* The Honorable Kathleen M. O’Malley, United States Dist rict Judge for the Northern District of Ohio, sitting by designation. NOT RECOMMENDED FOR FULL-TEXT PUBLICATION File Name: 05a0674n.06

Filed: August 8, 2005 Case No. 03-4068 UNITED STATES COURT OF APPEALS FOR THE SIXTH CIRCUIT ARONA DIALLO, Petitioner,

v. ALBERTO GONZALES, Attorney General, Respondent.

_______________________________________ ) ) ) ) ) ) ) ) ) ) ) ) ) ON PETITION FOR REVIEW FROM AN ORDER OF THE BOARD OF IMMIGRATION APPEALS

BEFORE: NELSON and BATCHELDER, Circuit Judges; O’MALLEY * , District Judge. ALICE M. BATCHELDER, Circuit Judge. Arona Diallo (“Diallo”), a Black Mauritanian (“Black Maur”) male, petitions for review of a final order of removal from the United States, claiming that the Board of Immigration Appeals (“ the Board”) erred in finding that Diallo had no well-founded fear of persecution due to changed c ountry conditions, and in disregarding a chapter from the book Silent Terror which argues that slavery continues to exist in Mauritania. Because the evidence does not compel a contrary finding regarding changed country conditions, and because the weighing of evidence is a function for the Board and not this court, we deny the petition for review. BACKGROUND1 On March 1, 2003, the INS ceased to exist as an indepe ndent agency within the Department of Justice and its functions were transferred to the newly formed Department of Homeland Security. See Homeland Security Act of 2002, Pub. L. 107-296, §§ 441, 471, 116 Stat. 2135, 2192, 2205 (codified at 6 U.S.C. § 101, et seq .). Because most of the proceedings in Diallo’s case occurred prior to this change, we refer to INS as the relevant government actor. 2 Diallo is a native and citizen of Mauritania, born there in 1977. He entered the United States without inspection in 1996. The Immigration and Naturalization Service (“INS”) 1 sought Diallo’s removal under 8 U.S.C. § 1182(a)(6)(A)(i) as an alie n present in the United States without beingadmitted or paroled. In 1998, Diallo applied for asylum, claiming past persecution and a wellfounded fear of future persecuti on on account of race, nationality, and membership in a particular social group because he and his family were subject to mistreatment and deportation from Mauritania in 1989 on account of their race. In a hearing before an Immigration Judge (“ IJ”) Diallo conceded removability, but submitted evidence in support of asylum, withholding of removal, and protection under the Convention Against Torture. Diallo testified that in 1989 the Mauritanian Army raided his family’s farm and arrested and detained him and his family for three months, subjecting them to beatings and other forms of persecution before eventually deporti ng them to Senegal. Diallo also testified that during the three-month period of detention, his brother disappeared and was presumably killed. From 1989 to 1996, Diallo lived at a refugee camp in Senegal (where his family remains), in Gambia, and in Dakar. While in Dakar, Diallo met a man who provided him food and transportation to Baltimore, Maryland. Diallo then came to Ohio, where he filed an application for asylum. The IJ found Diallo’s testimony to be credibleand found that Diallo had demonstrated pastpersecution on account of his race. Nonetheless, the IJ found that Diallo did not have a wellfounded fear and likelihood of future persecution ba sed on race, because the evidence, in the form of the State Department’s 1998 Country Report, indicated that changed country conditions in3 Mauritania made future persecution unlikely. The IJ therefore denied Diallo’s applications for asylum and withholding of removal. The Board upheld the IJ’s decision on appeal, issuing a brief opinion. The Board noted that because the IJ found that Diallo had demonstratedpast persecution, he was entitled to a rebuttable presumption that he has a well-f ounded fear of future prosecution, butthat the IJ properly found that presumption rebutted by evidence of changed country conditions. The Board agreed that Diallo’s evidence of present problems in Mauritania lacked a connection to a protected ground, and that “unconfirmed reports” of security forces abusi ng Black Maurs who try to reclaim their land were outweighed by persuasive evidence of changed count ry conditions contained in the State Department Report. Finally, the Board agreed that Diallo’s ev idence of slavery in Mauritania was “not relevant” because it did not relate to Diallo’s specific cl aims and it predated the significant changes in conditions in Mauritania detailed in the State Department Report. For these reasons the Board dismissed Diallo’s appeal. Diallo filed a timely petition for judicial review. ANALYSIS I. Standard Of Review On judicial review, the Board’s findings of fact are “conclusive unless any reasonable adjudicator would be compelled to conclude to the contrary.” See Ali v. Reno , 237 