IV 

118TH CONGRESS 

1ST SESSION H. RES. 532 

Third Reconstruction: Fully addressing poverty and low wages from the 

bottom up. 

IN THE HOUSE OF REPRESENTATIVES 

JUNE 21, 2023 

Ms. LEE of California (for herself and Ms. JAYAPAL) submitted the following 

resolution; which was referred to the Committee on Oversight and Accountability 

RESOLUTION 

Third Reconstruction: Fully addressing poverty and low 

wages from the bottom up. 

Whereas, before the pandemic, there were over 140,000,000 

people who were poor, low wealth, or just one emergency 

away from economic ruin in the United States; 

Whereas pandemic relief programs that were long overdue 

temporarily relieved the load of poverty, reducing these 

numbers to 112,000,000, but were ended abruptly, precipitating a rise in these numbers once again; 

Whereas, during this same time period, billionaire wealth increased by $1,500,000,000,000, or over $2,000,000,000 

per day; 

Whereas the injustice of poverty and low wealth is deeply entwined with the injustices of systemic racism, the denial 


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of health care and ecological devastation, militarism, and 

the distorted moral narrative of religious nationalism that 

seeks to blame the poor instead of addressing systems 

that cause poverty; 

Whereas there are devastating consequences to these injustices, including that poverty is the fourth-leading cause of 

death in the Nation, higher than homicides, firearms, suicide, and diabetes, taking 290,000 lives every year, or 

800 people a day, meaning we can no longer ignore policy 

violence nor deaths caused by policy; 

Whereas our entire society suffers when nearly 40 percent of 

the country who are poor and one emergency from economic ruin cannot fulfill their potential or fully participate in society; 

Whereas these widespread conditions cannot be explained by 

blaming individual behaviors, nor are they inherent to our 

economy or society, but rather they are created and sustained by unjust and immoral laws, policies, systems, and 

structures; 

Whereas we need the resolve to pass moral and just laws and 

policies that fully address these interlocking injustices, 

which were deepened during the COVID–19 pandemic; 

Whereas the official poverty measure (OPM) is an inadequate 

measure that does not account for today’s cost of living, 

including child care, health insurance, and transportation, and even the supplemental poverty measure 

(SPM) does not account for all modern necessities or 

debt burdens that siphon household resources away from 

meeting basic needs; 

Whereas among the 140,000,000 people who were poor, low 

wealth, or one emergency away from economic ruin, were 


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52 percent of children (39,000,000), 45 percent of 

women (74,000,000), 60 percent of Black people 

(24,000,000), 64 percent of Latina/o people 

(38,000,000), 40 percent of Asian and Pacific Islander 

people (8,000,000), 59 percent of Native and Indigenous 

people (2,000,000), and 33 percent of White people 

(66,000,000); 

Whereas these tens of millions of poor and low-income people 

live in every region, State, and county of the Nation, including approximately: 50,000,000 in the South (Alabama, Arkansas, Florida, Georgia, Kentucky, Louisiana, 

Missouri, Mississippi, North Carolina, South Carolina, 

Tennessee, Texas, Virginia), 40,000,000 in Appalachia 

(Alabama, Georgia, Kentucky, Maryland, Mississippi, 

North Carolina, New York, Pennsylvania, Ohio, South 

Carolina, Tennessee, Virginia, West Virginia), and over 

8,000,000 in New York alone, over 40,000,000 in the 

Southwest/Border (Arizona, California, Colorado, New 

Mexico, Nevada, Texas, Utah), 20,000,000 in California 

alone, 20,000,000 in the Midwest deindustrialized States 

(Ohio, Pennsylvania, Indiana, Michigan, Illinois, Wisconsin), 11,000,000 in the Northeast (Connecticut, Delaware, Massachusetts, Maryland, Maine, New Hampshire, 

New Jersey, Rhode Island, Vermont), 7,000,000 in the 

Northwest (Alaska, Idaho, Oregon, Washington, Wyoming), 7,000,000 in the Great Plains (Iowa, Kansas, 

