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_—n — i 7 FEDERA L REGULATION S

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D S VISOAI . DZTZaMUvT/mO N O T - TH I OPiCTI T O F EMISSION S VBO M BTATIONAE T SOITIICTf

l • Man y stationar y source s discharg e visibl e emission s Int o th e atmosphere ; thes e emis sion s er e usuall y l nth e shap e o f aplume . Thi s metho d Involve s th e determinatio n o f plum e opacit y b y qualifie d observers . Tht metho d include s procedure s fo rth e trainin g an d certificatio no f

observers , an d procedure s t o b e use d l nth e field fo rdeterminatio n o f plum e opacity . Th e appearanc e o f aplum e a s viewe d b y a nobserve rdepend s upo n anum be ro f variables , som e o f

whic h ma y b e con trollabl e an d som e o f whic h ma y no tb e controllabl e l nth e field. Variable s whic h ca n b e controUe d t o a nexten tt o whic h the y n o longe rexer tasignifican tinfluenc e upo n plum e appearanc e include : .ingl e o f th e ob serve rwit h respec tt o th e plume ; angl e o f th e observe rwit h respec tt o th e sun ; poin to f observatio no f

attache d an d detache d stea m plume ; an d angl e o f

th e observe rwit h re spec tt o aplum e emitte d fro m arectangula r stac kwit h alarg e lengt h t o widt h ratio . Th e metho d Include s specifi ccriteri aapplicabl e t o thes e variables . Othe rvariable s whic h ma y no tb e control labl e l n th e field ar e luminescenc e an d colo r contras tbetwee nth e plum e an d th e back- - groun d agains twhic h th e plum e i s viewed . Thes e variable s exer ta ninfluenc e upo n th e appearanc e o f

aplum e a s viewe d b y a n ob server , an d ca naffec tth e abilit y o f th e ob serve rt o accuratel y assig n opacit y value s t o th e observe d plume . Studie s o f th e theor y o f plum e opacit y an d field studie s hav e dem onstrate d tha taplum e l s mos tvisibl e -an d present s th e greates tapparen topacit y whe n viewe d agains tacontrastin g background . I t follow s fro m this , an d l s confirme d b y field trials , tha tth e opacit y o f aplume , viewe d unde rcondition s wher e acontrastin g back groun d l s presen tca nb e assigne d wit h th e greates tdegre e o f

accuracy . However , th e po tentia l fo rapositiv e erro rl s als o th e greates t whe n aplum e l s viewe d unde rsuc h contrasting conditions . Unde rcondition s presentin g ales s contrastin g background , th e apparen t opacit y o f

aplum e i s les s an d approache s zer o a s th e colo ran d luminescenc e contras t decreas e towar d zero . A s aresult * significan t negativ e bia s an d negativ e error s ca nb e mad e whe naplum e i s viewe d unde rles s contrastin g conditions . A negativ e bia s de crease s rathe rtha n increase s th e possibilit y tha taplan toperato rwil l b e cite d fo ravio latio n o f

opacit y standard s du e t o observe r error . Studie s hav e bee nundertake nt o determin e th e magnitud e o f

positiv e error s whic h ca n b e mad e b y qualifie d observer s whil e read in g plume s unde rcontrastin g condition s an d usin g th e procedure s se tfort h I n thi s method . Th e .result s o f thes e -studie s (fiel d trials ) whic h involv e atota l o f 76 9 set s o f 2 5 reading s eac h ar e a s follows : (l),Fo rblac kplume s (13 3 set s a tasmok e generator) , 10 0 percen to f th e set s wer e rea d wit h apositiv e error 1 o f les s tha n"7.

