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 Department of Agriculture Agricultural Marketing Service 7 CFR Parts 1000 and 1033
[AMS-DA-08-0049; AO-166-A77; Docket No. DA-08-06]
 AGENCY: Agricultural Marketing Service, USDA.
 ACTION: Proposed rule; recommended decision.
 SUMMARY: This decision recommends adoption of a proposal to adjust Class I prices in certain counties of the Mideast Federal milk marketing order. Class I prices are recommended to be unchanged in 193 counties within the marketing area and to be increased by up to $0.20 per hundredweight in 110 counties in the southern portion of the marketing area. The original hearing proposal to adjust Class I prices is recommended for adoption, except it is modified to recommend a $0.20 increase in the Class I price at Charleston, West Virginia.
 DATES: Comments must be submitted on or before March 16, 2009.
 ADDRESSES: All comments received will be posted without change, including any personal information provided. Comments (six copies) should be filed with the Hearing Clerk, United States Department of Agriculture, STOP 9200-Room 1031, 1400 Independence Avenue, SW., Washington, DC, 20250-1031. You may send your comments by the electronic process available at the Federal eRulemaking portal: 
                        *http://www.regulations.gov.*
                         Reference should be made to the title of the action and docket number.
 FOR FURTHER INFORMATION CONTACT: Erin C. Taylor, Order Formulation and Enforcement Branch, USDA/AMS/Dairy Programs, STOP 0231-Room 2963, 1400 Independence Ave., SW., Washington, DC 20250-0231, (202) 720-7183, e-mail address: 
                        *erin.taylor@usda.gov.*


SUPPLEMENTARY INFORMATION: This decision recommends adoption of amendments that would adjust the Class I pricing surface in certain counties within the geographical marketing area of the Mideast milk marketing order. This administrative action is governed by the provisions of sections 556 and 557 of Title 5 of the United States Code and, therefore, is excluded from the requirements of Executive Order 12866. The amendments to the rules proposed herein have been reviewed under Executive Order 12988, Civil Justice Reform. They are not intended to have a retroactive effect. If adopted, the proposed amendments would not preempt any state or local laws, regulations, or policies, unless they present an irreconcilable conflict with this rule. The Agricultural Marketing Agreement Act of 1937, as amended (7 U.S.C. 601-674) (the Act), provides that administrative proceedings must be exhausted before parties may file suit in court. Under Section 608c(15)(A) of the Act, any handler subject to an order may request modification or exemption from such order by filing with USDA a petition stating that the order, any provision of the order, or any obligation imposed in connection with the order is not in accordance with the law. A handler is afforded the opportunity for a hearing on the petition. After a hearing, USDA would rule on the petition. The Act provides that the district court of the United States in any district in which the handler is an inhabitant, or has its principal place of business, has jurisdiction in equity to review USDA's ruling on the petition, provided a bill in equity is filed not later than 20 days after the date of the entry of the ruling. Regulatory Flexibility Act and Paperwork Reduction Act In accordance with the Regulatory Flexibility Act (5 U.S.C. 601-612), the Agricultural Marketing Service (AMS) has considered the economic impact of this action on small entities and has certified that this proposed rule will not have a significant economic impact on a substantial number of small entities. For the purpose of the Regulatory Flexibility Act, a dairy farm is considered a “small business” if it has an annual gross revenue of less than $750,000, and a dairy products manufacturer is a “small business” if it has fewer than 500 employees. For the purposes of determining which dairy farms are “small businesses,” the $750,000 per year criterion was used to establish a production guideline of 500,000 pounds per month. Although this guideline does not factor in additional monies that may be received by dairy producers, it should be an inclusive standard for most “small” dairy farms. For purposes of determining a handler's size, if the plant is part of a larger company operating multiple plants that collectively exceed the 500-employee limit, the plant will be considered a large business even if the local plant has fewer than 500 employees. During August 2008, the time of the hearing, there were 7,376 dairy farms pooled on the Mideast order. Of these, approximately 6,927 dairy farms (or 93.9 percent) were considered small businesses. During August 2008, there were 53 handler operations associated with the Mideast order (27 fully regulated handlers, 9 partially regulated handlers, 2 producer-handlers and 15 exempt handlers). Of these, approximately 43 handlers (or 81 percent) were considered small businesses. Minimum Class I prices are determined in all Federal milk marketing orders by adding a location specific differential, referred to as a “Class I differential,” to the higher of an advance Class III and Class IV price announced by USDA. The amendments recommended for adoption in this decision provide for adjusting Class I prices for certain counties within the geographic boundaries of the Mideast marketing area. Minimum Class I prices charged to regulated handlers are applied uniformly to both large and small entities. Class I price increases would generate a higher marketwide pool value in the Mideast order by approximately $280,000 to $300,000 per month. Therefore, the proposed Class I price adjustments will not have a significant economic impact on a substantial number of small entities. The Agricultural Marketing Service (AMS) is committed to complying with the E-Government Act, to promote the use of the Internet and other information technologies to provide increased opportunities for citizen access to Government information and services, and for other purposes. A review of reporting requirements was completed under the Paperwork Reduction Act of 1995 (44 U.S.C. Chapter 35). It was determined that these proposed amendments would have no impact on reporting, recordkeeping, or other compliance requirements because they would remain identical to the current requirements. No new forms are proposed and no additional reporting requirements would be necessary. This recommended decision does not require additional information collection that requires clearance by the Office of Management and Budget (OMB) beyond currently approved information collection. The primary sources of data used to complete the approved forms are routinely used in most business transactions. The forms require only a minimal amount of information which can be supplied without data processing equipment or a trained statistical staff. Thus, the information collection and reporting burden is relatively small. Requiring the same reports for all handlers does not significantly disadvantage any handler that is smaller than the industry average. Interested parties were invited to submit comments on the probable regulatory and informational impact of this proposed rule on small entities. Prior Documents in This Proceeding *Notice of Hearing:*
                     Issued July 21, 2008; published July 24, 3008 (73 FR 43160). Preliminary Statement Notice is hereby given of the filing with the Hearing Clerk of this recommended decision with respect to proposed amendments to the tentative marketing agreement and the order regulating the handling of milk in the Mideast marketing area. This notice is issued pursuant to the provisions of the Agricultural Marketing Agreement Act and the applicable rules of practice and procedure governing the formulation of marketing agreements and marketing orders (7 CFR Part 900). Interested parties may file written exceptions to this decision with the 
                    ( print page 1978)
                    Hearing Clerk, U.S. Department of Agriculture, STOP 9200-Room 1031, 1400 Independence Ave., SW., Washington DC 20250-9200, by March 16, 2009. Six copies of the exceptions should be filed. All written submissions made pursuant to this notice will be made available for public inspection at the Office of the Hearing Clerk during regular business hours (7 CFR 1.27(b)). The hearing notice specifically invited interested persons to present evidence concerning the probable regulatory and informational impact of the proposals on small businesses. Some evidence was received that specifically addressed these issues and some of the evidence encompassed entities of various sizes. A public hearing was held upon proposed amendments to the marketing agreement and the order regulating the handling of milk in the Mideast marketing area. The hearing was held pursuant to the provisions of the Agricultural Marketing Agreement Act of 1937 (AMAA), as amended (7 U.S.C. 601-674), and the applicable rules of practice and procedure governing the formulation of marketing agreements and marketing orders (7 CFR part 900). The proposed amendments set forth below are based on the record of a public hearing held in Cincinnati, Ohio, pursuant to a notice of hearing issued July 21, 2008. The material issues on the record of hearing relate to: 1. Class I Prices—Adjustments and Pricing Surface Findings and Conclusions This decision recommends adoption of a proposal, published in the hearing notice as Proposal 1, with one modification. The proposal would increase Class I prices in 110 of 303 counties within the Mideast marketing area. The minimum Class I prices of the Mideast order are determined by adding a location-specific differential, referred to as a Class I differential, to the higher of an advance Class III or Class IV price announced by USDA. Class I differentials are location-specific by county and parish for all States of the 48 contiguous United States. Class I differentials for the Mideast order are specified in 7 CFR 1000.52. A witness appeared on behalf of the proponents of Proposal 1, Dairy Farmers of America, Michigan Milk Producers, Inc., Foremost Farms USA Cooperative, Inc., Dairylea Cooperative, Inc., and National Farmers Organization, Inc., hereinafter referred to as “DFA, 
                    *et al.*,” in support of increasing Class I prices in the southern tier of the Mideast milk marketing area. All of these organizations are Capper-Volstead cooperatives. According to the witness, DFA, 
                    *et al.*, markets the majority of the milk that is pooled and priced under the terms of the Mideast marketing order. The witness testified that DFA, 
