DISTRICT COURT OF APPEAL OF THE STATE OF FLORIDA

FOURTH DISTRICT

RYAN D. GESTEN and ANDREA GESTEN,

Appellants,

v.

AMERICAN STRATEGIC INSURANCE CORP.,

Appellee.

No. 4D21-1851

[June 1, 2022]

Appeal from the Circuit Court for the Fifteenth Judicial Circuit, Palm 

Beach County; Joseph George Marx, Judge; L.T. Case No. 

502019CA015181XXXXMB.

Samuel Alexander of Alexander Appellate Law, P.A., DeLand, for 

appellants.

Patrick E. Betar and Evelyn M. Merchant of Berk, Merchant & Sims, 

PLC, Coral Gables, for appellee.

WARNER, J.

Insureds, the Gestens, appeal a final summary judgment in a 

declaratory judgment action against their property insurer, American 

Strategic Insurance Corp. (“ASI”). The court ruled in favor of ASI on its

contention that the insurance policy at issue does not permit insureds to 

video and audio record the insurer’s agent’s inspection of a property loss. 

Because the policy does not address the issue, we conclude that the court 

erred. Therefore, we reverse and remand for entry of a declaratory 

judgment in favor of the insureds.

Insureds suffered a covered loss to their property due to a plumbing 

malfunction. They hired a public adjuster (PA) to assist them in 

submitting a claim. During the course of the adjustment, the PA contacted 

ASI about an inspection by its adjuster and informed ASI that “the insured 

has granted permission for me to video record with audio our inspection 

of their home for the purpose of documenting the claims process. This is 

being done for the benefit of transparency and accountability for both 

parties.” ASI objected to the audio recording.
2

On the day of the inspection at insureds’ home, ASI’s counsel, adjuster, 

and independent expert met insureds, their counsel, and the PA at the 

property. Strapped to the PA was a video camera. He advised that he 

intended to video and audio record the inspection. ASI’s counsel again 

objected to the audio recording. As the parties could not agree on audio 

recording, the ASI entourage left, and the inspection was never completed.

ASI then petitioned for declaratory relief, seeking an order declaring its 

right to inspect the property free from video and audio recording. 

Specifically, ASI argued that the policy’s plain language did not permit 

recording and that audio recording would impair ASI’s inspectors from 

freely discussing and evaluating the claim. In pertinent part, the policy 

provides:

SECTION I – CONDITIONS

. . . .

2. Your Duties After Loss. In case of a loss to covered 

property, you must see that the following are done:

. . . .

f. As often as we reasonably require:

(1) show the damaged property;

Insureds counterclaimed for breach of contract and for declaratory 

relief, seeking a determination that the damage was covered. They also 

responded to ASI’s claims, arguing substantial compliance with the policy, 

that the policy does not prohibit video or audio recording, and that no laws 

prevent insureds from recording in their own home upon notice.

Insureds then moved for summary judgment, arguing that under the 

law and the policy, they had the right to audio and video record an 

inspection of their home. In response, ASI filed a cross motion for 

summary judgment, in which it argued that the policy did not permit 

recording of any kind during an inspection and to interpret otherwise 

would improperly expand the policy’s terms.

Following a hearing on the matter, the court granted summary 

judgment in ASI’s favor, denied insureds’ motion for summary judgment, 

and entered final summary judgment in favor of ASI on its petition for 

declaratory judgment. Based on the parties’ agreement, the court also 
3

dismissed insureds’ remaining issues without prejudice to refiling.1 This 

appeal follows.

Insurance policy interpretation is a question of law, subject to de novo 

review. Avatar Prop. & Cas. Ins. Co. v. Castillo, 294 So. 3d 406, 409 (Fla. 

4th DCA 2020). A trial court’s order entering final summary judgment is 

also reviewed de novo. Geico Indem. Co. v. Muransky Chiropractic P.A., 323 

So. 3d 742, 745 (Fla. 4th DCA 2021).

Insureds argue that the policy did not prohibit them from audio and 

video recording inspections of their own home, and the adjuster did not 

have a protectable right of privacy interest when conducting an inspection 

there. ASI responds that because the policy language does not contain a 

provision permitting either party to record an inspection, ASI did not need 

to submit to being recorded.