5 percen topacity ; 9 9 percent * wer e rea d wit h ' apositiv e erro re f

les s tha nS percen topacity . (2 ) Fo rwhit e plume s (17 0 set s a tasmok e generator , 16 8 set s a tacoal-fire d powe rplant , 29 8 set s a tasulfuri caci d plant ) ,9 9 percen t o f th e set s wer e rea d wit h apositiv e erro ro f les s tha n 7. 5 percen topacity ; 9 5 percen twer e rea d wit h apositiv e erro ro f les s tha n6 per cen topacity . The . positiv e observationa l erro rassociate d wit h a n averag e o f

twenty-fiv e reading s l s therefor e established . Th e accurac y o f th e metho d mus tb e take nInt o accoun twhe n determinin g possibl e .violation s o f appli cabl e opacit y standards .

' "-"""o raset , positiv e error=averag e opacit y determine d b y observers ' 2 5 observations — averag e opacit y determine d fro m transmls sonJeter- s 2 5 recordings . 1 . Principl e ani. appHeabaity. U Principle . Th e opacit y o f emission s fro m stationar y source s i s determine d vis uall y b y aqualifie d observer . ' 1. 2 Applicability . Thi s metho d I s appli cabl e fo rth e determinatio no f th e opacit y o f emission s fro m iWtionar y M-ixce s pur* . Uuan tt o t60.11(b ) and.fo rqualifyin g ob server s fo rvisuall y determinin g opacit y c f emissions . 2 . Procedure*. Th e observe rqualifie d I n accordanc e wit h paragrap h 3 O f thi s metho d shal l us e th e followin g procedure s fo rvis uall y determinin g th e opacit y o temissions ;

. 2 J Position. ' In e qualifie d observe rshal l stan d a tadistanc e sufficien tt o provid e e, clea rvie wo f

th e emissions ' wit h th e su n oriente d i n th e 140 * secto rt o hi s back . Con sisten twit h rnalntBlntn g th e abov e require ment , th e observe rshall , a s muc h a e possible , mak e hi s observation s fro m apositio n suc h tha thi s lin e o f

visio nl s appro.dmfttel y perpendicula rto th e plum e direction , an d whe nobservin g opacit y o f emission s fro m rectangula routlet s (e.g . roo f monitors , ope n baghouses , noncircula rstacks) , approxi matel y perpendicula rt o th e longe raxi s o f th e outlet . Th e observer' s lin e o f sigh tshou M no tinclud e mor e tha n on e plum e a tatim e whe nmultipl e stack s ar e involved , an d i n an y cas e th e observe rshoul d mak e hi s ob ~ servatlon s wit h hi s lin e o f sigh tperpendicu la rt o th e longe raxi s o f suc h aset-o f

multi pl e stack s (e.g . 6tu b stack s o n baghouses) . 2 2 Fiel d records . Th e observe rshal l re cor d th e nam e o f

th e plant , emissio n loca tion , typ e facility , observer' s nam e an d affiliation , an d th e dat e o n afield dat ashee t (Figur e 9-1) . Th e time , estimate d distanc e t o th e emissio nlocation , approximat e win d direction , estimate d win d speed , description , o f th e sk y conditio n(presenc e an d colo ro f clouds) , an d plum e backgroun d ar e recorde d o n afield dat ashee ta tth e tim e opacit y read ing s ar e initiate d an d completed .

Environmen t Reporte r (Appendi xA , Metho d 9 ] 5 6 

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. ' 3. 3 'Obavervatlons . Opacit y observation s shal l b e mad e a tth e poin to f greates topacit y i n tha tportio n o f

th e plum e wher e con dense d wate rvapo rl s no tpresent . Th e ob serve r' shal l no tloo kcontinuousl y a tth e plume , bu tInstea d shal l observ e th e plum e momentaril y a t16-secon d intervolo . 2.3. 1 Attache d stea m plumes . Whe ncon dense d wate rvapo rI s presen twithi n th e plum e a s l temerge s fro m th e emissio n out let , opacit y observation s shal l b e mad e be- * yon d th e poin tl n th e plum e a twhic h con dense d wate rvapo ri s n o longe rvisible . Th e observe rahal l recor d th e approximat e dis tanc e fro m th e emissio n outle tt o th e poin t l n th e plum e a twhic h th e observation s ar e made .