                    *et al.*, members market milk in the Mideast marketing area through MEMMA. The witness described MEMMA as a common marketing agency that shares customer orders, milk availability, balancing capacity and other information to provide for the efficient assembly and transportation of milk. The witness stated that DFA, 
                    *et al.*, are supporters of Federal milk marketing orders and emphasized that the economic livelihood of dairy farmers would be diminished in their absence. The DFA, 
                    *et al.*
                    , witness testified that recent changes to the Class I price surface and transportation credit provisions in the Appalachian, Southeast and Florida marketing orders [1]
                    
                     (southeastern orders) have caused difficulties in supplying fluid milk processing plants in the southern tier of the Mideast marketing area. The witness testified that those changes increase the blend prices received by farmers whose milk is pooled on the southeastern orders and also provide more money to offset transportation costs of supplemental milk delivered to southeastern plants. The witness testified that these combined changes to the southeastern orders attract milk away from Mideast order fluid milk plants and justify the need for a temporary increase in the Class I price surface in the southern tier of the marketing area. The DFA, 
                    *et al.*, witness testified regarding the need for making regional, temporary changes to the Class I price surface. The witness testified that adequate data do not currently exist to revise the Class I price surface on a national basis, and that the problem in the Mideast order should be addressed now. The witness noted that Proposal 1 should be considered a temporary adjustment that may be changed in the future if a national hearing should occur. The DFA, 
                    *et al.*, witness asserted that the purpose of Class I differentials are to generate adequate revenue to assure that the fluid milk market is adequately supplied. The witness testified that increases in transportation costs combined with recent changes affecting Class I prices to the southeastern orders have made it more difficult to service Mideast fluid milk plants. Therefore, the witness concluded, a temporary increase in the Class I prices in the southern tier of the Mideast marketing area is warranted. The DFA, 
                    *et al.*, witness relied on data prepared by the Market Administrator to compare the volume of milk produced within the marketing area boundaries with the volume of milk actually pooled on the Mideast order. The data revealed total milk production by state and county that is either: Pooled on the Mideast order; usually associated with but not pooled on the order during the specified month; or pooled on another Federal order. The witness was of the opinion that milk produced within the boundaries of the Mideast marketing area but not pooled on the Mideast order can be assumed to have been marketed elsewhere for a higher return. The witness concluded from these data that the milk supply for the Mideast marketing area is concentrated in the central to northern regions of the marketing area. The DFA, 
                    *et al.*, witness described the analysis used to examine the milk supply and demand situation in the Mideast marketing area. The witness explained how they divided the Mideast marketing area into northeast, northwest and southern regions. DFA, 
                    *et al.*, then requested that the Market Administrator calculate summary statistics for each region for January, April, August and November of 2007, and January and April of 2008. The DFA, 
                    *et al.*, witness reviewed market administrator data that they had requested prior to the hearing that showed: (1) The volume of milk produced on farms located in the defined supply regions either pooled on the Mideast order or pooled on another Federal order and delivered to a pool distributing plant in the defined supply region; (2) The pounds of bulk milk physically received at distributing plants located in the defined supply regions; (3) The net of the two figures to demonstrate a milk deficit or surplus situation in each of the three regions; and (4) The hauling distances of producer milk to distributing plants within each of the three regions. The DFA, 
                    *et al.*, witness described the northwest region of the marketing area as Michigan, northern Indiana and northwest Ohio. According to the witness, the northwest area has the largest volume of milk production and the largest volume of Class I demand when compared to the other two areas, while also being subject to the two lowest valued Class I differential zones in the Mideast marketing area. The witness characterized the northwest region as the reserve supply region for the Mideast marketing area since milk 
                    ( print page 1979)
                    production is greater than fluid milk demand and milk is frequently transported from this region into the other two regions. The witness said that the data indicated that the average hauling distance for milk delivered to distributing plants in the northwest region is 72 miles. The DFA, 
                    *et al.*, witness described the northeast region of the Mideast marketing area as the northeastern half of Ohio and the western portion of Pennsylvania. The witness testified that the northeast region is also an area where milk production exceeds fluid milk demand and that the average hauling distance for milk delivered to distributing plants in the region is 70 miles. The DFA, 
                    *et al.*, witness described the southern region of the marketing area as the southern portion of Indiana, southern portion of Ohio, northeast portion of Kentucky and the western half of West Virginia. The witness testified that, on average, the local milk supply for this region meets only 60 percent of fluid milk demand, making it the only deficit region of the marketing area. The southern region of the marketing area absorbs all of the local milk supply that is not attracted to the Appalachian or Southeast orders and relies on milk supplies from the northern tier of the marketing area to balance fluid milk needs, the witness said. The witness noted that the average hauling distance of milk delivered to distributing plants in the region is 133 miles, which in the witness' opinion represents milk produced outside the region being delivered to plants within the region. The witness added that the average hauling distance in this region is over 60 miles further than in the other two regions. The DFA, 
                    *et al.*, witness, relying on Market Administrator data, detailed the competition for milk supplies from non-pool plants within the marketing area. The witness concluded from the data that there are a significant number of non-pool manufacturing plants located near the reserve supply regions of the marketing area. The witness was of the opinion that the Class I prices in the southern tier of the marketing area should be increased to attract milk away from these manufacturing operations for higher-valued fluid use by compensating farmers for the higher transportation costs they incur to service these fluid plants. The DFA, 
                    *et al.*, witness testified that Class I differentials have only been modified twice in the past 23 years, once as a result of the 1985 Farm Bill, and another as a result of Federal order reform in 2000. The witness noted that the changes made to the Class I price surface during Federal order reform in 2000 were based on data from the mid-1990's. The witness said that there have been significant changes in marketing conditions since then, notably the number of dairy farms, the increase in size of existing dairy farms, population increases in the southern region of the Mideast marketing area and a shift in milk production to the northern region of the marketing area. The witness was of the opinion that the Class I price surface currently in place in the Mideast marketing area is too “flat,” and does not encourage the movement of milk from the supply region in the north to deficit regions in the south. The witness noted that the difference in Class I differentials between southern Michigan and Cincinnati, Ohio, for example, is $0.40, which according to the DFA, 
                    *et al.*, calculation represents only 26 percent of the actual transportation cost that a milk hauler would incur. The DFA, 
                    *et al.*, witness relied on two methodologies to illustrate the inadequacies of the Class I price surface in the southern tier of the Mideast marketing area. The witness said that the first method examined milk transportation data provided by MEMMA, and the second method paralleled the methodology relied on to implement the adjustments to Class I prices in the southeastern orders. The witness used Market Administrator data to select eleven high milk production counties that, according to the witness, represent “reserve” supply areas for the Mideast market. The DFA, 
                    *et al.*, witness described the MEMMA methodology used to determine the differences between actual transportation costs and Class I differential levels. The witness first presented diesel fuel cost data from the Energy Information Agency (EIA) that showed recent increases in fuel costs, with an average fuel cost of $4.52 a gallon from the beginning of 2008 until the time of the hearing (August 2008). The witness described how fuel costs are used to determine milk hauling costs and testified that MEMMA utilizes a $2.20 base hauling rate plus a monthly fuel surcharge to calculate total hauling rates. The witness relied on a 47 percent fuel surcharge for this calculation which is, according to the witness, MEMMA's average surcharge from the beginning of the year to the time of the hearing. The witness said that this results in a hauling rate of $3.23 per loaded mile, or $1.59 per cwt for the 235 mile haul from Clinton County, Michigan, (reserve area) to Eastside Dairy in Anderson, Indiana (deficit area). The DFA, 
                    *et al.*, witness then calculated the net dollars provided by the differences in the Class I differentials to offset transportation costs between the eleven reserve counties they had previously selected and the ten fluid plants located in the deficit southern region. For example, the differences in the Class I differential levels would provide $0.20 per cwt to offset the transportation cost of the haul from Clinton County, Michigan, to Eastside Dairy in Anderson, Indiana. The witness used these data to determine the portion of transportation costs that are not covered by the differences in the Class I differential levels. For all of the supply counties and plant locations, the average shortfall was $1.76 per cwt, noted the witness. Accordingly, the witness concluded from the MEMMA methodology that the current Class I differential levels in the southern region of the Mideast marketing area are inadequate. The DFA, 