F.3d 591, 596 (6th Cir. 2001) (quoting 8 U.S.C. § 1252(b)(4)(B)). Under this deferential standard, we may not reverse the Board simply because we disagree with its apprehension of the facts. Koliada v. INS , 259 F.3d 482, 486 (6th Cir. 2001); see Singh v. INS , 134 F.3d 962, 966 (9th Cir. 1998) (“This strict standard bars a reviewing court from inde pendently weighing the evidence and holding that4 petitioner is eligible for asylum, except in cases where compelling evidence is shown.”). Rather, we must find that the evidence compels a finding that the Board was wrong. INS v. Elias-Zacarias , 502 U.S. 478, 481 n.1, 483-84 (1992). II. Well-Founded Fear Of Persecution Diallo contends that he is eligible for asylum as a “refugee” as described in 8 U.S.C. § 1101(a)(42)(A), which defines a refugee as an alie n who is unable or unwilling to return to his home country “because of persecution or a well-founded fear of persecution on acc ount of race, religion, nationality, membership in a particul ar social group, or political opinion.” Elias-Zacarias , 502 U.S. at 481; Ivezaj v. INS , 84 F.3d 215, 221 n.4 (6th Cir. 1996). “A well-founded fear of persecution has both a subjective and an objective component: an alie n must actually fear that he will be persecuted upon return to his country, and he must present ev idence establishing an ‘objective situation’ under which his fear can be deemed reasonable.” Perkovic v. INS , 33 F.3d 615, 620-21 (6th Cir. 1994) (quoting INS v. Cardoza-Fonseca , 480 U.S. 421, 430-31 (1987)). An applicant’s showing of past persecution triggers a rebuttable presumption of a well-founded fear of future persecution on the basis of the original claim. See 8 C.F.R. § 1208.13(b)(1). The INS can rebut this presumption by showing by a preponderance of the evidence that “[t]here has been a fundamental change in circumstances such that the applicant no longer ha s a well-founded fear of persecution.” 8 C.F.R. § 1208.13(b)(1)(i)(A); see Ouda v. INS , 324 F.3d 445, 452 (6th Cir. 2003). Nevertheless, “[t]he INS must do more than show that circumstances in the country have fundamentally changed; the INS must also show that such change negates the particular applicant’s well-founded fear of persecution.” Ouda , 324 F.3d at 452.5 The Board found that Diallo had successfully demonstrated past persecution on account of his race, which shifted the burden to the INS to overcome a presumption of a well-founded fear of future persecution based on race. See 8 C.F.R. § 1208.13(b)(1). The Board found that evidence of changed country conditions in Mauritania, incl uding the State Department’s 1998 Country Report (“the Report”), was sufficient to overcome the presumption in Diallo’s favor. The Report indicates that, in May 1998, the Mauritanian government entered into an agreement with the United Nations establishing the terms under which the United Nations High Commissioner for Refugees (“UNHCR”) could help resettle refugees who had been expelled in 1989-91, and created a ministry within the Mauritanian government for human rights, poverty alleviation, and integration. The Report also indi cates that the majority of those deported in 1989- 91, such as Diallo, have successfully returned to Mauritania, and those that have not remain under UNHCR protection, even though there appears to be no impediment to their returning. The Report also notes that there were no reports of political killings or political prisoners for 1998. The Report indicates as well that, in 1996, the Mauritani an Red Cross, the UNHCR, and various nongovernmental organizations undertook 223 agricultural, water, health, education, and construction projects at 130 villages to assist returnees, but that the UNHCR terminated its rapid integration program at the end of that year after determining that everyone who wanted to return had returned. The Report therefore constitutes evidence of cha nged conditions that “negates the particular applicant’s well-founded fear of persecution,” see Ouda , 324 F.3d at 452, because it shows a relaxing of the racial persecution of the Black Maurs after the time for which Diallo had successfully established past persecution on account of race.6 Diallo’s response to the evidence of changed country conditions is not persuasive. He cites several parts of the Report that point to defici encies in Mauritania’s government and society, but these are deficiencies that have little or nothing to do with the prospect of his being persecuted on account of his race. He points to vague language in the Report indicating that animosity among the races is still present in Mauritania, but this doe s not constitute evidence of present-day persecution of Black Maurs based on race. In fact, Diallo’s only potential evidence of current persecution of Black Maurs based on race is a part of the Report mentioning “unconfirmed reports” that security forces had abused returning refugees