Phillip Granville PACE, Appellant v. Jill Coburn PACE, Appellee

No. CV-18-787

Court of Appeals of Arkansas, DIVISIONS I, III & IV.

Opinion Delivered May 22, 2019

Smith Weber, L.L.P., by: C. David Glass ; and Brian G. Brooks, Attorney at Law, PLLC, by: Brian G. Brooks, for appellant.

Appellate Solutions, PLLC, d/b/a/ Riordan Law Firm, by: Deborah Truby Riordan, Little Rock, for appellee.

BRANDON J. HARRISON, Judge *286Phillip Pace appeals the circuit court's order finding that it was not in the best interest of the parties' child to modify their joint-custody arrangement. Jill Pace cross-appeals the denial of her request for attorney's fees. We affirm the circuit court's order.

In July 2015, the circuit court entered a divorce decree wherein the parties agreed that they would share joint custody of their child, seventeen-month-old L.P., and that Jill would receive reasonable child support. The decree provided that "each party shall have one week on and one week off of possession of the minor child." In October 2016, Phillip moved to modify the custody arrangement, alleging that a material change of circumstances had occurred and requesting that joint custody be modified so that he would be the primary custodian with Jill exercising visitation. In March 2017, the court entered an agreed modification order in which the parties agreed that both were enjoined from the following conduct:

> a. disturbing the peace of the child or of the other party.

> b. hiding or secreting the child from the other party.

> c. making disparaging remarks regarding the other party or the other party's family in the presence or within the hearing of the child or on any form of social media.

> d. discussing any litigation concerning the child in the presence or within the hearing of the child or on any form of social media.

> e. using illegal drugs, drugs for which the parties do not have a valid prescription within the twelve (12) hours before or during the periods of possession of or access to the child.

In March 2018, Phillip again moved to modify the custody arrangement, contending that a material change of circumstances had occurred since entry of the modification order. He alleged that Jill had "consistently and systematically failed to act in the best interest of the minor child. Moreover, she [has] engaged in conduct that is harmful to the minor child." Phillip again asked that joint custody be modified so that he would be the primary custodian with Jill exercising visitation. He also alleged that Jill was using or had used illicit drugs recently during periods in which L.P. was in her care, and he asked that the court order Jill to submit to drug testing. Jill answered and denied Phillip's allegations; she also accused Phillip of harassing her by filing multiple motions to modify and asked for full attorney's fees.

On 2 May 2018, the circuit court ordered that Jill and her boyfriend, Sean Lancaster, submit to drug testing. On June 25, the court convened a final hearing on Phillip's motion to modify. Jill testified that since the last modification hearing in March 2017, she had discontinued her pursuit of an undergraduate degree and had moved out of her parents' house. She said she now resides in a rental property and shares the property with two adults and their sixteen-year-old son. She is currently employed as a long-term substitute teacher for the Texarkana, Arkansas, Independent School District. She testified that she and Sean Lancaster were no longer a couple. She denied that she would ever drink excessively or use illegal drugs around L.P. She agreed that L.P. was enrolled at Trinity Christian School in the Pre-K program *287(K-3) and stated that early dropoff begins at 7:30 a.m. and school ends at 3:15 p.m. She said that according to the school handbook, every toddler needs to be in his or her classroom by 9:00 a.m.1 She acknowledged that L.P. had missed several days of school while in her care (reasons unknown). She also acknowledged that she had exchanged text messages with Niraj Krishna in December 2017 and January 2018 and that some of those texts contained sexually explicit language and photographs. She also agreed that some texts contained derogatory comments about her students and references to drinking and intoxication. She admitted that one text referenced cocaine being in her system, but she denied that she had consumed any illegal drugs since January 2017. She asserted that she had not had any overnight guests with L.P. present. She did agree that she had invited Niraj to her house and asked him to bring beer after L.P. was asleep.

On cross-examination, Jill confirmed that L.P. had been late to school (9:15 a.m.) once and that she (Jill) had been late (by a few minutes) picking up L.P. from aftercare once.2 Jill also said that she and Phillip had briefly reconciled after the last court order was entered but that he had now remarried after dating his current wife for four months. Jill agreed that she had difficulties with Phillip's new wife, Lacy. She also admitted that she had started teaching fulltime in October 2017 but had been terminated for alleged drug use. She continued working as a substitute teacher, however, and is employed at Pecan Point Brewery for the summer. She confirmed that she had taken the court-ordered drug test and that the results were negative.

