Fourth Court of Appeals

San Antonio, Texas

MEMORANDUM OPINION

No. 04-22-00405-CV

IN THE INTEREST OF J.J.V.M.M., a Child

From the 225th Judicial District Court, Bexar County, Texas

Trial Court No. 2021PA01147

Honorable Charles E. Montemayor, Judge Presiding

Opinion by: Lori I. Valenzuela, Justice

Sitting: Irene Rios, Justice

Beth Watkins, Justice

Lori I. Valenzuela, Justice

Delivered and Filed: December 7, 2022

AFFIRMED

T.S. appeals the trial court’s order terminating her parental rights to her child J.J.V.M.M. 

(born 2018).1 T.S. argues the evidence is legally and factually insufficient to support the trial 

court’s findings under Texas Family Code section 161.001(b)(1)(D) and (E), and its finding that 

termination is in the best interest of J.J.V.M.M. We affirm the trial court’s order.

BACKGROUND

In June 2021, the Texas Department of Family and Protective Services removed 

J.J.V.M.M. from T.S.’s care because of concerns that T.S. was using and selling 

methamphetamines out of the home where J.J.V.M.M. resided; neglectful supervision; and T.S.’s 

1 To protect the privacy of the minor child, we use initials to refer to the child and his biological parents. TEX. FAM.

CODE § 109.002(d); TEX. R. APP. P. 9.8(b)(2).
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positive drug test for amphetamines and methamphetamines. The Department obtained temporary 

managing conservatorship over J.J.V.M.M. and filed a petition to terminate T.S.’s parental rights. 

The Department also created a family service plan requiring T.S. to, inter alia, obtain and maintain 

legal income, submit to random drug testing, complete a drug assessment, complete a 

psychological evaluation, engage in individual therapy, and complete parenting classes as a 

condition of reunification. The Department ultimately pursued termination of T.S.’s parental 

rights.

Approximately one year after removal, the trial court held a one-day bench trial at which 

T.S. failed to appear. The trial court heard testimony from five witnesses: (1) Department 

caseworker Maria Arroyo; (2) Detective Francisco Vasquez of the San Antonio Police 

Department; (3) investigator Christina Dawson; (4) Department caseworker Kristen Torres; and 

(5) the child’s father, T.M. At the conclusion of trial, the court signed an order terminating T.S.’s 

parental rights pursuant to section 161.001(b)(1)(D), (E), (O), and (P) and its finding that 

termination of T.S.’s parental rights was in the child’s best interest. T.S. appealed.

ANALYSIS

T.S. challenges not only the legal and factual sufficiency of the evidence supporting the 

trial court’s findings under section 161.001(b)(1)(D) and (E), but also the legal and factual 

sufficiency of the evidence on which the trial court relied to conclude that termination was in the 

best interest of J.J.V.M.M. 

Standard of Review

The involuntary termination of a natural parent’s rights implicates fundamental 

constitutional rights and “divests the parent and child of all legal rights, privileges, duties, and 

powers normally existing between them, except for the child’s right to inherit from the parent.” In 

re S.J.R.-Z., 537 S.W.3d 677, 683 (Tex. App.—San Antonio 2017, pet. denied) (internal quotation 
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marks omitted). “As a result, appellate courts must strictly scrutinize involuntary termination 

proceedings in favor of the parent.” Id. The Department had the burden to prove, by clear and 

convincing evidence, both that a statutory ground existed to terminate T.S.’s parental rights and 

that termination was in the best interest of the child. TEX. FAM. CODE § 161.206; In re A.V., 113 

S.W.3d 355, 362 (Tex. 2003). “‘Clear and convincing evidence’ means the measure or degree of 

proof that will produce in the mind of the trier of fact a firm belief or conviction as to the truth of 

the allegations sought to be established.” TEX. FAM. CODE § 101.007; In re S.J.R.-Z., 537 S.W.3d 

at 683.

