[Cite as State v. Moore, 2021-Ohio-765.]

IN THE COURT OF APPEALS OF OHIO 

SIXTH APPELLATE DISTRICT 

ERIE COUNTY 

State of Ohio Court of Appeals No. E-19-039 

 

 Appellee Trial Court No. 2018-CR-103 

v. 

Jeffrey Moore DECISION AND JUDGMENT

Appellant Decided: March 12, 2021 

* * * * * 

 Kevin J. Baxter, Erie County Prosecuting Attorney, and 

 Kristin R. Palmer, Assistant Prosecuting Attorney, for appellee. 

 Matthew A. Craig, for appellant. 

* * * * * 

ZMUDA, P.J. 

I. Introduction 

{¶ 1} Appellant, Jeffrey Moore, appeals the judgment of the Erie County Court of 

Common Pleas, sentencing him to 17 years in prison after a jury found him guilty of six 

counts of having a weapon while under a disability and possession of cocaine. 
2.

A. Facts and Procedural Background 

{¶ 2} On April 11, 2018, appellant was indicted on six counts of having weapons 

while under disability in violation of R.C. 2923.13(A)(2) and (B), felonies of the third 

degree, one count of possession of cocaine in violation of R.C. 2925.11(A) and (C)(4)(d), 

a felony of the second degree, one count of trafficking in cocaine in violation of R.C. 

2925.03(A)(2) and (C)(4)(e), a felony of the second degree, and one count of possession 

of heroin in violation of R.C. 2925.11(A) and (C)(6)(b), a felony of the fourth degree. 

These charges stemmed from a search warrant previously executed at appellant’s 

residence, resulting in the recovery of narcotics and firearms. On April 26, 2018, 

appellant appeared before the trial court for arraignment, at which time he entered a plea 

of not guilty to the aforementioned charges, and the matter proceeded through pretrial 

discovery and motion practice. 

{¶ 3} Following motion practice, the matter proceeded to a four-day jury trial on 

May 28, 2019. On the second day of the trial, prior to the presentation of its case-inchief, the state filed a motion to amend the indictment to include references to appellant’s 

prior felony convictions for felonious assault and several drug offenses. A hearing on the 

motion was held at the beginning of the second day of trial. 

{¶ 4} Citing untimely disclosure of the motion, appellant’s trial counsel objected 

to the amendment of the indictment. Further, appellant’s trial counsel raised the issue of 

potential prejudice to appellant that would occur were the state permitted to introduce 

evidence of appellant’s prior convictions at trial. In light of the potential prejudice, 
3.

appellant’s counsel offered to stipulate to the fact that appellant was under a disability at 

the time of the offenses. However, counsel acknowledged that the evidence of 

appellant’s prior convictions would be admissible if appellant were to take the stand. 

{¶ 5} The state rejected counsel’s offer to stipulate to the convictions, and argued 

that it should be permitted to introduce evidence of the prior convictions at trial because 

such evidence was relevant to the disability element under the six counts of having 

weapons while under disability contained in the indictment. 

{¶ 6} Upon consideration of the parties’ arguments, the trial court withheld a final 

ruling on the matter while it awaited a decision from appellant as to whether he would 

testify. The court alerted the parties that, in the event the evidence of the prior 

convictions was introduced, it would “instruct [the jury] they are not allowed to consider 

[the evidence of appellant’s prior convictions] for propensity, only strictly as an element 

of the offense.” Further, the court instructed the parties not to introduce any testimony as 

to the underlying facts of the prior convictions. Specifically, the trial court stated: 

“I don’t want to be talking about these offenses as to what happened. It’s strictly – it’s a 

conviction and this conviction applies to this defendant, that should be the limited 

testimony in regards to those.” The court then deferred ruling on the state’s motion to 

amend the indictment until it heard evidence from the state’s witnesses and ascertained 

whether appellant would testify. 

{¶ 7} Thereafter, the matter proceeded to the state’s case-in-chief, during which 

the state called Perkins Township Police Department detective, Joseph Rotuno, as its sole 
4.

witness. Rotuno testified that he obtained a search warrant for appellant’s Erie County 

residence on December 12, 2017, and executed said warrant on that same day along with 

deputies from the Erie County Sheriff’s Office. 

