CITY OF MALDEN, MISSOURI, ) 

 ) 

 Respondent, ) 

 ) 

v. ) No. SD36182 

 ) Filed: October 27, 2020 

DUNKLIN COUNTY REORGANIZED ) 

COMMON SEWER DISTRICT #1, ) 

 ) 

 Appellant. ) 

APPEAL FROM THE CIRCUIT COURT OF DUNKLIN COUNTY 

Honorable Bradley D. Jarrell, Special Judge 

AFFIRMED 

 This appeal involves the interpretation of a payment provision in an 

“Intergovernmental Service Agreement” (Agreement) between the City of Malden, 

Missouri (City) and the Dunklin County Reorganized Common Sewer District #1 (District) 

concerning the City’s treatment of the District’s wastewater. Following a billing dispute, 

the parties tried the matter to the trial court. The trial court entered judgment in favor of 

the City, deciding that the City had billed the District correctly under the terms of the 

Agreement. 
2 

 The District presents two points on appeal. It contends the judgment in favor of the 

City “is not supported by substantial evidence and erroneously applies the law” because 

the Agreement was unambiguous and the trial court considered parol evidence of: (1) an 

ordinance to interpret the Agreement; and (2) a mediated settlement to interpret the 

Agreement. Finding no merit to either point, we affirm. 

Standard of Review

The judgment is presumed correct, and the party challenging the judgment bears 

the burden of proving it erroneous. Denny v. Regions Bank, 527 S.W.3d 920, 924-

25 (Mo. App. 2017). In this court-tried case, our review is governed by Rule 84.13(d) 

and Murphy v. Carron, 536 S.W.2d 30, 32 (Mo. banc 1976).1 We are required to affirm 

the trial court’s judgment unless it is not supported by substantial evidence, it is against the 

weight of the evidence, or it erroneously declares or applies the law. Murphy, 536 S.W.2d 

at 32. With respect to factual determinations, we defer to the trial court’s assessment of 

the credibility and weight of witness testimony. Metzger v. Franklin, 496 S.W.3d 547, 

549 (Mo. App. 2016). The trial court is free to believe all, none or part of the testimony of 

any witness. Id. “We review issues of law de novo.” Denny, 527 S.W.3d at 925. 

Factual and Procedural Background 

In November 1998, the District and the City entered into the Agreement for the 

City’s treatment of wastewater collected by the District for a term of 35 years. The District 

agreed to pay the City a minimum user fee of $1,000 per month for up to 250 customers 

 1

 All rule references are to Missouri Court Rules (2020). All statutory references 

are to RSMo (2016). 
3 

and an additional charge of $4 per month per customer above 250. The Agreement 

provided that the amount charged to the District could be raised or lowered by the same 

percentage that the sewer rates were raised or lowered for residents of the City. 

 In July 2010, the City passed “Ordinance No: 3018” (the Ordinance), which sets 

forth the formula established by the city council to calculate the wastewater rate for all 

customers, including the District. The Ordinance replaced a previous version passed in 

2000. The Ordinance calculated the wastewater rate by setting a monthly customer charge 

and adding monthly charges for wastewater service, based on monthly water usage.2

 For 

those customers located inside the City limits, the Ordinance also required that the rates be 

adjusted each year based on cost of operations of the previous year. 

In 2014, a dispute arose between the parties concerning the amount of user fees the 

District owed to the City under the Agreement. In January 2015, the parties met with a 

mediator to resolve their differences. As a result, the parties entered into a one-page, 

handwritten settlement (hereinafter referred to as the Mediated Settlement). The Mediated 

Settlement did not modify the Agreement. Instead, the Mediated Settlement set forth 

 2

 In relevant part, the Ordinance specified: 

Residential Waste Water Rates 

 Monthly Customer Charge 

 Resident $ 5.00 

 Non Resident $10.00 

 Monthly Charges for Waste Water Service (based on monthly water usage) 

 First 6,500 Gallons $2.90 per 1,000 Gallons 

 Next 5,000 Gallons $2.36 per 1,000 Gallons 

 Next 2,500 Gallons $1.78 per 1,000 Gallons 

 
4 

amounts that: (1) the District agreed to pay in user fees; and (2) the City agreed to charge 

per customer.3

 The City and the District agreed that “[a]ll claims for underbilling or 

overbilling are abandoned.” 

In August 2016, the City filed its underlying petition to collect an unpaid balance 

allegedly due from the District under the Agreement. In response, the District filed a 

counter-petition alleging that the City overbilled the District and improperly raised its rates. 

Trial in the matter was held in February 2019. 

 The parties’ dispute under the Agreement is limited to three provisions of the sixth 

paragraph. Provision 1 directs the District to pay the City a minimum fee of $1,000 per 

month for up to 250 customers, and an additional charge of $4 per month per customer 

above 250: 

[The District] will pay to or on behalf of [the City] a user fee to cover the 

cost of treatment of [the District’s] wastewater. Said user fee shall be 

calculated as follows: 

A. A minimum monthly charge of $1,000.00; said minimum monthly 

charge shall cover treatment costs for wastewater from up to 250 

residential customers of [the District], plus 

B. An additional charge of $4.00 per residential customer per month for 

each residential customer of [the District] exceeding 250. 