When reviewing the sufficiency of the evidence supporting a trial court’s order of 

termination, we apply well-established standards of review. See In re J.F.C., 96 S.W.3d 256, 263 

(Tex. 2002). To determine whether the Department presented clear and convincing evidence, a 

legal sufficiency review requires us to “look at all the evidence in the light most favorable to the 

finding to determine whether a reasonable trier of fact could have formed a firm belief or 

conviction that its finding was true.” Id. at 266. We “assume that the factfinder resolved disputed 

facts in favor of its finding if a reasonable factfinder could do so.” In re R.S.-T., 522 S.W.3d 92, 

98 (Tex. App.—San Antonio 2017, no pet.). “A corollary to this requirement is that a court should 

disregard all evidence that a reasonable factfinder could have disbelieved or found to have been 

incredible.” In re J.F.C., 96 S.W.3d at 266. Nevertheless, “we may not simply disregard 

undisputed facts that do not support the finding; to do so would not comport with the heightened 

burden of proof by clear and convincing evidence.” In re S.L.M., 513 S.W.3d 746, 748 (Tex. 

App.—San Antonio 2017, no pet.). If a reasonable factfinder could form a firm belief or conviction 

that the matter that must be proven is true, then the evidence is legally sufficient. Id. at 747. 

In contrast, in conducting a factual sufficiency review, we must review and weigh all the 

evidence, including the evidence that is contrary to the trial court’s findings. In re J.O.A., 283 
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S.W.3d 336, 345 (Tex. 2009). We consider whether the disputed evidence is such that a reasonable 

factfinder could not have resolved it in favor of the challenged finding. In re J.F.C., 96 S.W.3d at 

266. The evidence is factually insufficient only if “in light of the entire record, the disputed 

evidence that a reasonable factfinder could not have credited in favor of the finding is so significant 

that a factfinder could not reasonably have formed a firm belief or conviction.” Id.

In both legal and factual sufficiency review, the trial court, as factfinder, is the sole judge 

of the weight and credibility of the evidence. In re A.F., No. 04-20-00216-CV, 2020 WL 6928390, 

at *2 (Tex. App.—San Antonio Nov. 25, 2020, no pet.) (mem. op.). We must defer to the 

factfinder’s resolution of disputed evidentiary issues and cannot substitute our judgment for that 

of the factfinder. See, e.g., In re H.R.M., 209 S.W.3d 105, 108 (Tex. 2006) (per curiam) (factual 

sufficiency); In re J.P.B., 180 S.W.3d 570, 573 (Tex. 2005) (legal sufficiency). 

Statutory Termination Grounds

Applicable Law

In her first and second arguments on appeal, T.S. challenges the legal and factual 

sufficiency of the evidence to support the trial court’s predicate findings. When, as here, the trial 

court terminates a parent’s rights on multiple predicate grounds, we may affirm on any one ground. 

In re A.V., 113 S.W.3d at 362; In re D.J.H., 381 S.W.3d 606, 611–12 (Tex. App.—San Antonio 

2012, no pet.).

In general, assuming a best interest finding, only one predicate ground under section 

161.001(b)(1) is sufficient to support a judgment of termination. In re A.V., 113 S.W.3d at 362; In 

re A.R.R., No. 04-18-00578-CV, 2018 WL 6517148, at *1 (Tex. App.—San Antonio Dec. 12, 

2018, pet. denied) (mem. op.). To be successful on appeal, an appellant must challenge all the 

predicate grounds upon which a trial court based its termination order. In re S.J.R.-Z., 537 S.W.3d 

at 682. When an appellant does not challenge all the grounds that may support an order of 
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termination, we typically do not address the sufficiency of the evidence of any of the predicate 

grounds for termination. See In re A.V., 113 S.W.3d at 361–62; In re S.J.R.-Z., 537 S.W.3d at 682. 

Instead, we must accept the validity of the unchallenged grounds and affirm the termination order. 

See In re A.V., 113 S.W.3d at 361–62; In re S.J.R.-Z., 537 S.W.3d at 682.

