2015 IL 116898

IN THE

SUPREME COURT

OF

THE STATE OF ILLINOIS

(Docket No. 116898) 

THE PEOPLE OF THE STATE OF ILLINOIS, Appellant, v. BARBARA J. CHENOWETH, 

Appellee. 

Opinion filed January 23, 2015.

JUSTICE FREEMAN delivered the judgment of the court, with opinion. 

Chief Justice Garman and Justices Thomas, Kilbride, Karmeier, Burke, and Theis 

concurred in the judgment and opinion.

 OPINION

¶ 1 Following a bench trial in the circuit court of Adams County, defendant, Barbara J. 

Chenoweth, was convicted of financial exploitation of an elderly person (720 ILCS 5/16-1.3(a) 

(West 2004)) and sentenced to four years’ probation and ordered to pay $32,266 in restitution. 

A divided panel of the appellate court vacated the conviction, holding that the extended period 

of limitations (720 ILCS 5/3-6(a)(2) (West 2004)) had expired prior to her prosecution. 2013 

IL App (4th) 120334. This court allowed the State’s petition for leave to appeal. Ill. S. Ct. R. 

315 (eff. Feb. 26, 2010). We now reverse the judgment of the appellate court and remand the 

cause to that court for disposition. 
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¶ 2 I. BACKGROUND

¶ 3 The victim, Ella Stathakis, was born in 1928. Defendant was the daughter of Ella’s 

husband and is Ella’s stepdaughter. In 2003, Ella’s husband died. In March 2003, Ella granted 

property power of attorney to defendant. In June 2004, Ella moved from her home of 25 years 

to the Sycamore Nursing Home, both of which are located in Quincy. Sometime after her 

move, Ella directed defendant to sell the house. In March 2005, defendant sold Ella’s house 

and deposited some of the proceeds of the sale in Ella’s checking account with Bank of 

America.

¶ 4 In September 2008, Ella granted property power of attorney to the West Central Illinois 

Area Agency on Aging in the person of Director Lynn Niewohner. In October 2008, agency 

employees contacted Detective Thomas Liesen, the elder-services officer with the Quincy 

police department. They informed him that money from the March 2005 sale of Ella’s house 

was missing.

¶ 5 Detective Liesen testified at the preliminary hearing as follows. On October 15, 2008, he 

interviewed Ella at her nursing home. Ella, then 80 years old, could not see or hear well and 

required assistance to walk, but she could understand and verbally communicate. According to 

Detective Liesen, “[Ella] was wondering where the funds went from the sale of her home, 

wanted to know where it went. She had never been told, and she just wanted to know where it 

was.” According to Detective Liesen, “she had no actual knowledge at that time how the funds 

out of her account had been spent, whether it was lawfully or unlawfully.” He “had no real 

information as to whether the expenditures of [defendant] or the withdrawals from *** Ella’s 

account were lawful or unlawful.” Detective Liesen further testified: “[Ella] didn’t know the 

nature of the transactions. I didn’t ask her whether these transactions were authorized or not 

until after I received the information from the subpoena.” 

¶ 6 Two days after interviewing Ella, Detective Liesen caused a subpoena to issue for Ella’s 

Bank of America checking account records from December 2004 through July 2005. He 

received the records in the mail on December 2, 2008, and began to analyze them, creating a 

spreadsheet to track what he believed to be suspicious payments. Liesen regarded as suspicious 

checks payable to “cash,” checks payable to Mark Twain Casino, a check payable to the utility 

company for defendant’s address, and a check payable to the telephone company for 

defendant’s daughter’s telephone. 

¶ 7 The bank records also indicated that defendant presented several checks for deposit in 

Ella’s checking account, but retained substantial portions of each check in cash and deposited 

only the remainder. For example, in March 2005, defendant presented for deposit a check for 
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$44,007.75, which constituted the proceeds from the sale of Ella’s house. However, defendant 

actually deposited only $34,007.75. Of the $10,000 defendant retained, she obtained a 

cashier’s check payable to a local automobile dealer for $4,000 to purchase a car for her 

daughter Christina Shannon. Also, some of these partially deposited checks were drawn on a 

line of credit provided by Beneficial Corporation to fund renovations to Ella’s house. At the 

time of Detective Liesen’s investigation, the Beneficial loan was in default and the subject of 

debt-collection efforts.

¶ 8 On December 5, 2008, Detective Liesen again spoke with Ella at her nursing home. Ella 

stated that she had not given defendant permission to use her funds to make payments to a 

casino, or for cash, or for Shannon’s car. Ella stated that her money was to be used only to pay 

her own bills. 

