[DO NOT PUBLISH]

IN THE UNITED STATES COURT OF APPEALS

FOR THE ELEVENTH CIRCUIT

________________________

No. 18-12082

________________________

D.C. Docket No. 3:17-cr-00063-MCR-1

UNITED STATES OF AMERICA,

Plaintiff-Appellee,

versus

DARREN L. LEE,

Defendant-Appellant.

__________________________

Appeal from the United States District Court

for the Northern District of Florida

_________________________

(June 11, 2019)

Before MARCUS and HULL, Circuit Judges, and WRIGHT,

∗ District Judge.

PER CURIAM:

 ∗ Honorable Susan Webber Wright, United States District Judge for the Eastern District 

of Arkansas, sitting by designation.

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After pleading guilty to one count of being a felon in possession of a 

firearm, in violation of 18 U.S.C. § 922(g), Darren Lee appeals his 180-month 

sentence. At sentencing, the district court found that Lee was an armed career 

criminal under the Armed Career Criminal Act (“ACCA”) due, in part, to his prior 

Florida convictions for aggravated battery and felony battery. On appeal, Lee

argues that the district court erred in determining that his Florida convictions based 

on nolo contendere pleas qualified as violent felonies under the ACCA. After 

review, and with the benefit of oral argument, we affirm Lee’s sentence.

I. BACKGROUND FACTS

A. Offense Conduct and Guilty Plea

In October 2016, law enforcement officers responded to a hotel room in 

Pensacola, Florida, because the occupants refused to vacate the room. The hotel 

room was registered to Lee. After the officers removed Lee and others from the 

hotel room, officers found a .22 caliber pistol in the hotel room microwave. The 

pistol was swabbed for DNA and the major contributor of DNA on the pistol was 

consistent with Lee’s DNA. 

In June 2017, a federal grand jury indicted Lee on one count of being a felon 

in possession of a firearm. The indictment listed several prior Florida felony 

convictions, including one for delivery or sale of a controlled substance, one 

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aggravated battery conviction, and two felony battery convictions. In August

2017, Lee pled guilty to the charge pursuant to a written plea agreement. 

B. Presentence Investigation Report

The probation officer’s presentence investigation report (“PSI”) assigned 

Lee a base offense level of 24, pursuant to U.S.S.G. § 2K2.1(a)(2), because Lee

possessed a firearm after sustaining at least two felony convictions for crimes of 

violence or controlled substance offenses.

1

 The probation officer designated Lee

as an armed career criminal under the ACCA based on his Florida convictions for: 

(1) delivery or sale of a controlled substance in 2001; (2) aggravated battery in

2001; and (3) felony battery in 2015.

2

 

As a result of Lee’s ACCA status, the PSI increased Lee’s offense level to 

33, pursuant to U.S.S.G. § 4B1.4(b)(3)(B). The PSI then applied a three-level 

reduction for acceptance of responsibility, pursuant to U.S.S.G. § 3E.1.1(a) and 

(b), making Lee’s total offense level 30. 

Regardless of his ACCA status, Lee’s criminal history category was VI

based on his criminal history score of 20 points. With a total offense level of 30

 1

The probation officer prepared the PSI using the 2016 United States Sentencing 

Guidelines Manual. 

2

The PSI also designated a fourth conviction for Florida felony battery in 2015 to support 

Lee’s armed career criminal designation, but the district court declined to include this conviction 

in its ACCA analysis. As this conviction is not necessary for Lee’s armed career criminal 

designation, we do not address this fourth conviction. 

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and a criminal history category of VI, Lee’s initial advisory guidelines range was 

168 to 210 months’ imprisonment. However, because Lee was subject to the 

ACCA’s fifteen-year mandatory minimum, the low-end of the advisory guidelines 

range increased from 168 to 180, yielding a final advisory guidelines range of 180

to 210 months. 

