargo

Helicoverpa sp. Australia, Chile, New Zealand 27 Baggage, Permit cargo

Heliothis sp. New Zealand 3 Permit cargo

Heliothis virescens Peru 1 Permit cargo

Hemiptera, species of France, Mexico 3 Baggage, General cargo

Heraceus sp. Mexico 1 Permit cargo

Heteroptera, species of Australia, Mexico, New 

Zealand

4 Baggage, Permit cargo

Hoplia sp. Costa Rica 1 Permit cargo

Kleidotoma sp. Mexico 2 Permit cargo

Lagriinae, species of New Zealand 1 Permit cargo

Lathridiidae, species of Mexico 2 Permit cargo

Leptoglossus phyllopus Mexico 1 Permit cargo

Lepidoptera, species of Mexico 2 Permit cargo

Ligyrocoris sp. Mexico 1 Permit cargo

Liorhyssus sp. Chile 1 Permit cargo

Listroderes sp. Chile 1 Permit cargo

Listronotus bonariensis New Zealand 1 Permit cargo

Lithraeus egenus Chile 1 Permit cargo

Lobometopon sp. Mexico 1 Permit cargo

Lycaenidae, species of Mexico 1 Baggage

Lygaeidae, species of Canada, Chile, Japan, Mexico, 

New Zealand, Peru

7 General cargo, Permit 

cargo

Lygaeoidea, species of Costa Rica, Ecuador, 

Guatemala, New Zealand, Peru

14 Permit cargo

Lygus lineolaris Canada 1 General cargo

Macrosiphum euphorbiae Mexico 1 Permit cargo

Macrosiphum sp. New Zealand 1 Permit cargo

Meloidogyne sp. Georgia 1 Baggage
Pest Risk Assessment for Strawberries from Egypt

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Pest Origin Interceptions 

(no.)

Where found

Mesotigsmata, species of Canada 1 General cargo

Microtheca sp. Argentina 1 Permit cargo

Miridae, species of Australia, Canada, Ecuador, 

Mexico, Peru

17 Baggage, Permit cargo

Mollusca, species of New Zealand 1 Permit cargo

Mordellidae, species of Italy 1 Baggage

Mycetophagidae, species 

of

Mexico, Peru 4 Permit cargo

Mycosphaerella fragariae India, Poland 2 Baggage

Mycosphaerella sp. Poland 1 Baggage

Myzus persicae Japan, Poland 2 Permit cargo

Myzus sp. Peru 1 Permit cargo

Nabidae, species of Canada, Mexico, Peru 3 Permit cargo, General 

cargo

Neopamera bilobata Peru 1 Permit cargo

Neopamera sp. Mexico 1 Permit cargo

Neurpotera, species of Canada, Peru 2 Permit cargo

Nitulidae, species of Argentina, Australia, Bolivia, 

Canada, Chile

12 Permit cargo

Noctuidae, species of Colombia, Costa Rica, 

Ecuador, Guatemala, Hungary, 

Israel, Lebanon, Mexico, New 

Zealand, Peru, Poland, 

Romania, Russia, Sapain, 

Ukraine, Venezuela

83 Baggage, General cargo, 

Permit cargo

Nodonota sp. Venezuela 1 Permit cargo

Nysius huttoni Argentina 1 Permit cargo

Nyssius sp. Australia, Chile, Colombia, 

Ecuador, Japan, Mexico, New 

Zealand, Peru

67 Baggage, General cargo, 

Permit cargo

Oecophoridae, species of Chile 1 Permit cargo

Olethreutinae, species of New Zealand 2 Permit cargo

Orious insidiosus Canada 1 Permit cargo

Othiorhynchus sp. Ukraine 1 Baggage

Pentatomidae, species of Argentina, Australia, Mexico, 

New Zealand

15 Permit cargo

Pentatomoidea, species of Chile, New Zealand 3 Permit cargo

Pheidole sp. Colombia 1 Permit cargo

Phyllocoptes lapiflavi Japan 1 Permit cargo

Piesma sp. Mexico 1 General cargo
Pest Risk Assessment for Strawberries from Egypt

Ver. 1 (Original) January 4, 2012 47

Pest Origin Interceptions 

(no.)

