18-3769

United States v. Almonte

UNITED STATES COURT OF APPEALS

F OR THE S ECOND C IRCUIT

_______________

August Term, 2019

(Argued: February 19, 2020 Decided: March 5, 2020)

Docket No. 18

‐ 3769

_______________

U NITED S TATES OF A MERICA

,

Appellee

,

—v.—

V ETTHYA A LCIUS

, AKA T HEIYA C OLE

, D AWITT D YKES

, AKA D AWEEZY

, AKA

D AWEZZY

, M ARIA M AGDALENA A LMONTE

, D ARLENE D E L EON

, G ABRIELY M. J OSE

,

AKA G ABRIELA V UITTON

, AKA G ABBY

,

Defendants

,

M ARIA S OLY A LMONTE

, AKA S OLY A LMONTE

, AKA S OLY L A F UERTE

, AKA S O S O

, AKA

S O S O W AVY

, AKA S OLY M ONTANA

,

Defendant

‐ Appellant

.

_______________2 B e f o r e:

K ATZMANN

, Chief Judge

, K EARSE and B IANCO

, Circuit Judge s

.

_______________

Appeal from a judgment of the United States District Court for the

Southern District of New York (Wood, J .), sentencing defendant

‐ appellant Maria

Soly Almonte, after her conviction on five counts related to sex trafficking, to 20

years’ imprisonment, to be followed by five years of supervised release. Almonte

argues that the district court’s sentence was procedurally unreasonable because

the district court considered her false testimony at trial as a § 3553(a) factor

without finding that she qualified for an adjustment for obstruction of justice

under § 3C1.1 of the Sentencing Guidelines. However, the government did not

request such an adjustment, and the presentence report, which neither party

objected to, did not recommend one. We hold that the fact that there has been no

suggestion that the defendant’s false testimony warrants a Guidelines

adjustment does not impede the court’s consideration of that false testimony in

determining an appropriate sentence in accordance with § 3553(a). Almonte also

argues that her sentence was substantively unreasonable and that there was

insufficient evidence to support her conviction on one count, but we find both

these arguments meritless. Accordingly, we AFFIRM the judgment of the district

court.

_______________

Bruce R. Bryan, Esq., Bryan Law Firm, Syracuse, NY, for Defendant

‐ Appellant

.

Stephanie Lake, Assistant United States Attorney (Alison Moe, Anna M. Skotko,

Assistant United States Attorneys, on the brief ), for Geoffrey S. Berman, United

States Attorney for the Southern District of New York, New York, NY, for

Appellee

.

_______________3 P ER C URIAM :

Defendant

‐ appellant Maria Soly Almonte appeals from an amended

judgment of conviction by the United States District Court for the Southern District

of New York (Wood, J .), after a jury found her guilty of (1) conspiracy to commit

sex trafficking of minors, in violation of 18 U.S.C. § 1594(c); (2) sex trafficking of a

minor who was less than 14 years old, in violation of 18 U.S.C. § 1591(a) and (b)(1);

(3) sex trafficking of a minor who was between 14 and 17 years old, in violation of

18 U.S.C. § 1591(a) and (b)(2); (4) use of interstate commerce to promote unlawful

activity, in violation of 18 U.S.C. § 1952(a)(3); and (5) conspiracy to use interstate

commerce to promote unlawful activity, in violation of 18 U.S.C. § 371.

We assume the parties’ familiarity with the underlying facts, the procedural

history of the case, and the issues on appeal.

I. Motion for a Judgment of Acquittal

Almonte argues that the district court erred in denying her Federal Rule of

Criminal Procedure 29 motion for acquittal with respect to Count Two, sex

trafficking of a minor who was less than 14 years old, as the evidence presented at

trial was insufficient to sustain her conviction on this count. This Court reviews a

district court’s denial of a Rule 29 motion addressing the sufficiency of the4 evidence de novo

. United States v. Klein

, 913 F.3d 73, 78 (2d Cir. 2019). “A defendant

bears a heavy burden because we view the evidence in the light most favorable to

the government, drawing all inferences in the government’s favor and deferring

to the jury’s assessments of the witnesses’ credibility.” United States v. Pierce

, 785

F.3d 832, 838 (2d Cir. 2015). 1 “We will sustain the jury’s verdict if any rational trier

of fact could have found the essential elements of the crime beyond a reasonable

doubt.” Id

. (emphasis in original).