¶ 9 Detective Liesen subsequently interviewed defendant. Shannon was also present. 

Defendant stated as follows. She gave some of the cash from Ella’s account directly to Ella. 

Defendant also used cash from the account to buy Ella food and clothes, maintain Ella’s house, 

and pay Ella’s bills and loans. She used $10,000 of the proceeds of the house sale to repay 

those who helped to get the house ready for sale and to pay individuals for what they had done 

for Ella, including herself and Shannon. Defendant acknowledged that she obtained a cashier’s 

check drawn on Ella’s account to buy Shannon a car “for everything that she had done for 

Ella.” Defendant did not specify what Shannon had done to earn that $4,000. 

¶ 10 Shortly thereafter, Detective Liesen interviewed the buyers of Ella’s house, Amanda 

Phillips and her mother, Jeanette Phillips. They stated not only that very little had been done to 

renovate the house prior to sale, but also that the house had not even been cleaned. Liesen also 

contacted Beneficial Corporation, which referred him to the firm handling the debt collection 

on the defaulted home-improvement loan. 

¶ 11 Pursuant to standard procedure, Detective Liesen then prepared an initial report detailing 

his investigation. Liesen forwarded the report to his sergeant for review. The sergeant then sent 

Liesen’s report to the Adams County State’s Attorney, who received it on January 22, 2009. 

¶ 12 Liesen thereafter continued his investigation, subpoenaing defendant’s and Shannon’s 

checking account records, in addition to the records of the Beneficial loan. He submitted a 

supplemental report in March 2009. In December 2009, Detective Liesen testified regarding 

the case before a grand jury. 

¶ 13 On December 21, 2009, the State filed a three-count indictment charging defendant with 

financial exploitation of an elderly person. All counts charged that defendant committed the 
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offense between December 2004 and July 2005, with each count alleging that defendant had 

misappropriated a different amount of money. 

¶ 14 Defendant filed a motion to dismiss the indictment. She contended that the State did not 

commence prosecution within the standard three-year period of limitations (720 ILCS 5/3-5(b) 

(West 2004)), and that the indictment failed to allege any circumstances that would have 

placed the indictment within the one-year extended limitations period provided by section 

3-6(a)(2) of the Criminal Code of 1961 (720 ILCS 5/3-6(a)(2) (West 2004)). The State filed a 

motion that sought leave to file an information alleging why the extended statute of limitations 

had not expired, and to dismiss the indictment upon filing of the information. The circuit court 

granted the State’s motion. The State filed an information charging defendant with the same 

three counts alleged in the indictment. Additionally, each count alleged that the one-year 

extended limitations period provided by section 3-6(a)(2) had not expired because defendant 

was indicted on the same charge on December 21, 2009, which was within one year of January 

22, 2009, when the investigative file was referred to the Adams County State’s Attorney and he 

thereby became aware of the offense.

¶ 15 Defendant moved to dismiss the information, contending that the State filed the charges 

after the extended limitations period had expired. The circuit court disagreed and denied 

defendant’s motion to dismiss. The court found that the extended limitations period 

commenced on January 22, 2009, when the police report was delivered to the Adams County 

State’s Attorney, and defendant was indicted within one year of that date.

¶ 16 Defendant waived her right to a jury trial. At the conclusion of defendant’s bench trial, the 

circuit court found defendant guilty of financial exploitation of an elderly person. The court 

denied defendant’s posttrial motions and entered judgment on the most serious charge. The 

court sentenced defendant to four years’ probation and ordered her to pay $32,266 in 

restitution.

¶ 17 On appeal, defendant argued, inter alia, that her conviction must be vacated because the 

State charged her after the statute of limitations had expired and failed to allege any 

circumstances that would have placed the indictment within the one-year extended limitations 

period established by section 3-6(a)(2). A divided panel of the appellate court agreed and 

vacated defendant’s conviction, holding that she was indicted after the extended limitations 

period had expired. 2013 IL App (4th) 120334, ¶¶ 27-28. The dissenting justice regarded the 

prosecution as timely. Id. ¶ 35 (Pope, J., dissenting). 

