Filed 1/28/15 P. v. Farnum CA4/1 

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COURT OF APPEAL, FOURTH APPELLATE DISTRICT 

DIVISION ONE 

STATE OF CALIFORNIA 

THE PEOPLE, 

 Plaintiff and Respondent, 

 v. 

DANNIE JOE FARNUM, 

 Defendant and Appellant. 

 D066353 

 (Super. Ct. No. SWF027707) 

 APPEAL from a judgment of the Superior Court of Riverside, Albert J. Wojcik, 

Judge. Affirmed. 

 Carl Fabian, under appointment by the Court of Appeal, for Defendant and 

Appellant. 

 Kamala D. Harris, Attorney General, Dane R. Gillette, Chief Assistant Attorney 

General, Julie L. Garland, Assistant Attorney General, Angela M. Borzachillo and Peter 

Quon, Jr., Deputy Attorneys General, for Plaintiff and Respondent. 
2 

 A jury found defendant and appellant Dannie Joe Farnum guilty of second degree 

murder of Baby John Doe (Pen. Code,1 § 187, subd. (a); count 1) and of inflicting injury 

on a child under eight years of age causing death (§ 273ab; count 2). The court sentenced 

Farnum to state prison for the indeterminate term of 25 years to life on count 2 and 

stayed, under section 654, subdivision (a), his sentence for the indeterminate term of 15 

years to life on count 1. 

 On appeal, Farnum contends the prosecutor allegedly admitted during closing 

argument that witness Jane Doe (Doe), Farnum's daughter, was incompetent in November 

2008 due to her age and, thus, her then statements to authorities—that she saw her dad 

shake the baby and hurt the baby's head because the baby would not stop crying—should 

have been excluded from evidence. Farnum further contends the September 2011 trial 

testimony of Doe also should have been excluded because the prosecutor, again in 

closing, allegedly disavowed that testimony by arguing Doe's birth mother allegedly 

influenced Doe. Without the November 2008 statements or the September 2011 trial 

testimony, Farnum contends the evidence remaining against him is legally insufficient to 

support his conviction. 

 Farnum alternatively contends the court erred both in admitting under Evidence 

Code section 1235 Doe's November 2008 statements and in failing to satisfy its threshold 

duty to ensure Doe was then competent when she made those statements. Finally, he 

contends reversal is required because the court erred by failing to instruct the jury sua 

 

1 Unless otherwise noted, all further statutory references are to the Penal Code. 
3 

sponte on (1) causation, (2) the lesser included offense of involuntary manslaughter, and 

(3) the corpus delicti rule. Affirmed. 

FACTUAL AND PROCEDURAL BACKGROUND2

 Delice Preston testified she gave birth to Baby John Doe (sometimes, Baby John 

or baby) in mid-March 2008. Baby John was healthy at birth. Baby John's father was 

Johnny, Preston's common law husband of 15 years. Preston and Johnny also had a son 

together, Ricky, and Preston had a daughter, Kelly, from another relationship. Johnny 

unexpectedly died in May 2008. 

 In or about August 2008, Preston and Farnum met and began dating. Preston often 

took Baby John when she visited Farnum. Over time, Preston grew to trust Farnum in 

helping to care for Baby John when they were together. 

 Preston testified she had no plans to marry Farnum and had begun to question their 

relationship because she believed Farnum was cheating on her and was taking advantage 

of her financially. Farnum had little money and often borrowed Preston's car for days at 

a time. Preston testified she continued in the relationship with Farnum because at that 

time she "needed somebody" both "emotionally" and "physically." 

 According to Preston, in late October 2008 Baby John developed a medical 

condition called "infantigo" that led to a rash on his face, arms and buttocks. Because of 

the rash, Baby John was fussy. Baby John was also fussy because he was constipated and 

 

2 We view the evidence in the light most favorable to the judgment. (See People v. 

Osband (1996) 13 Cal.4th 622, 690.) Portions of the factual and procedural history 

related to certain of Farnum's contentions are discussed post. 
4 

teething. Preston comforted Baby John by holding him, using a warm washcloth to clean 

the "crusty stuff" near his eyes and putting antibiotic cream on a sore near his ear. 

 Preston testified she was using marijuana and methamphetamine during this period 

of time. The night before Baby John died, Preston and Farnum together used 

methamphetamine. The following day, November 10, 2008, Preston got up about 6:00 

a.m. and fed Baby John. Farnum and his two children from another relationship—Doe, 

then aged four, and JoJo, his son, then aged two—had stayed over with Farnum at 

Preston's home. After lunch, Preston gave Baby John a bottle and put him down for a 

nap. 

 Later that afternoon, Preston left Baby John in Farnum's care when she went to 

buy groceries for dinner after Farnum refused to go. When she left, Baby John was a 

little fussy but according to Preston, was nonetheless fine, and Farnum was in the process 

of giving him a bottle and putting him down for another nap. Before leaving, Preston 

gave Baby John pain medication for teething and some medication for "gas." 

 Preston recalled her car's clock read 4:22 p.m. when she left for the store, which 

was located less than five miles from her home. She was at the store for about 20 to 25 

minutes. When she returned, Preston put the groceries away and then went into the 

bedroom where Farnum was watching television. Farnum seemed slightly agitated. 

Preston glanced over and saw Baby John in the crib on his stomach. Baby John was 

covered by two blankets and appeared to be sleeping. 

 While cooking dinner, Preston heard Farnum yell from the bedroom that the baby 

was not breathing. Preston ran to the bedroom and saw Farnum giving Baby John CPR. 

Farnum laid Baby John on the bed, started massaging Baby's John chest, pinched the 
5 

baby's nose and started breathing into his mouth. Panicked, Preston asked Farnum what 

had happened. Farnum in response said nothing. Farnum dialed 911. Preston ran 

outside and began screaming for help from her step children, Chris Gonzalez and Johnny 

Gonzalez, who lived on the same property, a short distance away. 

 Johnny Gonzalez came to help out. When he saw Farnum giving Baby John CPR, 

Johnny pushed Farnum aside and began giving the baby CPR. Preston told Johnny to 

stop because she believed he was being too violent with the baby. Although 

inexperienced, Preston also tried to give the baby CPR. About 20 minutes after 911 had 

been called, emergency personnel arrived. 

 Cal Fire Paramedic Greg Murphy testified he responded to the 911 call involving 

Baby John. Because the area where Preston and Baby John were living was very rural, 

Murphy said it took a while to locate the home. When Murphy arrived about 5:30 p.m., a 

man later identified as Farnum came running outside to meet Murphy. The man was 

holding a baby, later identified as Baby John. The man was attempting to perform CPR 

while carrying the baby. 

 Murphy directed the man to take the baby back inside the home. Once inside, the 

man began asking Murphy a lot of questions. Murphy subsequently noted in his report 

that he found the man nervous, but not frantic, and found it odd the man was both 

"extremely inquisitive" regarding the baby and unwilling to leave the baby alone with 

paramedics. 

 Murphy examined the baby and found him lifeless. The baby's pupils were dilated 

and fixed, his core was semi-warm and his extremities were cold to the touch. The 

monitor showed the baby had no heartbeat. 
6 

 On questioning, the man told Murphy that about 40 minutes before 911 had been 

called, he fed the baby and then laid the baby down to sleep. About 10 minutes later, the 

man checked on the baby and found the baby facedown, wrapped in blankets and not 

breathing. The man also told Murphy the baby had been teething and had conjunctivitis 

of the eye. Once inside the well-lit ambulance, Murphy testified that he saw periorbital 

bruising around the baby's right eye, which was indicative of head trauma. 

 Farnum drove Preston to the hospital where Baby John had been transported. On 

the way, Preston asked Farnum, "What happened? Why wasn't he [i.e., Baby John] 

breathing?" Farnum responded he did not know. Once at the hospital, Preston was 

informed that Baby John had died, possibility of "SIDS" (i.e., sudden infant death 

syndrome). 

 Farnum later told Preston he was fearful he would be blamed for Baby John's 

death because Farnum had been in the bedroom when the child stopped breathing. 

Farnum also told Preston the child's face was "in the mattress" when Farnum discovered 

the child not breathing. 

 A few days later, Preston and her daughter were in the car with Farnum when 

Preston's daughter brought up the issue of "shaking a baby." During that conversation, 

Farnum seemed surprised that a child could die from being shaken. 

