General Service Fluorescent Lamp and Incandescent Reflector March 10-11, 2008 

Lamp Energy Conservation Standard ANOPR Public Meeting 

Energy Conservation Standards for 

General Service Fluorescent Lamps and 

Incandescent Reflector Lamps 

ANOPR Public Meeting 

Engineering Analysis 

Building Technologies Program 

Office of Energy Efficiency and Renewable Energy 

U.S. Department of Energy 

March 10-11, 2008 

2 

Document NOPR 

is i

l

i

is 

i

is 

i

i

le 

Peri is 

is 

ANOPR Analyses Flow Diagram 

Framework ANOPR Final 

Rule 

National 

Impact 

Analys

Energy Use 

Character zation 

Market and 

Techno ogy 

Assessment 

Screen ng 

Analys

Engineer ng 

Analys

Product Pr ce 

Determ nation 

Life-Cyc

Cost and 

Payback 

od Analys

Shipments 

Analys
General Service Fluorescent Lamp and Incandescent Reflector March 10-11, 2008 

Lamp Energy Conservation Standard ANOPR Public Meeting 

3 



• 



• ill not consider in the engineering 



• 

alternatives. 



• 

Purpose 

Market & Technology Assessment 

Characterize the fluorescent and incandescent reflector lamp market and 

industry, identify the measures to improve efficacy, and establish product 

classes. 

Screening Analysis 

Screen out technology options that DOE w

analysis for fluorescent and incandescent lamps. 

Engineering Analysis 

Identify baseline lamps or lamp-and-ballast systems and their higher-efficacy 

Product Price Determination 

Establish end-user prices for lamps and ballasts identified in the engineering 

analysis. 

Market and Technology Assessment 

General Service Fluorescent Lamp Product Classes 

 EPCA established efficacy and CRI standards for 8 separate categories 

of fluorescent lamps based on four lamp types and two wattage bins per 

lamp type. 42 U.S.C. 6295(i)(1) 

Lamp Type 

Four-Foot Medium Bipin 

Nominal 

Lamp 

Wattage 

W 

> 35 W 

Minimum 

CRI 

69 

Minimum 

Average 

Lamp 

Efficacy 

lm/W 

75.0 

≤ 35 W 45 75.0 

Two-Foot U-Shaped > 35 W 69 68.0 

≤ 35 W 45 64.0 

Eight-Foot Slimline > 65 W 69 80.0 

≤ 65 W 45 80.0 

Eight-Foot High Output > 100 W 69 80.0 

≤ 100 W 45 80.0 

4 
General Service Fluorescent Lamp and Incandescent Reflector March 10-11, 2008 

Lamp Energy Conservation Standard ANOPR Public Meeting 

Market and Technology Assessment 

Characteristics Used to Establish 

GSFL Product Classes 

 DOE divides covered product into classes by: 

• The type of energy used 

• Capacity of the product or other performance-related features that justify 

different standard levels, such as features affecting consumer utility (42 U.S.C. 

6295(q)) 

 DOE used the following criteria to subdivide GSFL product classes: 

• Physical constraints of the lamp 

• Lumen package 

• Correlated color temperature 

 DOE did not use the following criteria to subdivide the GSFL product classes: 

• Lamp diameter 

• Ballast interoperability 

• Lamp wattage 

5 

Market and Technology Assessment 

GSFL Product Classes: Physical Constraints of Lamps 

 Physical constraints of the lamp refer to the ability of lamp to use a 

particular fixture. 

 The ability of a lamp to use a particular fixture affect the utility of the 

lamp. 

 The efficacy of the product is also affected (e.g., 4-foot and 8-foot 

exhibit different efficacies). 

 Result: Subdivide product classes by: 

• Straight-shaped, 

• U-shaped lamps, 

• 4-foot length lamps, and 

• 8-foot length lamps. 

6 
General Service Fluorescent Lamp and Incandescent Reflector March 10-11, 2008 

Lamp Energy Conservation Standard ANOPR Public Meeting 

Market and Technology Assessment 

GSFL Product Classes: Lumen Package of Fluorescent Lamps 

 Lumen package refers to the quantity of light a lamp-and-ballast 

system provides to the consumer. 

 Notable differences in standard lumen output lamps and high lumen 

output lamps indicate differences in utility. 

 8-foot single pin slimline vs. 8-foot recessed double contact high 

output lamps 

• High output systems have approximately 50% higher lumen output than 

slimline systems

• Efficacy differential can be as much as 10% between comparable slimline and 

high output systems 

 Result: Different product classes for 8-foot single pin slimline lamps 

and 8-foot recessed double contact high output lamps. 

7 

8 









CCT ≤

-

450 500 

) 

l i i

78 

80 

82 

84 

86 

88 

90 

92 

) 

GSFL Product Classes: Correlated Color Temperature 

Correlated color temperature (CCT) is a measure of the perceived 

color of the white light emitted from the lamp. 

CCT is a performance related feature that affects consumer utility. 