- 2.3. 2 .Detache d stea m plume . Whe n wate r vapo ri nth e plum e condense s an d become s visibl e a t& distinc tdistanc e fro m the . emis sio noutlet , th e opacit y o f emission s shoul d b e evaluate d a tth e emissio n outle tprio rt o th e condensatio n o f

wate rvapo ran d th e for matio no f

th e stea m plume , 2.3. 3 Fugitiv e emissions . [Removed ] [2.3. 3 adde d b y 4 9 F R6464 , Februar y 21 , 1984 ; remove d b y 5 0 F R24472 , Jun e 13 , 1985 ] 2. 5 ^Recordin g ooservations . Opacit y ob servation s shal l b e recorded-t o th e neares t5 percen ta t15-secon d Interval s o na n ob * servatlona l recor d sheet . (Se e Figur e '9-2 . fo r anjsxample. ) A tninimil m o f 2 4 observation s shal l D e recorded . Eac h momentar y observa tion , .recorde d shal l b e deeme d t o represen t th e averag e opacit y o f emission s fo ra15 - secon d period . 2. 5 Dat aReduction . Opacit y shal l b e de termine d &

s a n averag e o f

2 4 consecutiv e observation s recorde d a t15-sccon d intervals . Divid e th e observatloc s recorde d o n th e rec- 1 or d shee tinf o set s o f 2 4 cocsecutlv e obser vations . A se tl s compose d o f an y 2 4 con sscutlv e observations . Set s nee d no tb e con secutiv e i n tim e an d l n n o cas e shal l tw o sets-overlap . Fo reac h se to f 2 4 observations , calculat e th e averag e b y summin g th e opacit y o f th e 2 4 observation s an d dividin g thi s su m b y 24 . I f a napplicabl e standar d specifie s a n averagin gtim e requirin g mor e tha n 3 d ob servations , calculat e th e average , fo ral l ob servation s mad e durin g th e specifie d time , period . Recor d th e averag e opacit y o n arecor d sheet . (Se e Figur e 9- 1 fo ra n example. ) 3 . Qualifications and

testing. 3. 1 Certlncatlo n requirements . T o receiv e certificatio na s aqualifie d observer , acan didat e mus tb e teste d au d demonstrat e th e abilit y t o assig nopacit y reading s i n 5 percen t Increment s t o 2 6 differen tblac kplume s an d 9 6 differen twhit e plumes , wit h o n erro r Co tt s excee d 1 5 percen topacit y o nan y on e readin gan d a naverag e erro r.no tt o excee d 7. 5 percen topacit y l n eac h category . Candi date s shal l b e teste d accordls g t o th e pro cedure s describe d i n paragrap h 3J2. Smok e generator s use d pursuant.t o paragrap h 3. 2 shal l b e equippe d wit h asmok e mete rwhic h meet s th e requirement s o f paragrap h 3.3 . Th e certificatio n shal l b e vali d fo raperio d o f 6 months , a twhic h tim e th e qualificatio n procedur e mus tb e repeate d b y an y observe r l norde rt o retain certification . 3. 2 Certificatio n proceuure . Th e certifica tio n tes tconsist s o f

showin gth e candidat e a complet e ru no f

5 0 plumes—2 5 blac kplume s an d 2 5 whit e plumes—generate d b y asmok e generator . Plume s withi neac h se to f 2 5 blac k an d 2 5 whit e run s shal l b e presente d l n ran do m order . Th e candidat e assign s a nopacit y valu e to " eac h plum e an d record s hi s obser vatio n o n asuitabl e form . A tth e completio n o f eac h ru n o f

