IN THE UNITED STATES COURT OF APPEALS

FOR THE FIFTH CIRCUIT

No. 09-30660 

consolidated w/ 

Nos. 09-30897 & 09-31102

SCHOOL BOARD OF AVOYELLES PARISH,

Plaintiff-Appellee

v.

UNITED STATES DEPARTMENT OF INTERIOR,

Defendant-Appellant

-------------------------------------------------- 

SCHOOL BOARD OF AVOYELLES PARISH,

Plaintiff-Appellee

v.

UNITED STATES DEPARTMENT OF INTERIOR; ELDERWOOD

PROPERTIES,

Defendants-Appellants

v.

LE CHEVALIER, INCORPORATED, formerly known as, La Nuit, Inc.;

WILLIAM D. ARNOUDVILLE; CARLA BAUDIN ARNOUVILLE; CLAY

EMIL ROBLIN; CYNTHIA GAUTHIER ROBLIN; DAVID JOHN GUILLOT;

ANGELA WYNN GUILLOT,

Defendant-Appellees

-------------------------------------------------- 

SCHOOL BOARD OF AVOYELLES PARISH,

United States Court of Appeals

Fifth Circuit

F I L E D

July 22, 2011

Lyle W. Cayce

Clerk
No. 09-30660 consolidated w/ Nos. 09-30897 & 09-31102

2

Plaintiff-Appellee

v.

UNITED STATES DEPARTMENT OF INTERIOR,

Defendant-Appellant

v.

LE CHEVALIER, INC., formerly known as La Nuit Inc.; WILLIAM D.

ARNOUDVILLE; CARLA BAUDIN ARNOUVILLE; CLAY EMIL ROBLIN;

CYNTHIA GAUTHIER ROBLIN; DAVID JOHN GUILLOT; ANGELA WYNN

GUILLOT,

Defendants-Appellees

Appeals from the United States District Court 

for the Western District of Louisiana

Before GARZA, STEWART, and HAYNES, Circuit Judges.

EMILIO M. GARZA, Circuit Judge:

These three closely related appeals arise out of two district court cases:

Avoyelles Parish School Board v. United States, No. 08-1364 (W.D. La.)

(“Avoyelles I”), and Avoyelles Parish School Board v. United States, No. 08-1374

(W.D. La.) (“Avoyelles II”). Each case involves a different tract of land

(respectively, the “Avoyelles I tract” & “Avoyelles II tract”) owned by the

Avoyelles Parish School Board (“School Board”). Neither tract is accessible by

public road, and both share borders with the Lake Ophelia Wildlife Refuge

(“Refuge”). The Refuge is owned by the United States and operated by the

United States Fish and Wildlife Service (“FWS”), an agency within the United

States Department of Interior (“Department”). The School Board filed these
No. 09-30660 consolidated w/ Nos. 09-30897 & 09-31102

3

suits in state court against all adjoining landowners, including the Department,

to fix the School Board’s legal rights of passage to the respective enclosed lands.

The Department removed the cases to federal court, and the School Board

amended its complaints to state causes of action against the Department

pursuant to the Quiet Title Act, 28 U.S.C. § 2409a (“QTA”). In both cases, the

district court fixed rights of passage that burdened Refuge lands. The court

further concluded that, pursuant to the rights of passage, the Department could

not impose certain desired restrictions on the School Board’s actions on Refuge

lands. The Department appeals that holding. The right of passage in Avoyelles

II also burdened the land of Elder Properties (“Elder”). Elder appeals the court’s

choice of route. The three appeals were consolidated. For the following reasons,

we REVERSE both judgments in full and remand for further proceedings.

I

Both parcels of School Board lands at issue are so-called “Section 16”

lands. Prior to Louisiana’s admission to the Union, the sixteenth section of each

township was set aside by the federal government “for the support of schools

within” the township. Act of April 21, 1806, ch. 39, § 11, 2 Stat. 391, 394. After

Louisiana’s admission to the Union, the title of Section 16 lands was found to lie

with the State. State v. Humble Oil & Ref. Co., 197 So. 140, 143 (La. 1940); see

also Louisiana v. Union Oil Co. of Cal., 458 F.3d 364, 367 (5th Cir. 2006) (“[T]he

State is the fee title owner of the Section 16 lands involved in this law

suit . . . .”). Louisiana treats Section 16 lands as effectively in trust to the State

for purposes of education. Ebey v. Avoyelles Parish Sch. Bd., 861 So. 2d 910, 914

(La. Ct. App. 2003), cert. denied, 871 So. 2d 349 (La. 2004). “The management

of these trust lands is vested by the State in the local school boards.” Id. Section

16 lands themselves are used for various purposes, such as hunting, fishing,

timber, and minerals, with the ultimate benefit of the use going to education.

