RENDERED: AUGUST 28, 2020; 10:00 A.M.

NOT TO BE PUBLISHED

Commonwealth of Kentucky

Court of Appeals

NO. 2019-CA-001079-ME

ALEXANDRA LAWSON APPELLANT

APPEAL FROM CAMPBELL CIRCUIT COURT

v. HONORABLE RICHARD A. WOESTE, JUDGE

ACTION NO. 14-CI-00572

JEREMY VILLARREAL APPELLEE

OPINION

AFFIRMING

**   **  **

BEFORE: MAZE, TAYLOR, AND K. THOMPSON, JUDGES.

MAZE, JUDGE: Appellant, Alexandra Lawson (“Mother”), appeals the Campbell 

Circuit Court, Family Division’s post-decree order changing the primary residence 

of her two children from Mississippi and living with her, to Kentucky and living 

with their father, Appellee, Jeremy Villarreal (“Father”). For the following 

reasons, we affirm.
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BACKGROUND

Mother and Father have two children together: daughter, S.J.V. (born 

2006) and son, S.B.V. (born 2008). Mother and Father divorced in Indiana in 

2010. At the time of their divorce, Mother and Father had joint custody of the 

children with Mother being awarded primary residential custody. 

During the pendency of the Indiana divorce action, Mother anticipated 

a move to Kentucky. The parties subsequently agreed Mother could move with the 

children to Kentucky. 

After the divorce, Mother married her current husband, Kenny 

Lawson, and they have two children together. Father married his current wife, 

Kari Villarreal, and they have one child together.

After Mother moved to Kentucky, Father did not want to be a 

“weekend dad” and began the process of moving to Kentucky. He spent two to 

three years trying to sell his Indianapolis home and securing a transfer with his 

employer to Kentucky. In addition, his current wife had to find a job in the 

Kentucky/Greater Cincinnati area as well. After doing this and accomplishing a 

move to Kentucky, Mother sought to relocate the children to Mississippi because 

Mr. Lawson received a promotion transferring him to Mississippi. Apparently, 

Mother knew this move was possible for several years. However, when the 
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promotion occurred, Mother unilaterally took the children and moved to 

Mississippi. 

Father filed a motion in Indiana, where the initial decree was entered,

objecting to the relocation of the children to Mississippi. The Indiana court 

ordered the children back to Kentucky. The Indiana court also stated it was no 

longer a proper forum because the parties no longer lived in Indiana. 

By agreement of the parties, the Indiana judgment was registered in 

Campbell Circuit Court in Kentucky. Thereafter, the parties litigated the relocation 

issue in Kentucky. A trial was held, resulting in a July 31, 2015 order granting 

Mother’s motion to relocate. The trial court noted it was “a difficult decision,” as 

both parents were more than capable of caring for their children. However, Mother 

had been a full-time caregiver to the children and maternal grandmother was going 

to accompany the children to their new home in Mississippi, so they would have 

another relative caregiver. In its order, the trial court warned Mother about the 

importance of communicating with Father. “It is hoped the court’s reliance on 

(Mother’s) understanding of the nature of joint custody is not misplaced.” The 

parties ultimately reached an agreement on a parenting schedule where Father 

received the children for one long weekend per month, a majority of the summer, 

and some holidays in Kentucky. 
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Until 2018, the parties’ parenting arrangement seemed to work. 

However, in June 2018, Father filed an emergency motion for the children to 

relocate back to Kentucky and to be named their primary residential custodian. 

His motion outlined how Mother failed to send more than seven days of S.B.V.’s 

attention-deficit hyperactivity disorder (ADHD) medication to Father for the

children’s summer 2017 visit in Kentucky because Mother read prolonged use of 

the medication may stunt a child’s growth by up to an inch; how Mother failed to 

adequately discuss the decision for S.B.V. to repeat fourth grade, even though the 

child received A/B grades, because Mother wanted S.B.V. (born in February) held 

back to the upper side of his age group; and other general co-parenting complaints, 

like enrolling S.B.V. in three basketball camps during his summer time with Father 

in Kentucky. Mother objected, and a trial was scheduled.

