COURT OF APPEALS OF VIRGINIA 

Present: Judges Frank, Humphreys and McClanahan 

Argued by teleconference 

NATIONAL COLLEGE OF BUSINESS AND 

 TECHNOLOGY, INC. 

 OPINION BY 

v. Record No. 0938-10-3 JUDGE ROBERT P. FRANK 

FEBRUARY 15, 2011 

C. RAY DAVENPORT, COMMISSIONER 

 OF LABOR AND INDUSTRY 

FROM THE CIRCUIT COURT OF THE CITY OF SALEM 

Robert F. Doherty, Jr., Judge 

 Samuel M. Brock, III (Monica Taylor Monday; James J. O’Keeffe; 

Spencer M. Wiegard; Spilman Thomas & Battle, PLLC; Gentry 

Locke Rakes & Moore, LLP on brief), for appellant. 

 Crystal Y. Twitty, Assistant Attorney General (Kenneth T. 

Cuccinelli, II, Attorney General; Wesley G. Russell, Jr., Deputy 

Attorney General; Peter R. Messitt, Senior Assistant Attorney 

General, on brief), for appellee. 

 National College of Business and Technology, Inc. (the College) was cited for violating 

certain asbestos-related safety standards issued by the Virginia Department of Labor and 

Industry Occupational Safety and Health Administration (VOSH). The circuit court1

 upheld the 

citations and penalty. On appeal, the College contends the circuit court erred in finding: (1) that 

the College’s employees were exposed to the asbestos hazard and (2) that the violations were 

“serious,” as defined by Code § 40.1-49.3. Essentially, the College argues the evidence to 

 1

 Pursuant to Code § 40.1-49.4(E), when a citation for a safety or health violation is 

contested, the Safety and Health Codes Commission shall file a civil action in the circuit court 

for that court to affirm, modify or vacate the Commissioner’s citation or proposed penalty, or to 

direct other appropriate relief, upon making findings of fact and conclusions of law. 
- 2 - 

support these findings was not sufficient. For the following reasons stated, we affirm in part and 

reverse in part. 

BACKGROUND

On appeal, a party complaining of an agency action bears the burden of demonstrating an 

error of law subject to review. Roanoke Memorial Hospitals v. Kenley, 3 Va. App. 599, 603, 

352 S.E.2d 525, 527 (1987). 

We view the facts in this case “in the light most favorable to sustaining the 

[Commissioner’s] action and ‘take due account of the presumption of official regularity, the 

experience and specialized competence of the [Commissioner], and the purposes of the basic law 

under which the [Commissioner] has acted.’” Sentara Norfolk Gen. Hosp. v. State Health 

Comm’r, 30 Va. App. 267, 279, 516 S.E.2d 690, 696 (1999) (quoting Bio-Medical Applications 

of Arlington, Inc. v. Kenley, 4 Va. App. 414, 427, 358 S.E.2d 722, 729 (1987)), rev’d on other 

grounds, 260 Va. 267, 534 S.E.2d 325 (2000). 

 VOSH received an anonymous complaint concerning dust from the renovation of the 

College in Salem.2 Doug Wiggins, a VOSH asbestos/lead compliance officer, investigated the 

complaint at the College. He initiated the inspection on January 20, 2004. During the inspection, 

Wiggins was told there had been an asbestos inspection and report prior to the renovation work. 

 On one side of the gymnasium, Wiggins noticed four-inch diameter holes cut through the 

concrete floor. The holes were for electrical conduit to pass through the floor to the basement. He 

was told there was an old boiler room beneath that area. 

 Wiggins then inspected the boiler room located in the basement and observed some damage 

suspected to contain asbestos materials, approximately seven to eight feet above the floor. Wiggins 

photographed insulation material found in pipes and ducts in the boiler room. He found 

 2

 This complaint is unrelated to the issues before this Court. 
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asbestos-containing material in some of the insulation.3

 Wiggins testified it takes an expert to 

identify asbestos. Wiggins indicated most asbestos material is covered by a cloth-like material to 

“keep the asbestos materials in and to insulate,” but several pipes had damaged insulation, revealing 

the asbestos material. One photograph showed a pipe with new insulation. 