See, e.g., id. at 911. 
No. 09-30660 consolidated w/ Nos. 09-30897 & 09-31102

1 This portion of Buck Road was also known as Old Tram Road. Following a dispute in

the early 1990s regarding passage over Refuge lands, a new road, the “Dog Leg” road, was

added to complete the final portion of the passage to and through Elder’s lands. For ease of

discussion, this opinion will treat the Dog Leg Road as part of Buck Road.

4

These two particular parcels of Section 16 lands are enclosed estates—

estates not accessible directly by public road. The enclosed parcel at issue in

Avoyelles I is bounded for approximately one-half mile on the east by the Refuge,

and otherwise adjoins private lands and bayous. The enclosed parcel at issue in

Avoyelles II is bounded for approximately 0.1 mile on the east by the Refuge and

otherwise is bounded by private lands. Historically, access to both parcels

included passage through the Refuge to Lac Long Road, an improved public road.

After some distance on Lac Long Road, the historical paths to the parcels

diverge. To reach the Avoyelles I parcel, one continues through the Refuge along

private roads until one reaches the border of the School Board’s land. To reach

the Avoyelles II parcel, one follows a different private road, Buck Road, that

eventually leads through Elder’s lands before reaching the School Board’s.1

After some time, Elder began obstructing passage along the Buck Road

route with a locked gate, forcing the School Board to rely on all-terrain vehicles

(“ATVs”) to reach its lands via the Refuge. The FWS, however, eventually

soured on both the ATV use and, more generally, the unrestricted passage

through Refuge lands. It accordingly announced new permit conditions for the

School Board and its invitees. In particular, the FWS sought to restrict the

hours of passage, prohibit overnight parking of cars, and limit the use of some

types of vehicles. The School Board signed an FWS permit regarding access to

the Avoyelles I parcel that contained those restrictions. It did not seek judicial

review of the permit. 

The School Board did, however, file two state court suits—one for each

parcel—against the respective adjoining landowners seeking to enforce its rights

of passage under state law. Specifically, in Avoyelles I, the School Board sued
No. 09-30660 consolidated w/ Nos. 09-30897 & 09-31102

5

(1)the Department; (2) White Oak Farms, Inc.; (3) Bunkie Elevator and Gin Co.;

and (4) Laborde Paradise, LLC (“Laborde”). In Avoyelles II, the School Board

sued (1) the Department; (2) Bayou Lafourche, Inc.; (3) Elder Properties; (4) Le

Chevalier, Inc.; (5) William and Carla Arnouville; (6) Clay and Cynthia Roblin;

and (7) David and Angela Guillot. The Department removed both cases to

federal court, and in both cases the School Board amended its complaint to add

a claim under the QTA. 

In Avoyelles I, the Department did not dispute the School Board’s

entitlement to a right of way through the Refuge or the route thereof. Rather,

the Department sought to assert FWS’s authority to impose conditions on the

use of the School Board’s right of way pursuant to the National Wildlife Refuge

System Administration Act of 1966, as amended, 16 U.S.C. §§ 668dd-668ee

(“Refuge Act”). The district court concluded on summary judgment that the

Department could not impose all of its desired restrictions, in particular the

restrictions on hours of use and vehicle types. The Department appeals.

Various landowner-defendants involved in Avoyelles II disputed the

appropriate route for the School Board’s right of passage. The district court

trifurcated its proceedings to decide first, which nearby roads were public;

second, what route the right of way would take; and third, the School Board’s

indemnification obligation. The first stage was resolved after a trial and was not

appealed. In the second stage, the district court granted summary judgment in

favor of a route, based on the historical route of access, through the property of

both the Department and Elder. As in Avoyelles I, the district court held that

the FWS could not impose some of its restrictions on hours and vehicle types.

The Department and Elder appeal. 

II
No. 09-30660 consolidated w/ Nos. 09-30897 & 09-31102

6

A

It is well-settled that we have a duty, if necessary, to examine the basis of

our jurisdiction sua sponte. Mosley v. Cozby, 813 F.2d 659, 660 (5th Cir. 1987).

We requested supplemental briefing on two matters that raised potential

jurisdictional hurdles that would foreclose consideration on the merits. We first

asked whether the district court rendered a final appealable judgment in

Avoyelles I. See 28 U.S.C. § 1291 (granting jurisdiction over “appeals from all

final decisions of the district courts of the United States”). The district court

issued a “Memorandum and Judgment” that appears to have resolved the key

issues between the parties, butthat neglects to mention the School Board’s claim

against one landowner—Laborde. Where a district court’s order “disposes of one

or more but fewer than all of the claims for relief asserted, or completely

determines the rights and liabilities of one or more but fewer than all of the

parties,” we will ordinarily not treat the order as final and appealable. Tower

v. Moss, 625 F.2d 1161, 1164 (5th Cir. 1980). The Department argues that the

district court’s judgment is nevertheless final and appealable because it plainly

resolves all claims, despite inadvertently failing to list every party specifically.