{¶ 8} As he and the other officers were preparing to make entry into appellant’s 

residence, Rotuno observed appellant exiting the back of his property and moving toward 

his neighbor’s property. Thereafter, appellant was detained and placed inside the 

residence to observe the officers as they executed the search warrant. 

{¶ 9} During his testimony, Rotuno described appellant’s residence as “kind of a 

smaller domicile,” and indicated that appellant was the sole occupant of the residence. 

Rotuno went on to testify that the residence “was a very small home, basically a singlestory home, very small.” Rotuno explained that the residence “has a small portion up 

front, like kind of like a little living area. In the center it’s kind of like a kitchen or a 

kitchen table type living room and a back room. You can almost touch each other from 

the front of the house to the back of the house.” 

{¶ 10} Upon entering the residence, Rotuno began to photograph the scene. The 

photographs taken by Rotuno, which were entered into evidence as exhibits at trial, 

include images of apparently illicit substances, marijuana, prescription medication 

prescribed to someone other than appellant, a ledger tracking the inflow of money and the 

weight of narcotics leaving the residence, a digital scale, and $7,936 in cash (both 

genuine and counterfeit) that was concealed underneath dresser drawers, in the pocket of 

a pair of pants, and hidden inside a sock. According to Rotuno, the foregoing items 
5.

recovered from appellant’s residence were “indicative of the trafficking in narcotics 

through my training for sure.” The apparently illicit substances and prescription pills 

were retrieved from the residence and sent to the Bureau of Criminal Investigations for 

laboratory testing. The testing confirmed the presence of cocaine, heroin, and oxycodone 

within the substances recovered from appellant’s residence. 

{¶ 11} In addition to the foregoing items, Rotuno discovered and photographed 

three firearms, which were then recovered from the residence. Appellant stipulated to the 

operability of all three firearms. According to Rotuno, one of the firearms was found in 

the back of the residence in a “little storage room or laundry room style room, mudroom 

right off the back of the residence.” A second firearm was also discovered in the 

mudroom, stowed inside a Crown Royal bag. Finally, the third firearm was recovered 

from the pocket of a coat that was found inside a closet. Rotuno then authenticated the 

judgment entries from appellant’s previous felony cases, identifying the particular 

offenses contained therein. The entries were eventually entered into evidence without 

objection from appellant’s defense counsel. 

{¶ 12} During a recess taken by the court amid Rotuno’s testimony, appellant’s 

defense counsel revisited his objection to the state’s motion to amend its indictment. At 

this point, counsel indicated to the court that he expected appellant to take the stand. 

Consequently, counsel asserted that appellant’s prior convictions, “although for different 

purposes, would be admissible, and I feel that the issue is moot, and my objection to the 

State’s motion to amend is being withdrawn.” Thereafter, the trial court noted defense 
6.

counsel’s withdrawal of the objection, and stated that “the indictment will be amended 

according to the motion to amend.” 

{¶ 13} At the conclusion of Rotuno’s testimony, the state rested. Appellant’s 

counsel moved the court for acquittal under Crim.R. 29, providing no specific argument 

in support of the motion. After considering the state’s response, the trial court denied the 

Crim.R. 29 motion. The matter then proceeded to appellant’s case-in-chief, during which 

appellant called two witnesses and elected not to testify. 

{¶ 14} As his first witness, appellant called his neighbor, James Seibold. Seibold 

explained that he was detained by police and held in appellant’s dining room during the 

execution of the search warrant on appellant’s residence. As he observed the execution 

of the search warrant, Seibold found that it appeared as though “everything was predone, 

you know, like they knew what they were doing ahead of time.” 

{¶ 15} As his second and final witness, appellant called his sister, Ernestine 

Grove, to the stand. Grove visited appellant on December 12, after the police finished 

their search of appellant’s residence. Upon arrival, Grove observed that the residence 

was in a disheveled condition. Grove stated that she was “shocked because everything 

was turned up, pulled down, turned over. It was a mess.” Grover was then informed that 

appellant had been apprehended by police and was being held at the Erie County Jail. 

Grove decided to visit appellant at the jail, and subsequently accompanied appellant at his 

initial appearance in the present case. 
7.

