CITY OF MALDEN, MISSOURI, ) ) Respondent, ) ) v. ) No. SD36182 ) Filed: October 27, 2020 DUNKLIN COUNTY REORGANIZED ) COMMON SEWER DISTRICT #1, ) ) Appellant. )
APPEAL FROM THE CIRCUIT COURT OF DUNKLIN COUNTY Honorable Bradley D. Jarrell, Special Judge
AFFIRMED This appeal involves the interpreta tion of a payment provision in an “Intergovernmental Service Agreement” (A greement) between the City of Malden, Missouri (City) and the Dunklin County Reorga nized Common Sewer District #1 (District) concerning the City’s treatment of the District ’s wastewater. Followi ng a billing dispute, the parties tried the matter to the trial court. The trial court entered judgment in favor of the City, deciding that the City had billed the District correctly under the terms of the Agreement.2 The District presents two points on appeal. It contends the judgment in favor of the City “is not supported by substantial eviden ce and erroneously applies the law” because the Agreement was unambiguous and the trial c ourt considered parol evidence of: (1) an ordinance to interpret the Ag reement; and (2) a mediated settlement to interpret the Agreement. Finding no merit to either point, we affirm.
Standard of Review The judgment is presumed correct, and the party challenging the judgment bears the burden of provi ng it erroneous. Denny v. Regions Bank , 527 S.W.3d 920, 924- 25 (Mo. App. 2017). In this court-tried case, our review is governed by Rule 84.13(d) and Murphy v. Carron , 536 S.W.2d 30, 32 (Mo. banc 1976). 1 We are required to affirm the trial court’s judgment unless it is not suppor ted by substantial evidence, it is against the weight of the evidence, or it erroneou sly declares or applies the law. Murphy , 536 S.W.2d at 32. With respect to factual determinations , we defer to the trial court’s assessment of the credibility and weight of witness testimony. Metzger v. Franklin , 496 S.W.3d 547, 549 (Mo. App. 2016). The trial court is free to belie ve all, none or part of the testimony of any witness. Id . “We review issues of law de novo .” Denny , 527 S.W.3d at 925. Factual and Procedural Background In November 1998, the District and the Ci ty entered into the Agreement for the City’s treatment of wastewater collected by the District for a te rm of 35 years. The District agreed to pay the City a minimum user fee of $1,000 per month for up to 250 customers

1 All rule references are to Missouri Court Rules (2020). All statutor y references are to RSMo (2016).3 and an additional charge of $4 per mont h per customer above 250. The Agreement provided that the amount charged to the Distri ct could be raised or lowered by the same percentage that the sewer rates were rais ed or lowered for residents of the City. In July 2010, the City pa ssed “Ordinance No: 3018” (the Ordinance), which sets forth the formula established by the city council to calculate the wastewater rate for all customers, including the Distri ct. The Ordinance replaced a previous version passed in 2000. The Ordinance calculated the wastewater rate by setting a monthly customer charge and adding monthly charges fo r wastewater service, based on monthly water usage. 2 For those customers located inside the City limits, the Ordinance also requi red that the rates be adjusted each year based on cost of operations of the previous year. In 2014, a dispute arose between the parties concerning the amount of user fees the District owed to the City under the Agreemen t. In January 2015, the parties met with a mediator to resolve their differences. As a result, the parties entered into a one-page, handwritten settlement (hereinafter referred to as the Mediated Settlement). The Mediated Settlement did not modify the Agreement. Instead, the Mediated Settlement set forth

2 In relevant part, the Ordinance specified: Residential Waste Water Rates Monthly Customer Charge Resident $ 5.00 Non Resident $10.00 Monthly Charges for Waste Water Service (based on monthly water usage) First 6,500 Gallons $2.90 per 1,000 Gallons Next 5,000 Gallons $2.36 per 1,000 Gallons Next 2,500 Gallons $1.78 per 1,000 Gallons4 amounts that: (1) the District ag reed to pay in user fees; and (2) the City agr eed to charge per customer. 3 The City and the District agreed that “[a]ll claims for underbilling or overbilling are abandoned.” In August 2016, the City filed its underlyi ng petition to collect an unpaid balance allegedly due from the District under the Agre ement. In response, the District filed a counter-petition alleging that the City overbilled the Di strict and improperly raised its rates. Trial in the matter was held in February 2019. The parties’ dispute under the Agreement is limited to three provisions of the sixth paragraph. Provision 1 direct s the District to pay the C ity a minimum fee of $1,000 per month for up to 250 customers, and an add itional charge of $4 per month per customer above 250: [The District] will pay to or on behalf of [the City] a user fee to cover the cost of treatment of [the District’s] wastewater. Said user fee shall be calculated as follows:
A. A minimum monthly charge of $1,000.00; said minimum monthly charge shall cover treatment costs for wastewater from up to 250 residential customers of [the District], plus
B. An additional charge of $4.00 per residential customer per month for each residential customer of [the District] exceeding 250. Provision 2 provided for review and modification of the user fee every two years at the request of either party: The user fee provided herein shall be es tablished at the time [the District] begins operation and, at the request of eith er party, shall be subject to review

