# Patent

## Title
Weighted open loop power control transmitter

## Abstract

A weighted open loop power control transmitter for controlling transmission power levels using a spread spectrum time division duplex (TDD) technique having frames with timeslots for communication includes a demodulator configured to receive a transmitted signal from the receiver, a channel estimation device, a data estimation device, and a weighted open loop power controller. The weighted open loop power controller includes a power measurement device, a pathloss estimation device configured to receive an interpreted power level from the data estimation device and estimate the pathloss and update a long term average of the pathloss, a quality measurement device, and a transmit power calculation device for determining the transmitter's power level and to control the receiver's amplifier.

## Background
CROSS REFERENCE TO RELATED APPLICATIONS
This application is a continuation of U.S. patent application Ser. No. 11/978,298, filed on Oct. 29, 2007; which is a continuation of U.S. patent application Ser. No. 11/544,275, filed on Oct. 6, 2006, which issued on Oct. 30, 2007 as U.S. Pat. No. 7,289,550; which is a continuation of U.S. patent application Ser. No. 11/130,591, filed on May 16, 2005, which issued on Oct. 10, 2006 as U.S. Pat. No. 7,120,189; which is a continuation of U.S. patent application Ser. No. 10/755,649, filed on Jan. 12, 2004 which issued on Oct. 18, 2005 as U.S. Pat. No. 6,956,889; which is a continuation of application Ser. No. 10/446,539 filed on May 28, 2003 which issued on Jan. 18, 2005 as U.S. Pat. No. 6,845,122; which is a continuation of application Ser. No. 09/532,349 filed on Mar. 21, 2000, which issued on Jul. 22, 2003 as U.S. Pat. No. 6,597,723; which are incorporated herein by reference as if fully set forth.


FIELD OF INVENTION
This invention generally relates to spread spectrum time division duplex (TDD) communication systems. More particularly, the present invention relates to a system and method for controlling transmission power within TDD communication systems.
BACKGROUND
FIG. 1 depicts a wireless spread spectrum time division duplex (TDD) communication system. The system has a plurality of base stations 301-307. Each base station 301 communicates with user equipments (UEs) 321-323 in its operating area. Communications transmitted from a base station 301 to a UE 321 are referred to as downlink communications and communications transmitted from a UE 321 to a base station 301 are referred to as uplink communications.
In addition to communicating over different frequency spectrums, spread spectrum TDD systems carry multiple communications over the same spectrum. The multiple signals are distinguished by their respective chip code sequences (codes). Also, to more efficiently use the spread spectrum, TDD systems as illustrated in FIG. 2 use repeating frames 34 divided into a number of time slots 361-36n, such as fifteen time slots. In such systems, a communication is sent in selected time slots 361-36n using selected codes. Accordingly, one frame 34 is capable of carrying multiple communications distinguished by both time slot 361-36n and code. The use of a single code in a single time slot is referred to as a resource unit. Based on the bandwidth required to support a communication, one or multiple resource units are assigned to that communication.
Most TDD systems adaptively control transmission power levels. In a TDD system, many communications may share the same time slot and spectrum. When a UE 321 or base station 301 is receiving a specific communication, all the other communications using the same time slot and spectrum cause interference to the specific communication. Increasing the transmission power level of one communication degrades the signal quality of all other communications within that time slot and spectrum. However, reducing the transmission power level too far results in undesirable signal to noise ratios (SNRs) and bit error rates (BERs) at the receivers. To maintain both the signal quality of communications and low transmission power levels, transmission power control is used.
One approach using transmission power control in a code division multiple access (CDMA) communication system is described in U.S. Pat. No. 5,056,109 (Gilhousen et al.). A transmitter sends a communication to a particular receiver. Upon reception, the received signal power is measured. The received signal power is compared to a desired received signal power. Based on the comparison, a control bit is sent to the transmitter either increasing or decreasing transmission power by a fixed amount. Since the receiver sends a control signal to the transmitter to control the transmitter's power level, such power control techniques are commonly referred to as closed loop.
Under certain conditions, the performance of closed loop systems degrades. For instance, if communications sent between a UE 321 and a base station 301 are in a highly dynamic environment, such as due to the UE 321 moving, such systems may not be able to adapt fast enough to compensate for the changes. The update rate of closed loop power control in a typical TDD system is 100 cycles per second which is not sufficient for fast fading channels. Accordingly, there is a need for alternate approaches to maintain signal quality and low transmission power levels.
SUMMARY
A weighted open loop power control transmitter for controlling transmission power levels using a spread spectrum time division duplex (TDD) technique having frames with timeslots for communication includes a demodulator configured to receive a transmitted signal from the receiver, a channel estimation device, a data estimation device, and a weighted open loop power controller. The weighted open loop power controller includes a power measurement device, a pathloss estimation device configured to receive an interpreted power level from the data estimation device and estimate the pathloss and update a long term average of the pathloss, a quality measurement device, and a transmit power calculation device for determining the transmitter's power level and to control the receiver's amplifier.



