## United States Court of App eals

F O R T H E E I G H T H C I R C U I T

__ __ __ __ __ _
No. 1 1- 31 00

__ __ __ __ __ _
Jo se ph B. W is e; Ton i M . W is e, *

* App el la nt , *

* App eal fro m

th e Uni te d S ta te s

v. * Dis tri ct Co ur t fo r th e
* East ern Dis tri ct of M is so ur i. Am eri can Sta nd ard Ins ur an ce Co m pa ny * of W is co ns in
, *

* App el le e. *

__ __ __ __ __ _
Su bm it te d: Marc h 1 5, 2 01 2 Fi le d: May 30, 2 01 2

__ __ __ __ __ _ Befo re RI LEY, Chi ef J ud ge , SMITH an d S HEPHERD, Circ ui t J ud ge s.

__ __ __ __ __ _
SMI TH, Circ ui t J ud ge

.

Jo se ph B. W is e an d Ton i M

. Wis e, hu sb an d an d wife
, ("t he W is es ") ap pe al fro m th e di st ric t co ur t's gr an t o f su m m ary jud gm en t in fav or of Am eri can St an da rd
In su ran ce Co m

pa ny of W is co ns in ("Am eri can St an da rd "). The di st ric t co ur t 1

co nc lu de d t ha t t he W is es were n ot en ti tl ed to reco ve r un de rin su red m ot or is t (UIM)

co ve rag e be ne fit s un de r fo ur Am eri can St an da rd po li ci es be cau se th e to rtf eas or 's

The Hon or ab le Aud rey G. Fl ei s s i g , U ni te d St at es Dis tri ct Ju dg e fo r th e 1 East ern Dis tri ct of M is so ur i.ve hi cl e was no t an "u nd eri ns ur ed m ot or ve hi cl e" un de r th e po li ci es ' pl ai n la ng ua ge

.

W e aff irm.

I. Bac kg ro un d
On Mar ch 19 , 2 00 8, Jo se ph W is e was in vo lv ed in an a u t o mo b il e acci de nt in Mi ss ou ri whe n Ch arl es Ja ck so n's ve hi cl e ne gl ig en tl y co ll id ed wit h Jo se ph W is e's

ve hi cl e. The au

tom obi le ac ci de nt oc cu

rr ed dur ing th e co ur se of Ja ck so n's em pl oym en t wit h Mack li n Haul in g ("Ma ck li n" ). Jo se ph W is e's so n, J oh n Wis e, was a pa ss en ge r in hi s fat he r's ve hi cl e at th e ti m e of th e acci de nt

. Bo th Jo se ph an d Jo hn W is e su ffer ed si gn ifi can t in

juri es

. Em

pi re Fi re an d Mar in e In su ran ce Co m pa ny ("Em

pi re" ) in su red
Ja ck so n an d Mac kl in
, pr ov id in g $1 ,00 0,0 00 of au to m ob il e li ab il it y co ve rag e. Em pi re

se tt le d th e W is es ' in

jury cl ai m s on be ha lf of it s in su red s fo r th e po li cy l i mi t of $1 ,00 0,0 00

. Am eri can St an da rd an d th e W is es st ip ul at e th at th e W is es ' da m ag es are $1 ,50 0,0 00

. W

is e v. Am. St an da rd In s. Co

. of W is

. , No. 4: 10 CV0 06 68 AGF, 20 11 W L 38 80 58 0, at *1 (E.D. Mo. Se pt . 2, 2 01 1)

.

Bo th Jo se ph W i s e a n d To ni W is e were li st ed on th e ti tl e as own ers of th e wreck ed ve hi cl e. The W is es ha d an Am eri can St an da rd au to m ob il e li ab il it y po li cy

co ve rin g th is ve hi cl e, as well as th ree ad d i t i o n a l Am eri can St an da rd au to m ob il e li ab il it y po li ci es th at e a c h c o v ered a di ffer en t ve hi cl e. "Eac h of th e fo ur po li ci es is su ed to [th e W is es ] pr ov id ed fo r UIM co ve rag e o f up to $1 00 ,00 0 pe r pe rs on an d $3 00 ,00 0 p er ac ci de nt ." Id . All fou r po li ci es co nt ai n t he fol lo win g p ro vi si on :

PART VI—GENERAL PROVISI ONS

* * *

3. Two or Mo re Cars In su red . Th e t o t a l li m it of ou r li ab il it y un de r al l po li ci es is su ed to y ou by us sh al l no t ex ceed th e hi gh es t li m it of li ab il it y un de r an y

on e p ol ic y

.