Upon close review, we agree. 

We have routinely recognized a court’s authority to rule implicitly on

matters, including dismissal of claims. See, e.g., Wilson v. Boise, No. 00-30803,

2001 WL 422621, at *3 (5th Cir. Mar. 30, 2001) (“By failing to address Wilson’s

claim, the magistrate judge implicitly dismissed it.”), cert. denied, 534 U.S. 961

(2001); Lott v. City of Lubbock, TX, No. 98-10447, 1999 WL 500689, at *1 (5th

Cir. June 18, 1999) (“Lott’s state law claims were implicitly dismissed for lack

of jurisdiction.”). The School Board sought just one servitude in Avoyelles I,

which it received. The district court’s grant of a servitude resolved all claims,

regardless of whether all parties were explicitly addressed in the judgment. 

B
No. 09-30660 consolidated w/ Nos. 09-30897 & 09-31102

7

However, we must also consider the jurisdictional effect of a more

troubling feature of this litigation—namely, that the actual title holder of the

lands, the State of Louisiana, has not been made party to these proceedings. 

“The management of these trust lands is vested by the State in the local school

boards.” Ebey, 861 So. 2d at 914. Nevertheless, the School Board is not the true

landowner under Louisiana property law. That it brought this suit without the

participation ofthe true owner raises the question of whether we should consider

the case at all.

The Department concedes that the School Board has standing in this case

as a constitutional matter. We agree. “The irreducible minimum constitutional

standing requirement to invoke a federal court’s article III jurisdiction is (1)

injury-in-fact (2) fairly traceable to the defendant’s actions and (3) likely to be

redressed by a favorable decision.” Ensley v. Cody Res., Inc., 171 F.3d 315, 319

(5th Cir. 1999). The School Board meets these requirements. Both parcels of

land are administered by the School Board for its own benefit. See Ebey, 861 So.

2d at 914. The School Board’s inability to offer adequate passage to the lands

poses an injury in fact, and that injury is fairly traceable to the adjacent

landowners’ unwillingness to grant passage or unwillingness to grant passage

without restrictions. A favorable decision would negate any injury going

forward.

The Department argues, however, that Louisiana law forbids the School

Board from bringing this suit under its own name and urges us to vacate the

judgments below as having been made without jurisdiction. Although the

Department’s supplemental briefing is imprecise with regard to the specific

nature of the alleged jurisdictional defect, its argument most resembles a

challenge to whether the School Board is the correct party in interest to bring

this case. See FED. R. CIV. P. 17(a)(1) (“An action must be prosecuted in the

name of the real party in interest.”). Real-party-in-interest issues, however,
No. 09-30660 consolidated w/ Nos. 09-30897 & 09-31102

8

impose only a “prudential limitation” on us and may be waived by a party’s

failure to raise them. Ensley, 171F.3d at 320 (holding that real-party-in-interest

objection was waived); see also In re Signal Int’l, LLC, 579 F.3d 478, 487-90 (5th

Cir. 2009) (same). The Department concedes that it failed to identify this issue

until we prompted it to discuss our jurisdiction on appeal. Elder declined to

assert this issue even in the requested supplemental briefing. Any real-party-ininterestissue is accordingly waived and is no obstacle to our consideration ofthis

appeal on the merits.

The only remaining potential obstacle is the possibility that the State was

an indispensable party to this litigation. See FED. R. CIV. P. 19. A person is a

“required party” where 

(A) in that person’s absence, the court cannot accord complete relief

among existing parties; or (B) that person claims an interest

relating to the subject of the action and is so situated that disposing

of the action in the person’s absence may: (i) as a practical matter

impair or impede the person’s ability to protect the interest; or (ii)

leave an existing party subject to a substantial risk of incurring

double, multiple, or otherwise inconsistent obligations because of

the interest.

FED. R. CIV. P. 19(a)(1). In the past, we have been willing to consider the

omission of an indispensable party despite the fact that none of the litigants

preserved the issue at trial. See McCulloch v. Glasgow, 620 F.2d 47, 51 (5th Cir.

