```

[Federal Register: May 12, 2010 (Volume 75, Number 91)]
[Notices]               
[Page 26798-26807]
From the Federal Register Online via GPO Access [wais.access.gpo.gov]
[DOCID:fr12my10-108]                         

=======================================================================
-----------------------------------------------------------------------

LIBRARY OF CONGRESS

Copyright Royalty Board

[Docket No. 2008-2 CRB CD 2000-2003]

 
Distribution of the 2000-2003 Cable Royalty Funds

AGENCY: Copyright Royalty Board, Library of Congress.

ACTION: Distribution order.

-----------------------------------------------------------------------

SUMMARY: The Copyright Royalty Judges are announcing the final Phase I 
distribution of cable royalty funds for the years 2000, 2001, 2002, and 
2003.

DATES: Effective May 12, 2010.

ADDRESSES: The final distribution order also is posted on the Copyright 
Royalty Board Web site at http://www.loc.gov/crb/proceedings/2008-2/final-distribution-order.pdf.

FOR FURTHER INFORMATION CONTACT: Richard Strasser, Senior Attorney, or 
Gina Giuffreda, Attorney Advisor, by telephone at (202) 707-7658 or by 
e-mail at crb@loc.gov.

SUPPLEMENTARY INFORMATION:

I. Subject of the Proceeding

    In 1976, Congress enacted a statutory license for cable television 
operators to enable them to clear the copyrights to over-the-air 
television and radio broadcast programming which they retransmit to 
their subscribers. Codified at 17 U.S.C. 111, the cable license 
requires cable operators to submit semi-annual royalty payments, along 
with accompanying statements of account, to the Copyright Office for 
subsequent distribution to copyright owners of the broadcast 
programming retransmitted by those cable operators. In order to 
determine how the collected royalties are to be distributed amongst the 
many copyright owners filing claims for them, the Copyright Royalty 
Judges (``Judges'') conduct a distribution proceeding in accordance 
with chapter 8 of the Copyright Act. This order is the culmination of 
one of those proceedings.\1\
---------------------------------------------------------------------------

    \1\ Prior to the enactment of the Copyright Royalty and 
Distribution Reform Act of 2004, which established the Copyright 
Royalty Judges, final determinations as to the distribution of 
royalties collected under the Section 111 license were made by two 
other bodies. The first was the Copyright Royalty Tribunal, which 
made distributions beginning with the 1978 royalty year, the first 
year in which cable royalties were collected under the 1976 
Copyright Act. The Tribunal was eliminated in 1993 and replaced by 
the Copyright Arbitration Royalty Panel (``CARP'') system. Under 
this regime, the Librarian of Congress appointed a CARP, consisting 
of three arbitrators, who made a recommendation to the Librarian as 
to how the royalties should be distributed. Final distribution 
authority, however, rested with the Librarian. As noted above, the 
CARP system ended in 2004.
---------------------------------------------------------------------------

    Proceedings for determining the distribution of the cable license 
royalties are conducted in two phases. In Phase I, the royalties are 
divided among programming categories. The claimants to the royalties 
have organized themselves into eight categories of programming 
retransmitted by cable systems: movies and syndicated television 
programming; sports programming; commercial broadcast programming; 
religious broadcast programming; noncommercial television broadcast 
programming; Canadian broadcast programming; noncommercial radio 
broadcast programming; and music contained on all broadcast 
programming. In Phase II, the royalties allotted to each category at 
Phase I are subdivided among the various copyright holders within that 
category. This proceeding is a Phase I proceeding for royalties 
collected from cable operators for the years 2000, 2001, 2002 and 2003.
    The royalty payment scheme of the cable license involves several 
considerations. The license places cable systems into three classes 
based upon the amount of money they receive from their subscribers for 
the retransmission of over-the-air broadcast signals. Small- and 
medium-sized systems pay a flat fee. Large cable systems--whose royalty 
payments comprise the lion's share of the royalties distributed in this 
proceeding--pay a percentage of the gross receipts they receive from 
their subscribers for each distant over-the-air broadcast station they 
retransmit.\2\ How much they pay for each broadcast station depends 
upon how the carriage of that station would have been regulated by the 
Federal Communications Commission (``FCC'') in 1976, the year in which 
the current Copyright Act was enacted. Distant signals are principally 
determined in accordance with two sets of FCC regulations: the 
mandatory carriage rules in effect on April 15, 1976, and their 
associated rulings and determinations; and the current FCC regulations 
defining television markets, and their associated rulings and 
determinations.
---------------------------------------------------------------------------

    \2\ The cable license is premised upon the Congressional 
judgment that large cable systems should only pay royalties for the 
distant broadcast stations they bring to their subscribers and not 
for the local broadcast stations they provide. However, cable 
systems which carry only local stations and no distant ones are 
still required to submit a statement of account and pay a basic 
minimum fee. See infra n.6.
---------------------------------------------------------------------------

    The royalty scheme for large cable systems employs a statutory 
device known as the distant signal equivalent (``DSE''). The systems, 
other than those paying the minimum fee, pay royalties based upon the 
number of DSEs they incur. The statute defines a DSE as ``the value 
assigned to the secondary transmission of any nonnetwork television 
programming carried by a cable system in whole or in part beyond the 
local service area of the primary transmitter of such programming.'' 17 
U.S.C. 111(f). A DSE is computed by assigning a value of one to distant 
independent broadcast stations and a value of one-quarter to distant 
noncommercial educational and network stations, which do have a certain 
amount of nonnetwork programming during a typical broadcast day. The 
systems pay royalties based upon a sliding scale of percentages of 
their gross receipts depending upon the number of DSEs they incur. The 
greater the number of DSEs, the greater the total percentage of gross 
receipts and, consequently, the larger the total royalty payment. The 
monies collected under this payment scheme are received by the 
Copyright Office and identified as the ``Basic Fund.''
    The complexity of the royalty payment mechanism does not, however, 
end with the Basic Fund. As noted above, the operation of the cable 
license is intricately linked with how the FCC regulated the cable 
industry in 1976. The FCC restricted the number of distant signals that 
cable systems could carry (``the distant signal carriage rules'') and 
required them to black-out programming contained on a distant signal 
where the local broadcaster had purchased the exclusive right to that 
programming (``the syndicated exclusivity rules''). However, in 1980, 
the FCC took a decidedly deregulatory stance towards the cable industry 
and eliminated these sets of rules. See, Malrite T.V. v. FCC, 652 F.2d 
1140 (2d Cir. 1981), cert. denied sub. nom., National Football League, 
Inc. v. FCC, 454 U.S. 1143 (1982). Cable systems were now free to 
import as many distant signals as they desired without worry of 
communications law restrictions.
    Pursuant to its statutory authority and in reaction to the FCC's 
action, the Copyright Royalty Tribunal (``Tribunal'') initiated a rate 
adjustment proceeding for the cable license to compensate copyright 
owners for royalties lost as a result of repeal of the distant signal

[[Page 26799]]

carriage rules and the syndicated exclusivity rules. This rate 
adjustment proceeding produced two new rates applicable to large cable 
systems making Section 111 royalty payments. Adjustment of the Royalty 
Rate for Cable Systems; Federal Communications Commission's 
Deregulation of the Cable Industry, Docket No. CRT-81-2, Final rule, 47 
FR 52146 (November 19, 1982). The first, to compensate for the 
elimination of the distant signal carriage rules, was the royalty rate 
of 3.75% of a large cable system's gross receipts for carriage of each 
distant signal that would not have been previously permitted under the 
former distant signal carriage rules. Royalties which are paid at the 
3.75% rate--sometimes referred to as the ``penalty fee'' by the cable 
industry--are held by the Copyright Office in the ``3.75% Fund,'' which 
is separate from those royalties kept in the Basic Fund.