C. ACCA Predicate Offenses

The government provided certified copies of the state court judgments, 

informations, sentence recommendations, and arrest reports as to Lee’s prior

Florida convictions for aggravated battery in 2001 and felony battery in 2015. 

As to Lee’s prior Florida conviction for aggravated battery, the state court 

judgment stated that Lee pled nolo contendere to aggravated battery by battery on a 

pregnant person on May 8, 2001. The charges in the information for this 

aggravated battery conviction stated that “Lee, on or about February 21, 2001, at 

and in Escambia County, Florida, did unlawfully commit a battery upon [the 

victim] by actually and intentionally touching or striking [the victim] against her 

will, or by intentionally causing bodily harm to the [victim],” and at the time of the 

battery “[the victim] was pregnant and Darren Lee knew or should have known 

that [the victim] was pregnant,” in violation of Fla. Stat. § 784.045(1)(b). 

The sentence recommendation for Lee’s aggravated battery conviction was 

signed by both Lee and his attorney and stated that: (1) Lee pled guilty as charged; 

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(2) Lee’s arrest report was “incorporated by reference and agreed to by the 

defendant as a factual basis for the plea”; and (3) Lee certified that he understood 

that “the sentencing court is incorporating by reference this complete plea 

agreement as part of the sentencing order imposed by the court.” 

The arrest report for Lee’s aggravated battery conviction included an offense 

narrative from the responding law enforcement officer. The arrest report stated 

that, when the officer was on vehicle patrol, he observed the victim “lying on the 

ground” at a road intersection. He then approached the victim, who was vomiting. 

The victim advised the officer that “she was six months pregnant and that her 

boyfriend had beat her up. [The victim] said that she and her boyfriend were 

arguing in the hotel room when Lee pushed her off the bed, onto the floor. Lee 

then struck and pushed on [the victim] several more times in the room.” The 

altercation then moved outside into the hotel’s parking lot where Lee “continued to 

strike and cuss at [the victim].” The victim advised the officer that Lee was the 

father of the child she was carrying. The victim was taken to the hospital. Lee had 

left the area on foot and was later arrested. 

As to Lee’s prior Florida conviction for felony battery in 2015, the state 

court judgment stated that Lee pled nolo contendere to felony battery, under Fla. 

Stat. § 784.03(2), on December 11, 2015. The charges in the information for this 

felony battery conviction stated that “Lee, on or about August 3, 2015, at and in 

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Escambia County, Florida, having been previously convicted of battery . . ., did 

unlawfully commit battery upon [the victim], by actually and intentionally 

touching or striking [the victim] against her will, or by intentionally causing bodily 

harm to [the victim], in violation of Sections 784.03(1) and (2), Florida Statutes.” 

The sentence recommendation for Lee’s felony battery conviction was 

signed by both Lee and his attorney and stated that: (1) Lee pled nolo contendere; 

(2) Lee’s arrest report was “incorporated by reference and agreed to by the 

defendant as a factual basis for this plea”; and (3) Lee certified that he understood 

that “the sentencing [c]ourt is incorporating by reference this complete [s]entence 

[r]ecommendation as part of the judgment imposed by the [c]ourt.” 

The arrest report for Lee’s felony battery conviction included an offense 

narrative from the responding law enforcement officer. The report stated that the 

officer arrived at the victim’s apartment and the victim was crying and upset. The 

victim told the officer that, earlier that morning, she was sitting on her couch and 

Lee, with whom she has two children, came into the room and asked her for his 

money, and they began to argue. The victim stated that Lee got on top of her while 

she was on the couch and began pulling her hair. The victim began screaming for 

help. After the victim began to scream, “Lee pried open the side of her mouth with 

his fingers and told her to be quiet.” The victim stated that “while []Lee pried her 

mouth, it cause[d] small tears in the corner of her lips.” Lee and the victim rolled 

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onto the living room floor and then the victim ran to the bathroom. The victim 

advised the officer that “Lee got on top of her from behind and started hitting her 

in the back and once in the head.” The victim fled to her bedroom and told Lee she 

was contacting the police. Lee then fled the residence. The victim also stated that 

her two-year-old son woke up during the incident and saw the altercation taking 

place.