{¶ 16} Following Grove’s testimony, appellant rested. Thereafter, the state 

recalled Rotuno as a rebuttal witness. Rotuno testified that appellant was not initially 

charged with the drug offenses contained in the indictment, because the state filed the 

initial charges prior to receiving the laboratory analysis results confirming the presence 

and quantity of illicit substances in the items recovered from appellant’s residence by 

police during the execution of the search warrant. 

{¶ 17} At the conclusion of Rotuno’s testimony, the matter proceeded to closing 

arguments and jury instructions. During its closing argument, the state referenced 

appellant’s prior felony convictions in support of the charges of having weapons while 

under disability, as follows: 

We know, based upon the evidence that was presented, that the 

defendant has been previously found guilty of a number of criminal 

offenses. Those offenses included felonious assault back in 1986. He also 

had a felony level of domestic violence and then he had four drug related 

offenses. And I’m not going to make you listen to me tell you each and 

every detail of those prior convictions, but based upon the evidence relative 

to those weapons, which we heard Detective Rotuno say in a conversation 

he had with the defendant, the defendant said I bought those. They’re not 

stolen. Recognizing that the disability he has, those prior convictions, I’m 

asking that you conclude that the defendant was unlawfully in possession of 

each of those three weapons. 
8.

You’ll be asked to determine his guilt or innocence on six counts of 

the indictment based upon the possession of those weapons. I believe the 

evidence showed that three of those counts relate to his possession that are 

related to his prior offenses of violence, the felonious assault and the 

domestic violence. The other three counts relate to his unlawful possession 

of those same three guns based upon the prior offenses that are felony level 

drug related offenses. 

{¶ 18} The state returned to the issue of appellant’s prior convictions later in its 

closing argument. Earlier in the trial, Rotuno testified that Seibold refused to cooperate 

with the investigation because he was afraid of appellant. However, Seibold denied any 

such fear of appellant during his testimony. In its closing argument, the state addressed 

this discrepancy in the testimony: 

We did hear Mr. Seibold say, I never said I was afraid of Jeffrey Moore. 

Jeffrey Moore is sitting over there looking at him as he testifies. Jeffrey 

Moore, as Mr. Kishman says, is he’s got a litany of criminal history 

activity. The charges brought against him say you’re not allowed to have a 

gun because you have a prior conviction of felonious assault and you have 

a prior conviction for domestic violence and enhanced – with an

enhancement. 

{¶ 19} Appellant’s defense counsel promptly interjected with an objection, and the 

trial court ordered counsel to approach. Appellant’s counsel argued that the state was 
9.

making an improper propensity argument by referencing appellant’s prior convictions. 

On the contrary, the state insisted that it was merely addressing an issue that was raised 

by appellant in his examination of Seibold, namely whether Seibold was truly afraid of 

appellant to such an extent that he refused to cooperate with Rotuno’s investigation. 

Following a colloquy with counsel as to the propriety of the state’s comments regarding 

appellant’s prior convictions, the trial court overruled appellant’s objection and found 

that appellant opened the door to the state’s comments by eliciting testimony from 

Seibold on the issue of whether Seibold was afraid of appellant. The court then cautioned 

the state not to extend its argument beyond a challenge to the veracity of Seibold’s 

testimony that he was not afraid of appellant. The state assured the court that it had no 

further comment on appellant’s prior convictions, and did not return to the issue during 

the remainder of its closing argument. 

{¶ 20} For his part, appellant’s defense counsel referenced the prior offenses 

during his closing argument. Defense counsel suggested that the state “focused, at length 

in this case, about the fact that Jeffrey Moore has numerous prior convictions.” He went 

on to suggest that “the reason that [the state] did that is they want you to perceive my 

client as a bad guy. And, like I said, he’s got his issues. He’s done bad things in the past, 

but that does not mean that he is not entitled to the same legal protections and the same 

considerations as anyone else.” Later in his closing argument, defense counsel returned 

to the issue of appellant’s prior convictions, and stated: “Now, lastly, the issue of guns. 

Again, you’ve heard a lot about my client’s involvement with the Court system. He’s 
10. 

committed crimes in the past. He’s got a record, but what you did not hear was that my 

client ever had a trial before. When Mr. Moore does something wrong, he takes 

responsibility for it.” 