    The second rate adopted by the Tribunal, to compensate for the 
elimination of the syndicated exclusivity (``syndex'') rules, is known 
as the ``syndex surcharge.'' Large cable operators must pay this 
additional fee when any programming contained on a distant signal 
retransmitted by the cable operator would have been subject to black-
out protection under the FCC's former syndex rules. Royalties 
comprising the syndex surcharge are segregated by the Copyright Office, 
into the ``Syndex Fund.''
    The royalties in these three funds--Basic, 3.75% and Syndex--are 
the royalties that are eligible for distribution to copyright owners of 
nonnetwork broadcast programming in a Section 111 cable license 
distribution proceeding.

II. Procedural History of This Proceeding

    On April 2, 2008, the Copyright Royalty Judges published a notice 
in the Federal Register announcing the commencement of a proceeding to 
determine the Phase I distribution of the 2000, 2001, 2002 and 2003 
cable royalties. 73 FR 18004. The notice also requested interested 
parties to submit their Petitions to Participate in the proceeding no 
later than May 2, 2008. Petitions to Participate, all of which were 
joint petitions, were received from the following claimants: Devotional 
Claimants, Joint Sports Claimants, the National Association of 
Broadcasters for U.S. Commercial Television Broadcaster Claimants, 
Music Claimants, the Motion Picture Association of America, Inc. 
(``MPAA'') for Program Supplier Claimants, and Public Television 
Claimants (collectively, the ``Settling Parties'') and Canadian 
Claimants Group (``Canadian Claimants''). The Judges accepted these 
petitions. Order Announcing Negotiation Period, Docket No. 2008-2 CRB 
CD 2000-2003 (June 30, 2008).
    After the expiration of the mandatory negotiation period, the 
parties were directed to submit their written direct statements on or 
before February 2, 2009. The Judges received written direct statements 
from the Canadian Claimants and the Settling Parties. Discovery on 
these two written direct statements was conducted throughout February 
and the first half of March, and the hearings were conducted from June 
11-16, 2009. The Canadian Claimants presented the following witnesses: 
Janice de Freitas, Manager of the Rights Administration Unit, the 
Canadian Broadcasting Corporation; and Professor Debra J. Ringold.\3\ 
The Settling Parties presented Marsha E. Kessler, Vice President of 
Retransmission Royalty Distribution, the MPAA; Jonda K. Martin, 
President of Cable Data Corporation (``CDC''); Linda McLaughlin, 
Special Consultant to National Economic Research Associates, Inc.; and 
Hal J. Singer, President, Empiris, LLC. A rebuttal phase to the 
proceeding was requested by the parties, and written rebuttal 
statements were submitted by July 24, 2009. After discovery on the 
written rebuttal statements, hearings were conducted on September 1 and 
2, 2009. The Canadian Claimants presented John Calfee, Resident 
Scholar, American Enterprise Institute, and Jonda K. Martin. The 
Settling Parties presented Linda McLaughlin.
---------------------------------------------------------------------------

    \3\ The Judges also admitted the testimony of Alison Smith, 
correspondent for the Canadian Broadcasting Corporation, and Stephen 
Stohn, President of Epitome Pictures, on behalf of the Canadian 
Claimants without live testimony pursuant to the stipulation of the 
Canadian Claimants with the Settling Parties. 6/15/09 Tr. at 520-21.
---------------------------------------------------------------------------

    Proposed Findings of Fact and Conclusions of Law were submitted by 
the parties by September 30, 2009, and reply findings were submitted by 
October 7, 2009. The parties also submitted a Joint Undisputed and 
Disputed Proposed Findings of Fact and Conclusions of Law (``Joint 
Findings'') by October 21, 2009. Closing arguments were held on October 
28, 2009, and the record to the proceeding was closed.
    On March 3, 2010, the Judges issued the initial Distribution Order. 
Pursuant to 17 U.S.C. 803(c)(2)(B) and 37 CFR 353.4, motions for 
rehearing were due to be filed no later than March 18, 2010. No motions 
were received.

III. Scope of the Proceeding

A. The Joint Stipulations

    When the Judges commenced this proceeding, the expectation was for 
a typical Phase I distribution. This expectation changed dramatically, 
however, with the filing of two joint motions by the parties. The 
first, filed on October 1, 2008, well before the submission of written 
direct statements, requested the Judges to adopt a joint stipulation 
regarding the scope of the proceeding. The joint stipulation provided 
in pertinent part:

    1. The Phase I Parties agree that the sole unresolved issue in 
the instant proceeding to be submitted to the Judges is the Phase I 
share that should be awarded to the Canadian Claimants Group from 
the 2000-03 Funds.
    2. The Phase I Parties will not seek, as a part of this 
proceeding, to have the Judges determine separate Phase I shares of 
the 2000-03 Funds for the claimant groups that comprise the Settling 
Parties, and will instead seek a specific determination only as to 
the Phase I share to be awarded to the Canadian Claimants Group, 
with the remaining balance to be awarded to the Settling Parties.

    Motion of the Phase I Parties To Adopt Joint Stipulation at Exhibit 
A, 1-2 (October 1, 2008).
    The Judges adopted the parties' request. Order Granting Motion on 
Stipulation, Docket No. 2008-2 CRB CD 2000-2003 (October 15, 2008). The 
parties filed another request to adopt a further joint stipulation on 
February 2, 2009, the date on which written direct statements were due. 
The further joint stipulation provided that

the Judges need decide only whether the Canadians' 2000-03 Share 
should (a) be no greater than the CCG's [Canadian Claimants Group] 
average share awarded in the last litigated Phase I distribution 
proceeding, the 1998-99 cable royalty distribution proceeding; or 
(b) be determined by applying the 1998-99 CARP Methodology to data 
from 2000-2003.

    Motion of the Phase I Parties To Adopt Further Joint Stipulation at 
Exhibit A, 2 (February 2, 2009). The Judges granted this motion as 
well. Order Granting Motion on Further Stipulation, Docket No. 2008-2 
CRB CD 2000-2003 (February 9, 2009).
    The parties set forth their positions on the entitlement to 
royalties of the Canadian Claimants in Exhibit A of the Further Joint 
Stipulation. The Settling Parties submitted that the Canadians 
Claimants' award should be the average of the two awards (1998 and 
1999) that the CARP gave the Canadian Claimants in the 1998-99 Phase I 
distribution proceeding. These averages amount to 1.84% of the Basic 
Fund for each of the years 2000-2003, and 0.25% of the

[[Page 26800]]

3.75% Fund for each of those same years.\4\ The Canadian Claimants' 
request, as set forth in the Further Joint Stipulation, was as follows:
---------------------------------------------------------------------------

    \4\ The Canadian Claimants did not receive any award for the 
Syndex Fund and likewise do not seek such an award in this 
proceeding.

----------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------
                 Year                    Basic fund (percent)     3.75% Fund (percent)    Syndex fund (percent)
----------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------
2000.................................                  2.04383                  0.33006                        0
2001.................................                  2.35338                  1.28069                        0
2002.................................                  2.53544                  1.88970                        0
2003.................................                  2.58496                  2.42881                        0
----------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------

    Motion of the Phase I Parties To Adopt Further Joint Stipulation at 
Exhibit A, 3, ] 3 (February 2, 2009). The Canadian Claimants' request 
is more complicated. Its calculation for both the Basic and 3.75% Funds 
involves a four-step process. First, the Canadian Claimants start by 
identifying the fees generated by Canadian distant signals for the year 
in question. This is known as ``fee generation,'' a task performed by 
CDC, and is a source of considerable disagreement between the Settling 
Parties and Canadian Claimants. Second, the Canadian Claimants identify 
the amount of fees attributable to Canadian Claimants' programming, 
Program Suppliers' programming and Joint Sports Claimants' programming 
\5\ based upon a survey presented by Dr. Ringold using the results of 
her constant sum valuation survey for cable operators carrying distant 
Canadian signals. The third step is to multiply the Ringold survey 
number for a given year for Canadian Claimants by the percentage of 
fees generated for Canadian distant signals. The final step is to apply 
a stipulated downward adjustment factor to account for the combination 
process in the context of a proceeding where all other parties have 
settled. Joint Findings at 187-188.