When speaking with the victim, the officer “observed small cuts on the 

corner portion on the inside of her lips.” The officer also observed blood on the 

victim’s shirt and the couch cushions. Lee was arrested three days later. 

D. Objections

Lee objected to the PSI’s application of the ACCA, arguing that his prior 

Florida convictions for aggravated battery and felony battery did not qualify as 

violent felonies under the ACCA. Assuming the Florida battery statute, Fla. Stat. 

§ 784.03(1)(a), is divisible, Lee contended that: (1) the government’s Shepard3

documents, particularly the arrest reports, did not show that he was convicted of a 

violent felony; (2) in contrast to a guilty plea, a nolo contendere plea under Florida 

law does not constitute an admission to the facts offered as the factual basis of the 

plea, even if incorporated into the sentence recommendation; and (3) Shepard

applies only to guilty pleas, not to nolo contendere pleas, to establish whether a 

 3

Shepard v. United States, 544 U.S. 13, 125 S. Ct. 1254 (2005).

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prior conviction is a qualifying offense. He also questioned whether the arrest 

reports were valid Shepard documents. 

The government responded that the Shepard documents showed that Lee’s 

prior Florida convictions for aggravated battery and felony battery qualified as 

violent felonies, and that the arrest reports were valid Shepard documents because 

they were incorporated into the sentence recommendations. 

E. Sentencing

At Lee’s June 2018 sentencing, the district court overruled Lee’s objections, 

concluding that he qualified as an armed career criminal under the ACCA. The 

district court stated that it would address the ACCA issue in further detail in a 

written order following Lee’s sentencing. The district court noted that Lee had a 

prior Florida conviction for the delivery or sale of a controlled substance, which 

constituted a serious drug offense. 

The district court stated that Lee’s prior Florida aggravated battery and 

felony battery convictions were both predicated on the underlying substantive 

offense of simple battery under Fla. Stat. § 784.03. The district court explained 

that under the Supreme Court’s decision in Curtis Johnson v. United States

(“Curtis Johnson”), 559 U.S. 133, 130 S. Ct. 1265 (2010), Florida’s battery statute, 

Fla. Stat. § 784.03, does not categorically qualify as a violent felony, and thus, the 

district court had to determine whether Fla. Stat. § 784.03 is divisible. The district 

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court found that Fla. Stat. § 784.03 was divisible into two elements: “touch or 

strike battery” under § 784.03(1)(a)(1) and “bodily harm battery” under 

§ 784.03(1)(a)(2). Because the district court found Fla. Stat. § 784.03 to be 

divisible, the district court applied the modified categorical approach to determine 

what crime and elements formed the basis of Lee’s prior Florida aggravated battery 

and felony battery convictions. 

With respect to Lee’s prior Florida aggravated battery conviction, the district 

court found that the Shepard documents reflected that the victim, who was six 

months pregnant, was found lying on the ground vomiting after Lee had beat her 

up by pushing her down and repeatedly striking her. The district court found that 

these facts in the arrest report, to which Lee assented in his plea agreement, 

established that Lee was necessarily convicted on the basis of bodily harm battery 

on a pregnant person. 

With respect to Lee’s prior Florida felony battery conviction, the district 

court found that the Shepard documents reflected that Lee pulled the victim’s hair, 

hit her repeatedly, and pried open the side of her mouth, which caused bleeding 

and visible cuts and tears in the corners of her lips. The district court found that 

these facts in the arrest report also established that Lee was necessarily convicted 

on the basis of bodily harm battery. 

