I 

109TH CONGRESS 

2D SESSION H. R. 5656 

To provide for Federal energy research, development, demonstration, and 

commercial application activities, and for other purposes. 

IN THE HOUSE OF REPRESENTATIVES 

JUNE 21, 2006 

Mrs. BIGGERT (for herself, Mr. BOEHLERT, Mr. HALL, Mr. SMITH of Texas, 

Mr. CALVERT, Mr. EHLERS, Mr. INGLIS of South Carolina, and Mr. 

WAMP) introduced the following bill; which was referred to the Committee 

on Science 

A BILL 

To provide for Federal energy research, development, demonstration, and commercial application activities, and for 

other purposes. 

1 Be it enacted by the Senate and House of Representa2 tives of the United States of America in Congress assembled, 

3 SECTION 1. SHORT TITLE. 

4 This Act may be cited as the ‘‘Energy Research, De5 velopment, Demonstration, and Commercial Application 

6 Act of 2006’’. 

7 SEC. 2. DEFINITIONS. 

8 For the purposes of this Act— 


jcorcoran on PROD1PC62 with BILLS
2 

•HR 5656 IH

1 (1) the term ‘‘biomass’’ has the meaning given 

2 that term in section 932(a)(1) of the Energy Policy 

3 Act of 2005 (42 U.S.C. 16232(a)(1)); 

4 (2) the term ‘‘cellulosic feedstock’’ has the 

5 meaning given the term ‘‘lignocellulosic feedstock’’ 

6 in section 932(a)(2) of the Energy Policy Act of 

7 2005 (42 U.S.C. 16232(a)(2)); 

8 (3) the term ‘‘engineering-scale’’ means the 

9 minimum size required to predict with confidence all 

10 physical processes controlling the performance of a 

11 full-scale industrial facility; 

12 (4) the term ‘‘National Laboratory’’ has the 

13 meaning given the term ‘‘nonmilitary energy labora14 tory’’ in section 903(3) of the Energy Policy Act of 

15 2005 (42 U.S.C. 16182(3)); and 

16 (5) the term ‘‘Secretary’’means the Secretary of 

17 Energy. 

18 SEC. 3. FUTUREGEN. 

19 (a) IN GENERAL.—The Secretary shall carry out a 

20 project to demonstrate the feasibility of the commercial 

21 application of advanced clean coal energy technology, in22 cluding carbon capture and geological sequestration, for 

23 electricity generation. 

24 (b) INDUSTRY INVOLVEMENT.—The Secretary may 

25 conduct the project through a financial assistance cooperaVerDate Aug 31 2005 05:09 Jun 22, 2006 Jkt 049200 PO 00000 Frm 00002 Fmt 6652 Sfmt 6201 E:\BILLS\H5656.IH H5656

jcorcoran on PROD1PC62 with BILLS
3 

•HR 5656 IH

1 tive agreement with a consortium of coal-fired power pro2 ducers, coal companies, and other electric utility industry 

3 and mining industry participants 

4 (c) REQUIREMENTS.—The Secretary shall design the 

5 project to ensure that— 

6 (1) the project is operating by 2012; 

7 (2) the project shall be able— 

8 (A) to achieve at least a 99 percent reduc9 tion in sulfur dioxide emissions or, when burn10 ing coal containing 3 pounds or less of sulfur 

11 per million British thermal units, the project 

12 shall be able to emit no more than 0.03 pounds 

13 of sulfur dioxide emissions per million British 

14 thermal units of thermal energy produced by 

15 the project; 

16 (B) to emit no more than 0.05 pounds of 

17 nitrogen oxide emissions per million British 

18 thermal units of thermal energy produced by 

19 the project; 

20 (C) to achieve at least a 90 percent reduc21 tion in mercury emissions; 

22 (D) to emit no more than 0.005 of total 

23 particulate emissions in the flue gas per million 

24 British thermal units of thermal energy pro25 duced by the project; and 


jcorcoran on PROD1PC62 with BILLS
4 

•HR 5656 IH

1 (E) to achieve at least a 90 percent reduc2 tion in carbon dioxide emissions; and 

3 (3) the project demonstrates the feasibility of 

4 electricity generation from coal using advanced clean 

5 coal technology with carbon capture and geological 

6 sequestration at a cost not greater than 10 percent 

7 higher than the average of all commercial integrated 

8 coal gasification combined cycle electric generating 

9 plants operating in the United States as of the date 

10 of enactment of this Act. 

11 (d) COMMERCIALLY AVAILABLE ADVANCED CLEAN

12 COAL TECHNOLOGY.—To reduce technical risk and focus 

13 development efforts on system integration, the Secretary 

14 shall, to the extent practicable, ensure that the project uti15 lizes available advanced clean coal technology, such as coal 

16 gasification technology, for those components of the 

17 project where such technology would be appropriate. 

18 (e) AUTHORIZATION OF APPROPRIATIONS.—There 

19 are authorized to be appropriated to the Secretary to carry 

20 out this section— 

21 (1) $54,000,000 for fiscal year 2007; 

22 (2) $112,000,000 for fiscal year 2008; 

23 (3) $130,000,000 for fiscal year 2009; 

24 (4) $95,000,000 for fiscal year 2010; 

25 (5) $75,000,000 for fiscal year 2011; and 


jcorcoran on PROD1PC62 with BILLS
5 

•HR 5656 IH

1 (6) $71,000,000 for fiscal year 2012. 

2 SEC. 4. ADVANCED FUEL CYCLE TECHNOLOGIES FOR NU3 CLEAR POWER. 

4 (a) IN GENERAL.—The Secretary shall carry out a 

5 program of research, development, demonstration, and 

6 commercial application for advanced nuclear fuel cycle 

7 technologies for generating electricity and industrial proc8 ess heat from nuclear power, including technologies for 

9 spent fuel recycling, waste minimization, and reduction of 

10 radioactivity of final waste products. 

11 (b) OBJECTIVES.—The Secretary shall design the 

12 program under this section to develop technologies that 

13 would— 

14 (1) minimize the volume and heat load of high15 level nuclear waste destined for storage in a geologi16 cal repository to the extent that a single repository 

17 would be sufficient for storing all nuclear waste gen18 erated by United States commercial nuclear power 

19 plants during this century; 

20 (2) increase the proliferation resistance of com21 mercial nuclear power reactors and their associated 

22 fuel systems and infrastructure; and 

23 (3) increase the amount of useful energy that 

24 can be extracted from nuclear fuel. 