 Wiggins observed a valve or faucet-like handle in the boiler room, used to regulate the 

boiler’s temperature. In response to a question by the circuit court, Wiggins indicated that the 

presence of the heat valve would cause employees to go to the boiler room. Wiggins also observed 

boxes containing College records being stored in the boiler room. 

 Upon the conclusion of the inspection, Wiggins recommended that the College be cited for 

certain violations related to the asbestos found in the boiler room. VOSH, based on the 

recommendations, issued a citation with three subparts. 

 Item 1 charged the College with not determining the quantities of the asbestos pipe 

insulation and other asbestos material in the facility, in violation of 20 C.F.R. 1910.1001(j)(2)(i).4

 Item 2a charged the College with failure to post signs at the entrance of the boiler room 

where damaged asbestos materials were located, in violation of 20 C.F.R. 1910.1001(j)(3)(v). 

 Item 2b charged the College with failure to place warning labels on the products (pipe 

insulation, old boiler, etc.) that contained asbestos, in violation of 20 C.F.R. 1910.1001(j)(4)(i). 

3

 Wiggins took five samples of the insulation material, but took no air samples. 

Laboratory analysis revealed asbestos (amosite and chrysotile). Amosite is described as brown 

asbestos. Chysotile is described as white asbestos. Sample ID: A415 tested for both amosite and 

chrysotile at approximately 10% each; Sample ID: A416 tested for chrysotile fibers at 

approximately 20%; Sample ID: A417 tested for 10% chrysotile fibers in a piece of insulation; 

Sample ID: A418 tested for chrysotile fibers at approximately 30%. 

4

 The asbestos standards applied by VOSH are the same as the general industry asbestos 

standards applied by the federal Occupational Safety and Health Administration and are found in 

the Code of Federal Regulations, 29 C.F.R. § 1910.1001 et seq. 
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 Wiggins explained the rationale of the Item 1 citation. The College was required to inspect 

all areas where renovation occurred for presumed asbestos-containing material (PACM) and 

asbestos-containing material (ACM). Specifically, the College would have been required to inspect 

the boiler room where the damaged asbestos material was found.5

 Wiggins concluded employees 

had access to the boiler room because the College records were stored there and because employees 

must go to the boiler room to adjust the temperature. 

 Referring to Item 2a of the citation, Wiggins testified the College had a duty to post signs at 

the entrance to the boiler room to identify the asbestos materials present. There were no such signs. 

As to item 2b, the College was obligated to affix warning labels to all products containing asbestos 

fibers (or to their containers). No such labels were present. 

 Wiggins then addressed the range of penalties associated with the violations. There are 

three grades of severity: high, medium, and low. There are two grades of probability: greater and 

lesser. The levels of severity and probability are combined to reach a “gravity-based” penalty.6

 

5

 A survey was conducted February 20, 2003 by Baratta & Associates, Inc. to determine 

the presence of ACMs in those areas of the College that would be affected by the proposed 

renovation. As part of its recommendations, the surveyor wrote in his report: 

While we were preparing our proposal, we noted some damaged 

TSI [thermal system insulation] on the steam header in the boiler 

room. Evaluating the boiler room was not within the scope of this 

assignment. Since the TSI is damaged, it could present a health 

hazard if the space is entered often. We recommend the owner 

consider having the boiler room TSI sampled and tested. If it does 

prove to be an ACM, the owner may wish to have it removed while 

the other abatement work related to this project is being performed. 

The College objected to the admission of the report on hearsay grounds. The circuit court 

sustained the objection; however, the document was admitted into evidence for proof that it was 

received by The College and “to say what it says in here was said or presented,” and not for the 

truth of the matter asserted. Thus, the only relevance of the report is that the College was aware 

of a potential hazard. 