                    *et al.*, witness then examined the methodology used to determine temporary increases in the Class I prices in the southeastern marketing orders to formulate the proposed Class I price adjustments in the southern tier of the Mideast marketing area. The witness noted that the basic foundation for deriving the temporary adjustments to the Class I price surface in the southeastern orders was the identification of potential supply areas. Once identified, the areas were relied upon to calculate the least-cost Class I price adjustment based on the farthest point of milk demand. The DFA, 
                    *et al.*, witness testified that this methodology utilized the same diesel fuel rate from the EIA as was used in the previously discussed MEMMA example. Using the same methodology as in the proceeding for the southeastern orders, the witness determined a base period for fuel costs (May-June 2003), determined the increase in costs from the base period to the present and determined the fuel cost adjustor ($0.44) to be added to the $2.20 MEMMA base haul rate. This rate was divided by the 480 cwt of milk in a typical tanker load to determine that rate per cwt per mile of $0.00521. This rate was then used to compare the costs of alternative reserve supplies for the three regions of the Mideast marketing area. The DFA, 
                    *et al.*, witness further explained that they relied on the methodology previously used to formulate the Class I price adjustments in their proposal. The witness offered the methodology used in the southeastern Class I pricing. The witness noted that the record of the southeastern proceeding identified five 
                    ( print page 1980)
                    potential alternative supply points surrounding the southeastern region of the country that could potentially supply the Miami market. The witness testified that the distances between the supply points and the demand point were multiplied by the mileage rate (described in the prior paragraph), and was further reduced by 20 percent to avoid having minimum prices set at actual transportation costs. The adjusted haul rate was then added to the current Class I differential for the supply point, yielding an “acquisition cost” as described by the witness. The witness explained that the difference between the acquisition cost and the actual Class I differential were used to suggest a reasonable temporary adjustment to Class I prices. The DFA, 
                    *et al.*, witness testified that this methodology was repeated for six plants in the southern tier of the Mideast marketing area. The six plant locations were Indianapolis, IN, Marietta, OH, Newark, OH, Cincinnati, OH, Springfield, OH, and Charleston, WV. The witness stated that these plant locations represent the geographic spread of plants within the southern tier of the marketing area. DFA, 
                    *et al.*, then chose six potential supply points from the eleven previously determined counties which serve as the reserve supply of the order. The witness testified that for Indianapolis, IN, Elkhart County, IN, the least-cost alternative, was $2.55 per cwt. As compared to the current differential of $2.00, the $2.55 per cwt figure suggested an adjustment of $0.55 per cwt. The witness conducted the same least-cost alternative comparison for each of the five other plant locations. The DFA, 
                    *et al.*, witness summarized the above conclusions in the context of the existing Class I differential levels and Class I price adjustments. The witness testified that under Proposal 1 the plants in the current $2.00 differential zone would be in a newly proposed zone that has a 15-cwt Class I price adjustment which should not substantially change existing competitive relationships. Similarly, noted the witness, plants in the current $2.20 differential zone, except the United Dairy plant in Charleston, WV, would be in a newly proposed zone that has a 40-cent Class I price adjustment. The witness explained how the location of the United Dairy plant in Charleston, WV, justified a greater adjustment to the Class I price than any other plant in the southern tier of the marketing area because of its distance from reserve supplies. Accordingly, DFA 
                    *et al.*, proposed that a $0.40 adjustment (increase) in the Class I price at Charleston, WV, will better align with the Class I prices applicable to their nearest three competitors, Dean Foods, Louisville, KY; Winchester Farms Dairy, Winchester, KY; and Flav-O-Rich Inc., London, KY. The witness noted that these competitor's Class I price levels include the $0.15 transportation credit balancing fund assessment for supplemental milk needed for Class I use that is administered in the Appalachian order. The DFA, 
                    *et al.*, witness explained how they analyzed the cost of moving packaged milk between reserve supply locations and distributing plants (demand points) in the southern tier of the marketing area to gauge the expected impacts on the competitive relationships between handlers in the southern tier of the Mideast marketing area. The witness testified that although they do expect the competitive relationships between handlers to be affected by the proposed adjustment in Class I prices, they did not find any instance wherein the proposed changes exceeded the cost of moving packaged milk between handlers. The witness explained that by calculating the total acquisition and distribution costs for each supply and demand combination as the Class I differential at the supply location plus the cost of moving the packaged milk to the demand location, they found no instances where the cost of acquiring and moving packaged milk exceeded the proposed Class I price levels. Therefore, the witness concluded, the proposed Class I price adjustments are reasonable because they do not provide an incentive for uneconomic movements of milk. The DFA, 
                    *et al.*, witness withdrew the proponents' original contention that emergency conditions exist to warrant the omission of a recommended decision, contingent, the witness said, on this proceeding adhering to the deadlines established by the 2008 Farm Bill. The witness was of the opinion that a recommended decision issued within 90 days of the close of the hearing would be reasonable. A post-hearing brief filed by DFA, 
                    *et al.*, reiterated their testimony describing the market conditions for fluid milk in the Mideast marketing area. The brief reasserted proponent's claims that: the southern region of the marketing area is a deficit market; that the Class I differentials are too low to cover the costs of transporting an adequate supply of milk from the surplus northern regions to distributing plants in the southern region; and that, recent changes to the Class I prices in the southeastern orders has made it difficult for local distributing plants in the southern region of the Mideast marketing area to attract and maintain an adequate supply of fluid milk. The DFA, 
                    *et al.*, brief addressed opposition that existing price relationships between plants should not be disturbed by adjusting Class I prices. DFA, 
                    *et al.*, wrote that the record shows that costs of supplying fluid plants have increased and the Class I price adjustments for plants in the southeastern orders has changed such that the competitive relationships between plants has already been altered. DFA, 
                    *et al.*, also asserted that the opponents to their proposal claiming that the Class I price surface should be changed via a national hearing is, in actuality, an attempt aimed at stalling any increase in their regulated minimum prices. In this regard, DFA, 
                    *et al.*, wrote that the proposed Class I price adjustments are justified by local supply and demand conditions. The DFA, 
                    *et al.*, brief also expressed opposition to Dean's proposal of decreasing Class I differentials in the northern regions of the marketing area (to be discussed later in this decision). DFA, 
                    *et al.*, found fault with Deans' premise that the appropriate remedy to the increased cost of supplying plants in the southern region of the marketing area is to lower prices paid to dairy farmers in the northern regions. A witness testifying on behalf of United Dairy, Inc. (United Dairy) opposed the adoption of Proposal 1. United Dairy operates three fluid milk processing plants in the Mideast marketing area. The witness was of the opinion that Proposal 1 singles out the United Dairy plant in Charleston, WV, for an unnecessarily large increase in its Class I price of $0.40 per cwt. The witness said that such a large increase would put the Charleston plant at a competitive disadvantage to its primary competitor, the Dean Foods' Broughton Foods plant in Marietta, OH, located 85 miles to the north. The United Dairy witness explained that the Charleston, WV, plant is located in the $2.20 differential zone (the same as Cincinnati, OH), while the Marietta, OH, plant is located in the $2.00 differential zone. Proposal 1 seeks to increase the Class I price at the Marietta, OH, plant by $0.15, while it proposes a $0.40 Class I price increase for the Charleston, WV, plant, stated the witness. The witness highlighted that the Charleston plant would be the only regulated distributing plant in essentially a new price zone. The witness said that despite already paying a higher regulated milk price because of the difference in Class I differentials ($2.20 versus $2.00), the Charleston, 
                    ( print page 1981)
