B RIEF OF A PPELLEE Page 1 of 42 No. 05
- 19
- 00224
- CV

COURT OF APPEALS for the FIFTH DISTRICT OF TEXAS Dallas, Texas

CHRISTINE FLOREZ DESIO D/B/A PROFESSIONAL CENTER OF GRAND PRAIRIE AND FRACIS ANTHONY DESIO, JR. A/K/A FRANK DESIO, INDIVIDUALLY, Appellants

v. MIKE DEL BOSQUE D/B/A INJURY AND REHAB CENTER IN GRAND PRAIRIE, Appellee Original Proceeding from the 14th Judicial District Court of Dallas County, Texas

Honorable Judge Eric V. Moy é , Presiding Trial Court Cause No. DC

- 17

- 04408

APPELLEE’S BRIEF

TAILIM SONG LAW FIRM Tailim Song State Bar No. 00792845 Tel: (214) 528

- 8400 Fax: (214) 528

- 8402 8111 Lyndon B. Johnson Freeway Suite 480 Dallas, Texas 75251 Email: tsong@tailimsong.com ATTORNEY FOR APPELL EE ACCEPTED 05-19-00224-CV FIFTH COURT OF APPEALS

DALLAS, TEXAS 6/18/2019 5:17 PM LISA MATZ CLERKB RIEF OF A PPELLEE Page 2 of 42 IDENTITY OF PARTIES AND COUNSEL Pursuant to Texas Rules of Appellate Procedure Rule 52.3(a), Appellee hereby certifies that the following is a complete list of all parties, attorneys, and any other persons who have any interest in the outcome of this lawsuit. Appellants: Christine Florez Desio d/b/a Professional Center of Grand Prairie and Francis Anthony Desio, Jr. a/k/a Frank Desio, Individually Counsel for Appellant: BUSH RUDNICKI SHELTON, P.C. Grant A. Bannen State Bar No. 00793300 200 N. Mesquite St., Suite 200 Arlington, Texas 76011 Tel: (817) 274

- 5992 Fax: (817) 261

- 1671 Appellees: Mike Del Bosque d/b/a Injury and Rehab Center in Grand Prairie Counsel for Appellee: TAILIM SONG LAW FIRM TAILIM SONG State Bar No. 00792845 tsong@tailimsong.com JORDAN WHIDDON State Bar No. 24093350 jwhiddon@tailimsong.com 8111 LBJ Freeway, Suite 480 Dallas, Texas 75251 Tel: (214) 528

- 8400 Fax: (214) 528

- 840 2B RIEF OF A PPELLEE Page 3 of 42 TABLE OF CONTENTS
IDENTITY OF PARTIES AND COUNSEL

................................ ................................ ................. 2 INDEX OF AUTHORITIES

................................ ................................ ................................ ........... 4 RECORD REFERENCES

................................ ................................ ................................ .............. 7 STATEMENT OF THE CAS E

................................ ................................ ................................ ....... 8 STATEMENT OF JURISDI CTION

................................ ................................ ............................... 9 STATEMENT REGARDING ORAL ARGUMENT

................................ ................................ ..... 9 ISSUES PRESENTED

................................ ................................ ................................ .................... 9 STATEMENT OF FACTS

................................ ................................ ................................ ........... 10 SUMMARY OF THE ARGUM ENT

................................ ................................ ........................... 13 ISSUE NUMBER 1: The Trial Court Properly Held that Appellants Breached the Second Floor Leases as there was No Ambiguity as to The Contracts

................................ ............................... 17 A. Standard of Review

................................ ................................ ................................ ....... 17 B. The Second Floor Leases are Not Ambiguous

................................ .............................. 18 ISSUE NUMBER 2: The Trial Court Properly Held that Appellants Breached the Second Floor Leases as Appellants Did Not Post Notice Pursuant to Property Code Section 93.002(F) in Addition to Their Contractually Obligated Notice Requirements.

................................ ............... 21 ISSUE NUMBER 3: The Trial Court Properly Held that There is Not a Specific Contract Provision that Prevails Over General Contractual Provisions.

................................ ..................... 22 A. Standard of Review

................................ ................................ ................................ ....... 23 B. Appellants Breached the Contract for the First and Second Floor Leases

.................. 24 ISSUE NUMBER 5: The Trial Court Properly Held that Appellants Prior Materially Breached and Failed to Mitigate Damages

................................ ................................ ................................ ... 28 ISSUE NUMBER 6: The Trial Court Properly Held that Appellee was Entitled to Reasonable and Necessary Attorney’s Fees Because He was the Prevailing Party

................................ ......... 29 A. Appellee Is Entitled to Attorney’s Fees Because Appellee Prevailed On The Indistinguishable Counterclaim.

................................ ................................ ........................... 32 B. Attorneys’ Fees Granted Were Reasonable and Not Excessive

................................ .... 34 ISSUE NUMBER 7: The Trial Court Properly Held That Appellants Tortiously Interfered with the Contract, Tortiously Interfered with prospective Contracts, That Appellants Trespassed on Real Property, and Appellants Committed Conversion

................................ ................................ 35 CONCLUSION

................................ ................................ ................................ ............................. 40 PRAYER

................................ ................................ ................................ ................................ ....... 40 CERTIFICATE OF COMPL IA NCE

................................ ................................ ............................ 41 CERTIFICATE OF SERVI CE

................................ ................................ ................................ ..... 41B RIEF OF A PPELLEE Page 4 of 42 INDEX OF AUTHORITIES
Cases Anderson v. City of Seven Points , 80 S.W. 2d 791, 794 (Tex. 1991).

................................ .......... 21 Ashcraft v. Lookadoo , 952 S.W. 2d 907, 911 (Tex. App.

— Dallas 1997, pet. denied).

................ 21 Austin Hill Country Realty, Inc. v. Palisades Plaza, Inc . 948 S.W.2d 293, 299 (Tex. 1997)

...... 36 Ayoub v. Montelongo . 2001 WL 695521 (Tex. App.

— El Paso, June 21, 2001, no pet.)

............. 27
Barnes v. Mathis , 353 S.W.3d 760, 764 (Tex. 2011)

................................ ................................ ... 4 9 Brockie v. Webb , 244 S.W.3d 905 (Tex. App.

— Dallas, 2008)

................................ .................... 41
Cain v. Bain , 709 S.W. 2d 175, 176 (Tex. 1986)

................................ ................................ .......... 21 Cedar contracting, Inc. v. Hernandez , No. 03

- 11

- 00327

- CV, 2014 WL 709560, *1, *4 (Tex. App.

— Austin Feb. 21, 2014, pet. denied)

................................ ................................ ................ 2 8 Coker v. Coker , 650 S.W.2d 391, 394 (Tex. 1983)

................................ ................................ ...... 24 Da Oca v. Gutierrez , No. 03

- 14

- 00668

- CV, 2017 WL 393569 *4 (Tex. App.

— Austin Jan. 25, 2017, no pet.)

................................ ................................ ................................ ............................ 26 De La Rosa v. Kaples , 812 S.W.2d 432, 434 (Tex. App.

— San Antonio 1991, writ denied)

. 4 1 , 42
F.D. I.C. v. F & A Equip. Leasing, 854 S.W.2d 681, 685 (Tex. App.

— Dallas 1993, no writ.)

.... 22 Farrar v. Hobby , 113 S.Ct. 566, 506 U.S. 103 (1992)

................................ ........................... 37, 38 First Wichita National Bank v. Wood , 632 S.W.2d 210 (Tex. App.

— Fort Worth 1982, no writ) 4 1 Frank v. Kuhnre ich , 546 S.W.2d 844, 848 (Tex. Civ. App.

— San Antonio 1977, writ. ref’d n.r.e.)

................................ ................................ ................................ ................................ ................... 24 Garcia v. Gomez , 319 S.W.3d 638, 642 (Tex. 2010)

................................ ................................ ... 44 Grace v. Duke , 54 S.W.3d 338, 344 (Tex. App.

— Austin, 2001)

................................ ................. 44 Hooker v. Constellation Homebuilder Sys., Inc. , 2008 WL 4057909, No. CIV. A. V

- 06

- 77, (S.D. Tex. Aug. 26, 2008)

................................ ................................ ................................ .................. 42 Hughs v. Lee , 1997 WL 605080, No. 05

- 95

- 0145

- CV (Tex. App.

— Dallas Oct. 1, 1997)

.......... 23B RIEF OF A PPELLEE Page 5 of 42

Intercontinental Grp. P’ship v. KB Home Lone Star L.P. , 295 S.W.3d 650 (Tex. 2009)

...... 37, 38 Jakab v. Gran Villa T

ownhouses Homeowners Ass'n, Inc. , 149 S.W.3d 863, 867 (Tex. App.

— Dallas 2004, no pet.)

................................ ................................ ................................ ................. 20 Lakeside Vill. Homeowners Ass'n, Inc. v. Belanger , 545 S.W.3d 15, 36 (Tex. App. 2017)

......... 4 9 McConnell v. Coventry Health Care Nat'l Network , No. 05

- 13

- 01365

- CV, 2015 W L 4572431, (Tex. App. July 30, 2015)

................................ ................................ ................................ ......... 47 Metroplex Glass Cent., Inc. v. Vantage Props., Inc. , 646 S.W.2d 263, 265 (Tex. App.

— Dallas 1983, writ refused n.r.e.)

................................ ................................ ................................ ........... 4 8 Moreno v. Reliable Insulation, Inc. , 217 S.W.3d 769, 770

- 71 (Tex. App.

— Dallas, 2007)

......... 44
Must ang Pipeline Co. v. Driver Pipeline Co. , 134 S.W.3d 195, 196, 198 (Tex. 2004) (per curiam)

................................ ................................ ................................ ................................ ...... 35 Navigant Consulting, Inc. v. Wilkinson . 208 F.3d 277, 298 (5th Cir. 2007)

................................ 4 0 Ortiz v. O.J. Beck and Sons, Inc. , 611 S.W.2d 860 (Tex. App.

— Corpus Christi 1980, n o writ.) 4 1 Paragon Gen. Contractors, Inc. v. Larco Const., Inc. , 227 S.W.3d 876, 882 (Tex. App.

