2007 Minerals Yearbook

U.S. Department of the Interior

U.S. Geological Survey

iron and steel [advance Release]

April 2009
Iron and Steel—2007 [advance release] 37.1

Iron and Steel

By Michael D. Fenton

Domestic survey data and tables were prepared by Hoa P. Phamdang, statistical assistant, and world production tables were 

prepared by Linder Roberts (pig iron) and Glenn J. Wallace (steel), international data coordinators.

Dramatically increasing global demand, company 

consolidations that decreased competition, and a weakening 

dollar, combined to cause a tripling of steel prices (Fletcher, 

2008). By late 2007, domestic demand for steel had decreased 

because of the weakening housing construction and automobile 

markets, and steel inventories were low, which caused U.S. steel 

prices to decline below those in Europe and China. 

Exporting steel products became attractive for U.S. 

producers, and U.S. steel mills responded by adding capacity 

and employees. In November, Thyssenkrupp Steel AG began 

construction of a new $3.7 billion steel and stainless steel 

plant near Mobile, AL. Near Columbus, MS, SeverCorr LLC 

began melting steel in a new mill built by a joint venture 

between Russian steelmaker JSC Severstal and a group of U.S. 

steel executives. Indian steelmaker Essar Steel Holdings Ltd. 

announced in April that it would build an integrated steel mill 

near Duluth, MN, using locally mined iron ore to make 1.4 

million metric tons (Mt) of steel slab by 2009. Efficiency also 

increased in U.S. steel plants. For example, 2,500 employees in 

ArcelorMittal’s Sparrows Point, MD, mill produced almost 3.0 

Mt of steel in 2007, compared with 26,500 employees producing 

5.0 Mt in 1969.

The American Iron and Steel Institute (AISI) reported 

U.S. production of iron and steel and shipments of steel mill 

products. These data can be regarded as representing 100% of 

the raw steel producers in the United States. World production 

of iron and steel is reported by the International Iron and Steel 

Institute (IISI) and by foreign government agencies. Consistent 

with international usage and Federal Government policy, the 

U.S. Geological Survey reported all data on iron and steel in 

metric units unless otherwise noted.

Environment

Climate change, allegedly influenced by manmade carbon 

emissions, has become a significant world political issue. The 

steel industry accounted for only 3% to 5% of global manmade 

greenhouse gas emissions, which was less than that produced 

by transportation and power industries, according to the IISI 

(2007a). More than 90% of steel industry emissions come from 

iron production in Brazil, China, the European Union (EU), 

India, Japan, Republic of Korea, Russia, Ukraine, and the 

United States. China produces more than 50% of total carbon 

dioxide emitted by the steel industry (Christmas, 2007). The 

integrated steel mills using blast furnaces and basic oxygen 

furnaces to smelt iron ore produced at least three times the 

carbon that the minimills did using electric arc furnaces (EAF) 

to melt and recycle iron and steel scrap (Krouse, 2007b). 

However, not enough recycled steel was available to meet the 

world demand for steel, and both methods of steel production 

continued to be necessary.

The IISI approved a policy that takes a global steel sector 

approach to reduce carbon emissions. The IISI would collect 

carbon emissions data from steel plants in all the major steelproducing countries to allow production-normalized emission 

comparisons between regions that were not previously possible 

(International Iron and Steel Institute, 2007b).

The steel industry can reduce carbon emissions in several 

ways. The industry can encourage the application of current 

best practice and technology, and steel plants where energy 

efficiency is relatively low and carbon emissions are relatively 

high can be closed or retrofitted with improved technology. The 

industry can invest in research and development of radically 

new steelmaking technologies, such as ultra-high strength steels, 

which contribute to the energy efficiency of vehicles. Although 

steel is the most recycled material in the world, the recycling of 

obsolete steel can be maximized.

The U.S. Environmental Protection Agency (EPA) issued air 

emission standards at steel plants under its National Vehicle 

Mercury Switch Recovery Program (U.S. Environmental 

Protection Agency, 2007). The standards are designed to prevent 

the release of several toxins into the atmosphere—about 4.5 

metric tons per year (t/yr) of mercury; about 47 million metric 

tons per year (Mt/yr) of lead, manganese, nickel, and chromium; 

and about 785 Mt/yr of particulates. Steelmakers using EAFs 

will be required to use EPA-approved motor vehicle scrap from 

which mercury switches had been removed.

The Chinese State Environmental Protection Administration 

(SEPA), a group of 39 experts, will review the environmental 

impact of the Chinese economy under a new pilot program to 

help draft environmental policies (Xiaohua, 2007). Specific 

regions to be studied included the middle and lower parts of 

the Yellow River, where energy projects were densely located, 

and the economic zones to the west of the Taiwan Straits, along 

Beibu Gulf in South China, the Bohai Rim in North China, 

and the Chengdu-Chongqing Corridor. Similar pilot projects 

had begun in 10 cities, provinces, and autonomous regions. 

The major industries in these areas are coal, chemicals, paper, 

petrochemicals, power, and steel.

Production

Raw steel production in the United States was about 98.1 Mt 

in 2007, about the same as in 2006 (table 1). The AISI estimated 

raw steel production capability to be 113 Mt, up from 112 Mt 

in 2006. Production represented 87.0% of estimated capacity, 

down slightly from 87.5% in 2006.

Integrated steel producers smelted iron ores to liquid iron in 

blast furnaces and used basic oxygen furnaces to refine this iron 

with some scrap to produce raw liquid steel. The basic oxygen 

process was used to make 41.1 Mt of steel in the United States 
37.2 [advance release] u.s. geologicAl survey minerals yearbook—2007

(American Iron and Steel Institute, 2008, p. 73). The use of this 

process decreased to 41.8% of total steel production in 2007 

from 42.9% in 2006. Blast furnace operations in the United 

States were run by 9 companies at 16 locations (Steel Business 

Briefing, Ltd., 2007, p. 28).

Minimills and specialty mills are nonintegrated steel 

producers that use EAF to melt low-cost raw materials (usually 

scrap). They also employ continuous casting machines and hotrolling mills that are often closely coupled to casting operations. 

Specialty mills include producers of alloy-electrical, stainless, 

and tool steel; high-temperature alloys; forged ingots; and other 

low-volume steel products. In the United States, 47 companies 

operated 98 EAF plant facilities (Steel Business Briefing, 

Ltd., 2007, p. 28). These U.S. mills used the EAF steelmaking 

process to produce 57 Mt of steel, a 1.7% increase from that in 

2006, and accounted for 41.8% of total steelmaking (American 

Iron and Steel Institute, 2008, p. 73).

Raw liquid steel is mostly cast into semifinished products in 

continuous casting machines. Only 3.2% of U.S. production 

was cast in ingot form and subsequently rolled into semifinished 

forms, about the same percentage as that of 2006. Continuous 

casting production was 94.9 Mt, or 96.7% of total steel 

production, about the same as in 2006 (American Iron and Steel 

Institute, 2008, p. 73).

Consumption

Steel mill products are produced at steel mills either by 

forging or rolling into forms normally delivered for fabrication 

or use. Some companies purchase semifinished steel mill 

products from other steel companies and use them to produce 

finished steel products. The accumulated shipments of all 

companies less the shipments to other reporting companies are 

identified as net shipments to avoid double counting.