Provision 2 provided for review and modification of the user fee every two years at the 

request of either party: 

The user fee provided herein shall be established at the time [the District] 

begins operation and, at the request of either party, shall be subject to review 

 3

 In relevant part, the parties agreed that: (1) “District shall pay City $9,804.50 by 

1/31/15 to completely satisfy all current and past due usage fees. (Less $1804.96 pd ck 

3145)”; and (2) “Beginning Feb. 1, 2015, City shall charge District $10.41 per customer. 

This rate shall not be adjusted until July 1, 2015.” 
5 

and modification every 2 years, commencing 2 years following the month 

[the District] begins operation. The failure to call for review of the user fee 

at the time specified shall not be a waiver of any subsequent reviews of the 

user fee. 

Provision 3 specified that the amount charged to the District could be raised or lowered in 

the same percentage that the sewer rates were raised or lowered for residents of the City: 

User fees charged to [the District] shall be raised or lowered in the same 

percentage as [the City] raises or lowers rates for [its] customers located 

within [the City] limits. 

The parties have different interpretations of Provision 1, which specifies a 

“minimum monthly charge of $1,000” for “up to 250 residential customers[.]” The District 

argued that this means there is both a “flat fee” of $1,000 for the first 250 customers and a 

“per user fee” of $4 for customers 251 and up. According to the District, the user fee is 

not a single per-customer charge, like the City had been charging for all District customers. 

The District also argued that the City had wrongfully raised rates without following 

Provision 2. According to the District, this provision requires either party to first request 

review and modification of the user fee every two years before modifying it. 

The City, on the other hand, argued that the monthly charge of $1,000 under 

Provision 1 established only a minimum starting point and that the amount reflected a $4 

per-customer charge (dividing $1,000 by 250 to equal $4). According to the City, the 

Agreement contemplated a single per-customer charge, as evidenced by raising and 

lowering the charge through the years. The City referred to Provision 3, which states that 

the charge per customer of the District “shall be raised or lowered in the same percentage” 

as the City raises or lowers rates for its customers located within the City limits. 
6 

In support of the City’s position, the City offered testimony from one of the drafters 

of the Agreement, Clark Duckett (Duckett). On direct examination, when asked “what 

were your intentions” as to the rates paid by the District in relation to the rates paid by 

customers of the City, the District objected, stating the “document speaks for itself.” The 

following colloquy occurred: 

[DISTRICT’S ATTORNEY]: Judge, I’m going to object to the 

question. The document speaks for itself. There’s no reason to get into the 

intention of the document. 

[CITY’S ATTORNEY]: Your Honor, I believe the intention of the 

document is very important in this case. I need to – he has testified he’s the 

author of this particular provision and I think the intentions – I mean, I 

realize that it’s up to the Court to interpret the contract, but I think the 

intention of the author of that particular paragraph and what they meant by 

that particular paragraph is – is important. 

[DISTRICT’S ATTORNEY]: And I think you only get to that, Your 

Honor, if I may, if you find the contract to be ambiguous, and it’s the Sewer 

District’s position that it is not ambiguous. 

THE COURT: Well, my understanding is that you all have a 

difference of opinion as to what that means; is that correct? 

[CITY’S ATTORNEY]: Yes. 

THE COURT: And so, there has to be some ambiguity to – to get – 

get to that disagreement. And so, I’m going to overrule that and we’ll hear 

what he thinks it means and we’ll also hear what you all think it means. 

[DISTRICT’S ATTORNEY]: Just – just for clarity – and I 

appreciate the Court’s ruling – can I have a standing objection on that so I 

don’t have to object – 

THE COURT: Absolutely. 

Duckett then went on to testify that: (1) the $1,000 covered the first 250 residents 

at $4 each because it was the same rate that a City resident paid at the time; (2) the provision 
7 

was to ensure the City received a minimum of $1,000 per month because the City was 

unsure if the District even had 250 residents that would hook up at the time; and (3) the 

provision that would raise/lower the District rates by the same percentage as the City rates 

was automatic to ensure that the District customers always paid as much as the City 

customers. In addition, Duckett presented testimony about the Ordinance and the Mediated 

Settlement, much of which was recounted previously. 

The City’s office manager similarly testified about the Ordinance and the Mediated 

Agreement. Both documents were admitted in evidence. The office manager confirmed 

that wastewater rates were calculated pursuant to the Ordinance and charged to all 

customers, including the District. She also testified that the District paid user fees pursuant 

to the Mediated Agreement and continued to do so for months later. The District paid 

without complaint, although not always on time. 

