UNITED STATES DISTRICT COURT 

FOR THE DISTRICT OF COLUMBIA 

KATHERYN BOOTH, et aI., ) 

) 

) 

) 

Plaintiffs 

v. 

DISTRICT OF COLUMBIA, et al., 

) Civil Case No. 04-1909 (RJL) 

) 

) 

) 

Defendants. ) 

S"+-

MEMORANDUM OPINION 

(April L, 2010) [# 45 and 46] 

This case comes before the Court on the Second Amended Complaint ("SAC") of 

12 plaintiffs who allege that their employer, the District of Columbia Department of 

Consumer and Regulatory Affairs ("DCRA"), unlawfully discriminated and retaliated 

against them in violation of Title VII of the Civil Rights Act, 42 U.S.C. § 2000e et seq. 

("Title VII"), the Age Discrimination in Employment Act, 29 U.S.C. § 623 et seq., 

("ADEA"), the D.C. Whistleblower Protection Act, D.C. Code § 1-615.51 et seq., 

("DCWPA"), and the D.C. Human Rights Act, D.C. Code § 2-1401 et seq. ("DCHRA"). 

Defendants moved to dismiss plaintiffs' claims, or, in the alternative, for summary 

judgment. After consideration of the parties' pleadings, relevant law, and the entire 

record herein, summary judgment is GRANTED for the defendants. 
BACKGROUND 

On October 23,2003, twelve DCRA employees sent a letter to the DCRA Director 

and other D.C. Government Officials ("October 23 letter" or "grievance letter"). 1 (SAC 

[# 14] ~ 4.) The letter complained of "practices that the [employees] perceived to be 

hampering their efforts to serve the residents of Washington." (ld.) In addition, the letter 

set forth instances which they felt constituted unlawful discrimination against women and 

older workers. (Id.) Specifically, the letter contends that mismanagement at the DCRA 

"was resulting in obstructions to enforcement of the housing code as well as unfair 

treatment of the Housing Inspectors." (Id. ~ 25.) 

Upon receiving the letter, the DCRA, according to plaintiffs, embarked upon a 

campaign of retaliation, including formal and informal reprimands, poor performance 

evaluations, denials of promotion, transfer to less favorable assignments, and denials of 

access to facilities and tools required to perform their jobs. (ld. ~ 5) One plaintiff, 

Shirley Buie, claims she was retaliated against from an even earlier date, due to the fact 

that she had sent her own grievance letter several months earlier to many of the same 

officials who were later copied on the October 23 letter. (ld. ~ 48.) Indeed, Buie's 

August 20,2003 letter raised many of the same mismanagement allegations were 

contained in the October 23 letter. (ld. ~ 48-51.) 

1 In all, twenty one DCRA employees signed the October 23 letter, but only twelve of those 

employees are plaintiffs in this suit. (SAC ~ 23.) The other D.C. Government officials who 

received the letter included the directors of the Office of Labor Relations and the Office of 

Personnel, the Chair of the D.C. Council's Committee on Consumer and Regulatory Affairs, and 

the Chief Administrator of the Office of the Mayor. (Id. '124.) 

2 
In addition to their retaliation claims, Buie, Colbert, and Johnson allege that they 

suffered discriminatory non-selection when the DCRA did not hire them for certain 

management positions. In particular, Buie complains she was passed over for a Branch 

Chief position that the DCRA never posted. (Buie Opp'n [# 52] Ex. 1 ("Buie Decl.") ~ 9; 

SAC ~ 110.) Colbert and Johnson complain that they were not promoted to two available 

Lead Housing Inspector positions. (SAC ~~ 68, 79.) While Buie and Colbert contend 

that their non-selection was gender- and age-based because they were passed over in 

favor ofless experienced men, (Buie Decl. ~ 9; SAC ~ 71), Johnson, himself a man, only 

contends that the DCRA never gave him a reason for their "failure to promote him." 

(SAC ~ 81.) 

At various points in 2004, all but two of the plaintiffs, Latson and Myers, notified 

the District of Columbia of their intent to sue the DCRA, pursuant to D.C. Code § 12-

309. (Def.'s Mot. [# 45] at 10-11.) In addition, the majority of plaintiffs filed Equal 

Employment Opportunity Commission ("EEOC") complaints and received right to sue 

letters. Johnson received his on August 17,2004. Brown, Booth, and Colbert received 

theirs on December 23,2004, and Burchette and Small received theirs on February 21, 

2005. (Pl.'s Surreply [# 74] Ex. I at 1-6.) Defendants concede that Buie filed an EEOC 

charge on March 12,2004, although Buie has not directed the Court to any evidence 

regarding this charge, or, for that matter, her right to sue letter. (Def.' s Surreply [# 67] at 

14.) 