Higher CCT lamps emit less radiation in the visible part of the 

spectrum, resulting in relatively lower efficacies. 

DOE considers setting separate efficacy standards for lamps with 

4500K and lamps with CCT > 4500K. 

0.2 

0.4 

0.6 

0.8 

1.0 

1.2 

400 550 600 650 700 750 

Wavelength (nanometers

Re at ve Sensitiv ty 

6500K 4100K Lamp CCT 

Efficacy (lms/watt

Market and Technology Assessment 
General Service Fluorescent Lamp and Incandescent Reflector March 10-11, 2008 

Lamp Energy Conservation Standard ANOPR Public Meeting 

Market and Technology Assessment 

GSFL Product Classes 

 DOE does not subdivide product classes by lamp diameter (e.g., T12 

vs. T8) 

• These are not properties that affect lamp utility. 

• Manufacturer product literature and market trends show that T8 lamps are 

currently being offered as T12 product replacements 

 DOE does not subdivide product classes by ballast interoperability. 

• The economics of the ballast can be taken into account in the analyses. 

 DOE does not subdivide product classes by lamp wattage (e.g., 40W 

vs. 34W) 

• Lamp wattage is not a property that necessarily affects lamp utility (e.g., 34W 

lamps are considered as a replacement for 40W lamps) 

9 

Market and Technology Assessment 

Setting CRI standards 

 DOE is proposing to not subdivide product classes by wattage. 

 However, EPCA established minimum CRI requirements for 

fluorescent lamps based on wattage. 

• Higher wattage lamps have a minimum CRI of 69 

• Lower wattage lamps have a minimum CRI of 45 

 DOE believes that it does not have the authority to change the 

minimum CRI standard. 

 DOE can not maintain the current minimum CRI requirements within 

the new product class structure. 

DOE invites comment on the possible approaches to handling 

the issue of CRI in setting GSFL efficacy standards 

10 
General Service Fluorescent Lamp and Incandescent Reflector March 10-11, 2008 

Lamp Energy Conservation Standard ANOPR Public Meeting 

Market and Technology Assessment 

GSFL Product Classes Used in ANOPR Analyses 

Lamp Type For CCT ≤ 4,500K, 

Minimum Lamp 

Efficacy 

lm/W 

For CCT > 4,500K, 

Minimum Lamp 

Efficacy 

lm/W 

4-Foot Medium Bipin Product Class #1 Product Class #5 

2-Foot U-Shaped Product Class #2 Product Class #6 

8-Foot Single Pin 

Slimline Product Class #3 Product Class #7 

8-Foot Recessed 

Double Contact HO Product Class #4 Product Class #8 

11 

Market and Technology Assessment 

General Service Fluorescent Lamp Product Classes 

DOE invites comments on GSFL product classes. 

Specifically, DOE invites comment on whether T12 and T8 

fluorescent lamps should be in the same product class. 

DOE also invites comments on whether there should be a CCT 

divider, how many groupings of CCT are appropriate, and 

what the CCT divider or dividers should be. 

(Issue #3) 

12 
General Service Fluorescent Lamp and Incandescent Reflector March 10-11, 2008 

Lamp Energy Conservation Standard ANOPR Public Meeting 

Market and Technology Assessment 

Incandescent Reflector Lamp Product Classes 

 EPCA set efficacy standards for 6 different wattage bins 

 DOE believes wattage, though it affects efficacy, is not a direct 

measure of utility (e.g., a high efficacy 55W lamp can deliver the 

same amount of light as a lower efficacy 75W lamp) 

 Therefore, DOE is establishing a product class that encompasses 

the entire wattage range (40W-205W) 

 To take into account the effect of wattage on efficacy, the candidate 

standard level for incandescent reflector lamps would be an 

equation that depends on wattage. 

13 

Market and Technology Assessment 

14 

) 

i l / ) . 

β) , 

where α β

Incandescent Reflector Lamp Product Classes 

Lamp wattage (watts

Eff cacy ( umens watt

EPCA 

CSL1 

CSL2 

CSL3 

Lm / W ≥ α*( W^ 

 and are constants. 
General Service Fluorescent Lamp and Incandescent Reflector March 10-11, 2008 

Lamp Energy Conservation Standard ANOPR Public Meeting 

Market and Technology Assessment 

Modified-Spectrum Incandescent Reflector Lamps 

 EISA 2007 defines a “colored incandescent lamp” such that some IRL 

(e.g., lamps containing > 5% neodymium) are no longer excluded from 

coverage 

 These lamps may fall under the definition for “modified-spectrum” IRL: 

• A lamp whose color point with (x,y) chromaticity coordinates lies below the blackbody locus and at least 4 MacAdam steps from the color point of a similar clear 

lamp. 

 Modified-spectrum IRL offer different light output (and utility) by 

absorbing a portion of the visible light emission emitted by the filament, 

thereby reducing efficacy. 

 DOE considers a separate product class for modified-spectrum lamps. 