Allison Munn, L.P.'s K-3 teacher at Trinity, testified via deposition that she had interacted with both of L.P.'s parents and had seen a lack of consistency in Jill's parenting. Munn also said that Jill had not always paid attention during parent/teacher conferences and that she had sometimes failed to send the requisite school supplies with L.P. Munn observed a difference in L.P.'s behavior during the weeks she is with Jill compared to the weeks she is with Phillip; according to Munn, "Mom's week, [L.P.] is always exhausted, tired, her behavior is completely different, she is very defiant[.]" But during Phillip's week, L.P. is "not tired at nap time, she kind of flips all around because she's not exhausted." Munn agreed that based on her observations over the past year, she had developed concern for L.P.'s educational development and her safety and well-being while in her mother's care.

Elizabeth Foster, who teaches the summer program at Trinity, testified that the school prefers that students be there by 8:15 a.m. Foster said that the week of June 11, when L.P. was in Jill's care, L.P. was dropped off on Monday at 8:00 a.m., picked up at 5:15 p.m. from extended care, and did not attend the rest of the week. During the week that L.P. was in Phillip's care, L.P. was signed in between 7:45 and 8:00 a.m. each day and picked up between 3:00 and 3:15 p.m. Foster also testified there was one day that Jill did not provide an appropriate lunch for L.P. because it did not contain a meat product, but that during Phillip's weeks, L.P. had a sufficient lunch. On cross-examination, Foster *288agreed that L.P. is at an appropriate education level and is a good student.

Niraj Krishna testified that he had used cocaine with Jill once in December 2017 and again in January 2018. He also said that there had been times that he had visited Jill at her home while L.P. was asleep. He confirmed that he had visited Jill's house in the middle of the night when L.P. was present. He also described one instance in which he met Jill for lunch and she consumed more than one alcoholic beverage then left to pick up L.P.

Phillip testified that he is a physician and that he lives with his wife and their three children (his wife's two children from a previous marriage and L.P.). He said that he believed there had been a material change of circumstances since the entry of the last order; he explained that after Jill had moved out of her mother's house, Jill began exhibiting different behaviors that he believed negatively impacted L.P. He took no comfort in the fact that Jill's drug test was negative because "[i]t was done almost six months after she was doing this" and "[s]he's always had problems." He also said that he saw behavioral changes in L.P. after being in her mother's care; specifically, L.P. picks up sticks and imitates smoking, is tired, and has trouble readjusting her sleep schedule. Phillip also voiced concern over two injuries that L.P. has suffered in the past year: (1) a burn on her hand and (2) a vaginal tear that was discovered by a worker at Trinity.3 After the discovery of the second injury, L.P. was taken to a medical provider, and according to Phillip, when Jill arrived at the doctor's office, "she appeared to be under the influence of something" and "smelled of marijuana." Phillip testified that he was "not really" able to communicate with Jill in an "adult to an adult type manner." He expressed concern with the individuals with whom Jill associates, the roommates in her house, and Jill's general state of mind and "erratic behavior." Phillip said that he is the more appropriate parent to take care of L.P.'s essential needs and asked that he be designated the primary custodial parent with Jill exercising standard visitation. He stated that if he was not L.P.'s primary custodial parent, he was worried about future conflict because "[w]e can't agree on anything now." On cross-examination, Phillip admitted that to his knowledge, Jill had not received any DWIs or been arrested for using any illegal substance since the last court order. Regardless, he said that he believes Jill has a problem with drugs and is actively using drugs.

Sharon Pace, Phillip's mother, testified that she lives near Phillip and his family and that during Phillip's custody weeks, she spends Tuesday nights with L.P. Sharon recalled an incident in December 2017 in which Jill came to Sharon's house to pick up L.P. and Sharon thought she smelled alcohol on Jill. Sharon called the police, but when they arrived fifteen minutes later, Jill had left. Sharon expressed concern for L.P.'s safety and well-being while in Jill's custody.

After Phillip rested, Jill asked that the motion be dismissed, asserting that no material change of circumstances had been proved. The court found that "since the entry of the last order, that there has been a sufficient change of circumstances on both sides for the court to consider the best interest of the child at this point in *289time under the present custody arrangement, so I'll let you go forward on that."

