## Importation of Fresh Strawberry, **Fragaria spp., Fruit**  **with**

**Calyx and Short Stalk from Egypt into the Continental** 

**United States**

**A Qualitative, Pathway -**  **Initiated Risk Assessment**

**January 4 ,**  **201 2** 

**Agency Contact:** Center for Plant Health Science and Technology Plant Epidemiology and Risk Analysis Laboratory United States Department of Agriculture Animal and Plant Health Inspection Service Plant Protection and Quarantine 1730 Varsity Drive, Suite 300 Raleigh, NC 27606Pest Risk A ssessment for Strawberries from Egypt

Ver. 1 ( Original ) January 4, 2012 i 

### Executive Summary The United States Department of Agriculture (USDA), Animal and Plant Health Inspection Service (APHI S) prepared this pathway

- initiated risk assessment to determine the risks associated with the importation of field

- grown strawberry fruit ( Fragaria spp.) with cal yces and short stalks into the continental United States from the Arab Republic of Egy pt. We developed a list of pests reported in Egy pt that are known to be associated with Fragaria spp . using standard sources, scientific literature, port

- of

- entry pest interception data, and information provided b y the government of Egy pt. Quarantine pests that follow the pathway were qualitatively

anal yz ed and risk estimates expressed in descriptive terms (High, Medium, and Low). We found the following three quarantine pests were likely to follow the pathway, and further anal yz ed them: **Type Organism**  **Taxonomy Pest Risk**  **Potential** Acari Eutetranychus orientalis (Klein) Acari: Tetranychidae High Arthropods Chrysodeixis chalcites (Esper) Lepidoptera: Noctuidae High

Spodoptera littoralis (Boisduval) Lepidoptera: Noctuidae High We estimated Consequences of Introduction based on five elements related to the biology and ecology of the pests , and Likelihood of Introduction by considering both the quantity of the commodity

imported annually

and potential factors affecting pest introduction. We summed the Consequences of Introduction and Likelihood of Introduction values to estimate overal l Pest Risk Potentials, which describe risk in the absence of mitigation. Based on this analysis, we found that all three pests had **High** pest risk potentials. Such pests usually require mitigations in addition to port

- of

- entry inspection. The choice of appropriate phytosanitary measures to mitigate pest risk is part of the pest risk management phase within APHI S and is not addressed in this document.Pest Risk A ssessment for Strawberries from Egypt

Ver. 1 ( Original ) January 4, 2012 ii 

### Table of Contents **Executive Summary ................................**  **................................ ................................**  **....................... i**  **1. Introduction ................................**  **................................ ................................**  **............................... 1**  1.1. Botany and Origin

................................ ................................ ................................ ............... 1 1.2. Production Worldwide and in Egy pt
................................ ................................ ................... 2 1.3. Standard postharvest processing

................................ ................................ ......................... 2 **2. Risk Assessment ................................**  **................................ ................................**  **........................ 3**  2.1. Initiating Event: Proposed Action

................................ ................................ ....................... 3 2.2. Assessment of Weed Potential of Fragaria spp. ................................ ................................ 3 2.3. Current Status, Decision History, and Pest Interceptions

................................ ................... 5 2.4. Pest Categorization

- Identification of Pests of Fragaria spp. in Egy pt
............................... 5 2.5. Quarantine Pests Likely to Follow the Pathway

................................ ............................... 20 2.6. Consequences of Introduction

................................ ................................ ........................... 20 2.7. Likelihood of Introduction

................................ ................................ ................................ 24 2.8. Pest Risk Potential and Conclusion

................................ ................................ .................. 27 **3. Authors and Reviewers ................................**  **................................ ................................**  **........... 27**  4. Literature Cited

................................ ................................ ................................ .................... 28 **5. Appendices ................................**  **................................ ................................**  **............................... 39**  Appendix A. Countries from which strawberries are permitted entry into the United States. 39 Appendix B. Decision sheets for Fragaria spp. ................................ ................................ ...... 40 Appendix C. Pest interceptions on Fragaria sp., F. ananassa, F. chiloensis , and F. vesca entering the United States

................................ ................................ ................................ .. 42 Appendix D. Harvest and post

- harvest practices, and standard packinghouse procedures described for strawberries produced in Egy pt (CAPQ, 2006)

................................ ........... 50 Appendix E. Quarantine pests reported on strawberries ( Fragaria spp.) (in any

country) and present in Egy

pt
................................ ................................ ................................ ................. 52Pest Risk A ssessment for Strawberries from Egypt

Ver. 1 ( Original ) January 4, 2012 1 

### 1. Introduction This document was prepared by the Plant Epidemiology

and Risk Anal ys is Laboratory of the Center for Plant Health Science and Technology , USDA Animal and Plant Health Inspection Service (APHI S), Plant Protection and Quarantine (PPQ) , in response to a request to evaluate the risks as sociated with the importation of commercially produced fresh fruits of strawberry ( Fragaria spp. ) from the Arab Republic of Egy pt into the continental United States

. The International Plant Protection Convention (IPPC) provide s guidance for conducting pes t risk anal ys es. The methods used here are consistent with guidelines provided b y the IP PC , specificall y the International Standard for Phytosanitary Measures (ISPM) on ‘Pest Risk Analysis for Quarantine Pests, Including Analysis of Environmental Risks and Living Modified Organisms’ (IPPC, 2009: I SPM #11) . The use of biological and phytosanitary terms is consistent with the ‘ Glossary

of Phy tosanitary Terms and the Compendium of Phy tosanitary T erms ’ (IPPC, 2009: I SPM #5)

. Three stages of pest risk anal ys is are described in international standards : Stage 1, Initiation, Stage 2, Risk Assessment, and Stage 3, Risk Management. This document satisfies the requirements of Stage s 1 and 2

. This is a qualitative risk anal ys is; estimates of risk are expressed in terms of High, Medium, and Low pest risk potentials based on the combined ratings for specified risk elements (PPQ, 2000 ) related to the probability

and consequences of importing fresh fruits of strawberry from the Arab Republic of Egy

pt . For the purposes of this assessment High, Medium, and Low probabilities will be defined as: High: More likel y to occur than not to occur Medium: As likely

to occur as not to occur Low: Less likel y to occur than not to occur The appropriate risk management strategy for a particular pest depends on the risk posed by that pest. Identification of appropriate sanitary and phy tosanitary measures to mitigate the risk, if any, for this pest is undertaken as part of Stage 3 (Risk Management). Other than listing possible mitigation options for the pests of concern, we did not discuss risk management in this document. **1.1. Botany and Origin** Fragaria species belong to the Rosaceae famil y. The genus Fragaria contains fifteen strawberry species that are distributed throughout the northern temperate regions of the world , and one species that extends into South America. Fragaria virginiana and F. chiloensis are native to the Americas (CABI, 2007). F ive species of Fragaria are native to or found in the United States : F
. x ananassa , F
. bringhurstii , F
. chiloensis , F
. vesca , and F
. virginiana . Within these five species there are 13 subspecies that are native to or naturalized in the continental United States (NRCS, 2010). Northeast Asia contains the largest number of species.Pest Risk A ssessment for Strawberries from Egypt

Ver. 1 ( Original ) January 4, 2012 2 The hy brid F. ananassa Duchesne was obtained in Europe in the mid

- eighteenth century from the crossing of F. virginiana Duchesne and F. chiloensis (L). This hy brid was rapidl y cultivated by growers around the world because it was superior in many ways to the wild sp ecies that were the source of strawberry

fruit (CABI, 2007). Other native species are still harvested from the wild, but these rarel y appear in markets because of their small size and poor shelf life. **1.2. Production Worldwide and in Egypt**  North America is the largest world producer of strawberries (Perez and Pollack, 2007). Strawberry

production in California and Florida in 2009 was forecast to be 2.4 billion pounds and 182,600 pounds, respectivel y (Perez and Pollack, 2009). An estimated 6. 8 pounds of U.S. fresh strawberry

were consumed per person in 2009 (Perez and Pollack, 2009). The demand level is met by the projected bigger domestic crop and from imports (Perez and Pollack, 2009). In 2009, 178.2 pounds of fresh strawberry were imported ( Perez and Pollack, 2009). The major source of imported strawberries is Mexico (Perez and Pollack, 2009) , but other suppliers include Argentina, China, Chile, Canada, Ecuador, New Zealand, Peru, and Poland (Perez and Pollack, 2007; Perez and Pollack, 2009). In Egy pt, strawberries are produced under plasticulture and plastic tunnels; crops are located at the governorates of Ismailia, Kalyoubia, Nobarya, and Sharkia (CAPQ, 2006). Drip irrigation and so il mulching are used (CAPQ, 2006). Strawberries are p lanted at the end of the year. The major varieties are Sweet Charlie, Earl y bright, Festival, Rosalinda, Camarosa, and Gaviota ( CAPQ, 2006). Commercial cultivars produce individual fruits weighing as much as 30

- 50 g, although 10

- 20 g is typical (CABI, 2007). In 2006, the cultivated area for strawberries in Egy pt was 8, 871 acres (CAPQ, 2006), and total production was 139,165 tons. Exports of strawberries from Egy pt to the European Union, Egy pt’s neighb oring countries (Bahrain, the United Arab Emirates, Jordan, Kuwait, Oman, Saudi Arabia, and Qatar), and other countries reached 8,638 tons in 2006 (CAPQ, 2006). Strawberry

production in Egy

pt includes the use of disease

- free planting stock and biological and cultural control practices as solarization, crop rotation, avoidance of excess nitrogen, leaf removal, dead organic matter removal, weed control, good air circulation, temperature control, avoidance of free water on plants, and proper soil drainage (C APQ, 2006). Some of the chemical compounds used in Egy

pt are Abamectin, Etoxazole, and Mibelmertin (acaricides); and micronized sulphur and/or coprous compounds, potassium thiosulfate , and calcium chloride (fungicides) (CAPQ, 2006). Only chemicals approved by

the Egyptian Ministry

of Agriculture can be used for fumigation (including soil). **1.3. Standard postharvest processing**  S trawberries at post - harvest site s are forced

- air cooled , culled and graded ( firm texture, color, size, ripeness, quality, health , insect or external injuries ) , packed and labeled , cooled to 1
- 2° C, and stored (See appendix D).Pest Risk A ssessment for Strawberries from Egypt

Ver. 1 ( Original ) January 4, 2012 3 

### 2. Risk **Assessment 2.1. Initiating Event: Proposed Action**  We conducted this commodity

-based, pathway

- initiated risk assessment in response to a request made b y the Arab Republic of Egypt (CAPQ, 2006) to the USDA to authorize the importation of fresh strawberry

fruit (with caly

x and short stalk) grown in Egy pt into the continental United States. The importation is a potential pathway for the introduction of p lant pests. The USDA has regulatory

authority for the importation of fruits and vegetables from foreign sources into the United States (7 CFR § 319, 2010). **2.2. Assessment of Weed**  **Potential of Fragaria**  **spp.** The results of the weed screening for Fragaria spp. did not prompt a weed

- initiated risk assessment (Table 1).
**Table 1.** Assessment of weed potential of Fragaria spp **. Commodity**  **scientific name:** Fragaria × ananassa Duchesne ex Rozier [ Rosaceae] **Common name:** Strawberry The genus Fragaria has 15 species, but only Fragaria × ananassa contributes significantl y to commercial production. It is the hy brid of two species: F. virginiana Duchesne from eastern North America and F. chiloensis (L .) Duchesne from North and South America, which is still grown in Chile. Fruits of wild native species are harvested, but rarel y appear in markets because of their small size and short shelf

- life. Other species, such as F. vesca, are mainly cultivated f

or ornamental purposes. Today, wild species are mainl y of interest for specific genes that they

can contribute to the octoploid F. x ananassa (CABI, 2010). **Synonyms:** Fragaria × ananassa var. cuneifolia (Nutt. ex Howell) Staudt (= F. × ananassa nothosubsp

. cuneifolia )

F. chiloensis var. ananassa (Duchesne ex Rozier) Ser. F. cuneifolia Nutt. ex Howell (= F. × ananassa nothosubsp. cuneifolia ) F. × magna auct. Potentilla × ananassa (Duchesne ex Rozier) Mabb. (NGRP, 201 1 ) **Phase 1:** Fragaria spp. L. are reported in all states of the continental United States (NRCS, 2010)

. The hy brid Fragaria x ananassa is reported in the following states: Alaska, California, Connecticut, Illinois, Massachusetts, Maine, Missouri, North Carolina, New Hampshire, New J ersey, New York, Oregon, Penns ylvania, Rhode Island, South Carolina, Virginia, Washington, and West Virginia (NRCS, 2010)

. **Phase 2:** The species is listed in: YES Geographical Atlas of World Weeds (Holm et al., 1991a) as F
. indica (for Mauritius), F
. vesca , and F
. virginiana (both for the United States). NO World’s Worst Weeds (Holm et al., 1991b). NO World Weeds: Natural Histories and Distribution (Holm et al ., 1997). YES Weed Science Society of America (WSSA, 2010) as Fragaria virginiana
.Pest Risk A ssessment for Strawberries from Egypt