¶ 18 The State appeals to this court. Additional pertinent background will be discussed in the 

context of our analysis. 
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¶ 19 II. ANALYSIS

¶ 20 The indictment charged defendant with committing the offense between December 2004 

and July 2005. The parties agree that the indictment date of December 21, 2009, rather than the 

date of the subsequent information, is controlling for purposes of our analysis. See 720 ILCS 

5/3-7(c) (West 2004); People v. Gray, 396 Ill. App. 3d 216, 224 (2009) (citing People v. Cray, 

209 Ill. App. 3d 60, 65 (1991)). However, the parties dispute which event prior to defendant’s 

December 21, 2009, indictment activated section 3-6(a)(2) of the Criminal Code of 1961 (720 

ILCS 5/3-6(a)(2) (West 2004)) and, consequently, whether defendant was indicted within that 

section’s one-year extended limitations period. This issue requires us to construe the statutory 

language that triggers the extension. Statutory construction is a question of law, which is 

reviewed de novo. People v. Gutman, 2011 IL 110338, ¶ 12; People v. Zimmerman, 239 Ill. 2d 

491, 497 (2010). 

¶ 21 The principles guiding our review are familiar. The primary object in construing a statute is 

to ascertain and give effect to the intent of the legislature. The most reliable indicator of 

legislative intent is the language of the statute, given its plain and ordinary meaning. People v. 

Jackson, 2011 IL 110615, ¶ 12; People v. Botruff, 212 Ill. 2d 166, 174 (2004). Further, when a 

statute defines the very terms it uses, those terms must be construed according to the 

definitions contained in the statute. State Farm Mutual Automobile Insurance Co. v. Universal 

Underwriters Group, 182 Ill. 2d 240, 244 (1998); see People v. Olsson, 2011 IL App (2d) 

091351, ¶ 6. A court must view the statute as a whole, construing words and phrases in light of 

other relevant statutory provisions and not in isolation. Each word, clause and sentence of a 

statute must be given a reasonable meaning, if possible, and should not be rendered 

superfluous. The court may consider the reason for the law, the problems sought to be 

remedied, the purposes to be achieved, and the consequences of construing the statute one way 

or another. Also, a court presumes the General Assembly, in its enactment of legislation, did 

not intend absurdity, inconvenience, or injustice. People v. Perez, 2014 IL 115927, ¶ 9; People 

v. Hunter, 2013 IL 114100, ¶ 13. 

¶ 22 A statute of limitations represents a legislative assessment of the relative interests of the 

State and the defendant in administering and receiving justice. United States v. Marion, 404 

U.S. 307, 322 (1971). The establishment of limitations periods is properly left to the legislature 

based on its determination of what the public policy of this State should be with respect to 

specific crimes. See People v. Isaacs, 37 Ill. 2d 205, 229 (1967); People v. Berg, 277 Ill. App. 

3d 549, 552 (1996). 
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¶ 23 Section 3-5(b) of the Criminal Code of 1961 provides that, subject to exceptions specified 

in subsection (a), a prosecution for a felony must be commenced within three years after the 

commission of the offense, unless the statute describing the offense provides otherwise, or 

section 3-6 extends the limitations period. 720 ILCS 5/3-5(b) (West 2004). Defendant’s 

offense, financial exploitation of an elderly person, is a felony, and the section describing the 

offense does not provide for its own limitations period. 720 ILCS 5/16-1.3(a) (West 2004). 

Further, the December 21, 2009, indictment was filed more than three years after defendant 

committed the offense.

¶ 24 However, section 3-6 extends the general statute of limitations in several circumstances. 

For theft involving a breach of fiduciary obligation to the aggrieved person, section 3-6(a) 

provides, in pertinent part, that prosecution may be commenced: 

“within one year after the discovery of the offense by an aggrieved person, or by a 

person who has legal capacity to represent an aggrieved person or has a legal duty to 

report the offense, and is not himself or herself a party to the offense; or in the absence 

of such discovery, within one year after the proper prosecuting officer becomes aware 

of the offense. However, in no such case is the period of limitation so extended more 

than 3 years beyond the expiration of the period otherwise applicable.” (Emphasis 

added.) 720 ILCS 5/3-6(a)(2) (West 2004). 

¶ 25 In the instant case, the appellate court concluded that Ella, the aggrieved person, 

“discovered the offense” on December 5, 2008, when she learned from Detective Liesen that 

defendant had written checks from her checking account that she had not authorized. 

According to the appellate court, this event triggered the one-year extended limitations period 

of section 3-6(a), which expired on December 5, 2009. Therefore, according to the appellate 

court, defendant’s December 21, 2009, indictment was filed after the extended limitations 

period had expired. 2013 IL App (4th) 120334, ¶¶ 27-28. 