15 

16 

IRL Product Class #9 Product Class #10

Efficacy 

lm/W 

Standard-Spectrum 

Efficacy 

lm/W 

#3) 

IRL Product Classes 

Modified-Spectrum 

Minimum Lamp Minimum Lamp 

Lamp Category 

DOE invites comment on the creation of product classes that 

encompass the full range of IRL wattages and the creation of a 

separated product class for modified spectrum lamps. (Issue 

Market and Technology Assessment 
General Service Fluorescent Lamp and Incandescent Reflector March 10-11, 2008 

Lamp Energy Conservation Standard ANOPR Public Meeting 

Screening Analysis 

Screening Analysis Method 

 Design options were screened using the following criteria: 

• Technological feasibility 

• Practicability to manufacture, install and service 

• Adverse impacts on product utility or product availability 

• Adverse impacts on health or safety 

17 

Screening Analysis 

Design Options Selected for Further Consideration 

 General Service Fluorescent Lamp Design Options 

• Highly emissive electrode coatings 

• Higher-efficiency lamp fill gas composition 

• Higher-efficiency phosphors 

• Glass coatings 

• Higher-efficiency lamp diameter 

 Incandescent Reflector Lamp Design Options 

• Higher-temperature operation 

• Thinner filaments 

• Efficient filament coiling 

• Efficient filament orientation 

• Higher-efficiency inert fill gas 

• Tungsten-halogen lamps 

• Higher-pressure tungsten halogen lamps 

• Infrared glass coatings (thin-film) 

• Higher-efficiency reflector coatings 

• Efficient filament placement 

18 
General Service Fluorescent Lamp and Incandescent Reflector March 10-11, 2008 

Lamp Energy Conservation Standard ANOPR Public Meeting 

19 





• 

• 

Engineering 

Determination 

The purpose of the engineering analysis and the product price 

determination is to determine the relationship between fluorescent 

an incandescent lamps and end-user price. 

The engineering analysis identifies baseline lamps or lamp-andballast systems and their higher-efficacy alternatives. 

Engineering Analysis: Purpose 

Downstream Rulemaking 

Analyses 

Life-Cycle Cost and 

Payback Period Analysis 

National Impact Analysis 

Engineering Analysis 

Analysis 

Product Price 

Engineering Analysis 

Standard 

Scale to 

Product 

Classes Not 

l

Select 

Choose 

Product 

Classes 

Define 

Baseline 

Models 

Develop

Candidate 

Levels 

Ana yzed 

Efficient 

Substitutes 

Representative 

Engineering Analysis Methodology 

Õ Choose product classes to be analyzed in the engineering and 

life-cycle cost analysis. 

Õ Define characteristics of models in each representative product 

class which will serve as reference points to assess changes due 

to energy conservation standards. 

Õ Identify more-efficient substitutes from a database of 

commercially-available lamps. Substitutes will maintain similar 

light output and save energy. 

Õ Develop candidate standard levels that span the range of efficacy 

from the baseline to the maximum technologically feasible. 

Õ Scale results to other product classes not analyzed. 

20 
General Service Fluorescent Lamp and Incandescent Reflector March 10-11, 2008 

Lamp Energy Conservation Standard ANOPR Public Meeting 

Engineering Analysis 

Representative Product Classes 

 DOE chose a subset of product classes to analyze in the 

engineering analysis and life-cycle cost analysis to concentrate its 

analytical effort. These are called “representative product classes.” 

 DOE based its selection on those product classes with the highest 

volume of shipments. 

 General Service Fluorescent Lamps 

• Of the 8 product classes, DOE analyzed three: 

– 4-foot medium bipin; CCT ≤ 4500K 

– 8-foot single pin slimline; CCT ≤ 4500K 

– 8-foot recessed double contact HO; CCT ≤ 4500K 

 Incandescent Reflector Lamps 

• DOE analyzed the standard-spectrum product class and is scaling its findings 

to the modified-spectrum product class. 

21 

Engineering Analysis 

Baseline Models 

 DOE selected baseline lamps from each representative product 

class. 

 Typically a baseline lamp just meets the existing energy 

conservation standard. 

 DOE selected specific attributes like light output, wattage, and 

operating lifetimes that are typical of the most common lamp on the 

market for that product class. 

 DOE selected multiple baseline lamps in each product class to 

ensure consideration of different high-volume lamps and their 

associated consumer economics. 

