NOTICE: NOT FOR OFFICIAL PUBLICATION.

UNDER ARIZONA RULE OF THE SUPREME COURT 111(c), THIS DECISION IS NOT PRECEDENTIAL

AND MAY BE CITED ONLY AS AUTHORIZED BY RULE.

IN THE

ARIZONA COURT OF APPEALS

DIVISION ONE

STATE OF ARIZONA, Appellee,

v.

GERALD JOHN NOWAKOWSKI, Appellant.

No. 1 CA-CR 14-0360

Appeal from the Superior Court in Mohave County

No. S8015CR201100901

The Honorable Steven F. Conn, Judge

AFFIRMED

COUNSEL

Arizona Attorney General’s Office, Phoenix

By Colby Mills

Counsel for Appellee

Mohave County Legal Advocate’s Office, Kingman

By Jill L. Evans

Counsel for Appellant

MEMORANDUM DECISION

Judge John C. Gemmill delivered the decision of the Court, in which Presiding 

Judge Maurice Portley and Chief Judge Michael J. Brown joined.
STATE v. NOWAKOWSKI

Decision of the Court

2

G E M M I L L, Judge:

¶1 Gerald John Nowakowski appeals his convictions and sentences for 

arson of a structure, criminal damage of more than $2,000 in property, and three 

counts of misdemeanor endangerment. For the reasons that follow, we affirm. 

I. FACTS AND PROCEDURAL BACKGROUND1

¶2 After drinking vodka throughout the evening, Nowakowski broke 

furniture and set fires near a residential trailer and less than a foot from a vehicle 

in which he had told his wife and two stepchildren to sit. The three victims 

grabbed some belongings and fled on foot. Shortly after they set out, 

Nowakowski’s stepdaughter heard an explosion.

¶3 A deputy sheriff arrived at the property in a remote area near Lake 

Havasu City to find Nowakowski covered in ash, but calm. Nowakowski told the 

deputy sheriff that he had started the fires to keep warm, and he “had to do it to 

start over” because his wife was not happy living there. It was August, however, 

and the temperature in Lake Havasu City was in the “[h]igh 80s, low 90s.” The 

deputy sheriff saw Nowakowski watching several vehicles and a trailer on fire, 

“and he was smiling.” Nowakowski appeared intoxicated.

¶4 A residential trailer and two vehicles — including the one the victims 

had been sitting in — were destroyed by fire that night. The day after the fires, 

Nowakowski’s wife estimated the damage at about $97,000. 

¶5 The jury convicted Nowakowski of the charged offenses of arson of 

a structure, criminal damage of more than $2,000 in property, and three counts of 

misdemeanor endangerment as lesser included offenses of the charged offenses of 

felony endangerment, and found the latter four offenses were domestic violence 

offenses. The superior court suspended sentence and imposed 3 years’ probation, 

with 180 days in jail as a condition of probation. The superior court ordered partial 

reimbursement of attorneys’ fees in the amount of $500. Nowakowski filed a 

timely notice of appeal, and we have jurisdiction pursuant to A.R.S. §§ 12-

120.21(A)(1), 13-4031, and 13-4033(A).

 

1 We view the trial evidence in the light most favorable to sustaining the jury’s 

verdicts. See State v. Nelson, 214 Ariz. 196, 196, ¶ 2, 150 P.3d 769, 769 (App. 2007).
STATE v. NOWAKOWSKI

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II. DISCUSSION

A. Sufficiency of Evidence of Endangerment

¶6 Nowakowski argues that the evidence failed to support the 

endangerment convictions, because it did not demonstrate that he had placed the 

three victims in “substantial risk of imminent physical injury.” We review the 

sufficiency of the evidence to support a conviction de novo. State v. West, 226 Ariz. 

559, 562, ¶15, 250 P.3d 1188, 1191 (2011). We view the facts in the light most 

favorable to upholding the jury’s verdict, and resolve all conflicts in the evidence 

against defendant. State v. Girdler, 138 Ariz. 482, 488, 675 P.2d 1301, 1307 (1983). 