---------------------------------------------------------------------------

    \5\ Only these three programming categories are considered 
because they comprise all of the programming offered on Canadian 
distant signals.
---------------------------------------------------------------------------

    While the joint stipulations demonstrated the parties' desire to 
restrict this Phase I proceeding to a resolution solely of the amount 
that the Canadian Claimants would receive for the four distribution 
years at issue, the true meaning--and in particular the application--of 
the parties' intentions did not become clear until much later in the 
proceeding. Indeed, even the parties themselves were uncertain as to 
the ramifications of their agreements. See, e.g. 10/28/09 Tr. at 1226 
(Closing Argument) (the Further Joint Stipulation has ``more 
complicated ramifications than we anticipated when we entered into 
it''). The Settling Parties often asserted throughout the course of the 
proceeding that Canadian Claimants should not receive anything other 
than what the CARP awarded them in the 1998-99 proceeding. This 
assertion is inaccurate because the CARP gave the Canadian Claimants 
one set of distribution percentages for 1998 and another for 1999 
whereas the Settling Parties are now seeking an average of these 
percentages applied to each of the years 2000-2003. The Canadian 
Claimants, for their part, are seeking to use the data collected from 
CDC for the 2000-2003 years and apply it to the four-step distribution 
methodology utilized by the CARP, as described above. In their view, by 
using the 2000-2003 data, the Canadian Claimants are updating the 1998-
99 CARP results.
    What the CARP did in the 1998-99 proceeding with respect to the 
Canadian Claimants' award is the true focus of the parties in this 
proceeding. The Settling Parties challenge the CARP's use of a fee 
generation methodology as the means for determining the Canadian 
Claimants' award. See, 10/28/09 Tr. at 1170 (Closing Argument) (counsel 
for Settling Parties stating ``I think that the whole purpose of this 
proceeding here was to get an answer, a clear guidance from the Judges 
here on an issue that has--has really troubled the Claimants, has 
plagued these proceeding from the start, and this is, what do we do 
with fee generation? That's what this proceeding is really focused on. 
Is fee generation a valid measure of relative marketplace value and one 
that the Judges should adopt?''). The Canadian Claimants, accepting and 
defending that fee generation is the proper methodology to determine 
their award, seek to demonstrate in this proceeding that as a result of 
``changed circumstances'' (a term of art in the long history of cable 
distribution proceedings under 17 U.S.C. 111) the distribution 
percentages awarded them in the 1998-99 proceeding should be adjusted 
upward for the 2000-2003 period.

B. The 1998-99 CARP's Determination of the Canadian Claimants' Award

    The Canadian Claimants requested a royalty distribution of 
approximately 2.25% of the Basic Fund and 0.2% of the 3.75% Fund for 
1998, and approximately 2.50% of the Basic Fund and 0.4% of the 3.75% 
Fund for 1999. They relied principally on the fee generation approach 
to support these awards, along with citing changed circumstances to 
corroborate the substantial increase requested from the award they 
received in the 1990-92 distribution proceeding (also litigated before 
a CARP). The CARP described fee generation as ``a valuation method that 
attempts to measure the amount of royalties actually generated by a 
particular claimant group.''
    Report of the Copyright Arbitration Royalty Panel to the Librarian 
of Congress in Docket No. 2001-8 CARP CD 98-99 (hereinafter referred to 
as the ``CARP Report'') at 60. The Canadian Claimants proposed using 
full-year data in accordance with a formula developed by CDC to 
identify the amount of fees generated by the carriage of distant 
Canadian signals by U.S. cable systems. The minimum fees \6\ were 
excluded from the calculation and then, in accordance with historical 
practice, apportioned proportionally to the Basic Fund allocations for 
all claimants.
---------------------------------------------------------------------------

    \6\ Cable systems with less than one DSE are still required to 
pay a minimum fee, which is equal to the same amount the system 
would pay if it carried one full DSE.
---------------------------------------------------------------------------

    The Canadian Claimants then presented two studies. The first was a 
time study for the purpose of showing how much programming time on 
distant Canadian signals was occupied by Canadian programming, Program 
Suppliers' programming and Joint Sports Claimants' programming. The 
second was a constant sum valuation survey presented by Dr. Ringold, 
averaged over four years, to determine the relative value of the three 
types of programming contained on distant Canadian signals. Canadian 
Claimants then used a midpoint between the value allocated to Canadian 
programming in the time study and the Ringold study to

[[Page 26801]]

conclude that approximately 70% of the fees generated by Canadian 
distant signals were attributable to Canadian programming. CARP Report 
at 71-72.
    After noting that no other party in the proceeding, except the 
Public Television Claimants, objected to using the fee generation 
approach for determining the Canadian Claimants' share of the Basic and 
3.75% Funds, the CARP concluded:

    The Panel accepts the general methodology employed by the 
Canadians with two exceptions. First, in accord with our predecessor 
Panel, we decline to credit use of a midpoint between the values 
allocated to Canadians [sic] programming in Dr. Ringold's survey and 
the volume of Canadians [sic] programming in Mr. Bennett's time 
study. We reiterate here that time-based metrics are not reliable 
measures of relative value. Indeed, the Canadians' own valuation 
survey confirms that the time associated with its programming 
category is not directly related to its value. The Ringold survey is 
the reliable means of determining the relative value of programming 
contained on Canadian signals.
    Second, the Panel is unpersuaded by Dr. Ringold's advocacy of a 
four-year survey average. Perhaps the Panel reposes more confidence 
in her survey than Dr. Ringold herself. But we see no reason not to 
focus exclusively on the survey responses for 1998 and 1999--the 
years for which we are distributing royalties.

CARP Report at 72-73 (emphasis in original).

    The CARP then turned to the question of whether there were 
``changed circumstances'' from the 1990-92 proceeding and determined 
that there was one: ``a substantial increase in relative shares of 
actual fees generated of both the Basic Fund and the 3.75% Fund.'' Id. 
at 74. This led the CARP to conclude that ``[a]n assessment of changed 
circumstances, based upon an approximate doubling of relative fees, 
implicates a substantial increase from the last award--when the 
Canadians [sic] award was determined based upon shares of fees 
generated.'' Id. (emphasis in original). Using the 1990-92 proceeding 
as a reference point, the CARP awarded the Canadian Claimants its fee-
generated shares as follows: 1.76% of the Basic Fund and 0.144% of the 
3.75% Fund for 1998, and 1.91% of the Basic Fund and 0.35% of the 3.75% 
Fund for 1999.\7\ Id. at 92-93.
---------------------------------------------------------------------------

    \7\ As previously noted, these specific percentages were not the 
``true'' fee generated awards because it was necessary for the CARP 
to adjust them downward to incorporate other claimants' awards 
without exceeding 100% of the funds.
