# 2007 Minerals Yearbook

**U.S. Department of the Interior U.S. Geological Survey**  

# iron and steel [advance R elease]

**April 2009**Iron and Steel—2007 [advance relea s e] 37.1 

# I ron and

# S teel

By Michael D. Fenton
Domestic survey data and tables were prepared by Hoa P. Phamdang, statistical assistant, and world production tables were prepared by Linder Roberts (pig iron) and Glenn J. Wallace (steel), international data coordinators.

Dramatically increasing global demand, company consolidations that decreased competition, and a weakening dollar, combined to cause a tripling of steel prices (Fletcher, 2008). By late 2007, domestic demand for steel had decreased because of the weakening housing construction and automobile markets, and steel inventories were low, which caused U.S. steel prices to decline below those in Europe and China.

Exporting steel products became attractive for U.S. producers, and U.S. steel mills responded by adding capacity and employees. In November, Thyssenkrupp Steel AG began construction of a new $3.7 billion steel and stainless steel plant near Mobile, AL. Near Columbus, MS, SeverCorr LLC began melting steel in a new mill built by a joint venture between Russian steelmaker JSC Severstal and a group of U.S. steel executives. Indian steelmaker Essar Steel Holdings Ltd. announced in April that it would build an integrated steel mill near Duluth, MN, using locally mined iron ore to make 1.4 million metric tons (Mt) of steel slab by 2009. Efficiency also increased in U.S. steel plants. For example, 2,500 employees in ArcelorMittal’s Sparrows Point, MD, mill produced almost 3.0 Mt of steel in 2007, compared with 26,500 employees producing 5.0 Mt in 1969.

The American Iron and Steel Institute (AISI) reported U.S. production of iron and steel and shipments of steel mill products. These data can be regarded as representing 100% of the raw steel producers in the United States. World production of iron and steel is reported by the International Iron and Steel Institute (IISI) and by foreign government agencies. Consistent with international usage and Federal Government policy, the U.S. Geological Survey reported all data on iron and steel in metric units unless otherwise noted.

Environment

Climate change, allegedly influenced by manmade carbon emissions, has become a significant world political issue. The steel industry accounted for only 3% to 5% of global manmade greenhouse gas emissions, which was less than that produced by transportation and power industries, according to the IISI (2007a). More than 90% of steel industry emissions come from iron production in Brazil, China, the European Union (EU), India, Japan, Republic of Korea, Russia, Ukraine, and the United States. China produces more than 50% of total carbon dioxide emitted by the steel industry (Christmas, 2007). The integrated steel mills using blast furnaces and basic oxygen furnaces to smelt iron ore produced at least three times the carbon that the minimills did using electric arc furnaces (EAF) to melt and recycle iron and steel scrap (Krouse, 2007b). However, not enough recycled steel was available to meet the world demand for steel, and both methods of steel production continued to be necessary. The IISI approved a policy that takes a global steel sector approach to reduce carbon emissions. The IISI would collectcarbon emissions data from steel plants in all the major steelproducing countries to allow production-normalized emission comparisons between regions that were not previously possible (International Iron and Steel Institute, 2007b).

The steel industry can reduce carbon emissions in several ways. The industry can encourage the application of current best practice and technology, and steel plants where energy efficiency is relatively low and carbon emissions are relatively high can be closed or retrofitted with improved technology. The industry can invest in research and development of radically new steelmaking technologies, such as ultra-high strength steels, which contribute to the energy efficiency of vehicles. Although steel is the most recycled material in the world, the recycling of obsolete steel can be maximized.

The U.S. Environmental Protection Agency (EPA) issued air emission standards at steel plants under its National Vehicle Mercury Switch Recovery Program (U.S. Environmental Protection Agency, 2007). The standards are designed to prevent the release of several toxins into the atmosphere—about 4.5 metric tons per year (t/yr) of mercury; about 47 million metric tons per year (Mt/yr) of lead, manganese, nickel, and chromium; and about 785 Mt/yr of particulates. Steelmakers using EAFs will be required to use EPA-approved motor vehicle scrap from which mercury switches had been removed.

The Chinese State Environmental Protection Administration (SEPA), a group of 39 experts, will review the environmental impact of the Chinese economy under a new pilot program to help draft environmental policies (Xiaohua, 2007). Specific regions to be studied included the middle and lower parts of the Yellow River, where energy projects were densely located, and the economic zones to the west of the Taiwan Straits, along Beibu Gulf in South China, the Bohai Rim in North China, and the Chengdu-Chongqing Corridor. Similar pilot projects had begun in 10 cities, provinces, and autonomous regions. The major industries in these areas are coal, chemicals, paper, petrochemicals, power, and steel.

Production

Raw steel production in the United States was about 98.1 Mt in 2007, about the same as in 2006 (table 1). The AISI estimated raw steel production capability to be 113 Mt, up from 112 Mt in 2006. Production represented 87.0% of estimated capacity, down slightly from 87.5% in 2006.

Integrated steel producers smelted iron ores to liquid iron in blast furnaces and used basic oxygen furnaces to refine this iron with some scrap to produce raw liquid steel. The basic oxygen process was used to make 41.1 Mt of steel in the United States37.2 [ advance release ] u. s . geologi c Al s urvey mineral s yearbook—2007 

## (American Iron and Steel Institute, 2008, p. 73). The use of this process decreased to 41.8% of total steel production in 2007 from 42.9% in 2006. Blast furnace operations in the United States were run by 9 companies at 16 locations (Steel Business Briefing, Ltd., 2007, p. 28).

Minimills and specialty mills are nonintegrated steel producers that use EAF to melt low-cost raw materials (usuallyscrap). They also employ continuous casting machines and hotrolling mills that are often closely coupled to casting operations. Specialty mills include producers of alloy-electrical, stainless, and tool steel; high-temperature alloys; forged ingots; and other low-volume steel products. In the United States, 47 companies operated 98 EAF plant facilities (Steel Business Briefing, Ltd., 2007, p. 28). These U.S. mills used the EAF steelmaking process to produce 57 Mt of steel, a 1.7% increase from that in 2006, and accounted for 41.8% of total steelmaking (American Iron and Steel Institute, 2008, p. 73).

Raw liquid steel is mostly cast into semifinished products in continuous casting machines. Only 3.2% of U.S. production was cast in ingot form and subsequently rolled into semifinished forms, about the same percentage as that of 2006. Continuous casting production was 94.9 Mt, or 96.7% of total steel production, about the same as in 2006 (American Iron and Steel Institute, 2008, p. 73).
Consumption

Steel mill products are produced at steel mills either by forging or rolling into forms normally delivered for fabrication or use. Some companies purchase semifinished steel mill products from other steel companies and use them to produce finished steel products. The accumulated shipments of all companies less the shipments to other reporting companies are identified as net shipments to avoid double counting.