“Where the language in an insurance contract is plain and 

unambiguous, a court must interpret the policy in accordance with the 

plain meaning so as to give effect to the policy as written.” Allstate Ins. Co. 

v. Orthopedic Specialists, 212 So. 3d 973, 975–76 (Fla. 2017) (quoting 

Washington Nat. Ins. Corp. v. Ruderman, 117 So. 3d 943, 948 (Fla. 2013)). 

“[W]here the provisions of an insurance policy are at issue, any ambiguity 

which remains after reading each policy as a whole and endeavoring to 

give every provision its full meaning and operative effect must be liberally 

construed in favor of [the insured] and strictly against the insurer.” 

Ruderman, 117 So. 3d at 949–50. “Where a contract is simply silent as to 

a particular matter, that is, its language neither expressly nor by 

reasonable implication indicates that the parties intended to contract with 

respect to the matter, the court should not, under the guise of 

construction, impose contractual rights and duties on the parties which 

they themselves omitted.” Jacobs v. Petrino, 351 So. 2d 1036, 1039 (Fla. 

4th DCA 1976) (quoting Gulf Cities Gas Corp. v. Tangelo Park Serv. Co., 

253 So. 2d 744 (Fla. 4th DCA 1971)).

The policy in this case is silent as to video or audio recording ASI or its 

agents. At most, the policy provides that after a loss, insureds must show 

the damaged property as often as ASI reasonably requires. The policy says 

nothing about who may attend the inspection and whether either party 

has the right to record the ensuing inspection. To the extent that the 

policy is considered uncertain, we are “compelled to construe the 

interpretation against the insurer.” Nawaz v. Universal Prop. & Cas. Ins. 

1 We construe this as dismissing these claims to make the judgment final for 

purposes of appeal.
4

Co., 91 So. 3d 187, 189 (Fla. 4th DCA 2012). Thus, we conclude that the 

policy does not prohibit the insureds from taking a video and audio 

recording of the insurance inspection in their own home.

ASI does not rely on an insurance adjuster’s right of privacy, with good 

reason. We have already determined that an insurer’s appraiser has no 

legitimate expectation of privacy while in an insured’s home for an 

inspection, and thus audio and video recording of the inspection was 

allowed. In Silversmith v. State Farm Insurance Co., 324 So. 3d 517 (Fla. 

4th DCA 2021), we specifically found that section 934.03, Florida Statutes 

(2020), which prohibits the audio recording of oral conversations unless 

both parties have given prior consent, did not apply to those 

circumstances. We said:

As argued by the insured, “for an oral conversation to be 

protected under section 934.03 the speaker must have an 

actual subjective expectation of privacy, along with a societal 

recognition that the expectation is reasonable.” State v. Smith, 

641 So. 2d 849, 852 (Fla. 1994) (concluding that a person did 

not have a legitimate expectation of privacy while seated in the 

back of a police car).

The insured is correct that nothing in the policy precluded 

audio/video recording of an appraisal inspection and that the 

insurer’s appraiser has no legitimate expectation of privacy 

while in the insured’s home for the inspection.

The insurer has not identified anything that would validly 

preclude a homeowner from openly recording an inspection of 

her own home.

As recognized in State Farm Florida Insurance Co. v. Chirino, 

300 So. 3d 1240, 1242 (Fla. 3d DCA 2020), where the court 

denied certiorari review of an order allowing a homeowner to 

record an inspection, the homeowner and her representatives 

have a right to be present during the inspection, and the 

insurer has shown nothing that precludes the homeowner or 

her representatives from openly making a recording of the 

inspection.

Id. at 518.
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In State v. Smith, 641 So. 2d 849 (Fla. 1994), our supreme court 

construed section 934.03 to require more than a subjective expectation of 

privacy:

In order to fall within the ambit of chapter 934, an oral 

communication must be “uttered by a person exhibiting an 

expectation that such communication is not subject to 

interception under circumstances justifying such expectation

and does not mean any public oral communication uttered at 

a public meeting or any electronic communication.” § 

934.02(2), Fla. Stat. (1991) (emphasis added). Thus, for an 

oral conversation to be protected under section 934.03 the 

speaker must have an actual subjective expectation of 

privacy, along with a societal recognition that the expectation 

is reasonable. State v. Inciarrano, 473 So. 2d 1272 (Fla. 1985).