¶ 26 Before this court, the State contends that Ella did not “discover the offense,” within the 

meaning of section 3-6(a)(2), prior to the proper prosecuting officer becoming aware of the 

offense. According to the State, on January 22, 2009, the Adams County State’s Attorney 

became aware of the offense when it received the police investigation file. The State argues 

that this event activated section 3-6(a)(2) and, consequently, defendant was indicted within 

that section’s one-year extended limitations period. We agree with the State.

¶ 27 The statutory phrase “discovery of the offense” is clear and unambiguous. In the context of 

the statute, the word “discovery” means “the act, process, or an instance of gaining knowledge 

of or ascertaining the existence of something previously unknown or unrecognized *** the act 
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or an instance of finding or finding out (as something that was lost or hidden) *** something 

that is discovered (as by being brought to light, disclosed, or ascertained).” Webster’s Third 

New International Dictionary 647 (1993). The Criminal Code of 1961 itself defines “offense” 

as “a violation of any penal statute of this State.” 720 ILCS 5/2-12 (West 2004). Thus, the 

phrase “discovery of the offense” means gaining knowledge or finding out that a criminal 

statute has been violated. We observe that over 40 years ago our appellate court correctly 

construed this phrase in another subdivision of section 3-6. People v. McGreal, 4 Ill. App. 3d 

312, 320-21 (1971) (construing 720 ILCS 5/3-6(b) (West 2004) as previously codified); see 

Commonwealth v. Hawkins, 439 A.2d 748, 750 (Pa. Super. 1982) (quoting McGreal).

¶ 28 Defendant posits that on December 5, 2008, when Ella learned from Detective Liesen that 

defendant had written unauthorized checks on Ella’s checking account, Ella “knew that a 

criminal offense had occurred.” Defendant’s argument erroneously equates the loss with a 

crime. The December 5, 2008, interview informed Ella that several specific losses occurred, 

which raised the suspicion that a crime may have been committed. However, section 3-6(a)(2) 

requires more than mere suspicion of a crime, or even awareness of a loss. Rather, activation of 

section 3-6(a)(2) requires awareness or knowledge that there has been a violation of a penal 

statute. A suspicion of a crime may lead to further investigation, but it does not of itself 

constitute “discovery of the offense.” See McGreal, 4 Ill. App. 3d at 320-21. As of December 

5, 2008, Ella had no awareness or knowledge that a crime occurred. 1 Applying section 

3-6(a)(2), as construed, to the case at bar, we conclude that Ella did not “discover the offense” 

prior to the Adams County State’s Attorney becoming aware thereof. 

¶ 29 However, according to the appellate court, “Ella knew when she spoke to Detective Liesen 

on December 5, 2008, defendant had written checks from her account which she had not 

authorized. *** This was more than mere suspicion. As of December 5, 2008, Ella discovered 

defendant misappropriated her money and, thus, had knowledge an offense had been 

committed.” 2013 IL App (4th) 120334, ¶ 27. The record belies this reasoning. 

¶ 30 The appellate court failed to consider the authorization that Ella had granted to defendant 

through the property power of attorney. The legislature has expressly declared: “The General 

Assembly finds that the public interest requires a standardized form of power of attorney that 

individuals may use to authorize an agent to act for them in dealing with their property and 

financial affairs.” (Emphasis added.) 755 ILCS 45/3-1 (West 2004). 

 1

Because Ella had no knowledge that a crime occurred, we need not and do not discuss the extent of the 

aggrieved person’s knowledge of criminal activity sufficient to activate section 3-6(a)(2). See People v. Campa, 

217 Ill. 2d 243, 269-70 (2005) (reviewing court will not decide nonessential issues or render advisory opinions).
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¶ 31 On March 13, 2003, Ella signed an Illinois statutory short form power of attorney for 

property as provided in section 3-3 of the Statutory Short Form Power of Attorney for Property 

Law (Property Power of Attorney Law). 755 ILCS 45/3-3 (West 2002). The form begins with a 

notice in capital letters that explains: “The purpose of this power of attorney is to give the 

person you designate (your ‘agent’) broad powers to handle your property, which may include 

powers to pledge, sell or otherwise dispose of any real or personal property without advance 

notice to you or approval by you.” (Emphasis added.) Id. In the signed form, Ella did not 

indicate any limitation or restriction regarding property powers and transactions, and the 

phrase “no limitations” was typed in the blank provided. Additionally, in capital letters, Ella 

granted defendant “authority to employ other persons as necessary to enable the agent to 

properly exercise the powers granted in this form.” 755 ILCS 45/3-3(3) (West 2002). Also, 

defendant was “entitled to reasonable compensation for services rendered as agent under this 

power of attorney.” 755 ILCS 45/3-3(5) (West 2002). 