U.S. apparent steel consumption, an indicator of economic growth, decreased to 114 Mt in 2007 from 120 Mt in 2006. Shipments of steel mill products by U.S. companies decreased by 2.8% to 96.5 Mt compared with those of 2006 (American Iron and Steel Institute, 2008, p. 25). Compared with shipments in 2006, shipments of construction and contractors’ products, the largest single end-use market, increased by 13% in 2007; automotive product shipments decreased by 12%; shipments of agricultural and industrial machinery, equipment, and tools decreased by 12%; steel service center shipments decreased by 12%; lumbering, mining, oil and gas, and quarrying industries shipments decreased by 3%; and shipments of appliances and containers, packaging, and shipping material were about the
same.
Prices

The U.S. Department of Labor, Bureau of Labor Statistics, producer price index for steel mill products was up by 5.1% to 182.9 for 2007 from 174.1 in 2006 (1982 base=100) (table 1). (U.S. Department of Labor, Bureau of Labor Statistics, 2008). Foreign Trade Export shipments of steel mill products by AISI reporting companies increased to 10.1 Mt from 8.8 Mt in 2006 (table 1). Canada received the largest amount of U.S. exported steel, 5.7 Mt, 3.2% more than in 2006. Mexico was again the second leading importer, receiving 2.1 Mt, 7.4% less than in 2006. Imports of steel mill products decreased by 27% to 30 Mt from 41 Mt in 2006. Brazil, Canada, China, the EU, Germany, Japan, the Republic of Korea, Mexico, Russia, and Ukraine were major sources of steel mill product imports (table 4).

For the first time in 5 years, a steel mill in Cleveland, OH, now owned by ArcelorMittal, exported steel in mid-2007 to Europe (Krouse, 2007a). Also, the first export shipment of steel in 2 years left the Port of Indiana-Burns Harbor (Erler, 2007). ArcelorMittal shipped almost 9,000 metric tons of hot-rolled steel to Spain, made economically possible because of high prices in Europe.

Imports of semifinished steel (table 6) by steel companies should be taken into consideration in evaluating apparent consumption (supply) of steel mill products in the United States and the share of the market represented by imported steel. To avoid double counting the imported semifinished steel and the products produced from it, the amount of semifinished steel consumed by companies that also produced raw steel should be subtracted from domestic consumption. Between 1993 and 2006, semifinished steel imports ranged between 2.5 Mt/yr and 8.5 Mt/yr. Prior to 1993, the amount was less than 0.2 Mt/yr. Taking the imported semifinished steel into consideration, the share of the U.S. steel market represented by imported steel was an estimated 26% in 2007 compared with 33% in 2006.

Regarding the reporting of imports and exports (table 4, 5, 6), “fabricated steel products” are produced from steel mill products but do not include products that incorporate steel products with other materials. Examples of fabricated steel products are structural steel and steel fasteners. “Other iron and steel products” refers to products that are not produced from steel mill products. Examples of other iron and steel products include iron or steel castings and direct reduced iron (DRI).

World Review

When Mittal Steel Co., the largest steel company in the world, acquired its closest rival, Arcelor SA of Luxembourg, in January 2006, the new company, ArcelorMittal controlled an estimated 10% of the world’s annual raw steel output, and produced more than 91 Mt/yr of steel (Holecek, 2007). One of the world’s largest steel companies, ArcelorMittal had major operations in 27 countries and employed about 320,000; its North American steelmaking capacity comprised 21 mills, 17 of which were in the United States. ArcelorMittal announced that it would expand into the $17 billion-a-year oil tubular-goods market (Glader, 2007).

During 2007, ArcelorMittal continued to increase with new projects around the world. The company announced its planIron and Steel—2007 [advance relea s e] 37.3 

## to spend $35 billion to increase steelmaking capacity; $20 billion would be used to build two plants in India, each capable of making 12 Mt/yr by about 2015 (Financial Times, 2007). ArcelorMittal, agreeing to a joint venture with Turkish steel producer Borusan Holding A.C., will invest $500 million to build a hot strip mill in Turkey (Associated Press, 2007). Slabs for this mill would be supplied by ArcelorMittal. Chicago-based Mittal Steel USA, Inc. was expected to reopen a steel-plate rolling mill in Gary, IN, that had been idle for several years (Tita, 2007). The steel plate product would be used to make large-diameter oil and natural gas pipe, wind power towers, and electricity transmission towers. Nearby, ArcelorMittal intended to upgrade heat-treating lines in its Burns Harbor and EastChicago, IN, plants to double production of advanced highstrength steel to about 1 Mt/yr. ArcelorMittal also formed a joint venture to build, by 2009, a steel mill in Saudi Arabia, which would have a capacity of 0.5 Mt/yr of tubes and pipes for local oil producers (Steel Times International, 2007). ArcelorMittal acquired SICARTSA, a Mexican integrated steel producer, from Grupo Villacero (Advanced Materials & Processes, 2007). ArcelorMittal was awarded a license to construct, beginning in 2009, a steel plant in Egypt, which would produce 1.6 Mt/yr of steel using DRI technology and 1.4 Mt/yr of billets by EAF (MarketWatch, 2008). ArcelorMittal received approval from the Tver Region government in Russia to build a new EAF steel complex, with production capacity of 1 Mt, and two bar mills, one of which would have a capacity of 0.6 Mt of rebars and merchant bars (Reuters, 2007).

World production of pig iron totaled about 947 Mt, 7% more than that of 2006 (table 9). The pig iron production of the EU was about 116 Mt, about the same as in 2006. Germany was the top producer in the EU, producing about 31 Mt, 2.6% greater than in 2006. China continued to be the leading producer of pig iron in the world, producing more than 469 Mt, 14% more than that of 2006. Japan, Russia, the United States, Brazil, and Ukraine followed with 87 Mt, 52 Mt, 36 Mt, 36 Mt, and 36 Mt, respectively. The Republic of Korea’s production increased nearly 7%. Russia and Ukraine were the only major pig iron producers in the Commonwealth of Independent States (CIS). In North America, the only major producer of pig iron was the United States, where production in 2007 decreased 4% from that in 2006. In South America, the only major pig iron producer was Brazil, producing about 35 Mt. India’s production increased slightly in 2007 to 29 Mt.

World capacity for DRI production was estimated to be about 66 Mt/yr (Midrex Technologies, Inc., 2008). DRI production worldwide was about 65.0 Mt in 2007, an 11% increase from 58.7 Mt compared with that of 2006. The leading producer of DRI was India, followed by, in descending order of tonnage, Venezuela, Iran, and Mexico (table 9). In 2007, additional DRI capacity of almost 13 Mt/yr was under construction in Egypt, Iran, Malaysia, Oman, Pakistan, United Arab Emirates, and Venezuela. The leading technology was the Midrex process, followed by the HYL I and the HYL III processes.