{¶ 21} Following closing arguments, the trial court instructed the jury, and 

included an instruction regarding appellant’s prior convictions. Specifically, the court 

instructed the jury that appellant was convicted of felonious assault, domestic violence, 

three counts of trafficking in cocaine, possession of crack cocaine, possession of cocaine, 

preparation of marijuana for sale, and possession of drugs. The court explained that 

“[t]he evidence was received because a prior conviction is an element of the offense of 

Having Weapons While Under a Disability. It is not received, and you may not consider 

it, to prove the character of the defendant in order to show that he acted in conformity or 

in accordance with that character.” 

{¶ 22} Eventually, the jury retired to deliberate. Ultimately, the jury found 

appellant guilty of six counts of having weapons while under disability and possession of 

cocaine, but not guilty of trafficking in cocaine or possession of heroin. Thereafter, the 

matter was continued for sentencing. 

{¶ 23} At sentencing, the trial court ordered appellant to serve 36 months in prison 

on each count of having weapons while under disability, and merged Count 2 with 

Count 1, Count 4 with Count 3, and Count 6 with Count 5. The merger of these offenses 

was the product of the court’s recognition that the same firearm was the subject of 

Counts 1 and 2 (a Taurus .25 caliber firearm), Counts 3 and 4 (a Hi-Point .40 caliber 
11. 

firearm), and Counts 6 and 6 (a Johnson Arms .22 caliber firearm). Appellant’s defense 

counsel insisted that all of the convictions for having weapons while under disability 

should merge because all of the firearms “were found within one location, that being Mr. 

Moore’s home.” The trial court rejected this argument, and proceeded to order appellant 

to serve eight years in prison for possession of cocaine. The court then ordered the 

individual sentences to be served consecutive to one another, for a total of 17 years in 

prison, eight of which are mandatory. Appellant’s timely appeal followed. 

B. Assignments of Error 

{¶ 24} On appeal, appellant assigns the following errors for our review: 

I. The trial court erred when it permitted the state to introduce 

defendant/appellant’s full criminal record solely to prove 

defendant/appellant’s legal disability to possess firearms when

defendant/appellant had offered to stipulate to the disability.

II. The trial court erred by not merging all of the weapons under 

disability charges for the purpose of sentencing. 

II. Analysis 

A. Reference of Prior Convictions at Trial 

{¶ 25} In his first assignment of error, appellant argues that the trial court erred in 

allowing the state to introduce evidence of, and comment upon, his prior felony 

convictions despite his willingness to stipulate to his firearm disability at trial. 
12. 

{¶ 26} A trial court is vested with broad discretion to determine the admissibility 

of evidence, as long as that discretion is exercised in accordance with the rules of 

procedure and evidence. Rigby v. Lake Cty., 58 Ohio St.3d 269, 271, 569 N.E.2d 1056 

(1991). Thus, we will not disturb the trial court’s decision to admit or exclude evidence 

absent an abuse of discretion. An abuse of discretion connotes an attitude on the part of 

the court that is unreasonable, unconscionable, or arbitrary. Franklin Cty. Sheriff's Dept. 

v. State Emp. Relations Bd., 63 Ohio St.3d 498, 506, 589 N.E.2d 24 (1992). 

{¶ 27} Here, appellant contends that the trial court should have excluded evidence 

of his prior convictions, which the state used to establish his firearm disability, because 

he offered to stipulate to said disability at the outset of the trial. In light of his proposed 

stipulation, appellant contends that the evidence of his prior convictions were unfairly 

prejudicial and inadmissible under Evid.R. 403(A). 

{¶ 28} In support of his argument, appellant cites the Ohio Supreme Court’s 

decision in State v. Creech, 150 Ohio St.3d 540, 2016-Ohio-8440, 84 N.E.3d 981. In that 

case, the Ohio Supreme Court adopted the reasoning of the United States Supreme Court 

in Old Chief v. United States, 519 U.S. 172, 117 S.Ct. 644, 136 L.Ed.2d 574 (1997), and 

determined that a trial court abuses its discretion under Evid.R. 403(A) when it does not 

allow a defendant to stipulate to his prior convictions for the purposes of establishing the 

status element of the offense of having weapons while under disability, and instead 

permits the state to introduce the full record of the defendant’s prior offenses. Id. at ¶ 1. 

