NOT RECOMMENDED FOR FULL-TEXT PUBLICATION

File Name: 06a0106n.06

Filed: February 9, 2006

No. 05-5122

UNITED STATES COURT OF APPEALS

FOR THE SIXTH CIRCUIT

PATRICIA BRYANT, AS PARENT AND NEXT 

FRIEND OF RANDY BRYANT, AN INFANT AND 

JESSICA BRYANT, AN INFANT

Plaintiff-Appellant, 

On Appeal from the 

v. United States District Court for 

the Eastern District of Kentucky

U.S., EX. REL. U.S. POSTAL SERVICE,

Defendant-Appellee.

______________________________/

Before: KENNEDY, COOK, and GRIFFIN, Circuit Judges.

Kennedy, J. Plaintiffs’ suit was dismissed as a sanction, pursuant to Fed. R. Civ. P. 37,

because the district court determined that they did not sufficiently comply with Defendant’s

discovery requests and with a May 27, 2004 order compelling discovery. Plaintiffs appeal the

district court’s dismissal of their action. For the following reasons, we affirm the dismissal.

BACKGROUND

This appeal stems from a suit brought when the car of Patricia Bryant and her minor children,

Jessica and Randy Bryant (“Plaintiffs”), collided with a letter carrier for the U.S. Postal Service

(“Defendant”) on March 9, 1999. Plaintiffs and the postal carrier have different accounts of the

accident, each placing the other at fault. Plaintiffs filed an administrative claim with the U.S. Postal

Service seeking $350,000. Joint Appendix (“J.A.”) at 17-20. This claim was denied on April 17,
1

Plaintiff Patricia Bryant was involved in at least two other car accidents. Plaintiff Jessica

Bryant was involved in a dispute related to her fall at her apartment complex. J.A. at 196. It appears

that she complained of back injuries and received a settlement from the owner of the complex. Id.

All of these incidents occurred prior to the March 9, 1999 accident with the U.S. Postal Service

truck. 

2

2002. Id. at 20. Plaintiffs thereafter filed this action in the Federal District Court for the Eastern

District of Kentucky on October 10, 2002. Id. at 10-15. Both sides engaged in discovery.

Defendants requested documents and information including all medical bills related to the

accident; information on prescription medications; information on Patricia Bryant’s past traffic

accidents; information on Jessica Bryant’s past accident in an apartment complex including any

settlement information; as well as complete employment, residence, marital, and criminal histories.

During discovery, Plaintiff Patricia Bryant provided some information on medical providers

including six names of past providers, some information on past residences and employment, the

name of the person whom she believed to be her attorney for the prior auto accidents, and her

criminal history. Through their own research Defendant uncovered at least thirty-four additional

medical providers. The attorney listed by Plaintiffs was contacted and had no records related to her

past suits, or even that he represented her.

The district court ordered discovery to be completed by October 1, 2003. Id. at 56-58. Both

parties requested extensions of discovery twice, on July 17, 2003 and on September 12, 2003, to

December 1, 2003. Id. at 82, 85. The district court granted the parties’ joint motions to extend

discovery. Id. at 83, 88. Once that date was reached, Defendant moved the court to stay the

proceeding until such time as Plaintiffs provided a complete list of medical providers, prescription

medications, employers, previous lawsuits,1

 prior residences, and a complete criminal history. Id.

at 91-98. After a hearing, the court granted the requested stay on January 21, 2004. Id. at 123.
3

After the stay was granted, Plaintiffs provided the names of the parties involved in Jessica

Bryant’s apartment complex injury. Id. at 26-27. They also provided a printout from the

Unemployment Insurance Office for Patricia Bryant. Id. They provided the new address of Randy

and Jessica Bryant, and they provided information that Patricia Bryant was treated at one additional

hospital. Id.

