# Patent

## Title
Programming protocols for powered cards and devices

## Abstract

A programming device is provided that programs cards, such as payment cards, with data, such as personal data, using light transmitters and receivers. For example, an infrared transmitter may be provided to program personal data (e.g., a customer's credit card number) into a card wirelessly. In doing so, the card may be, for example, completely laminated such that there are no exposed electronic components on the exterior surface of the card and be programmed via light. The programming device may shield the programming components to block ambient light from interacting with those programming components during programming. A conveyor may be utilized to align multiple cards with a programming device to allow assembly-line style programming of the cards.

## Background
CROSS-REFERENCE TO RELATED APPLICATION
This application claims the benefit of U.S. Provisional Patent Application No. 61/249,692, titled “Programming with Light for Powered Cards and Devices,” filed Oct. 8, 2009 and U.S. Provisional Patent Application No. 61/287,366, titled “Programming Protocols for Powered Cards and Devices,” filed Dec. 17, 2009, which are hereby incorporated by reference herein in their entirety.


BACKGROUND OF THE INVENTION
This invention relates to magnetic cards and devices and associated payment systems.
SUMMARY OF THE INVENTION
A card may include a dynamic magnetic communications device. Such a dynamic magnetic communications device may take the form of a magnetic encoder or a magnetic emulator. A magnetic encoder may change the information located on a magnetic medium such that a magnetic stripe reader may read changed magnetic information from the magnetic medium. A magnetic emulator may generate electromagnetic fields that directly communicate data to a magnetic stripe reader. Such a magnetic emulator may communicate data serially to a read-head of the magnetic stripe reader.
All, or substantially all, of the front as well as the back of a card may be a display (e.g., bi-stable, non bi-stable, LCD, LED, or electrochromic display). Electrodes of a display may be coupled to one or more capacitive touch sensors such that a display may be provided as a touch-screen display. Any type of touch-screen display may be utilized. Such touch-screen displays may be operable of determining multiple points of touch. Accordingly, a barcode may be displayed across all, or substantially all, of a surface of a card. In doing so, computer vision equipment such as barcode readers may be less susceptible to errors in reading a displayed barcode.
A card may include a number of output devices to output dynamic information. For example, a card may include one or more RFIDs or IC chips to communicate to one or more RFID readers or IC chip readers, respectively. A card may include devices to receive information. For example, an RFID and IC chip may both receive information and communicate information to an RFID and IC chip reader, respectively. A device for receiving wireless information signals may be provided. A light sensing device or sound sensing device may be utilized to receive information wirelessly. A card may include a central processor that communicates data through one or more output devices simultaneously (e.g., an RFID, IC chip, and a dynamic magnetic stripe communications device). The central processor may receive information from one or more input devices simultaneously (e.g., an RFID, IC chip, dynamic magnetic stripe devices, light sensing device, and a sound sensing device). A processor may be coupled to surface contacts such that the processor may perform the processing capabilities of, for example, an EMV chip. The processor may be laminated over and not exposed such that such a processor is not exposed on the surface of the card.
A card may include one or more light transmitters and light receivers. The light transmitters and receivers may be the same, or different, devices. A light transmitter may be able to transmit visible, infrared, or visible and infrared light. A light transmitter may be able to transmit additional types of light (e.g., ultraviolet light). A light receiver may be able to receive visible, infrared, or visible and infrared light. A light receiver may be able to receive additional types of light (e.g., ultraviolet light). A light transmitter may take the form of, for example, an LED. A light receiver may take the form of, for example, a photo-transistor, photo-diode, or photo-resistor.
A card may include a light transmitter (e.g., an infrared transmitter) about one end of a card and a light receiver (e.g., an infrared receiver) about the opposite end of a card. In doing so, the light transmitter and receiver may be located at a distance from one another (e.g., greater than half an inch, one inch, one and a half inch, two inches, or two and a half inches away from one another) such that the light receiver cannot pick up transmissions from the light transmitter.
For example, a light receiver may be located along about a top edge of a card at a particular distance from one side edge (e.g., 1.067 inches from one side edge). A light transmitter may also be located about the top edge at that same particular distance from the other side edge (e.g., 1.067 inches from the other side edge). Accordingly, a programming fixture may include a light transmitter spaced similarly from a light receiver such that the light receiver of the programming fixture may communicate with the light transmitter of the card and the light transmitter of the programming fixture may communicate with the light receiver of that same card. In this manner, cards may be moved through the programming fixture and stopped in front of the programming fixture for programming. A programming module may be included with multiple programming fixtures such that multiple programming fixtures may simultaneously program cards.
Multiple programming fixtures, for example, may be implemented along a portion of an assembly line. A transport mechanism (e.g., a conveyor belt) may be implemented to carry each card to one or more programming fixtures that may be implemented along an assembly line. In so doing, multiple cards may be carried in a forward and/or reverse direction to one or more programming fixtures of an assembly line. Each card may be programmed by one or more of the programming fixtures of an assembly line.
A personalization machine may include multiple modules (e.g., multiple programming modules) such that cards may be personalized utilizing the personalization machine. For example, a personalization machine may include one or more modules for embossing a card, modules for printing indicia on a card, modules for writing to a static magnetic stripe of a card, modules for reading from a static magnetic stripe of a card, modules for reading and/or writing information to an IC chip (e.g., EMV chip) of a card, modules for reading and/or writing information to a Radio-Frequency Identification Tag of a card, modules for laser engraving to a card, modules for flex-testing a card, modules for placing holograms onto a card, modules for placing protective coatings on a card, modules for optically reading physical information on a card (e.g., a credit card number), and modules for placing a material operable to receive an ink-based signature/mark on a card. The personalization machine may be able to communicate with a remote server to, for example, download information to be programmed into a card. The personalization machine may be able to communicate with a remote server to, for example, upload information confirming data programmed into a card.
A card may include a universal identification number. In this manner, multiple card accounts may be programmed into a card. A universal identification number may be supplied by a card (e.g., via a light transmitter) during programming to identify a universal card number. Such information may be communicated to a remote server, in which one or more multiple card account information (e.g., magnetic stripe data for multiple card accounts), may be communicated to the personalization machine and then communicated to a card via a light transmitter. The magnetic stripe data may be stored in a memory of a card during programming.
Application code may be pre-programmed into the card before programming by the personalization machine such that the application code is programmed when the magnetic stripe data is programmed into the card. Particular magnetic stripe data may then be emulated, for example, through a magnetic emulator located on a card in accordance with the previously programmed application code. Additional data may be stored during programming of magnetic stripe data. For example, information utilized by application code other than magnetic stripe data may be programmed. For example, a particular one or more security codes for a particular universal identification number may be programmed into a card. The remote server may keep track of the one or more security codes programmed into a particular card (e.g., using a universal identification number or a payment card account number such as a credit card number).
Numerous types of light may be utilized to program a card. For example, infrared light of a particular frequency may be utilized. All cards programmed by a particular module may be programmed, for example, utilizing the same frequency of infrared light. Alternatively, for example, different cards may be programmed utilizing different frequencies of light. In doing so, multiple cards may be programmed in close proximity to one another and different frequencies of communication for each card may protect against infrared cross-talk within the programming module. A card may include an identification number (e.g., a universal identification number or a payment card account number such as a credit card account number) that is optically read by a module of a personalization machine.
A remote database may store a pre-programmed infrared communications frequency for a card. Accordingly, the personalization machine may receive the frequency from the remote database. Accordingly, the card and an IR programming module of the personalization machine may each know the frequency of communication without, for example, the need to directly communicate with one another.
Multiple types of data may be communicated to a card. For example, one or more account numbers, expiration dates, user names, and other data (e.g., magnetic stripe track data) may be loaded into a card using communication ports on the card (e.g., IR transmitters and/or receivers).
A protocol is provided for infrared data communication between a programming device and an infrared client device such as a programmable card. The client device may be, for example, a one-time programmable low-power device. The protocol may exhibit a high tolerance for device-dependent operational frequency error, such that a low speed (e.g., 2.4 kbit/s) may be implemented at the infrared physical layer. A factory test feature may be provided such that a client device failure due to parts deviation may be detected during a manufacture production process.
The protocol may include a high security feature such that the communication port of a client device may be disconnected and the programming memory erased permanently after infrared communication. The communication process time may occur within one or more seconds (e.g., 1-2 seconds).