25 (c) SYSTEMS ANALYSIS.— 


jcorcoran on PROD1PC62 with BILLS
6 

•HR 5656 IH

1 (1) IN GENERAL.—The Secretary shall develop 

2 a comprehensive modeling and simulation capability 

3 to enable a thorough analysis of possible advanced 

4 nuclear fuel cycle systems. The modeling and sim5 ulation capability shall be capable of examining— 

6 (A) all of the components of each advanced 

7 nuclear fuel cycle system analyzed, including— 

8 (i) spent fuel separations technologies; 

9 (ii) advanced burner reactor tech10 nologies; 

11 (iii) fuel fabrication technologies; 

12 (iv) advanced thermal reactor tech13 nologies, including advanced thermal reac14 tor designs that would be capable of reduc15 ing the toxicity or radioactivity of spent 

16 nuclear fuel components; and 

17 (v) waste disposal technologies; 

18 (B) the manner in which possible tech19 nology and engineering choices for individual 

20 components might affect the overall system, 

21 and how various system components would 

22 interact with one another; and 

23 (C) quantitative mass flows of nuclear fuel 

24 and spent nuclear fuel, including projected in25 ventories and transportation requirements for 


jcorcoran on PROD1PC62 with BILLS
7 

•HR 5656 IH

1 nuclear fuel and spent nuclear fuel, for any ex2 amined system. 

3 (2) ADVANCED NUCLEAR FUEL CYCLE SYSTEM

4 PLAN.— 

5 (A) ANALYSIS.—The Secretary shall con6 duct a thorough analysis of more than one pos7 sible configuration of an advanced nuclear fuel 

8 cycle system using the analytical capability de9 veloped under paragraph (1). Each possible ad10 vanced nuclear fuel cycle system configuration 

11 examined shall include both advanced burner 

12 reactors and advanced thermal reactors, and 

13 the analysis shall consider the degree to which 

14 each type of reactor could be utilized to reduce 

15 the toxicity or radioactivity of spent nuclear 

16 fuel components. The analysis of each possible 

17 configuration of an advanced nuclear fuel cycle 

18 system examined shall examine the compat19 ibility of fuel cycle system components, includ20 ing each of the system component technologies 

21 described in paragraph (1)(A), and the degree 

22 to which the examined system would meet the 

23 objectives described in subsection (b). 

24 (B) PLAN.—Using the results of the anal25 yses developed under subparagraph (A), and 


jcorcoran on PROD1PC62 with BILLS
8 

•HR 5656 IH

1 not later than June 30, 2007, the Secretary 

2 shall develop a detailed plan for research, devel3 opment, demonstration, and commercial appli4 cation on advanced nuclear fuel cycle system 

5 technologies, including proposed technology op6 tions for each of the system component tech7 nologies described in paragraph (1)(A) and any 

8 proposed engineering-scale demonstrations of 

9 such system component technologies. The plan 

10 shall include an estimate of the design, engi11 neering, construction and lifetime operating 

12 costs of any proposed engineering-scale dem13 onstration. In developing the plan, the Sec14 retary shall consider the integration into an ad15 vanced nuclear fuel cycle system of advanced 

16 thermal reactors capable of reducing the tox17 icity or radioactivity of spent nuclear fuel com18 ponents. 

19 (C) CONSULTATION.—In developing the 

20 plan under subparagraph (B), the Secretary 

21 shall consult with— 

22 (i) technical experts from United 

23 States and foreign companies that design 

24 or engineer nuclear power plants or nu25 clear fuel reprocessing facilities; 


jcorcoran on PROD1PC62 with BILLS
9 

•HR 5656 IH

1 (ii) technical experts from United 

2 States electric utilities that operate nuclear 

3 power plants; 

4 (iii) economists with expertise in nu5 clear power and electricity markets; 

6 (iv) the Nuclear Energy Research Ad7 visory Committee; 

8 (v) the Chairman of the Nuclear Reg9 ulatory Commission; and 

10 (vi) the Administrator of the Environ11 mental Protection Agency. 

12 (3) NATIONAL ACADEMY OF SCIENCES RE13 VIEW.—The Secretary shall enter into an arrange14 ment with the National Academy of Sciences to con15 duct a review of the plan developed under paragraph 

16 (2)(B), including by reviewing the validity of the un17 derlying analyses required in paragraph (2)(A). 

18 (d) REPORT.—Not later than June 30, 2008, the 

19 Secretary shall transmit to Congress a report that includes 

20 the research, development, demonstration, and commercial 

21 application plan developed under subsection (c)(2)(B), the 

22 report from the National Academy of Sciences on the re23 view conducted under subsection (c)(3), a revised research, 

24 development, demonstration, and commercial application 

25 plan that takes into account the findings, conclusions, and 


jcorcoran on PROD1PC62 with BILLS
10 

•HR 5656 IH

1 recommendations of the report from the National Acad2 emy of Sciences, and an explanation of any instances 

3 where the Secretary does not concur with the findings, 

4 conclusions, and recommendations of the report from the 

5 National Academy of Sciences. 

6 (e) PROHIBITION.—The Secretary shall not initiate 

7 detailed design or construction of any demonstration facil8 ity that is capable of processing 750 kilograms or more 

9 per year of nuclear fuel or spent nuclear fuel and that 

10 is designed to demonstrate the advanced nuclear fuel sys11 tem component technologies described in subsection 

12 (c)(1)(A)(ii) and (iii) until 90 days after the report under 

13 subsection (d) has been transmitted to Congress. 

14 (f) AUTHORIZATION OF APPROPRIATIONS.— 

15 (1) ALLOCATIONS.—From amounts authorized 

16 to be appropriated under section 951(d)(1) of the 

17 Energy Policy Act of 2005 (42 U.S.C. 16271(d)(1)), 

18 there are authorized to be appropriated to the Sec19 retary to carry out this section such sums as may 

20 be necessary for each of fiscal years 2007 through 

21 2009. 

22 (2) ADDITIONAL AMOUNTS.—There are author23 ized to be appropriated to the Secretary to carry out 

24 this section such sums as may be necessary for each 

25 of fiscal years 2010 through 2012. 


jcorcoran on PROD1PC62 with BILLS
11 

•HR 5656 IH

1 SEC. 5. ADVANCED BATTERY TECHNOLOGIES. 

2 (a) IN GENERAL.—The Secretary shall carry out a 

3 program of research, development, demonstration, and 

4 commercial application for advanced battery technologies 

5 for use in motor vehicles, particularly for plug-in hybrid 

6 electric vehicles. 

