2007 Decisions

Opinions of the United

States Court of Appeals

for the Third Circuit

1-31-2007

USA v. Alexander

Precedential or Non-Precedential: Non-Precedential

Docket No. 05-5145

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Recommended Citation

"USA v. Alexander" (2007). 2007 Decisions. Paper 1717.

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 NOT PRECEDENTIAL

UNITED STATES COURT OF APPEALS 

FOR THE THIRD CIRCUIT

 

No. 05-5145

 

UNITED STATES OF AMERICA,

 

v.

ROBERTO F. ALEXANDER, 

 Appellant.

____________

On Appeal From The United States District Court

For The District Of New Jersey

(D.C. Criminal No. 04-cr-00413)

District Judge: The Honorable Jerome B. Simandle

____________

Submitted Under Third Circuit LAR 34.1(a)

January 9, 2007

Before: SLOVITER and RENDELL, Circuit Judges, 

and RUFE*, District Judge.

(Filed: January 31, 2007)

 

OPINION OF THE COURT

 

__________________

 * Honorable Cynthia M. Rufe, Judge of the United States District Court for the 

Eastern District of Pennsylvania, sitting by designation.
 We have jurisdiction pursuant to 18 U.S.C. § 3742(a)(1). See United States v. 1

Cooper, 437 F.3d 324 (3d Cir. 2006). In Cooper, we held that an appellate court has

jurisdiction to review the unreasonableness of a sentence, “whether within or outside the

advisory guidelines range,” pursuant to 18 U.S.C. § 3742(a)(1). Id. at 328.

2

RUFE, District Judge.

Appellant Roberto F. Alexander (“Alexander”), deported from the United States in

2001 for an aggravated felony, pleaded guilty to illegal re-entry into the United States in

violation of 8 U.S.C. §§ 1326(a) and (b)(2). Alexander was sentenced by the District

Court to 70 months imprisonment to run concurrently with a New Jersey state sentence

for possession of a controlled dangerous substance with intent to distribute. This Court

summarily remanded the District Court’s sentence in light of United States v. Booker, 

543 U.S. 220 (2005), and the District Court resentenced Alexander to the same 70-month

sentence, based on an advisory United States Sentencing Guidelines (“Guidelines”) range

and other 18 U.S.C. § 3553(a) factors to be considered under Booker. The 70-month

sentence imposed by the District Court lies within the advisory Guidelines range of 70 to

87 months and Alexander does not argue that the range was calculated incorrectly. On

appeal, Alexander argues that the sentence imposed was unreasonable due to the District

Court’s inadequate consideration of the other 18 U.S.C. § 3553(a) factors. For the 1

reasons that follow, we will affirm. 

I.

On February 4, 2001, the Immigration and Naturalization Service (“INS”)
 Alexander is a native of the Dominican Republic who legally entered the United 2

States in 1978 and earned permanent resident status in 1985 while playing minor league

baseball for the Los Angeles Dodgers. Alexander’s career was cut short by injury and he

turned to drugs and alcohol. In May 1991, Alexander was sentenced to 15 years in New

Jersey state custody for several narcotics-related convictions including distribution of a

controlled dangerous substance (cocaine). After having served five years of his 15-year

sentence, Alexander was paroled in January 1996.

On October 8, 1997, while on parole, Alexander was ordered deported as an

aggravated felon based on his 1991 narcotics conviction. Alexander failed to comply

with the deportation order and remained unlawfully in the United States. Alexander was

subsequently arrested in January 1998 in New York on federal narcotics charges. 

Because Alexander entered a cooperation plea to the charges, he was sentenced in March

2000 in the United States District Court for the Southern District of New York to time

served, after having spent 774 days in prison, and three years of supervised release after

receiving the benefit of a Government motion under U.S.S.G. § 5K1.1.

Two days after Alexander’s federal sentencing, New Jersey revoked his parole on

the 1991 conviction. He remained in state custody on the parole revocation until January

2001, at which point he was transferred to the custody of the Immigration and

Naturalization Service (“INS”) for execution of the 1997 deportation order. 

3

executed an October 8, 1997 Order of Deportation by deporting Alexander to his native 2

Dominican Republic and advising him that he would have to reapply with the Attorney

General’s Office should he wish to return to the United States. By his own admission,

Alexander illegally re-entered the United States days later in violation of the Deportation

Order. 

On September 24, 2002, Alexander was arrested in Bergen County, New Jersey,

for cocaine possession. Bergen County jail officials notified INS officials of Alexander’s

arrest; and on December 11, 2002, he appeared before a federal magistrate judge in the

District of New Jersey for arraignment on the illegal re-entry charge. Upon his arrest,
4

Alexander attempted to cooperate with state and federal law authorities, but his efforts

yielded no viable information for the authorities and therefore did not result in a § 5K1.1

motion. 