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The district court addressed and rejected Lee’s objections that the district 

court could not consider the arrest reports associated with his prior Florida 

aggravated battery and felony battery convictions because the pleas were nolo 

contendere, and that the nolo contendere pleas themselves did not establish 

anything about which type of Florida battery formed the basis of Lee’s convictions. 

The district court determined that criminal convictions based on nolo contendere

pleas are valid for ACCA predicate offense purposes, as nolo contendere pleas are 

treated the same as any other conviction for purposes of federal sentencing. The 

district court found that the incorporated police arrest reports were valid Shepard

documents because Lee assented to the facts in the police reports as the factual 

basis to support his convictions. 

After rejecting Lee’s objections and finding that Lee’s two prior convictions 

were based on bodily harm battery, the district court then determined whether 

bodily harm battery has as an element the use, attempted use, or threatened use of 

physical force. The district court concluded that bodily harm battery necessarily 

contains an element of physical force because it requires the defendant to 

intentionally inflict physical pain or injury on another person. Therefore, the 

district court determined that Florida bodily harm battery under Fla. Stat. 

§ 784.03(1)(a)(2) qualifies as a violent felony under the ACCA. 

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Because Lee’s two battery and one drug convictions were qualifying 

predicates, the district court concluded Lee was subject to the ACCA. As a result, 

the district court found that Lee’s advisory guidelines range was 180 to 210

months. After hearing from the parties and adopting the PSI, the district court 

imposed a 180-month sentence. 

After sentencing, the district court entered a written order memorializing and 

further explaining its reasoning for classifying Lee as an armed career criminal. 

Notably, the district court explained that the arrest reports for Lee’s prior Florida 

aggravated battery and felony battery convictions were valid Shepard documents 

because Lee explicitly agreed to incorporate the contents of the arrest reports into 

the state court judgments, even though standing alone the arrest reports would not 

have been valid Shepard documents. The district court stated that the fact that the 

Shepard documents could also support a conviction for touch or strike battery 

under Fla. Stat. § 784.03(1)(a)(1) did not disqualify Lee’s aggravated battery and 

felony battery convictions from serving as ACCA predicate offenses because the 

Shepard documents allowed the district court itself to find that Lee was convicted 

of a violent felony—bodily harm battery under Fla. Stat. § 784.03(1)(a)(2). 

II. GENERAL PRINCIPLES

A defendant who violates 18 U.S.C. § 922(g) and has three or more previous 

convictions for a violent felony or serious drug offense is subject to an enhanced 

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sentence under the ACCA. See 18 U.S.C. § 924(e); U.S.S.G. § 4B1.4.4 The 

ACCA defines a violent felony as any crime punishable by a term of imprisonment 

exceeding one year that: 

(i) has as an element the use, attempted use, or threatened use of 

physical force against the person of another; or

(ii) is burglary, arson, or extortion, involves use of explosives, or 

otherwise involves conduct that presents a serious potential risk of 

physical injury to another.

18 U.S.C. § 924(e)(2)(B)(i), (ii). The first prong of this definition is referred to as 

the “elements clause,” while the second prong contains the “enumerated crimes” 

clause and, finally, the “residual clause.” See United States v. Owens, 672 F.3d 

966, 968 (11th Cir. 2012). In 2015, the Supreme Court struck down as 

unconstitutionally vague the residual clause, but did not call into question the

ACCA’s elements and enumerated crimes clauses. See Johnson v. United States, 

576 U.S. ___, ___, 135 S. Ct. 2551, 2563 (2015).

In determining whether a prior conviction qualifies as a violent felony under 

the ACCA, sentencing courts look at “the elements of the crime, not the underlying 

facts of the conduct that led to the conviction.” United States v. Braun, 801 F.3d 

1301, 1304 (11th Cir. 2015). In other words, all that matters are “the elements of 

 4

This Court reviews de novo whether an offense qualifies as a violent felony under the 

ACCA. United States v. Lockett, 810 F.3d 1262, 1265-66 (11th Cir. 2016).