Linda Lowe, Jill's coworker, testified that she sees Jill every day and that she has never had a reason to question Jill's sobriety. Lindsay Franklin, another coworker, testified that she had known Jill for twenty-five years, that Jill is one of the best mothers she knew, and that she never had any reason to suspect that Jill was under the influence of drugs.

Marsha Hardin, Jill's mother, testified that she had been with L.P. when she injured her hand. Hardin explained that she and L.P. had been cooking eggs; that L.P. had been standing on a chair; and that the chair wobbled, causing L.P. to instinctively reach out and catch herself and in so doing touch the burner on the stove. Hardin said she ran cold water over the burn, applied aloe gel, and bandaged L.P.'s hand. L.P. had a school performance that night, so Hardin gave L.P. a mitten to wear over the bandage to protect it.

Jill again took the stand and testified that she had not been notified on the day that L.P.'s lunch was deemed inadequate and that she had made a sandwich for L.P.'s lunch the night before but had forgotten it. She also said she regretted the texts between her and Krishna but maintained that she had not had any overnight guests when L.P. was present. She testified that she and Phillip do not have any communication with each other and that she primarily communicates with Lacy. Upon questioning by the court, Jill explained that they exchange custody of L.P. at each other's homes.

On 17 July 2018, the court entered a written order containing the following findings:

> The Court finds that it was established by a preponderance of the evidence that Defendant used cocaine on one occasion since the last Order. The Court does not find that such evidence warrants a change in the custody order previously entered in this cause.

> The Court further finds the Defendant has met the child's educational needs and most of the other evidence presented was personal in nature and would not have been known by the child or impacted the mother-daughter relationship.

> Both parties are required to use due diligence to protect the safety and well being of the child. There was no evidence presented that Defendant's current renters have harmed or would harm the child. ... The Court finds that there ha[ve] been material changes of circumstances in the lives of both parties since the last order. However, it is not in the best interests of the child to modify the joint custody agreed to by the parties in their Decree of Divorce dated on July 16, 2015.

The court denied Jill's request for attorney's fees. Phillip has appealed the denial of modification of custody, and Jill has cross-appealed the denial of attorney's fees.

I. *Best Interest*

Arkansas law is well settled that the primary consideration in child-custody cases is the welfare and best interest of the children; all other considerations are secondary. *Anderson v. Thomas* , 2013 Ark. App. 653, 2013 WL 5964473. Generally, courts impose more stringent standards for modifications in custody than they do for initial determinations of custody. *Id.* The reason for requiring more stringent standards for modifications than for initial custody determinations is to promote stability and continuity in the life of the child and to discourage repeated litigation of the same issues. *Id.*

*290The party seeking modification of the custody order has the burden of showing a material change in circumstances. *Anderson, supra.* To change custody, the circuit court must first determine that a material change in circumstances has occurred since the last order of custody; if that threshold requirement is met, it must then determine who should have custody with the sole consideration being the best interest of the children. *Id.* In reviewing child-custody cases, we consider the evidence de novo but will not reverse a circuit court's findings unless they are clearly erroneous or clearly against the preponderance of the evidence. *Preston v. Preston* , 2014 Ark. App. 58, 2014 WL 245783. Because the question of whether the circuit court's findings are clearly erroneous turns largely on the credibility of witnesses, we give special deference to the superior position of the circuit court to evaluate the witnesses, their testimony, and the child's best interest. *Ford v. Ford* , 347 Ark. 485, 65 S.W.3d 432 (2002). There are no cases in which the superior position, ability, and opportunity of the circuit court to observe the parties carry as great a weight as those involving minor children. *See**Vo v. Vo* , 78 Ark. App. 134, 79 S.W.3d 388 (2002).

Phillip begins by citing the general law on joint custody. He notes that the mutual ability of the parties to cooperate in reaching shared decisions in matters affecting the child's welfare is a crucial factor bearing on the propriety of joint custody, and when the parties have fallen into such discord that they are unable to cooperate in sharing the physical care of the children, this constitutes a material change in circumstances affecting the children's best interest. *See**Doss v. Miller* , 2010 Ark. App. 95, 377 S.W.3d 348. It is reversible error, he says, to order continuation of a joint-custody arrangement when there is evidence that the parents can no longer cooperate in reaching decisions in matters affecting their children. *See**Montez v. Montez* , 2017 Ark. App. 220, 518 S.W.3d 751. That is the basic law.