                    WV, plant has been able to compete for sales with the Marietta, OH, plant. However, if Proposal 1 is adopted, the witness explained, the Charleston, WV, plant will be subject to a $0.45 cost disadvantage relative to their Marietta, OH, plant competitor. The United Dairy witness testified that despite proponent claims that the Charleston, WV, plant is the hardest plant in the marketing area to service, United Dairy has had no difficulty in attracting an adequate milk supply to meet its demand. The witness also countered proponent claims that it is difficult to attract milk supplies to the southern region of the marketing area. The witness said that MEMMA supplies most of the plants in the region, and is therefore able to shift its farm routes between customers to meet demand. The United Dairy witness estimated that a 40-cent increase in its Class I price equates to a 3.5 cent increase per gallon of milk they produce. The witness asserted that competition for sales between plants can be won, or lost, over pennies. An increase of 3.5-cents per gallon would place the Charleston plant at a severe disadvantage and most likely result in lost sales, concluded the witness. While seeing no need to increase in the Class I price, the witness said that any increase found needed by USDA should assure that the competitive relationship between the Charleston, WV, and Marietta, OH, plants be maintained. A post-hearing brief filed on behalf of United Dairy faulted DFA, et al's., reasoning for increasing the Class I prices in the Mideast marketing area as being tied to recent changes to the Class I prices in the three southeastern orders. United Dairy stated that the changes in the southeastern orders were made because the chronic milk deficit situation in those orders necessitated higher Class I prices aimed at attracting milk from states such as Ohio and Michigan to supply those fluid plants. United Dairy asserted that increasing Class I prices in the southern tier of the Mideast marketing area would undermine the steps taken in the southeastern orders to alleviate the milk supply problem. United Dairy also argued in brief that proponents did not demonstrate that plants in the southern tier of the Mideast market are having difficulties attracting an adequate supply of fluid milk. United Dairy claimed that at the time of the hearing there was no data available to support the proponents claim because the changes in the southeastern orders did not become effective until May 1, 2008, and data from that month had not yet been released. Regardless, United Dairy asserted that the states comprising the Mideast order have experienced an increase in milk production while Class I demand has decreased 8.8 percent January 1, 2000. United Dairy's brief reiterated testimony that its Charleston, WV, plant has not had difficulty acquiring an adequate milk supply. The brief stated that the Charleston, WV, plant provides a market outlet for independent producers in the Mideast order, and serves a vital role in supplying milk to school and rural customers in West Virginia. United Dairy wrote that increasing the Class I price of that plant by $0.40 would put it at a competitive disadvantage to plants located in areas where Class I prices are not also increased by $0.40. Lastly, United Dairy argued that emergency conditions that would warrant the omission of a recommend decision do not exist. An Ohio dairy farmer supplier of United Dairy testified in opposition to Proposal 1. The witness agreed with proponent testimony that transportation costs have increased, but said that adjusting Class I prices could financially harm certain plants. The witness stated that it is important for plants to remain viable so that farmers have numerous market outlets for their milk. The witness testified that their farm supplies the United Dairy plant in Martins Ferry, OH. The witness said that out of a total $0.92 per cwt that the milk hauler charges, they pay $0.82 and United Dairy pays $0.10. The witness disagreed with the methodology used by proponents in determining the proposed Class I price adjustments because, in the witness' opinion, the proposed adjustments are not equitable across distributing plants. A witness testifying on behalf of The Kroger Company Manufacturing Group (Kroger) opposed the adoption of Proposal 1. According to the witness, Kroger operates three fluid distributing plants regulated by the Mideast order. The witness testified that two Kroger plants, Crossroad Farms Dairy located in Indianapolis, Indiana, and Tamarack Farms Dairy located in Newark, Ohio, are located in the pricing zones that would be increased if Proposal 1 was adopted. The witness testified that Kroger pays its suppliers over-order premiums and fuel surcharges which have increased recently due to higher fuel costs. The witness indicated that none of their suppliers have indicated problems in supplying any Kroger plants. The witness said that if Proposal 1 is adopted the Class I prices at both Kroger plants would increase by $0.15 per cwt. The Kroger witness asserted that the proposed Class I price adjustments would alter plant price relationships that date back to the 1985 Farm Bill. These proposed differentials would place the Kroger plants in a difficult competitive situation, the witness said. According to the witness, the Kroger plants compete for sales with plants located to the north that, under Proposal 1, would not see a price adjustment. The Kroger witness argued that much of the milk produced in the Mideast marketing area is actually committed to supplying plants located in the deficit southeastern orders. The witness concluded that if the southern region of the Mideast marketing area was really a deficit market, as the proponents purport, then much of the milk that currently goes south would instead stay in the Mideast marketing area. The witness was of the opinion that current milk supplies in the Mideast are more than adequate to meet demand rendering an increase in Class I prices unnecessary. The Kroger witness indicated that, in the future, if the southern region of the marketing area has problems acquiring a milk supply, then a hearing to consider the promulgation of a new order in the southern region should be held. The witness stated that if such a new order was created then the monies generated within the new order would only be shared amongst producers serving that market, instead of being shared with all the producers in the Mideast market through the blend price. The witness also noted that emergency conditions do not exist to warrant exclusion of a recommended decision. A witness testifying on behalf of Dean Foods (Dean) opposed the adoption of Proposal 1. According to the witness, Dean owns and operates eleven distributing plants regulated by the Mideast milk marketing order. The witness' testimony regarding the opposition to Proposal 1 was supported by Prairie Farms. The witness said that if Proposal 1 is adopted, three of the eleven Dean plants would see an increase in their Class I price. The Dean witness was of the opinion that this rulemaking proceeding is the result of regulatory changes made to the Class I prices in the southeastern orders effective May 1, 2008. The witness stated that the Class I pricing changes in those orders and the proposed changes in the Mideast order essentially run counter to USDA's policy of a nationally coordinated Class I price surface. The witness reviewed the nine key criteria used by USDA in establishing the nationally coordinated Class I price surface (effective January 1, 2000), in 
                    ( print page 1982)
                    the context of the changes proposed in this rulemaking proceeding. The witness was of the opinion that the proposed increases would send inappropriate market signals to farmers to produce more milk despite the overall milk surplus observed in the Mideast order. The witness said that adjusting Class I prices not only changes the value of milk at that location, but it also changes the relative value of that milk at other locations, as was the case in the southeastern orders. The witness insisted that this underscores the importance of a nationally coordinated Class I price surface. In keeping with this rationale, the witness claimed that adjustments to Class I prices on an order-by-order basis would lead to disorderly marketing conditions. The Dean witness noted that the proposed Class I price increases could lead to increased payouts from the Southeast and Appalachian transportation credit funds which use the differential in the county where milk is produced to compute the payout. The witness said that this would lead the transportation credit funds to be drawn down faster than otherwise would occur. On cross examination the witness admitted that the Southeast and Appalachian order transportation credit funds would only be drawn down faster if milk produced in the southern region of the Mideast order was pooled in the Southeast or Appalachian orders on a seasonal basis. The Dean witness was of the opinion that it is too soon to tell if Class I price adjustments in the southeastern markets has provided handler equity in regards to raw product costs. Until the effect on handler equity can be determined in the Southeast, there should be no changes in the Class I prices in the Mideast, the witness said. The witness also stated that higher Class I prices will alter the competitive structure in the region and negatively affect handlers in the Mideast. The Dean witness argued that the proposed Class I price increases would provide more incentive than is necessary to encourage milk to move into the southern region of the marketing area. The witness also objected to the proponent's attempt to divide the Mideast market into three regions. The witness said that the data are insufficient to determine whether the regions as proposed by proponents are accurate depictions of three separate regions within the marketing area. The Dean witness was of the opinion that the marketing conditions in the Mideast order are different than the marketing conditions in the southeastern orders. Therefore, the witness said, USDA should consider a different approach to solving the problem in the Mideast marketing area. The witness stated that the easiest way to solve the milk supply issues of the Mideast would be for the USDA to reverse the decision to increase Class I prices in the southeastern orders and then deny the adoption of Proposal 1. Alternatively, the witness said that USDA could suspend the current hearing until such time as more data capable of documenting the impact southeastern order changes have had on Mideast milk movements becomes available. Alternative proposals, including those seeking to divide the marketing area into three separate orders, could then be made, the witness said. The witness then offered data that purported to reveal the marketwide pools that would result, if the Mideast order were divided into three separate marketing orders. The Dean witness offered an alternative proposal at the hearing to lower the Class I differentials (and thus Class I prices) in the northern regions of the Mideast marketing area. The witness said that proponents have relied on Class I differential relationships between the northern surplus area and the southern deficit area to justify the proposed Class I price adjustments (increases). The witness insisted that decreasing the differentials in the north would also provide market signals to encourage milk to move from north to south. The witness proposed that the Class I prices in the northern surplus regions of the Mideast marketing area