World production of raw steel was 1.34 billion metric tons (Gt), 7% more than that in 2006 (table 10). As in previous years, production varied widely among major regions of the world. Asian countries produced about 56% of the world’s steel; the EU, 15%; North America, 10%; and the CIS, 9%. During 2007, China was again the world’s leading steel producer, exceeding 489 Mt, a gain of 17% compared with that of 2006. In descending order, the leading producers behind China were Japan, the United States, Russia, India, and the Republic of Korea. These six countries accounted for 66% of worldproduction. The combined steel production of the six steelproducing countries in the CIS was about 124 Mt, an increase of 3.9% from that in 2006. Russia and Ukraine remained the top producers in the CIS. U.S. steel production during 2007 was 98.1 Mt, about the same as in 2006.

Outlook

The growth of gross domestic product (GDP) may be considered a predictor of the health of the steelmaking and steel manufacturing industries, worldwide and domestically. The global economy was projected to increase by 4.1% in 2008, down from an estimated 4.9% in 2007, according to the International Monetary Fund (IMF) (International Monetary Fund, 2008).

MEPS (International) Inc. forecast world steel production in 2008 to be 1.42 Gt, a 5.7% increase compared with that in 2007 (Milnes, 2008), and 1.6 Gt in 2011 (Platt, 2008b). The IISI predicted that global steel production may reach 1.44 Gt in 2008 (International Iron and Steel Institute, 2007c). Economic activity in China, the world’s leading steel producer, will probably continue to be an important influence on the world economy and steel markets. MEPS forecast steel production in China in 2008 to be 533 Mt, a 9.0% increase more than that of 2007 (Milnes, 2008). The China Iron and Steel Planning Institute forecast that China may produce about 520 Mt of raw steel in 2010 (Beveridge, 2006). MEPS predicted that 71% of the increase in iron and steel production to 2011 will occur in developing nations of Asia (Business Report, 2007). In contrast, only 7% of the higher output would be produced in the industrialized world. MEPS forecast 2008 steel production in the EU, the CIS, and Japan, as 215.5 Mt, 131.2 Mt, and 120 Mt, respectively (Milnes, 2008).

The global steel industry was expected to have another strong year during 2008, with apparent steel consumption rising to 1,282 Mt in 2008 from 1,202 Mt in 2007, an increase of 6.6%, and a growth rate of 6.3% in 2009 (International Iron and Steel Institute, 2008). MEPS forecast an increase in steel consumption of more than 1,450 Mt by 2011 (Platt, 2008a). Brazil, China, Russia, and India (known as BRIC countries) were anticipated to account for about 71% of global apparent steel use in 2008. Apparent steel consumption in China was expected to increase by 11.5% in 2008, 35% of world total, and by about 10.0% in 2009, 36.7% of world total. The China Iron and Steel Planning Institute forecast steel consumption in China to reach about 480 Mt in 2010 (Beveridge, 2006). India’s steel consumption was expected to increase by about 8.9% in 2008 and by about 12.1% in 2009 (Marsh, 2007). India could be consuming 200 Mt/yr of steel, about four times higher than in 2007. Apparent steel consumption in Russia and Brazil was expected to increase by 10.2% and 11.2% in 2008 and by 10.3% and 8.9% in 2009, respectively. Apparent steel consumption in the EU and the37.4 [ advance release ] u. s . geologi c Al s urvey mineral s yearbook—2007 

## North American Free Trade Agreement region was expected to increase by 1.6% and 2.3% in 2008, and by 1.9% and 1.0% in 2009. The Middle Eastern steel industry was expanding rapidly, especially in the construction sector. Production and consumption of raw steel in the region were expected to increase by 65% and 44%, respectively, by 2010 from 2006 levels (Steel Trade Today, 2008). In 2007, the Middle East accounted for only 2% of global steel trade.

Significantly higher costs of raw materials could threaten the profits of global steelmakers (Matthews, 2007). Analysts forecast a 10% cost increase on most grades of steel, most of which may have to be absorbed by the steelmakers. Consolidations within the industry may continue in order to achieve additional bargaining influence with customers, and economies of scale, thereby holding costs down.

IISI has identified the need to improve the image given by the steel industry to the general public as a challenge to demonstrate that the industry provides a product that is indispensable to modern civilization in an environmentally responsible way (Christmas, 2007). A favorable image of steel in society affects the choice of steel in products, career choices of young people, political choices affecting the industry, and the availability of investment capital for new and established mills.

References Cited
Advanced Materials & Processes, 2007, Global economy briefs: Materials Park,

OH, Advanced Materials & Processes, March, p. 19. American Iron and Steel Institute, 2008, Annual statistical report 2007:

Washington, DC, American Iron and Steel Institute, 126 p. Associated Press, 2007, ArcelorMittal, Turkey’s Borusan to invest $500 million

to build new hot strip mill: Domain-b.com, October 23. (Accessed October 24, 2007, at http://www.domain-b.com/companies/companies_a/ arcelor_mittal/20071023_turkey.html). Beveridge, Mark, 2006, China to produce 520m tonnes of crude steel in 2010:

Metal Bulletin, no. 9074, December 11, p. 30. Business Report, 2007, Asia’s emerging nations to boost steel output: Business

Report, December 10, p. D1. Christmas, Ian, 2007, Steel industry—Key challenges: Steel Grips, May 31.

(Accessed July 11, 2008, at http://www.steel-grips.com/newsdesk/ business_news/Steel_industry_-_key_challenges.html.) Erler, Susan, 2007, Port of Indiana to ship first steel export in two years:

American Iron and Steel Institute, June 12. (Accessed June 14, 2007, at http://www.steel.org). Fletcher, M.A., 2008, Steel—Forging a comeback: The Washington Post, May

28, p. D1. Glader, Paul, 2007, Titans of steel pursue the niche players: The Wall Street

Journal, April 16, p. A9. Holecek, Andrea, 2007, Mittal Steel USA now ArcelorMittal: Highbeam

Research, June 5. (Accessed June 7, 2007, at http://www.highbeam.com/ doc/1G1-164534550.html). International Iron and Steel Institute, 2007a, Global approach for steel to address

climate change: Berlin, Germany, International Iron and Steel Institute, October 9, 2 p. (Accessed July 11, 2008, at http://www.worldsteel.org/ pictures/newsfiles/071009_IISI Climate Change.pdf.) International Iron and Steel Institute, 2007b, World steel CO 2emissions

data collection: Berlin, Germany, International Iron and Steel Institute, April 4, 1 p. (Accessed July 11, 2007, at http://www.worldsteel.org/ ?action=storypages&id=265.) International Iron and Steel Institute, 2007c, IISI short range outlook: Berlin,

Germany, International Iron and Steel Institute, October 8, 3 p. (Accessed November 19, 2007, at http://www.steelonthenet.com.) International Iron and Steel Institute, 2008, IISI short range outlook: Berlin,

Germany, April 14. (Accessed July 11, 2008, at http://www.steel-grips.com/ newsdesk/business_news/IISI_short_range_outlook.html.) International Monetary Fund, 2008, IMF sees world growth slowing with U.S. marked down: Washington, DC, IMF Survey Magazine, January 29. (Accessed July 17, 2008, at http://www.imf.org/external/pubs/ft/survey/ so/2008/so/2008/RES012908A.htm.) Krouse, Peter, 2007a, Cleveland steel mill is exporting to Europe: Cleveland