U.S. apparent steel consumption, an indicator of economic 

growth, decreased to 114 Mt in 2007 from 120 Mt in 2006. 

Shipments of steel mill products by U.S. companies decreased 

by 2.8% to 96.5 Mt compared with those of 2006 (American 

Iron and Steel Institute, 2008, p. 25). Compared with shipments 

in 2006, shipments of construction and contractors’ products, 

the largest single end-use market, increased by 13% in 2007; 

automotive product shipments decreased by 12%; shipments 

of agricultural and industrial machinery, equipment, and tools 

decreased by 12%; steel service center shipments decreased by 

12%; lumbering, mining, oil and gas, and quarrying industries 

shipments decreased by 3%; and shipments of appliances and 

containers, packaging, and shipping material were about the 

same.

Prices

The U.S. Department of Labor, Bureau of Labor Statistics, 

producer price index for steel mill products was up by 5.1% to 

182.9 for 2007 from 174.1 in 2006 (1982 base=100) (table 1). 

(U.S. Department of Labor, Bureau of Labor Statistics, 2008).

Foreign Trade

Export shipments of steel mill products by AISI reporting 

companies increased to 10.1 Mt from 8.8 Mt in 2006 (table 

1). Canada received the largest amount of U.S. exported steel, 

5.7 Mt, 3.2% more than in 2006. Mexico was again the second 

leading importer, receiving 2.1 Mt, 7.4% less than in 2006. 

Imports of steel mill products decreased by 27% to 30 Mt from 

41 Mt in 2006. Brazil, Canada, China, the EU, Germany, Japan, 

the Republic of Korea, Mexico, Russia, and Ukraine were major 

sources of steel mill product imports (table 4).

For the first time in 5 years, a steel mill in Cleveland, OH, 

now owned by ArcelorMittal, exported steel in mid-2007 to 

Europe (Krouse, 2007a). Also, the first export shipment of steel 

in 2 years left the Port of Indiana-Burns Harbor (Erler, 2007). 

ArcelorMittal shipped almost 9,000 metric tons of hot-rolled 

steel to Spain, made economically possible because of high 

prices in Europe.

Imports of semifinished steel (table 6) by steel companies 

should be taken into consideration in evaluating apparent 

consumption (supply) of steel mill products in the United States 

and the share of the market represented by imported steel. To 

avoid double counting the imported semifinished steel and the 

products produced from it, the amount of semifinished steel 

consumed by companies that also produced raw steel should 

be subtracted from domestic consumption. Between 1993 and 

2006, semifinished steel imports ranged between 2.5 Mt/yr and 

8.5 Mt/yr. Prior to 1993, the amount was less than 0.2 Mt/yr. 

Taking the imported semifinished steel into consideration, the 

share of the U.S. steel market represented by imported steel was 

an estimated 26% in 2007 compared with 33% in 2006.

Regarding the reporting of imports and exports (table 4, 5, 6), 

“fabricated steel products” are produced from steel mill products 

but do not include products that incorporate steel products 

with other materials. Examples of fabricated steel products 

are structural steel and steel fasteners. “Other iron and steel 

products” refers to products that are not produced from steel 

mill products. Examples of other iron and steel products include 

iron or steel castings and direct reduced iron (DRI).

World Review

When Mittal Steel Co., the largest steel company in the world, 

acquired its closest rival, Arcelor SA of Luxembourg, in January 

2006, the new company, ArcelorMittal controlled an estimated 

10% of the world’s annual raw steel output, and produced more 

than 91 Mt/yr of steel (Holecek, 2007). One of the world’s 

largest steel companies, ArcelorMittal had major operations in 

27 countries and employed about 320,000; its North American 

steelmaking capacity comprised 21 mills, 17 of which were in 

the United States. ArcelorMittal announced that it would expand 

into the $17 billion-a-year oil tubular-goods market (Glader, 

2007).

During 2007, ArcelorMittal continued to increase with new 

projects around the world. The company announced its plan 
Iron and Steel—2007 [advance release] 37.3

to spend $35 billion to increase steelmaking capacity; $20 

billion would be used to build two plants in India, each capable 

of making 12 Mt/yr by about 2015 (Financial Times, 2007). 

ArcelorMittal, agreeing to a joint venture with Turkish steel 

producer Borusan Holding A.C., will invest $500 million to 

build a hot strip mill in Turkey (Associated Press, 2007). Slabs 

for this mill would be supplied by ArcelorMittal. Chicago-based 

Mittal Steel USA, Inc. was expected to reopen a steel-plate 

rolling mill in Gary, IN, that had been idle for several years 

(Tita, 2007). The steel plate product would be used to make 

large-diameter oil and natural gas pipe, wind power towers, and 

electricity transmission towers. Nearby, ArcelorMittal intended 

to upgrade heat-treating lines in its Burns Harbor and East 

Chicago, IN, plants to double production of advanced highstrength steel to about 1 Mt/yr. ArcelorMittal also formed a joint 

venture to build, by 2009, a steel mill in Saudi Arabia, which 

would have a capacity of 0.5 Mt/yr of tubes and pipes for local 

oil producers (Steel Times International, 2007). ArcelorMittal 

acquired SICARTSA, a Mexican integrated steel producer, 

from Grupo Villacero (Advanced Materials & Processes, 2007). 

ArcelorMittal was awarded a license to construct, beginning in 

2009, a steel plant in Egypt, which would produce 1.6 Mt/yr 

of steel using DRI technology and 1.4 Mt/yr of billets by EAF 

(MarketWatch, 2008). ArcelorMittal received approval from the 

Tver Region government in Russia to build a new EAF steel 

complex, with production capacity of 1 Mt, and two bar mills, 

one of which would have a capacity of 0.6 Mt of rebars and 

merchant bars (Reuters, 2007).

World production of pig iron totaled about 947 Mt, 7% more 

than that of 2006 (table 9). The pig iron production of the EU 

was about 116 Mt, about the same as in 2006. Germany was the 

top producer in the EU, producing about 31 Mt, 2.6% greater 

than in 2006. China continued to be the leading producer of 

pig iron in the world, producing more than 469 Mt, 14% more 

than that of 2006. Japan, Russia, the United States, Brazil, and 

Ukraine followed with 87 Mt, 52 Mt, 36 Mt, 36 Mt, and 36 Mt, 

respectively. The Republic of Korea’s production increased 

nearly 7%. Russia and Ukraine were the only major pig iron 

producers in the Commonwealth of Independent States (CIS). 

In North America, the only major producer of pig iron was the 

United States, where production in 2007 decreased 4% from 

that in 2006. In South America, the only major pig iron producer 

was Brazil, producing about 35 Mt. India’s production increased 

slightly in 2007 to 29 Mt.

World capacity for DRI production was estimated to be about 

66 Mt/yr (Midrex Technologies, Inc., 2008). DRI production 

worldwide was about 65.0 Mt in 2007, an 11% increase from 

58.7 Mt compared with that of 2006. The leading producer of 

DRI was India, followed by, in descending order of tonnage, 

Venezuela, Iran, and Mexico (table 9). In 2007, additional DRI 

capacity of almost 13 Mt/yr was under construction in Egypt, 

Iran, Malaysia, Oman, Pakistan, United Arab Emirates, and 

Venezuela. The leading technology was the Midrex process, 

followed by the HYL I and the HYL III processes.