be decreased by anywhere between $0.05 to $0.15 per cwt. The Dean witness stated that emergency conditions warranting the omission of a recommended decision do not exist. Another Dean witness testified in opposition to the adoption of Proposal 1. The witness said that data provided by the proponents demonstrate that the milk supply in the Mideast marketing area is, on the whole, sufficient to meet in-area demand. The problem, the witness said, is the lack of incentives to move milk into the southern deficit region. From these data, the witness concluded that the defined marketing area is too large for marketwide pooling to properly function because Class I revenues from the south are being shared with all producers in the marketing area and diluting the incentives to supply plants in the deficit region. The Dean witness was of the opinion that blend price differences between marketing orders encourages milk movements to deficit areas. The witness insisted that the proponent's data supports the theory that there should be three separate orders within the Mideast marketing area. The witness argued that if a separate order were in place for the southern region of the Mideast marketing area, the Class I utilization would be higher than that of the existing marketing area. The witness concluded that separate orders would generate blend price differences large enough to encourage milk to move south without the need for higher Class I prices. A witness testifying on behalf of National Dairy Holdings (NDH) also opposed the adoption of Proposal 1. According to the witness, NDH is a fluid processor that owns and operates two distributing plants regulated by the Mideast order. The witness said that Meyer Dairy is the only fluid distributing plant owned and operated by National Dairy Holdings (NDH) that would be affected by the proposed Class I price increases. The witness stated that Meyer Dairy has not experienced any difficulty in acquiring a milk supply. If USDA determines that additional incentives are necessary to move milk to the southern region of the Mideast marketing area, then the witness is supportive of Dean's alternative proposal to lower Class I differentials in the northern region of the marketing area. The witness was of the opinion that the same desired results could be obtained by lowering differentials in the northern region of the marketing area thus making the price relationships more attractive so as to move milk south. The NDH witness estimated that adoption of Proposal 1 would increase their milk costs anywhere from 2 cents to 3.5 cents per gallon relative to their competitors. However, the witness said that some of their competitors would also see an increase in their Class I differentials, albeit at a lesser amount than Meyer Dairy. The witness speculated that the proposed cost increases could result in lost contracts. The NDH witness concurred with proponents that fuel and transportation costs have increased since the current Class I price surface became effective on January 1, 2000, and that one way of combating the resulting milk supply problem is to increase Class I prices in the deficit markets. However, the witness argued that the best solution would be to lower differentials in the north so that the new price relationship would encourage milk to service the deficit south. According to the witness, this change would provide the same result as Proposal 1, but without raising costs to consumers. The witness purported that checkout scanner data 
                    ( print page 1983)
                    from retail stores show a correlation between the Class I price increases in the southeastern orders and a reduction in fluid milk sales. During the months of June and July 2008, fluid milk sales in Atlanta and Miami were down 8.5 percent and 7.9 percent, respectively, relative to the same period in 2007. A post-hearing brief submitted on behalf of Dean, National Dairy Holdings and Prairie Farms, hereinafter referred to as “opponents brief,” expressed continued opposition to the adoption of Proposal 1. The brief explained that proponents provided little evidence to prove that recent changes to Class I prices in the southeastern orders have made obtaining an adequate milk supply difficult for fluid plants located in the southern tier of the Mideast order. The brief noted that since the changes in the southeastern orders did not become effective until May 1, 2008, complete data capable of accounting for the impacts of the changes has yet to be compiled and published by the Market Administrator offices. To counter proponents claim that more milk is moving into the southeastern orders, the opponents brief cited Dairy Market News Statistics showing that, for the week ending on October 10, 2008, fewer loads of milk were shipped into Florida and other southeastern States than in the same week in 2007. The opponents brief also argued that proponents attempt to divide the Mideast marketing area into three sub-regions resulted in arbitrary data. Opponents claimed that in defining the available milk supply for any of the three sub-regions, proponents did not take into account what milk was actually available and whether other near-by milk supplies were available. The opponent's brief stated that the Mideast marketing area as a whole is a reserve supply of milk for the southeastern orders. It contended that the purpose of nationally coordinated Class I price surface is to bring forth an adequate supply of milk, therefore there is no justification for increasing Class I prices in reserve supply areas such as the Mideast. The brief further argued that increasing the Class I prices in the southern tier of the Mideast marketing area would cause disorderly marketing conditions because milk that is ineligible for transportation credits in the southeastern orders would seek to move to the higher priced zones in the Mideast marketing area. However, the opponents brief disagreed with the DFA, et al.'s, use of transportation credits in the Appalachian and Southeast orders as a factor in determining appropriate Class I price adjustments. Opponents stated that transportation credits serve a different economic purpose and should not be a factor in considering if Class I prices should be increased in the Mideast. The opponents brief also argued that Class I prices should be addressed on a national, not order-by-order basis, as was done in the southeastern orders and as is proposed in the Mideast. According to Dean, the proponents provided no justification to abandon past USDA precedent for maintaining a nationally coordinated Class I price structure. The opponents brief summarized the alternative proposal they offered at the hearing to decrease Class I differentials in the northern surplus areas of the Mideast marketing area. (Prairie Farms did not offer support of Dean's alternative proposal.) In brief, Dean wrote that in areas of milk surplus, the correct market signal to farmers is a lower price to encourage them to produce less. Dean concluded that the subsequent decrease in production would, in turn, lead to an increase in milk prices. In brief, opponents continued to argue that proponents provided no evidence demonstrating an emergency situation that would warrant omission of a recommended decision. The brief stated that the significant period of time between when the proponents first requested data for a Mideast Class I price surface hearing (September 2007) and their actual hearing request (June 2008) demonstrates that no emergency exists. Therefore, Dean wrote, the public should be provided an opportunity to comment on USDA's decision before implementation of any proposed changes. A witness appearing on behalf of Nestle USA (Nestle) testified in opposition to Proposal 1. According to the witness, Nestle is a milk manufacturer who operates one fluid distributing plant regulated by the Mideast order which is located in Anderson, IN, where the proponents have proposed a $0.15 adjustment in the Class I price. The witness said that Nestle's milk supplier has not indicated any difficulty supplying milk to the Nestle plant. The witness stated that the Nestle plant only recently opened, but when Nestle was originally considering a location for the plant they were approached by multiple suppliers in the Mideast marketing area, all of whom indicated that providing a reliable milk supply to the plant in Anderson, IN, would not be difficult. The Nestle witness referred to proponent data indicating that the average cost to supply a plant in Anderson, IN, was $1.60 per cwt more than the Class I differential at the location. According to the witness, Nestle already pays its supplier, on average, over-order premiums in excess of this amount as well as a fuel surcharge for milk delivered to the plant. The Nestle witness testified that the Anderson plant primarily produces flavored milk products that exhibit a great deal of sensitivity to price changes. The witness also asserted that the Nestle flavored milk products compete more directly with soft drinks, bottled water and orange juice, than with milk. Therefore, the witness said, any price increase in their products would result in lost sales to competing non-dairy products. The witness also testified that products produced at the Anderson plant are marketed nationwide and must compete with products produced at plants located in counties that are not subject to a proposed increase to their Class I price. The witness concluded that there is no milk shortage problem in the southern region of the Mideast marketing area and as such, Proposal 1 should be denied. A post-hearing brief was submitted on behalf of Associated Milk Producers Inc., Bongards Creamery, Family Dairies USA, First District Association, Manitowoc Milk Producers Association, Mid-West Dairymen's Company, Milwaukee Cooperative Milk Producers and the Wisconsin Department of Agriculture, Trade and Consumer Protection. The brief stated that collectively these organizations are members of the Midwest Dairy Coalition (MDC). MDC argued that proponents have not demonstrated that there is a milk deficit in the Mideast marketing area and as such, they are opposed to the adoption of Proposal 1. MDC stated that if there is a milk supply problem in the Mideast as a result of effectively changing Class I differential levels in the southeastern orders then the proponents have the ability to negotiate higher over-order premiums to cover any higher supply costs. MDC also addressed the broader issue of effectively changing Class I differentials on an order-by-order, rather than national basis. They argued that such changes not only have local, but also national implications and should therefore be addressed in a larger national framework. Discussion and Findings At issue in this proceeding is the consideration of proposed adjustments to Class I prices in the southern region of the Mideast milk marketing area as a means of ensuring an adequate supply of milk for fluid use. Adjustments to 