Where found

Pityophthorus sp. Mexico 2 Permit cargo

Planococcus citri United States of America 1 Permit cargo

Planotortrix excessana New Zealand 3 Permit cargo

Platynota sp. Mexico, Panama, Venezuela 3 Baggage, Permit cargo

Prietocella barbara Australia 1 Permit cargo

Proba sp. Costa Rica 1 Mail

Protorthodes sp. Colombia 1 Permit cargo

Prytanes sp. Mexico 1 Permit cargo

Pseudococcidae, species of Australia, Ecuador, New 

Zealand, Poland. Spain

9 Baggage, Permit cargo

Pseudococcus calceolariae New Zealand 1 Permit cargo

Pseudococcus longispinus Mexico 1 Permite cargo

Pseudopachybrachius 

basalis

New Zealand 1 Permit cargo

Psudopamera aurivilliana Mexico 1 Permit cargo

Psudopamera nitidula Mexico 1 Permit cargo

Pseudopamera sp. Mexico 2 Permit cargo

Psyllidae, species of Mexico, New Zealand 2 Baggage, Permit cargo

Psylliodes sp. Guatemala 1 Permit cargo

Pupisoma orcula Philippines 1 Baggage

Pyraustinae, species of New Zealand 2 Permit cargo

Pyrrhocoridae, species of Mexico 1 Permit cargo

Ramularia brunnea Slovakia 1 Baggage

Ramularia sp. Ecuador 1 Permit cargo

Ramularia tulasnei Mexico 1 Permit cargo

Rhyparochromidae, 

species of

Australia, Mexico 3 Permit cargo

Rotylenchus fallorobustus Poland 1 Baggage

Rotylenchus robustus Poland 2 Mail

Saccharum spontaneum Peru 1 General cargo

Salpingidae, species of Mexico 1 Permit cargo

Sciaridae, species of The Netherlands, New Zealand 2 Permit cargo

Sciopithes obscurus Canada 1 Baggage

Scolopostethus affinis Soviet Union 1 Baggage

Scolopostethus decoratus Germany 1 Baggage

Scolytidae, species of Mexico 1 Permit cargo

Scolytinae, species of New Zealand 1 Permit cargo

Scythrididae, species of Chile 2 Permit cargo

Sitona sp. Australia, New Zealand 3 Permit cargo
Pest Risk Assessment for Strawberries from Egypt

Ver. 1 (Original) January 4, 2012 48

Pest Origin Interceptions 

(no.)

Where found

Sitophilus sp. New Zealand 1 Permit cargo

Sminthuridae, species of Russia 1 Baggage

Sonchus arvensis Australia 1 Permit cargo

Sonchus asper New Zealand 3 Baggage

Sonchus oleraceus Australia, New Zealand 12 Baggage, General cargo, 

Permit cargo

Sparganothis sp. Costa Rica 1 Permit cargo

Sphaeroceridae, species of Bosnia and Herzegovina 1 Baggage

Spodoptera exigua Mexico, New Zealand 4 General cargo, Permit 

cargo

Spodoptera frugiperda Mexico 7 Permit cargo

Spodoptera sp. Japan, Peru, Spain 3 Baggage, Permit cargo

Staphylinidae, species of Canada, Mexico 2 Baggage, General cargo,

Stegobium paniceum New Zealand 1 Permit cargo

Succinea sp. Canada 1 General cargo

Syrphidae, species of Canada, Guatemala 3 General cargo, Permit 

cargo

Tapinoma 

melanocephalum

Bahamas 1 Stores

Tarsonemidae, species of Canada 1 Permit cargo

Tarsonemus sp. Belgium, Russia, Unknown 3 Baggage, Stores

Telotylenchidae, species of Switzerland 1 Permit cargo

Tetraleurodes mori Mexico 1 Baggage

Tetranychus ludeni New Zealand 3 Permit cargo

Tetranychus sp. Australia, Ecuador, Mexico, 

New Zealand, Poland, 

Thailand

15 Baggage, General cargo, 

Permit cargo

Tetranychus urticae Australia, New Zealand 2 Australia, New Zealand

Theba pisana France 1 Baggage

Thripidae, species of Argentina, Colombia, Mexico, 

New Zealand, Poland

15 Baggage, General cargo, 

Permit cargo

Thrips major Denmark 1 Stores

Thrips obscuratus New Zealand 44 Baggage, General cargo, 

Permit cargo

Thrips sp. Hawaii, Philipines 2 Mail, quarters

Thrips tabaci Bosnia and Herzegovina, New 

Zealand

2 Baggage, Permit cargo

Thyanta sp. Mexico 1 General cargo

Thyreocorinae, species of Costa Rica 1 Permit cargo

Thysanoptera, species of Mexico 1 Permit cargo
Pest Risk Assessment for Strawberries from Egypt

Ver. 1 (Original) January 4, 2012 49

Pest Origin Interceptions 

(no.)

