2009 D e c i sion s O p inion s of the U nit e d S t at e s C our t of Appe al s for the Thir d C ir c uit 9-3-2009 

# U SA v . R yan C raig P r e c e de nt i al or N on-P r e c e de nt i al : N on-P r e c e de nt i al D ocke t N o . 07-4750

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Thi s de c i sion i s br ou ght t o you for f r e e and ope n a c c e s s b y the O p inion s of the U nit e d S t at e s C our t of Appe al s for the Thir d C ir c uit at V i ll anova U nive r sity S choo l of L a

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w . vi ll anova . e du . Re c omme nde d C it at ion " U SA v . R yan C r ai g " (2009). 2009 D e cisio n s . P ape r 713. http://d i git alc ommon s .l a

w . vi ll anova . e du/thir dc ir c uit_2009/713H onor abl e Loui s H . Pol l ak, Seni orJ udge of the U ni t ed St at es D i s tr i ctC our tfor * the East ern D i s tr i ctof Penns y l vani a, s i t t i ng bydes i gnat i on. NOT P RE CE DE NT I AL UN I TED STATES CO UR T OF A PP EALS F O R T H E T H IR D C IR C U IT N o. 07- 4750 UNI TE D ST ATE S OF AM ERI CA

v. R Y A N J . C R A IG , A p p e llan t. O n A p p e a l o f

a D e c isio n o f

th e U n ited S tate s D istric t C o u rt forthe M i ddl e D i s tr i ctof Penns y l vani a ( C r i m . N o. 06- 0219)

D i s tr i ctJ udge: C hr i s t opherC . C onner Subm i t t ed underT hi r d C i r cui tL . A . R . 34. 1( a)

J anuary13, 2009 B e f o re : S L O V IT E R a n d B A R R Y , C i r cui tJudges , a n d P O L L A K , D is tr i ct

Judge . * ( Fi l ed: Sept ember3, 2009) OP I NI ON

________________“E -b ay i s a gl o b al o n l i n e m ark etp l ac e, es s ent i al l y a n ew s p ap er

cl as s i fi edadth atb ri n gs 1 buye rs and

se llerstog e ther allo wingba sic a lly anyon eon

e art h tobuy and se ll b a sic a lly

a lmo st ever y thing.”(App. 131.) 2 P O L L A K , D is tr i ct

Judge I. R y an J . C r ai g ( “C r ai g”) has fi l ed a pr o s e br i ef i n thi s appea l fr om hi s convi ct i on o f tw o c o u n ts o f

w ire f ra u d in v io latio n o f

1 8 U .S .C . § 1 3 4 1 a n d o n e c o u n t o f f a ilu re to appea rattr i al i n vi ol at i on of 18 U . S. C . § 3146. H i s curr entcouns el has m oved for p e rm iss io n to w ith d ra w f ro m re p re se n tatio n p u rsu a n t to A n d e rs v . C a lif o rn ia , 38 6 U. S. 7 3 8 (1 9 6 7 ). W e c o n c lu d e th a t co u n se l h a s f u lf ill e d th e re q u ire m e n ts o f T h ird C irc u it L ocal A pp el l at e R ule 109.2( a) and t hat an i nd epen den trevi ew of C rai g’s pr o s e br i ef a s w e ll as th e re c o rd h a s f a iled to re v e a l an ya d d iti o n a l n o n -f riv o lo u s is su e s. W e a c c o rd in g ly w i l l g r a n td e f

