Created: October 28, 2009 The Dow Chemical Company Page 1 of 9

Product Safety Assessment 

DOWTM Modified Toluene Diisocyanate (TDI) Products 

Select a Topic: 

Names

Product Overview

Manufacture of Product

Product Description

Product Uses

Exposure Potential

Health Information

Environmental Information

Physical Hazard Information

Regulatory Information

Additional Information

References

Names 

• Toluene diisocyanate (TDI) 

• TDI products 

• TDI formulations 

• TDI prepolymers 

• TDI variants 

• Modified TDI 

CAS for modified TDI products include but are not limited to: 

• CAS No. 584-84-9 2,4-Toluene diisocyanate 

• CAS No. 91-08-7 2,6-Toluene diisocyanate 

• CAS No. 26471-62-5 TDI 80/20 

• CAS No. 57516-88-8 Ethoxylated, propoxylated glycerine, toluene diisocyanate polymer 

• CAS No. 67700-43-0 Castor oil, polymer with TDI 

• CAS No. 53426-99-6 Toluene diisocyanate, trimethylolpropane, polyethylene glycol polymer 

• CAS No. 9052-50-0 Polypropylene glycol, ethoxylated, toluene diisocyanate polymer 

• CAS No. 9057-91-4 Polypropylene glycol, toluene diisocyanate polymer 

• CAS No. 9050-83-3 2,4-Diisocyanato-1-methylbenzene, polytetramethylene glycol polymer 

• CAS No. 9017-01-0 Toluene diisocyanate, homopolymer 

 

Dow tradenames for modified TDI products include but are not limited to: 

• DIPRANETM Prepolymers • SPECFLEXTM Isocyanates 

• DURAMOULDTM Isocyanates • VORALUXTM Isocyanates 

• HYPERLASTTM Prepolymers • VORAMERTM Isocyanates 

• HYPOLTM Prepolymers • VORASTARTM Isocyanates 

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Product Overview 

• This product assessment covers a group of products that share similar characteristics and 

properties. For information about a specific product, please refer to the particular product 

Safety Data Sheet (SDS). As used herein, the terms SDS and MSDS (i.e. Material Safety 

Data Sheet) are interchangeable. 

• DOWTM modified TDI products are formulations produced by Dow Polyurethane Systems and 

Dow Hyperlast, businesses of The Dow Chemical Company. Toluene diisocyanate (TDI) is a 

reactive chemical. TDI’s isocyanate groups (−N=C=O) react with materials that have hydroxyl 

(–OH) groups to make polymers called polyurethanes.1

 For this document, the term “modified 

TDI products” includes TDI-based prepolymer products as well as TDI-based formulations. 

Modified TDI products can also be called TDI variants. Modified TDI products always contain 
Product Safety Assessment: DOWTM Modified Toluene Diisocyanate (TDI) Products 

Created: October 28, 2009 The Dow Chemical Company Page 2 of 9

some free, unreacted TDI. Many of these products also contain other components such as 

methylene diphenyl diisocyanate (MDI), and additives such as flame retardants, surfactants, 

foam blowing agents, colorants, and plasticizers. For further details, see Manufacture of 

Product and Product Description. 

• Dow Polyurethane Systems and Dow Hyperlast businesses sell modified TDI products for 

industrial manufacturing uses.2

 Modified TDI products are commonly used to manufacture 

automotive seating, furniture foam, polyurethane coatings, and elastomers. For further details, 

see Product Uses. 

• There is a potential for workplace exposure to TDI in all industrial, commercial, or 

manufacturing settings where TDI is present. Each manufacturing facility should have a 

thorough training program for employees, appropriate work processes and safety equipment 

in place to limit unnecessary exposure. Dow Polyurethane Systems and Dow Hyperlast do 

not sell TDI for direct consumer use, but it is used as a raw material to make materials that 

consumers purchase. For further details, see Exposure Potential. 

• TDI is a highly reactive hazardous chemical that has the potential to adversely affect or injure 

eyes, skin and respiratory tract if appropriate safe handling and use instructions are not 

followed, or if appropriate safe handling and use precautions are not employed. Modified TDI 

products may also contain additives that have additional health risks. Users of these 

materials should carefully review and follow the instructions and precautions provided in each 

product’s Safety Data Sheet (SDS). For further details, see Health Information.

