FIFTH DIVISION

MCFADDEN, C. J.,

MCMILLIAN, P. J., and SENIOR APPELLATE JUDGE PHIPPS

NOTICE: Motions for reconsideration must be

physically received in our clerk’s office within ten

days of the date of decision to be deemed timely filed.

http://www.gaappeals.us/rules

February 10, 2020

In the Court of Appeals of Georgia

A19A2235. RIDLEY v. DOLGENCORP, LLC.

PHIPPS, Senior Appellate Judge.

In this trip and fall suit, Shirley Ridley appeals from the trial court’s grant of

summary judgment in favor of the defendant, Dolgencorp, LLC (“the store owner”).

Ridley contends that the trial court erred in ruling that (1) the store premises did not

contain a hazardous condition; (2) Ridley possessed knowledge of the hazardous

defects; and (3) the distraction theory could not apply. For the reasonsthatfollow, we

affirm.

“Summary judgment is appropriate when no genuine issues of material fact

remain and the movant is entitled to judgment as a matter of law. On appeal, we

review the grant or denial of summary judgment de novo, construing the evidence and

all inferences in a light most favorable to the nonmoving party.” (Punctuation and
footnote omitted.) McLemore v. Genuine Parts Co., 313 Ga. App. 641, 641 (722

SE2d 366) (2012). 

So viewed, the record shows that at approximately 10:00 a.m. on October 23,

2015, Ridley visited the Dollar Generalstore located on Highway 41 inRinggold, GA

(“the store” or “the premises”). Ridley was driven to the store by her neighbor, who

parked her car in the parking lot on the side of the store. The store’s parking lot

contained raised, concrete blocks (“parking abutments”) in the parking spaces. The

parking abutments for the disabled parking spaces were painted blue, but the other

parking abutments were unpainted. Several racks displaying clothing items and other

merchandise were located on the sidewalk beside the store’s front doors. Before

Ridley entered the store, she walked through the parking lot area and successfully

side-stepped the display racks. Ridley entered the store, shopped, and completed her

purchase within ten minutes after her arrival at the store. 

Ridley contends that when she exited the store and walked toward the parking

lot, she became distracted by a display rack on the sidewalk and by other customers

who were entering and exiting the store. While looking at the display rack and the

ground around the display rack, Ridley stepped down from the sidewalk onto the

parking pavement, and the toe of her shoe hit an unpainted,slanted parking abutment.

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She tripped over the parking abutment and fell forward. As a result of the fall, Ridley

allegedly suffered injuries to her knee, elbow, and head, which required surgery and

rehabilitative physical therapy. 

Ridley filed suit for damages against the store owner, alleging that the store

owner had breached its duty to keep its premisessafe. After conducting discovery, the

store owner filed a motion for summary judgment. The trial court entered an order

granting the store owner’s motion, from which Ridley appeals. 

Generally,

[t]o recover on a theory of premises liability, a plaintiff must show

injury caused by a hazard on an owner or occupier of land’s premises or

approaches that the owner or occupier should have removed in the

exercise of ordinary care for the safety of the invited public. When a

premises liability cause of action is based on a “trip and fall” or “slip

and fall” claim — and the lion’s share of premises liability cases are —

we have refined this general test down to two specific elements. The

plaintiff must plead and prove that: (1) the defendant had actual or

constructive knowledge of the hazard; and (2) the plaintiff, despite

exercising ordinary care for his or her own personal safety, lacked

knowledge of the hazard due to the defendant’s actions or to conditions

under the defendant’s control.

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(Footnotes omitted.) American Multi-Cinema, Inc. v. Brown, 285 Ga. 442, 444 (2)

(679 SE2d 25) (2009). And where, as here, allegedly dangerous static conditions are

involved,

the rule is well established that the basis of the proprietor’s liability is

his superior knowledge and if his invitee knows of the condition or

hazard there is no duty on the part of the proprietor to warn him and

there is no liability for resulting injury because the invitee has as much

knowledge as the proprietor does.

(Citation omitted.) Brewer v. Atlanta South 75, Inc., 288 Ga. App. 809, 810 (655

SE2d 631) (2007). As such, in cases involving a static defect, “when a person has

successfully negotiated an alleged dangerous condition on a previous occasion, that

person is presumed to have equal knowledge of it and cannot recover for a subsequent

injury resulting therefrom.” (Citation and punctuation omitted.) Perkins v. Val

D’Aosta Co., 305 Ga. App. 126, 128 (699 SE2d 380) (2010). “If nothing obstructsthe

invitee’s ability to see the static condition, the proprietor may safely assume that the

invitee will see it and will realize any associated risks.” (Punctuation and footnote

omitted.) McLemore, 313 Ga. App. at 643. “[O]ne is under a duty to look where [s]he

is walking and to see large objects in plain view which are at a location where they

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are customarily placed and expected to be.” (Citation and punctuation omitted.)

Robinson v. Kroger Co., 268 Ga. 735, 742 (1) (493 SE2d 403) (1997). 

Here, Ridley claimsthatshe tripped and fell over a concrete parking abutment,

which was a static condition existing in the store’s parking lot. She contends that the

parking abutment was hazardous because it was unpainted and slanted.

1 But even

assuming that the parking abutment was a hazardous condition of which the store

owner had knowledge, Ridley’s claims against the store owner are precluded because

the undisputed evidence establishes that Ridley had equal knowledge of the hazard

and failed to exercise ordinary care for her own personal safety.

