### NOT FOR PUBLICATION

UNITED STATES BANKRUPTCY APPELLATE PANEL OF THE NINTH CIRCUIT

In re: NEAL JONES and AMY JONES , Debtor s. BAP No. AZ

- 21

- 1203

- FLS BAP No. AZ

- 22

- 1104

- FLS (Related Appeals)

Bk. No. 4:15

- bk

- 00508

- BMW

Adv. No. 4:15

- ap
- 00283

- BMW NEAL JONES , Appellant,

v. RUCHIR PATEL , Appellee. NEAL JONES ; AMY JONES , Appellants,

v. RUCHIR PATEL, Appellee. MEMORANDUM *

Appeal from the United States Bankruptcy Court for the District of Arizona Brenda Moody Whinery , Bankruptcy Judge, Presiding

Before: FARIS , LAFFERTY , and SPRAKER , Bankruptcy Judges.

INTRODUCTION Dr. Neal Jones hired Dr. Ruchir Patel to work at his incorporated

* This disposition is not appropriate for publication. Although it may be cited for whatever persuasive value it may have, see Fed. R. App. P. 32.1, it has no precedenti al value, see 9th Cir. BAP Rule 8024-1. 

# FILED

MAR 14 2023
SUSAN M. SPRAUL, CLERK U.S. BKCY. APP. PANEL OF THE NINTH CIRCUIT2 orthodontic practice in Illinois. Shortly thereafter, Dr. Jones relocated to
Arizona and directed the corporation ’s business manager to withhold
Dr. Patel ’s salary. Dr. Patel eventually obtained an Illinois state court judgment against Dr. Jones and the co rporation for unpaid wages. Dr. Jones and his wif e, Amy Jones, filed for chapter 7 1 bankruptcy protection in Arizona, and Dr. Patel sought to have the Illinois judgment declared nondischargeable. After a trial, t he bankruptcy court denied discharge of th e judgment debt under § 523(a)( 6 ). It held that the judgment

was enforceable against the Joneses’ community property and that the
Illinois state interest rate , rather than the federal rate, applied to the judgment.
In these related appeal s , Dr. Jones argue s that the bankruptcy court
erred by finding that he intended to injure Dr. Patel and did so without just

cause or excuse

. T he Joneses also argue that the court erred in holding that
the Illinois judgment is enforceable against the marital community and
accrues interest at the Illinois state rat e

. All of the Jones es ’ arguments are meritless. We AFFIRM.
F ACTS
A

. Dr. Patel’s employment at Dr. Jones’ orthodontic practice
Dr. Patel entered into a two

- year employment agreement with Sauk

1 Unless specified otherwise, all chapter and section references are to the Bankruptcy Code, 1 1 U.S.C. §§ 101

- 1532 , and all “Rule” references are to the Federal Rules of Bankruptcy Procedure

.3 Valley Orthodontics, P.C. (“SVO”) , a corporation owned by Dr. Jones in
Illinois

. 2 SVO agreed to pay Dr. Patel a month l y salary and did not condition his compensation on the corporation’s cashflow

. Around the time Dr. Patel began working at SVO , Dr. Jones relocated from Illinois (which is not a community property state) to Arizona (which is a community property state) and set up a n orthodontic practice under

two entities. Dr. Patel became SVO’s sole practicing orthodontis t

. About a year and a ha lf into Dr. Patel’s employment, SVO fell behind on Dr. Patel’s monthly compensation . Although Dr. Patel was “begging” to be paid, Dr. Jones directed M ichael Squires

– SVO’s accountant and the person largely responsible for office management at Dr. Jones’ d irection

– to withhold payment to Dr. Patel and instead pay SVO’s other de bts and obligations

. In an e

- mail to Mr. Squires dated March 21, 2013, Dr. Jones stated th at SVO would not pay Dr. Patel in full before the end of his employment
term, so Dr. Patel was “trapped into playing along [with] us .” I n th e same

e
- mail , Dr. Jones directed Mr. Squires to withhold payment to Dr. Patel: [C]ontinue to not pay his full monthly salary; without communicating this to him, pay him relative to collections; we can select some figure that allows us to keep paying everyone else, grow a reserve, and stay afloat; don’t budge on [ this ] position; when [Dr. Patel] is motivated to be paid mo re (including to get his back pay), he’ll help the office do better;

2 At the time the parties entered into the agreement, the business was known as Neal Jones, D.D.S., M.S., P.C., an Illinois Corporation.4 pay [Dr. Patel] less, not more until things get better; ensure creditors are paid, but not [Dr. Patel]; [Dr. Patel] will likely change his attitude and behavior (major source of SVO’s pro blems) when he gets less pay, not more . . . .
In later e