BRIEF DESCRIPTION OF THE DRAWINGS
The principles and advantages of the present invention can be more clearly understood from the following detailed description considered in conjunction with the following drawings, in which the same reference numerals denote the same structural elements throughout, and in which:
FIG. 1 is an illustration of cards constructed in accordance with the principles of the present invention;
FIG. 2 is an illustration of a card constructed in accordance with the principles of the present invention;
FIG. 3 is an illustration of a programming device constructed in accordance with the principles of the present invention;
FIG. 4 is an illustration of communications constructed in accordance with the principles of the present invention;
FIG. 5 is an illustration of an architecture constructed in accordance with the principles of the present invention;
FIG. 6 is an illustration of a radiant intensity constructed in accordance with the principles of the present invention;
FIG. 7 is an illustration of a card constructed in accordance with the principles of the present invention;
FIG. 8 is an illustration of a personalization system constructed in accordance with the principles of the present invention;
FIG. 9 is an illustration of communications constructed in accordance with the principles of the present invention;
FIG. 10 is an illustration of communications constructed in accordance with the principles of the present invention;
FIG. 11 is an illustration of communications constructed in accordance with the principles of the present invention; and
FIG. 12 is an illustration of process flow charts constructed in accordance with the principles of the present invention.



DETAILED DESCRIPTION OF THE INVENTION
FIG. 1 shows card 100 that may include, for example, a dynamic number that may be entirely, or partially, displayed via display 112. A dynamic number may include a permanent portion such as, for example, permanent portion 111. Permanent portion 111 may be printed as well as embossed or laser etched on card 100. Multiple displays may be provided on a card. For example, display 113 may be utilized to display a dynamic code such as a dynamic security code. Display 125 may also be provided to display logos, barcodes, as well as multiple lines of information. A display may be a bi-stable display or non bi-stable display. Permanent information 120 may also be included and may include information such as information specific to a user (e.g., a user's name or username) or information specific to a card (e.g., a card issue date and/or a card expiration date).
Card 100 may include one or more buttons such as buttons 130-134. Such buttons may be mechanical buttons, capacitive buttons, or a combination of mechanical and capacitive buttons. Card 100 may include button 199. Button 199 may be used, for example, to place card 100 into a programming mode to receive programming (e.g., programming of a user's personal payment card data). A button (e.g., button 199) may be utilized in a variety of ways (e.g., to communicate information through a dynamic magnetic communications device indicative of a user's intent to purchase a particular product with points instead of credit).
Architecture 150 may be utilized with any card. Architecture 150 may include processor 120. Processor 120 may have on-board memory for storing information (e.g., application code). Any number of components may communicate to processor 120 and/or receive communications from processor 120. For example, one or more displays (e.g., display 140) may be coupled to processor 120. Persons skilled in the art will appreciate that components may be placed between particular components and processor 120. For example, a display driver circuit may be coupled between display 140 and processor 120.
Memory 142 may be coupled to processor 120. Memory 142 may include data that is unique to a particular card. For example, memory 142 may store discretionary data codes associated with buttons of card 150. Such codes may be recognized by remote servers to effect particular actions. For example, a code may be stored on memory 142 that causes a non-merchant product to be purchased with points during a merchant transaction. Memory 142 may store loyalty information such as identifying information for a points account (e.g., a points account number) and associated information (e.g., a default preference on how points are earned during a purchase, such as 50% of a purchaser's points is given to the user and 50% of a purchaser's points is used to purchase lottery entries for a lottery that has at least one award of a particular number of points).
Memory 142 may be partially implemented as non-volatile memory. Accordingly, memory 142 may be pre-programmed with, for example, a programming protocol that may define how data (e.g. IR data) may be received by data input 153 and how data (e.g., IR data) may be transmitted by data output 154.
Memory 142 may receive data as received from data input 153 (e.g., an IR receiver). For example, data may be received by memory 142 that may be indicative of a universal identification number associated with card 100. Such a universal identification number may, for example, uniquely identify card 100. Memory 142 may receive data via data input 153 that may represent a security code that may be associated with the universal identification number of card 100.
Memory 142 may provide data, such as a universal identification number associated with card 100, to data output 154. Accordingly, data output 153 (e.g., an IR transmitter) may transmit such a universal identification number to, for example, a personalization machine. The personalization machine may relay the universal identification number to a remote server, which in turn, may respond with personalization data that may be associated with the universal identification number of card 100.
Memory 142 may receive data from data input 153 (e.g., an IR receiver) that may be associated with a universal identification number of card 100. For example, one or more account numbers, user names, discretionary data, and expiration dates may be stored within memory 142. Such data may be provided by card 100, for example, as one or more tracks of magnetic stripe data during a transaction (e.g., a purchase transaction).
Any number of reader communication devices may be included in architecture 150. For example, IC chip 152 may be included to communicate information to an IC chip reader. IC chip 152 may be, for example, an EMV chip. As per another example, RFID 151 may be included to communicate information to an RFID reader. A magnetic stripe communications device may also be included to communicate information to a magnetic stripe reader. Such a magnetic stripe communications device may provide electromagnetic signals to a magnetic stripe reader.
Different electromagnetic signals may be communicated to a magnetic stripe reader to provide different tracks of data. For example, electromagnetic field generators 170, 180, and 185 may be included to communicate separate tracks of information to a magnetic stripe reader. Such electromagnetic field generators may include a coil wrapped around one or more materials (e.g., a magnetic material and/or a non-magnetic material).