1980). Because no party asserted the issue at the appropriate time, however,

our focus is narrowed. See Provident Tradesmens Bank & Trust Co. v.Patterson,

390 U.S. 102, 110 (1968) (observing that, where a defendant fails to raise

nonjoinder as an issue at trial, “it is quite proper to consider [the defendant’s

interest in joinder] foreclosed”). We look in particular to whether the omitted

third party will be prejudiced by adjudication of the appeal in its absence. See

McCulloch, 620 F.2d at 51 (citing Sierra Club v. Hathaway, 579 F.2d 1162, 1166

(9th Cir. 1978) (“[W]hen the judgment appealed from does not in a practical
No. 09-30660 consolidated w/ Nos. 09-30897 & 09-31102

2 Admittedly, school boards are instructed by statute to bring certain types of

suit—specifically, those for damages from trespass or to recover title—on the State’s behalf.

LA. REV. STAT. ANN. §§ 41:921-23, 41:961-63; see also Union Oil Co., 458 F.3d at 367. These

statutes do not affect our indispensable party analysis for claims under the QTA or article 689.

9

sense prejudicially affect the interests of the absent parties, and those who are

parties have failed to object to non-joinder in the trial court, the reviewing court

will not dismiss an otherwise valid judgment.”)); 4 JAMES WM. MOORE ET AL.,

MOORE’S FEDERAL PRACTICE ¶ 19.02[4][b][ii] (observing that consideration of

failure to join indispensable party on appeal, where the issue was not raised in

the district court, “would seem proper only when necessary to protect the

absentee from serious prejudice”). 

The State of Louisiana, as the landowner, has more than a nominal

interest in the treatment of Section 16 lands. Union Oil Co., 458 F.3d at 367.

Nevertheless, the traditional policy of the State has been “to treat [Section 16]

lands as separate and distinct from all other State lands and to place them

under the control of the school authorities.” Humble, 197 So. at 144. Current

statutes reflect school boards’ broad authority to administer those lands.2 E.g.,

LA. REV. STAT. ANN. § 41:638. The School Board is required to administer the

lands in accordance with the State’s own educational purposes. See Ebey, 861

So. 2d at 915 (“We conclude Section 16 lands are held in trust by the State and

managed by school boards ‘in the manner of a statutory trustee’ for the benefit

of public education.”). The Department has not identified any way in which the

State’s interests meaningfully diverge from the School Board’s, or any other way

in which the State’s absence from this litigation leaves those interests

inadequately protected. Although the absence of the State from this litigation

gives us pause, it does not, in our view, ultimately bar us from considering these

appeals on the merits. 

III
No. 09-30660 consolidated w/ Nos. 09-30897 & 09-31102

3 The Department also challenges the inclusion of similar reasoning in Avoyelles II.

Because we conclude, infra, that the district court erred in granting summary judgment as to

the route in Avoyelles II, a specific ruling about restrictions pursuant to that route would be

premature. Suffice it to say, though, that the same basic legal principles would apply.

10

The Department argues that the district court erred by holding in

Avoyelles I that the Department could not impose its desired restrictions on

passage through the Refuge.3 The Department argues thatit has legal authority

to impose restrictions on the entry and use of FWS refuge lands, and that any

challenge to the restrictions it seeks to enforce should have come in the form of

a challenge to the School Board’s FWS permit, rather than through a separate

action to fix a servitude. The School Board counters that the Department, like

any property owner, is subject to the ordinary terms of Louisiana property law.

The School Board argues that, under Louisiana law, it has a property right in

its right of passage through the Refuge lands, and the Department cannot

violate that property right by imposing unreasonable restrictions.

The Refuge Act forbids any person from “enter[ing], us[ing], or otherwise

occupy[ing]” a refuge “unless such activities are performed by persons authorized

to manage such area, or unless such activities are permitted either under [16

U.S.C. § 668dd(d)] or by express provision of the law, proclamation, Executive

order, or public land order establishing the area, or amendment thereof.” 16

U.S.C. § 668dd(c). The Refuge Act authorizes the Secretary, under such

regulations as he may prescribe, to

(A) permit the use of any area within the System for any

purpose, including . . . access whenever he determines that such

uses are compatible with the major purposes for which such areas

were established . . . ; and

(B) permit the use of, or grant easements in, over, across,

upon, through, or under any areas within the System for purposes

such as . . . roads, including the construction, operation, and

maintenance thereof, whenever he determines that such uses are

compatible with the purposes for which these areas are established.
No. 09-30660 consolidated w/ Nos. 09-30897 & 09-31102

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16 U.S.C. § 668dd(d)(1). Pursuant to the Secretary’s regulations, “[a] permit

shall be required for any person entering a national wildlife refuge, unless

otherwise provided” by Refuge System regulations. 50 C.F.R. § 26.22(b). “The

permittee [must] abide by all the terms and conditions set forth in the permit.”