Plain Dealer, June 22. (Accessed June 24, 2007, at http://blog.cleveland.com/ earlyedition/2007/06/cleveland_steel_mill_is_export.html). Krouse, Peter, 2007b, Concerns about global warming add to pressures on

steel industry: American Iron and Steel Institute, November 11. (Accessed November 13, 2007, at www.steel.org). MarketWatch, 2008, ArcelorMittal to construct steel plant in Egypt:

MarketWatch, February 6. Financial Times, 2007, Mittal in $35bn global expansion push: London, United

Kingdom, The Financial Times, September 25. (Accessed March 17, 2009, at http://ftalphaville.ft.com/blog/2007/09/25/7571/ mittal-in-35bn-global-expansion-push/). Matthews, R.G., 2007, Steel’s latest hot spot—The U.S.: The Wall Street

Journal, August 14, p. A10. Midrex Technologies, Inc., 2008, 2007 World direct reduction statistics:

Charlotte, NC, Midrex Technologies, Inc. (Accessed January 28, 2009, at http://www.midrex.com/uploads/documents/2007_STATSBook.pdf.) Milnes, Jamie, 2008, Another record year for global steel production in 2008:

MEPS (International) Ltd., February 15. (Accessed July 28, 2008, at http:// www.steel-grips.com/newsdesk/statistics/ Another_record_year_for_global_steel_production_in_2008.html.) Platt, Jeremy, 2008a, Steel consumption to rise by 28% to 2011: MEPS

(International) Ltd., January 10. (Accessed July 28, 2008, at http:// www.steel-grips.com/newsdesk/statistics/ Steel_consumption_to_rise_by_28_percent_to_2011.html.) Platt, Jeremy, 2008b, World steel output to reach 1.6 billion tonnes by 2011:

MEPS (International) Ltd., January 10. (Accessed July 28, 2008, at http:// www.steel-grips.com/newsdesk/statistics/ World_steel_output_to_reach_1._6_billion_tonnes_by_2011.html.) Reuters, 2007, ArcelorMittal signs deal for Russia steel plant: Reuters,

December 18. (Accessed December 20, 2007, at http://www.reuters.com/ article/companyNewsAndPR/idUSWEB087920071218). Steel Business Briefing, Ltd., 2007, Atlas USA steel mills & service centers

2007: Steel Business Briefing, Ltd., 35 p. Steel Times International, 2007, Arcelor Mittal to build Saudi steel mill: Redhill,

United Kingdom, Steel Times International, March, p. 2. Steel Trade Today, 2008, MEA steel industry set for dramatic growth: Steel

Trade Today, June 2. (Accessed June 2, 2008, via http:// www.news@steelguru.com.) Tita, Bob, 2007, Mittal Steel to open Gary plant, hire 200 workers: Chicago

Business, May 23. (Accessed January 28, 2009, at http:// www.chicagobusiness.com/cgi-bin/news.pl?id=25107&seenIt=1.) U.S. Department of Labor, Bureau of Labor Statistics, 2008, Producer price

index—Commodities—Steel mill products—WPU1017: Washington, DC, U.S. Department of Labor. (Accessed November 18, 2008, at http:// data.bls.gov/cgi-bini/surveymost?wp.) U.S. Environmental Protection Agency, 2007, EPA issues rule to reduce

mercury releases from steel manufacturing facilities: Washington, DC, U.S. Environmental Protection Agency, December 17. (Accessed January 28, 20098, via http://www.epa.gov/ttn/oarpg/t3/fact_sheets/ eaf_fs_121707.html#background.) Xiaohua, Sun, 2007, Pilot project to assess environmental impact: China Daily,

November 5. (Accessed November 6, 2007, at http://www.unep.org/cpi/ briefs/_China-China_Daily_:_Pilot project.)



## GENERAL SOURCES OF INFORMATION
U.S. Geological Survey Publications
Iron. Ch. in United States Mineral Resources, Professional

Paper 820, 1973. Iron and Steel. Ch. in Metal Prices in the United States Through

1998, 1999. Iron and Steel. Ch. in Mineral Commodity Summaries, annual.Iron and Steel—2007 [advance relea s e] 37.5 

## Iron and Steel Scrap. Ch. in Metal Prices in the United States

Through 1998, 1999. Iron and Steel Scrap. Mineral Industry Surveys, monthly. Iron and Steel Slag. Ch. in Mineral Commodity Summaries,

annual. Iron and Steel Slag. Ch. in Minerals Yearbook, annual. Iron Ore. Ch. in Mineral Commodity Summaries, annual. Iron Ore. Ch. in Minerals Yearbook, annual. Iron Ore. Mineral Industry Surveys, monthly.

Other American Metal Market, daily. Annual Statistical Report, American Iron and Steel Institute,

Washington, DC. Direct from Midrex quarterly, Midrex Direct Reduction

Corporation. Directory of Iron and Steel Plants, Association of Iron and Steel Engineers, Pittsburgh, PA. HYL, the Iron & Steel Technology Division of HYLSA, S.A. de

C.V. HYL Report. Iron and Steel. Ch. in Mineral Facts and Problems, U.S. Bureau

of Mines Bulletin 675, 1985. Iron and Steelmaker, American Institute of Mining,

Metallurgical, and Petroleum Engineers—Iron and Steel Society, Warrenton, PA. Making, Shaping, and Treating of Steel, Association of Iron and

Steel Engineers, Pittsburgh, PA. Metal Bulletin, biweekly. Steel Manufacturers Association, Washington, DC. Steel Statistical Yearbook, International Iron and Steel Institute,

Brussels, Belgium. Steel Times International.

2003 2004 2005 2006 2007 United States:

Pig iron:

Productio n2 40,600 42,300 37,200 37,900 36,300 Exp orts 3 86 48 51 813 71 Imp orts for consumptio n 3 3,890 6,400 6,030 6,730 5,220 Direct-reduced iron:

Productio n4 210 180 220 240 250 Exp orts 3 5 13

-- (5) (5) Imp orts for consumptio n 3 1,940 2,450 2,170 2,610 2,610 e Raw steel production: 6

Carbon steel 86,100 90,700 85,900 89,500 89,800 Stainless steel 2,220 2,400 2,240 2,460 2,170 All other alloy steel 5,350 6,560 6,710 6,190 6,140

Total 93,700 99,700 94,900 98,200 98,100 Capability utilization, percent 84.9 94.6 87.5 87.5 87.0 Steel mill products:

Net ship ments 2 96,100 101,000 95,200 99,300 96,500 Exp orts 2 7,460 7,200 8,520 8,830 10,100 Imp orts 2 21,000 32,500 29,100 41,100 30,200 Producer price index ( 1982=100.0 ) 7 109.5 147.2 159.7 174.1 182.9 World production: 8

Pig iron 673,000 r 720,000 r 802,000 r 883,000 r 947,000 e Direct-reduced iro n 4 46,800 r 52,700 r 56,200 r 58,700 r 65,000 e Raw steel 974,000 1,060,000 1,140,000 r 1,250,000 r 1,340,000

3 Data are from the U.S. Census Bureau. TABLE 1 SALIENT IRON AND STEEL STATISTICS 1

(Thousand metric tons)

eEstimated. rRevised. -- Zero. 1 Data are rounded to no more than three significant digits, except producers price index; may not add to totals shown. 2Data are from the American Iron and Steel Institute (AISI).