 Preston testified that initially she believed Farnum's children may have harmed 

Baby John because Farnum told her "one of his kids had maybe hit [Baby John] or maybe 

pushed him or something." Specifically, Farnum told Preston "that there was a Mag 

flashlight, the big ones that the police carry. They [i.e., his children] were using it as a 

light saber and swinging it around and stuff. And one of them may have hit him [i.e., 
7 

Baby John]." However, Preston also testified that when she returned from buying 

groceries at the store, Farnum then had said nothing about Baby John being accidently hit 

by Farnum's children, including with a flashlight. 

 A few days after Baby John's death, the police contacted Preston and asked her to 

come to the station for an interview. The police previously had interviewed Preston on 

the night Baby John died, but she testified she could not recall much of that interview 

because she was then "high." 

 Before the interview at the police station, Preston testified she was aware that 

Farnum's daughter, Doe, had already spoken to a social worker about Farnum harming 

Baby John. At that time, Preston did not want to believe that Farnum was potentially 

responsible for the baby's death. Preston told police during the interview at the station 

that she did not believe Farnum would hurt Baby John and that she never saw Farnum 

strike his own children. At trial, Preston testified she was not then truthful because she 

wanted to protect Farnum. In fact, Preston had seen Farnum "hit" and "flick" his own 

children. 

 After police discussed the results of Baby's John's autopsy with Preston, she 

recalled Farnum had told her that earlier on the day Baby John died, he saw the baby fall 

out the sliding glass door in Preston's home and bump his head. Preston also recalled 

during the interview that Farnum also had told her that on the day Baby John died, 

Farnum saw the baby fall and hit his head on a toy while standing in his crib. 

 The autopsy showed Baby John died of "blunt force trauma to his head." The 

police told Preston during the interview that Baby John's head trauma could not have 
8 

been caused from Baby John falling and hitting his head or from a blow by a two- or 

four-year-old child, such as Doe or JoJo, as Farnum theorized. 

 Detective Randall Wortman testified he was assigned to investigate the death of 

Baby John after the autopsy concluded the cause of death was blunt force trauma and was 

ruled a homicide. Detective Wortman contacted Preston and asked her to come down to 

the station. Before Detective Wortman told Preston the cause of death, he questioned 

Preston. During the questioning, Preston said that Farnum did not want to be blamed for 

the death even though it "looked bad" and Farnum was the "last one with the baby."3 At 

the same time police were interviewing Preston, they were interviewing Farnum in a 

separate room of the station. 

 When asked how Baby John died, Preston initially told Detective Wortman the 

baby likely suffocated because Farnum had reported finding the baby face down on the 

mattress. Preston also told police during the interview, "No, he [i.e., Farnum] said or we 

said together that we found or he found the baby face[]down in his mat -- in his crib 

mattress." Detective Wortman noted that, when Preston made this statement during the 

interview, she was referring to "speaking with the paramedics and the initial law 

enforcement the night it happened." 

 Preston also told Detective Wortman, "He [i.e., Farnum] told me that if we talked 

to the cops or whatever that he most likely was going to be the one blamed for this. He 

didn't tell me what he did. He didn't tell me what had happened." Preston told the police 

 

3 The record shows Preston testified she could not remember making this and other 

statements to police during the stationhouse interview. 
9 

that Farnum confided in her that he likely would be charged with manslaughter or murder 

as a result of the baby's death. 

 Detective Wortman was present when Detective Steven Fredericks asked Preston, 

"Okay. After you had an initial conversation with [Farnum] about how you guys were 

gonna get your stories straight so that he wouldn't get blamed, did you have any second 

guesses in your mind about that? Did you have any thoughts in your head that this is the 

wrong thing to do?" According to Detective Wortman, Preston said, "Yes." Preston also 

told the detectives that Farnum had a "short fuse" with his children and that she saw 

Farnum "flick them on the forehead." 

 Initially, Preston told the detectives that she saw Baby John alive when she got 

back from buying groceries. However, as the interview continued, she changed her story 

and said that she put the groceries away and began making dinner after she got home 

from the store. Preston told the detectives that Farnum had told her that, earlier on the 

day Baby John died, Farnum saw the baby fall and hit his head on the sliding glass door 

in Preston's home. Preston also disclosed that Farnum had said he saw Baby John that 

same day hit his head on a toy after falling inside the crib. Finally, Preston disclosed that 

Farnum reported he might have tripped over some steps when he took Baby John outside 

to meet the paramedics, and that is how the baby sustained the head trauma. 

 Detective Wortman testified Preston became "extremely visibly shaken up and 

upset" after they discussed the results of Baby John's autopsy. The detectives told 

Preston that Baby John's death was not accidental and that the baby died of blunt force 

head trauma. 
10 

 Detective Wortman testified they next put Preston and Farnum in a room together 

and recorded their conversation, which was played for the jury. The transcript of their 

conversation shows Preston immediately confronted Farnum and asked what happened to 

Baby John, because, according to Preston, the pictures from the autopsy showed Baby 

John's brain covered in blood. Preston told Farnum the police theorized that Baby John 

died as a result of being shaken or being hit on the head with an object. 

 The record shows Farnum then denied any wrongdoing, stating the only time he 

touched the baby while Preston was at the store was to give the baby a bottle. Farnum 

also stated that he had not been in the room with Baby John when Preston was at the store 

and that when Preston returned from the store, she went to the bedroom where the baby 

was sleeping and saw the baby was "okay." The record shows Preston did not agree that 

the baby was "okay" when she returned from the store, as Farnum suggested, and that she 

instead responded, "What happened?" The record also shows they discussed certain 

events that may have occurred earlier on the day Baby John died that led to his death, 

including, as noted, Farnum's report of seeing the baby fall back and hit his head on a toy; 

and Farnum's additional report that his son JoJo was playing with a Mag flashlight and 

swinging it around like a "light saber" shortly before the baby died. 

 With regard to the flashlight, Preston told Farnum his son must have been playing 

with it while she was at the store because she did not remember "anything about him [i.e., 

JoJo] having a flashlight." Preston also told Farnum she did not find a flashlight when 

picking up the bedroom. The record shows Preston repeatedly asked Farnum if his 

children were capable of hitting Baby John on the head with a flashlight that would lead 

to such trauma. Farnum responded, "Yes. And for me to say that about my children, it's 
11 

really hard and it really hurts, but yes." At another point, the record shows Farnum told 

Preston he was at the police station "because of" JoJo. 

 At some point during their discussion, the record shows Preston asked Farnum 

why his daughter Doe was saying Farnum was the one that killed Baby John. In 

response, Farnum said his children like to tell stories and "someone told [Doe] to say 

some of that shit." Farnum told Preston that when he asked Doe who told her to say he 

was responsible for the attack, Doe shrugged her shoulders and refused to identify the 

person or persons. 

 At the time of trial, Doe was six years 11 months old. Doe testified she saw the 

baby "got shooked" by "Dannie" (i.e., Farnum) because he "was mad." Doe also testified 

that the baby was seated in a stroller when the shaking occurred and that Dannie then 

dropped the baby "in the street." Doe further testified that her birth mother, Shannon 

Garcia, also told her that Dannie shook the baby and then dropped him in the street.4 

 Doe testified that she did not like talking about what happened to the baby and 

that, other than her birth mother, she had not spoken to anyone else about what had 

happened. When asked again, Doe testified that she could not remember if she had 

spoken to anyone else in the past about what had happened to the baby; that she 

remembered a "little bit"; and that she saw Dannie shake the baby and then drop him in 

the street. Doe testified Preston was inside her home and thus not present when Dannie 

 

4 The record shows that sometime after Baby John's death, Doe and JoJo were 

removed from the care of their birth mother. At the time of trial, they were living in a 

new home with a prospective adoptive family. 
12 

shook and dropped the baby. Doe said that her birth mother was with her when the 

incident occurred. 

 The record shows after Doe testified, the court granted the prosecution's motion to 

admit Doe's statements to Francisca Russo, a social worker with Riverside County Child 

Protective Services, made the day after Baby John's death. Russo testified that she 

interviewed Doe at Doe's birth mother's house. Also present during the interview was 

JoJo and Doe's maternal grandmother. 