Significantly, in her deposition, Ridley testified that she had visited the

premises on between 20 and 25 occasions before the fall incident. She was familiar

with the parking lot area and knew that it contained parking abutments.Ridley further

1 Ridley further contends that the placement of the display racks and parking

abutments violated City of Ringold ordinances. “City and county ordinances must be

alleged and proven in order to be considered by the superior and appellate courts of

this State. The proper method of proving a city ordinance is production of the original

ordinance or a certified copy thereof.” (Citations omitted.) Whitfield v. City of

Atlanta, 296 Ga. 641, 641 (769 SE2d 76) (2015). See also OCGA § 24-2-221 (judicial

notice may be taken of a certified copy of an ordinance). Here, the ordinances

referenced appear nowhere in the record. Consequently, we cannot consider this

contention. See Whitfield, 296 Ga. at 641 (“Neither the superior courts nor the

appellate courts can adjudicate a claim or defense based on a city ordinance unless

the ordinance has been properly presented.”). 

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admitted that she was aware of the general height and dimensions of the parking

abutments and that there was a risk of tripping when walking through the parking lot

and not looking at the ground where the parking abutments were located. There was

nothing preventing Ridley from observing the parking abutment prior to the fall.

Ridley testified that the fall incident occurred on a clear, sunny day and there was no

problem with lighting in the area. Moreover, she admitted that the parking abutments

were plainly visible from a good distance away.

2

In addition, Ridley had successfully traversed the area when she entered the

store approximately ten minutes prior to the fall. She was aware of the display rack

conditions on the sidewalk. Ridley acknowledged that at the time of the fall, she was

looking at the display rack and the ground around the display rack instead of the

parking area where she was walking. 

ExhibitstoRidley’s deposition include photographs of the premises, including

the area depicting display racks on the sidewalk and the parking abutments in the

2 Ridley also testified that another customer had exited the store and walked

toward the parking lot ahead of her. There is no evidence that the customer

experienced any difficulty traversing the areas where the display racks and parking

abutments were located. Likewise, there was no evidence that any similar incidents

had occurred at the premises.

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parking lot. Ridley placed a letter “A” on the photograph referred to as Defendant’s

Exhibit No.13 to identify the location of the parking abutment over which she tripped

and fell. The photograph clearly shows the parking abutments in the area where the

fall occurred. Simply, Ridley’s own testimony established that she failed to exercise

ordinary care for her own personal safety because she was paying attention to the

display rack rather than where she was walking in the parking area.

Ridley nevertheless arguesthat the display rack and other customerstraversing

the storefront were distractions. Her argument is without merit. Based on the

circumstances presented, the distraction theory does not apply. 

The distraction theory covers situations where the plaintiff’s attention

is distracted by a natural and usual cause, and this is particularly true

where the distraction is placed there by the defendant or where the

defendant in the exercise of ordinary care should have anticipated that

the distraction would occur. The relevant inquiry, however, is whether

[the plaintiff’s] view of the hazard was obstructed at the point

immediately before she was about to step onto it. Where an obstruction

is perfectly obvious and apparent, so that one looking ahead would

necessarily see it, the fact that the plaintiff merely failed to look will not

relieve her from the responsibility for her misadventure.

(Punctuation, footnotes, and emphasis omitted.) McLemore, 313 Ga.App. at 644-645.

Under the distraction theory, a merchandise display must be of such a nature that its

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presence would not have been anticipated by the plaintiff invitee. See Robinson, 268

Ga. at 746 (2) (a). “If the distraction has as its source the invitee, the invitee can no

more take the benefit of it to excuse h[er] lack of care for h[er] own safety than one

who creates an emergency can excuse h[er]self because of its existence.” (Citation

and punctuation omitted.) Id. at 744 (2) (a). 

Here, Ridley testified that the display rack did not block her view of the ground

where the parking abutment was located. Nor was there any evidence that the other

customers blocked her view of the parking abutment. More importantly, Ridley

further admitted that she had observed the display rack condition and had successfully

traversed around it and the area of the parking abutments before she entered the store,

only ten minutes before the fall. “The proof offered clearly puts this case within the

line of cases involving the plain view doctrine and effectively eliminates any

distraction theory.” (Punctuation and footnote omitted.) McLemore, 313 Ga. App. at

645. Ridley’s decision to look at the display rack while walking was a self-induced

distraction, which is not covered by the distraction theory. See Robinson, 268 Ga. at

744, 746 (2) (a) (acknowledging that “[l]ooking at displayed merchandise or a store’s

aisle signage has been repeatedly found to constitute a self-induced distraction”);

Long John Silver’s, Inc. v. Coleman, 223 Ga. App. 864 (479 SE2d 141) (1996)

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(holding that a restaurant’s window sign was a self-induced distraction because the

plaintiff chose to read the sign while walking).

The plain, palpable, and undisputed evidence showsthat the parking abutment

was open and obvious and any hazard presented by it could have been avoided by

Ridley in the exercise of reasonable care. Accordingly, the trial court properly granted

summary judgment to the store owner. See Joe Enter., LLC v. Kane, 341 Ga. App. 12

(798 SE2d 97) (2017) (physical precedent only) (reversing denial of summary

judgment to defendant because undisputed evidence showed that plaintiff had

successfully negotiated the same ramp shortly before her fall and because any hazard

posed by the ramp was open and obvious); McLemore, 313 Ga. App. at 644-645

(affirming grant of summary judgment to defendant because even if the alleged curb

was hazardous, the condition was open and obvious, and thus, in the exercise of

ordinary care, plaintiff could have avoided it); Pirkle v. Robson Crossing, 272 Ga.

App. 259, 261 (612 SE2d 83) (2005) (summary judgment appropriate where

undisputed evidence established that the alleged steep curb condition was open and

obvious).

Judgment affirmed. McFadden, C. J., and McMillian, P. J., concur.

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