7 (b) OBJECTIVE.—The Secretary shall design the pro8 gram under this section to develop technologies that would 

9 enable a light-duty, plug-in hybrid electric vehicle to travel 

10 up to 40 miles on battery power alone. 

11 (c) AUTHORIZATION OF APPROPRIATIONS.—There 

12 are authorized to be appropriated to the Secretary to carry 

13 out this section— 

14 (1) $31,000,000 for fiscal year 2007; 

15 (2) $34,100,000 for fiscal year 2008; 

16 (3) $37,500,000 for fiscal year 2009; and 

17 (4) $41,250,000 for fiscal year 2010. 

18 (d) DEFINITION.—For purposes of this section, the 

19 term ‘‘plug-in hybrid electric vehicle’’ has the meaning 

20 given the term in section 10. 

21 SEC. 6. ADVANCED BIOFUEL TECHNOLOGIES. 

22 (a) IN GENERAL.—The Secretary shall carry out a 

23 program of research, development, demonstration, and 

24 commercial application for production of liquid fuels from 

25 biomass. 


jcorcoran on PROD1PC62 with BILLS
12 

•HR 5656 IH

1 (b) OBJECTIVES.—The Secretary shall design the 

2 program under this section to— 

3 (1) develop technologies that would make eth4 anol produced from cellulosic feedstocks cost com5 petitive with ethanol produced from corn by 2012; 

6 (2) conduct research and development on how 

7 to apply advanced genetic engineering and bio8 engineering techniques to increase the efficiency and 

9 lower the cost of industrial-scale production of liquid 

10 fuels from cellulosic feedstocks; and 

11 (3) conduct research and development on the 

12 production of hydrocarbons other than ethanol from 

13 biomass. 

14 (c) AUTHORIZATION OF APPROPRIATIONS.—From 

15 amounts authorized to be appropriated under section 

16 931(c) of the Energy Policy Act of 2005 (42 U.S.C. 

17 16231(c)), there are authorized to be appropriated to the 

18 Secretary to carry out this section— 

19 (1) $150,000,000 for fiscal year 2007; 

20 (2) $160,000,000 for fiscal year 2008; and 

21 (3) $175,000,000 for fiscal year 2009. 

22 SEC. 7. ADVANCED HYDROGEN STORAGE TECHNOLOGIES. 

23 (a) IN GENERAL.—The Secretary shall carry out a 

24 program of research, development, demonstration, and 

25 commercial application for technologies to enable practical 


jcorcoran on PROD1PC62 with BILLS
13 

•HR 5656 IH

1 onboard storage of hydrogen for use as a fuel for light2 duty motor vehicles. 

3 (b) OBJECTIVE.—The Secretary shall design the pro4 gram under this section to develop practical hydrogen 

5 storage technologies that would enable a hydrogen-fueled 

6 light-duty motor vehicle to travel 300 miles before refuel7 ing. 

8 (c) AUTHORIZATION OF APPROPRIATIONS.—In addi9 tion to amounts otherwise authorized to be appropriated, 

10 there are authorized to be appropriated to the Secretary 

11 to carry out this section— 

12 (1) $46,000,000 for fiscal year 2007; 

13 (2) $50,000,000 for fiscal year 2008; 

14 (3) $55,000,000 for fiscal year 2009; and 

15 (4) $60,000,000 for fiscal year 2010. 

16 SEC. 8. ADVANCED SOLAR PHOTOVOLTAIC TECHNOLOGIES. 

17 (a) IN GENERAL.—The Secretary shall carry out a 

18 program of research, development, demonstration, and 

19 commercial application for advanced solar photovoltaic 

20 technologies. 

21 (b) OBJECTIVES.—The Secretary shall design the 

22 program under this section to develop technologies that 

23 would— 

24 (1) make electricity generated by solar photo25 voltaic power cost-competitive by 2015; and 


jcorcoran on PROD1PC62 with BILLS
14 

•HR 5656 IH

1 (2) enable the widespread use of solar photo2 voltaic power. 

3 (c) AUTHORIZATION OF APPROPRIATIONS.—There 

4 are authorized to be appropriated to the Secretary to carry 

5 out this section— 

6 (1) $148,000,000 for fiscal year 2007; 

7 (2) $155,000,000 for fiscal year 2008; 

8 (3) $165,000,000 for fiscal year 2009; and 

9 (4) $180,000,000 for fiscal year 2010. 

10 SEC. 9. ADVANCED WIND ENERGY TECHNOLOGIES. 

11 (a) IN GENERAL.—The Secretary shall carry out a 

12 program of research, development, demonstration, and 

13 commercial application for advanced wind energy tech14 nologies. 

15 (b) OBJECTIVES.—The Secretary shall design the 

16 program under this section to— 

17 (1) improve the efficiency and lower the cost of 

18 wind turbines; 

19 (2) minimize adverse environmental impacts; 

20 and 

21 (3) develop new small-scale wind energy tech22 nologies for use in low wind speed environments. 

23 (c) AUTHORIZATION OF APPROPRIATIONS.—There 

24 are authorized to be appropriated to the Secretary to carry 

25 out this section— 


jcorcoran on PROD1PC62 with BILLS
15 

•HR 5656 IH

1 (1) $44,000,000 for fiscal year 2007; 

2 (2) $48,400,000 for fiscal year 2008; 

3 (3) $53,240,000 for fiscal year 2009; and 

4 (4) $58,564,000 for fiscal year 2010. 

5 SEC. 10. PLUG-IN HYBRID ELECTRIC VEHICLE TECH6 NOLOGY PROGRAM. 

7 (a) SHORT TITLE.—This section may be cited as the 

8 ‘‘Plug-In Hybrid Electric Vehicle Act of 2006’’. 

9 (b) DEFINITIONS.—In this section: 

10 (1) BATTERY.—The term ‘‘battery’’ means a 

11 device or system for the electrochemical storage of 

12 energy. 

13 (2) E85.—The term ‘‘E85’’ means a fuel blend 

14 containing 85 percent ethanol and 15 percent gaso15 line by volume. 