4Data are from Midrex Technologies, Inc., government, and companies.

6Raw steel is defined by AISI as steel in the first solid state after melting, suitable for rolling. 7 Data are from the U.S. Department of Labor, Bureau of Labor Statistics. 8 Data are from the U.S. Geological Survey and the International Iron and Steel Institute. 5 Less than 1⁄2 unit.37.6 [ advance release ] u. s . geologi c Al s urvey mineral s yearbook—2007 Material 2006 2007 Iron oxides: 2

Ores 36

-- Pellets 49,300 46,300 Sinter3 6,990 6,830

Total 56,400 53,100 Scrap 4 2,510 2,510 e Coke 2 14,700 14,700 e Pig iron, produced 37,900 36,300

eEstimated. -- Zero.

materials; also some nodules.
4Mainly briquetted turnings and borings, shredded scrap, etc.; scrap produced at blast furnaces and remelt not included. TABLE 2 MATERIALS CONSUMED IN BLAST FURNACES AND PIG IRON PRODUCED 1

(Thousand metric tons)

1 Data are rounded to no more than three significant digits; may not add to totals shown. 2American Iron and Steel Institute. 3 Includes sintered ore and pellet fines, dust, mill scale, and other revert iron-bearingIron and Steel—2007 [advance relea s e] 37.7 2006 2007 2006 2007 Shipments by steel type:

Carbon steel 92,700 90,500 93.33 93.73 Alloy steel 4,740 4,350 4.77 4.50 Stainless steel 1,890 1,700 1.90 1.76

Total 99,300 96,500 100.00 100.00 Steel mill products:

Ingots, blooms, billets and slabs 1,500 1,920 1.51 1.99 Wire rods 1,840 2,180 1.86 2.26 Structural shapes, heavy 7,220 6,890 7.26 7.14 Steel piling 582 551 0.59 0.57 Plates, cut lengths 6,490 6,730 6.53 6.97 Plates, in coils 3,150 3,720 3.17 3.85 Rails 726 800 0.73 0.83 Railroad accessories 225 192 0.23 0.20 Bars, hot-rolled 7,060 6,590 7.11 6.82 Bars, light-shaped 1,490 1,800 1.50 1.86 Bars, reinforcing 6,830 7,280 6.87 7.54 Bars, cold finished 1,420 1,320 1.43 1.37 Tool steel 16 16 0.02 0.02 Pipe and tubing, standard pipe 1,140 981 1.15 1.02 Pipe and tubing, oil country goods 2,100 1,940 2.12 2.01 Pipe and tubing, line pipe 503 573 0.51 0.59 Pipe and tubing, mechanical tubing 966 908 0.97 0.94 Pipe and tubing, pressure tubing 43 29 0.04 0.03 Pipe and tubing, stainless 15 13 0.01 0.01 Pipe and tubing, structural 141 135 0.14 0.14 Pipe for piling 10 12 0.01 0.01 Wire 681 350 0.69 0.36 Tin mill products, blackplate 136 127 0.14 0.13 Tin mill products, tinplate 1,840 1,770 1.85 1.83 Tin mill products, tin-free steel 544 508 0.55 0.53 Tin mill products, tin coated sheets 93 91 0.09 0.09 Sheets, hot-rolled 19,400 18,000 19.55 18.67 Sheets, cold-rolled 12,000 11,400 12.13 11.85 Sheets and strip, hot dip galvanized 14,800 13,800 14.94 14.27 Sheets and strip, electrogalvanized 2,370 2,320 2.39 2.40 Sheets and strip, other metallic coated 1,890 1,560 1.90 1.61 Sheets and strip, electrical 481 456 0.48 0.47 Strip, hot rolled 38 38 0.04 0.04 Strip, cold rolled 1,500 1,510 1.51 1.56

Total 99,300 96,500 100.00 100.00 Shipments by markets:

Service centers and distributors 27,300 24,000 27.49 24.86 Construction 19,000 21,600 19.13 22.32 Automotive 14,100 12,400 14.20 12.81 Machinery 1,380 1,270 1.39 1.31 Containers 2,820 2,640 2.84 2.74 All others 34,700 34,700 34.94 35.96

Total 99,300 96,500 100.00 100.00 TABLE 3 DISTRIBUTION OF SHIPMENTS OF STEEL MILL PRODUCTS, BY STEEL TYPE, PRODUCT, AND MARKET1

Source: American Iron and Steel Institute. Quantity

1 Data are rounded to no more than three significant digits, except percentages; may not add to totals shown. Percentage (thousand metric tons)37.8 [ advance release ] u. s . geologi c Al s urvey mineral s yearbook—2007 Country Imports Exports Imports Exports Argentina 148 3 91 10 Australia 1,060 13 782 22 Brazil 2,630 37 2,080 107 Canada 5,400 5,530 6,110 5,710 China 4,890 89 4,180 155 Europ ean Unio n2 5,690 348 5,140 845 Germany 1,220 43 1,100 83 Japan 1,910 23 1,540 34 Korea, Republic of 2,540 47 1,820 70 Mexico 3,300 2,000 2,860 2,150 Russia 3,300 -- 1,080

-- South Africa 426 10 131 11 Sweden 255 4 276 7 Taiwan 1,700 16 999 20 Turkey 2,180 -- 521

-- Ukraine 1,590 -- 1,130

-- Venezuela 180 54 149 87 Other 2,670 603 171 807

Total 41,100 8,830 30,200 10,100 -- Zero. TABLE 4 U.S. IMPORTS AND EXPORTS OF STEEL MILL PRODUCTS, BY COUNTRY 1

(Thousand metric tons)

1 Data are rounded to no more than three significant digits; may not add to totals shown. 2Excludes Germany and Sweden.

Source: American Iron and Steel Institute. 2006 2007Iron and Steel—2007 [advance relea s e] 37.9 2006 2007 Steel mill products:

Ingots, blooms, billets, slabs 199 383 Wire rods 137 95 Structural shapes, heavy 777 990 Steel piling 32 36 Plates, cut lengths 1,050 1,150 Plates, in coils 587 537 Rails, standard 82 107 Rails, other 17 24 Railroad accessories 49 39 Bars, hot-rolled 477 540 Bars, light-shaped 82 84 Bars, concrete reinforcing 273 304 Bars, cold-finished 147 175 Tool steel 21 16 Pipe and tubing, standard pipe 113 136 Pipe and tubing, oil country goods 399 340 Pipe and tubing, line pipe 226 226 Pipe and tubing, mechanical tubing 31 36 Pipe and tubing, stainless 72 46 Pipe and tubing, nonclassified 318 393 Pipe and tubing, structural 188 189 Pipe for piling 2 46 Wire 165 175 Tin mill products, blackplate 4 4 Tin mill products, tinplate 196 191 Tin mill products, tin-free steel 18 22 Sheets, hot-rolled 612 1,010 Sheets, cold-rolled 585 695 Sheets and strip, hot-dip galvanized 757 916 Sheets and strip, electrogalvanized 290 240 Sheets and strip, other metallic coated 196 230 Sheets and strip, electrical 156 167 Strip, hot-rolled 258 252 Strip, cold-rolled 302 323