Concurrently with Alexander’s attempt to cooperate with authorities, the New

Jersey state charge for cocaine possession proceeded against him. Alexander pleaded

guilty to possession of a controlled dangerous substance with intent to distribute. On May

20, 2004, he was sentenced in state court to five years incarceration.

On June 3, 2004, Alexander entered his plea of guilty to illegal re-entry in

violation of 8 U.S.C. § 1326(a) and (b)(2). While all parties agreed that the applicable

Guidelines range would be 70 to 87 months for Alexander’s sentence, Alexander moved

for a downward departure in light of the “extraordinary” factual situation, arguing that but

for his attempt to cooperate with the authorities, he would have been sentenced prior to

the resolution of his state drug charge and three fewer points would have been added

when calculating his criminal history. App. at 62-63. On September 17, 2004, the

Honorable Jerome B. Simandle sentenced Alexander to 70 months, to run concurrently

with his New Jersey state sentence. 

Alexander filed a timely appeal of his sentence and while his appeal was pending,

the United States Supreme Court decided Booker. In light of Booker, Alexander’s

sentence was summarily vacated and his case was remanded for resentencing. On

November 16, 2005, Judge Simandle sentenced Alexander to the same 70-month
 Under 18 U.S.C. § 3553(a), the relevant factors to be considered in imposing a 3

sentence include:

(1) the nature and circumstances of the offense and the history and

characteristics of the defendant;

(2) the need for the sentence imposed–

(A) to reflect the seriousness of the offense, to promote respect for

the law, and to provide just punishment for the offense;

(B) to afford adequate deterrence to criminal conduct;

(C) to protect the public from further crimes of the defendant; and 

(D) to provide the defendant with needed educational or vocational

training, medical care, or other correctional treatment in the most effective manner;

(3) the kinds of sentences available; 

(4) the kinds of sentence and the sentencing range established for . . . the

applicable category of offense committed by the applicable category of defendant as set

forth in the guidelines . . . ;

(5) any pertinent policy statement . . . ;

(6) the need to avoid unwarranted sentence disparities among defendants

with similar records who have been found guilty of similar conduct; and

(7) the need to provide restitution to any victims of the offense.

5

sentence. This appeal followed. 

II.

For a sentence to be reasonable under Booker, “[t]he record must demonstrate the

trial court gave meaningful consideration to the § 3553(a) factors,” which include the

range suggested by the sentencing guidelines. United States v. Cooper, 437 F.3d 324, 3

329 (3d Cir. 2006). We therefore consider whether the District Court gave “meaningful

consideration” to “any sentencing grounds properly raised by the parties which have

recognized legal merit and factual support in the record.” Id. at 329, 332 (internal

citations omitted). “[T]here are no magic words that the district judge must invoke when

sentencing,” however, and the district court need not mechanically state by rote that it has
6

considered each of the factors when imposing a sentence. Id. at 332. Finally, we

consider whether the District Court “reasonably applied [the § 3553(a) factors] to the

circumstances of the case.” Id. at 330. We apply a “deferential standard” in reviewing

the District Court’s application of the § 3553(a) factors, “[t]he trial court being in the best

position to determine the appropriate sentence in light of the particular circumstances of

the case,” and must affirm where the District Court issued a sentence “for reasons that are

logical and consistent with the factors set forth in section 3553(a).” Id. The party that

challenges the sentence has the burden of proving that it is unreasonable. Id. at 332.

III.

Alexander argues that the sentence imposed by the District Court was

unreasonable. He contends that while the District Court recognized the factors embodied

in 18 U.S.C. § 3553(a), the court failed to sufficiently consider those factors. Alexander

also argues that the District Court failed to sufficiently address the concerns raised by the

defense. Alexander questions whether the District Court accounted for his efforts to

cooperate with law-enforcement; problems that resulted from the delay; and whether the

District Court considered his history of drug and alcohol abuse. 

The record of the District Court proceedings fails to support Alexander’s claims. 