---------------------------------------------------------------------------

    It is significant to note, particularly for purposes of this 
proceeding, that the CARP expressly made its award ``despite our 
expressed concerns respecting fee generation and changed 
circumstances.'' Id. at 72. These concerns arose during the CARP's 
resolution of the awards for Public Television Claimants who resisted 
an application of the fee generation approach for their awards. With 
respect to fee generation, the CARP noted that there were two 
historical criticisms of the approach: (1) that the DSE fee structure 
of the Section 111 license renders any fee generation arbitrary; and 
(2) because royalties are generated according to statutorily prescribed 
rates, the fees do not truly represent relative market value. Id. at 
62. The CARP dismissed the first criticism, stating that while it 
cannot be known whether a particular Canadian distant signal is paid 
for at the highest DSE rate or the lowest, the range of those rates can 
be determined which places them within a zone of reasonableness. The 
second criticism, which the CARP described as ``more nuanced,'' was 
nevertheless reconcilable because while fee generation may undervalue 
Public Television and Canadian distant signals in absolute terms, it 
does not follow that the fees generated are undervalued relative to the 
under-valuation of the remaining claimant groups. Id. at 63. Fee 
generation, therefore, ``should be accorded some weight,'' and, with 
respect to Canadian Claimants, more weight because the 1990-92 decision 
used fee generation as well, an approach that was expressly adopted by 
the Librarian of Congress' review of that decision. Id. at 64, 74 n.45.
    With respect to changed circumstances, the CARP noted that their 
assessment is often difficult and involves subjective judgment. Id. at 
65. Particularly difficult is determining the correct reference point 
award from which to assess changed circumstances. Once again, this 
concern was assuaged with respect to the Canadian Claimants' award 
because the 1990-92 decision adopted the fee generation approach, 
thereby allowing a correct apples-to-apples comparison between the 
reference point award and the newly adjusted award. Id. at 74 n.45.
    This is how the 1998-99 CARP decided the Canadian Claimants' award. 
The Settling Parties now attack the fee generation approach and urge 
the Judges not to follow it in this proceeding. The Canadian Claimants 
not only defend the approach, but urge us to find that changed 
circumstances from the 1998-99 period merit a substantial increase from 
the CARP-set levels. Before we can evaluate their positions, the Judges 
must determine the correct standards governing the distribution to be 
determined in this proceeding.

C. The Governing Distribution Standards for This Proceeding

    Section 803(a)(1) of the Copyright Act provides:

    The Copyright Royalty Judges shall act in accordance with this 
title, and to the extent not inconsistent with this title, in 
accordance with subchapter II of chapter 5 of title 5, in carrying 
out the purposes set forth in section 801. The Copyright Royalty 
Judges shall act in accordance with regulations issued by the 
Copyright Royalty Judges and the Librarian of Congress, and on the 
basis of a written record, prior determinations and interpretations 
of the Copyright Royalty Tribunal, Librarian of Congress, the 
Register of Copyrights, copyright arbitration royalty panels (to the 
extent those determinations are not inconsistent with a decision of 
the Librarian of Congress or the Register of Copyrights), and the 
Copyright Royalty Judges (to the extent those determinations are not 
inconsistent with a decision of the Register of Copyrights that was 
timely delivered to the Copyright Royalty Judges pursuant to section 
802(f)(1)(A) or (B), or with a decision of the Register of 
Copyrights pursuant to section 802(f)(1)(D)), under this chapter, 
and decisions of the court of appeals under this chapter before, on, 
or after the effective date of the Copyright Royalty and 
Distribution Reform Act of 2004.

17 U.S.C. 803(a)(1).

    Both the Settling Parties and the Canadian Claimants acknowledge 
that Congress did not set forth a statutory standard for cable royalty 
allocations. Joint Findings at 151. In fact, the standards for 
determining distribution awards have changed dramatically since the 
inception of the license. In the first Phase I distribution proceeding, 
the Copyright Royalty Tribunal identified three primary factors to 
guide its determinations: (1) The harm to copyright owners caused by 
distant signal retransmissions; (2) the benefit derived by cable 
systems from those retransmissions; and (3) the marketplace value of 
the copyrighted works retransmitted. 45 FR 63026, 63035 (September 23, 
1980). The Tribunal also identified two secondary factors: (1) The 
quality of the retransmitted material; and (2) time-related 
considerations. Id. By the time of the last fully litigated Tribunal 
determination, the Tribunal dropped its consideration of the two 
secondary factors. 57 FR 15286 (April 27, 1992). The first CARP to 
undertake a Phase I distribution, the 1990-92 proceeding, discarded the 
``harm'' criterion in its consideration, much to the consternation of 
one of the Settling Parties in this proceeding. That action was upheld 
by the Librarian of Congress and, subsequently, the Court of Appeals. 
Nat'l Ass'n of Broadcasters v. Librarian of Congress, 146 F.3d 907 (DC 
Cir. 1998). The 1998-99 CARP refined the

[[Page 26802]]

approach further still, noting that ``every party to this proceeding 
appears to accept `relative marketplace value' as the sole relevant 
criterion that should be applied by the Panel.'' CARP Report at 10 
(emphasis in original). As a consequence, the CARP announced that its 
``primary objective is to `simulate [relative] market valuation' as if 
no compulsory license existed.'' Id. The Librarian upheld this 
conclusion as well, and the Court of Appeals once again affirmed. 
Program Suppliers v. Librarian of Congress, 409 F.3d 395 (DC Cir. 
2005).
    This proceeding is unlike any other conducted in the 32-year 
history of cable distributions. 10/28/09 Tr. 1182-83 (Closing 
Argument). Through the stipulations, the parties have presented the 
Judges with only two possible choices: Either the average of the 1998-
99 Canadian Claimants' awards, or the numbers produced by the fee 
generation approach (as only done by the 1998-99 CARP) applied to 2000-
2003 data, and then reduced to fit other 1998-99 claimants' awards. 
Neither of these choices can be the relative marketplace value for 
Canadian programming during 2000-2003. The numbers offered by the 
Settling Parties are not the distribution percentages that the 1998-99 
CARP determined were representative of Canadian programming's relative 
market value, but are averages of those numbers for the Basic and 3.75% 
Fund, and then applied equally across all four years of this 
proceeding. At the closing argument, counsel for the Settling Parties 
acknowledged that their request for the average of the 1998-99 Canadian 
Claimants' award would not represent the relative marketplace value of 
Canadian programming.

    THE JUDGES: Mr. Garrett, how can we find relative marketplace 
value in this proceeding when we are given only two alternatives?
    We are given that the award is either going to be the average of 
the '98-'99 proceeding, which can't be relative marketplace value 
for the period of 2000 to 2003. It's an average of a prior award, 
which, in itself, is not relative marketplace value.
    Or we are given the number that is yielded through the data 
presented by the Canadian Claimants to the fee-generation approach.
    We don't have any other tools that are presented to us to 
examine what the relative marketplace value of Canadian programming 
is.
    So how can we possibly be finding relative marketplace value in 
this proceeding?
    MR. GARRETT: It's a fair question, Your Honor.
    I think that the whole purpose of this proceeding here was to 
get an answer, a clear guidance from the Judges here on an issue 
that has-has really troubled the Claimants, has plagued these 
proceedings from the start, and that is, what do we do with fee 
generation?

10/28/09 Tr. at 1169-70 (Closing Argument). Despite their argument that 
the Judges are tasked with determining the relative marketplace value 
of Canadian Claimants' programming in this proceeding, the Settling 
Parties concede that they have not made a claim, nor presented 
evidence, as to what is the relative marketplace value. Accord, id. at 
1207-08 (not legal error if Judges accept that average of 1998-99 
Canadian Claimants' award not representative of relative marketplace 
value). Rather, the Settling Parties are requesting that the Judges 
find that the 1998-99 CARP's fee generation approach \8\ does not 
reliably reflect the relative marketplace value of Canadian signals and 
(by itself) does not allow the Judges to discern changes in that value 
from one period to the next. Joint Findings at 10. The governing 
standard for distribution in this proceeding, therefore, is not whether 
the 1998-99 CARP's fee generation approach demonstrates the relative 
marketplace value for Canadian Claimants' programming, but whether the 
CARP's fee generation approach can ever be representative of relative 
marketplace value.