Each electromagnetic field generator may communicate information serially to a receiver of a magnetic stripe reader for a particular magnetic stripe track. Read-head detectors 171 and 172 may be utilized to sense the presence of a magnetic stripe reader (e.g., a read-head housing of a magnetic stripe reader). The sensed information may be communicated to processor 120 to cause processor 120 to communicate information serially from electromagnetic generators 170, 180, and 185 to magnetic stripe track receivers in a read-head housing of a magnetic stripe reader. Accordingly, a magnetic stripe communications device may change the information communicated to a magnetic stripe reader at any time.
Processor 120 may, for example, communicate user-specific and card-specific information through RFID 151, IC chip 152, and electromagnetic generators 170, 180, and 185 to card readers coupled to remote information processing servers (e.g., purchase authorization servers). Driving circuitry 141 may be utilized by processor 120, for example, to control electromagnetic generators 170, 180, and 185.
FIG. 2 shows card 200. Cards may include one or more infrared and/or visible light receivers and transmitters to communicate with one or more infrared and/or visible light transmitters and receivers, respectively, that may exist on programming fixtures of programming modules of a personalization machine. Card 200 may include, for example, receiver 202 and transmitter 203 that may be utilized to program card 200 via a personalization machine.
Receiver 202 and transmitter 203 may represent, for example, a non-contact, opto-isolated, bi-directional communications port. Such a communications port may, for example, transmit and receive at differing frequencies so as to reduce interference. For example, signals transmitted by transmitter 203 may be cross-coupled into receiver 202 if the peak wavelength sensitivity of receiver 202 is at or near the peak wavelength emission of transmitter 203. Accordingly, receiver 202 may be implemented with a peak wavelength sensitivity (e.g., 870 nanometers) that may be sufficiently different from the peak wavelength emission (e.g., 940 nanometers) of transmitter 203. Alternate interference reduction methods (e.g., half-duplex communication methods) may also be used. In so doing, a communications port may transmit and receive at the same frequency, but not at the same time so as to reduce interference.
FIG. 3 shows programming device 300. Programming device 300 may include housing 301 with slit 302. Slit 302 may be sized to receive all or a portion of a client device (e.g., a powered card). Indicators 303 and 304 may be provided to represent the direction programming ports are to be faced (e.g., infrared programming ports) when a client device is inserted into slit 302. Communications cable 311 may be utilized to couple a device to programming device 300. Such a device may be, for example, a computer that includes data to be programmed onto a client device. Cable 311 may include connector 310 (e.g., mini-USB) for connecting to the circuitry of programming device 300. Cable 311 may include connector 312 (e.g., USB) for connecting to the circuitry of another device.
Initially, programming device 300 may send a sequence of clock pulses (e.g., ten clock pulses) to wake up a client device which may be in a low-power, deep-sleep mode. Once the client device is in communication range (e.g., an IR communication range), the client device may return a sequence of clock pulses to the programming device. Accordingly, the programming device may measure and determine the frequency difference between the clock signal generated by the programming device and the clock signal generated by the client device.
The programming device may verify that the client device's clock frequency is within a specification range. The programming device may send a set of personalization requests containing client's account information and/or other data to the client device based on the client device's clock frequency.
At the end of the personalization sequence, the programming device may send a “terminate” request to the client to terminate the personalization sequence. A “successful” personalization sequence response to the request may be sent by the client device to the programming device, which may constitute the minimum test requirement of the personalization sequence.
The personalization sequence may be time limited. Accordingly, a timeout may be experienced during the personalization sequence if a maximum time limit (e.g., 3-4 seconds) has transpired. A timeout may cause the client device to return to a low-power operational mode to conserve battery energy.
The command messages may be sequenced for maximum user account protection. Accordingly, strict sequencing rules may be applied, such that any sequencing error that may occur during the personalization sequence may cause the client device to return to a low-power operational mode to conserve battery energy and to terminate the personalization sequence. In so doing, any personalization data that may otherwise be transmitted to the client device may instead remain protected within the programming device in the event that an attempt is made to receive unauthorized personalization data from the programming device.
The physical layer of a communications protocol implemented by a programming device may use a pulse width modulation scheme. “Inter-byte” and “inter-message” idle timing may be implemented. The programming device may initiate all requests to the client device within a few seconds (e.g., 1-2 seconds). A delay (e.g., a 30 ms delay) may be implemented in between the exchange of message packets according to, for example, communication 430 of FIG. 4.
The data transmission of a programming device and a client device may use an infrared physical layer protocol. The baud rate may be, for example, approximately 2400 bps, 8-bit data with a start and a stop bit. The start bit may be “0” and the stop bit may be “1”. A “0” bit may be represented by a 3/16th bit width pulse and “1” bit may be represented by the lack of a pulse. An exemplary byte scheme is shown in communication 410 of FIG. 4. The order of the transmission may be LSB first, 8-bit data followed by a stop bit. A delay (e.g., approximately 5 ms delay) may be allowed between bytes. An idle period (e.g., approximately 30 ms idle time) may be inserted between messages.
The delays, for example, may allow the processor to identify the messages and to provide sufficient time to process the messages. Accordingly, for example, a communication sequence may cause an interrupt to occur in a processor that may be running on the client device and/or the programming device. Delays, therefore, may provide sufficient time to process the interrupt and to execute, for example, a programming sequence in response to the interrupt.
Infrared data reception, for example, may occur as follows. When a byte of data is transmitted from the programming device, a start bit may generate an interrupt in a processor running on the client device. 8-bit data may be shifted, for example, to a data register of the client device at a rate that may be in accordance with a baud rate of data transmission established between the programming device and the client device. A negative 3/16 bit pulse may correspond to a “0” bit, while a “1” bit may be represented by the lack of a pulse as shown in communication 420 of FIG. 4.
The message structure, for example, may be implemented as follows. Each message may be transmitted with a header (e.g., 0x80) followed by, for example, two bytes that may define a length of the message to follow the header. A 16-bit circular redundancy check (CRC) may be transmitted with the message packet. The CRC may not, for example, be considered as a part of message. It may not, for example, be included in the data length.

