22 
General Service Fluorescent Lamp and Incandescent Reflector March 10-11, 2008 

Lamp Energy Conservation Standard ANOPR Public Meeting 

23 

 ≤ 4500K Product Class: 

• 

• 

• CCT: 4100K 

• 

 ≤ 4500K Product Class: 

• 

• 

• CCT: 4100K 

• 

 ≤ 4500K Product 

Class: 

• 

• 

• CCT: 4100K 

• 

24 





T8 25 85

T8 28 82

T8 30 82

T8 32 82

T8 32 85

T8 32 82

T8 32 75

T12 34 85

T12 34 80

T12 34 70

T12 34 62

T12 40 85

T12 40 80

T12 40 80

T12 40 70

W lm/W

CRI Rated Lamp 

Baseline Models: General Service Fluorescent Lamps 

4-Foot Medium Bipin, 

Wattage: 40W T12, 34W T12, 32W T8 

Operating lifetime: 20,000 hrs 

Phosphor: 40W T12 and 32W T8: 700 series, 34W T12: 600 series 

8-Foot Single Pin Slimline, 

Wattage: 75W T12, 60W T12, 59W T8 

Operating lifetime: 12,000 and 15,000 hrs 

Phosphor: 75W T12 and 59W T8: 700 series, 60W T12: 600 series 

8-Foot Recessed Double Contact High Output, 

Wattage: 110W T12, 95W T12 

Operating lifetime: 12,000 hrs 

Phosphor: 110W T12: 700 series, 95W T12: 600 series 

Engineering Analysis 

Based on commercially-available lamps 

Example of 4-Foot Medium Bipin higher efficacy lamps 

Select Efficacious Fluorescent Lamp Substitutes 

96.0 

97.3 

95.0 

95.4 

92.3 

90.8 

Baseline 86.2 

91.2 

85.3 

82.4 

Baseline 77.9 

90.0 

85.0 

82.5 

Baseline 80.0 

Efficacy 

Nominal 

Wattage Diameter 

Engineering Analysis 
General Service Fluorescent Lamp and Incandescent Reflector March 10-11, 2008 

Lamp Energy Conservation Standard ANOPR Public Meeting 

Engineering Analysis 

Fluorescent Lamp Systems Approach 

 For GSFL, lamps must be operated on ballasts. DOE takes a 

“systems approach” that considers both reduced-wattage and 

equal-wattage lamps operated by different ballasts 

 The ballast influences the light output and energy consumption of 

the lamp 

 Each lamp is paired with one or more ballasts Æ “system” 

 Systems are chosen to have similar mean lumen output as the 

baseline system 

 Energy savings from the baseline system can be obtained by using 

either: 

1. A more efficacious reduced-wattage lamp on the same ballast; or 

2. A more efficacious same or reduced wattage lamp on a different ballast so it 

operates the lamp at a lower power level. 

25 

Engineering Analysis 

Fluorescent Lamp Systems Introduction 

 System mean lumen output = number of lamps per ballast x ballast 

factor x mean lumen output of lamp 

• For example, given a 3-lamp ballast with a 0.9 BF and lamps that emit 2,000 

mean lumens each the system mean lumen output is equal to 3 x 0.9 x 2,000 

or 5,400 lumens. 

 System power is dependent on lamp wattage and the ballast factor 

of the ballast. 

• As ballast factor decreases, system power decreases. 

• As lamp wattage decreases, system power decreases. 

26 
General Service Fluorescent Lamp and Incandescent Reflector March 10-11, 2008 

Lamp Energy Conservation Standard ANOPR Public Meeting 

Engineering Analysis 

Ballast 

Lamp Substitutes for 4-foot Medium Bipin Product Class 

Change Lamp Only Change Lamp and 

or Lamp and Ballast 

27 

72 

74 

76 

78 

80 

82 

84 

86 

88 

90 

92 

94 

96 

98 

100 

26 28 32 34 36 38 42 

) 

) 

28 



• Baseli

– i ll ll ( ) i l

– 

• Additi

– 



• Baseli

– 

– 

• Additi

– 



• Baseli

– 

• Additi

– : 0.81 BF 

24 30 40 

Rated Wattage (W

Rated Lamp Efficacy (lm/W

Fluorescent Lamp-and-Ballast Systems: Baselines and Substitutes 

4-Foot Medium Bipin: 3-Lamp System 

ne systems 

T12 system: magnet c ba ast or a 0.88 ba ast factor BF electron c ba last 

T8 system : 0.88 BF electronic ballast 

onal electronic ballasts used for higher efficacy systems 

T12 system : 0.87 and 0.86 BF; T8 system: 1.18, 1.00, 0.78, and 0.75 BF 

8-Foot Single Pin Slimline: 2-Lamp System 

ne systems 

T12 system: magnetic ballast or a 0.88 BF electronic ballast 

T8 system: 0.88 BF electronic ballast 

onal electronic ballasts used for higher efficacy systems 

T12 system: 0.85 BF; T8 system: 0.78, 0.85, and 1.18 BF 

8-Foot Recessed Double Contact HO: 2-Lamp System 

ne systems 

T12 system: 0.88 BF electronic ballast 

onal electronic ballasts 

T12 system: 0.90 and 0.89 BF; T8 system

Engineering Analysis 

T8 

32W T8 Baseline 

T12 

34W T12 Baseline 

40W T12 Baseline 
General Service Fluorescent Lamp and Incandescent Reflector March 10-11, 2008 

Lamp Energy Conservation Standard ANOPR Public Meeting 

Engineering Analysis 

Fluorescent Lamp CSL Summary 

 Candidate standard levels based on several design options (primarily 

phosphor series) and commercially available lamps. 