---------------------------------------------------------------------------

    \8\ We note that the fee generation approach employed by CDC in 
this proceeding is not precisely identical with the one presented to 
the CARP. Subsequent to the CARP's determination, CDC changed its 
protocol with respect to allocation of the minimum fee collected 
from cable systems. Martin Written Direct Testimony (``WDT'') at 6-
7. The parties, however, do not dispute this change as applied to 
this proceeding.
---------------------------------------------------------------------------

    If the Judges determine that the CARP's fee generation approach can 
be indicative of relative marketplace value, this does not 
automatically mean that we must adopt the Canadian Claimants' approach. 
The Canadian Claimants must still sufficiently demonstrate that there 
are changed circumstances that warrant an application of the 2000-2003 
data they have presented. Even if the Canadian Claimants are 
successful, their awards in this proceeding are still not 
representative of the relative marketplace value of their programming 
in this proceeding for at least three reasons. First, the awards given 
the Canadian Claimants by the CARP are not the true product of the fee 
generation approach employed by the CARP. Rather, they are the fee 
generation numbers adjusted downward to accommodate the awards of other 
claimants and equalize the distribution to one hundred percent of the 
funds. The Canadian Claimants vigorously protested this reduction by 
the CARP to the Librarian of Congress and lost. 69 FR 3606, 3619 
(January 26, 2004). Second, the fee generation approach utilized by the 
CARP is not the sole method in which fee generation may be employed. 
The Canadian Claimants themselves have presented alternative ways of 
conducting fee generation in this proceeding. See, e.g. Min/Max 
approach, and the alternative way of generating 3.75% Fund royalties, 
Canadian Claimants' Proposed Findings of Fact and Conclusions of Law 
(``CCG PPF & PCL'') at 24-26 (Min/Max) and 28-30 (3.75%). Third, and 
perhaps most importantly, the Judges are not being offered any 
evidentiary alternatives to the fee generation approach. It very well 
may be that there are other methods or other evidence that best 
represent the relative marketplace value of Canadian Claimants' 
programming as well as the programming of other claimant groups. Such 
is not the case in this proceeding, where the parties have presented us 
with only two choices. The Judges, therefore, do not opine as to what 
may be the best means of determining the relative marketplace value of 
Canadian Claimants' programming, or other claimant groups' programming, 
in future proceedings.

IV. The 1998-99 Fee CARP's Generation Approach and Relative Marketplace 
Value

    As the Judges stated in the previous section, our first task is to 
determine whether the 1998-99 CARP's fee generation approach can ever 
be demonstrative of relative marketplace value.

A. Origins of Fee Generation

    Fee generation-the effort to determine the amount of monies paid 
into the royalty funds by cable systems for the retransmission of 
particular distant broadcast signals, and hence particular types of 
programming-was introduced at the beginning of distribution proceedings 
for cable royalties. The approach was offered by certain claimants, 
particularly the Canadian Claimants, whose programming was 
retransmitted by cable systems as discreet, intact distant signals. 
While the history of fee generation in distribution proceedings is 
long, its treatment has at times been uneven, particularly in the 
earlier proceedings.
    While the Copyright Royalty Tribunal never flatly rejected fee 
generation as a methodology, it often chose not to rely heavily upon 
the approach. In the 1978 distribution proceeding, the Tribunal stated 
that ``[b]ecause we find that the rate cable systems pay under 
compulsory license is not a clear or true reflection of the direct 
marketplace

[[Page 26803]]

value of the work, additional considerations, adjusted as appropriate, 
were used by the Tribunal to determine the marketplace value of the 
copyright owner's work.'' 45 FR 63026, 63036 (September 23, 1980). In 
the 1979 proceeding, the Tribunal stated that it was ``declin[ing] to 
employ fee-generated formulas, as urged upon us by the Canadians,'' 47 
FR 9879, 9894 (March 8, 1982), and in the 1980 proceeding the Tribunal 
stated that fee generation was ``based upon a methodology which the 
Tribunal has repeatedly indicated fails to lend itself to an 
application of the Tribunal's criteria.'' 48 FR 9552, 9569 (March 7, 
1983). In the 1983 distribution proceeding, the Tribunal appeared to be 
on the brink of casting fee generation aside forever when it stated 
that ``we have rejected fee generation formulas as a mechanical means 
toward making our allocations,'' but then used the fee generation 
rationale as grounds for excluding the Public Television Claimants from 
receiving royalties from the 3.75% Fund; to wit, a claimant whose 
programming does not generate any royalties to a particular fund should 
not share in a distribution of that fund. 51 FR 12792, 12808, 1213 
(April 15, 1986). And in the 1989 proceeding, the Tribunal expressly 
noted the low level of fees generated by the Public Television 
Claimants in reducing their award. 57 FR 15286, 15303 (April 27, 1992).
    The Copyright Royalty Tribunal was abolished in 1993 and replaced 
by the CARP system as administered by the Librarian of Congress. In the 
first Phase I distribution proceeding under that system, the 1990-92 
proceeding, the Canadian Claimants litigated their award and presented 
a fee generation methodology quite similar to the one at issue in this 
proceeding. Although the CARP did not award the Canadian Claimants 
precisely their fee-generated distribution percentages, the CARP 
plainly did heavily rely upon it. Report of the Copyright Arbitration 
Royalty Panel in Docket No. 94-3 CARP CD 90-92, 141 (June 3, 1996) 
(``While there is a great deal of criticism, particularly by [Public 
Television Claimants], concerning acceptance of the fee-generated 
method, we see no other significant evidence to dispute the claim of 
the Canadians''). In his review of the CARP's determination, the 
Librarian specifically identified what appeared to be a discrepancy in 
the CARP's use of fee generation in the Basic Fund; namely, that the 
CARP determined a fee generation share of 1.1% but only awarded the 
Canadian Claimants 1.0%. In response to certified questions from the 
Librarian to discern the CARP's intent, the CARP responded that 
``[w]hile we tried to distance ourselves from the fee generated [sic] 
method * * * we certainly used that method in reaching our 
conclusion.'' 61 FR 55653, 55667 (October 28, 1996). The Librarian did 
not question the CARP's use of a fee generation approach and determined 
that the ultimate award of 1% fell within the ``zone of 
reasonableness'' for making a distribution award, as permitted by Nat'l 
Ass'n of Broadcasters v. Copyright Royalty Tribunal, 772 F.2d 922 (DC 
Cir. 1985). The matter of the Canadian Claimants' award was not 
appealed to the Court of Appeals. See, Nat'l Ass'n of Broadcasters v.  
Librarian of Congress, 146 F. 3d 907 (DC Cir. 1998).
    The Judges have already discussed the 1998-99 CARP's treatment of 
the fee generation approach in detail in section III.B. of this 
decision and we will not repeat it here. We note, however, that the 
1998-99 CARP was heavily influenced by the 1990-92 CARP's use of fee 
generation to arrive at the Canadian Claimants' award, and especially 
the Librarian's examination and acceptance of the use of fee 
generation. We also note that, other than the Public Television 
Claimants, none of the other Settling Parties in this proceeding 
challenged the 1998-99 CARP's use of fee generation.\9\ We now turn to 
the challenges of the Settling Parties with respect to the fee 
generation approach as used by the 1998-99 CARP.