# of





Item
Bytes
Content
Defined Values









1
1
Start of
0x80





header




2
2
Length (2 byte)
N - Count of data bytes






in the message



3
N
Message as defined
Variables



4
2
CRC16 (2 byte)
CRC for the above






message










A 16-bit CRC, for example, may be used in the protocol. The CRC value may be generated and may be inserted into the transmission data packet (e.g., at the end of the transmission data packet). At the receiving end (e.g., at the client device) the CRC may be calculated with the corresponding message and compared with the CRC received from the transmitting end (e.g., the programming device). If a CRC error occurs during communication, the entire message may be ignored by the receiving end. Accordingly, the CRC error may be considered as a communication failure. In order to preserve data integrity and user security, the programming device may not retry to send the message.
Message character strings, for example, may include the following.










Message Character Strings


















byte
0x00 to 0xFF (hexadecimal), 0 to 255




(unsigned), −128 to 127 (signed). Used




typically for string lengths.



short
2-byte integer value, 0x0000 to 0xFFFF




(hexadecimal), 0~65535 (unsigned), −32768 to




32767 (signed).



int
4-byte integer value representing 0x00000000 to




0xFFFFFFFF (hexadecimal), 0 to 4294967295




(unsigned), −2147483648 to 2147483647 (signed)



long
8-byte integer value representing




0x0000000000000000 to 0xFFFFFFFFFFFFFFFF




(hexadecimal), 0 to 2{circumflex over ( )}64-1 (unsigned), −2{circumflex over ( )}63 to




2{circumflex over ( )}63-1 (signed). Used typically for absolute




time and data.



double
8-byte value in IEEE 754 64-bit double-




precision binary floating-point format.










Byte ordering, for example, may occur as follows. The programming device and client device communication protocol, for example, may utilize big-endian byte ordering. Accordingly, for a 16-bit, 2-byte transmission, the most significant byte may have the lower address order. The lower address byte may be transmitted first.
Clock initialization, for example, may occur as follows. The clock initialization may be designed to wake the client device from a low-power (e.g., deep-sleep) mode of operation. Upon receiving a set of initial clock signals from the programming device, the client device may transmit a data sequence (e.g., 0x000000) to the programming device according to an internal clock rate of the client device. The clock signal may be measured by the programming device, for example, to determine the communication bit rate to be used during subsequent communication with the client device. The programming device may tolerate clock frequency errors and monitor and collect the data for future analysis.
A security password, for example, may be provided as follows. The programming device, for example, may transmit a security password to the client device once the communication rate is determined. The client device, for example, may only respond to communications from the programming device once the correct security password is received and verified by the client device.
The message specification, for example, may be provided as follows. A number of available messages may be provided, where each message may include the application control and user data information. A communication protocol may provide flexibility for implementation, such that it may not be necessary to implement all of the messages at one time. However, each message that may be sent by the programming device may, for example, require an acknowledgement response. Such an acknowledgement response, for example, may contain header information, message length, CRC and message type information. Failure to respond to a request, for example, may result in a communication error. Other requests (e.g., a password request), however, may not require a response.
A protocol implementation may include, for example, a security password request, a write device request, a read device request, and a terminate request. The terminate request, for example, may permanently disable communication to the client device. Other message types, for example, may include the following message types.