¶7 The misdemeanor endangerment offense requires proof of 

“recklessly endangering another person with a substantial risk of imminent . . . 

physical injury.” See A.R.S. § 13-12012 . Recklessly, as defined by A.R.S. § 13-

105(10)(c), and provided to the jury in the final instructions, means “that a person 

is aware of and consciously disregards a substantial and unjustifiable risk that the 

result will occur or that circumstances exist . . and . . . that disregard of such risk 

constitutes a gross deviation from the standard of conduct that a reasonable person 

would observe in the situation.” The statue also provides that “[a] person who 

creates such a risk but who is unaware of such risk solely by reason of voluntary 

intoxication also acts recklessly with respect to such risk.”

¶8 The evidence showed that Nowakowski rammed a vehicle into a 

water tank, ordered the victims to get into the vehicle, and then used a propane 

torch to set fire to a trash pile a foot in front of the vehicle in which the victims 

were sitting. Although the victims were able to escape from the vehicle and leave 

the property, Nowakowski’s stepdaughter heard an explosion as she was leaving. 

She assumed it was a van parked on the property, but she later saw that the van, 

as well as the vehicle in which they had been sitting, and a residential trailer had

all been destroyed by fire. Given the evidence, the jury could have reasonably 

concluded that Nowakowski recklessly placed the victims in substantial risk of 

imminent physical injury at the time by lighting a fire very near the vehicle while 

they were still in it, sufficient to support the endangerment convictions. 

B. Comment on Defendant’s Post-arrest Silence 

¶9 Nowakowski also argues that the prosecutor violated his 

constitutional right to remain silent post-arrest by eliciting testimony from the 

deputy sheriff that Nowakowski did not say anything while he was handcuffed, 

smiling, in the back of the police cruiser; that after he explained why he set the 

 

2 We cite the current version of the statutes referenced herein, because they have 

not been amended in material part since the date of this offense, August 5, 2011.
STATE v. NOWAKOWSKI

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fires, he did not say anything different; and that he refused to make any more 

statements clarifying his remark that his wife was the guilty party. Nowakowski 

also argues that the trial court erred in overruling his objection to the prosecutor’s 

argument in rebuttal closing that, after explaining why he set the fires, 

Nowakowski “clammed up and wouldn’t give any more information to the 

deputy after he realized the seriousness of what he did.”

¶10 It is well settled that the use of a defendant’s post-Miranda silence as 

evidence of guilt, even for impeachment purposes, violates a defendant’s due 

process rights. See Doyle v. Ohio, 426 U.S. 610, 619 (1976). Our supreme court has 

also held that use of a defendant’s pre-Miranda silence while in custody, even 

absent police interrogation, violates a defendant’s Fifth Amendment rights. State 

v. VanWinkle, 229 Ariz. 233, 236-37, ¶ 15, 273 P.3d 1148, 1151-52 (2012). The Fifth 

Amendment, however, does not prohibit comment on a defendant’s pre-arrest 

silence when it is not the result of state action. State v. Lopez, 230 Ariz. 15, 20, ¶16, 

279 P.3d 640, 645 (App. 2012). It is permissible, moreover, to comment on matters 

that a defendant volunteers before asserting his rights. See State v. Routhier, 137 

Ariz. 90, 96, 669 P.2d 68, 74 (1983).

¶11 Nowakowski failed to object to any of the cited testimony at trial, 

and, accordingly, bears the burden of demonstrating that the court erred in 

allowing the testimony, that the error was fundamental, and that he was 

prejudiced thereby. See State v. Henderson, 210 Ariz. 561, 568, ¶ 22, 115 P.3d 601, 

608 (2005). To prove prejudice, defendant must show that a reasonable jury or 

judge could have reached a different result absent the error. Id. at 569, ¶ 27, 115 

P.3d at 609.

¶12 Nowakowski has failed to meet his burden on fundamental error 

review. As an initial matter, it is unclear from the record when Nowakowski was 

taken into custody. Nowakowski did not file a pretrial motion to suppress his 

statements, and neither party elicited testimony at trial on precisely when he was 

taken into custody or when he was advised of his Miranda rights. It is clear from 

this record only that he was in custody (handcuffed in the back seat of the police 

cruiser) watching the fires, smiling, at the time he “did not make any statements,”

or was silent. By directly eliciting this testimony, the prosecutor violated 

Nowakowski’s exercise of his right to remain silent post-custody. VanWinkle, 229 

Ariz. at 236-37, ¶ 15, 273 P.3d at 1151-52. 