Minnesota, Missouri, Montana, Nebraska, North Dakota, 

Oklahoma, South Dakota), 700,000 in Hawaii, and 

300,000 in Washington, DC; 

Whereas systemic racism takes the form of laws and policies 

that target people of color, especially poor people of color, 

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nomic security, education, housing, jobs, policing, incarceration, criminalization, and immigration, which has 

contributed to the disproportionate impact of COVID–19 

on poor communities of color; 

Whereas, since 2010, at least 25 States had passed new voter 

restrictions, imposing racist gerrymandering and redistricting, restricting early voting and voting hours, purging voter rolls, closing polling stations, and instituting 

onerous voter ID laws; 

Whereas 10 years after the Supreme Court gutted the Voting 

Rights Act in Shelby v. Holder, voting rights remain unprotected, unleashing an assault on voting rights and access to democracy, including that, since the 2020 elections, over 1,000 voter restriction laws have been introduced in all 50 States; 

Whereas voter suppression laws disproportionately target 

poor, Black, Brown, and Native people, they also pave 

the way for immoral policies that deny health care, living 

wages, immigrant rights, women’s rights, LGBTQ+ 

rights, and more; 

Whereas nearly 52,000,000 people are working for low wages, 

including at least 47 percent of Black workers, 46 percent of Latina/o workers and approximately 30 percent of 

White workers, and a significant number (40 percent) of 

low-wage workers are women; 

Whereas approximately 12,000,000 essential workers are immigrants, including 5,000,000 undocumented immigrants, and Native Hawaiians and Pacific Islanders are 

the highest represented subgroup among essential workers; 


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Whereas women carry a disproportionate share of unpaid 

care work, which would total $1,500,000,000,000 at the 

current minimum wage ($7.25); 

Whereas the average hourly wage that a full-time worker requires to afford a modest two-bedroom apartment is over 

$25 per hour; 

Whereas there are 8,000,000 to 11,000,000 people at risk of 

homelessness, and an estimated 34,000,000 people are 

facing food insecurity, including a disproportionate share 

of Black, Latina/o, American Indian, Alaska Native, Native Hawaiian, Pacific Islander, and multiracial households, yet protections against evictions and hunger are 

being rolled back; 

Whereas of the approximately 60,000,000 adults with disabilities in the country, 26 percent are living below the poverty line, 10 percent are uninsured, and 7,000,000 students with disabilities are enrolled in our public schools; 

Whereas the average cost of living in the Nation amounts to 

more than twice the OPM and SPM, close to $60,000 for 

a household of four; 

Whereas due to these limitations in the measure of poverty, 

social welfare and antipoverty programs have been underfunded, to the extent that only 1 in 5 eligible families received TANF or Federal housing assistance, expanded 

SNAP (food stamps) were reduced to just $6 per day 

and Head Start reaches only 54 percent of eligible 3- to 

4-year-olds; 

Whereas household debt burdens have grown to over 

$17,000,000,000,000, and more than two-thirds of our 

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penses, including more than three-quarters of low-income 

households and Black and Latina/o families; 

Whereas student debt amounts to $1,600,000,000,000, impacting 44,000,000 households, and 100,000,000 Americans struggle with medical debt; 

Whereas alongside mounting poverty, low wealth, debt, and 

economic desperation, poor communities and poor communities of color are hit first and worst by climate 

change, pollution, extreme weather, climate disaster, ecological devastation, and related health disparities, including during the COVID–19 pandemic; 

Whereas an expansion of oil and fossil fuel infrastructure led 

to over 5,000 significant oil and gas leaks or ruptures on 

United States pipelines, more than 2,400 oil spills in 

United States waters, and 1,100 coal ash ponds, all of 

which are disproportionately proximate to poor communities; 

Whereas decades of residential segregation continue to expose, especially, Black communities to greater air pollution, as well as Latina/o, Asian and Pacific Islander, and 

poor and low-wealth communities; 

Whereas Native and Indigenous reservations cover just two 

percent of the United States, and ancestral and sacred 

lands are at risk of being devastated by mining, extraction, and pollution, because of their vast mineral and natural wealth; 