Thereafter, the trial court found in favor of the City. The court agreed with the City 

that the Agreement contemplated a single per-customer charge, and that the District’s 

interpretation was flawed for the following reasons: 

First, to assume that the parties intended to keep a rate of $4.00 per person 

for the first 250 people indefinitely is unrealistic. Believing that the rate 

was static ignores the latter paragraph in the contract which states that the 

rate shall raise and lower with that of the residents of [the City]. The 

District’s further contention that because [the City] never called for review 

and modification, therefore could not change this amount, also ignores this 

provision which allows for automatic changes. The best evidence for this 

interpretation is that the rate has fluctuated many times throughout the years 

of partnership between these two entities, raising and lowering in step with 

the rate charged to the residents of [the City], and this practice has not been 

disputed by the District until recently when they simply began sending in 

less payment. 
8 

The court interpreted “the review and modification every 2 years at request” under 

Provision 2 as “in addition to” the “automatic raising and lowering provision” in Provision 

3. The court also decided that, “although some of the language of the contract is confusing 

and ambiguous it is not feasible to interpret these provisions otherwise.” The court 

therefore ordered the District to pay the balance owed the City as of May 31, 2019. This 

appeal followed. 

Discussion and Decision 

In both points on appeal, the District contends that the judgment in favor of the City 

regarding the user fees due pursuant to the Agreement “is not supported by substantial 

evidence and erroneously applies the law” because the trial court considered parol evidence 

to interpret the Agreement. According to the District, the trial court was required to decide 

this dispute by looking only at the language of the Agreement and without considering the 

Ordinance and Mediated Settlement. For the following reasons, we disagree. 

First, “[t]he parol evidence rule bars evidence of prior or contemporaneous oral 

agreements that vary or contradict the terms of an unambiguous, final, and complete 

writing, absent fraud, mistake, accident or duress.” Building Erection Servs. Co. v. Plastic 

Sales & Mfg. Co., Inc., 163 S.W.3d 472, 479 (Mo. App. 2005); see also Sherman v. Deihl, 

193 S.W.3d 863, 866 (Mo. App. 2006) (“parol evidence rule constitutes substantive law, 

and not merely an evidentiary rule”). For this rule to apply, however, the Agreement had 

to be unambiguous. The trial court decided, and we agree, that the Agreement contained 
9 

ambiguities that had to be resolved.4 Therefore, the trial court’s admission of Duckett’s 

testimony, concerning the intentions of the parties when the Agreement was reached, did 

not violate the parol evidence rule. See Denny, 527 S.W.3d at 926 (because the deed was 

ambiguous, the trial court did not err by admitting extrinsic evidence of the grantors’ 

intent). 

Second, there is no merit in the District’s contention that the trial court should not 

have considered parol evidence concerning the Ordinance and the Mediated Agreement to 

interpret the Agreement. The parol evidence rule “does not prohibit evidence of 

agreements entered into after the contract was executed.” Warrenton Campus Shopping 

Ctr., Inc. v. Adolphus, 787 S.W.2d 852, 855 (Mo. App. 1990) (italics in original); see also

Pac. Carlton Dev. Corp. v. Barber, 95 S.W.3d 159, 165 (Mo. App. 2003). Both the 

Ordinance and Mediated Settlement occurred years after the Agreement.5 In particular, 

the Mediated Settlement resolved all disputes up to that point involving the City’s billing 

of the District. 

Third, we agree with the trial court that the parties themselves established the 

correct interpretation of the Agreement. See Stone v. Farm Bureau Town & Country Ins. 

 4

 “If reasonable people can differ as to the meaning and interpretation of the 

contract, because the terms are susceptible to more than one meaning, then it is 

ambiguous.” Sherman, 193 S.W.3d at 866. “Whether a contract is ambiguous is a 

question of law that this Court decides de novo.” Id.; see Denny, 527 S.W.3d at 925. 

5

 The District’s reliance on § 432.070, requiring a contract made with a 

municipality be in writing, and its terms be fixed when the contract is entered, is misplaced. 

The Agreement was in writing. This statute does not prohibit a trial court from receiving 

evidence that clarifies the parties’ intent when the contract is ambiguous. Withers v. City 

of Lake St. Louis, 318 S.W.3d 256, 264 (Mo. App. 2010). 
10 

Co. of Missouri, 203 S.W.3d 736, 745-46 (Mo. App. 2006). We “take note of the wellestablished principle that the interpretation placed on a contract by the parties before it 

becomes a matter of controversy is entitled to great weight in ascertaining their intent and 

understanding, and the courts will generally follow the parties’ own practical interpretation 

of the agreement.” Id. at 745. Here, the “course of conduct” between the parties 

established the billing method for at least 16 years, from the Agreement’s inception in 1998 

to the dispute that arose in 2014. The City interpreted the Agreement as providing a single 

per-customer usage fee and automatically adjusted the District rate by the same percentage 

as that of City residents. The City billed the same, and the District paid accordingly. It 

was only when the District decided not to follow that settled course of conduct and 

challenge the billing method under the Agreement that the present controversy arose. The 

trial court’s decision merely required the District to pay what it had been paying without 

dispute for many years. We agree with that result. “By so holding, we merely follow the 

practical construction of [the Agreement] placed upon it by the parties themselves prior to 

any controversy arising.” Id. at 746. 

Finding no merit in either Point 1 or Point 2, they are denied. The judgment of the 

trial court is affirmed. 

JEFFREY W. BATES, C.J./P.J. – OPINION AUTHOR 

DON E. BURRELL, J. – CONCUR 

MARY W. SHEFFIELD, J. – CONCUR