On November 4,2004, plaintiffs filed their lawsuit in this Court. Six months later, 

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they filed a Second Amended Complaint. Defendants subsequently moved to dismiss the 

complaint, or in the alternative, for summary judgment. Buie, who is represented by her 

own counsel, filed her own opposition to defendants' motion. Later, the remaining 

plaintiffs, who all share the same counsel, filed their opposition. The parties 

subsequently filed supplemental briefing. Defendants' motion is now ripe. 

LEGAL STANDARD 

At issue is defendants' Motion to Dismiss, or in the alternative, Motion for 

Summary Judgment. Summary judgment is the appropriate standard here because the 

Court and the parties, who engaged in extensive discovery, rely on matters outside the 

pleadings.2 Summary judgment must be granted when the pleadings and the record 

demonstrate that "there is no genuine issue as to any material fact and that the movant is 

entitled to judgment as a matter oflaw." Fed. R. Civ. P. 56(c). To determine which facts 

are "material," a court must look to the substantive law on which each claim rests. 

Anderson v. Liberty Lobby, Inc., 477 U.S. 242,248 (1986). While the moving party 

"always bears the initial responsibility of informing the district court of the basis for its 

motion," it does not bear an evidentiary burden to produce evidence affirmatively 

negating the non-movant's claims. See Celotex Corp. v. Catrett, 477 U.S. 317, 323-24 

(1986). Rather, once a movant challenges the sufficiency of the nonmoving party's 

evidence on an essential element of a claim, the nonmoving party can survive summary 

2 Consistent with the Federal Rules of Civil Procedure and the law of our Circuit, all plaintiffs 

have had a reasonable opportunity to present evidence outside the pleadings in opposition to 

defendants'motion. See Wiley v. Glassman, 511 F.3d 151, 160 (D.C. Cir. 2007). 

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judgment only ifit "go[es] beyond the pleadings" and "designate[s] 'specific facts 

showing that there is a genuine issue for trial. '" See id. at 324 (citing Fed. R. Civ. P. 

56(e)). 

When considering a motion for summary judgment, the Court must view the 

evidence in a light most favorable to the nonmoving party and accord that party the 

benefit of all reasonable inferences. See Salazar v. Wash. Metro. Transit Auth. 401 F.3d 

504, 507 (D.C. Cir. 2005). However, if a nonmoving party intends to defeat summary 

judgment through factual representations made in its own sworn affidavits, it must 

"support [its] allegations ... with facts in the record," Greene v. Dalton, 164 F.3d 671, 

675 (D.C. Cir. 1999) (quoting Harding v. Gray, 9 F.3d 150, 154 (D.C. Cir. 1993)), or it 

must provide "direct testimonial evidence," Arrington v. United States, 473 F.3d 329,338 

(D.C. Cir. 2006). "Indeed, for the court to accept anything less 'would defeat the central 

purpose of the summary judgment device, which is to weed out those cases insufficiently 

meritorious to warrant the expense of a jury trial. '" Powell v. Lockhart, 629 F. Supp. 2d 

23,34 (D.D.C. 2009) (quoting Greene, 164 F.3d at 675). 

ANALYSIS 

I. Count One - Title VII Retaliation 

Title VII prohibits government agencies from retaliating against employees who 

engage in protected behavior by asserting their rights. See Holcomb v. Powell, 433 F.3d 

889, 901 (D.C. Cir. 2006). A plaintiff can make out an unlawful retaliation claim by 

establishing, through the presentation of evidence, that he or she "suffered (i) a materially 

5 
adverse action (ii) because he or she had brought or threatened to bring a discrimination 

claim." Baloch v. Kempthorne, 550 F.3d 1191, 1198 (D.C. Cir. 2008) (citing inter alia 

42 U.S.C. § 2000e-3(a». 

Plaintiffs Booth, Brown, Buie, Burchette, Colbert, Johnson, and Small claim that 

they were retaliated against as a result of their participation in one or both of the 

grievance letters they sent to the DCRA. Unfortunately for them, their evidence does not 

constitute a sufficient showing, if true, to support a retaliation claim. Indeed, their 

evidence is defective with respect to causation because the retaliatory acts they allege 

either occurred prior to their participation in the grievance letters, or so long after as to be 

too remote for legal viability. Finally, a number of the alleged retaliatory acts do not 

amount to "materially adverse action." How so? 