— Dallas 2007, no pet.)

................................ ................................ ................................ ............................ 30 Ponderosa Pine Energy, LLC v. Illinova Generating Co. , No. 05

- 15

- 00339

- CV, 2016 WL 3902559 (Tex. App.

— Dallas July 14, 2016, no pet.)

................................ ............................... 22 Prudential Ins. Co. of Am. v. Fin. Review Servs., Inc

. , 29 S.W.3d 74, 77 (Tex. 2000)

................ 46 R&P Enters. v. LaGuarta, Gavrel & Kirk, Inc. , 596 S.W.2d 517, 519 (Tex. 1980)

.................... 23 Ragsdale v. Progressive Voters League , 801 S.W.2d 880, 881

- 82 (Tex. 1990)

.......................... 44 Scott Pelley P.C. v. Wynne, No. 05

– 15

– 01560

– CV, 2017 WL 3699823, (Tex. App.

— Dallas Aug. 28, 2017, pet. denied)

................................ ................................ ................................ .......... 22, 51 Sirtex Oil Industries, Inc. v. Erigan , 403 S.W.2d 784, 788 (Tex. 1966).

............................... 23, 25 Small v. Parker Healthcare Mgmt. Org., No. 05

- 1 1

- 01471

- CV, 2013 WL 5827822, (Tex. App.

— Dallas, Oct. 29, 2013)

................................ ................................ ................................ ............... 21 Smith v. Patrick W.Y. Tam Tr. , 296 S.W.3d 545, 547 (Tex. 2009)

................................ ............... 37 Tony Gullo Motos I, L.P. v. Chapa , 212 S.W.3d, 50 Tex. Sup. Ct. J. 278 (Tex. 2006)

......... 4 0, 41B RIEF OF A PPELLEE Page 6 of 42

Trudy’s Texas Star, Inc. v. City of Austin , 307 S.W.3d 894 (Tex. App.

— Austin 2010, no pet.)

. 28 Tuttle v. Builes , 2019 WL 1301881, No. 11

- 17

- 00096

- CV, (Tex. App.

— Eastland, 2019)

......... 37 Veale v. Rose , 657 S.W.2d 834, 841 (Tex. App.

— Corpus Christi

- Edinburg 1991, writ denied) 4 1, 42
Ventu re v. UTSW DVA Healthcare, LLP , No. 16

- 0006, 2019 WL 1873428, (Tex. Apr. 26, 2019)

................................ ................................ ................................ ................................ ............. 43, 45 Wells Fargo Bank Minnesota, N.A. v. Kobernick , No. 8

- CV

- 1458, 2009 WL 7808949, (S.D. Tex. May 29, 2009)

................................ ................................ ................................ ........................... 28 Wilen v. Falkenstein , 191 S.W.3d 791, 798 (Tex. App.

— Fort Worth 2006, pet. denied)

............ 4 9 Wilkins v. Bain , 615 W.S.2d 314 (Tex. Civ. App.

— Dallas 1981, no writ)

................................ .. 4 1 Williamson v. Tucker , 615 S.W.2d 881 (Tex. App.

— Dallas 1981, writ ref’d n.r.e.)

................... 41 Statutes TEX. PROP. CODE § 93.002(c)

................................ ................................ ............................ 32, 50 TEX. PROP. CODE § 93.002(f)

................................ ................................ ..... 17, 25, 26, 27, 32, 33 V.T.C.A., Civil Practice & Remedies Code § 38.001

................................ ............................ 37, 41B RIEF OF A PPELLEE Page 7 of 42 RECORD REFERENCES The Record citing conventions contained below are used throughout this Brief of Appellee. ___ CR ___, ¶ ___. The Clerk’s Record (The first blank is the volume number, the second blank is the page number that the document begins, and the third blank is the pinpoint cite e.g., 1 CR 4, ¶ 5

- 6)

. ___ RR p.___, line___. The Reporter’s Record from the Jury Trial (The fi rst blank is the volume number and the second blank is the page number(s) and line number(s) e.g., 1 RR p. 20, lines 12

- 20.)
Ex. P

- ___. Appellant/Plaintiff’s exhibits to the Reporter’s RecordB RIEF OF A PPELLEE Page 8 of 42 STATEMENT OF THE CASE Nature of The case on appeal concerns the Appellants’ breach of the Case: their contract s as contained in their First and Second Floor

Leases with Appellee as well as Appellants’ violations of Texas Property Code notice provisions. Final Judgment The Honorable Eric V. Moyé, Judge Presiding, signed the Final signed by: Judgment on December 19, 2018. C.R. 446

- 448. The Honorable Eric V.

Moyé, Judge Presiding, entered Findings of Fact and Conclusions of Law on January 18 , 2019. C.R. 545

- 461. Trial Court: 14th Judicial District Court, Dallas County, Texas Final On November 13, 2018, the trial court, the Honorable Eric V. di sposition by Moyé, Judge Presiding, presided over the bench trial in this matter. T rial Court: 2 R.R. 1. On December 19, 2018, the Honorable Eric V. Moyé heard

Appellee’s Motion for Entry of Judgment and signed the Final Judgment presented by Appellee at the hearing. C.R. 446. On January 18, 2019, the trial court enter Findings of Fact and Conc lusions of Law

. On March 8, 2019, Appellants requested additional findings of fact and conclusions of law which were contrary to the trial court’s findings and were thereby denied.B RIEF OF A PPELLEE Page 9 of 42 STATEMENT OF JURISDICTION This Court has jurisdiction to hear this appeal under Texas Constitution Article 5, Section 6 and under Texas Government Code Section 22.220.

STATEMENT REGARDING ORAL ARGUMENT Appellee respectfully requests oral argument in this case, as it m ay aid the Court in determining the issues presented. Tex. R. App. P. 39.7. This Case raises significant issues related to breach of
contract and violation s of the Texas Property Code

. Additionally, this case addresses issues of
contract interpretation and the awarding of attorneys’ fees. Oral argument would afford the Court the opportunity to question the parties and reach a decision on these matters. ISSUES PRESENTED 

### 1. The Trial Court Properly Held that Appellants Breached the Second Floor Leases as there was No Ambiguity as to The Contracts . a. Standard of Review b. The Second Floor Leases are Not Ambiguous 

### 2. The Trial Court Properly Held that Appellants Breached the Second Floor Leases as Appellants Did Not Post Notice Pursuant to Property Code Section 93.002(F) in Addition to Their Contractually Obligated Notice Requirements. 

### 3. The Trial Court Properly Held that There is Not a Specific Contract Provision that Prevails Over General Contractual Provisions. 

### 4. Appellants Breached the Con tract for the First and Second Floor Leases When They Intentionally Deprived Appellee from Entering the Leasehold and Appellee Could No Longer Enjoy the Use of The Leasehold.

a. Standard of Review b. Appellants Breached the Contract for the First and Second Flo or Leases 

### 5. The Trial Court Properly Held that Appellants Prior Materially Breached and Failed to Mitigate Damages. 

### 6. The Trial Court Properly Held that Appellee was Entitled to Reasonable and Necessary Attorney’s Fees Because He was the Prevailing PartyB RIEF OF A PPELLEE Page 10 of 42 a. Appellee Is Entitled to Attorney’s Fees Because Appellee Prevailed on The Indistinguishable Counterclaim b. Attorneys’ Fees Granted Were Reasonable and Not Excessive 

### 7. The Trial Court Properly Held That Appellants Tortiously Interfered with t he Contract, Tortiously Interfered with prospective Contracts, That Appellants Trespassed on Real Property, and Appellants Committed Conversion

STATEMENT OF FACTS Mike DelBosque d/b/a Injury and Rehab Center (“Appellee”) had a commercial lease for
Sui te 101 (“First Floor Lease”) and three written commercial leases for Suite 200

- 202, Suite 206, and Suite 207/208 (collectively “Second Floor Leases”) with Appellants Christine Florez Desio d/b/a Professional Center of Grand Prairie. Appellant Francis Antho ny Desio was the agent of Ms. Florez Desio and property manager of all the relevant Premises and corresponding leases (hereinafter, collectively, “Appellants”). The Second Floor Leases were written contracts drafted by Appellants. In the Second Floor Leases, Section 13.5 of the Second Floor Leases defined abandonment as “[f]ailure of Tenant for five (5) days or more to occupy the Premises for one or more of the p urposes permitted under this Lease, unless such failure is excused under other provisions of this Lease.” 4 RR p. 180. Section 13.3 further provided that “[f]ailure of Tenant to comply with any term or condition or fulfill any obligation of the lease (othe r than the payment of rent or other charges) within twenty (20) days after written notice by Landlord specifying the nature of the default with reasonable particularity.” 4 RR p. 179. Thus, the contract only excepted the twenty (20) day notice requirement and opportunity to cure for failure to pay rent and no other reasons. On November 28, 2016, prior to sending any written or other notice, Appellants locked the Appellee out of the leasehold by changing the locks on the doors to the Second Floor Leases. Ap pellants’ sole basis for the lockout out was alleged abandonment. 2 RR p. 47. AppellantsB RIEF OF A PPELLEE Page 11 of 42

testified Appellee still had personal property in the leasehold at the time of lockout. 2 RR p. 16. Remaining items included, but are not limited to, three refrigerato rs, a copy machine, office furniture, and office supplies

. 1 CR 455, ¶ 7

. Following the lockout, Appellants then called the scrapyard to retrieve and dispose Appellee’s personal property despite Appellee orally telling Appellants he intended to retrieve po ssession of the property . 2 RR p. 29

- 31. Additionally, Appellee testified he never intended to move out. 2 RR p. 79. Appellee even offered to continue to pay rent for the Second Floor Leases. 2 RR p. 31, lines 102

- 103. Appellee never at any time received a request for payment of further rent and never received his deposits back. 2 RR p. 103. O nly after the lockout and refusal by Appellants to provide the benefit of the property did Appellee fail to pay rent for January. 2 RR p. 104. At the time of the lock out, Appellee

was current on rent and had even prepaid the entire rent due for the month of December. 1 CR 455, ¶ 6. Additionally, at the time of the lockout, Appellee had not abandoned the property. 1 CR 455, ¶ 15. He did not leave the leases unoccupied. Id