A few weeks before trial was to begin, Mother filed a motion for the 

trial court to decline jurisdiction, claiming Kentucky was an inconvenient forum,

and to dismiss the case. The trial court denied that motion and retained 

jurisdiction. 

Trial began on October 26, 2018, and resumed on March 29, 2019. At 

the trial, Father testified why he wished the children to be relocated back to 

Kentucky, while Mother testified why she wished to remain primary residential 

custodian in Mississippi. The trial court also heard from four witnesses by 
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deposition, including S.B.V.’s dyslexia therapist, the children’s pediatrician, and 

two of the children’s teachers. 

On May 28, 2019, the trial court granted Father’s motion. The trial 

court found that Mother acted in bad faith and in “somewhat of a deceptive 

manner” in dealing with the son’s educational circumstances. While the parents 

exchanged emails where the son’s education was mentioned, Mother did not 

inform Father of actual plans to hold S.B.V. back in fourth grade. The trial court 

also found Mother acted in “an arbitrary and strategic manner by not initially 

sending S.B.V.’s ADHD mediation in an attempt to unilaterally enforce holidays.” 

In discussing the history of the case and the trial court’s 2015 decision to allow 

Mother to relocate with the children to Mississippi, the trial court referenced Dr. 

Jean Deters, the relocation expert who submitted a report for the 2015 relocation 

hearing. Although Dr. Deters did not testify during the relocation trial regarding 

the present issues, the trial court quoted from her report, which opined that Father 

was “the better option relative to residential parenting” because Mother did not 

appreciate Father’s role as a parent. Thus, the trial court relied upon Dr. Deters’ 

2015 prediction, coupled with Mother’s unilateral actions, to conclude Father 

should be awarded primary residential custody.

After this order was entered, Mother filed a motion to alter, amend, or 

vacate, as well as a motion for additional findings of fact. On June 28, 2019, the 
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trial court amended its judgment but did not alter its decision to grant Father’s 

motion. The amended judgment made additional findings of fact and conclusions 

of law regarding retaining jurisdiction, as well as its decision to relocate the 

children back to Kentucky. 

This appeal followed. Along with her appeal, Mother filed a motion 

for emergency relief, as well as a petition for a writ, to stay enforcement of the 

order requiring the children to be relocated from Mississippi to Kentucky. A panel 

of this Court denied Mother’s motion for intermediate relief, as well as her writ.1 

We now address her appeal.

ANALYSIS 

1. The trial court did not err in retaining subject matter jurisdiction.

Mother argues the trial court lacked subject matter jurisdiction, 

pursuant to Kentucky Revised Statutes (KRS) 403.824, to determine the motion to 

relocate and for primary custody. She claims the children’s maximum contacts 

were in Mississippi when Father filed his motion for their relocation to Kentucky, 

so the Kentucky court did not have jurisdiction to modify custody. She cites cases 

from other states to argue that both a significant connection and substantial 

evidence are required for modification of subject matter jurisdiction under the 

 

1 Mother appealed the order denying her petition for a writ to the Kentucky Supreme Court. See 

No. 2019-CA-001055-OA, aff’d (No. 2019-SC-000670-MR, Ky. Jul. 9, 2020). 
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Uniform Child Custody Jurisdiction and Enforcement Act (UCCJEA).

2 Because 

substantial evidence was in Mississippi, she argues Kentucky did not have subject 

matter jurisdiction. 

In response, Father claims the trial court properly retained jurisdiction 

of this matter because he and the children have a significant connection to 

Kentucky, which permits Kentucky to retain jurisdiction over the child custody 

determination pursuant to KRS 403.824(1)(a). In addition, Father argues this issue 

has already been resolved by a panel of this Court in its orders denying Mother’s 

motion for intermediate relief and her petition for a writ of prohibition. 