in the s outh. The Report goes on to note, however, that any such abuses declined as the UNHCR and Mauritanian Red Cross became involved in aiding returning refugees. In the end, these “unconfirmed reports” offer relatively weak evidence of likely future racial persecution for Diallo, and are certain ly not sufficiently persua sive to compel a finding that this evidence meets or exceeds the INS’s evidence of changed conditions. See 8 C.F.R. §§ 1208.13(b)(1), 1208.13(b)(1)(i)(A). Diallo submits as an addendum to his brief the unpublished case of In Re Harouna Diallo (B.I.A. Jan. 6, 2003), in which the Board overturne d an IJ’s finding of changed country conditions relating to Black Maurs in Mauritania. Diallo argues that the Board’s decision in his own case is inconsistent with the result in Harouna Diallo . Citing 8 U.S.C. § 1252(d )(1) (“A court may review a final order of removal only if–( 1) the alien has exhausted all administrative remedies available to the alien as of right . . .”), the INS argues that we lack jurisdicti on to consider this argument because Diallo did not present it to the Board, and points out that in any event, Diallo is an unpublished opinion and thus should be accordedlittle or no precedential weight. See Chan v. Reno , 113 F.3d 1068, 1073 (9th Cir. 1997) (citing Leal-Rodriguez v. INS , 990 F.2d 939, 946 (7th Cir. 1993) (“We7 will not bind the BIA with a single non-precedential, unpublished decision any more than we ourselves are bound by our own unpublished orders.”)). Whether or not the petitioner’s failure to cite to the Board an arguably inconsistent precedent rises to the level of a failure to exhaust his administrative remedies, we think it makes sense that the Board should have the first opportunity to decide whether Diallo’s case fits within its own precedent. But even if we consider the unpublished Diallo opinion, it is of little help to the petitioner here. Diallo dealt with the INS’s failure to show changed country conditions for Black Maurs involved in the African Liberation Front of Mauritania, a political or ganization; in the case at bar, the INS need only demonstrate changed conditions for Black Maurs generally. Because Diallo has put forth little or no persuasive evidence to counter the INS’s evidence of changed conditions for the Black Maurs in Mauritania, the record does not compel a finding that the INS failed to rebut Diallo’s presumption of future persecution based on race. See 8 C.F.R. §§ 1208.13(b)(1), 1208.13(b)(1)(i)(A). Therefore, we must defer to the Board’s finding that Diallo failed to demonstrate a well-founded fear of future persecution. III. Evidence Of Slavery In Mauritania Prior To Changed Conditions Diallo argues that, in weighing his evidence of a well-founded fear of future persecution, the Board erred by refusing to consider an excerpt from the book Silent
Terror , which included testimony that the author provided to Congress in 1996 concerning the continuing enslavement of Black Maurs in Mauritania. This argument is without merit. The record clearly shows that the book excerpt was explicitly ad mitted into the record, considered by the IJ, and found to be “by and large not relevant” to this cas e. The Board explicitly affirmed the IJ’s finding and it is clear that the Board was entirely justif ied in doing so. The excerpt details the author’s8 congressional testimony from March 1996, over three and a half years prior to Diallo’s November 1999 hearing before the IJ, and more importantly, be fore all of the 1998 repatriation efforts detailed in the State Department’s Country Report and c ited by the INS as evidence of changed conditions for Black Maurs in Mauritania. The book excerpt consisting of testimony from 1996 does nothing to rebut INS’s evidence of changes that occurre d in 1998, which makes it of little or no relevance to Diallo’s case and entitles it to little or no weight. Weighing the evidence is a task assigned to the Board, and we cannot overturn the Board’s findings of fact unless the evidence compels a finding that the Board was wrong. See Elias-Zacarias , 502 U.S. at 481 n.1, 483-84; Singh , 134 F.3d at 966. The evidence does not compel such a finding in this case. CONCLUSION For the foregoing reasons, we DENY the petition for review.9 KATHLEEN M. O’MALLEY, District Judge, dissenting. I respectfully dissent. I am unpersuaded that the State Department Country Report contains sufficient evidence of changed country conditions to overcome the presumption of future persecution which arises under 8 CFR§1208.13(b)(1). While this conclusion could jus tify reversal of the Board’s decision, it appears that, in this case, the Board may not have scrutin ized the Country Report with the level of care it normally employs. Accordingly, I would remand this matter to the Board for reconsideration in light of the Board’s 2003 decision in In re: Harouna Diallo (B.I.A. Jan. 6, 2003).