• TDI and modified TDI products react rapidly with water in the environment to form insoluble 

polyurea solids. These polyureas are generally not biodegradable and are resistant to 

hydrolysis (i.e. are inert). They are unlikely to accumulate in the food chain, and are slightly 

toxic to practically non-toxic to fish and other aquatic organisms. For further details, see 

Environmental Information. 

• FOR EMERGENCY RESPONSE INSIDE THE UNITED STATES: Call CHEMTREC 

(1-800-424-9300) for advice on spilled TDI, fire, or other handling issues.3

 TDI and modified 

TDI react with water to produce heat and carbon dioxide (CO2) gas. For further details, see 

Physical Hazard Information.

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Manufacture of Product 

• Capacity – In 2008, worldwide production capacity for TDI-based diisocyanates and 

polyisocyanates was 2.2 million metric tons (4.8 billion pounds). Dow is one of three major 

manufacturers of TDI in the U.S. and has global capacity to produce 160,000 metric tons 

(352 million pounds). Manufacturing locations include: Freeport, Texas, in the U.S.; and 

Camacari, Brazil.4

 DOWTM modified TDI products are produced by Dow Polyurethane 

Systems and Dow Hyperlast. Dow’s Systems businesses operate a global network of 26 

system houses.5

• Process6

 – For information about the production of TDI, see Dow’s TDI Product Safety 

Assessment. DOW modified TDI products and prepolymers are manufactured by carefully 

controlled reactions between TDI and hydroxyl-containing materials. If the number of hydroxyl 

groups is lower than the number of isocyanate groups, a modified TDI prepolymer is 

produced. Modified TDI prepolymers are also called TDI variants. A simplified reaction 

between TDI and a diol (a dihydroxy material) is shown on the next page. 

 

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Product Safety Assessment: DOWTM Modified Toluene Diisocyanate (TDI) Products 

Created: October 28, 2009 The Dow Chemical Company Page 3 of 9

Uses for 

TDI-based Polyurethanes9 

Polyurethane 

Elastomers

3%

Adhesives & 

Sealants

4%

Flexible 

Polyurethane 

Foam

84%

Surface 

Coatings

9%

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Product Description

TDI has two different forms or isomers. TDI isomers have the same chemical formula C9H6N2O2, 

but the atoms are arranged differently. So, the term “TDI” represents the isomeric compounds 

along with mixtures of these isomers. The two commonly used isomers of toluene diisocyanate 

are 2,4-TDI and 2,6-TDI. Mixtures of 80% 2,4-TDI and 20% 2,6-TDI represent over 95% of the 

industrial usage.7

DOWTM modified TDI products are manufactured and formulated according to manufacturer’s 

specifications and end-use applications.8

 To tailor the product properties, components may be 

added to the reaction process. Additives may include methylenediphenyl diisocyanate (MDI), 

flame retardants, surfactants, plasticizers, foaming blowing agents, colorants, and other 

compounds. All modified TDI products contain some free or unreacted TDI in them. If MDI is 

added to the reaction process, some free or unreacted MDI may also be present. 

DOW modified TDI products are colorless to brown liquids with pungent to mild odors depending 

on the nature of the polyol, the amount of free TDI and other components or additives that are 

present. 

Dow tradenames for modified TDI products and prepolymers include but are not limited to: 

• DIPRANETM Prepolymers • SPECFLEXTM Isocyanates 

• DURAMOULDTM Isocyanates • VORALUXTM Isocyanates 

• HYPERLASTTM Prepolymers • VORAMERTM Isocyanates 

• HYPOLTM Prepolymers • VORASTARTM Isocyanates 

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Product Uses9,10

TDI is commonly used to manufacture: 

• Flexible foams – used for the 

fabrication of bedding, furniture, 

automotive seating, flexible 

packaging and carpet underlay; this is 

the largest market application for TDI 

• “Foamed-in-place” polyurethane 

plastics – ranging from soft and 

sponge-like to hard and porous for 

use in furniture, packaging, insulation 

and boat building 

• Polyurethane coatings – used on 

leather, wire, tank linings and 

masonry 

 

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Product Safety Assessment: DOWTM Modified Toluene Diisocyanate (TDI) Products 