Almonte’s sole argument for acquittal on Count Two is that the government

failed to introduce sufficient evidence to establish that she had a “reasonable

opportunity to observe” the victim who was under 14 years old (“JF”). Title 18,

United States Code, Section 1591(c) provides that, if the defendant engaged in a

sex trafficking act listed in Section 1591(a)(1) involving a victim under 18 years old,

the government need not prove that the defendant knew or recklessly disregarded

the victim’s age as long as it proves that “the defendant had a reasonable

opportunity to observe” the victim. 18 U.S.C. § 1591(c). We have held that this

provision “imposes strict liability with regard to the defendant’s awareness of the

victim’s age, thus relieving the government’s usual burden to prove knowledge or

1 Unless otherwise indicated, case quotations omit all internal quotation

marks, alterations, footnotes, and citations.5 reckless disregard of the victim’s underage status under § 1591(a).” United States

v. Robinson

, 702 F.3d 22, 26 (2d Cir. 2012). Therefore, contrary to Almonte’s

arguments, it is irrelevant whether she could infer that JF was under 14 years old

from their interactions. Almonte relies on Robinson to argue that a “reasonable

opportunity to observe” requires evidence of a more extensive personal

relationship between the defendant and victim than was presented in this case.

But, as Almonte herself acknowledges, in Robinson

, we noted that merely

“personally confronting an underage victim may suffice to show reckless

disregard of the victim’s age.” Id

. at 32 n.9. The language Almonte cites from

Robinson

, describing extensive interactions with a minor victim, is a summary of

the evidence presented in that case, not a statement of the minimum evidence

required.

The evidence presented in this case was more than sufficient for the jury to

conclude that Almonte had a reasonable opportunity to observe JF. It was

undisputed at trial that Almonte met JF in person at least twice, and those

interactions enabled Almonte to form her own assessment of JF’s age: Almonte

herself testified that she met JF in person twice and thought JF looked “pretty

young.” App’x at 410

‐ 11, 424. Two cooperating witnesses testified that Almonte6 had a face

‐ to

‐ face discussion with JF, in which she described to JF how the

prostitution business operated. One cooperating witness testified that, after this

discussion, Almonte set up a commercial sexual encounter between JF, another

minor, and Almonte’s landlord, and that Almonte collected money from the two

minors after the encounter.

Accordingly, we find that the district court did not err in denying Almonte’s

motion for an acquittal as to Count Two.

II. Reasonableness of Sentence

We review a district court’s sentence for reasonableness, both as to the

sentence itself and to the procedures employed in arriving at the sentence. See

United States v. Cavera

, 550 F.3d 180, 189

‐ 90 (2d Cir. 2008) (en banc). “A district

court commits procedural error when it fails to calculate (or improperly calculates)

the Sentencing Guidelines range, treats the Sentencing Guidelines as mandatory,

fails to consider the § 3553(a) factors, selects a sentence based on clearly erroneous

facts, or fails adequately to explain the chosen sentence.” United States v. Genao

,

869 F.3d 136, 140 (2d Cir. 2017). As Almonte did not raise any procedural

objections below, we review for plain error, although we do not apply the plain7 error doctrine stringently in the sentencing context. See United States v. Wernick

,

691 F.3d 108, 113 (2d Cir. 2012).

A. Procedural Reasonableness

Almonte argues that the sentence imposed by the district court was

procedurally unreasonable because the district court improperly considered

Almonte’s false testimony at trial as a § 3553(a) factor without finding that

Almonte qualified for a Guidelines adjustment for obstruction of justice under §

3C1.1 of the Sentencing Guidelines. 2 We disagree. While the sentencing court’s

threshold obligation

– despite the fact that the Guidelines are advisory, not

mandatory, see United States v. Booker

, 543 U.S. 220 (2005)