 The first thing Doe told Russo during the interview was that the baby "was sad and 

stopped crying." Doe also told Russo the baby was "sick" and when the baby died, "[her] 

dad was there and [her] brother was there." Doe told Russo her brother was sleeping on 

the couch and Preston, who Doe then referred to as "Tink,"5 was not home when the 

attack took place. 

 Russo testified that during the interview Doe repeatedly said, "The baby was 

crying; my dad was mad; my dad -- my dad hurt the baby." Russo next asked Doe to use 

a "frog" (ostensibly a stuffed animal) to show how her dad hurt the baby. Russo testified 

Doe took the frog and initially cradled it to provide comfort. Doe next started making a 

"shaking motion" using the frog while saying the baby "would not stop crying, my dad 

was mad." Doe told Russo that, "he hurt the baby, he put it on the bed hard" and that he 

"hurt his head." 

 

5 Preston testified that Doe called her "Tink" because Preston had a tattoo of 

"Tinkerbell" on her right shoulder. The record shows Russo appears to have misspoke 

when she subsequently referred to Preston as "Tiki." 
13 

 Russo testified that during this initial interview, Doe did not mention the baby 

being dropped in the street or her birth mother being present during the shaking incident, 

as Doe had just testified. Russo testified she did not record the interview with Doe 

because that was not allowed. 

 Detective Kim Judge of the Riverside Sheriff's Department testified that based on 

Russo's interview with Doe, a Riverside County Child Assessment Team (RCAT) 

conducted a video interview of Doe a day or two after her in-person interview with 

Russo. The RCAT interview was conducted by Denise Bowman and was played for the 

jury. 

 The record shows in that interview, Doe recalled speaking to Russo and in 

response to Bowman's question, "What did you [i.e., Doe] tell her [i.e., Russo]," Doe 

said, "I telled her ah, ah, my dad shaked the baby and, and grabbed his feet and hurt him 

on his head." Doe reiterated she saw her dad shake and hurt the baby after Preston had 

left. When Bowman again asked Doe who did this to "your brother," Doe quickly 

corrected Bowman, telling her, "Not my brother," and reiterated several times that her 

father shook the baby and that the baby lived with "Tink." 

 Doe then used a doll to show Bowman what Farnum had done to the baby. Doe 

told Bowman that her dad was hitting the baby's head on "his crib." Doe said she saw her 

dad shaking and hurting the baby in "Tink's" room, where the crib was located. Doe also 

told Bowman that her dad used his hand to hit the baby on the "butt." In response to 

Bowman's question, "[W]hen he [i.e., Farnum] was done hurting him [the baby], what did 

he do with [the baby]? Where did he put him?" Doe said, "In, back in his crib." 
14 

 Bowman next asked Doe where her "daddy" went afterwards. Doe said, "He 

didn't go in jail." When asked if she spoke to her mother (i.e., birth mother) about what 

had happened to the baby, Doe said she had and that her mother had said, "Bad baby, bad 

baby!" Doe then told Bowman that her mother did not take the baby away and before 

Bowman could finish asking her next question, Doe added, "Only the Cops," ostensibly 

in response to the question who took the baby away. 

 Pathologist Aaron Gleckman testified as an expert on behalf of the People. He 

opined there was no evidence Baby John suffocated on his own. Dr. Gleckman found 

Baby John's upper frenulum, which he described as the connection between the lip and 

upper jaw, torn. He noted that injury was not "fresh" and was likely caused by past 

abuse, either by a "hard slap or a punch to the face." 

 Dr. Gleckman found a half-inch by quarter-inch red abrasion on Baby John's left 

temple. Dr. Gleckman described the abrasion as a "circular-shaped area of redness" and 

opined it was likely caused by "blunt trauma from some sort of object that had that sort of 

[a] circular shape." Because the injury showed no signs of healing, Dr. Gleckman opined 

the injury was of recent origin. 

 Dr. Gleckman testified there was a "large . . . light purple/pinkish" bruise or a 

contusion to the back of Baby John's head that appeared to be "fresh" given its color. On 

further examination, Dr. Gleckman found a large area of redness and areas of purple 

under the inner surface of Baby John's scalp, which Dr. Gleckman referred to as 

"subgaleal hemorrhage" caused by trauma. Dr. Gleckman opined this injury was large 

and was the result of "fresh bleeding." 
15 

 Dr. Gleckman next examined the area below the skull bone. Dr. Gleckman found 

not only areas of redness but also a "crack" in Baby John's skull. Dr. Gleckman testified 

that the skull crack or fracture was "extensive" and that it was "actually harder to break 

an infant's skull than an adult's skull because as people get older their bones get more 

brittle." In contrast, according to Dr. Gleckman an infant's skull "is pliable; they're kind 

of elastic. So in this case it actually would take more force to fracture or break an infant's 

skull than an adult's." 

 Dr. Gleckman also found "massive" bleeding under the fibrous covering of Baby 

John's brain. In fact, Dr. Gleckman determined these purple areas took up about "half of 

the whole size of [Baby John's] brain." The bleeding was indicative of trauma "from 

either a hard impact to the head, or sometimes from very vigorous shaking of an infant." 

Dr. Gleckman could not definitely determine whether Baby John died from shaking, 

although he also could not rule it out as the cause of death. Given the size of the injury, 

the skull fracture and the amount of force Dr. Gleckman said would be necessary to cause 

Baby's John's extensive injuries, he opined Baby John died of "[a]busive head trauma" 

caused by an "intentional" act. Dr. Gleckman further opined that in light of the 

seriousness of Baby John's head injuries, the baby could have gone from being a 

"completely normal infant" to unconscious in a matter of seconds or minutes. 
16 

DISCUSSION 

I 

Sufficiency of the Evidence 

 A. Judicial Admission 

1. Additional Background

 The record shows in closing, the prosecutor relied on Doe's November 2008 

statements both to Russo and Bowman in arguing Farnum was guilty of counts 1 and 2. 

The prosecutor highlighted Doe's statements that she saw her dad shake the baby and hurt 

him on his head; that "Tink" (i.e., Preston) was not present when her dad shook the baby; 

that her dad shook the baby and hurt the baby's head on the bed and/or crib because her 

dad got mad when the baby would not stop crying; and that after her dad hurt the baby, 

the baby was sad and stopped crying. The prosecutor argued to the jury that Doe made 

many of these statements before the autopsy was completed, confirming that Baby John 

died of "intentional abusive head trauma." 

 The record further shows that the defense during its closing aggressively attacked 

the credibility of Doe. The defense noted that in the 2008 interview with Bowman, Doe 

was asked, "So if I said you are a girl, is that a truth or a lie?" to which Doe responded, 

"Um, truth." Bowman, in a follow up question, asked Doe, "[I]f I said you're a boy, is 

that a truth or a lie?" to which Doe responded, "A truth." The defense noted that Doe was 

then only four years old; that during the interview with Bowman, Doe also said her birth 

mother and dad (i.e., Farnum) had both died; and that she referred to her younger brother, 

JoJo, then aged two, as being bigger than her. The defense contended Doe was not to be 
17 

believed, as she "says many things and then says maybe one thing that they [i.e., the 

People] all want to hear." 

 In rebuttal, the prosecutor addressed the defense's credibility attack of Doe: "And 

you know, oh, well, she didn't know the color of blue versus yellow [from the Bowman 

interview].[6] You know, she hadn't even been to school yet. She didn't know the 

concepts between truth and a lie. And the fact of the matter is, she doesn't even know the 

concept of death at this point in her life. But, you know, we're now asking her to come in 

here two years later and talk about what happened. And that's -- you know -- a good 

chunk of her life has gone by. She's moved on. She has a new name. She has a new 

family. 

 "She remembers that the baby died. She remembers that her father shook the 

baby. And you know what else she remembers? What her mom told her. That her mom 

told her that the baby was dropped outside. She was told by her mother -- and you saw in 

the RCAT interview -- that the baby was bad, it was a bad, bad baby, this woman who 

still to this day has contact with the defendant, her [i.e., Doe's birth] mother. 

 "And, you know, attacking her about little things like that -- what do you expect 

from a four-year-old girl? What do you expect from a six-year-old girl? But the heart of 

the matter is that she has no motive to lie. She doesn't even know what's going on in 

here, that her father's been charged with murder. That he killed this baby and he's never 

 

6 The record is inconsistent on the issue of whether Doe knew her colors, as pretrial 

the People contended Doe had in fact correctly identified the colors shown to her during 

the RCAT interview, which the court appeared to confirm after watching the RCAT 

interview. 
18 

coming back. That by coming in here to testify -- what that means. She doesn't know 

any of that. 