Created: October 28, 2009 The Dow Chemical Company Page 4 of 9

• Elastomers – used to produce adhesives, films and linings, and abrasive wheels and other 

mechanical items that require abrasion and solvent resistance 

• Rigid, “pour-in-place” foams – for use in appliances, and, in smaller amounts, packaging 

• Urethane sealants – used in construction applications 

• Cast elastomers – for production of articles such as roller blade wheels 

DOWTM modified TDI products are used to produce polyurethanes for the following applications: 

• DIPRANETM prepolymers, HYPERLASTTM prepolymers, and VORASTARTM isocyanates

– adhesives, films and linings, wheels and other mechanical items (rollers, conveyors, etc.) 

that require abrasion and solvent resistance; also urethane sealants for construction 

applications and air filters 

• HYPOLTM prepolymers – hydrophilic polyurethane foams, elastomers, coatings, adhesives 

or gels 

• HYPERLAST isocyanates – coatings used on wire, tank linings and masonry 

• DURAMOULDTM prepolymers – mold making 

• SPECFLEXTM isocyanates – automotive trims such as pillars, acoustical insulation/foam, 

armrests, consoles, energy management foam, headrests/seat cushioning, steering wheels, 

and a variety of instrument panel components such as air bag doors and knee bolsters 

• VORALUXTM isocyanates – high-resilience foam for furniture and pillars 

• VORAMERTM isocyanates – binders in a variety of recycling applications, bonding together 

different kinds of shredded materials such as rubber, flexible polyurethane foams, ethylenevinyl acetate, cork and gravel 

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Exposure Potential 

DOWTM modified TDI products are used in the production of industrial and consumer products. 

Based on the uses for these products, the public could be exposed through: 

• Workplace exposure – There is a potential for workplace exposure to TDI in all industrial, 

commercial, or manufacturing settings where TDI is present. Such exposure may be harmful 

if appropriate safe handling and use instructions are not followed, or if appropriate safe 

handling and use precautions are not employed. Each manufacturing facility should have a 

thorough training program for employees, appropriate work processes and safety equipment 

in place to limit unnecessary exposure. For a general overview of TDI health information, see 

Health Information. 

• Consumer exposure to products containing DOW modified TDI products – Modified TDI 

products produced by Dow Polyurethane Systems and Dow Hyperlast are for industrial use 

only. Based on product uses, consumers may purchase goods that have been manufactured 

with modified TDI products. However, by the time these goods reach the consumer, the 

polyurethane has fully cured (hardened) and risk of TDI exposure is very low. See Health 

Information. 

• Environmental releases11 – Environmental emissions of DOW modified TDI products are 

unlikely to result from their manufacture and/or intended use due to the use of closed 

systems and stringent process controls. Contact of these products with air, water, or soil 

results in reactions which degrade product purity and performance. All spills and leaks should 

be immediately contained to prevent contamination of soil, surface or ground water. The area 

should be ventilated; open all doors and windows. To avoid inhaling vapors, workers should 

wear approved, positive-pressure self-contained breathing apparatus (SCBA). For small spills, 

modified TDI products should be absorbed with materials such as: vermiculite, dirt, sand, or 

clay. Do NOT use absorbent materials such as cement powder as it may generate heat. 

Shovel the absorbent into a properly labeled open container and cover but do not seal. 

Consult the VORANATE T-80 Toluene Diisocyanates Safe Handling & Storage Guide or 

relevant Safety Data Sheet for neutralization information and more information about 

 

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Product Safety Assessment: DOWTM Modified Toluene Diisocyanate (TDI) Products 

Created: October 28, 2009 The Dow Chemical Company Page 5 of 9

protective equipment and procedures. See Environmental, Health and Physical Hazard

Information. 

• Large release12 – Industrial spills or releases are infrequent and are generally contained. In 

the event of a large spill, local emergency response services should be contacted 

immediately, and a state of emergency should be declared for the affected area. Contingency 

arrangements should be discussed with local emergency response services, such as police 

and fire units, in advance of actual emergency situations. A written emergency plan for large 

spill control should be in place with periodic drill practices scheduled before actual 

emergency situations occur. A positive-pressure, self-contained breathing apparatus (SCBA) 

with a full-face mask approved by NIOSH is recommended for emergency work. Follow 

emergency plan guidelines and procedures carefully. FOR EMERGENCY RESPONSE 

INSIDE THE UNITED STATES: Call CHEMTREC (1-800-424-9300) for first response advice 

for handling TDI. CHEMTREC will make contact with the manufacturer.13 The material should 

be neutralized, captured, collected and re-processed, or disposed of according to applicable 

governmental requirements. Consult the VORANATE T-80 Toluene Diisocyanates Safe 

Handling & Storage Guide and relevant Safety Data Sheet. See Environmental, Health and 

Physical Hazard Information.