---------------------------------------------------------------------------

    \9\ Furthermore, the Public Television Claimants' objection to 
fee generation focused on its application to the Public Television 
Claimants, not the Canadian Claimants.
---------------------------------------------------------------------------

B. Presentation of the Parties

    The Settling Parties level four principal criticisms of the fee 
generation approach. First, they charge that the term ``fee 
generation'' is a misnomer and is nothing more than an allocation 
method developed by CDC for attempting to associate a certain amount of 
royalties to each broadcast station carried as a distant signal. In 
their cross-examination of Jonda Martin, the sponsor of the Canadian 
Claimants' fee generation data in this proceeding, the Settling Parties 
presented other means in which CDC could have credited Canadian distant 
broadcast signals with royalties, resulting in variances that the 
Settling Parties assert could be more than $2 million. Joint Findings 
at 9-10. The Settling Parties conclude this challenge by asserting 
``[t]he issue before the Judges is not whether CDC's protocols are 
reasonable but whether CDC's `fee generation' methodology reliably 
reflects the relative marketplace value of Canadian signals and (by 
itself) allows the Judges to discern changes in that value from one 
period to the next.'' Id. at 10.
    Second, the Settling Parties argue that the Canadian Claimants 
presented no evidence that demonstrates that fee generation reflects 
relative marketplace value or shows changes in that value. They 
criticize the statements and qualifications of Dr. John Calfee, the 
expert economist presented by the Canadian Claimants, who asserted that 
there were strong relationships between fee generation and relative 
marketplace value, even though those relationships were ``rough, ``far 
from perfect,'' and ``crude.'' Id. at 11. The Settling Parties further 
charge that the 1998-99 CARP's use of fee generation is particularly 
arbitrary in its application to the 3.75% Fund, and that the efforts of 
the Canadian Claimants to correct such arbitrariness through 
introduction of a new method of allocation of the 3.75% Fund fee should 
not be permitted. Id. at 12.
    Third, the Settling Parties submit that the testimony of their own 
witnesses, Linda McLaughlin and Hal Singer, establish that fee 
generation is not a reliable means for determining the relative 
marketplace value of Canadian Claimants' programming. Ms. McLaughlin 
testified as to the effects of tiers of broadcast programming offered 
by cable systems and their potential effects on fees generated, and 
how, in her view, it was impossible to properly allocate fees received 
from cable systems that only paid the minimum Section 111 fee. Settling 
Parties Proposed Findings of Fact and Conclusions of Law (``SP PFF & 
PCL'') at 50-53. Ms. McLaughlin also testified that the regulatory 
structure of the Section 111 license does not comport with marketplace 
dynamics. Id. at 54-59. Dr. Singer testified that mere increases in fee 
generation levels of Canadian Claimants' programming between 1998-99 
and 2000-2003, without more, do not provide a reliable basis for 
concluding that there has been any increase in the relative marketplace 
value of that programming. Id. at 60-62.
    The fourth argument was not offered by the Settling Parties until 
the final stages of the pleadings. They assert that the fee generation 
approach of the 1998-99 CARP was applied to all royalties paid by cable 
systems without regard to whether those systems had the right to 
retransmit Canadian broadcast signals pursuant to the Section 111 
license. See 17 U.S.C. 111(c)(4) (limiting geographic region within 
which cable systems may

[[Page 26804]]

retransmit Canadian broadcast signals). The Settling Parties conclude 
that Section 111(c)(4) makes the 1998-99 CARP's application of the fee 
generation approach ``deficient as a matter of law.'' Joint Findings at 
15.
    Canadian Claimants point to the use of the fee generation approach 
by both the 1990-92 CARP and the 1998-99 CARP as persuasive grounds for 
accepting that the approach is reliably predictive of relative 
marketplace value when applied to the Canadian Claimants' programming. 
For the first time, at closing argument, counsel for the Canadian 
Claimants asserted that these decisions are binding legal precedent 
upon the Judges. 10/28/09 Tr. 1217 (Closing Argument). Canadian 
Claimants submit that the testimony of Dr. Calfee confirms that there 
is a relationship between fee generation and relative marketplace value 
sufficient to demonstrate both relative value and changes in that 
value. Joint Findings at 26-27. Canadian Claimants acknowledge that fee 
generation does not explain why changes in relative value occur, but 
argue that such explanatory power is not necessary. Id. at 28-31.
    Canadian Claimants also point to the testimony of Jonda Martin 
regarding two analyses she performed with respect to the Basic Fund and 
the 3.75% Fund, respectively. For the Basic Fund, Ms. Martin conducted 
what she described as a ``Min/Max'' analysis. Ms. Martin first took 
distant Canadian broadcast signals as if it were the last distant 
signal that cable systems were paying for (and hence at the lowest 
royalty rate, i.e. The ``Min'') and determined the fees generated, then 
took the same distant Canadian broadcast signals as if they were the 
first distant signal that cable systems paid for (at the highest 
royalty rate, i.e. the ``Max''). She then compared the results of this 
``Min/Max'' analyses to the 1998-99 CARP's fee generation approach, 
using 2000-03 data. CCG PFF & PCL at 24-26. The purpose of this 
testimony, according to the Canadian Claimants, was to confirm that 
there were not wide variances in the fees generated for distant 
Canadian signals dependent upon the regulatory structure of the Section 
111 license. Joint Findings at 34. Ms. Martin performed a similar 
analysis with respect to the 3.75% Fund by examining the fees generated 
by presuming the Canadian distant signal to be the nonpermitted (and 
hence 3.75%) signal and then the permitted signal (non 3.75%). The 
purpose was ``to eliminate any arbitrary effect on fees-generated by 
reallocating the 3.75% fees and base fees paid for these carriage 
instances on a proportional DSE basis.'' CCG PFF & PCL at 28. Canadian 
Claimants submit that these analyses are not ``new'' evidence, because 
they are bound by the Further Joint Stipulation to the methodology of 
the 1998-99 CARP, but merely rebut the notion that the fee generation 
approach is ambiguous. Joint Findings at 33.

C. Determination of the Judges

    The governing distribution standard for this proceeding that the 
Settling Parties must satisfy to successfully challenge the 1998-99 
CARP's fee generation approach is high. They now must demonstrate what 
they chose not to in the 1998-99 distribution proceeding: that the fee 
generation approach is so arbitrary, so meritless, that it is without 
probative value with respect to determining the Canadian Claimants' 
royalty share. For the reasons stated below, they have not met their 
burden.
    There is a compelling reason for establishing a high standard for 
evaluating the fee generation approach. The approach has endured the 
scrutiny of litigation and review not just once, but twice. Despite 
admitted shortcomings, the 1990-92 CARP plainly did rely on the 
approach to determine the Canadian Claimants' share. The Librarian of 
Congress confirmed that the 1990-92 CARP did use fee generation and 
embraced it as the means of determining the relative marketplace value 
for the Canadian Claimants in that proceeding. The 1998-99 CARP took a 
considered look at fee generation and discussed in detail several 
criticisms of the methodology, most of which are being offered again in 
this proceeding. And it should not be forgotten that the Settling 
Parties themselves, with the exception of the Public Television 
Claimants, agreed that the 1998-99 CARP should use fee generation to 
determine the Canadian Claimants' award. CARP Report at 62.
    The Canadian Claimants asserted at closing argument that the 1998-
99 CARP fee generation approach is legal precedent that we are bound to 
follow. While we do not adopt this unsupported contention, we do 
conclude that the 1998-99 CARP's fee generation approach should be 
accorded deference, not as the methodology to determine the relative 
marketplace value of the Canadian Claimants' programming, but as a 
methodology to determine that value. Once again, given that we are 
confined to an either/or choice in this proceeding, we do not opine as 
to whether the 1998-99 CARP's fee generation approach, or fee 
generation in general, is the best means of determining the relative 
marketplace value of the Canadian Claimants' programming. We only 
conclude, for purposes of this proceeding, that the 1998-99 CARP's fee 
generation approach has been sufficiently vetted in both the 1990-92 
and 1998-99 proceedings that it deserves deference.
