# Draft. Do not cite or quote

.

i 

# Catalog of Global Emissions Inventories and Emissions Inventory Tools for Black Carbon

Draft Report

January 2002

Prepared for:
Thompson G. Pace, D205-01
U.S. Environmental Protection Agency Research Triangle Park, North Carolina 27711

EPA Contract No. 68-D-98-046 Work Assignment No. 5-03

Prepared by:

William Battye Kathy Boyer

EC/R Incorporated

Chapel Hill Office 1129 Weaver Dairy Road Chapel Hill, NC 27514 (919) 933-9501

# Draft. Do not cite or quote

.

ii RTP Area Office 2327 Englert Drive Durham, NC 27713 (919) 484-0222



## Disclaimer
Although the research described in this document has been funded wholly or in part by the United States Environmental Protection Agency contract 68-D-98-046 to EC/R Incorporated, it has not been subject to the Agency's review and therefore does not necessarily reflect the views of the Agency, and no official endorsement should be inferred.

# Draft. Do not cite or quote

.

iii 

## Contents
Page

Introduction

.................................................................. 1
Catalog of Global Emissions Inventories and Methods

................................. 2 Regional and Global Greenhouse Gas Inventories

.............................. 2 CORINAIR 94

.................................................... 2 EDGAR V2.0 database

............................................. 2 European Environment Agency (EEA)

................................ 11 U.S. Department of Energy Energy Information Administration (EIA)

....... 11 Global Emission Inventory Activity (GEIA)

............................ 11 Convention for Long-Range Transboundary Air Pollution (LRTAP)

......... 11 RAINS-ASIA

.................................................... 12 World Bank

..................................................... 12 Country-specific Greenhouse Gas Inventories

................................. 12 United Nations Convention on Climate Change (UNFCCC)

............... 12 Climate Change Asia–ALGAS

...................................... 13 CHINA-MAP

.................................................... 13 Black Carbon and Organic Carbon Inventories

................................ 13 CHINA-MAP

.................................................... 15 Cooke and Wilson

................................................ 15 ECHAM4

....................................................... 15 GEIA

.......................................................... 15 Liousse et al.

.................................................... 15 Health-Related Emissions Inventories

....................................... 16 Pollutant Release Transfer Registers

.................................. 16 World Bank

..................................................... 16 Opportunities for Technology Transfer

...................................... 17
Tools for Estimating Emissions of Black Carbon Particulate Matter

..................... 20 Factors Used in Existing BC Inventories

..................................... 30 Cooke and Wilson

................................................ 30 ECHAM4

....................................................... 30 GEIA

.......................................................... 30 CHINA-MAP

.................................................... 31 Louisse et al.

.................................................... 31 Other Tools for Estimating Black Carbon Emissions

........................... 31 Ranking Opportunities for Improving Black Carbon Emissions Inventories

......... 32

References

.................................................................. 39

# Draft. Do not cite or quote

.

iv 

## Figures
Page



## Tables
Page
Table 1. Emissions Inventories for Climate Forcing Pollutants

.......................... 3 Table 2. Global and Regional Emissions Inventories for Black Carbon (BC) and Organic Carbon (OC) Particulate Matter

.................................................. 14 Table 3. Other Emissions Inventories for Health Related Pollutants

..................... 18 Table 4. Comparison of Emission Factors and other Tools for Estimating BC and OC

...... 21 Table 5. Source Categories Covered by Black Carbon Emissions Inventories

.............. 32 Table 6. Estimated Breakdown of BC Emissions in the U.S.

........................... 34 Table 7. Ranking of U.S. Source Categories by BC Emissions and Uncertainty

............ 35 Table 8. Estimated Breakdown of Global BC Emissions

.............................. 36 Table 9. Ranking of Source Categories by Global BC Emissions and Uncertainty

.......... 37

# Draft. Do not cite or quote

.

1 

## Introduction

Emissions inventories for climate change studies have focused primarily on greenhouse gases: carbon dioxide (CO 2

### ), methane (CH4

### ), nitrous oxide (N 2 

### O) and various halogenated compounds. 1 

### However, various components of fine particulate matter (PM 2.5 

### ) in the atmosphere also have climate-forcing impacts, either contributing to or offsetting the effects of greenhouse gases. 2

### In particular, black carbon particulate matter (BC) has recently been identified as an important contributor to radiative heating of the atmosphere. 3

### Organic carbon particulate matter (OC), which is often emitted along with BC, may act to offset some of the global warming impact of BC emissions. 2

### Most of the important sources of greenhouse gases also are important sources of healthrelated pollutants. Likewise, BC and OC particulate matter are emitted primarily from combustion sources, which are also important sources of health-related pollutants. Because of these overlaps, measures to reduce climate-forcing emissions often would have collateral benefits by reducing emissions of health-related pollutants, and vice versa. Improved emissions inventory methodologies and tools developed for health-related pollutants can also provide opportunities for improving climate change emissions inventories (and vice versa). A better characterization of worldwide emissions of climate forcing and health-related pollutants is needed to improve the understanding of overlapping benefits for emission reduction strategies both in the U.S. and abroad. The improved characterization of emissions will help in two ways: (1) by quantifying the most efficient strategies for improving both global warming and health-related problems, and (2) by identifying sources that are under-reported or missing from different emissions inventories. A full characterization of these under-reported or missing sources could alter the priorities of programs designed to mitigate both health-related and global climate impacts. The purpose of the report is to twofold. First, a catalog is developed of country-specific and regional inventories for climate forcing pollutants and health related pollutants. The purpose of this catalog is to assist in the identification of opportunities for transfer of factors and methods among the different types of emissions inventories. Second, a more in depth review is made of tools and factors available to estimate particulate BC emissions. The purpose of this review is to assist in identifying and prioritizing opportunities for improving U.S. and worldwide inventories of BC emissions. It must be noted that this report represents only a cursory first look at the available data. A CD-ROM companion to the report compiles available data from the catalogued emissions inventories.

# Draft. Do not cite or quote

.

2 

## Catalog of Global Emissions Inventories and Methods

Regional and Global Greenhouse Gas Inventories Several organizations have produced regional and/or global greenhouse gas inventories in varying degrees of resolution, ranging from a global 1 o

### x 1 o

### latitude/longitude grid (about 100 kilometers x 100 kilometers near the equator) to country-wide inventories. Many of these inventories were developed to fulfill various international obligations, such as the United Nations Framework Convention on Climate Change (UNFCCC). 1 

### This convention is discussed in detail in later sections. In order to be compatible with the UNFCCC reporting format, many organizations used the Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change (IPCC) 4

### or comparable methodologies. Others, however, relied on unique models and methods. Table 1 summarizes these inventories, including the sectors and pollutants covered. The following sections discuss background information and methodologies used to produce these inventories. It must be noted that the table does not represent a comprehensive list, but rather catalog based on readily available information. A CD-ROM companion to this report compiles available data from the catalogued emissions inventories.
CORINAIR 94 The Core Inventory Air (CORINAIR) 94 database is the air emissions inventory for participating European countries in 1994 5 

### . The European Environment Agency (EEA) designated the European Topic Centre on Air Emissions (ETC/AE) to assist participating countries in reporting their national emissions estimates as required under various international obligations. These obligations include those under the UNFCCC, as well as the Convention on Long-Range Transboundary Air Pollution (LRTAP) 6 

### . In both cases, many European countries used the CORINAIR methodology to produce their greenhouse gas, criteria pollutant, and toxic air pollutant inventories. The database included in this report presents a summary of emission estimates according to the LRTAP guidelines, described below. The greenhouse gases and other climate forcing emissions include carbon dioxide (CO 2

### ), methane (CH4

### ), nitrous oxide (N 2 

### O), carbon monoxide (CO), nitrogen oxides (NO x

### ), non-methane volatile organic carbon (NMVOC), sulfur dioxide (SO 2

### ), and ammonia (NH 3 

### ). The inventory also includes nine heavy metals and ten persistent organic pollutants (POPs).
EDGAR V2.0 database The Emission Database for Global Atmospheric Research (EDGAR) 7 

### was developed jointly by the Netherlands Organization for Applied Scientific Research (TNO) and RIVM. This comprehensive database stores inventories of direct and indirect anthropogenic greenhouse gas emissions both on a per country basis as well as on a 1 o

### x 1 o

### grid. Using 1990 as its base year, EDGAR inventories CO 2 

### , CH4 

### , halocarbons (HC), N 2 

### O, CO, NOx, VOC, and SO 2

### for sectors including fossil fuel and biofuel combustion, industrial processes, solvent use, land use, and waste treatment.

# Draft. Do not cite or quote

. aThese sectors include industrial and non-industrial combustion, energy combustion, production processes, extraction, solvents, road transport, other mobile sources, waste treatment, and agriculture and forestry.

b Countries include Armenia, Austria, Belarus, Belgium, Bosnia and Herzegovina, Bulgaria, Canada, Croatia, Cyprus, Czech Republic, Denmark, Estonia, Finland, France, Macedonia, Georgia, Germany, Greece, Hungary, Iceland, Ireland, Italy, Latvia, Liechtenstein, Lithuania, Luxembourg, Moldova, Monaco, Netherlands, Norway, Poland, Portugal, Romania, Russian Federation, Slovakia, Slovenia, Spain, Sweden, Switzerland, Turkey, Ukraine, United Kingdom, United States, Yugoslavia, European Community.

c Countries include Bangladesh, Bhutan, Brunei, Cambodia, China, Hong Kong, India, Indonesia, Japan, North and South Korea, Laos, Malaysia, Mongolia, Myanmar, Nepal, Pakistan, Philippines, Singapore, Sri Lanka, Taiwan, Thailand, Vietnam, Asia

* Year of most recent inventory. ** Unless otherwise specified, the Energy sector includes all stationary and mobile combustion sources, and Agriculture includes biomass burning.



### 3

Table 1. Emissions Inventories for Climate Forcing Pollutants

Inventory and description Year* Pollutants included Source Categories** Reference Regional and Global Inventories
CORINAIR 94 1994 CO 2 , CH4 , N 2O, CO, NO x , VOC, SO 2 , Particulate Organic Carbon SNAP level 1 sectors a CORINAIR website 5

EDGAR – 1 o latitude x 1 o longitude 1990 CO 2 , CH4 , N 2O, CO, NO x ,

VOC, SO 2, Fossil Fuel (combustion, noncombustion), Biofuel, Industrial Processes, Land Use, Waste EDGAR online database 7

EEA – EU15 countries, Latvia 1999 CO 2 , CH4 , N 2O, HFC,

PFC, SF 6 Energy, Industry, Transport, Agriculture, Waste, Other EEA online database 8

EIA international report 1998 CO 2 Coal, Natural Gas, Petroleum, Other EIA document9

GEIA – 1 olat x 1 olong 1994 CO 2 , CH4 , CFC, N 2O,

CO, NO x , VOC, SO 2 , Reactive Cl Fossil Fuels, Biomass GEIA online database 10

LRTAP – Europe and N. Amer. b 1998 CO 2 , CO, NO x , VOC,

SO 2, Annual Aggregated Emissions, SNAP level 1 sectors LRTAP website on UNECE 6

RAINS-ASIA – 23 Asian countries c 1990 CO 2 , CH4 , CO, NO x , NMHC, SO 2 Biofuels (including Firewood, Crop Residue, Animal Waste), Fossil Fuels Streets, David 11 , 12 , 13

# Draft. Do not cite or quote

. Table 1. Emissions Inventories for Climate Forcing Pollutants(continued)

Inventory and description Year* Pollutants included Source Categories** Reference

dCountries include: Australia, Austria, Belgium, Bulgaria, Canada, Czech Republic, Denmark Estonia, Finland, France, Germany, Greece, Hungary, Iceland, Ireland, Italy, Japan, Latvia, Liechtenstein, Lithuania, Luxembourg, Monaco, Netherlands, New Zealand, Norway, Poland, Portugal, Romania, Russian Federation, Slovakia, Slovenia, Spain, Switzerland, Ukraine, United Kingdom, United States

* Year of most recent inventory. ** Unless otherwise specified, the Energy sector includes all stationary and mobile combustion sources, and Agriculture includes biomass burning.



### 4 UNFCCC – Annex I Parties d 1998 CO 2 , CH4 , N 2O, HFC,

PFC, SF 6 , CO, NO x VOC, SO 2 Energy, Industry, Agriculture, Land Use/Forestry, Waste, International Bunkers UNFCCC website 1

World Bank – worldwide 1998 NO x , SO 2 , Particulates Major City World Bank Document 14 Country-specific Inventories Argentina 1997 CO 2 , CH4 , HCFC, PFC, SF 6 , N 2O, CO, NO x , VOC Energy, Industry, Agriculture, Waste Argentina National Communication 15

Armenia 1996 CO 2 , CH4 , N 2O, CO, NO x , VOC Energy, Industry, Agriculture, Land Use/Forestry, Waste Armenia National Communication 16
, Australia 1995 CO 2 , CH4 , HCFC, PFC, SF 6 , N 2O, CO, NO x , VOC Energy, Industry, Agriculture, Land Use/Forestry, Waste, Solvents Australia 2 nd National Communication 17
1999 CO 2 , CH4 , HCFC, PFC, SF 6 , N 2O, CO, NO x , VOC Energy, Industry, Agriculture, Solvents, Land Use/Forestry, Waste Australia National Greenhouse Gas Inventory 18
Austria 1995 CO 2 , CH4 , HCFC, PFC, SF 6 , N 2O, CO, NO x , VOC Energy, Transport, Industry, Small Consumers, Agriculture, Land Use/Forestry, Waste Austria 2 nd National Communication 19

Azerbaijan 1994 CO 2 , CH4 , N 2O, CO, NO x , VOC Energy, Industry, Agriculture, Land Use, Waste Azerbaijan National Communication20 Bangladesh 1990 CO 2 , CH4 Energy, Agriculture, Forestry Ahmed, Ahsan 21

1990 CO 2 , CH4 , N 2O,CO, NO x , Energy, Industry, Agriculture, Land Use/Forestry, Waste Climate Change Asia website 22 Belgium 1995 CO 2 , CH4 , HCFC, PFC, SF 6 , N 2O, CO Energy, Industry, Agriculture, Forestry, Waste Belgian 2 nd National Communication23
1998 CO 2 , CH4 , HCFC, PFC, SF 6 , N 2O, CO, NO xVOC, SO 2 Energy, Industry, Agriculture, Forestry, Waste, Solvents Belgian Federal Government Online 24

Brazil 1994 CO 2 , CH4 , N 2O, NO x Agriculture, Industry, Energy, Waste, Solvents Brazil National Communication25 Bulgaria 1995 CO 2 , CH4 , HCFC, PFC, SF 6 , N 2O, CO, NO x , VOC Energy, Industry, Transport, Agriculture, Forestry/Land Use, Waste Bulgaria 2 nd National Communication 26

# Draft. Do not cite or quote

. Table 1. Emissions Inventories for Climate Forcing Pollutants(continued)

Inventory and description Year* Pollutants included Source Categories** Reference

* Year of most recent inventory. ** Unless otherwise specified, the Energy sector includes all stationary and mobile combustion sources, and Agriculture includes biomass burning.