Whereas tens of millions of Americans cannot afford access 

to clean water, 44,000,000 people are living with water 

systems that violated the Safe Drinking Water Act, and 

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plete plumbing, with Native American households more 

likely to face water access issues than other households; 

Whereas, despite these threats to health, 119 rural hospitals 

have been closed in 41 States since 2010, more than 450 

rural hospitals are at risk of closure and 104,000,000 

people were uninsured or underinsured leading into the 

COVID–19 pandemic; 

Whereas the United States has the worst-ranking public 

health outcomes including that average life expectancy is 

at its lowest point since 1996, with higher infant and maternal mortality rates than our peer countries, even 

though we spend twice the amount per capita on health 

expenditures compared to other industrialized nations; 

Whereas, during the deadliest phases of the pandemic, poor 

and low-income counties experienced death rates that 

were up to five times higher than wealthier counties; 

Whereas rather than addressing these pressing conditions impacting our health, well-being, and general welfare, 62 

cents of every Federal discretionary dollar goes to the 

Pentagon and militarization; 

Whereas experts have identified up to $350,000,000,000 in 

defense spending cuts that would both save resources and 

keep the country safe and secure; 

Whereas the United States wars since 2001 have killed more 

than 937,000 people directly, and another 3,600,000 to 

3,700,000 indirectly, and displaced 3,000,000 more; 

Whereas local and State law enforcement agencies have received over $7,600,000,000 worth of equipment from the 

Department of Defense since 1990; 


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Whereas of the 16,500,000 veterans in the Nation, 4,500,000 

have a service-connected disability, more than 33,000 are 

homeless, and 1,200,000 receive food assistance; 

Whereas the United States is home to less than 5 percent of 

the world’s population, but accounts for 20 percent of the 

world’s incarcerated people, most of whom are poor and 

the poorest of whom are women and people of color, and 

74 percent of those held in jail have not been convicted 

of any crime, but are unable to make bail and therefore 

unable to be free before trial; 

Whereas there have been over 1,000 police killings every year 

since 2013, with Black, Native, and Indigenous people 

more likely to be killed by police, yet 98 percent of police 

killings since 2013 have not resulted in a criminal 

charge; 

Whereas nearly every American will know a gun violence victim in their lifetimes; 

Whereas our strength as a Nation is greater when we welcome newcomers and immigrants, and immigrant families 

are vital members of our communities, yet our broken immigration system is harmful to immigrants and our society as a whole, it is plagued by backlogs, processing 

delays, and overly complex policies, it criminalizes migration and prioritizes detention, deportation, and the economic and political exclusion of immigrants, and it relies 

on a largely for-profit detention system that detains tens 

of thousands of people and separates families; 

Whereas, although immigrants, regardless of status, pay 

more than $490,000,000,000 in taxes, they are virtually 

excluded from nearly all safety net programs; 


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Whereas White supremacist and far-right extremist groups 

have been recognized by the Federal Government as a 

predominant domestic security threat; 

Whereas every year we spend over $1,000,000,000,000 in 

endless wars, mass incarceration, policing, immigration, 

and border enforcement, none of which make us safer; 

Whereas billionaires have added more than 

1,500,000,000,000 to their collective wealth over the past 

two years; 

Whereas these interlocking injustices are precipitating the 

deconstruction of our democracy and imposing unbearable costs to our economy, including that 

$1,000,000,000,000 is lost every year to the costs of 

child poverty, $1,900,000,000,000 of government revenue 

was lost by lowering the corporate tax rate in 2017, 

$8,000,000,000,000 has been lost in endless wars over 

the past two decades, the costs of the pandemic are estimated to be at least $16,000,000,000,000, and inaction 

on climate change threatens the loss of life itself; 

Whereas there was record turnout among the 85,000,000 

poor and low-income eligible voters in the 2020 elections, 

who did not vote for a return to ‘‘normal’’; 

Whereas moral policy that prioritizes the 140,000,000 poor 

and low-income people can lift this Nation from the bottom up, rather than waiting for wealth to trickle down; 