Ver. 1 ( Original ) January 4, 2012 4 NO Federal Noxious Weed List (PPQ, 2010 a). NO Economically Important Foreign Weeds (Reed, 1977). NO Id entification of disseminules listed in the Federal Noxious Weed Act (Gunn and Ritchie, 1988). YES Global Invasive Species Database (ISSG, 2010) as Fragaria virginiana
. YES A Global Compendium of Weeds (Randall, 2003) as: F. x ananassa : Naturalized, cultivation, escape, and casual alien. Cultivated , medicinal and culinary

uses. F. chiloensis : Cultivated, medicinal and culinary uses. F. chiloensis ssp. lucida : Naturalized. F. indica : Weed. Cultivated medicinal and culinary uses. F. moschata : Cultivation escape. Cultivated, medicinal and culinary uses. F. muricata : Naturalized. Fragaria spp.: Weed. Medicinal and culinary uses. F. vesca : Weed, Naturalized. Cultivated, medicinal and culinary uses. F. vesca ssp. americana : Weed. F. virginiana : Weed. Cultivated, medicinal and culinary uses. F. viridus : Weed. NO Invasive Species of the World (Weber, 2003). YES Invasive Plant atlas of the United States (UGA, 2010). NO Noxious weeds in the United States and Canada (Rice, 2010). NO State Noxious Weeds (NRCS, 2010). Other: Scientific literature, Internet sources, etc.: NO AGRICOLA (NAL, 2010 ), CAB (CABI, 2010), AGRI S (FAO, 2010). NO Florida's Invasive Species List, Florida Exotic Pest Plant Council (FLEPPC, 2009). YES Pacific Island Ecosystems at Risk (Forest Service, 2010), as Fragaria vesca
. NO Noxious weed list for Australian states and territories (Australian Weeds Committee, 2010). **Phase 3:** Fragaria sp. and Fragaria x ananassa are widely prevalent in the continental United States and the answer to four of the above questions is yes . In this case, we need to provide additional comments on our findings (PPQ, 2000) :  Fragaria vesca and F. virginiana are listed as weeds of unknown importance in the United States (Holm et al., 1991a), while Fragaria indica , Fragaria spp., F. vesca , F. vesca ssp. americana , F. virginiana , and F. viridus are also considered weeds (Randall, 2003)

.  F
. vesca L., F. vesca s sp. vesca , and F. chiloensis , are native but invasive in some natural areas of the United States (UGA, 20 10 )

.  F. vesca is “present on Pacific islands” (Forest Service, 2010)

. **Conclusion:** We proceeded with the pest risk assessment for the following reasons: 1) Cropped strawberries are economicall y important (Wiersema and Leon, 1999); 2) cultivated and wild strawberries (

Fragaria spp.) grow in 49 states without being under official control; and 3) Fragaria spp., as strawberry fruit, are currently

permitted entry

into the United States from 92 countries (APHIS, 2010).Pest Risk A ssessment for Strawberries from Egypt

Ver. 1 ( Original ) January 4, 2012 5 **2.3. Current Status, Decision History, and Pest Interceptions** 2.3.1. Current status Strawberries are authorized to enter into the United States through all U.S. ports

- of

- entry from 92 countries (see Appendix A). 2.3.2. Decision history From 1924 to 1994, import s of strawberries into the United States w ere disapproved from the following countries: French Guiana, Ghana, Guyana, Peru, the Philippines, and Zimbabwe. The principal risks detected in decision sheets were 1) Halotydeus destructor, 2) mites, 3) Dacus sp., and 4) Bactrocera sp. (CPHST, 2008). Entry is approved from (selected listing) Australia (Queensland and Tasmania), Chile , Haiti , Is rael, Korea, Morocco, Nicaragua, and Scotland (CPHST, 2008). For further details , see Appendix B
. 2.3.3. Pest interceptions From 1984 to 2010, many different pe sts were intercepted on F. x ananassa , F. chiloensis , Fragaria sp., and F. vesca at U.S. ports
- of

- entry (PestID, 2010)

. M ost of the intercepted pests belonged to the Coleoptera, Hemiptera, and Lepidoptera families (see Appendix C )

. **2.4. Pest Categorizatio n**  **- Identification of Pests of**  **Fragaria spp. in Egypt**  2.4.1. Pest list Below we present information on pests associated with Fragaria spp. (in any country) that occur in Egy pt (Table 2). The data include ( 1 ) the presence or absence of these pests in the continental United States and pertinent citations for that distribution, (2 ) pertinent citations supporting the association of the pest with Fragaria spp., ( 3 ) the association of the pest with plant parts and pertinent citations showing that association, (4 ) the quarantine status of the pest in the continental United States, and ( 5 ) whether the pest is likely to follow the pathway

into the United States on strawberry

. Please note that in the pest list , we do not provide information for non

- quarantine pests on plant part association and whether or not the pest is likely to follow the pathway . Even if non

quarantine pests are able to follow the pathway , phy tosanitary measures against these pests would not be justified because they already occur in the continental United States. Therefore, for non - quarantine pests we indicate that information with N/A (not applicable).Pest Risk A ssessment for Strawberries from Egypt

Ver. 1 ( Original ) January 4, 2012 6 **Table 2.** Pests reported on Fragaria spp. and present in Egy pt. **Pest Geographic**  **distribution 1**  **Reported on**

**Fragaria spp.**  **Plant part**

**affected 2**  **Quaran******

**tine pest Follow** 

**pathway ARTHROPODS**  **ARACHNIDA Acari: Tenuipalpidae**  Brevipalpus obovatus Donnadieu EG (CABI, 2007); US (CABI, 2007; Jeppson et al., 1975) CABI, 2007 N/A No N/A Brevipalpus phoenicis (Geijskes) EG (CABI, 2007 ; Zaher et al., 1970 ); US (CABI, 2007) Ochoa et al., 1991 N/A No N/A
**Acari: Tetranychidae**  Aponychus corpuzae Rimando EG (Zaher et al., 1982); US (Tuttle and Baker, 1968) Bolland et al.,

1998 N/A No N/A Bryobia praetiosa Koch EG (Zaher et al., 1982; CABI, 2007); US (Migeon and Dorkeld, 2010) Gomez and Mizell

III, 2008 ; Ben
-Dov et al. , 2010) N/A No N/A
Eutetranychus orientalis Klein Syn: Anychus orientalis Klein EG (Bodenheimer, 1951; CABI, 2007; Migeon and Dorkeld, 2010 ; Zaher et al., 1982 ) Migeon and

Dorkeld, 2010 F (Poole, 1999);

L (CABI, 2007; NAPPO, 2001) Yes Yes

Oligonychus coffeae (Nietner) EG (CABI, 2007; CABI, 2010 ; Migeon and Dorkeld, 2010 ); US (Bolland et al., 1998; CABI, 2010; Migeon and Dorkeld, 2010) Bolland et al., 1998; Migeon and Dorkeld, 2010 N/A No N/A

Oligonychus punicae (Hirst) EG (Migeon and Dorkeld, 2010 ; Zaher et al., 1982); US (CABI, 2007; Jeppson et al., 1975; Migeon and Dorkeld, 2010) Migeon and

Dorkeld, 2010 N/A No N/A

Panonychus ulmi (Koch) EG ( Bolland et al., 1998; CABI, 2007); US (CABI, 2007) Bolland et al.,

1998 N/A No N/A
Petrobia harti (Ewing) EG (Bolland et al., 1998 ); US (Jeppson et al., 1975) Bolland et al.,

1998 N/A No N/A

1 We only considered the geographic distribution the continental United States (including Alaska) and Egypt. EG = Egypt, US = United States , CT = Connecticut, WV = West Virgina 2 P lant parts: Buds = Bd; Fruit = F; Flower/Inflorescence = I; Leaf = L; Root = R; Seedlings= Sd; Shoot = Sh; Stem = S.Pest Risk A ssessment for Strawberries from Egypt

Ver. 1 ( Original ) January 4, 2012 7 **Pest Geographic**  **distribution 1**  **Reported on**

**Fragaria spp.**  **Plant part**

**affected 2**  **Quaran******

**tine pest Follow** 

**pathway** Petrobia latens (O.F. Müller) EG (CABI, 2010; El

Ghar and Osman, 1973 ); US (CABI, 2010) Bolland et al., 1998; CABI, 2010 N/A No N/A
Tetranychus cinnabarinus (Boisduval) Syn: T. telarius (L.) EG (Gentry, 1965); US (CABI, 2007) CABI, 2007 N/A No N/A Tetranychus ludeni Zacher EG (Migeon and Dorkeld, 2010); US (Jeppson et al., 1975; Migeon and Dorkeld, 2010) CABI, 2007;

Migeon and Dorkeld, 2010 ; PestID, 2010 N/A No N/A

Tetranychus neocalendonicus André EG (Migeon and Dorkeld, 2010); US (Jeppson et al., 1975; Migeon and Dorkeld, 2010) MAF, 2007 N/A No N/A

Tetranychus urticae Koch EG (Abdel

- Galil et al., 2006 ; CABI, 2010); US (CABI, 2007; Migeon and Dorkeld, 2010) CABI, 2007;

CAPQ, 2006; Migeon and Dorkeld, 2010; PestID, 2010 N/A No N/A

**INSECTA Coleoptera:**  **Curculionidae** Hypera brunnipennis Boheman EG (Windbiel et al., 2004) ; US (CABI, 2007) MAF, 2007 N/A No N/A Hypera postica (Gyllenhal) Syn: Phytonomus variabilis Herbst. EG ; US (CABI, 2007) CABI, 2007 N/A No N/A Otiorhynchus cribricollis Gyllenhal EG; US (CABI, 2007) MAF, 2007 N/A No N/A Otiorhynchus rugosostriatus (Goeze) EG (Walker, 2005 ); US (CABI, 2007) CABI, 2007 N/A No N/A Otiorhynchus sulcatus (Fabricius) EG ( Botha et al., 2000; CABI, 2010); US (CABI, 2010) Botha et al., 2000 ;

CABI, 2010 N/A No N/A
Pantomorus cervinus (Boheman) Syn: Asynonychus godmani Crotch EG; US (CABI, 2010) CABI, 2007; MAF, 2007 N/A No N/APest Risk A ssessment for Strawberries from Egypt

Ver. 1 ( Original ) January 4, 2012 8 **Pest Geographic**  **distribution 1**  **Reported on**

**Fragaria spp.**  **Plant part**

**affected 2**  **Quaran******

**tine pest Follow** 

**pathway Coleoptera: Nitidulidae**  Aethina tumida Murray EG (FAO, 2008; Neumann and Elzen, 2004); US ( CABI, 2007 ; de Guzman et al., 2009; Lounsberry et al., 2010) Huang, 1999 N/A No N/A

**Diptera: Drosophilidae** Drosophila melanogaster Meigen EG ; US (CABI, 2010 ) CSC and CMCC, 2003 N/A No N/A **Hemiptera: Aleyrodidae** Bemisia tabaci ( Gennadius) EG (CABI, 2007 ; Abdel

-Moniem and El

Wahaba, 2006); US (CABI, 2007) Arnal et al., 1993 N/A No 3 N/A
**Hemiptera: Aphididae** Aphis fabae Scopoli EG (Ismail et al., 2000); US (CABI, 20 10 ; Jensen et al., 2008) MAF, 2007 N/A No N/A
Aphis gossypii Glover EG (Abdel

-Moniem and Abd El

-Wahab, 2006; CABI, 2007); US (CABI, 2007 ; Sto ltz et al., 1994) PestID , 2010;

Strand, 1994 N/A No N/A

Brachycaudus helichrysi Kaltenbach EG ; US (CABI, 2007) CABI, 2007 N/A No N/A Macrosiphum euphorbiae Thomas EG (CABI, 2010); US ( CABI, 2010 ; Strand, 1994) CABI, 2007;

PestID, 2010; Strand, 1994 N/A No N/A Macrosiphum rosae Linnaeus EG (CABI, 2010); US (CABI, 2010; Jensen et al., 2008) CABI, 2010 N/A No N/A Metopolophium dirhodum (Walker) EG (Abdel

-Mallek et al., 2005; CABI, 2010); US (CABI, 2007; Jensen et al., 2008) CABI, 2007 N/A No N/A
Myzus persicae Sulzer EG (CABI, 2010 ; Jensen et al., 2008); US (CABI, 2007; Jensen et al., 2008; Strand, 1994 ; Stoltz, 1997 ) CABI, 2007 N/A No N/A

3 No action is required except when on tomato from the Dominican Republic (PestID, 2010).Pest Risk A ssessment for Strawberries from Egypt

Ver. 1 ( Original ) January 4, 2012 9 **Pest Geographic**  **distribution 1**  **Reported on**

**Fragaria spp.**  **Plant part**

**affected 2**  **Quaran******

**tine pest Follow** 

**pathway Hemiptera: Coccidae**  Coccus hesperidum Linnaeus EG; US (CABI, 2007) CABI, 2010; Malipatil and Wainer, 2007; N/A No N/A **Hemiptera: Margarodidae** Icerya purchasi Maskell EG (Bodenheimer, 1951; CABI, 2007; US (CABI, 2007) CABI, 2007 N/A No N/A Icerya seychellarum Westwood EG (CABI, 2007) CABI, 2007 F, L, S (CABI, 2007) Yes 4 No 5 **Hemiptera: Pseudococcidae** Dysmicoccus brevipes (Cockerell) EG; US (Ben

-Dov et al., 2010; CABI, 2010) Ben
-Dov et al.,

2010; MAF, 2007 N/A No N/A Planococcus citri (Risso) EG ( Ben
-Dov et al., 2010; CABI, 2007; Hamdy, 1984); US (CABI, 2007) Ben
-Dov et al.,

2010; PestID, 2010 N/A No N/A
Pseudococcus longispinus Targioni Tozzetti EG ; US (Ben

-Dov, 2010; CABI, 2007) Ben
-Dov, 2010;

PestID, 2010 N/A No N/A **Lepidoptera: Crambidae** Ostrinia nubilalis (Hübner) EG (CABI, 2010); US (CABI, 2010; Robinson et al., 2007) Maas et al., 1998;

Robinson et al., 2007 N/A No N/A **Lepidoptera: Gelechiidae** Anarsia lineatella Zeller EG ; US (CABI, 2007) Robinson et al., 2007 N/A No N/A **Lepidoptera: Noctuidae**  Agrotis ipsilon (Hufnagel) Syn: Euxoa ipsilon Hufnagel, Feltia ipsilon Hufnagel EG (Sabbour and Abd El

-Azis, 2001; CABI, 2007; Zhang, 1994); US (CABI, 2007) CABI, 2007;

Robinson et al., 2001; Robinson et al., 2007; Zhang, 1994 N/A No N/A

Agrotis segetum Denis and Schiffermüller Syn: Scotia segetum Denis and Schiffermüller, Euxoa segetum Denis and Schiffermüller EG (CABI, 2007; Tòth et al

. , 1992) CABI, 2007;