    Given that the approach deserves deference, it is incumbent upon 
the Settling Parties to demonstrate that fee generation is so terribly 
flawed that it cannot be considered; i.e., that the 1998-99 CARP got it 
completely wrong. None of the Settling Parties' criticisms rise to this 
level. The first, that fee generation is nothing more than an 
accounting artifice or allocation scheme, was considered in large part 
by the 1998-99 CARP and rejected. CARP Report at 62-63. Further, the 
``Min/Max'' analysis for the Basic Fund, which was not presented in the 
1998-99 proceeding, demonstrates that the fee generation approach 
applied by the CARP was not so dependent upon the Section 111 
regulatory scheme as to make fee generation a completely arbitrary 
exercise. There are variations in the amounts of fees generated 
depending whether a Canadian broadcast signal is treated as the first 
or last DSE. However, as demonstrated by the ``Min/Max'' analysis, the 
range of the variation is not so wide or wild as to make it 
unreasonable. The same can be said for the 3.75% Fund and the new 3.75% 
analysis offered by the Canadian Claimants in this proceeding. These 
two analyses corroborate the reasonableness of the approach and fall 
within the ``zone of reasonableness'' that guided the Librarian's hand 
in his analysis of fee generation in the 1990-92 proceeding. 61 FR at 
55663.
    The Settling Parties' second criticism, that the Canadian Claimants 
failed to present evidence establishing that the fee generation 
approach reflects the relative marketplace value of their programming 
or changes in that value, is also unavailing. The Canadian Claimants 
did supply testimony that linked the compulsory license system with the 
fee generation approach. Dr. Calfee stated that the Section 111 license 
``had various elements which were designed and, I think, succeeded in 
establishing a rough relationship, far from perfect, but a rough 
relationship between the fees and the allocation of fees and the 
relative value of the various signals.'' 9/1/09 Tr. at 878-79 (Calfee). 
While the relationship may be ``rough'' or ``crude,'' the Settling 
Parties would have to prove that it was nonexistent in order to 
overcome the deference we are giving the 1998-99 CARP's fee generation 
approach.

[[Page 26805]]

    The third criticism, the testimony of Ms. McLaughlin and Dr. 
Singer, does not overcome Dr. Calfee's conclusion. Ms. McLaughlin 
offered several observations as to how royalty payments under the 
compulsory license may be divorced from how programming would be bought 
and sold in the free marketplace. It also may be reasonable to conclude 
from Ms. McLaughlin's and Dr. Singer's observations that the 
connections between the license and the marketplace are wobbly. Of 
course, the Judges are precluded by the Joint Stipulations and the 
parties' presentations from considering how the free marketplace might 
work and what bearing that might have on relative marketplace value. In 
any event, we are not persuaded that we are precluded from ever 
considering fee generation as a distribution methodology, let alone the 
one used by the 1998-99 CARP.
    The Settling Parties' final criticism is surprising.\10\ The 
Settling Parties argue that the 1998-99 CARP committed legal error by 
including in its fee generation approach the royalties from cable 
systems in the United States that are precluded from retransmitting 
distant Canadian signals. It is surprising that if there were such a 
legal error it was not identified by the Register of Copyrights, who 
reviewed the 1998-99 CARP decision and made her recommendation to the 
Librarian of Congress that it be adopted. The Register, of course, has 
the power to review our determination in this proceeding for legal 
error. 17 U.S.C. 803(f)(1)(D). That aside, we do not view 17 U.S.C. 
111(c)(4) as creating a legal impediment to the 1998-99 CARP's fee 
generation approach. That provision provides that it is an act of 
copyright infringement for cable systems to retransmit a Canadian 
broadcast signal if ``the community of the cable system is located more 
than 150 miles from the United States-Canadian border and is also 
located south of the forty-second parallel of latitude.'' 17 U.S.C. 
111(c)(4). This provision of the Copyright Act governs infringement 
liability and, as such, is a limitation on the use of the Section 111 
license by cable systems. It does not relate in any way to copyright 
royalties collected under that license, let alone their distribution. 
One could debate the advisability of including or excluding the 
royalties generated by cable systems that were precluded by the terms 
of the Section 111 license from retransmitting Canadian signals, but we 
determine the 1998-99 CARP did not run afoul of Section 111(c)(4) by 
choosing to include them.
---------------------------------------------------------------------------

    \10\ The challenge is surprising in that by asserting that the 
1998-99 CARP committed an error of law by adopting its fee 
generation approach, the Settling Parties are arguing that it would 
be an error of law for the Judges in this proceeding to select the 
approach. This is contrary to Settling Parties' counsel's closing 
argument that it would be ``pretty hard for the Judges to commit 
legal error.'' 10/28/09 Tr. at 1208 (Closing Argument).
---------------------------------------------------------------------------

V. Changed Circumstances

    As previously stated, the Judges' rejection of the Settling 
Parties' challenge of the 1998-99 CARP's fee generation approach does 
not automatically mean the Canadian Claimants receive their requested 
award. There was a second part to the 1998-99 CARP's decision: 
``changed circumstances.'' Unless the Canadian Claimants can adequately 
demonstrate ``changed circumstances'' from the 1998-99 period to the 
2000-2003 period, they have not proven entitlement to their claim.

A. The 1998-99 CARP's Handling of Changed Circumstances

    Although the fee generation approach established the numbers for 
the 1998-99 CARP's consideration, the numbers alone did not secure the 
entitlement for the Canadian Claimants' award. The CARP articulated 
that for the Canadian Claimants (as well as several other claimant 
groups), it would use the 1990-92 CARP's distribution percentages as a 
starting point, and then perform an assessment of changed circumstances 
from the 1990-92 to 1998-99 periods. CARP Report at 14-16.
    The CARP found the following:

    Other than a substantial increase in relative shares of actual 
fees generated of both the Basic Fund and the 3.75% Fund, the Panel 
does not discern any changed circumstances that would significantly 
affect the Canadians [sic] award. However, it is the very change in 
shares of fees generated that is impressive. Shares of fees 
generated approximately doubled since the last litigated proceeding.
    We use a similar approach as we employed for [Public Television 
Claimants], except there is no Bortz floor to establish a minimum 
value. The fee generation approach produces the relative valuations 
* * *. An assessment of changed circumstances, based upon an 
approximate doubling of relative fees, implicates a substantial 
increase from the last award--when the Canadians [sic] award was 
determined based upon share of fees generated. Using the last net 
CARP award as a reference point (and cognizant of our previously 
articulated caveats respecting the reliability of the fee generation 
approach and an assessment of changed circumstances), we award 
Canadians its fee generated shares of the Basic Fund and the 3.75% 
Fund * * *.

Id. at 74-75 (citations and footnote omitted) (emphasis in original).

B. Presentation of the Parties

    Janice de Freitas, testifying on behalf of the Canadian Claimants, 
presented the fees-generated evidence obtained from CDC, broken down by 
year from 1998-2003. In a series of tables, she offered data 
summarizing the royalties paid for the Basic and 3.75% Funds, and data 
concerning the relative growth of Canadian signals for both those 
funds:

                                         Summary of Basic Fund Royalties
----------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------
                                                                                             Canadian signal
                                                                 All signals (including       royalties as a
                 Year                      Canadian signals            Canadian)            percentage of all
                                                                                             signal royalties
----------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------
1998.................................               $2,230,717              $67,387,814                  3.31027
1999.................................                2,585,328               70,967,638                  3.64297
2000.................................                2,847,858               74,082,435                  3.84417
2001.................................                3,058,354               75,273,898                  4.06297
2002.................................                3,817,598               79,397,334                  4.80822
2003.................................                3,835,003               80,975,978                  4.73598
----------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------

de Freitas WDT at Tab P.