• In case of fire14 – Keep people away. Isolate fire and deny unnecessary entry. Stay upwind 

and out of low areas where gases can accumulate. Water is not recommended but may be 

applied in large quantities as a fine spray when other extinguishing agents are not available. 

Use water fog or fine spray, dry-chemical or carbon-dioxide extinguishers, or foam to fight the 

fire. Alcohol-resistant foams are preferred. A direct water stream may spread the fire. 

Consider the use of unmanned hose holders or monitor nozzles. Firefighters should wear 

positive-pressure, self-contained breathing apparatus (SCBA) with an approved full-face 

mask and protective firefighting clothing. Contain fire water run-off if possible. Fire water runoff, if not contained, may cause environmental damage. Follow emergency procedures 

carefully. 

For more information, see the relevant Safety Data Sheet. 

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Health Information15

Health information for specific DOWTM modified TDI products is summarized on the relevant 

Safety Data Sheet. A potential user of TDI who plans to work with, handle, or use TDI, or who 

anticipates coming in contact with TDI in a workplace setting should carefully review the 

information provided in the Material Safety Data Sheet (MSDS) specific to the particular TDI 

product involved and should carefully follow the instructions and precautions provided in that 

MSDS. It is important to note that health risks associated with individual products may vary based 

on their formulation or intended use. All modified TDI products contain some free or unreacted 

TDI. They may also contain free MDI and minor components or additives that have additional 

health risks. The Safety Data Sheet is the preferred source for specific health information. An 

overview of TDI health information appears below. 

Ingestion – TDI has low toxicity if swallowed. Small amounts swallowed incidentally as a result of 

normal handling operations are not likely to cause injury; however swallowing larger amounts 

may cause injury. Use good personal hygiene practices. Do not consume or store food in the 

work area. Wash hands before smoking or eating. 

Inhalation – Easily attainable vapor concentrations of TDI may cause serious adverse effects, 

even death. Excessive exposure to TDI may cause severe irritation of the upper respiratory tract 

and lungs, fluid in the lungs, permanent decrease of lung function, neurologic disorders, 

cholinesterase depression, and gastrointestinal distress. Atmospheric levels should be 

 

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Product Safety Assessment: DOWTM Modified Toluene Diisocyanate (TDI) Products 

Created: October 28, 2009 The Dow Chemical Company Page 6 of 9

maintained below exposure guideline. TDI may cause allergic respiratory response. Re-exposure 

to extremely low isocyanate concentrations may cause allergic respiratory reactions in individuals 

already sensitized. Asthma-like symptoms may include coughing, difficult breathing and a feeling 

of tightness in the chest. Occasionally, breathing difficulties may be life threatening. Effects may 

be delayed. 

Skin Contact – Skin contact may cause an allergic skin reaction. Animal studies have shown that 

skin contact with isocyanates may play a role in respiratory sensitization. 

Eye Contact – TDI may cause severe eye irritation and moderate corneal injury. Vapor may 

cause eye irritation experienced as mild discomfort and redness. 

Other – TDI is listed as an anticipated or possible carcinogen by NTP (National Toxicology 

Program) and IARC (International Agency for Research on Cancer). An oral study in which high 

doses of TDI were reported to cause cancer in animals has been found to contain numerous 

deficiencies which compromise the validity of the study. TDI did not cause cancer in laboratory 

animals exposed by inhalation, the most likely route of exposure. TDI did not cause birth defects 

in laboratory animals. Slight effects were observed in the fetus but only at doses which caused 

toxic effects to the mother. In animal studies, TDI has been shown not to interfere with 

reproduction. 

For more information, see the relevant Safety Data Sheet. 