¶13 The prosecutor did not improperly comment on Nowakowski’s 

silence, however, by eliciting testimony that Nowakowski never offered a different 

explanation for setting the fires than the one he had given when the deputy sheriff 

first encountered him. Even assuming Nowakowski was in custody during some 

of that time, the prosecutor’s question was directed to what Nowakowski said, not 
STATE v. NOWAKOWSKI

Decision of the Court

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to his silence. Finally, the prosecutor’s question as to whether Nowakowski had 

told him “that the victim was the guilty one” did not improperly elicit testimony 

on Nowakowski’s silence. The deputy, however, in responding to the question, 

arguably did improperly comment on Nowakowski’s silence (assuming he was in 

custody at the time) by stating that Nowakowski “wouldn’t go into specifics 

because he refused to talk to me.” In light of the victims’ testimony that 

Nowakowski was the only one with the propane torch, and Nowakowski’s 

admissions that he set the fires himself, for reasons that made no sense, however, 

the jury could not have reached a different result absent these isolated references 

to his silence. Nowakowski accordingly has failed to meet his burden to 

demonstrate that any of this testimony on his post-arrest silence prejudiced him, 

as necessary for reversal on fundamental error review.

¶14 The superior court erred in overruling Nowakowski’s objection to 

the prosecutor’s rebuttal argument that he “clammed up” after “he realized the 

seriousness of what he did.” The superior court explained, “I think the context of 

the statement was made clear yesterday that he – I think the testimony was that he 

diverted the subject matter, and that this was not a case where he asserted his 

right.” We disagree. The argument broadly included within its ambit at the very 

least Nowakowski’s silence post-arrest, pre-Miranda, and accordingly was an 

impermissible use of his exercise of his Fifth Amendment right to remain silent as 

evidence of guilt. VanWinkle, 229 Ariz. at 236-37, ¶ 15, 273 P.3d at 1151-52.

Because Nowakowski objected, we review for harmless error. Henderson, 210 Ariz. 

at 567, ¶ 18, 115 P.3d at 607. To demonstrate that the objected-to error was 

harmless, the State must prove beyond a reasonable doubt that the error in 

admitting the evidence “did not contribute to or affect the verdict or sentence.” Id.

(citing State v. Bible, 175 Ariz. 549, 588, 858 P.2d 1152, 1191 (1993)). The State has 

met its burden. Nowakowski admitted setting the fires, explained he set the fires 

in August (when the temperatures were in the 80s or 90s) to keep warm, and 

smiled while he watched the residential trailer and two vehicles burn. Under these 

circumstances, the prosecutor’s improper argument did not contribute to or affect 

the verdict of guilt.

C. Partial Reimbursement of Attorneys’ Fees

¶15 Finally, Nowakowski argues that the superior court erred in

ordering him to reimburse $500 as part of the cost of providing legal services,

without expressly determining that he had any ability to pay. Nowakowski had 

told the probation officer who prepared the presentence report that he was 

unemployed, but his wife supported him financially and he believed he could pay 

$50 a month in court-ordered fees. At sentencing, Nowakowski informed the 

court that he was now employed. The judge ordered Nowakowski to pay $500 in

partial reimbursement of attorneys’ fees, a flat fee that the judges in Mohave 
STATE v. NOWAKOWSKI

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County had agreed to impose uniformly. The judge ordered Nowakowski to pay 

the probation assessment fee at a rate of $65 per month, and all other payments 

(including attorneys’ fees reimbursement) at a rate of $30 per month, for a total 

monthly assessment of $95. The judge did not make any finding on the record 

supporting Nowakowski’s ability to pay the reimbursement for legal services 

without substantial hardship. Nowakowski, however, did not object to the 

amount of the reimbursement or to the court’s failure to make any such finding.