MAF, 2007; Robinson et al., 2001; Robinson et al., 2007 L, R, S (CABI,

2007) Yes 6 No 7

4 Icerya seychellarum is a reportable pest (PestID, 2010) 5 Icerya seychellarum in heavy infestations attacks fruit petioles (PPQ, 2002). This pest could be easily detected due to its size (5 mm) and its yellow or white wax color that contrasts with plant ti ssues. Affected fruits could be discarded at post

harvest and culling. Therefore, this pest is highly unlikely to follow the pathway. 6 Agrotis segetum is a reportable pest (PestID, 2010). 7 Agrotis segetum could be detected by visual inspection because it s eggs are stuck on plant residues and soil particles by a putty - like substance secreted by the female (CABI, 2007). We think larvae will not remain under the calyx , because 1) theyPest Risk A ssessment for Strawberries from Egypt

Ver. 1 ( Original ) January 4, 2012 10 **Pest Geographic**  **distribution 1**  **Reported on**

**Fragaria spp.**  **Plant part**

**affected 2**  **Quaran******

**tine pest Follow** 

**pathway** Chrysodeixis chalcites (Esper) EG (CABI, 2010; Harakly, 1974; Harakly and Farag, 1975) CABI, 2010 F, L (CABI, 2007; NAPPO, 2006) Yes Yes Helicoverpa armigera (Hübner) Syn: Heliothis armigera (Hübner) EG (Gentry, 1965) Kirkpatrick, 1961; Orta
- Cordero and Gonzalez

- Tirado, 2000; Zalucki et al., 1986 Bd, F, I , S

(Aguirre et al., 2005; Kirkpatrick, 1961; Queensland government, 2010) Yes No 8

Spodoptera exigua (Hübner) EG ( Dahi and Abdel

Khalek, 2006; CABI, 2007; CABI, 2010); US (CABI, 2010; Robinson et al., 2007) CABI, 2010

PestID, 2010; Strand, 1994 N/A No N/A

Spodoptera littoralis (Boisduval) EG (CABI, 2007; Mohamed et al., 2006; Pogue, 2008 ) CABI, 2010;

Fraval, 2008 F, L (CABI,

2007) Yes Yes Trichoplusia ni (Hübner) EG (Ali et al., 1988; CABI, 2010); US (CABI, 2007) CABI, 2007; NSF
IPM, 1999; Strand, 1994 N/A No N/A **Lepidoptera: Nymphalidae** Cynthia cardui Linnaeus Syn: Vanessa cardui Linnaeus EG; US (CABI, 2007) Korshunov and Gorbunov, 1995 N/A No N/A Pandemis heparana Denis and Schiffermüller EG (Zhang, 1994) Meijerman and Ulenberg, 2004; Ovsyannikova and Grichanov, 2009; Robinson et al., 2007 F, I , L, Sh

(Meijerman and Ulenberg, 2004) Yes No 9

are large, 45 to 50 mm, with recognizable coloring (Fraval, 1997) ; 2) they pupate in the ground, and conceal themselves there during the day ; and 3) the calyx is not known to carry this pest during trade and transport (CABI, 2007). Thus, this pest is highly unlikely to follow the pathway. 8 Although Helicoverpa armigera is reported to attack straw berry fruits (Aguirre et al., 2005; Queensland government, 2010) , detailed information show s that larvae foremost attack shoots of plantlets, flowers, and young fruits from cultivated straw berries (Kirkpatrick, 1961). T his pest could be easily inspected and culled at harvest and post

- harvest procedures for the following reasons: 1) eggs and young larvae that are expected in young fruits are glistening and white, cream, and later brown and their size is from 0.4 to 0.6 mm in diameter , while first larvae instars are yellowish

- white to reddish

-brown in color (CABI, 2007)

. These characteristics make them easily to detect

. 2) Affected harvested fruits will be inspectable due to the size of H

. armigera larvae when they reach 20

- 40 mm on the ir last instars (Queensland government, 2010)

. 3) When Helicoverpa armigera larvae are present in fruits, associated frass renders them unfit for fresh market sale (Queensland government, 2010). 9 Pandemis heparana damage on fruits is very similar to the feeding injury by Adoxophyes orana caterpillars that graze on the fruit epidermis (Meijerman and Ulenberg, 2004) . Larvae are 25 mm long and bright green (Meijerman and Ulenberg,Pest Risk A ssessment for Strawberries from Egypt

Ver. 1 ( Original ) January 4, 2012 11 **Pest Geographic**  **distribution 1**  **Reported on**

**Fragaria spp.**  **Plant part**

**affected 2**  **Quaran******

**tine pest Follow** 

**pathway Orthoptera: Gryllotalpidae**  Gryllotalpa africana Palisot de Beauvois EG (CABI, 2007) MAF, 2007 Bd , R, Sd (Hill, 1983) Yes 10 No Gryllotalpa gryllotalpa (Linnaeus) EG ; US (CABI, 2007) CABI, 2007 N/A No N/A **Thysanoptera: Thripidae** Frankliniella occidentalis (Pergande) EG ; US (CABI, 2007) CABI, 2007; PestID, 2010 N/A No N/A Frankliniella schultzei (Trybom) EG (EPPO and CABI , 1999; CABI, 2010); US (CABI, 2010; Kakkar et al., 2010) PestID, 2010 N/A No N/A
Thrips tabaci Lindeman EG (Abdel

-Moniem and Abd El

-Wahab, 2006 ; CABI, 2007); US (CABI, 2007) PestID, 2010;

Raspudic et al., 2009 N/A No N/A

**BACTERIA and PHYTOPLASMAS 11**  Erwinia amylovora (Burrill) Winslow et al. EG ; US (CABI, 2007) Atanasova et al., 2009 N/A No N/A Rhizobium radiobacter (Beijerinck & van Delden) Young et al. EG ; US (Bradbury, 1986; CABI, 2007) CABI, 2007 N/A No N/A Rhodococcus fascians (Tilford) Goodfellow EG; US (CABI, 2007) CABI, 2007 N/A No N/A **FUNGI and CHROMISTANS**  **12** Alternaria alternata (Fr: Fr) Keissl. Syn: A. tenuis Nees EG (CABI, 2007; Farr et al., 2011 ); US (CABI, 2007 ; Conners, 1967; Farr et al., 2011 ) CABI, 2007; Farr

et al., 2011 N/A No N/A

Alternaria tenuissima (Nees & T. Nees : Fr.) Wiltshire EG (Zohri and Abdel

Gawad; 1993 ), US ( Farr et al., 2011 ) Farr et al., 2011 ;

Gubler and Converse, 1993 N/A No N/A Aspergillus niger Tieghem EG (CABI, 2007; Morsy et al., 2009); US (CABI, 2007) Farr et al., 2011 ;

Gubler and Converse, 1993 N/A No N/A Aspergillus spp. EG (Embaby, 2007) Embaby, 2007 F (Embaby, 2007) Yes Yes

2004) . Damaged fruits are culled and larvae could be easily detected in post

-harvest handling and processing. Therefore, this pest is highly unlikely to follow the pathway. 10 Gryllotalpa africana is a reportable pest (PestID, 2010). 11 Bacterial classification and nomenclature are w ritten according to Euzéby (2008). 12 Fungal classifi cation and nomenclature are w ritten according to the Systematic Mycology and Microbiology Laboratory ( Farr et al., 2011 ).Pest Risk A ssessment for Strawberries from Egypt

Ver. 1 ( Original ) January 4, 2012 12 **Pest Geographic**  **distribution 1**  **Reported on**

**Fragaria spp.**  **Plant part**

**affected 2**  **Quaran******

**tine pest Follow** 

**pathway** Athelia rolfsii (Curzi) Tu & Kim br Anamorph: Sclerotium rolfsii Sacc. Syn: Corticium rolfsii Curzi EG ; US ( Farr et al., 2011 ) Gubler and

Converse, 1993; Maas, 1998 N/A No N/A

Botryodiplodia phaseoli (Tassi) Goid EG; US ( Farr et al., 2011 ) Gubler and

Converse, 1993 N/A No N/A Botryotinia fuckeliana (de Bary) Whetzel Syn: Botrytis cinerea Pers.: Fr. EG (CABI, 2007; Embaby, 2007); US (CABI, 2007 ; Conners, 1967; Farr et al., 2011 ) CABI, 2007; Farr et

al., 2011 ; Gubler and Converse, 1993 N/A No N/A
Cladosporium cladosporioides (Fresen.) G.A. de Vries EG (CABI, 2007); US (CABI, 2007; Farr et al., 2011 ) Koike et al., 2003 N/A No N/A Cladosporium herbarum (Pers. : Fr.) Link EG ; US ( Conners, 1967; Farr et al., 2011 ) ) Farr et al., 2011 N/A No N/A
Colletotrichum acutatum J.H. Simmonds EG (Embaby, 2009); US (CABI, 2007) CABI, 2007; Farr

et al., 2011 N/A No N/A Colletotrichum dematium (Pers. : Fr.) Grove EG (Saber et al., 20 03 ); US ( Farr et al., 2011 ) Ridings and

Howard, 1979 N/A No N/A Colletotrichum fragariae A.N. Brooks EG (Abdet

- Sattar et al., 2008 ); US ( Farr et al., 2011 ) Farr et al., 2011 N/A No N/A
Colletotrichum gloeosporioides (Penz.) Penzig & Saccardo Syn: Glomerella cingulata (Stoneman) Spaulding & H. Schrenk EG (Embaby, 2009 ) ; US (CABI, 2007) Farr et al., 2011 N/A No N/A

Cylindrocarpon didymum (Harting) Wollenw EG (Brayford, 1987; Farr et al., 2011 ); US (FL, WA) ( Farr et al., 2011 ) Brayford, 1987 R, Sd (Brayford, 1987) Yes No
Diplocarpon earliana (Ellis & Ev.) Wolf Syn: Dyplocarpon earlianum EG (UNDP, 2006); US (Averre et al., 199 6 ; Conners, 1967; Horst, 2001) Farr et al., 2011 N/A No N/A

Fusarium culmorum (Wm.G. Sm.) Sacc. EG (CABI, 2007); US (CABI, 2007; Farr et al., 2011 ) Farr et al., 2011 N/A No N/A Fusarium oxysporum Schlechtendahl EG (Abdet

- Sattar et al., 2008 ); US (CABI, 2007 ; Farr et al., 2011 ) Farr et al., 2011 N/A No N/APest Risk A ssessment for Strawberries from Egypt

Ver. 1 ( Original ) January 4, 2012 13 **Pest Geographic**  **distribution 1**  **Reported on**

**Fragaria spp.**  **Plant part**

**affected 2**  **Quaran******

**tine pest Follow** 

**pathway** Fusarium oxysporum f. sp. fragariae Winks & Y.N. Williams EG (UNDP, 2006) Nagarajan et al., 2006; Nagarajan et al., 2004 R, S (Golzar et

al., 2007) Yes No
Fusarium sambucinum Fuckel Teleomorph: Gibberella pulicaris (Fr. Fr.) Sacc. EG ( Farr et al., 2011 ); US (CABI, 2007) Farr et al., 2011 N/A No N/A

Fusarium solani (Mart.) Sacc. Teleomorph : Haematonectria haematococca (Berk. & Broome) Samuels & Rossman EG (Hilal, 2006); US ( Farr et al., 2011 ) Farr et al., 2011 N/A No N/A

Fusarium sporotrichioides Sherb. EG (CABI, 2010); US ( Farr et al., 2011 ) Farr et al., 2011 N/A No N/A Kalmusia coniothyrium (Fuckel) Huhndorf EG (Punithalingam, 1967); US ( Farr et al., 2011 ) Farr et al., 2011 N/A No N/A Macrophomina phaseolina (Tassi) Goid. EG (Morsy et al., 2009); US (CABI, 2007) CABI, 2007; Farr

et al., 2011 N/A No N/A Myrothecium roridum Tode : Fr. EG (CABI, 2007); US ( Farr et al., 2011 ) Farr et al., 2011 N/A No N/A Penicillium expansum Link Syn: P. glaucum Link EG; US (CABI, 2007) CABI, 2007; Gubler and Converse, 1993; Maas, 1998 N/A No N/A
Peronospora sparsa Berk. EG (Skalicky, 1983); US ( Farr et al., 2011 ) Farr et al., 2011 N/A No N/A Pestalotia longisetula Guba EG (Embaby, 2007); US ( Farr et al., 2011 ) Embaby, 2007 N/A No N/A Phomopsis obscurans (Ellis & Everh.) B. Sutton Syn: Dendrophoma obscurans (Ellis & Everh.) H.W. Anderson EG (Haggag, 2009; UNDP, 2006); US ( Farr et al., 2011 ) Farr et al., 2011 N/A No N/A

Phytophthora cactorum (Lebert & Cohn) J. Schröt. EG (Abada et al., 2005; CABI, 2010; Embaby, 2007; UNDP, 2006); US ( Farr et al., 2011 ) Farr et al., 2011 N/A No N/A

Phytophthora citrophthora (R.E. Sm. & E.H. Sm.) Leonian EG; US (CABI, 2007) Farr et al., 2011 ; Gubler and Converse, 1993 N/A No N/APest Risk A ssessment for Strawberries from Egypt

Ver. 1 ( Original ) January 4, 2012 14 **Pest Geographic**  **distribution 1**  **Reported on**

**Fragaria spp.**  **Plant part**

**affected 2**  **Quaran******

**tine pest Follow** 

**pathway** Phytophthora cryptogea Pethybr. & Laff. EG; US (CABI, 2007) CABI, 2007; Farr et al., 2011 N/A No N/A Phytophthora fragariae C.J. Hickman EG (UNDP, 2006); US (CABI, 2007; EPPO and CABI, 1997) Farr et al., 2011 ;

SENASA, 2007 N/A No N/A Phytophthora nicotianae Breda de Haan Syn: P. nicotianae var. irregulare (Dastur) G. M. Waterh; P. parasitica Dastur EG (CABI, 2007; Farr et al., 2011 ); US (CABI, 2007) Farr et al., 2011 N/A No N/A

Podosphaera fuliginea (Schltdl.) U. Braun & S. Takam. Syn.: Sphaerotheca fuliginea (Schltdl.) Pollacci, S. humuli var. fuliginea (Schltdl.) E.S. Salmon EG ; US ( Farr et al., 2011 ) Farr et al., 2011 N/A No N/A