 Phosphor Series 

• 600 series cool white halophosphor 

– Lower efficacy, reduced-wattage baselines; CRI between 60 and 69 

• 700 series rare earth phosphor 

– Higher-wattage baselines and higher-efficacy lamps; CRI between 70 and 79 

• 800 series rare earth phosphor 

– Higher efficacy lamps; CRI between 80 and 89 

 Other Possible Design Options Incorporated to meet CSLs 

• Highly emissive electrode coatings, higher efficiency lamp fill gas composition, 

thicker phosphor coating, glass coatings, or higher efficiency lamp diameter 

 Some CSLs in each product class eliminate all T12 lamps 

29 

Engineering Analysis 

4-Foot Medium Bipin CSLs 

CSL Efficacy Design Option for Each Baseline 

40W T12 34W T12 32W T8 

CSL0 < 82.4 lm/W 700 series 600 series -

CSL1 82.4 lm/W Improved 700 700 series -

series or 800 

series 

CSL2 85.0 lm/W 800 series 800 series 700 series 

CSL3 90.0 lm/W Improved 800 

series 

Improved 800 

series 

800 series 

CSL4 92.3 lm/W Improved 800 

series – 30W lamp 

available 

CSL5 95.4 lm/W Improved 800 

series – 28W and 

25W available 

30 
General Service Fluorescent Lamp and Incandescent Reflector March 10-11, 2008 

Lamp Energy Conservation Standard ANOPR Public Meeting 

4-Foot Medium Bipin CSLs (continued)

Engineering Analysis 

31 

72 

74 

76 

78 

80 

82 

84 

86 

88 

90 

92 

94 

96 

98 

24 26 28 32 34 36 38 40 42 

32 

100 

30 

Rated Wattage (W) 

Rated Lamp Efficacy (lm/W) 

8-Foot Single Pin Slimline CSLs 

Engineering Analysis 

4-foot T8 medium bipin 

32W T8 Baseline 

CSL1 

CSL2 

CSL3 

CSL4 

CSL5 

EPACT 1992 

4-foot T12 medium bipin 

40W T12 Baseline 

34W T12 Baseline 

CSL Efficacy Design Option for Each Baseline 

75W T12 60W T12 59W T8 

CSL0 < 87.3 lm/W 700 series - -

CSL1 87.3 lm/W 800 series 600 series -

CSL2 92.0 lm/W Improved 800 

series 

700 series -

CSL3 94.8 lm/W Improved 800 

series 

Improved 700 

series 

700 series 

CSL4 98.2 lm/W 800 series 

CSL5 101.5 lm/W Improved 800 

series – 57W and 

55W available 
General Service Fluorescent Lamp and Incandescent Reflector March 10-11, 2008 

Lamp Energy Conservation Standard ANOPR Public Meeting 

8-Foot Single Pin Slimline CSLs (continued)

Engineering Analysis 

33 

54 58 60 62 70 74 76 78 

34 

75.0 

77.0 

79.0 

81.0 

83.0 

85.0 

87.0 

89.0 

91.0 

93.0 

95.0 

97.0 

99.0 

101.0 

103.0 

105.0 

52 56 64 66 68 72 

Rated Wattage (W) 

Rated Lamp Efficacy (lm/W) 

8-foot T8 single pin 8-foot T12 single pin slimline 

8-Foot Recessed Double Contact HO CSLs 

*Note: 86W T8 is not a baseline lamp 

Engineering Analysis 

60W T12 Baseline 

59W T8 Baseline 

CSL1 

CSL2 

CSL3 

CSL4 

CSL5 

EPACT 1992 

75W T12 Baseline 

CSL Efficacy Design Option for Each Baseline 

110W T12 95W T12 86W T8* 

CSL0 < 83.2 lm/W 700 series 600 series -

CSL1 83.2 lm/W 800 series - -

CSL2 86.1 lm/W 700 series -

CSL3 87.6 lm/W 800 series -

CSL4 91.9 lm/W 700 series 

CSL5 95.3 lm/W 800 series 
General Service Fluorescent Lamp and Incandescent Reflector March 10-11, 2008 

Lamp Energy Conservation Standard ANOPR Public Meeting 

Engineering Analysis 

35 

) 

80 82 86 88 90 92 96 

/W) 

B 

8-Foot Recessed Double Contact HO CSLs (continued

CSL2 

CSL3 

CSL4 

CSL5 

EPACT 1992 

75.0 

77.0 

79.0 

81.0 

83.0 

85.0 

87.0 

89.0 

91.0 

93.0 

95.0 

97.0 

99.0 

101.0 

103.0 

105.0 

84 94 98 100 102 104 106 108 110 112 114 

Rated Wattage (W) 