Message



Type
Description
















1
Password



Security password sent to the client device



from the programming device for



communication validation.


2
Read Device



A request sent by the programming device to



the client device to obtain TRACK 1, TRACK



2, and/or TRACK 3 information contained



within the client device.


3
Read Device Response



A response sent by the client device to the



programming device containing TRACK 1,



TRACK 2, and/or TRACK 3 information.


4
Write Device



A request sent to the client device from



the programming device to write TRACK 1,



TRACK 2, and/or TRACK 3 information.


5
Write Device Response



A response from the client device to a



“Write Device” request from the programming



device.


6
Read Battery Information



A request sent from the programming device



to the client device to obtain battery



voltage/capacity information from the



client device.


7
Battery Information Response



A response from the client device to a



“Read Battery Information” request from the



programming device that contains battery



voltage and capacity information.


8
Read Memory



A request sent from the programming device



to the client device to fetch a memory



block from the client device.


9
Read Memory Response



A response from the client device to a



“Read Memory” request from the programming



device.


10
Write Memory



A request sent from the programming device



to the client device to update a block of



memory contained within the client device.


11
Write Memory Response



A response from the client device to a



“Write Memory” request from the programming



device.


12
Firmware Version



A request sent from the programming device



to the client device to obtain a firmware



version contained within the client device.


13
Firmware Version Response



A response from the client device to a



“Firmware Version” request from the



programming device.


14
Terminate



A request sent from the programming device



to the client device to terminate



communication operation.


15
Response to Terminate



A response from the client device to a



“Terminate” request from the programming



device.









Message Type 1, for example, may be directed to the Password. The Password may be sent from the programming device to the client device to initiate communications between the programming device and the client device. This may be a security feature added to the protocol that may not require a response from the client device.














# of

Defined


Item
Bytes
Content
Values







1
1
Message Type
0x01


2
1
N - PASSWORD length (hex)
N (hex)


3
N
PASSWORD (N bytes in hex)
TBD









Message Type 2, for example, may be directed to the Read Device request that requests track information that may be contained within the client device. Item fields 2, 3, and/or 4 may specify the request for specific track data information. A value of “0” may be used to indicate that no track information is requested.

















# of

Defined



Item
Bytes
Content
Values









1
1
Message Type
0x02



2
1
Track 1 information
Any value.






0, no info.



3
1
Track 2 information
Any value.






0, no info.



4
1
Track 3 information
Any value.






0, no info.










Message Type 3, for example, may be directed to the Read Device Response from the client device and may be used for read and write verification during personalization of the client device. The client device can provide a “0” in track string length field to indicate that track information is not provided.

















# of

Defined



Item
Bytes
Content
Values









1
1
Message Type
0x03



2
1
N - Track 1 character
Any value.





string length (hex)
0, no info.



3
N
Track 1 character string
Any value.



4
1
M - Track 2 character
Any value.





string length (hex)
0, no info.



5
M
Track 2 character string
Any value.



6
1
O - Track 3 character
Any value.





string length (hex)
0, no info.



7
O
Track 3 character string
Any value.










Message Type 4, for example, may be directed to the Write Device request. This request may be used to write personalization data (e.g., user information) to the client device tracks (e.g., write information to a memory of the card that communicates the information to a dynamic magnetic stripe communications device). Track 1, 2, and/or 3 character string information may be specified in separate item fields.














# of

Defined


Item
Bytes
Content
Values







1
1
Message Type
0x04


2
1
N - Track 1 Character
Any value.




String Length (hex)



3
N
Track 1 Character String
Any value.




(ASCII hex)



4
1
M - Track 2 Character
Any value.




String Length (hex)



5
M
Track 2 Character String
Any value.




(ASCII hex)



6
1
O - Track 3 Character
Any value.




String Length (hex)



7
O
Track 3 Character String
Any value.




(ASCII hex)









Message Type 5, for example, may be directed to the Write Device Response and may be the client device response to Message Type 4.

















#of

Defined



Item
Bytes
Content
Values









1
1
Message Type
0x05



2
1
Track 1 String Character
Length





Length Written (hex)
written






Track 1



3
1
Track 2 String Character
Length





Length Written (hex)
written






Track 2



4
1
Track 3 String Character
Length





Length Written (hex)
written






Track 3










Message Type 6, for example, may be directed to a Read Battery Information request that may request battery information from the client device. An option field, for example, may define a battery type for which battery voltage and/or capacity information may be requested.

















# of

Defined



Item
Bytes
Content
Values









1
1
Message Type
0x06



2
1
Option
0x00










Message Type 7, for example, may be directed to a Battery Information Response that may include a 12-bit battery voltage value and a battery-type option field to indicate a battery type that may correspond to the battery voltage value.














# of

Defined


Item
Bytes
Content
Values







1
1
Message Type
0x07


2
2
Battery Voltage 12-bit A/D
12-bit A/D




Value (hex)



3
1
Option (battery type)
0x00









Message Type 8, for example, may be directed to a Read Memory request and may be the request sent by the programming device to the client device for specific memory blocks. The Read Memory request may be used for test purposes (e.g., to verify data previously written into a memory block of the client device). A Read Memory request for undesignated and/or unauthorized memory information may be denied.














# of

Defined


Item
Bytes
Content
Values







1
1
Message Type
0x08


2
2
N - Length of Memory to





Read (byte)



3
2
Address of Memory 
Address of




(2 byte in hex)
Memory









Message Type 9, for example, may be directed to a Read Memory response, which may be designated for test verification purposes. For example, only information from a designated memory block, as defined by the client device, may be accessible. A return value of “0” may indicate that the Read Memory request is rejected.














# of

Defined


Item
Bytes
Content
Values







1
1
Message Type
0x09


2
2
N - Length of Memory Read
0, info





request





rejected.