Where found

Tineidae, species of New Zealand 1 Permit cargo

Tipula sp. Russia 1 Baggage

Tomicus minor New Zealand 1 Permit cargo

Tortricidae, species of Australia, Costa Rica, 

Germany, Guatemala, Mexico, 

New Zealand, Venezuela

59 Baggage, Permit cargo

Tortricinae, species of Argentina, Australia, Chile, 

Costa Rica, Mexico, New 

Zealand, Venezuela

33 Baggage, General cargo, 

Permit cargo

Tydeidae, species of New Zealand 1 Permit cargo

Tydeus sp. Italy 1 Baggage

Tylenchorhynchus dubius Poland 2 Mail

Tylenchorhynchus sp. Poland 1 Mail

Tyrophagus sp. New Zealand 1 Permit cargo

Vallonia excentrica Switzerland 1 Permit cargo

Xyonysius californicus Mexico 2 General cargo, Permit 

cargo
Pest Risk Assessment for Strawberries from Egypt

Ver. 1 (Original) January 4, 2012 50

Appendix D. Harvest and post-harvest practices, and standard packinghouse procedures 

described for strawberries produced in Egypt (CAPQ, 2006)

The Ministry of Agriculture and Land Reclamation, Central Administration of Plant Quarantine 

(CAPQ)-Cairo, Egypt, states that:

 Only fruits produced under a fresh planting system fulfill the exportation quality required.

Harvest

 Pickers should be properly trained to field pack.

 Fruits are harvested 55-75 days from transplanting according to varieties. The picking period 

lasts from 5 to 6 months, berries are picked daily all season around when berries are threequarters mature; this practice is carried out early in the morning when fruit surface has dried 

(harvest in the afternoon makes the fruit more susceptible to bruising injuries).

 Berries are harvested, leaving a centimeter long peduncle; after being picked the fruit must

handled with care.

 Only fruits with firm texture are selected for exportation (overripe, underripe, diseased, or 

insect damaged berries are culled).

 The berries are placed in 250 g punnets and they in turn are placed in 2-2.5 kg cartons that 

are stored in a sheltered and shaded site.

Post-harvest and packinghouse procedures

 Cartons are collected in field sites and delivered to the packing house frequently.

 After field packing the strawberries should be brought to the packinghouse, weighed, and 

forced-air cooled as soon as possible.

 This entire process should be completed in one to two hours after harvest.

 The fruits follow a pre-cooling to ensure a good shelf life. Therefore, strawberries should be 

cooled to an internal pulp temperature of'1-2°C.

 When the fruit have been adequately cooled, the cartons are moved to a storage area.

 The strawberry fruit should be held in temporary short period cooling to the following 

conditions: storage temperature 0°C and 90-98% RH.

Packing materials

 Strawberry packaging materials are the punnets and the cartons.

 The design of PET punnet is critical in determining ventilation and air flow through punnets.

 Ventilation openings should be located on both the lower and upper portions of all 4 sides of the 

punnet and aligned for unobstructed horizontal air flow through adjacent punnets and the carton.

 Carton design, the dimensions are 60 cm x 40 cm which holds 8 clear plastic punnets.

 A minimum 250 lb/in2 bursting test strength fiberboards are recommended for cartons intended 

for export.

 Cartons labeling helps to advertise the strawberries and assists importers in retrieving and 

redistributing.

 All cartons should be clearly labeled in the language of the country of destination. The following 

information should be listed on the outside of the carton: Common name of the product (i.e.,

strawberry), variety, plot number, harvest date, class of product, brand name as well as name and 

address of the grower and exporter, country of origin, and recommended storage temperature.
Pest Risk Assessment for Strawberries from Egypt

Ver. 1 (Original) January 4, 2012 51

 Labeling of individual punnets is also mandatory under EU regulation.

Exporting Period:

 Export period lasts from 5-6 months and from November to April.

 Export time to EU is from December to March.

Exporting Calendar:

 Egypt can supply EU from November up to April.

 Export best prices are from December to February.

 Early cultivars and mid harvest cultivars are recommended to be planted in the farm.