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the statute of conviction.” Taylor v. United States, 495 U.S. 575, 601, 110 S. Ct. 

2143, 2159 (1990). 

When a statute “‘comprises multiple, alternative versions of a crime’”—that 

is, when a statute is “divisible”—the court “must determine which version of the 

crime the defendant was convicted of,” then determine whether that specific 

offense qualifies as an ACCA predicate. Braun, 801 F.3d at 1304 (quoting 

Descamps v. United States, 570 U.S. 254, 262, 133 S. Ct. 2276, 2284 (2013)). A 

statute is divisible if it sets out one or more elements of the offense in the 

alternative, thereby defining multiple crimes, and indivisible if it contains a single 

set of elements. Descamps, 570 U.S. at 257, 261-64, 133 S. Ct. at 2281, 2284-85. 

If the statute is divisible, then the sentencing court may consult a limited 

class of documents to determine which alternative element formed the basis of the 

prior conviction. Id. at 257, 133 S. Ct. at 2281. That class of documents, known 

as Shepard documents, may include the charging document, any plea agreement 

submitted to the court, the transcript of the plea colloquy, or any “record of 

comparable findings of fact adopted by the defendant upon entering the plea.” 

Shepard, 544 U.S. at 20, 125 S. Ct. at 1259-60. Guilty pleas may establish ACCA 

predicate offenses. Id. at 19, 125 S. Ct. at 1259. 

In this Court’s recent decision in United States v. Gandy, this Court 

concluded that “an arrest report that is incorporated by reference in a plea 

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agreement qualifies as a ‘record of comparable findings of fact adopted by the 

defendant upon entering the plea’” that this Court may consider under the modified 

categorical approach. 917 F.3d 1333, 1340 (11th Cir. 2019) (quoting Shepard, 544 

U.S. at 20, 125 S. Ct. at 1259-60).

III. LEE’S CLAIMS

On appeal, Lee does not challenge the district court’s reliance on his 

conviction for delivery or sale of a controlled substance, focusing solely on his two 

prior Florida convictions for aggravated battery and felony battery.

A. Nolo Contendere Pleas

As an initial matter, Lee argues that Shepard applies only to guilty pleas and 

does not authorize the application of the modified categorical approach to nolo 

contendere pleas. Lee contends that the district court erred in applying the 

modified categorical approach to determine that his prior battery convictions, to 

which he pled nolo contendere, qualified as violent felonies under the ACCA. 

Also, Lee argues, inter alia, that his nolo contendere pleas and assent to the 

incorporated arrest records do not operate as admissions to the facts contained in 

them and thus cannot establish that he was convicted of bodily harm battery. 

Lee’s arguments about nolo contendere pleas are foreclosed by this Court’s 

recent decision in Gandy. See Gandy, 917 F.3d at 1341-42. This Court explained 

in Gandy that we treat Florida nolo convictions no differently than convictions 

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based on guilty pleas or verdicts of guilt for purposes of the Sentencing Guidelines. 

Id. at 1342; see also United States v. Drayton, 113 F.3d 1191, 1193 (11th Cir. 

1997) (holding that a Florida nolo conviction constitutes a prior conviction for 

purposes of the ACCA). 

Also, in Gandy, the defendant argued that, although he agreed to the arrest 

report as the factual basis for his plea, he only agreed to the arrest report’s factual 

allegations, not any statements that his offense was for bodily harm battery. 

Gandy, 917 F.3d at 1341. This Court concluded that “because Gandy agreed to the 

arrest report as the factual basis of his plea without qualification, he agreed with 

the statements describing his offense as bodily-harm battery and that he necessarily 

pleaded nolo contendere to that offense.” Id.