                    ( print page 1984)
                    Class I prices in the southern tier of counties in the marketing area are recommended for adoption herein and result in a change to the Class I pricing surface. The adjustments to Class I prices are specified in the order language. Providing for higher Class I prices under the order in the counties that make up the southern tier of the marketing area will help attract an adequate supply of fluid milk to distributing plants and will increase the blend prices to dairy farmers who deliver milk to those plant locations. The minimum Class I prices of the Mideast order are set by adding a location-specific differential, referred to as a Class I differential, to the higher of an advance Class III or Class IV price announced by USDA. The Class I differentials are location-specific by county, parish or city for all States of the 48 contiguous United States. These Class I differentials were adopted on January 1, 2000, and are specified in CFR section 1000.52. The proponents, DFA, 
                    *et al.*, who collectively market more than 50 percent of the producer milk pooled on the Mideast order maintain that it has become increasingly costly to supply fluid distributing plants located in the southern tier of the Mideast marketing area. Their claim is based on two factors: (1) Recent adjustments to Class I prices of the southeastern orders have drawn milk, that previously would have been utilized by fluid milk plants in the southern region, away from the Mideast order; and (2) Transportation costs have increased such that the current Class I differentials do not offer sufficient pricing incentives to cover the cost of transporting milk from reserve northern surplus regions to the deficit southern region of the marketing area. Proponents divided the marketing area into three separate regions and presented data to examine marketing conditions within the marketing area and to explain how the southern region of the marketing area is consistently milk deficit. Record evidence demonstrates a significant difference in the volume of milk delivered to pool distributing plants in the southern region relative to the volume of milk produced in the region and either pooled on the Mideast order, or pooled on another order and delivered to a pool distributing plant located in the southern region of the Mideast marketing area. For example, during April 2008, 189.8 million pounds of producer milk was received at distributing plants located in the southern region. However, during that month only 74.6 million pounds were produced in and delivered to pool distributing plants in the same region, indicating a net deficit of 115.2 million pounds. The data does not reflect the amount of milk produced in the southern region that is then pooled and delivered to plants in another order. However, it is reasonable to conclude that if additional milk supplies are produced in, but not delivered to southern region plants, then such milk has found a higher priced alternative outlet. Record evidence indicates that milk delivered to distributing plants in the southern tier of the marketing area must travel further distances than milk delivered to other plants in the marketing area. The record contains hauling data for the months of January, April, August and November 2007, and January and April 2008. The data reveal that during these six months, milk delivered to plants in the southern region traveled an average of 133 miles from farm to plant. In comparison, the average distance for milk delivered to the Northwest and Northeast regions during that same time period was 72 miles and 70 miles, respectively. Proponents contend that this data demonstrates that the local milk supply in the southern region of the marketing area is not adequate to meet the demand of the local plants. DFA, 
                    *et al.*, utilized two different methodologies to derive their proposed adjustments to Class I prices to compensate for greater transportation costs. These methods demonstrate that that the cost of transporting milk from surplus to deficit regions in the marketing area far exceed the differences in Class I differential levels. The first methodology uses a transportation model derived from transportation cost data supplied by MEMMA. The data indicate that MEMMA's cost of moving milk within the Mideast marketing area (at the time of the hearing) was $3.23 per loaded mile. Using this cost basis, a per cwt cost of moving milk from 11 predetermined alternative supply points to each of the fluid distributing plants in the marketing area's southern region was established. Record evidence compares how much of the estimated hauling cost is covered by the differences in Class I differential levels between supply points and each of the southern fluid distributing plants (demand points). The average difference for the supply/demand point combinations was $1.76 per cwt, with a range of $0.45 to $3.25 per cwt. This transportation cost model demonstrates that the current differential levels in the southern region of the marketing area fall significantly short of the cost of transporting needed milk to those distributing plants. The second transportation cost model proponents relied upon was utilized in a recent three market southeastern order hearing that adjusted the Class I prices in those orders (73 FR 11194). Utilizing the same methodology, the model established a fuel adjusted transportation rate of $2.64 per mile, or $0.0055 per cwt per mile. This model compared the acquisition cost (Class I differential of alternative supply area plus transportation cost) of delivering milk from 6 of the 11 potential alternative supply locations to 6 fluid distributing plants in the southern region of the Mideast marketing area. The model then compared the least-cost supply alternative for each distributing plant with the current Class I differential of that plant. For example, the least cost alternative for the Charleston, WV, plant was Wayne County, OH, with an acquisition cost of $2.89 per cwt. The Class I differential at Charleston, WV, is $2.20, suggesting that a Class I price adjustment of $0.69 would be appropriate. Opponents to the proposed changes claimed that DFA, 
                    *et al.*, provided inadequate data to support their claim that changes in the Class I prices for the southeastern orders has made it more costly to supply plants in the southern region of the Mideast marketing area. This criticism is misplaced. As cooperative producer-member organizations that supply the majority of the marketing areas Class I needs, they clearly demonstrated the higher costs associated with supplying plants in the southern region of the marketing area. Almost all opposition witnesses for providing Class I price increases at the hearing agreed that differences in blend prices between orders moves milk. Thus it can be concluded that higher blend prices, through higher Class I prices, attract milk to plants in those orders by providing the economic incentive to supply milk to plants located in the southeastern order marketing areas. Monthly data recently released by the Appalachian Market Administrator reveals that there has been a significant increase in the amount of producer milk being received from Ohio at plants regulated by the Appalachian order since May 1, 2008, when the Class I prices were increased.[2]
                    
                     The data reveal that producer milk deliveries from Ohio from May through August 2006 averaged 17.7 million pounds per 
                    ( print page 1985)
                    month and 16.5 million pounds per month for the same time period in 2007. From May through August 2008, monthly Ohio producer milk deliveries averaged 44.6 million pounds—an increase of 161 percent from the average of the previous two years. Average monthly deliveries from Ohio from January through August were 21.3 million pounds, 18.2 million pounds and 35.1 million pounds in 2006, 2007 and 2008, respectively. This represents an increase in deliveries from Ohio of 61 percent from 2006 to 2008, and a 92 percent increase from 2007 to 2008. Recently released data from the Appalachian order supports the proponents' claim that higher Class I prices brought about by providing Class I price adjustments in the southeastern orders have resulted in more milk servicing those orders from farms located in the Mideast marketing area. It is reasonable to conclude from this record evidence, that when coupled with evidence of increased transportation costs, the Class I prices in the southern region of the marketing area provide inadequate incentives to farmers to supply the fluid milk needs of those plants. The recommended adjustments to the Class I prices will provide, under the order, the economic incentives to supply fluid distributing plants located in the southern tier of counties of the Mideast marketing area. DFA, et al's., proposed Class I price adjustments differ from those calculated in the transportation models. The proposed Class I adjustments as presented align with the differentials in the northern regions of the marketing area, as well as with neighboring marketing areas. These adjustments also ensure that similarly situated Class I handlers in the southern region of the marketing area have similar minimum regulated Class I prices. Providing similar regulated prices for similarly situated handlers is consistent with the requirements of the AMAA. The proposed Class I price adjustments provide a steeper price surface and reasonable alignment with the current Class I price surface of the marketing areas beyond the geographical boundaries of the Mideast order. The proposed Class I price adjustments result in price relationships that are different from those that exist under the current pricing structure. Despite criticism that the proposed Class I price adjustments change price relationships between plants, the key requirement that similarly located plants have similar regulated minimum prices is maintained. DFA, 
                    *et al.*, analyzed acquisition and distribution costs (Class I differential plus the cost of transportation) of packaged milk in an effort to assure the reasonableness of the level of the proposed Class I price adjustments and determine the effect the proposed adjustments would have on the competitive relationship among handlers in the southern region. The record reflects that the proposed Class I differentials at all locations do not exceed the cost of moving packaged milk to those same locations. From this analysis it is concluded that the proposed Class I adjustments will not encourage uneconomic movements of milk. This method of evaluating the proposed Class I pricing changes in comparison to packaged milk movement forms a rational basis to conclude that the proposed changes to Class I pricing are reasonable. Record evidence cites specific opposition testimony regarding the proposed $0.40 per cwt Class I price adjustment at Charleston, WV. This increase would create a price zone where only one fluid distributing plant operates, the United Dairy plant in Charleston, WV. DFA, 