- mails, Dr. Jones told Mr. Squires: “You must be paid, I must be paid, the [office staff] must be paid, the suppliers must be paid, and the creditors must be paid[;]” and “I’ve learned that [Dr. Pa tel] unless [sic] has to fear something (generates motivation) or he’ll continue being apathetic.”
Mr. Squires followed Dr. Jones’ direction and did not pay Dr. Patel timely
or in full. Dr. Patel ceased working at SVO i n September 2013.
B. The Illinois litigation and judgment After SVO defaulted in making payments under a mediated resolution, Dr. Patel obt ained an arbitration award against Dr. Jones and
SVO for $68,455 . The Illinois state court confirmed the award and entered a judgment against Dr. Jones and SVO for $73,254 (the “Illinois Judgment”). 3 Shortly thereafter, SVO ceased operations.
C. The Joneses’ bankruptcy proceedings On January 20, 2015, Dr. Jones and Mrs. Jones filed a joint chapter 7 petition in the District of Arizona. The Joneses scheduled the Illinois Judgment and described the debt as a non
- contingent, liquidated, undisputed c ommunity obligation.

3 The parties agree that the Illinois Judgment is a final judgment entitled to full faith and credit.5 Dr. Patel filed a n adversary complaint against Dr. Jones, seeking to deny discharge and have the Illinois Judgment declared nondischargeable under §§ 523(a)(2)(A), (a)(4), and (a)(6)

. Dr. Patel later filed the operative amended complaint that sought judgment against both Dr. Jones and “the community composed of Neal Le B aron Jones and Amy Melissa Jones.” He alleged that Dr. Jones’ actions “ were undertaken on behalf of the community of Neal LeBaron Jones and Amy Melissa Jo nes and [the debt] is therefore a community obligation. ” In his answer to the complaint, Dr. Jones admitted that all of the
conduct alleged in the adversary complaint w as undertaken on behalf of
the marital c ommunity and that the debt was therefore a community obligation. The Joneses moved to dismiss the amended complaint. Among other things, they argued that Mrs. Jones should be dismissed with prejudice.
The court granted the motion as to the § 727(a) claim and all claims against Mrs. Jo nes. The order did not address the claims against the “community” of Dr. Jones and Mrs. Jones.
1. The trial on the nondischargeability claims The bankruptcy court held a two

- day trial on Dr. Patel’s amended complaint

. Mr. Squires, Dr. Patel, and Dr. Jones testified. Mr. Squires testified about SVO’s operations and financial affairs. He
read e

- mails into the record, including the e

- mail in which Dr. Jones stated6 that “ we have [Dr. Patel] trapped into playing along with us .” 4 Dr. Jones’ counsel did not ask Dr. Jones any questions about the e

- mails; at oral argument before th is Panel, counsel explained that he made a tactical judgment not to highlight the e

- mails. Dr. Jones testified that he did not intend to harm Dr. Patel. Rather, he explained that he, SVO , and Mr. Squires tried their best to pay everyone,
but they had many expenses and Dr. Patel “ was the one that had the biggest expenditure. ”
2. The nondischargeability ruling On September 1, 2021, t he bankruptcy court issued its memorandum
decision holding that the Illinois Judgment was nondischargeable

. It
addressed only the § 523(a)(6) claim: whether the Illinois Judgment was a
debt for willful and malicious injury. It stated that, under Petralia v. Jercich (In re Jercich) , 238 F.3d 1202, 1205 (9th Cir. 2001), a debt is nondischargeable if (1) the debtor’s conduct was tortious under state law; and (2) the debtor’s
conduct was both willful and malici ous. First, t he bankruptcy court held that Dr. Jones’ conduct was tortious
under Illinois law

. It considered the five

- part test for the tort of intentional
interference with a contract laid out in HPI Health Care Serv ices , Inc. v. M t

. Vernon Hosp ital , Inc. , 545 N.E. 2d 672, 676 (Ill. 1989). In particular, the court discussed the third prong: “the defendant’s intentional and unjustified