World production of raw steel was 1.34 billion metric tons 

(Gt), 7% more than that in 2006 (table 10). As in previous 

years, production varied widely among major regions of the 

world. Asian countries produced about 56% of the world’s steel; 

the EU, 15%; North America, 10%; and the CIS, 9%. During 

2007, China was again the world’s leading steel producer, 

exceeding 489 Mt, a gain of 17% compared with that of 2006. 

In descending order, the leading producers behind China 

were Japan, the United States, Russia, India, and the Republic 

of Korea. These six countries accounted for 66% of world 

production. The combined steel production of the six steelproducing countries in the CIS was about 124 Mt, an increase 

of 3.9% from that in 2006. Russia and Ukraine remained the 

top producers in the CIS. U.S. steel production during 2007 was 

98.1 Mt, about the same as in 2006.

Outlook

The growth of gross domestic product (GDP) may be 

considered a predictor of the health of the steelmaking and 

steel manufacturing industries, worldwide and domestically. 

The global economy was projected to increase by 4.1% in 

2008, down from an estimated 4.9% in 2007, according to the 

International Monetary Fund (IMF) (International Monetary 

Fund, 2008).

MEPS (International) Inc. forecast world steel production 

in 2008 to be 1.42 Gt, a 5.7% increase compared with that in 

2007 (Milnes, 2008), and 1.6 Gt in 2011 (Platt, 2008b). The IISI 

predicted that global steel production may reach 1.44 Gt in 2008 

(International Iron and Steel Institute, 2007c). Economic activity 

in China, the world’s leading steel producer, will probably 

continue to be an important influence on the world economy and 

steel markets. MEPS forecast steel production in China in 2008 

to be 533 Mt, a 9.0% increase more than that of 2007 (Milnes, 

2008). The China Iron and Steel Planning Institute forecast 

that China may produce about 520 Mt of raw steel in 2010 

(Beveridge, 2006). MEPS predicted that 71% of the increase 

in iron and steel production to 2011 will occur in developing 

nations of Asia (Business Report, 2007). In contrast, only 7% of 

the higher output would be produced in the industrialized world. 

MEPS forecast 2008 steel production in the EU, the CIS, and 

Japan, as 215.5 Mt, 131.2 Mt, and 120 Mt, respectively (Milnes, 

2008).

The global steel industry was expected to have another strong 

year during 2008, with apparent steel consumption rising to 

1,282 Mt in 2008 from 1,202 Mt in 2007, an increase of 6.6%, 

and a growth rate of 6.3% in 2009 (International Iron and Steel 

Institute, 2008). MEPS forecast an increase in steel consumption 

of more than 1,450 Mt by 2011 (Platt, 2008a). Brazil, China, 

Russia, and India (known as BRIC countries) were anticipated 

to account for about 71% of global apparent steel use in 2008. 

Apparent steel consumption in China was expected to increase 

by 11.5% in 2008, 35% of world total, and by about 10.0% in 

2009, 36.7% of world total. The China Iron and Steel Planning 

Institute forecast steel consumption in China to reach about 

480 Mt in 2010 (Beveridge, 2006). India’s steel consumption 

was expected to increase by about 8.9% in 2008 and by about 

12.1% in 2009 (Marsh, 2007). India could be consuming 200 

Mt/yr of steel, about four times higher than in 2007. Apparent 

steel consumption in Russia and Brazil was expected to increase 

by 10.2% and 11.2% in 2008 and by 10.3% and 8.9% in 2009, 

respectively. Apparent steel consumption in the EU and the 
37.4 [advance release] u.s. geologicAl survey minerals yearbook—2007

North American Free Trade Agreement region was expected 

to increase by 1.6% and 2.3% in 2008, and by 1.9% and 1.0% 

in 2009. The Middle Eastern steel industry was expanding 

rapidly, especially in the construction sector. Production and 

consumption of raw steel in the region were expected to increase 

by 65% and 44%, respectively, by 2010 from 2006 levels (Steel 

Trade Today, 2008). In 2007, the Middle East accounted for 

only 2% of global steel trade.

Significantly higher costs of raw materials could threaten 

the profits of global steelmakers (Matthews, 2007). Analysts 

forecast a 10% cost increase on most grades of steel, most 

of which may have to be absorbed by the steelmakers. 

Consolidations within the industry may continue in order to 

achieve additional bargaining influence with customers, and 

economies of scale, thereby holding costs down.

IISI has identified the need to improve the image given by the 

steel industry to the general public as a challenge to demonstrate 

that the industry provides a product that is indispensable to 

modern civilization in an environmentally responsible way 

(Christmas, 2007). A favorable image of steel in society affects 

the choice of steel in products, career choices of young people, 

political choices affecting the industry, and the availability of 

investment capital for new and established mills.

References Cited

Advanced Materials & Processes, 2007, Global economy briefs: Materials Park, 

OH, Advanced Materials & Processes, March, p. 19.

American Iron and Steel Institute, 2008, Annual statistical report 2007: 

Washington, DC, American Iron and Steel Institute, 126 p.

Associated Press, 2007, ArcelorMittal, Turkey’s Borusan to invest $500 million 

to build new hot strip mill: Domain-b.com, October 23. (Accessed October 

24, 2007, at http://www.domain-b.com/companies/companies_a/

arcelor_mittal/20071023_turkey.html).

Beveridge, Mark, 2006, China to produce 520m tonnes of crude steel in 2010: 

Metal Bulletin, no. 9074, December 11, p. 30.

Business Report, 2007, Asia’s emerging nations to boost steel output: Business 

Report, December 10, p. D1.

Christmas, Ian, 2007, Steel industry—Key challenges: Steel Grips, May 31. 

(Accessed July 11, 2008, at http://www.steel-grips.com/newsdesk/

business_news/Steel_industry_-_key_challenges.html.)

Erler, Susan, 2007, Port of Indiana to ship first steel export in two years: 

American Iron and Steel Institute, June 12. (Accessed June 14, 2007, at 

http://www.steel.org). 

Fletcher, M.A., 2008, Steel—Forging a comeback: The Washington Post, May 

28, p. D1.

Glader, Paul, 2007, Titans of steel pursue the niche players: The Wall Street 

Journal, April 16, p. A9.

Holecek, Andrea, 2007, Mittal Steel USA now ArcelorMittal: Highbeam 

Research, June 5. (Accessed June 7, 2007, at http://www.highbeam.com/

doc/1G1-164534550.html).

International Iron and Steel Institute, 2007a, Global approach for steel to address 

climate change: Berlin, Germany, International Iron and Steel Institute, 

October 9, 2 p. (Accessed July 11, 2008, at http://www.worldsteel.org/

pictures/newsfiles/071009_IISI Climate Change.pdf.)

International Iron and Steel Institute, 2007b, World steel CO2 emissions 

data collection: Berlin, Germany, International Iron and Steel Institute, 

April 4, 1 p. (Accessed July 11, 2007, at http://www.worldsteel.org/

?action=storypages&id=265.)