Total 8,830 10,100 Fabricated steel products:

Structural shapes, fabricated 357 431 Rails, used 22 33 Railroad products 95 59 Wire rope 16 18 Wire, stranded products 31 37 Wire, other products 81 86 Springs 123 134 Nails and staples 38 35 Fasteners 540 465 Chains and parts 27 27 Grinding balls 51 59 Pipe and tube fittings 33 36 Othe r2 119 r 150

Total 1,540 1,570 Grand total 10,400 11,700 TABLE 5 U.S. EXPORTS OF IRON AND STEEL PRODUCTS 1

(Thousand metric tons)

See footnotes at end of table.37.10 [ advance release ] u. s . geologi c Al s urvey mineral s yearbook—2007 2006 2007 Cast iron and steel products:

Cast steel pipe fittings 33 37 Cast iron pipe and fittings 80 74 Cast steel rolls 10 3 Cast grindingballs e 30 22 Granules, shot and grit e 50 37 Other castings 65 63

Total 268 236

eEstimated. rRevised. TABLE 5—Continued U.S. EXPORTS OF IRON AND STEEL PRODUCTS 1

ornamental work, and conduit. (Thousand metric tons)

Source: American Iron and Steel Institute. 1 Data are rounded to no more than three significant digits; may not add to totals shown. 2Includes shapes cold formed, sashes and frames, fence and sign post, architectural andIron and Steel—2007 [advance relea s e] 37.11 2006 2007 Steel mill products:

Ingots, blooms, billets, and slabs 8,460 6,040 Wire rods 2,760 1,400 Structural shapes-heavy 943 771 Steel piling 97 100 Plates, cut lengths 1,520 1,290 Plates, in coils 1,580 939 Rails and railroad accessories 319 r 371 Bars, hot-rolled 1,470 1,200 Bars, light-shaped 285 217 Bars, reinforcing 2,350 1,690 Bars, cold-finished 377 313 Tool steel 160 145 Pipe and tubing, standard pipe 1,460 1,290 Pipe and tubing, oil country goods 1,890 1,760 Pipe and tubing, line pipe 1,810 2,710 Pipe and tubing, mechanical tubing 754 643 Pipe and tubing, pressure tubing 100 110 Pipe and tubing, stainless 142 155 Pipe and tubing, nonclassified 17 21 Pipe and tubing, structural 640 615 Pipe for piling 35 37 Wire 820 732 Tin mill products-blackplate 76 44 Tin mill products-tinplate 494 471 Tin mill products-tin-free steel 109 111 Sheets, hot-rolled 4,610 2,430 Sheets, cold-rolled 3,320 1,630 Sheets and strip, hot-dip galvanized 3,310 1,820 Sheets and strip, electrogalvanized 175 181 Sheets and strip, other metallic coated 671 549 Sheets and strip, electrical 81 100 Strip, hot-rolled 76 82 Strip, cold-rolled 178 180

Total 41,100 30,200 Fabricated steel products:

Structural shapes, fabricated 1,380 1,360 Rails, used 185 83 Railroad products 214 210 Wire rope 134 138 Wire-stranded products 357 323 Springs 495 423 Nails and staples 943 782 Fasteners 1,500 1,360 Chains and parts 154 158 Pipe and tube fittings 243 294 Other 323 635

Total 5,930 5,760 Grand total 47,000 36,000 TABLE 6 U.S. IMPORTS OF MAJOR IRON AND STEEL PRODUCTS 1

(Thousand metric tons)

See footnotes at end of table.37.12 [ advance release ] u. s . geologi c Al s urvey mineral s yearbook—2007 2006 2007 Cast iron and steel products:

Cast steel pipe fittings 243 293 Cast iron pipe and fittings 68 81 Other products 440 407

Total 751 781

1 Data are rounded to no more than three significant digits; may not add to totals shown.

Source: American Iron and Steel Institute. TABLE 6—Continued U.S. IMPORTS OF MAJOR IRON AND STEEL PRODUCTS 1

(Thousand metric tons)

rRevised.

Product 2006 2007 Semifinished 130,000 131,000 Plate 102,000 137,000 Sheet and strip 67,500 57,600 Bars and shapes 114,000 117,000 Wire and wire rods 70,500 68,900 Pipe and tube 142,000 r 159,000

Total 627,000 r 669,000 TABLE 7 U.S. IMPORTS OF STAINLESS STEEL 1

(Metric tons)

Source: American Iron and Steel Institute. 1 Data are rounded to no more than three significant digits; may not add to totals shown. rRevised.

2006 2007 Coal, consumption 20,800 20,600 Coke: 3

Production 14,900 14,700 Exports 1,470 1,310 Imports 3,690 2,230 Consumption, apparent 17,000 15,700 TABLE 8 COAL AND COKE AT COKE PLANTS 1, 2

(Thousand metric tons)

Source: Energy Information Administration, Quarterly Coal Report, DOE/EIA-0121(2007/04Q). 1 Data are rounded to no more than three significant digits. 2Includes furnace and merchant coke plants. 3 Coke production and consumption do not include breeze.Iron and Steel—2007 [advance relea s e] 37.13 Country 5 2003 2004 2005 2006 2007 e Al g eri ae 1,300 994 6 952 1,100 1,200 Argentina: Pig iron 2,402 2,392 2,646 2,481 r 2,593 p, 6 Direct-reduced iron 1,736 1,755 1,823 r 1,947 r 1,810 p, 6 Australia 6,116 5,735 6,203 r 6,276 r 6,369 6 Austria 4,677 r 4,847 r 5,444 r 5,547 r 5,907 6 Belgium 7,813 r 8,224 r 7,254 r 7,516 r 6,576 6 Bosnia and Herze g ovin a e 60 60 60 r 60 r 60 Brazil: Pig iron 32,036 34,579 34,382 34,975 r 35,500 6 Direct-reduced iro n e 410 440 411 420 420 Bulgaria 1,386 1,158 1,081 1,147 r 1,069 6 Burma: e Pig iron