4 Dr. Jones initially objected to the admission of the e

- mails, including the “trapped” e

- mail. He later withdrew his objection.7 inducement of a breach of contract.” The court referenced Dr. Jones’
written communication and found that he “ intended to induce SVO to breach the Agreement. Dr. Jones expressly and unambiguously instructed
Mr. Squires, acting on behalf of S VO, to withhold wages to Dr. Patel, which wages Dr. Jones knew were due and owing under the agreement.” It
further s tated that Dr. Jones’ actions were unjustifiable: Dr. Jones’s intentional inducement was unjustifiable given that Dr. Jones induced SVO to breach the Agreement for the primary purpose of causing injury to Dr. Patel. In the March 2013 Directives, Dr. Jones explicit l y directed Mr. Squires to withhold wages from Dr. Patel, while continuing to pay the other debts of SVO, in order to cause financial injury to Dr. Patel, whereby [sic] generating “fear” and/or “motivation.” Although Dr. Jones suggests that his con duct was justified because it was guided by his business judgment and was dictated by the inability of SVO to make the agreed

- upon payments to Dr. Patel, Dr. Jones’s actions were contrary to the best interests of SVO, and any alleged inability of SVO to pa y Dr. Patel pursuant to the Agreement is unpersuasive. During the period of time during which SVO was, at Dr. Jones’s direction, withholding Dr. Patel’s wages, Dr. Jones was withdrawing funds from SVO for his own benefit, including in the form of distribut ions and loans, and directing SVO to pay costs related to such things as his personal vacation timeshare. The bankruptcy court found that “SVO breached the Agreement as a direct result of Dr. Jones’s wrongful conduct.” The bankruptcy court next considered whether the injury was
“willful .” It found both that Dr. Jones had a subjective motive to injure8 Dr. Patel and that he believed injury was substantially certain to occur as a
result of his actions. T he evidence established “a deliberate and mali cious pattern of conduct aimed at inflicting willful injury upon and causing
economic distress to Dr. Patel. ” The court found that “ Dr. Jones took steps to ‘trap’ Dr. Patel into continuing to perform services for SVO without being paid pursuant to the term s of the Agreement, all the while continuing to siphon funds out of SVO for his personal benefit.” Finally, the bankruptcy court considered whether the injury was
malicious

. It concluded that “Dr. Jones fraudulently engaged in wrongful conduct by intentio nally inducing SVO to repeatedly breach the terms of the Agreement, Dr. Jones’s conduct was unjustified, and Dr. Jones’s wrongful conduct caused injury to Dr. Patel.” Based on “the entire record before the Court,” it determined that Dr. Jones acted with ma lice. The bankruptcy court entered judgment in favor of Dr. Patel on the § 523(a)(6) claim (“Nondischargeability Judgment”)

. It ordered “ that interest shall accrue on this Judgment at the rate specified in 28 U.S.C. § 1961 from entry of this Judgment, until paid. ” Dr. Jones timely appealed the Nondischargeability Judgment

. 3. Dr. Patel’s postjudgment motion s Dr. Patel filed two motions after the bankruptcy court entered the Nondischargeability Judgment. In his first motion, Dr. Patel sought fee s and costs and clarification
that the Nondischargeability Judgment did not alter his right to recover9 postjudgment interest on the Illinois Judgment under Illinois statute. The bankruptcy court granted this motion, concluding that the Nondischargeability Judgment only determined dischargeability and did “not establish the amount of the debt or constitute a new money judgment under federal law sufficient to trigger 28 U.S.C. § 1961.” Accordingly,
Dr. Patel was entitled to postjudgment in terest at the Illinois statutory rate. In his second motion, Dr. Patel sought a declaratory judgment that the Joneses’ marital community was liable for the Illinois Judgment. The court granted this motion for two reasons. First, the court noted that the J oneses admitted in the ir bankruptcy schedules that the Illinois Judgment was a community debt, and Dr. Jones admitted in his answer to the complaint in the adversary proceeding that all of his actions were done for the benefit of the community . Second, e ve n putting aside the admissions, the bankruptcy court held that the debt is a community obligation under Arizona state law. It applied the Arizona standard that “[d]ebt incurred by one spouse while acting for the benefit of the marital community is a

commun ity obligation whether or not the other spouse approves it.”
Lorenz

- Auxier Fin. Grp., Inc. v. Bidewell , 772 P.2d 41, 43 (Ariz. Ct. App. 1989).
The court found that Dr. Jones was the primary source of income for his family and the debt was incurred for the benefit of Dr. Jones and his family. The bankruptcy court held that it did not matter that Mrs. Jones was

not joined in the Illinois proceedings. I t relied on Gagan v. Shar a r , 376 F.3d 987 (9th Cir. 2004), and held that Arizona Revised Statutes (“ ARS ” ) § 25