Further, this Court in Gandy rejected the defendant’s argument that this 

Court could not rely on the factual basis in the state arrest report because, absent a 

plea colloquy, this Court could not determine either that the state court found a 

factual basis to support the nolo contendere plea or that it specifically relied on the 

factual basis as stated in the arrest report. Id. at 1342. This Court concluded that 

the absence of a plea colloquy in state court does not bar this Court from 

considering other Shepard documents to determine the elements of the defendant’s 

conviction. Id.

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Having concluded we may consider the admitted facts in Lee’s nolo

contendere pleas as valid Shepard documents, we apply the modified categorical 

approach to determine the type of battery underlying Lee’s aggravated battery and 

felony battery convictions. 

B. Aggravated Battery

At the time Lee was convicted of aggravated battery, Florida law defined 

aggravated battery as:

(1)(a) A person commits aggravated battery who, in committing 

battery: 

1. Intentionally or knowingly causes great bodily harm, 

permanent disability, or permanent disfigurement; or 

2. Uses a deadly weapon.

(b) A person commits aggravated battery if the person who was the 

victim of the battery was pregnant at the time of the offense and the 

offender knew or should have known that the victim was pregnant. 

Fla. Stat. § 784.045(1).

The Shepard documents tell us, and Lee does not dispute, that he was 

convicted of aggravated battery by battery of a pregnant person under Fla. Stat. 

§ 784.045(1)(b). The victim was six months pregnant and Lee does not dispute 

that he knew or should have known that the victim was pregnant. See Fla. Stat. 

§ 784.045(1)(b). Thus, the question here is what type of battery did Lee inflict on 

the pregnant victim. 

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The Florida battery statute provided, at the relevant time, that:

The offense of battery occurs when a person:

1. Actually and intentionally touches or strikes another person against 

the will of the other; or

2. Intentionally causes bodily harm to another person.

Fla. Stat. § 784.03(1)(a). The parties do not dispute, and we agree, that subsection 

(2) of Fla. Stat. § 784.03(1)(a) is divisible from the rest of the statute and that 

battery by “intentionally causing bodily harm” is a separate element of the battery 

offense. See Gandy, 917 F.3d at 1339; United States v. Vereen, 920 F.3d 1300, 

1314 (11th Cir. 2019); Braun, 801 F.3d at 1305; United States v. Diaz-Calderone, 

716 F.3d 1345, 1347 (11th Cir. 2013).5

Further, in Gandy, this Court held that Florida battery by “intentionally 

causing bodily harm” categorically constitutes a crime of violence under the 

Sentencing Guidelines. 917 F.3d at 1339-40. We explained that the government 

must establish two elements to prove bodily harm battery: “the defendant caused 

bodily harm to another person, and he did so intentionally.” Id. at 1340; see Fla. 

Stat. § 784.03(1)(a)(2). This Court also determined that the definition of bodily 

harm under Florida law satisfies Curtis Johnson’s definition of violent force—

 5

Because we can determine that Lee was necessarily convicted of battery by 

“intentionally causing bodily harm” under Fla. Stat. § 784.03(1)(a)(2), we need not, and 

therefore do not, address whether battery by “touching or striking” under Fla. Stat. 

§ 784.03(1)(a)(1) is further divisible or whether Lee’s convictions would qualify as “striking” 

battery. 

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“force capable of causing physical pain or injury to another person.” Gandy, 917 

F.3d at 1340; see Curtis Johnson, 559 U.S. at 140, 143, 130 S. Ct. at 1271-72. The

Gandy Court further concluded that a defendant convicted of bodily harm battery 

must have intentionally used such violent force, and thus, bodily harm battery 

necessarily constitutes a crime of violence. Gandy, 917 F.3d at 1340.