Whether a trial court acts within its jurisdiction is a question of law. 

Biggs v. Biggs, 301 S.W.3d 32, 33 (Ky. App. 2009). Consequently, our review of 

this issue is de novo. Id. In Kentucky, jurisdiction disputes regarding child 

custody are governed by the provisions of the UCCJEA. Kentucky adopted the 

UCCJEA in 2004 to avoid “jurisdictional competition and conflict with other 

states” in child custody matters. Wallace v. Wallace, 224 S.W.3d 587, 589 (Ky.

App. 2007).

Pursuant to the UCCJEA and KRS 403.824, a court that has made a 

child custody determination has exclusive, continuing jurisdiction over the 

determination until: 

 

2 This Act is contained in KRS 403.800 to KRS 403.880.
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A court of this state determines that neither the child, nor 

the child and one (1) parent, . . . have a significant 

connection with this state and that substantial evidence is 

no longer available in this state concerning the child’s 

care, protection, training, and personal relationships[.]

KRS 403.824(1)(a). Thus, Kentucky retains jurisdiction until the child no longer 

has a significant connection to the state and substantial evidence is no longer 

available in the state.

Contrary to Mother’s argument, Kentucky only loses continuing, 

exclusive jurisdiction when the court finds the child and parent no longer have a 

significant connection to this state and substantial evidence is elsewhere. The plain 

language of KRS 403.824 refutes Mother’s interpretation. This is also supported 

by Kentucky case law. See Addison v. Addison, 463 S.W.3d 755 (Ky. 2015); 

Biggs, 301 S.W.3d 32; Williams v. Frymire, 377 S.W.3d 579 (Ky. App. 2012). 

The trial court found the children and Father maintained significant 

connection with Kentucky by the frequent parenting time that occurs here. Mother 

did not dispute these visits occurred. Accordingly, the trial court did not err by 

exercising exclusive, continuing subject matter jurisdiction of the child custody 

determination pursuant to KRS 403.824. 

2. The trial court did not err in applying the statutory factors of KRS 403.834 

to Mother’s inconvenient forum motion.

In addition to her subject matter jurisdiction argument, Mother argues 

the trial court should have declined jurisdiction because it was an inconvenient 
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forum, pursuant to KRS 403.834. Specifically, she claims the trial court gave too 

much weight to the financial circumstances of the parties and its familiarity with 

the parties and not enough weight to the nature and location of the evidence 

required to resolve Father’s motion to relocate the children and for primary 

custody. 

In response, Father argues that, although KRS 403.834 provides a 

non-exhaustive list of factors for the trial court to consider upon a motion to 

transfer the matter to another state, the trial court must only consider the relevant 

factors. He claims the trial court did this and, thus, did not abuse its discretion in 

determining its familiarity with the facts and issues weighed in favor of its 

retaining jurisdiction. 

Pursuant to KRS 403.834, a court may decline to exercise its 

jurisdiction at any time if it determines “it is an inconvenient forum under the 

circumstances and that a court of another state is a more appropriate forum.” KRS 

403.834(1). Before determining whether it is an inconvenient forum, the court 

must consider whether it is appropriate for a court of another state to exercise 

jurisdiction. KRS 403.834(2). To that end, the court is required to consider “all 

relevant factors,” including the following:

(a) Whether domestic violence has occurred and is likely 

to continue in the future and which state could best 

protect the parties and the child;
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(b) The length of time the child has resided outside this 

state;

(c) The distance between the court in this state and the 

court in the state that would assume jurisdiction;

(d) The relative financial circumstances of the parties;

(e) Any agreement of the parties as to which state should 

assume jurisdiction;

(f) The nature and location of the evidence required to 

resolve the pending litigation, including testimony of the 

child;

(g) The ability of the court of each state to decide the 

issue expeditiously and the procedure necessary to 

present the evidence; and

(h) The familiarity of the court of each state with the 

facts and issues in the pending litigation.