### 5 Canada 1995 CO 2 , CH4 , HCFC, PFC, SF 6 , N 2O, CO, NO x , VOC, CF4, C2F6 Energy, Industry, Transport, Agriculture, Forestry/Land Use, Waste Canada 2 nd National Communication27

Cape Verde 1995 CO 2 , CH4 , N 2O Energy, Transport, Agriculture Cape Verde National Communication28
Chile 1994 CO 2 , CH4 , N 2O, CO, NO x , VOC Energy, Industry, Agriculture, Land Use, Waste, Solvents Chile National Communication29
1993 CO 2 , CH4 , N 2O, CO, NO x , SO 2 , NMVOC Energy, Industry, Forestry World Energy Council Report30
China 1990 CO 2 , CH4 , N 2O,CO, NO x , Energy, Industry, Agriculture, Waste, Land Use/Forestry Climate Change Asia website 22
1995 CO, NO x , SO 2 Energy, Industry, Transport, Domestic, Biofuels, Other; also by Region Streets, David G. and S.T. Waldhoff

31

Cook Islands 1994 CO 2 , CH4 , N 2O Energy, Industry, Agriculture, Land Use, Waste, Solvents Cook Islands National Communication 32
Cote d’Ivoire 1996 CO 2 , CH4 , N 2O, CO, NO x Energy, Industry, Agriculture, Land Use, Waste, Solvents Cote d’Ivoire National Communication 33
Czech Republic 1995 CO 2 , CH4 , HFC, PFC, SF 6 , N 2O, NO x , CO, VOC Energy, Industry, Transport, Agriculture, Land Use/Forestry, Commercial, Residential, Institutional Czech Republic 2 nd National Communication 34

Denmark 1996 CO 2 , CH4 , HFC, PFC, SF 6 , N 2O, CO, NO x , VOC, SO 2 Energy, Industry, Agriculture, Solvents, Land Use, Waste, Transport Denmark 2 nd National Communication 35

Ecuador 1990 CO 2 , CH4 , N 2O, CO, NO x , VOC Energy, Industry, Agriculture, Land Use /Forestry, Waste Ecuador National Communication 36 Egypt 1990 CO 2 , CH4 , N 2O Energy, Industry, Agriculture, Waste Egypt National Communication 37
El Salvador 1995 CO 2 , CH4 , N 2O, CO, NO x Energy, Industry, Agriculture, Waste El Salvador National Communication 38
Estonia 1996 CO 2 , CH4 , N 2O Energy, Industry, Transport, Agriculture, Land Use/Forestry, Waste Estonia 2 nd National Communication 39

European Community 1999 CO 2 , CH4 , HFC, PFC, SF 6 , N 2O, CO, NO x , VOC, SO 2 Energy, Industry, Agriculture, Transport, Land Use/Forestry, Waste EC Greenhouse Gas Inventory40

# Draft. Do not cite or quote

. Table 1. Emissions Inventories for Climate Forcing Pollutants(continued)

Inventory and description Year* Pollutants included Source Categories** Reference

* Year of most recent inventory. ** Unless otherwise specified, the Energy sector includes all stationary and mobile combustion sources, and Agriculture includes biomass burning.



### 6 Finland 1995 CO 2 , CH4 , N 2O, CO, NO x , VOC, SO 2 Energy, Industry, Agriculture, Land Use/Forestry, Waste Finland 2 nd National Communication41
France 1995 CO 2 , CH4 , CO, N 2O, NO x , VOC, SO 2 Energy, Industry, Agriculture, Domestic/Commercial France 2 nd National Communication42 Georgia 1997 CO 2 , CH4 , N 2O, CO, NO x , VOC, SO 2 Energy, Industry, Transport, Agriculture, Forestry Georgia National Communication43
1996 CO 2 , CH4 , CO, N 2O, NO x Energy, Industry, Agriculture, Forestry, Waste Georgia Climate Change website44 Germany 1990 CO 2 , CH4 , N 2O, CO, NO x ,VOC Energy, Industry, Agriculture, Land Use/Forestry, Waste, Solvents Germany National Communication45
Ghana 1996 CO 2 , CH4 , N 2O Energy, Industry, Agriculture, Land Use/Forestry, Waste Ghana National Communication46
Greece 1995 CO 2 , CH4 , N 2O, CO, NO x , VOC Energy, Industry, Agriculture (excluding burning) Greece 2 nd National Communication47
Honduras 1995 CO 2 , CH4 , N 2O, CO, NO x , VOC Energy, Industry, Agriculture, Land Use, Waste Honduras National Communication 48 Hungary 1995 CO 2 , CH4 , N 2O, CO, NO x , VOC Energy, Industry, Mobile Sources, Forestry, Waste, Commercial, Residential Hungary 2 nd National Communication49

Iceland 1995 CO 2 , CH4 , PFC, HFC, SF 6 , N 2O, CO, NO x , VOC, SO 2 Energy, Industry, Agriculture, Land Use/Forestry, Waste, Solvents Iceland 2 nd National Communication50

India (by state/region) 1995 CO 2 , CH4 , N 2O, NO x , HC, SO 2 Coal, Oil products, Natural Gas, Industry processes, Indirect emissions Climate Change India website 22

1995 CO 2 , CH4 , N 2O, NO x , SOx Coal, Petroleum, Natural Gas, Industry Processes, Transport, Electric Utilities, Livestock, Waste Garg et al. 51 52

Indonesia 1994 CO 2 , CH4 , N 2O, CO, NO x , NMHC, CF4 , C 2F 6 , Energy, Industry, Agriculture, Waste, Solvents, Land Use/Forestry, Biofuels Indonesia National Communication53

1990 CO 2 , CH4 , N 2O,CO, NO x , Energy, Industry, Agriculture, Land Use/Forestry, Waste Climate Change Asia website 22
Ireland 1994 CO 2 , CH4 , N 2O, CO, NO x , VOC Energy, Industry, Waste Ireland 2 nd National Communication54 Italy 1994 CO 2 , CH4, PFC, HFC, SF 6 , N 2O, CO, NO x , VOC, SO 2 Energy, Industry, Agriculture, Land Use/Forestry, Waste, Solvents, Other (bunkers) Italy 2nd National Communication55

# Draft. Do not cite or quote

. Table 1. Emissions Inventories for Climate Forcing Pollutants(continued)

Inventory and description Year* Pollutants included Source Categories** Reference

* Year of most recent inventory. ** Unless otherwise specified, the Energy sector includes all stationary and mobile combustion sources, and Agriculture includes biomass burning.



### 7 Jamaica 1994 CO 2 , CH4 , N 2O Energy, Industry, Agriculture, Land Use/Forestry, Waste Jamaica National Communication 56 Japan 1996 CO 2 , CH4 , HFC, PFC, SF 6 , N 2O, CO, NO x , VOC, NMHC, SO 2 Energy, Industry, Agriculture, Bifuels, Land Use/Forestry, Waste, Solvents, Other (bunkers) Japan 2 nd National Communication57

Jordan 1994 CO 2 , CH4 , N 2O Energy, Industry, Agriculture, Land Use/Forestry, Waste, Solvents, Other (bunkers) Jordan National Communication58

Kazakhstan 1994 CO 2 , CH4 , N 2O, CO, NO x , VOC Energy, Industry, Agriculture, Waste, Land Use/Forestry Kazakhstan National Communication59
Kiribati 1994 CO 2 , CH4 , N 2O, CO, NO x Energy, Industry, Agriculture, Land Use /Forestry, Solvents Kiribati National Communication 60
Korea 1990 CO 2 , CH4 , N 2O, CO, NO x , VOC, NMHC Energy, Industry, Agriculture, Biofuels, Land Use /Forestry Korea National Communication 61
Latvia 1990 CO 2 , CH4 , N 2O, CO, NO x , VOC Energy, Industry, Agriculture, Land Use /Forestry, Waste, Solvents Latvia National Communication 62
Lebanon 1994 CO 2 , CH4 , HFC, PFC, SF 6 , N 2O, CO, NO x , VOC, SO 2 Energy, Industry, Solvents, Agriculture, Land Use /Forestry, Waste Lebanon National Communication 63

Lithuania 1990 CO 2 , CH4 , N 2O, CO, NO x , VOC Energy, Industry, Solvents, Agriculture, Land Use /Forestry, Waste Lithuania National Communication 64

Luxembourg 1995 CO 2 , CH4 , N 2O, CO, NO x , NMHC, VOC, SO 2 Energy, Mobile sources, Agriculture, Extraction/distribution of fossil fuels, Commercial/Residential, Production processes, Waste, Solvents Luxembourg National Communication 65

1994 CO 2 , CH4 , N 2O, CO, NO x , NMVOC, SO 2 , NH 3 SNAP Level 1 categories a CORINAIR database 5 Malaysia 1990 CO 2 , CH4 , N 2O,CO, NO x , Energy, Industry, Agriculture, Land Use/Forestry, Waste Climate Change Asia website 22
1994 CO 2 , CH4 , N 2O Energy, Industry, Agriculture, Land Use /Forestry, Waste Malaysia National Communication 66
Mali 1995 CO 2 , CH4 , N 2O, CO, NO x , VOC Energy, Industry, Agriculture Mali National Communication 67
Malta 1994 CO 2 , CH4 , N 2O, CO, NO x , NMVOC, SO 2 , NH 3 Energy, Industry, Transport,Agriculture, Waste, Solvents, NonIndustry combustion, Production processes, Fossil Fuel Extraction CORINAIR94 database 1

# Draft. Do not cite or quote

. Table 1. Emissions Inventories for Climate Forcing Pollutants(continued)

Inventory and description Year* Pollutants included Source Categories** Reference

* Year of most recent inventory. ** Unless otherwise specified, the Energy sector includes all stationary and mobile combustion sources, and Agriculture includes biomass burning.



### 8 Marshall Islands 1996 CO 2 , CH4 Energy, Agriculture, Waste Marshall Islands National Communication 68
Mauritius 1995 CO 2 , CH4 , N 2O, CO, NO x , NMVOC, SO 2 Energy, Industry, Solvent, Agriculture, Land Use, Waste, Other Mauritius National Communication 69
Mexico 1997 CO 2 , CH4 , N 2O, CO, NO x , VOC, SO 2 Energy, Industry, Mobile Sources, Agriculture, Land Use /Forestry, Waste, Gas production Mexico National Communication70

1994 CO, NO x , HC, SO 2 , PM Industry, Transport, Services Data from Mexico climate change website 71
Moldova 1998 CO 2 , CH4 , N 2O, CO, NO x , VOC, SO 2 Energy, Industry, Agriculture, Land Use /Forestry, Waste, Solvents Moldova National Communication 72
, Mongolia 1990 CO 2 , CH4 , N 2O, CO, NO x Energy, Industry, Agriculture, Land Use /Forestry, Waste Dagvadorj, Damdin73 (hard copy only) Nauru 1994 CO 2 , CH4 , N 2O Energy, Industry, Agriculture, Land Use /Forestry, Waste, Solvents Nauru National Communication74
Netherlands 1995 CO 2 , CH4 , HFC, PFC, FIC, SF 6 , N 2O, CO, NO x , VOC, SO 2 Energy, Industry, Agriculture, Land Use /Forestry, Waste Netherlands’ National Communication75
New Zealand 1995 CO 2 , CH4 , HFC, PFC, SF 6 , N 2O, CO , NO x , VOC, SO 2 Energy, Industry, Agriculture, Land Use /Forestry, Solvents New Zealand 2 nd National Communication 76 Niger 1997 CO 2 , CH4 , N 2O Energy, Industry, Agriculture, Land Use /Forestry, Waste Niger National Communication77 Norway 1995 CO 2 , CH4 , HFC, PFC, SF 6 , N 2O, CO, NO x , VOC, SO 2 Energy, Industry, Agriculture, Land Use, Waste, Solvents Norway 2 nd National Communication78

Pakistan 1990 CO 2 , CH4 , N 2O,CO, NO x , Energy, Industry, Agriculture, Waste, Land Use/Forestry Climate Change Asia website 22
Panama 1994 CO 2 , CH4 , CO, NO x , VOC Energy, Industry, Agriculture, Land Use, Waste, Solvents Panama National Communication79 Philippines 1994 CO 2 , CH4 , CO, N 2O, NO x , VOC, NMHC , SO 2 Energy, Industry, Agriculture, Biofuels, Waste, Land Use /Forestry Philippines National Communication 80
1990 CO 2 , CH4 , N 2O,CO, NO x , Energy, Industry, Agriculture, Land Use/Forestry, Waste Climate Change Asia website 22
Poland 1994 CO 2 , CH4 , N 2O Energy, Industry, Agriculture, Land Use /Forestry, Waste Poland 2 nd National Communication 81

# Draft. Do not cite or quote

. Table 1. Emissions Inventories for Climate Forcing Pollutants(continued)

Inventory and description Year* Pollutants included Source Categories** Reference

* Year of most recent inventory. ** Unless otherwise specified, the Energy sector includes all stationary and mobile combustion sources, and Agriculture includes biomass burning.