On April 6, 2004, the district court ordered the parties to file a status report on the case. Id.

at 125. Plaintiffs’ status report indicated that no further discovery issues were outstanding. Id. at

127. Defendant disagreed and filed a motion to show cause for the Plaintiffs’ failure to comply with

their discovery requests on April 30, 2004. Id. at 129-34. Defendant requested the sanction of

dismissal should Plaintiffs not fully comply with discovery requests. Id. at 133-34. Plaintiffs

responded to Defendant’s motion on May 7, 2004. In their response, Plaintiffs indicated that they

had provided all documents in their possession and that Plaintiff Patricia Bryant did not recall

further details about her medical history or her prior accidents. Id. at 138-42. Plaintiffs also

indicated that they had provided Defendant “with authorizations to search wherever they choose to

obtain documentation.” Id. at 141. On May 27, 2004, the district court ordered Plaintiffs “to

produce in full the discovery requests outlined in the Defendant’s Motion to Show Cause of April

30, 2004, within 30 days of entry of this Order. The failure to comply with this Order may result

in sanctions pursuant to Fed. R. Civ. P. 37, including the dismissal of this action.” Id. at 146.

Plaintiffs apparently provided no further information.

On August 31, 2004, Defendant filed a motion to dismiss, or in the alternative, for summary

judgment against all Plaintiffs. Id. at 1155, 162-65. In the motion, Defendant argued that the extent

of Plaintiff Patricia Bryant’s claimed loss of memory was not credible. Id. at 162-65. Defendant
4

cited the fact that Plaintiff Patricia Bryant could not remember her current treating physician, any

of the details of her eight past hospitalizations for back pain, or where she had her pain medication

prescriptions filled. Id. at 164. Defendant also accused Plaintiff of a “lack of diligence” in helping

Defendant uncover her medical records. Id. at 164-65. Defendant also pointed to the lack of

information provided about Plaintiffs’ prior lawsuits and settlements, in particular the fact that

Plaintiff Patricia Bryant only provided the name of the attorney that she thought had represented her

in her accidents. Id. at 165. Defendant also argued that the lapses in the evidentiary record caused

by Plaintiffs’ failure to disclose required a grant of summary judgment in favor of Defendant. Id.

at 165-76. Plaintiffs responded to the motion arguing that faulty memory was not worthy of

sanction, and that they had complied with Defendant’s discovery requests to the best of their ability.

Id. at 291-95. Plaintiffs also contested Defendant’s motion for summary judgment. Id. at 296-306.

In a memorandum and opinion filed on December 14, 2004, the district court found that

Plaintiffs had not fully complied with Defendant’s discovery requests. Id. at 24-34. The district

court found it incredible “that Plaintiffs can not remember more concerning the accidents than was

given the defendant, including the city where the accident occurred and the defendant(s) involved

in the suits.” Id. at 30. The district court also found that “Plaintiffs did not comply with

Defendant’s discovery requests for employment or medical records. Just because information is not

within your immediate memory does not mean that you are not charged with investigating to the best

of your ability to find the answers to the questions.” Id. at 31. The district court noted that

“Plaintiffs did not submit any evidence that Ms. Bryant suffers from memory loss.” Id. at 32.

Although the district court recognized that dismissal was an “extreme sanction,” the district court
5

found that in the face of such non-compliance, such a sanction was warranted in this case. Plaintiffs

appeal the district court’s decision. Id. at 31-34.

ANALYSIS

We review a district court’s imposition of the sanction of dismissal pursuant to Fed. R. Civ.

P. 37(b)(2) for an abuse of discretion. See Nat’l Hockey League v. Metro. Hockey Club, Inc., 427

U.S. 639, 642-43 (1976). See also Harmon v. CSX Transp. Inc., 110 F.3d 364, 366 (6th Cir. 1997).

“An abuse of discretion is defined as a definite and firm conviction that the trial court committed

a clear error of judgment.” Trepel v. Roadway Express., Inc., 194 F.3d 708, 716 (6th Cir. 1999)

(citing Dean v. Motel 6 Operating L.P., 134 F.3d 1269, 1276 (6th Cir.1998)); Blue Diamond Coal

Co. v. Trs. of the UMWA Combined Benefit Fund, 249 F.3d 519, 524 (6th Cir. 2001).

In, U.S. v. Reyes, 307 F.3d 451, 458 (6th Cir. 2002), this court held that:

In reviewing a district court's dismissal under either Rule 37(b)(2) or Rule 41(b), we

consider four factors: “(1) whether the party's failure is due to willfulness, bad faith,

or fault; (2) whether the adversary was prejudiced by the dismissed party's conduct;

(3) whether the dismissed party was warned that failure to cooperate could lead to

dismissal; and (4) whether less drastic sanctions were imposed or considered before

dismissal was ordered.”

