[Cite as Discover Bank v. Swartz, 2016-Ohio-2751.]

 

IN THE COURT OF APPEALS OF OHIO 

SECOND APPELLATE DISTRICT 

 MONTGOMERY COUNTY 

DISCOVER BANK 

Plaintiff-Appellee 

v. 

JAMES F. SWARTZ 

Defendant-Appellant 

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Appellate Case No. 26910 

Trial Court Case No. 2015-CV-1996 

(Civil Appeal from 

 Montgomery County Common Pleas) 

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O P I N I O N 

Rendered on the 29th day of April, 2016. 

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H 

SCOTT COLLISTER, Atty. Reg. No. 0071335, and ROBERT HENGGE, Atty. Reg. No. 

0090280, Discover Bank, 2300 Litton Lane, Suite 200, Hebron, Kentucky, 41048 

 Attorney for Plaintiff-Appellee 

 

JAMES F. SWARTZ, 508 Peachcreek Rd., Dayton, Ohio 45458 

 Defendant-Appellant, pro se

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FAIN, J. 

{¶ 1} Defendant-appellant James F. Swartz appeals, pro se, from a judgment 
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rendered against him by the Montgomery County Common Pleas Court, in favor of 

plaintiff-appellee Discover Bank. Swartz has not identified any specific assignments of 

error, but argues that the trial court erred in granting Discover Bank’s motion for judgment 

on the pleadings. Discover Bank asserts that the pleadings sufficiently established the 

amount due on the contract. We conclude that Discover Bank’s motion for judgment on 

the pleadings did not establish that it was entitled to judgment. Therefore, the judgment 

is Reversed, and this cause is Remanded for further proceedings. 

I. Debtor Defaults on Credit Card Obligation 

{¶ 2} Based on the attachments to the original complaint, it appears that Swartz 

and his wife, Susan Swartz, were credit card members of Discover Bank since 1995. 

Susan Swartz is not a named party to this action. The complaint alleges that Swartz 

defaulted on his credit card agreement by failing to make the required payments when 

due, and that he owes a balance of $20,938.91. The complaint does not identify the date 

of default, and does not make a demand for interest. A document attached to the 

complaint identifies that for the month between October 24, 2014 and November 23, 

2014, Swartz’s account was assessed a monthly late fee of $35.00, an interest charge of 

$177.19, at the rate of 18.99% on purchases totaling $10,985.50, and an additional 

interest charge of $247.02, at the rate of 29.99% on cash advances totaling $9,698.69. 

The documents do not identify when any of the purchases were made, when any cash 

advance was made, or when the last payment was made. The document reveals that 

Swartz was charged a total of $4,147.83 for interest charges, and a total of $245.00 in 

fees, for the year 2014. A document purporting to be the cardmember agreement 
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between Discover Bank and Swartz is also attached to the complaint, but it does not 

contain a signature of Swartz or his wife. 

{¶ 3} In a pro se answer, Swartz alleges that he and his wife are now living on 

limited social security income, and cannot afford to repay the balance owed to Discover 

Bank. In a pleading labeled REPLY to Summons, Swartz states: 

Count one, 3-8 

DEFENDANT: James F. Swartz filed for debt relief April 2014 with 

Freedom Debt Relief with honest intent to settle with Discover Card Bank, 

Account ending in [****,] etc. Please see Exhibits A and B attached, showing 

total indebtedness of $20,938.91. 

Defendant and spouse found themselves in a situation that did not make it 

possible to cover debt due to unexpected medical bills with only Social 

Security income. Defendant is sole documented caretaker of spouse who is 

wheelchair/bedridden via Dr. Aaron Hanshaw, D.O., 8940 Kingsridge Drive, 

Suite 103, Dayton, Ohio 45458. 

Contact FREEDOM FINANCIAL as outlined under Representative for 

James Favinger Swartz on PAGE 1. 

Count Two, 9-14 

Defendant, James F. Swartz did not use Discover Bank, Plaintiff, with 

intentions of not paying debt. Unusual circumstances medical and 

unexpected circumstances lead defendant to file for Debt Relief with 

Freedom Financial Debt Relief in the amount of $20,938.91. 

Dkt. #14. 
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{¶ 4} Even though the answer refers to attachments, no documents were 

attached to Swartz’s initial answer. After the answer was filed, Discover Bank moved for 

judgment on the pleadings, asserting that Swartz’s answer did not dispute the debt or the 

amount of the debt, or deny any allegation in the complaint. In response to the motion for 

judgment on the pleadings, Swartz filed a reply to the motion, again asserting that he 

could not afford to pay the debt. 