                    *et al.*, claimed that this Class I price adjustment reflects the higher cost of servicing that plant due to its further distance from potential reserve supplies. In its post-hearing brief, DFA, 
                    *et al.*, clarifies that the proposed adjustment will align Charleston more properly with the Class I prices of its competitors located and regulated by the Appalachian order. DFA derived the proposed $0.40 Class I price adjustment by taking into account the $0.15 per cwt transportation credit balancing fund assessment that is charged year-round in the Appalachian order on Class I milk. This decision does not find it appropriate to consider the Appalachian transportation credit balancing fund assessment in determining needed Class I price adjustments in the Mideast marketing area. The transportation credits applicable in the Appalachian order, as asserted by opponents, serve as an economic incentive for needed supplemental milk supplies and should have no bearing on the appropriate adjusted Class I price at Charleston, WV. The United Dairy witness testified at great length regarding the competitive disadvantage that would be placed on the Charleston, WV, plant when compared to its nearest competitor—the Dean Foods plant in Marietta, OH. The United Dairy plant is currently located in the $2.20 zone, while the Dean Foods plant is located in the $2.00 zone. This means that when competing for sales, the United Dairy plant faces a raw milk cost that is $0.20 per cwt higher. The proposed Class I price adjustment would put the United Dairy plant in a $2.60 price zone (Class I differential plus the Class I price adjustment) and the Dean Foods plant in a $2.15 zone price, increasing the raw milk cost spread to $0.45 per cwt. This decision finds that a $0.40 increase in the Class I price at Charleston, WV, would unnecessarily change the competitive relationship between the United Dairy plant and its nearest competitors. While the record reflects that the cost of transporting milk to Charleston, WV, is greater than the cost of transportation to other parts of the marketing area, the record does not justify an increase of $0.40 because of the competitive sales relationship with other plants in the southern tier of the marketing area. This decision recommends that the Class I price at Charleston, WV, be increased by $0.20. The recommended Class I price adjustments are presented in Figure 1. While the Class I differentials in the Mideast marketing area are not changed in this decision, the Class I price adjustments have been added to the current Class I differentials for illustrative purposes. Figure 1 provides a graphic presentation of the combined value of Class I differentials plus the adjustment values adopted in this decision. 
 
  The proposed Class I price adjustments will not result in the uneconomic movement of milk as asserted by opponents. The proposed Class I pricing surface provides greater pricing incentives under the order to transport needed milk from alternative surplus northern regions to the deficit southern region of the marketing area. The location value of milk is higher in the southern region because of the cost involved in transporting milk to locations in that milk-deficit region. The recommended Class I price adjustments result in a steeper Class I price surface that correlates with the higher location value fluid milk has in the southern region of the marketing area. Opponents argued that the proposed Class I price adjustments will cause uneconomic movements of milk because milk in the southeastern orders that is not eligible to receive transportation credits will seek to serve plants north and west. As discussed above, it is inappropriate to consider transportation credits in any aspect of adjusting Class I prices. Opponents to DFA, 
                    *et al's.*, Class I price adjustments asserted that there is an adequate supply of milk in the order to meet fluid demands. Record evidence shows that there is an adequate supply of milk in the order as a whole to meet fluid demand. However, in the deficit southern region of the Mideast marketing area, there must be sufficient price incentives provided under the order to encourage the movement of milk from surplus areas to the deficit area. In this regard, the location value of milk needs to account for prevailing marketing conditions which in this proceeding is largely the cost of transportation. The recommended Class I price adjustments should provide the additional incentive needed under the order by offsetting a greater portion of the costs associated with transporting milk longer distances for Class I use. Opponents also argued that any increase in the Class I prices will be distributed to all producers whose milk is pooled on the Mideast order, and thus there will be no actual incentive to service plants in the deficit southern region. This argument is misplaced. Blend prices paid to producers are adjusted to the location to which milk is delivered. In the Mideast order, the blend price announced each month is for Cuyahoga County, Ohio, which has a current Class I differential of $2.00. Producers whose milk is pooled by plants within the $2.00 zone receive the announced blend price. Producers whose milk is received by plants located outside the $2.00 zone receive the announced blend price adjusted for the location to which delivered. For example, a producer whose milk is received at a plant located in the $2.15 zone will receive the announced blend price plus $0.15. Therefore, producers delivering milk to plants located in the areas where the Class I prices are proposed to be increased will receive more for that milk. Producers supplying plants located outside of the proposed increased zones will see no change to the prices they receive. At the hearing, Dean Foods proposed that instead of increasing Class I prices in the southern region, Class I differentials should be decreased in the northern regions of the marketing area. Dean argued that this would accomplish the same goal as the proponents—moving milk to deficit plants—without increasing costs to consumers through  higher Class I prices. This decision finds no justification for such an action. The proposed Class I price adjustments represent the location value of Class I milk which is largely reflective of the costs of servicing fluid distributing plants at a particular location. The record of this proceeding did not examine the location value of milk in the northern regions of the marketing area and the record contains no evidence to indicate that the cost of 
                    ( print page 1987)
                    servicing plants in the northern regions of the marketing area has decreased. Rulings on Proposed Findings and Conclusions Briefs and proposed findings and conclusions were filed on behalf of certain interested parties. These briefs, proposed findings and conclusions and the evidence in the record were considered in making the findings and conclusions set forth above. To the extent that the suggested findings and conclusions filed by interested parties are inconsistent with the findings and conclusions set forth herein, the requests to make such findings or reach such conclusions are denied for the reasons previously stated in this decision. General Findings The findings and determinations hereinafter set forth supplement those that were made when the Mideast order was first issued and when it was amended. The previous findings and determinations are hereby ratified and confirmed, except where they may conflict with those set forth herein. (a) The tentative marketing agreement and the order, as hereby proposed to be amended, and all of the terms and conditions thereof, will tend to effectuate the declared policy of the Act; (b) The parity prices of milk as determined pursuant to Section 2 of the Act are not reasonable in view of the price of feeds, available supplies of feeds, and other economic conditions which affect market supply and demand for the milk in the marketing area, and the minimum prices specified in the tentative marketing agreement and the order, as hereby proposed to be amended, are such prices as will reflect the aforesaid factors, insure a sufficient quantity of pure and wholesome milk, and be in the public interest; and (c) The tentative marketing agreement and the order, as hereby proposed to be amended, will regulate the handling of milk in the same manner as, and will be applicable only to persons in the respective classes of industrial and commercial activity specified in, the marketing agreement upon which a hearing has been held. Recommended Marketing Agreement and Order Amending the Order The recommended marketing agreement is not included in this decision because the regulatory provisions thereof would be the same as those contained in the order, as hereby proposed to be amended. The following order amending the order, as amended, regulating the handling of milk in the Mideast marketing area is recommended as the detailed and appropriate means by which the foregoing conclusions may be carried out. List of Subjects in 7 CFR Parts 1000 and 1033 Milk marketing orders
 For the reasons set forth in the preamble, 7 CFR Parts 1000 and 1033, are proposed to be amended as follows: 1. The authority citation for 7 CFR parts 1000 and 1033 continues to read as follows: Authority:
                    7 U.S.C. 601-674, and 7253. PART 1000—GENERAL PROVISIONS OF FEDERAL MILK MARKETING ORDERS 2. In § 1000.50 paragraphs (b) and (c) are revised to read as follows: § 1000.50
  
 (b) Class I skim milk price. The Class I skim milk price per hundredweight shall be the adjusted Class I differential specified in § 1000.52 plus the adjustment to Class I prices specified in § 1005.51(b), § 1006.51(b), § 1007.51(b) and § 1033.51 (b) plus the higher of the advanced pricing factors computed in paragraphs (q)(1) or (2) of this section. (c) Class I butterfat price. The Class I butterfat price per pound shall be the adjusted Class I differential specified in § 1000.52 divided by 100, plus the adjustments to Class I prices specified in § 1005.51(b), § 1006.51(b), § 1007.51(b) and § 1033.51 (b) divided by 100, plus the advanced butterfat price computed in paragraph (q) (3) of this section.