As to the first category, Booth, Brown, Buie, and Burchette all bring allegations of 

supposedly retaliatory events which in fact occurred before they even signed on to any 

grievance letter. Booth, for example, complains of an "[a ]dmonition" she received on 

February 6,2003. (SAC ~ 38). Similarly, Brown complains that he was the subject of a 

derogatory email and received a diminished performance evaluation in April and 

September, 2003, respectively. (Id. ~ 42-43.) Burchette complains of an August 2003 

reassignment. (Id. ~ 55.) None of these acts, however, could have been retaliatory 

because they pre-date these plaintiffs' participation in the October 23, 2003 letter. For 

the same reason, Buie cannot argue that she was retaliated against when denied a 

computer and other equipment that she claims was necessary for to do her job, because 

6 
these acts occurred two days prior to her August 20 letter. (Jd. ~~ 47-48, 51 (g).) While 

the plaintiffs try to salvage these allegations by claiming that they all publicly opposed 

mismanagement and discrimination at the DCRA prior to signing their grievance letters, 

(SAC ~~ 36, 40, 46, 52), the record is simply devoid of any such evidence. 

With respect to alleged retaliatory acts which are several months removed from 

the grievance letters, our Circuit has made it clear that there is a point in time where 

temporal proximity becomes too remote, without more, to permit an inference of 

causation. Thus, while adverse personnel action which occurs "shortly" after protected 

activity may give rise to an inference of causation, Holcomb v. Powell, 433 F 3d 889, 903 

(D.C. Cir. 2006), action which occurs more than three or four months after protected 

activity is not likely to qualify for such a causal inference. See Clark County Sch. Dist. v. 

Breeden, 532 U.S. 268, 273-74 (2001) (per curiam) (citing with approval circuit cases 

finding three and four months to be too temporally remote to establish causation). 

Accordingly, because the record is absent of any other evidence which might 

suggest causation, the plaintiffs' claims that fail for remoteness are: (l) Booth's claims 

that she received a diminished performance evaluation on May 7, 2004, and a reprimand, 

proposed on March 5 and sustained on April 20, 2004, (SAC ~ 38); (2) Brown's claim 

that, on March 3, 2004, he was denied use of a government vehicle that had been 

assigned to him, (id. ~ 44); (3) Buie's claims that she was similarly denied use of a 

government vehicle on February 10,2004 and suspended for ten days in September 2004, 

(id. ~~ 51 (h), G)); (4) Burchette's claim that she received a letter of admonition around 

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March 5, 2004, (id. ,-r 56); (5) Colbert's claim that she was notified on April 30, 2004 of 

her placement on leave restriction, (id. ,-r 74); and (6) Small's claim that he received a 

diminished performance evaluation on April 15, 2004, (id. ,-r 104). 

Finally, as for the remaining allegations in Count One, plaintiffs have not raised a 

genuine issue of material fact as to whether they actually suffered "materially adverse" 

retaliatory acts. Under Title VII, a "materially adverse action" is defined as one that 

would "dissuade[] a reasonable worker from making or supporting a charge of 

discrimination." Burlington N. & Santa Fe Ry. Co. v. White, 548 U.S. 53, 68 (2006) 

(quoting Rochon v. Gonzales, 438 F.3d 1211, 1219 (D.C.Cir.2006)). The evidence on 

record demonstrates that no such action occurred in this case. 

For instance, Booth, Buie, and Johnson complain they suffered diminished 

performance evaluations in the months immediately following their grievance letters. 

(SAC,-r 38, 51(t), 82). Generally, these acts are not "adverse" under Title VII unless they 

precipitate tangible negative consequences. See Baloch, 550 F.3d at 1199. More 

specifically, in our Circuit, poor performance evaluations are not "adverse" unless 

"attached to financial harms." Jd. (citing Weber v. Batista, 494 F.3d 179, 185-86 (D.C. 

Cir. 2007)). Even assuming that plaintiffs had the uniformly stellar performance 

evaluations they claim prior to joining in the grievance letters, and assuming arguendo 

that their evaluations suffered because of their protected activity, plaintiffs have not 

proffered any evidence to show that their diminished evaluations triggered tangible loss. 