-10 215(D) does not mandate that joinder is an absolute p rer equisite to an execution of community property. It rejected the Joneses’ argument that Mrs. Jones had not received due process , because she had an opportunity to participate in the adversary pr oceeding but had moved the court to
dismiss her from it. Finally, the bankruptcy court held that , “because the debt is nondischargeable, and because the debt is a community debt under applicable state law, pursuant to § 524(a)(3) of the Bankruptcy Code, t he Community does not receive the benefit of the Chapter 7 discharge as to
the debt at issue.” The bankruptcy court entered an amended judgment (“Amended Judgment”)

. It ordered that the Illinois Judgment and any interest under Illinois state law are nondischargeable under § 523(a)(6). It further ordered
that “ this Judgment is enforceable against the marital community of Neal LeBaron Jones and Amy Melissa Jones. ” The Jon e ses timely app ealed the Amended Judgment

. 5 JURISDICTION The bankruptcy court had jurisdiction under 28 U.S.C. §§ 1334 and 157(b ) (2) ( I )

. W e have jurisdiction under 28 U.S.C. § 158

.

5 Dr. Patel filed a motion to supplement the record on appeal to include documents filed in the Joneses’ subsequent chapter 11 c ase . We DENY his motion : the events in the post

- appeal chapter 11 case were not before the bankruptcy court when it ruled , and they have no bearing on any issue in these appeals

.11 ISSUE S
1. Whether the bankruptcy court erred in finding that Dr. Jones
acted intentionally and without just cause or excuse.
2

. Whether the bankruptcy court erred in holding that the Illinois Judgment was nondischargeable as to the Joneses’ marital community

. 3. Whether the bankruptcy court erred in holding that postjudgment interest on the Illinois Judgment accrue s at the Illinois statutory rate , rather than the federal rate.
STANDARD S OF REVIEW We review de novo the bankruptcy court ’ s legal conclusions,
includi ng its construction of § 523(a)(6). Hamilton v. Elite of L.A., Inc. (In re Hamilton) , 584 B.R. 310, 318 (9th Cir. BAP 2018), aff’d , 785 F. App ’ x 438 (9th Cir. 2019). Additionally, “ [w] hether an appellant ’ s due process rights were violated is a question of law we review de novo.” DeLuca v. Seare (In re Seare) , 515 B.R. 599, 615 (9th Cir. BAP 2014)

. “De novo review requires that we consider a matter anew, as if no decision had been made previously.”
Francis v. Wallace (In re Francis) , 505 B.R. 914, 917 (9th Cir. BAP 2014).
We review the bankruptcy court ’ s factual findings for clear error

. In
re Hamilton , 584 B.R. at 318. Factual findings are clearly erroneous if they are illogical, implausible, or without su pport in the record. Retz v. Samson (In re Retz) , 606 F.3d 1189, 1196 (9th Cir. 2010). If two views of the evidence are possible, the court ’ s choice between them cannot be clearly erroneous. Anderson v. City of Bessemer City , 470 U.S. 564, 573

- 74 (1985).12 When considering the “malicious” prong of § 523(a)(6)’s “willful and malicious” inquiry, the Ninth Circuit has instructed that [t] he first three elements

. . . of “ malicious ” are all questions of fact which we review for clear error. The fourth element, “ just cause or excuse, ” however, presents a mixed question of law and fact. A mixed question of law and fact occurs when the historical facts are established; the rule of law is undisputed, i.e., “ just cause or excuse ” ; and the issue is whether the facts satisfy the legal rule. Murray v. Bammer (In re Bammer) , 131 F.3d 788, 791

- 92 (9th Cir. 1997) (en banc). Such mixed questions are reviewed de novo: “ The question of
whether a cause is ‘ just ’ is a textbook example of a legal conclusion informed by historical facts. ” Id. at 792

. N evertheless, the parties agree that determinations that are primarily
fact

- based are entitled to clear error review. The United States Supreme
Court has clarified that some mixed questions immerse courts in case

- specific factual issues

— compelling them to m arshal and weigh evidence, make credibility judgments, and otherwise address what we have

. . . called “ multifarious, fleeting, special, narrow facts that utterly resist generalization. ” And when that is so, appellate courts should usually review a decisio n with deference. In short, the standard of review for a mixed question all depends

— on whether answering it entails primarily legal or factual work.
U.S. Bank Nat ’l Ass'n ex rel. CWCapital Asset Mgmt. LLC v. Vill. at Lakeridge,
LLC , 138 S. Ct. 960, 967 (2 018) (citation s omitted) (holding that, where a determination depends on the “historical facts,” the finding “ rests with a13 bankruptcy court, subject only to review for clear error ”). Thus, we apply
the clear error standard to the argu ments that the bankruptcy court ignored or misinterpreted evidence regarding factual questions such as the status of SVO’s finances, payments to Dr. Patel, and Dr. Jones’ intent