. Following the November 30th lockout, Appellee was refused access to the Second Floor
Leases and refused new keys. 1 CR 456, ¶ 20

- 22; 2 RR p. 31, 50. Further, the security deposits of the Second Floor Leases were never returned to Appellee. 2 C R 457, ¶ 31. A lso , there was no evidence presented that Appellants attempted to mitigate their alleged damages. 2 RR p. 108. Landlord thereby breached the Second Floor Leases pursuant to the express contracts between the parties contained in the First Floor Lease and Second Floor Leases when it prematurely locked out Appellee for alleged abandonment even though five (5) days had not passed and no notice or opportunity to cure was provided. Appellant F rancis Anthony Desio admitted at trial that he never gave Appellee notice or opportunity to cure

. 2 RR p. 70

. AppelleeB RIEF OF A PPELLEE Page 12 of 42

testified at trial that he never received notice of default or an opportunity to cure. 2 RR p. 32, lines
105

- 106. Written notices of default were not posted until January 21, 2017

— fifty

- two (52) days after Appellants locked out Appellee. 1 CR 456, ¶ 21; 2 RR p. 25. Even when these notices were posted, they did not i dentify abandonment as the reason for lockout or default. Appellant Fr ancis Anthony Desio conceded that this notice did not give the contractually agreed to twenty (20) day notice to
cure. 2 RR p. 112. On March 30, 2017, Appellants locked Appellee out of the First Floor Lease. 1 CR 457, ¶ 35. At the time of the lockout, Appellee was current on rent and otherwise not in default. 1 CR 457, ¶ 36

- 37. Additionally, at the time of lockout, Appellants gave no written notice and no contact information for an indi vidual or business from whom a new key could be retrieved

. 1 CR 457, ¶ 36. Appellee was forced to obtain a writ of reentry. 2 RR p. 43. Appellee then sought a temporary restraining order to resume operations. 2 RR p. 44. Following the issuance of a tempor ary restraining order and writ of reentry, Appellants again locked Appellee out of the F ir st Floor Lease. 2 RR p. 44. On April 12, 2017, Appellants forced healthcare professionals, staff, and their patients to leave the first

- floor leasehold. 1 CR 457, ¶ 4 1. Appellants then chained the door shut with a large metal chain and padlock. 1 CR 457, ¶ 42. On April 13, 2017, Appellee’s marquee sign was removed by Appellants

. 1 CR 457, ¶ 43. Appellants retained the entirety of the First Floor Lease’s security deposi t, totaling $2,552.00. 1 CR 458, ¶ 50. Further, as a result of these lockouts, Appellee was damaged as he lost clients and business. Patients were locked out and Appellee was not able to get the patients again. 2 RR p. 83

- 85.B RIEF OF A PPELLEE Page 13 of 42

The trial court found in favo r of Appellee and as the prevailing party, Appellee was entitled to attorney’s fees.

SUMMARY OF THE ARGUMENT The trial court properly held that Appellant s breached the Second Floor Leases as there was no ambiguity as to t he contract between Appellee and Appellants as contained in the S econd Floor
Leases . Pursuant to the Second Floor Leases , Appellants breached the Second Floor Leases when Appellants locked out Appellee and Appellee was not given notice or an opportunity to cure the Second Floor Leases prior to the lockout

. Section 13.3 of the Second Floor Leases that was prepared by Appellants explicitly states,

“[f]ailure of Tenant to comply with any term or condition or fulfill any obligation of the lease (other than the payment of rent or other charges) within twenty (20) days after written notice by Landlord specifying the nature of the default with reasonable particularity.”
Abandonment is a n example o f such “[f] ailure of Tenant to comply with any term or condition or fulfill any obligation of the lease (other than the payment of rent or other charges).” However, Appellant s ask the Court to disregard the contract and intentionally exclude abandonment fr om the notice requirement that was contractually provided for in Section 13.3. Appellant s argue that because Section 13.3 does not expressly state “abandonment,” that
abandonme nt should not be considered a n event of default. But, t here is n o ambiguity her e as Appellant s suggest

. Abandonment is an event of default , other than payment of rent or other charges, and as such, Appellants were required to give notice of default and an opp ortunity to cu re
to Appellee for his alleged abandonment of the Second Floor Leases. Appellants’ interpretation would read the express notice provision out of the lease.B RIEF OF A PPELLEE Page 14 of 42

Further, Section 13.5 does not excuse Landlord’s obligation to provide written notice of
default. Section 13.5 states ,

“ [f] ailu re of Tenant for five (5) days or more to occupy the Premises for one or more of the purposes permitted under this Lease, unless such failure is excused under other provisions of this Lease.”
The trial c ourt did not add language to the contract as A ppellant s suggest. Rather, the trial

c ourt upheld the express language of the contract. Appellant s make the argument that there is no notice requirement because Section 13.5 does not provide for a twenty

- day notice. However, Section s 13.3 and 13.5 should be and were construed together. Read together, the five

- day period prescribed in Section 13.5 does not become irrelevant as Appellant s suggest. Rather, Section 13.5 defines abandonment as a “[f]ailure of Tenant for five (5) days or more to occ upy the Premises” and once Tenant has failed to occupy the Premises for over five (5) days, it would be a deemed a default, thereby mandating the notice requirement outlined in Section 13.3. In the alternative, should the Court find that there are any doub ts as to the meaning of the language of the lease, it should be resolved against the Appellants

. Appellant s also did not comply with Property Code 93.002(f), which is consistent with the Second Floor L ease s . Property Code 93.002(f) requires that a written notice be place on the tenant's front door stating the name and the address or telephone number of the individual or company from which the new key may be obtained. However, here, notice was not provided as prescribed by the Property Code in addition to Appellant s ’ failure to comply with its contractually obligated notice requirements

. In fact, Appellant s admitted no notice was posted pursuant to Property Code 93.002(f). 2 RR p. 33, lines 2

- 4. Additionally, t he present case does not deal with conflicting contract ual provisions in which there is a specific contract provision that prevails over general contractual provisions.B RIEF OF A PPELLEE Page 15 of 42

Sections 15.3 and 15.5 of the Second Floor Leases are not conflicting. T here is no language expressly stating that abandonment shall constitute default without the notice required by Section
15.3 or imposing an alternate notice requirement. The contract is clear. Abandonment is the “[f]ailure of Tenant for five (5) days or more to occupy the Premises” and in addit ion, abandonment is an event of default that is not for t he payment of rent or other charges for which a twenty (20) day written notice specifying the nature of the default with reasonable particularity required. The fact that Section 15.5 does not contain its own specific notice provision is not sufficient to overcome the notice provision prescribed by Section 15.3. Therefore, t he trial court properly held that Appellant s breached the Section Floor Leases when the trial court found notice of termination w as sent post lock out and ineffec tive as a matter of law and the fact that Appellants sent notice after the fact insinuates that Appellants also believed there was notice requirement. Because Appellant s committed prior material breach and on the Second Flo or lease s prior to Appellee allegedly abandoning the leasehold, the trial court properly found that Appellee did not breach the Second Floor Leases and that Appellants were the breaching party. The trial court properly held that Appellants committed prior material breach of the Second Floor Leases, which discharged or excused Appellees from further performance. Appellants prematurely locked out Appellee for alleged abandonment even though five (5 ) days had not passed and no notice or opportunity to cure were provided thereby breaching the Second Floor Leases. As a result, Appellee was unable to operate its business and lost current and prospective patients. The trial court properly held that Ap pellants failed to mitigate damages. Appellants never presented any evidence that they attempted to mitigate damages. As such, because of Appellants’B RIEF OF A PPELLEE Page 16 of 42

failure to reasonably attempt to mitigate damages, Appellants cannot recover against Appellee in that rega rd. The trial court properly held that Appellee was entitled to attorneys’ fees and that the attorneys’ fees granted were reasonable and not excessive. Appellee is entitled to recover attorney’s fees as the prevailing party because the trial court’s final judgment found in favor of Appellee and granted Appellee equitable relief. In this case, fee recovery is authorized by both under Texas Civil Practices and Remedies Code and by the express contract between Appellants and Appellee. Alternatively, Appellee h ad no obligation to segregate attorney’s fees because the claim and counterclaim were recoverable and indistinguishable. The trial court found Appellants liable to Appellee for tortious interference, trespass on real property, and conversion. T he trial co urt properly held that Appellants tortiously interfered with Appellee’s existing contracts and prospective contracts b y unlawfully locking out Appellee from his leaseholds, which proximately caused Appellee to lose potential patients and business opportunities. Further, t he trial court properly held that Appellants trespassed on real property when it went onto Appellee’s leasehold while Appellee was current on rent, locked Appelle e out, and called the scrapyard to retrieve and dispose Appellee’s personal property despite Appellee orally telling Appellants he would come back to retrieve the property. 2 RR p. 29

- 31. The trial court also properly held that Appellants committed conver sion in wrongfully retaining Appellee’s personal property. Appellants wrongfully locked Appellee out of his leasehold despite knowing Appellee still had personal property in the leasehold at the time of lockout. 2 RR p. 16. Remaining items included, but ar e not limited to, three refrigerators, a copy machine, office furniture, and office supplies for the purposes of storage. 1 CR 455, ¶ 7. Following the lockout, Appellants then called the scrapyard to retrieve and dispose Appellee’s personalB RIEF OF A PPELLEE Page 17 of 42

property despit e Appellee orally telling Appellants he would come back to retrieve the property. 2 RR p. 29

- 31. Therefore, for the aforementioned reasons, the trial court’s Final J udgment should be affirmed.

ARGUMENTS AND AUTHORITIES ISSUE NUMBER 1 : The Trial Court Properly Held that Appellants Breached the Second Floor Leases as there was No Ambiguity as to The Contracts A. Standard of Review
The standard of review urged by the Appellant is the wrong standard of review. Appellant s encourage the Court to apply a de novo standard to the conclusions of law that the trial court found. However, contract interpretation is a question for the factfinder, and generally the Court should “not disturb the trial court’s finding absent an abuse of discretion.” Jakab v. Gran Villa Townhouses Homeowners Ass'n, Inc. , 149 S.W.3d 863, 867 (Tex. App.