(quoting Knoll v. Am. Tel. & Tel. Co., 176 F.3d 359, 363 (6th Cir.1999)). “Although no one factor

is dispositive, dismissal is proper if the record demonstrates delay or contumacious conduct.” Id.

In Reyes, this court held that a party seeking to avoid the sanction of dismissal “has the

burden of showing that his failure to comply was due to inability, not willfulness or bad faith.” Id.

(citing Reg’l Refuse Sys., Inc. v. Inland Reclamation Co., 842 F.2d 150, 154 (6th Cir. 1988). Here

Plaintiffs primarily rely on bad memory as their excuse for their failure to comply with the district

court’s orders. The district court found it incredible that Plaintiff Patricia Bryant could not

remember more of her medical history than she provided Defendant, especially without some
6

evidence as to the cause of her memory loss. It also found it incredible that she could not provide

more than the name of an attorney that she thought had represented her in her prior two accidents.

While it is true that one is not obligated to provide perfect responses to discovery requests, and that

district courts must make room for some lapses of memory, plaintiffs must do as much as they can,

and certainly more than they did here, to provide defendants with all relevant discoverable

information. The district court found that Plaintiffs failed to show that their noncompliance was due

to inability, not bad faith, or fault. This court can find nothing in the record to contradict that

finding.

As to the second factor, in Reyes, this court also held that the defendant in that case was

prejudiced because it could not comply with the court’s discovery order, schedule its depositions,

or conduct further discovery. Reyes, 307 F.3d at 458. Here, Defendant’s ability to defend itself in

this suit was prejudiced by Plaintiffs’ failure to provide more thorough discovery. In particular,

Plaintiffs’ failure to provide more background on the accidents and the injuries in those accidents

could have had an extremely prejudicial impact on Defendant’s ability to contest the cause of

Plaintiffs’ alleged injuries. Without more information, Defendant could only vaguely refer to

Plaintiffs’ past accidents. Because those accidents could have been highly probative as to the cause

of Plaintiffs’ alleged injuries, Defendant was prejudiced by Plaintiffs’ failure to be more

forthcoming. In light of our finding that prejudice results when a defendant can not conduct

discovery, we are compelled to find on these facts that because Defendant’s ability to defend itself

from suit was negatively effected, Defendant was prejudiced.

As to the third factor, the district court warned Plaintiffs in its May 27, 2004 order that their

failure “to produce in full the discovery requests . . . may result in sanctions pursuant to Fed. R. Civ.
2

Plaintiff Patricia Bryant argues that her minor children were blameless in failing to comply

with the discovery requests and should not be sanctioned. While it is true that Plaintiff Randy and

Jessica Bryant’s causes of action are independent from their mother’s, as their parent and next

friend, Patricia Bryant acts in their stead in court. We have upheld the dismissal of an action when

it is a party’s attorney’s dilatory actions that lead to a sanction of dismissal. See Harmon, 110 F.3d

at 366. Because Patricia Bryant acts as the legal representative for her children and because some

of the lapses in discovery related to their causes of action, particularly the apartment complex

settlement, the district court’s dismissal of their actions was not an abuse of discretion. That

settlement in an accident involving injuries similar to those claimed here was not initially disclosed,

even though Jessica Bryant was represented by the same attorney in that settlement as in the case

at bar.

7

P. 37, including the dismissal of this action.” J.A. at 146. Plaintiffs were warned of the

consequences of their failure to comply.

Finally, as to the fourth factor, the district court implemented a stay in this action pending

the completion of full discovery in this case. Id. at 123. This stay delayed the proceedings for two

months, and prevented Plaintiffs from moving forward with their case. Under the facts of this case,

the ineffectiveness of this alternative sanction was sufficient consideration of alternative sanctions

to satisfy the requirements of our precedent. Even if the district court had not considered other

sanctions in this case, we do not believe that such a failure would constitute an abuse of discretion.

See id. See also Harmon, 110 F.3d at 368.2

CONCLUSION

For the foregoing reasons, we AFFIRM the district court’s judgment.