{¶ 5} Swartz’s reply to the motion for judgment on the pleadings attached several 

documents, including two documents labeled Exhibits A and B, which appear to be a 

portion of the same documents that were attached to Discover Bank’s complaint. Exhibit 

A is the two-page account summary listing a balance due of $20,938.91, and the amount 

of the interest and fee charges for 2014, and Exhibit B is a copy of the first page of the 

cardholder agreement. Also attached to the reply are two documents evidencing the 

amount of social security income received by Swartz and his wife. 

{¶ 6} The copy of the cardmember agreement, Exhibit B, attached to the 

complaint, contains 25 pages of contract terms, including a choice-of-law provision that 

states as follows: 

Governing Law: This Agreement and any claim or dispute arising out of this 

Agreement will be governed by applicable federal law, and to the extent 

state law applies, Delaware law. 

Dkt. 1, Exhibit B, pg. 14. 

{¶ 7} The cardmember agreement also contains three provisions regarding the 

annual interest rate owed on accounts as follows: 

Annual Interest Rate: The daily periodic rate and corresponding APR that 
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apply to each transaction category are set forth in your Pricing Schedule. 

The daily periodic rate is 1/365th of the corresponding APR. 

Variable Interest Rates. One or more daily periodic rates and 

corresponding APRs that apply to a transaction category may be variable 

rates as set forth in your Pricing Schedule or in any special offers you 

receive from us. Variable APRs are determined by adding a specified 

number of percentage points to the Prime Rate. This is shown on the Pricing 

Schedule as “Prime + (percentage points)” For purposes of this Agreement, 

the Prime Rate is the highest rate of interest listed as the “prime rate” in the 

Money Rates section of the Wall Street Journal on the last business day of 

the month. The Prime Rate is merely a pricing index and does not represent 

the lowest or best rate available to a borrower at any bank at any given time. 

If you have a variable rate, your APR will increase or decrease when the 

Prime Rate changes. This change will be effective beginning with the first 

day of the billing period that begins during the same calendar month as the 

change in the Prime Rate. An increase in the APR may increase your 

Minimum Payment Due. 

Penalty APR. Each time that you do not make the Minimum Payment Due 

by the Payment Due Date we may, in accordance with applicable law: 

(i) terminate the availability of promotional APRs on new purchases and 

balance transfers; and 

(ii) increase your APRs for new purchases and balance transfers to variable 

Penalty APRs. 
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Each new variable Penalty APR for a new purchase or balance transfer is 

determined by adding up to 5 additional percentage points to the otherwise 

applicable APR and will vary based on any changes in the Prime Rate. (For 

example, if the promotional purchase rate was 2.99% and the rate for other 

purchases was 15.99% and you paid late once, the rate for all new 

purchases would increase up to 20.99% variable and vary thereafter with 

the Prime Rate). When we first determine the variable Penalty APRs, we 

use the Prime Rate Effective for the billing period in which you pay late. The 

variable Penalty APRs are determined in accordance with the Variable 

Interest Rate Section. We will base your Penalty APR on your 

creditworthiness and other factors such as your current APRs and your 

Account History. If we increase any of your APRs to a Penalty APR, we will 

send you a notice, in accordance with applicable law, advising of (i) the date 

the new Penalty APR will apply (the “Penalty APR Effective Date”) and (ii) 

the new purchase and balance transfers to which it will be applied. (Note: 

the new Penalty APR will not apply to any other transactions). New 

purchases and balance transfers are those purchases and balance 

transfers which either (i) have a Transaction date, as shown on your billing 

statement, of more than fourteen days after we mail or deliver the notice to 

you, or (ii) were posted to your Account after the current Penalty APR 

Effective Date. Your account will not be subject to a Penalty APR for the 

first twelve billing periods after your Account is first opened. 

Dkt. 1, Exhibit B, pg. 8. 
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{¶ 8} The cardmember agreement also contains a provision regarding the 

adjustment for excessive interest rate charges as follows: 

Compliance with Interest Rate Limitations: 

We intend that this Agreement will comply with applicable interest rate 

limitations. You will not be required to pay interest charges at a rate that is 

greater than the maximum amount permitted by law. If it is ever finally 

determined that, but for this section, the Interest Charges or other charges 

under this agreement would exceed the maximum lawful amount, the 

Interest charges and other charges will be reduced to the maximum lawful 

amount. Any excess amount that you have already paid will be used to 

reduce the outstanding balance of your Account or will be refunded to you 

by means of a check in our discretion. 