However, because termination under subsection 161.001(b)(1)(D) or (E) may have 

implications for a parent’s parental rights to other children, appellate courts are instructed to 

address issues challenging a trial court’s findings under those subsections. In re N.G., 577 S.W.3d 

230, 236–37 (Tex. 2019). Therefore, we will consider T.S.’s sufficiency argument as to 

subsections (D) and (E) even though she does not challenge termination under subsections (O) and 

(P). See In re L.C., No. 12-19-00137-CV, 2019 WL 4727826, at *2 (Tex. App.—Tyler Sept. 27, 

2019, no pet.) (mem. op.) (addressing parents’ sufficiency challenges to subsections (D) and (E)

even though they did not challenge all grounds upon which termination could be supported). We 

consolidate our analysis as to both statutory grounds because the evidence concerning those two 

grounds is interrelated. See In re J.T.G., 121 S.W.3d 117, 126 (Tex. App.—Fort Worth 2003, no 

pet.).

Subsection (D) allows a trial court to terminate parental rights if it finds by clear and 

convincing evidence that the parent has “knowingly placed or knowingly allowed the child to 

remain in conditions or surroundings which endanger the physical or emotional well-being of the 

child.” TEX. FAM. CODE § 161.001(b)(1)(D). Under subsection (D), the trial court examines 

“evidence related to the environment of the children to determine if the environment was the source 

of endangerment to the children’s physical or emotional well-being.” In re J.T.G., 121 S.W.3d at 

125. “Environment” refers to the acceptability of the child’s living conditions and a parent’s 

conduct in the home. In re S.R., 452 S.W.3d 351, 360 (Tex. App.—Houston [14th Dist.] 2014, pet. 

denied). “A child is endangered when the environment creates a potential for danger that the parent 
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is aware of but consciously disregards.” Id. A parent does not need to know for certain that the 

child is in an endangering environment. In re R.S.-T., 522 S.W.3d at 109. Awareness of a potential 

for danger is sufficient. Id.

Subsection (E) allows a trial court to terminate a parent’s rights if it finds by clear and 

convincing evidence that the parent “engaged in conduct or knowingly placed the child with 

persons who engaged in conduct which endangers the physical or emotional well-being of the 

child.” TEX. FAM. CODE § 161.001(b)(1)(E). Under subsection (E), the trial court determines 

whether there is evidence that a parent’s acts, omissions, or failures to act endangered the child’s 

physical or emotional well-being. See In re J.T.G., 121 S.W.3d at 125. “It is not necessary that the 

parent’s conduct be directed at the child or that the child actually be injured; rather, a child is 

endangered when the environment or the parent’s course of conduct creates a potential for danger 

which the parent is aware of but disregards.” In re S.M.L., 171 S.W.3d 472, 477 (Tex. App.—

Houston [14th Dist.] 2005, no pet.).

Application

With respect to subsection (D), T.S. argues that the evidence was legally and factually 

insufficient to support termination because “[m]uch of the evidence presented at trial concerned 

the gunshot wound to J.J.V.M.M.’s foot while the suit was pending.” However, contrary to T.S.’s 

argument, the Department presented additional, pre-removal evidence at trial bearing on 

subsection (D).

Arroyo testified the case originally came to the Department’s attention in August 2020

because of concerns T.S. was “using and selling methamphetamines out of the home where 

[J.J.V.M.M.] was residing.” In September 2020, T.S. left J.J.V.M.M.—then under two years old—

unattended in a dangerous area of the neighborhood where there had been recent shootings. In 
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December 2020, J.J.V.M.M. was admitted to the hospital with respiratory distress;2 that same day, 

T.S. had chemical burns, gave inconsistent stories, and there were concerns she was under the 

influence of methamphetamines. In March 2021, T.S. was admitted to the hospital with 

hallucinations; tested positive for methamphetamines and marijuana; and admitted to using 

methamphetamines, ecstasy, and marijuana. The Department removed J.J.V.M.M. after T.S. tested 

positive for amphetamines and methamphetamines in April 2021. After removal, the child was 

placed with his maternal aunt, J.D.

After reviewing the evidence under the appropriate standards of review, we conclude that 

a factfinder could reasonably have formed a firm belief or conviction that T.S. knowingly placed 

or knowingly allowed the child to remain in conditions or surroundings which endanger the 

physical or emotional well-being of the child. We therefore hold legally and factually sufficient 

evidence supports the trial court’s finding that termination was warranted under section 

161.001(b)(1)(D), and overrule T.S.’s arguments to the contrary.