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Environmental Information16,17

Spilled TDI and modified TDI products should be prevented from contacting soil and entering into 

ditches, sewers, waterways and/or groundwater. Environmental risks associated with individual 

products vary by formulation and application. The Safety Data Sheet is the preferred source for 

specific information. All modified TDI products contain some free or unreacted TDI. An overview 

of general environmental information appears below. 

TDI and modified TDI products are insoluble in water and have low vapor pressure. Upon contact 

with water or moist air, the products will react to form stable, insoluble polyurea solids. This 

reaction and the low vapor pressure dramatically limit the mobility of these materials in the event 

of a spill (spills are localized and have only transient impact). The products will tend to remain in 

and react with the environment into which they are released. 

Due to their low vapor pressures and use in closed systems, vapors of TDI and modified TDI 

products are unlikely to be emitted to the atmosphere. In the event that vapors are released, TDI 

is expected to degrade rapidly by indirect atmospheric photolysis. 

The polyureas formed by reaction of TDI and modified TDI products with water have been shown 

to be resistant to biodegradation and hydrolysis. However, they are practically non-toxic and will 

not accumulate in the food chain. They are thus regarded as “inert” in the environment. Trace 

amounts of minor, water-soluble products of the reaction of pure TDI substances with water have 

been shown to be slightly to practically non-toxic to a number of aquatic species in both shortand long-term tests.18 

For more information, see the relevant Safety Data Sheet. 

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Product Safety Assessment: DOWTM Modified Toluene Diisocyanate (TDI) Products 

Created: October 28, 2009 The Dow Chemical Company Page 7 of 9

Physical Hazard Information 

It is important to note that the physical hazard risks associated with individual products may vary 

by formulation and application. The Safety Data Sheet is the preferred source for specific physical 

hazard information. All modified TDI products contain some free or unreacted TDI. An overview of 

TDI physical hazard information appears below. 

TDI is stable under recommended storage conditions. However, it can decompose at elevated 

temperatures. Gas generated during decomposition can cause pressure in closed systems. 

Pressure build-up can be rapid. TDI can react with moisture, releasing carbon dioxide gas. The 

resulting pressure build-up can cause closed containers to rupture. Elevated temperatures can 

accelerate this reaction. 

TDI can react with many materials and release heat. Avoid contact with acids, alcohols, amines, 

water, ammonia, bases, metal compounds, strong oxidizers, and moist air. 

During a fire, smoke may contain TDI in addition to toxic and/or irritating compounds. Hazardous 

combustion products may include, but are not limited to: nitrogen oxides, isocyanates, carbon 

monoxide, carbon dioxide and hydrogen cyanide. 

Hazardous polymerization of TDI can occur. Polymerization can be catalyzed by strong bases 

and water.19

For more information, see the relevant Safety Data Sheet. 

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Regulatory Information 

Regulations may exist that govern the manufacture, sale, transportation, use and/or disposal of 

DOWTM modified TDI products. These regulations may vary by city, state, country or geographic 

region. Information may be found by consulting the relevant Safety Data Sheet or Contact Us. 

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Additional Information 

• Safety Data Sheet (request from the Dow Customer Information Group 

http://www.dow.com/assistance/dowcig.htm) 

• Contact Us (http://www.dow.com/polyurethane/contact/index.htm) 

• Dow’s Isocyanates Answer Center (http://dow-answer.custhelp.com/cgibin/dow_answer.cfg/php/enduser/std_alp.php?p_page=1&p_cv=&p_pv=1.452&p_prods=452&pro

d_lvl1=452&prod_lvl2=0&cat_lvl1=+&p_search_text=&p_new_search=1&p_search_type=answers

.search_nl) 

• Dow Polyurethanes – North America Technical Information and Literature 

(http://www.dow.com/polyurethane/na/lit.htm) 

• VORANATETM T-80 TDI Products, The Dow Chemical Company, Form No. 109-01444-303 

EC, January 2003 

(http://www.dow.com/PublishedLiterature/dh_0047/0901b80380047009.pdf?filepath=/polyuret

hane/pdfs/noreg/109-01444.pdf&fromPage=GetDoc) 

• MDI & TDI: Safety, Health and the Environment, book written by Dennis Allport, David 