Moreover, the court held that the state may not reject the defendant’s stipulation in favor 
13. 

of presenting evidence “establishing the name and nature” of a defendant’s prior 

convictions. Id. at ¶ 36. The court determined that such evidence could be unfairly 

prejudicial where it “arouses the jury’s emotional sympathies, evokes a sense of horror, 

or appeals to an instinct to punish[.]” Id., citing Oberlin v. Akron Gen. Med. Ctr., 91 

Ohio St.3d 169, 172, 743 N.E.2d 890 (2001). 

{¶ 29} Like appellant, the defendant in Creech offered to stipulate to his firearm 

disabilities on the morning of trial. Id. at ¶ 8. However, the trial court refused to allow 

the proposed stipulation after concluding that the state was not required to prove its case 

by accepting the stipulation. Id. at ¶ 9. Thereafter, the state addressed the defendant’s 

prior convictions for felonious assault and domestic violence, as well as his pending 

indictment for aggravated drug trafficking, in its opening and closing statements, during 

trial testimony, and in exhibits published to the jury. Id. at ¶ 10. The state elicited 

testimony from a detective, who provided details of the defendant’s prior convictions, 

and introduced judgment entries that set forth some of the facts underlying the 

convictions, including that the defendant had shot at his victim. Id. The Ohio Supreme 

Court reviewed this evidence, and determined that it “‘would be arresting enough to lure 

a juror into a sequence of bad character reasoning,’ especially since it involved another 

offense with a gun.” Id. at ¶ 36, quoting Old Chief at 185. Further, the court summarily 

concluded that the error in admitting the evidence of the defendant’s prior convictions 

was not harmless. 
14. 

{¶ 30} Relying upon the Ohio Supreme Court’s decision in Creech, appellant 

argues that the trial court abused its discretion when it permitted the state to introduce 

evidence of his prior felony convictions at trial despite his offer to stipulate to his 

disability. According to appellant, the admission of his prior convictions was particularly 

prejudicial in light of the similarity between the prior convictions and the drug offenses 

with which he was charged in this case. Appellant reasons that this prejudice outweighed 

any probative value attributable to the evidence of the prior convictions in light of his 

offer to stipulate to the firearm disability. Moreover, appellant asserts that the error was 

not harmless with respect to the charge of possession of cocaine.1

{¶ 31} In response, the state argues that the Ohio Supreme Court’s decision in 

Creech is distinguishable from this case. Specifically, the state contends that the 

prosecution in Creech presented detailed information about the circumstances 

surrounding the defendant’s prior convictions and his pending indictment. By contrast, 

the state asserts that the evidence of appellant’s prior felony convictions was limited to 

the judgment entries identifying the offenses for which appellant was previously 

convicted, and Rotuno’s reading of the same without elaboration as to the facts 

underlying those convictions. As such, the state urges that “there was little difference in 

terms of the impact on the jury between the information that would have been contained 

 

1

 Appellant concedes that the introduction of evidence of his prior felony convictions was 

harmless with respect to his convictions for having weapons while under disability, as he 

acknowledges that “there is no reasonable dispute in the case sub judice that 

Defendant/Appellant had firearms.” 
15. 

in a stipulation, and the minimal facts of Appellant’s prior convictions presented to the 

jury.” The state therefore argues that the trial court’s admission of the evidence of 

appellant’s prior felony convictions was not an abuse of discretion, and alternatively 

suggests that any error in the admission of such evidence was harmless in light of the 

limited nature of the evidence presented. 

{¶ 32} In its decision in Creech, the Ohio Supreme Court broadly pronounced that 

a trial court abuses its discretion when it allows the state to introduce evidence of a 

defendant’s prior felony convictions at trial in order to establish the status element of a 

charge of having weapons while under disability, where the defendant offers to stipulate 

to the status element prior to the presentation of evidence. Creech at ¶ 1. In this case, 

appellant offered to stipulate to the status element, thus rendering the probative value of 

the evidence of his prior convictions minimal. Under the holding in Creech, the trial 

court should not have permitted the state to refuse appellant’s stipulation in favor of 

introducing evidence of appellant’s prior convictions. The minimal probative value of 

the evidence of appellant’s prior convictions was substantially outweighed by the danger 

of unfair prejudice to appellant. Consequently, the exclusion of the evidence was 

mandatory under Evid.R. 403(A), and the trial court abused its discretion in admitting it 

at trial. 