. DISCUSSION
A. The bankruptcy court did not err in determining that the Illinois Judgment was nondischargeable under § 523(a)(6).
Dr. Jones argue s that the bankruptcy court erred in holding that the Illinois Judgment was a debt for willful and malicious injury excepted from discharge under § 523(a)(6). He li mits his arguments to three discrete points: (1) due process as to a single e

- mail; ( 2 ) SVO’s financial problems as a just cause or excuse for harming Dr. Patel ; and (3) Dr. Jones’ lack of intent
to harm Dr. Patel

. We reject these arguments

. Section 523(a)(6) excepts from discharge any debt arising from “willful and malicious injury by the debtor to another entity or to the property of another entity[.]” The creditor must prove both willfulness and
malice. Ormsby v. First Am. Title Co. of Nev. (In re Ormsby) , 591 F.3d 1199, 1206 (9th Cir. 2010). “Under Ninth Circuit law, willfulness and malice are
two distinct elements that must not be conflated.” Comcast of L.A., Inc. v. Sandoval (In re Sandoval) , 341 B.R. 282, 296 (Bankr. C.D. Cal. 2006). The “willful injury requirement is met only when the debtor has a subjective motive to inflict injury or when the debtor believes that injury is substantially certain to result from his own conduct.” Ca r rillo v. Su ( In re14 Su ) , 290 F.3d 1140 , 1142 (9th Cir. 2002) ; see Barboza v. New Form, Inc. (In re Barboza) , 545 F.3d 702, 706 (9th Cir. 2008) (“A ‘willful’ injury is a ‘deliberate
or intentional injury , not merely a deliberate or intentional act that leads to injury.’” (citation omitted)). This analysis requires an inquiry into the
debtor ’ s subjective state of mind. See In re Su , 290 F.3d at 1145

- 46. In other words, it is not enough to prove that the debtor acted intentionally and caused an injury. Kawaauhau v. Geiger , 523 U.S. 57, 61 (1998). “A ‘malicious’ injury involves ‘(1) a wrongful act, (2) done
intenti onally, (3) which necessarily causes injury, and (4) is done without just cause or excuse.’” In re Jercich , 238 F.3d at 1209 (quoting In re Bammer , 131 F.3d at 791 )

. Where, as here, the underlying injury stems from an alleged breach of contract, the debt is only nondischargeable if the “ intentional breach of contract is accompanied by tortious conduct which results in willful and malicious injury . . . .” Id. at 1205. In other words, a bankruptcy court must

“ undert [ake] a two

- part inquiry to determine whether the breach of contract rendered the debt excepted from discharge, first examining
whether the debtor ’ s conduct was ‘ tortious, ’ and then asking whether the
debtor ’ s conduct was both ‘ willful ’ and ‘ malicious. ’ ” Lockerby v. Sierra , 535 F.3d 1038, 1040

- 41 (9th Cir. 2008)

. As noted above, Dr. Jones do es not challenge the bankruptcy court’s
determinations that h is conduct was tortious or that the injury was
“willful.” H e only challenge s the bankruptcy court’s ruling that the injury15 was “malicious.”
1. Dr. Jones was not denied due process as to the “trapped” e

- mail.
First, Dr. Jones argue s that he did not have notice and opportunity to
be heard on the issue of malice. He contend s that the court’s determination was based “primarily” on the March 21 , 2013 e
- mail in which he told
Mr. Squires that he and SVO had Dr. Patel “trapped.” He complain s that h e was denied due process because counsel and the court did not examine
him on the meaning of his “trapped” statement

. Dr. Jones’ arguments are misguided at best

. “The fundamental requirement of due process is the opportunity to be heard at a meaningful
ti me and in a meaningful manner.” Mathews v. Eldridge , 424 U.S. 319, 333 (1976) (cleaned up). T he bankruptcy court did not preclude Dr. Jones from testifying as to t he e
- mail or any other matter related to “malice.” The record shows that Dr. Jones was afforded both notice and an opportunity
to be heard : as the Joneses concede, the March 21, 2013 e
- mail was included in the parties’ exhibit list and admitted at trial without objection ;
Mr. Squires read the e

- mail into the record ; and Dr. Jones’ counsel had the opportunity to question Dr. Jones about the e

- mail but chose not to. There is no basis for Dr. Jones’ suggestion that the court or Dr. Patel’s counsel somehow had an obligation to ask Dr. Jones about the e