### 9 Portugal 1994 CO 2 , CH4 , N 2O, CO, NO x , NMVOC Energy, Industry, Land Use/Forestry, Waste, Solvents Portugal 2 nd National Communication 82
Romania 1991 CO 2 , CH4 , N 2O, CO, NO x , VOC Energy, Industry, Mobile Sources, Waste Romania 2 nd National Communication 83
Russian Federation 1990 CO 2 , CH4 , N 2O, CO, NO x , VOC Energy, Industry, Agriculture, Waste Russia National Communication 84
Samoa 1994 CO 2 , CH4 , N 2O Energy, Industry, Agriculture, Land Use /Forestry, Waste Samoa National Communication 85 Senegal 1994 CO 2 , CH4 , CFC, N 2O, CO, NO x Energy, Industry, Agriculture, Land Use/Forestry, Waste Senegal National Communication 86 Seychelles 1995 CO 2 , CH4 , N 2O, CO, NO x , VOC Energy, Industry, Agriculture, Land Use/Forestry, Waste Seychelles National Communication 87 Singapore 1994 CO 2 , CH4 , N 2O, CO, NMHC Energy, Industry, Biofuels, Agriculture, Land Use/Forestry, Waste Singapore National Communication 88

Slovak Republic 1994 CO 2 , CH4 , HFC, PFC, SF 6 , N 2O, CO, NO x , VOC, SO 2 Energy, Industry, Agriculture, Waste Slovak Republic 2 nd National Communication 89 Spain 1994 CO 2 , CH4 , N 2O, CO, NO x , VOC Energy, Industry, Agriculture, Land Use/Forestry, Waste, Solvents Spain 2 nd National Communication90
Sri Lanka 1990 CO 2 , CH4 , N 2O,CO, NO x , Energy, Industry, Agriculture, Waste, Land Use/Forestry Climate Change Asia website 22
St. Vincent and Grenadines 1997 CO 2 , CH4 , N 2O, CO, NO x , VOC, SO 2 Energy, Industry, Agriculture, Land Use/Forestry, Waste St. Vincent and Grenadines National Communication91
Sweden 1995 CO 2 , CH4 , HFC, PFC, SF 6 , N 2O, CO, NO xVOC, SO 2 , Power/district heating plants, Other Energy, Industry, Transport, Agriculture, Waste, Solvents, Residential/Commercial Sweden 2 nd National Communication92

Switzerland 1995 CO 2 , CH4 , HFC, PFC, SF 6 , N 2O, CO , NO x , VOC, SO 2 Energy, Industry, Agriculture, Land Use/Forestry, Waste, Solvents Switzerland 2 nd National Communication 93
Taiwan 1996 CO 2 Energy Young, RT 94
Thailand 1994 CO 2 , CH4 , N 2O, CO, NO x , VOC Energy, Industry, Agriculture, Land Use/Forestry, Waste Thailand National Communication95
1990 CO 2 , CH4 , N 2O,CO, NO x , Energy, Industry, Agriculture, Land Use/Forestry, Waste Climate Change Asia website 22

# Draft. Do not cite or quote

. Table 1. Emissions Inventories for Climate Forcing Pollutants(continued)

Inventory and description Year* Pollutants included Source Categories** Reference

* Year of most recent inventory. ** Unless otherwise specified, the Energy sector includes all stationary and mobile combustion sources, and Agriculture includes biomass burning.



### 10 Turkmenistan 1994 CO 2 , CH4 , N 2O, CO , NO x , VOC, SO 2 Energy, Industry, Agriculture, Land Use /Forestry, Waste, Solvents Turkmenistan National Communication96
United Kingdom 1994 CO 2 , CH4 , HFC, PFC, SF 6,N 2O, CO, NO x , VOC Energy, Industry, Agriculture, Land Use/Forestry, Waste, Solvents UK 2 nd National Communication97
United States 1995 CO 2 , CH4 ,HFC, PFC, SF 6 , N 2O, CO, NO x , VOC Energy, Industry, Agriculture, Land Use/Forestry, Waste, Solvents US 2 nd National Communication98 Uruguay 1994 CO 2 , CH4 , N 2O, CO, VOC Energy, Industry, Agriculture, Land Use/Forestry, Waste, Solvents Uruguay National Communication99
Uzbekistan 1994 CO 2 , CH4 , N 2O, CO, NO x , VOC, SO 2 Energy, Industry, Agriculture, Land Use/Forestry, Waste Uzbekistan National Communication 100
Vanatua 1994 CO 2 , CH4 , N 2O, CO Energy, Agriculture, Land Use/Forestry Vanatua National Communication 101
Zimbabwe 1994 CO 2 , CH4 , N 2O, CO, NO x Energy, Industry, Agriculture, Land Use/Forestry Zimbabwe National Communication 102

# Draft. Do not cite or quote

.

11 European Environment Agency (EEA) The European Environment Agency (EEA) 8

### provides an environmental information system to help the European Community attain sustainable development and integrate environmental aspects into economic policies. As part of its services, the agency’s website provides downloadable data sets used in technical reports. Available data include emissions inventories from the European Community on a country-specific as well as regional basis. These inventories were reported to the LRTAP as well as the UNFCCC conventions. U.S. Department of Energy Energy Information Administration (EIA) The Energy Information Administration (EIA) 9 

### , created by Congress in 1977, is a statistical agency of the U.S. Department of Energy. They provide policy-independent data, forecasts, and analyses to promote sound policy making, efficient markets, and public understanding regarding energy and its interaction with the economy and the environment. They obtain data primarily from surveys of companies engaged in energy-related businesses such as domestic natural gas and electric utilities, oil refineries, petroleum marketers, coal mines, government agencies, and energy end users such as manufacturers and households. Global Emission Inventory Activity (GEIA) The Global Emission Inventory Activity (GEIA) 10

### was created in 1990 to develop and distribute global natural and anthropogenic emissions inventories of gases and aerosols. It is a component of the International Globa Atmospheric Chemistry (IGAC) project, which is a network of several hundred scientists working together to understand and predict issues such as ozone depletion and greenhouse warming. Data sets must undergo extensive peer review in order to be accepted into the GEIA database. Such data sets reported here include CO 2 

### , CH4 

### , CFC, N 2 

### O, CO, NOx, VOC, SO 2 

### , and reactive Cl. Black carbon and particulate organic carbon were also inventoried, as discussed below. Data are presented in a 1 o

### x 1 o

### grid for all pollutants, and references for each inventory are documented on the GEIA website. Convention for Long-Range Transboundary Air Pollution (LRTAP) The Convention for Long-Range Transboundary Air Pollution (LRTAP) 6

### in Europe was the first internationally legally binding instrument to deal with problems of air pollution on a broad regional basis. It was signed in 1979 and entered into force in 1983. It has greatly contributed to the development of international environmental law and created the essential framework for controlling and reducing the damage to human health and the environment of transboundary air pollution (UNECE website). As part of the initial LRTAP and five subsequent Protocols, European countries agreed to inventory greenhouse gas pollutants and precursors, sulfur emissions, ground-level ozone, heavy metals, persistant organic pollutants, and volatile organic compounds. Most countries use the CORINAIR methodology for their inventories, and report emissions using the Selected Nomenclature for sources of Air Pollution (SNAP).

# Draft. Do not cite or quote

.

12 RAINS-ASIA The RAINS-ASIA project, sponsored by the World Bank and the Asian Development Bank, originally simulated acid deposition from fossil fuels and ambient pollutant concentrations in 94 Asian regions and 23 countries. The model has now expanded to incorporate biofuels, such as fuel wood, crop residue, and animal waste. Scientists such as David Streets, John A van Aardenne, and Jitendra Shah used this model to inventory greenhouse gases and precursors from biofuel 11 

### and fossil fuel combustion. 12, 13


### World Bank In their World Development Indicators 2001 publication, the World Bank inventoried nitrogen dioxide, sulfur dioxide, and particulates in the major cities of 53 countries. Data are based on reports from urban monitoring sites and reported as annual means. 14



### Country-specific Greenhouse Gas Inventories In addition to regional and global inventories, we found more than 80 country-specific inventories. The majority of these were developed as part of the UNFCCC using IPCC 4

### or comparable methods. Recent efforts to assess and reduce greenhouse gas emissions in Asia have also resulted in country-specific inventories for that region. Table 1 summarizes these country inventories, including sectors and pollutants covered. United Nations Convention on Climate Change (UNFCCC) Country-specific greenhouse gas inventories are prepared under the UNFCCC 1 

### . The Convention was opened for signature in 1992, at the UN Conference on Environment and Development, or the “Earth Summit,” in Rio de Janeiro. Currently, 181 governments and the European Community are Parties to the UNFCCC. Parties meet regularly at the annual Conference of the Parties (COP) to review the implementation of the Convention. In Article 4 of the UNFCCC, all Parties agreed to compile greenhouse gas inventories and publish them in periodic reports, or National Communications, to the COP. However, the Convention recognized that countries contribute differently to greenhouse gas emissions as well as their abilities to produce inventories. The Parties were therefore divided into three categories according to socio-economic status: Annex I, Annex II, and non-Annex I. Annex I includes both the relatively wealthy countries that were members of the Organization for Economic Cooperation and Development (OECD) in 1992, and countries with “economies in transition.” They are the industrialized countries who have historically contributed the most anthropogenic greenhouse gas emissions. These countries agreed to produce inventories within six months of “entry into force” of the Convention. They also agreed to adopt programs and policies that will limit anthropogenic emissions and enhance emissions sinks and carbon reservoirs. The OECD members of Annex I are also listed in Annex II. These countries, including the United States, provide financial, technological, and research assistance to developing countries (non-Annex I) in fulfilling their obligations under the Convention. The non-Annex I countries may report greenhouse gases in more general terms, and they may submit their

# Draft. Do not cite or quote

.

13 emissions inventories within a broader time frame than Annex I countries. They may, however, accept the responsibilities of Annex I parties at any time. Countries inventoried the following greenhouse gases and precursors to greenhouse gas formation: carbon dioxide (CO 2

### ), methane (CH4

### ), nitrous oxide (N 2 

### O), sulfur dioxide (SO 2

### ), nitrogen oxides (NOx), carbon monoxide (CO), and volatile organic carbon (VOC). Countries did not inventory sources of black carbon as part of the Convention, and very few inventoried particulate matter. The Convention specified that inventories should include those greenhouse gases not included in the Montreal Protocol on Substances that Deplete the Ozone Layer, as those pollutants are already specifically reported and controlled. Since some pollutants included in the Protocol are also greenhouse gases, some countries included them in their inventories. These pollutants include chlorofluorocarbons (CFCs), hydrofluorocarbons (HFCs), perfluorocarbons (PFCs), and sulphur hexafluoride (SF 6

### ). Climate Change Asia–ALGAS The Asia Least-Cost Greenhouse Gas Abatement Strategy (ALGAS) 22 

### , developed by the United Nations Development Program/Global Environmental Facility (UNDP/GEF), assessed the present levels of greenhouse gas emissions and reviewed options to reduce emissions in Asia. Participating countries included China, India, Indonesia, Korea, Mongolia, Myanmar, Pakistan, Philippines, Thailand, and Vietnam. The project inventoried CO 2 

### , CH4 

### , N 2 

### O,CO, and NOx, and emissions for each country using IPCC methods. Results of the study were reported to the UNFCCC as part of the convention agreements.
CHINA-MAP CHINA-MAP was an international and multi-disciplinary program that assessed the effects of economic development and the regional environmental impacts it made on agriculture in China. 103

### The program was led by the Chinese Academy of Sciences and the Georgia Institute of Technology, and sponsored by NASA. As part of the study, David Streets and Stephanie Waldhoff developed emissions profiles for SO 2 

### , NOx, and CO for China for the years 1995 and 2020. 31 

### In this study, all sectors of the Chinese economy were considered, including biofuel combustion in rural homes. Much of the data needed to construct the inventory was obtained through the RAINS-ASIA model, which is described above.

Black Carbon and Organic Carbon Inventories Most of the inventories identified in Table 1 focus on greenhouse gases. We also identified five regional and/or global emissions inventories that include black carbon (BC) particulate matter, and two that include organic carbon (OC) particulate matter. These inventories were published in scientific papers, and each one has been developed using a unique methodology. Table 2 specifies the source categories covered by each inventory, divided into residential, industrial, utility, mobile, industrial processes, and fire. We further discuss the methods used to develop these emissions factors in a later section.

# Draft. Do not cite or quote

.

14 Table 2. Global and Regional Emissions Inventories for Black Carbon (BC) and

Organic Carbon (OC) Particulate Matter

Black Carbon Inventories CHINA-MAP 1995 Residential, Industry, Transport, and Power Fossil Fuel Combustion, Field Combustion Streets, David G. et al 104



### Cooke and Wilson – Regional; global with 10 o 

### latitude x 10 o

### longitude resolution 1996 Fossil Fuel and Biomass Combustion Cooke and Wilson 105



### ECHAM4 – worldwide and regional/country with 3.75 o

### latitude x 3.75 o 

### longitude resolution Fossil Fuel Combustion Cooke et al. 106



### GEIA – worldwide, 1 o 

### latitude x 1 o

### longitude 1994 Fossil Fuel combustion, Biomass burning GEIA online database 10



### Liousse et al. – global, 4.7 o 

### longitude x 7.5 o

### latitude Biomass burning of savannahs, tropical forests, agricultural fires, and domestic fuels; Fossil fuel combustion Liousse et al. 107



### Organic Carbon Inventories ECHAM4 – worldwide and regional/country with 3.75 o

### latitude x 3.75 o 

### longitude resolution Fossil Fuel Combustion Cooke et al. 106



### Liousse et al. – global, 4.7 o

### longitude x 7.5 o 

### latitude Biomass burning of savannahs, tropical forests, agricultural fires, and domestic fuels; Fossil fuel combustion Louisse et al. 107

# Draft. Do not cite or quote

.

15 CHINA-MAP As another component of the CHINA-MAP program, David Streets et al. 104

### produced an inventory for black carbon for the years 1995 and 2020. This inventory included 37 source categories, covering all fuel combustion activities in China except the use of gaseous fuels. The authors calculated emissions using fuel consumption data by sector and fuel type within the framework of the RAINS-Asia model. They compiled emissions factors from previously published data where available. If sufficient information existed, they also derived fractions of BC and fine particulate matter from total PM emissions. The central and high emission factors used in this study resulted from combining these data.
Cooke and Wilson
William Cooke and Julian Wilson 105

### constructed a 10 o

### latitude x 10 o

### longitude global inventory for black carbon emissions. The inventory covers fossil fuel combustion and biomass burning. The authors assumed that all emissions were anthropogenic, and they did not account for differences between developed and less developed countries.
ECHAM4
William Cooke et al. 106

### developed global inventories of black and organic carbon from fossil fuel combustion. They were calculated using the fourth generation atmospheric general circulation model, ECHAM4, from the Max Planck Institute. The version used in the study, T30, has an approximate resolution of 3.75 o

### longitude x 3.75 o

### latitude. 108 

### The authors used published emissions factors and data sets to calculate both bulk (particles with diameters of greater than a few microns) and submicron emissions. They obtained fossil fuel consumption data from the United Nations(1993), and used 1984 as the reference year. The authors also distinguished between developed and less developed countries in order to characterize the combustion efficiency and emissions controls used in each country. Developed countries included those in the Organization for Economic Cooperative Development (OECD) in 1984. The semi-developed countries included those in the former Eastern European Bloc, the former USSR, South Africa, Israel, Hong Kong, Singapore, and Taiwan. All other countries were placed in the group of developing countries.
GEIA As mentioned above, the GEIA database included an inventory for black carbon developed by J.E. Penner and H. Eddleman. 10

### This inventory was developed using two distinct methods. The first method used measured ambient concentration ratios of BC and SO 2

### at locations throughout the world. The authors demonstrated that BC to SO 2

### ratios are well correlated at most sites and are relatively constant in any one economic region. The inventory was constructed using these ratios and previously published sulfur inventories. The second method used estimated emission factors and published fuel production for wood and bagasse burning, diesel fuel, and domestic and industrial coal use.
Liousse et al. 107 

### These authors developed emissions inventories for black and organic carbon from biomass burning and fossil fuel combustion. The purpose of the study was to calculate global

# Draft.
quote

. distribution of carbonaceous particles in the three-dimensional 4.5 o o

### longitude
published inventories.

Health-Related Emissions Inventories

pollutants, including SO 2 X 

### , and CO. However, many countries and non-government
pollutants. These are not as readily available as climate change inventories because of the lack of a central system for organizing health-related inventories (as the UNFCCC does for climate
sponsored by the United Nations Institute for Training and Research (UNITAR). 109 

### provides a repository for all countries with a national PRTR inventory, in an online version or on CD-ROM. However, very few countries have compiled an inventory of this magnitude. The

Table 3 lists separate health-related emissions inventories that we have identified in the current project. However, this is a cursory first look at available information on international
following sections provide background information on the major databases listed in Table 3. Pollutant Release Transfer Registers

Nations Conference on Environment and Development. Countries agreed at this conference that the public should have access to environmental data, and that governments and industries should
Council for the Organization for Economic Cooperation and Development (OECD) recommended that countries develop a Pollutant Release Transfer Register (PRTR). Registers
and are compiled in a common reporting format based on the OECD Guidance to Governments Manual for PRTRs. The following countries have compiled a PRTR to date: Australia, Canada, Mexico, the Netherlands, Slovak Republic, United States, and the United Kingdom. These inventories are

World Bank The World Bank’s Industrial Pollution Prevention System (IPPS) is a database that
Toxic Intensities database, and pollution intensities from Mexico and China. The toxic intensities database provides pollution intensities, or pollution per unit of
from the USEPA’s Toxic Release Inventory. The databases for Mexico and China estimate various pollution intensities at the 2, 3, and

# Draft. Do not cite or quote

.