 "And when she makes the statements that she makes to the CPS worker [i.e., 

Russo] and in the RCAT interview, it's at the time of the event, fresh in her mind. She 

knew exactly what happened before her mother had a chance to tell her that it was 

actually the baby was dropped outside, before, you know, she's moved on, before she's 

had a chance to forget and live with foster parents who are actively pushing her forward 

in life. It's at the time of the event when[] these things are fresh in her mind. And she 

described something that no child would have any concept of. Most adults don't even 

know about shaking a baby. But she did. 

 "And, so, yeah, she may not know the difference between truth and a lie. She may 

not know the difference between life and death. But she knew what she saw. And she 

knew that [Preston] wasn't there. And she knew that JoJo was sleeping. And she knew 

where it happened. And she knew why it happened -- because the baby wouldn't stop 

crying." (Italics added.) 

 2. Guiding Principles and Analysis

 Farnum initially attacks indirectly Doe's qualification as a witness by contending 

the above italicized statements, made in rebuttal by the prosecutor during closing 

argument, constitute a "judicial admission" that Doe was not competent in 2008. He thus 

further contends that without this evidence, there allegedly "is no remaining evidence of 

either an intentional nor [sic] a negligent act on the part of [Farnum] causing the death of 

the baby." 
19 

 It is axiomatic that a prosecutor is free to give an opinion on the state of the 

evidence and has "wide latitude" to comment on its quality and the credibility of 

witnesses as long as it is a fair comment on the evidence and reasonable inferences or 

deductions therefrom. (People v. Bonilla (2007) 41 Cal.4th 313, 336–337; People v. 

Martinez (2010) 47 Cal.4th 911, 957 [noting a prosecutor is allowed a "'wide range of 

descriptive comment'" and his or her "'"'argument may be vigorous as long as it amounts 

to fair comment on the evidence'"'"].) Courts "accord counsel great latitude at argument 

to urge whatever conclusions counsel believes can properly be drawn from the evidence." 

(People v. Cash (2002) 28 Cal.4th 703, 732.) 

 "A judicial admission is a party's unequivocal concession of the truth of a matter, 

and removes the matter as an issue in the case." (Gelfo v. Lockheed Martin Corp. (2006) 

140 Cal.App.4th 34, 48; Barsegian v. Kessler & Kessler (2013) 215 Cal.App.4th 446, 

452 [noting a judicial admission is "ordinarily a factual allegation by one party that is 

admitted by the opposing party," with the result being the "allegation is removed from the 

issues . . . because the parties agree as to its truth"].) "'[A]n oral statement by counsel in 

the same action is a binding judicial admission if the statement was an unambiguous 

concession of a matter then at issue and was not made improvidently or unguardedly. 

[Citations.]'" (Physicians Committee for Responsible Medicine v. KFC Corp. (2014) 224 

Cal.App.4th 166, 180, quoting with approval Fassberg Construction Co. v. Housing 

Authority of City of Los Angeles (2007) 152 Cal.App.4th 720, 752 (Fassberg); Irwin v. 

Pacific Southwest Airlines (1982) 133 Cal.App.3d 709, 714 [noting a counsel's statement 

may not be treated as a judicial admission if "it is made improvidently or 
20 

unguardedly, . . . is in any way ambiguous . . . [or] lacks the gravity of a complete 

relinquishment of rights on the issue"].) 

 Accordingly, "statements of counsel in argument are not deemed judicial 

admissions unless they have the formality of an admission or a stipulation." (People v. 

Kiney (2007) 151 Cal.App.4th 807, 815, citing with approval Coats v. General Motors 

Corp. (1934) 3 Cal.App.2d 340, 350 [noting "[m]ere incidental or ambiguous statements 

by counsel" will not be binding or admissible "where there is no such formality in the 

making of the statements as to indicate an intention that they should be taken as 

admissions"]; People v. Darden (1927) 87 Cal.App. 181, 182-183 [rejecting contention of 

defendant that prosecutor's statement when original criminal complaint was filed was a 

binding admission because that statement was "only so shown in a running argument and 

does not rise to the dignity of a specific admission"].) 

 Here, we conclude the prosecutor's statements during rebuttal argument that Doe 

may not have known the difference between the truth and a lie cannot be fairly construed 

as a formal, unambiguous and deliberate admission that Doe was not qualified as a 

witness either in 2008, when she made the statements to Russo and Bowman a few days 

after Baby John's death, or in 2011 when she testified at trial. 

 In fact, the record shows that when the prosecutor made these two statements, she 

was actually imploring the jury to believe Doe's testimony. In context, the record 

supports the conclusion that when the prosecutor made these statements, it was in 

response to the defense's contention that Doe was not to be believed as a witness after 

Doe said it was a "truth" that she was a boy in response to a question posed by Bowman 

during the RCAT interview. Far from an unequivocal concession that Doe was not 
21 

competent as a witness, the record supports the exact opposite conclusion: namely, that 

the prosecutor was attempting to persuade the jury that Doe was a competent witness and 

that her statements to Russo and Bowman—that she saw her dad shake the baby and hurt 

the baby's head, including hitting the baby on the bed/crib, after her dad got mad because 

the baby would not stop crying—were credible and truthful. 

 Farnum's reliance on Fassberg, supra, 152 Cal.App.4th 720 is unavailing. There, 

a project manager of defendant testified on direct examination that plaintiff was owed 

about $400,000 in credit for work performed, which finding was also confirmed by one 

of defendant's trial exhibits. During closing argument, counsel for defendant 

acknowledged that plaintiff was entitled to about $400,000 in credit. (Id. at pp. 750-751.) 

The jury, however, failed to include the $400,000 credit in calculating its verdict. (Id. at 

p. 751.) 

 In reversing on this issue, the Fassberg court concluded there was "no substantial 

conflict in the evidence" that defendant was entitled to a credit of about $400,000. 

(Fassberg, supra, 152 Cal.App.4th at p. 752.) The court based its conclusion on the 

testimony of defendant's witness, the trial exhibit and defense counsel's 

acknowledgement of this fact during closing. With respect to the acknowledgement, the 

court noted defense counsel's statement that plaintiff was entitled to a credit was "clear 

and deliberate" and was based on the response counsel elicited from defendant's own 

witness. (Ibid.) 

 Here, as we have already noted, there was no concession by the prosecutor, much 

less one that was "clear and deliberate," that Doe was incompetent at the time she made 

the November 2008 statements to Russo and Bowman regarding the cause of the baby's 
22 

death. In addition, there also was no evidence proffered at trial establishing the fact 

allegedly conceded by the prosecutor (i.e., that Doe was incompetent), in contrast to the 

situation in Fassberg where counsel of defendant merely reiterated in closing the 

testimony of defendant's own witness that plaintiff was entitled to a credit. We thus 

conclude Fassberg is factually and legally inapposite in the instant case. 

 B. Disavowing 2011 Trial Testimony 

 Farnum next contends the prosecutor effectively conceded during closing 

argument that Doe's 2011 testimony could not be considered because Doe was allegedly 

coached and/or improperly influenced by her birth mother. Specifically, Farnum 

contends the prosecutor in rebuttal told the jury not to rely on Doe's September 2011 

testimony because according to Farnum, that testimony "only" accused Farnum of 

dropping the baby and did not describe an intentionally inflicted injury as was charged in 

the case. 

 First, Farnum misstates the record when he contends that Doe's 2011 trial 

testimony only established that Farnum had dropped the baby. The record instead shows 

Doe testified that "Dannie" "shooked" the baby because he was mad. When asked in 

follow up questioning what she saw with her own eyes, Doe said, "I seen him [i.e., 

Farnum or Dannie] shook him [i.e., Baby John]." 

 Second, the record shows Doe testified her birth mother, who Doe referred to as 

her "old mom," told her that the baby was bad, as Doe had also noted in her November 

2008 RCAT interview with Bowman. The record shows the prosecutor during closing 

argued to the jury that the birth mother allegedly had attempted to influence Doe and alter 

her testimony by telling Doe the baby was bad; that the baby had been hurt after being 
23 

dropped in the street; that the birth mother and Farnum were then still in contact; and that 

the birth mother's alleged attempt to influence Doe had been unsuccessful because Doe 

also testified she saw "Dannie" "shooked" the baby because he was mad. Thus, the 

record shows the prosecutor, far from disavowing the trial testimony of Doe, actually 

relied on it to corroborate Doe's statements to Russo and Bowman in November 2008 in 

arguing Farnum was guilty of counts 1 and 2. 