BRIEF DESCRIPTION OF THE DRAWING(S)
FIG. 1 illustrates a prior art TDD system.
FIG. 2 illustrates time slots in repeating frames of a TDD system.
FIG. 3 is a flow chart of weighted open loop power control.
FIG. 4 is a diagram of components of two communication stations using weighted open loop power control.
FIG. 5 depicts a graph of the performance of a weighted open loop, open loop and closed loop power control system for a UE moving at 30 kilometers per hour (km/h).
FIG. 6 depicts a graph of the three systems' performance for a UE moving at 60 km/h.



DETAILED DESCRIPTION OF THE PREFERRED EMBODIMENT(S)
The preferred embodiments will be described with reference to the drawing figures where like numerals represent like elements throughout. Weighted open loop power control will be explained using the flow chart of FIG. 3 and the components of two simplified communication stations 110, 112 as shown in FIG. 4. For the following discussion, the communication station having its transmitter's power controlled is referred to as the transmitting station 112 and the communication station receiving power controlled communications is referred to as the receiving station 110. Since weighted open loop power control may be used for uplink, downlink or both types of communications, the transmitter having its power controlled may be located at a base station 301, UE 321 or both. Accordingly, if both uplink and downlink power control are used, the receiving and transmitting station's components are located at both the base station 301 and UE 321.
For use in estimating the path loss between the receiving and transmitting stations 110, 112, the receiving station 110 sends a communication to the transmitting station 112. The communication may be sent on any one of various channels. Typically, in a TDD system, the channels used for estimating path loss are referred to as reference channels, although other channels may be used. If the receiving station 110 is a base station 301, the communication is preferably sent over a downlink common channel or a Common Control Physical Channel (CCPCH).
Data to be communicated to the transmitting station 112 over the reference channel is referred to as reference channel data. The reference channel data is generated by a reference channel data generator 56. The reference data is assigned one or multiple resource units based on the communication's bandwidth requirements. A spreading and training sequence insertion device 58 spreads the reference channel data and makes the spread reference data time-multiplexed with a training sequence in the appropriate time slots and codes of the assigned resource units. The resulting sequence is referred to as a communication burst. The communication burst is subsequently amplified by an amplifier 60. The amplified communication burst may be summed by a sum device 62 with any other communication burst created through devices, such as a data generator 50, spreading and training sequence insertion device 52 and amplifier 54. The summed communication bursts are modulated by a modulator 64. The modulated signal is passed through an isolator 66 and radiated by an antenna 78 as shown or, alternately, through an antenna array, step 38. The radiated signal is passed through a wireless radio channel 80 to an antenna 82 of the transmitting station 112. The type of modulation used for the transmitted communication can be any of those known to those skilled in the art, such as direct phase shift keying (DPSK) or quadrature phase shift keying (QPSK).
The antenna 82 or, alternately, antenna array of the transmitting station 112 receives various radio frequency signals. The received signals are passed through an isolator 84 to a demodulator 86 to produce a baseband signal. The baseband signal is processed, such as by a channel estimation device 88 and a data estimation device 90, in the time slots and with the appropriate codes assigned to the communication's burst. The channel estimation device 88 commonly uses the training sequence component in the baseband signal to provide channel information, such as channel impulse responses. The channel information is used by the data estimation device 90 and a power measurement device 92. The power level of the processed communication corresponding to the reference channel, RTS, is measured by the power measurement device 92 and sent to a pathloss estimation device 94, step 40. The channel estimation device 88 is capable of separating the reference channel from all other channels. If an automatic gain control device or amplifier is used for processing the received signals, the measured power level is adjusted to correct for the gain of these devices at either the power measurement device 92 or the pathloss estimation device 94.
To determine the path loss, L, the transmitting station 112 also requires the communication's transmitted power level, TRS. The transmitted power level, TRS, may be sent along with the communication's data or in a signaling channel. If the power level, TRS, is sent along with the communication's data, the data estimation device 90 interprets the power level and sends the interpreted power level to the pathloss estimation device 94. If the receiving station 110 is a base station 301, preferably the transmitted power level, TRS, is sent via the broadcast channel (BCH) from the base station 301. By subtracting the received communication's power level, RTS in dB, from the sent communication's transmitted power level, TRS in dB, the pathloss estimation device 94 estimates the path loss, L, between the two stations 110, 112, step 42. Additionally, a long term average of the pathloss, Lo, is updated, step 44. In certain situations, instead of transmitting the transmitted power level, TRS, the receiving station 110 may transmit a reference for the transmitted power level. In that case, the pathloss estimation device 94 provides reference levels for the path loss, L, and the long term average of the path loss, Lo.
Since TDD systems transmit downlink and uplink communications in the same frequency spectrum, the conditions these communications experience are similar. This phenomenon is referred to as reciprocity. Due to reciprocity, the path loss experienced for the downlink will also be experienced for the uplink and vice versa. By adding the estimated path loss to a desired received power level, a transmission power level for a communication from the transmitting station 112 to the receiving station 110 is determined. This power control technique is referred to as open loop power control.
Open loop systems have drawbacks. If a time delay exists between the estimated path loss and the transmitted communication, the path loss experienced by the transmitted communication may differ from the calculated loss. In TDD where communications are sent in differing time slots 361-36n, the time slot delay between received and transmitted communications may degrade the performance of an open loop power control system. To overcome these drawbacks, a quality measurement device 96 in a weighted open loop power controller 100 determines the quality of the estimated path loss, step 46. The quality measurement device 96 also weights the estimated path loss, L, and long term average of the pathloss, Lo, to set the transmit power level by transmit power calculation device 98, step 48. As illustrated in FIG. 4, the weighted open loop power controller 100 consists of the power measurement device 92, pathloss estimation device 94, quality measurement device 96, and transmit power calculation device 98.
The following is one of the preferred weighted open loop power control algorithms. The transmitting station's power level in decibels, PTS, is determined using Equation 1.