¶16 A court may order a criminal defendant to reimburse the cost of 

providing legal services, after finding that the defendant has the necessary 

financial resources to pay the reimbursement without substantial hardship. State 

v. Taylor, 216 Ariz. 327, 334-35, ¶25, 166 P.3d 118, 125-26 (App. 2007); see A.R.S. § 

11-584(C)(3) and (D) (when requiring defendant to repay costs of defense, court 

“shall take into account the financial resources of the defendant and the nature of 

the burden that the payment will impose”); Ariz. R. Crim. P. 6.7(d) (providing that 

the court shall order indigent defendant to offset the cost of legal services “to be 

provided,” to the extent that “the court finds such person has financial resources” 

to make such payments “without incurring substantial hardship . . . .”). Because 

Nowakowski failed to object to the reimbursement order at sentencing, he bears 

the burden of demonstrating that the court erred in ordering it, that the error was 

fundamental, and that he was prejudiced thereby. See Henderson, 210 Ariz. at 568, 

¶ 22, 115 P.3d at 608. Error is fundamental when it goes to the foundation of the 

defendant’s case, takes from him a right essential to his defense, and is error of 

such magnitude that he could not possibly have received a fair trial. Id. at 567, ¶ 

19, 115 P.3d at 607. 

¶17 We agree with State v. Moreno-Medrano, 218 Ariz. 349, 185 P.3d 135 

(App. 2008), that it is not fundamental error for a superior court to fail to make an

express finding that a defendant has the ability without substantial hardship to 

partially reimburse attorneys’ fees. See id. at 353, ¶¶ 12-13, 185 P.3d at 139. We 

decline to follow the earlier decision in State v. Lopez, 175 Ariz. 79, 82, 853 P.2d 

1126, 1129 (App. 1993), which held that the failure to make such express 

determination is fundamental error because it violates the constitutional right to 

counsel. See id. at 82, 853 P.2d at 1129; cf. State v. Torres-Soto, 187 Ariz. 144, 145, 927 

P.2d 804, 805 (App. 1996) (concluding that unobjected-to imposition of attorneys’ 

fees without requisite findings would not have warranted reversal if it were not 

for court’s fundamental error in imposing $85,500 in surcharges). A post-trial 

order requiring a defendant to reimburse some of the cost of legal services does 

not deprive a defendant of his right to counsel. See State v. Espinoza, 166 Ariz. 557, 

561-62, 804 P.2d 90, 94-95 (1991) (holding that order under Rule 6.7(d) “does not 

impair the quasi-indigent’s right to counsel. Counsel cannot withdraw, and the

defendant does not face potential imprisonment for contempt for failing to comply 

with the order.”); Ariz. R. Crim. Pro. 6.7(d) (“Failure to obey an order under this 
STATE v. NOWAKOWSKI

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section shall not be grounds for contempt or grounds for withdrawal by the 

appointed attorney,” but may be enforced by a civil judgment). And “[a]lthough 

findings of fact and conclusions of law are certainly helpful on appellate review, 

they do not go to the foundation of the case or deprive a party of a fair hearing.” 

Trantor v. Fredrikson, 179 Ariz. 299, 300-01, 878 P.2d 657, 658-59 (1994); see MorenoMedrano, 218 Ariz. at 353, ¶ 13, 185 P.3d at 139 (“After Henderson, we conclude this 

part of Lopez is no longer correct and find that the imposition of the fees without 

the finding was not fundamental error.”). 

¶18 Moreover, Nowakowski has failed to show that the sentencing court 

did not consider his financial ability in imposing the reimbursement. “Trial judges 

are presumed to know the law and apply it in making their decisions.” State v. 

Lee, 189 Ariz. 608, 616, 944 P.2d 1222, 1230 (1997) (internal quotes omitted). The 

presentence report revealed that just based on his wife’s income, Nowakowski 

believed he could contribute $50 a month toward fees and assessments. Before the 

court imposed the reimbursement and set total assessments at $95 a month, 

Nowakowski revealed that he had obtained a job. The judge could have 

reasonably concluded on this record that Nowakowski could afford the additional 

$45 a month in payments, and thus that he could pay the $500 reimbursement for 

legal services without substantial hardship. On this record, Nowakowski has 

failed to meet his burden for reversal of this assessment on fundamental error 

review. 

III. CONCLUSION

¶19 For the foregoing reasons, we affirm Nowakowski’s convictions and 

sentences.