Rated Lamp Efficacy (lm

8-foot T8 

recessed double 

contact HO 

110W T12 

li 

95W T12 Baseline 

8-foot T12 recessed 

double contact HO 

CSL1 

36 

CSL3 T12 34 ic 0.88 7,366

CSL0 T12 40 0.95 8,208

W lm/W W lm

Rated Lamp 

CSL 

CSL5 T8 25 1.18 8,071

CSL5 T8 28 1.00 7,680

CSL5 T8 32 0.88 7,696

CSL4 T8 30 1.00 8,040

CSL4 T8 32 0.88 7,524

CSL3 T8 32 1.00 8,130

CSL3 T12 34 0.88 7,366

CSL3 T12 40 0.87 8,483

CSL2 T8 32 1.18 8,921

CSL2 T12 40 0.87 7,987

CSL1 T12 40 0.87 7,830

CSL1 T12 40 0.88 7,920

CSL0 T12 40 0.88 7,603

CSL0 T12 40 0.95 8,208

Lamp and 

40W T12 Example Engineering Analysis System Results 

91.2 Magnet 108.0 

80.0 Magnetic 129.0 

System 

Mean Light 

Output 

System 

Power Ballast 

Factor 

Ballast 

Type Efficacy 

Nominal 

Diameter Wattage 

96.0 Electronic 93.0 

97.3 Electronic 80.5 

95.4 Electronic 87.5 

95.0 Electronic 90.2 

92.3 Electronic 87.5 

90.8 Electronic 98.3 

91.2 Electronic 91.7 

90.0 Electronic 107.0 

86.2 Electronic 114.5 

85.0 Electronic 107.0 

82.5 Electronic 107.0 

82.5 Electronic 107.7 

80.0 Electronic 107.7 

80.0 Magnetic 129.0 

Lamp Only 

Replacement 

Ballast 

Replacement 

Engineering Analysis 
General Service Fluorescent Lamp and Incandescent Reflector March 10-11, 2008 

Lamp Energy Conservation Standard ANOPR Public Meeting 

Engineering Analysis 

Selection of Fluorescent Lamp-and-Ballast Designs 

and Candidate Standard Levels 

DOE invites comments on the selection of GSFL lamp-andballast designs from baseline to max-tech as well as the 

selection of GSFL candidate standard levels. 

Additional results can be found in Chapter 5 of the TSD. 

37 

Engineering Analysis 

Scaling to Other Fluorescent Lamp Product Classes: 

Product Classes with CCT > 4500K 

 Scale from corresponding fluorescent product class with CCT ≤

4500K 

 Efficacies of commercially available T8 lamps at 6500K are 

approximately 4% to 7% lower than that of the 4,100K lamps 

 To avoid overly penalizing current product offered in the market, DOE 

considers adopting the larger of the two scaling factors (7%) 

 Example: If 82.4 lm/W (i.e., CSL1) were selected for the 4-foot medium 

bipin product class of 4,500K CCT and below, the scaled efficacy 

requirement for the product class greater than 4,500K CCT would be 

76.6 lm/W. 

38 
General Service Fluorescent Lamp and Incandescent Reflector March 10-11, 2008 

Lamp Energy Conservation Standard ANOPR Public Meeting 

Engineering Analysis 

Scaling to Other Fluorescent Lamp Product Classes: 

2-Foot U-shaped with CCT ≤ 4500K 

 Scale from 4-foot medium bipin product class with CCT ≤ 4500K 

 Efficacy differentials in commercially available products depend on 

lamp diameter and wattage – U-shaped are approximately 3-6% lower 

efficacy 

 To avoid overly penalizing current product offered in the market, DOE 

considers adopting the larger of the two scaling factors (6%) 

DOE invites comments on the method used to scale to product 

classes with CCT > 4100K and the 2-foot U-shaped product 

class. (Issue #4) 

39 

Engineering Analysis 

Baseline Models: Incandescent Reflector Lamps 

 DOE has identified three common lumen packages that represent 

the most typical standard-spectrum IRL in the market 

 These three lamps are currently regulated by EPCA and meet the 

EPCA standard. 

Descriptor Design 

Option 

Wattage 

W 

Efficacy 

lm/W 

Initial Light Output 

lm 

Lifetime 

hr 

PAR30 50 11.6 580 3,000 

PAR38 Halogen 75 14.0 1,050 2,500 

PAR38 90 14.6 1,310 2,500 

40 
General Service Fluorescent Lamp and Incandescent Reflector March 10-11, 2008 

Lamp Energy Conservation Standard ANOPR Public Meeting 

Engineering Analysis 

Select Efficacious IRL Substitutes 

 DOE chose IRL substitutes that save energy and achieve similar 

lumen output by increasing efficacy and using reduced-wattage 

lamps. e.g., 50W @ 12 lumens/watt ≈ 44W @ 14 lumens/watt 

 Used commercially available lamps when possible. 

 Three basic design options available commercially: 

• Improved Halogen (3,000 hr life) 

• Halogen Infrared (HIR) (3,000 hr life) 

• Improved HIR (4,000 hr life) 

 Improved Halogen and Improved HIR could be achieved using the 

following design options: 

• Higher efficiency filaments, efficient filament coiling, filament configuration, 

capsule design, high pressure capsules, or higher efficiency reflector coating. 