To the contrary, the evidence on record suggests just the opposite: in October 2006, all 

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plaintiffs received promotions and corresponding pay raises. (PI's Opp'n [# 59] Ex. 3, 

Brown Affidavit,-r 7.) 

Similarly, Buie and Colbert complain they were retaliated against when, shortly 

after they signed on to the grievance letters, they received letters of admonition, (SAC ,-r,-r 

51(a), (d)) and a memorandum of direction, (id. ,-r 73). Such letters are not "adverse," 

however, if they contain no abusive language and instead offer "constructive criticism." 

See Baloch, 550 F.3d at 1199. Buie and Colbert did not introduce these letters into the 

record, nor have they directed the Court to any other evidence concerning the language 

used in those letters. Absent such evidence, there is no issue of fact as to whether the 

letters were "abusive," and therefore, in turn, no material fact as to whether these actions 

were "materially adverse.,,3 

Lastly, Buie complains she was transferred to a less favorable work assignment 

several weeks after she sent her August 20 grievance letter. Transfers, however, are not 

"adverse" if they only precipitate "purely subjective injuries." Holcomb, 433 F.3d at 902 

(quoting Forkkio v. Powell, 306 F.3d 1127, 1130 (D.C. Cir. 2002)). While a transfer can 

be "adverse" if the new position requires "significantly different responsibilities," our 

Circuit has found that "dissatisfaction with a reassignment, public humiliation, or loss of 

reputation ... are not adverse actions." Id. Here, Buie has not provided any evidence 

comparing the responsibilities of the positions from and to which she was transferred. 

3 Buie additionally claims that a letter she received from the City Administrator, which declined 

to investigate her allegations of discrimination at the DCRA, was a retaliatory act. (SAC,-r 

51(c).) This letter, like the letters of reprimand and admonition, is absent from the record. 

Furthermore, it is less than clear how such a letter could constitute a "materially adverse action." 

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All she has offered is her contention that her transfer was to a "less favorable assignment 

in a different ward." (Buie Decl. ~ 7.) Accordingly, Buie has failed to demonstrate the 

existence of an issue of material fact with respect to her allegedly retaliatory transfer. 

In sum, plaintiffs have failed to respond to defendants' Motion for Summary 

Judgment as to Count One by showing genuine issues for trial. Absent sufficient 

evidence to demonstrate causation or materially adverse action, their claims of retaliation 

in violation of Title VII must fail. 

II. Count Two - DCWP A Retaliation 

Next, all twelve plaintiffs claim that the DCRA retaliated against them in violation 

of the District of Columbia's Whistleblower Protection Act ("DCWPA"). The D.C. Code 

§ 1-615.53 states: "A supervisor shall not threaten to take or take a prohibited personnel 

action or otherwise retaliate against an employee because of the employee's protected 

disclosure or because of an employee's refusal to comply with an illegal order." 

Employees aggrieved by violations of §1-615.53 may bring private civil actions, 

provided they abide by the general notice requirements ofD.C. Code § 12-309-the 

statutory provision which requires six months notice prior to suing the District for 

unliquidated damages. D.C. Code § 1-615.54. 

First, as to Latson and Myers, they failed to comply with § 12-309's notice 

requirement. In response to this suit, the District searched the locations where § 12-309 

notices are maintained. It did not find either of these plaintiffs' notices, although it did 

find notices from all of the remaining plaintiffs. (Def.' s Mot. Ex. 1, Liley Affidavit ~ 2-

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5.) Latson and Myers respond by arguing they "were informed by their former counsel .. 

. that he had provided timely notice of their D.C. Whistleblower Protection Act claims," 

and that, as of January 24, 2008, they were "still awaiting copies of the notice from their 

counsel." (Pl.'s Opp'n at 1.) Over two years have expired since then and Latson and 

Myers still have not provided any supplemental evidence to corroborate that they did in 

fact submit the necessary notices. Therefore, their claims against the District under the 

DCPWA are barred by § 12-309.4 See District o/Columbia v. Dunmore, 662 A.2d 1356, 

1359 (D.C.1995) (noting that "compliance with [§ 12-309] is 'mandatory as a 

prerequisite to filing suit against the District. '" (quoting Hardy v. District 0/ Columbia, 