16 (3) ELECTRIC DRIVE TRANSPORTATION TECH17 NOLOGY.—The term ‘‘electric drive transportation 

18 technology’’ means— 

19 (A) vehicles that use an electric motor for 

20 all or part of their motive power and that may 

21 or may not use offboard electricity, including 

22 battery electric vehicles, fuel cell vehicles, hy23 brid electric vehicles, plug-in hybrid electric ve24 hicles, flexible fuel plug-in hybrid electric vehi25 cles, and electric rail; and 


jcorcoran on PROD1PC62 with BILLS
16 

•HR 5656 IH

1 (B) related equipment, including electric 

2 equipment necessary to recharge a plug-in hy3 brid electric vehicle. 

4 (4) FLEXIBLE FUEL PLUG-IN HYBRID ELEC5 TRIC VEHICLE.—The term ‘‘flexible fuel plug-in hy6 brid electric vehicle’’ means a plug-in hybrid electric 

7 vehicle— 

8 (A) warranted by its manufacturer as ca9 pable of operating on any combination of gaso10 line or E85 for its onboard internal combustion 

11 or heat engine; or 

12 (B) that uses a fuel cell for battery charg13 ing when disconnected from offboard power 

14 sources. 

15 (5) FUEL CELL VEHICLE.—The term ‘‘fuel cell 

16 vehicle’’ means an onroad vehicle that uses a fuel 

17 cell (as defined in section 803 of the Energy Policy 

18 Act of 2005 (42 U.S.C. 16152)). 

19 (6) HYBRID ELECTRIC VEHICLE.—The term 

20 ‘‘hybrid electric vehicle’’ means a vehicle that— 

21 (A) can be propelled using liquid combus22 tible fuel and electric power provided by an on23 board battery; and 

24 (B) utilizes regenerative power capture 

25 technology to recover energy expended in brakVerDate Aug 31 2005 05:09 Jun 22, 2006 Jkt 049200 PO 00000 Frm 00016 Fmt 6652 Sfmt 6201 E:\BILLS\H5656.IH H5656

jcorcoran on PROD1PC62 with BILLS
17 

•HR 5656 IH

1 ing the vehicle for use in recharging the bat2 tery. 

3 (7) PLUG-IN HYBRID ELECTRIC VEHICLE.—The 

4 term ‘‘plug-in hybrid electric vehicle’’ means a hy5 brid electric onroad light-duty vehicle that can be 

6 propelled solely on electric power for a minimum of 

7 20 miles under city driving conditions, and that is 

8 capable of recharging its battery from an offboard 

9 electricity source. 

10 (c) PROGRAM.—The Secretary shall conduct a pro11 gram of research, development, demonstration, and com12 mercial application on technologies needed for the develop13 ment of plug-in hybrid electric vehicles, including— 

14 (1) high capacity, high efficiency batteries, to— 

15 (A) improve battery life, energy storage ca16 pacity, and power delivery capacity, and lower 

17 cost; and 

18 (B) minimize waste and hazardous mate19 rial production in the entire value chain, includ20 ing after the end of the useful life of the bat21 teries; 

22 (2) high efficiency onboard and offboard charg23 ing components; 


jcorcoran on PROD1PC62 with BILLS
18 

•HR 5656 IH

1 (3) high power drive train systems for pas2 senger and commercial vehicles and for supporting 

3 equipment; 

4 (4) onboard energy management systems, power 

5 trains, and systems integration for plug-in hybrid 

6 electric vehicles, flexible fuel plug-in hybrid electric 

7 vehicles, and hybrid electric vehicles, including effi8 cient cooling systems and systems that minimize the 

9 emissions profile of such vehicles; and 

10 (5) lightweight materials, including research, 

11 development, demonstration, and commercial appli12 cation to reduce the cost of materials such as steel 

13 alloys and carbon fibers. 

14 (d) PLUG-IN HYBRID ELECTRIC VEHICLE DEM15 ONSTRATION PROGRAM.— 

16 (1) ESTABLISHMENT.—The Secretary shall es17 tablish a competitive grant pilot demonstration pro18 gram to provide not more than 25 grants annually 

19 to State governments, local governments, metropoli20 tan transportation authorities, or combinations 

21 thereof to carry out a project or projects for dem22 onstration of plug-in hybrid electric vehicles. 

23 (2) APPLICATIONS.— 

24 (A) REQUIREMENTS.—The Secretary shall 

25 issue requirements for applying for grants 


jcorcoran on PROD1PC62 with BILLS
19 

•HR 5656 IH

1 under the demonstration pilot program. The 

2 Secretary shall require that applications, at a 

3 minimum, include a description of how data will 

4 be— 

5 (i) collected on the— 

6 (I) performance of the vehicle or 

7 vehicles and the components, includ8 ing the battery, energy management, 

9 and charging systems, under various 

10 driving speeds, trip ranges, traffic, 

11 and other driving conditions; 

12 (II) costs of the vehicle or vehi13 cles, including acquisition, operating, 

14 and maintenance costs, and how the 

15 project or projects will be self-sus16 taining after Federal assistance is 

17 completed; and 

18 (III) emissions of the vehicle or 

19 vehicles, including greenhouse gases, 

20 and the amount of petroleum dis21 placed as a result of the project or 

22 projects; and 

23 (ii) summarized for dissemination to 

24 the Department, other grantees, and the 

25 public. 


jcorcoran on PROD1PC62 with BILLS
20 

•HR 5656 IH

1 (B) PARTNERS.—An applicant under sub2 paragraph (A) may carry out a project or 

3 projects under the pilot program in partnership 

4 with one or more private entities. 

5 (3) SELECTION CRITERIA.— 

6 (A) PREFERENCE.—When making awards 

7 under this subsection, the Secretary shall con8 sider each applicant’s previous experience in9 volving plug-in hybrid electric vehicles and shall 

10 give preference to proposals that— 

11 (i) provide the greatest demonstration 

12 per award dollar, with preference increas13 ing as the number of miles that a plug-in 

14 hybrid electric vehicle can be propelled 

15 solely on electric power under city driving 

16 conditions increases; and 

17 (ii) maximize the non-Federal share of 

18 project funding and demonstrate the great19 est likelihood that each project proposed in 

20 the application will be maintained or ex21 panded after Federal assistance under this 

22 subsection is completed. 