 Third, we note that even if the prosecutor sought to disavow Doe's 2011 trial 

testimony, there was still sufficient evidence in the record to support Farnum's conviction 

on counts 1 and 2, and, thus, any error was harmless under any standard of review. (See 

Chapman v. California (1967) 386 U.S. 18, 24; People v. Watson (1956) 46 Cal.2d 818, 

836.) 

 Here, the record shows Doe made statements to Russo the day after Baby John 

died that were consistent with the statements she gave Bowman during the recorded 

RCAT interview, namely that when she, JoJo and her dad (i.e., Farnum) were alone in 

Preston's home with the baby, she saw her dad shake the baby and hurt the baby's head 

because her dad was angry when the baby would not stop crying. The record shows that 

Doe told Russo she saw her dad shake the baby and put the baby "on the bed hard," 

which Doe demonstrated for Russo using a stuffed animal (i.e., a frog). Doe recognized 

her dad had hurt the baby because she told Russo the baby was "sad" and "stopped 

crying" after the attack. 

 The record shows the next day Doe used a doll to demonstrate to Bowman what 

her dad had done to the baby. Doe told Bowman that Farnum was hitting the baby's head 

on "his crib." Doe said she saw Farnum shaking and hurting the baby in "Tink's" room, 
24 

where the crib was located. Doe also confirmed in her interview with Bowman that her 

dad hurt the baby after Preston had left. 

 We conclude this evidence, when considered in conjunction with the testimony of 

Dr. Gleckman, who opined Baby John suffered a skull fracture and died of abusive 

trauma to the head intentionally inflicted by an adult, is sufficient to support Farnum's 

convictions on counts 1 and 2. 

 That there was other evidence and argument in the record from which a jury could 

have reached a different result does not change our conclusion in this case. Indeed, the 

record shows Farnum aggressively argued during closing that Preston murdered Baby 

John because she was "overwhelmed" and was under the influence of methamphetamine, 

which the record shows she and Farnum had used the night before the baby died. Farnum 

also argued during closing that Preston allegedly admitted in a letter she wrote to Farnum 

while he was incarcerated that she was responsible for his incarceration and that Doe's 

statements in November 2008 and her trial testimony in September 2011 could not be 

believed given her responses to certain questions, which Farnum further argued 

undermined her credibility. 

 As the fact finder, the jury was entitled to accept one or more of these arguments 

proffered by Farnum and the evidence in support thereof. By the same logic, the jury 

also was entitled to reject these arguments and any such evidence, as turned out to be the 

case here. (See People v. Smith (2005) 37 Cal.4th 733, 739 [a court of review is bound to 

accept the factual and credibility determinations of the trier of fact]; see also People v. 

Mejia (2007) 155 Cal.App.4th 86, 93 [if substantial evidence exists to support a verdict, a 
25 

court of review must accord due deference to the trier of fact and not substitute its 

evaluation of the facts or of a witness's credibility for that of the fact finder].) 

 Farnum also contends his conviction must be overturned because Dr. Gleckman 

opined the skull fracture and substantial head trauma Baby John sustained could have 

been the result of "very vigorous shaking" or a "hard impact to the head." Because Doe 

testified at trial the baby was dropped onto the street and because, according to Farnum, 

Dr. Gleckman neither from a medical nor factual basis ruled out a fall as the cause of 

Baby John's death, Farnum contends Dr. Gleckman's testimony is insufficient to support 

his conviction. 

 Initially, we reject this contention because as noted ante, we conclude Dr. 

Gleckman's testimony that Doe died of nonaccidental trauma caused by either shaking or 

blunt force trauma corroborated the statements of Doe that she saw her dad shake the 

baby, as demonstrated by her use of both a stuffed animal and a doll, and then saw the 

baby's head being struck hard against the bed and/or crib. We also note Dr. Gleckman 

reached the conclusion Baby John died of intentional abusive blunt force trauma before

he was made aware of any statements that the baby had been "shaken, slammed and hit." 

 Moreover, we reject this contention because other than Doe's testimony that 

"Dannie" dropped the baby in the street, there is no evidence in the record that the baby 

in fact suffered a "significantly high fall onto a very hard surface, meaning several feet or 

higher" (italics added), which Dr. Gleckman in his testimony noted could potentially 

cause an infant's skull to fracture. 

 Indeed, the record here shows that before Farnum's arrest, he was repeatedly asked 

by Preston what happened to Baby John. The record further shows Farnum came up with 
26 

several theories to suggest how the baby might have received blunt force head trauma, 

including hitting his head on the sliding glass door; falling in his crib and hitting his head 

on a toy; or hitting his head when Farnum ran outside with the baby, after the baby 

stopped breathing, to meet paramedics dispatched after the 911 call. Farnum also 

suggested to Preston that his then two-year-old son JoJo might have inflicted the injury 

while using a flashlight as a "light saber." At no point, however, did Farnum ever tell 

Preston or the authorities that he or anyone else had dropped Baby John on the street, or 

dropped the baby at all, much less from "several feet or higher." 

 Our conclusion on this issue is also buttressed by the defense's closing argument. 

The defense did not argue Farnum or anyone else accidently dropped Baby John, much 

less onto a street. Instead, it argued such statements by Doe showed she was unreliable 

as a witness. Moreover, during closing the defense argued Dr. Gleckman was lacking in 

credibility not because he failed to rule out a fall as the medical or factual cause of Baby 

John's death, as Farnum now contends for the first time on appeal, but because he 

rejected the defense's contention that a "Mag flashlight couldn't cause that kind of 

damage" suffered by Baby John. 

 As before, although Farnum disputes the factual basis on which Dr. Gleckman 

opined that Baby John died from a nonaccidental abusive head injury caused by an adult, 

that factual basis was presented to the jury for determination. That the jury ultimately 

rejected Farnum's multiple theories regarding how Baby John died and accepted the 

theory presented by the People, as supported by Dr. Gleckman, does not afford Farnum 

the relief he now seeks. (See People v. Smith, supra, 37 Cal.4th at p. 739; People v. 

Mejia, supra, 155 Cal.App.4th at p. 93.) 
27 

 C. Evidence Code section 1235 

Farnum alternatively contends the court abused its discretion and erred in 

admitting under Evidence Code section 1235 Doe's November 2008 statements because 

Doe allegedly testified at the September 2011 trial she could not remember making these 

statements, and, therefore, her trial testimony allegedly was not "inconsistent" for 

purposes of this statute. 

 1. Additional Background

 The record shows the court, in response to Farnum's motion in limine, held an 

Evidence Code section 402 hearing outside the presence of the jury to determine whether 

Doe was competent to testify at trial. It further shows the court extensively questioned 

Doe and, as a result, concluded she was "sharp" and competent to testify. Farnum does 

not dispute this finding on appeal. 

At trial, as noted Doe testified she saw "Dannie" "shooked" the baby, which 

testimony was consistent with her November 2008 statements to Russo and Bowman. 

However, Doe also testified, as noted, that her birth mother told her Dannie dropped the 

baby in the street and that she saw Dannie drop the baby in the street. 

At the conclusion of Doe's testimony, as noted ante, the prosecutor sought to 

admit under Evidence Code section 1235 Doe's November 2008 statements to Russo and 

Bowman, arguing such statements were inconsistent with her trial testimony. The record 

further shows the court reviewed the RCAT video and found that the video was 

admissible under Evidence Code section 1235. In reaching its decision, the court found 

that Bowman did not ask unduly suggestive questions; that Doe appeared to understand 

the questions asked of her and gave appropriate responses, including, by way of example 
28 

only, answering questions about when she would start school, the name of her upcoming 

teacher, where her dad lived and the fact that her dad had a girlfriend named "Tink." In 

addition, the record shows the court was impressed by the fact that Doe quickly corrected 

Bowman when Bowman mistakenly stated that her brother JoJo, as opposed to the baby, 

had been the one who died. 