- mail. The court never has an obligation to ask any questions of any witness

. Dr. Patel’s lawyer had no duty to help his adversary explain away a16 damning piece of evidence. At oral argument, Dr. Jones’ counsel candidly
admitted that he made a tactical decision not t o ask Dr. Jones about the e

mail. Dr. Patel’s counsel was entitled to make a similar tactical decision
that it was best to let the e

- mail speak for itself. Dr. Jones impl ies t hat the bankruptcy court should have indicated in
advance that it would rely on the e

- mail to support one of its findings. He offers no authority for the novel proposition that the bankruptcy court had any such obligatio n to give a preview of its ruling

. Additionally, even if the bankruptcy court did deny Dr. Jones due process as to his “trapped” statement (and it did not) , the court based its finding of malice on a host of other evidence

. For example, the court cited other correspondence between Dr. Jones and Mr. Squires, including the
“directives” t o pay all other debts and employees except for Dr. Patel;
Dr. Jones’ stated intent to make Dr. Patel experience “fear” and “motivation”; and the withholding of payment to Dr. Patel while Dr. Jones
took money for himself. Even ignoring the March 21, 2013 e

- mail, t here was ample evidence to support a finding of malice

. 2

. The bankruptcy court’s determination that there was no “just cause or excuse” was not error . Second , Dr. Jones contend s that the bankruptcy court erred in ruling that there was no just cause or excuse for breaching the employment agreement. He argue s that t he breach of contract was justified due to SVO’s
diminished cashflow.17 The bankruptcy court considered the extensive e vidence concerning SVO’s finances and operation s , and in par ticular Mr. Squires ’ testimony

. It found that SVO had trouble collecting its accounts receivable even prior to
Dr. Patel’s employment; that Dr. Jones directed Mr. Squires to pay down Dr. Jones’ credit card debt rather than Dr. Patel ’s salary ; that Dr. Jones said that they had “trapped” D r. Patel into working for late, reduced , or no payment; that Dr. Jones instructed Mr. Squires to pay all office staff,
Dr. Jones, and Mr. Squires, but not Dr. Patel; that Dr. Jones implied that they needed to instill “fear” in Dr. Patel; that, during the t ime that Dr. Patel was not paid his full wages, Dr. Jones received distributions and loans
from SVO , made contributions to his retirement accounts , and was still receiving a monthly salary for “orthodontic services” from SVO, even though he was no longer p racticing in Illinois; and that SVO had cash on hand at the end of 2011, 2012, and 2013. Based on these detailed findings, the bankruptcy court found Dr. Jones ’ position unpersuasive. We discern no error. The bankruptcy court considered Dr. Jones’
argumen ts that his actions were justified because SVO was simply unable to pay Dr. Patel . Based on the evidence, it found that SVO was able to pay Dr. Patel and that Dr. Jones was not acting in SVO’s best interest. Th e court’s findings were not “ illogical, implausible, or without support in the
record. ” See In re Retz , 606 F.3d at 1196

. 6

6 Dr. Jones suggest s that his explanation about SVO’s finances must be believ ed because the bankruptcy court did not find him uncredible . But the court was not18 3

. The bankruptcy court’s find ings of intent and injury were not clearly erroneous.
Third, Dr. Jones argu es that the record does not support a finding
that he inten ded to harm Dr. Patel. He points out that SVO paid Dr. Patel in part after the “trapped” e

- mail and impl ies that only a “zero dollar figure” would support a “true intent to harm” Dr. Patel. In the first place, Dr. Jones ignores the difference between willfulness
and malice. This is important because Dr. Jones only contests the bankruptcy court’s finding of mal ice, and not willfulness. Willfulness requires a finding of intent to injure (or subjective knowledge that one’s conduct is substantially certain to inflict injury). In contrast, malice does not require an intent to cause an injury, only an intent to do a wrongful act,
which then results in injury. In re Bammer , 131 F.3d at 791 ( Malice “ does not require a showing of biblical malice, i.e. , personal hatred, spite, or ill

- will. Nor does it require a showing of an intent to injure, but rather it requires only an intentional act which causes injury. ” (citations omitted)). Dr. Jones
do es not dispute that he intentionally directed Mr. Squires to cause SVO to breach the employment agreement by withholding Dr. Patel ’s compensation