23 (B) BREADTH OF DEMONSTRATIONS.—In 

24 awarding grants under this subsection, the Sec25 retary shall ensure the program will demVerDate Aug 31 2005 05:09 Jun 22, 2006 Jkt 049200 PO 00000 Frm 00020 Fmt 6652 Sfmt 6201 E:\BILLS\H5656.IH H5656

jcorcoran on PROD1PC62 with BILLS
21 

•HR 5656 IH

1 onstrate plug-in hybrid electric vehicles under 

2 various circumstances, including— 

3 (i) driving speeds; 

4 (ii) trip ranges; 

5 (iii) driving conditions; 

6 (iv) climate conditions; and 

7 (v) topography, 

8 to optimize understanding and function of plug9 in hybrid electric vehicles. 

10 (4) PILOT PROJECT REQUIREMENTS.— 

11 (A) SUBSEQUENT FUNDING.—An applicant 

12 that has received a grant in one year may apply 

13 for additional funds in subsequent years, but 

14 the Secretary shall not provide more than 

15 $10,000,000 in Federal assistance under the 

16 pilot program to any applicant for the period 

17 encompassing fiscal years 2007 through fiscal 

18 year 2011. 

19 (B) INFORMATION.—The Secretary shall 

20 establish mechanisms to ensure that the infor21 mation and knowledge gained by participants in 

22 the pilot program are shared among the pilot 

23 program participants and are available to other 

24 interested parties, including other applicants. 


jcorcoran on PROD1PC62 with BILLS
22 

•HR 5656 IH

1 (5) AWARD AMOUNTS.—The Secretary shall de2 termine grant amounts, but the maximum size of 

3 grants shall decline as the cost of producing plug-in 

4 hybrid electric vehicles declines or the cost of con5 verting a hybrid electric vehicle to a plug-in hybrid 

6 electric vehicle declines. 

7 (e) COST SHARING.—The Secretary shall carry out 

8 the program under this section in compliance with section 

9 988(a) through (d) and section 989 of the Energy Policy 

10 Act of 2005 (42 U.S.C. 16352(a) through (d) and 16353). 

11 (f) AUTHORIZATION OF APPROPRIATIONS.—There 

12 are authorized to be appropriated to the Secretary— 

13 (1) for carrying out subsection (c), 

14 $250,000,000 for each of fiscal years 2007 through 

15 2011, of which up to $50,000,000 may be used for 

16 the program described in paragraph (5) of that sub17 section; and 

18 (2) for carrying out subsection (d), 

19 $50,000,000 for each of fiscal years 2007 through 

20 2011. 

21 SEC. 11. PHOTOVOLTAIC DEMONSTRATION PROGRAM. 

22 (a) SHORT TITLE.—This section may be cited as the 

23 ‘‘Solar Utilization Now Demonstration Act of 2006’’ or 

24 the ‘‘SUN Act of 2006’’. 


jcorcoran on PROD1PC62 with BILLS
23 

•HR 5656 IH

1 (b) IN GENERAL.—The Secretary shall establish a 

2 program of grants to States to demonstrate advanced pho3 tovoltaic technology. 

4 (c) REQUIREMENTS.— 

5 (1) ABILITY TO MEET REQUIREMENTS.—To re6 ceive funding under the program under this section, 

7 a State must submit a proposal that demonstrates, 

8 to the satisfaction of the Secretary, that the State 

9 will meet the requirements of subsection (g). 

10 (2) COMPLIANCE WITH REQUIREMENTS.—If a 

11 State has received funding under this section for the 

12 preceding year, the State must demonstrate, to the 

13 satisfaction of the Secretary, that it complied with 

14 the requirements of subsection (g) in carrying out 

15 the program during that preceding year, and that it 

16 will do so in the future, before it can receive further 

17 funding under this section. 

18 (3) FUNDING ALLOCATION.—Except as pro19 vided in subsection (d), each State submitting a pro20 posal that meets the requirements under subsection 

21 (c) shall receive funding under the program based on 

22 the proportion of United States population in the 

23 State according to the 2000 census. In each fiscal 

24 year, the portion of funds attributable under this 

25 paragraph to States that have not submitted proVerDate Aug 31 2005 05:09 Jun 22, 2006 Jkt 049200 PO 00000 Frm 00023 Fmt 6652 Sfmt 6201 E:\BILLS\H5656.IH H5656

jcorcoran on PROD1PC62 with BILLS
24 

•HR 5656 IH

1 posals that meet the requirements under subsection 

2 (c) in the time and manner specified by the Sec3 retary shall be distributed pro rata to the States 

4 that have submitted proposals that meet the require5 ments under subsection (c) in the specified time and 

6 manner. 

7 (d) COMPETITION.—If more than $80,000,000 is 

8 available for the program under this section for any fiscal 

9 year, the Secretary shall allocate 75 percent of the total 

10 amount of funds available according to subsection (c)(3), 

11 and shall award the remaining 25 percent on a competitive 

12 basis to the States with the proposals the Secretary con13 siders most likely to encourage the widespread adoption 

14 of photovoltaic technologies. In awarding funds under this 

15 subsection, the Secretary may give preference to proposals 

16 that would demonstrate the use of newer materials or 

17 technologies. 

18 (e) PROPOSALS.—Not later than 6 months after the 

19 date of enactment of this Act, and in each subsequent fis20 cal year for the life of the program, the Secretary shall 

21 solicit proposals from the States to participate in the pro22 gram under this section. 

23 (f) COMPETITIVE CRITERIA.—In awarding funds in 

24 a competitive allocation under subsection (d), the Sec25 retary shall consider— 


jcorcoran on PROD1PC62 with BILLS
25 

•HR 5656 IH

1 (1) the likelihood of a proposal to encourage the 

2 demonstration of, or lower the costs of, advanced 

3 photovoltaic technologies; and 

4 (2) the extent to which a proposal is likely to— 

5 (A) maximize the amount of photovoltaics 

6 demonstrated; 

7 (B) maximize the proportion of non-Fed8 eral cost share; and 

9 (C) limit State administrative costs. 

10 (g) STATE PROGRAM.—A program operated by a 

11 State with funding under this section shall provide com12 petitive awards for the demonstration of advanced photo13 voltaic technologies. Each State program shall— 

14 (1) require a contribution of at least 60 percent 

15 per award from non-Federal sources, which may in16 clude any combination of State, local, and private 

17 funds, except that at least 10 percent of the funding 

18 must be supplied by the State; 

19 (2) limit awards for any single project to a 

20 maximum of $1,000,000; 

21 (3) prohibit any nongovernmental recipient 

22 from receiving more than $1,000,000 per year; 

23 (4) endeavor to fund recipients in the commer24 cial, industrial, institutional, governmental, and resi25 dential sectors; 


jcorcoran on PROD1PC62 with BILLS
26 

•HR 5656 IH

1 (5) limit State administrative costs to no more 

2 than 10 percent of the grant; 

3 (6) report annually to the Secretary on— 

4 (A) the amount of funds disbursed; 

5 (B) the amount of photovoltaics purchased; 

6 and 

7 (C) the results of the monitoring under 

8 paragraph (7); 

9 (7) provide for measurement and verification of 

10 the output of a representative sample of the 

11 photovoltaics systems demonstrated throughout the 

12 average working life of the systems, or at least 20 

13 years; and 

14 (8) require that applicant buildings must have 

15 received an independent energy efficiency audit dur16 ing the 6-month period preceding the filing of the 

17 application. 