{¶ 33} Nonetheless, the state argues that the admission of the evidence of 

appellant’s prior convictions had no impact on the outcome of the proceedings and was 

therefore harmless. Our determination that the trial court abused its discretion in 
16. 

admitting evidence of appellant’s prior convictions does not automatically result in a 

remand for a new trial; if the error is deemed to be harmless, the result of the trial may 

stand. 

{¶ 34} As to the applicability of harmless error analysis to cases involving the 

improper admission of evidence of a defendant’s prior convictions, the United States 

Supreme Court in Old Chief concluded that the trial court abused its discretion in 

admitting evidence of a defendant’s prior conviction for an offense that was “likely to 

support conviction on some improper ground,” and then remanded the matter to the 

United States Court of Appeals for the Ninth Circuit for further proceedings. Id. at 191, 

117 S.Ct. 644. In so doing, the court “impl[ied] no opinion on the possibility of harmless 

error, an issue not passed upon below.” Id. at 192, fn. 11. Thereafter, the Ninth Circuit 

issued an order reversing the trial court’s judgment, and remanding the matter to the trial 

court “for further proceedings in light of the Supreme Court’s opinion in [Old Chief]. 

The district court may consider whether any error found by the Supreme Court was 

harmless.” U.S. v. Old Chief, 121 F.3d 448, 448 (9th Cir.1997). 

{¶ 35} Like the Ninth Circuit, the Sixth Circuit has held that “[e]rror under Old 

Chief is subject to harmless error analysis.” U.S. v. Colon, 278 Fed.Appx. 588, 593 (6th 

Cir.2008), citing U.S. v. Daniel, 134 F.3d 1259, 1262-63 (6th Cir.1998). Further, the 

Ohio Supreme Court applied, albeit summarily, harmless error analysis in its decision in 

Creech. While the Ohio Supreme Court did not elaborate on the issue of harmless error 

in its decision, the Seventh District did engage in a harmless error analysis in its decision 
17. 

in State v. Creech, 2014-Ohio-4004, 18 N.E.3d 523 (7th Dist.). There, the Seventh 

District focused on the conflicting evidence regarding whether the defendant was in 

possession of a firearm. One witness testified that the defendant did have a firearm, but 

another witness refuted this testimony. Given the conflicting evidence as to the 

possession element of the charge of having a weapon while under a disability, the 

Seventh District concluded that the erroneous admission of defendant’s prior convictions 

was not harmless. 

{¶ 36} This court has also applied harmless error in cases involving the erroneous 

admission of evidence of prior convictions. See State v. Johnson, 6th Dist. Huron No. 

H-92-20, 1993 WL 49800, *2 (Feb. 26, 1993) (finding that evidence of prior convictions 

was inadmissible, but stating: “However, this court must next determine whether the 

erroneous admission of Johnson’s prior convictions constituted harmless error.”). 

{¶ 37} Crim.R. 52(B) summarizes the harmless error doctrine in the context of 

criminal cases as follows: “Any error, defect, irregularity, or variance which does not 

affect substantial rights shall be disregarded.” “During a harmless-error inquiry, the state 

has the burden of proving that the error did not affect the substantial rights of the 

defendant.” State v. Morris, 141 Ohio St.3d 399, 2014-Ohio-5052, 24 N.E.3d 1153, ¶ 23, 

citing State v. Perry, 101 Ohio St.3d 118, 2004-Ohio-297, 802 N.E.2d 643, ¶ 15. The

term “substantial rights” has been interpreted to require that “‘the error must have been 

prejudicial.’” State v. Fisher, 99 Ohio St.3d 127, 2003-Ohio-2761, 789 N.E.2d 222, ¶ 7, 

quoting United States v. Olano, 507 U.S. 725, 734, 113 S.Ct. 1770, 123 L.Ed.2d 508 
18. 

(1993). If we determine that the trial court’s erroneous admission of the evidence of 

appellant’s prior convictions did not affect appellant’s substantial rights, then the error 

will be deemed harmless and “‘shall be discarded.’” Id., quoting Crim.R. 52(A). 