Dkt. 1, Exhibit B, pg. 14. 

{¶ 9} In its motion for judgment on the pleadings, Discover Bank does not raise 

the application of Delaware law, or identify whether its contract claim should be 

determined by Ohio law, Delaware law, or federal law. The attachment to the complaint 

does not contain a Pricing Schedule identifying the beginning APR rate or the default rate. 

No document contains the signature of Swartz or his wife. None of the attachments shows 

the date or amount of any purchases or cash advances, or any payments made by 

Swartz. None of the documents shows the date of default. Discover Bank did not provide 

a copy of any notice sent to Swartz regarding the “Penalty APR Effective Date,” as 

required by the terms of the contract. The trial court granted the motion for judgment on 

the pleadings, applying Ohio law, finding that Discover Bank was entitled to judgment as 
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a matter of law. From the judgment rendered against him for the sum of $20,939.91, 

Swartz appeals. 

{¶ 10} After the appeal was filed, Discover Bank did not initially file an appellate 

brief. However, after we issued an entry allowing the parties to file supplemental briefs to 

address the issue of damages, Discover Bank filed a brief and attached an affidavit, not 

filed or considered by the trial court. 

II. The Standard of Review 

{¶ 11} “A motion for judgment on the pleadings pursuant to Civ.R. 12(C) presents 

only questions of law, and the standard of review is de novo.” Inskeep v. Burton, 2d Dist. 

Champaign No. 2007 CA 11, 2008-Ohio-1982, ¶ 7, citing Dearth v. Stanley, 2d Dist. 

Montgomery No. 22180, 2008-Ohio-487. See also Offill v. State Farm Fire & Cas. Co., 2d 

Dist. Montgomery No. 25079, 2012-Ohio-6225, ¶ 14. 

{¶ 12} The construction of a written contract is a matter of law for the trial court to 

determine. Alexander v. Buckeye Pipe Line Co., 53 Ohio St.2d 241, 374 N.E.2d 146 

(1978), paragraph one of the syllabus. Because the interpretation of written contracts is 

a question of law, we review them de novo on appeal. Sauer v. Crews, 10th Dist. Franklin 

No. 12AP-320, 2012-Ohio-6257, ¶ 11. 

{¶ 13} De novo review requires an “independent review of the trial court's decision 

without any deference to the trial court's determination.” Jackson v. Internatl. Fiber, 169 

Ohio App.3d 395, 2006-Ohio-5799, 863 N.E.2d 189, ¶ 17 (2d Dist.), quoting State ex rel. 

AFSCME v. Taft, 156 Ohio App.3d 37, 2004-Ohio-493, 804 N.E.2d 88, ¶ 27 (3d Dist). 
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III. The Trial Court Erred by Rendering Judgment on the Pleadings without 

Sufficient Proof of Damages 

{¶ 14} We construe the allegations in Swartz’s pro se brief as an assignment of 

error that the trial court erred in rendering judgment on the pleadings. Civ. R. 12(C) 

provides, “[a]fter the pleadings are closed but within such time as not to delay the trial, 

any party may move for judgment on the pleadings.” “Determination of a motion for 

judgment on the pleadings is restricted solely to the allegations in the pleadings and any 

writings attached to the complaint.” Offill v. State Farm Fire & Cas. Co., 2d Dist. 

Montgomery No. 25079, 2012-Ohio-6225, ¶ 14, citing Peterson v. Teodosio, 34 Ohio 

St.2d 161, 165, 297 N.E.2d 113 (1973). “A motion for judgment on the pleadings is 

proper when only questions of law are presented; the determination of the motion is 

restricted solely to the allegations of the pleadings. The trial court may grant a judgment 

on the pleadings where no material factual issue exists and one party is entitled to a 

judgment in his favor as a matter of law.” (Internal citations omitted.) Vaught v. Vaught, 2 

Ohio App.3d 264, 265, 441 N.E.2d 811 (12th Dist.1981). 

{¶ 15} “A suit regarding a credit card balance is ‘founded upon contract and thus 

a plaintiff must prove the necessary elements of a contract action.’ ” Am. Express 

Centurian Bank v. Banaie, 7th Dist. Mahoning No. 10 MA 9, 2010-Ohio-6503, ¶ 11, citing 

Capital One Bank (USA), N.A. v. Heidebrink, 6th Dist. Ottawa No. OT-08-049, 2009-Ohio2931, ¶ 29, quoting Gabriele v. Reagan, 57 Ohio App.3d 84, 85, 566 N.E.2d 684 (12th 

Dist. 1988). The elements of a breach of contract claim are: 1) the existence of a contract 

between the parties; 2) performance by the plaintiff; 3) breach by the defendant; and 4) 

damage or loss to the plaintiff. Doner v. Snapp, 98 Ohio App.3d 597, 600, 649 N.E.2d 42 
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(2d Dist.1994). 

