*Pursuant to 5th CIR.R. 47.5, the court has determined that this

opinion should not be published and is not precedent except under

the limited circumstances set forth in 5th CIR.R. 47.5.4.

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IN THE UNITED STATES COURT OF APPEALS

FOR THE FIFTH CIRCUIT

No. 97-51051

UNITED STATES OF AMERICA

Plaintiff-Appellee,

versus

DUDLEY EDWARD VANDERGRIFF

Defendant-Appellant.

Appeal from the United States District Court

for the Western District of Texas

(P-97-CR-66-1)

February 17, 1999

Before HIGGINBOTHAM, BENAVIDES, and DENNIS, Circuit Judges.

DENNIS, Circuit Judge:*

Defendant-appellant, Dudley Vandergriff, appeals his

conviction for possession of a firearm by a felon. On appeal,

Vandergriff contends that his warrantless arrest was without

probable cause, and therefore the evidence seized pursuant to his

arrest should have been suppressed. Vandergriff also appeals his

alleged denial of his right to waive counsel and represent himself

at trial. Because we conclude that Vandergriff was denied his

Sixth Amendment right to self-representation, we do not reach the

issue of the constitutionality of his warrantless arrest. We,
 

1The “Embassy” was essentially a shack-like structure located

in the Davis Mountains near Fort Davis, Texas.

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therefore, vacate and remand.

The record evidence tends to prove the following facts. On

April 27, 1997, members of an organization known as the “Republic

of Texas” kidnaped two residents of the Fort Davis Resort at

gunpoint in their home. The members occupied the home and held the

residents captive for a number of hours until Texas Department of

Public Safety (TDPS) officials negotiated a release of the hostages

in return for permitting the kidnappers to return to the “Embassy

of the Republic of Texas.”1 On April 29, the “Republic of Texas”

issued a “call to arms” over the Internet, commanding defense

forces to proceed to Balmorhea, Texas where they would be met by

other militias. The day after this “call to arms,” the Pecos

Police Department (PPD), received a teletype from TDPS that

indicated that a tan Suburban containing four males was traveling

west on Interstate 20, presumably in response to the call to arms.

The teletype instructed the police to “DEVELOP OWN PROBABLE CAUSE

FOR STOP . . . .” Balmorhea is approximately 45 miles South of

Pecos.

The PPD observed not only the Suburban as it entered Pecos,

but also a blue Oldsmobile that appeared to be traveling with the

Suburban. An officer of the PPD followed the vehicles until they

stopped at a truck stop (“Flying J”). According to the record, the

Oldsmobile followed close behind the tan Suburban, and pulled

alongside the Suburban after entering the parking area of the
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Flying J. Thereafter, the occupants of the vehicles appeared to

have a conversation. After the vehicles parked, five white males

exited the vehicles and entered the Flying J. 

The Texas Rangers met the PPD at the Flying J and observed

that the license plate of the Suburban matched the license plate

number in the teletype. As the Rangers approached the Oldsmobile

and Suburban, they observed two male passengers, one asleep in the

Oldsmobile and one asleep in the Suburban, and a partial view of a

gun barrel in the rear portion of the Suburban. 

The officers woke the sleeping occupants of the Oldsmobile and

Suburban and told them to exit the vehicles and lie on the ground.

The officers then proceeded to handcuff the occupants. As these

events transpired, two of the males that had entered the Flying J

happened to exit, one of whom was Vandergriff. The officers

instructed them to lie on the ground, and they were subsequently

handcuffed. Thereafter, the officers entered the Flying J and

escorted the remaining three men outside and ordered them to lie on

the ground, and they were handcuffed. The officers then

transported all of the handcuffed individuals to the Revees County

Sheriff’s Office. Additionally, the officers impounded the

Oldsmobile and Suburban, and brought them to the Revees County

Sheriff’s Office. 

After an inventory search of the vehicles at the Sheriff’s

Office, the officers found several weapons, ammunition,

paramilitary gear with ROT insignia, and ROT paraphernalia in both

vehicles. Items that were specifically found in the Oldsmobile
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were two loaded SKS rifles, hundreds of rounds of ammunition, a

military backpack with supplies, low grade explosive powder, and

Kevlar helmets, all located in the trunk; as well as title

information that indicated that the car belonged to Mrs. Elizabeth

Vandergriff, Vandergriff’s mother, and a Bible that was inscribed

“Presented to Dudley Vandergriff.”

At the Sheriff’s Office, approximately eight an a half hours

after the events transpired at the Flying J, a Texas Ranger

interviewed Vandergriff. Vandergriff waived his rights, and denied

any knowledge of the Fort Davis standoff and any knowledge of the

blue Oldsmobile. He told the officer that he was riding in the

Suburban, and that he was traveling to go hunting for hogs. Not

fully satisfied with Vandergriff’s explanation, the officers

transported Vandergriff to the Reeves County Detention Center. 