Id. The issuance of such a permit is an agency action reviewable under the

Administrative Procedure Act (“APA”). See 5 U.S.C. §§ 701-706. Pursuant to

an APA challenge, we will set an agency action aside if we conclude that it was

“arbitrary, capricious, an abuse of discretion, or otherwise not in accordance with

law.” 5 U.S.C. § 706(2)(A); see also Pub. Citizen, Inc. v. EPA, 343 F.3d 449, 455

(5th Cir. 2003). The School Board did not challenge the permit or its restrictions

under the APA. Instead, the School Board relies on the QTA and article 689 of

the Louisiana Civil Code.

Article 689 provides that “[t]he owner of an estate that has no access to

a public road may claim a right of passage over neighboring property to the

nearest public road. He is bound to indemnify his neighbor for the damage he

may occasion.” As we have explained:

[Article 689] is not self-executing. It does however confer on the

owner of an enclosed estate a legal servitude on the subordinate

property which entitles the owner to a forced passage for indemnity.

The enclosed landowner has the right to go into court and demand

that the passage be fixed . . . .

New Orleans & Gulf Coast Ry. Co. v. Barrois, 533 F.3d 321, 334 (5th Cir. 2008)

(quoting Batton v. United States, No. 05-1219, 2006 WL 568295, at *3 (W.D. La.

Mar. 8, 2006)). “[T]o obtain the actual, fixed physical manifestation of this right

of passage, the enclosed landowner must either go to court and demand that the

passage be fixed or obtain an agreement from the owner of the subservient

estate.” Id. Once the right of passage is fixed, it becomes a conventional

servitude. Id. (quoting Batton, 2006 WL 568295, at *3 ). The purpose of the
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12

School Board’s lawsuits, therefore, was both to vindicate its preexisting rights

and to transform the nature of those rights, from a legal servitude into a fixed

conventional servitude.

The QTA “provides the exclusive basis for jurisdiction of actions

challenging whether the United States holds title to real property.” United

States v. Mottaz, 476 U.S. 834, 841 (1986). Prior to the law’s enactment, “States

and all others asserting title to land claimed by the United States had only

limited means of obtaining a resolution of a title dispute.” Block v. North Dakota

ex rel. Bd. of Univ. & Sch. Lands, 461 U.S. 273, 280 (1983). Recognizing the

problems that arose from such a limitation, Congress enacted the QTA for the

purpose of expressly waiving sovereign immunity to suits seeking to adjudicate

disputed titles in real property. Id.; see 28 U.S.C. § 2409a(a) (“The United States

may be named as a party defendant in a civil action under this section to

adjudicate a disputed title to real property in which the United States claims an

interest, other than a security interest or water rights.”). The legislative history

of the QTA “indicates that Congress intended easements to be included in the

real property rights adjudicated in a quiet title action.” Kinscherff v. United

States, 586 F.2d 159, 161 (10th Cir. 1978) (per curiam); see H.R. REP. NO.

92-1559, at 8 (1972), reprinted in 1972 U.S.C.C.A.N. 4552 (“The quieting of title

where the plaintiff claims an estate less than a fee simple—an easement or the

title to minerals—is likewise included in the terms of the proposed statute.”). 

“When the United States consents to be sued, the terms of its waiver of

sovereign immunity define the extent of the court’s jurisdiction.” Mottaz, 476

U.S. at 841 (citing United States v. Sherwood, 312 U.S. 584, 586 (1941)). The

waiver of sovereign immunity under the QTA reaches civil actions “to adjudicate

a disputed title to real property.” 28 U.S.C. § 2409a(a). Nothing in the text of

the QTA suggests that it authorizes a suit to collaterally challenge a permit

issued by a federal agency. Therefore, the only question before us is whether the
No. 09-30660 consolidated w/ Nos. 09-30897 & 09-31102

4 As the Sixth Circuit has pointed out,the ambiguous grammar of § 668dd(d)(1)(B) could

lend itselfto the interpretation that it expressly authorizes the Department to “permit the use

of . . . easements in over, across, upon, through, or under any areas within the System.”

Burlison, 533 F.3d at 434. That somewhat awkward phrase could be read as referring to the

Department’s authority to regulate existing easements. We agree with the Sixth Circuit,

though, that the better reading of the language is that § 668dd(d)(1)(B) refers to the authority

to “grant easements” and “permit the use of . . . areas within the System.” Id. at 435. 

13

School Board’s property rights under article 689 include the right to act without

regard to the terms of an FWS permit. The district court concluded that,

because the Refuge Act does not expressly pre-empt state enclosed estate law,

the School Board’s right of passage exempts itfrom the permitting requirement.

We disagree. 