18 (h) UNEXPENDED FUNDS.—If a State fails to expend 

19 any funds received under subsection (c) or (d) within 3 

20 years of receipt, such remaining funds shall be returned 

21 to the Treasury. 

22 (i) REPORTS.—The Secretary shall report to Con23 gress 5 years after funds are first distributed to the States 

24 under this section— 

25 (1) the amount of photovoltaics demonstrated; 


jcorcoran on PROD1PC62 with BILLS
27 

•HR 5656 IH

1 (2) the number of projects undertaken; 

2 (3) the administrative costs of the program; 

3 (4) the amount of funds that each State has 

4 not received because of a failure to submit a quali5 fying proposal, as described in subsection (c)(3); 

6 (5) the results of the monitoring under sub7 section (g)(7); and 

8 (6) the total amount of funds distributed, in9 cluding a breakdown by State. 

10 (j) AUTHORIZATION OF APPROPRIATIONS.—There 

11 are authorized to be appropriated to the Secretary for the 

12 purposes of carrying out this section— 

13 (1) $50,000,000 for fiscal year 2007; 

14 (2) $100,000,000 for fiscal year 2008; 

15 (3) $150,000,000 for fiscal year 2009; 

16 (4) $200,000,000 for fiscal year 2010; and 

17 (5) $300,000,000 for fiscal year 2011. 

18 SEC. 12. ENERGY EFFICIENT BUILDING GRANT PROGRAM. 

19 (a) ENERGY EFFICIENT BUILDING PILOT GRANT

20 PROGRAM.— 

21 (1) IN GENERAL.—Not later than 6 months 

22 after the date of enactment of this Act, the Sec23 retary shall establish a pilot program to award 

24 grants to businesses and organizations for new con25 struction of energy efficient buildings, or major renVerDate Aug 31 2005 05:09 Jun 22, 2006 Jkt 049200 PO 00000 Frm 00027 Fmt 6652 Sfmt 6201 E:\BILLS\H5656.IH H5656

jcorcoran on PROD1PC62 with BILLS
28 

•HR 5656 IH

1 ovations of buildings that will result in energy effi2 cient buildings, to demonstrate innovative energy ef3 ficiency technologies, especially those sponsored by 

4 the Department of Energy. 

5 (2) AWARDS.—The Secretary shall award 

6 grants under this subsection competitively to those 

7 applicants whose proposals— 

8 (A) best demonstrate— 

9 (i) likelihood to meet or exceed the 

10 standards referred to in subsection (b)(2); 

11 (ii) likelihood to maximize cost-effec12 tive energy efficiency opportunities; and 

13 (iii) advanced energy efficiency tech14 nologies; and 

15 (B) are least likely to be realized without 

16 Federal assistance. 

17 (3) AMOUNT OF GRANTS.—Grants under this 

18 subsection shall be for up to 50 percent of design 

19 and energy modeling costs, not to exceed $50,000 

20 per building. No single grantee may be eligible for 

21 more than 3 grants per year under this program. 

22 (4) GRANT PAYMENTS.— 

23 (A) INITIAL PAYMENT.—The Secretary 

24 shall pay 50 percent of the total amount of the 

25 grant to grant recipients upon selection. 


jcorcoran on PROD1PC62 with BILLS
29 

•HR 5656 IH

1 (B) REMAINDER OF PAYMENT.—The Sec2 retary shall pay the remaining 50 percent of the 

3 grant only after independent certification that 

4 operational buildings are energy efficient build5 ings as defined in subsection (b). 

6 (C) FAILURE TO COMPLY.—The Secretary 

7 shall not provide the remainder of the payment 

8 unless the building is certified within 6 months 

9 after operation of the completed building to 

10 meet the requirements described in subpara11 graph (B), or in the case of major renovations 

12 the building is certified within 6 months of the 

13 completion of the renovations. 

14 (5) REPORT TO CONGRESS.—Not later than 3 

15 years after awarding the first grant under this sub16 section, the Secretary shall transmit to Congress a 

17 report containing— 

18 (A) the total number and dollar amount of 

19 grants awarded under this subsection; and 

20 (B) an estimate of aggregate cost and en21 ergy savings enabled by the pilot program 

22 under this subsection. 

23 (6) ADMINISTRATIVE EXPENSES.—Administra24 tive expenses for the program under this subsection 

25 shall not exceed 10 percent of appropriated funds. 


jcorcoran on PROD1PC62 with BILLS
30 

•HR 5656 IH

1 (b) DEFINITION OF ENERGY EFFICIENT BUILD2 ING.—For purposes of this section the term ‘‘energy effi3 cient building’’ means a building that— 

4 (1) achieves a reduction in energy consumption 

5 of— 

6 (A) at least 25 percent for new construc7 tion, compared to the energy standards set by 

8 the 2004 International Energy Conservation 

9 Code (in the case of residential buildings) or 

10 ASHRAE Standard 90.1–2004; or 

11 (B) at least 20 percent for major renova12 tions, compared to energy consumption before 

13 renovations are begun; and 

14 (2) is constructed or renovated in accordance 

15 with the most current, appropriate, and applicable 

16 voluntary consensus standards, as determined by the 

17 Secretary, such as those listed in the assessment 

18 under section 914(b), or revised or developed under 

19 section 914(c), of the Energy Policy Act of 2005. 

20 (c) AUTHORIZATION OF APPROPRIATIONS.—There 

21 are authorized to be appropriated to the Secretary for car22 rying out this section $10,000,000 for each of the fiscal 

23 years 2008 through 2012. 

24 SEC. 13. ENERGY EXTENSION. 

25 (a) DEFINITIONS.—For purposes of this section: 


jcorcoran on PROD1PC62 with BILLS
31 

•HR 5656 IH

1 (1) COOPERATIVE EXTENSION.—The term ‘‘Co2 operative Extension’’ means the extension services 

3 established at the land-grant colleges and univer4 sities under the Smith-Lever Act of May 8, 1914. 