e n s e c o u n s e l ’ s m o t i o n t o w i th d r a w a n d w i l l a f f i r m th e D i s tr i c tC o u r t 's ju d g m e n t. II. W e w r i t e pr i m ar i l yforthe part i es , w ho ar e fa m i l i arw i th the fa ctual cont extand l egal hi s t oryof thi s cas e. T her efor e, w e w i l l s etfor th onl ythos e fa ct s nece s s aryt o our analy si s. T he governm entpr es ent ed evi dence s how i ng thatC r ai g s ol d non- exi s t ent m er chandi s e thr ough e- B ay , an i nt ernetauct i on w ebs i t e thats erves as a cl ear i nghous e for i ndi vi dual s el l er s t o l i s ti t ems fors al e. C r ai g us ed hi s gr andmot her ’ s per s onal 1The PSR used, and the District Court applied, the 2002 e dition of the Fe deral 2 Se ntenc ingGuide lin e s Ma nu a l. 3 i dent i fi cat i on i nform at i on t o es t abl i s h a s el l er ’ s acc ounton e- B ay . C r ai g, w i th the hel p of acc om pl i ces , then s ol d i t ems us i ng thi s acc ount , keepi ng the pr ocee ds fr om the compl et ed s al es – w hi ch w er e pai d t o hi m byw ayof W es t ern U ni on m oneyor der s – w i thout d e liv e ri n g th e g o o d s p ro m is e d to th e irre s p e c tiv e b u y e rs . D avi d C ar l s on, a fr aud i nves t i gat i on s upervi s orempl oy ed bye- B ay , t es t i fi ed for the g ov ernm ent that i n o rdert o setup an acc ou nt on the e-B ayw ebsi t e, a user m ust pr ovi de a s tr eetaddr es s , a phone number , and an e - m ai l addr es s . ( A pp. 132- 33. ) C ar l s on a lso tes tifie d th a t C ra ig su p p lied e -B a yw ith tw o c re d it ca rd n u m b e rs, re g iste re d to h is gr andmot her , w hi ch coul d be us ed t o bi l l the us eracc ountfors ervi ce c har ges as s oci at ed w i th us i ng e- B ay . ( A pp. 139- 140. ) A tthe t i m e of Cra i g’ s arr es t , pol i ce r ecove r ed fr om C raig a b lank W estern U n ion fo rm an d a p iece o f p ap er c o n tai n ing h is gran d m o ther’s name, dat e of bi r th, s oci al s ecur i tynum ber , cr edi tcar d num ber s , and bank a ccount in f o rm a tio n . Fol l ow i ng the j ury ’ s ver di ct , the Pr obat i on O ffi ce pr epar ed a Pr e- Sent ence I nves t i gat i on R eport( “PSR ”) pr opos i ng a r ecomm ended Sent enci ng G ui del i nes r ange of 100- 125 m onths of i ncar cer at i on, r efl ect i ng a t ot al offe ns e l evel of 24 and a cr i m i nal hi s t orycat egoryof V I . T o arr i ve atthatt ot al offe ns e l evel , the PSR appl i ed the 2 fol l ow i ng gui del i nes adj us t m ent s : an ei ght - l evel enhanc ementfora l os s amount e x c e e d in g $ 7 0 ,0 0 0 b u t n o t m o re th a n $ 1 2 0 ,0 0 0 , p u rsu a n t to U .S .S .G . § 2 B 1 .1 (b )(1 )(E ); aCouns e l f or a pp e lla nt doe s n ote , h ow e ver, that heis c on fl ic te d a s to wh e ther t hereis 3 argua blemeri t w ithre sp e c t to tw o is su e s: whe ther t hejur y had s uf fi c ient evide nc eto s uppo rt its wire f raud verdict, and whether the cour t properly applied the sentencingenhanc ement for “mea ns of identification.” See Appellant’s B r. at nn.24 &35. 4 four - l evel enhanc ementfor50 orm or e vi ct i m s , pur s uantt o § 2B 1. 1( b) ( 2) ( B ) ; a tw o- l evel enhanc ementforunauthor i zed us e of a nym eans of i dent i fi cat i on t o pr oduce a nother m eans of i dent i fi cat i on, pur s uantt o § 2B 1. 1( b) ( 9) ( C ) ( I ) ; and a tw o- l evel enhanc ementfor ro le a s le a d e r, p u rs u a n t to § 3 B 1 .1 . C r ai g obj ect ed t o t he s ent enci ng enhanc ement s . T he D i s tr i ctC our ts us t ai ned C r ai g’ s obj ect i ons i n part , det erm i ni ng thatthe numberof vi ct i m s s houl d be r educe d t o 14 ( r educi ng the appl i cabl e s ent enci ng enhanc ementfr om fourpoi nt s t o tw o poi nt s ) and that the l os s amount s houl d be r educe d t o m or e than $10, 000 butl es s than $30, 000 ( r educi ng the appl i cabl e s ent enci ng enhanc ementfr om ei ghtpoi nt s t o fourpoi nt s ) . T he D i s tr i ct C our toverrul ed C r ai g’ s ot herobj ect i ons and thus found a t ot al offe ns e l evel of 18 w i th a cr i m i nal hi s t orycat egoryof V I , r es ul t i ng i n a gui del i nes r ange of 57- 71 m onths of i ncar cer at i on. T he D i s tr i ctC our ts ent ence d C r ai g t o 71 m onths : fi fty - ni ne mont hs for e a c h w ire f