{¶ 16} In the case before us, Discover Bank alleged in its complaint that the parties 

entered into an agreement for the extension of credit and that the terms of the agreement 

are identified in the document attached as Exhibit B. The contract states that the 

agreement is governed by federal law and the law of the state of Delaware. The Complaint 

states that Discover Bank is “an FDIC insured Delaware State Bank.” Interest rates for 

state chartered banks are generally governed by state law. Delaware law provides that 

for a revolving credit plan a bank may charge any periodic rate that the agreement 

specifies, which may include variable rates in accordance with a schedule or formula. Del. 

Code Ann., Title 5, §§ 943 & 944. Under R.C. 1343.03(A), Ohio law allows for the 

recovery of interest, at the contract rate, from the date the money becomes due and 

payable, or at the rate allowed by R.C. 5703.47 for money due on an account, which is 

limited to 3% plus the federal short term rate, as determined by the tax commissioner 

each year. “In contractual choice-of-law situations, the law of the chosen state is applied 

to resolve the substantive issues in the case, while the law of the forum state will govern 

procedural matters.” Citibank (S. Dakota), N.A. v. Perz, 191 Ohio App.3d 575, 2010-

Ohio-5890, 947 N.E.2d 191, ¶ 28 (6th Dist.), citing Burns v. Prudential Secs., Inc., 167 

Ohio App.3d 809, 2006-Ohio-3550, 857 N.E.2d 621, ¶ 16, fn. 5 (3d Dist.); White v. Crown 

Equip. Corp., 160 Ohio App.3d 503, 2005-Ohio-1785, 827 N.E.2d 859, ¶ 13 (3d Dist.). 

The court in Perz did not apply the choice-of-law provision in the credit card contract 

because the bank failed to present sufficient proof that the cardholder agreement 

attached to the complaint was the actual agreement with the defendant. Id. at ¶ 30-32. 
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We have held that statutes of limitation are procedural laws and therefore, we look to 

Ohio law to determine the applicable limitation period. Boulder Capital Group, Inc. v. 

Lawson, 2d Dist. Clark No. 2014-CA-58, 2014-Ohio-5797, ¶ 12.1 However, the applicable 

interest rate is based on substantive law, and is essential to the determination of 

damages. 

{¶ 17} In its motion for judgment on the pleadings, Discover Bank contends that 

Swartz has admitted the amount owed on the credit card account, by his failure to deny 

the allegation in the complaint. However, Discover Bank may not rely solely on Swartz’s 

failure to admit the amount due. Pursuant to Civ. R. 8(D) “[a]verments in a pleading to 

which a responsive pleading is required, other than those as to the amount of damage,

are admitted when not denied in the responsive pleading.” (Emphasis added.) We 

acknowledge that some courts have found that the exception within Civ. R. 8(D) for the 

admission of damages is inapplicable to actions seeking money based on a default on a 

promissory note. See, e.g., CitiMortgage, Inc. v. Booth, 10th Dist. Franklin No. 11AP-584, 

2012-Ohio-1419, ¶ 13; Wells Fargo Bank, N.A. v. Reaves, 12th Dist. Clermont No. 

CA2014-01-015, 2014-Ohio-3556, ¶ 15. However, the action before us is not based on 

a promissory note. The court in Capital One Bank (USA), N.A. v. Heidebrink, 6th Dist. 

Ottawa No. OT-08-049, 2009-Ohio-2931, explained the difference between credit card 

accounts and promissory notes as follows: 

 

1 The issue of whether Ohio’s Borrowing Statute, R.C. 2305.03(B), applies to choice-oflaw provisions in credit card contracts is pending before the Supreme Court of Ohio in 

Jarvis v. First Resolution Investment Corp, 9th Dist. Summit No. CA26042, 2012-Ohio5653, 983 N.E.2d 380, appeal accepted for review, 135 Ohio St. 3d 1412, 2013-Ohio1622, 986 N.E.2d 29. 
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Where a promissory note is the claimed basis for the action 

on an account, and the note is attached to the complaint, the 

underlying contract has also been proved and submitted pursuant to 

Civ.R. 10(D). A promissory note is “an instrument that evidences a 

promise to pay a monetary obligation * * *.” R.C. 1309.102(A)(65). It 

is a “negotiable instrument or any other writing that evidences a right 

to the payment of a monetary obligation * * *.” R.C. 