— Dallas 2004, no pet.) Appellants are not as king for contract construction which would be considered under a de novo standard of review . Rather, Appellants ask that the C ourt find that the trial court erred in its findings. Therefore, the standard of review is abuse of discretion , not de novo

. In addition, f

indings of fact enter ed in a bench trial may be reviewed for legal and factual sufficiency. Ashcraft v. Lookadoo , 952 S.W. 2d 907, 911 (Tex. App.

— Dallas 1997, pet. d enied). “[They] have the same force and dignity of a jury’s verdict upon questions” and are only reviewable by the same standards of the sufficiency of the evidence supporting a jury’s finding. See Anderson v. City of Seven Points , 80 S.W. 2d 791, 794 (Tex. 1991). When reviewing for f

actual sufficiency of the evidence, “the court of appeals must consider and weigh all the evidence, and should set aside the verdict only if it is so contrary to the overwhelming weight of the evidence as to be clearly wrong and unjust.” Cain v. Bain , 709B RIEF OF A PPELLEE Page 18 of 42

S.W. 2d 175, 176 (Tex. 1986) . Importantly, appellate courts shall not substitute their judgment for the fact finder’s even if they would have personally decided differently, as the trial court must be the sole judge of credibility of witnesses and weight to be afforded to the evidence. See Small v. Parker Healthcare Mgmt. Org., No. 05

- 11

- 01471

- CV, 2013 WL 5827822, at *3 (Tex. App.

— Dallas, Oct. 29, 2013) (mem. o p.) (citing Ashcroft , 952 S.W.2d at 910 ). When reviewing for legal sufficiency of the evidence, the court is to “consider only the
evidence and inferences, viewed in the most favorable light, that support the finding, and [the court] must disregard all evidence and inferences to the contrary ; If there is more than a scintilla of evidence to support the finding, the legal sufficiency challenge fail s.” F.D.I.C. v. F & A Equip. Leasing, 854 S.W.2d 681, 685 (Tex. App.

— Dallas 1993, no writ.) (internal citations omitted). Meaning, if there is a reasonable basis for differing conclusions, there is more than a scintilla of evidence and the Appellee must prevail. See id. As to unchallenged findings, they are “binding on the parties and the appellate court.” Ponderosa Pine Energy, LLC v. Illinova Generating Co. , No. 05

- 15

- 00339

- CV, 2016 WL 3902559 at *3 (Tex. App.

— Dall as July 14, 2016, no pet.)

. Where there is a complicated and substantial record from the trial court, the challenging party should attack the Findings of Fact with specificity and should be supported by the evidence. Sc ott Pelley P.C. v. Wynne , No. 05

- 15

- 01560

- CV, 2017 WL 3699823 at *6 (Tex. App.

— Dallas, August 29, 2017 ) reh’g denied (Sept. 29, 2017), review denied (Jan. 12, 2018). However, “where a party’s issue globally attacks the trial court’s Finding of Fact...the Finding of Fact issued by the Trial Court are binding on the appellate court.” Id. at * 7. B. The Second Floor Leases are Not AmbiguousB RIEF OF A PPELLEE Page 19 of 42

The Second Floor Leases are not am biguous as a matter of law. Further, Appellants prepared the Leases for the Second Floor. Section 13.3 unambiguously states, “[f]ailure of Tenant to comply with any term or condition or fulfill any obligation of the lease (other than payment of rent or oth er charges) within twenty (20) days after written notice by Landlord specifying the nature of the default with reasonable particularity.” [emphasis added]. 3 RR p. 45. The Second Floor Leases further provide, “[f]ailure of Tenant to comply with any term or condition or fulfill any obligation of the lease (other than the payment of rent or other charges).” 3 RR p. 45. A contract is not ambiguous when a certain or definite legal meaning or interpretation may be applied. See R&P Enters. v. LaGuarta, Gavrel & Kirk, Inc. , 596 S.W.2d 517, 519 (Tex. 1980)

. A contract is ambiguous only in th e case that after the applicable rules are applied, the contract is still reasonably susceptible to more than one meaning. See Hughs v. Lee , 1997 WL 605080, No. 05

- 95

- 0145

- CV at * 2 (Tex. App.

— Dallas Oct. 1, 1997) . Notably, a contract is ambiguous only when it is “genuinely uncertain which one of the two meanings is the proper meaning.” See R&P
Enters. , 596 S.W.2d at 519

. It i s well established that leases are most strongly construed against the lessor. Sirtex Oil Industries, Inc. v. Erigan , 403 S.W.2d 784, 788 (Tex. 1966). A lease, like other written agreements, should also be given a reasonable construction that carries out the intention of the parties expressed by the language of the contract. Frank v. Kuhnreich , 546 S.W.2d 844, 848 (Tex. Civ. App.

— San Antonio 1977, writ. ref’d n.r.e.) . The contents of a written contract must be “ construed as a unified whole unless they are so repugnant and inconsistent as to nullify each other. ” See i d. at 848. When appropriate, Courts have found contracts where the meaning an d intentions of the parties becomes clear only when clauses are read together. See Coker v. Coker , 650 S.W.2d 391, 394 (Tex. 1983)

.B RIEF OF A PPELLEE Page 20 of 42

Therefo re, there is precedent for reading sections together to create an unambiguous contract. See id. Here, Appellants have no basis to argue that the Second Floor Leases are ambiguous. The language of t he Second Floor Leases clearly expresses the parties’ intentions. The t rial c ourt did not add language to the contract as Appellants suggest. Rather, the t rial c ourt upheld the express language of the Second Floor Leases. 3 RR 45. The notice and cure provision of the Second Floor Leases are unambiguous and supported by the Final Judgment, Findings of Fact, Conclusions of Law, and the trial evidence. Section 13.5 defines abandonment as “tenant failing to occupy for five or more days the premises...” . 1 CR 455, ¶ 16. Construed together, “abandonment” is an event of default other than for payment of rent or other charges, and therefore, Section 13.3 requires that a lan dlord give the tenant notice of the default on the property and twenty ( 20 ) days opportunity to cure the default. 1 CR 454, ¶ 5. Thus, Appellants had the responsibility to give Appellee notice of the alleged default prior to changing the locks on the Secon d Floor Leasehold and was required to wait another 20 days for Appellee to cure the alleged default. 1 CR 455, ¶ 11

- 12. However, this is not how the Appellants acted. Appellants prematurely locked Appellee out of the Second Floor Leasehold and failed to pr ovide notice to Appellee until fifty

- two ( 52 ) days later, when Appellants alleged the incorrect default for “failing to pay January rent.” 1 CR 455, ¶ 7

- 9; 1 CR 456, ¶ 21. In the alternative, should the C ourt find that there are any doubts as to the meanin g of the language of the Second Floor L ease s, it should be resolved against the l andlord, the Appellants, who prepared the L ease s . See Sirtex Oil Industries , 403 S.W.2d at 788. Thus, t he t rial c ourt properly found the Second Floor Leases to be unambiguous and that the Appellants breached the Second Floor Leases by locking Appellee out when Appellee was not in default of the SecondB RIEF OF A PPELLEE Page 21 of 42

Floor Leases. 1 CR 455, ¶ 11; 1 CR 459, ¶ 2

- 6. The holding was proper, and the Court should uphold the t rial c ourt’s Final J udgment. ISSUE NUMBER 2 : The Trial Court Properly Held that Appellants Breached the Second Floor Leases as Appellants Did Not Post Notice Pursuant to Property Code Section 93.002(F) in Addition to Their Contractually Obligated Notice Requirements. Appellants failed to comply with Property Code Section 93.002(f) when they did not post notice of default until fifty

- two ( 52 ) days after Appellants prematurely changed th e locks on the Second Floor l easeholds, which is required by the Texas Property Code. Property Code § 93.002(f) states:

If a landlord or a landlord's agent changes the door lock of a tenant who is delinquent in paying rent , the landlord or agent must pla ce a written notice on the tenant's front door stating the name and the address or telephone number of the individual or company from which the new key may be obtained. The new key is required to be provided only during the tenant's regular business hours and only if the tenant pays the delinquent rent. [emphasis added]. TEX. PROP. CODE. § 93.002(f). Property Code § 93.002(f) imposes an additional requirement to the 20

- day notice and opportunity to cure as provided in the Second Floor Leases. 1 CR 459, ¶ 18. I n Da Oca v. Gutierrez , the court found that when there is no delinquent rent, lockout procedures were not proper. See N o. 03

- 14

- 00668

- CV, 2017 WL 393569 *4 (Tex. App.

— Austin Jan. 25, 2017, no pet.) . In this case, Appellee was current on paying rent when Appellants locked Appellee out of the Second Floor leasehol d

. 1 CR 459, ¶ 2

- 3, 6; 1 CR 455, ¶ 6

. Here, Appellee had prepaid rent for December 2016 at the time of the lockout. 1 CR 455, ¶ 6 . Appellants allege, after finally posting notice fifty

- two ( 52 ) days after the lockout, that they changed the locks on the Sec ond Floor l easehold because Appellee failed to pay January rent. 1 CR 456, ¶ 21

- 22 . However, this timing of the lockout and the alleged default do es not make logical sense

— a lockout at the end of November 2016 does notB RIEF OF A PPELLEE Page 22 of 42

align with failing to pay January 2017 rent. Therefore, Appellants cannot reasonably contend that Appellants had the right to change the locks on the Second Floor l easeholds for failing to pay rent. To add to Appellants’ failures, Appellants did not post notice in November 2016 when Appellants changed the locks on the Second Floor leaseholds

. Even if Appellee had defaulted on the Second Floor Lease s , Appellants did not post notice until January, fifty

- two ( 52 ) days following the lockout. 1 CR 455, ¶ 9; 1 CR 456, ¶ 21 . In fact, Appellants admitted no notice was posted prior to lockout pursuant to Property Code § 93.002(f)

. 1 CR 456, ¶ 12. Therefore, Appellants failed to meet their duties pursuant to the contract and the Property Code. 1 CR 456, ¶ 12. In support of their erroneous contention that the Property Code § 93.002(f) does not apply, Appellants cite to Ayoub v. Montelongo . 2001 WL 695521 (Tex. App.