International Iron and Steel Institute, 2007c, IISI short range outlook: Berlin, 

Germany, International Iron and Steel Institute, October 8, 3 p. (Accessed 

November 19, 2007, at http://www.steelonthenet.com.)

International Iron and Steel Institute, 2008, IISI short range outlook: Berlin, 

Germany, April 14. (Accessed July 11, 2008, at http://www.steel-grips.com/

newsdesk/business_news/IISI_short_range_outlook.html.)

International Monetary Fund, 2008, IMF sees world growth slowing with 

U.S. marked down: Washington, DC, IMF Survey Magazine, January 29. 

(Accessed July 17, 2008, at http://www.imf.org/external/pubs/ft/survey/

so/2008/so/2008/RES012908A.htm.)

Krouse, Peter, 2007a, Cleveland steel mill is exporting to Europe: Cleveland 

Plain Dealer, June 22. (Accessed June 24, 2007, at http://blog.cleveland.com/

earlyedition/2007/06/cleveland_steel_mill_is_export.html).

Krouse, Peter, 2007b, Concerns about global warming add to pressures on 

steel industry: American Iron and Steel Institute, November 11. (Accessed 

November 13, 2007, at www.steel.org).

MarketWatch, 2008, ArcelorMittal to construct steel plant in Egypt: 

MarketWatch, February 6.

Financial Times, 2007, Mittal in $35bn global expansion push: London, United 

Kingdom, The Financial Times, September 25. (Accessed March 17, 2009, at 

http://ftalphaville.ft.com/blog/2007/09/25/7571/

mittal-in-35bn-global-expansion-push/).

Matthews, R.G., 2007, Steel’s latest hot spot—The U.S.: The Wall Street 

Journal, August 14, p. A10. 

Midrex Technologies, Inc., 2008, 2007 World direct reduction statistics: 

Charlotte, NC, Midrex Technologies, Inc. (Accessed January 28, 2009, at 

http://www.midrex.com/uploads/documents/2007_STATSBook.pdf.)

Milnes, Jamie, 2008, Another record year for global steel production in 2008: 

MEPS (International) Ltd., February 15. (Accessed July 28, 2008, at http://

www.steel-grips.com/newsdesk/statistics/

Another_record_year_for_global_steel_production_in_2008.html.)

Platt, Jeremy, 2008a, Steel consumption to rise by 28% to 2011: MEPS 

(International) Ltd., January 10. (Accessed July 28, 2008, at http://

www.steel-grips.com/newsdesk/statistics/

Steel_consumption_to_rise_by_28_percent_to_2011.html.)

Platt, Jeremy, 2008b, World steel output to reach 1.6 billion tonnes by 2011: 

MEPS (International) Ltd., January 10. (Accessed July 28, 2008, at http://

www.steel-grips.com/newsdesk/statistics/

World_steel_output_to_reach_1._6_billion_tonnes_by_2011.html.)

Reuters, 2007, ArcelorMittal signs deal for Russia steel plant: Reuters, 

December 18. (Accessed December 20, 2007, at http://www.reuters.com/

article/companyNewsAndPR/idUSWEB087920071218).

Steel Business Briefing, Ltd., 2007, Atlas USA steel mills & service centers 

2007: Steel Business Briefing, Ltd., 35 p.

Steel Times International, 2007, Arcelor Mittal to build Saudi steel mill: Redhill, 

United Kingdom, Steel Times International, March, p. 2.

Steel Trade Today, 2008, MEA steel industry set for dramatic growth: Steel 

Trade Today, June 2. (Accessed June 2, 2008, via http://

www.news@steelguru.com.)

Tita, Bob, 2007, Mittal Steel to open Gary plant, hire 200 workers: Chicago 

Business, May 23. (Accessed January 28, 2009, at http://

www.chicagobusiness.com/cgi-bin/news.pl?id=25107&seenIt=1.)

U.S. Department of Labor, Bureau of Labor Statistics, 2008, Producer price 

index—Commodities—Steel mill products—WPU1017: Washington, DC, 

U.S. Department of Labor. (Accessed November 18, 2008, at http://

data.bls.gov/cgi-bini/surveymost?wp.)

U.S. Environmental Protection Agency, 2007, EPA issues rule to reduce 

mercury releases from steel manufacturing facilities: Washington, DC, U.S. 

Environmental Protection Agency, December 17. (Accessed January 28, 

20098, via http://www.epa.gov/ttn/oarpg/t3/fact_sheets/

eaf_fs_121707.html#background.)

Xiaohua, Sun, 2007, Pilot project to assess environmental impact: China Daily, 

November 5. (Accessed November 6, 2007, at http://www.unep.org/cpi/

briefs/_China-China_Daily_:_Pilot project.)

GENERAL SOURCES OF INFORMATION

U.S. Geological Survey Publications

Iron. Ch. in United States Mineral Resources, Professional 

Paper 820, 1973.

Iron and Steel. Ch. in Metal Prices in the United States Through 

1998, 1999.

Iron and Steel. Ch. in Mineral Commodity Summaries, annual.
Iron and Steel—2007 [advance release] 37.5

Iron and Steel Scrap. Ch. in Metal Prices in the United States 

Through 1998, 1999.

Iron and Steel Scrap. Mineral Industry Surveys, monthly.

Iron and Steel Slag. Ch. in Mineral Commodity Summaries, 

annual.

Iron and Steel Slag. Ch. in Minerals Yearbook, annual.

Iron Ore. Ch. in Mineral Commodity Summaries, annual.

Iron Ore. Ch. in Minerals Yearbook, annual.

Iron Ore. Mineral Industry Surveys, monthly.

Other

American Metal Market, daily.

Annual Statistical Report, American Iron and Steel Institute, 

Washington, DC.

Direct from Midrex quarterly, Midrex Direct Reduction 

Corporation.

Directory of Iron and Steel Plants, Association of Iron and Steel 

Engineers, Pittsburgh, PA.

HYL, the Iron & Steel Technology Division of HYLSA, S.A. de 

C.V. HYL Report.

Iron and Steel. Ch. in Mineral Facts and Problems, U.S. Bureau 

of Mines Bulletin 675, 1985.

Iron and Steelmaker, American Institute of Mining, 

Metallurgical, and Petroleum Engineers—Iron and Steel 

Society, Warrenton, PA.

Making, Shaping, and Treating of Steel, Association of Iron and 

Steel Engineers, Pittsburgh, PA.

Metal Bulletin, biweekly.

Steel Manufacturers Association, Washington, DC.

Steel Statistical Yearbook, International Iron and Steel Institute, 

Brussels, Belgium.

Steel Times International.