It is well-settled that federal law may pre-empt state law even in the

absence of an express pre-emption clause. See Geier v. Am. Honda Motor Co.,

529 U.S. 861, 885 (2000) (rejecting the need for a “specific expression of agency

intent to pre-empt”). Implied pre-emption occurs inter alia where state law

“actually conflicts with federal law.” English v. Gen. Elec. Co., 496 U.S. 72, 79

(1990). While the Refuge Act discusses the Department’s authority to grant

easements, the Act does not specifically address the scope of its authority to

restrict the use of an easement to which an adjoining landowner is entitled as

a matter of law. See 16 U.S.C. § 668dd(d)(1)(A)-(B); see also Burlison v. United

States, 533 F.3d 419, 434-35 (6th Cir. 2008) (discussing treatment of easements

by § 668dd(d)(1)(A)-(B)).4 The language of the Act, however, makes clear that

the Department is permitted to regulate entry into the physical boundaries of

Refuge lands:

No person shall disturb, injure, cut, burn, remove, destroy, or

possess any real or personal property ofthe United States, including

natural growth, in any area of the System; . . . or enter, use, or

otherwise occupy any such area for any purpose; unless such

activities are performed by persons authorized to manage such area,

or unless such activities are permitted either under subsection (d)

of this section or by express provision of the law, proclamation,
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14

Executive order, or public land order establishing the area, or

amendment thereof . . . .

16 U.S.C. § 668dd(c) (emphasis added). The relevant FWS regulation likewise

requires a permit for “any person entering a national wildlife refuge,” unless

otherwise excepted by the Department’s regulations. 50 C.F.R. § 26.22(b)

(emphasis added). The School Board’s servitude is a property right, but it is one

of use; the School Board does not own fee simple in the swath of land

constituting its pathway through the refuge. See LA. CIV. CODE. ANN. art. 646

(“A predial servitude is a charge on a servient estate for the benefit of a

dominant estate. The two estates belong to different owners.”); see also Blanda

v. Rivers, 210 So. 2d 161, 166 (La. Ct. App. 1968) (distinguishing between types

of real property interest under Louisiana law); Welsh S. Oil Co. v. Scurlock Oil

Co., 201 So. 2d 376, 378 (La. Ct. App. 1967) (distinguishing between “the land

described” and “a servitude across it”). Use of the School Board’s right of

passage,therefore, unambiguously involves entering an “area ofthe System,”in

the words of the statute, and “entering a national wildlife refuge,” in the words

of the regulations. The School Board’s use of the passage is therefore subject to

regulation by the Department. 

Moreover, the School Board concedes that imposing restrictions on entry

and use, even by easement holders, is well within Congress’s powers under the

Property Clause of the Constitution. U.S. CONST., art. IV, § 3, cl. 2 (“The

Congress shall have Power to dispose of and make all needful Rules and

Regulations respecting the Territory or other Property belonging to the United

States . . . .”); accord Burlison, 533 F.3d at 432-33 (permitting regulation of use

of an easement under the Property Clause); Hale v. Norton, 476 F.3d 694, 699-

700 (9th Cir.) (same), cert. denied sub nom. Hale v. Kempthorne, 552 U.S. 1076

(2007); United States v. Jenks, 22 F.3d 1513, 1517 (10th Cir. 1994) (same). The

Property clause grants the United States “power over its own property analogous
No. 09-30660 consolidated w/ Nos. 09-30897 & 09-31102

5 We note that, in the Sixth Circuit’s similar analysis in Burlison, the court suggests

that its calculus might differ ifthe Department were to “eviscerate [the adjoining landowner’s]

property rights in an easement,” rather than merely subject use ofthe easement to reasonable

regulation. 533 F.3d at 440. A complete evisceration of an adjoining landowner’s rights might

inter alia raise questions about the constitutionality of the Department’s actions under the

Takings Clause, U.S.CONST.amend. V. While the School Board’s brief passingly mentions the

Takings Clause in the context of discussing the hypothetical revocation of its permit, the brief

does not argue that the use restrictions alone amount to an unconstitutional uncompensated

taking.

15

to the police power of the several states.” Kleppe v. New Mexico, 426 U.S. 529,

540 (1976) (quoting Camfield v. United States, 167 U.S. 518, 525 (1897)).

Requiring a permit for entry and use is an exercise of that police power.

The law of property is one of those “areas of law traditionally reserved to

the states,” where a strong presumption against pre-emption applies. Franks

Inv. Co. v. Union Pac. R.R. Co., 593 F.3d 404, 407 (5th Cir. 2010) (en banc)

(internal citation and quotation marks omitted). Even that presumption,

however, cannot overcome a direct conflict with federal law. Insofar as

Louisiana law would permit the School Board to enter, use, or otherwise occupy

Refuge lands in violation of FWS regulations, Louisiana law is in direct conflict

with federal law and is pre-empted.5 The district court’s judgment, which was

premised on the assumption that Louisiana law alone defined the scope of the

School Board’s rights, was therefore in error.