6

 The Field Operations Manual (FOM) explains gravity-based penalty (GBP) as follows: 

“The GBP for each violation shall be determined based on an appropriate and balanced 
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Because asbestos is carcinogenic, Wiggins classified the severity as “high.” He classified the 

probability of exposure as “lesser” based on the potential for employees to be in the area and with 

what frequency. 

 Wiggins applied the same calculation to arrive at the penalties for Items 2a and 2b, which he 

grouped together to arrive at a proposed penalty. He calculated the penalties based on the criteria 

for “serious” violations set forth in the Field Operations Manual (FOM). 

 The circuit court affirmed the Commissioner’s citations and the penalties imposed. 

 

 This appeal follows. 

ANALYSIS

 The College contends no credible evidence supported the circuit court’s finding that the 

College’s employees were exposed to the asbestos hazard within the six-month period prior to 

the citation date.7

 The College also asserts the circuit court erred in finding that the violations 

were “serious,” because no evidence showed a substantial probability that death or serious 

physical harm could result from a condition existing in the place of employment, as required by 

Code § 40.1-49.3.8

 

professional judgment, combining the severity assessment and the final probability assessment.” 

Chapter IV, C.2.g.(1). It must be noted that the FOM is an operational manual setting forth 

procedures to investigate violations. It is not and does not purport to establish substantive law. 

7

 Code § 40.1-49.4(A)(3) states: “No citation may be issued under this section after the 

expiration of six months following the occurrence of any alleged violation.” Further, FOM, 

Chapter III, B.1.b provides in part: “The exposure must have occurred within the six (6) months 

directly before the issuance of the citation in order to serve as a basis for the violations.” 

8

 Code § 40.1-49.3 defines “serious violation” as 

a violation deemed to exist in a place of employment if there is a 

substantial probability that death or serious physical harm could 

result from a condition which exists, or from one or more 

practices, means, methods, operations, or processes which have 

been adopted or are in use, in such place of employment unless the 

employer did not, and could not with the exercise of reasonable 

diligence, know of the presence of the violation. 
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 On appeal, findings of fact made by the trial judge are presumed to be correct and are 

“given the same effect as a jury verdict, settling all conflicts in the evidence in favor of the 

prevailing party.” Richmond v. Beltway Properties, Inc., 217 Va. 376, 379, 228 S.E.2d 569, 572 

(1976) (citing Reiber v. James M. Duncan & Associates, Inc., 206 Va. 657, 660, 145 S.E.2d 157, 

160 (1965)). In reviewing such a factual finding, we view the evidence in a light most favorable 

to the circuit court’s determination. See Rudder v. Wise County Redevelopment & Housing 

Authority, 219 Va. 592, 595, 249 S.E.2d 177, 178 (1978). “A contention that the evidence does 

not support the court’s factual finding will be sustained only when the finding is plainly wrong or 

is without credible evidence to support it.” Pike v. Dept. of Labor & Indus., 222 Va. 317, 322, 

281 S.E.2d 804, 807 (1981). 

 Thus, our inquiry is whether there is credible evidence to support the circuit court’s 

factual findings. It should be noted the College does not assert it complied with the regulations 

by posting the required signage or that it inspected the boiler room. 

 For each citation, the Commissioner must prove by a preponderance of the evidence: 

(1) the applicability of the standard, (2) the existence of noncomplying conditions, (3) employee 

exposure or access, and (4) that the employer knew or with the exercise of reasonable diligence 

could have known of the violative condition. See e.g., Secretary of Labor9

 v. Dun-Par

Engineered Form Co., OSHRC Docket No. 82-928 (1986). The College contests only the 

sufficiency of the second element. 