-2

-W he n th is po li cy in su r e s t w o or m or e cars , t he co ve rag es ap pl y sep arat el y

to each car.

All fo ur po li ci es al so co nt ai n a UIM Co ve rag e End or se m en t, whi ch pr ov id es , in rel ev an t p art :

W e wil l pa y co m

pe ns at or y da m ag es fo r bo di ly in jury whi ch an in su red is le ga ll y en ti tl ed to reco ve r f r o m th e own er or op erat or of an
un de rin su red m ot or ve hi cl e. The bo di ly in jury m us t be su st ai ne d by an in su red pe rs on an d m

us t be cau se d by an acci de n t an d ari se ou t of th e
us e o f th e u nd eri ns ur ed m ot or ve hi cl e.

* * *

ADDITIONAL DEF I N ITIONS USED IN THIS ENDORSEMENT ONLY

* * *

3. U n d e r i ns ur ed m ot or ve hi cl e m ean s a mo t o r v e h i c l e w h i c h i s in su red by a li ab il it y bo nd or po li cy at th e ti m e of th e acci de nt whi ch pr ov id es bo di ly in

jury li ab il it y li m it s le ss th an th e li m it s of li ab il it y of t hi s Un de rin su red Mo to ris ts co ve rag e.

* * *

LIMITS OF LIABI LITY

* * *

W e wil l pa y n o m or e th an [th e $1 00 ,00 0/ $3 00 ,00 0] m ax im um s no matt er ho w m an y ve hi cl es are de sc rib ed in th e de cl arat io ns , in su r e d pe rs o n s , c la im s, cl ai m an ts or po li ci es or ve hi cl es are in vo lv ed in th e acci de nt

.
The li m it s o f li ab il it y

of t hi s co ve rag e wil l b e red uc ed by:

-3

-1. A pa y m en t m ad e or am ou nt pa y ab le by or on be ha lf of an y pe rs on
o r or ga ni zat io n whi ch m ay be le ga ll y li ab le
, or un de r a n y
co ll ect ib le au to li ab il it y in su ran ce[,] fo r lo ss c a us ed by an acci de nt wit h a n u nd eri ns ur ed m ot or ve hi cl e.

* * *

OTHER INSURANCE

If th ere is ot he r si m il ar in su ran ce on a lo ss co ve red by th is en do rs em en t,

we wil l pa y ou r sh are acco rd i n g t o t h i s po li cy 's pr op or ti on of th e to ta l li m it s of al l si m il ar in su ran ce. Bu t, an y in su ran ce pr ov id ed un d e r t h is

en do rs em en t fo r an in su red pe rs on whi le oc cu pyin g a ve hi cl e y ou do no t

own is ex ces s o ve r an y

ot he r si m il ar i ns ur an ce.

Am eri can St an da rd is su ed al l fo ur po li ci es in Ill in oi s, an d th e W is es are Ill in oi s

res id en ts . All of t he po li ci es were i n e ffec t o n t he da te of t he acci de nt

.

Af t e r th e W is es se tt le d wit h Em pi re, th ey de m an de d UIM co ve rag e fro m Am eri can St an da rd fo r $4 00 ,00 0— "t he co m bi ne d UIM co ve rag e in each of th e fo ur
po li ces ." Id

. Am eri can St an da rd
, ho wev er, refu se d th e de m an d. The W is es fil ed su it fo r br each of co nt ract , lo ss of c o n s or ti um , an d ve xa ti ou s refu sa l to pa y

. Am eri can St an da rd rem ov ed th e su it to fed eral di st ric t co ur t ba se d on di ve rs it y of ci ti zen sh ip

.