-- r

-- r

-- r

-- r

-- Direct-reduced iron 40 40 40 40 40 Canada: Pig iron 8,554 r 8,828 r 8,274 r 8,305 r 8,577 6 Direct-reduced iron 504 r 1,091 r 591 r 446 r 910 6 Chile 988 1,137 1,074 1,115 r 1,135 p, 6 Chin a7 213,660 251,850 343,750 412,450 r 469,440 6 Colombia 288 316 325 r 360 r 350 Czech Republic 5,207 5,384 4,627 5,191 r 5,300 6 Egypt: Pig iron 1,080 r 1,000 r 1,100 r 1,100 r 1,000 Direct-reduced iro n e 2,870 6 2,800 2,800 2,800 2,800 Finland 3,092 r 3,037 r 3,056 r 3,158 r 2,914 6 France 12,756 13,198 12,705 13,013 12,426 6 Germany: Pig iron 29,481 30,018 28,854 30,360 31,150 6 Direct-reduced iro n e 590 593 r 440 580 590 p, 6 Hungary 1,333 1,351 1,329 r 1,335 1,394 6 India: Pig iron 26,550 r 25,117 r 27,125 r 28,300 r 28,800 Direct-reduced iron 7,670 9,370 12,040 14,740 18,100 6 Indonesia, direct-reduced iro n e 1,230 1,470 1,390 1,290 6 1,400 Iran: Pig iron 2,709 2,136 2,300 2,041 r 2,118 6 Direct-reduced iro n e 5,620 6,410 6,850 6,850 7,500 Italy 10,604 r 10,664 r 11,423 11,535 11,100 Japan 82,092 82,974 83,058 84,270 86,771 6 Kazakhstan 4,140 e 4,283 3,581 3,400 3,240 6 Korea, Northe 900 900 900 6 900 900 Korea, Republic of 27,314 27,556 27,309 27,559 r 29,437 6 Lib y a, direct-reduced iro n e 1,340 1,580 1,650 1,630 1,650 Malaysia, direct-reduced iron 1,600 1,710 1,349 1,540 r 1,840 Mexico: Pig iron 4,183 4,278 4,047 3,800 4,077 6 Direct-reduced iron 5,473 6,345 5,973 6,167 r 6,200 Morocco e 15 15 15 15 15 TABLE 9 PIG IRON AND DIRECT-REDUCED IRON: WORLD PRODUCTION, BY COUNTRY 1, 2, 3, 4

(Thousand metric tons)

See footnotes at end of table.37.14 [ advance release ] u. s . geologi c Al s urvey mineral s yearbook—2007 Country 5 2003 2004 2005 2006 2007 e Netherlands 8 5,845 r 5,846 r 6,031 r 5,417 r 5,500 New Zealande 600 650 r 652 r 664 r 679 Nigeria

-- -- -- 150 150 Norway e 110 r 100 r 100 r 100 r 100 Pakistane 1,500 1,500 1,500 1,200 r 1,000 Paraguay 98 119 124 r 136 r 137 p Peru: e Pig iron 226 r 272 r 263 r 306 r 351 6 Direct-reduced iron 80 80 80 80 80 Poland 5,632 6,399 4,477 5,333 r 5,804 6 Portugal 100 100 100 100 100 Qatar, direct-reduced iron 780 e 830 e 820 880 1,200 Romania 4,101 4,244 r 4,098 r 3,946 r 3,923 6 Russia: Pig iron 48,368 50,427 49,175 51,683 51,523 6 Direct-reduced iro n e 2,900 3,140 3,340 3,340 4,000 Saudi Arabia, direct-reduced iron 3,290 3,141 3,630 e 3,580 4,100 Serbia 635 9 959 r, 9 1,115 r, 9 1,529 r 1,485 6 Slovakia 3,892 3,765 3,618 4,145 4,012 6 South Africa: Pig iron 6,234 6,011 6,130 6,159 r 5,358 6 Direct-reduced iron 1,542 1,633 r 1,781 1,754 1,736 6 Spain 3,645 r 4,036 r 4,160 r 3,432 r 3,974 6 Sweden 3,710 r 3,871 r 3,730 r 3,577 r 3,815 6 Switzerland

-- r

-- r

-- r

-- r

-- Taiwan 10,799 10,198 9,854 10,500 10,550 6 Trinidad and Tobago, direct-reduced iron 2,275 2,337 2,055 2,000 2,000 Tunisia 36 -- e

-- e

-- -- Turkey 5,707 r 5,836 r 5,970 r 5,952 r 6,234 6 Ukraine 29,570 31,000 30,747 32,926 35,647 6 United Kingdom 10,228 10,180 10,236 r 10,736 11,000 United States: Pig iron 40,600 42,300 37,200 37,900 36,300 6 Direct-reduced iron 210 180 220 240 250 6 Venezuela, direct-reduced iron 6,645 7,800 r 8,900 r 8,400 8,400 Zimbabwee 182 125 r 129 r 38 r 45 Grand total 719,000 r 773,000 r 858,000 r 942,000 r 1,010,000 Of which: Pig iron 673,000 r 720,000 r 802,000 r 883,000 r 947,000 Direct-reduced iron 46,800 r 52,700 r 56,200 r 58,700 r 65,000 TABLE 9—Continued PIG IRON AND DIRECT-REDUCED IRON: WORLD PRODUCTION, BY COUNTRY 1, 2, 3, 4

(Thousand metric tons)

eEstimated. pPreliminary. rRevised. -- Zero. 1 World totals, U.S. data, and estimated data are rounded to no more than three significant digits; may not add

2Production is pig iron unless otherwise specified. 3 Direct-reduced iron is obtained from ore by reduction of oxides to metal without melting. to totals shown.Iron and Steel—2007 [advance relea s e] 37.15 7Figures reported by State Statistical Bureau that the Chinese Government considers to be official statistical data. 8 Includes blast furnace ferroalloys. 9Montenegro and Serbia formally declared independence in June 2006 from each other and dissolved their union. 4Table excludes ferroalloy production except where otherwise noted. Table includes data available through

5 In addition to the countries listed, Vietnam has facilities to produce pig iron and may have produced limited
estimates of output levels.
6Reported figure. August 10, 2008.
quantities during 2003–07, but output is not reported and available information is inadequate to make reliable TABLE 9—Continued PIG IRON AND DIRECT-REDUCED IRON: WORLD PRODUCTION, BY COUNTRY 1, 2, 3, 4

(Thousand metric tons)37.16 [ advance release ] u. s . geologi c Al s urvey mineral s yearbook—2007 Country4 2003 2004 2005 2006 2007 Albania 86 98 87 r 100 r 100 e Algeria 1,051 1,014 1,007 1,158 r 1,278 Argentina 5,033 5,133 r 5,386 r 5,533 5,387 p Australia 9,678 8,353 7,788 7,937 8,047 Austria 6,261 6,530 7,031 6,487 r 6,871 Azerbaijan 56 90 286 54 273 Bang ladeshe, 5 25 25 20 20

-- 6 Belarus 1,570 1,900 2,076 2,100 r 2,214 Belgium 11,114 11,698 8,906 r 11,238 r 11,000 e Bosnia and Herzegovina 166 r 117 r 283 r 469 550 Brazil 7 31,150 32,918 31,631 30,900 r 31,800 Bulgaria 2,317 2,106 1,969 2,124 r 2,050 e Burmae 25 25 25 25 25 Canada 15,928 r 16,305 r 15,327 r 15,493 r 15,569 Chile 7 1,377 1,579 1,536 1,627 1,666 p Chin a 8 222,340 272,450 353,240 419,150 r 489,240 Colombia 668 730 e 842 r 1,221 r 1,260 p Croatia 434 r 80 r 74 r 81 r 75 e Cuba 210 193 245 257 r 260 e Czech Republic 6,783 7,033 6,189 6,862 r 7,059 Dominican Republice

