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16-3184-cr 

United States v. Tukes 

UNITED STATES COURT OF APPEALS 

FOR THE SECOND CIRCUIT

SUMMARY ORDER

RULINGS BY SUMMARY ORDER DO NOT HAVE PRECEDENTIAL EFFECT. CITATION TO A 

SUMMARY ORDER FILED ON OR AFTER JANUARY 1, 2007, IS PERMITTED AND IS GOVERNED 

BY FEDERAL RULE OF APPELLATE PROCEDURE 32.1 AND THIS COURT’S LOCAL RULE 32.1.1. 

WHEN CITING A SUMMARY ORDER IN A DOCUMENT FILED WITH THIS COURT, A PARTY 

MUST CITE EITHER THE FEDERAL APPENDIX OR AN ELECTRONIC DATABASE (WITH THE 

NOTATION “SUMMARY ORDER”). A PARTY CITING A SUMMARY ORDER MUST SERVE A COPY 

OF IT ON ANY PARTY NOT REPRESENTED BY COUNSEL.

1 At a stated term of the United States Court of Appeals for the Second Circuit, held 

2 at the Thurgood Marshall United States Courthouse, 40 Foley Square, in the City of New 

York, on the 13th 3 day of November, two thousand seventeen. 

4 

5 PRESENT: GERARD E. LYNCH, 

6 SUSAN L. CARNEY, 

7 Circuit Judges, 

8 ERIC N. VITALIANO, 

 District Judge. 9 

10 ----------------------------------------------------------------------- 

11 UNITED STATES OF AMERICA, 

12 Appellee, 

13 

14 v. No. 16-3184-cr 

15 

16 ROMELL TUKES, 

17 Defendant-Appellant. 

18 ----------------------------------------------------------------------- 

19 FOR APPELLANT: Bruce R. Bryan, Bryan Law Firm, Syracuse, 

20 NY. 

21 

22 FOR APPELLEE: Anden Chow, Michael Ferrara, Assistant United 

23 States Attorneys, for Joon H. Kim, Acting 

24 United States Attorney for the Southern District 

25 of New York, New York, NY. 

 



 Judge Eric N. Vitaliano, of the United States District Court for the Eastern District of New 

York, sitting by designation. 
2 

1 Appeal from a judgment of the United States District Court for the Southern 

2 District of New York (P. Kevin Castel, Judge). 

3 UPON DUE CONSIDERATION, IT IS HEREBY ORDERED, ADJUDGED, 

4 AND DECREED that the judgment entered on March 31, 2016, is AFFIRMED. 

5 On November 9, 2015, in the United States District Court for the Southern District 

6 of New York, defendant-appellant Romell Tukes pleaded guilty to one count of being a 

7 felon in possession of a firearm in violation of 18 U.S.C. § 922(g)(1). Early in the 

8 morning of January 29, 2015, Tukes shot two individuals (one in the shoulder, one in the 

9 hand) during an attempted drug purchase in Peekskill, New York. Following his guilty 

10 plea to the firearm possession charge, he was sentenced to 96 months in prison, below the 

11 applicable U.S. Sentencing Guidelines range of 110-120 months. On appeal, Tukes 

12 argues that this sentence is substantively unreasonable. He urges that the District Court 

13 failed to adequately consider his personal history, mental capacity, and acceptance of 

14 responsibility. Tukes further argues that his criminal history category of VI, although 

15 correctly calculated, “overstates the seriousness of his past criminal record.” Appellant’s 

16 Br. 16. We assume the parties’ familiarity with the facts and the record of the prior 

17 proceedings, to which we refer here only as necessary to explain our decision to affirm. 