Phillip asserts that such a situation exists in this case: he and Jill "have reached a state where they simply cannot agree on the correct actions to take parenting [L.P.]," and Jill's actions "indicate poor judgment and wholly undermine Phillip's confidence that she will act in the best interest of L.P." Phillip likens this case to *Dansby v. Dansby* , 87 Ark. App. 156, 189 S.W.3d 473 (2004), in which this court affirmed a circuit court's modification of joint custody. This court held:

> Here, the change in circumstances was that Robin's bad acts were happening in the presence of the child, where they were presumably hidden before the divorce. To her detriment, the judge believed the testimony that Robin had men in the house overnight at least once while the children were present; that marijuana was found in Robin's house by Lynzi; that Robin spoke disparagingly of Lathaire in the children's presence; that Robin was drunk and smoked in front of the asthmatic child; and that while the parties were able to work out the schedule most of the time to give each other one-half of Krysten's time, they were in disagreement now. The judge apparently was persuaded by Lathaire's explanations for not paying child support when he was frustrated, and for his arrest in the children's presence. *We must defer to the credibility calls made by the trial judge.* Moreover, joint custody should only stand where the parties are very agreeable. Given the standard of review, we affirm the change from joint custody of Krysten to Lathaire having full custody.

*Id.* at 166, 189 S.W.3d at 480 (internal citation omitted) (emphasis added). Phillip *291contends that this court should award him sole custody of L.P.

In response, Jill notes that Phillip's motion did not allege that she had violated any of the conduct that was enjoined in the 2017 agreed modification order; instead, he made a general allegation that Jill had acted in ways harmful to L.P. and not in L.P.'s best interest. But there was no evidence that Jill's alleged improper conduct occurred in L.P.'s presence or negatively affected her. Nor was there evidence that Phillip's other concerns- such as L.P.'s check-in time at preschool, her isolated injuries, and Jill's current living arrangements-had affected L.P. negatively or been caused by Jill's conduct. For her part, Jill says that there was no testimony that the parties' relationship had deteriorated to such a degree that modification of the custody arrangement was necessary. The weekly exchanges of custody have occurred without incident, no one testified that they did not agree on L.P.'s current education, and "[w]hile there may well be a lack of trust among [Phillip] and [Jill], it has not proven to be an issue that prevents the parties from amicably following the terms of the Agreed Modification Order on a regular basis." Jill concludes that the circuit court acted within its discretion in evaluating the credibility of the witnesses, seeing beyond the "petty disputes" that are commonly seen in custody cases, and deciding that four-year-old L.P. should not be denied equal time with both parents.

There are some concerning aspects to this case, but on the whole we agree that the evidence did not demonstrate that the parties have reached a state of discord and animosity to a degree and frequency that they cannot communicate and agree on the proper care for their child. They have arranged a weekly pick-up and drop-off schedule that works for both parties, neither party asserts that L.P.'s school situation should be changed, and L.P. is a happy and healthy young girl. In addition, many of the instances cited by Phillip as evidence of bad parenting by Jill consist of what appear in the record to be one-time occurrences: late to school once, picked up late from aftercare once, and one school lunch that was deemed inappropriate-a protein was missing *one day.* And while one teacher expressed concern for L.P. while in Jill's care, another teacher did not and noted that L.P. is at an appropriate education level for her age and is a good student. The circuit court, not this court, observed the witnesses and parties and decided how to weigh and credit the testimony. Under our standard of review, we are duty bound to defer to the circuit court's better vantage point for discerning what custody arrangement between these parents is in the child's best interest. *Sharp v. Keeler* , 103 Ark. App. 233, 288 S.W.3d 256 (2008). The case law cited by Phillip, *Dansby v. Dansby* , confirms that this court must defer to the circuit court's credibility determinations, especially in this case, which is a quintessential "judgment call." Consequently, we affirm.

II. *Attorney's Fees*

A circuit court has inherent power to award attorney's fees in domestic-relations proceedings, and whether to do so and the amount thereof are matters within the circuit court's discretion. *James v. Walchli* , 2017 Ark. App. 645, 535 S.W.3d 679. Given the circuit court's intimate acquaintance with the record and the quality of services rendered, we usually recognize the superior perspective of the circuit court in determining the issue of attorney's fees. *Id.* A circuit court's decision related to attorney's fees will not be disturbed on appeal absent an abuse of discretion. *Id.*

*292Jill argues that there have been four motions filed and three hearings held since the parties' divorce, and while Phillip is a physician with more financial resources, she has a limited income and relies heavily on the child-support payments she receives from Phillip. She argues that she should not be penalized for her lack of resources, nor should L.P. "be penalized from child support funds having to be diverted to fight her Father's multiple motions, none of which have resulted in a change of custody." Phillip counters that Jill's actions have justified his concerns for L.P.'s well-being and notes that even the circuit court found a material change of circumstances. Therefore, he argues, the circuit court did not abuse its discretion in denying attorney's fees.

