UsingSaltWaterinCoolingTowersJohnS.MaulbetschMichaelN.DiFilippoOnce-throughCooling:ResultsSymposiumUniversityofCaliforniaDavis,CaliforniaJanuary16,2008Motivation&IncreasingInterest•Increasinguseofnon-freshwaters•Retrofitpressures---–once-throughplantsonocean–U.S.andEUIssuestoConsider•Experiencewithsalt/brackishtowers•Thermo-physicalproperties•Performance•Cost•O&M•EnvironmentaleffectsSeawaterTowersPlantSize(@500gpm/MW)(m3/hr)gpmMW1973AtlanticCityElectricCo.(NJ)Beesley'sPoint14,42363,3511271976PublicServiceElectric&GasHopeCreek250,7601,101,4312,2031981JacksonvilleElectricAuthorityJacksonville112,520494,2309881990FloridaPowerCorp.St.Petersburg156,000685,2101,3701992AtlanticCityElectricCo.(NJ)B.L.England16,28071,5081431999FloridaPowerCorp.CrystalRiver67,229295,2955912000St.John'sRiverPowerParkJacksonville(FL)56,258247,106494FlowYearOwnerSiteBrackishWaterTowersYearOwnerSiteEquiv.PlantSize(@500gpm/MW)(m3/hr)gpmMW1953OklahomaGas&ElectricOklahoma13,68060,0881201964AmericanSaltCo.Kansas1,1405,007101968ExxonChemicalNewJersey5,01622,032441971GulfPowerFlorida37,620165,2413301973DowChemicalTexas13,68060,0881201974PotomacElctricChalkPoint3,MD59,280260,3805211975VirginiaElectricVirginia75,240330,4826611975PfizerNorthCarolina12,44254,6501091976DowChemicalCalifornia2,73612,018241976ItalcoAluminumWashington9,34841,060821976PacificGas&ElectricPittsburg,CA84,816372,5437451977HoustonLighting&PowerTexas54,720240,3514811980MississippiPowerPlantJackson39,444173,2533471981PotomacElectricChalkPoint4,MD59,280260,3805211985PaloVerdeIArizona133,836587,8571,1761986PaloVerdeIIArizona133,836587,8571,1761986StantonEnergy#1Florida45,600200,2924011987PaloVerdeIIIArizona133,836587,8571,1761987HoustonLighting&PowerTexas54,948241,3524831989DelmarvaPower&LightDelaware46,170202,7964061991DelanoBiomassCalifornia4,42319,427391995StantonEnergy#2Florida45,600200,292401FlowVaporPressureComparison-80Fto100F0.40.450.50.550.60.650.70.750.80.850.90.958090100Temperature,degF

V a p o r P r e s s u r e , p s iFreshWaterSeaWater2xSeaWaterRho-CpProduct596061626320406080100120140160Temperature,F

R h o

- C p , B t u / c u . f t .

- FPureWater1xSeawater2xSeawaterSurfaceTension-40Fto140F64.0066.0068.0070.0072.0074.0076.0078.0020406080100120140160Temperature,F

S u r f a c e T e n s i o n , d y n e s / c mPureWater1xSeawater2xSeawaterThermalConductivityPerformanceCorrectionsSaltWaterCorrectionFactor1.0101.0201.0301.0401.0501.0601.0701.0800.51.01.52.02.53.03.54.04.55.05.5L/G

C o r r e c t i o n F a c t o r2xSeawater50,000ppmCTICalculationsfor50,000ppmfromTingandSuptic,1973Linearcorrectionto2xseawatercurvePerformanceRelatedCostIncreasesLowFirstCostEvaluatedCostMake-upWaterCost($1,000)Impact(%)Cost($1,000)Impact(%)Freshwater1,100Base1,400BaseBrackish(54,000ppm)1,149.54.5%1,4987.0%MaterialsRelatedCostIncreasesLowFirstCostEvaluatedCostItemDouglasFirFRPDouglasFirFRP“BaseTower”1,1001,2871,4001638Increaseforsalinity--58--115SiliconBronzefittings--112--120Epoxycoatings--28--30Total1,1001,4851,903%increase--35%36%OtherSystemComponentsCoolingSystemComponentCostComparisons(fromWGIreport)ItemFreshwaterSaltwaterCostratioCoolingtower$24/TU$33.6/TU1.4Circ.waterpump$130-$260/BHP$210-$416/BHP1.6Make-upwaterpump$337/BHP$539/BHP1.6Make-upsystem$150/gpm$200/gpm1.3O&MIssues

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docket-customerservice@epa.govPlantSmith,Unit3---FillSupport/StructurePlantSmith,Unit3---FillSupport/DivisionWallPlantSmith,Unit3---FanDeckandStacksPlantWatson,Unit5---FailedFillSupportsPlantWatson,Unit5---ConcreteDamagePlantSmith,Unit3---BasinConcreteDamageSt.JohnsRiver---RealConcreteDamageSt.JohnsRiver---ConcreteandRebarWatchwherethewatercomesfromEnvironmentalIssues•Drift–PM10–Saltdeposition•on-site•off-site•DischargeofblowdownDrift---PM10Assume:Seawater@35,000ppm1.5cyclesofconcentration0.0005%drifteliminatorsCirc.waterflow=500gpm/MWAlldriftsolidsarePM10Fora250MWsteamplantoperating7,500hr/yrPM10emissionsare~60tonsperyearDrift---NearbyCorrosionDrift---NearbyCorrosionAnoldenvironmentalstudyConclusionsfromEnvironmentalStudiesSources---–ChalkPoint–St.JohnsRiverPowerPark–Marleyinquiries---CTIpaperConsistentConclusionsSomeincreasedNaClconcentrationindepositionsamplesNosignificantincreasesinsoilorvegetationsamples.Vegetationoffthesitewithhighestdepositionwasapparentlyunaffected.Summary•Itcanbedone•Towerisalittlebitbiggerandcostsalittlebitmore•Choosematerialswisely•Becarefulwithconcrete•BeawareofPM10issues•Expecton-sitedrift-relatedmaintenanceissues•Off-sitedriftissuesprobablyOK