VISTAS Special Monitoring Stud

Continuous Measures of S

peciated PM

July 23, 2007

Patricia Brewer1, Scott Reynolds

2

, 

R T

3 E i Ed t

4 B H t ll

4

R

oger Tanner3, E

ric Edgerton

4, Ben Hartsell

4,

Jim Renfro5, Hoke Kimball

6, John Calcagni

7

1VISTAS

2South Carolina Department of Health and Environmental Con

3 Tennessee Valley Authority 

4Atmospheric Research Associates 5National Park Service

6North Carolina Department of Natural Resources 7Environmental Protection Agency
Presentation Objectiv

• Special Monitoring Studies

• Continuous Monitors: PM2.5, 

 Sulfate

Nitrate, Total Carbon, Black Carbon
Monitoring Objective

Monitoring Objective

 Use continuous monitors of PM Use continuous monitors of PM2 5. 

sulfate, nitrate, total carbon and b

carbon to characterize daily and scarbon to characterize daily and s

trends 

 Data collected Mar 2003 Data collected Mar 2003 - Dec 200

Dec 200

 Raw data available in AQS Normalized data available from VIS

Normalized data available from VIS

 Draft VISTAS Report authored by R

Tanner TVATanner, TVA
VISTAS Focus Sites

Great Smoky Mtns. Raleigh

Cape Romain

Atlanta

CLASS 1 URBAN
Focus Sites

March 2003 - December 2004

Focus Sites

• Continuous monitoring:

• Sulfate, Nitrate, Total Carbon (R&P inst• Black Carbon (Aethalometer)• Continuous Mass (TEOM)• Prec rsor gases Precursor gases - SO2, NOy, CO

• Light Scattering (Nephelometer) at Clas

areas)

• Meteorology• Alternative Sulfate and Nitrate methods

• Filter-based Speciation: IMPROVE or STN
Lessons Learned fro

Continuous Monitor

• Continuous PM2 5 mass (TEOM) sh

Continuous PM2.5 mass (TEOM) sh

good agreement to PM2.5 mass from 
PM2.5

 2003 50

40

Mass

30

uous

y = 1.3336x + 3.

R2 = 0.8542

Contin 20

y = 1.0749x + 2.

R2 = 0.9629

y = 0.8383x + 2.