The court recognized Doe at times appeared "a little bit" confused by some of the 

questions posed by the interviewer. The court, however, earlier recognized that when 

"talking to somebody quite young," such as Doe, "it's more difficult for them to explain 

concepts. What is the truth? What is a lie? Than it is to talk about what they observed." 

Thus, although Doe "had some difficulty maybe with the definition of lie, truth – truth 

and the like," the court nonetheless concluded based on the totality of the circumstances 

that, in November 2008, Doe was consistent in describing what happened to the baby; 

Doe had "no motive whatsoever to fabricate"; and her statements appeared "trustworthy" 

and demonstrated an "indicia of reliability." As such, the court ruled the RCAT 

videotape was admissible as a prior inconsistent statement. It also ruled the probative 

value of admitting the videotape into evidence was not substantially outweighed by the 

probability that it would prejudice the jury against Farnum or create any substantial 

danger of confusing the jury or of confusing the issues. 

2. Forfeiture

The record shows Farnum did not object to the admission of the RCAT video 

and/or the testimony of Russo on the basis that Doe's trial testimony was not inconsistent 

with her November 2008 statements. Instead, the record shows Farnum objected to the 

admission of this evidence on the ground that "there should be a requirement that there be 
29 

some corroboration, especially in children cases or children's statements, because of the 

very nature that they can be easily manipulated, children's statements, . . . as a safeguard 

against possible fabrication by very young witnesses." 

"'It is, of course, "the general rule" . . . "that questions relating to the admissibility 

of evidence will not be reviewed on appeal in the absence of a specific and timely 

objection in the trial court on the ground sought to be urged on appeal."'" (People v. 

Waidla (2000) 22 Cal.4th 690, 717; see People v. Dorsey (1974) 43 Cal.App.3d 953, 959 

[rejecting defendant's contention that the admission of evidence concerning his bank 

account violated the best evidence rule because the only objection he made at trial was 

such evidence was inadmissible "because an insufficient foundation had been laid for the 

admission of the testimony under the business records exception to the hearsay rule" and 

therefore concluding defendant was precluded from complaining on review that the 

evidence violated the best evidence rule]; see also Evid. Code, § 353, subd. (a).) 

The record shows Farnum did not give the trial court and the People the 

opportunity to consider or meet the evidentiary challenge he now raises, despite the fact 

the record specifically shows the court relied on Evidence Code section 1235 to admit the 

RCAT video and Doe's statements to Russo. His contention is therefore forfeited. (See 

People v. Waidla, supra, 22 Cal.4th at p. 717; see also People v. McCoy (2013) 215 

Cal.App.4th 1510, 1524-1525 [noting the general rule that the failure to object to the 

admission of evidence on the basis of due process grounds must be raised in the first 

instance in the trial court or be deemed forfeited].) 

3. Guiding Principles and Analysis

 Even reaching the merits of his contention, however, we nonetheless conclude it is 
30 

lacking.7 "A statement by a witness that is inconsistent with his or her trial testimony is 

admissible to establish the truth of the matter asserted in the statement under the 

conditions set forth in Evidence Code sections 1235 and 770. The 'fundamental 

requirement' of section 1235 is that the statement in fact be inconsistent with the witness's 

trial testimony. [Citation.] Normally, the testimony of a witness that he or she does not 

remember an event is not inconsistent with that witness's prior statement describing the 

event. [Citation.] However, courts do not apply this rule mechanically. 'Inconsistency in 

effect, rather than contradiction in express terms, is the test for admitting a witness' prior 

statement [citation], and the same principle governs the case of the forgetful witness.' 

[Citation.] When a witness's claim of lack of memory amounts to deliberate evasion, 

inconsistency is implied. [Citation.] As long as there is a reasonable basis in the record 

for concluding that the witness's 'I don't remember' statements are evasive and untruthful, 

admission of his or her prior statements is proper. [Citation.]"8 (People v. Johnson 

(1992) 3 Cal.4th 1183, 1219-1220.) 

 

7 In deciding the merits of this issue, we deem it unnecessary to address Farnum's 

alternate contention that he received ineffective assistance of counsel when the defense 

failed to specifically object to the admission of Doe's November 2008 statements on the 

basis they were not in fact inconsistent with her trial testimony for purposes of Evidence 

Code section 1235. 

8 Evidence Code section 1235 provides: "Evidence of a statement made by a 

witness is not made inadmissible by the hearsay rule if the statement is inconsistent with 

his [or her] testimony at the hearing and is offered in compliance with Section 770. 

Evidence Code section 770 provides: "Unless the interests of justice otherwise require, 

extrinsic evidence of a statement made by a witness that is inconsistent with any part of 

his testimony at the hearing shall be excluded unless: [¶] (a) The witness was so 

examined while testifying as to give him an opportunity to explain or to deny the 

statement; or [¶] (b) The witness has not been excused from giving further testimony in 

the action." 
31 

Here, despite Farnum's contention otherwise, the record shows Doe's trial 

testimony was in fact inconsistent with several key statements Doe made in November 

2008 to Russo and Bowman. At trial, Doe testified that "Dannie" shook the baby at his 

house. The record shows, however, that in November 2008 Doe told both Russo and 

Bowman that the shaking occurred inside Preston's or "Tink's" home. Similarly, at trial 

Doe testified her birth mother was standing right next to her when the shaking incident 

occurred. However, in her statements to both Russo and Bowman, Doe stated only she 

and her brother JoJo were present when her dad shook and hurt the baby. 

 What's more, at trial Doe testified Dannie picked up the baby from a stroller. In 

her earlier statements to Russo and Bowman, however, Doe made no mention of a stroller 

and instead said her dad was near a bed or crib when he picked up the baby, shook him 

and then hit the baby's head hard. In the RCAT video, Doe also told Bowman that after 

shaking the baby and hitting the baby's head on the crib, her dad put the baby back into 

the crib. At trial, however, Doe said after her father finished shaking the baby, he 

dropped him on the street. 

 Doe's trial testimony was also inconsistent because she told both Russo and 

Bowman that "Tink" was not home when her dad shook the baby, but at trial she testified 

"Tink" was inside her home. Doe's testimony was also inconsistent regarding JoJo: at 

trial on direct examination, Doe initially testified only she and her birth mother were 

present when Dannie shook the baby. On cross-examination, however, she stated that her 

brother JoJo was present when the shaking occurred, but that he was sleeping in a crib. 

However, the record shows when Russo interviewed Doe in November 2008, Doe 

specifically said that JoJo was sleeping on the couch when her dad shook the baby. 
32 

Finally, there was also inconsistency between Doe's trial testimony and her 

November 2008 statements regarding speaking to others about the shaking incident: as 

noted, at trial Doe testified she did not speak to anyone (other than perhaps her birth 

mother) about Dannie shaking the baby. However, the record shows Doe in fact did 

speak to both Russo and Bowman about the incident. 

Thus, our examination of the record shows a reasonable basis for a belief that the 

testimony Doe gave at trial was in fact inconsistent in several key respects with the 

statements she gave Russo and Bowman in November 2008. We thus conclude the trial 

court properly exercised its discretion when it admitted the November 2008 statements by 

Doe. (See People v. Geier (2007) 41 Cal.4th 555, 586.)9

D. Competency of Doe in November 2008 

Farnum next contends the court abused its discretion and thus erred when it 

admitted under Evidence Code section 1235 Doe's November 2008 statements without 

first determining whether she was competent in 2008. The record belies Farnum's 

contention. 

Turning first to the RCAT video, as noted ante the court reviewed the video and 

found that Doe understood the questions asked of her and gave appropriate responses, 

even at times correcting the interviewer when the interviewer misstated facts. The court 

recognized that Doe at times struggled with certain questions or concepts, but, as noted 

ante, it also found that it was more difficult for someone as young as Doe to "explain 

 

9 In light of our conclusion, we deem it unnecessary to reach the People's alternate 

contention that Doe's claim of lack of memory at trial was tantamount to deliberate 

evasion, implying inconsistency for purposes of Evidence Code section 1235. (See 

People v. Johnson, supra, 3 Cal.4th at p. 1220.) 
33 

concepts" than to talk about what they "observed." The court found Doe was consistent 

in describing what she saw happen to the baby. The court also found Doe had no motive 

to fabricate. 

There were other factors for the court to consider when it determined she was 

competent. Just a few days earlier, Doe had witnessed a tragic event: the death of a baby. 