Podosphaera macularis (Wallr.) U. Braun & S. Takam. Syn: Sphaerotheca humuli (DC.) Burrill, S. macularis (Wallr.) Lind EG ( Farr et al., 2011 ; UNDP, 2006); US (CABI, 2007 ; Conners, 1967 ) Farr et al., 2011 N/A No N/A

Pythium debaryanum R. Hesse EG ; US (CABI, 2010 ; Conners, 1967; Farr et al., 2011 ) ) MAF, 2007; Gubler

and Converse, 1993 N/A No N/A Pythium irregulare Buisman EG; US (CABI, 2007) CABI, 2007; Farr et al., 2011 N/A No N/A Pythium ultimum Trow EG (Abdet

- Sattar et al., 2008); US (CABI, 2007) CABI, 2007 ; Farr

et al., 2011 N/A No N/A
Ramularia brunnea Peck Syn: Mycosphaerella fragariae (Tulasne) Lindau EG (UNDP, 2006); US (CABI, 2007; Conners, 1967; Farr et al., 2011 ) Farr et al., 2011 N/A No N/A

Rhizopus stolonifer (Ehrenb.: Fr.) Vuill. Syn: R. nigricans Ehrenb. EG (Embaby, 2007; UNDP et al., 2006) ; US (CABI, 2007) CABI, 2007 N/A No N/A Rhizoctonia fragariae Hussain & W.E. McKeen EG (CABI, 2007); US (CT) (CABI, 2007 ) (WV) ( Farr et al., 2011 ) MAF, 2007 R (MAF, 2007) Yes NoPest Risk A ssessment for Strawberries from Egypt

Ver. 1 ( Original ) January 4, 2012 15 **Pest Geographic**  **distribution 1**  **Reported on**

**Fragaria spp.**  **Plant part**

**affected 2**  **Quaran******

**tine pest Follow** 

**pathway** Rhizoctonia solani J.G. Kühn EG (Abdet

- Sattar et al., 2008 ); US ( Conners, 1967; Farr et al., 2011 ) Abdet

- Sattar et al.,

2008 N/A No N/A

Sclerotinia sclerotiorum (Libert) de Bary EG (CABI, 2010; Embaby, 2007; Hilal et al., 2006); US (CABI, 2010; Farr et al., 2011 ) CABI, 2007; Farr et

al., 2011 N/A No N/A
Thanatephorus cucumeris (A.B. Frank) Donk Syn: Rhizoctonia solani J.G. Kühn EG; US (CABI, 2007; Farr et al., 2011 ) Farr et al., 2011 ;

Gubler and Converse, 1993 N/A No N/A

Verticillium albo

- atrum Reinke & Berthold EG (UNDP, 2006); US (CABI, 2007) Farr et al., 2011 N/A No N/A Verticillium dahliae Klebahn EG ; US ( CABI, 2007) CABI, 2007; Farr et al., 2011 N/A No N/A **Mollusca** Helix aspersa Müller Syn: Cornu aspersum Müller (Helicidae) EG ; US ( CABI, 2010) CABI, 2007; Iglesias and Castillejo, 1999; PestID, 2010 L, I , F (Flint

and Wilen, 2009) Yes 13 No 14
Theba pisana (Muller) EG (CABI, 2007; PestID, 2010) ; US (CA) (CABI, 2007) PestID, 2010 L, I , F (Flint and Wilen, 2009) [Yes] No 14
**NEMATODES 15**  Aphelenchoides besseyi Christie EG (CABI, 2007); US (Ferris, 2010 ) Ferris, 2010 N/A No N/A Helicotylenchus digonicus Perry EG (Abou

- El

-Naga, 1979); US (Mekete et al., 2010) Celal, 2004; Ferris,

2010 N/A No N/A Helicotylenchus dihystera (Cobb ) Sher EG (Abou

- El

-Naga, 1979); US (CABI, 2007) CABI, 2007;

Ferris, 2010 ; Park et al., 2005 N/A No N/A Helicotylenchus erythrinae (Zimmermann) EG (Abou

- El

-Naga, 1979); US (Handoo et al., 2007) Ferris, 2010 N/A No N/A Helicotylenchus pseudorobustus (Steiner) Golden EG (CABI, 2010); US (CABI, 2007) CABI, 2007 N/A No N/A

13 Helix aspersa does not require action except in Florida, Alabama , and Puerto Rico (PestID, 2010). 14 Helix aspersa and Theba pisana chew ripening fruits that are close to the ground (Flint and Wilen, 2009). Helix aspersa is 28 to 32 mm in diameter , while T
. pisana is 12 to 15 mm in diameter and 9 to 12 mm in height (Deisler et al., 2010). Fruit damage and pests (due to their size) can be detected visually and affected fruit can be culled and removed during post

harvest practices. Therefore, these pests are highly unlikely to follow the pathway. 15 Nematode classification and nomenclature are w ritten according to Ferris (20 10 ).Pest Risk A ssessment for Strawberries from Egypt

Ver. 1 ( Original ) January 4, 2012 16 **Pest Geographic**  **distribution 1**  **Reported on**

**Fragaria spp.**  **Plant part**

**affected 2**  **Quaran******

**tine pest Follow** 

**pathway** Longidorus elongatus (de Man) Micoletzky EG (Abou

- El

-Naga, 1979); US (CABI, 2007) CABI, 2007;

Ferris, 2010 ; MAF, 2007 N/A No N/A Meloidogyne arenaria (Neal) Chitwood EG (Abou

- El

-Naga. 1979; CABI, 2010); US (CABI, 2010; Handoo et al., 2007; Starr et al. , 2002 ) Park et al., 2005 N/A No N/A

Meloidogyne hapla Chitwood EG (Abou

- El

-Naga, 1979; CABI, 2010); US (CABI, 2010; Handoo et al., 2007) CABI, 2010;

Ferris, 2010 ; Handoo et al., 2007 N/A No N/A
Meloidogyne incognita (Kofoid & White) Chitwood EG (Abou

- El

-Naga, 1979; CABI, 2010); US (CABI, 2010; Handoo et al., 2007) Park et al., 2005 ;

Ferris, 2010 N/A No N/A
Meloidogyne javanica (Treub) Chitwood EG (Abou

- El

-Naga, 1979; CABI, 2010; Handoo et al., 2007); US (CABI, 2010; Handoo et al., 2007) Ferris, 2010 N/A No N/A

Merlinius brevidens (Allen) Siddiqi EG (Abou

- El

-Naga, 1979 ; CABI, 2010); US (CABI, 2010; Handoo et al., 2007 ) Ferris, 2010 N/A No N/A

Paratrichodorus minor (Colbran) Siddiqi EG (CABI, 2010; Ibrahim et al., 2000); US (CABI, 2010 ̧ Handoo et al., 2007 ; CERIS , 2010 ) Ferris, 2010 N/A No N/A

Pratylenchus brachyurus Godfrey) Filipjev & Schuurmans Stekhoven EG (Abou

- El

-Naga. 1979; CABI, 2007), US (CABI, 2007) Ferris, 2010 N/A No N/A
Pratylenchus coffeae (Zimmerman) Filipjev & Schuurmans

- Stekhoven EG (Abou

- El

-Naga. 1979); US (CABI, 2007) Ferris, 2010 N/A No N/A

Pratylenchus neglectus (Rensch) Filipjev & S. Stekhoven EG (Abou

- El

-Naga. 1979); US (CABI, 2007) CABI, 2007 N/A No N/A
Pratylenchus penetrans (Cobb) Filipjev & Schuurmans

- Stekhoven EG (Abou

- El

-Naga. 1979); US (CABI, 2007) CABI, 2007 N/A No N/APest Risk A ssessment for Strawberries from Egypt

Ver. 1 ( Original ) January 4, 2012 17 **Pest Geographic**  **distribution 1**  **Reported on**

**Fragaria spp.**  **Plant part**

**affected 2**  **Quaran******

**tine pest Follow** 

**pathway** Pratylenchus scribneri Steiner EG (Abou

- El

-Naga, 1979); US (CABI, 2007) Ferris, 2010 N/A No N/A
Pratylenchus thornei Sher & Allen EG (Abou

- El

-Naga, 1979); US (CABI, 2007) CABI, 2007 N/A No N/A Pratylenchus vulnus Allen & Jensen EG (Abou

- El

-Naga, 1979); US (CABI, 2007) CABI, 2007 ;

Ferris, 2010 N/A No N/A
Pratylenchus zeae Graham EG (Abou

- El

-Naga, 1979); US (CABI, 2007) Ferris, 2010 N/A No N/A Radopholus similis (Cobb) Thorne EG (Abou

- El

-Naga, 1979); US (CABI, 2010) Ferris, 2010 N/A No N/A Tylenchorhynchus clarus Allen EG (Youssef, 1998); US (Smiley et al., 2004) Ferris, 2010 N/A No N/A Xiphinema americanum Cobb EG (Abou

- El

-Naga, 1979); US (CABI, 2007) Ferris, 2010 N/A No N/A
**VIRUS** Apple mosaic virus (AMV) EG (Ghanem and Ashour, 2002; Ragab et al., 2009); US (Büchen

- Osmond; 2006) Ragab et al., 2009 N/A No N/A

Beet pseudo yellows virus (BPYV) EG (Ragab et al., 2009); US ( Tzanetakis et al, 2001) Martin et al., 2007;

Ragab et al., 2009; Tzanetakis et al, 2001 N/A No N/A
Raspberry ringspot virus (RpRSV) EG (Dogdog et al., 2010); US (Büchen

Osmond; 2006) Dogdog et al.,

2010 N/A No N/A Strawberry latent ringspot virus (SLRSV) EG (Dogdog et al., 2010; Ragab et al., 2009); US (Büchen

Osmond; 2006) Ragab et al., 2009 N/A No N/A
Strawberry leaf curl virus (StLCV) EG (El

- gaied et al., 2008) El

- gaied et al.,

2008 L (El

- gaied et

al., 2008) Yes No 16

16 Straw berry leaf curl virus (StLCV) (El

- gaied et al., 2008) is highly unlikely to follow the pathway because there is no evidence of 1) strawberry calyces getting infected or 2) viruliferous whiteflies following the pathway in attached plant parts as straw

berry calyces.Pest Risk A ssessment for Strawberries from Egypt

Ver. 1 ( Original ) January 4, 2012 18 **Pest Geographic**  **distribution 1**  **Reported on**

**Fragaria spp.**  **Plant part**

**affected 2**  **Quaran******

**tine pest Follow** 

**pathway** Strawberry mild yellow

- edge virus (SMYEV) EG (Ragab et al., 2009); US (Büchen

Osmond; 2006) Ragab et al., 2009 N/A No N/A Strawberry mottle virus (SMoV) EG (El

- gaied et al., 2008), US (Moyer et al., 2009 ) Moyer et al., 2009 N/A No N/A Strawberry pallidosis

associated virus (SPaV) EG (Ragab et al., 2009); US (Moyer et al., 2009) Moyer et al., 2009;

Ragab et al., 2009 N/A No N/A Strawberry vein banding virus (SVBV) EG (Ragab et al., 2009); US (Moyer et al., 2009) Moyer et al., 2009;

Ragab et al., 2009 N/A No N/A Tomato ringspot virus (TmRSV) EG (CABI, 2007); US (CABI, 2007; Converse, 1986) Converse, 1986 N/A No N/A

2.4.2. Pests not included in the pest list **Questionable distribution in Egypt.** We did not find sufficient evidence that the following pests were present in Egypt, despite some reports that they are in the region. A large number of pests are reported from the Near East, which includes the Peninsula of Sinai (Egy pt) (Fauna Europaea, 2 004) : the acari Bryobia rubrioculus , B

. vasiljevi , Panonychus citri , Phillocoptes gracilis , and Tetranychus turkestani ; the insects Adoxophyes orana , Arctia caja , Aphrophora alni , Ascotis selenaria , Aulacorthum solani , Biston betularia , Cacoecimorpha pronubana , Calathus fuscipes , Callimorpha dominula , Carpophilus fumatus , Celypha cespitana , C
. lacunana , Chaetocnema concinna , Chaetosiphon fragaefolii , C
. tetrarhodum, Chloroclysta truncata , Clepsis pallidana , Cnephasia communana , C
. stephensiana , Diaspidiotus perniciosus , Dociostaurus maroccanus , Evacanthus interruptus , Eulecanium tiliae , Forficula auricularia , Frankliniella intonsa , Galeruca tanaceti , Haplothrips aculeatus , Harpalus affinis , Hyles livornica , Hyphantria cunea , Myzaphis rosarum, Myzus ascalonicus, M
. ornatus , Nebria brevicollis , Otiorhynchus armatus , Pandemis dumetana , Parornix anglicella , Philaenus spumarius , Pseudococcus calceolariae , Ptycholoma lecheana , Rhodobium porosum , Sitobion fragariae , Sitona hispidulus , Solenopsis geminata , Sparganothis pilleriana , Stelidota geminata , Stigmella aurella , Strophomorphus porcellus , Tapinoma melanocephalum , Thrips atratus , T
. ( Frankliniella ) fuscipennis , T
. major , Tipula oleracea , T

. paludosa , and Trialeurodes vaporariorum

. Inaddition, the bacterium Pseudomonas syringae ; the fungus Armillaria mellea ; the nematodes Aphelenchoides fragariae and Ditylenchus dipsaci ; and the virus es Arabis mosaic virus (ArMV) and Strawberry crinkle virus (SCV) (AQIS, 2010) are reported as pests from Egy pt
. Ctenopseustis obliquana ha s been intercepted once from Egy pt on a commodity other than strawberry

(PestID, 2010). In the absence of other information, this is insufficient evidence that the pest is in the host country

.Pest Risk A ssessment for Strawberries from Egypt

Ver. 1 ( Original ) January 4, 2012 19 Finally, Monilinia fructigena ( CABI, 2010) is a known quarantine pest associated with strawberries