3
N
N bytes of Memory
Memory




Contents (hex)
contents









Message Type 10, for example, may be directed to a Write Memory request, which may be a request to write a block of data to client device memory. The length and address may be specified in the request. The client card device may reject the Write Memory request to protect the client device memory area.














# of

Defined


Item
Bytes
Content
Values







1
1
Message Type
0x0A


2
2
N - Length of Memory to





Write (2 bytes)



3
2
Address of Memory 
Address of




(2 bytes)
Memory









Message Type 11, for example, may be directed to a Write Memory Response. The client device may respond to the Write Memory request with the length of memory written, where a value of “0” may indicate that the request is rejected.

















# of

Defined



Item
Bytes
Content
Values









1
1
Message Type (byte)
0x0B



2
2
N - Length of Memory
Length of





Written (2 bytes)
memory






written










Message Type 12, for example, may be directed to a Firmware Version request, which may request the version of firmware currently being executed by the client device. The Firmware Version request may also request hardware information associated with the client device firmware.

















# of

Defined



Item
Bytes
Content
Values









1
1
Message Type (byte)
0x0C










Message Type 13, for example, may be directed to a Firmware Version Response. The client device may respond, for example, with one byte of hexadecimal version code corresponding to its embedded firmware and hardware revision. The client device may respond, for example, with an application number that may define a specific type of client device. A status field may be provided, for example, that may indicate an operational status (e.g., battery capacity) of the client device.

















# of

Defined



Item
Bytes
Content
Values









1
1
Message Type (byte)
0x0D



2
1
Version Number (byte)
Version






Number



3
1
Application Number
Any value



4
1
Status
Any value










Message Type 14, for example, may be directed to a Terminate request. The programming device may send a Terminate request to the client device, for example, to terminate the communication process. A Terminate request with option 0x00 may set the client device to a normal mode where no further programming of the client device is possible, but the client device is ready for commercial use. A Terminate request with option 0x01 may set the client device to test mode, whereby personalization data may be transmitted to the client device, but not stored within the client device. A terminate request with option 0x02 may set the client device to test mode, whereby personalization data may be stored within the client device and further programming of the client device may still be possible.

















# of

Defined



Item
Bytes
Content
Values









1
1
Message Type (byte)
0x0E



2
1
Option (0x00 hex, Normal)
0x00, 0x01,






0x02










Message Type 15, for example, may be directed to a Response to Terminate, which may be sent by the client device to the programming device before terminating the communication process. The option status byte may contain the terminating status information. For example, a hexadecimal byte of 0xFF may indicate an error termination.

















# of

Defined



Item
Bytes
Content
Values









1
1
Message Type (byte)
0x0E



2
1
Option (status)
TBD










FIG. 5 shows architecture 500 of a programming device, which may include a communications port (e.g., USB port 502), a communications transceiver (e.g., USB transceiver 504), test port 508, MCU 506, a transmitter (e.g., IR transmitter 510), and a receiver (e.g., IR receiver 512).
The optical characteristics, for example, of programming device 500 may be as follows. The transmission and/or reception range of programming device 500 may include a relatively short range of distance (e.g., a few centimeters or less than an inch). For example, the reception and transmission range may be approximately less than 10 cm (e.g., approximately 5 mm).
The IR transmitter/IR receiver of the card device may be aligned with the corresponding IR receiver/IR transmitter of the programming device for optimized communication. The IR receivers of the client device and the programming device may be sensitive to ambient light. Accordingly, a sealed environment may be provided to substantially block ambient light from potentially interfering with IR communications between the client device and the programming device. Interference may be reduced, for example, by establishing half-duplex communications between a client device and a programming device.
Interference may be further reduced, for example, by establishing a wavelength sensitivity of the IR receiver that is different than a peak wavelength as transmitted by the IR transmitter. The wavelength sensitivity of the IR receiver may be selected to, for example, 870 nm+/−10 nm. Other parameters that may be exhibited by an IR receiver of a client device and/or a programming device may be as follows.














Receiver Parameter
Min.
Typ.
Max.
Unit



















Irradiance in angular range

110

mW/cm2


SIR mode






Peak Wavelength
860
870
890
nm


Spectral Radiation Bandwidth

45

nm


Leading edge jitter

50

ns


Latency

500

us


Rise/Fall Time

15

us


Link Distance

10

mm









FIG. 6 shows radiant intensity graph 600, which may be exhibited by an IR transmitter of a client device and/or a programming device. For example, the radiated power of an IR transmitter may be 100 mW per steradian at, for example, 0 degree transmission angle 602. A peak wavelength of, for example, 940 nm may be utilized by the IR transmitter so that the peak wavelength may be sufficiently different from the peak wavelength sensitivity (e.g., 870 nm) of the IR receiver. Other parameters that may be exhibited by an IR transmitter of a client device and/or a programming device may be as follows.














Transmitter Parameter
Min.
Typ.
Max.
Unit



















Radiated Power

100

mW/sr


Peak Wavelength

940

nm


Half Angle

15

Deg


Optical output pulse duration

80

us


(2.4 kbit/s)