ra u d c o n v ictio n , to b e se rv e d c o n c u rre n tly , an d 1 2 m o n th s f o r th e f a ilu re to a p p e a r c o n v ic tio n , to b e s e rv e d c o n s e c u tiv e ly to th e w ir e f ra u d s e n te n c e s . III . A p p e llan t’s c o u n se l h a s m o v e d th is C o u rt f o r le a v e to w ith d ra w b e c a u se , in c o u n s e l’ s v ie w , a p p e lla n t a p p e a rs to la c k a n yis s u e o f a rg u a b le m e ri t. See L ocal A p p e llate R u le 1 0 9 .2 ; A nd ers . A ppel l ant , m eanw hi l e, has fi l ed a s epar at e br i ef pro se in 35

s u p p o rt o f

h is a p p e a l. W e e x e rc is e ju ri s d ic tio n o v e r t h is a p p e a l p u rs u a n t to 2 8 U .S .C . § 1 2 9 1 a n d 1 8 U .S .C . § 3 7 4 2 (a ). I f a c r i m i nal defe ndantw i s hes t o appea l butcouns el , aft erthor ough r evi ew of the r ecor d, cannotfi nd anyappea l abl e i s s ue, couns el m ayfi l e w hati s know n as an A nd ers b ri e f. L ocal A ppel l at e R ul e 109. 2( a) r efl ect s the Thi r d C i r cui t ' s i m pl ement at i on of A nd ers : W her e, upon r evi ew of the di s tr i ctcourtr ecor d, tr i al couns el i s per s uaded thatthe appe al pr es ent s no i s s ue of e ven ar guabl e mer i t , tr i al couns el m ay fi l e a mot i on t o w i thdr aw and s uppor t i ng br i ef pur s uantt o A nders v. C a lif o rn ia , 386 U . S. 738, 87 S. C t . 1396 ( 1967) , w hi ch s hal l be s erved upon th e a p p e llan t an d th e U n ited S tate s. T h e U n ited S tate s s h a ll file a b rie f in r es pons e. A ppel l antm ayal s o fi l e a br i ef i n r es pons e pr o s e. A ft eral l br i efs have be en fi l ed, the cl erk w i l l r efe rthe ca s e t o a mer i t s panel . I f the pane l agrees that the ap peal i s w i tho ut m eri t , i tw i l l granttri al cou nsel ' s A nd ers m ot i on, and di s pos e of the appe al w i thoutappoi nt i ng new couns el . I f the p a n e l f in d s a rg u a b le m e rit to th e a p p e a l, i t w ill d isc h a rg e c u rre n t co u n se l, appoi nts ubs t i tut e couns el , r es t or e the ca s e t o the ca l endar , and or der s uppl ement al br i efi ng. I n as s es s i ng an A nd ers b rie f , w e m u st d e ter m in e : “( 1 ) w h e th e r c o u n se l ad e q u a tely fu lfi ll ed the ru le' s req u ir em en ts; an d (2) w h ethe r an ind ep en d en t r ev iew o f th e re co rd pr es ent s anynon- fr i vol ous i s s ues . ” U n itedS ta tes v . Y

o u la , 2 4 1 F . 3 d 2 9 6 , 3 0 0 (3d C ir . 2 0 0 1 ) ( e x p la in in g L .A .R . 1 0 9 .2 (a )) (c ita tio n s o m itte d ). W e fi r s texami ne w hethercouns el ful fi l l ed the r equi r ement s of R ul e 109. 2( a) and then turn t o t he i s s ue of ouri ndepende ntr evi ew . A s R ul e 109. 2( a) r efl ect s , “[t ] he dut i es of couns el w hen pr epar i ng an A nd ers br i ef a r e ( 1) t o s at i s fythe courtthatcouns el has thor oughl yexami ned the r ecor d i n s ear ch of a ppeal abl e i s s ues , and ( 2) t o expl ai n w hyt heT hatcouns el not es tw o cl ai m s w i th r es pectt o w hi ch he i s s om ew hatconfl i ct ed 4 abouthi s ow n concl us i on of fr i vol i tys erves t o confi r m the ca r e he ha s t aken i n br i efi ng th is a p p e a l. See n o te 3 , s upr a. 6 i s s ues ar e fr i vol ous . ” Y