 9

 The Commissioner of Labor and Industry is the counterpart of the U.S. Secretary of 

Labor. Magco of Maryland, Inc. v. Barr, 33 Va. App. 78, 86 n.3, 531 S.E.2d 614, 618 n.3 

(2000). 
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Exposure

 The College first contends no credible evidence supports the finding that the College’s 

employees were exposed to the asbestos,10 or that even if exposure took place, it was not within 

six months before the citation date. The College posits that Wiggins’s testimony regarding 

employee exposure was merely an assumption, based on the presence of the storage boxes and a 

heat valve in the boiler room.11 The College further argues no evidence revealed that any 

asbestos-containing material was located at or near the storage boxes or the heat valve, i.e. that 

no evidence proved an employee could be exposed to asbestos, even if the employee was in the 

boiler room. The College also submits that there was no evidence any employee actually entered 

the boiler room within the six-month limitation period.12

 The Commissioner responds that an employee need not actually be “exposed” to the 

hazard as long as the employee has access to the hazard. We agree. 

[I]n order for the Secretary to establish employee exposure to a 

hazard she must show that it is reasonably predictable either by 

operational necessity or otherwise (including inadvertence), that 

employees have been, are, or will be in the zone of danger. We 

emphasize that . . . the inquiry is not simply into whether exposure 

is theoretically possible. Rather, the question is whether employee 

entry into the danger zone is reasonably predictable. 

 10 29 C.F.R. § 1910.1001(b) defines “employee exposure” as “that exposure to airborne 

asbestos that would occur if the employee were not using respiratory protective equipment.” The 

College argues the C.F.R. requires actual exposure, which is inconsistent with “access.” VOSH 

responds that the C.F.R. does not require “actual” exposure. 

11 The College did not object to this testimony. 

12 To the extent the College argues Wiggins did not comply with the investigative 

procedures set forth in the FOM to investigate potential violations and specifically whether 

employees were exposed to the hazards, we will not consider this argument. Rule 5A:20(c) 

requires appellant’s opening brief to contain “[a] statement of the assignments of error with a 

clear and exact reference to the page(s) of the transcript, written statement, record, or appendix 

where each assignment of error was preserved in the trial court.” See Cirrito v. Cirrito, 44 

Va. App. 287, 309, 605 S.E.2d 268, 278 (2004) (noting that arguments not presented in the 

questions presented (now assignments of error) will not be considered). Further, because this 

argument was not made at trial, it is waived under Rule 5A:18. 
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Secretary of Labor v. Pete Miller, Inc., OSHRC Docket No. 99-947 (2000) (quoting Secretary of 

Labor v. Fabricated Metal Prods., Inc., OSHRC Docket No. 93-1853 (1997)). 

 FOM Chapter III, B.1.b supports this view: 

(5) Potential Exposure. A citation may be issued when the 

possibility exists that an employee could be exposed to a 

hazardous condition because of work patterns, past 

circumstances, or anticipated work requirements, and it is 

reasonable to expect that employee exposure could occur, 

such as: 

(a) The hazardous condition is an integral part of an 

employer’s recurring operations, but the employer 

has not established a policy or program that would 

prevent employee exposure, including accidental 

exposure from reoccurring, or 

(b) The employer has not taken steps to prevent access 

to unsafe machinery or equipment which employees 

may have reason to use; or 

(c) A safety or health hazard poses a danger to 

employees simply by employee presence in the area 

and it is reasonable to expect that an employee 

could come into the area during the course of the 

work, to rest or to eat at the job site, or to enter or to 

exit from the assigned workplace. 

Thus, to resolve whether credible evidence supports the circuit court’s factual finding that 

employees were “exposed” to the asbestos, we must apply the test explained in Pete Miller to 

determine whether it is possible that an employee could be exposed to asbestos, i.e., whether it is 

reasonably predictable that employees have been or will be in the zone of danger. 

Barr v. S.W. Rodgers Co., 34 Va. App. 50, 537 S.E.2d 620 (2000), is instructive. As in 

the instant case, an issue in Barr was whether the evidence was sufficient to prove that an 

employee had been exposed to the condition which was the subject of the citation. The 

compliance officer did not see any employees actually in the trench, the site of the violation. 