T.S. further argues there is legally and factually insufficient evidence to support 

termination under subsection (E) because “no evidence was presented [T.S.] knew or had reason 

to know there was a gun in the home.” We disagree. In September 2021, J.D. asked T.S. to take 

J.J.V.M.M. for a few days. Although T.S. was not allowed possession of the child at the time, she 

nevertheless took him for three days. On the third day, the child shot himself with a gun. 

Vasquez—the SAPD detective responsible for investigating J.J.V.M.M.’s suspected gunshot 

wound—testified, based on his conversations with T.S, that J.J.V.M.M was “taking a bath” while 

she was in bed with a man, “Shade.” Shade brought a gun to the house and “left the weapon out 

on the bed.” After J.J.V.M.M. crawled out of the bathtub, T.S. told him to go back to the bathtub 

2 J.J.V.M.M. suffers from asthma and additional severe respiratory issues.
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because she was with Shade. She then heard a “pop” and shortly after realized that J.J.V.M.M. had 

shot himself in the foot with the gun. The trial court could have concluded that T.S. knew there 

was a gun in her home because the gun was left on the same bed she was lying on immediately 

before the child shot himself.

After J.J.V.M.M. shot himself in the foot, T.S. had sexual relations with Shade. She then 

drove Shade back to his home before returning home to clean the child’s wound in the bathtub.

T.S. then called her father—who alerted J.D.—and her father and J.D. took the child to the hospital 

without T.S. Vasquez testified he filed charges against T.S. for injury to a child by omission.

We conclude that a factfinder could reasonably have formed a firm belief or conviction 

that T.S. engaged in conduct—including leaving a two-year-old child in the bathtub alone; 

allowing a gun to be in such proximity that a two-year-old child could obtain it and shoot himself; 

delaying treatment to her child so that she could have sexual relations with Shade and drive Shade

home; and refusing to take her child to the hospital after he was shot with a gun—that endangers 

the physical or emotional well-being of the child. We therefore hold legally and factually sufficient 

evidence supports the trial court’s finding that termination was warranted under section 

161.001(b)(1)(E), and overrule T.S.’s arguments to the contrary.

Best Interest

Applicable Law

In her final issue, T.S. challenges the legal sufficiency of the trial court’s order that 

termination of her parental rights was in the best interest of J.J.V.M.M. There is a strong 

presumption that a child’s best interest is served by maintaining the relationship between a child

and the natural parent, and the Department has the burden to rebut that presumption by clear and 

convincing evidence. See, e.g., In re R.S.-T., 522 S.W.3d at 97. To determine whether the 
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Department satisfied this burden, the Texas Legislature has provided several factors3 for courts to 

consider regarding a parent’s willingness and ability to provide a child with a safe environment, 

and the Texas Supreme Court has provided a similar list of factors4 to determine a child’s best 

interest. TEX. FAM. CODE § 263.307(b); Holley v. Adams, 544 S.W.2d 367, 371–72 (Tex. 1976).

A best interest finding, however, does not require proof of any particular factors. See In re 

G.C.D., No. 04-14-00769-CV, 2015 WL 1938435, at *5 (Tex. App.—San Antonio Apr. 29, 2015, 

no pet.) (mem. op.). Neither the statutory factors nor the Holley factors are exhaustive, and 

“[e]vidence of a single factor may be sufficient for a factfinder to form a reasonable belief or 

conviction that termination is in the child’s best interest.” In re J.B.-F., No. 04-18-00181-CV, 2018 

WL 3551208, at *3 (Tex. App.—San Antonio July 25, 2018, pet. denied) (mem. op.). Additionally, 

evidence that proves a statutory ground for termination is probative on the issue of best interest. 

In re C.H., 89 S.W.3d 17, 28 (Tex. 2002). Finally, “[a] trier of fact may measure a parent’s future 

conduct by his past conduct [in] determin[ing] whether termination of parental rights is in the 

child’s best interest.” In re E.D., 419 S.W.3d 615, 620 (Tex. App.—San Antonio 2013, pet. 

denied).