5 (2) DEPARTMENT.—The term ‘‘Department’’ 

6 means the Department of Energy. 

7 (3) ENERGY SUPPLY RESEARCH AND DEVELOP8 MENT PROGRAMS.—The term ‘‘energy supply re9 search and development programs’’ means the re10 search, development, demonstration, and commercial 

11 application programs in the Office of Energy Effi12 ciency and Renewable Energy, the Office of Elec13 tricity Delivery and Energy Reliability, and the Of14 fice of Fossil Energy. 

15 (4) INSTITUTION OF HIGHER EDUCATION.—The 

16 term ‘‘institution of higher education’’ has the 

17 meaning given that term in section 101(a) of the 

18 Higher Education Act of 1965 (20 U.S.C. 1001(a)). 

19 (5) LAND-GRANT COLLEGES AND UNIVER20 SITIES.—The term ‘‘land-grant colleges and univer21 sities’’ means— 

22 (A) 1862 Institutions (as defined in sec23 tion 2 of the Agricultural Research, Extension, 

24 and Education Reform Act of 1998 (7 U.S.C. 

25 7601)); 


jcorcoran on PROD1PC62 with BILLS
32 

•HR 5656 IH

1 (B) 1890 Institutions (as defined in sec2 tion 2 of that Act); and 

3 (C) 1994 Institutions (as defined in section 

4 2 of that Act). 

5 (b) IN GENERAL.— 

6 (1) GRANTS.—The Secretary, through the en7 ergy supply research and development programs of 

8 the Department, shall carry out a program to award 

9 competitive, merit-reviewed grants to Cooperative 

10 Extension services or offices, States, local govern11 ments, institutions of higher education, and non12 profit institutions with expertise in energy research 

13 or extension, or consortia thereof, to conduct activi14 ties to transfer knowledge and information about ad15 vanced energy technologies that increase efficiency of 

16 energy use, especially those developed at the Na17 tional Laboratories and by the Department, to indi18 viduals, businesses, nonprofit entities, and public en19 tities, including local governments and school dis20 tricts. 

21 (2) REQUIREMENT.—To receive funding under 

22 this section, a grant applicant must already operate 

23 an outreach program capable of transferring knowl24 edge and information about advanced energy tech25 nologies that increase efficiency of energy use, or 


jcorcoran on PROD1PC62 with BILLS
33 

•HR 5656 IH

1 must partner with an entity that has such an out2 reach program. 

3 (c) USES OF FUNDS.—Funds awarded under this 

4 section may be used for the following activities: 

5 (1) Developing and distributing informational 

6 materials on technologies that could use energy more 

7 efficiently. 

8 (2) Carrying out small-scale projects to dem9 onstrate technologies that could use energy more ef10 ficiently. 

11 (3) Developing and conducting seminars, work12 shops, long-distance learning sessions, and other ac13 tivities to aid in the dissemination of knowledge and 

14 information on technologies that could use energy 

15 more efficiently. 

16 (4) Providing or coordinating onsite energy 

17 evaluations for a wide range of energy end-users. 

18 (5) Examining the energy efficiency needs of 

19 energy end-users to develop recommended research 

20 projects for the Department. 

21 (6) Hiring experts in energy efficient tech22 nologies to carry out activities described in para23 graphs (1) through (5). 


jcorcoran on PROD1PC62 with BILLS
34 

•HR 5656 IH

1 (7) Carrying out any other activities the Sec2 retary believes will accomplish the purposes de3 scribed in subsection (b)(1). 

4 (d) SELECTION PROCESS APPLICATION.—An appli5 cant seeking funding under this section shall submit an 

6 application to the Secretary at such time, in such manner, 

7 and containing such information as the Secretary may re8 quire. The application shall include, at a minimum— 

9 (1) a description of the applicant’s current out10 reach program and of why it would be capable of 

11 transferring knowledge and information about ad12 vanced energy technologies that increase efficiency of 

13 energy use; 

14 (2) a description of the activities the applicant 

15 would carry out, of the technologies that would be 

16 transferred, and of who would be carrying out those 

17 activities; 

18 (3) a description of how the proposed activities 

19 would be appropriate to the specific energy needs of 

20 the area to be served; 

21 (4) an estimate of the number and types of en22 ergy end-users expected to be reached through such 

23 activities; and 

24 (5) a description of how the applicant will as25 sess the success of the program. 


jcorcoran on PROD1PC62 with BILLS
35 

•HR 5656 IH

1 (e) REVIEW OF APPLICATIONS.—In evaluating the 

2 applications submitted under this section, the Secretary 

3 shall consider, at a minimum— 

4 (1) the ability of the applicant to effectively 

5 carry out the proposed program; 

6 (2) the appropriateness of the applicant’s out7 reach program for carrying out the program de8 scribed in this section; and 

9 (3) the likelihood that proposed activities could 

10 be expanded or used as a model for other areas. 

11 (f) AWARDS.— 

12 (1) DISTRIBUTION.—In making awards under 

13 this section, the Secretary shall ensure that, to the 

14 extent practicable, the program enables the transfer 

15 of knowledge and information about a variety of 

16 technologies and enables the transfer of knowledge 

17 and information in a variety of geographic areas. 

18 (2) FOCUS.—In making awards under this sec19 tion, the Secretary shall give priority to applicants 

20 that would significantly expand on or fill a gap in 

21 existing programs in a geographical region. 

22 (g) COST SHARING.—The Secretary shall require 

23 cost-sharing in accordance with the requirements of sec24 tion 988 of the Energy Policy Act of 2005 (42 U.S.C. 

25 16352) for commercial application activities. 


jcorcoran on PROD1PC62 with BILLS
36 

•HR 5656 IH

1 (h) DURATION.— 

2 (1) INITIAL GRANT PERIOD.—A grant awarded 

3 under this section shall be for a period of 5 years. 

4 (2) INITIAL EVALUATION.—Each grantee under 

5 this section shall be evaluated during its third year 

6 of operation under procedures established by the 

7 Secretary to determine if the grantee is accom8 plishing the purposes of this section described in 

9 subsection (b)(1). The Secretary shall terminate any 

10 grant that does not receive a positive evaluation. If 

11 an evaluation is positive, the Secretary may extend 

12 the grant for 3 additional years beyond the original 

13 term of the grant. 