Id. at 852 (second emphasis supplied); see also Smiley v. State, 279 So. 3d 

262 (Fla. 1st DCA 2019) (defendant did not have a reasonable expectation 

of privacy when he knew he was being recorded in victim’s home, because 

society would not recognize it as reasonable where victim had ordered him 

to leave multiple times). The facts of this case do not satisfy the criteria of 

Smith.

As in Silversmith, we conclude that nothing on this record precludes an 

insured from recording an insurance adjuster’s inspection while in the 

insured’s own home. The trial court erred in entering declaratory 

judgment for the insurer.

Reversed and remanded for further proceedings.

LEVINE, J., concurs.

KLINGENSMITH, J., concurs specially with opinion.

KLINGENSMITH, J., specially concurring.

While I concur in reversing the lower court’s order of summary 

judgment, I write to express my disagreement with the Silversmith2 opinion 

cited by the majority in support of that result. 

Appellants want the court to authorize both audio and video recording 

of an appraisal without the consent, and over the specific objection, of 

their insurer and its adjuster. Section 934.03, Florida Statutes (2019), 

2 Silversmith v. State Farm Ins. Co., 324 So. 3d 517 (Fla. 4th DCA 2021). 
6

provides in relevant part that “any person who . . . intentionally intercepts, 

[or] endeavors to intercept, . . . any . . . oral . . . communication . . . is 

guilty of a felony of the third degree.” The legislature defines intercept as 

“the aural or other acquisition of the contents of any . . . oral 

communication through the use of any electronic, mechanical, or other 

device.” § 934.02(3), Fla. Stat. (2019).

These statutes prohibit the audio recording component that appellants 

have consistently insisted on including as part of their appraisal process. 

See Guilder v. State, 899 So. 2d 412, 419 (Fla. 4th DCA 2005) (holding that 

tape recording of a face-to-face conversation by a participant, without prior 

consent from all participants, constitutes an unlawful interception of an 

oral communication under section 934.03); see also Horning-Keating v. 

Emps. Ins. of Wausau, 969 So. 2d 412, 418 n.4 (Fla. 5th DCA 2007) 

(reiterating the holding in Guilder).

Relying on State Farm Florida Insurance Co. v. Chirino, 300 So. 3d 1240 

(Fla. 3d DCA 2020), Silversmith reversed a court order holding that the 

parties could not record, through audio nor video, a home inspection 

unless all participants consented, thus allowing one to openly record a 

visitor within her own home. Silversmith, 324 So. 3d at 518. Silversmith

reached its result by misplacing its reliance on Chirino. In Chirino, the 

trial court held that an insured was allowed to make both a video and 

audio recording of the insurer’s appraiser’s inspection over objection. 300 

So. 3d at 1242. Yet in that case, unlike here, the insurer advanced the 

argument under article I, section 23 of the Florida Constitution that the 

audio recording could not be made without consent because the 

appraiser’s right to privacy was being invaded. Id. at 1241. The Third 

District rejected that argument, noting, “Florida’s Constitutional right to 

privacy protects persons from governmental, not private intrusion.” Id. at 

1242. The application of section 934.02 was never raised in that case.

As the basis for its ruling, the Silversmith court stated that the insurer 

had not identified anything that would validly preclude a homeowner from 

openly recording an inspection of her own home. 324 So. 3d at 518. As a 

result, Silversmith is in direct conflict not only with the statute but with 

our prior decisions in both Guilder and Horning-Keating. Silversmith 

merely made passing reference to section 934.03 in its analysis, while 

noting that “for an oral conversation to be protected under section 934.03 

the speaker must have an actual subjective expectation of privacy, along 

with a societal recognition that the expectation is reasonable.” Id. (quoting 

State v. Smith, 641 So. 2d 849, 852 (Fla. 1994)). However, by its express 

terms, chapter 934 prohibits what the appellees want to do.
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Section 934.02 provides that an oral communication must be “uttered 

by a person exhibiting an expectation that such communication is not 

subject to interception under circumstances justifying such expectation 

and does not mean any public oral communication uttered at a public 

meeting or any electronic communication.” § 934.02(2), Fla. Stat. (2019). 

Section 934.03(2) contains a list of specific exceptions to the general 

prohibition against audio recording found in section 934.03(1); among 

those exceptions, the statute provides for situations in which all parties to 

the conversation have consented to the recording. § 934.03(2)(d), Fla. Stat 

(2019). That did not occur here.

The fact that the audio recording activity in this case was desired by 

the homeowner inside his own home is not a distinction that allows us to 

disregard the statute. In fact, in State v. Walls, 356 So. 2d 294, 296 (Fla.