— El Paso, June 21, 200 1, no pet.) (not designated for publication). However, Ayoub is readily dis tinguishable because in that

case, the parties did not contractually agree to a twenty (20) day notice and opportunity to cure requirement in their lease. See id. Ad ditionally, at issue in Ayoub was that the tenant “was going broke” and was delinquent in rent. See id. In the present case, at the time of lockout , Appellee was
not delinquent on ren t, and there was no evidence of financial instability . 2 RR p. 13, 28; ( 1 CR 455 , ¶¶ 6, 13, 14.) ISSUE NUMBER 3 : The Trial Court Properly Held that There is Not a Specific Contract Provision that Prevails Over General Contractual Provisions . The trial court found that there is no prevailing, specific provision b ecause Sections 13.3 and 13.5 should be read together

. See 1 CR 455, ¶ 11. “ A bandonment” is an event of default for which the landlord is required to provide n otice and twenty ( 20 ) days opportunity to cure. Neither of these provisions conflict with one another nor should one be read as more specific than the other.B RIEF OF A PPELLEE Page 23 of 42

Appellants cite to authorities that are distinguishable from the case at hand . Specifically, Appellants cite to Wells Fargo Bank Minnesota, N.A. v. Kobernick , which deals with two conflicting terms

— a provision with a notice requirement for default and a provision that excepts a particular event

. No. 8

- CV

- 1458, 2009 WL 7808949, *1

- 4 (S.D. Tex. May 29, 2009) . Similarly, Appellants cite to Cedar contracting, Inc. v. Hernandez , where the court considered a “thirty

- day notice requirement” and a conflicting “ten

- day notice requirement.” No. 03

- 11

- 00327

- CV, 2014 WL 709560, *1, *4 (Tex. App.

— Austin Feb. 21, 2014, pet. denied) (mem. op.). Trudy’s Texas Star, Inc. v. City of Austin also specifically concerns conflicting provisions. See generally Trudy’s Texas Star, Inc. v. City of Austin , 307 S.W.3d 894 (Tex. App.

— Austin 2010, no pet.)

. In this case , Sections 13.3 and 13.5 are not conflicting , and are thus distinguishable from the cases that Appellants cited . There is no language expressly stating that “ abandonment ” shall constitute default without the notice required by Section 13.3 and there is no alternate notice requirement as provided for abandonment. 3 RR p. 45. Abandonment is the “[f]ailure of Tenant for five (5) days or more to occupy the Premises.” 1 CR 455, ¶ 16. An event of default that is not for the payment of rent or other charges requires a twenty (20) day written notice specifyi ng the nature of the default with reasonable particularity is required. 1 CR 454, ¶ 5. The fact that Section 13.5 does not contain a notice provision is not sufficient to overcome the notice provision prescribed by Section 13.3. ISSUE NUMBER 4: Appellants Breached the Contract for the First and Second Floor Leases When They Intentionally Deprived Appellee from Entering the Leasehold and Appellee Could No Longer Enjoy th e Use of The Leasehold A. Standard of Review Appellant s are asking the Court to reverse the judgment despite the great weight and preponderance of the evidence. The t rial c ourt found notice of termination was sent post lockoutB RIEF OF A PPELLEE Page 24 of 42

and ineffective as a matter of law. See 1 CR 455, ¶ 12; 1 CR 456, ¶ 21. The fact that Appellants sent notice after the fact insinuates that the Appellants also believed that a notice requirement existed. Id

. B. Appellants Breached the Contract for the First and Second Floor Leases Appell ants are liable for breaching the contracts Appellee and Appellant s had for the First Floor and Second Floor Leases. “The elements for breach of contract are (1) the existence of a valid contract , (2) the plaintiff's performance or tendered performance, (3) the defendant's breach of the contract , and (4) damages as a result of the breach .” Paragon Gen. Contractors, Inc. v. Larco Const., Inc. , 227 S.W.3d 876, 882 (Tex. App.

— Dallas 2007, no pet.)

. The trial court found that there were valid L eases between Appell ee and Appellants for the First and Second Floor Leases. 1 CR 459, ¶ 1. Regarding the Second Floor Lease, Appellee tendered his performance under the contract when he paid for November 2016 rent and prepaid for December 2016. 2 RR p. 13, ¶ 5. The Court found that Appellants breached the Second Floor Lease by unlawfully locking Appellee out of the leasehold when Appellee still had personal property on the leasehold , had paid for the leasehold in full, and was not in default for the leasehold in any other way. 1 CR 459, ¶ 2

- 3 , 6

. Appellee gave notice to Appellants that he w ould be moving some things from the Second Floor Lease leasehold on November 28, 2016

. 1 CR 455, ¶ 7

- 8. Appellee even told Appellants that he intended to continue paying for the Se cond Floor Lease. 1 CR 455, ¶ 8. Appellants breached the Second Floor Lease when Appellants changed the locks on November 30, 2016. 1 CR 455, ¶ 9. Appellants claim that their entering the leasehold , rekeying the locks, and alleged that throwing away Appel lee’s personal property was justified because Appellee had abandoned the Property. 2
RR p. 47, lines 4

- 7. However, Section 13.5 in the Second Floor Leases expressly definesB RIEF OF A PPELLEE Page 25 of 42

“abandonment” as the tenant failing to occupy for five or more days the premises fo r one or more of the purposes permitted under this lease. 1 CR 455, ¶ 15

- 16 [emphasis added]. Appellee had not abandoned the leasehold at the time of the lockout because it had only been two (2) days of unoccupancy over a holiday weekend that Appellants ch anged the locks. Id

. ; S ee 1 CR 455, ¶ 7, 9, 15. Additionally, even if Appellee defaulted by abandonment, the Second Floor Lease required Appellants give Appellee written notice specifying the nature of their default and twenty (20) days to cure the defaul t. 1 CR 459, ¶ 18. However, Appellants did not provide notice

. T hus , the trial court reasonably concluded that Appellants breached and therefore Appellee was justified for discontinuing to pay rent for the remainder of the Second Floor Leases ( 1 CR 459, ¶ 14) when Appellants had locked Appellee out, threw away his personal property, and did not give him any way to remedy the alleged default. 1 CR 456, ¶ 18

- 20. Further, Appellants did not give notice to Appellee how to regain entry onto the leaseh old and thereby breach ed the Second Floor Leases. 1 CR 456, ¶ 20 ; 1 CR 459, ¶ 13. The evidence clearly establishes that Appellee did not abandon, Appellee did not breach, Appellant s locked Appellee out, and thus the Appellant s breached the Second Floor L ease. 1 CR 455, ¶ 7

- 9; 1 CR 459, ¶ 2

- 3, 6, 13. Appellee was current on all rent payments, had prepaid rent for the following month, and that Appellant s unlawfully locked Appellee out of the Second Floor
l easehold s without providing any notice

. 1 CR 455, ¶ 6; 1 CR 459, ¶ 2

- 3; 1 CR 459, ¶ 18; 1 CR 456, ¶ 29

. Evidence establishes that Appellee did not fail to occupy the Second Floor l easehold for more than five (5) days because he still had personal property on the l easehold and told Appellants that he would r eturn for the property. 1 CR 455, ¶ 7

- 9

. Moreover, because Appellee made it clearB RIEF OF A PPELLEE Page 26 of 42

that he intended to continue to occupy the Second Floor l easeholds when he told Appellants that he would continue to make rent payments for the Lease term. Id

. With respect to the First Floor Lease, the trial court found that Appellants unlawfully locked Appellee out of the First Floor Lease on March 30, 2017. 1 CR 457, ¶ 35. Appellee was current on rent for the First Floor Lease and was otherwise not in any other default for the leasehold

. 1 CR 460, ¶ 29

- 30. According to their Lease, Appellants agreed to provide “exclusive, quiet, peaceable and undisturbed and uninterrupted possession of the leased premises during the term of [the] Texas Commercial Lease.” 1 CR 460 , ¶ 31. Appellants breached the First Floor Lease when they locked Appellee out of the First Floor leasehold on March 30, 2017. 1 CR 457, ¶ 35. Under section 93.002(c) of the Texas Property Code, a commercial landlord is prohibited from intentionally pre venting a tenant from entering a leased premises. 1 CR 460, ¶ 32. Further, Appellants failed to place written notice on the tenant’s door or give them contact information to retrieve a new key upon curing the claimed default for delinquent rent payments. 1 CR 457, ¶ 36. Therefore, Appellants violated section 93.002(f) of the Texas Property Code which requires a commercial landlord to give tenant written notice of the default and contact information to retrieve a new key upon curing the delinquent rent payme nt. TEX. PROP. CODE § 93.002(f) ; 1 CR 457, ¶ 33; 1 CR 460, ¶ 33; 1 CR 461, ¶ 41. After the unlawful lockout and not posting any notice for how to cure the claimed default, Appellee had to resort to self

- help to regai n possession of the First Floor leasehold

. 1 CR 457, ¶ 39. After applying for and receiving a Writ of Reentry from the Justice Court ( 1 CR 457, ¶ 38), Appellants forcibly entered the First Floor leasehold , forced Appellee and his staff of healthcare profes sionals to vacate the leasehold and chained the door shut with a large metal chain and padlock. 1 CR 457, ¶ 35

- 42. The next day, Appellants removed the marquee sign for Appellee’sB RIEF OF A PPELLEE Page 27 of 42

business. 1 CR 457, ¶ 43. As a result, Appellee suffered damages by being unable to conduct his business and causing lost business income and wages. 1 CR 457, ¶ 31

- 32; 1 CR 458, ¶ 50

- 53; 1
CR 460 , ¶ 20

- 21; 1 CR 461 , ¶ 35

- 36. Appellants intentionally prevented Appellee from entering the First Floor and Second Floor Leases by changing the locks and throwing away Appellee’s personal property, thus constructively evicted them, and forced Appellee to abandon the Property. 1 CR 459, ¶ 9

- 16. The trial court found the Appellants’ measures substantially interfered with Appellee’s use and enjoyment of the
leaseholds