[[Page 26806]]

                                      Relative Growth Basic Fund Royalties
----------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------
                                              Basic fund royalties             Relative change from 1998-1999
                                     --------------------------------------                average
                                                                           -------------------------------------
                Year                                      Total all other                       Total all other
                                       Canadian signals     signal types     Canadian signals     signal types
                                                                                (percent)          (percent)
----------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------
1998-1999 Annual Average............         $2,408,023        $66,769,704
2000................................          2,847,858         71,234,577                 18                  7
2001................................          3,058,354         72,215,544                 27                  8
2002................................          3,817,598         75,579,736                 59                 13
2003................................          3,835,003         77,140,975                 59                 16
----------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------

de Freitas WDT at 9, Tab 1-N.

                                           Summary of 3.75% Royalties
----------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------
                                                                                             Canadian signal
                                                                 All signals (including       royalties as a
                 Year                      Canadian signals            Canadian)            percentage of all
                                                                                             signal royalties
----------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------
1998.................................                  $24,539               $9,671,797                  0.25372
1999.................................                   65,555               10,408,844                  0.62980
2000.................................                   70,077               12,018,489                  0.58308
2001.................................                  279,779               13,472,358                  2.07669
2002.................................                  549,960               16,339,148                  3.36590
2003.................................                  698,567               16,714,091                  4.17951
----------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------

de Freitas WDT at Tab 1-P.

                                      Relative Growth 3.75% Fund Royalties
----------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------
                                              3.75% Fund royalties             Relative change from 1998-1999
                                     --------------------------------------                average
                                                                           -------------------------------------
                Year                                      Total all other                       Total all other
                                       Canadian signals     signal types     Canadian signals     signal types
                                                                                (percent)          (percent)
----------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------
1998-1999 Annual Average............            $45,047         $9,995,274
2000................................             70,077         11,948,412                 56                 20
2001................................            279,779         13,192,579                521                 32
2002................................            549,960         15,789,188              1,121                 58
2003................................            698,567         16,015,524              1,451                 60
----------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------

de Freitas WDT at Tab 1-N.

    The reason for the growth displayed in these charts is, in the 
Canadian Claimants' view, a substantial increase in the number of 
``subscriber instances'' attributable to Canadian signals from the 
1998-99 period to 2000-2003. CCG PFF & PCL at 30. In other words, 
Canadian broadcast signals were available to more U.S. cable 
subscribers in 2000-2003 than they were in 1998-99, thereby generating 
more royalties during the period. Furthermore, the Canadian Claimants 
submit the relative increases in subscriber instances attributable to 
Canadian signals were greater as compared to other distant signals. 
These differences are summarized below:

                                         Change in Subscriber Instances
----------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------
                                              Subscriber instances             Relative change from 1998-1999
                                     --------------------------------------                average
                                                                           -------------------------------------
                Year                                      Total all other                       Total all other
                                       Canadian signals     signal types     Canadian signals     signal types
                                                                                (percent)          (percent)
----------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------
1998-1999 Annual Average............          4,865,128        130,764,183
2000................................          5,254,398        133,795,743                  8                  2
2001................................          5,566,783        133,917,668                 14                  2
2002................................          5,743,710        138,170,878                 18                  6
2003................................          6,184,495        132,908,509                 27                  2
----------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------

[[Page 26807]]

de Freitas WDT at 11-12, Tab 1-R.
    Dr. Singer conceded the percentage increase in subscriber instances 
was greater for Canadian distant signals relative to all other distant 
signals. 6/15/09 Tr. at 762-63 (Singer). The Settling Parties do not 
contest that there has been increases in the subscriber instances for 
Canadian signals, and that the relative increases are greater for 
Canadian signals, other than to contend that such increases are not 
indicative of increases in relative marketplace value. Joint Findings 
at 15-16.

C. Determination of the Judges

    As with our consideration of the fee generation approach, we are 
required by the Joint Stipulations to consider the Canadian Claimants' 
``changed circumstances'' in accordance with the 1998-99 CARP's 
determination.\11\ The question arises: Must we find an approximate 
doubling of fees generated, as the CARP did, in order to find there are 
sufficient changed circumstances to award the Canadian Claimants their 
requested share of the royalties?
---------------------------------------------------------------------------

    \11\ We are persuaded that Nat'l Ass'n of Broadcasters v. 
Copyright Royalty Tribunal, 772 F.2d 922, 932 (DC Cir. 1985), cert. 
denied, 475 U.S. 1035 (1986), is not a bar to our consideration of 
changed circumstances.
---------------------------------------------------------------------------

    We answer that question in the negative. We are required to apply 
the 1998-99 CARP's methodology-fee generation approach plus changed 
circumstances--but there is a difference between the methodology of fee 
generation and the evidence of changed circumstances. We have given the 
former considerable deference, but the latter is a factual inquiry. The 
1998-99 CARP's determination of an approximate doubling of fees 
generated was a factual finding, not a methodology in and of itself, 
and we therefore do not require the Canadian Claimants in this 
proceeding to demonstrate a similar increase in fees generated.
    Examining the information contained in the charts above, we 
conclude that the data reflects a meaningful increase in the relative 
growth of the fees generated for both the Basic and 3.75% Funds for the 
Canadian Claimants' programming from the 1998-99 to 2000-03 period. 
This is confirmed through examination not only of this period alone, 
but from 1990-92 as well, a comparison that heavily influenced the 
1998-99 CARP's decision. In finding the relative increase for 2000-2003 
to be meaningful, and therefore sufficient for the Canadian Claimants 
to sustain their burden of demonstrating changed circumstances, we also 
note that the proportional increase in subscriber instances for 
Canadian distant signals, relative to all other signals, is significant 
as well. Even though the CARP did not address proportional increases 
for subscriber instances, this is an evidentiary finding (not a 
methodological one) that further supports an identification of changed 
circumstances. Therefore, we conclude that the available evidence as a 
whole, when applied to the two choices offered by the parties' Joint 
Stipulations, merits the increase in royalties sought by the Canadian 
Claimants.

VI. Order of the Copyright Royalty Judges

    Having fully considered the record and for the reasons set forth 
herein, the Copyright Royalty Judges order that the Canadian Claimants' 
shares of the 2000, 2001, 2002, and 2003 cable royalties shall be 
distributed according to the following percentages:

----------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------
                 Year                    Basic fund (percent)    3.75% Fund  (percent)    Syndex fund (percent)
----------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------
2000.................................                  2.04383                  0.33006                        0
2001.................................                  2.35338                  1.28069                        0
2002.................................                  2.53544                  1.88970                        0
2003.................................                  2.58496                  2.42881                        0
----------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------

    Per the terms of the Joint Stipulation, the remaining balance of 
the 2000-2003 royalty fees is awarded to the Settling Parties.

    So ordered.

James Scott Sledge
Chief Copyright Royalty Judge

William J. Roberts, Jr.
Copyright Royalty Judge

Stanley C. Wisniewski
Copyright Royalty Judge

    Dated: March 30, 2010.
 James Scott Sledge,
Chief, U.S. Copyright Royalty Judge.
    Approved by:
James H. Billington,
Librarian of Congress.
[FR Doc. 2010-11231 Filed 5-11-10; 8:45 am]
BILLING CODE 1410-72-P
```