Rise/Fall Time

15

us









FIG. 7 shows card 700. Card 700 may include an embedded computer consisting of a computing core, embedded memory, and a low-power infrared transceiver, which may include, for example, IR receiver 702 and IR transmitter 704. Card 700 may be programmed (e.g., personalized) by using a bidirectional communication protocol that may program the embedded memory inside card 700 via IR receiver 702 and IR transmitter 704.
Once card 700 has been programmed successfully, the infrared transceiver on the card may be permanently disabled for the remainder of the card's life. Prior to personalization, card 700 may reside in a “wait” state, such that card 700 may be sensitive to all types of light (e.g., infrared light). Accordingly, card 700 may be provided in a dark container and introduced to light only during personalization of card 700.
The IR reactive components (e.g., IR receiver 702 and IR transmitter 704) may be accessible through any surface of card 700. Accordingly, personalization of card 700 may be accomplished through alignment of IR transmitter 704 to a corresponding IR receiver of a programming device and alignment of IR receiver 702 and a corresponding IR transmitter of a programming device. For example, light pipes may be used to align the IR reactive components of card 700 and the corresponding IR reactive components of a programming device.
FIG. 8 shows programming system 800. Programming system 800 may include programming device 806, conveyor 812, cards 808, IR device 814, IR transmitter 802, and IR receiver 804. Programming system 800 may be used, for example, for high-volume programming scenarios, whereby several hundreds of cards 808 may be personalized daily by a single programming device 806 in conjunction with a single IR device 814. Persons skilled in the art will appreciate that multiple programming systems 800 working in parallel may be capable of personalizing several tens to several hundreds of thousands of cards 808 per day.
Programming device 806 may include an application programming interface (API) that may be executing within a computing platform of programming device 806. The computing platform may, for example, be executing a high-level windows application that may be used to interface with IR device 814. Accordingly, cards 808 having no user account information may nevertheless be programmed with user account information so as to personalize cards 816 for commercial use. Persons skilled in the art will appreciate that multiple IR devices 814 may be controlled by a single programming device 806 to, for example, further increase a number of cards that may be personalized on a daily basis.
Bidirectional interface 810 may represent a communications medium (e.g., a USB communications medium) whereby card personalization information may be exchanged between programming device 806 and IR device 814. IR device 814 may perform a transceiver operation, whereby communications received from programming device may be converted, for example, to corresponding IR signals and communications received from card 816 may be converted, for example, to USB signals.
Personalization data that may be used to personalize card 816 may be derived from media that may be localized to programming device 806. For example, personalization data may be extracted from a computer readable medium, such as a CD or DVD, by programming device 806 and subsequently programmed into card 816 via IR device 814. Alternately, personalization data may be extracted from a remote server 820 via a network (e.g., the internet) by programming device 806 and subsequently programmed into card 816 via IR device 814.
Cards 808 may be removably attached to conveyer 812. Conveyer 812 may be actuated, for example, such that cards 808 may be sequentially brought within a programming distance of IR device 814. For example, infrared components 802 and 804 on IR device 814 may be closely aligned within 5 mm or less (e.g., within approximately 1.0 mm) of the corresponding components on card 816 via operation of conveyer 812. IR device 814 may utilize sensor 822, which may determine whether IR components of card 816 are properly aligned with the corresponding IR components of IR device 814. Persons skilled in the art will appreciate that conveyer 812 may be actuated in both a forward and reverse direction to bring cards 808 within a programming distance of IR device 814.
The IR receiver on card 816 may be configured, for example, to have a peak wavelength sensitivity of 870 nm. Therefore, corresponding IR transmitter 802 on IR device 814 may be provided so as to closely match the IR receiver specifications of card 816.
The IR transmitter on card 816 may be configured, for example, to have a peak wavelength emission at approximately 940 nanometers. Therefore, corresponding IR receiver 804 of IR device may be provided so as to closely match the IR transmitter specifications of card 816.
A low-level, IR communication schema may be used in the personalization of cards 808. The schema, for example, may be an asynchronous, bidirectional, serial communication method. Communication may occur, for example, at a rate of approximately 2400 bps with no parity error checking, 1 start bit, and 1 stop bit (2400-N-8-1). The start bit, for example, may be zero (0) and the stop bit, for example, may be one (1).
Bit encoding using infrared pulses may be implemented with a common 18% ( 3/16th) duty cycle pulse width scheme as shown in FIG. 9. FIG. 9 shows an example of a transmitted zero (0) bit where the IR pulse width is 78 microseconds (μS) and the entire bit time is 416.7 μS. FIG. 10 shows an example of a typical byte frame that may utilize the pulse width scheme of FIG. 9.
After initial manufacturing, cards 808 may be placed into a low-power, deep-sleep condition. To wake card 816, for example, programming device 806 may send a series of clock pulses (e.g., 10) at a particular rate (e.g., a rate of 600 bits per second) using a 78.1 us infrared pulse encoding scheme. For example, the clock pulses have a bit width, or period, of 1.7 ms and a corresponding infrared pulse width of 78.1 us.
After the initialization sequence (e.g., ten clock pulses) are sent by programming device 806, card 816 may wake up and provide a response (e.g., three bytes of 0x00 at a baud rate of approximately 2400 bps). Since card 816 may not be able to accurately produce a specific baud rate, programming device 806 may nevertheless use the response from card 816 to measure the baud rate produced by card 816. Accordingly, programming device 806 may make any timing adjustments that may be necessary to substantially match the baud rate produced by card 816 so as to improve subsequent communications with card 816.
FIG. 11 shows an initialization sequence and a response to the initialization sequence. A programming device may transmit initialization sequence 1102 to a client device. In so doing, a client device may be awakened from a low-power (e.g., sleep) mode of operation. For example, the initialization sequence may be provided to input ports of a processor of the client device, which may cause an interrupt to occur within the processor to transition the client device into a normal mode of operation. Once active, the client device may respond with response 1104. If the client device does not respond with response 1104 within a timeout period (e.g., 100 mS), the programming device may resend initialization sequence 1102.
The programming device may receive response 1104 from the client device. In so doing, the programming device may ascertain a communication rate (e.g., transmission clock timing) that may be used by the client device to transmit response 1104. The programming device may adjust its communication timing to be compatible with the timing characteristics of the client device and the transfer of personalization data (e.g., messages) may commence.
Upon receipt of a message, the client device may evaluate the validity of the message. A client device may also evaluate a CRC that may be transmitted with the message. If the message validity and CRC are evaluated favorably, the client device may accept the message and may acknowledge receipt of the message. If either of the message or CRC are evaluated unfavorably, the client device may not respond at all.
If the programming device receives an acknowledgment from the client device, the programming device may proceed to send additional messages. However, if after a timeout period (e.g., 30 ms) the client device has not yet responded, the programming device may assume that a communication error has occurred and may not attempt resending messages to the client device.
The programming device may try to resend any unacknowledged message. If after a resend, the client device still has not acknowledged, the programming device may report an error condition and the client device may be marked as a suspected defect.
Data exchanged between a programming device and a client device may observe communication timeout rules. Inter-Byte timeouts may be tolerated, such that a maximum delay (e.g., 5 mS) between consecutive bytes in a message may be permitted. If more than a maximum timeout delay elapses between consecutively transmitted bytes, a client device may assume an error condition has occurred and return to a low-power (e.g., sleep) condition. In so doing, no data may be saved within the client device and the entire personalization session may be ignored.
Inter-Message timeouts may be tolerated, such that a maximum delay (e.g., 30 mS) between consecutive messages during a personalization sequence may be permitted. If more than a maximum timeout delay elapses between messages, the client device may assume an error condition has occurred and return to a low-power (e.g., sleep) condition. In so doing, no data may be saved within the client device and the entire personalization session may be ignored.
FIG. 12 shows sequences 1210 through 1240. Sequence 1210 may include, for example, transmitting an initialization sequence from a programming device to a client device (e.g., as in step 1211), transmitting a response sequence from a client device to a programming device (e.g., as in step 1212), adjusting communication timing of the programming device based upon the response sequence transmitted by the client device (e.g., as in step 1213), and commencing a personalization sequence of the client device (e.g., as in step 1214).
Sequence 1220 may include, for example, loading multiple client devices onto one or more conveyors (e.g., as in step 1221), moving the conveyor to align each client device with a corresponding programming device (e.g., as in step 1222), detecting a proper alignment of each client device with a respective programming device (e.g., as in step 1223), and commencing a personalization sequence of the client device (e.g., as in step 1224).
Sequence 1230 may include, for example, commencing a personalization sequence of a client device (e.g., as in step 1231), transmitting a byte of a personalization message from a programming device to a client device (e.g., as in step 1232), setting a timeout delay to receive an acknowledgment from the client device (e.g., as in step 1233), waiting for the acknowledgment from the client device (e.g., as in step 1234), and terminating the personalization session if the acknowledgment is not received from the client device before the timeout delay expires.
Sequence 1240 may include, for example, commencing a personalization sequence of a client device (e.g., as in step 1241), transmitting a personalization message from a programming device to a client device (e.g., as in step 1242), setting a timeout delay to receive an acknowledgment from the client device (e.g., as in step 1243), waiting for the acknowledgment from the client device (e.g., as in step 1244), and terminating the personalization session if the acknowledgment is not received from the client device before the timeout delay expires.
Persons skilled in the art will appreciate that the present invention is not limited to only the embodiments described. Instead, the present invention more generally involves dynamic information. Persons skilled in the art will also appreciate that the apparatus of the present invention may be implemented in other ways then those described herein. All such modifications are within the scope of the present invention, which is limited only by the claims that follow.