IV

Separately, Elder appeals the district court’s ruling in Avoyelles II with

regard to the route of the School Board’s conventional servitude. It argues first

that Louisiana law only permits a servitude to the nearest public road, in this

instance, Bayou Natchitoches Road (“Bayou Road”), which can be reached by

passage across lands owned by the Arnouvilles. The School Board and other

landowner-appellees counter that Louisiana law permits courts to consider

feasibility in affixing a right of passage, and if passage to the nearest road is not

feasible, the court may consider routes to other roads. Elder argues, in the
No. 09-30660 consolidated w/ Nos. 09-30897 & 09-31102

16

alternative,thatthe School Board failed to show that passage to Bayou Road via

the Arnouville lands was unfeasible. The School Board argues that there are no

genuine issues of material fact with regard to the feasibility of the various

alternative routes,thatit showed thatthe Bayou Road route was unfeasible, and

that summary judgment was therefore appropriate.

Article 689 grants the owner of an enclosed estate “right of passage over

neighboring property to the nearest public road.” (Emphasis added.) It is

undisputed that Bayou Road is physically the nearest public road, but the

district court granted passage to farther-awayLac Long Road. Elder argues that

that ruling violated the command, under the Louisiana Civil Code, that “[w]hen

a law is clear and unambiguous and its application does not lead to absurd

consequences, the law shall be applied as written and no further interpretation

may be made in search of the intent of the legislature.” LA. CIV. CODE ANN. art.

9. The School Board counters that article 689 must be read alongside article

692, which provides that “[t]he passage generally shall be taken along the

shortest route from the enclosed estate to the public road at the location least

injurious to the intervening lands.” LA. CIV. CODE ANN. art. 692 (emphasis

added). “The term ‘generally’ in La. Civ. Code art. 692 is an acknowledgment

that there are exceptions to the general rule, and it recognizes that the nature

and location of the right of passage are governed by the circumstances of each

case.” May v. Miller, 941 So. 2d 661, 666 (La. Ct. App. 2006) (quoting Pearson

v. Theriot, 534 So. 2d 35, 36 (La. Ct. App. 1988)). The School Board suggests that

Louisiana cases demonstrate a willingness to consider feasibility, cost, and

convenience in affixing an article 689 right of passage. E.g., Davis v. Culpepper,

794 So. 2d 68, 74 (La. Ct. App.) (recognizing exceptions to the shortest route

rule), cert. denied, 804 So. 2d 646 (2001); see also Cash Point Plantation

Equestrian Ctr., Inc. v. Shelton, 920 So. 2d 974, 977 (La. Ct. App. 2006) (same).

Specifically, for example, Davis and Cash Point suggest that a court may depart
No. 09-30660 consolidated w/ Nos. 09-30897 & 09-31102

17

from the usual rule of relying on the shortest route in certain “exceptional

circumstances,” such as “when the estate which provides the shortest route is

covered by water or is otherwise not accessible year-round” or “when the costs

associated with crossing the estate which is the shortest distance from the public

road are so exceptional that from a practical standpoint it is economically

unfeasible to build.” Davis, 794 So. 2d at 74. Elder concedes that article 692 does

provide flexibility with regard to the details of the route, but argues that that

flexibility does not extend to the question of which public road the route will

reach.

Based on our review of the statutes and cases, we agree with the School

Board that a court may consider feasibility in fixing a route, and that, in select

cases, feasibility concerns may warrant fixing a route to a road that is not

physically the nearest to the enclosed estate. See, e.g., May, 941 So. 2d at 667,

670 (affirming trial court decision to fix passage on route to road (Big Lake)

other than the nearest public road (Lisle Peters)); Cash Point, 920 So. 2d at 976,

978-79 (affirming trial court decision to fix passage on route to road (Bodcau

Station) other than the nearest public road (Espanita)). The owner of the

enclosed estate is entitled to a right of passage that is “suitable for the kind of

traffic that is reasonably necessary for the use of that estate.” LA. CIV. CODE

ANN. art. 690. In some situations, it will be physically impossible, legally

impossible, or simply wholly impracticable to fix an adequate route with a direct

outlet to the nearest public road. Assuring that a landowner in such a situation

can nevertheless make productive use of its land is essential to the purposes of

the enclosed estate provisions: benefitting the “landowner by permitting full

utility of his land” and benefitting “the public by keeping valuable property in

commerce.” Vermilion Parish Sch. Bd. v. Broussard, 270 So. 2d 523, 525 (La.

1972). We agree, however, with the Louisiana courts that have held that

exceptional circumstances are required before a court may depart substantially
No. 09-30660 consolidated w/ Nos. 09-30897 & 09-31102

6 Admittedly, courts have sometimes fixed longer routes without an express finding of

an exceptional circumstance. See, e.g., Perdue v. Cruse, 38 So. 3d 1235, 1239 (La. Ct. App.