1309.102(A)(47)(a). A promissory note is a separate, enforceable 

contract. Metropolitan Life Ins. v. Triskett Illinois, Inc. (1994), 97 Ohio 

App.3d 228, 234, 646 N.E.2d 528. The class of instruments, 

including promissory notes, specifically excludes “writings that 

evidence a right to payment arising out of the use of a credit or 

charge card or information contained on or for use with the card.” 

R.C. 1309.102(A)(47)(b). In contrast, monthly statements of credit 

card accounts do not demonstrate the underlying contract or agreedupon terms. Thus, the amount prayed for in a complaint in an action 

on an account must be proved * * * 

Id. at ¶¶ 43-44. 

{¶ 18} We acknowledge that a creditor could incorporate sufficient allegations in 

its complaint to establish that the amount due constitutes “liquidated damages,” if “the 

amount can be determined with exactness from the agreement between the parties or by 

an arithmetical process or by the application of definite rules of law.” L.S. Industries v. 

Coe, 9th Dist. Summit No. 22603, 2005-Ohio-6736, ¶ 22. In the case before us, 
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documents attached to the complaint raise numerous issues that affect the calculation of 

damages, including variable interest rates, late fees, the date of the default, and the 

proper rate of interest to be applied after the date of default. We conclude that the 

damages sought by Discover Bank are not liquidated damages, because the exact 

amount due cannot be “determined with exactness from the agreement between the 

parties or by an arithmetical process or by the application of definite rules of law.” To 

grant a judgment on the pleadings for a specific amount due on an account, the amount 

due must be capable of mathematical verification from the documents attached to the 

complaint or answer, before it can be concluded that there is no material issue of fact 

regarding the exact amount due. 

{¶ 19} We have recognized that when deciding a motion for judgment on the 

pleadings, the court only considers pleadings, defined by Civ. R. 7(A) as the complaint, 

answer, reply to a counterclaim, answer to a cross-claim, third-party complaint, and a 

third-party answer. State ex rel. Vandenbos v. Xenia, 2d Dist. Greene No. 14-CA-14, 

2015-Ohio-35, ¶ 12, citing State ex rel. Midwest Pride IV, Inc. v. Pontious, 75 Ohio St. 3d 

565, 570, 664 N.E. 2d 931 (1996). Therefore, an affidavit filed subsequently to the 

complaint is not to be considered in ruling on a motion for judgment on the pleadings. The 

affidavit, filed by Discover Bank with its appellate brief, is not part of the record on appeal, 

as provided by App. R. 9(A). “An appellate court may not consider materials that were not 

a part of the trial court's record of proceedings.” In re Estate of Southard, 192 Ohio App.3d 

590, 2011-Ohio-836, 949 N.E.2d 1049, ¶ 16 (10th Dist.), citing State v. Ishmail, 54 Ohio 

St.2d 402, 377 N.E.2d 500 (1978), paragraph 1 of the syllabus. Therefore, we cannot 

consider the affidavit submitted by Discover Bank with its appellate brief. 
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{¶ 20} The documents attached to the complaint by Discover Bank do not 

establish the date of the default, or the contractual rate of interest. The date of the default 

is a material issue of fact in determining an award of interest. Regarding the amount of 

interest due on an account, we have recognized that a court has no discretion but to 

award prejudgment interest under R.C. 1343.03(A), which allows for the recovery of 

interest, at the contract rate, from the date the money becomes due and payable. Miami 

Valley Hospital v. Edwards, 2d Dist. Darke No. 07-CA-1717, 2008-Ohio-2721, ¶ 12. We 

held that since “the right to prejudgment interest is a matter of law, the amount awarded 

is based on the court's factual determination of an accrual date and interest rate.” Id. at ¶ 

16. When the trial court in Edwards failed to award prejudgment interest, we reversed 

and remanded for the trial court to make factual findings concerning when the account 

became due and payable, and the legal rate of interest that should be applied. Id. at ¶ 17. 

Accordingly, to prevail on its motion for judgment on the pleadings, Discover Bank should 

have established that there was no dispute regarding the date the account became due 

and payable, and the legal rate of interest that should be applied before and after the 

default. 