2003 2004 2005 2006 2007

United States:

Pig iron:

Production

2 40,600 42,300 37,200 37,900 36,300

Exports3 86 48 51 813 71

Imports for consumption

3 3,890 6,400 6,030 6,730 5,220

Direct-reduced iron:

Production

4 210 180 220 240 250

Exports3 5 13 -- (5) (5)

Imports for consumption

3 1,940 2,450 2,170 2,610 2,610 e

Raw steel production:6

Carbon steel 86,100 90,700 85,900 89,500 89,800

Stainless steel 2,220 2,400 2,240 2,460 2,170

All other alloy steel 5,350 6,560 6,710 6,190 6,140

Total 93,700 99,700 94,900 98,200 98,100

Capability utilization, percent 84.9 94.6 87.5 87.5 87.0

Steel mill products:

Net shipments2 96,100 101,000 95,200 99,300 96,500

Exports2 7,460 7,200 8,520 8,830 10,100

Imports2 21,000 32,500 29,100 41,100 30,200

Producer price index (1982=100.0)

7 109.5 147.2 159.7 174.1 182.9

World production:8

Pig iron 673,000 r 720,000 r 802,000 r 883,000 r 947,000 e

Direct-reduced iron

4 46,800 r 52,700 r 56,200 r 58,700 r 65,000 e

Raw steel 974,000 1,060,000 1,140,000 r 1,250,000 r 1,340,000

3

Data are from the U.S. Census Bureau.

TABLE 1

SALIENT IRON AND STEEL STATISTICS1

(Thousand metric tons)

e

Estimated. rRevised. -- Zero. 1

Data are rounded to no more than three significant digits, except producers price index; may not add to totals shown.

2

Data are from the American Iron and Steel Institute (AISI).

4

Data are from Midrex Technologies, Inc., government, and companies.

6

Raw steel is defined by AISI as steel in the first solid state after melting, suitable for rolling.

7

Data are from the U.S. Department of Labor, Bureau of Labor Statistics.

8

Data are from the U.S. Geological Survey and the International Iron and Steel Institute.

5

Less than 1⁄2 unit. 
37.6 [advance release] u.s. geologicAl survey minerals yearbook—2007

Material 2006 2007

Iron oxides:2

Ores 36 --

Pellets 49,300 46,300

Sinter

3 6,990 6,830

Total 56,400 53,100

Scrap

4 2,510 2,510 e

Coke2 14,700 14,700 e

Pig iron, produced 37,900 36,300 e

Estimated. -- Zero.

 materials; also some nodules.

4

Mainly briquetted turnings and borings, shredded scrap, etc.; scrap produced at blast 

furnaces and remelt not included.

TABLE 2

MATERIALS CONSUMED IN BLAST FURNACES AND PIG IRON PRODUCED1

(Thousand metric tons)

1

Data are rounded to no more than three significant digits; may not add to totals shown.

2

American Iron and Steel Institute.

3

Includes sintered ore and pellet fines, dust, mill scale, and other revert iron-bearing
Iron and Steel—2007 [advance release] 37.7

2006 2007 2006 2007

Shipments by steel type:

Carbon steel 92,700 90,500 93.33 93.73

Alloy steel 4,740 4,350 4.77 4.50

Stainless steel 1,890 1,700 1.90 1.76

Total 99,300 96,500 100.00 100.00

Steel mill products:

Ingots, blooms, billets and slabs 1,500 1,920 1.51 1.99

Wire rods 1,840 2,180 1.86 2.26

Structural shapes, heavy 7,220 6,890 7.26 7.14

Steel piling 582 551 0.59 0.57

Plates, cut lengths 6,490 6,730 6.53 6.97

Plates, in coils 3,150 3,720 3.17 3.85

Rails 726 800 0.73 0.83

Railroad accessories 225 192 0.23 0.20

Bars, hot-rolled 7,060 6,590 7.11 6.82

Bars, light-shaped 1,490 1,800 1.50 1.86

Bars, reinforcing 6,830 7,280 6.87 7.54

Bars, cold finished 1,420 1,320 1.43 1.37

Tool steel 16 16 0.02 0.02

Pipe and tubing, standard pipe 1,140 981 1.15 1.02

Pipe and tubing, oil country goods 2,100 1,940 2.12 2.01

Pipe and tubing, line pipe 503 573 0.51 0.59

Pipe and tubing, mechanical tubing 966 908 0.97 0.94

Pipe and tubing, pressure tubing 43 29 0.04 0.03

Pipe and tubing, stainless 15 13 0.01 0.01

Pipe and tubing, structural 141 135 0.14 0.14

Pipe for piling 10 12 0.01 0.01

Wire 681 350 0.69 0.36

Tin mill products, blackplate 136 127 0.14 0.13

Tin mill products, tinplate 1,840 1,770 1.85 1.83

Tin mill products, tin-free steel 544 508 0.55 0.53

Tin mill products, tin coated sheets 93 91 0.09 0.09

Sheets, hot-rolled 19,400 18,000 19.55 18.67

Sheets, cold-rolled 12,000 11,400 12.13 11.85

Sheets and strip, hot dip galvanized 14,800 13,800 14.94 14.27

Sheets and strip, electrogalvanized 2,370 2,320 2.39 2.40

Sheets and strip, other metallic coated 1,890 1,560 1.90 1.61

Sheets and strip, electrical 481 456 0.48 0.47

Strip, hot rolled 38 38 0.04 0.04

Strip, cold rolled 1,500 1,510 1.51 1.56

Total 99,300 96,500 100.00 100.00

Shipments by markets:

Service centers and distributors 27,300 24,000 27.49 24.86

Construction 19,000 21,600 19.13 22.32

Automotive 14,100 12,400 14.20 12.81

Machinery 1,380 1,270 1.39 1.31

Containers 2,820 2,640 2.84 2.74

All others 34,700 34,700 34.94 35.96

Total 99,300 96,500 100.00 100.00

TABLE 3

DISTRIBUTION OF SHIPMENTS OF STEEL MILL PRODUCTS, BY STEEL TYPE, PRODUCT, AND MARKET1

Source: American Iron and Steel Institute.

Quantity

1

Data are rounded to no more than three significant digits, except percentages; may not add to totals shown.

(thousand metric tons) Percentage
37.8 [advance release] u.s. geologicAl survey minerals yearbook—2007

Country Imports Exports Imports Exports

Argentina 148 3 91 10

Australia 1,060 13 782 22

Brazil 2,630 37 2,080 107

Canada 5,400 5,530 6,110 5,710

China 4,890 89 4,180 155

European Union

2 5,690 348 5,140 845

Germany 1,220 43 1,100 83

Japan 1,910 23 1,540 34

Korea, Republic of 2,540 47 1,820 70

Mexico 3,300 2,000 2,860 2,150

Russia 3,300 -- 1,080 --

South Africa 426 10 131 11

Sweden 255 4 276 7

Taiwan 1,700 16 999 20

Turkey 2,180 -- 521 --

Ukraine 1,590 -- 1,130 --

Venezuela 180 54 149 87

Other 2,670 603 171 807

Total 41,100 8,830 30,200 10,100

 -- Zero.

TABLE 4

U.S. IMPORTS AND EXPORTS OF STEEL MILL PRODUCTS, BY COUNTRY1

(Thousand metric tons)

1

Data are rounded to no more than three significant digits; may not add to totals shown.

2

Excludes Germany and Sweden.

Source: American Iron and Steel Institute.