616 A.2d 338, 340 (D.C. 1992)). 

As for the remaining plaintiffs, the temporal remoteness analysis applied under 

Count One is equally applicable here. As such, claims premised on alleged retaliatory 

acts over four months after plaintiffs' protected activity do not permit an inference of 

causation. Again, absent additional evidence of causation, which is lacking here, these 

claims must fail. See Johnson v. District o/Columbia, 935 A.2d 1113, 1120 (D.C. 2007) 

("[W]e reject the four-month lapse of time as proof of a causal connection between the 

protected disclosures and the adverse actions."). This includes the following claims: (l) 

those of Booth, Buie, Brown, Burchette, Colbert, and Small dismissed under Count One; 

4 The Court rejects defendants' overly narrow argument that all of plaintiffs' DCWPA claims 

must be dismissed because their § 12-309 notices did not "mention[] whistleblowing or a claim 

pursuant to the Whistleblower Act." (Def. 's Mot. at 10.) As defendant concedes, "preciseness" 

is not required in a notice statement. See Tolson v. District a/Columbia, 860 A.2d 336,343 n.l 

(D.C. 2004). What is required is that "the Mayor ... be made aware of the actions which led to 

the charges," id., and plaintiffs' § 12-309 notices sufficed to do so. 

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(2) Butler's claim concerning a March 8, 2004 notice of reprimand, (SAC ~ 61); (3) 

Lovett's claims concerning a performance evaluation from May 7, 2004, and a work 

assignment given to him in June 2004, (id. ~ 93-94); and (4) Miller's claim concerning a 

performance evaluation from May 2004, (id. ~ 99). 

Additionally, certain plaintiffs' claims under this Count must be dismissed 

because they are not premised on "[p ]rohibited personnel action[ s ]," as the DCWPA 

requires, even though such acts may have occurred shortly after plaintiffs' protected 

activity. Whether conduct constitutes a "[p ]rohibited personnel action" requires an 

analysis similar to, but not precisely coextensive with, the one employed under Count 

One to determine whether a Title VII "materially adverse action" occurred. The DCWP A 

defines "[p ]rohibited personnel action" to include: 

recommended, threatened, or actual termination, demotion, 

suspension, or reprimand; involuntary transfer, reassignment, or 

detail; referral for psychiatric or psychological counseling; failure to 

promote or hire or take other favorable personnel action; or 

retaliating in any other manner against an employee because that 

employee makes a protected disclosure or refuses to comply with an 

illegal order .... 

D.C. Code § 1-615.52(a)(5). That diminished performance evaluations, like those 

complained of by Booth, (SAC ~ 38), Buie, (id. ~ 51(f)), and Johnson, (id. ~ 82), are not 

explicitly included in the provision is not necessarily fatal to these claims. Section 1-

615.52 makes clear that its list of "[p Jrohibited personnel action[ s]" is not exhaustive. 

But, as the Section also makes clear, for an action that is not on the list to be prohibited, it 

must be caused by an employee's protected activity. Therefore, to survive summary 

12 
judgment on their DCWP A claims involving performance evaluations, plaintiffs had to 

submit evidence demonstrating a causal link to their protected activity. They did not. 

Finally, for the remainder of claims under this Count, there is simply insufficient 

evidence to survive summary judgment. For instance, Buie complains of letters of 

admonition from August 27 and December 2, a September 1 transfer, and a December 15 

ten-day notice of official reprimand issued December 15,2003. (SAC ~~ 51(a), (b), (d), 

(e)). All of these acts appear to be "[p]rohibited personnel action[s]," and they are 

alleged to have occurred within three to four months ofBuie's protected activity. 

Critically, however, Buie has offered virtually no evidence to corroborate or bolster her 

claims. In fact, aside from Buie's own self-serving affidavit, there is simply no evidence 

on the record to suggest these events even occurred. Most conspicuously absent are the 

letters themselves. Thus, Buie cannot survive summary judgment because there is not 

enough evidence for a jury to conclude that a prohibited personnel action occurred, let 

alone that any such action was motivated, even in part, by her protected activity. See 

Johnson, 935 A.2d at 1120-21. As our Circuit has noted, "the central purpose of the 

summary judgment device ... is to weed out those cases insufficiently meritorious to 

warrant the expense ofajury trial." Greene, 164 F.3d at 675. Considering the amount of 

time Buie has had to conduct discovery and her absolute failure to produce a shred of 

evidence in response to defendants' Motion for Summary Judgment, her case can only be 

considered "insufficiently meritorious" to proceed any further. 5 

5 The same is true of Butler's unsupported claim of a December 9 reprimand, (SAC ~ 60), and 

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III. Count Three - DCHRA Retaliation 