o u la , 24 1 F . 3d at30 0. C ou nsel ’s A nd ers br i ef s at i s fi es both of thes e r equi r ement s . “C ouns el need notr ai s e and r ej ecteverypos s i bl e cl ai m ” butneed onl ys at i s fythe “c ons ci ent i ous exami nat i on” s t andar d s etfor th i n A nd ers . I d. W e a re s at i s fi ed thatcouns el has m etthi s s t andar d. C ouns el di l i gent l ys ear ched the r ecor d for a n yp o ten tiallya p p e a lab le is su e s a n d , in f o u rte e n p a g e s o f

c a re f u l an a ly sis , su p p o rte d h is c la im s o f f ri v o lo u s n e s s w ith c ita tio n s to re le v a n t c a s e la w . C f. id . ( hol di ng thatcouns el di d notadequa t el yexpl ai n t he fr i vol i tyof appe al abl e cl ai m s w her e “c ouns el ' s anal y s i s of the m eri t s of t he p otent i al app eal able i ssues const i tuted tw o p ages” an d cit ed “n o case law ”). 4 T hus , the A nd ers i nqui r ypr ocee ds t o ouri ndepende ntr evi ew of the r ecor d. W hen an A nd ers br i ef a ppear s adequa t e on i t s fac e, ourow n exami nat i on i s t o be gui ded byt he A nd ers b ri e f

its e lf. I d. a t 3 0 1 . C o u n se l ra ise s f o u r p o ss ib le is su e s f

o r re v iew in h is A nd ers br i ef: ( 1) the s uffi ci encyof the evi dence r el i ed upon bythe j ury ; ( 2) the D i s tr i ct C our t ’ s handl i ng of the j ury , w ho w er e dea dl ocked be for e r eac hi ng a ver di ct ; ( 3) the D i s tr i ctC our t ’ s art i cul at i on of i t s cons i der at i on of the r el evants ent enci ng fac t or s out l i ned at18 U . S. C . § 3553( a) ; and ( 4) the D i s tr i ctC our t ’ s cal cul at i on of the pr opergui del i nes s ent ence , s peci fi cal l ythe D i s tr i ctC our t ’ s appl i cat i on of the r ol e- as - l eade rand u n a u th o r i z e d - u s e - o f

- me a n s - o f

- i d e n t i f i c a t i o n e n h a n c e me n t s . On th e b a s i s o f o u rr e v i e w,7

w e a g re e th a t a ll o f

th e s e is s u e s a re w ith o u t m e ri t. C ouns el i nvi t es us t o cons i derw hetherhi s “cr i t er i a forfr i vol ous nes s [ar e] t oo str ict ” a s to tw o issue s: ( 1 ) w h ethe r th e juryh ad su ff ici en t evid en ce to su p p o rtthe w ir e fr aud convi ct i on, and ( 2) w hetherthe courtpr oper l yappl i ed the s ent enci ng enhanc ement f o r m e a n s o f

id e n tif ic a tio n . See A p p e lla n t’ s B r. a t n .2 4 ; n o te 3 , supra . W e w ill b rie f ly add res s each o f t hese i ssues. Fi r s t , C ouns el s ugges t s thata s uffi ci encyof the evi dence cl ai m m i ghtgr ound a n o n -f riv o lo u s a p p e a l b e c a u se a ju ryc o n v icte d C ra ig o f w ire f ra u d d e sp ite th e f