However, there was evidence that an employee dug the trench, there was a footprint in the 
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bottom of the trench, and work had been done in the trench. Id. at 61, 537 S.E.2d at 625. We 

concluded the evidence was sufficient. Id. 

In this case, although Wiggins saw no employee in the boiler room, evidence supports the 

circuit court’s finding that employees were “exposed” to the hazard – specifically, that they had 

access to the boiler room. Wiggins saw boxes of College records stacked in the boiler room, in 

close proximity to insulated pipes. He also testified that a valve used to adjust the temperature 

“in case it gets too cold or too hot” was located in the boiler room, in close proximity to the 

defective pipes. Without objection, Wiggins testified employees had access to the asbestos 

because of “the storage of the records in the basement area and then with the adjustments of the 

heat of the building.” 

Based on Wiggins’s testimony and the exhibits depicting the boiler room, the circuit 

court properly inferred it was reasonably predictable that employees would enter the boiler room, 

the zone of danger, to adjust the building’s temperature and to store and retrieve school records. 

While the evidence was not as direct as it was in Barr, we cannot say the circuit court’s ruling on 

exposure was plainly wrong. 

The College further challenges the sufficiency of the evidence that exposure occurred 

within six months of the citation date. The evidence revealed that the inspection occurred 

January 20 through January 30, 2004. The citations were issued February 19, 2004. The 

violations were observed during the inspection dates. Six months prior to the issuance date 

would have been August 2003. It is therefore reasonable to conclude that an employee had 

access to the asbestos hazard within six months of the issuance date of the citation, because 

presumably an employee would have adjusted the temperature of the building between August 
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2003 (summer) and February 2004 (winter).13 14 Furthermore, access is continuing. On any 

given day, it is reasonably predictable that employees have been, are, or will be in the zone of 

danger. See Pete Miller, OSHRC Docket No. 99-947. 

The College contends the anonymous complaint referred only to dust in the gymnasium 

and not asbestos in the boiler room. We find no relevance to this contention. The issue before 

us is not what brought an inspector to the College, but rather what the inspection revealed. 

Serious Violation

 Next, the College contends no evidence supported the circuit court’s finding that the 

violations were “serious.” This argument addresses the penalty imposed upon the College. Code 

§ 40.1-49.3 states: 

“Serious violation” means a violation deemed to exist in a place of 

employment if there is a substantial probability that death or 

serious physical harm could result from a condition which exists, 

or from one or more practices, means, methods, operations, or 

processes which have been adopted or are in use, in such place of 

employment unless the employer did not, and could not with the 

exercise of reasonable diligence, know of the presence of the 

violation. 

 Under the FOM, Chapter III, B.2.b(2)(c), serious physical injury is defined as follows: 

1. Serious physical harm is defined as impairment of the body 

in which part of the body is made functionally useless or is 

substantially reduced in efficiency on or off the job. Such 

impairment may be permanent or temporary, chronic or 

acute. Injuries involving such impairment would usually 

require treatment by a medical doctor. 

2. Serious physical harm can also be an illness that could 

shorten life or significantly reduce physical or mental 

 13 There is no evidence in the record that there were any other temperature controls or 

heating sources elsewhere in the building. 

14 Because of this ruling, we do not address the Commissioner’s argument that the 

statutory language “may” is “directory” and not “mandatory,” nor that a statute of limitations 

does not apply to the sovereign. 
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efficiency by inhibiting the normal function of a part of the 

body. 

 The College first contends that because no employee was actually exposed to asbestos, no 

employee would face the risk of death or serious physical harm. We have already resolved that 

argument against the College. 