While in the presence of her birth mother and grandmother, Doe initially described to 

Russo the shaking and hurting of the baby by her dad, which also was tragic. The next 

day, while still in the care of her birth mother, the record shows Doe again described in 

the recorded RCAT interview the shaking and the hurting of the baby in a manner that 

was very much consistent with the statements she had made to Russo a day earlier. 

However, as noted, Doe also made statements during the RCAT interview that 

suggested she may have been influenced, including by the traumatic event itself. Doe 

told Bowman during the interview that her dad (i.e., Farnum) "died" and when asked 

"how," she responded, "Did yesterday." When asked who told her that her dad had died, 

Doe responded, "My mom." When asked if her mom told her someone else got hurt, Doe 

said, "My dad, my mom." Doe then went on to describe how her brother JoJo "jumped 

down and hurt hi[m]self and he got died" and also how she "got hurt" when she fell and 

scraped herself. 

Moreover, the record shows during the RCAT interview Doe "was at times 

distracted, hoping to color and play." The record shows Doe nonetheless was able to 

describe what she saw with her own eyes and to demonstrate what she saw with a doll, 

thus showing an ability to recollect. 
34 

Although the court initially agreed with the prosecutor that admission of prior 

inconsistent statements under Evidence Code section 1235 allegedly did not require a 

showing of competency at the time those prior statements were made, the record shows 

the court nonetheless made what we conclude amounts to a competency finding after 

reviewing the video, noting: "So it appears to the court that there is an indicia of [Doe's] 

reliability, over and above the People's statement that we don't have to look at the 

competence issue . . . at the time of the interview." 

We have independently reviewed the 23-page transcript of the RCAT interview 

and conclude there was no abuse of discretion, much less a showing of clear abuse (see 

People v. Dennis (1998) 17 Cal.4th 468, 525), when the court, after conducting an 

Evidence Code section 402 hearing and after listening to the child's trial testimony, found 

Doe was a reliable and qualified witness when she gave statements in November 2008. 

(See Evid. Code, § 701, subd. (a); see also People v. Dennis, supra, at p. 525 [noting the 

general rule that "'"every person, irrespective of age, is qualified to be a witness and no 

person is disqualified to testify to any matter"'"]; cf. In re Basilio T. (1992) 4 Cal.App.4th 

155, 166 [noting the general rule that a court's determination concerning a witness's 

competency will not be reversed on appeal absent an abuse of discretion and further 

noting that when a witness in a dependency hearing is found incompetent, in contrast to 

the instant case, the witness's out-of-court-statement contained in a social worker's report 

is likewise inadmissible], superseded by statute as noted in In re Lucero L. (2000) 22 

Cal.4th 1227, 1239-1242.) 

That the record shows Doe at times struggled with certain questions during the 

RCAT interview, as pointed out by Farnum and as we have noted, does not, in our view, 
35 

change our conclusion in light of the record: once the court found Doe was competent 

and properly admitted the video, it was up to the jury to determine the weight, if any, to 

be given to it. 

We further conclude, for the reasons already given, that the court properly 

exercised its discretion when it tacitly found Doe was also competent when she spoke in 

person to Russo the day before Doe's statements were recorded in the RCAT video; there 

is nothing in the record to suggest otherwise and no evidence Doe was any less 

competent one day before the court found her qualified as a witness. 

 Finally, the record belies Farnum's contention that, without Doe's statements, there 

allegedly was "no remaining evidence" of an intentional or negligent act on his part 

causing the death of the baby. The record here shows the jury was given the 

"consciousness of guilt" instruction (CALJIC No. 2.03), which provides: "If you find 

that before this trial [the] defendant made a willfully false or deliberately misleading 

statement concerning the crime[s] for which [he] is now being tried, you may consider 

that statement as a circumstance tending to prove a consciousness of guilt. However, that 

conduct is not sufficient by itself to prove guilt, and its weight and significance, if any, 

are for you to decide." 

 As noted ante, Farnum came up with several theories to explain how Baby John 

may have died while on his watch, including: suffocation from the crib mattress; falling; 

being hit on the head with a flashlight; being hit or pushed by Doe and/or JoJo; or being 

hit on the head when Farnum stumbled as he went outside to meet the paramedics. As 

also noted ante, when driving to the hospital Preston specifically asked Farnum what had 

happened to the baby to make him stop breathing. Farnum in response did not disclose 
36 

these or any other theories in response to Preston's question, but instead merely said he 

did not know. In addition, the record shows Farnum admitted it "looked bad" because he 

was the last one with the baby before the baby died. In light of the testimony of Dr. 

Gleckman regarding the cause of the baby's death, on this record we conclude that even 

without the evidence of Doe's November 2008 statements, the record contains substantial 

evidence to support Farnum's conviction on counts 1 and 2. 

II 

Jury Instructions 

A. Causation

Farnum next contends the court erred when it failed sua sponte to instruct the jury 

with CALJIC Nos. 3.4010 (Cause--"But-For" Test) and 8.5511 (Homicide--Cause--

Defined) in connection with count 2. 

Briefly, the record shows that when discussing jury instructions for count 2, the 

court specifically inquired whether CALJIC No. 3.40 was required. The prosecutor 

stated the "but for" test in CALJIC No. 3.40 was not required, and the defense said 

 

10 CALJIC No. 3.40 provides: "[To constitute the crime of there must be in addition 

to the (result of the crime) an unlawful [act] [or] [omission] which was a cause of that 

(result of the crime).] [¶] The criminal law has its own particular way of defining cause. 

A cause of the (result of the crime) is an [act] [or] [omission] that sets in motion a chain 

of events that produces as a direct, natural and probable consequence of the [act] [or] 

[omission] the (result of the crime) and without which the (result of the crime) would not 

occur." 

11 CALJIC No. 8.55 provides: "To constitute [murder] [or] [manslaughter] there 

must be, in addition to the death of a human being, an unlawful act which was a cause of 

that death." 
37 

nothing. The court in response ruled, "Yeah, I didn't think so. I had it [i.e., CALJIC No. 

3.40] there, but nobody wants that." 

With respect to count 2, the court instructed the jury on the elements required to 

prove that charge (CALJIC No. 9.36.5)12 and the elements required to prove an assault 

(CALJIC No. 9.00).13 The court also instructed the jury that the person committing the 

assault had to have the present ability to commit the assault (CALJIC No. 9.01).14

 

12 CALJIC No. 9.36.5 provides: "[Defendant is accused [in Count[s] ] of having 

violated § 273ab of the Penal Code, a crime.] [¶] Every person who, having the care or 

custody of a child who is under eight years of age, assaults the child by means of force 

that to a reasonable person would be likely to produce great bodily injury, resulting in the 

child's death, is guilty of a violation of Penal Code § 273ab, a crime. [¶] 'Great bodily 

injury' means significant or substantial bodily injury or damage; it does not mean trivial 

or insignificant injury or moderate harm. [¶] In order to prove this crime, each of the 

following elements must be proved: [¶] 1. A person had the care or custody of a child 

under eight years of age; [¶] 2. That person committed an assault upon the child; [¶] 3. 

The assault was committed by means of force that to a reasonable person would be likely 

to produce great bodily injury; and [¶] 4. The assault resulted in the death of the child." 

13 CALJIC No. 9.00 provides: "[Defendant is accused [in Count[s] ] of having 

violated section 240 of the Penal Code, a crime.] [¶] [Every person who commits an 

assault upon another person is guilty of a violation of Penal Code section 240, a 

[misdemeanor] [crime].] [¶] In order to prove an assault, each of the following elements 

must be proved: [¶] 1. A person willfully [and unlawfully] committed an act which by its 

nature would probably and directly result in the application of physical force on another 

person; [¶] 2. The person committing the act was aware of facts that would lead a 

reasonable person to realize that as a direct, natural and probable result of this act that 

physical force would be applied to another person; and [¶] 3. At the time the act was 

committed, the person committing the act had the present ability to apply physical force 

to the person of another. [¶] The word 'willfully' means that the person committing the 

act did so intentionally. However, an assault does not require an intent to cause injury to 

another person, or an actual awareness of the risk that injury might occur to another 

person. [¶] To constitute an assault, it is not necessary that any actual injury be inflicted. 

However, if an injury is inflicted it may be considered in connection with other evidence 

in determining whether an assault was committed [and, if so, the nature of the assault]. 