a c t th a t it deadl ocked on the cha r ge of mai l fr aud. B eca us e mai l fr aud and w i r e fr aud ar e cr i m es w i th di ffe r entel ement s , how ever , deadl ock as t o one has no bear i ng on the s uffi ci encyof the evi dence forthe other . A n appel l at e court ’ s det erm i nat i on of w hethera j ury ’ s ver di ct w as s uppor t ed bys uffi ci entevi dence “s houl d be i ndepende ntof the j ury ' s det erm i nat i on thatevi dence on anothercountw as i ns uffi ci ent . ” U n ite d S ta te s v . P o w e ll, 469 U . S. 57, 6 7 (1 9 8 4 ). T h e D istric t C o u rt e x p lain e d to C ra ig ’s ju ryth a t an e lem e n t o f m a il fra u d is that the d efen dan t“used the m ai l s or caused t he m ai l s t o b e used.” ( A pp . 77 4. ) B ecause the j uryhad a s uffi ci entamount of evi dence t o convi cton the w i r e fr aud cha r ges – w hi ch have nothi ng t o do w i th m ai l us age – the j ury ’ s deadl ock on the mai l fr aud count s cannot tr ans form an otherw i s e fr i vol ous s uffi ci encyof the evi dence ar gum enti nt o a nonfr i vol ous one. T hi s i s es peci al l ytrue w her e, as her e, the appe l l at e court ’ s r evi ew i s for pl ai n err orbeca us e the def endantdi d notchal l enge the s uffi ci encyof the evi dence byHawes , like the instant matter, involved the 2002 e dition of the guidelines manual. The 5 means-of -identification enhancement is now at § 2B1.1(b)(10) (C)(I). 8 m o v in g f o r a m o tio n o f

a c q u itt a l d u rin g o r a f

ter trial. C ouns el al s o expr es s es “di s qui et ” as t o w hetherourdeci s i on i n U ni t ed Stat es v. H aw es , 523 F. 3d 245 ( 3d C i r . 2008) , cal l s i nt o ques t i on the D i s tr i ctC our t ’ s appl i cat i on of th e m e a n s -o f

-i d e n tif ic a tio n e n h a n c e m e n t, U .S .S .G . § 2 B 1 .1 (b )( 9 )( C )( I) . H aw es hel d t hat a fi nanci al advi s erw ho defr auded hi s cl i ent s bychangi ng thei raddr es s es ( s o thathe, and n o t th e y , co u ld o b tain m a ili n g s o f th e ir f in a n c ial s tate m e n ts a n d th e n m a il th e c lien ts fabr i cat ed fi nanci al s t at ement s i ns t ead) di d notqual i fyforthe enha ncementbeca us e a m ai l i ng addr es s , s t andi ng al one, i s nota “means of i dent i fi cat i on” as defi ned bythe G u id e lin e s . See H

a w e s , 523 F. 3d at252. Sect i on 2B 1. 1( b) ( 9) ( C ) ( I ) appl i es w heneve rthe def endanthas comm i t t ed “the 5 unauthor i zed tr ans ferorus e of a nym eans of i dent i fi cat i on unl aw ful l yt o pr oduce or o b tai n an yo ther m ea n s o f id en ti fica ti o n . ” T h e a p p li ca ti o n n o te t o § 2 B 1 . 1 (b)(9 )(C )(I ) in s tru c ts th a t “ ‘[ m ]e a n s o f id e n tif ic a tio n ’ h a s th e m e a n in g g iv e n th a t te rm in 1 8 U .S .C . § 10 28 (d) (4) . ” T hat s ect i on (now cod i fi ed at 18 U . S . C . § 1 02 8(d)( 7)) provides: [T]he t erm “means of i dent i fi cat i on” means anyname ornum berthatm ay b e u s e d , a l o n e o ri n c o n j u n c t i o n w i th a n y o th e ri n f o r m a t i o n , t o i d e n t i f

y a sp ec ifi c ind ividu al, inclu d ing an y -- ( A ) name, s oci al s ecur i tynum ber , dat e of bi r th, offi ci al St at e orgovernm ent issue d d ri v er' s li ce n se o r i d en ti fica ti o n n u m b er, al ien re g istrati o n n u m b er, g o v ern m en t pas sp o rtn u m b er, em p loy er o r t ax p ay er ide n ti fica ti o n n u m b er; (B ) u n iq u e b io m e tric d a ta, s u c h a s f in g e rp rin t, vo ice p rin t, retin a o r iris9

i m age, orot heruni que phy s i cal r epr es ent at i on; © uni que el ectr oni c i dent i fi cat i on num ber , addr es s , orr out i ng code; or ( D ) t el ecomm uni cat i on i dent i fy i ng i nform at i on oracc es s devi ce ( as defi ned in se c tio n 1 0 2 9 (e )); A s w e not ed i n H