41 

Engineering Analysis 

“Model” Incandescent Reflector Lamps 

 When commercially available lamps were not available, DOE 

developed model lamps to have a continuous range of lamp 

efficacies across the three lumen packages 

 Model lamps were developed from technical literature and 

confidential information from manufacturers 

 Model Lamps: 

• 44.3W, 14.0 lm/W PAR30 lamp reduced-wattages of the 50W, 

• 41.3W, 15.0 lm/W PAR30 lamp 11.6 lm/W PAR 30 baseline 

reduced-wattage of 90W, • 66.0W, 19.8 lm/W PAR38 lamp 14.6 lm/W PAR38 baseline 

42 
General Service Fluorescent Lamp and Incandescent Reflector March 10-11, 2008 

Lamp Energy Conservation Standard ANOPR Public Meeting 

43 

11.0 

13.0 

15.0 

17.0 

19.0 

21.0 

35 65 85 95 

Lamp Power (W) 

) 

PAR38 90W 

Baseline 

Incandescent Reflector Reduced Wattage Options 

Engineering Analysis 

DOE invites comment on the selection of IRL lamp designs 

from baseline to max-tech. 

45 55 75 

Lamp Efficacy (lm/W

PAR38 75W 

Baseline 

PAR30 50W 

Baseline 

Engineering Analysis 

Incandescent Reflector CSLs 

 DOE developed continuous equations that set a minimum efficacy 

requirement across all wattages. 

 Each equation represents the same IRL design option across the 

wattage range of a product class. 

Candidate Standard 

Level 

Minimum Efficacy 

Requirement 

Design Option 

lm/W 

CSL1 5.0*P0.27 Improved Halogen 

CSL2 5.5*P0.27 HIR 

CSL3 6.2*P0.27 Improved HIR 

P = rated wattage 

44 
General Service Fluorescent Lamp and Incandescent Reflector March 10-11, 2008 

Lamp Energy Conservation Standard ANOPR Public Meeting 

45 

30 40 50 70 80 90 100 130 

(W) 

/W) 

: Halogen (

:

:

:

Incandescent Reflector CSLs 

DOE invites comment on whether the IRL candidate standard 

level represents the appropriate technology across all wattages. 

Engineering Analysis 

10.0 

12.0 

14.0 

16.0 

18.0 

20.0 

22.0 

60 110 120 

Lamp Power 

Lamp Efficacy (lm

Baseline 

EPCA 

CSL1 

CSL2 

CSL3 

PAR30, 50W 

PAR38, 75W 

PAR38, 90W 

Baseline/EPCA 2,500-3,000 hr) 

CSL1 Improved Halogen (3,000 hr) 

CSL2 HIR (3,000 hr) 

CSL3 Improved HIR (4,000 hr) 

Engineering Analysis 

Scaling to Modified Spectrum 

Incandescent Reflector Lamps 

 DOE identified several IRL lamps with modified-spectrums and 

compared their performance with standard (i.e., non modifiedspectrum) lamps. 

 The reduction in efficacy caused by the modified-spectrum ranged 

from 2% to 29% with an average reduction in efficacy of 15%. 

 DOE recognizes that those modified-spectrum lamps may have a 

distinct utility. 

 DOE wishes to establish a standard for modified-spectrum lamps 

that: 

• Does not eliminate modified-spectrum lamps which require a lower efficacy 

standard because of their distinct utility; and 

• Acknowledges the ranges of spectrum modification possible for IRL and their 

corresponding effects on efficacy 

46 
General Service Fluorescent Lamp and Incandescent Reflector March 10-11, 2008 

Lamp Energy Conservation Standard ANOPR Public Meeting 

Engineering Analysis 

Possible Scaling Method for Modified-Spectrum IRL 

 Modified spectrum scaling could be based on the light output of the 

modified spectrum lamp and an equivalent reference standardspectrum lamp 

 Reference standard-spectrum lamp would be equivalent to the 

modified spectrum lamp except for the coating of neodymium (or 

other additive) that causes the lamp to emit a modified-spectrum. 

 Equation: 

lmModified −Spectrum CSLModified −Spectrum = lmS tan dard −Spectrum 

*CSLS tan dard −Spectrum 

DOE invites comments on the method used to scale from a 

standard-spectrum lamp to a modified-spectrum lamp. 

(Issue #4)

47 

Product Price Determination 

Product Price Determination 

Purpose 

 Establish end-user prices for those lamps or lamp-and-ballast systems 

identified in the engineering analysis. 

Method 

 Product price determination is based on available pricing lists (e.g., 

manufacturer price lists, state procurement price lists). 

 DOE discounted blue-book prices to develop high-range, mediumrange, and low-range end-user retail prices to reflect variability in the 

market. 

• Medium-range prices are used as reference prices in life-cycle cost and national 

impact analysis 

• High and low-range prices are used as sensitivities in the life-cycle cost analysis. 