KRS 403.834(2).

Here, the trial court’s order reflects its careful consideration of the 

relevant factors. The trial court held it was “well familiar” with the case given the 

protracted litigation in 2015 for the move to Mississippi and the litigation relating 

to Father’s motion to relocate the children back to Kentucky. As illustration, the 

trial court noted the parties had accumulated three volumes of pleadings in the 

clerk’s record. While the trial court acknowledged that most of the evidence 

regarding the children’s school, health care, and social activities was in 

Mississippi, it noted Mother presented testimony by deposition, without objection, 
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and was not prejudiced by conducting the case in Kentucky. Furthermore, the trial 

court held that, because no action was ever filed in Mississippi, it had no 

opportunity to discuss each state’s ability to expeditiously hear evidence. So, it 

could not be certain Mississippi would even assume jurisdiction if an action had 

been filed there. Thus, we are not persuaded by Mother’s argument that the trial 

court did not properly weigh the factors set forth in KRS 403.834. 

In addition, we find Mother’s argument that the trial court had no 

familiarity with the underlying dispute because the parties had not been before the 

trial court in almost four years to be disingenuous. Family court judges become 

familiar with the families that appear before them and with their disputes. That is 

part of the “one judge-one family” policy underlying the creation of Kentucky’s 

family court system, which was “designed to reduce stress for families and 

promote the efficient delivery of services to those families whose disputes involve 

them in the court system.” Louise E. Graham & James E. Keller, Divorce Practice 

– Family Court, 15 KY. PRAC. DOMESTIC RELATIONS L. § 8:27 (3d ed. 2008)

(footnote omitted); see also KY. CONST. § 112(6); KRS 23A.100. Here, based on a 

review of the record, the trial court was clearly familiar with the parties and the 

history of the case leading up to the 2018 litigation. 

The trial court considered the relevant factors when it retained 

jurisdiction of this case. Trying the case was inconvenient for both parties, but the 
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trial court thought it better to try the case in Kentucky than “begin the case anew in 

Mississippi.” We agree.

3. The trial court did not abuse its discretion in awarding primary residential 

custody to Father.

Mother claims Father did not prove that it was in the best interest of 

the children to primarily reside with him in Kentucky. Specifically, she argues the 

trial court’s judgment was unreasonable because the children were doing well in

Mississippi and simply because she did not send enough ADHD medication for 

S.B.V. and did not adequately inform Father of her intention to have S.B.V. repeat 

fourth grade is not reason enough to relocate the children back to Kentucky. 

Moreover, Mother claims she eventually sent more ADHD medication for S.B.V. 

and S.B.V. was ultimately not held back in fourth grade, so Father’s complaints 

were rectified.

In response, Father argues the trial court made extensive findings in 

this case and, therefore, did not act arbitrarily in changing him to the primary 

residential custodian. He claims Mother’s unilateral conduct, like not providing 

enough ADHD medication and intending to hold S.B.V. back in fourth grade, was

likely to persist if she remained primary residential custodian, whereas he would 

meaningfully co-parent with Mother.

When a parent seeks to modify timesharing and relocate the child,

such a motion is controlled by KRS 403.320(3). Pennington v. Marcum, 266 
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S.W.3d 759, 768 (Ky. 2008). That statute provides that a trial court “may modify 

an order granting or denying [timesharing] whenever modification would serve the 

best interests of the child[.]” KRS 403.320(3); see also KRS 403.270(2) 

(identifying factors to evaluate the child’s best interest). Generally, the decision to 

modify timesharing is reserved to the sound discretion of the trial court. Williams, 

377 S.W.3d at 589. On appellate review, we will not disturb the trial court’s ruling 

absent an abuse of that discretion. Id.

