Biological Evaluation ofWedgewire Screens for ProtectingFish at Cooling Water IntakesBiological Evaluation ofBiological Evaluation ofWedgewire Screens for ProtectingWedgewire Screens for ProtectingFish at Cooling Water IntakesFish at Cooling Water IntakesSteve Amaral, Michelle Metzger, Jonathan Black,Steve Amaral, Michelle Metzger, Jonathan Black,and Edward Taftand Edward TaftALDENResearch Laboratory, Inc.Research Laboratory, Inc.Doug DixonDoug DixonEPRIA Symposium on Cooling Water Intake TechnologiesA Symposium on Cooling Water Intake TechnologiesTo Protect Aquatic OrganismsTo Protect Aquatic OrganismsSTUDY SPONSORSSTUDY SPONSORSSTUDY SPONSORSLaboratoryEvaluation ofCylindrical Wedgewire ScreensBiological EvaluationBiological EvaluationBiological EvaluationLaboratoryEvaluation ofCylindrical Wedgewire ScreensObjectivesObjectivesObjectivesObjectivesDetermine the relative influence of theDetermine the relative influence of thefollowing parameters on entrainment andfollowing parameters on entrainment andimpingement rates of selected species andimpingement rates of selected species andlife stages:life stages:3⁄4Slot sizeSlot size3⁄4ThroughThrough-slot velocityslot velocity3⁄4Approach channel velocityApproach channel velocityMETHODSMETHODSMETHODSTest ConditionsTest ConditionsTest ConditionsTest ConditionsLaboratoryEvaluation ofCylindrical Wedgewire Screens0o90o0.51.02.00.150.300.080.150.30ScreenOrientationOrientationSlot SizeSlot Size(mm)Slot VelocitySlot Velocity(m/s)ChannelChannelVelocityVelocity(m/s)METHODSMETHODSMETHODSTest FishTest FishTest FishTest FishLaboratoryEvaluation ofCylindrical Wedgewire Screens4.5 4.3 -8.8--5.0 -7.9--6.3 -7.3--6.43.2 13.9--19.00.7----6.2EGGDIALARVALSPECIESSPECIESDIALENGTHstriped bass (striped bass (Morone saxatilis)Morone saxatilis)winter flounder (winter flounder (Pleuronectes americanus)Pleuronectes americanus)yellow perch (yellow perch (Perca flavescens)Perca flavescens)common carp (common carp (Cyprinus carpio)Cyprinus carpio)white sucker (white sucker (Catostomus commersoni)Catostomus commersoni)bluegill (bluegill (Lepomis macrochirus)Lepomis macrochirus)alewife (alewife (Alosapseudoharenguspseudoharengus)rainbow smelt (rainbow smelt (Osmerus mordaxOsmerus mordax)Test Facility DesignTest Facility DesignTest Facility DesignTest Facility DesignMETHODSMETHODSMETHODSLaboratoryEvaluation ofCylindrical Wedgewire Screens1.8 ft6.0ft6.0ftCollectionnetWedge-wireT-screen(1ftindiameterby4.25ftin length)Fishandeggrelease systemFlowFlowToentrainmentcollection netToentrainmentcollectionnetPlan ViewPlan ViewSectionSectionTest Facility DesignTest Facility DesignTest Facility DesignTest Facility DesignMETHODSMETHODSMETHODSLaboratoryEvaluation ofCylindrical Wedgewire ScreensFlowFlowMETHODSMETHODSMETHODSFish ReleaseFish ReleaseFish ReleaseFish ReleaseLaboratoryEvaluation ofCylindrical Wedgewire ScreensFlowFlowMETHODSMETHODSMETHODSCollection SystemsCollection SystemsCollection SystemsCollection SystemsLaboratoryEvaluation ofCylindrical Wedgewire ScreensEntrainment Collection Tank and NetEntrainment Collection Tank and NetMETHODSMETHODSMETHODSVideo ObservationsVideo ObservationsVideo ObservationsVideo ObservationsLaboratoryEvaluation ofCylindrical Wedgewire ScreensExperimental DesignExperimental DesignExperimental DesignExperimental DesignMETHODSMETHODSMETHODSLaboratoryEvaluation ofCylindrical Wedgewire ScreensFor each set of test conditions (i.e., slot size,For each set of test conditions (i.e., slot size,slot velocity, approach velocity, species):slot velocity, approach velocity, species):3⁄4Conduct 3Conduct 3-5 trials5 trials3⁄4Release 50 to 100 organisms per trialRelease 50 to 100 organisms per trial3⁄4Estimate number entrainedEstimate number entrained3⁄4Estimate number impingedEstimate number impingedMETHODSMETHODSMETHODSEntrainment/ImpingementEntrainment/ImpingementEntrainment/ImpingementEntrainment/ImpingementLaboratoryEvaluation ofCylindrical Wedgewire Screens% Fish Lost to% Fish Lost toImpingement/EntrainmentEadj+IRImpingement/EntrainmentR=X100METHODSMETHODSMETHODSData AnalysisData AnalysisData AnalysisData AnalysisLaboratoryEvaluation ofCylindrical Wedgewire Screens3⁄4Analyze entrainment and impingement data forAnalyze entrainment and impingement data forstatistical differences among test conditionsstatistical differences among test conditions(slot width, slot velocity, channel velocity,(slot width, slot velocity, channel velocity,species)species)3⁄4Explore potential interactions among the testExplore potential interactions among the testconditionsconditions3⁄4For larval data, examine fish length as aFor larval data, examine fish length as acovariatecovariateRESULTSRESULTSRESULTSLaboratoryEvaluation ofCylindrical Wedgewire Screens3⁄4Percent of organisms lost to entrainment andPercent of organisms lost to entrainment andimpingement by slot sizeimpingement by slot size3⁄4Relationship between length/diameter andRelationship between length/diameter andentrainment and impingemententrainment and impingement3⁄4Effect of channel/slot velocity ratio on percent ofEffect of channel/slot velocity ratio on percent oforganisms lost to entrainment and impingementorganisms lost to entrainment and impingementRESULTSRESULTSRESULTSLaboratoryEvaluation ofCylindrical Wedgewire Screens020406080100rainbowsmeltwinter flounderwhite suckeryellowperchstriped bassChannel Velocity(m/s)0.000.080.150.220.30