5 0 readings , th e scor e o f th e candidat e to-determined. I f acandidat e fall s t o qualify , th e complet e ru no f 5 0 reading s mus tb e repeate d i nan y retest . Th e smok e tes tma y b e administere d a s par to f asmok e schoo l o rtrainin g program , an d ma y b e pre cede d b y trainin g o rfamiliarizatio nrun s o f th e smok e generato rdurin g whic h candidate s ar e show n blac kan d whit e plume s o f know n opacity . S3 Smok e generato rspecifications . An y smok e gsnerato ruse d fo rth e purpose s o f paragrap h 8. 2 shal l b e equippe d wit h asmok e mete rinstalle d t o measur e opacit y acros s th e diamete ro f

th e smok e generato rstack . Th e smok e mete routpu tshal l displa y in stac kopacit y base d upo napathlengt h equa l t o th e stac kexi tdiameter , o n aful l 0 t o 10 0 percen tchar trecorde rscale . Th e smok e mete roptica l desig nan d performanc e shal l mee tth e specification s show ni nTabl e 9-1. Th e smok e mete rshal l b e calibrate d a s pre scribe d i nparagrap h 8.3. 1 prio rt o th e con duc tof . each.smok e readin g test . A tth e completio no f

eac h test , th e zer o an d spa n driftshal l b e checke d an d l f th e drif

tex ceed s -t l percen topacity , th e conditio n shal l b e correote d prio rt o conductin g an y subse quen ttes truns . Th e smok e mete rshal l b e demonstrated , a tth e tim e o f installation , t o mee tth e specification s liste d l n Tabl e 9-1 . Thi s demonstratio n shal l b e repeate d fol lowin g an y subsequen trepai ro rreplacemen t o f th e photocel l o rassociate d electroni ccir cuitr y includin g th e char trecorde ro routpu t meter , o rever y 6 months' , whicheve roccur s first. TaUJX S S-1—SMOK E METE B DESIG N AN U PEaFOEMANC E EPECmCATION S Parameter : a . Ligh tsource . b . Spectra l respons e o f photocell .

c . Angl e o f

view... . d . .4ngl e o f

projec tion . e . Calibratio n error . f . Zer o an d spa n

. drift . g . Respons e time.. . Specification Incandescen tlam p operate d a tnomina l rate d voltage . Photopi c(daylight ' spectra l respons e o f th e huma n eye - referenc e 4.3) . 15 ° maximu m tota l angle . 15 ° maximu m tota l angle . ±3 % opacity , maxi mum. ' ± 1 % opacity , . 3 0 minutes . £ 5 seconds . 3.3. 1 Calibration . The ' smok e meter : l s calibrate d afte rallowin g aminimu m o f 3 0 minute s warmu p b y alternatel y producin g simulate d opacit y o f

0 percen tan d 10 0 per cent . -Whe

n stabl e respons e a t0 percen to r 10 0 percen tl s noted , th e smok e mete rl s ad Juste d t o produc e a n outpu to f 0 percen to r 10 0 percent , a s appropriate . Thi s calibratio n shal l b e repeate d unti l stabl e 0 percen tan d 10 0 percen treading s ar e produce d withou t adjustment . Simulate d 0 percen tan d 10 0 percen topacit y value s ma y b e produce d b y alternatel y switching , th e powe rt o th e ligh t sourc e o nan d of

f whil e th e smok e generato r l s no tproducin g smoke . 3.3. 2 Smok e mete revaluation . Th e smok e mete rdesig n an d performanc e ar e t o b e evaluate d a s follows : 3.3.2. 1 Ligh tsource . Verif y fro m manu facturer' s dat aan d fro m voltag e measure ment s mad e a tth e lamp , a s installed , tha t th e lam p l s operate d withi n £S percen to f T.tjn_nomlnal rate d voltage . 3J3J2J3 Spectra l respons e o f photocell . Verif y fro m manufacturer' s dat atha tth e photocel l ha s aphotopic . response ; i.e , th e spectra l sensitivit y o f th e cel l shal l closejly . approximate , th e standar d epectTal-iumlnos it y curv e fo rphotopi cvisio n whic h i s refer ence d i n (b ) o f