PTS=PRS+α(L−Lo)+Lo+CONSTANT VALUE  Equation 1

PRS is the power level that the receiving station 110 desires to receive the transmitting station's communication in dB. PRS is determined by the desired SIR, SIRTARGET, at the receiving station 110 and the interference level, IRS, at the receiving station 110.
To determine the interference level, IRS, at the receiving station, received communications from the transmitting station 112 are demodulated by a demodulator 68. The resulting baseband signal is processed, such as by a channel estimation device 70 and a data estimation device 72 in the time slots and with the appropriate codes assigned the transmitting station's communications. The channel information produced by the channel estimation device 70 is used by an interference measurement device 74 to determine the interference level, IRS. The channel information may also be used to control the transmit power level of the receiving station 110. The channel information is input to a data estimation device 72 and a transmit power calculation device 76. The data estimation produced by the data estimation device 72 is used with the channel information by the transmit power calculation device 76 to control the amplifier 54 which controls the receiving station's transmit power level.
PRS is determined using Equation 2.

PRS=SIRTARGET+IRS  Equation 2

IRS is either signaled or broadcasted from the receiving station 110 to the transmitting station 112. For downlink power control, SIRTARGET is known at the transmitting station 112. For uplink power control, SIRTARGET is signaled from the receiving station 110 to the transmitting station 112. Using Equation 2, Equation 1 is rewritten as either Equations 3 or 4.

PTS=SIRTARGET+IRS+α(L−Lo)+Lo+CONSTANT VALUE  Equation 3

PTS=αL+(1−α)Lo+IRS+SIRTARGET+CONSTANT VALUE  Equation 4

L is the path loss estimate in decibels, TRS−RTS, for the most recent time slot 361-36n that the path loss was estimated. The long term average of the pathloss, Lo, is a running average of the path loss estimates L. The CONSTANT VALUE is a correction term. The CONSTANT VALUE corrects for differences in the uplink and downlink channels, such as to compensate for differences in uplink and downlink gain. Additionally, the CONSTANT VALUE may provide correction if the transmit power reference level of the receiving station is transmitted, instead of the actual transmit power, TRS. If the receiving station is a base station 301, the CONSTANT VALUE is preferably sent via Layer 3 signaling.
The weighting value, α, determined by the quality measurement device 94, is a measure of the quality of the estimated path loss and is, preferably, based on the number of time slots 361-36n between the time slot, n, of the last path loss estimate and the first time slot of the communication transmitted by the transmitting station 112. The value of α is from zero to one. Generally, if the time difference between the time slots is small, the recent path loss estimate will be fairly accurate and α is set at a value close to one. By contrast, if the time difference is large, the path loss estimate may not be accurate and the long term average path loss measurement is most likely a better estimate for the path loss. Accordingly, α is set at a value closer to zero.
Equations 5 and 6 are two equations for determining α, although others may be used.