aw es , this sta tu to ryd e f

in iti o n o f “ m e a n s o f

id e n tific a tio n ” c o n tain s b o th g e n e ra l term s (“ a n yn a m e o r n u m b e r th a t m a yb e u se d . . . to id e n tifya sp e c if ic i ndi vi dual ”) and s peci fi c t erm s ( a l i s tof exa m pl es of m eans of i dent i fi cat i on, w hi ch does n o t in c lu d e a m a ilin g a d d re s s ). 5 2 3 F .3 d a t 2 5 0 . H aw es c o n c lu d e d th a t § 2B 1. 1( b) ( 9) ( C ) ( I ) t ar get s “br eedi ng a new m eans of i dent i fi cat i on” thati nvol ves “uni que m e a n s o f i d e n t i f i c a t i o n , p r i m a r i l y n u m b e r s ” r a th e rth a n “ m e r e l y a n a t tr i b u t e o f o n e 's i dent i ty . ” Id . a t 2 5 1 -5 2 . T h u s, it h e ld , m a ili n g a d d re ss e s – w h ich a re n o t sp e c if ica lly l i s t ed orr efe r r ed t o by§ 1028( d) ( 4) – do notfal l underthe meani ng of the gui del i ne. B oth cr edi tcar d num ber s and e- B ayacc ount s , i n contr as t , ar e means of i den t i fi cat i on speci fi cal l yi den t i fi ed b y§ 1 02 8(d)( 4), as both con st i tute “access dev i ces” w ith in th e m e a n in g o f

§ 1 0 2 8 (d )(4 )(D ). P u rsu a n t to § 1 0 2 8 (d )(4 )(D ), an a c c e ss d e v ice is defined b yrefer ence to 18 U . S . C . § 1 02 9(e) . T hat defi nit i on of “a ccess device” provi des: th e t e r m “ a c c e s s d e v i c e ” m e a n s a n y card , p lat e, co d e, acc o u n t nu m b er, el ectr oni c s e r i al num ber , m obi l e i dent i fi cat i on num ber , per s onal i dent i fi cat i on num ber , orothert el ecomm uni cat ion s s ervi ce, equi pm ent , ori ns trum ent iden ti fier, or o th e r m e a n s o f a c c o u n t a c c e s s th a t ca n b e u se d , a lo n e o r in conj unct i on w i th another acce s s devi ce, t o obtai n m oney, goods , s er vi ces , or any otherthi ng of

val ue , orthatcan be us ed t o i n it iat e a tr ans ferof funds (o th e r t h a n a tr a n s f

e r o ri g in a te d s o le ly b yp a p e r i n s tru m e n t) [ .] 18 U . S. C . § 1029( e) ( 1) ( emphasi s added) . A cr edi tcar d fal l s underthe def i ni t i on of10

“access device” becau se i ti s a “card . . . that can be u sed . . . t o o btai n m on ey , go od s, s ervi ces , oranyot herthi ng of val ue. ” A n e- B ayacc ount , m eanw hi l e, i s a “means of a c c o u n ta c c e s s th a tc a n b e u s e d . . . i n c o n j u n c t i o n w i th a n o th e ra c c e s s d e v i c e ” – n a m e l y a cr edi tcar d – “t o obt ai n m oney , goods , s ervi ces , oranyotherthi ng of val ue. ” C r edi tcar ds and e- B ayacc ount s ar e ther efor e means of i dent i fi cat i on forthe purpos es of appl y i ng t he se n ten c in g e n h a n c e m e n t f ro m § 2 B 1 .1 (b )(9 )(C )(I). A c c o rd in g ly , C ra ig ’s c o n d u c t is “ea s i l ycat egor i zed a s the br eedi ng of m eans of i dent i fi cat i on, ” H a w e s , 523 F. 3d at250, b e c a u s e Cr a i g u s e d o n e me a n s o f i d e n t i f i c a t i o n ( h i s g r a n d mo th e r ’ s c r e d i tc a r d ) t o s p a wn a n o th e r ( a n e w ly cr e a te d e -B a ya c c o u n t in h e r n a m e ). I V. F o r th e f o reg o ing rea so n s, w e w il l gran t cou n sel' s m o ti o n to w ith d raw an d af firm th e ju d g m e n t o f

th e D istric t C o u rt.