{¶ 38} In determining whether a defendant was prejudiced by the erroneous 

admission of evidence, we focus on “both the impact that the offending evidence had on 

the verdict and the strength of the remaining evidence. Both the error’s impact on the 

verdict and the weight of the remaining evidence must be considered on appellate 

review.” Morris at ¶ 25. To conduct this analysis, we “excise the improper evidence 

from the record and then look to the remaining evidence.” Id. at ¶ 29. In State v. 

Rahman, 23 Ohio St.3d 146, 492 N.E.2d 401 (1986), the Ohio Supreme Court cautioned 

that “‘the cases where imposition of harmless error is appropriate must involve either 

overwhelming evidence of guilt or some other indicia that the error did not contribute to 

the conviction.’” Id. at ¶ 151, quoting State v. Ferguson, 5 Ohio St.3d 160, 166, 450 

N.E.2d 265 (1983), fn. 5. 

{¶ 39} Appellant concedes that the introduction of evidence of his prior felony 

convictions was harmless with respect to his convictions for having weapons while under 

disability, as he acknowledges that “there is no reasonable dispute in the case sub judice 

that Defendant/Appellant had firearms.” However, appellant contends that the admission 

of evidence of his prior convictions was not harmless as to his conviction for possession 

of cocaine. 
19. 

{¶ 40} When we consider the strength of the state’s case after excluding the 

evidence of appellant’s prior convictions, we find that there is overwhelming evidence of 

guilt as to the charge of possession of cocaine. Specifically, Rotuno testified that he 

recovered illicit substances from appellant’s residence during the execution of the search 

warrant on December 12, 2017. The substances were tested by the Bureau of Criminal 

Investigations and confirmed to include cocaine. Appellant did not introduce evidence to 

refute the presence of cocaine in his residence. Moreover, the evidence introduced at trial 

confirms that appellant is the sole occupant of his residence, thus confirming that the 

cocaine retrieved therein belonged to appellant. This evidence clearly establishes that 

appellant was in possession of cocaine on December 12, 2017, as alleged in the 

indictment. 

{¶ 41} Unlike in Creech, the evidence in this case does not conflict on a material 

element of the offense for which appellant was convicted. Given the overwhelming 

evidence of appellant’s possession of cocaine in this case and the limited extent to which 

the state referenced appellant’s prior convictions, we find that the trial court’s erroneous 

admission of appellant’s prior convictions was harmless beyond a reasonable doubt. 

{¶ 42} Accordingly, appellant’s first assignment of error is not well-taken. 

B. Merger of Having Weapons While Under Disability Counts 

{¶ 43} In appellant’s second assignment of error, he argues that the trial court 

erred in failing to merge all of the counts of having weapons while under disability. 
20. 

{¶ 44} Whether offenses are allied offenses of similar import is a question of law 

that this court reviews de novo. State v. Roberson, 2018-Ohio-1955, 113 N.E.3d 204, 

¶ 12 (6th Dist.). 

{¶ 45} Ohio’s multiple-count statute, R.C. 2941.25, provides: 

(A) Where the same conduct by defendant can be construed to 

constitute two or more allied offenses of similar import, the indictment or 

information may contain counts for all such offenses, but the defendant 

may be convicted of only one. 

(B) Where the defendant’s conduct constitutes two or more offenses 

of dissimilar import, or where his conduct results in two or more offenses 

of the same or similar kind committed separately or with a separate animus 

as to each, the indictment or information may contain counts for all such 

offenses, and the defendant may be convicted of all of them. 

{¶ 46} In State v. Ruff, 143 Ohio St.3d 114, 2015-Ohio-995, 34 N.E.3d 892, the 

Ohio Supreme Court set forth the following three-part test to determine whether a 

defendant can be convicted of multiple offenses: 

As a practical matter, when determining whether offenses are allied 

offenses of similar import within the meaning of R.C. 2941.25, courts must 

ask three questions when defendant’s conduct supports multiple offenses: 

(1) Were the offenses dissimilar in import or significance? (2) Were they 

committed separately? and (3) Were they committed with separate animus 
21. 

or motivation? An affirmative answer to any of the above will permit 

separate convictions. The conduct, the animus, and the import must all be 

considered. 

Id. at ¶ 31. 