## Claims

1. A system comprising:
a plurality of cards on a conveyor, each of said plurality of cards including a first infrared communication component; and
a programming device arranged in proximity to said conveyor, said programming device including a second infrared communication component,
wherein said conveyor is operable to align each of said plurality of cards within an infrared programming distance of said programming device, said conveyor operable to reduce velocity for programming of said plurality of cards.

2. The system of claim 1, wherein said first infrared communication component includes a transmitter and a receiver.

3. The system of claim 1, wherein said first infrared communication component includes a transmitter operating at a first frequency and a receiver operating at a second frequency.

4. The system of claim 1, wherein said first infrared communication component includes a transmitter operating at a first frequency and a receiver operating at said first frequency, wherein said operation of said transmitter is at a different time with respect to said operation of said receiver.

5. The system of claim 1, wherein said first infrared communication component is disabled after programming is complete.

6. The system of claim 1, wherein each of said plurality of cards is in a low-power state prior to being programmed.

7. The system of claim 1, wherein each of said plurality of cards is awakened from a low-power state based on an initialization signal received from said programming device.

8. The system of claim 1, wherein each of said plurality of cards provides a response based on an initialization signal received from said programming device and said programming device adjusts communication timing based on said response.

9. The system of claim 1, wherein each of said plurality of cards receives personalization data from said programming device that is stored locally to said programming device.

10. The system of claim 1, wherein each of said plurality of cards receives personalization data from said programming device that is stored remotely to said programming device.

11. The system of claim 1, wherein each of said plurality of cards receives personalization data that is remote to said programming device, said personalization data being provided by a remote server over a network connection between said programming device and said remote server.

12. The system of claim 1, wherein each of said plurality of cards receives personalization data, said personalization data including at least one track of magnetic stripe data.

13. A method comprising:
loading a plurality of cards onto a transport mechanism;
moving said transport mechanism to align each of said plurality of cards with a programming device;
detecting an alignment of each of said plurality of cards with said programming device; and
transmitting light signals from said programming device to program each of said plurality of cards.

14. The method of claim 13, wherein each of said plurality of cards are aligned within 5 mm of said programming device.

15. The method of claim 13, wherein each of said plurality of cards are aligned within 1 mm of said programming device.

16. The method of claim 13, wherein said transport mechanism is moved forward to align each of said plurality of cards with said programming device.

17. The method of claim 13, wherein said transport mechanism is moved backward to align each of said plurality of cards with said programming device.

18. The method of claim 13, wherein said light signals are representative of magnetic stripe data.

19. The method of claim 13, wherein said light signals are representative of magnetic stripe data, said magnetic stripe data being downloaded into said programming device from a remote server.