– is to determine the

defendant’s offense level and criminal history category in order to calculate what

the advisory

‐ Guidelines

‐ recommended range of imprisonment would be, see Gall

v. United States

, 552 U.S. 38, 49 (2007), in the present case, the government did not

request that Almonte’s offense level be increased for obstruction of justice

2 Under § 3C1.1 a district court may increase a defendant’s offense level by

two levels if it finds that the defendant committed perjury. See U.S.S.G. § 3C1.1

cmt. 4(B). If the defendant objects to application of this enhancement, the

“district court must review the evidence and make independent findings

necessary to establish a willful impediment to or obstruction of justice, or an

attempt to do the same, under the perjury definition the Supreme Court has set

out.” United States v. Thompson

, 808 F.3d 190, 194 (2d Cir. 2015).8 pursuant to Guidelines § 3C1.1, the presentence report (“PSR”) did not

recommend such an adjustment, and neither party objected to the PSR

recommendation. Almonte points to no authority suggesting that a sentencing

judge may permissibly consider false testimony only as a Guidelines § 3C1.1

adjustment in the offense level, and we know of none. There are myriad guidelines

dealing with various categories of offenses and with the personal conduct,

characteristics, or circumstances of the defendant. There is no requirement that the

court, in calculating the defendant’s Guidelines

‐ recommended range, sua sponte

consider every conceivably applicable guideline.

In contrast, Title 18 provides that the sentencing court “ shall consider,”

among other factors, the “characteristics of the defendant,” 18 U.S.C. § 3553(a)(1)

(emphasis added), and “ shall impose a sentence sufficient

, but not greater than

necessary, to,” inter alia

, “ promote respect for the law ,” id

. § 3553(a)(2)(A) (emphases

added). The defendant’s commission of perjury in an effort to evade or minimize

punishment for her crimes is clearly indicative of her lack of respect for the law

and is a relevant consideration in determining what sentence is “‘sufficient’ under

the circumstances.” United States v. Stewart

, 590 F.3d 93, 149 (2d Cir. 2009) (quoting

18 U.S.C. § 3553(a)(2)).9 Title 18 provides that “[n]o limitation shall be placed on the information

concerning the background, character, and conduct of a person convicted of an

offense which a court of the United States may receive and consider for the

purpose of imposing the appropriate sentence.” 18 U.S.C. § 3661. Accordingly, the

fact that there has been no suggestion that the defendant’s perjury warrants an

increase in her advisory

‐ Guidelines offense level does not impede the court’s

consideration of that perjury in determining an appropriate sentence in

accordance with § 3553(a).

B. Substantive Reasonableness

Almonte also argues that the sentence imposed by the district court was

substantively unreasonable, emphasizing the substantial mitigating factors in her

case. This Court “consider[s] the substantive reasonableness of the sentence

imposed under an abuse

‐ of

‐ discretion standard.” Gall v. United States

, 552 U.S. 38,

51 (2007). We find error only if the sentence “cannot be located within the range of

permissible decisions.” Cavera

, 550 F.3d at 189. “[I]n the overwhelming majority of

cases, a Guidelines sentence will fall comfortably within the broad range of

sentences that would be reasonable in the particular circumstances.” United States10 v. Perez

‐ Frias

, 636 F.3d 39, 43 (2d Cir. 2011). “It is therefore difficult to find that a

below

‐ Guidelines sentence is unreasonable.” Id

.

While the mitigating factors in Almonte’s case are significant, “[t]he

particular weight to be afforded aggravating and mitigating factors is a matter

firmly committed to the discretion of the sentencing judge, with appellate courts

seeking to ensure only that a factor can bear the weight assigned it under the

totality of circumstances in the case.” United States v. Broxmeyer

, 699 F.3d 265, 289

(2d Cir. 2012). And here, the record clearly shows that the district court took the

mitigating factors that Almonte raises on appeal into account in sentencing

Almonte to 20 years’ imprisonment, five years above the statutory minimum

sentence of 15 years’ imprisonment but well below the Guidelines sentence of life

imprisonment. Almonte also argues that there was an unwarranted disparity

between her sentence and her mother’s sentence of 5 years’ imprisonment. But her

mother was not similarly situated at the time of sentencing: her mother had pled

guilty to one count of use of interstate commerce to promote unlawful activity,

while Almonte went to trial and was convicted of five counts, one of which carried

a 15

‐ year minimum sentence. Moreover, there is no requirement that a district

court consider or explain sentencing disparities among codefendants. See United11 States v. Frias

, 521 F.3d 229, 236 (2d Cir. 2008). Accordingly, we conclude that the

sentence the district court imposed was within the range of permissible decisions.

C ONCLUSION

We have considered all of Almonte’s remaining contentions on appeal and

have found in them no basis for reversal. Accordingly, the judgment of the district

court is AFFIRMED

.