M ean % Lost to Impin g eme n t/Entrain m ent020406080100bluegillwinter flounderyellowperchstriped bass0.15m/s through-slot velocity0.30m/s through-slot velocity0.5-mm slot screenmm slot screenFish LarvaeFish LarvaeRESULTSRESULTSRESULTSLaboratoryEvaluation ofCylindrical Wedgewire Screens020406080100commoncarpwinter flounderwhitesuckerstriped bassChannel Velocity(m/s)0.000.080.150.220.30

Mea n % Lost to Im pinge m ent/Entrainm ent020406080100commoncarpwinter flounderwhitesuckerstriped bass0.15 m/sthrough-slot velocity0.30 m/s through-slot velocity1-mm slot screenmm slot screenFish LarvaeFish LarvaeRESULTSRESULTSRESULTSLaboratoryEvaluation ofCylindrical Wedgewire Screens020406080100winterflounderstriped bassChannel Velocity(m/s)0.000.080.150.220.30

% Lost to Im pingement/Entr a inment020406080100bluegill0.15m/s through-slot velocity0.30m/s through-slotvelocity2-mm slot screenmm slot screenFish LarvaeFish LarvaeRESULTSRESULTSRESULTSLaboratoryEvaluation ofCylindrical Wedgewire ScreensFish LengthFish LengthFish LengthFish Length020406080100FishLength(mm)5.07.510.012.515.0

Mean % Lost to Entrainment/Imp i n g ement0204060801000.08 m/s0.15 m/s0.30 m/s0.5mm Slot Screen1.0mm Slot Screen0.15 m/s through0.15 m/s through-slot velocityslot velocityFish larvaeFish larvaeRESULTSRESULTSRESULTSLaboratoryEvaluation ofCylindrical Wedgewire ScreensFish LengthFish LengthFish LengthFish Length020406080100FishLength (mm)468101214161820

Mean % L o st to E n train m ent/Impin g emen t0204060801000.08m/s0.15m/s0.30m/s0.5 mm Slot Screen1.0 mm Slot Screen020406080100FishLength (mm)468101214161820

Mean % L o st to E n train m ent/Impin g emen t0204060801000.08m/s0.15m/s0.30m/s0.5 mm Slot Screen1.0 mm Slot Screen0.30 m/s through0.30 m/s through-slot velocityslot velocityFish LarvaeFish LarvaeRESULTSRESULTSRESULTSLaboratoryEvaluation ofCylindrical Wedgewire ScreensFish LarvaeFish Larvae01020304050607080Channel to Slot Velocity Ratio0.00.51.01.52.0

Mean % Lost to E n tr ainm ent/ Impingement01020304050607080r2= 0.87r2= 0.850.5-mmSlot Screen1.0-mmSlot ScreenChannel/Slot Velocity RatioChannel/Slot Velocity RatioChannel/Slot Velocity RatioChannel/Slot Velocity RatioChannel to Slot VelocityRatio0.00.51.01.52.0

Me an % Lost to Entrainment/Im pingem ent01020304050607080r2= 99.6Fish LarvaeFish LarvaeAll screens combinedAll screens combinedRESULTSRESULTSRESULTSLaboratoryEvaluation ofCylindrical Wedgewire Screens020406080100white sucker - 0.5 mmslotstriped bass- 0.5 mmslotstriped bass- 1.0 mmslotstriped bass- 2.0 mmslotChannel Velocity(m/s)0.000.080.150.220.30