2006 2007
Iron and Steel—2007 [advance release] 37.9

2006 2007

Steel mill products:

Ingots, blooms, billets, slabs 199 383

Wire rods 137 95

Structural shapes, heavy 777 990

Steel piling 32 36

Plates, cut lengths 1,050 1,150

Plates, in coils 587 537

Rails, standard 82 107

Rails, other 17 24

Railroad accessories 49 39

Bars, hot-rolled 477 540

Bars, light-shaped 82 84

Bars, concrete reinforcing 273 304

Bars, cold-finished 147 175

Tool steel 21 16

Pipe and tubing, standard pipe 113 136

Pipe and tubing, oil country goods 399 340

Pipe and tubing, line pipe 226 226

Pipe and tubing, mechanical tubing 31 36

Pipe and tubing, stainless 72 46

Pipe and tubing, nonclassified 318 393

Pipe and tubing, structural 188 189

Pipe for piling 2 46

Wire 165 175

Tin mill products, blackplate 4 4

Tin mill products, tinplate 196 191

Tin mill products, tin-free steel 18 22

Sheets, hot-rolled 612 1,010

Sheets, cold-rolled 585 695

Sheets and strip, hot-dip galvanized 757 916

Sheets and strip, electrogalvanized 290 240

Sheets and strip, other metallic coated 196 230

Sheets and strip, electrical 156 167

Strip, hot-rolled 258 252

Strip, cold-rolled 302 323

Total 8,830 10,100

Fabricated steel products:

Structural shapes, fabricated 357 431

Rails, used 22 33

Railroad products 95 59

Wire rope 16 18

Wire, stranded products 31 37

Wire, other products 81 86

Springs 123 134

Nails and staples 38 35

Fasteners 540 465

Chains and parts 27 27

Grinding balls 51 59

Pipe and tube fittings 33 36

Other

2 119 r 150

Total 1,540 1,570

Grand total 10,400 11,700

TABLE 5

U.S. EXPORTS OF IRON AND STEEL PRODUCTS1

(Thousand metric tons)

See footnotes at end of table.
37.10 [advance release] u.s. geologicAl survey minerals yearbook—2007

2006 2007

Cast iron and steel products:

Cast steel pipe fittings 33 37

Cast iron pipe and fittings 80 74

Cast steel rolls 10 3

Cast grinding ballse 30 22

Granules, shot and grit

e 50 37

Other castings 65 63

Total 268 236

e

Estimated. rRevised.

TABLE 5—Continued

U.S. EXPORTS OF IRON AND STEEL PRODUCTS1

ornamental work, and conduit.

(Thousand metric tons)

Source: American Iron and Steel Institute.

1

Data are rounded to no more than three significant digits; may not add to totals shown.

2

Includes shapes cold formed, sashes and frames, fence and sign post, architectural and 
Iron and Steel—2007 [advance release] 37.11

2006 2007

Steel mill products:

Ingots, blooms, billets, and slabs 8,460 6,040

Wire rods 2,760 1,400

Structural shapes-heavy 943 771

Steel piling 97 100

Plates, cut lengths 1,520 1,290

Plates, in coils 1,580 939

Rails and railroad accessories 319 r 371

Bars, hot-rolled 1,470 1,200

Bars, light-shaped 285 217

Bars, reinforcing 2,350 1,690

Bars, cold-finished 377 313

Tool steel 160 145

Pipe and tubing, standard pipe 1,460 1,290

Pipe and tubing, oil country goods 1,890 1,760

Pipe and tubing, line pipe 1,810 2,710

Pipe and tubing, mechanical tubing 754 643

Pipe and tubing, pressure tubing 100 110

Pipe and tubing, stainless 142 155

Pipe and tubing, nonclassified 17 21

Pipe and tubing, structural 640 615

Pipe for piling 35 37

Wire 820 732

Tin mill products-blackplate 76 44

Tin mill products-tinplate 494 471

Tin mill products-tin-free steel 109 111

Sheets, hot-rolled 4,610 2,430

Sheets, cold-rolled 3,320 1,630

Sheets and strip, hot-dip galvanized 3,310 1,820

Sheets and strip, electrogalvanized 175 181

Sheets and strip, other metallic coated 671 549

Sheets and strip, electrical 81 100

Strip, hot-rolled 76 82

Strip, cold-rolled 178 180

Total 41,100 30,200

Fabricated steel products:

Structural shapes, fabricated 1,380 1,360

Rails, used 185 83

Railroad products 214 210

Wire rope 134 138

Wire-stranded products 357 323

Springs 495 423

Nails and staples 943 782

Fasteners 1,500 1,360

Chains and parts 154 158

Pipe and tube fittings 243 294

Other 323 635

Total 5,930 5,760

Grand total 47,000 36,000

TABLE 6

U.S. IMPORTS OF MAJOR IRON AND STEEL PRODUCTS1

(Thousand metric tons)

See footnotes at end of table.
37.12 [advance release] u.s. geologicAl survey minerals yearbook—2007

2006 2007

Cast iron and steel products:

Cast steel pipe fittings 243 293

Cast iron pipe and fittings 68 81

Other products 440 407

Total 751 781

1

Data are rounded to no more than three significant digits; may not add to totals shown.

Source: American Iron and Steel Institute.

TABLE 6—Continued

U.S. IMPORTS OF MAJOR IRON AND STEEL PRODUCTS1

(Thousand metric tons)

r

Revised.

 Product 2006 2007

Semifinished 130,000 131,000

Plate 102,000 137,000

Sheet and strip 67,500 57,600

Bars and shapes 114,000 117,000

Wire and wire rods 70,500 68,900

Pipe and tube 142,000 r 159,000

Total 627,000 r 669,000

TABLE 7

U.S. IMPORTS OF STAINLESS STEEL1

(Metric tons)

Source: American Iron and Steel Institute.

1

Data are rounded to no more than three significant digits; 

may not add to totals shown.

r

Revised.

2006 2007

Coal, consumption 20,800 20,600

Coke:3

Production 14,900 14,700

Exports 1,470 1,310

Imports 3,690 2,230

Consumption, apparent 17,000 15,700

TABLE 8

COAL AND COKE AT COKE PLANTS1, 2

(Thousand metric tons)

Source: Energy Information Administration, Quarterly Coal Report, 

DOE/EIA-0121(2007/04Q).

1

Data are rounded to no more than three significant digits.

2

Includes furnace and merchant coke plants.

3

Coke production and consumption do not include breeze.
Iron and Steel—2007 [advance release] 37.13

 Country

5 2003 2004 2005 2006 2007e

Algeria

e 1,300 994 6 952 1,100 1,200

Argentina:

 Pig iron 2,402 2,392 2,646 2,481 r 2,593 p, 6

 Direct-reduced iron 1,736 1,755 1,823 r 1,947 r 1,810 p, 6

Australia 6,116 5,735 6,203 r 6,276 r 6,369 6

Austria 4,677 r 4,847 r 5,444 r 5,547 r 5,907 6

Belgium 7,813 r 8,224 r 7,254 r 7,516 r 6,576 6

Bosnia and Herzegovina

e 60 60 60 r 60 r 60

Brazil:

 Pig iron 32,036 34,579 34,382 34,975 r 35,500 6

 Direct-reduced iron

e 410 440 411 420 420

Bulgaria 1,386 1,158 1,081 1,147 r 1,069 6

Burma:e 

 Pig iron -- r -- r -- r -- r --

 Direct-reduced iron 40 40 40 40 40

Canada:

 Pig iron 8,554 r 8,828 r 8,274 r 8,305 r 8,577 6

 Direct-reduced iron 504 r 1,091 r 591 r 446 r 910 6

Chile 988 1,137 1,074 1,115 r 1,135 p, 6

China

7 213,660 251,850 343,750 412,450 r 469,440 6

Colombia 288 316 325 r 360 r 350

Czech Republic 5,207 5,384 4,627 5,191 r 5,300 6

Egypt:

 Pig iron 1,080 r 1,000 r 1,100 r 1,100 r 1,000

 Direct-reduced iron

e 2,870 6 2,800 2,800 2,800 2,800

Finland 3,092 r 3,037 r 3,056 r 3,158 r 2,914 6

France 12,756 13,198 12,705 13,013 12,426 6

Germany:

 Pig iron 29,481 30,018 28,854 30,360 31,150 6

 Direct-reduced iron

e 590 593 r 440 580 590 p, 6

Hungary 1,333 1,351 1,329 r 1,335 1,394 6

India:

 Pig iron 26,550 r 25,117 r 27,125 r 28,300 r 28,800

 Direct-reduced iron 7,670 9,370 12,040 14,740 18,100 6

Indonesia, direct-reduced iron

e 1,230 1,470 1,390 1,290 6 1,400

Iran:

 Pig iron 2,709 2,136 2,300 2,041 r 2,118 6

 Direct-reduced iron

e 5,620 6,410 6,850 6,850 7,500

Italy 10,604 r 10,664 r 11,423 11,535 11,100

Japan 82,092 82,974 83,058 84,270 86,771 6

Kazakhstan 4,140 e 4,283 3,581 3,400 3,240 6

Korea, North

e 900 900 900 6 900 900

Korea, Republic of 27,314 27,556 27,309 27,559 r 29,437 6

Libya, direct-reduced iron

e 1,340 1,580 1,650 1,630 1,650

Malaysia, direct-reduced iron 1,600 1,710 1,349 1,540 r 1,840

Mexico:

 Pig iron 4,183 4,278 4,047 3,800 4,077 6

 Direct-reduced iron 5,473 6,345 5,973 6,167 r 6,200

Moroccoe 15 15 15 15 15

 TABLE 9

PIG IRON AND DIRECT-REDUCED IRON: WORLD PRODUCTION, BY COUNTRY1, 2, 3, 4

(Thousand metric tons)

See footnotes at end of table.
37.14 [advance release] u.s. geologicAl survey minerals yearbook—2007

 Country

5 2003 2004 2005 2006 2007e

Netherlands8 5,845 r 5,846 r 6,031 r 5,417 r 5,500

New Zealand

e 600 650 r 652 r 664 r 679

Nigeria -- -- -- 150 150

Norway

e 110 r 100 r 100 r 100 r 100

Pakistane 1,500 1,500 1,500 1,200 r 1,000

Paraguay 98 119 124 r 136 r 137 p

Peru:e

 Pig iron 226 r 272 r 263 r 306 r 351 6

 Direct-reduced iron 80 80 80 80 80

Poland 5,632 6,399 4,477 5,333 r 5,804 6

Portugal 100 100 100 100 100

Qatar, direct-reduced iron 780 e 830 e 820 880 1,200

Romania 4,101 4,244 r 4,098 r 3,946 r 3,923 6

Russia:

 Pig iron 48,368 50,427 49,175 51,683 51,523 6

 Direct-reduced iron

e 2,900 3,140 3,340 3,340 4,000

Saudi Arabia, direct-reduced iron 3,290 3,141 3,630 e 3,580 4,100

Serbia 635 9 959 r, 9 1,115 r, 9 1,529 r 1,485 6

Slovakia 3,892 3,765 3,618 4,145 4,012 6

South Africa:

 Pig iron 6,234 6,011 6,130 6,159 r 5,358 6

 Direct-reduced iron 1,542 1,633 r 1,781 1,754 1,736 6

Spain 3,645 r 4,036 r 4,160 r 3,432 r 3,974 6

Sweden 3,710 r 3,871 r 3,730 r 3,577 r 3,815 6

Switzerland -- r -- r -- r -- r --

Taiwan 10,799 10,198 9,854 10,500 10,550 6

Trinidad and Tobago, direct-reduced iron 2,275 2,337 2,055 2,000 2,000

Tunisia 36 -- e -- e -- --

Turkey 5,707 r 5,836 r 5,970 r 5,952 r 6,234 6

Ukraine 29,570 31,000 30,747 32,926 35,647 6

United Kingdom 10,228 10,180 10,236 r 10,736 11,000

United States:

 Pig iron 40,600 42,300 37,200 37,900 36,300 6

 Direct-reduced iron 210 180 220 240 250 6

Venezuela, direct-reduced iron 6,645 7,800 r 8,900 r 8,400 8,400

Zimbabwee 182 125 r 129 r 38 r 45

 Grand total 719,000 r 773,000 r 858,000 r 942,000 r 1,010,000

 Of which:

 Pig iron 673,000 r 720,000 r 802,000 r 883,000 r 947,000

 Direct-reduced iron 46,800 r 52,700 r 56,200 r 58,700 r 65,000

 TABLE 9—Continued

PIG IRON AND DIRECT-REDUCED IRON: WORLD PRODUCTION, BY COUNTRY1, 2, 3, 4

(Thousand metric tons)

e

Estimated. pPreliminary. rRevised. -- Zero. 1

World totals, U.S. data, and estimated data are rounded to no more than three significant digits; may not add 

2

Production is pig iron unless otherwise specified.

3

Direct-reduced iron is obtained from ore by reduction of oxides to metal without melting.

to totals shown. 
Iron and Steel—2007 [advance release] 37.15

7

Figures reported by State Statistical Bureau that the Chinese Government considers to be official statistical data.

8

Includes blast furnace ferroalloys.

9

Montenegro and Serbia formally declared independence in June 2006 from each other and dissolved their union.

4

Table excludes ferroalloy production except where otherwise noted. Table includes data available through

5

In addition to the countries listed, Vietnam has facilities to produce pig iron and may have produced limited 

 estimates of output levels.

6

Reported figure.

 August 10, 2008.

quantities during 2003–07, but output is not reported and available information is inadequate to make reliable

 TABLE 9—Continued

PIG IRON AND DIRECT-REDUCED IRON: WORLD PRODUCTION, BY COUNTRY1, 2, 3, 4

(Thousand metric tons)
37.16 [advance release] u.s. geologicAl survey minerals yearbook—2007