 DOE developed a weighted-average sales tax data by region based on 

local data from Sales Tax Clearinghouse. 

• National average: 6.9%. 

48 
General Service Fluorescent Lamp and Incandescent Reflector March 10-11, 2008 

Lamp Energy Conservation Standard ANOPR Public Meeting 



• (i.e.





• Consistent wi

 ( ) 



• Consistent wi

and institutional 



• Consistent wi

General Service Fluorescent Lamp Methodology 

Market Today 

Higher efficacy lamps received higher markups , lower discounts off the 

blue book price schedule) than lower efficacy lamps in the market. 

DOE mirrored State procurement contracts by applying a constant 

discount across all lamps to reflect the commoditization of the 

product in marketplace after a standard. 

Low-Range Prices (high discount off “blue book”) 

th prices found in State procurement contracts and other 

sources which have a single high-volume discount typically between 70-90%

for all products. 

Medium-Range Prices (medium discount off “blue book”) 

th the typical discount provided by distributors for commercial 

consumers on high-volume lamps, incorporating a 13% 

contractor mark-up (2000 Ballast Rule). 

High-Range Prices (low discount off “blue book”) 

th prices encountered by small quantity purchasers (e.g., 

internet prices, distributor quotes). These prices also incorporate a 13% 

Product Price Determination 

49 

50 

0 

1 

2 

3 

4 

5 

) contractor mark-up. 

Product Price Determination 

32W T8 4-foot Medium Bipin Results 

DOE requests feedback on the approach for developing enduser GSFL prices. 

84.0 86.0 88.0 90.0 92.0 94.0 96.0 

Lamp Efficacy (lm/W) 

End-User Prices ($

General Service Fluorescent Lamp End-User Price Results 

High-Range 

Medium-Range 

Low-Range 
General Service Fluorescent Lamp and Incandescent Reflector March 10-11, 2008 

Lamp Energy Conservation Standard ANOPR Public Meeting 

Product Price Determination 

Incandescent Reflector Lamp Prices 

 DOE did not observe significant variation in prices by lamp wattage. 

 DOE did develop separate prices for PAR 38 and PAR 30 IRL. 

 Research indicated that the PAR 38 IRL market was a more 

developed market than the PAR 30 IRL market. 

 DOE developed discounts off of the blue-book prices for PAR 38 

lamps. DOE then based the PAR 30 lamp prices off the PAR 38 

analysis. 

51 

Product Price Determination 

PAR 38 Incandescent Reflector Lamp Prices 

 DOE mirrored state procurement contracts by applying a constant 

discount off the “blue-book” over all halogen and HIR technology 

IRL to reflect commoditization of the product in the marketplace 

after the standard. 

 Low-Range Prices (high discount off “blue book”) 

• Consistent with prices found in State procurement 

 Medium-Range Prices (medium discount off “blue book”) 

• Consistent with shipment-weighted average prices paid by consumers for 

commonly available IRL. 

 High-Range Prices (low discount off “blue book”) 

• Consistent with prices encountered by small quantity purchasers (e.g., 

internet prices). 

52 
General Service Fluorescent Lamp and Incandescent Reflector March 10-11, 2008 

Lamp Energy Conservation Standard ANOPR Public Meeting 

Product Price Determination 

PAR30 Incandescent Reflector Lamp Prices 

 Research indicates that the PAR 30 market is less developed 

 Therefore, DOE developed modified list (“blue-book”) prices for 

PAR 30 lamps by applying the same incremental differences 

between incandescent (non-halogen) lamps and higher efficacy 

lamps from the PAR 38 lamps. 

Developing PAR 30 “Blue Book” Prices 

BR 40 Incandescent BR 30 

PAR 38 Halogen PAR 30 

PAR 38 Improved Halogen PAR 30 

PAR 38 HIR PAR 30 

PAR 38 Improved HIR PAR 30 

 DOE then applied the same discounts off of the modified “blue 

book” prices to develop low, medium and high-range prices. 

53 

54 

2 

3 

4 

5 

6 

7 

8 

9 

10 

11 

13.0 15.0 16.0 17.0 18.0 20.0 

(l

) 

Hi

Product Price Determination 

Incandescent Reflector Lamp End-User Prices 

DOE requests feedback on the approach for developing enduser IRL prices. 

75W PAR38 Baseline Results 

14.0 19.0 

Lamp Efficacy m/W) 

End-user Prices ($

gh-Range 

Medium-Range 

Low-Range 
General Service Fluorescent Lamp and Incandescent Reflector March 10-11, 2008 

Lamp Energy Conservation Standard ANOPR Public Meeting 

55 

 Product Classes (Issue #3) 









ANOPR Issues for Public Comment 

Standards for Color Rendering Index 

Selection of Efficacious Lamp Substitutes and Candidate Standard 

Levels 

Scaling to Product Classes Not Analyzed (Issue #4) 

Approaches for Establishing End-user Prices