17 4-digit ISIC levels. Mexico’s inventory was provided by the Instituto Nacional de Ecologia. China’s inventory was produced using the China Environmental Yearbooks for 1992, 1994, and 1996. The yearbooks were produced by China’s State Environmental Protection Administration (SEPA). 111


### U.S. Emissions Inventories The U.S. Environmental Protection Agency (EPA) publishes a number of databases and inventories for health related pollutants. In particular, the criteria pollutant subsystem of the National Emissions Inventory (NEI) provides emissions estimates for SO 2 

### , VOC, NO X 

### , CO, PM 10 

### , PM 2.5 

### , ammonia (NH 3 

### ), and secondary organic aerosols (SOA) 112 

### . The NEI also includes a National Toxics Inventory (NTI) that gives emissions estimates for 188 hazardous air pollutants (HAPs). 112

### Both the criteria pollutant section of the NEI and the NTI are designed to provide detailed comprehensive inventories, giving precise locations of major emission sources and county-level emissions estimates where precise locations cannot be provided. The EPA also produces a Toxics Release Inventory (TRI) that lists industrial emissions of about 650 toxic chemicals.

Opportunities for Technology Transfer A comparison of Table 1 and Table 3 indicates that climate change inventories are much more widespread than specialized inventories of health-related pollutants. The country-specific climate change inventories generally include some health related pollutants, most notably SO 2 

### , VOC, and NO X.

### (see Figure 1). However, these do not generally have the same spatial resolution as inventories of health-related pollutants. There are opportunities for technology transfer in both directions. The widespread compilation of climate change emissions inventories has resulted in the development of emissions inventories for some criteria pollutants, at least at the national level. These estimates can be allocated to smaller spatial scales using a variety of spatial surrogates (such as population or land-use) or using raw activity data compiled for with the climate change inventory. The raw activity data can also be used to develop emissions estimates for additional criteria pollutants (such as PM 2.5 

### ) or for toxic air pollutants. In the other direction, some of the tools that have been developed for health-related emissions inventories allow a broader source category coverage than is characteristic of climate change inventories. This is particularly true for the U.S. NEI. For instance, climate change inventories generally focus on fuel combustion and industrial sources, although they also include agricultural sources for CH4

### and N 2 

### O and non-industrial sources of halogenated compounds. The NEI provides activity estimates for a number of additional categories, most notably forest fires and prescribed burning. These categories are purposefully excluded from the CO 2

### portion of the climate change inventory for material balance (over the long term the net CO 2

### flux for a forest or other ecosystem is assumed to be zero, unless there are permanent land use changes). However, fires do result in net emissions of CH4 

### , N 2 

### O, and BC. These can be quantified using fire activity data compiled for health-related emissions inventories. In addition, the spatial and temporal allocation tools developed for health-related emissions inventories can provide more accurate distribution of climate change emission for modeling applications.

# Do not cite or quote

18 Table 3. Other Emissions Inventories for Health Related Pollutants

Inventory description Year Pollutants Sectors Reference
Australia National Pollutant Inventory 2000 83 Toxic, Criteria, and Heavy Metal Pollutants Industrial Australia NPI document 113 Canada’s Nataional Pollutant Release Inventory 1999 172 substance (by Chemical Abstract Service (CAS) Registry Number) Industrial Canada NPRI document 114

China Pollutant Intensities 1995 SO2, Smoke, Dust Industrial Pollutant Intensities New Ideas in

Pollution Regulation (NIPR) website 111 Mexico Pollutant Intensities 1997 PT, SOx, CO, NOX, HC Industrial (SIC code) New Ideas in

Pollution Regulation (NIPR) website 111 Mexico Pollutant Release and Transfer Registry 1997- 1998 178 Toxic, Criteria, and

Climate Forcing Pollutants Mexican PRTR document 115 Netherlands Pollutant Release and Transfer Registry 1995- 96 170 Toxic, criteria, climate

forcing, and heavy metal pollutants industry, public utilities, traffic, households, agriculture Netherlands PRTR

document 116

Slovak Republic 1998 93 Toxic, criteria, climate forcing, and heavy metal pollutants industry Slovak Republic PRTR document 117

Turkey, by major city 2000 9 VOC pollutants none Muezzinoglu, A. 118 UK National Atmospheric Emission Inventory 1990- 1999 29 Toxic, Criteria, Metal,

and Climate Forcing Pollutants Industrial NAEI database online 119

US National Emissions Inventory (NEI), including the National Toxics Inventory (NTI) 1996 and other years VOC, NO X , CO, PM, SO 2 ,

NH 3 , secondary organic aerosol industry, public utilities, traffic, households, agriculture, wildland fire NEI 112and NTI

online

US Toxic Release Inventory Annual app. 650 Toxic, Criteria, Metal, and Climate Forcing Pollutants Industrial US TRI document 120

World Bank – Industrial pollution intensity dataset 1987 SO2, NO2, CO, VOC, PM10, TSP Industrial (SIC codes at 4 digits) World Bank’s New

Ideas in Pollution Regulation (NIPR) websiteJanuary 24, 2002 111 World Bank – Toxic Pollution Intensity Dataset 246 Toxic, Criteria, and Heavy Metal Pollutant Intensities Industrial (ISIC codes at 2, 3, and 4 digits) World Bank’s New

Ideas in Pollution Regulation (NIPR) website 111

# Draft. Do not cite or quote

.

19 P o l l u t a n t s c o v e re d G l o b a l w a r m i n g g a s e s o n l y w i t h S O 2
w i t h V O C
w i t h N O x w i t h S O 2 a n d N O x w i t h N O x a n d V O C
w i t h S O 2 a n d V O C
w i t h S O 2 , V O C , a n d N O x n o c l i m a t e c h a n g e i n v e n t o ry a v a i l a b l e



### Figure 1. Health Related Pollutants Included in National Climate Change Inventories

# Draft. Do not cite or quote

.

20 

## Tools for Estimating Emissions of Black Carbon Particulate Matter

This section reviews existing emissions inventories for black carbon (BC) particulate matter, the tools used to produce these inventories, and other available tools. Uncertainties are evaluated and opportunities for improving BC emissions inventories are identified and prioritized. Any analysis of BC emissions must recognize some unavoidable ambiguities in the definition of the pollutant. Carbon in particulate matter can take a variety of forms. Typically, these are divided into three main components: organic carbon (OC), a refractory component also known as elemental carbon (EC), and carbonate ion (CO 3 =

### ). The split between EC and OC can be measured by different methods, but is typically obtained by measuring the amount that pyrolizes at different temperatures. 121 

### Soot generally falls in the EC fraction. For the purposes of climate change emissions inventories, BC is defined as the carbon component of particulate matter that absorbs light. However, this specific component of particulate matter is difficult, if not impossible, to measure. Methods that measure light absorption in particulate matter assume that BC is the only light absorbing component present, while methods that rely on the partitioning of EC and OC use a somewhat arbitrary division point. For the purposes of this analysis, we have treated BC as roughly equivalent to EC. However, some components of OC may also be light-absorbing; in this case, inventories of BC and OC may overlap. Table 4 compares emission factors used in existing BC inventories, as well as other available information on BC emissions. In many cases, BC emission factors were developed by combining BC speciation factors with appropriate particulate matter emission factors. Where possible, the table presents the BC speciation factors, the particulate matter emission factors, and the resultant BC emission factors. (In some cases, only an emission factor or a speciation factor is available.) Uncertainties are also given wherever possible. In addition to BC emission factors, Table 4 also includes OC emission factors, since the line between OC and BC is somewhat blurred. However, while some OC components may absorb light, most researchers presume that OC possesses optical properties that scatter solar radiation. 105, 107

### Where possible, emission factors are given for BC and OC in particulate matter with an aerodynamic diameter of less than or equal to 2.5 microns (PM 2.5 

### ). In some cases, however, the literature used different measures, such as BC in PM 1.0

### (submicron PM), or PM 10

### (less than or equal to 10 microns). The following subsections discuss emission factors used in existing BC emissions inventories, and other tools for estimating BC emissions. The final subsection of this chapter discusses methods of ranking opportunities for improving BC emissions inventories.

### 21 Table 3. Emission Factors and Speciation Factors for BC and OC Fine Particulate Matter

Category PM-2.5 (g/kg) Uncertainty BC content (%) Uncertainty BC-2.5 (mg/kg) Upper

limit OC content (%) Uncertainty OC-2.5 (mg/kg) Upper

limit Reference

Utility and industrial combustion - coal Previous inventories - China Utility pulverized burner, with fabric filter 0.66 0.99 2.5 0.5 2 6 Streets et al, 104 Utility pulverized burner, with ESP 0.66 0.99 0.5 0.5 0.1 0.5 Streets et al, 104 Utility pulverized burner, with scrubber 0.66 0.99 2.5 0.5 0.8 4 Streets et al, 104 Utility pulverized burner, with cyclone 0.66 0.99 1.5 0.5 0.2 2 Streets et al, 104 Utility pulverized burner, uncoltrolled 0.66 0.99 2.5 0.5 3 9 Streets et al, 104 Industrial pulverized burner, with ESP 0.66 0.99 0.5 0.5 0.1 3 Streets et al, 104 Industrial pulverized burner, with scrubber 0.66 0.99 0.5 0.5 0.8 10 Streets et al, 104 Industrial pulverized burner, uncoltrolled 0.66 0.99 0.5 0.5 3 20 Streets et al, 104 Utility stoker, with scrubber 3.3 11.2 10 20 77 2,600 Streets et al, 104 Utility stoker, with cyclone 3.3 11.2 10 20 32 880 Streets et al, 104 Utility stoker, uncontrolled 3.3 11.2 10 20 320 4,400 Streets et al, 104 Industrial stoker, with scrubber 3.3 11.2 10 20 130 3,600 Streets et al, 104 Industrial stoker with cyclone 3.3 11.2 10 20 32 1,300 Streets et al, 104 Industrial stoker, uncontrolled 3.3 11.2 10 20 320 4,400 Streets et al, 104 Previous inventories - global Lignite, underdeveloped countries 25 1,800 25 5400 Cooke et al, 106 Lignite, semideveloped countries 25 590 25 1770 Cooke et al, 106 Lignite, developed countries 25 360 25 1080 Cooke et al, 106 Hard coal, underdeveloped countries 25 1,000 25 1000 Cooke et al, 106 Hard coal, semideveloped countries 25 325 25 325 Cooke et al, 106 Hard coal, developed countries 25 200 25 200 Cooke et al, 106 Other information Fingerprint test 3.3 3.8 9.4 14.8 Watson et al (a), 122 SPECIATE (uncontrolled) 0.9 0.1 SPECIATE, 123 Fabric filter 7.0 3.0 4.4 4.2 Houck et al, 124 Best estimate (for US) 5.1 3.4 6.9 9.8

### 22 Table 3. Emission Factors and Speciation Factors for BC and OC Fine Particulate Matter

Category PM-2.5 (g/kg) Uncertainty BC content (%) Uncertainty BC-2.5 (mg/kg) Upper

limit OC content (%) Uncertainty OC-2.5 (mg/kg) Upper

limit Reference

Utility and industrial combustion - oil Previous inventories Light distillate oil - China 0.15 0.12 55 25 70 210 Streets et al, 104 Middle distillate oil - China 0.45 0.49 55 25 250 730 Streets et al, 104 Residual oil - China 0.65 0.69 55 25 360 1,000 Streets et al, 104 Residual oil - general 10 Cooke & Wilson, 105 Other information SPECIATE 7.4 5.4 4.5 3.1 SPECIATE, 123 Boiler fingerprint 0.0 0.1 0.1 0.1 Watson et al (b), 125 Glass furnace fingerprint 0.78 0.82 2.4 1.9 Watson & Chow, 126

Utility and industrial combustion - natural and process gas Previous inventories Natural gas 0.4 Cooke & Wilson, 105 Process gas 0.06 Cooke & Wilson, 105 Natural gas and process gas 0.013 0.026 Cooke et al, 106

Utility and industrial combustion - wood and biofuel Previous inventories and compilations Biofuel, general 11 9 12 1,300 2,400 Liousse et al, 107 Biofuel - China 3.6 32.4 25 35 1,000 10,000 Streets et al, 104 Other information AP-42 particulate 0.03 0.15 AP-42, 127 SPECIATE 3.1 1.6 7.1 2.4 SPECIATE, 123

### 23 Table 3. Emission Factors and Speciation Factors for BC and OC Fine Particulate Matter

Category PM-2.5 (g/kg) Uncertainty BC content (%) Uncertainty BC-2.5 (mg/kg) Upper

limit OC content (%) Uncertainty OC-2.5 (mg/kg) Upper

limit Reference

Residential combustion - coal Previous inventories Hard coal - China 7.2 51.3 50 30 3,700 20,000 Streets et al, 104 Hard coal - developing countries 25 4,550 25 9450 Cooke et al, 106 Hard coal - developed countries 2,780 5830 Cooke et al, 106 Hard coal - general 10,000 Cooke & Wilson, 105 Lignite - developing countries 8,180 24500 Cooke et al, 106 Lignite - developed countries 5,000 15000 Cooke et al, 106 Lignite - general 10,000 Cooke & Wilson, 105 Other information Fingerprint test 26.1 15.6 69.5 19.2 Watson et al (a), 122