3 In relevant part, the pa rties agreed that: (1) “District sha ll pay City $9,804.50 by 1/31/15 to completely satisfy all current and past due usage fees. (Less $1804.96 pd ck 3145)”; and (2) “Beginning Feb. 1, 2015, City shall charge Di strict $10.41 per customer. This rate shall not be adjusted until July 1, 2015.”5 and modification every 2 years, co mmencing 2 years following the month [the District] begins opera tion. The failure to call fo r review of the user fee at the time specified shall not be a waiv er of any subsequent reviews of the user fee. Provision 3 specified that the amount charged to the District could be raised or lowered in the same percentage that the sewer rates were ra ised or lowered for residents of the City: User fees charged to [the District] shall be raised or lowered in the same percentage as [the City] raises or lowers rates for [its] customers located within [the City] limits. The parties have different interpretati ons of Provision 1, which specifies a “minimum monthly charge of $1,000” for “up to 250 residential customers[.]” The District argued that this means there is both a “flat fee” of $1,000 for the first 250 customers and a “per user fee” of $4 for custom ers 251 and up. According to th e District, the user fee is not a single per-customer charge, like the City ha d been charging for all District customers. The District also argued that the City ha d wrongfully raised ra tes without following Provision 2. According to the District, this provision requires either party to first request review and modification of the user fee every two years before modifying it. The City, on the other hand, argued th at the monthly ch arge of $1,000 under Provision 1 established only a mi nimum starting point and th at the amount reflected a $4 per-customer charge (dividing $1,000 by 250 to equal $4). According to the City, the Agreement contemplated a single per-custo mer charge, as evidenced by raising and lowering the charge through the years. The C ity referred to Provision 3, which states that the charge per customer of the District “shall be raised or lowered in the same percentage” as the City raises or lowers rates for its customers located within the City limits.6 In support of the City’s position, the City offered testimony from one of the drafters of the Agreement, Clark Duckett (Duckett). On direct examination, when asked “what were your intentions” as to the rates paid by the District in relation to the rates paid by customers of the City, the District objected, stating the “document speaks for itself.” The following colloquy occurred: [DISTRICT’S ATTORNEY]: Judge, I’m going to object to the question. The document speaks for itself . There’s no reason to get into the intention of the document. [CITY’S ATTORNEY]: Your Honor, I believe the intention of the document is very important in this case. I need to – he ha s testified he’s the author of this particul ar provision and I think th e intentions – I mean, I realize that it’s up to the Court to in terpret the contract, but I think the intention of the author of that partic ular paragraph and what they meant by that particular paragrap h is – is important. [DISTRICT’S ATTORNEY]: And I th ink you only get to that, Your Honor, if I may, if you find the contract to be ambiguous, and it’s the Sewer District’s position that it is not ambiguous. THE COURT: Well, my understandi ng is that you all have a difference of opinion as to what th at means; is that correct? [CITY’S ATTORNEY]: Yes. THE COURT: And so, there has to be some ambiguity to – to get – get to that disagreement. And so, I’m going to overrule that and we’ll hear what he thinks it means and we’ll also hear what you all think it means. [DISTRICT’S ATTORNEY]: Just – just for clarity – and I appreciate the Court’s ruling – can I have a standing objection on that so I don’t have to object – THE COURT: Absolutely. Duckett then went on to testify that: (1) the $1,000 covered the first 250 residents at $4 each because it was the same rate that a Ci ty resident paid at th e time; (2) the provision7 was to ensure the City received a minimu m of $1,000 per month because the City was unsure if the District even had 250 resident s that would hook up at the time; and (3) the provision that would rais e/lower the District rates by the sa me percentage as the City rates was automatic to ensure that the District cu stomers always paid as much as the City customers. In addition, Duckett presented testimony about the Ordinance and the Mediated Settlement, much of which wa s recounted previously. The City’s office manager similarly testif ied about the Ordinan ce and the Mediated Agreement. Both documents were admitted in evidence. The office manager confirmed that wastewater rates were calculated pursu ant to the Ordinance and charged to all customers, including the District. She also testif ied that the District paid user fees pursuant to the Mediated Agreement and continued to do so for months later. The District paid without complaint, although not always on time. Thereafter, the trial court found in favor of the City. The court agreed with the City that the Agreement contemplated a single per- customer charge, and that the District’s interpretation was flawed for the following reasons: First, to assume that th e parties intended to keep a rate of $4.00 per person for the first 250 people indefinitely is unrealistic. Believing that the rate was static ignores the latter paragraph in the contract which states that the rate shall raise and lower with that of the residents of [the City]. The District’s further contention that becaus e [the City] never called for review and modification, therefore could not ch ange this amount, also ignores this provision which allows for automatic changes. The best evidence for this interpretation is that the rate has fl uctuated many times throughout the years of partnership between these two entiti es, raising and lowe ring in step with the rate charged to the residents of [the City], and this practice has not been disputed by the District un til recently when they simply began sending in less payment.8 The court interpreted “the review and m odification every 2 years at request” under Provision 2 as “in addition to” the “automatic raising and lowering provision” in Provision 3. The court also decided that , “although some of the language of the contract is confusing and ambiguous it is not feasible to interp ret these provisions otherwise.” The court therefore ordered the District to pay the balance owed the City as of May 31, 2019. This appeal followed.
Discussion and Decision In both points on appeal, the Di strict contends that the j udgment in favor of the City regarding the user fees due pursuant to the Agreement “i s not supported by substantial evidence and erroneously applies the law” because the trial court considered parol evidence to interpret the Agreement. According to the District, the trial court was required to decide this dispute by looking only at the language of the Agreemen t and without considering the Ordinance and Mediated Settlement. Fo r the following reasons, we disagree. First, “[t]he parol evidence rule bars ev idence of prior or contemporaneous oral agreements that vary or contradict the te rms of an unambiguous, final, and complete writing, absent fraud, mistak e, accident or duress.” Building Erection Servs. Co. v. Plastic Sales & Mfg. Co., Inc. , 163 S.W.3d 472, 479 (Mo. App. 2005); see also Sherman v. Deihl , 193 S.W.3d 863, 866 (Mo. App. 2006) (“parol evid ence rule constitutes substantive law, and not merely an evidentiary rule”). For th is rule to apply, howev er, the Agreement had to be unambiguous. The trial court decided, an d we agree, that the Agreement contained9 ambiguities that had to be resolved. 4 Therefore, the trial court’s admission of Duckett’s testimony, concerning the intentions of the parties when the Agreement was reached, did not violate the parol evidence rule. See Denny , 527 S.W.3d at 926 (because the deed was ambiguous, the trial court did not err by adm itting extrinsic evidence of the grantors’ intent). Second, there is no merit in the District’s contention that the tr ial court should not have considered parol evidence concerning th e Ordinance and the Mediated Agreement to interpret the Agreement. The parol eviden ce rule “does not proh ibit evidence of agreements entered into after the contract was executed.” Warrenton Campus Shopping Ctr., Inc. v. Adolphus , 787 S.W.2d 852, 855 (Mo. App. 1990) (italics in original); see also Pac. Carlton Dev. Corp. v. Barber , 95 S.W.3d 159, 165 (Mo. App. 2003). Both the Ordinance and Mediated Settlement occurred years after the Agreement. 5 In particular, the Mediated Settlement resolved all disputes up to that point invol ving the City’s billing of the District. Third, we agree with the trial court that the parties themselves established the correct interpretation of the Agreement. See Stone v. Farm Bureau Town & Country Ins.