Tabl e 9-1 . 8.3-2. 3 .Angl e o f

view . Chec kconstructio n geometr y t o ensur e tha tth e tota l angl e o f vie wo f the . smok e plume , a s 6ee n b y th e photocell , doe s no texcee d 15° . Th e tota l angl e o f vie wma y b e calculate d from : 6=2 tan-* d/ZL , wher e «=tota l angl e o f view ; d=tb e su m o f

th e photocel l diameter+th e diamete ro f

th e limitin gaperture ; an d L=th e distanc e fro m th e photocel l t o th e limitin g aperture . Th e limitin gapertur e .i s th e poin ti n th e pat h betwee n th e photocel l an d th e smok e plum e wher e th e angl e o f vie wi s mos trestricted . I n smok e generato r smok e meter s thi s l s normall y a n orific e plate . 8.3.2. 4 Angl e o f

projection . Chec kcon structio ngeometr y t o ensur e tha tth e tota l angl e o f

projectio n o f

th e lam p o n the ' smok e plum e doe s no texcee d 15° . Th e tota l angl e o f projectio n ma y b e calculate d from: ' 0= 2 tan- 1 d/2L . wher e 6= tota l angl e o f pro jection ; d = th e su m o f th e lengt h o f

th e lam p filament + th e diamete ro f th e limitin g aperture ; an d L = th e distanc e fro m th e lam p t o th e limitin g aperture . 3.3.2. 5 Calibratio nerror . Usin g neutral densit y filters o f

know nopacity , chec kth e error~betwee n th e actua l response an d the * theoretica l linea rrespons e o f th e smok e meter . Thi s chec kl s accomplishe d b y first calibratin g th e smok e mete raccordin gto S.3. 1 an d the nInsertin g aserie s o f thre e neutral-densit y filters o f nomina l opacit y o f 20 , 50 , an d 75 percen tl n th e smok e mete r pathlength . Filter s callbarte d withi n ±3 per cen tshal l b e used . Car e shoul d b e take n whe n insertin g th e filters t o preven tstra y ligh tfro m affectin g th e meter . Mak e atota l o f fiv e nonconsecutlv e reading s fo reach , filter. Th e maximu m erro ro n an y on e read in g shal l b e 3 percen topacity . 3.3.2. 6 Zer o an d spa n drift . Determin e th e zer o an d spa ndriftb y calibratin g an d operatin g th e smok e generato rl n anorma l manne rove ra1-hou rperiod . Th e driftl s measure d b y checkin g th e zer o an d spa n a t th e en d o f

thi s period . 332.1 Respons e time . Determin e th e re spons e tim e b y producn g th e serie s o f five simulate d 0 percen tan d 10 0 percen topacit y value s an d observin g th e tim e require d t n reac h stabl e response . Opacit y value s o f 0 percen tan d IO

O percen tma y b e simulate d b y alternatel y switchin g th e powe rt o th e ligh tsourc e of

f an d o n whil e th e smok e generato rl s no toperating . 4 . References. 4 J Ai rPollutio n Contro l Distric tRule s an d Regulations , Lo s Angele s Count y Ai r Pollutio n Contro l District , Regulatio n IV , Prohibitions , Rul e 50. '

6-28-8 5 [Appendi xA , Metho d 9 ] Publishe d b

yTH E BUREA U O F NATIONA L AFFAIR S INC. , Washington . D.C . 2003 7 4 1P. 4



### 121:159 6 FEDERA L REGULATION S 4. 2 Weisburd , Melvl n I. , Fiel d Operations , an d Enforcemen tManua l fo rAir , TJJ3 . Envi ronmenta l Protectio n Agency , Researc h Tri angl e Park , N.C , APTD-1100 , Augus t1972 . pp . 4.1-4.36. . 4 3 Condon , E . U , an d Odlshaw , H , Hand boo ko f Physics , McGraw-Hil l Co. , N.Y , N.Y , .1956 , Tabl e 3.1 , p . 6-62 . 

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