A background check revealed that Vandergriff had a previous

felony conviction for possession of cocaine. In the criminal

Complaint, the Government charged Vandergriff with Possession of a

Firearm by Felon, 18 U.S.C. § 922(g), because of the weapons found

in the trunk of the Oldsmobile. Vandergriff’s motion to suppress

the evidence found in the Oldsmobile was overruled at trial, and

after a jury trial he was convicted and sentenced to 102 months in

jail. 

At a pre-trial hearing, Vandergriff voiced his intent to

represent himself. The district court inquired into Vandergriff’s

formal education and other training, and ordered a psychiatric

examination to determine if he had the mental competency to stand
 

2The following colloquy occurred between the Appellant and the

Court:

COURT: But you indicated that you wanted to charge Mr.

Leahey [Vandergriff’s attorney] with defamation and

slander and a few other things, and that you wanted

him to withdraw as counsel in this case. You are

aware of that, are you not?

APPELLANT: Yes, sir, I am.

COURT: And the reason we have to have this hearing is

because I want to know if you still feel that way

about getting rid of Mr. Leahey.

APPELLANT: Okay. Well, sir, a question that would come to my

mind first -

COURT: Yes, sir.

APPELLANT: Would be if indeed I do recuse Mr. Leahey of my

services, would I therefore still be under the

contract to have another court appointed attorney?

COURT: Yes.

APPELLANT: Assigned by this Court?

COURT: Yes, sir.

APPELLANT: So I would not have the choice of standing sui

juris or hiring another attorney?

COURT: You hire anybody you want to, as long as he is a

lawyer, Mr. Vandergriff. And certainly if you can

afford an attorney, or members of your family can

afford an attorney, certainly you have the right to

do so. The case is still set for September 8th, you

understand, because you are in custody and I can’t

put it off. But if you want to hire somebody in

the place of Mr. Leahey, certainly you may do so.

APPELLANT: But are you also telling me that I may not proceed

sui juris?

COURT: I am also telling you that you are going to have a

lawyer in this courtroom when you go to trial.

APPELLANT: And that I have no choice in that matter?

COURT: No, sir, you don’t.

APPELLANT: All right. Then at this point in time I choose to

retract the letter that I sent you as well as the

motion to dismiss my attorney.

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trial. 

Thereafter, the counsel for Vandergriff filed a Motion to

Withdraw as Attorney because Vandergriff wrote him a letter

instructing him to do so. At a hearing in response to the Motion

to Withdraw, Vandergriff seemed to ambiguously assent to be

represented by counsel.2 Soon after this hearing, the Government
 

3The following colloquy occurred between the Appellant and the

court:

THE COURT: Now let me ask you this, Mr. Vandergriff . . .you

indicated to me that you wanted to represent

yourself and I attempted to counsel with you and

told you I didn’t think that was too good of an

idea, and you agreed at that time to allow Mr.

Leahy to proceed to represent you. Since that time

the Federal Government has filed a motion in this

Court asking me to reconsider what I did the last

time, stating it was their belief that the law in

this country is that if one wished to represent

himself in a trial he has that absolute right

within some constraints, as long as we are not, you

know having a big problem in Court and all that

sort of stuff. What I need to know in connection

with that motion, do you want me, Mr. Vandergriff,

to reconsider and let you proceed by yourself or do

you want to go ahead and let’s go on with Mr.

Leahy?

APPELLANT: Okay I want to make this perfectly clear to the

Court, and that is that I do not wish to represent

myself. I wish to be heard alone, and there is a

difference. I only have one counsel and my counsel

is Jesus Christ . . . Sir, I wish to be heard by

myself. I do not wish to represent myself, I do

not wish a lawyer, I wish to be heard by myself.

* * *

APPELLANT: I have the right to be heard by myself. Okay.

Now, that’s what I chose to do. However, this man

was thrust upon me, I was not informed completely.

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brought a Motion Urging Reconsideration of Defendant’s Motion to

Represent Himself at Trial. Specifically, the Government asked the

district court to “reconsider its previous order, to conduct an

extensive colloquy with Mr. Vandergriff about the pitfalls of self

representation, to obtain a knowing and intelligent waiver of

counsel, and to appoint standby counsel in case Mr. Vandergriff

becomes obstructionist [sic] or changes his mind.”

This Motion was heard the day jury selection began in the

present case, and the court participated in extensive colloquy with

the Appellant.3 Ultimately, the trial commenced with Vandergriff
When I signed, when I signed that thing saying that

I wanted a court appointed attorney, it was never

explained to me that once I took an attorney that I

could never retract that because you told me last

week if I got rid of this guy that you were going

to make me take another person, that I would have

no choice.

THE COURT: I’m not now.

APPELLANT: You are not now?