{¶ 47} Here, appellant was convicted of having weapons while under disability in 

violation of R.C. 2923.13(A)(2), which provides: 

(A) Unless relieved from disability under operation of law or legal 

process, no person shall knowingly acquire, have, carry, or use any firearm 

or dangerous ordnance, if any of the following apply: 

* * * 

(2) The person is under indictment for or has been convicted of any 

felony offense of violence or has been adjudicated a delinquent child for the 

commission of an offense that, if committed by an adult, would have been a 

felony offense of violence. 

{¶ 48} Here, appellant contends that all six counts of having weapons while under 

disability should have merged, since his possession of the three firearms recovered from 

his residence was simultaneous and the state failed to elicit evidence as to whether the 

firearms were acquired at different times. In support, appellant cites, among other cases, 

our decision in State v. Smith, 6th Dist. Lucas No. L-15-1297, 2016-Ohio-7632, wherein 

we analogized other appellate courts’ merger analysis pertaining to having weapons 

while under disability to the issue before us, which dealt with multiple counts of forgery. 
22. 

{¶ 49} In Smith, we approvingly referenced the Fourth District’s reasoning in State 

v. Pitts, 4th Dist. Scioto No. 99 CA 2675, 2000 WL 1678020 (Nov. 6, 2000), where the 

defendant was convicted of eight different counts of having weapons while under 

disability for eight different weapons, but seven of those weapons were found in the same 

place. Construing R.C. 2923.13, the court concluded that “the statutory language does 

not evince an intent to make each weapon the relevant unit of prosecution rather than the 

transaction of having the weapons.” Id. at *13. The court then concluded that “a 

defendant’s simultaneous possession of several weapons in one location at one time is a 

continuous, indivisible act. * * * Thus, the simultaneous, undifferentiated possession of 

weapons by a person under a disability constitutes only one offense and not separate 

offenses for each weapon.” Id. See also State v. King, 2013-Ohio-2021, 992 N.E.2d 491, 

¶ 34 (2d Dist.) (“[W]e likewise find that a defendant can commit one offense of having 

weapons while under disability by the possession of multiple weapons.”). 

{¶ 50} Applying the foregoing to the case at bar, we find that the trial court should 

have merged all six counts of having weapons while under disability. All of the counts at 

issue in this assignment of error are identical in terms of their elements and factual 

predicate, and thus the offenses cannot be described as dissimilar in import or 

significance. Further, all three firearms at issue in this case were recovered from the 

same location (i.e., appellant’s residence) during the execution of the search warrant. 

The state introduced no evidence to establish that these firearms were purchased or 

otherwise acquired on separate occasions, and therefore there is no evidence that the 
23. 

offenses were committed separately. Moreover, there is no evidence that appellant had a 

separate animus or motivation underpinning his possession of each of the firearms. 

{¶ 51} After applying the merger analysis set forth in the Ohio Supreme Court’s 

decision in Ruff, and in harmony with our sister courts’ holdings in Pitts and King, we 

conclude that appellant committed only one offense of having weapons while under 

disability when he simultaneously possessed the three firearms at issue in one location at 

one time. Therefore, the trial court erred in failing to merge all six counts at sentencing. 

{¶ 52} Accordingly, we find appellant’s second assignment of error well-taken. 

III. Conclusion 

{¶ 53} In light of the foregoing, the judgment of the Erie County Court of 

Common Pleas is reversed, and this matter is remanded to the trial court for resentencing 

consistent with our determination that all six counts of having weapons while under 

disability must be merged as allied offenses of similar import, at which time the state may 

elect which of the six counts to proceed upon. The costs of this appeal are assessed to the 

state under App.R. 24. 

Judgment reversed 

and remanded. 

 

A certified copy of this entry shall constitute the mandate pursuant to App.R. 27. 

See also 6th Dist.Loc.App.R. 4. 

 
24. 

 State v. Moore 

 C.A. No. E-19-039 

Thomas J. Osowik, J. _______________________________ 

JUDGE 

Christine E. Mayle, J. 

 _______________________________ 

Gene A. Zmuda, P.J. JUDGE 

CONCUR. 

_______________________________ 

JUDGE 

This decision is subject to further editing by the Supreme Court of 

Ohio’s Reporter of Decisions. Parties interested in viewing the final reported 

version are advised to visit the Ohio Supreme Court’s web site at: 

http://www.supremecourt.ohio.gov/ROD/docs/.