Whereas social movements committed to the needs and demands of poor and low-income people, including the Poor 

People’s Campaign: A National Call for Moral Revival, 

Repairers of the Breach and the Kairos Center for Religions, Rights and Social Justice, have been calling for 


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transformational change and putting forward a Third Reconstruction Agenda; and 

Whereas drawing on the history of the first Reconstruction 

after the Civil War and the second Reconstruction of the 

civil rights struggles in the 20th century, this moment 

demands a third Reconstruction to revive our political 

commitment to implement moral laws and policies that 

can heal and transform the Nation: Now, therefore, be it 

1 Resolved, That— 

2 (1) it is the sense of Congress to— 

3 (A) recognize that— 

4 (i) this country is founded on the 

5 moral commitment to establish justice, en6 sure domestic tranquility, provide for the 

7 common defense, promote the general wel8 fare, and secure the blessings of liberty; 

9 (ii) equal protection under the law is 

10 nonnegotiable; 

11 (iii) it is a moral abomination that 

12 there are 140,000,000 people in this coun13 try who are poor, low wealth, or one emer14 gency away from economic ruin; and 

15 (iv) economic security should be guar16 anteed to all, and to that end, every indi17 vidual is guaranteed access to fundamental 

18 economic rights, including the unqualified 

19 right to— 


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1 (I) the opportunity to work in a 

2 fulfilling occupation for a thriving 

3 wage; 

4 (II) an adequate income, suffi5 cient to meet basic needs and enjoy a 

6 life with dignity, including for care 

7 work inside of our own homes; 

8 (III) safe, well-maintained, and 

9 healthy housing for themselves and 

10 their families within affordable reach 

11 and without becoming cost-burdened; 

12 (IV) accessible, quality education, 

13 from child care to postsecondary edu14 cation; 

15 (V) comprehensive health care 

16 coverage with free choice of hospital 

17 and provider; 

18 (VI) access to free, secure, and 

19 accessible banking services, including 

20 fair credit and lending opportunities 

21 to build generational wealth; and 

22 (VII) a healthy environment and 

23 sustainable climate that embraces re24 newable energy, clean air and water 


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1 quality, and eliminates environmental 

2 health risks; 

3 (B) recognize that the United States Fed4 eral budget is a moral document that exposes 

5 the priorities and values of our Nation, how6 ever, addressing poverty has not been a top leg7 islative or budget priority; and 

8 (C) recognize that these times require 

9 moral policies aimed at fully addressing the 

10 interlocking injustices of systemic racism, pov11 erty, the denial of health care and ecological 

12 devastation, militarism, and the distorted moral 

13 narrative of religious nationalism, as a third 

14 Reconstruction to build an equitable, thriving, 

15 and resilient economy from the bottom up; and 

16 (2) Congress commits to heal the Nation, begin17 ning over the next two years, by— 

18 (A) prioritizing and centering the needs of 

19 the 140,000,000 in laws and legislation, includ20 ing in infrastructure development, by— 

21 (i) updating the poverty measure to 

22 reflect what it takes to have a decent 

23 standard of living in the United States 

24 today and to establish a new standard for 

25 social welfare programs that permanently 


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1 expand welfare benefits, provide cash as2 sistance programs, and guarantee regular 

3 adequate incomes to all; 

4 (ii) raising the minimum wage to a 

5 living wage and guaranteeing the right to 

6 form and join unions for all workers; 

7 (iii) expanding unemployment insur8 ance and ensuring paid family and medical 

9 leave for all workers; 

10 (iv) implementing a Federal jobs 

11 guarantee to increase public investments 

12 and infrastructure in poor and low-income 

13 communities that prioritize green and so14 cially beneficial industries, public health, 

15 public education, care work, public transit 

16 and roads, public utilities, broadband, sani17 tation and water services, climate resil18 ience, sustainable food production and dis19 tribution, libraries, fire stations, and cul20 tural work; 

21 (v) guaranteeing safe and quality 

22 housing for all by enacting rent control 

23 policies, ending all evictions, canceling past 

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1 fordable and public housing, as well as 