. This is enough to su pport a finding of malice. Further, w e reject the argu ment that there was no injury because SVO paid part of Dr. Patel ’s salary. It is true th at Dr. Jones could have caused

required to make explicit credibility findings . The court’s decision leaves us with no doubt that it weighed the evidence and did not believe Dr. Jones’ version of events.19 SVO to withhold all of Dr. Patel’s salary, but the fact Dr. Jones could have inflicted even more injury on Dr. Patel is no defense. Therefore , the bankruptcy court did not err in finding that the injury was malicious and otherwise satisfied the nondischarg eability standard under § 523(a)(6). 7
B

. T he bankruptcy court correctly held that t he Illinois Judgment is nondischargeable as to the marital community

. T he Joneses argue that the bankruptcy court erred as a matter of law in concluding that the N ondischargeability J udgment was applicable to the marital community, not just Dr. Jones. They contend that , after they initiated the appeal, the Arizona Supreme Cou rt issued a decision dispositive of this issue that is at odds with the bankruptcy court’s
decision. T he Joneses mis represent both the content and the timing of th e supreme court’s decision. As the bankruptcy court noted, Arizona is a community property

s tate, while Illinois is not. ARS § 25

- 215 provides:
C. The community property is liable for a spouse’s debts incurred outside of this state during the marriage which would have been community debts if incurred in this state. D. Except as prohibited in § 25

- 214, either spouse may contract debts and otherwise act for the benefit of the community. In an action on such a debt or obligation the spouses shall be sued jointly and the debt or obligation shall be satisfied: first, from the community property, and second, from the separate

7 The evidence supporting the court’s decision is so overwhelming that we would affirm even on de novo review.20 property of the spouse contracting the debt or obligation. Ariz. Rev. Stat. § 25

- 215 (emphases added). Thus, ARS § 25

- 215( C ) provides that the Joneses ’ marital community is liable for Dr. Jones’ debt incurred outside of Arizona, if it w ould have
been community debt under Arizona law . The bankruptcy court found that the Illinois Judgment was a community debt under Arizona law because it was incurred for the benefit of Mrs. Jones and the Jones family . T he Joneses do not challenge this determination on appeal. Rather, the Joneses focus their argument on ARS § 25

- 215( D)

. They
maintain that the Illinois Judgment is ineffective in Arizona, because
Mrs. Jones was not joined in the Illinois proceedings. We disagree

. The bankruptcy court correctly relied on Gagan . In that case , the
Ninth Circuit examined Arizona precedent including Oyakawa v. Gillett , 854 P.2d 1212, 1218 (Ariz. Ct. App. 1993), and National Union Fire Insurance Co.
v. Greene , 985 P.2d 590, 595 (Ariz. Ct. App. 1999) , and held that a creditor could enforce an Indiana federal court ju dgment against the debtor’s
marital property in Arizona , even though the debtor’s spouse was not
named in the Indiana proceeding. The Ninth Circuit also held, however,

“ that a non

- party spouse must be given an opportunity at some time to challenge enforcem ent of a judgment against community property in
Arizona. ” Gagan , 376 F.3d at 992. We agree with the bankruptcy court that Gagan is on point and that the Illinois Judgment was applicable to the Joneses’ marital community in21 Arizona , in spite of ARS § 25

- 215(D). We also agree that Mrs. Jones had an opportunity to challenge enforcement of the Illinois Judgment because she
had notice of and an opportunity to participate in the adversary proceeding, but she actively sought to be dismissed from the c ase. We are not persuaded by the Joneses’ argument on appeal , that the Arizona Supreme Court’s decision in Lattin v. Shamrock Materials, LLC , 503 P.3d 116 (Ariz. 2022) , effectively overrule d Gagan

. Ms. Lattin sued Shamrock and lost. The court awarded Shamrock attorneys’ fees against Ms. Lattin, but not her husband. When Shamrock sought to garnish the couple’s joint bank account, the trial court quashed the garnishment,
because Ms. Lattin’s husband wa s not named in the judgment. The Arizona Supreme Court held that the trial court should have allowed the garnishment. It held that “seeking an award of attorney fees for the successful defense of a complaint filed by a married plaintiff is not an
‘action o n [a community] debt or obligation’ under § 25

- 215(D).” 503 P.3d
at 119. The court also held : I f the court enters a judgment for attorney fees and costs in favor of the defendant, the plaintiff’s spouse may intervene in any subsequent attempt to execute th e judgment against community assets to argue the judgment is the plaintiff’s sole and separate obligation, and community assets cannot be used to satisfy the judgment.
Id. at 120 (emphasis added).
Lattin is readily distinguishable from the present case. In the first22 place, unlike in Gagan , there was no foreign judgment in Lattin

. T he Arizona Supreme Court did not address the full faith and credit due to foreign judgments or otherwise overrule O yakaw a , Greene , or Gagan