The pa rt i e s fil ed cro ss -m ot io ns fo r su m m ary jud gm en t. Befo re th e di st ric t

co ur t, th e W is es as se rte d th at Mi ss ou ri la w go ve rn ed th e di sp ut e. App lying Mi ss ou ri la w, th ey co nt en de d th at "t he po li ci es are am bi gu ou s." Id

. at *2

. Sp eci fic al ly, th ey
arg ue d th at "t he se co nd se nt en ce in th e 'Oth er In su ran ce' pr ov is io n ap pe ars to pr ov id e UIM co ve rag e, whi le th e an ti -s ta ck in g an d se t-o ff pr ov is io ns in di cat e th at su ch

co ve rag e is no t pr ov id ed ." Id

. at *2 (fo ot no te om it te d)

. The y fu rth er argu ed th at th e

se co nd se nt en ce in th e "Ot he r In su ran ce" pr ov is io n was am bi gu ou s reg ard in g " t h e
te rm 'a ve hi cl e y ou do no t own ' as ap pl ie d to co -o wne rs of a ve hi cl e." Id

. Acco rd in g

-4

-to th e W is es , "b ecau se th ey were co -o wne rs of th e [wrec ke d ve hi cl e], ne it he r own ed

i t ." Id

. As a res ul t, "J os ep h W is e was in a ve hi cl e [th at ] he di d no t o w n

. " I d

. Th e W is es co nt en de d th at th e di st ric t co ur t ha d to res ol ve al l am bi gu it ie s i n t he ir f

av or , "p recl ud in g Am eri can St an da rd fro m de nyin g th em UIM co ve rag e un de r th e se t-o ff

pr ov is io n an d en ti tl in g th em to st ack th e UIM co ve rag e pr ov id ed in th e i r fo ur in su ran ce p ol ic ie s." Id

.

In res po ns e, Am eri can S ta nd ard arg ue d th at it was en ti tl ed to su m m ary jud gm en t un de r ei th er Ill in oi s or Mi ss ou ri la w be cau se th e to rtf eas or 's car was no t an

un de rin su red m ot or ve hi cl e. A merica n St an da rd no te d th at th e to rtf eas or 's li ab il it y li m it ex ceed s th e W i s e s ' UIM li m it ev en whe n th e fo ur po li ci es are st ack ed

. Add it io na ll y , Am eri can St an da rd m a i n ta in ed "t ha t un de r th e un am bi gu ou s po li cy la ng ua ge [it was ] en ti tl ed to a se t-o ff in th e am ou nt [th e W is es ] rece iv ed fro m Em pi re,

an d th at [th e W is es were] pr oh ib it ed fro m st ack in g th e UI M co ve rag e pr ov id ed in th ei r fo ur in su ran ce p ol ic es ." Id

.

The di st ric t cou rt gra nt ed su m m ary jud gm en t in fav or of Am eri can St an da rd

. Fi rs t, the di st ric t cou rt, a pp lying Mi ss ou ri law, con cl ud ed th at "t he acci de nt di d no t ari se ou t of th e us e o f an 'un de rin su red m ot or ve hi cl e'" un de r th e pl ai n la ng ua ge of th e UIM Co ve rag e End or se m en t be cau se "t he to r[t ]feaso r's ve hi cl e carr ie d li ab il it y in su ran ce of $1 ,00 0,0 00

. Su ch am ou nt is bo th gr eat er th an [th e W is es '] UIM co ve rag e of $1 00 ,00 0 fo r each po li cy , an d gr eat er th an th e ag gr eg at e UIM co ve rag e of al l fo ur
po li ci es , if [t he W is es ] were perm it te d to st ack th em ." Id

. at *4 . Seco nd , th e d is tri ct

co ur t, read in g th e po li cy as a who le
, co nc lu de d "t ha t th e ph ras e 'a ve hi cl e y ou do no t

own ' in th e se co nd se nt en ce of th e Oth er In su ran ce pr ov is io n of th e po li ci es " was no t

a mb i g u ou s ba se d on th e Mi ss ou ri Su pr em e Co ur t's pr io r ho ld in g "t ha t [a] pl ai n t i f f

. . . in jure d in a m ot or ve hi c l e a c c i d e n t own ed th e car in qu es ti on " ev en th ou gh he
"o wne d th e car 'joi nt ly wit h hi s fat he r.'" Id

. (q uo ti ng La ir v. Am. Fami ly Mut

. In s. Co

. , 78 9 S.W .2d 30
, 3 2 ( M o

. 19 90 )). The refo re, th e co ur t co nc lu de d th at "t he se co nd

se nt en ce o f th e Oth er In su ran ce pr ov is io n do es no t ap pl y to [Jo se ph W is e], and th e

-5

-an ti -s ta ck in g an d se t-o ff pr ov is io ns in th e po li ci es are no t ren de red am bi gu ou s as to [th e Wises '] cl ai m s." Id . at * 5.