2 public housing and rental assistance, and 

3 housing people experiencing homelessness 

4 through ‘‘Housing-First’’ principles, rather 

5 than expanding the shelter system; 

6 (vi) guaranteeing the right to water 

7 by ending water and utility shut offs and 

8 making clean water and sanitation services 

9 accessible to all; 

10 (vii) guaranteeing accessible, diverse, 

11 safe, high quality, equitable options for 

12 universally affordable child care and public 

13 education and accessible education infra14 structure from pre-K–12 for all children, 

15 ensuring that higher education is free to 

16 everyone who wants to attend, and pro17 tecting and expanding public resources for 

18 students with disabilities; 

19 (viii) guaranteeing quality health care 

20 for all, enacting a universal single payer 

21 national health care program that puts 

22 people ahead of profits, expanding our 

23 public health infrastructure to better ad24 dress social determinants of health, invest25 ing in Native American health through 


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1 fully funding the Indian Health Service 

2 and social support for Native Americans, 

3 and investing critical resources for health 

4 care services and infrastructure in urban 

5 and rural underserved communities; 

6 (ix) enacting relief from student debt, 

7 housing debt, utilities debt, medical debt, 

8 and other household and personal debt 

9 that cannot be paid; 

10 (x) ensuring every individual can ac11 cess financial and credit services free of 

12 deceptive or unnecessary fees and lending 

13 discrimination, but with meaningful com14 munity reinvestment; and 

15 (xi) ensuring that State, local, and 

16 Tribal governments are adequately funded 

17 so as to avoid bankruptcy or fiscal crisis; 

18 (B) expanding and protecting the right to 

19 vote, including by— 

20 (i) restoring the full power of the Vot21 ing Rights Act by updating the 

22 preclearance formula to cover all States 

23 and political subdivisions with deep-rooted 

24 histories of voter suppression and any and 

25 all jurisdictions that recently passed voter 


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1 suppression laws or utilized voter suppres2 sion policies or tactics; 

3 (ii) making election day a national 

4 holiday; 

5 (iii) establishing a fair redistricting 

6 process that eliminates all forms of racist 

7 and political gerrymandering, allows public 

8 input, and guarantees that every vote 

9 counts the same; 

10 (iv) increasing polling locations so all 

11 eligible voters have equitable access to the 

12 polls; 

13 (v) implementing no-excuse mail-in 

14 voting in every State and requiring all 

15 States to offer early voting to extend equi16 table timeframes and polling locations; 

17 (vi) modernizing voter registration by 

18 instituting online, same-day, and automatic 

19 voter registration; and 

20 (vii) ensuring the right to vote for for21 merly and currently incarcerated people; 

22 (C) complementing existing efforts and leg23 islation to eliminate persistent racial inequities 

24 in education, health care, housing, jobs, wages, 

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1 ership, financial assistance, food security, vot2 ing rights, and the justice system that are root3 ed in our Nation’s history of violence and dis4 possession of Native and Indigenous peoples, 

5 250 years of chattel slavery, systemic racism, 

6 and unjust immigration policies at the expense 

7 of Black, Latina/o, Asian American and Pac8 ifier Islander, and Native Hawaiian peoples, in9 cluding through— 

10 (i) a national commission to study 

11 and develop proposals on reparations for 

12 African Americans; and 

13 (ii) a national truth, racial healing 

14 and transformation commission, which can 

15 include recommendations for restorative 

16 processes and reparations for Indigenous 

17 and other dispossessed people; 

18 (D) protecting the constitutional rights of 

19 assembly and free speech, including from crit20 ical infrastructure legislation and other 

21 antiprotest legislation, including by— 

22 (i) removing criminal penalties, fines, 

23 or other costs for protest activities; 


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1 (ii) protecting all constitutional activ2 ity that occurs in the course of a protest; 

3 and 

4 (iii) retaining liability for public or 

5 private actors for causing harm to pro6 testers; 