THE COURT: If you want to get rid of Mr. Leahey, I’m not going

to force another lawyer on you as long as you don’t

misbehave.

APPELLANT: I don’t want to misbehave.

THE COURT: I don’t want you to.

Thereafter, the following exchange took place just prior to

the beginning of trial:

THE COURT: Mr. Vandergriff, I’m going to bring the jury in in

just a moment, but I need to get some sort of a

sense of direction as to your participation in the

trial. If you don’t’ want Mr. Leahy, you don’t

have to have him. I think you probably would be

better off to have him, but I’m not trying to keep

you from representing yourself. But I don’t know

who to turn to when it comes to questioning the

witnesses, whether you want to do the questioning

or you want Mr. Leahy to do it. I don’t know

whether you want to make an opening statement

following the Government’s opening statement in

this case, Mr. Vandergriff. In order to have an

orderly trial I have got to get some sense of

direction sir.

APPELLANT: Well, sir, officially I stand on the motion that I

served this Court in that I want to stand alone.

However, at this point, now that we have already

proceeded to this degree, I’m not ready, I’m not

prepared to do it on my own. But, you know, for the

record, let me state that I did want to assert that

right. However, now since we have no time for me

to prepare, I have no choice but to stay with the

attorney.

THE COURT: How long do you think it would take to prepare?

APPELLANT: There is no telling.

THE COURT: Well, you see, we have got a little problems with

that, Mr. Vandergriff, in that we have speedy trial

problems and I cannot remand you to the custody of

the Marshal, you know, three years to prepare your

case. I can’t do that.

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represented by counsel. 
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The Supreme Court recognized in Faretta v. California, 422

U.S. 806 (1975), that the right of self-representation is

guaranteed by the Sixth Amendment. The exercise of this right,

however, is conditioned on the “knowingly and intelligently”

relinquishment of the right to counsel. Chapman v. United States,

553 F.2d 886, 895 (5th Cir. 1977), citing Faretta, 422 U.S. at 835;

Johnson v. Zerbst, 304 U.S. 458, 464-65 (1938). To this end, a

district court should certify that the defendant is aware of the

perils of self-representation, and make sure that the record

reflects the defendant’s voluntary decision. Faretta, 422 U.S. at

835. Essentially, the district court must ensure that the

defendant “‘knows what he is doing and his choice is made with eyes

open.’” Id., quoting Adams v. United States ex rel. McCann, 317

U.S. 269, 279 (1943). In the present case, Vandergriff’s knowing

and intelligent waiver of counsel and assertion of his right to

represent himself was directly and unequivocally communicated to

the district court on three different occasions: At the pretrial

hearing, at the hearing of his attorney’s Motion to Withdraw, and

at the Government’s Motion Urging Reconsideration of Defendant’s

Motion to Represent Himself at Trial. 

The nature of the denial of the right of self-representation

is different from other constitutional violations, in that the

harmless error doctrine does not apply to save the district court’s

error. As this court stated in Chapman v. United States, the

defendant’s right to self-representation does not exist to increase

the chance of winning his case, but exists because of the “notion
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that each person is ultimately responsible for choosing his own

fate.” Id. at 891. Therefore, the sole inquiry is not whether

the error of denial was harmful, but rather did the court

wrongfully deny the defendant his right to represent himself at

trial. McKaskle v. Wiggins, 465 U.S. 168, 177 n. 8 (1984). See

also Chapman, 553 F.2d at 891-92.

Additionally, this court has consistently held that the right

to self-representation can be timely asserted anytime before jury

is empaneled as long as there is no evidence in the record that

assertion of the right was a tactic to secure delay. Chapman, 553

F.2d at 894. Evidence that the request was designed to achieve

delay can be inferred from the circumstances surrounding the

request, such as a pattern of dilatory conduct by the defendant.

United States v. Flewitt, 874 F.2d 669, 675 (9th Cir. 1989). 

In the present case, when Vandergriff asserted his right to

represent himself on the third occasion, the trial judge found that

Vandergriff had knowingly and intelligently waived the right to

counsel and asserted the right to self-representation.

Accordingly, the trial court informed Vandergriff that the could

represent himself. However, when the trial court informed

Vandergriff that the trial would commence immediately and refused

the defendant’s request for time to prepare his case, Vandergriff

acquiesced in allowing the government-appointed counsel to

represent him. Vandergriff pointed out to the court that at his

previous appearance the court had informed him he could not

represent himself and for that reason had made no trial
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preparations. Under these circumstances, we conclude that

Vandergriff did not voluntarily waive his right to selfrepresentation. In forcing Vandergriff, under these circumstances

where he was not attempting to secure an unwarranted delay, to

accept against his will a government-appointed attorney, the court

deprived him of his constitutional right to conduct his own

defense. 

Accordingly, the judgment before us is vacated and the case is

remanded for proceedings not inconsistent with this opinion.

VACATED AND REMANDED