R2 0 9051

10

= 0.9051

0

0 10 20 30 40 

Filter

Continuous PM2.5 mass shows good agreement to PM2.5 ma
Lessons Learned fro

Continuous Monitor

• Aethalometer (BC) has good performance Aethalometer (BC) has good performance

• R&P instruments for S, N, and Total C ac

g p( ) p g ood data ca

pture 

(>75%

) when o

peratin

g

• Periodic failures R&P instruments

• S, N, TC, BC continuous data needs to be 

normalized to filte

r-based data to interpret 

• Correlations by Site and Quarter 

• C ti i t d it h hi h Continuous specia

t

e

d monitors 

have hi

g

h u

and data management 

• Postscript: R&P monitors are being discontinu

Postscript: R&P monitors are being discontinu

• Alternative commercial continuous monitors
Third Quarter 2003

V IS T A S F o c u s S ite T E O M P M 2 5

Q 3 2003

5 06 0

ter

DK PM MB PM CR PM LR PM 

2 03 04 0

micrograms / cubic met

0

1 0

7 /1 7 /8 7 /1 5 7 /2 2 7 /2 9 8 /5 8 /1 2 8 /1 9 8 /2 6 9 /2 9 /9 

m

V IS T A S F o c u s S ite S u lfa te V IS T A S Focus S ite S u lfa te

2003 2 0

meter

MB SO 4 CR SO4 LR SO 4 S

1 0

micrograms / cubic m

0 7/1 7/8 7/15 7/22 7/29 8/5 8/12 8/19 8/26 9/2 9/9 9
Third Quarter 2003

V IS T A S F o c u s S ite T E O M P M 2 5

Q 3 2003

5 06 0

ter

DK PM MB PM CR PM LR PM 

2 03 04 0

micrograms / cubic met

V IS T A S F o c u s S ite T o ta l C a rb o n

0

1 0

7 /1 7 /8 7 /1 5 7 /2 2 7 /2 9 8 /5 8 /1 2 8 /1 9 8 /2 6 9 /2 9 /9 

m

V IS T A S Focus S ite T o ta l C arb o n

2003 1 0

meter

MB TC CR TC LR TC C

micrograms / cubic m

0 7/1 7/8 7/15 7/22 7/29 8/5 8/12 8/19 8/26 9/2 9/9 
Lessons Learned fro

Continuous Monitor

• Continuous monitors high scat

Continuous monitors high scat

compared to filter-based data

• Capture same spatial and sea

trends as filte

r-based data
Filter comparis

Filter comparis

Sulfate - IMPR

Look Rock Sulfate

Q3 2003 25

LR SO4fLR SO4

1520

bic meter

10

crograms / cu

5

mi

0

7/1 7/8 7/15 7/22 7/29 8/5 8/12 8/19 8/26 9/2 9/9 9/16 
Filter comparis

Filter comparis

Sulfate - IMPR

Cape Romain Sulfate

Q3 2003 25

CR SORfCR SO4

1520

bic meter

10

crograms / cu

5

mi

0

7/1 7/8 7/15 7/22 7/29 8/5 8/12 8/19 8/26 9/2 9/9 9/16 
Filter comparis

Filter comparis

Sulfate – STN

Millbrook Sulfate

Q3 2003 25

MB STN SO4MB SO4

1520

bic meter

10

crograms / cub

5

mi

0

7/1 7/8 7/15 7/22 7/29 8/5 8/12 8/19 8/26 9/2 9/9 9/16 
Sulfate

2003 20

y = 1.0079x + 0.7062

R2 = 0.6451

y = 0 6538x + 1 2038

20

Sulfate 0.6538x + 1.2038 R2 = 0.7711

y = 0.5623x + 0.6845

R2 = 0.7775

15

s

Sulfate

10

Continuou

50

0 5 10 15 

Filter
Nitrate

2003 1.0

y = 0.9853x + 0.0657

R2 = 0.7019

y = 0.5556x + 0.1306

R2 Nitrate = 0 3529 = 0.3529

ous

Nitrate

0.5

Continu

y = 0.322x + 0.10

R2 = 0.1171

0.0

0.0 0.5 

Filt

er
Carbon

2003 16

y = 0.783x + 0.7507

2

y = 1.2608x + 0.4168

R2 = 0.5383

Total 

R2 = 0.6823 12

s

Carbon

8

Continuou

4

y = 0.4249x + 

R2 = 0.759

0

0 4 8 12 

Filter
Elemental Carbon

2003 16

y = 0.6704x + 0.7892

2

y = 1.0152x + 0.5788

R2 = 0.4042 Elemental 

to Black R2 = 0.6108

y = 0.2646x + 0.8859

R2 = 0.591

12

s

to Black

Carbon

8

Continuous

40

0 4 8 12 

Filter
Normalizing Continuo

Monitoring Data

• Continuous data was normalized to 

data to facilitate comparison to mod

values

• Regressions calculated for each site, 

quarter 
Lessons Learned fro

Continuous Monitor

• Diurnal and seasonal trends: Diurnal and seasonal trends:

• Sulfate: 

• GRSM MILL ROMA i GRSM > MILL > ROMA in summe

r

• Little regional difference other seaso

• Consistent with regionally distributed so

Consistent with regionally distributed so

• Highest in summer at all sites • Afternoon peak in warm seasons no

Afternoon peak in warm seasons, no

seasons

• Consistent with photochemical product
Di l P f A S lf i Wi (J Diurna

l

Pattern o

f

Average 

S

ulfate 

in Winter (Jan-M ) 

Mar

) 

at Focus Sites 

5.04.02 03.0

[SO4

=

], μg/m3

ROMA

1.02.0 GRSM

MILL

0.0

00:00 03:00 06:00 09:00 12:00 15:00 18:00 21:00 

H fDHour o

f

Day
Di l P f A S lf i S i (A Diurna

l

Pattern o

f

Average 

S

ulfate 

in 

Spr

ing (A

p

r

-J ) 2

Jun

) 2

at Focus Sites 

8.06.07.04.05.0

SO4

=

], μg/m3

2.03.0

[S

ROMAGRSMMILL

0.01.0

00:00 03:00 06:00 09:00 12:00 15:00 18:00 21:00 

Hour of Day
Diurnal Pattern of Average Sulfate in Summer (Jul – Sep) 

at Focus Sites

9.07.08.04 05.06.0

O4

=

], μg/m3

2.03.04.0

[SO

ROMAGRSMMILL

0.01.0

00:00 03:00 06:00 09:00 12:00 15:00 18:00 21:00 

Hour of Day
Di l P tt f A S lf t i F ll (O t Diurna

l

P

attern o

f

Average 

S

ulfa

te 

in 

F

all (O

c

t – D ) 200

Dec

) 200

at Focus Sites

5.04.03.0

[SO4

=

], μg/m3

1.02.0

[

ROMAGRSMMILL

0.0

00:00 03:00 06:00 09:00 12:00 15:00 18:00 21:00 

Hour of Day
Lessons Learned fro

Continuous Monitor

• Diurnal and seasonal trends: Diurnal and seasonal trends:

• Nitrate:

• Highest in winter, lowest in summe

r

• Seldom greater than 1 

μg/m3 except wi

• Consistent with temperature dependen

Consistent with temperature dependen

• MILL > ROMA > GRSM• Dawn peak at MILL before rush hou

Dawn peak at MILL, before rush hou

• Consistent with high RH before dawn

• Local sources
Di l P tt f A Nit t i Wi t 2004 Diurna

l

P

attern o

f

Average Nitra

te 

in Wi

n

ter 2004

at Focus Sites

3.002 002.50

ROMA 2004GRSM 2004MILL 2004

1.502.00

NO3-], ug/m3

0 501.00

[

0.000.50

00:00 03:00 06:00 09:00 12:00 15:00 18:00 21:00 

Hour of Day
Diurnal Pattern of Average Nitrate in Spring at 

Focus Sites

1.601.201.40

ROMA 2003GRSM 2003MILL 2003

O A 2004

0.801.00

NO3

-

], μg/m3

R

O

M

A 2004

GRSM 2004MILL 2004

0.400.60

[N

0.000.20

00:00 03:00 06:00 09:00 12:00 15:00 18:00 21:00 

Hour of Day
Diurnal Pattern of Average Nitrate in Summer at 

Focus Sites

1.00

ROMA 2003

0.700.800.90

ROMA 2003GRSM 2003MILL 2003ROMA 2004GRSM 2004MILL 2004

0.500.60

NO3

-

], μg/m3

MILL 2004

0.200.30

[N0.40

0.000.10

00:00 03:00 06:00 09:00 12:00 15:00 18:00 21:00 

Hour of Day
Diurnal Pattern of Average Nitrate in Fall 

at Focus Sites

1.60

ROMA 2003

1.201.40

GRSM 2003MILL 2003ROMA 2004GRSM 2004MILL 2004

0.801.00

NO3

-

], μg/m3

0.400.60

[N

0.000.20

00:00 03:00 06:00 09:00 12:00 15:00 18:00 21:00 

Hour of Day
Lessons Learned fro

Continuous Monitor

• Diurnal and seasonal trends: Diurnal and seasonal trends:

• Black Carbon

• Similar loadin

gs in all seasons 

• Dekalb > MILL > GRSM = ROMA• Peaks correspond to AM and PM rush ho

urban areas urban areas

• Primary emissions, local sources, 

• Total Carbon

• MILL > GRSM = ROM

A

• At GRSM, TC and OC are slightly higher 

than other seasons; other sites show no s

trend
Diurnal Pattern of Average Black Carbon in Spring

at Focus Sites 

3.50

ROMA 2003

2.503.00

ROMA 2003GRSM 2003MILL 2003Dekalb 2003ROMA 2004

1.502.00

[BC], μg/m3

GRSM 2004MILL 2004Dekalb 2004

1.000.000.50

00:00 03:00 06:00 09:00 12:00 15:00 18:00 21:00 

Hour of Day
Di l P i A Bl k C b i S Diurna

l

Pattern 

in 

Average Blac

k

Car

bon 

in 

Summe

at Focus Sites

3.0

ROMA 2003

2 02.5

GRSM 2003MILL 2003Dekalb 2003ROMA 2004GRSM 2004

1.52.0

[BC], μg/m3

MILL 2004Dekalb 2004

0 51.00.00.5

00:00 03:00 06:00 09:00 12:00 15:00 18:00 21:00 

Hour of Day
Diurnal Pattern in Average Black Carbon in Fall Diurnal Pattern in Average Black Carbon in Fall

at Focus Sites

3.00

ROMA 2003GRSM 2003

2 002.50

GRSM 2003MILL 2003Dekalb 2003ROMA 2004GRSM 2004MILL 2004

1.502.00

[BC], ug/m3

MILL 2004Dekalb 2004

1.00

[

0.000.50

00:00 03:00 06:00 09:00 12:00 15:00 18:00 21:00 

Hour of Day
Next Steps Next Steps

 Finalize draft report for VISTAS Finalize draft report for VISTAS

Continuous Monitoring

 Additional analyses? Additional analyses?

 Compare diurnal trends from contin

data (2003, 2004) to CMAQ model data (2003, 2004) to CMAQ model 

trends (2002)

 Use monthly averages since different 

Use monthly averages since different 

 Compare trends to SEARCH data  Submit manuscript for publication

Submit manuscript for publication