Residential wood combustion Fireplace combustion Pine 9.5 1.0 1.4 0.1 130 160 56 2.8 5300 6200 Shauer et al (a), 128 Paper birch 2.7 0.0 22.0 2.9 590 670 86.8 6 2300 2500 Shauer et al (a), 128 Eastern hemlock 3.7 0.4 5.4 0.9 200 260 102.3 6.4 3800 4500 Shauer et al (a), 128 Red maple 3.3 0.3 6.7 1.9 220 310 85.5 5.8 2800 3300 Shauer et al (a), 128 Balsam fir 4.8 0.5 7.0 0.8 340 410 106.3 6.5 5100 6000 Shauer et al (a), 128 Oak 5.1 0.5 3.2 0.2 160 190 59 3 3000 3500 Shauer et al (a), 128 Northern red oak 5.7 0.6 3.8 0.7 220 280 87.5 5 5000 5800 Shauer et al (a), 128 Fireplace combustion Eastern White Pine 11.4 2.0 31.3 2.8 3,600 4,600 73.4 6.4 8400 10700 Shauer et al (a), 128 Eucalyptus 8.5 0.8 2.6 0.2 220 260 43.7 2.2 3700 4300 Shauer et al (a), 128 Fireplaces profiles - SPECIATE 21.2 23.2 45.2 7.8 SPECIATE, 123 Other residential wood Woodstoves profiles - SPECIATE 8.4 3.7 40.9 7.6 SPECIATE, 123 Average fingerprint, Denver CO 12.4 4.2 51.4 11.7 Watson et al (a), 122 Average fingerprint 19 7 64 7 Houck et al, 124 Overall - best estimate 6.1 2.9 11.1 9.7 675 1,879 69.4 22.4

### 24 Table 3. Emission Factors and Speciation Factors for BC and OC Fine Particulate Matter

Category PM-2.5 (g/kg) Uncertainty BC content (%) Uncertainty BC-2.5 (mg/kg) Upper

limit OC content (%) Uncertainty OC-2.5 (mg/kg) Upper

limit Reference

Residential combustion - other fuels Oil - previous inventories Heavy oil - China 0.65 0.69 55 25 360 1,000 Streets et al, 104 Kerosene - China 0.15 0.118 55 25 70 210 Streets et al, 104 Oil - general 80 Cooke & Wilson, 105 Oil - general 2,000 Cooke & Wilson, 105 Natural gas - previous inventories General 50 Cooke & Wilson, 105 General 0.137001 0.685004 Cooke et al, 106 Natural gas - other information Appliances - SPECIATE 6.7 84.9 SPECIATE, 123 Charcoal - previous inventories Briquettes - China 0.4 1.2 30 20 120 740 Streets et al, 104 Charcoal - general 10 15 1,500 1500 Liousse et al, 107 Charcoal - other information Meat charbroiling 18.8 2 0 0.5 0 100 33.8 2 6,400 7,400 Shauer (b), 129 Charcoal cooking 2.8 1.5 64.6 9.2 Watson & Chow, 126 Other fuels Dung burning 1,000 Liousse et al, 107 Peat 670 6,070 Cooke et al, 106

### 25 Table 3. Emission Factors and Speciation Factors for BC and OC Fine Particulate Matter

Category PM-2.5 (g/kg) Uncertainty BC content (%) Uncertainty BC-2.5 (mg/kg) Upper

limit OC content (%) Uncertainty OC-2.5 (mg/kg) Upper

limit Reference

Gasoline vehicles and trucks Previous inventories Underdeveloped countries 15 730 Cooke et al, 106 Semideveloped countries 15 730 Cooke et al, 106 Developed countries 30 70 Cooke et al, 106 China 0.221 0.14 32 0 80 210 Streets et al, 104 Dynamoneter tests High emitting vehicles - southern California 0.72 1.34 29 18 210 980 71 18 510 1,830 Cadle et al (a), 130 Light duty vehicles 1986-96 models - Denver 0.15 27 42 50 77 Cadle et al (b), 131 Light duty vehicles - high emitters - Denver 3.26 9 290 44 1,400 Cadle et al (b), 131 MOBILE model - light duty vehicles 0.031 EPA NEI, 111 MOBILE model - heavy duty vehicles 0.048 EPA NEI, 111 MOBILE model - light duty trucks 0.022 EPA NEI, 111 Field tests Tunnel, 1993, Switzerland - light duty 0.097 0.006 19 3.5 18 20 Weingartner et al, 132 Tunnel, 1997, California - light duty vehicles 0.110 0.01 32 6 35 38 48 12 53 61 Kirchstetter et al, 133 Tunnel, 1993, California - light duty vehicles 0.068 0.024 60 38 41 49 73 32 50 51 Allen et al, 134 Tunnel, 1993, California - light duty vehicles 0.073 0.051 21 218 15 86 53 132 39 61 Allen et al, 134 Tunnel test 1993, California 157 174 Fraser, 135 Fingerprint - Arizona 14 8.0 30 12 Watson et al (b), 125 Fingerprint - Imperial county, California 18 5.8 49 19 Watson & Chow, 126 Fingerprint - Arizona 37 11 39 19 Watson et al (b), 125 Fingerprint - Colorado 40 16 57 26 Watson et al (a), 122 Fingerprint - Mexicali, Mexico 19 7.9 50 29 Watson & Chow, 126 Fingerprint 1997 - Paris 43 20 Ruellan et al, 136 Fingerprint - Australia 27 9.4 Chan et al, 137 SPECIATE 18 14 56 39 SPECIATE, 123 Average of fingerprints 0.031 27 15 8 13 41 30 13 22 Best estimates Gasoline vehicles, developed countries 27 33 45 174 48 37 46 100

### 26 Table 3. Emission Factors and Speciation Factors for BC and OC Fine Particulate Matter

Category PM-2.5 (g/kg) Uncertainty BC content (%) Uncertainty BC-2.5 (mg/kg) Upper

limit OC content (%) Uncertainty OC-2.5 (mg/kg) Upper

limit Reference

Diesel vehicles and trucks Previous inventories Underdeveloped countries 66 13 10,000 5000 Cooke et al, 106 Semideveloped countries 66 13 10,000 5000 Cooke et al, 106 Developed countries 66 13 2,000 1000 Cooke et al, 106 China 1.43 2.7 52 0 1,100 2,500 Streets et al, 104 Dynamoneter tests Diesel truck (1999 Ford F250) 850 884 408 442 Moosmuller et al, 138 Diesel truck (1996 Dodge Ram 2500) 329 340 397 431 Moosmuller et al, 138 1995 turbocharged intercooled engine 36.4 32 Shi et al, 139 Medium duty diesel trucks - 1999 1.6 0.2 30.8 2.6 480 580 19.7 1.6 310 370 Shauer (c), 140 Light duty diesel 1996 - Denver 6.0 27 1,600 18 1,100 Cadle et al (b), 131 MOBILE model average 0.53 EPA NEI, 111 Field tests Tunnel test 1997 - heavy duty diesels (CA) 2.5 0.2 52 16 1,300 1,600 20 3 500 540 Kirchstetter et al, 133 Tunnel test 1993 - heavy duty vehicles (CA) 2.68 0.19 56 6.3 1,518 1,582 32 2.6 848 857 Allen et al, 134 Tunnel test 1993 - heavy duty vehicles (CA) 1.53 0.28 61 38 936 1,330 39 16 588 713 Allen et al, 134 Tunnel, Switzerland, 1993 - diesel 2.6 0.1 31 3.4 823 880 Weingartner et al, 132 Tunnel, Switzerland, 1993 - heavy duty* 2.1 0.1 32 2.4 687 719 Weingartner et al, 132 Fingerprint - Arizona 33 8.0 174 40 6.6 213 Watson et al (b), 125 SPECIATE - heavy duty diesel 50 7.2 31 7.1 SPECIATE, 123 SPECIATE - light duty diesel 60 12 30 10 SPECIATE, 123 Best estimates Diesel vehicles, developed countries 48 18 1,100 1,600 29 10 645 900

### 27 Table 3. Emission Factors and Speciation Factors for BC and OC Fine Particulate Matter

Category PM-2.5 (g/kg) Uncertainty BC content (%) Uncertainty BC-2.5 (mg/kg) Upper

limit OC content (%) Uncertainty OC-2.5 (mg/kg) Upper

limit Reference

Aircraft Previous inventories Jet fuel 1,000 450 Cooke et al, 106 Aviation gasoline 100 1150 Cooke et al, 106 Other information Jet engines 110 150 Petzold et al, 141 Jet engines - SPECIATE 70.1 25.9 SPECIATE, 123

Wildland fires Previous inventories Forest fires - general 18 10 8.5 1,500 2,400 Liousse et al, 107 Tropical and subtropical 1,100 Cooke & Wilson, 105 Cold-deciduous forest with evergreens 750 Cooke & Wilson, 105 Cold-deciduous woodland 500 Cooke & Wilson, 105 Cold-deciduous forest without evergreens 600 Cooke & Wilson, 105 Temperate, various 500 Cooke & Wilson, 105 Evergreen broad-leaved sclerophyllous 1,100 Cooke & Wilson, 105 Xeromorphic (cactus) 1,100 Cooke & Wilson, 105 Grassland 500 Cooke & Wilson, 105 Savannah fires 8.1 5.5 10 810 1,360 Liousse et al, 107 Field tests Prescribed burning, Pacific Northwest 6.6 4.8 792 1,655 55 7.6 6,552 12,976 Ward & Hardy (a), 142 Chaparral, Southern California 9.0 3.4 610 739 51 7.8 3,675 4,441 Ward & Hardy (b), 143 Cerrado, Brazil 3.3 130 Kaufman et al, 144 Forest, Brazil 10 1,050 Kaufman et al, 144 Forest, fingerprint 3.2 1.8 47 15.7 Watson et al (a), 122 SPECIATE 6.9 5.5 56 8.7 SPECIATE, 123 Best estimates 7.2 4.5 730 1,430 54 7.7 5,800 11,500

### 28 Table 3. Emission Factors and Speciation Factors for BC and OC Fine Particulate Matter

Category PM-2.5 (g/kg) Uncertainty BC content (%) Uncertainty BC-2.5 (mg/kg) Upper

limit OC content (%) Uncertainty OC-2.5 (mg/kg) Upper

limit Reference

Agricultural burning Previous inventories Sugar cane burning - developing countries 7.0 11.0 770 770 Liousse et al, 107 Surgar cane burning - developed countries 5.0 15.5 780 780 Liousse et al, 107 Corn straw burning - China 720 7,200 Streets et al, 104 Corn and sugar cane - developing countries 12.0 8.0 960 960 Liousse et al, 107 Corn and sugar cane - developed countries 5.0 14.0 700 700 Liousse et al, 107 Wheat straw burning - China 900 9,000 Streets et al, 104 Wheat and other grains - developing countries 1.2 10.0 120 120 Liousse et al, 107 Wheat and other grains - developed countries 7.0 13.0 910 910 Liousse et al, 107 Rice straw burning- China 580 5,800 Streets et al, 104 Rice - developing countries 5.3 16.3 860 860 Liousse et al, 107 Rice - developed countries 2.5 24.0 600 600 Liousse et al, 107 Fingerprint tests Asparagus field burning 4.4 1.6 56 15.0 Watson & Chow, 126 Field burning - San Joaquin Valley, CA 12.0 7.0 44 10.0 Houck et al, 124 Field burning - Southern California, PM-10 10.9 3.3 35 8.0 Watson et al (b), 125 Field burning - SPECIATE data base 7.6 1.9 35 6.7 SPECIATE, 123 Best estimates 12.2 5.9 713 961 42 9.9

### 29 Table 3. Emission Factors and Speciation Factors for BC and OC Fine Particulate Matter

Category PM-2.5 (g/kg) Uncertainty BC content (%) Uncertainty BC-2.5 (mg/kg) Upper

limit OC content (%) Uncertainty OC-2.5 (mg/kg) Upper

limit Reference

Geological Paved road dust Denver, CO 0.8 0.5 7.4 2.8 Watson et al (a), 122 San Joaquin Valley, CA 2.0 1.0 18.0 2.0 Houck et al, 124 Southern CA 2.5 1.4 31.4 11.6 Watson et al (b), 125 SPECIATE 1.5 0.9 12.0 5.5 SPECIATE, 123 Best estimate 1.7 1.1 17.2 10.6 Unpaved road dust Denver, CO 0.5 0.2 4.6 2.2 Watson et al (a), 122 SPECIATE - Pocatello, Idaho 1.5 1.3 2.1 1.6 SPECIATE, 123 Best estimate 1.0 0.9 3.4 2.3 Agricultural soil Imperial Valley, CA <0.2 1.5 1.1 Houck et al, 124 Denver, CO <0.6 1.7 1.8 Houck et al, 124 Confined Animal Feeding Operations San Joaquin Valley, CA 6 2 31 13 Houck et al, 124 Other Soil dust - SPECIATE 0.6 0.72 4.3 3.6 SPECIATE, 123 Construction 0 0.51 0 1.4 Watson et al (b), 125 Construction 0 0.51 0 1.4 Watson et al (b), 125

# Draft. Do not cite or quote

.

30 Factors Used in Existing BC Inventories
Cooke and Wilson In developing their black carbon inventory, Cooke and Wilson used published emissions factors and data sets for fossil fuel and biomass combustion. Emission factors for biomass combustion were calculated using a GISS surface-type data set and country-specific data on areas of forests and grasslands burnt per year. Fossil fuel emission factors used 1950-1991 data from the UN, and used 1984 as the reference year. The authors assumed several things in calculating this inventory. When reliable data were unavailable, emissions were assumed to be zero. All emissions were assumed to be anthropogenic, due to lack of data from lightning-initiated fires. They did not account for combustion efficiency differences between sectors, nor did they consider economic differences between countries.
ECHAM4 As described in a previous section, Cook, Liousse, and Cachier used published emissions factors and data sets to calculate both bulk (particles with diameters of greater than a few microns) and submicron black and organic carbon emissions. The methods used in this paper were based on those used in the Cooke and Wilson study described above. The authors combined total particulate matter and BC emission factors in order to extrapolate black carbon emission factors for various sectors. Because OC emission factors had previously only been reported for developed countries, the authors used a ratio of OC to BC for each fuel type to scale the emission factor of OC for the same consumption sector for other countries. This study differed from the previous one in that the authors distinguished between countries, combustion processes, and particle sizes. As described above, developed countries included those in the OECD, semi-developed countries were former members of the Eastern European Bloc, and all others were classified as developing countries. In addition, the authors calculated both bulk and submicron emissions factors in this study. They hypothesized that these two emissions types would better represent the upper and lower limits of global emissions impacts, since submicron emissions are capable of long-range transport. Bulk emission factors were derived from uncontrolled emission factors, and submicron factors were developed assuming an average of 50% of emissions reductions from control devices in developed countries. The authors averaged data from EPA and other authors to develop submicron and bulk emissions for industrial, domestic, and combined/mobile combustion sources. The average emission factor represented domestic and industrial fossil fuel use in developed countries. The maximum in the range of factors represented domestic fuel use in semi-developed and underdeveloped countries. Industrial emission factors for underdeveloped countries were assumed to be five times that of developed countries. In all cases, the combined sector was calculated as the square root of the product of the domestic and industrial emission factors.
GEIA Penner and Eddleman developed their global BC inventory using two distinct methods. The first method used measured ambient concentration ratios of BC and SO 2 

### . The authors

# Draft. Do not cite or quote

.