II. Dis cu ss io n On ap pe al
, th e W is es arg ue th at th e di st ric t co ur t erro ne ou sl y fo un d th at (1 ) th e
to rtf eas or 's ve hi cl e was no t an "u nd eri ns ur ed m ot or is t ve hi cl e," le av in g th e W is es wit ho ut be ne f

i t s u n de r th e UIM po li ci es ; (2 ) th e W is es co ul d no t "s ta ck " th ei r fo ur UIM po li ci es ; an d (3 ) Am eri can St an da rd m ay "s et -o ff" li ab il it y pa y m en ts m ad e to th e Wises fro m

th e fo ur UIM p ol ic ie s.

"We rev ie w de n ov o t he di st ric t co ur t's gra nt of su m m ary jud gm en t b as ed on it s in te rp ret at io n o f in su ran ce p ol ic y pro vi si on s." Se cu ra Ins . v. Hor iz on Plu mbi ng , In c. , 67 0 F.3 d 85 7, 86 1 (8 th Ci r. 20 12 ). A d i s t r i ct co ur t pr op erl y gr an ts su m m ary jud gm en t " if t he re i s n o ge nu in e is su e of m at eri al fact an d t he in su rer[ ] [is ] en ti tl ed

to jud gm en t as a m at te r of la w." Id

. "St at e la w go ve rn s th e in te rp ret at io n of in su ran ce
po li ci es whe n fed eral juri sd ic ti on is ba se d on di ve rs it y of ci ti zen sh ip ." Id

. Fo r th e
pu rp os es of th is ap pe al
, we wil l as su m e, wit ho ut de ci di ng , th at Mi ss ou ri la w go ve rn s th e d is pu te , as t he W is es cla im

.

The fo ur po li ci es at is su e de fin e an "u nd eri ns ur ed m ot or ve hi cl e" as "a m ot or

ve hi cl e whi ch is in su red by a li ab il it y bo nd or po li cy at th e ti m e of th e acci de nt whi ch

pr ov id es bo di ly in

jury li ab il it y li m it s l e ss th an th e li m it s of li ab il it y of th is Und eri ns u r e d M ot or is ts co ve rag e." "Un de r [th is ] type of po li cy

. . . , if th e ot he r

m ot or is t pa y s as m

uc h or m or e to th e in su red fo r bo di ly in ju ry as th e in su red ha s

un de rin su red co ve rag e, t h e n t h e in su red is no t pe rm it te d to reco ve r un de r th e

un de rin su red co ve rag e." Mel to n v. Co un tr y Mut

. In s. Co

. , 75 S.W .3d 32 1, 32 5 (Mo

. Ct . App . 20 02 ).

-6

-The Mi ss ou ri C ou rt o f App eal s h as no te d t ha t

[d ]eterm in in g wh et he r th e d efi ni ti on of a n u nd eri ns ur ed m ot or ve hi cl e is m et is no t a t hr es ho ld is su e to de te rm in e whe th er th e in su red is

en ti tl ed to un de rin su red m ot or i s t c ov erag e. [ Goz a v. Har tf or d Und er wr it er

s In c. Co

. , 97 2 S.W .2d 37 1,] 37 5 [(M o. Ct

. App

. 19 98 )]. "Where th e de fin i t i o n o f un de rin su red was id en ti cal to th e on e in th e [in su rer's ] po li cy an d was fo un d to be un am bi gu ou s

. . . th e in su red can st il l be en ti tl ed to [u nd eri ns ur ed m ot or ve h i c l e ] be ne fit s ev en th ou gh
t h at de fin it io n is no t m et if th e po li cy 's [u nd eri ns ur ed m ot or ve hi cl e] pr ov is io ns when read to ge th er g iv e ri se to su ch an am bi gu it y ." Id

.

Am. Fami ly Mut

. I

n s

. C o. v. Rag

sd al e , 21 3 S.W .3d 51
, 54 (Mo

. Ct

. App

. 20 06 ) (fo ur th , fift h, s ix th , and sev en th alt erat io ns in ori gi na l).