4 “If reasonable people can differ as to the meaning and interpretation of the contract, because the terms are susceptibl e to more than one meaning, then it is ambiguous.” Sherman , 193 S.W.3d at 866. “Whether a contract is ambiguous is a question of law that this Court decides de novo. ” Id .; see Denny , 527 S.W.3d at 925.

5 The District’s reliance on § 432.070, requiring a contract made with a municipality be in writing, and its terms be fixe d when the contract is entered, is misplaced. The Agreement was in writing. This statute do es not prohibit a tria l court from receiving evidence that clarifies the parties’ in tent when the contract is ambiguous. Withers v. City of Lake St. Louis , 318 S.W.3d 256, 264 (Mo. App. 2010).10 Co. of Missouri , 203 S.W.3d 736, 745-46 (Mo. App. 2006). We “take note of the wellestablished principle that the interpretation placed on a contract by the parties before it becomes a matter of controversy is entitled to gr eat weight in ascertaining their intent and understanding, and the courts will generally fo llow the parties’ own practical interpretation of the agreement.” Id . at 745. Here, the “course of conduct” between the parties established the billing method for at least 16 years, from the Agreement’s inception in 1998 to the dispute that arose in 2014. The City interpreted the Agreemen t as providing a single per-customer usage fee and automatically adjusted the District rate by the same percentage as that of City residents. The City billed the same, and the District paid accordingly. It was only when the District decided not to follow that settled course of conduct and challenge the billing method under the Agreement that the present controversy arose. The trial court’s decision merely re quired the District to pay what it had been paying without dispute for many years. We agree with that result. “By so holdi ng, we merely follow the practical construction of [the Agreement] pl aced upon it by the parties themselves prior to any controversy arising.” Id . at 746. Finding no merit in either Point 1 or Point 2, they are denied. The judgment of the trial court is affirmed.

JEFFREY W. BATES, C.J./P.J. – OPINION AUTHOR DON E. BURRELL, J. – CONCUR MARY W. SHEFFIELD, J. – CONCUR