Country

4 2003 2004 2005 2006 2007

Albania 86 98 87 r 100 r 100 e

Algeria 1,051 1,014 1,007 1,158 r 1,278

Argentina 5,033 5,133 r 5,386 r 5,533 5,387 p

Australia 9,678 8,353 7,788 7,937 8,047

Austria 6,261 6,530 7,031 6,487 r 6,871

Azerbaijan 56 90 286 54 273

Bangladeshe, 5 25 25 20 20 -- 6

Belarus 1,570 1,900 2,076 2,100 r 2,214

Belgium 11,114 11,698 8,906 r 11,238 r 11,000 e

Bosnia and Herzegovina 166 r 117 r 283 r 469 550

Brazil7 31,150 32,918 31,631 30,900 r 31,800

Bulgaria 2,317 2,106 1,969 2,124 r 2,050 e

Burma

e 25 25 25 25 25

Canada 15,928 r 16,305 r 15,327 r 15,493 r 15,569

Chile7 1,377 1,579 1,536 1,627 1,666 p

China

8 222,340 272,450 353,240 419,150 r 489,240

Colombia 668 730 e 842 r 1,221 r 1,260 p

Croatia 434 r 80 r 74 r 81 r 75 e

Cuba 210 193 245 257 r 260 e

Czech Republic 6,783 7,033 6,189 6,862 r 7,059

Dominican Republice -- r -- r -- r -- r -- 6

Ecuador 80 72 r 84 r 85 r 87 p

Egypt 4,368 r 4,777 r 5,565 r 6,004 r 6,182

El Salvador 57 59 48 72 r 73 p

Ethiopia, all from scrap

e 6 30 60 60 110

Finland 4,766 4,833 4,738 r 5,052 r 5,000 e

France 19,803 r 20,770 19,481 19,857 r 19,252

Germany 44,809 46,374 44,524 47,224 r 48,550

Ghana, all from scrap

e 25 r 25 r 25 r 25 r 25

Greece 1,701 1,967 2,266 2,416 r 2,400 e

Guatemala 226 232 207 r 292 349 p

Hong Kong

e 500 500 500 550 550

Hungary 1,983 r 1,957 r 1,962 2,029 r 2,227

India 31,779 32,600 45,800 r 49,500 r 53,100

Indonesia 2,042 2,412 3,675 r 3,800 3,900

Iran 7,869 8,682 r 9,405 9,800 e 10,100 e

Israele 180 r 370 r 480 r 480 r 480

Italy 26,832 28,317 29,061 31,550 31,990

Japan 110,511 112,718 112,471 116,266 r 120,203

Jordane 135 6 140 6 150 r 150 r 150

Kazakhstan 5,069 r 5,372 r 4,477 r 4,245 r 4,784

Korea, North

e 1,090 1,070 1,070 1,180 r 1,230

Korea, Republic of 46,310 47,521 47,820 48,455 r 51,517

Latvia

e 546 6 554 6 550 550 550

Libya 1,007 1,026 1,260 1,151 r 1,250 e

Luxembourg 2,675 2,684 2,194 2,802 r 2,800 e

Macedonia 291 315 r 321 r 326 r 359

Malaysia 3,960 5,698 5,296 5,834 r 6,000 e

Mauritania 5 e 5 e 1 r 1 r 1 e

TABLE 10

RAW STEEL: WORLD PRODUCTION, BY COUNTRY1, 2, 3

(Thousand metric tons)

See footnotes at end of table.
Iron and Steel—2007 [advance release] 37.17

Country

4 2003 2004 2005 2006 2007

Mexico 15,159 16,737 16,202 r 16,313 16,300 e

Moldova 886 1,013 1,016 r 675 995

Montenegro (9) 10 (9) 10 (9) 10 50 174

Morocco 5 e 5 e 205 r 314 r 314

Netherlands 6,571 6,848 6,919 6,372 r 6,400 e

New Zealand 750 850 889 r 862 r 845

Norway

e 698 695 701 r 679 r 680

Pakistan 1,000 r 1,145 r 825 r 1,040 r 1,090

Paraguay 91 r 107 r 101 r 115 r 105 e

Peru 669 r 725 r 790 r 896 r 750 e

Philippines 500 r 400 r 470 r 558 r 590

Poland 9,107 10,578 r 8,336 9,992 r 10,631

Portugal 730 r 730 r 1,400 r 1,400 r 1,400 e

Qatar 1,054 1,089 1,057 1,003 r 1,147

Romania 5,692 r 6,077 r 5,632 r 6,266 r 6,261

Russia 62,710 65,646 66,186 70,816 r 72,389

Saudi Arabia 3,944 3,902 4,185 3,974 r 4,600 e

Serbia (9) 10 (9) 10 (9) 10 1,837 2,000 e

Serbia and Montenegro 576 1,197 r 1,314 r XX r, 1 XX 10

Singaporee 561 r 610 r 572 r 607 r 620

Slovakia 4,709 r 4,564 r 4,242 r 4,848 r 4,800

Slovenia 541 566 r 583 r 627 638

South Africa 9,481 9,500 r 9,494 r 9,718 r 9,100

Spain 16,287 17,684 17,711 18,400 e 18,400 e

Sri Lanka

e 30 30 30 30 30

Sweden 5,707 5,949 5,692 r 5,435 r 5,500 e

Switzerland 1,000 e 1,000 e 1,158 r 1,252 r 1,264

Syria

e 70 70 70 70 70

Taiwan 18,832 19,604 18,567 19,203 20,450

Thailand 3,572 4,533 5,161 5,210 r 5,470

Trinidad and Tobago 923 815 r 711 r 674 r 670 e

Tunisia 86 e 70 r 66 r 68 r 61

Turkey 18,298 20,478 20,960 23,308 r 25,750

Uganda 30 r 30 r 30 r 30 r 30

Ukraine 36,900 e 38,740 38,636 40,899 42,830

United Arab Emiratese 50 70 70 70 90

United Kingdom 13,128 13,766 13,210 13,931 r 14,300

United States 93,700 99,700 94,900 98,200 98,100

Uruguay 41 58 64 57 r 71

Uzbekistane 472 602 6 607 6 730 740

Venezuela 3,930 4,575 4,907 4,900 e 4,864

Vietnam 544 689 890 1,400 r 2,000 e

Zimbabwe 152 135 r 107 r 24 r 23

 Total 974,000 1,060,000 1,140,000 1,250,000 r 1,340,000

TABLE 10—Continued

RAW STEEL: WORLD PRODUCTION, BY COUNTRY1, 2, 3

(Thousand metric tons)

See footnotes at end of table.
37.18 [advance release] u.s. geologicAl survey minerals yearbook—2007

e

Estimated. pPreliminary. rRevised. XX Not applicable. -- Zero.

TABLE 10—Continued

RAW STEEL: WORLD PRODUCTION, BY COUNTRY1, 2, 3

(Thousand metric tons)

1

World totals, U.S. data, and estimated data are rounded to no more than three significant digits; may not add to totals shown. 

2

Steel formed in solid state after melting, suitable for further processing or sale; for some countries, includes material 

reported as "liquid steel," presumably measured in the molten state prior to cooling in any specific form.

3

Table includes data available through July 28, 2008.

4

In addition to the countries listed, Mozambique is known to have steelmaking plants, but available information 

is inadequate to make reliable estimates of output levels.

5

Data for year ending June 30 of that stated.

6

Reported figure.

production figures are for 2003-05, in thousand metric tons, as follows: 2003—569; 2004—1,167; and 2005—1,286.

10Montenegro and Serbia formally declared independence in June 2006 from each other and dissolved their union.

7

Excludes castings.

8

Figures reported by the State Statistical Bureau that Chinese Government considers as official statistical data.

9

Country listed separately, but data is included in "Serbia and Montenegro". In 2003-05, Montenegro's steel 

production figures, in thousand metric tons, are as follows: 2003—6; 2004—30; and 2005—28. Serbia's steel