In Rag sd al e , t he to rtf

eas or 's au to m ob il e in su ran ce po li cy pr ov id ed $1 00 ,00 0

co ve rag e. Id

. at 53

. The pl ai nt iff s ha d in su ran ce fo r th ei r pe rs on al ve hi cl es un de r two
po li ci es , "eac h h av in g u nd eri ns ur ed m ot or is t cov erag e in th e am ou nt of $ 10 0,0 00 ." Id

. The pl ai nt iff

s "m ad e a $2 00 ,00 0 dem an d up on [th ei r in su rer]." Id . The Mis so ur i
Co ur t of App eal s fo un d th at "an is ol at ed read in g of th e d e f i n i t i on of 'un de rin su red

m ot or ve hi cl e ' fo rb id s co ve rag e." Id

. at 55 –5 6. Howev er, read in g th e in su ran ce
pr ov is io ns t o g e t h er, th e co ur t co nc lu de d th at th e "Ot he r In su ran ce cl au se " of th e
po li ci es was am

bi gu ou s. Id

. at 56

. Afte r de te rm in in g th at "t he ex ces s c l a u se of th e Oth er In su ran ce pr ov is io n [was ] am bi gu ou s," th e co ur t he l d t h at it "m us t al lo w
st ack in g of po li ci es in co ns id erat io n o f t h e a m bi gu it y th e Oth er In su ran ce cl au se

crea te s wit h res pe ct to th e an ti -s ta ck in g pr ov is io n." Id

. at 57

. The co ur t al so fo un d th at "t he sa m e am

bi gu it y pr oh ib it s [th e in su rer] fro m se tt in g- of f m on ie s rece iv ed by th e [in su red s] fro m [th e to rtf eas or 's] li ab il it y pol ic y or w or ke rs ' co m pe nsa tio n bene fit s
ag ai ns t th e un de rin su red m ot or is t co ve rag e in li gh t of t h e am bi gu it y th e Oth er In su ran ce cl au se crea te s wi th res pe ct to th e se t-o ff p ro vi si on s o f th e p ol ic ie s." Id

.

-7

-Si m il arl y , in Ch am ne ss v. Ameri ca n Fami ly Mut ua l In su ra nc e. Co

. , th e

to rtf eas or "h ad bo di ly in

jury li ab il it y in su ran ce co ve ra g e i n th e am ou nt of $1 00 ,00 0.0 0 pe r pe rs on an d $3 00 ,00 0.0 0 pe r oc cu rren ce." 22 6 S.W .3d 19 9, 20 1 (Mo

. C t

. A p p

. 2 0 07 ). At th e ti m e of th e acci de nt , th e pl ai nt iff an d he r hu sb an d were n o t li vi ng to ge th er, bu t th ey were "b ot h in su red un de r two au to m ob il e in su ran ce po li ci es " th at co ve red di ffer en t ve hi cl es

. I d

. " B ot h po li ci es pr ov id [ed ] fo r un de rin su red

mo t o r i st in su ran ce co ve rag e fo r bo di ly in jury in th e am ou nt of $1 00 ,00 0.0 0 p e r
pe rs on an d $3 00 ,00 0.0 0 pe r acci de nt ." Id

. The in su rer arg ue d th at th e pl ai nt iff co ul d

no t r e c o v e r "u nd er th e un eri ns ur ed m ot or is t co ve rag e en do rs em en t of ei th er po li cy be cau se he r co ll is io n wit h [th e to rtf eas or ] di d no t oc cu r wit h an un de rin su red m ot or

ve hi cl e, as [th e to rtf

eas or 's] bo di ly in

jury li ab il it y co ve rag e eq ua le d th e un de rin su red

moto ris t co ve rag e of each of [th e] [p ]lain ti ff's in su ran ce po li ci es ." Id

. at 20 2. I n

res po ns e, th e pl ai nt iff as se rte d th at an am bi gu i ty in th e po li ci es "en ti tl ed [h er] to

un de rin su red mo t o r i s t co ve rag e un de r bo th po li ci es "; pe rm it te d he r "t o st ack th e $1 00 ,00 0.0 0 of un de rin su red mo t or is t co ve rag e pr ov id ed by each po li cy "; an d

pr ev en te d th e in su rer fro m "s et [ti ng ]-off th e am ou nt reco ve red fro m [th e to rtf eas or 's] in su ran ce co m

pa ny." Id

.