7 (E) enacting comprehensive and just immi8 gration reform, including by— 

9 (i) demilitarizing the southern border 

10 and immigration enforcement, closing Im11 migration and Customs Enforcement 

12 (ICE) Enforcement and Removal Oper13 ations, and limiting staff and authority of 

14 the Border Patrol; 

15 (ii) repealing and redressing manda16 tory detentions, deportations, child deten17 tions, and family separations, and reunit18 ing families; 

19 (iii) ensuring regular and timely ac20 cess to legal documentation and residency; 

21 and 

22 (iv) making public welfare programs 

23 available and accessible to all immigrants, 

24 regardless of legal status; 


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1 (F) ensuring all the rights of Native and 

2 Indigenous peoples and Tribal Nations, includ3 ing by honoring treaties, guaranteeing the right 

4 to the free expression of their religion, the right 

5 to Native and sacred lands, and otherwise pro6 tecting against legislation or land transfers that 

7 violate these sacred rights; 

8 (G) embracing a bold agenda to transform 

9 the economy away from climate chaos to a 

10 green renewable energy economy that prioritizes 

11 poor and low-wealth frontline communities and 

12 builds up publicly owned and controlled green 

13 energy infrastructure, including by— 

14 (i) investing in a green infrastructure 

15 package that provides for equitable public 

16 transit, fixes roads and bridges, ensures 

17 equitable and affordable housing, edu18 cation, and care work and access to 

19 broadband, electricity, water, sanitation, 

20 and other public utilities, expands public 

21 health infrastructure, sustainable food pro22 duction and distribution, and community23 based institutions like libraries, fire sta24 tions, and recreation facilities; 


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1 (ii) dramatically curtailing air, water, 

2 land, and climate pollution; and 

3 (iii) creating resilient jobs to help 

4 communities prepare for and respond to 

5 climate-related disasters and promoting a 

6 just worker transition; 

7 (H) demilitarizing United States foreign 

8 policy, borders, and policing, including by— 

9 (i) cutting the Pentagon budget by 

10 phasing out outdated weapons systems and 

11 eliminating waste, fraud, and abuse; 

12 (ii) reviewing the moral, economic, 

13 and social consequences of spending 62 

14 cents of every Federal discretionary dollar 

15 on militarization; 

16 (iii) ending the forever wars, repealing 

17 existing Authorizations for the Use of Mili18 tary Force, and restoring Congress’ war 

19 powers, including over limited uses of force 

20 such as airstrikes and drone attacks; 

21 (iv) recognizing the three pillars of 

22 foreign policy (diplomacy, development, 

23 and defense) and pursuing diplomacy over 

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1 first-use commitment, and moving toward 

2 nuclear disarmament and curtailing the 

3 use of broad economic sanctions that cre4 ate mass suffering; 

5 (v) repealing programs like the 1033 

6 program that provides military equipment 

7 and training to domestic law enforcement 

8 agencies; and 

9 (vi) ending mass incarceration and 

10 violent policing, based on the demands of 

11 grassroots organizations and communities 

12 who are most egregiously impacted by 

13 these injustices; 

14 (I) enacting fair taxes on corporations, 

15 Wall Street, and the wealthy, including by— 

16 (i) repealing the 2017 tax cuts that 

17 reduced the corporate tax rate and the top 

18 marginal tax rate; 

19 (ii) repealing tax breaks on fossil 

20 fuels; 

21 (iii) repealing tax breaks for pass22 through income; 

23 (iv) instituting a financial transaction 

24 tax on Wall Street; 

25 (v) instituting a wealth tax; 


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1 (vi) taxing investment income the 

2 same as income from work; and 

3 (vii) otherwise making the Tax Code 

4 less punitive for poor and low-income peo5 ple; 

6 (J) alongside cuts to the Pentagon budget 

7 and fair taxation, using deficit spending to meet 

8 these pressing needs so as to end systemic rac9 ism, poverty, the denial of health care and eco10 logical devastation, and militarism and address 

11 the distorted moral narrative of religious na12 tionalism; and 

13 (K) encouraging States and cities to enact 

14 policies that follow the direction provided by 

15 this resolution. 

Æ 


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