In Gandy, this Court then looked to the Shepard documents for the 

defendant’s battery conviction to determine whether he was convicted of bodily 

harm battery. Id. at 1340-41. The charging document, the judgment, and Gandy’s 

sentence recommendation did not identify which type of battery offense Gandy 

was convicted of committing. Id. at 1340. However, Gandy’s incorporated arrest 

report identified his offense as bodily harm battery. Id. Because Gandy agreed to 

the arrest report as the factual basis of his plea, this Court determined that Gandy 

had agreed with the statements describing his offense as bodily harm battery. Id. at 

1341. In Gandy’s case, the Shepard documents—the arrest report—showed that 

Gandy was necessarily convicted of bodily harm battery. Id. at 1340-41.6

Similarly in Vereen, this Court concluded that the record necessarily showed 

the defendant was convicted of bodily harm battery under Fla. Stat. 

 6

We recognize Gandy is a Sentencing Guidelines case, but we apply a similar analysis in 

deciding whether a given offense qualifies as a crime of violence under the Sentencing 

Guidelines or a violent felony under the ACCA because “the definitions for both terms are 

virtually identical.” United States v. Alexander, 609 F.3d 1250, 1253 (11th Cir. 2010) (internal 

quotations omitted). 

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§ 784.03(1)(a)(2). 920 F.3d at 1315. The defendant Vereen argued, in relevant 

part, that his prior Florida felony battery conviction did not constitute a violent 

felony under the ACCA. Id. at 1314. Like in Gandy, this Court explained that the 

district court was permitted to look to Shepard documents to determine which of 

the alternative elements of the Florida battery statute, Fla. Stat. § 784.03, Vereen 

was convicted of violating. Id. 

In Vereen, the prosecutor provided the factual basis for Vereen’s felony 

battery charge during his plea colloquy. Id. at 1314-15. “[T]he prosecutor detailed 

that Vereen had falsely imprisoned a woman he was in a domestic relationship 

with for nine to ten hours, during which time he ‘repeatedly hit and struck’ her.” 

Id. The prosecutor also added that the police had “observed injuries on [the 

victim] consistent with the batteries that had been reported.” Id. (emphasis added). 

After reviewing these and other Shepard documents, this Court in Vereen

concluded that the defendant Vereen was convicted of a form of Florida battery 

that is a violent felony—the bodily harm prong under Fla. Stat. § 784.03(1)(a)(2). 

Id. at 1315. This Court determined that “Vereen’s conviction under Florida’s 

battery statute, requiring a use of force that ‘intentionally cause[s] bodily harm,’ 

qualifies as a violent felony under the elements clause, because force that in fact 

causes this level of harm ‘necessarily constitutes force that is capable of causing 

pain or injury.’” Id. at 1315-16 (quoting United States v. Vail-Bailon, 868 F.3d 

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1293, 1303 (11th Cir. 2017) (en banc)). Therefore, Vereen’s prior felony battery 

conviction qualified as an ACCA predicate offense. Id. at 1316.

Turning back to Lee’s 2001 aggravated battery conviction, the arrest report 

incorporated into the plea agreement included an offense narrative from the 

responding law enforcement officer. The arrest report stated, in relevant part, that, 

when the officer was on vehicle patrol, he observed the victim “lying on the 

ground” at a road intersection. He then approached the victim, who was vomiting. 

The victim advised the officer that “she was six months pregnant and that her 

boyfriend had beat her up. [The victim] said that she and her boyfriend were 

arguing in the hotel room when Lee pushed her off the bed, onto the floor. Lee 

then struck and pushed on [the victim] several more times in the room.” The 

altercation then moved outside into the hotel’s parking lot where Lee “continued to 

strike and cuss at [the victim].” The victim was taken to the hospital. 

The arrest report shows that Lee was convicted of bodily harm battery. Of 

particular note, the victim was six months pregnant, lying on the ground, vomiting, 

and was taken to the hospital. The victim recounted that she was struck not once 

but “several more times” in the hotel room and that Lee continued to strike her in 

the parking lot. She was not just struck once or twice. Rather, she was a “beat up” 

pregnant woman vomiting. 