On ap pe al
, th e Mi ss ou ri Co ur t of App eal s ad dr es se d th e st ack in g is su e fir st

. Id

. A n a l yzin g "t he ot he r in su ran ce cl au se ," th e co ur t de te rm in ed th at "t he po li ci es ' la ng ua ge is am

bi gu ou s as to whe th er th e acci de nt oc cu rred whi le [th e] [p ]lain ti ff was

oc cu pyin g a ve hi cl e ' yo u do no t own .' Co ns tru in g th is la ng ua ge in fav or of [th e] [p ]lain ti ff, [th e co ur t] f[o un d] [th at ] th e se co nd se nt en ce of th e ot he r in su ran ce cl au se
ap pl ie d to he r." Id

. at 20 4. The n, th e co ur t ap pl ie d Rag sd al e an d he ld th at "[b ]ecaus e th e se co nd se nt en ce of th e o th er i ns ur an ce cl au se ap pe ars to pro vi de co ve rag e o ve r

an d ab ov e an y

ot he r ap pl ic ab le co ve rag e b ut th e an ti -s ta ck in g an d se t-o ff la ng ua ge in di c a t e s th at su ch co ve rag e is no t pr ov id ed
, th e in su ran ce po li ci es ' la ng ua ge is

am bi gu ou s." Id

. at 20 7. The co ur t co ns tru ed th is am bi gu it y in th e pl ai nt iff

's fav or

. Id

. "Be cau se [th e co ur t] . . . det erm in ed th at th e se co nd se nt en ce of the ot he r in su ran ce
pr ov is io n crea te [d ] an am bi gu it y wit h res pe c t to th e an ti -s ta ck in g pr ov is io ns , [th e

-8

-co ur t]

. . . al lo w[ed ] [th e] [p ]lain ti ff to st ack th e $1 00 ,00 0.0 0 of un de rin su red m ot or is t

co ve rag e p ro vi de d b y

each po li cy ." Id . a t 20 8. Fi nd in g t ha t t he "[p ]lain ti ff's sec on d

po in t on ap pe al [was ] di sp os it iv e, [th e co ur t] f[ ou nd ] it un ne ces sa ry to ad

dr es s [t he ] [p ] la in ti ff 's fi rs t po in t on ap

pe al "— i.e., whe th er th e pl ai nt if f w a s e nt it le d to

un de rin su red m ot or is t co ve rag e u nd er b ot h p ol ic ie s. Id . (em ph as is ad de d)

.

In th e pr es en t cas e, th e W is es are no t en ti tl ed to reco ve r un de r th e UIM po li ci es

even if th ey

are s ta ck ed , th ereb y

di st in gu is hi ng th e p res en t ca se fro m Rag sd al e an d Ch amn es s

. The am ou nt of th e to rtf eas or 's lia bi li ty in su ran ce— $1 ,00 0,0 00 —i s bo th

gr eat er t ha n th e Wises ' UIM co ve rag e o f $1 00 ,00 0 fo r eac h p ol ic y an d gre at er t ha n th e ag gr eg at e—o r sta cked —UIM co ve rag e fo r al l fo ur po li ci es —$ 40 0,0 00

. Thu s, th e di st ric t co ur t co rrec tl y co nc lu de d th at th e W is es are no t en ti tl ed to reco ve r un de r th e UIM po li ci es be cau se st ack in g th em st il l do es no t res ul t in an am ou nt ex ceed in g th e
to rtf eas or 's l ia bi li ty ins ur an ce. 2

III. Co nc lu si on Acco rd in gl y , we affi rm

th e jud gm en t o f th e d is tri ct co ur t.

__ __ __ __ __ __ __ __ __ __ __ __ __ __ __

As th e di st ric t co ur t no te d, "Am eri can St an da rd 's U IM Co ve ra ge End or se m en t 2 cl earl y st at es th at a ve hi cl e wil l be co ns id ered un de rin su red whe n it s li a b i l i t y
co ve rag e is le ss th an th e in su red 's UIM co ve rag e." W is e , 2 01 1 W L 3 88 05 80 , a t *4

. In th e pr es en t cas e, " t h e t o r [t]feas or 's ve hi cl e carr ie d li ab il it y in su ran ce of $1 ,00 0,0 00

. Su ch am ou nt is bo th gr eat er th an Pl ai nt iff s' UIM co ve rag e of $1 00 ,00 0 fo r each po li cy , an d gre at er tha n th e ag gr eg at e UIM cov erag e of all fou r po li ci es , if Pl ai nt iff s were pe rm it te d to st ack th em ." Id

. As a res ul t, "t he acci de nt di d no t ari se ou t of th e u se of a n 'u nd eri ns ur ed m ot or ve hi cl e.'" Id

. -9

-