α=1−(D−1)/(Dmax−1)  Equation 5

α=max{1−(D−1)/(Dmax−allowed−1),0}  Equation 6

The value, D, is the number of time slots 361-36n between the time slot of the last path loss estimate and the first time slot of the transmitted communication which will be referred to as the time slot delay. If the delay is one time slot, α is one. Dmax is the maximal possible delay. A typical value for a frame having fifteen time slots is seven. If the delay is Dmax, α is zero. Dmax-allowed is the maximum allowed time slot delay for using open loop power control. If the delay exceeds Dmax-allowed, the long term average pathloss measurement, Lo, is considered the better estimate for the pathloss and α=0. Using the transmit power level, PTS, determined by a transmit power calculation device 98, the weighted open loop power controller 100 sets the transmit power of the transmitted communication, step 48.
Data to be transmitted in a communication from the transmitting station 112 is produced by a data generator 102. The communication data is spread and time-multiplexed with a training sequence by the spreading and training sequence insertion device 104 in the appropriate time slots and codes of the assigned resource units. The spread signal is amplified by the amplifier 106 and modulated by the modulator 108 to radio frequency.
The weighted open loop power controller 100 controls the gain of the amplifier 106 to achieve the determined transmit power level, PTS, for the communication. The communication is passed through the isolator 84 and radiated by the antenna 82.
FIGS. 5 and 6 depict graphs 82, 84 illustrating the performance of a weighted open loop system using Equation 4. Equation 5 is used to calculate α. These graphs 82, 84 depict the results of simulations comparing the performance of a weighted open loop, an open loop and a closed loop system controlling the transmission power level of the transmitting station 112. The simulations address the performance of these systems in a fast fading channel under steady-state conditions. In this example, the receiving station is a base station 301 and the transmitting station is a UE 321. For the simulation, the UE 321 was a mobile station. The simulated base station 301 used two antenna diversity for reception with each antenna having a three finger RAKE receiver. The simulation approximated a realistic channel and SIR estimation based on a midamble sequence of burst type 1 field in the presence of additive white Gaussian noise (AWGN). The simulation used an International Telecommunication Union (ITU) Pedestrian B type channel and QPSK modulation. Interference levels were assumed to be accurately known with no uncertainty. Channel coding schemes were not considered. The CONSTANT VALUE and Lo were set at 0 db.
For each of the power control techniques, FIG. 5, graph 82 shows the energy for a transmitted complex symbol in decibels (Es/No) required to maintain a BER of 1% for various time slot delays, D, with the UE 321 moving at 30 kilometers per hour (km/h). As shown, at lower time slot delays, both weighted open loop and open loop outperform closed loop. For higher time slot delays, weighted open loop outperforms both open loop and closed loop. As shown in FIG. 6, graph 84, similar results occur if the UE 321 is traveling at 60 km/h.

## Claims

1. A User Equipment (UE) comprising:
a receiver configured to receive a signal that includes a transmission power level parameter, over a channel;
a power measurement device configured to measure a power level of the received signal;
an average pathloss estimation device configured to:
determine an instantaneous pathloss, L, that is a difference in value of the transmission power level parameter and the measured power level of the received signal;

output an average pathloss, Lo, based upon the determined L;
a quality control device configured to:
determine a quality of the Lo;
apply a weighting factor α having a value between 0 and 1; and
output a transmit power level adjustment; and

a transmit power level determination device configured to determine a power level of a subsequent transmission signal from the UE based on the transmit power level adjustment, wherein the power level of the subsequent transmission is directly proportional to a sum of three factors: a first factor that is determined by multiplying the weighting factor α with the difference of L and Lo; a second factor that is L; and a third factor that is at least one other value received by the UE.

2. The UE of claim 1, wherein the channel is a control channel.

3. The UE of claim 1, wherein the subsequent transmission signal from the UE takes place over at least one time slot of a radio frame that is divided into a plurality of time slots.

4. The UE of claim 1 comprising an antenna configured to radiate the subsequent transmission signal.

5. The UE of claim 1 further comprising circuitry operatively coupled to the antenna to demodulate signals received by the antenna to produce a baseband signal.

6. The UE of claim 1 wherein the received signal and the subsequently transmitted signal are in a code division multiple access format.

7. The UE of claim 1, wherein the weighting factor α is directly proportional to:
a ratio of A/B wherein A is equal to a first slot number on which information is transmitted and B is equal to the maximum allowed delay as represented in slot numbers.

8. The UE of claim 1, wherein the weighting factor α is directly proportional to a ratio of a parameter (D) that is calculated as a difference between a time slot of a previous path loss estimate and a first time slot of data transmitted, and a maximum allowed delay (Dmax) as represented in time slots.

9. The UE of claim 8, wherein for D<Dmax, and D→Dmax, a difference between D and Dmax is small, and the average pathloss estimation device is configured to determine the pathloss as an instantaneous pathloss L.

10. The UE of claim 8, wherein for D<Dmax, and a difference between D and Dmax is large, and the average pathloss estimation device is configured to determine the pathloss as a long term average pathloss Lo.

11. The UE of claim 8, wherein for D>Dmax, the weighting factor is set to zero (0), and the average pathloss estimation device is configured to determine the pathloss as a long term average pathloss Lo.

12. The UE of claim 1, wherein the received signal is separated by time.

13. The UE of claim 1, wherein the received signal is separated by codes.

14. The UE of claim 1, wherein the received signal is separated by time and codes.