18 We review sentencing decisions for abuse of discretion. United States v. Cavera, 

19 550 F.3d 180, 188 (2d Cir. 2008) (en banc). We have previously commented that 

20 substantive unreasonableness challenges face “a particularly deferential form of abuse-of21 discretion review.” Id. at 188 n.5. Because sentences imposed within the Guidelines 

22 range are typically reasonable, it is “difficult to find that a below-Guidelines sentence is 
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1 unreasonable.” United States v. Perez-Frias, 636 F.3d 39, 43 (2d Cir. 2011). This Court 

2 will set aside the sentence imposed by a district court on substantive unreasonableness 

3 grounds only “in exceptional cases where the trial court's decision ‘cannot be located 

4 within the range of permissible decisions.’” Cavera, 550 F.3d at 189 (quoting United 

5 States v. Rigas, 490 F.3d 208, 238 (2d Cir. 2007)). “The particular weight to be afforded 

6 aggravating and mitigating factors is a matter firmly committed to the discretion of the 

7 sentencing judge with appellate courts seeking to ensure only that a factor can bear the 

8 weight assigned it under the totality of circumstances in the case.” United States v. 

9 Broxmeyer, 699 F.3d 265, 289 (2d Cir. 2012) (internal quotation marks and citations 

10 omitted). 

11 Tukes does not argue that the District Court failed to consider his arguments 

12 regarding his personal history or any other factor. Rather, he contends the District Court 

13 afforded them insufficient weight. Thus, in seeking to persuade us that the sentence is 

14 substantively unreasonable, Tukes faces a particularly heavy burden. See Broxmeyer, 699 

15 F.3d at 289. He fails to carry it here. 

16 First, Tukes claims that the District Court “did not adequately consider his tragic 

17 personal history,” including his “diminished mental capacity.” Appellant’s Br. 16.

18 Nowhere does the record (or Tukes’s counsel) suggest that Tukes is intellectually 

19 disabled, although the cases Tukes cites in support of his argument regarding “diminished 

20 mental capacity” largely have to do with intellectual disability or other inability to 

21 understand wrongfulness. See, e.g., Tennard v. Dretke, 542 U.S. 274, 287 (2004) 

22 (discussing mitigation for “mentally retarded offenders” with low IQ); United States v. 
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1 Silleg, 311 F.3d 557, 562 n.4 (2d Cir. 2002) (noting diminished capacity adjustment 

2 appropriate when defendant cannot “(A) understand the wrongfulness of the behavior 

3 comprising the offense or [] exercise the power of reason; or (B) control behavior that the 

4 defendant knows is wrongful”). Tukes appears to argue primarily that his capacity was 

5 meaningfully diminished because he was “under the influence of alcohol and/or drugs” 

6 when he shot the two individuals during the attempted drug transaction. Appellant’s Br. 

7 24. The Guidelines provision allowing departures for diminished mental capacity, 

8 however, states that a reduction is inappropriate if “the significantly reduced mental 

9 capacity was caused by the voluntary use of drugs or other intoxicants.” U.S.S.G. 

10 § 5K2.13. Thus, the District Court was correct to not reduce Tukes’s sentence on the 

11 ground that he was intoxicated during the offense. 

12 Tukes next argues that the poor quality of his childhood, in which he suffered 

13 abuse, together with his mental health issues justify a downward deviation from the 

14 Guidelines beyond the already below-Guidelines sentence. We conclude that the District 

15 Court considered and reasonably weighed the factors that Tukes cites. The District Court 

16 observed at sentencing that Tukes “had a horrible upbringing, lived in a household 

17 characterized by neglect initially and also, at a later point in time, his mother’s partner 

18 abused drugs and alcohol, was physically and verbally abusive and sexually molested the 

19 defendant’s sisters.” App’x 58. The District Court also discussed Tukes’s history of drug 

20 abuse, his suicide attempt, and his mental illnesses. We may not substitute our judgment 

21 for that of the District Court as to the weight to afford these factors. See Broxmeyer, 699 
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1 F.3d at 289 (holding weight afforded to aggravating and mitigating factors “firmly 

2 committed” to discretion of the sentencing judge). We will not do so here. 

3 Tukes next contends that his criminal history category of VI, although accurately 

4 calculated, overstates the seriousness of his actual criminal history. Whether to grant a 

5 departure based on an overly high criminal history category or otherwise impose a below6 Guidelines sentence is a matter, like the assessment of the factors just considered, that 

7 ordinarily “lies within the discretion of the sentencing judge.” United States v. Sanchez, 

8 517 F.3d 651, 661 (2d Cir. 2008). Tukes does not claim that the District Court 

9 misunderstood its authority to depart from the Guidelines; he argues simply that it failed 

10 adequately to depart from the correctly calculated criminal history category and 

11 Guidelines range. Upon review of the record, we conclude that the District Court 

12 adequately considered Tukes’s criminal history and did not exceed the permissible scope 

13 of its discretion in its assessment of that history. 