The circuit court denied attorney's fees for both parties, and we see no abuse of discretion in that decision.

Affirmed on direct appeal; affirmed on cross-appeal.

Switzer, Whiteaker, Vaught, and Hixson, JJ., agree.

Abramson, Virden, Gladwin, and Brown, JJ., dissent.

1

According to the Trinity handbook, "Toddler and Preschool (K2 and K3) class begins at 8:15 a.m. and students should be signed in no later than 9:00 a.m."

2

Aftercare service concludes at 5:30 p.m.; on that day, Jill was pulling into the parking lot when the school called her at 5:30 p.m.

3

An investigation into L.P.'s injury concluded that she had a urinary-tract infection and a straddle injury, which can be caused from falling off a bike or straining while using the bathroom. The investigation concluded that the injury was not caused by child abuse or neglect.

Waymond M. Brown, Judge, dissenting.

Arkansas law is well settled that the primary consideration in child-custody cases is the welfare and best interest of the children.1 The majority affirms the continuation of joint custody in this case because despite the multitude of issues between the parties, the hostility does not rise to a level serious enough to modify the existing custody arrangement as there is no evidence that the child has been affected. My review of the testimony leaves me to believe otherwise.

Dr. Phillip Pace appeals the order of the Miller County Circuit Court denying his motion to change custody of his daughter, LP. On appeal, Phillip argues that, in light of the discord between himself and Jill Pace, the circuit court erred in continuing the joint-custody arrangement. I agree.

At the time of the parties' divorce in July 2015, Phillip and Jill agreed to share custody of their young daughter, LP. However, in October 2016, Phillip filed the first motion to modify the custody arrangement. Following a hearing in which Jill acknowledged her history with addiction to prescription pain pills and admitted testing positive for cocaine use in a recent court-ordered drug test, the circuit court ordered Jill to submit to further drug testing, yet denied modification.

Phillip filed the second motion to modify custody, which is the motion at issue here, on March 14, 2018. He alleged that there had been a material change in circumstances sufficient to warrant modification of the prior orders and requested that he be awarded primary custody of LP. That same day, Phillip also filed a motion for drug testing, noting Jill's "extended history with substance abuse" and stating that he believed her to not only be using illicit drugs but also to be using them "during periods in which the minor child is under her care and custody."

Following a hearing on the motion for drug testing, the circuit court ordered Jill and her boyfriend to submit to testing. Jill's results were negative for drugs; however, her boyfriend never presented himself for testing. Jill testified that shortly after the hearing, they chose to end their relationship.

A hearing on the second motion to modify custody was held on June 25, 2018.

*293Following the hearing, the circuit court denied Phillip's request to discontinue joint custody and award him primary custody of LP. He timely appealed the denial of the custody-modification motion.

In reviewing child-custody cases, we consider the evidence de novo, but the circuit court's findings of fact will not be reversed unless they are clearly erroneous or clearly against the preponderance of the evidence.2 A finding is clearly erroneous when, although there is supporting evidence in the record, the appellate court viewing the entire evidence is left with a definite and firm conviction that a mistake has been committed.3 We give due deference to the superior position of the circuit court to view and judge the credibility of the witnesses.4

When the parties have fallen into such discord that they are unable to cooperate in sharing physical care of their children, this constitutes a material change in circumstances affecting the children's best interest.5 We have reversed the continuation of a joint-custody arrangement on a motion to modify custody when "there was a mountain of evidence ... demonstrating that the parties could no longer cooperate in reaching shared decisions in matters affecting their children."6 In *Acklin v. Acklin* , this court upheld the circuit court's finding that the parents' testimony regarding their mutual inability to communicate supported a denial of joint custody.7 Regardless of whether joint custody is favored, our law remains that the mutual ability of the parties to reach decisions in matters affecting a child's welfare is a crucial factor bearing on the propriety of joint custody and that such an award is reversible error when the cooperation between the parents is lacking.8