-- r

-- r

-- r

-- r

-- 6 Ecuador 80 72 r 84 r 85 r 87 p Egypt 4,368 r 4,777 r 5,565 r 6,004 r 6,182 El Salvador 57 59 48 72 r 73 p Ethiop ia, all from scrape 6 30 60 60 110 Finland 4,766 4,833 4,738 r 5,052 r 5,000 e France 19,803 r 20,770 19,481 19,857 r 19,252 Germany 44,809 46,374 44,524 47,224 r 48,550 Ghana, all from scrape 25 r 25 r 25 r 25 r 25 Greece 1,701 1,967 2,266 2,416 r 2,400 e Guatemala 226 232 207 r 292 349 p HongKonge 500 500 500 550 550 Hungary 1,983 r 1,957 r 1,962 2,029 r 2,227 India 31,779 32,600 45,800 r 49,500 r 53,100 Indonesia 2,042 2,412 3,675 r 3,800 3,900 Iran 7,869 8,682 r 9,405 9,800 e 10,100 e Israel e 180 r 370 r 480 r 480 r 480 Italy 26,832 28,317 29,061 31,550 31,990 Japan 110,511 112,718 112,471 116,266 r 120,203 Jordane 135 6 140 6 150 r 150 r 150 Kazakhstan 5,069 r 5,372 r 4,477 r 4,245 r 4,784 Korea, Northe 1,090 1,070 1,070 1,180 r 1,230 Korea, Republic of 46,310 47,521 47,820 48,455 r 51,517 Latvi ae 546 6 554 6 550 550 550 Libya 1,007 1,026 1,260 1,151 r 1,250 e Luxembourg 2,675 2,684 2,194 2,802 r 2,800 e Macedonia 291 315 r 321 r 326 r 359 Malaysia 3,960 5,698 5,296 5,834 r 6,000 e Mauritania 5 e 5 e 1 r 1 r 1 e TABLE 10 RAW STEEL: WORLD PRODUCTION, BY COUNTRY 1, 2, 3

(Thousand metric tons)

See footnotes at end of table.Iron and Steel—2007 [advance relea s e] 37.17 Country4 2003 2004 2005 2006 2007 Mexico 15,159 16,737 16,202 r 16,313 16,300 e Moldova 886 1,013 1,016 r 675 995 Montenegro ( 9 ) 10 ( 9 ) 10 ( 9 ) 10 50 174 Morocco 5 e 5 e 205 r 314 r 314 Netherlands 6,571 6,848 6,919 6,372 r 6,400 e New Zealand 750 850 889 r 862 r 845 Norway e 698 695 701 r 679 r 680 Pakistan 1,000 r 1,145 r 825 r 1,040 r 1,090 Paraguay 91 r 107 r 101 r 115 r 105 e Peru 669 r 725 r 790 r 896 r 750 e Philippines 500 r 400 r 470 r 558 r 590 Poland 9,107 10,578 r 8,336 9,992 r 10,631 Portugal 730 r 730 r 1,400 r 1,400 r 1,400 e Qatar 1,054 1,089 1,057 1,003 r 1,147 Romania 5,692 r 6,077 r 5,632 r 6,266 r 6,261 Russia 62,710 65,646 66,186 70,816 r 72,389 Saudi Arabia 3,944 3,902 4,185 3,974 r 4,600 e Serbia ( 9 ) 10 ( 9 ) 10 ( 9 ) 10 1,837 2,000 e Serbia and Montenegro 576 1,197 r 1,314 r XX r, 1 XX 10 Sing ap oree 561 r 610 r 572 r 607 r 620 Slovakia 4,709 r 4,564 r 4,242 r 4,848 r 4,800 Slovenia 541 566 r 583 r 627 638 South Africa 9,481 9,500 r 9,494 r 9,718 r 9,100 Spain 16,287 17,684 17,711 18,400 e 18,400 e Sri Lankae 30 30 30 30 30 Sweden 5,707 5,949 5,692 r 5,435 r 5,500 e Switzerland 1,000 e 1,000 e 1,158 r 1,252 r 1,264 S yri ae 70 70 70 70 70 Taiwan 18,832 19,604 18,567 19,203 20,450 Thailand 3,572 4,533 5,161 5,210 r 5,470 Trinidad and Tobago 923 815 r 711 r 674 r 670 e Tunisia 86 e 70 r 66 r 68 r 61 Turkey 18,298 20,478 20,960 23,308 r 25,750 Uganda 30 r 30 r 30 r 30 r 30 Ukraine 36,900 e 38,740 38,636 40,899 42,830 United Arab Emirates e 50 70 70 70 90 United Kingdom 13,128 13,766 13,210 13,931 r 14,300 United States 93,700 99,700 94,900 98,200 98,100 Uruguay 41 58 64 57 r 71 Uzbekistane 472 602 6 607 6 730 740 Venezuela 3,930 4,575 4,907 4,900 e 4,864 Vietnam 544 689 890 1,400 r 2,000 e Zimbabwe 152 135 r 107 r 24 r 23 Total 974,000 1,060,000 1,140,000 1,250,000 r 1,340,000 TABLE 10—Continued RAW STEEL: WORLD PRODUCTION, BY COUNTRY 1, 2, 3

(Thousand metric tons)

See footnotes at end of table.37.18 [ advance release ] u. s . geologi c Al s urvey mineral s yearbook—2007 eEstimated. pPreliminary. rRevised. XX Not applicable. -- Zero. TABLE 10—Continued RAW STEEL: WORLD PRODUCTION, BY COUNTRY 1, 2, 3

(Thousand metric tons)

1 World totals, U.S. data, and estimated data are rounded to no more than three significant digits; may not add to totals shown. 2 Steel formed in solid state after melting, suitable for further processing or sale; for some countries, includes material reported as "liquid steel," presumably measured in the molten state prior to cooling in any specific form.
3 Table includes data available through July 28, 2008. 4In addition to the countries listed, Mozambique is known to have steelmaking plants, but available information is inadequate to make reliable estimates of output levels.
5 Data for year ending June 30 of that stated. 6Reported figure.

production figures are for 2003-05, in thousand metric tons, as follows: 2003—569; 2004—1,167; and 2005—1,286.
10Montenegro and Serbia formally declared independence in June 2006 from each other and dissolved their union. 7Excludes castings. 8 Figures reported by the State Statistical Bureau that Chinese Government considers as official statistical data. 9 Country listed separately, but data is included in "Serbia and Montenegro". In 2003-05, Montenegro's steel production figures, in thousand metric tons, are as follows: 2003—6; 2004—30; and 2005—28. Serbia's steel