31 determined that BC and SO 2

### emissions are highly correlated and fairly constant within distinct economic regions. They multiplied known SO 2

### emissions in a particular region by the BC/SO 2 

### ratio for that region in order to determine BC emissions. The second method used estimated emission factors and published fuel production and use data.
CHINA-MAP Streets and Waldhoff developed a black carbon inventory for China using fuel consumption data and detailed BC emission factors. Fuel data by sector and fuel type was obtained from the RAINS-Asia model. These data are provincial-level estimates compiled from official Chinese statistics. The authors conducted a literature survey to obtain emission factors. They expanded upon these by calculating BC factors from total particulate matter emission factors. When sufficient information existed, they derived the submicron fraction of total particulate emissions from uncontrolled burning, and the BC fraction of the submicron particles. The authors then calculated central and high values from the tabulated factors, and produced controlled emission factors for each sector by applying removal efficiencies for each type of control device to the uncontrolled emission factor. Central emission factors were calculated using a geometric average of the measurements. High values represented the highest reported measurements, and indicated a worst-case scenario for China’s BC emissions.
Louisse et al. In developing black and organic carbon emissions factors for biomass burning and fossil fuel combustion, the authors reevaluated factors from previously published studies using recent analyses of fuel type, fuel amount, and combustion efficiency.

Other Tools for Estimating Black Carbon Emissions A great deal of work has been done over the last 20 years to analyze the chemical makeup of respirable particulate matter, and to identify the important emission sources contributing to elevated levels of respirable particulate matter. As part of these efforts, researchers have taken “fingerprint” measurements of the chemical composition of particulate matter emitted by a wide array of sources. These fingerprints consist of speciation factors for different atomic elements and other components, expressed in terms of the mass fraction of a given component in particulate matter emissions. Most fingerprints include EC and OC, and as noted earlier, BC is roughly equal to EC. EPA’s SPECIATE database includes almost 200 measurements of the percentage of EC, OC, and other components of PM 2.5 

### . Other sources of particulate fingerprint data include: the California Air Resources Board (CARB) speciation manual, 145

### measurements carried out under the Northern Front Range Air Quality Study, 146

### and data compiled by Desert Research Institute. 147 

### BC emission factors can be estimated by applying EC speciation factors to PM 2.5

### emission factors, from sources such as EPA’s Compilation of Emission Factors (AP-42). Alternatively, speciation factors can be applied directly to the PM 2.5

### emissions inventories to estimate BC emissions. In addition, separate EC emissions estimates have been published for a number of emission source types as a result of fingerprint analyses.

# Draft. Do not cite or quote

.

32 Ranking Opportunities for Improving Black Carbon Emissions Inventories As the scientific community becomes more aware of the importance of global BC emissions, the need for more complete and comprehensive inventories of this pollutant increase. Table 5 summarizes the emission source categories covered by current BC emissions inventories. The table illustrates that the existing inventories focus on industrial, utility, and residential combustion sources. Less attention is devoted to industrial process emissions, nonroad mobile source emissions, and categories such as open burning. These categories are candidates for additional attention in any effort to improve BC emissions inventories. However, the broad ranges variation in emission factors shown in Table 4 illustrate that considerable uncertainties exist even for stationary combustion sources. In many cases, these uncertainties could be reduced without additional measurements, by drawing on existing data to develop more detailed emission factors for specific subcategories of emission sources. In some cases, additional measurements may be needed.

Table 5. Source Categories Covered by Black Carbon Emissions Inventories

Source Category Inventory Cooke and Wilson ECHAM4

(Cooke) GEIA

(Penner) Louisse

et al. Streets et

al. Residential fuel Coal T T a 

### T T T

Oil/diesel T T T T Biofuel T T T T T Natural Gas T T Industrial and utility fuel Coal T T T T

Oil T T T Biofuel T T T T Gas T b 

### T Petroleum T T Kerosene T T On-road mobile Diesel T T

Gasoline T T T Non-road mobile Marine vessels T

Aircraft T T Other T Fire Wildland fire T T

Agricultural burning T T

a 

### also includes briquettes, coke oven coke, gas coke, brown coal coke, lignite brown coal

b 

### includes natural, blast furnace, coke-oven, gasworks, and refinery gases

# Draft. Do not cite or quote

.

33 The factors in Table 4 were used to make general calculations of U.S. and global BC emissions, in order to identify areas where improved emission factors would have the greatest impact. These calculations focused both on the relative magnitude of estimated BC emissions, and the relative uncertainty the estimates. We estimated BC emissions for the U.S. by applying speciation factors for different emission categories (from Table 4) to PM 2.5

### emissions estimates from the EPA’s National Emissions Inventory. 112

### These calculations are summarized in Table 6. The table shows the NEI PM 2.5

### emissions estimate for each category, a best estimate and upper end estimate for the BC speciation factor, and a best estimate and upper end estimate for BC emissions. Table 7 ranks different emission source categories according to their contribution to total U.S. emissions, based both on the best estimate and the upper end estimate of emissions. Categories are also ranked based on the approximate magnitude of the uncertainty of BC emissions. The following equations were used in these evaluations:

C(B) i

### = 100 × E(B) i



### 'k 

### E(B) k



### C(U) i

### = 100 × E(U) i



### E(U) i

### + 'k **Ö** i

### E(B) k


### Unc i

### = E(U) i

### – E(B) i


### where: subscripts i and k refer to source categories contributing to BC emissions C(B) = best estimate of the contribution of a particular source category to total emissions (%) C(U) = upper end estimate of the contribution of the particular source category to total emissions (%)
Unc = uncertainty of emissions estimate for the particular source category E(B) = best estimate of emissions from a given category E(U) = upper end estimate of emissions from a given category 'k 

### refers to the sum over all source categories 'k **Ö** i 

### refers to the sum over all categories except the particular source category i

Tables 8 and 9 show similar calculations for global BC emissions. We estimated global emissions in Table 8 by applying BC emission factors to fuel consumption figures, which for most categories were calculated from CO 2

### emissions reported in the EDGAR climate change database. 7

### In the case of wildland fires, fuel consumption was taken from an analysis by Hao and Ward. 148

### It must be noted that the emissions in Table 8 are rough estimates developed without detailed activity data, for the purposes of ranking order of magnitude uncertainties. Table 9

# Draft. Do not cite or quote

.

34 Table 6. Estimated Breakdown of BC Emissions in the U.S.
Reported US PM 2.5 

### emissions BC to PM 2.5

### ratio (%) Estimated BC emissions (1000 Mg/yr)
Category (1000 Mg/yr) Best

estimate High

estimate Best

estimate High

estimate Electric utilities - coal 92 3.7 7.1 3.0 7.0 Electric utilities - petroleum 4.0 7.4 13 <0.1 <0.1 Electric utilities - natural gas 17 6.7 15 1.0 3.0 Electric utilities - wood/other 3.0 9.3 31 <0.0 1.0 Industrial combustion - coal 21 3.7 7.1 1.0 2.0 Industrial combustion - petroleum 22 7.4 13 2.0 3.0 Industrial combustion - natural gas 49 6.7 15 3.0 7.0 Industrial combustion - wood 44 9.3 31 4.0 14 Commercial combustion - coal 7.0 3.7 7.1 <0.1 <0.1 Commercial combustion - petroleum 4.0 7.4 13 <0.1 <0.1 Commercial combustion - natural gas 7.0 6.7 15 <0.1 1.0 Residential combustion - natural gas 13 6.7 15 1.0 2.0 Residential combustion - wood 340 6.1 9.0 21 31 Onroad diesel vehicles 151 43 59 65 89 Onroad gasoline vehicles 58 27 60 16 35 Marine transportation 36 43 59 .a 

### 16 21 Locomotives - diesel 25 43 59 .a 

### 11 15 Aircraft 25 70 17 25 Nonroad - gasoline 75 27 60 .a 

### 20 45 Nonroad - diesel 211 43 59 .a 

### 91 125 Miscellaneous fuel combustion 73 14 24 10 18 Wildfires 212 7.2 12 15 25 Prescribed forest burning 478 7.2 12 34 56 Agricultural burning 85 12 13 10 11 Open burning - residential 157 12 13 .b 

### 19 21 Open burning - other 275 12 13 .b 

### 34 36 Incineration - residential 28 28 Incineration - other 15 15 Industrial - metals processing 94 10 30 9.0 28 Industrial - asphalt manufacture 4.0 4.0 Industrial - peteoleum refining 12 0.3 0.4 <0.1 <0.1 Oil and gas production 1.0 1.0 Rubber and plastics products 2.0 2.0 Fugitive dust - unpaved roads 1,283 1.0 1.9 12 24 Fugitive dust - paved roads 620 1.7 2.8 11 17 Fugitive dust - construction 355 0.5 2.0 Fugitive dust - other 133 0.6 1.3 1.0 2.0 Agriculture - tilling 782 0.6 5.0 Agriculture - livestock 81 6.0 8.0 5.0 6.0 Total 5,894 433 727 a - Estimated based on information for onroad vehicles. b - Estimated based on information for agricultural burning.

# Draft. Do not cite or quote

.

35 Table 7. Ranking of U.S. Source Categories by BC Emissions and Uncertainty

Contribution to total U.S. BC emissions (%) Rankings of importance

Category Based on best estimate Based on

upper end estimate Uncertainty

of BC estimate (1000 Mg/yr) Based on share

of BC Based on

uncertainty Best estimate Upper Electric utilities - coal 0.8 1.5 3.1 Electric utilities - petroleum 0.1 0.1 0.2 Electric utilities - natural gas 0.3 0.6 1.4 Electric utilities - wood/other 0.1 0.2 0.6 Industrial combustion - coal 0.2 0.3 0.7 Industrial combustion - oil 0.4 0.6 1.2 Industrial combustion - gas 0.8 1.7 4.1 Industrial combustion - wood 1.0 3.1 9.8 Commercial combustion - coal 0.1 0.1 0.2 Commercial combustion - oil 0.1 0.1 0.2 Commercial combustion - gas 0.1 0.2 0.5 Residential combustion - gas 0.2 0.4 1.1 Residential combustion - wood 4.8 6.9 9.8 5 7 10 Onroad diesel vehicles 15 19 24 2 2 4 Onroad gasoline vehicles 3.6 7.7 19 10 6 6 Marine transportation 3.6 4.9 5.8 9 Locomotives - diesel 2.5 3.3 4.0 Aircraft 4.0 5.6 7.4 8 Nonroad - gasoline 4.7 9.8 25 6 4 3 Nonroad - diesel 21 27 34 1 1 1 Miscellaneous fuel combustion 2.4 4.0 7.3 Wildfires 3.5 5.6 9.5 10 Prescribed forest burning 7.9 12 22 3 3 5 Agricultural burning 2.4 2.6 0.8 Open burning - residential 4.4 4.7 1.4 7 Open burning - other 7.7 8.3 2.5 4 5 Incineration - residential 6.1 28 9 2 Incineration - other 3.2 15 8 Industrial - metals processing 2.2 6.2 19 8 7 Industrial - asphalt manufacture 0.9 3.8 Industrial - peteoleum refining <0.1 <0.1 <0.1 Oil and gas production 0.1 0.6 Rubber and plastics products 0.5 2.0 Fugitive dust - unpaved roads 2.9 5.4 12 9 Fugitive dust - paved roads 2.4 3.9 6.8 Fugitive dust - construction 0.4 1.8 Fugitive dust - other 0.2 0.4 1.0 Agriculture - tilling 1.1 4.7 Agriculture - livestock 1.1 1.5 1.6

# Draft. Do not cite or quote

.

36 Table 8. Estimated Breakdown of Global BC Emissions

Reported global BC emission factors

(mg/kg) Estimated BC

emissions (10 6

### Mg) Notes on
Source category CO 2 

### emissions Best

estimate Upper

end Best

estimate Upper

end emission factors Fossil fuel combustion Industrial boilers 4,590 130 770 0.60 3.5 a Power generation 6,638 130 770 0.86 5.1 b Industrial process fuel 1,624 130 770 0.21 1.3 a Residential, etc. 3,343 1,350 7,000 4.5 23 c Road transport 3,261 570 1,360 1.9 4.4 d Non-road land transport 343 500 1,600 0.17 0.55 e Air (domestic and int’l.) 545 110 150 0.06 0.08 f International shipping 350 200 1,150 0.07 0.40 g Fossil fuel: non-combustion Gas flaring 260 0.01 0.03 <0.01 <0.01 h Biofuel Industrial boilers 118 1,000 10,000 0.12 1.18 i Other industry fuel use 1 1,000 10,000 0.00 0.01 i Residentials etc. 427 675 1,880 0.29 0.80 j Other Deforestation 1,837 730 1,430 1.3 2.6 j Savannah fires (k) 5,200 130 500 0.68 2.6 j Forest fires (k) 620 730 1,430 0.45 0.89 j Total 21 90

a Average of coal stoker, residual oil, and natural gas from Streets et al b Average of coal stoker, pulverized coal, and residual oil from Streets et al

c Average of coal, oil, and natural gas from Streets et al d Best estimate is average of best estimates from gasoline and diesel from Table 4, upper end estimate is average of gasoline and diesel from Streets et al

e Average of coal stoker, residual oil, and diesel from Streets et al f Based on jet fuel factors from Petzold et al g Average of coal stoker and residual oil from Streets et al h Based on Cooke et al for natural gas combustion i Based on Streets et al j Based on averages from Table 4 k Biomass burned in wildland fire from Hao and Ward, 1993

# Draft. Do not cite or quote

.

37 Table 9. Ranking of Source Categories by Global BC Emissions and Uncertainty
Contribution to global BC emissions (%) Rankings of importance

Category Based on

best estimate Based on

upper end estimate Uncertainty

of BC estimate (10 6

### Mg/yr) Based on share of

BC Based on

uncertainty Best estimate Upper Fossil fuel: combustion Industrial boilers 5.3 25 2.9 6 4 3 Power generation 7.7 33 4.2 4 2 2 Industrial process fuel 1.9 10 1.0 8 7 8 Residentials etc. 40 78 19 1 1 1 Road transport 17 32.1 2.6 2 3 4 Non-road land transport 1.5 4.7 0.4 9 10 10 Air (domestic + intern.) 0.5 0.7 <0.1 International shipping 0.6 3.5 0.3 Fossil fuel: non-combustion Gas flaring <0.1 <0.1 <0.1 Biofuel Industrial boilers 1.0 9.6 1.1 10 8 7 Other industry fuel use <0.1 0.1 <0.1 Residentials etc. 2.6 6.8 0.5 7 9 9 Other Deforestation 12 21 1.3 3 5 6 Savannah fires 6.0 20 1.9 5 6 5 Forest fires 4.0 7.6 0.4



### ranks different emission source categories according to their estimated contribution to total global emissions, and to their uncertainties. Based on the calculations in Tables 6 and 7, the largest BC emission source categories in the U.S. are nonroad and onroad diesel emissions and prescribed forest burning. However, the most important categories in terms of the magnitude of uncertainty are nonroad diesel vehicle, residential incineration, and nonroad gasoline vehicles. The global inventory categories available from EDGAR are much less detailed than the categories in the U.S. NEI. From Tables 8 and 9, the largest BC emission categories on a global basis are residential combustion, onroad vehicles, power generation, and deforestation (by burning). The most important categories based on the magnitude of uncertainty are residential combustion, industrial combustion, and utility combustion.