Here, the testimony clearly established the parents' lack of communication, hostility, and distrust toward one another. Jill is admittedly an addict, and Phillip expressed concerns with her undeniable drug use, as evidenced by a positive drug test and text exchanges between Jill and Niraj Krishna regarding "making it snow." Phillip is equally concerned with the individuals with whom Jill associates and brings around LP, especially the sexual encounters and overnight visitors she has while LP is in her care. Jill testified that she does not trust Phillip as she has discovered voice recorders and GPS trackers in LP's backpack. There has been a CPS investigation, an ER visit, and questionable injuries to LP. There was an incident in which LP suffered a burn to her hand while in Jill's custody, yet Phillip did not ask Jill what happened because "she never tells me anything."

There have been multiple occasions on which the police were called for assistance. For instance, Jill called the police during a heated exchange of LP. From that point on, Phillip was banned from Jill's property and would park on the street and wait for Jill to send LP out instead of picking her up at the door. Phillip's mother called the police another time because she felt that Jill was intoxicated while attempting to *294pick LP up from her house. Jill left before the police arrived.

Both parties testified to their inability to communicate with one another. For example, when Phillip learned that Jill had acquired roommates, an adult male, an adult female, and their sixteen-year-old son, he immediately hired a private investigator, stating, "I did not call Jill up first ... I did not ask her." Jill specifically testified that she does not trust Phillip and does not communicate with Phillip but with his wife Lacie instead. Phillip also testified that "I'm not really able to communicate with Jill Pace in an adult type manner for the betterment of our four-year-old daughter."

Joint-custody case law bears repeating at this juncture. When the parties have fallen into such discord that they are unable to cooperate in the care of their children, this constitutes a material change in circumstances affecting the best interest of the children.9 An award of joint custody is reversible error where the cooperation between the parents is lacking.10 "Discord" is defined as disagreement between people. It is hard to imagine a situation where more discord exists than in the present situation involving calls to police, private investigators, child-abuse investigations, drug use, repeated litigation, and admissions from both parties that they do not communicate with one another. This is not a situation that is conducive to an award of joint custody. I fail to see how this level of hostility and animosity can form the foundation of a workable joint-custody arrangement, where parents must communicate and cooperate with one another on an almost daily basis to coordinate the schedule and needs of their child.

In its order denying Phillip's motion to modify custody, the circuit court found:

> The Court finds that it was established by the preponderance of the evidence that Defendant used cocaine on one occasion since the last Order. The Court does not find that such evidence warrants a change in the custody order previously entered in this cause.

> The Court further finds the Defendant has met the child's educational needs and most of the other evidence presented was personal in nature and would not have been known by the child or impacted the mother-daughter relationship.

> Both parties are required to use due diligence to protect the safety and well being of the child. There was no evidence presented that Defendant's current renters have harmed or would harm the child. Since Sean Lancaster refused to take the court ordered drug test, he shall not have any contact with the child or the Defendant unless he completes the drug testing pursuant to the Order previously entered by this Court. The expense of such drug testing shall be solely that of Defendant and/or Sean Lancaster. If taken, results shall be provided to Plaintiff through his attorney. IT IS SO ORDERED, ADJUDGED, and DECREED.

> The Court finds that there has been material changes of circumstances in the lives of both parties since the last order. However, it is not in the best interests of the child to modify the joint custody agreed to by the parties in their Decree of Divorce dated on July 16, 2015. This child should continue to attend Trinity Christian School with Plaintiff paying the full expense unless the parties mutually agree to a change.

> IT IS, THEREFORE, ORDERED, ADJUDGED and DECREED that despite *295the fact that material changes of circumstances have occurred in the lives of both parties, it is in the best interest of the child that the agreed joint custody arrangement between the parties and the agreed child support continue in the July 16, 2015 Decree of Divorce continue [sic].

It appears that the circuit court's findings were based, not on the suitability of joint custody in this particular situation, but on Jill's fitness to parent LP. However, that is not the pivotal question in determining whether to award joint custody. Both parties may be fit parents individually; however, that does not make joint custody appropriate if they cannot communicate. Without communication, there can be no cooperation. Here, the parties testified that they do not communicate, and the record is replete with examples of discord and hostility.