2010) (affirming route along original access path because that path would be less injurious

than the shortest path). In this case, however, the School Board’s proposed departure from the

shorter route involves more than a mere difference in length—it involves selecting an outlet

to a different public road and placing a burden on property that would not be burdened at all

by the shorter route. 

18

from the ordinary practice of fixing the shortest route to the nearest public road.

See Cash Point, 920 So. 2d at 977; Davis, 794 So. 2d at 74.6

Elder argues that, even if a route may sometimes lead to a public road

other than the closest, the “Pug’s Road” route to Bayou Road is feasible, and the

district court therefore erred by granting summary judgment in favor of the

longer route. The district court concluded that the Pug’s Road route was “less

preferable” than the route over the Refuge and Elder properties for three

reasons: (1) the Arnouville lands over which the Pug’s Road route would cross

are cultivated farm land, and therefore a new road would have to be built over

those lands; (2) the Pug’s Road route would only provide access to the eastern

portion of the School Board’s lands, and the School Board would need to build a

bridge on its property to access the western portion; and (3) the route to Lac

Long Road had been relied on historically to provide access to the School Board

lands. The district court concluded that, while both routes would require

physical improvements, “[c]ommon sense informs this court that refurbishment

of existing roads is less costly and injurious than construction of wholly new

roads.” The court recognized that fixing the conventional servitude across Elder

and the Refuge lands would be “an exception to the general rules pertaining to

location of servitudes of passage,” but that such an exception was justified

because that route was “the most just and practicable solution.” Although the

district court conceded that some facts were disputed, it concluded that the

disputed facts were not material and granted summary judgment in favor of the

Elder/Refuge route.
No. 09-30660 consolidated w/ Nos. 09-30897 & 09-31102

7 Where, as here, the shortest route is unavailable, the district court is still obliged to

favor the shortest possible route. See Cash Point, 920 So. 2d at 979 (applying “exceptional

19

Based on our review of the record and case law, we cannot agree that the

School Board demonstrated that, as a matter of law, the route over the Refuge

and Elder’s land was the only feasible route. The enclosed landowner seeking

a route other than the shortest bears the burden of showing that an exceptional

circumstance justifies the alternative route. Davis, 794 So. 2d at 74. The School

Board argues that it has carried its burden by demonstrating the expenses

necessary to render the Pug’s Road route adequate. A route is not unfeasible,

however, simply because it requires expensive improvements. See May, 941 So.

2d at 668-69 (affirming district court’s setting of route that “required the

building of an expensive bridge”). Moreover, Elder presented an engineer’s

report suggesting that both proposed routes would require expensive

improvements and estimating that the overall improvements necessary for use

of the Elder/Refuge route would actually be more expensive. Although a district

court considering motions for summary judgment in a non-jury case has

“somewhat greater discretion to consider what weight it will accord the

evidence,” it is not free to disregard “significant evidence demonstrating the

existence of a genuine fact issue.” Johnson v. Diversicare Afton Oaks, LLC, 597

F.3d 673, 675 (5th Cir. 2010) (quoting In re Placid Oil Co., 932 F.2d 394, 397 (5th

Cir. 1991); Russell v. Harrison, 736 F.2d 283, 287 (5th Cir. 1984) (emphasis

omitted)). 

Even assuming, though, that the district court was correct that the

Elder/Refuge route was less expensive, Louisiana law does not guarantee an

enclosed landowner the least expensive route. To the contrary, an exceptional

circumstance arises only “when the costs associated with crossing the estate

which is the shortest distance from the public road are so exceptional that from

a practical standpoint it is economically unfeasible to build.”7 Davis, 794 So. 2d
No. 09-30660 consolidated w/ Nos. 09-30897 & 09-31102

circumstances” requirement in favor of shortest possible route to public road, in case where

route to nearer public road was blocked by federally-designated wetlands).

20

at 74. The School Board has not shown that the expense of using the Pug’s Road

route was actually prohibitive, as opposed to merely greater than the School

Board would prefer. Whether a cost is prohibitive depends on context, in

particular regarding the value of productive use of the land over time. See May,

941 So. 2d at 668-69 (evaluating whether cost of bridge was prohibitive in light

of the value of the enclosed land). We cannot conclude, as the district court did,

that the disputed or unresolved facts in this case are merely incidental,

especially where the School Board bore the burden of proof. Accordingly, the

grant of summary judgment to the School Board was in error.

V

For the foregoing reasons,the district court’s judgments in Avoyelles I and

Avoyelles II are REVERSED and the cases REMANDED for proceedings in

accordance with this opinion.