# Draft. Do not cite or quote

.

38

# Draft. Do not cite or quote

.

39 1. Information on the UNFCCC found at http://www.unfccc.int/resource/process

2. Hansen, James E. and Makiko Sato. “Trends of measured climate forcing agents.” Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences of the United States of America (ISSN 0027-8424) , vol 98(26), pp. 14778-14783

3. Jacobson, Mark Z. “Strong radiative heating due to the mixing state of black carbon in atmospheric aerosols.” Nature(2001), vol 409(6821), pp. 695-697.

4. IPCC Guidelines for National Greenhouse Gas Inventories . Revised 1996. Available for download: http://www.ipcc-nggip.iges.or.jp/public/gl/invs1.htm

5. CORINAIR94 database. Available: http://www.aeat.co.uk/netcen/corinair/94

6. United Nations Economic Commission for Europe (UNECE): Long Range Transport of Air Pollutants database (LRTAP). Available: http://www.unece.org/env/lrtap.

7. Emission Database for Global Environmental Research (EDGAR). EDGAR V2.0; Olivier et al. 1999. Available: http://www.rivm.nl/env/int/coredata/edgar/index.html Documentation: Olivier, J. et al. “Description of EDGAR Version 2.0: A set of global emission inventories of greenhous gases and ozone-depleting substances for all anthropogenic and most natural sources on a per country basis and on 1 o

### x1 o

### grid.” National Institute of Public Health and the Environment (RIVM)report no. 771060 002 / TNO-MEP report no. R96/119 (1996).

8. “Trends in emissions of ozone precursors.” EEA and EMEP/IPCC sector classifications. ETC/Air and Climate Change (ETC/ACC Database 2001 version 1.0, 14/05/2001), national submissions to UNFCCC or to EU Monitoring Mechanism and other greenhouse emissions. Available: http://dataservice.eea.eu.int/dataservice

9. Table H1: World Carbon Dioxide Emissions from the Consumption and Flaring of Fossil Fuels, 1990 - 1999; Table H2: World Carbon Dioxide Emissions from the Consumption of Petroleum, 1990 - 1999; Table H3: World Carbon Dioxide Emissions from the Consumption and Flaring of Natural Gas, 1990 - 1999; Table H4: World Carbon Dioxide Emissions from the Consumption of Coal, 1990 - 1999. Energy Information Administration’s International Energy-Related Environmental Information Page. Available: http://www.eia.doe.gov/emeu/international/environm.html

10. Global Emissions Inventory Activity Data (GEIA). Available: http://weather.engin.umich.edu/geia/emits/data.html. Documentation: Penner et al. 1993-Towards devel. BlkCarb:Atmos.Env., 27A, 1277-1295 Dignon et al. 1994-A K emission data base for atmospheric chemistry and climate



## References

# Draft. Do not cite or quote

.

40 studies : LLNL Internal Report

11. Streets, D.G., Stephanie Waldhoff. “Greenhouse-gas emissions from biofuel combustion in Asia.” Energy(1999); vol. 24, pp. 841-855.

12. van Aardenne, John A. et al. “Anthropogenic NOx emissions in Asia in the period 1990- 2020.” Atmospheric Environment (1999); vol. 33, pp. 633-646.

13. Streets, David G. et al. “Sulfur Dioxide emissions in Asia in the period 1985-1997.” Atmospheric Environment (2000), vol. 34, pp. 4413-4424.

14. 2001 World Development Indicators; Table 3.13 “Air Pollution.” World Bank. Available: http://www.worldbank.org/data/

15. Revision of the First National Communication Argentine Republic . Secretariat of Natural Resources and Sustainable Development, Buenos Aires. October 1999. Available: http://www.unfccc.int/resource/docs/natc/argnc1e.pdf

16. First National Communication for the Republic of Armenia . Ministry of Nature Protection of the Republic of Armenia, United Nations Development Program Office in Armenia, Global Environmental Facility. October 1998. Available: http://www.unfccc.int/resource/docs/natc/armnc1e.pdf

17. Climate Change , Australia’s Second National Report under the UNFCC. November 1997. Available: http://www.unfccc.int/resource/docs/natc/ausnc2.pdf

18. National Greenhouse Gas Inventory 1999 with Methodology Supplements . Australian Greenhouse Office. Available: http://www.greenhouse.gov.au/inventory

19. Second National Climate Report of the Austrian Federal Government . Federal Ministry for the Environment, Youth, and Family Affairs, Vienna. 1977. Available: http://www.unfccc.int/resource/docs/natc/autnc2.pdf

20. Azerbaijan National Communication. Available: http://www.unfccc.int/resource/docs/natc/azenc1.pdf

21. Ahmed, Ahsaan Uddin et al. “An Inventory of Greenhouse Gas Emissions in Bangladesh: Initial Results.” Ambio(1996), vol. 24, no.4, pp. 300-303.

22. Climate Change Asia. Available: http://www.ccasia.teri.res.in

23. DEUXIEME COMMUNICATION NATIONALE CONFORMEMENT AUX ARTICLES 4 ET 12 DE LA CONVENTION , August 1997. Available: http://www.unfccc.int/resource/docs/natc/belnc2.pdf

24. Belgian Federal Government Online: http://www.environment.fgov.be. Greenhouse gas inventory download in excel format:

# Draft. Do not cite or quote

.

41 http://www.environment.gov/be/Root/tasks/atmosphere/klim/pub/natcom/inv/set_en.html

25. Brazil National Communication Online. Available: http://www.mct.gov.br/clima, with links to National Communication and Greenhouse Gas Inventories.

26. Bulgaria Second National Communication . Available: http://www.unfccc.int/resource/docs/natc/bulnc2.pdf

27. Canada’s Second National Report on Climate Change . November 1997 (updated). Available: http://www.unfccc.int/resource/docs/natc/bulnc2.pdf

28. COMUNNICATION NATIONALE SUR LES CHANGEMENTS CLIMATIQUES

. REPUBLIQUE DU CAP VERT Ministère de l’Agriculture, Alimentation et Environnement Secrétariat Exécutif pour l’Environnement - SEPA Projet CVI/97/G 33/GEF - PNUD. December 1999.

29. Chile National Communication . Available: http://www.unfccc.int/resource/docs/natc/chinc1.pdf

30. Maldonado, Pedro et al. “The Chilean Copper Industry and Energy-Related Greenhouse Gas Emissions.” World Energy Council Report . Available: http://212.125.77.15/wec-geis/members_only/registered/open.plx?file=publications/tech_ papers/17th_congress/3_1_12.htm#Heading5

31. Streets, D.G. and S.T. Waldhoff. “Present and future emissions of air pollutants in China: SO 2 

### , NO x 

### , and CO.” Atmospheric Environment 34 (2000) 363-374.

32. The Cook Islands Initial National Communication under the UNFCCC . Revised March 2000.

33. COMMUNICATION NATIONALE INITIALE DE LA COTE D’IVOIRE . MINISTERE DE L’ENVIRONNEMENT DE L’EAU ET DE LA FORET DIRECTION DE L’ENVIRONNEMENT, Bureau du Projet Changements Climatiques. October 2000.

34. Czech Republic’s Second Communication on the National Process to Comply with the Commitments under the UNFCCC . Ministry of the Environment of Czech Republic. 1997. Available: http://www.unfccc.int/resource/country/czenc2.pdf

35. Denmark’s Second National Communication on Climate Change . Ministry of Environment and Energy, Danish EPA. Available: http://www.unfccc.int/resource/country/dennc2.pdf

36. Comunicación Nacional R e p ú b l i c a d e l E c u a d o r CONVENCIÓN MARCO DE LAS NACIONES UNIDAS Climático Cambio . COMITÉ NACIONAL SOBRE EL CLIMA MINISTERIO DEL AMBIENTE. 2001. Available: http://www.unfccc.int/resource/country/ecunc1.pdf

# Draft. Do not cite or quote

.

42 37. The Arab Republic of Egypt: Initial National Communication on Climate Change

. Egyptian Environmental Affairs Agency. June 1999. Available: http://www.unfccc.int/resource/country/egync1.pdf

38. El Salvador National Communication . ed. Ana Maria Majano, Minister of Environment and Natural Resources; Martha Yvette Aguilar, Co-ordinator of the Climate Change Enabling Activities Project. 2000. Available: http://www.unfccc.int/resource/country/elsnc1e.pdf

39. Estonia Second National Report under the UNFCCC . February 1998. Available: http://www.unfccc.int/resource/country/estnc2.pdf

40. Ritter, Manfred and Bernd Gugele. Annual European Community Greenhouse Gas Inventory 1990-1999 . April 11, 2001.

41. Finland Second National Communication . Available: http://www.unfccc.int/resource/country/fnnc2.pdf

42. Second National Communication of France Under the Climate Convention . November 1997. Available: http://www.unfccc.int/resource/country/france2.pdf

43. Georgia’s Initial Communication under the UNFCCC . Ed. CH4 

### .Beritashvili, P.Janelidze. Government of Georgia. Tbilisi 1999. Available: http://www.unfccc.int/resource/country/geonc1.pdf

44. NNAC: National Agency on Climate Change of Georgia. Available: http://www.ccna.caucasus.net.

45. First Report of the Government of the Federal Republic of Germany Pursuant to the United Nations Framework Convention on Climate Change . Dr. Klaus T`pfer, Federal Minister for the Environment, Nature Conservation and Reactor Safety. Available: http://www.unfccc.int/resource/country/gernc1.pdf

46. Ghana National Communication . 2000. Available: http://www.unfccc.int/resource/country/ghanc1.pdf

47. Greece Second National Communication

. Koliopanos, Theodoros. June 1997. Available: http://www.unfccc.int/resource/country/grenc2.pdf

48. PRIMERA COMUNICACIÓN DE HONDURAS A LA CONVENCIÓN MARCO DE LAS NACIONES UNIDAS SOBRE CAMBIO CLIMATICO Año de referencia 1995

. REPUBLICA DE HONDURAS, Secretaría de Recursos Naturales y Ambiente. Available: http://www.unfccc.int/resource/country/honnc1.pdf

49. Hungary: Inventories, Mitigation, and Scenarios of the Greenhouse Gas Emissions and Removals . 1997. Available: http://www.unfccc.int/resource/country/hunnc2.pdf

# Draft. Do not cite or quote

.

43 50. Status Report for Iceland Pursuant to the UNFCCC . Ministry of the Environment. 1997. Available: http://www.unfccc.int/resource/country/icenc2.pdf

51. Garg, Amit et al. “Regional and sectoral assessment of greenhouse gas emissions in India.” Atmospheric Environment 35 (2001) 2679-2695.

52. Garg, Amit et al. “Sub-region (district) and sector level SO 2

### and NO x

### emissions for India: assessment of inventories and mitigation flexibility.” Atmospheric Environment 35 (2001) 703-713.

53. Indonesia National Communication . Dr. Panangian Sirigar, State Minister for the Environment, Republic of Indonesia. Available: http://www.unfccc.int/resource/country/indnc.pdf

54. Ireland Second National Communication Under the UNFCCC . Department of the Environment. Available: http://www.unfccc.int/resource/country/irenc.pdf

55. Second National Communication Under the UNFCCC . Italy. November 1998. Available: http://www.unfccc.int/resource/country/itanc.pdf

56. Initial National Communication of Jamaica . Available: http://www.unfccc.int/resource/country/jamnc1.pdf

57. Japan Second National Communication under the UNFCCC . Government of Japan, 1997. Available: http://www.unfccc.int/resource/country/japnc2.pdf

58. Hashemite Kingdom of Jordan Initial Communication Report under the UNFCCC

. General Corporation for the Environment Protection (GECP). November 1997. Available: http://www.unfccc.int/resource/country/jornc1.pdf

59. Initial National Communication of the Republic of Kazakhstan under the UNFCCC

. Almaty, 1998. Available: http://www.unfccc.int/resource/country/jornc1.pdf

60. Kiribati Government Initial Communication under the Convention . Kiribati Government, Ministry of Environment and social Development. Tarawa, Kiribati; September 1999. Available: http://www.unfccc.int/resource/country/kirnc1.pdf

61. National Communication of the Republic of Korea , 1998. Available: http://www.unfccc.int/resource/country/kornc1.pdf

62. National Communication of the Republic of Latvia . Ministry of Environmental Protection and Regional Development. Riga, 1995. Available: http://www.unfccc.int/resource/country/latnc1.pdf

63. Climate Change: Lebanon’s First National Communication under the UNFCCC

. Republic of Lebanon, Ministry of the Environment. Available: http://www.moe.gov.lb/Climate1/index.htm

# Draft. Do not cite or quote

.

44 64. National Communication of the Republic of Lithuania on Climate Change . Available: http://www.unfccc.int/resource/country/litnc1.pdf

65. Rapport National Du Luxembourg En Vue De La 1 st 

### Conference Des Parties A La Convention-Cadre Des Nations-Unies Sur Les Changements Climatiques . Ministere de l’Environment, Mars 1995. Available: http://www.unfccc.int/resource/country/luxnc1.pdf

66. Malaysia Initial National Communication . Ministry of Science, Technology, and the Environment. July 2000. Available: http://www.unfccc.int/resource/country/malnc1.pdf

67. CONVENTION CADRE DES NATIONS UNIES SUR LES CHANGEMENTS CLIMATIQUES COMMUNICATION INITIALE DU MALI . MINISTERE DE L’EQUIPEMENT DE MINISTERE DE L’EDUCATION; L’AMENAGEMENT DU TERRITOIRE DE L’ENVIRONNEMENT ET DE L’URBANISME. September 2000. Available: http://www.unfccc.int/resource/country/mlinc1.pdf

68. INITIAL COMMUNICATION UNDER THE UNITED NATIONS FRAMEWORK CONVENTION ON CLIMATE CHANGE . GOVERNMENT OF THE REPUBLIC OF THE MARSHALL ISLANDS, REPUBLIC OF THE MARSHALL ISLANDS ENVIRONMENTAL PROTECTION AUTHORITY. September 2000. Available: http://www.unfccc.int/resource/country/marnc1.pdf

69. Mauritius National Communication. Available: http://www.unfccc.int/resource/docs/natc/maunc1

70. Mexico Primera Comunicacion Nacional ante la Convencion Marco de las Naciones Unidas Sobre el Cambio Climatico . November 1997. Available: http://www.unfccc.int/resource/country/mexnc1.pdf

71. Environmental Indicators, Instituto Nacional de Ecologia. Available: http://www.ine.gob.mx/dggia/indicadores/ingles

72. First National Communication of the Republic of Moldova under the UNFCCC

. Republic of Moldova, Ministry of Environment and Territorial Development, 2000. Available: http://www.unfccc.int/resource/country

73. Dagvadorj, Damdin and M. Munkhsetseg. “The Source of Greenhouse Gas Emissions in Mongolia.” Ambio(1996), vol. 25, no. 4, pp. 297-299.