. The evidence that placed it in Egy pt is described as unconfirmed, regional but lacking a specific mention of Egy pt, or lacking appropriate references to determine the origin of the information. If the only evidence available for the presence of the pest has one or more of these probl ems, then the evidence is in sufficient to confirm the pest’s presence

. I f more information becomes available in the future, the pest’s status could change. **Misidentification of pest species** 

. Spodoptera litura has been reported on strawberries (CABI, 2007; Robinson et al., 2007), but we did not include it because the records from Egy pt (PPQ, 2002) correspond to misidentifications since S
. litura and Spodoptera littoralis were considered same species (Pogue, 2008). Spodoptera litura only occurs from India ea st through South e ast Asia, Australia, and almost the entire South Pacific, except Hawaii (Pogue, 2008). **Questionable host status.** We did not list two pest species because we could not confirm that the commodity

was a valid host. For Ceratitis capitata , Mediterranean fruit fly (Medfly), which occurs in Egy pt (Bodenheimer, 1951; CABI, 2007; Hashem et al., 2001) , strawberry is considered an “unlikely” or onl y “occasional” host (Steck, 2008; Thomas et al., 2005; Weems, 1981). is by Medfly onl y infests s trawb erry if it is grown near primary hosts that have large Medfly populations ( Steck, 2008 ). This may explain the only

report of a natural field infestation, which was in a garden in Hawaii (Kobayashi and Fujimoto, 1975, as cited by Liquido et al., 1991). Other reports are either laborato ry reports or listings ( Li quido et al., 1991; Thomas et al., 2005; Weems, 1981) , the latter of which may be based on the Hawaii field infestation. PPQ has long permitted the entry of strawberries without specific mitigation mea sures for Medfly from many

countries where it occurs (e.g., I srael, Morocco, Turkey, France, Spain), and it has only

been intercepted once on Fragaria fruit at a U.S. port

- of

- entry (PestID, 2010). That was in passenger baggage from Hungary, not on commerci al fruit. This lack of interceptions suggests that commercial strawberry fruit are unlikel y to be infested with Medfly . Based on this evidence, we think that export

- quality strawberry

fruit from Egy

pt is highl y unlikely to be a host of Medfly, so we did no t include Medfl y in the pest list. Bactrocera cucurbitae

, or melon fly, primaril y attacks plants in the famil y Cucurbitaceae (pumpkins, squash, gourds, cucumbers, melons , and related species) (White and Elson Harris, 1992). Itcan attack fruits and flowers, and occasionally stems and roots. There are numerous unconfirmed records on non

- cucurbit hosts, but non

- cucurbit hosts are uncommon (White and Elson Harris, 1992). According to a review b y Liquido et al. (unpublished) melon fly has never been collected from strawberry in any records between 1949 and 1991 in Hawaii , even though melon fly is widespread in Hawaii and strawberry is commonly

grown (Liquido et al, 1991). The original reference of Narayanan and Barat (1961) cited in Dhillon et al (200 5) does not show an original citation or reference for strawberry being attacked b y melon fl y. There is no other reliable evidence that strawberry serves as a host for melon fl y. Therefore , we did not list this pest in the table

.Pest Risk A ssessment for Strawberries from Egypt

Ver. 1 ( Original ) January 4, 2012 20 2.4.3. Quarantine Pests Not Like ly to Follow the Pathway Other quarantine plant pests in this assessment that we did not anal yz e further may be detrimental to the agricultural production systems of the United States, but several reasons exist for not anal yz ing them further. **Pests in Egy pt on other commodities**  . We included pests intercepted from Egy pt on commodities other than strawberries because they are reported to be Fragaria spp . pests , for example, Theba pisana (PestID, 2010). **Not associated with fruit** . In many cases, the quarantine pest’s primary association is with plant parts other than the fruit. This is the case for the arthropod Ptycholoma lecheana and the pathogens Cylindrocarpon didymium and Fusarium oxysporum f. sp. fragariae

. **2.5. Quarantine Pests Likely to Follow the Pathway**  We analyzed the quarantine pests expected to follow the pathway [i.e

. , be included in commercial shipments of strawberry] (Table 3) in detail below [Steps 5

- 7 (PPQ, 2000)].
**Table 3.** Quarantine pests likely to follow the pathway

and selected for further anal ys is. **Pest Taxonomy**  Chrysodeixis chalcites (Esper) Lepidoptera: Noctuidae Eutetranychus orientalis (Klein) Acari: Tetranychidae Spodoptera littoralis (Boisduval) Lepidoptera: Noctuidae **2.6. Consequences of Introduction** Using our guidelines (PPQ, 2000), we assessed the Consequences of Introduction in five risk elements. We summarized the values for the Consequences of Introduction for each pest below (Table 4). **Chrysodeixis chalcites Risk ratings**  **Risk Element #1: Climate -**  **Host Interaction**  Chrysodeixis chalcites is primarily distributed in southern Europe and the Mediterranean, and the Middle East to southern Africa (CABI, 2007). This pest is native in the following countries: Albania, Austria, Belgium, Bulgaria, C yprus, Denmark , France (including Corsica), Germany , Greece, Hungary, Ital y, Malta, the Netherlands, Portugal (including Madeira), Romania, Serbia and Montenegro, Spain (including the Canary I slands), Sweden, Switzerland, and the United Kingdom in Europe; Iran, Iraq, Is rael, Jordan, Lebanon, Sy ria, and Turkey

in Asia; and Algeria, Angola, Cameroon, Cape Verde, Comoros, the Democratic Republic of the Congo, Côte d'Ivoire, Egy pt, Gambia, Guinea, Kenya , Libya, Madagascar, Malawi, Mauritius (including Rodrigue s Island), Moro cco, Mozambique, Nigeria, Réunion, Saint Helena, Sao Tome and Principe, Senegal, Medium (2)Pest Risk A ssessment for Strawberries from Egypt

Ver. 1 ( Original ) January 4, 2012 21 **Chrysodeixis chalcites Risk ratings**  Seychelles, Sierra Leone, South Africa, Tunisia, Uganda, Zambia, and Zimbabwe in Africa (CABI, 2007). Host plant species are widely distributed in the continental United State s (NRCS, 2010). The potential areas where C
. chalcites could be established correspond to U.S. Plant Hardiness Zones 8

- 11 (Magarey et al.. 2008). Because of its small size, Zone 11 does not count toward the total. Consequently, we rated this element **Medium**
. **Risk Element #2: Host Range** Chrysodeixis chalcites is a poly phagous pest with 34 host plant species in 18 families. The primary

hosts of C
. chalcites include beans, tobacco, tomatoes, cotton, cruciferae species, maize, soy beans, potatoes, and greenhouse crops (CABI, 2007; Kravchenko et al., 2005; Passoa, 1995; Zhang, 1994). The most important crops belong to the following families: Apiaceae, Asteraceae , Boraginaceae, Brassicaceae, Cucurbitaceae, Fabaceae, Geraniaceae, Lamiaceae, Liliaceae, Malvaceae, Moraceae, Poaceae, Rosaceae, Solanaceae, Ulmaceae, Urticaceae, and Verbenaceae ( CABI, 2007; Kravchenko et al., 2005; Singh et al., 2003 ). We rated C
. chalc ites **High** for Host Range

. High (3)

**Risk Element #3: Dispersal Potential** Under natural conditions, C
. chalcites is poly voltine, with up to eight or nine generations per year in Egy pt (CABI, 2007). Males live, on average, about 11 days, and female longevity is about 12 days. The number of eggs oviposited per female can vary

considerably : means were 149
- 385 at 20°C, 640 at 25°C, and 405 eggs at 30°C (CABI, 2007). Females lay up to 1060 eggs (Amate et al., 1998). Although C
. chalcites has been recorded in northern Europe, winter mortality prevents continual establishment, but it extends its distribution by establishing in glasshouses (CABI, 2007). A massive migratory dispersion of this pest has been recorded (Spitzer and Jaros, 2004). Fruit and leaves of plants can also carry the larvae long distances in trade (CABI, 2007), and several hundred interceptions of C
. chalci tes larvae have been recorded on different commodities (PestID, 20 10 ). Overall, we rated it **High** for Dispersal Potential. High (3)

**Risk Element #4: Economic Impact** Chrysodeixis chalcites and closely related species defoliate plants and feed on flowers and fruits (CABI, 2007; Mau and Martin Kessing, 1991). This pest also attacks crops under glasshouse production (Amate et al., 1998). Control measures for C
. chalcites include pheromone trapping, chemical, and biological treatments (CABI, 2007), but mainly insecticides (Medina et al., 2007; Thomas, 2004). Those practices increase production costs (NAPPO, 2006). Chrysodeixis chalcites is considered a pest of national concern in the United States (CAPS, 20 11 )

. Our risk rating for Economic Impact is **High**
. High (3)

**Risk Element #5: Environmental Impact** Families containing Endangered and Threatened plant species present in the continental United States that the pest may attack include Asteraceae (Helianthus paradoxus and H

. schweinitzii), Fabaceae ( Trifolium amoenum , T
. stoloniferum , and T
. trichocalyx), and Solanaceae (Solanum drymophilum ) (USFWS, 2010). When C
. chalcites is introduced, eradication programs have been started (CFIA, 2006), likely

using chemical and biological control. Our risk rating is **High**
. High (3)Pest Risk A ssessment for Strawberries from Egypt

Ver. 1 ( Original ) January 4, 2012 22 **Eutetranychus orientalis Risk ratings**  **Risk Element #1: Climate -**  **Host Interaction** Eutetranychus orientalis is found in tropical savannahs and deserts where humidity is sufficient for egg survival (CABI, 2007). The species is present in Asia (from Turkey

and Iran, to India, Japan, and C hina), Africa, and Europe (EPPO and CABI , 1997). It can establish in U.S. Plant Hardiness Zones 8

- 11 (Magarey et al.. 20 08) , where one or more of its hosts are present (NRCS, 2010). Because of its small size, Zone 11 does not count toward to total. Therefore, our risk rating for Climate

- Host Interaction is **Medium**
. Medium (2)

**Risk Element #2: Host Range** Citrus species are the main hosts of E. orientalis . In Egy pt, lemons ( C. limon ), mandarins ( C. reticulata ) , and oranges ( C. sinensis ) are all attacked. It also attacks a wide range of other crops, including almonds ( Prunus dulcis ), bananas ( Musa paradisiaca ), cas sava ( Manihot esculenta ), cotton ( Gossypium sp.), eggplant (Solanum melongena ), figs ( Ficus carica and F. macrophylla ), guavas ( Psidium guajava ), luffa ( Luffa sp.), mulberries (

Morus sp. and M

. alba ), olives ( Olea europaea ), pawpaws ( Carica papaya ), peaches ( Prunus persica ), pears ( Pyrus sp. and P. comunis ), Plumeria alba , quinces ( Cydonia oblonga ), c astor bean ( Ricinus communis ), sunflowers ( Helianthus annuus ), sweet potatoes ( Ipomoea batatas ), water hyacinth ( Eichhornia crassipes ), watermelons ( Citrullus lanatus ), Alstonia glaucescens , and over 50 other plant species in different families (CABI, 2007; EPPO and CABI , 1997). Thus, we rated it **High.** High (3)

**Risk Element #3: Dispersal Potential** For E. orientalis , optimum conditions are 21°C (69.8°F) and 59

- 70 percent relative humidity

(RH), although development proceeded between 18 and 30°C (64.4 and 86°F) and between 35 and 72 percent RH. High temperatures and humidity favor the development of E. orientalis , particularl y the egg, which is sensitive to low humidity (EPPO and CABI, 1997 ). Females have a mean lifespan of 15.2 days, and lay between 6 and 8 eggs per day , with a maximum of 35 eggs per female (CABI, 2007; EPPO and CABI, 1997 ). Under optimal conditions, 25

- 27 generations per year are possible (CABI, 2007). In general, wind currents are the main means of dispersal for E. orientalis . In international trade, this pest might be carried on plants (EPPO and CABI, 1997 )

. Consequently, our risk rating for Dispersal Potential is **High**
. Medium (2 )

**Risk Element #4: Economic Impact**  Eutetranychus orientalis is an important pest of citrus. In India, out of seven Eutetranychus pests on citrus, only E. orientalis was a major pest in all areas (CABI, 2007). This mite causes defoliation and dieback of twigs in nurseries and orchards, resulting in premature fruit drop, lowering the yi eld of host crops (PPQ, 2002). The presence of this pest requires implementation of c ontrol programs which increase production costs. Eutetranychus orientalis is on the EPPO A2 list (CABI , 2007). It is not known to occur in the w estern h emisphere and its introduction into the United States can cause loss of foreign and domestic markets. Consequentl y, our risk rating for Economic Impact is **High**
. High (3)Pest Risk A ssessment for Strawberries from Egypt

Ver. 1 ( Original ) January 4, 2012 23 **Eutetranychus orientalis Risk ratings**  **Risk Element #5: Environmental Impact** Endangered species of the genera Prunus (e.g

. , P. geniculata , FL), Manihot (e.g

. , M
. walkerae , TX), and Ziziphus (e.g

. , Z. celata , FL) are potential hosts (USFWS, 2010) of E. orientalis . Biological and/or chemical control programs are likely to be implemented if the mite is introduced. S uccessful examples include control with predatory

mites and a parasitic fungus in Jordan and Israel (CABI, 2007). Acaricides are commonly used for chemical control of this mite (CABI, 2007). Consequently, we rated it **High** for Environmental Impact
. High (3)

**Spodoptera littoralis Risk ratings**  **Risk Element #1: Climate -**  **Host Interaction** Spodoptera littoralis is present throughout the Mediterranean countries including Spain, Portugal, Greece, and Italy, as well as the Middle East, I srael, Egy pt, and Africa. Ithas been introduced into central and southern Europe (CABI, 2007; Zhang, 1994). In the continental United States, the pest could establish in Hardiness Zones 8 to 11 (Magarey et al., 2008). Because of its small size, Zone 11 does not count toward the total. Our risk rating for Host

- Climate is **Medium**
. Medium (2)