At the outset of Alexander’s resentencing hearing, Judge Simandle noted that his

“function is to impose a sentence that’s reasonable and that’s sufficient but no greater

than necessary to accomplish the statutory goals of sentencing in section 3553(a), and the
7

guidelines play an important part, but not the only part, in determining the reasonableness

of a sentence.” App. at 107. Questioning “[w]hat has [Alexander] . . . contributed to this

country other than the violation of our laws,” Judge Simandle stated:

what is sad is that [Alexander] . . . hadn’t learned by age 39 when in 1998

he was arrested and eventually convicted for conspiracy to distribute five

kilograms of cocaine and more. And he hadn’t learned it by age 41 when

he illegally re-entered and was arrested on the state charges and eventually

convicted in Bergen County and he’s serving the sentence that, the present

sentence in federal court has been made concurrent with. I don’t know that

he got so brilliant between age 41 and age 45 that I can really conclude he’s

learned any lessons. He’s had so many chances. And looking through his

report, I just don’t see any string of years when he’s been crime-free let

alone drug-free or alcohol-free.

App. at 112. 

In setting forth the reasons for his sentence, Judge Simandle first noted that the

crime itself was “brazen” and generally discussed how the sentence imposed reflects the

seriousness of the offense and that it provides just punishment for the offense. See App.

at 131-34. Noting further that Alexander has no dispute with the advisory Guideline

range of 70 to 87 months of imprisonment, App. at 131, Judge Simandle gave an

articulate and well-reasoned review of Alexander’s criminal history and stated that his

continual run-ins with the law “[say] a lot to me about his character and also his prospects

of recidivism and I’ve considered those. . . . I think of the need to deter this defendant

because of his significant brushes with the criminal justice system and the fact that they

haven’t deterred him from violating the laws of the United States and of New Jersey, and

so it’s hard to accept that he has turned something around.” App. at 132-33. 
 § 5H1.4 of the advisory Guidelines explicitly states that substance abuse is not a 4

reason for imposing a reduced sentence.

8

Accordingly, Judge Simandle’s sentence attempts to afford adequate deterrence to

criminal conduct and to protect the public from further crimes of Alexander. See 18

U.S.C. §§ 3553(a)(2)(B-C). 

Judge Simandle subsequently addressed Alexander’s argument that his cooperation

with authorities should result in a reduced sentence and stated:

I previously considered, at the time of the initial sentencing, the special

circumstances surrounding his attempt at cooperation and I took that into

account by taking the recommended sentence at that time, and I still have

the recommendation from the probation department, which was a sentence

at the top of the range, an 87-month sentence is what was recommended. I

didn’t impose that at the time and gave a 17-month break and imposed a

sentence at the bottom of the range, which is only 70, not only, but it was 70

months, a substantial period of time to be sure. In recognition of the fact,

which was also argued at the second sentencing, if he was sentenced before

the state time, his criminal history would have been four rather than five,

and all of that was considered carefully at that time and again today.

App. at 134-35. Judge Simandle is quite explicit in addressing Alexander’s argument that

his cooperation with authorities should result in a reduced sentence and concluded that his

cooperation was factored into the sentence. Thus, any claim that the District Court did

not consider Alexander’s cooperation with authorities has no merit. 

Finally, Alexander’s history of drug and alcohol abuse, while not considered a

viable argument to reduce a Guidelines sentence, was proactively addressed by Judge 4

Simandle: “I would encourage you to participate, to get on the waiting list or whatever
9

needs to be done and then try to get benefit from meeting with other men who have had

similar problems and are trying to overcome them. . . . [W]hen you come out and if

alcohol or drugs are at the root of your problems, then you have to solve that.” App. at

127. We recognize Judge Simandle’s efforts to encourage Alexander to seek appropriate

assistance for his chemical dependencies as an attempt to provide the defendant with

needed correctional treatment. See 18 U.S.C. § 3553(a)(2)(D). 

The District Court ultimately sentenced Alexander to the minimum term within the

advisory range and further limited the sentence by ordering that it run concurrently with

Alexander’s New Jersey state sentence. The Judge not only looked at the recommended

Guideline sentence, but effectively considered multiple other § 3553(a) factors in

determining Alexander’s sentence. Judge Simandle concluded, “I fully recognize that the

Guidelines are not binding, but in this case, I don’t see any factor that would make a

Guideline sentence unreasonable and I don’t find that there’s any sentence less than

70 months that would be sufficient and necessary to achieve the purposes of sentence in

Mr. Alexander’s case.” App. at 136. We agree with the learned District Judge and,

accordingly, are convinced that the District Court effectively applied the § 3553(a) factors

to the circumstances in Alexander’s case.

IV.

We find that the record demonstrates that the District Court meaningfully

considered the necessary § 3553(a) factors and applied them to the circumstances of the
10

case in determining a sentence for Alexander. We conclude that the sentence imposed by

the District Court was reasonable.

For the foregoing reasons, we will AFFIRM the Judgment and Commitment Order

of the District Court.