Major types of testing for strawberries:

 Pesticides residues

 Some fungicides can affect strawberry flavor

 Foreign smell and/or taste

 Any visible foreign matter
Pest Risk Assessment for Strawberries from Egypt

Ver. 1 (Original) January 4, 2012 52

Appendix E. Quarantine pests reported on strawberries (Fragaria spp.) (in any country) 

and present in Egypt

Pest Geographic 

distribution

Reported on commod. Plant part affected17

ARTHROPODS

ARACHNIDA

Acari: Tetranychidae

Eutetranychus orientalis 

Klein Syn: Anychus 

orientalis Klein

EG (Bodenheimer, 1951; 

CABI, 2007; Migeon 

and Dorkeld, 2010; 

Zaher et al., 1982)

Migeon and Dorkeld, 

2010

F (Poole, 1999); L 

(CABI, 2007; 

NAPPO, 2001)

INSECTA

Hemiptera: Margarodidae

Icerya seychellarum

Westwood

EG (CABI, 2007) CABI, 2007 F, L, S (CABI, 2007)

Lepidoptera: Noctuidae

Agrotis segetum Denis and 

Schiffermüller 

Syn: Scotia segetum

Denis and 

Schiffermüller, Euxoa 

segetum Denis and 

Schiffermüller 

EG (CABI, 2007; Tòth 

et al., 1992)

CABI, 2007; MAF, 

2007; Robinson et al., 

2001; Robinson et al., 

2007

L, R, S (CABI, 2007)

Chrysodeixis chalcites

(Esper)

EG (CABI, 2010; 

Harakly, 1974; Harakly 

and Farag, 1975) 

CABI, 2010 F, L (CABI, 2007; 

NAPPO, 2006)

Helicoverpa armigera

(Hübner) Syn: Heliothis 

armigera (Hübner)

EG (Gentry, 1965) Kirkpatrick, 1961; OrtaCordero and GonzalezTirado, 2000; Zalucki et 

al., 1986

Bd, F, I, S (Aguirre et 

al., 2005; Kirkpatrick, 

1961; Queensland 

government, 2010)

Spodoptera littoralis

(Boisduval)

EG (CABI, 2007; 

Mohamed et al., 2006; 

Pogue, 2008)

CABI, 2010; Fraval, 

2008

F, L (CABI, 2007)

Lepidoptera: Nymphalidae

Pandemis heparana Denis 

and Schiffermüller

EG (Zhang, 1994) Meijerman and Ulenberg, 

2004; Ovsyannikova and 

Grichanov, 2009; 

Robinson et al., 2007

F, I, L, Sh (Meijerman 

and Ulenberg, 2004)

Orthoptera: Gryllotalpidae

Gryllotalpa africana 

Palisot de Beauvois

EG (CABI, 2007) MAF, 2007 Bd, R, Sd (Hill, 1983)

 

17 Plant parts: Buds = Bd; Fruit = F; Flower/Inflorescence = I; Leaf = L; Root = R; Seedlings= Sd; Shoot = Sh; Stem 

= S.
Pest Risk Assessment for Strawberries from Egypt

Ver. 1 (Original) January 4, 2012 53

Pest Geographic 

distribution

Reported on commod. Plant part affected17

FUNGI and CHROMISTANS

Cylindrocarpon didymum 

(Harting) Wollenw

EG (Brayford, 1987; 

Farr et al., 2011); US 

(FL, WA) (Farr et al., 

2011) 

Brayford, 1987 R, Sd (Brayford, 

1987)

Fusarium oxysporum f. sp. 

fragariae Winks & Y.N. 

Williams

EG (UNDP, 2006) Nagarajan et al., 2006; 

Nagarajan et al., 2004

R, S (Golzar et al., 

2007)

Rhizoctonia fragariae 

Hussain & W.E. McKeen

EG (CABI, 2007);

US (CT) (CABI, 2007) 

(WV) (Farr et al., 2011)

MAF, 2007 R (MAF, 2007)

MOLLUSCA

Helix aspersa Müller

Syn: Cornu aspersum

Müller (Helicidae)

EG; US (CABI, 2010) CABI, 2007; Iglesias and 

Castillejo, 1999; PestID, 

2010

L, I, F (Flint and 

Wilen, 2009)

Theba pisana (Muller) EG (CABI, 2007; 

PestID, 2010); US (CA) 

(CABI, 2007)

PestID, 2010 L, I, F (Flint and 

Wilen, 2009)

VIRUS

Strawberry leaf curl virus 

(StLCV)

EG (El-gaied et al., 

2008)

El-gaied et al., 2008 L (El-gaied et al., 

2008)