**Risk Element #2: Host Range**  Spodoptera littoralis is a pest of greenhouse crops and vegetables ( CABI, 2007; Zhang, 1994). The host range includes over 40 families, with at least 87 species of economic importance (CABI, 2007), such as alfalfa ( Medicago sativa ), beans ( Phaseolus spp.), carrots ( Daucus carota ), citrus ( Citrus spp.), cotton ( Gossypium spp.), grapes ( Vitis spp.), onion ( Allium cepa ), peppers ( Capsicum annuum ), potato (Solanum tuberosum ), tobacco (Nicotiana tabacum ), tomato (Solanum lycopersicum ), and various grasses (CABI, 2007). Based on this evidence, we rated the Host Range as **High** risk. High (3)

**Risk Element #3: Dispersal Potential** The lifecycle of S. littoralis can be completed in about five weeks (EPPO and CABI, 1997). This species produces ten generations each ye ar, but onl y seven generations in greenhouses (Fraval, 1997). Females lay 1000
- 2000 eggs in masses of 100

- 300 (EPPO and CABI, 1997 ). Fecundity is reduced b y high temperatures and low humidity ; the greatest numbers of eggs (about 960) are produced at 30°C (86°F) and 90 percent RH (EPPO and CABI, 1997 ). Newly laid eggs of one strain of S. littoralis survived exposure to 1°C (33.8°F) for eight days (EPPO and CABI, 1997 ). According to Salama and Shoukry (1972, cited by EPPO and CABI, 1997 ), the moths can fly

1.5 km in four hours overnight, facilitating dispersion and oviposition on different hosts. In international trade, eggs or larvae may be present on planting material, cut flowers, or vegetables (EPPO and CABI, 1997 ). Thus, we rated Dispersal Potenti al a s **High**
. High (3)

**Risk Element #4: Economic Impact** Spodoptera littoralis is one of the most destructive agricultural lepidopteran pests High (3)Pest Risk A ssessment for Strawberries from Egypt

Ver. 1 ( Original ) January 4, 2012 24 **Spodoptera littoralis Risk ratings**  within its subtropical and tropical range. Year

- round, it attacks crops such as cotton, cowpea, groundnuts, potatoe s, and tomatoes (EPPO and CABI, 1997 )

. These crops are widespread in the continental United States (NRCS, 2010). The establishment of S. littoralis would increase costs because of the chemical, biological, or other control methods that would be used. In addition, this pest could cause the loss of international and interstate markets since it would be considered a quarantine pest by other countries ( EPPO and CABI, 1997 ). This pest is considered a pest of national concern in the United States for so ybean and oat production (CAPS, 20 11 ). Based on this evidence, we rated the Economical Impact for S. littoralis as **High**
. **Risk Element #5: Environmental Impact** Spodoptera littoralis attacks families containing Endangered and Threatened plant species present in the continental United States, such as Amarantaceae ( Amaranthus pumilus ), Asteraceae ( Helianthus paradoxus , H
. schweinitzii , Senecio franciscanus , and S
. layneae), Cactaceae ( Opuntia treleasei), Fabaceae ( Trifolium amoenum , T

. stoloniferum , T

. trichocalyx), Fagaceae ( Quercus hinckleyi), Liliaceae (

Allium munzii), Cucurbitaceae ( Cucurbita okeechobeensis ssp. okeechobeensis ), Rosaceae ( Prunus geniculata ), and Verbenaceae ( Verbena californica ) (USFWS, 2010). Establishment of this pest could lead to chemical and biological control programs being implemented. Our risk rating for Environmental Impact is **High**
. High (3)

**Table 4.** Risk ratings for Consequences of Introduction. **Pest Risk Elements**  **Cumulative risk rating**  a **Climate -**  **host interaction**  **Host**

**range Dispersal** 

**potential Econ.** 

**Impact Environ.** 

**Impact** Chrysodeixis chalcites Med (2) High (3) High (3) High (3) High (3) High (14) Eutetranychus orientalis Med (2) High (3) Med (2) High (3) High (3) High (13) Spodoptera littoralis Med (2) High (3) High (3) High (3) High (3) High (14) a Lo w is 5

- 8 points, Medium is 9

- 12 points, and High is 13

- 15 points
**2.7. Likelihood of Introduction** We rated each pest for the Likelihood of Introduction based on two separate components. First, we estimated the amount of commodity likel y to be imported (sub

- element #1). Secondl y, we estimated pest opportunity using five biological features (sub

- elements #2
- 6). Details of the rating criteria are explained in PPQ (2000). We summarized our ratings and the overall value for the Likelihood of Introduction below ( Table 5)

.Pest Risk A ssessment for Strawberries from Egypt

Ver. 1 ( Original ) January 4, 2012 25 2.7.1. Quantity

of Commodity

Imported Annually Volume imported is assessed in terms of the number of 40

- foot long shipping containers expected (approximately

18,143 kg or 40,000 pounds) (FAS, 2008). In Egypt in 2006, strawberries were cultivated on nearl y 8,546 Feddans (8,871 acres) and yi elded 139,165 tons of fruit (CAPQ, 2006). In the ir m arket access request document (CAPQ, 2006), Egy pt states that they expect to export 24 tons (48,000 lbs) of strawberries from Egy pt to the continental United States per year. This may increase depending on the market demand and possible increases in cultiv ated area. This equals an annual imported volume of nearl y 1.2 containers, which is **Low** risk. 2.7.2. Survive Post

- Harvest Treatment Detailed practices for harvest, post

- harvest, and packinghouses are described in Appendix E (CAPQ, 2006). Picking, handling, and transferring berries from the field to pre

- cooling units and transport boxes, then to the airport b y refrigerated trucks represents the complete system (CAPQ, 2006). Egy

ptian fresh strawberry

fruit is harvested as three

- quarters mature fruit with th e cal yx (or cap) and a short stem attached. Harvested fruit is collected, graded, culled (pickers eliminate over ripe, under

ripe, diseased, or insect

- damaged fruit), and packed in the field (Appendix E) (CAPQ, 2006). Packed fruit is sheltered under shade and transported to packinghouses. Fruits are held in temporary

cold short temperature storage at 1 °C and 90

- 98% RH. In packing facilities fruit is weighed and forced

- air cooled as quickl y as possible (the process needs to be completed in less than two hours) to reach an internal pulp temperature of'1

- 2°C, then cartons are moved to a storage area ( 1 °C and 90

- 98 % RH), and cold conditions are maintained during transportation (CAPQ, 2006). Exportation of strawberries from Egy pt into the United States follows testing for pesticides residues , for strawberry

flavor and smell, and inspection for any visible matter (CAPQ, 2006). Based on this information, our considerations and ratings for the pests follow. **Lepidoptera.** Chrysodeixis chalcites and Spodoptera littoralis larvae burrow into the flesh beneath the shelter of the cal yx . Small neonate larvae may escape detection during normal post

harvest procedures. However, the presence of later instars on fruit would probably be detected due to the presence of fra ss and visible feeding damage (CABI, 2007). Consequently , we rated the likelihood of survival for these pests as **Medium**
. **External feeders**
. Eutetranychus orientalis is a tiny external feeder that could be concealed beneath the cal yx . The egg stages of this pest will be difficult to detect, and the cal yx , sepals, and stem parts on the fruit would likely provide shelter. The post

- harvest information available for this commodity

in Egy pt does not include detailed practices to manage and mitigate this pest. Con sequently, we rated E. orientalis **High**
. 2.7.3. Shipment Survival Shipment of pallets of cooled strawberries from Egy pt to the United States could take 13

- 14 hours in non

- stop flights. In addition, pallets of cooled strawberries can be wrapped with plastic and carbon dioxide can be injected into the pallet. Carbon dioxide slows respiration and mold development and prolongs the shelf life of fruit. Given this, we do not expect shipping toPest Risk A ssessment for Strawberries from Egypt

Ver. 1 ( Original ) January 4, 2012 26 significantl y affect quarantine pests present in the shipment, either due to time or low temperatures. Interceptions of all pests (Table 4 ) corroborate this idea. Specifically, we do not expect that there would be mortality associated with shipping, nor would Lepidoptera larvae undergo significant changes in size or maturity . Thus, our rating for all pests for this sub

- element is **High**
. 2.7.4. Undetected at Port

- of

- Entry Estimating the probability that these pests will not be detected at the port

- of

- entry involves the consideration of pest size, mobility, and degree of concealment. Eutetranychus orientalis is a minute external feeder, which could be concealed beneath the cal yx or in packing materials. They may escape detection at low population densities or in the egg stage despite color differences. Because of this, we rated the risk of not detecting E. orientalis as **High**
. Although the Lepidoptera are internal feeders, the later instars are large and feeding damage would be relativel y eas y to detect during normal inspection procedures. Interception data corroborates this (Appendix C ). Thus, for this sub

- element we rated the risk for Chrysodeixis chalcites, and Spodoptera littoralis as **Low**
. 2.7.5. Imported or Moved to Area with Environmental Suitability for Survival Strawberries are the fifth most consumed fresh fruit in the United States (Boriss et al., 2006; Geisler, 2010). We assume that the demand for strawberries is proportional to the size of the consumer population in potential markets, and that imports might be concentrated in certain regions of the United States, not all of which may be conducive to pest survival. Imported strawberries from Egy

pt are likel y to be sold in most states of the continental United States; except California and Florida where strawberries have a surplus production that allows net exportation (Garret, 2008; Geisler, 2010). Our ratings are based on the proportional population in the areas suitable for pest establishment (Climate

- Host interactions, above). Zone 9, by itself, includes more than 20 percent of the population (PERAL , 2008), and all pests of concern here can establish in that and other zones. Therefore, the rating for this sub

- elem ent for all pests is **High**
. 2.7.6. Come into C ontact with H ost M aterial S uitable for Reproduction Chrysodeixis chalcites and Spodoptera littoralis are mobile as larvae (CABI, 2007) and could reach new hosts when discarded in compost piles or elsewhere. The ir larvae can develop successfull y on numerous species, and adult females will oviposit on numerous plants species (Meijerman and Ulenberg, 2004; Zhang, 1994). These Lepidoptera can also fly to search for hosts (Spitzer and Jaros, 2004; Vajgand et al., 200 4; CABI, 2007; EPPO and CABI, 1997). We rated the risk of these Lepidoptera pests contacting host material suitable for reproduction as **High**
. The mite Eutetranychus orientalis has a wide host range (CABI, 2007). However, this pest attacks citrus, cotton, bananas, guavas, and other crops of warmer climates with limited in distribution in the United States (NRCS, 2010). Thus, these hosts are less likely to bePest Risk A ssessment for Strawberries from Egypt

Ver. 1 ( Original ) January 4, 2012 27 encountered and colonized within the pest’s potential range (Magarey et al., 2008). We rated the ris k for this mite as **Medium**
. **Table 5**  **.** Risk ratings for Likelihood of Introduction. The rating for “Quantity Imported Annually,” was Low for all pests a **Pest Sub**  **- element**  **Cumulative risk rating**  **b Survive**  **post -**  **harvest t**  **reatment Survive** 

**s hipment**  **Not detected** 

**at p ort**  **s -**  **of**

  ** e** **ntry Moved to** 

**suitable h**  **abitat Contact** 

**with host m**  **aterial** Chrysodeixis chalcites Med (2) High (3 Low (1) High (3 High (3) Medium (13) Eutetranychus orientalis High (3) High (3 High (3) High (3 Med (2) High (15) Spodoptera littoralis Med (2) High (3 Low (1) High (3 High (3) Medium (13) a This rating adds 1 pt to each pest’s row total. b Lo w = 6
- 9, Medium = 10

- 14, High = 15

- 18 points.
**2.8. Pest Risk Potential and Conclusion** The sums of the cumulative ratings for the Consequences of Introduction and the Likelihood of Introduction indicate that all species have High or Medium Pest Risk Potentials ( Table 6 ). The PPQ Guidelines state that a High pest risk potential means that specific phy tosanitary measures are strongl y recommended and that port

- of

- entry inspection is not considered sufficient to provide phytosanitary

security . The choice of appropriate measures to mitigate risk is undertaken as part of risk management and is not addressed in this document.
**Table 6 .**  Pest risk potentials. **Pest Consequences of**  **Introduction Likelihood of** 

**Introduction Pest Risk Potential**  **a** Chrysodeixis chalcites High (14) Medium (13) High (27) Eutetranychus orientalis High ( 13 ) High (15) High (28 ) Spodoptera littoralis High (14) Medium (13) High (27) a Lo w: 11
- 18 points, Medium: 19

- 26 points, High: 27

- 33 points 

### 3. Author **s and Reviewers**  **Author s**  **:** N. Arciniegas , Pest Risk Analysta J. Rogers, Pest Risk Analyst b **Reviewers:** C. Devorshak, Entomologist b L. M. Ferguson, Plant PathologistbPest Risk A ssessment for Strawberries from Egypt

Ver. 1 ( Original ) January 4, 2012 28 a USDA
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- 288.Pest Risk A ssessment for Strawberries from Egypt

Ver. 1 ( Original ) January 4, 2012 39 

### 5. Appendices **Appendix A**  **. Countries from which strawberries are**  **permitted entry into the United States. Table**  **A 1**  **.** Countries from which strawberries can enter the United States (PPQ, 2010). Albania Finland Netherland Antigua and Barbuda France New Zealand Argentina French Guiana Nicaragua Armenia Georgia Norway Australia Germany Panama Austria Greece Paraguay Azerbaijan Grenada Peru Bahamas Guadalupe Poland Barbados Guatemala Portugal Belarus Guyana Romania Belgium Haiti Russian Federation Belize Honduras Saint Barthelemy Bermuda Hungary Saint Kitts and Nevis Bolivia Ireland Saint Lucia Bosnia and Herzegovina Is rael Saint Vincent and Grenadines Brazil Ital y Serbia Bulgaria Jamaica Slovakia Canada* Japan* Slovenia Cay man Islands Kazakhstan Spain Chile Korea Sweden Colombia Ky rgyzstan Switzerland Costa Rica Latvia Tajikistan Croatia Lithuania Trinidad and Tobago Curacao Macedonia Turkey Czech Republic Martinique Turkmenistan Denmark Mexico Ukraine Dominica Moldova United Kingdom Dominican Republic Montenegro Uruguay Ecuador Montserrat Uzbekistan El Salvador Morocco Venezuela Estonia NetherlandPest Risk A ssessment for Strawberries from Egypt