3 These factors include, inter alia: “(1) the child’s age and physical and mental vulnerabilities; (2) the frequency and 

nature of out-of-home placements; (3) the magnitude, frequency, and circumstances of the harm to the child; (4) 

whether the child has been the victim of repeated harm after the initial report and intervention by the department; (5) 

whether the child is fearful of living in or returning to the child’s home; (6) the results of psychiatric, psychological, 

or developmental evaluations of the child, the child’s parents, other family members, or others who have access to the 

child’s home; (7) whether there is a history of abusive or assaultive conduct by the child’s family or others who have 

access to the child’s home; (8) whether there is a history of substance abuse by the child’s family or others who have 

access to the child’s home; (9) whether the perpetrator of the harm to the child is identified; (10) the willingness and 

ability of the child’s family to seek out, accept, and complete counseling services and to cooperate with and facilitate 

an appropriate agency’s close supervision; (11) the willingness and ability of the child’s family to effect positive 

environmental and personal changes within a reasonable period of time; (12) whether the child’s family demonstrates 

adequate parenting skills [. . .]; and (13) whether an adequate social support system consisting of an extended family 

and friends is available to the child.” TEX. FAM. CODE § 263.307(b). 4 Those factors include: (1) the desires of the child; (2) the emotional and physical needs of the child now and in the 

future; (3) the emotional and physical danger to the child now and in the future; (4) the parental abilities of the 

individuals seeking custody; (5) the programs available to assist those individuals to promote the best interest of the 

child; (6) the plans for the child by these individuals or the agency seeking custody; (7) the stability of the home or 

proposed placement; (8) the acts or omissions of the parent that may indicate the existing parent-child relationship is 

not a proper one; and (9) any excuse for the acts or omissions of the parent. Holley, 544 S.W.2d at 371–72.
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Application

The evidence at trial established that T.S. was addicted to methamphetamines; that she 

tested positive for methamphetamines and other drugs; that she thereafter refused to submit to 

further drug tests—including court-ordered drug testing; and that she failed to complete treatment 

for her drug addiction. Drug use can destabilize the home and expose children to physical and 

emotional harm if not resolved. See, e.g., In re K.J.G., No. 04-19-00102-CV, 2019 WL 3937278, 

at *8 (Tex. App.—San Antonio Aug. 21, 2019, pet. denied) (mem. op.). Given T.S.’s failure to 

complete the drug testing and treatment requirements of her service plan, the factfinder could have 

determined that T.S. would be unable to obtain the treatment she required to adequately care for 

J.J.V.M.M. See In re E.D., 419 S.W.3d at 620.

The trial court also considered testimony relating to the child’s foster-to-adopt placement. 

When he was first placed, J.J.V.M.M. was small, skinny, did not speak, was not social, did not 

make eye contact, and was not interactive. After time in placement, he spoke in five-to-six word 

sentences, asked and answered questions, had gained weight, and was more physically active. 

J.J.V.M.M. bonded with his foster family, referring to them as mommy and daddy. His foster 

mother is a nurse, and through her knowledge of medicine has been able to get the child’s 

respiratory issues under control.5

At the time of trial, T.S. faced multiple pending charges, including criminal allegations

related to J.J.V.M.M. In addition to her charge for injury to a child by omission resulting from the 

gunshot incident, T.S. was charged with aggravated assault with a deadly weapon arising after T.S. 

confronted J.J.V.M.M.’s father’s wife.6

5 The child’s respiratory issues were so severe that he experienced cardiac arrest in July 2021. 6 The Department considered (and rejected) the father’s wife as a possible placement while the father remained 

incarcerated.
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After reviewing the evidence under the appropriate standards of review, we conclude a 

reasonable factfinder could have formed a firm belief or conviction that termination of T.S.’s

parental rights was in the best interest of J.J.V.M.M. In re J.F.C., 96 S.W.3d at 266. We therefore 

hold legally and factually sufficient evidence supports the trial court’s best interest finding, and 

we overrule T.S.’s arguments to the contrary.

CONCLUSION

We affirm the trial court’s order of termination.

Lori I. Valenzuela, Justice