. 1 CR 459, ¶ 11. The trial court further found that Appellants intended to permanently deprive Appellee from the First and Second Floor Leases. 1 CR 459, ¶ 12. As a result, Appellee lost personal property, lost business opportunities, lost wages and income, as well as lost good rapport with his patients. 1 CR 454, ¶ 7; 1 CR 456, ¶ 19. Therefore, Appellants failed to sufficiently and specifically overcome a factual and legal sufficiency review. Appellants fail ed to meet the high burden of the great weight and burden of preponderance of the evidence. It is clear from the record that Appellants breached the Second Floor Lease s when they prematurely locked Appellee out of the Second Floor l easeholds when Appellee had not abandoned the l easeholds, was not delinquent on rent payments, nor in default as to any other respect of the Second Floor Leases. Additionally, Appellants did not post notice of the alleged default, did not provide time to cure the default, and failed to provide a way to obtain a new key for the l easeholds

. 1 CR 455, ¶ 11

- 12; 1 CR 459, ¶ 18. It is also clear fro m the record that Appellants breached the First Floor Lease when they changed the locks even though Appellee was not in default for any provision of the First Floor Lease, and chained the doors shut and took down the marquee sign after Appellee had to seek out a writ of reentry and a temporary restraining order. 1 CR 460, ¶ 28; 1 CR 457, ¶ 37

- 43. Thus, it is a rational and reasonable conclusion a s fromB RIEF OF A PPELLEE Page 28 of 42

the weight of the evidence and Findings of Fact, Appellants breached the Second Floor Leases. Appellants fa iled to meet the high burden to show that the trial court was wrong to conclude in favor of Appellee. ISSUE NUMBER 5: The Trial Court Properly Held that Appellants Prior Materially Breached and Failed to Mitigate Damages Appellants committed a prior mate rial breach, thus discharging Appellee of his duties under the contract. “It is a fundamental principle of contract law that when one party to a contract commits a material breach of that contract, the other party is discharged or excused from further perf ormance.” Mustang Pipeline Co. v. Driver Pipeline Co. , 134 S.W.3d 195, 196, 198 (Tex. 2004) (per curiam) . To determine if a breach is material, the court weighs the following five circumstances: the extent to which the injured party will be deprived of the benefit which he reasonably expected; the ex tent to which the injured party can be adequately compensated for the part of that benefit of which he will be deprived; the extent to which the party failing to perform or to offer to perform will suffer forfeiture; the likelihood that the party failing t o perform or to offer to perform will cure his failure, taking account of the circumstances including any reasonable

assurances; and the extent to which the behavior of the party failing to perform comports with standards of good faith and fair dealing. Se e id. at 199

. Here, Appellants took unlawful remedial measures to lock Appellee out of the Second Floor leaseholds without Appellee abandoning the Second Floor leaseholds or otherwise being in default on the Second Floor Leases. 1 CR 459, ¶ 2

- 3, 6. Appellants were not j ustified to act against Appellee because Appellee never defaulted on any of the Second Floor or First Floor Leases. 1 CR 459, ¶ 1

- 3, 1 CR 460, ¶ 28

- 30. By breaching the Second Floor and First Floor Leases before the Leases were set to terminate, Appellants deprived Appellee of the use and enjoyment of the leaseholds, deprived Appellee of business opportunities, wages, income, and personal property. 1B RIEF OF A PPELLEE Page 29 of 42

CR 459, ¶ 10

- 12, 1CR 460, ¶ 23

- 25, 1 CR 461, ¶ 43. Further, Appellants forcibly removed Appellee from the F irst Floor leasehold by chaining the door shut and removing the marquee sign outside the leasehold. 1 CR 457, ¶ 42

- 43. Appellants only had the right to take remedial measures if Appellee defaulted on any of the Leases. Therefore, the trial court agreed an d found that Appellants breached the First Floor and Second Floor Leases, thus Appellee was in the right to abandon the leaseholds and not pay for the remainder of monthly rents. Furthermore, w hen a tenant abandons a commercial property, a landlord has a duty to make reasonable efforts to mitigate damages. See Austin Hill Country Realty, Inc. v. Palisades Plaza,
Inc

. , 948 S.W.2d 293, 299 (Tex. 1997 ) . A landlord's failure to use reasonable efforts to mitigate damages bars the landlord's recovery against the tenant in that the damages reasonably could have been avoided. See id. at 299. Here, Appellee suffered damages as a result of Appellants’ breach

. 1 CR 457, ¶ 32 , 1 CR 458, ¶ 51. Appellants never presented any evidence that they attempted to mitigate damages. As such, the trial court properly found in favor o f Appellee as to Appellant s’ affirmative defense of failure to mitigate damages. See 1 CR 2319

. Therefore, because of Appellants’ failure to reasonably attempt to mitigate damages, Appellant s cannot recover against Appellee in that regard. ISSUE NUMBER 6: The Trial Court Properly Held that Appellee was Entitled to Reasonable and Necessary Attorney’s Fees Because He was the Prevailing Party Appellee is entitled to recover attorney’s fees as th e prevailing party becau se the trial court’s F inal J udg ment found in favor of Appellee and granted Appellee equitable relief. First, the trial court properly concluded Appellee is entitled to recovery of attorney’s fees because Appellee
is authorized under Texas law and by the contract terms agreed to in the Second Floor Leases. Generally, a litigants’ attorney fees are recoverable if authorized by a statute or by a contract between the parties. Intercontinental Grp. P’ship v. KB Home Lone Star L.P. , 295 S. W.3d 650B RIEF OF A PPELLEE Page 30 of 42

(Tex. 2009) ; Farrar v. Hobby , 113 S.Ct. 566, 506 U.S. 103 (1 992) . Additionally, the Texas Civil Practices and Remedies Code § 38.001 permits recovery of attorney’s fees when a party prevails over a breach o f contract claim. Tex. Civ. Prac. & Rem. § 38.001 . More specifically, Texas law holds that “trial court[s] ha[ve] no discretion to deny” an award o f reasonable attorney’s fees if a plaintiff prevails on a breach

- of

- contract claim and recovers damages. Tuttle v. Builes , 2019 WL 1301881, No. 11

- 17

- 00096

- CV, at *9 (Tex. App.

— Eastland, 2019) (citing Smith v. Patrick W.Y.
Tam Tr. , 296 S.W.3d 545, 547 (Tex. 2009) ). In this case, fee recovery is authorized by both under Texas Civil Practices and Remedies Code and by the express contract between Appellant s and Appellee. First, Section 29.1 of the Second Floor Leases authorizes attorney’s fees to be recovered. Specifically, it states “the defaulting party shall pay, immediately upon demand, the other party’s reasonable attorney’s fees, collection costs, costs of litigation.” 1 CR 128, ¶ 29

- 29.1. Thus, Appellee is authorized to recover attorney’s fees by the parties’ express agreement as found in the Second Floor Leases. Secondly, Appellee is entitled to attorney’s fees because the Final Judgment found Appellee was the prevailing party on its breach of contract claims. For a party to prevail on a claim, the Supreme Court of the United States holds a plaintiff must gain actual relief on the merits of his claim.” Intercontinental Grp. P’ship , 295 S.W.3d 650 (Tex. 2009) (citing Farrar v. Hobby , 113 S. Ct. 566, 506 U.S. 103 (1992) ). The gai ned relief must “materially alter the legal relationship between the parties” in a way which “modif[ies] the defendant’s behavior in a way that directly benefits the plaintiff.” Intercontinental Grp. P’ship , 295 S.W.3d 650 (Tex. 2009) (citing Farrar v. Hobby , 113 S. Ct. 566, 506 U.S. 103 (1992) ). Essentially, the Supreme Court states the plaintiff
must obtain affirmative judicial relief to be a prevailing party. Intercontinental Grp. , 295 S.W.3d
at 655

- 56 n.17.B RIEF OF A PPELLEE Page 31 of 42

In this case, Appellee not only was held as the p revailing party, but also gained affirmative judicial relief. First, in their Final Judg ment the trial court stated Appellee was a prevailing party because, The Court finds in favor of Plaintiff and against Defendants as to Plaintiff’s claims for Breach of Contract, Interference with Existing Contract, Interference with Prospective Contracts, Trespass to Real Property, and Conversion; The Court finds in favor of Plaintiff and against Defendants as to Defendant’s affirmative defense of failure to mitigate damages; The Court finds in favor of Plaintiff and against Defendants as to Defendants’ claim for Breach of Contract; The Court finds in favor of Plaintiff and against Defendants as to Plaintiff’s affirmative defense of prior material breach; The Court finds that Plaintiff, having selected to recover on his claim for breach of contract claim against Defendant Christine, is entitled to damages, reasonable and necessary attorneys’ fees, and costs of court; Final J., 1 CR 2319

- 21 . Thus , as the prevailing party, Appellee is entitled to recover attorney’s fees. In addition to being the prevailing party, Appellee received affirmative judicial relief. Prior to tri al, the trial court granted Appellee’s Te mporary Restraining Order against Appellant s . This injunctive relief materially altered the relationship between the parties, because it ordered the Appellants to be temporarily restrained from: interfering with Plaintiff’s business by directly or indirectly wrongfully locking out Plaintiff, himself, and his officers, vendors, providers, agents, contractors, doctors, and employees, including act of changing the locks of the leasehold; directly or indirectly falsely imprisoning Plaintiff’s patients or doctors, employees; interfering with Plaintiff’s business by directly or indirectly wrongfully preventing access to Plaintiff’s Lease by blocking the parking lot interfering with Plaintiff and the Plai ntiff’s business by, within five (5) days of the Temporary Restraining Order, returning all personal property, business personal property, cash, employee information, employee lists, customer lists, private information regarding doctors, employees, the bus iness, and customer information that have been removed from the business including, but not limited to, the marquee sign removed from the premises; interfering with Plaintiff’s business by, directly or indirectly, wrongfully taking possession of Plaintiff’ s personal property or business property; directly or indirectly making untruthful or disparaging statements against Plaintiff; committing any act which would make it impossible to carry on the ordinary course of business of Plaintiff;B RIEF OF A PPELLEE Page 32 of 42

TRO, 1 CR 8, ¶ 8

- 1 0. Therefore, in addition to being named as the prevailing party, the trial court granted affirmative judicial relief from the Temporary Restraining Order which the Appellee directly benefitted from

— t hereby entitling Appellee to attorney’s fees.
In conclus ion, Appellee is the prevailing party entitled to recover reasonable attorney’s fees both under the Texas Civil Practice and Remedies Code and as the prevailing party. Therefore, the trial court properly granted Appellee attorney’s fees. A. Appellee Is Entit led to Attorney’s Fees Because Appellee Prevailed On The Indistinguishable Counterclaim. Alternatively, Appellee had no obligation to segregate attorney’s fees because the claim and counterclaim were recoverable and indistinguishable. Generally, attorneys are required to segregate fees for legal services between recoverable and nonrecoverable claims. See Navigant Consulting, Inc. v. Wilkinson . 208 F.3d 277, 298 (5th Cir. 2007)

. The question to the extent whether claims can or cannot be segregated is a mixed question of law and fact for factfinder. See Tony Gullo Motors I, L.P. v. Chapa , 212 S.W.3d 299, 312

- 13 (Tex. 2006) . However, Appellee qualifies for the exception to the general rule. The exception to recovering for defense of a claim applies when “ the matters encompa ssed by the claim and counterclaim are indistinguishable.” De La Rosa v. Kaples , 812 S.W.2d 432, 434 (Tex. App.