Ver. 1 ( Original ) January 4, 2012 40 **Appendix B**  **. Decision sheets for Fragaria**  **spp. Table**  **B 1**  . Decision sheets for entry of strawberries into the United States (CPHST, 2008). The sy mbol “

—” indicates data were not available or legible, and entries where the decision was unclear were not listed. **Year Country**  **Decision Ports**  **- of**  **- entry**  **(region) a**  **Reasons/Conditions** 1924 Mexico Approved

— 1926 Holland Approved

— 1928 Peru Disapproved

— 1932 Ecuador Approved N, S 1932 Mexico Approved SAG 1939 England Approved NA Subject to inspection 1940 Japan Approved All 1942 Mexico Approved All 1946 France Approved

— 1947 b Argentina Approved NA Accepted from Miami 1947 Jamaica Approved NA 1947 South America Approved

— 1948 Australia Approved

— T&E movement to Canada via Honolulu, San Francisco, and NP ports, subject to usual certification and marking requirements for Australian fruit 1948 New Zealand Approved All 1949 New Zealand Approved

— 1950 Belgium Approved NY 1950 France Approved All 1950 Ital y Approved NY 1950 Switzerland Approved NY 1951 Europe Approved All 1951 Haiti, Central and South America, and West Indies Approved

—

1951 Scotland Approved All 1967, 1968 Is rael Approved All Requires certification that strawberries were produced in an area free of red

legged earth mite 1969 Australia Disapproved

— Risk of introducing red

- legged earth mite, Halotydeus destructor TuckerPest Risk A ssessment for Strawberries from Egypt

Ver. 1 ( Original ) January 4, 2012 41 **Year Country**  **Decision Ports**  **- of**  **- entry**  **(region) a**  **Reasons/Conditions** 1970 b Australia Disapproved Guam a. No approved treatment if infested with mites. b. No approved treatment available if strawberries found infested with mites for arrival in Guam. 1971 Australia (Queensland only) Approved All Requires certification that strawberries were produced in an area free of red

legged earth mite 1973, 1974 Australia (Tasmania) Approved All Requires certification that strawberries were produced in an area free of red

legged earth mite 1982, 1988 Morocco Approved All Commercial shipments only, subject to inspection. Treatment if pest found. 1986 b Ghana Disapproved All Lack of specific information on pests of strawberry

in Ghana 1986 Zimbabwe Disapproved

— Lack of available information on pests of strawberry

in Zimbabwe 1988 b Korea Disapproved All A complex of insect pests for which there is no acceptable treatment 1991 French Guiana Disapproved

— Trapping of Dacus sp. in Guyana 1991 c Nicaragua Approved All Requires certification that strawberries were produced in an area free of red

legged earth mite 1992 b Korea Approved All a. Requires certification that strawberries were produced in an area free of red

- legged earth mite. b. From September 15 through May 31. Subject to inspection 1994 Guyana Disapproved

— Trapping of Bactrocera sp. in Guyana 1994 Philippines Disapproved All No approved treatment

— c Chile Approved All

— Philippines Disapproved

— No approved treatment a Ports
- of

- entry, or regions, are: All, NA = North Atlantic, NY = New York, NP = North Pacific, S =South, SA = South Atlantic, SAG = South Atlantic & Gulf, and SP = South Pacific. b This entry

combines information from two separate sheets to make a complete record. c Another entry exists for this year and country, but the information in that entry was either the same or unclear.Pest Risk A ssessment for Strawberries from Egypt

Ver. 1 ( Original ) January 4, 2012 42 **Appendix C**  **. Pest interceptions on Fragaria**  **sp., F. ananassa, F. chiloensis**  **, and F. vesca**  **entering the United States Table**  **C 1**  . Pest interceptions on Fragaria spp. from 1985 to 2010 (PestID, 2010). **Pest Origin**  **Interceptions (no.)**  **Where found** Acaridae, species of Ital y, New Zealand 4 Baggage Acrididae, species of Chile 1 Permit cargo Agallia sp. Chile 1 Permit cargo Agriolimacidae, species of New Zealand 1 Permit cargo Agriolimax reticulatus New Zealand, Romania 5 Baggage, General cargo Agriolimax sp. Poland 1 Baggage Agromyzidae, species of Guatemala 1 Permit cargo Agrotis sp. Chile, Ecuador 3 Permit cargo Agrypnus sp. New Zealand 1 Permit cargo Aleyrodes lonicerae Czech Republic, Ital y 2 Baggage, Permit cargo Aley rodidae, species of Mexico, New Zealand, Peru,

Philippines 7 Baggage, Permit cargo Allantus sp. Polland 1 Baggage Alternaria sp. Canada, China 2 Baggage, Permit cargo Amorbia emigratella Mexico 1 Permit cargo Amorbia sp. Costa Rica, Mexico 7 Baggage, Permit cargo Amphideritus sp. Ecuador 1 Permit cargo Anchonus sp. Costa Rica 1 Permit cargo Anobidae, species of Peru 6 Permit cargo Anthocoridae, species of Peru 2 Permit cargo Anystidae, species of New Zealand 1 Permit cargo Aphididae, species of Argentina, Australia, Canada, Colombia, Costa Rica, El Salvador, Japan, Mexico, The Netherlands, New Zealand, Peru, Russia, South Korea, Spain, Unknown 74 Baggage, General cargo, Permit cargo

Aphis gossypii Costa Rica, Japan 2 Permit Cargo Aphodiinae, species of Australia, Peru 2 Permit cargo Apion sp. Mexico 1 General cargo Aranae , species of Canada 1 General cargo Arctiidae, species of Unknown 1 Baggage Arhys sus parvicornis Mexico 1 Permit cargo Arhyssus sp. Mexico 2 Permit cargo Aspidiotus sp. Fiji 1 Permit cargo Aulacorthum solani New Zealand, Costa Rica 3 Permit cargoPest Risk A ssessment for Strawberries from Egypt

Ver. 1 ( Original ) January 4, 2012 43 **Pest Origin**  **Interceptions (no.)**  **Where found** Baridinae, species of Mexico 1 Baggage Blaptinus sp. Guatemala, Mexico 2 Permit cargo Brachyc audus sp. Mexico 1 Permit cargo Braconidae, species of Canada, Mexico 2 General cargo, permit cargo Carabidae, species of Mexico 1 Permit cargo Cecidomyiidae, species of Russia 1 Baggage Ceratitis capitata Hungary 1 Baggage Cercospora sp. Sweden 1 Baggage Chaetosiphon fragaefolii Argentina, Australia, New Zealand 4 Permit cargo Chaetosiphon sp. New Zealand 7 Permit cargo Chaetosiphon thomasi New Zealand 18 Permit cargo Chironomidae, species of Australia, Canada 2 Baggage, General cargo Chrysomelidae, species of New Zealand, Unknown 7 Baggage, Permit cargo Chrysomelinae, species of New Zealand 1 General cargo Cicadellidae, species of Australia, Chile, Germany, Peru 5 Baggage, Permit cargo Cirsium sp. China 1 Permit cargo Cladosporium sp. China 1 Baggage Cleridae, species of Peru 7 Permit cargo Coccidae, species of France 1 Stores Coccinellidae, species of Canada, Mexico 3 Permit cargo Coleoptera, species of Colombia, Peru 32 Permit cargo Collembola, species of Bosnia and Herzegovina, Peru 3 Permit cargo, Baggage Colletotrichum acutatum New Zealand 2 Permit cargo Colletotrichum gloesporioides New Zealand 1 Permit cargo Conoderus exsul New Zealand 1 Permit cargo Conoderus sp. New Zealand 1 Baggage Conotrachelus sp. Costa Rica 1 Permit cargo Copitarsia sp. Argentina, Chile, Colombia, Costa Rica, Guatemala 13 Permit cargo Cornu aspersum New Zealand 5 Permit cargo Corticariidae, species of Australia 1 Permit cargo Corylophidae, species of Mexico, The Netherlands 2 General cargo, Permit cargo Corythucha ciliata United States of America 1 Permit cargo Corythucha unifasciata Mexico 1 Permit cargo Cossoninae, species of New Zealand 1 Permit cargoPest Risk A ssessment for Strawberries from Egypt

Ver. 1 ( Original ) January 4, 2012 44 **Pest Origin**  **Interceptions (no.)**  **Where found** Criconematidae, species of Ukraine 1 Baggage Cry ptophagidae, species of Canada 1 General cargo Cry ptorhyn chinae, species of New Zealand 1 Permit cargo Ctenopseustis obliquana New Zealand 5 Permit cargo Cucujidae , species of Mexico, Peru 2 General cargo, Permit cargo Curculionidae, species of Colombia, Costa Rica, Ecuador, Latvia, New Zealand 11 Baggage, General cargo, Permit cargo Delochilocoris caliginosus Guatemala 1 Permit cargo Dermaptera, species of Japan 1 Baggage Deroceras cf. panormitanum South Korea, New Zealand 2 Permit cargo Deroceras laeve New Zealand, Spain 7 Permit cargo Deroceras panormitanum Australia 1 Permit cargo Deroceras sp. New Zealand, Poland 3 Baggage, Permit cargo Diplodia, species of Canada 1 General cargo Diptera, species of Australia, Peru, South Korea 7 Baggage, Permit cargo Drosophila sp. Canada 1 General cargo Drosophilidae, species of Canada, China, Japan, Mexico, Peru 8 Baggage, Permit cargo Elateridae, species of New Zealand 1 Permit cargo Entomobryidae, species of Peru 2 Permit Cargo Eotetranychus sp. Is rael 1 Permit cargo Epiphyas postvittana Australia, New Zealand 35 Permit cargo Epiphyas sp. New Zealand 2 Permit cargo Epitragus sp. Colombia 1 Permit cargo Eumolpinae, species of New Zealand 1 Permit cargo Eupodidae, species of Canada, New Zealand 3 Permit cargo Frankliniella cestrum Chile 7 Permit cargo Frankliniella intonsa Japan 1 Permit cargo Frankliniella occidentalis Australia, Mexico, New Zealand, Peru, South Korea 20 Baggage, General cargo, Permit cargo Frankliniella panamensis Ecuador 1 Permit cargo Frankliniella schultzei Argentina, Bolivia 2 Permit cargo Frankliniella sp. Argentina, Australia, Chile, Colombia, Ecuador, Guatemala, Mexico, Peru, Unknown, Venezuela 27 Baggage, General cargo, Permit cargo, Stores Galgupha albipennis Chile 1 Permit cargoPest Risk A ssessment for Strawberries from Egypt

Ver. 1 ( Original ) January 4, 2012 45 **Pest Origin**  **Interceptions (no.)**  **Where found** Geocoridae, species of Peru 1 Permit cargo Gocoris sp. Mexico, Peru 2 Permit cargo Geometridae, species of Mexico, New Zealand 5 Permit cargo Gryllus sp. Mexico 1 Permit cargo Gymnetron sp. New Zealand 4 Baggage Haplothrips aculeatus Russia 1 Baggage Helicidae, species of Spain 1 Permit cargo Helicotylenchus rotundicauda Argentina 1 Baggage Helicoverpa armigera New Zealand 2 Permit cargo Helicoverpa punctigera Australia 1 Permit cargo Helicoverpa sp. Australia, Chile, New Zealand 27 Baggage, Permit cargo Heliothis sp. New Zealand 3 Permit cargo Heliothis virescens Peru 1 Permit cargo Hemiptera, species of France, Mexico 3 Baggage, General cargo Heraceus sp. Mexico 1 Permit cargo Heteroptera, species of Australia, Mexico, New Zealand 4 Baggage, Permit cargo Hoplia sp. Costa Rica 1 Permit cargo Kleidotoma sp. Mexico 2 Permit cargo Lagriinae, species of New Zealand 1 Permit cargo Lathridiidae, species of Mexico 2 Permit cargo Leptoglossus phyllopus Mexico 1 Permit cargo Lepidoptera, species of Mexico 2 Permit cargo Li gy rocoris sp. Mexico 1 Permit cargo Liorhyssus sp. Chile 1 Permit cargo Listroderes sp. Chile 1 Permit cargo Listronotus bonariensis New Zealand 1 Permit cargo Lithraeus egenus Chile 1 Permit cargo Lobometopon sp. Mexico 1 Permit cargo Lycaenidae, species of Mexico 1 Baggage Lygaeidae, species of Canada, Chile, Japan, Mexico, New Zealand, Peru 7 General cargo, Permit cargo Lygaeoidea, species of Costa Rica, Ecuador, Guatemala, New Zealand, Peru 14 Permit cargo Lygus lineolaris Canada 1 General cargo Macrosiphum euphorbiae Mexico 1 Permit cargo Macrosiphum sp. New Zealand 1 Permit cargo Meloidogyne sp. Georgia 1 BaggagePest Risk A ssessment for Strawberries from Egypt

Ver. 1 ( Original ) January 4, 2012 46 **Pest Origin**  **Interceptions (no.)**  **Where found** Mesotigsmata, species of Canada 1 General cargo Microtheca sp. Argentina 1 Permit cargo Miridae, species of Australia, Canada, Ecuador, Mexico, Peru 17 Baggage, Permit cargo Mollusca, species of New Zealand 1 Permit cargo Mordellidae, species of Ital y 1 Baggage Mycetophagidae, species of Mexico, Peru 4 Permit cargo Mycosphaerella fragariae India, Poland 2 Baggage Mycosphaerella sp. Poland 1 Baggage Myzus persicae Japan, Poland 2 Permit cargo Myzus sp. Peru 1 Permit cargo Nabidae, species of Canada, Mexico, Peru 3 Permit cargo, General cargo Neopamera bilobata Peru 1 Permit cargo Neopamera sp. Mexico 1 Permit cargo Neurpotera, species of Canada, Peru 2 Permit cargo Nitulidae, species of Argentina, Australia, Bolivia, Canada, Chile 12 Permit cargo Noctuidae, species of Colombia, Costa Rica, Ecuador, Guatemala, Hungary, Is rael, Lebanon, Mexico, New Zealand, Peru, Poland, Romania, Russia, Sapain, Ukraine, Venezuela 83 Baggage, General cargo, Permit cargo