. 8 In the second place, Lattin only holds that the non

- party spouse is
entitled to intervene in the enforcement action against the community property

. T he Arizona Supreme Court held that Ms. Lattin’s husband did

not have to be joined in the proceeding that led to the judgment

. If anything, Lattin merely stands for the propos ition that Mrs. Jones had the right to participate in the adversary proceeding if she chose to do so

. As the bankruptcy court correctly held, Mrs. Jones w as not denied that right ; she explicitly turned down the opportunity to participate when she sought
di smissal from the case

. Furthermore, the Joneses fail to address the bankruptcy court’s other reason for holding that that the marital community was liable for the Illinois Judgment: that the Joneses had admitted as much in the answer to the complaint and the ir bankruptcy filings. The Ninth C ircuit has acknowledged that “[j] udicial admissions are formal admissions in the pleadings which have the effect of withdrawing a fact from issue and dispensing wholly with the need for proof of the fact. Judicial admissions

8 Additionally, Lattin was published in February 2022, three months prior to the bankruptcy court’s May 2022 Amended Judgment . Thus, it is disingenuous to suggest that this is a “new” decision that could not have been raised before the bankruptcy court.23 are conclusively binding on the party who made them.” Spokane Law Enf ’ t Fed. Credit Union v. Barker (In re Barker) , 839 F.3d 1189, 1195 (9th Cir. 2016) (cleaned up)

. As the bankruptcy court explained , the Joneses were bound by their
admissions : (1) the designation of the Illinois Judgm ent as a community obligation in the Joneses’ schedules and (2) Dr. Jones’ answer to the amended complaint that admitted that all actions were undertaken on behalf of the community and that the debt is a community obligation. The
Ninth Circuit has “ never d eclared that a bankruptcy schedule constitutes the ‘formal admission’ required for the application of the doctrine[,]” id. at
1195

- 96, but there is no doubt that an assertion in an answer meet s that requirement

. C

. The bankruptcy court correctly held that the Nondischargeability Judgment does not change the rate of interest on the Illinois Judgment. The Joneses also appeal the bankruptcy court’s determination that the Illinois Judgment continues to accrue interest at th e Illinois statutory rate, as opposed to the l ower federal rate. They are wrong. As we held in
Hamilton , “ interest on a nondischargeable judgment debt should continue to accrue at the state rate, even after the bankruptcy court determines the nondischargeability of the debt. ” 584 B.R. at 323. We concluded that “[t] he Nondischargeability Judgment was not a new money judgment under federal law. It simply determined that the State Court Judgment was not24 dischargeable. As such, the bankruptcy court lacked authority to override
the state court ’ s award of interest. ” Id

. The Ninth Circuit affirmed our ruling. 785 F. App ’ x at 439

. This case compels the same result. Neither the Nondischargeability Judgment nor the Amended Judgment created a new money ju dgment or altered Dr. Patel’s rights under the Illinois Judgment. The Joneses completely ignore Hamilton and instead rely exclusively

on Onink v. Cardelucci (In re Cardelucci) , 285 F.3d 1231 (9th Cir. 2002) . But
Cardelucci has no bearing on the present appeal. In that case, the Ninth Circuit considered the meaning of “ interest at the legal rate” within § 726(a)(5) for the purposes of distribution to an unsecured creditor holding a state court judgment debt. See id. at 1234. That case has nothing to do with a nondischargeability judgment.
D. We deny Dr. Patel’s request for fees and other sanctions. In both appeals, Dr. Patel requests that we summarily affirm the bankruptcy court’s decisions or impose sanction s against the Jo neses for incomplete briefs and excerpts that do not comply with the applicable BAP
rule s

. Although we agree that the Joneses’ submissions are lacking , we are able to understand the arguments and record on appeal . Further, Dr. Patel did not file a separate motion seeking fees for a frivolous appeal as Rule 8020(a) requires. Therefore, we DENY his request for summary affirmance

or sanctions. Dr. Patel urges us to award him his fees and costs under the Illinois25 Wage Payment Act, 8 20 Ill. Comp. Stat. § 115/14. However, he provides us with no argument or authority that he is entitled to recover fees and costs in this bankruptcy appeal under that statute. We deny his request wi thout prejudice , and we express no opinion on his entitlement to fees or costs
under the Illinois statute.
CONCLUSION
T he bankruptcy court did not err in holding that the Illinois Judgment was nondischargeable under § 523(a)(6), is enforceable against
the marital community , and accrues interest at the Illinois statutory rate

. We AFFIRM

.