14 The root of Tukes’s appellate challenges lies, we think, in the fact that when he 

15 conducted his plea negotiation with the government, both defense counsel and the 

16 prosecution were unaware of Tukes’s conviction as a youthful offender for selling drugs 

17 when he was 18 years old. Thus, the stipulated Guidelines range of 70-87 months 

18 erroneously rested on a criminal history category of V and was lower than the correct 

19 Guidelines range, as later calculated by the District Court. The District Court properly 

20 informed Tukes during his plea hearing, however, that the stipulated Guidelines range 

21 was not binding on the court; that it might turn out to be wrongly calculated; and that the 

22 government could not guarantee the court would impose a sentence within that range. 
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1 App’x 26-27. The written plea agreement, which Tukes signed, also acknowledged that 

2 the stipulated range was not binding on the Probation Office or the District Court and that 

3 the Guidelines did not definitively determine Tukes’s sentence. 

4 This Court has previously affirmed the use of youthful offender adjudications in 

5 calculating criminal history scores. See United States v. Matthews, 205 F.3d 544, 548-49 

6 (2d Cir. 2000). Furthermore, during the sentencing hearing the District Court thoughtfully 

7 considered Tukes’s criminal history, offense by offense (including his youthful offender 

8 adjudication). App’x 59-60. It then repeatedly stressed the extensive nature of Tukes’s 

9 criminal history (this included seven separate convictions incurred between the ages of 17 

10 and 22), implicitly rejecting the argument made by Tukes’s counsel at sentencing that the 

11 assigned criminal history category of VI overstated the seriousness of Tukes’s record. See 

12 United States v. Hilts, 696 F. App'x 1, 3 (2d Cir. 2017) (summary order) (holding that 

13 extensive consideration of criminal history at sentencing implicitly rejects argument that 

14 criminal history score overstated severity of that history). In fact, the District Court 

15 suggested that prior sentencing courts had treated Tukes’s early criminal history too 

16 lightly, commenting, “[M]aybe we wouldn’t be here today if [Tukes] had spent more 

17 time on prior offenses.” App’x 59. Thus, the District Court considered whether Tukes’s 

18 criminal history was overstated and determined that it was not. This determination lay 

19 within the range of the District Court’s permissible discretion. 

20 Finally, Tukes urges us to conclude that the District Court failed adequately to 

21 consider his expressions of remorse and attempts to rehabilitate himself when the court 

22 applied only a three-level reduction to Tukes’s offense level for acceptance of 
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1 responsibility. Tukes argues that, in addition to the three-level reduction, the District 

2 Court should have further departed because (Tukes asserts) he had a viable defense at 

3 trial but chose to plead guilty. The record reflects, however, that the District Court 

4 considered Tukes’s expressions of remorse and acceptance of responsibility and 

5 reasonably decided on that basis to make a three-level reduction. As to Tukes’s attempts 

6 at rehabilitation, Tukes points only to a brief period of rehabilitation in 2014 before he 

7 engaged in the conduct leading to this conviction. By the time of the shooting at issue in 

8 this case, Tukes had quit college, begun abusing drugs heavily again, and stopped 

9 working—apparently abandoning his efforts at rehabilitation. Cf. United States v. 

10 Carpenter, 320 F.3d 334, 343 (2d Cir. 2003) (suggesting extraordinary rehabilitation 

11 after conduct at issue and before arrest can justify sentencing reduction). We perceive no 

12 error in the District Court’s treatment of Tukes’s expressions of remorse and attempted 

13 rehabilitation in fashioning the sentence imposed. 

14 We have considered all of Tukes’s remaining arguments and conclude that they 

15 are without merit. Accordingly, the judgment of the district court is AFFIRMED. 

16 FOR THE COURT: 

17 CATHERINE O’HAGAN WOLFE, Clerk of Court 

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