¶ 32 Considering Ella’s grant of property power of attorney to defendant, the appellate court’s 

reasoning fails. On December 5, 2008, Ella did not “know” that defendant had 

“misappropriated” Ella’s money by writing checks on Ella’s checking account that she did not 

authorize. 2013 IL App (4th) 120334, ¶ 27. Indeed, based on the property power of attorney, 

defendant was “authorized to: open, close, continue and control all accounts and deposits in 

any type of financial institution ***; deposit in and withdraw from and write checks on any 

financial institution account or deposit.” (Emphases added.) 755 ILCS 45/3-4(b) (West 2002). 

Merely because Ella knew that unauthorized checks had been written did not mean that Ella 

knew there had been a misappropriation of her money. 

¶ 33 Nonetheless, defendant contends that on December 5, 2008, Ella knew that defendant had 

used her assets not for her benefit. Of course, the agent under a property power of attorney 

cannot run amok. The Property Power of Attorney Law explains that the agent is under no duty 

to exercise granted powers or to assume control of the principal’s property, “but when granted 

powers are exercised, the agent will be required to use due care to act for the benefit of the 

principal in accordance with the terms of the statutory property power and will be liable for 

negligent exercise.” 755 ILCS 45/3-4 (West 2004). Also, “the agent will not have power *** to 

make gifts of the principal’s property.” Id. The “power to make gifts” must be specifically 

added to the statutory short form (755 ILCS 45/3-3(3) (West 2004)), and was not added to the 

form signed by Ella.

¶ 34 However, as of December 5, 2008, Detective Liesen’s investigation had not uncovered any 

evidence indicating that defendant’s expenditures were gifts prohibited by the power of 

attorney. More to the point, Ella did not “know” whether the expenditures fit that 
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characterization. Although Ella disapproved of defendant’s expenditures, the Property Power 

of Attorney Law charged Ella with knowing only that defendant might be liable for negligent 

exercise of a duty of due care. At most, Ella suspected, but did not know, that defendant had 

committed a crime.

¶ 35 This is the type of situation in which the legislature intended to provide a remedy for 

victims such as Ella. The legislature designed section 3-6 “to permit increases in the general 

time limitations with respect to certain offenses which are capable of being readily concealed 

by the offender, from both the victims and the law enforcing authorities, over substantial 

periods of time and beyond the general limitations applicable to those offenses.” Ill. Ann. Stat., 

ch. 38, ¶ 3-6, Committee Comments—1961, at 176 (Smith-Hurd 1989). The legislature 

enacted section 3-6(a) specifically to deal with the offender who has successfully avoided 

detection of his or her breach of fiduciary obligation for the term of the general time limitation. 

Id. Prior to section 3-6, “Illinois had no statute recognizing the limitation problem as to *** 

private offenders in offenses involving fraud or a breach of fiduciary obligation.” Id. at 178. 

The legislature regarded such a statute “advisable in view of the comparatively short (3-year) 

general limitation in this State.” Id. The legislature deemed the “most appropriate solution *** 

to be to extend the general period for a further term which is related to the discovery of the 

particular offense; but to fix a limit upon the length of the extension.” Id. 

¶ 36 Accordingly, the one-year extended period of limitations provided by section 3-6(a)(2) did 

not commence on December 5, 2008. Rather, the limitations period commenced on January 22, 

2009, when the Adams County State’s Attorney became aware of the offense when he received 

the police investigation file. Since defendant was indicted within one year of that date, her 

prosecution commenced within the extended limitations period provided by section 3-6(a)(2). 

Consequently, the appellate court erred in vacating defendant’s conviction. 

¶ 37 Finally, before the appellate court, defendant additionally contended, and the State 

conceded, that she was entitled to a statutory credit for time served in pretrial custody. 

However, the appellate court did not address this issue because the court considered the 

limitations issue to be dispositive. 2013 IL App (4th) 120334, ¶ 30. Therefore, we remand the 

cause to the appellate court for disposition of defendant’s remaining contention. See, e.g., 

People v. Givens, 237 Ill. 2d 311, 339 (2010). 
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¶ 38 III. CONCLUSION

¶ 39 For the foregoing reasons, the judgment of the appellate court is reversed, and the cause is 

remanded to the appellate court for disposition. 

¶ 40 Reversed and remanded.