— San Antonio 1991, writ denied) ; Tony Gullo Motos I, L.P. v. Chapa , 212 S.W.3d, 50 Tex. Sup. Ct. J. 278 (Tex. 2006)

. A claim and counterclaim are indistinguishable where they arose from the same transactions, and where the same facts required to prosecute the claim are required t o defend against the counterclaim. Veale v. Rose , 657 S.W.2d 834, 841 (Tex. App.

— Corpus Christi

Edinburg 1991, writ denied) ; (citing First Wichita National Bank v. Wood , 632 S.W.2d 210 (Tex. App.

— Fort Worth 1982, no writ) ) ; Wilkins v. Bain , 615 W.S.2d 314 (Tex. Civ. App.

— DallasB RIEF OF A PPELLEE Page 33 of 42

1981, no writ) ; Ortiz v. O.J. Beck and Sons, Inc. , 611 S.W.2d 860 (Tex. App.

— Corpus Christi 1980, no writ.) ; See also Williamson v. Tucker , 615 S.W.2d 881 (Tex. App.

— Dallas 1981, writ ref’d n.r.e.) ). In the event a plaintiff’s breach of contract claim and a defendant’s counterclaim arises from the same transaction and the same facts required to prosecute the claim are required to defend against the counterclaim,” attorney’s fees are then appropriate for the defendant’s
counterclaim. See V.T.C.A., Civil Practi ce & Remedies Code § 38.001 ; Brockie v. Webb , 244 S.W.3d 905 (Tex. App.

— Dallas, 2008) ; See Hooker v. Constellation Homebuilder Sys., Inc. , 2008 WL 4057909, No. CIV. A. V

- 06

- 77, at *5 (S.D. Tex. Aug. 26, 2008)

. For example, courts have found claims and counterc laims to be indistinguishable when they concern disputes over the same contract. For example, in Veale v. Rose the Corpus Christi Court of Appeals held a claim and counterclaim were indistinguishable when both claims alleged breaches of the same contract. 657 S.W.2d 834 (Tex. App.

— Corpus Christi

- Edinburg, 1983) . The Veale Court reasoned that the two claims were so interrelated, that the counsel spent “no mor e time in preparation to defend against the counterclaim than was necessary to meet appellant’s defenses to the primary lawsuit.” Id . at 841. Additionally, in De La Rosa v. Kaples , the San Antonio Court of Appeals also found a claim and counterclaim to be indistinguishable when the matters encompassed the same contract and transaction. De La Rosa , 812 S.W.2d at 434

. Similarly, in our case, the claim and countercla im are indistinguishab le because they are both breach of contract claims for the same contract

— the Commercial Lease for the First Floor and the Commercial Leases for the Second Floor. Appellee and Appellants sued one another on respective breach of contrac t claims. Appellee’s claim and Appellants counterclaim arise out of
the same facts

—

breach of the First Floor and Second Floor Leases. Pl.’s First Am. Pet., 1 CR 343 , ¶ 44

- 47. Appellee was successful on his breach of contract claim by receiving affirmative judicialB RIEF OF A PPELLEE Page 34 of 42

relief, thus Appellee was the prevailing party. A dditionally , because claim and counter claim were indistinguishable, Appellee was not required to segregate fees prosecuting their own claim and defending the counterclaim. Appellants th en counterclaimed against Appellee for their breach of contract claim, arising from the same facts. Def.’s Third Am. Answer and Countercl., 1 CR 381, ¶ 10

- 14. Specifically, the facts for Appellee’s claim, and Appellee’s defense of the counterclaim
both rel ied on Appellant s’ breach of the First Floor and Second Floor L eases when it locked Appellee out of the leaseholds and failed to provide written notice and opportunity to cure. 1 CR 456, ¶ 21

- 23. Thus, the claim and counterclaim are indistinguishable becau se they both require the facts. The trial court properly held that Appellee was entitled to attorney’s fees because not only was it the prevailing party but the matters encompassed by the claim and counterclaim are indistinguishable and thereby Appellee wa s not required to segregate fees.
B. Attorneys’ Fees Granted Were Reasonable and Not Excessive The sum of seventy

- five thousand and thirty

- three dollars ($75,033.00) is reasonable and necessary attorney’s fees for litigating the present case through a ben ch trial. The Texas Supreme Court has confirmed the lodestar method for the calculation of necessary and reasonable attorney’s
fees. See Venture v. UTSW DVA Healthcare, LLP , No. 16

- 0006, 2019 WL 1873428, at *20 (Tex. Apr. 26, 2019) . The Court held that “the fact finder’s starting point for calculating attor ney’s fee award is determining the reasonable hours worked multiplied by a reasonable hourly rate,” and the fee claimant bears the burden of providing sufficient evidence. Id. at *20 (Tex. Apr. 26, 2019)

. Sufficient evidence is met by evidence of (1) particular services performed, (2) who performed those services, (3) approximately when the services were performed, (4) the reasonable amount of time requ ired to perform the services, and (5) the reasonable hourly rate for each person performing such services. See id

. at *20 (citing El Apple , 370 S.W.3 d at 762

- 63). Further, the Court held aB RIEF OF A PPELLEE Page 35 of 42

“reasonable” attorney’s fee is “one that is not excessive or extreme, but rather moderate or fair.” Garcia v. Gomez , 319 S.W.3d 638, 642 (Tex. 2010)

. In general, clear and uncontroverted evidence of attorney’s fees is taken as true as a matter
of law. Grace v. Duke , 54 S.W.3d 338, 344 (Tex. App.

— Austin, 2001) (citing Ragsdale v. Progressive Voters League , 801 S.W.2d 880, 881

- 82 (Tex. 1990) ). Further, uncontroverted evidence of attorney’s fees is especially taken as true as a matter of law when the opposing party
has not rebutted the evidence. Id . Moreover, courts may “draw upon its common knowledge and experience” to determine the amount that is reasonable and nece ssary. Moreno v. Reliable Insulation, Inc. , 217 S.W.3d 769, 770

- 71 (Tex. App.

— Dallas, 2007)

. Here, Appellee provided clear and uncontroverted evidence of its at torney’s fees. As shown
in the A ffidavit of Tailim Song, Appellee provided sufficient evidence of the services performed, such as Tailim Song’s appearance at mo tion hearings, drafting and reviewing discovery and documents, and appearing and proceeding through trial, and the dates of when the services were performed. See 2 CR Supp. 2349

- 2355 . In addition, the affidavit provided sufficient evidence of who performed the services such as by Tailim Song, and his A ssociates Jordan Whiddon, Joseph Skaist, and Haben Tewelde and their reasonable hourly rate that is customary for a lawyer with their level of experience. See Aff

. of Tailim Song , 2 C.R. Supp. 2323

- 23 25, ¶ 1

- 7 . Accordingly, Appellee has met their burden of providing sufficient evidence for the lodestar method, which is presumptively reasonable. Venture v. UTSW DVA Healthcare, LLP , No. 16

- 0006, 2019 WL 1873428, at *20 (Tex. Apr. 26, 2019) . Thus, Appellee has provided clear and uncontroverted evidence its attorney’s fees of seventy

- five thousand and thirty

- three dollars ($75,033.00) are reasonable and not exce ssive for litigating the present case. ISSUE NUMBER 7: The Trial Court Properly Held That Appellants Tortiously Interfered with the Contract, Tortiously Interfered with prospective Contracts, That AppellantsB RIEF OF A PPELLEE Page 36 of 42

Trespassed on Real Property, and Appellants Com mitted Conversion Moreover, the trial court held that Appellants are liable to Appellee for tortious interference with the existing contracts as well as prospective contracts , trespass on real property, and conversion. Appellants tortiously interfered with the existing contracts for the First and Second Floor Lease when they unlawfully locked out Appellee from his leaseholds, proximately causing Appellee to turn away potential patients and lose business opportunities. To prove that a defendant tortiously interfered with the existing contract, the plaintiff must prove that “(1)

an existing contract subject to interference, (2) a willful and intentional act of interference with
t he contract , (3) that proximately caused the plaintiff's injury, and (4) caused actual damages or loss.” Prudential Ins. Co. of Am. v. Fin. Review Servs., Inc

. , 29 S.W.3d 74, 77 (Tex. 2000)

. Here, Appellants locked Appellee out of the leasehold without notice or opportunity to remedy the situation. 1 CR 455, ¶ 12; 1 C R 457, ¶ 36. As a direct result, Appellee lost business profits, wages, and personal property. 1 CR 458, ¶ 51; 1 CR 460, ¶ 32. Further, Appellants kept all security deposits Appellee paid for the Second Floor and First Floor leaseholds worth $2,552.00.
1 C R 457, ¶ 31; 1 CR 459, ¶ 13

- 14; 1 CR 460, ¶ 23

- 27. Appellee’s losses only happened as a result of Appellants’ unlawful actions. Otherwise, Appellee would still be operating its business in the Second Floor and First Floor leaseholds and would be running a profitable and sustainable business. 1 CR 460, ¶ 23