1978), the Florida Supreme Court applied the statute to a conversation 

that occurred inside a home with the consent of the homeowner but not 

the other party. In that case, the Court held that even an extortionary 

threat “delivered personally to the victim in the victim’s home is an ‘oral 

communication’ . . . [and] pursuant to Section 934.03, the electronic 

recording of such ‘oral communication’ without the consent of all parties to 

the communication was prohibited.” Id. at 296 (emphasis added). 

The statute also does not contain any exception for business 

interactions, nor is there a carve-out for situations where more than one 

other person is present. See § 934.03, Fla. Stat. (2019). To suggest, as 

the majority does, that an insurance adjuster has no right to object to an 

audio recording of his or her conversations while in someone else’s home 

flies in the face of this precedent. Parties engaged in business dealings, 

whether those dealings occur inside or outside of a home, do not lose their 

expectation of privacy such that the audio recording of their interaction is 

permitted without consent. To accept the majority’s implication, and that 

of Silversmith, that parties to a business interaction are stripped of their 

expectation of privacy to the extent that their consent per the statute is 

unnecessary is both untenable and directly contradicted by the statute, 

our court’s jurisprudence, and cases from our sister courts. 

The “no expectation of privacy” exemption under section 934.02(2) 

applies to public speech which occurs in the public arena as well as those 

communications which occur in public settings, such as a lecture, rally, 

ceremony, or governmental proceedings or communications. See, e.g.,

Smith, 641 So. 2d at 852 (concluding that a person did not have a 

legitimate expectation of privacy while seated in the back of a police car). 

Mere attendance during an interaction by more than two persons, 

including meetings convened in a home in furtherance of resolving a 
8

business dispute, does not convert a private gathering into a public event. 

Silversmith seems to apply an objective expectation of privacy—not a 

subjective expectation—to all conversations, including those conducted in 

a business context, so that participants can assert privacy grounds to avail 

themselves of the statute and prohibit audio recording without consent.

Participants involved in conversations which occur in the context of a 

business discussion or transaction retain both an objective and subjective 

expectation of privacy. Other than Silversmith, seemingly no case law 

supports the proposition that, absent a contractual wavier, someone 

abandons their expectations of privacy by engaging in private dispute 

resolution. See Nawaz v. Universal Prop. & Cas. Ins. Co., 91 So. 3d 187, 

189 (Fla. 4th DCA 2012) (public adjuster permitted to attend insured’s 

sworn statement because attendance was allowed by the policy terms). To 

that extent, Silversmith is an outlier. 

Our court has stated the applicable principles of insurance policy 

construction as follows:

[I]f the language found in an insurance policy is not 

ambiguous or otherwise susceptible of more than one 

meaning, the court’s task is to apply the plain meaning of the 

words and phrases used to the facts before it. The courts, 

therefore, are not free to rewrite an insurance policy or add 

meaning to it that is not really there.

Flaxman v. Gov’t Emps. Ins. Co., 993 So. 2d 597, 599 (Fla. 4th DCA 2008) 

(quoting Classic Concepts, Inc. v. Poland, 570 So. 2d 311, 312 (Fla. 4th 

DCA 1990)). In other words, if a policy has no language waiving privacy 

for appraisal inspections, courts are not free to rewrite them to create one. 

Nor can courts rewrite statutes to create exceptions and exemptions 

consistent with their own ideas of orderliness and public policy. 

Nothing in the parties’ policy waived any of their privacy rights under 

the statute. Although the policy did not specifically address the appraisal 

inspections, the policy also did not include any language that specified 

how such inspections are to be conducted, nor any language that would 

permit audio (or video) recording of any interaction. Had the parties 

intended to waive their privacy rights, they could have included such 

language and terms in the policy. To imply either consent or the lack of 

any privacy interest in the context of an insured/insurer dispute, as 

Silversmith does, is to create exemptions under chapter 934 for an entire 

class of interactions that the legislature did not authorize. 
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Because the insurer did not specifically raise an objection under 

chapter 934 in the lower court, and because our opinion here does not 

explicitly rest on Silversmith as controlling precedent, we do not need to 

revisit Silversmith for the purposes of deciding this matter. However, in 

the future, I would consider doing so in an appropriate case.

* * *

Not final until disposition of timely filed motion for rehearing.