74. Climate Change–Response: Republic of Nauru Response. First National Communication–1999, under the UNFCCC . October 1999. Available: http://www.unfccc.int/resource/country

75. Second Netherlands’ National Communication on Climate Change Policies . November 1997. Available: http://www.unfccc.int/resource/country

# Draft. Do not cite or quote

.

45 76. Climate Change: The New Zealand Response II . New Zealand’s Second National Communication under the UNFCCC. June 1997. Available: http://www.unfccc.int/resource/country

77. PREMIERE COMMUNICATION NATIONALE DU NIGER . CONSEIL NATIONAL DE L’ENVIRONNEMENT POUR UN DEVELOPPEMENT DURABLE (CNEDD). November 2000. Available: http://www.unfccc.int/resource/country/nignc2.pdf

78. Norway’s Second National Communication under the UNFCCC . April 1997. Available: http://www.unfccc.int/resource/country

79. Primera Comunicacion Nacional Sobre Cambio Climatico . Autoridad Nacional del Ambiente Primera Comunication nacional Sobre Cambi Climatico. 2000. Available: http://www.unfccc.int/resource/docs/natc/pannc1/index.htmlc

80. The Philippines’ Initial National Communication on Climate Change . December 1999. Available: http://www.unfccc.int/resource/country

81. Second National Report to the Conference of the Parties to the UNFCCC . Republic of Poland. Warsaw, 1998. Available: http://www.unfccc.int/resource/country

82. Portugal’s Second Report . Ministry of the Environment, Portugal; 1997. Available: http://www.unfccc.int/resource/country

83. Second National Communication to the UNFCCC . Romania Ministry of Waters, Forests and Environmental Protection. Bucharest, April 1998. Available: http://www.unfccc.int/resource/country

84. First National Communication . Russian Federation, Interagency Commission of the Russian Federation on Climate Change Problems. Moscow 1995. Available: http://www.unfccc.int/resource/country

85. Government of Samoa First National Communication to the UNFCCC . Samoa’s National Climate Change Country Team. Government of Samoa Department of Lands, Surveys, and Environment. Apia, October 1999. Available: http://www.unfccc.int/resource/country

86. Communication Initiale du Senegal a la Convention-Cadre Des Nations-Unies sur les Changements Climatiques . Republique du Senegal, Ministere de la Protection de la Nature, Direction de L’Environment. Available: http://www.unfccc.int/resource/country

87. Initial National Communications under the United Nations Framework Convention on Climate Change ; Government of Seychelles (2000), Ministry of Environment and Transport, Republic of Seychelles.

88. Singapore’s Initial National Communication under the UNFCCC . Ministry of the Environment, August 2000. Available: Available:

# Draft. Do not cite or quote

.

46 http://www.unfccc.int/resource/country

89. Slovak Republic’s Second National Communication . Available: http://www.unfccc.int/resource/country

90. Segunda Comunicacion Nacional de Espana . Ministerio de Medio Ambiente, Secretaria General Tecnica. Madrid, October 1997. Available: http://www.unfccc.int/resource/country

91. Initial National Communication on Climate Change St. Vincent and the Grenadines

. National Environmental Advisory Board and Ministry of Health and the Environment. November 2000. Available: http://www.unfccc.int/resource/country/svgnc1.pdf

92. Sweden’s Second National Communication on Climate Change . Available: http://www.unfccc.int/resource/country/swenc2.pdf

93. Second National Communication of Switzerland 1997: Greenhouse Gas Inventory 1995

. 94. Young, RT. “Cost Effective Energy Strategies for the Mitigation of CO 2

### Emissions in Taiwan.” Tech Report, Industrial Technology Research Institute, Taiwan 1997. Available at the World Energy Council Site: http://212.125.77.15/wec-geis/members_only/registered/open.plx?file=publications/tech_ papers/17th_congress/1_3_04.htm#Heading3

95. Thailand’s Initial National Communication under the United Nations Framework Convention on Climate Change . Ministry of Science, Technology, and the Environment. 2000. Available: http://www.unfccc.int/resource/country/thainc1.pdf

96. TURKMENISTAN: INITIAL NATIONAL COMMUNICATION ON CLIMATE CHANGE . Ministry of Nature Protection. Available: http://www.unfccc.int/resource/country/tkmnc1.pdf

97. Climate Change, The United Kingdom Programme . Secretary of State for the Environment. Available: http://www.unfccc.int/resource/country/uknc2.pdf

98. Climate Action Report . 1997 Submission of the United States of America under the UNFCCC. Department of State Publication 10496. Available: http://www.unfccc.int/resource/country/usnc2.pdf

99. Uruguay National Communication . Available: http://www.unfccc.int/resource/country/urunc1.pdf

100. Initial Communication of the Republic of Uzbekistan under the UNFCCC . 1999. Available: http://www.unfccc.int/resource/country/uzbnc2.pdf

101. Vanatua National Communication to the Conference of the Parties to the UNFCCC . July 1999. Available: http://www.unfccc.int/resource/country/vannc1.pdf

# Draft. Do not cite or quote

.

47 102. Zimbabwe’s Initial National Communication on Climate Change . Ministry of Mines, Environment, and Tourism.

103. Information on CHINA-MAP found at http://www-wlc.eas.gatech.edu/chinamap.html

104. Streets, David G. et al. “Black Carbon emissions in China.” Atmospheric Environment (2001), vol.35, pp. 4281-4296.

105. Cooke, W.F. and Julian J.N. Wilson. “A global black carbon aerosol model.” Journal of Geophysical Research(1996), vol. 101, no.D14, pp. 19,395-19,409.

106. Cooke, W.F. et al. “Construction of a 1 o

### x 1 o

### fossil fuel emission data set for carbonaceous aerosol and implementation and radiative impact in the ECHAM4 model.” Journal of Geophysical Research(September 27, 1999); vol. 104, no. D18, pp. 22,137- 22,162.

107. Liousse, C. et al. “A global three-dimensional model study of carbonaceous aerosols.” Journal of Geophysical Research(August 27, 1996), vol. 101, no. D14, pp. 19,411- 19,432.

108. Information on ECHAM4: http://www.mpimet.mpg.de/Depts/Modell/ECHAM/Description/ECHAM4_description.h tml

109. Information on UNITAR and PRTR : http://www.unitar.org/cwm/homepage/b/prtr/

110. Recommendation of the council on implementing Pollutant Transfer Registers

. Organisation for Economic Cooperation and Development. March 22, 1996.

111. Information from the World Bank’s New Ideas in Pollution Regulation web site: http://www.worldbank.org/nipr

112. Information on EPA’s National Emissions Inventory database (including NTI) available at http://www.epa.gov/ttn/chief/net/index.html

113. Australia’s National Pollutant Inventory database. Available: http://www.environment.gov.au/epg/npi

114. Canada’s National Pollutant Release Inventory database. Available: http://www.ec.gc.ca

115. INFORME NACIONAL INFORME NACIONAL DE EMISIONES Y TRANSFERENCIA DE EMISIONES Y TRANSFERENCIA DE CONTAMINANTES DE CONTAMINANTES 1997-1998 . Registro de Emisiones y Transferencia de Registro de Emisiones y Transferencia de Contaminantes. Contaminantes Instituto Nacional de Ecología, SEMARNAP 1999.

# Draft. Do not cite or quote

.

48 116. Berdowski, Dr. J.J.M. et al. Emissions Data for the Netherlands: 1995 and estimates for 1996

. 117. Pollutant Release and Transfer Register of the Slovak Republic . Institute of Preventive and Clinical Medicine. Bratislava, June 2000. Available: http://www.unitar.org/cwm/homepage/b/prtr

118. Muezzinoglu, Aysen et al. “Volatile organic compounds in the air of Izmir, Turkey.” Atmospheric Environment ; vol 35 (2001), pp. 753-760.

119. NAEI database. Available: http://www.aeat.co.uk/netcen/airqual/emissions/database/index.html

120. 1999 Toxic Release Inventory, Public Data Release . USEPA, Office of Environmental Information. Available: http://www.epa.gov/tri

121. Chow, J.C., and J.G. Watson. Guideline on Speciated Particulate Monitoring. Prepared by Desert Research Institute for the U.S. Environmental Protection Agency, Research Triangle Park, NC. 1998.

122. Watson, J.G. et al. “PM 2.5

### chemical source profiles for vehicle exhaust, vegetative burning, geological material, and coal burning in Northwestern Colorado during 1995.” Chemosphere (2001), vol. 43, pp. 1141-1151.

123. SPECIATE version 3.1 model. U.S. Environmental Protection Agency, Reserach Triangle Park, NC. October 1999. http://www.epa.gov/ttn/chief/software/speciate/index.html

124. Houck, James E., Joseph M. Goulet, Judith C. Chow, John G. Watson, and Lyle C. Pritchett. "Chemical characterization of emission sources contributing to light extinction." PM Symposium.

125. Watson, John G., Judith C. Chow, Zhiquiang Lu, Eric Fujita, Douglas Lowenthal, Douglas Lawson, and Lowell Ashbaugh. "Chemical Mass Balance Source Apportionment of PM-10 during the Southern California Air Quality Study." Aerosol Science and Technology(1994), vol. 21, pp. 1-36.

126. Watson, J.G. and J.C. Chow. “Source characterization of major emission sources in the Imperial and Mexicali Valleys along the US/Mexico border.” The Science of the Total Environment

(2001), vol. 276, pp. 33-47.

127. Compilation of Air Pollutant Emission Factors, Volume I, AP-42 . U.S. Environmental Protection Agency (1991), Research Triangle Park, North Carolina. Section 13.

# Draft. Do not cite or quote

.

49 128. Shauer, J.J., Michael Kleemen, Glen Cass, and Bernd Simoneit. "Measurement of Emissions from Air Pollution Sources. 3. C1-C29 Organic Compounds from Fireplace Combustion of Wood." Environmental Science and Technology(2001), vol. 35, pp. 1716- 1728.

129. Shauer, J.J. "Measurement of Emissionsf from Air Pollution Sources. 1. C1 through C29 Organic Compounds from Meat Charbroiling." Environmental Science and Technology (1999), vol. 33, pp. 1566-1577.

130. Cadle, Steven H. et al. "Particulate Emission Rates from In-Use High-Emitting Vehicles Recruited in Orange County, California." Environmental Science and Technology(1997), vol. 31, pp. 3405-3412.

131. Cadle, Steven H. et al. "Composition of Light-Duty Motor Vehicle Exhaust Particulate Matter in the Denver, Colorado Area." Environmental Science Technology(1999), vol. 33, pp. 2328-2339.

132. Weingartner, E. et al. “Aerosol Emission in a Road Tunnel.” Atmospheric Environment (1997), vol. 31, no. 3, pp. 451-462.

133. Kirchstetter, Thomas W. et al. “On-road measurement of fine particle and nitrogen oxide emissions from light- and heavy-duty motor vehicles.” Atmospheric Environment (1999), vol. 33, pp. 2955-2968.

134. Allen, Jonathan et al. "Emissions of Size-Segregated Aerosols from on-road Vehicles in the Caldecott Tunnel." Environmental Science and Technologyin press.

135. Fraser, M.P. "Gas-Phase and Particle-Phase organic compounds emitted from motor vehicle traffic in a Los Angeles Tunnel." Environmental Science and Technology(1998), vol. 32, pp. 2051-2060.

136. Ruellan, Stéphane, Hélène Cachier. "Characterisation of fresh particulate vehicular exhausts near a Paris high flow road." Atmospheric Environment (2001), vol. 35, pp. 453-468.

137. Chan, Y.C., et al. "Characterisation and source identification of PM10 aerosol samples collected with a high volume cascade impactor in Brisbane (Australia)”. The Science of the Total Environment

(2000), vol. 262, pp. 5-19.

138. Moosmuller, H. et al. "Time-Resolved characterization of Diesel Particulate Emissions. 2. Instruments for Elemental and Organic Carbon Measurements." Enviromental Science and Technology(2001), vol. 35, pp. 1935-1942.

139. Shi, J Ping, David Mark, and Roy M. Harrison. "Characterization of Particles from a Current Technology Heavy-Duty Diesel Engine." Environmental Science and Technology(2000), 34, 748-755.

# Draft. Do not cite or quote

.

50 140. Shauer, J.J. "Measurement of Emissions from Air Pollution Sources. 1. C1 through C30 Organic Compounds from Medium Duty Diesel Trucks." Environmental Science and Technology (1999), vol. 33, pp. 1578-1587.

141. Petzold, A. et al. “Carbonaceous aerosol in jet engine exhaust: emission characteristics and implications for heterogeneous chemical reactions.” Atmospheric Environment (1999), vol. 33, pp. 2689-2698.

142. Ward, Darold and Colin Hardy. “Organic and elemental profiles for smoke from prescribed fires.” Receptor models in air resources management: Transactions of an international specialty conference of the Air & Waste Management Association, San Francisco, California(February 1988). Ed: Watson, John G. pp. 299-321.

143. Ward, Darold and Colin Hardy. “Emissions from prescribed burning of chaparral.” 82 nd 

### Annual Meeting of the Air and Waste Management Association, Anaheim, California (June 25-30 1989). 89-25.5.

144. Kaufman, Y.J., A. Setzer, D. Ward, B.N. Holben, P. Menzel, M.C. Pereira, and R. Rasmussen. “Biomass burning airborne and spaceborne experiment in the Amazonas (BASE-A).” Journal of Geophysical Research(1992), vol. 97 (D13), pp. 14581-14599.

145. Identification of Particulate Matter Species Profiles" ARB Speciation Manual, Second Edition, Volume 2 of 2 . California Air Resources Board, Sacramento, CA. 1999.

146. Zielinska, Barbara, et al. Northern Front Range Air Quality Study Final Report – Volume B: Source Measurements. Prepared by Desert Research Institute, Reno, NV, for Colorado State University. 1998.

147. Chow, Judith C. and John G. Watson. Imperial Valley/Mexicali Cross Border PM10 Transport Study. DRI Document No. 8623.2D1. Desert Research Institute, Reno, NV. 1995.

148. Hao, Wei Min, and Darrold Ward. “Methane production from global biomass burning.” Journal of Geophysical Research . 98: 20,657-20,661.