A finding by the state court that the offense was committed violently is not 

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required when we are able to make that determination based on the available 

Shepard documents. See Diaz-Calderone, 716 F.3d at 1350-51. A battery offense

where the officer finds the female victim is six months pregnant, vomiting, beat up, 

lying on the ground at a road intersection, and taken to the hospital plainly shows 

bodily harm. That the victim needed immediate medical attention at a hospital 

from the repeated batteries further supports the district court’s finding of a bodily 

harm battery. Under Florida law, these allegations are plainly sufficient for a 

charge of intentionally causing bodily harm. See, e.g., Gordon v. State, 126 So. 3d 

292, 295-96 & n.4 (Fla. Dist. Ct. App. 2011) (holding that striking an individual 

with a belt and causing bruising established intentional bodily harm). Lee has 

given us no reason to think that this case would have been prosecuted as just a 

simple touching-or-striking battery, and so, given the violent nature of the facts 

alleged, we are confident that Lee was convicted of the bodily harm form of 

battery. See Vereen, 920 F.3d at 1315. 

Because Lee agreed to the arrest report as the factual basis of his plea, he 

agreed with its description of his offense and the victim’s physical condition, 

which as explained above reveals that his offense constituted a bodily harm 

battery. Thus, Lee necessarily was convicted of bodily harm battery under Fla. 

Stat. § 784.03(1)(a)(2). See Gandy, 917 F.3d at 1340-41.

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C. Felony Battery

For Lee’s 2015 felony battery conviction, we analyze the same Florida 

battery statute, Fla. Stat. § 784.03(1)(a), as outlined above. The Florida battery 

statute provides that “[a] person who has one prior conviction for battery, 

aggravated battery, or felony battery and who commits any second or subsequent 

battery commits a felony of the third degree[.]” Fla. Stat. § 784.03(2). 

The arrest report incorporated into the plea agreement for Lee’s felony 

battery conviction included an offense narrative from the responding law 

enforcement officer. The arrest report stated, in relevant part, that the officer 

arrived at the victim’s apartment and the victim was crying and upset. The victim 

told the officer that, earlier that morning, she was sitting on her couch and Lee 

asked her for his money, and they began to argue. The victim stated that Lee got 

on top of her while she was on the couch and began pulling her hair. The victim 

began screaming for help. After the victim began to scream, “Lee pried open the 

side of her mouth with his fingers and told her to be quiet.” The victim stated that 

“while []Lee pried her mouth, it cause[d] small tears in the corner of her lips.” The 

victim advised the officer that “Lee got on top of her from behind and started 

hitting her in the back and once in the head.” When speaking with the victim, the 

officer “observed small cuts on the corner portion on the inside of her lips.” The 

officer also observed blood on the victim’s shirt and the couch cushions. 

Case: 18-12082 Date Filed: 06/11/2019 Page: 22 of 23 
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The arrest report shows that Lee was convicted of bodily harm battery. 

Similar to Vereen, the officer observed injuries to the victim of Lee’s felony 

battery that were consistent with the reported battery. See Vereen, 920 F.3d at 

1315. Notably, Lee caused small tears in the corner of the victim’s lips and hit her 

in the back and head. The officer saw the cuts on the corners of the victim’s lips 

and blood on the victim’s shirt and on the couch cushions. Cuts and blood plainly 

show bodily harm to the victim.

Because Lee agreed to the arrest report as the factual basis of his plea, he 

agreed with its description of his offense and the victim’s physical condition, 

which as explained above reveals that his offense constituted a bodily harm 

battery. Thus, Lee necessarily was convicted of bodily harm battery under Fla. 

Stat. § 784.03(1)(a)(2). See Gandy, 917 F.3d at 1340-41.

IV. CONCLUSION

For these reasons, the district court did not err in concluding that Lee’s 

convictions for aggravated battery and felony battery qualified as violent felonies 

under the ACCA’s elements clause. Accordingly, we affirm Lee’s 

ACCA-enhanced 180-month sentence. 

AFFIRMED.

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