Gilbert, and Susan Outterside, John Wiley & Sons, 2003 

• VORANATETM T-80 Toluene Diisocyanates Safe Handling & Storage Guide, The Dow 

Chemical Company, Form No. 109-01243X-0704, July 2004 

(http://www.dow.com/PublishedLiterature/dh_0041/0901b80380041da5.pdf?filepath=/polyuret

hane/pdfs/noreg/109-01243.pdf&fromPage=GetDoc) 

 

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Product Safety Assessment: DOWTM Modified Toluene Diisocyanate (TDI) Products 

Created: October 28, 2009 The Dow Chemical Company Page 8 of 9

• U.S. Environmental Protection Agency Integrated Risk Information System (IRIS) website – 

2,4-/2,6-Toluene diisocyanate mixture (TDI) (CASRN 26471-62-5): 

(http://www.epa.gov/ncea/iris/subst/0503.htm) 

For more business information about DOWTM TDI and modified TDI products, visit: 

• The Dow Polyurethane Systems website at www.pusystems.com 

• The Dow Hyperlast website at www.dowhyperlast.com

• Dow’s Polyurethanes web site at www.dow.com/polyurethane

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References

1

 Chinn, Henry, Chemical Economics Handbook (CEH) Marketing Research Report Diisocyanates 

and Polyisocyanates, SRI Consulting, March 2009, page 12. 2

 Draft Organization for Economic Cooperation and Development (OECD) Screening Information Data 

Set (SIDS) Initial Assessment Report for SIAM, June 15, 2004, pages 7 and 9. 3

 VORANATE T-80 Toluene Diisocyanates Safe Handling & Storage Guide, The Dow Chemical 

Company, Form No. 109-01243X-0704, pages 7 and 9. 4

 Chinn, Henry, Chemical Economics Handbook (CEH) Marketing Research Report Diisocyanates 

and Polyisocyanates, SRI Consulting, March 2009, page 10. 5

 DOW Polyurethanes website: About Dow Polyurethanes: 

http://www.dow.com/polyurethane/about/about.htm. 6

 Chinn, Henry, Chemical Economics Handbook (CEH) Marketing Research Report Diisocyanates 

and Polyisocyanates, SRI Consulting, March 2009, pages 12–14. 7

 Draft OECD SIDS Initial Assessment Report for SIAM, June 15, 2004, page 5. 

8

 DOW Polyurethanes website: About Dow Polyurethanes: 

http://www.dow.com/polyurethane/about/about.htm. 9

 Chinn, Henry, Chemical Economics Handbook (CEH) Marketing Research Report Diisocyanates 

and Polyisocyanates, SRI Consulting, March 2009, page 28. 10 Draft OECD SIDS Initial Assessment Report for SIAM, June 15, 2004, pages 6–7. 11 VORANATE T-80 Toluene Diisocyanates Safe Handling & Storage Guide, The Dow Chemical 

Company, Form No. 109-01243X-0704, page 10. 12 VORANATE T-80 Toluene Diisocyanates Safe Handling & Storage Guide, The Dow Chemical 

Company, Form No. 109-01243X-0704, page 10. 13 Video, Safe Handling of Toluene Diisocyanate (TDI), PRIMEDIA Workplace Learning, Inc., 1999.

14 VORANATETM T-80 Type I TDI Material Safety Data Sheet (SDS), Version 7.1, June 19, 2009, Fire 

Fighting Measures Section 5. 15 VORANATETM T-80 Type I TDI Material Safety Data Sheet (SDS), Version 7.1, June 19, 2009, 

Potential Health Affects and Exposure Control Sections. 16 Draft OECD SIDS Initial Assessment Report for SIAM, June 15, 2004, pages 7-8. 

17 VORANATE T-80 Toluene Diisocyanates Safe Handling & Storage Guide, The Dow Chemical 

Company, Form No. 109-01243X-0704, page 11. 18 OECD Draft OECD SIDS Initial Assessment Report for SIAM, June 15, 2004, page 17. 

19 VORANATETM T-80 Type I TDI SDS, Version 7.1, June 19, 2009, Stability and Reactivity Section. 

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Product Safety Assessment: DOWTM Modified Toluene Diisocyanate (TDI) Products 

Created: October 28, 2009 The Dow Chemical Company Page 9 of 9

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information about the chemical (or categories of chemicals) addressed. It is not intended to 

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through the relevant Safety Data Sheet, which should be consulted before use of the chemical. 

This product safety assessment does not replace required communication documents such as 

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