Mean % Lost to Impi ngem e nt/ E ntr a inm ent020406080100alewife -0.5mmslotalewife -2.0mmslotwhite sucker - 0.5 mmslotstriped bass- 0.5 mmslotstriped bass- 1.0 mmslot0.15m/sthrough-slotvelocity0.30m/sthrough-slot velocityFish EggsFish EggsRESULTSRESULTSRESULTSLaboratoryEvaluation ofCylindrical Wedgewire ScreensEgg DiameterEgg DiameterEgg DiameterEgg Diameter0.5 mm slot with 0.30 m/s through0.5 mm slot with 0.30 m/s through-slot velocityslot velocityFish EggsFish EggsEgg Diameter (mm)0123456

Mean % Lost to Entr ainment/Impingement0204060801000.08 m/s0.15 m/s0.30 m/sRESULTSRESULTSRESULTSLaboratoryEvaluation ofCylindrical Wedgewire ScreensChannel/Slot Velocity RatioChannel/Slot Velocity RatioChannel/Slot Velocity RatioChannel/Slot Velocity RatioFish EggsFish Eggs020406080100Channelto Slot VelocityRatio0.00.51.01.52.0

Me an % L o st to E n tr ain m ent/Impi ngemen t020406080100020406080100r2= 47.2r2= 71.7r2=82.90.5-mm SlotScreen1.0-mm SlotScreen2.0-mm SlotScreenFish EggsFish EggsAll screens combinedAll screens combinedChannel to Slot Velocity Ratio0.00.51.01.52.0

Mean % Lost to E n trainment/Impingement01020304050607080r2= 74.0VIDEO OBSERVATIONSVIDEO OBSERVATIONSVIDEO OBSERVATIONSLaboratoryEvaluation ofCylindrical Wedgewire ScreensSlot Width:Slot Width:2.0 mmThroughThrough-Velocity:slotVelocity:0.5 ft/sChannel Velocity (Channel Velocity (ft/s):0.25 ft/sVIDEO OBSERVATIONSVIDEO OBSERVATIONSVIDEO OBSERVATIONSLaboratoryEvaluation ofCylindrical Wedgewire ScreensSlot Width:Slot Width:2.0 mmThroughThrough-Velocity:slotVelocity:0.5 ft/sChannel Velocity (Channel Velocity (ft/s):0.5 ft/sVIDEO OBSERVATIONSVIDEO OBSERVATIONSVIDEO OBSERVATIONSLaboratoryEvaluation ofCylindrical Wedgewire ScreensSlot Width:Slot Width:2.0 mmThroughThrough-Velocity:slotVelocity:0.5 ft/sChannel Velocity (Channel Velocity (ft/s):1.0 ft/sConclusionsConclusionsConclusionsLaboratoryEvaluation ofCylindrical Wedgewire Screens3⁄4Impingement decreased with increases in slot sizeImpingement decreased with increases in slot size3⁄4Entrainment increased with increases in slot sizeEntrainment increased with increases in slot size3⁄4Entrainment and impingement increased with increases inEntrainment and impingement increased with increases inthroughthrough-slot velocityslot velocity3⁄4Entrainment and impingement decreased with increasesEntrainment and impingement decreased with increaseschannel velocitychannel velocity3⁄4For each species evaluated, larval length generally did notFor each species evaluated, larval length generally did notinfluence entrainment and impingement rates, most likelyinfluence entrainment and impingement rates, most likelydue to the narrow size ranges that were testeddue to the narrow size ranges that were tested3⁄4Among species, larval entrainment and impingement ratesAmong species, larval entrainment and impingement ratesgenerally decreased with increasing fish lengthgenerally decreased with increasing fish length3⁄4Percent of eggs lost to entrainment and impingementPercent of eggs lost to entrainment and impingementincreased with diameter atthe lower channel velocincreased with diameter atthe lower channel velocities3⁄4The ratio of channel velocslot velocity was negativelyThe ratio of channel velocity toslot velocity was negativelycorrelated with entrainment/impingement ratescorrelated with entrainment/impingement ratesConclusionsConclusionsConclusionsLaboratoryEvaluation ofCylindrical Wedgewire ScreensGeneral Effectiveness ofWedgewire ScreensGeneral Effectiveness ofWedgewire Screens3⁄4Entrainment and impingement ratesless than 10% can be achievedEntrainment and impingement ratesless than 10% can be achievedfor eggs and larvae depending on organism size, screen design, afor eggs and larvae depending on organism size, screen design, andl hydraulicslocal hydraulicsConsiderations in Assessing Wedgewire Screen EffectivenessConsiderations in Assessing Wedgewire Screen Effectiveness3⁄4The relative importance of each variable is dynamicThe relative importance of each variable is dynamic3⁄4More information is needed to fully understand the interactionsMore information is needed to fully understand the interactionsamongall variables that influence entrainment and impingementall variables that influence entrainment and impingement3⁄4Effects of debris loading are unknownEffects of debris loading are unknown3⁄4Entrainment and impingement rates will be lower when all organisEntrainment and impingement rates will be lower when all organismsthat are within the biologiczone of influence are consideredthat are within the biologicalzone of influence are considered3⁄4Conclusionsfrom the laboratory study must be verified in the fiConclusionsfrom the laboratory study must be verified in the field