14 (3) ADDITIONAL EXTENSION.—If a grantee re15 ceives an extension under paragraph (2), the grantee 

16 shall be evaluated again during the second year of 

17 the extension. The Secretary shall terminate any 

18 grant that does not receive a positive evaluation. If 

19 an evaluation is positive, the Secretary may extend 

20 the grant for a final additional period of 3 additional 

21 years beyond the original extension. 

22 (4) LIMITATION.—No grantee may receive more 

23 than 11 years of support under this section without 

24 reapplying for support and competing against all 

25 other applicants seeking a grant at that time. 


jcorcoran on PROD1PC62 with BILLS
37 

•HR 5656 IH

1 (i) TECHNICAL ASSISTANCE.—The Secretary and the 

2 National Laboratories may provide technical assistance on 

3 advanced energy technologies and methods to grantees. 

4 (j) AUTHORIZATION OF APPROPRIATIONS.—There 

5 are authorized to be appropriated to the Secretary for car6 rying out this section— 

7 (1) $25,000,000 for fiscal year 2008; 

8 (2) $27,375,000 for fiscal year 2009; 

9 (3) $30,000,000 for fiscal year 2010; 

10 (4) $32,900,000 for fiscal year 2011; and 

11 (5) $36,000,000 for fiscal year 2012. 

12 SEC. 14. GREEN ENERGY EDUCATION. 

13 (a) DEFINITION.—For the purposes of this section: 

14 (1) DIRECTOR.—The term ‘‘Director’’ means 

15 the Director of the National Science Foundation. 

16 (2) HIGH PERFORMANCE BUILDING.—The term 

17 ‘‘high performance building’’ has the meaning given 

18 that term in section 914(a) of the Energy Policy Act 

19 of 2005 (42 U.S.C. 16194(a)). 

20 (b) GRADUATE TRAINING IN ENERGY RESEARCH

21 AND DEVELOPMENT.— 

22 (1) FUNDING.—In carrying out research, devel23 opment, demonstration, and commercial application 

24 activities authorized for the Department of Energy, 

25 the Secretary may contribute funds to the National 


jcorcoran on PROD1PC62 with BILLS
38 

•HR 5656 IH

1 Science Foundation for the Integrative Graduate 

2 Education and Research Traineeship program to 

3 support projects that enable graduate education re4 lated to such activities. 

5 (2) CONSULTATION.—The Director shall con6 sult with the Secretary when preparing solicitations 

7 and awarding grants for projects described in para8 graph (1). 

9 (c) CURRICULUM DEVELOPMENT FOR HIGH PER10 FORMANCE BUILDING DESIGN.— 

11 (1) FUNDING.—In carrying out advanced en12 ergy technology research, development, demonstra13 tion, and commercial application activities author14 ized for the Department of Energy related to high 

15 performance buildings, the Secretary may contribute 

16 funds to curriculum development activities at the 

17 National Science Foundation for the purpose of im18 proving undergraduate or graduate interdisciplinary 

19 engineering and architecture education related to the 

20 design and construction of high performance build21 ings, including development of curricula, of labora22 tory activities, of training practicums, or of design 

23 projects. A primary goal of curriculum development 

24 activities supported under this section shall be to im25 prove the ability of engineers, architects, and planVerDate Aug 31 2005 05:09 Jun 22, 2006 Jkt 049200 PO 00000 Frm 00038 Fmt 6652 Sfmt 6201 E:\BILLS\H5656.IH H5656

jcorcoran on PROD1PC62 with BILLS
39 

•HR 5656 IH

1 ners to work together on the incorporation of ad2 vanced energy technologies during the design and 

3 construction of high performance buildings. 

4 (2) CONSULTATION.—The Director shall con5 sult with the Secretary when preparing solicitations 

6 and awarding grants for projects described in para7 graph (1). 

8 (3) PRIORITY.—In awarding grants with re9 spect to which the Secretary has contributed funds 

10 under this subsection, the Director shall give priority 

11 to applications from departments, programs, or cen12 ters of a school of engineering that are partnered 

13 with schools, departments, or programs of design, 

14 architecture, and city, regional, or urban planning. 

15 SEC. 15. ARPA–E STUDY. 

16 (a) IN GENERAL.—The Secretary shall enter into an 

17 arrangement with the National Academy of Sciences to 

18 conduct a detailed study of, and make further rec19 ommendations on, the October 2005 National Academy of 

20 Sciences recommendation to establish an Advanced Re21 search Projects Agency-Energy (in this section referred to 

22 as ARPA–E). 

23 (b) REPORT.—Not later than 12 months after the 

24 date of enactment of this Act, the Secretary shall transmit 

25 to Congress the study described in subsection (a) and the 


jcorcoran on PROD1PC62 with BILLS
40 

•HR 5656 IH

1 Secretary’s response to the findings, conclusions, and rec2 ommendations of that study. 

3 (c) TERMS OF REFERENCE.—The Secretary shall en4 sure that the study described in subsection (a) addresses 

5 the following questions: 

6 (1) What basic research related to new energy 

7 technologies is occurring now, what entities are 

8 funding it, and what is preventing the results of that 

9 research from reaching the market? 

10 (2) What economic evidence indicates that the 

11 limiting factor in the market penetration of new en12 ergy technologies is a lack of basic research on path13 breaking new technologies? What barriers do those 

14 trying to develop new energy technologies face dur15 ing later stages of research and development? 

16 (3) To what extent is the Defense Advanced 

17 Research Projects Agency an appropriate model for 

18 an energy research agency, given that the Federal 

19 Government would not be the primary customer for 

20 its technology and where cost is an important con21 cern? 

22 (4) How would research and development spon23 sored by ARPA–E differ from research and develop24 ment conducted by the National Laboratories or 

25 sponsored by the Department of Energy through the 


jcorcoran on PROD1PC62 with BILLS
41 

•HR 5656 IH

1 Office of Science, the Office of Energy Efficiency 

2 and Renewable Energy, the Office of Fossil Energy, 

3 the Office of Electricity Delivery and Energy Reli4 ability, and the Office of Nuclear Energy? 

5 (5) Should industry or National Laboratories be 

6 recipients of ARPA–E grants? What institutional or 

7 organizational arrangements would be required to 

8 ensure that ARPA–E sponsors transformational, 

9 rather than incremental, research and development? 

Æ 


jcorcoran on PROD1PC62 with BILLS