Nodonota sp. Venezuela 1 Permit cargo Nysius huttoni Argentina 1 Permit cargo Nyssius sp. Australia, Chile, Colombia, Ecuador, Japan, Mexico, New Zealand, Peru 67 Baggage, General cargo, Permit cargo Oecophoridae, species of Chile 1 Permit cargo Olethreutinae, species of New Zealand 2 Permit cargo Orious insidiosus Canada 1 Permit cargo Othiorhy nchus sp. Ukraine 1 Baggage Pentatomidae, species of Argentina, Australia, Mexico, New Zealand 15 Permit cargo Pentatomoidea, species of Chile, New Zealand 3 Permit cargo Pheidole sp. Colombia 1 Permit cargo Phyllocoptes lapiflavi Japan 1 Permit cargo Piesma sp. Mexico 1 General cargoPest Risk A ssessment for Strawberries from Egypt

Ver. 1 ( Original ) January 4, 2012 47 **Pest Origin**  **Interceptions (no.)**  **Where found** Pityophthorus sp. Mexico 2 Permit cargo Planococcus citri United States of America 1 Permit cargo Planotortrix excessana New Zealand 3 Permit cargo Platynota sp. Mexico, Panama, Venezuela 3 Baggage, Permit cargo Prietocella barbara Australia 1 Permit cargo Proba sp. Costa Rica 1 Mail Protorthodes sp. Colombia 1 Permit cargo Prytanes sp. Mexico 1 Permit cargo Pseudococcidae, species of Australia, Ecuador, New Zealand, Poland. Spain 9 Baggage, Permit cargo Pseudococcus calceolariae New Zealand 1 Permit cargo Pseudococcus longispinus Mexico 1 Permite cargo Pseudopachybrachius basalis New Zealand 1 Permit cargo Psudopamera aurivilliana Mexico 1 Permit cargo Psudopamera nitidula Mexico 1 Permit cargo Pseudopamera sp. Mexico 2 Permit cargo Psyllidae, species of Mexico, New Zealand 2 Baggage, Permit cargo Psylliodes sp. Guatemala 1 Permit cargo Pupisoma orcula Philippines 1 Baggage Py raustinae, species of New Zealand 2 Permit cargo Py rrhocoridae, species of Mexico 1 Permit cargo Ramularia brunnea Slovakia 1 Baggage Ramularia sp. Ecuador 1 Permit cargo Ramularia tulasnei Mexico 1 Permit cargo Rhy parochromidae, species of Australia, Mexico 3 Permit cargo Rotylenchus fallorobustus Poland 1 Baggage Rotylenchus robustus Poland 2 Mail Saccharum spontaneum Peru 1 General cargo Salpingidae, species of Mexico 1 Permit cargo Sciaridae, species of The Netherlands, New Zealand 2 Permit cargo Sciopithes obscurus Canada 1 Baggage Scolopostethus affinis Soviet Union 1 Baggage Scolopostethus decoratus Germany 1 Baggage Scoly tidae, species of Mexico 1 Permit cargo Scoly tinae, species of New Zealand 1 Permit cargo Scy thrididae, species of Chile 2 Permit cargo Sitona sp. Australia, New Zealand 3 Permit cargoPest Risk A ssessment for Strawberries from Egypt

Ver. 1 ( Original ) January 4, 2012 48 **Pest Origin**  **Interceptions (no.)**  **Where found** Sitophilus sp. New Zealand 1 Permit cargo Sminthuridae, species of Russia 1 Baggage Sonchus arvensis Australia 1 Permit cargo Sonchus asper New Zealand 3 Baggage Sonchus oleraceus Australia, New Zealand 12 Baggage, General cargo, Permit cargo Sparganothis sp. Costa Rica 1 Permit cargo Sphaeroceridae, species of Bosnia and Herzegovina 1 Baggage Spodoptera exigua Mexico, New Zealand 4 General cargo, Permit cargo Spodoptera frugiperda Mexico 7 Permit cargo Spodoptera sp. Japan, Peru, Spain 3 Baggage, Permit cargo Staphylinidae, species of Canada, Mexico 2 Baggage, General cargo, Stegobium paniceum New Zealand 1 Permit cargo Succinea sp. Canada 1 General cargo Sy rphidae, species of Canada, Guatemala 3 General cargo, Permit cargo Tapinoma melanocephalum Bahamas 1 Stores Tarsonemidae, species of Canada 1 Permit cargo Tarsonemus sp. Belgium, Russia, Unknown 3 Baggage, Stores Telotylenchidae, species of Switzerland 1 Permit cargo Tetraleurodes mori Mexico 1 Baggage Tetranychus ludeni New Zealand 3 Permit cargo Tetranychus sp. Australia, Ecuador, Mexico, New Zealand, Poland, Thailand 15 Baggage, General cargo, Permit cargo Tetranychus urticae Australia, New Zealand 2 Australia, New Zealand Theba pisana France 1 Baggage Thripidae, species of Argentina, Colombia, Mexico, New Zealand, Poland 15 Baggage, General cargo, Permit cargo Thrips major Denmark 1 Stores Thrips obscuratus New Zealand 44 Baggage, General cargo, Permit cargo Thrips sp. Hawaii, Philipines 2 Mail, quarters Thrips tabaci Bosnia and Herzegovina, New Zealand 2 Baggage, Permit cargo Thyanta sp. Mexico 1 General cargo Thy reocorinae, species of Costa Rica 1 Permit cargo Thysanoptera , species of Mexico 1 Permit cargoPest Risk A ssessment for Strawberries from Egypt

Ver. 1 ( Original ) January 4, 2012 49 **Pest Origin**  **Interceptions (no.)**  **Where found** Tineidae , species of New Zealand 1 Permit cargo Tipula sp. Russia 1 Baggage Tomicus minor New Zealand 1 Permit cargo Tortricidae, species of Australia, Costa Rica, Germany, Guatemala, Mexico, New Zealand, Venezuela 59 Baggage, Permit cargo Tortricinae, species of Argentina, Australia, Chile, Costa Rica, Mexico, New Zealand, Venezuela 33 Baggage, General cargo, Permit cargo Tydeidae, species of New Zealand 1 Permit cargo Tydeus sp. Ital y 1 Baggage Tylenchorhynchus dubius Poland 2 Mail Tylenchorhynchus sp. Poland 1 Mail Tyrophagus sp. New Zealand 1 Permit cargo Vallonia excentrica Switzerland 1 Permit cargo Xyonysius californicus Mexico 2 General cargo, Permit cargoPest Risk A ssessment for Strawberries from Egypt

Ver. 1 ( Original ) January 4, 2012 50 **Appendix D**  **. Harvest and**  **post -**  **ha r** **vest practices, and s**  **tandard packinghouse procedures described for strawberries produced in Egypt (CAPQ, 2006)**  The Ministry

of Agriculture and Land Reclamation, Central Administration of Plant Quarantine (CAPQ)

- Cairo, Egy

pt , states that:

 Only fruits produced under a fresh planting s ys tem fulfill the exportation quality required. **Harvest**  Pickers should be properly trained to field pack.  Fruits are harvested 55

- 75 days from transplanting according to varieties. The picking p eriod lasts from 5 to 6 months, berries are picked dail y all season around when berries are three

quarters mature; this practice is carried out earl y in the morning when fruit surface has dried (harvest in the afternoon makes the fruit more susceptible to bruising injuries).  Berries are harvested , leaving a centimeter long peduncle; after being picked the fruit must handled with care.  Only fruits with firm texture are selected for exportation (overripe, underripe, diseased, or insect damaged berries are cul led).  The berries are placed in 250 g punnets and they in turn are placed in 2

- 2.5 kg cartons that are stored in a sheltered and shaded site. **Post -**  **harvest and packinghouse pr o**  **cedures**  Cartons are collected in field sites and delivered to the packing house frequently

.  After field packing the strawberries should be brought to the packinghouse, weighed, and forced

- air cooled as soon as possible.  This entire process should be completed in one to two hours after harvest.  The fruits follow a pre

- cooling to ensure a good shelf life. Therefore, strawberries should be cooled to an internal pulp temperature of'1

- 2 ° C.  When the fruit have been adequatel y cooled, the cartons are moved to a storage area.  The strawberry

fruit should be held in temporary short period coolin g to the following conditions: storage temperature 0°C and 90

- 98% RH. **Packing materials**  Strawberry

packaging materials are the punnets and the cartons.  The design of PET punnet is critical in determining ventilation and air flow through punnets.  Ventilation openings should be located on both the lower and upper portions of all 4 sides of the punnet and aligned for unobstructed horizontal air flow through adjacent punnets and the carton.  Carton design, the dimensions are 60 cm x 40 cm which holds 8 clear plastic punnets.  A minimum 250 lb/in2 bursting test strength fiberboards are recommended for cartons intended for export.  Cartons labeling helps to advertise the strawberries and assists importers in retrieving and redistributing.  All cartons should be clearly labeled in the language of the country of destination. The following information should be listed on the outside of the carton: Common name of the product (i.e. , strawberry), variety, p lot number, harvest date, class of product, brand name as well as name and address of the grower and exporter, country of origin, and recommended storage temperature.Pest Risk A ssessment for Strawberries from Egypt

Ver. 1 ( Original ) January 4, 2012 51  Labeling of individual punnets is also mandatory under EU regulation. **Exporting Period:**  Export period lasts from 5
- 6 months and from November to April.  Export time to EU is from December to March. **Exporting Calendar:**  Egy pt can supply

EU from November up to April.  Export best prices are from December to February.  Early cultivars and mid harvest cultivars are recommended to be planted in the farm. **Major types of testing for strawberries:**  Pesticides residues  Some fungicides can affect strawberry flavor  Foreign smell and/or taste  Any visible foreign matterPest Risk A ssessment for Strawberries from Egypt

Ver. 1 ( Original ) January 4, 2012 52 **Appendix E. Quarantine pests reported on strawberries (** **Fragaria spp.)**  **(in any country) and present in**  **Egypt Pest**  **Geographic distribution**  **Reported on commod.**  **Plant part affected 17**  **ARTHROPODS ARACHNIDA**  **Acari: Tetranychidae**  Eutetranychus orientalis Klein Syn: Anychus orientalis Klein EG (Bodenheimer, 1951; CABI, 2007; Migeon and Dorkeld, 2010; Zaher et al., 1982) Migeon and Dorkeld, 2010 F (Poole, 1999); L (CABI, 2007; NAPPO, 2001) **INSECTA Hemiptera: Margarodidae**  Icerya seychellarum Westwood EG (CABI, 2007) CABI, 2007 F, L, S (CABI, 2007) **Lepidoptera: Noctuidae**  Agrotis segetum Denis and Schiffermüller Syn: Scotia segetum Denis and Schiffermüller, Euxoa segetum Denis and Schiffermüller EG (CABI, 2007; Tòth et al., 1992) CABI, 2007; MAF, 2007; Robinson et al., 2001; Robinson et al., 2007 L, R, S (CABI, 2007)

Chrysodeixis chalcites (Esper) EG (CABI, 2010; Harakly, 1974; Harakly and Farag, 1975) CABI, 2010 F, L (CABI, 2007; NAPPO, 2006) Helicoverpa armigera (Hübner) Syn: Heliothis armigera (Hübner) EG (Gentry, 1965) Kirkpatrick, 1961; Orta

Cordero and Gonzalez

Tirado, 2000; Zalucki et al., 1986 Bd, F, I, S (Aguirre et al., 2005; Kirkpatrick, 1961; Queensland government, 2010) Spodoptera littoralis (Boisduval) EG (CABI, 2007; Mohamed et al., 2006; Pogue, 2008 ) CABI, 2010; Fraval, 2008 F, L (CABI, 2007) **Lepidoptera: Nymphalidae** Pandemis heparana Denis and Schiffermüller EG (Zhang, 1994) Meijerman and Ulenberg, 2004; Ovsyannikova and Grichanov, 2009; Robinson et al., 2007 F, I, L, Sh (Meijerman and Ulenberg, 2004) **Orthoptera: Gryllotalpidae** Gryllotalpa africana Palisot de Beauvois EG (CABI, 2007) MAF, 2007 Bd, R, Sd (Hill, 1983)

17 P lant parts: Buds = Bd; Fruit = F; Flower/Inflorescence = I; Leaf = L; Root = R; Seedlings= Sd; Shoot = Sh; Stem = S.Pest Risk A ssessment for Strawberries from Egypt

Ver. 1 ( Original ) January 4, 2012 53 **Pest Geographic**  **distribution Reported**  **on commod. Plant part affected**  **17 FUNGI**  **and CHROMISTANS** Cylindrocarpon didymum (Harting) Wollenw EG (Brayford, 1987; Farr et al., 2011); US (FL, WA) (Farr et al., 2011) Brayford, 1987 R, Sd (Brayford, 1987) Fusarium oxysporum f. sp. fragariae Winks & Y.N. Williams EG (UNDP, 2006) Nagarajan et al., 2006; Nagarajan et al., 2004 R, S (Golzar et al., 2007) Rhizoctonia fragariae Hussain & W.E. McKeen EG (CABI, 2007); US (CT) (CABI, 2007) (WV) (Farr et al., 2011) MAF, 2007 R (MAF, 2007)
**MOLLUSCA** Helix aspersa Müller Syn: Cornu aspersum Müller (Helicidae) EG; US ( CABI, 2010) CABI, 2007; Iglesias and Castillejo, 1999; PestID, 2010 L, I, F (Flint and Wilen, 2009) Theba pisana (Muller) EG (CABI, 2007; PestID, 2010) ; US (CA) (CABI, 2007) PestID, 2010 L, I, F (Flint and Wilen, 2009) **VIRUS** Strawberry leaf curl virus (StLCV) EG (El

- gaied et al., 2008) El

- gaied et al., 2008 L (El

- gaied et al., 2008)