- 27. “To prevail on a claim for tortious interference with prospective business relations, the plaintiff must establish: (1) there was a reasonable probability that the plaintiff would have entered into a business relationship with a third party; (2) the defendant either acted with a conscious desire
to prevent the relationship from occurring or knew the interference was certain or substantially certain to occur as a result of the conduct; (3) the defenda nt's conduct was independently tortiousB RIEF OF A PPELLEE Page 37 of 42

or unlawful; (4) the interference proximately caused the plaintiff's injury; and (5) the plaintiff suffered actual damage or loss as a result.” McConnell v. Coventry Health Care Nat'l Network , No. 05

- 13

- 01365

- CV, 201 5 WL 4572431, at *6 (Tex. App. July 30, 2015)

. Appellants consciously interfered with Appellee’s business operations on April 12, 2017, Appellant Fra n cis Anthony Desio, retaliated against Appellee when he blocked the entrance to the First Floor leasehold, falsely imprisoned , yelled at and threatened Appellee’s patients and professional staff. 1 CR 20, ¶ 17. Appellant Fra ncis Anthony Desio further forced Appellee, his
pro fessional staff, and patients to leave the First Floor leasehold , causing them to fear for their safety, thus leaving the leasehold

. 1 CR 20, ¶ 1 7; 1 CR 21, ¶ 18. A s a consequence of Appellants’
tortious and unlawful actions, Appellee’s staff have not been able to work or conduct their business, so they have left to work elsewhere. 1 CR 23, ¶ 31. Additionally, potential patients went elsewhere for treatmen t

. See i d. Appellee took the time and effort to train the medical profes sionals he hired for his business and has developed a professional working relationship with them. 1 CR 23, ¶ 29. The trial court found that Appellants constructively evicted Appellee from the Second Floor leaseholds. Appellants constructively evicted Appellee w hen they intentionally changed the locks on the door, and threw away Appellee’s personal property, depriving Appellee of the use and enjoyment of the Leasehold

. 1 CR 459, ¶ 9 For a landlord to constructively evict a tenant, they
must: (1) An intention on the part of the landlord that the tenant shall no longer enjoy the premises, which intention may be inferred from the circumstances; (2) A material act by the landlord or those action for him or with his permission that sub stantially interferes with the use and enjoyment of the premises for the purpose for which they are let; (3) The act must permanently deprive the tenant of the use and enjoyment of the premises; (4) The tenant must abandon the premises within aB RIEF OF A PPELLEE Page 38 of 42

reasonable time after the commission of the act. Metroplex Glass Cent., Inc. v. Vantage Props.,
Inc. , 646 S.W.2d 263, 265 (Tex. App.

— Dallas 1983, writ refused n.r.e.)

.

. Appellants intentionally prevented Appellee from entering the leaseholds, Appellants had the in tent to permanently exclude Appellee from the Leaseholds, and Appellants intended the Appellee no longer enjoy the Leaseholds. 1 CR 456, ¶ 23

- 28; 1 CR 459, ¶ 10

- 12; 1 CR 455 ¶ 10, 1 CR 456 ¶ 23, 24. Further, after the lockout, Appellants never gave Appel lee new keys and was never allowed back into the space. 1 CR 456, ¶ 20. Appellant’s lockout substantially interfered and permanently depriv ed Appelle e the use and enjoyment of the Second Floor Lease because Appellee never regained access into the leasehold nor provided a place to pick up a key. 1 CR 456, ¶ 18; 1 CR 456, ¶ 26; 1 CR 456, ¶ 29

. Therefore, Appellee lost personal property and could not operate h is business efficiently and effectively without the personal office equipment. See 1 CR 456, ¶ 18. Moreover, the trial court found that Appellants intended to permanently deprive Appellee of the space because Appellants had no reason to act the way they di d other than for the desire to prevent Appellee from using the Leaseholds. 1 CR 459, ¶ 10

- 12. As a result, the trial court properly concluded that Appellee’s
forced abandonment of the Second Floor Leasehold was a reasonable time after the lockout. 1 CR
456 , ¶ 27; 1 CR 460, ¶ 27. Appellants thus trespassed onto Appellee’s real property when they changed the locks on the doors and purposely avoided giving Appellee notice and opportunity to receive a new key. 1 CR 455, ¶ 9; 1 CR 456, ¶ 20

- 21

. Trespass on real property “is an unauthorized entry upon the land
of another and may occur when one enters

— or causes something to enter

— another’s property.” Lakeside Vill. Homeowners Ass'n, Inc. v. Belanger , 545 S.W.3d 15, 36 (Tex. App. 2017) , review denied (Sept. 8, 2017) citing to Barnes v. Mathis , 353 S.W.3d 760, 764 (Tex. 2011)

.B RIEF OF A PPELLEE Page 39 of 42

“To recover damages for trespass to real property, a plaintiff must prove that (1) the plaintiff owns or has a lawful ri ght to possess real property, (2) the defendant entered the plaintiff’s land and the entry was physical, intentional, and voluntary, and (3) defendant’s trespass caused injury to the plaintiff.” Lakeside Vill. Homeowners Ass’n , 545 S.W. at 36 , citing to Wilen v. Falkenstein , 191 S.W.3d 791, 798 (Tex. App.

— Fort Worth 2006, pet. denied)

. Here, Appellee and Appellants had valid contracts for the Second Floor and First Floor leaseholds for office space and a healthcare business, respectively. 1 CR 459, ¶ 1. Thus, Appellee had the right to access and possess the leaseholds. Moreover, Appellants could not intentionally prohibit Appellee from entering the leaseholds. See TEX. PROP. CODE § 93.002(c) , 1 CR 459, ¶
17. However, Appellants entered Appellee’s leaseholds without authorization, took Appellee’s possessions , and locked Appellee out

. 1 CR 455, ¶ 7

- 9; 1 CR 456, ¶ 19

- 20. Further, Appellants knew that b y preventing Appellee from entering the Second Floor and failing to provide a reason for their actions without any way to remedy the situation (1 CR 456

- 457, ¶ 29

- 31; 1 CR 458, ¶ 48

- 49), Appellants caused unnecessary disruption and permanently prevented Ap pellee from using and enjoying the leaseholds. 1 CR 459, ¶ 8

- 12; 1 CR 460, ¶ 23

- 25 This trespass caused Appellee’s lost business revenue, wages, and use and enjoyment of the leaseholds. Id. ; 1 CR 460, ¶ 20; 1 CR 461, ¶ 35. Thus, Appellants are responsible to Appellee for trespassing on their property. Moreover, t he trial court properly held that Appellants committed conversion when Appellants wrongfully retained Appellee’s personal property. To prevail on a claim of conversion, a plaintiff must prove (1) he owned or had possession of the property; (2) the defendan t unlawfully and without authorization assumed and exercised control over the property to the exclusion of, or inconsistent with, the plaintiff's rights as an owner; (3) the plaintiff demanded return of theB RIEF OF A PPELLEE Page 40 of 42

property; and (4) the defendant refused to return the property. See Scott Pelley P.C. v. Wynne, No. 05

– 15

– 01560

– CV, 2017 WL 3699823, at *11 (Tex. App.

— Dallas Aug. 28, 2017, pet. denied)

. Here, Appellants wrongfully locked Appellee out of his leasehold despite knowing Appellee still had personal property in the leasehold at the time of lockout. 2 RR p. 16. Remaining items included, but are not limited to, three refrigerators, a copy machine, offi ce furniture, and office supplies for the purposes of storage. 1 CR 455, ¶ 7. Following the lockout, Appellants then called the scrapyard to retrieve and dispose Appellee’s personal property despite Appellee orally telling Appellants he would come back to retrieve the property. 2 RR p. 29

- 31. Thus, the trial court properly found in favor of Appellee that Appellants committed conversion. See 1 CR 446

- 48.
C ONCL U S I ON
T he trial court ’s Final Judgment should be upheld because the trial court properly found tha t Appellee did not breach the Second Floor or the First Floor Leases, that Appellants acted prematurely in violation of the First and Second Floor Leases as well as the Property Code, and that as a result of Appellants’ actions, Appellee lost personal property, wages, business earnings, patients, as well as reputation in the community. Thus, as the prevailing party, it is proper that Appellee should be awarded attorneys’ fees.
PRAYER For these reasons stated above, Appellee Mike Del Bosque D/B/A Injury a nd Rehab
Center in Grand Prairie respectfully prays that the Court sustain its allegations of error and affirm the December 19, 2018 Final Judgment. Respectfully submitted, /s/ Tailim Song Tailim Song State Bar No. 00792845B RIEF OF A PPELLEE Page 41 of 42 tsong@tailimsong.com Tel: (214) 528

- 8400 Fax: (214) 528

- 8402 8111 Lyndon B. Johnson Fwy Suite 480 Dallas, Texas 75251 ATTORNEY FOR APPELLEE RULE 52.3(J) CERTIFICATION I have reviewed the Brief of Appellee and concluded that every factual statement in the petition is supported by competent evidence included in the appendix or record. /s/ Tailim Song

______________________________ Tailim Song

CERTIFICATE OF COMPLIANCE I hereby certify that I prepared the foregoing brief using Microsoft Word 201 9 software, a 14

- point Times New Roman font for all text and a 12

- point Times New Roman font for any footno tes. According to that program’s word

- count function, the sections covered by TRAP 9.4(i)(1) contain 1 2,3 2 9 words, including footnotes. /s/ Tailim Song

______________________________ Tailim Song
CERTIFICATE OF SERVICE This is to certify that a true and correct copy of this brief was delivered to the following party in accordance with the Texas Rules of Appellate Procedure on this 18 th day of June 2019: Bush Rudnicki Shelton, P.C. Grant A. Bannen State Bar No. 00793300 200 N. Mesquite St., Suite 200 Arlington, Texas 76011 Tel: (817) 274

- 5992 Fax: (817) 261

- 1671 ATTORNEYS FOR APPELLANTB RIEF OF A PPELLEE Page 42 of 42 /s/ Tailim Song

______________________________ Tailim Song