 Alternatively, the College maintains that even if employees entered the boiler room, no 

evidence indicates the defective insulation material in the boiler room could cause a “substantial 

probability of death or serious physical harm.” The College argues there was no air sampling 

testimony nor medical testimony as to that probability. Specifically, the College argues that 

there is no evidence as to how much exposure and what type of exposure could cause a 

substantial probability of death or serious injury. Essentially, the College challenges causation 

between exposure and injury. We agree with the College. 

 The Commissioner points to the definition of a serious violation, which requires a 

substantial probability that death or serious bodily harm could result. Relying on identical 

language under 291 U.S.C. § 666(k) (“if there is a substantial probability that death or serious 

injury could result”), the commissioner in Pete Miller opined: “That provision does not mean 

that the occurrence of an accident must be a substantially probable result of the violative 

condition but, rather, that a serious injury is the likely result should an accident occur.” OSHRC 

Docket No. 99-947 (quoting Miniature Nut & Screw Corp., OSHRC Docket No. 93-2535 

(1996)). In other words, it is necessary to prove that if an employee were to be exposed to the 

asbestos, the likely result of such exposure would be a serious injury or death. 

 The circuit court had evidence of the levels of amosite and chrysotile asbestos in the 

insulation material. The circuit court inquired, “[a]re each of these the same material that causes 
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mesothelioma?,” and Wiggins responded, “[y]es sir, both of them will.” All of the materials 

analyzed contained greater than one percent, meaning that ACM was present.15

 Furthermore, without objection,16 Wiggins testified that asbestos is “a carcinogenic,”17

which “may cause cancer, may cause mesothelioma, may cause asbestosis.”18 Our inquiry, then, 

is whether the record contains sufficient credible evidence that a person exposed to asbestos is 

likely to suffer serious injury or death. We do not find such evidence. 

 The record contains no evidence as to what level of exposure or what frequency of 

exposure would lead to injury or death. Is a single exposure to asbestos sufficient? Must the 

exposure take place over a prolonged period of time? There is no evidence to answer these 

questions. Wiggins’s testimony establishes that asbestos is a carcinogen. Many substances, 

however, are carcinogenic. Evidence that shows merely that a given substance is a carcinogen is 

not dispositive and will not support a finding of a serious violation. 

15 ACM means any material containing more than 1% of asbestos. 29 CFR 

§ 1910.1001(b). 

16 Earlier in the hearing, the circuit court sustained an objection to similar testimony by 

Wiggins. The College did not make a continuing objection, nor did it renew its objection to 

Wiggins’s later testimony. A party cannot avail itself of an objection to evidence if the party 

has, at some other time during the trial, ‘“voluntarily elicited the same evidence, or has permitted 

it to be brought out by his adversary without objection.’” Burns v. Board of Supervisors of 

Stafford County, 227 Va. 354, 363, 315 S.E.2d 856, 862 (1984) (quoting Whitten v. McClelland, 

137 Va. 726, 741, 120 S.E. 146, 150 (1923)). 

17 A carcinogen is “a substance or agent producing or inciting cancerous growth.” 

Webster’s New International Dictionary 337 (3d ed. 1993). Carcinogenic means “producing or 

tending to produce cancer.” Id.

18 Mesothelioma is a form of cancer which affects mesothelial tissue in the lungs, 

peritoneum or pericardium. The Sloane-Dorland Annotated Medical-Legal Dictionary 351 

(Supp. 1992). Asbestosis is a form of lung disease that causes interstitial fibrosis or scarring of 

the lungs. Id. at 36. 
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 There must be some testimony that relates the frequency or level of exposure to a 

substantial risk of death or serious physical injury. In this case, the record contains insufficient 

evidence to show a serious violation. 

CONCLUSION

 The Commissioner and the circuit court correctly found proof by a preponderance of the 

evidence that employees were exposed to asbestos at the College. Finding no credible evidence 

to support a finding of a serious violation, we remand to the circuit court with instructions to 

remand to the Commissioner for a re-determination of the penalty consistent with this opinion. 

Affirmed in part, 

reversed in part,

and remanded.