Elizabeth Foster works at Trinity Christian School, which LP attends. She testified that Jill's belief that LP did not need to be in class until 9:00 a.m. is incorrect. Elizabeth stated that instructional time begins at 8:15 a.m.; therefore, when Jill brings LP in late, she misses curriculum. She further explained that she can distinguish between Phillip's weeks versus Jill's weeks by looking at the attendance and sign-in sheets. Elizabeth went on to note that during Jill's weeks LP has had a lunch that did not meet nutritional guidelines, her appearance has been messy, she has been sent to school in inappropriate clothing, appears to be tired, has not had her backpack, and has not had the required napmat, etc. Meanwhile, she noted none of those issues during LP's weeks with Phillip.

Allison Munn, a teacher at Trinity Christian School, has been a preschool teacher for more than eighteen years. She stated that part of her job is to observe parents and their behavior, as parents' behavior can impact a child. Allison explained,

> I have had observations of Jill Pace that cause me concern about her having care and custody of LP. There is no consistency as far as parenting, having LP places on time, at school, her behavior at school. Dropping LP off and picking LP up, has been - I don't really know the word - not something that I think needs to be around kids.

Allison provided that she has observed Jill drop LP off at school without the things she needed such as a backpack, napmat, and an adequate lunch. She has overheard Jill tell LP that she will pick her up at 3:00 p.m., but not show up until 5:30 p.m. Allison further commented on Jill's inability to drop LP off at school in a timely manner so as not to miss instructional time. She explained that Jill often looks "disheveled, out of sorts, where she didn't have use of all of her faculties," and she also expressed concern with the people that Jill brings with her to drop off and pick up LP from school.

Allison described incidents of "abnormal parent-teacher conversation" with Jill, including not being involved or showing interest during conferences, text messages stating that Allison was being recorded by Phillip and later changing her story when questioned, contacting her well past acceptable hours, and even telling LP that Allison stole her stuffed hippo "blanky" that she used during nap time. Allison stated that notes would be sent home regarding the things LP needed for school, yet Jill would not provide the items.

LP attended a school function wearing white gloves following the incident in which she burned her hands. When Allison asked what had happened, LP responded that she did not want to talk about it because she did not want to get in trouble.

*296According to Allison, LP said, "My mommy will be mad if I tell you," which was a "red flag." Allison stated that she was concerned that LP had been "coached" by her mother or grandmother on what to say about the incident.

Allison has observed LP "acting like she was smoking" and heard her talk about cooking breakfast for herself. Additionally, Allison stated,

> I have been able to identify when the problems are happening with LP. There is a big difference between when she is with mom and when she is with dad. I see changes in LP's demeanor and behavior in a week when she's with dad as opposed to when she is with mom. Mom's week, she is always exhausted, tired, her behavior is completely different, she is very defiant, very-just-she can even kind of be ugly to some of her friends. You can just tell, it's just kind of moody, I guess. Dad's week, she's you know, not tired at nap time, she kind of flips all around because she's not exhausted. Mom's week, she gets on her mat and she's gone. We don't have as many behavior issues on dad's week, there is more consistency that week, and then the next week you can almost guarantee-and it's not just me that sees it, the other teachers say, oh, well, it must be mom's week. I've noticed this all year.

> Based on my observations over the past year I've developed a concern for LP while she has been under the care and custody of her mom. I have developed concerns over LP's educational development. I've developed concerns over whether or not LP is receiving proper nutrition. I've developed concerns over the living arrangements under which LP is being placed. I've developed concerns about her exposure to adult situations. I have developed concerns about the safety and well-being of the child.

Given the testimony, I cannot agree with the majority that it is in the best interest of LP to continue joint custody. It is clear to me that she has been affected by not only the discord between the parents but also by the lifestyle choices of the parents. Children are not unaware of their surroundings nor are they insulated from the choices their parents make. For these reasons, I dissent.

Abramson, Virden, and Gladwin, JJ., join.

1

*Montez v. Montez* , 2017 Ark. App. 220, 518 S.W.3d 751.

2

*Hodge v. Hodge* , 97 Ark. App. 217, 245 S.W.3d 695 (2006).

3

*Id.*

4

*Id.*

5

*Word v. Remick* , 75 Ark. App. 390, 58 S.W.3d 422 (2001).

6

*Doss v. Miller* , 2010 Ark. App. 95, 377 S.W.3d 348.

7

2017 Ark. App. 322, 521 S.W.3d 538.

8

*Stibich v. Stibich* , 2016 Ark. App. 251, 491 S.W.3d 475.

9

*Word, supra.*

10

*Stibich, supra.*