[¶] [A willful application of physical force upon the person of another is not unlawful 

when done in lawful [self-defense] [or] [defense of others]. The People have the burden 
38 

As noted ante, the defense then (as opposed to this appeal) did not dispute that the 

baby died of an intentionally-inflicted severe head injury, as testified to by Dr. Gleckman. 

Thus, the record shows the defense did not dispute that Baby John was assaulted and that 

the assault resulted in his death within the meaning of CALJIC No. 9.36.5. Rather, the 

issue for the jury to decide was who inflicted that injury for purposes of count 2. As also 

noted ante, the defense aggressively argued that Preston killed Baby John because she 

was overwhelmed and on drugs. 

In light of this record, we conclude the court properly instructed the jury with 

CALJIC Nos. 9.36.5, 9.00 and 9.01, as these instructions required the jury to decide, 

consistent with Farnum's defense, whether Farnum or someone other than him (i.e., 

Preston) intentionally inflicted the head trauma on Baby John. As such, we conclude that 

even if Farnum did not forfeit this instructional error on appeal (see People v. Andersen 

(1994) 26 Cal.App.4th 1241, 1249), his contention the court erred in failing to instruct 

sua sponte on causation lacks merit. 

Finally, we reject this contention because the jury convicted Farnum in count 1 of 

second degree murder, a conviction that required a finding of an "unlawful killing of a 

human being with malice aforethought" (CALJIC Nos. 8.10 & 8.30). Because the jury 

 

to prove that the application of physical force was not in lawful [self-defense] [defense of 

others]. If you have a reasonable doubt that the application of physical force was 

unlawful, you must find the defendant not guilty.]" 

14 Finally, CALJIC No. 9.01 provides: "A necessary element of an assault is that the 

person committing the assault have the present ability to apply physical force to the 

person of another. This means that at the time of the act which by its nature would 

probably and directly result in the application of physical force upon the person of 

another, the perpetrator of the act must have the physical means to accomplish that result. 

If there is this ability, 'present ability' exists even if there is no injury." 
39 

clearly found Farnum was the person who inflicted or "caused" the baby's fatal head 

injury, the result would have been the same even if CALJIC Nos. 3.40 and 8.55 had been 

given. (See People v. Ramos (2008) 163 Cal.App.4th 1082, 1088 [noting that in 

reviewing a challenge to jury instructions, a court of review must consider the 

instructions as a whole].) 

B. Lesser Included Offense of Involuntary Manslaughter15

Farnum next contends that his conviction on counts 1 and 2 must be reversed 

because the trial court failed sua sponte16 to instruct the jury that involuntary 

manslaughter was a lesser included offense of both counts. Specifically, he contends 

Doe's testimony that Farnum shook and then dropped the baby on the street was 

sufficient evidence to warrant such an instruction. We disagree. 

For the court's sua sponte duty of instruction to arise, there must be evidence the 

defendant is guilty of the lesser offense that is substantial enough for consideration by the 

jury. (People v. Barton (1995) 12 Cal.4th 186, 195, fn. 4.) "'Substantial evidence' in this 

 

15 Farnum raises this and the next issue by way of supplemental briefing. In 

explaining why he needed to file a supplemental brief, Farnum's appellate counsel 

explained these issues were "inadvertently omitted" from the opening brief. We note 

Farnum filed the request to submit a supplemental brief on August 30, 2013, after the 

People had filed their opening brief, and despite the fact Farnum's appellate counsel had 

been in possession of the record, as augmented, since September 20, 2012. We further 

note that Farnum does not appear to rely on any recently-decided authority in his 

supplemental brief, which would at least provide some explanation why he needed to 

brief these issues separately from his opening brief, which we note was also amended by 

his appellate counsel. We do not in any way condone the practice of a party filing 

multiple briefs under such circumstances. 

16 The record shows at trial the defense expressly stated no lesser included 

instructions were being requested. 
40 

specific context is defined as evidence which is 'sufficient to "deserve consideration by 

the jury, i.e., 'evidence from which a jury composed of reasonable [people] could have 

concluded'" that the particular facts underlying the instruction did exist.' [Citations.]" 

(People v. Burnham (1986) 176 Cal.App.3d 1134, 1139–1140.) 

 Here, the record clearly shows the defense went to great lengths to discredit Doe's 

trial testimony, arguing she was a storyteller and not credible. This was in part based on 

her testimony that "Dannie" dropped the baby on the street, which led the court to admit 

after-the-fact her November 2008 statements under Evidence Code section 1235. 

Moreover, as we noted ante, there is no other evidence that Farnum or anyone else ever 

dropped the baby, much less onto a street. We thus conclude the court did not err in 

failing to instruct sua sponte the jury on involuntary manslaughter. (People v. Barton, 

supra, 12 Cal.4th at p. 195, fn. 4.) 

We also reject this contention because as also noted ante, the defense's theory was 

that Preston killed Baby John because she was overwhelmed and on drugs. "'When a 

defense attorney makes a "conscious, deliberate tactical choice" to . . . forego a particular 

instruction, the invited error doctrine bars an argument on appeal that the instruction was 

. . . omitted in error.'" (People v. McKinnon (2011) 52 Cal.4th 610, 675.) For this 

separate and independent reason, we reject the contention the court erred when it failed to 

instruct the jury on the lesser included offense of involuntary manslaughter. 
41 

3. Corpus Delicti 

Finally, Farnum contends the court erred when it failed to give sua sponte a corpus 

delicti jury instruction.17 "In every criminal trial, the prosecution must prove the corpus 

delicti, or the body of the crime itself—i.e., the fact of injury, loss, or harm, and the 

existence of a criminal agency as its cause." (People v. Alvarez (2002) 27 Cal.4th 1161, 

1168–1169.) The prosecution must establish the corpus delicti independent from the 

admissions of the defendant, thus assuring the accused does not admit to a crime which 

did not occur. (Id. at p. 1169.) "The independent proof may be circumstantial and need 

not be beyond a reasonable doubt, but is sufficient if it permits an inference of criminal 

conduct, even if a noncriminal explanation is also plausible. [Citations.] There is no 

requirement of independent evidence 'of every physical act constituting an element of an 

offense,' so long as there is some slight or prima facie showing of injury, loss, or harm by 

a criminal agency. [Citation.]" (Id. at p. 1171.) 

Assuming without deciding the court had a duty to instruct sua sponte on the 

corpus delicti rule, we conclude that error was harmless: "Error in omitting a corpus 

delicti instruction is considered harmless, and thus no basis for reversal, if there appears 

no reasonable probability the jury would have reached a result more favorable to the 

defendant had the instruction been given. [Citations.]" (See People v. Alvarez, supra, 27 

 

17 The corpus delicti rule is defined in CALCRIM No. 359 (and its predecessor, 

CALJIC No. 272) in part as follows: "The defendant may not be convicted of any crime 

based on (his/her) out-of-court statement[s] alone. You may rely on the defendant's outof-court statements to convict (him/her) only if you first conclude that other evidence 

shows that the charged crime [or a lesser included offense] was committed. [¶] That 

other evidence may be slight and need only be enough to support a reasonable inference 

that a crime was committed." 
42 

Cal.4th at p. 1181.) As long as there is "'a slight or prima facie showing'" permitting an 

inference of injury, loss, or harm from a criminal agency, the jury may consider the 

defendant's statements to strengthen the case on all issues. (Ibid.) "If, as a matter of law, 

this 'slight or prima facie' showing was made, a rational jury, properly instructed, could 

not have found otherwise, and the omission of an independent-proof instruction is 

necessarily harmless." (Ibid; see People v. Brucker (1983) 148 Cal.App.3d 230, 237 

[refusing to reverse conviction for failure to give a corpus delicti instruction because the 

"'omission, however, does not constitute reversible error if upon a reweighing of the 

evidence it does not appear reasonably probable that a result more favorable to defendant 

would have been reached in the absence of the error'"].) 

As noted ante, in the instant case there was ample evidence separate and apart 

from Farnum's extrajudicial statements to support Farnum's conviction on counts 1 and 2, 

including the testimony of Dr. Gleckman and the November 2008 statements and trial 

testimony of Doe. Accordingly, we conclude the failure to give this instruction was not 

reversible error. 

DISPOSITION 

 The judgment of conviction is affirmed. 

BENKE, Acting P. J. 

WE CONCUR: 

NARES, J. 

IRION, J.