In this case, the trial court issued a lengthy order setting forth its 

findings of fact and conclusions of law, followed by a supplemental order with 

additional findings of fact and conclusions of law determining that the children 

should relocate back to Kentucky. The trial court concluded that it would be in the 

children’s best interest to be with Father, as he will respect the rights of Mother to 

have information and input with respect to the substantive issues affecting the 

children. The trial court also relied on the children’s guardian ad litem (GAL), 

who reported that, although the children had not expressed a preference for whom 

they wanted to be their primary residential custodian, the GAL requested Father be 

the primary residential custodian because Mother had not made good decisions 

regarding S.B.V.’s education, and the proposed school S.B.V. would attend in 

Kentucky would be better at accommodating S.B.V.’s educational needs. In sum, 

the trial court correctly applied the best interest standard and, while Mother 
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obviously disagrees with its findings, this Court cannot depart from them unless 

they are clearly erroneous or the trial court abused its discretion in applying the 

law.

4. The trial court did not commit palpable error by relying upon expert 

witness Dr. Jean Deters.

For her final argument, Mother claims the trial court committed 

palpable error when it relied on the opinion of expert witness Dr. Jean Deters, who 

did not testify during the 2018-19 trial. Mother admits this error was not preserved 

for appellate review and seeks review under the palpable error standard. Mother 

cites Johnson v. Commonwealth, 12 S.W.3d 258, 263 (Ky. 1999), for the 

proposition that evidence not introduced into the record is not available for the trial 

court’s consideration. 

In response, Father claims it was not an error that resulted in 

“manifest injustice” for the trial court to remember or review Dr. Deters’ report for 

its decision to relocate the children back to Kentucky. He argues this case is a 

family court matter, not a criminal case like Johnson, supra, so the trial court had 

the entire record at its disposal, including Dr. Deters’ report. 

Because Mother requested a review for palpable error, we will review 

for manifest injustice only. See Kentucky Rules of Civil Procedure (CR) 61.02; 

Elwell v. Stone, 799 S.W.2d 46, 48 (Ky. App. 1990). “[T]he required showing is 

probability of a different result or error so fundamental as to threaten a [party’s] 
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entitlement to due process of law.” Martin v. Commonwealth, 207 S.W.3d 1, 3 

(Ky. 2006). 

In the 2015 hearing on Mother’s motion to relocate the children to 

Mississippi, Dr. Deters provided an expert report, which the parties stipulated 

could be admitted into evidence without calling Dr. Deters as a witness. 

Apparently, Dr. Deters opined that the parties had poor communication and she 

was concerned that Mother’s feelings of entitlement could interfere with the spirit 

of joint custody. She further opined that Father was more amenable to fully 

communicating and cooperating in a joint custody setting. 

In its May 28, 2019 order, the trial court quoted from Dr. Deters’ 

report and, thus, this does appear to be evidence relied upon in the trial court’s 

determination. Based on a review of the record, however, this evidence appears to 

be only one part of the history of this case and did not form the sole basis for the 

trial court’s decision. The trial court heard lengthy testimony from Father and 

Mother, and several depositions and exhibits were entered into evidence for the 

trial court’s consideration. As stated, the trial court issued a thorough order with 

detailed findings of fact and conclusions of law, as well as a supplemental order 

with additional findings of fact and conclusions of law regarding its decision to 

grant Father’s motion to relocate the children back to Kentucky. While the record 

may have been “cleaner” by entering Dr. Deters’ report into evidence for the 
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underlying hearing, this was not an error that resulted in manifest injustice. The 

parties stipulated to Dr. Deters’ report being admitted into evidence in the 2015 

litigation and, although a few years have passed since that evaluation, the trial 

court’s order uses the report in more of a historical context for its current ruling. 

This is not an error that resulted in manifest injustice. 

CONCLUSION

For the foregoing reasons, we affirm.

ALL CONCUR.

BRIEFS FOR APPELLANT:

William D. Tingley

Louisville, Kentucky

Timothy B. Theissen

Covington, Kentucky

BRIEF FOR APPELLEE:

Deanna L. Dennison

Covington, Kentucky