The law of retaliation is the same under the D.C. Human Rights Act ("DCHRA") 

as it is under Title VII. See Fowler v. District a/Columbia, 404 F. Supp. 2d 206,209-10 

(D.D.C.2005). Accordingly, the Count Three claims of Booth, Brown, Buie, Burchette, 

Colbert, Johnson, and Small, must fail for the same reasons they did in Count One. 

Additionally, Latson and Myers cannot proceed on this Count because of their failure to 

provide the District with § 12-309 notices. See Kennedy v. District a/Columbia, 519 F. 

Supp. 2d 50, 57-59 (D.D.C. 2007). Finally, the claims of Butler, Lovett, and Miller must 

fail as well. Of these three plaintiffs, only one alleges an act within the requisite three-tofour month temporal causation window. This act, though-the December 9,2003 

reprimand complained of by Butler-is not "materially adverse" for the reasons set forth 

under Count One. Thus, no plaintiff can survive summary judgment on this Count either. 

IV. Count Four - Title VII and ADEA Discrimination 

Count Four contains Buie, Colbert, and Johnson's discriminatory non-selection 

claims. These three plaintiffs claim they were discriminated against when they were not 

selected or invited to apply for higher-level positions that they believe they were 

qualified to hold. Each claims that age was motivating factor in his or her non-selection. 

(SAC,-r 133-43.) Buie and Colbert also claim that gender played a role in their nonselection. (Jd.,-r 142.) Thus, the Court must resolve one central question: "Has the 

Colbert's unsupported claim of an October 31 "Memorandum of Direction," (id.,-r 73). 

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employee produced sufficient evidence for a reasonable jury to find that the employer's 

asserted non-discriminatory reason was not the actual reason and that the employer 

intentionally discriminated against the employee on the basis of race, color, religion, sex, 

or national origin [or age]?" Brady v. Office of Sergeant at Arms, 520 F.3d 490, 493-94 

(D.C. Cir. 2008) (Title VII); see also Baloch v. Kempthorne, 550 F.3d 1191,1196 

(applying Brady framework to ADEA claim). For the following reasons, Buie, Colbert, 

and Johnson failed to produce such evidence. 

These three plaintiffs complain that they were not given the opportunity in 

September 2004 to apply for a vacant position as Acting Branch Chief for the Eastern 

Sector. (SAC,-r,-r 136, 137, 139.) They fail, however, to rebut defendant's legitimate 

explanation that none were qualified for the position. As the DCRA explains, the Branch 

Chief position had a requisite time in grade requirement that none of these three plaintiffs 

met. 6 (Def.' s Mot. at 18.) Additionally, Colbert and Johnson claim they applied for Lead 

Housing Inspector positions in September 2003 but found out a few months later that 

DCRA hired younger employees instead. (SAC,-r,-r 138, 140.) Defendant explains, 

though, that one of the candidates hired was entitled to a residency preference because he, 

unlike Colbert and Johnson, lived in the District. (Jd.) Moreover, Colbert and Johnson 

scored lower on their interviews for the position than the two employees ultimately 

selected. (Jd.) Buie, Colbert, and Johnson have offered no evidence to suggest that these 

6 In fact, defendants claim that there never even was a vacant position for the Branch Chief 

position. According to the DCRA, there has been only one vacant Branch Chief position, in 

January, 2005, but that vacancy was not to scheduled to exceed 120 days and was therefore 

exempt from competitive hiring requirements. (Def.'s Reply [# 56] at 10.) 

15 
legitimate reasons were not the true cause of their non-selection. Accordingly, they 

cannot survive summary judgment on their discrimination claims. 7 

CONCLUSION 

Thus, for all of the above reasons, summary judgment is GRANTED for the 

defendants. An Order consistent with this Memorandum Opinion was previously issued 

[# 77]. 

~ United States District Judge 

7 While defendants' Motion for Summary Judgment was being briefed, plaintiffs sought to 

incorporate their non-selection allegations into their retaliation claims. But, because DCRA 

legitimately explained their non-selection, these claims must fail whether cast in terms of 

discrimination or retaliation. 

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