{¶ 21} Discover Bank’s complaint presents two claims for relief, one based on the 

contract and the second based on an account. To proceed to judgment on its second 

claim for relief, when no written agreement is established, we have held that “[t]o establish 

the amount due on the account, a plaintiff must prove ‘(1) a beginning balance (zero, or 

a sum that can qualify as an account stated, or some other provable sum); (2) listed items, 

or an item, dated and identifiable by number or otherwise, representing charges, or debits, 

and credits; and (3) a summarization by means of a running or developing balance, or an 
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arrangement of beginning balance and items which permits the calculation of the amount 

claimed to be due.’ ” Discover Bank v. Pierce, 2d Dist. Montgomery No. 25755, 2014-

Ohio-625, ¶ 17, citing Discover Bank c/o DFS Servs. LLC v. Lammers, 2d Dist. Greene 

No. 08 CA 85, 2009-Ohio-3516, ¶ 20. Other appellate courts have required the same 

standard of proof for creditors seeking judgment on an account. Retail Recovery Serv. 

of NJ v. Conley, 3d Dist. Mercer No. 10-09-15, 2010-Ohio-1256, ¶20; Capital One Bank 

v. Toney, 7th Dist. Jefferson No. 06-JE-28, 2007-Ohio-1571, ¶34; Capital One Bank 

(USA), N.A. v. Heidebrink, 6th Dist. Ottawa No. 0T-08-049, 2009-Ohio-2931, ¶28; 

Worldwide Asset Purchasing, LLC v. Sandoval, 5th Dist. Stark No. 2007-CA-00159, 2008-

Ohio-6343, ¶¶ 26-27. In the case before us, Discover Bank did not attach to its complaint 

any monthly billing statements that contain any history of charges, debits or credits, or 

any summary of the account that would permit verification of the amount due. Without a 

history of the account, a court cannot verify whether the amount due is based on the 

statutory or contractual rate of interest. We have held that that a genuine issue of 

material fact exists where the documents in the record show varying interest rates, even 

where the plaintiff-creditor seeks to recover the lowest, or less than the lowest, interest 

rate. Unifund CCR Partners Assignee of Palisades Collection, LLC v. Hemm, 2d Dist. 

Miami No. 08-CA-36, 2009-Ohio-3522, ¶16. 

{¶ 22} For actions seeking money due on an account, the Supreme Court of Ohio 

has declared that the creditor may only seek interest on the account at the rate provided 

by statute, when the creditor is unable to produce a written, signed contract evidencing 

the debtor’s assent to a contractual rate of interest. Minster Farmers Coop. Exchange Co. 

v. Meyer, 117 Ohio St.3d 459, 2008-Ohio-1259, 884 N.E.2d 1056 ¶ 29 (2008). 
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Subsequent to the Minster Farmers decision, the Third and Sixth Appellate Districts have 

applied the holding of the Supreme Court to credit card collection cases, and have 

concluded that when the creditor’s documents fail to demonstrate the parties’ assent to a 

specific interest rate and to the imposition of late fees or over-the-limit fees, then a 

genuine issue of fact remains as to the balance owed on the account. Retail Recovery 

Serv. of NJ v. Conley, 3rd Dist. Mercer No. 10-09-15, 2010-Ohio-1256, ¶ 20; Capital One 

Bank (USA), N.A. v. Heidebrink, 6th Dist. Ottawa No. 0T-08-049, 2009-Ohio-2931, ¶ 28. 

{¶ 23} Since Discover Bank is attempting to collect on an account applying a 

variable rate that may have exceeded the statutory rate set either by Ohio or Delaware 

law, and applied late fees to which the debtor may not have assented, it has not 

established that it is entitled to judgment as a matter of law. Upon remand, the trial court 

will need to determine whether Delaware or Ohio law should be applied to verify the 

applicable interest rates. 

{¶ 24} For the reasons explained above, the documents presented by Discover 

Bank in its pleadings do not establish, to any degree of mathematical certainty, the 

amount of money due on the account. Therefore, we conclude that Discover Bank has 

not established that it is entitled to judgment on the pleadings. The judgment of the trial 

court must be Reversed. 

IV. Conclusion 

{¶ 25} Error having been found in the trial court’s judgment on the pleadings, the 

judgment of the trial court is Reversed, and this cause is Remanded for further 

proceedings, consistent with this opinion. 
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. . . . . . . . . . . . . 

DONOVAN, P.J., and FROELICH, J., concur. 

Copies mailed to: 

Robert Hengge 

Scott Collister 

James F. Swartz 

Hon. Richard Skelton