 PARTS 1033—MILK IN THE MIDEAST MARKETING AREA 3. Revise § 1033.51 to read as follows: § 1033.51
  (a) The Class I differential shall be the differential established for Cuyahoga County, Ohio, which is reported in § 1000.52. The Class I price shall be the price computed pursuant to § 1033.50 (a) for Cuyahoga County Ohio. (b) Adjustments to Class I prices. Class I prices shall be established pursuant to § 1000.50(a), (b), and (c) using the following adjustments: State
County/parish
FIPS
Class I price adjustmentIN
ADAMS
18001
0.00IN
ALLEN
18003
0.00IN
BARTHOLOMEW
18005
0.20IN
BENTON
18007
0.00IN
BLACKFORD
18009
0.00IN
BOONE
18011
0.15IN
BROWN
18013
0.20IN
CARROLL
18015
0.00IN
CASS
18017
0.00IN
CLAY
18021
0.15IN
CLINTON
18023
0.00IN
DE KALB
18033
0.00IN
DEARBORN
18029
0.20IN
DECATUR
18031
0.20IN
DELAWARE
18035
0.15IN
ELKHART
18039
0.00IN
FAYETTE
18041
0.15IN
FOUNTAIN
18045
0.00IN
FRANKLIN
18047
0.15IN
FULTON
18049
0.00IN
GRANT
18053
0.00IN
HAMILTON
18057
0.15( print page 1988)IN
HANCOCK
18059
0.15IN
HENDRICKS
18063
0.15IN
HENRY
18065
0.15IN
HOWARD
18067
0.00IN
HUNTINGTON
18069
0.00IN
JACKSON
18071
0.20IN
JASPER
18073
0.00IN
JAY
18075
0.00IN
JEFFERSON
18077
0.20IN
JENNINGS
18079
0.20IN
JOHNSON
18081
0.15IN
KOSCIUSKO
18085
0.00IN
LA PORTE
18091
0.00IN
LAGRANGE
18087
0.00IN
LAKE
18089
0.00IN
LAWRENCE
18093
0.20IN
MADISON
18095
0.15IN
MARION
18097
0.15IN
MARSHALL
18099
0.00IN
MIAMI
18103
0.00IN
MONROE
18105
0.20IN
MONTGOMERY
18107
0.15IN
MORGAN
18109
0.15IN
NEWTON
18111
0.00IN
NOBLE
18113
0.00IN
OHIO
18115
0.20IN
OWEN
18119
0.15IN
PARKE
18121
0.15IN
PORTER
18127
0.00IN
PULASKI
18131
0.00IN
PUTNAM
18133
0.15IN
RANDOLPH
18135
0.15IN
RIPLEY
18137
0.20IN
RUSH
18139
0.15IN
SHELBY
18145
0.15IN
ST. JOSEPH
18141
0.00IN
STARKE
18149
0.00IN
STEUBEN
18151
0.00IN
SWITZERLAND
18155
0.20IN
TIPPECANOE
18157
0.00IN
TIPTON
18159
0.00IN
UNION
18161
0.15IN
VERMILLION
18165
0.15IN
VIGO
18167
0.15IN
WABASH
18169
0.00IN
WARREN
18171
0.00IN
WAYNE
18177
0.15IN
WELLS
18179
0.00IN
WHITE
18181
0.00IN
WHITLEY
18183
0.00KY
BOONE
21015
0.20KY
BOYD
21019
0.20KY
BRACKEN
21023
0.20KY
CAMPBELL
21037
0.20KY
FLOYD
21071
0.20KY
GRANT
21081
0.20KY
GREENUP
21089
0.20KY
HARRISON
21097
0.20KY
JOHNSON
21115
0.20KY
KENTON
21117
0.20KY
LAWRENCE
21127
0.20KY
LEWIS
21135
0.20KY
MAGOFFIN
21153
0.20KY
MARTIN
21159
0.20KY
MASON
21161
0.20KY
PENDLETON
21191
0.20KY
PIKE
21195
0.00KY
ROBERTSON
21201
0.20MI
ALCONA
26001
0.00MI
ALGER
26003
0.00MI
ALLEGAN
26005
0.00MI
ALPENA
26007
0.00MI
ANTRIM
26009
0.00( print page 1989)MI
ARENAC
26011
0.00MI
BARAGA
26013
0.00MI
BARRY
26015
0.00MI
BAY
26017
0.00MI
BENZIE
26019
0.00MI
BERRIEN
26021
0.00MI
BRANCH
26023
0.00MI
CALHOUN
26025
0.00MI
CASS
26027
0.00MI
CHARLEVOIX
26029
0.00MI
CHEBOYGAN
26031
0.00MI
CHIPPEWA
26033
0.00MI
CLARE
26035
0.00MI
CLINTON
26037
0.00MI
CRAWFORD
26039
0.00MI
EATON
26045
0.00MI
EMMET
26047
0.00MI
GENESEE
26049
0.00MI
GLADWIN
26051
0.00MI
GRAND TRAVERSE
26055
0.00MI
GRATIOT
26057
0.00MI
HILLSDALE
26059
0.00MI
HOUGHTON
26061
0.00MI
HURON
26063
0.00MI
INGHAM
26065
0.00MI
IONIA
26067
0.00MI
IOSCO
26069
0.00MI
ISABELLA
26073
0.00MI
JACKSON
26075
0.00MI
KALAMAZOO
26077
0.00MI
KALKASKA
26079
0.00MI
KENT
26081
0.00MI
KEWEENAW
26083
0.00MI
LAKE
26085
0.00MI
LAPEER
26087
0.00MI
LEELANAU
26089
0.00MI
LENAWEE
26091
0.00MI
LIVINGSTON
26093
0.00MI
LUCE
26095
0.00MI
MACKINAC
26097
0.00MI
MACOMB
26099
0.00MI
MANISTEE
26101
0.00MI
MARQUETTE
26103
0.00MI
MASON
26105
0.00MI
MECOSTA
26107
0.00MI
MIDLAND
26111
0.00MI
MISSAUKEE
26113
0.00MI
MONROE
26115
0.00MI
MONTCALM
26117
0.00MI
MONTMORENCY
26119
0.00MI
MUSKEGON
26121
0.00MI
NEWAYGO
26123
0.00MI
OAKLAND
26125
0.00MI
OCEANA
26127
0.00MI
OGEMAW
26129
0.00MI
OSCEOLA
26133
0.00MI
OSCODA
26135
0.00MI
OTSEGO
26137
0.00MI
OTTAWA
26139
0.00MI
PRESQUE ISLE
26141
0.00MI
ROSCOMMON
26143
0.00MI
SAGINAW
26145
0.00MI
SANILAC
26151
0.00MI
SCHOOLCRAFT
26153
0.00MI
SHIAWASSEE
26155
0.00MI
ST. CLAIR
26147
0.00MI
ST. JOSEPH
26149
0.00MI
TUSCOLA
26157
0.00MI
VAN BUREN
26159
0.00MI
WASHTENAW
26161
0.00MI
WAYNE
26163
0.00MI
WEXFORD
26165
0.00OH
ADAMS
39001
0.20( print page 1990)OH
ALLEN
39003
0.00OH
ASHLAND
39005
0.00OH
ASHTABULA
39007
0.00OH
ATHENS
39009
0.15OH
AUGLAIZE
39011
0.00OH
BELMONT
39013
0.00OH
BROWN
39015
0.20OH
BUTLER
39017
0.15OH
CARROLL
39019
0.00OH
CHAMPAIGN
39021
0.00OH
CLARK
39023
0.15OH
CLERMONT
39025
0.20OH
CLINTON
39027
0.15OH
COLUMBIANA
39029
0.00OH
COSHOCTON
39031
0.00OH
CRAWFORD
39033
0.00OH
CUYAHOGA
39035
0.00OH
DARKE
39037
0.15OH
DEFIANCE
39039
0.00OH
DELAWARE
39041
0.00OH
FAIRFIELD
39045
0.15OH
FAYETTE
39047
0.15OH
FRANKLIN
39049
0.15OH
FULTON
39051
0.00OH
GALLIA
39053
0.20OH
GEAUGA
39055
0.00OH
GREENE
39057
0.15OH
GUERNSEY
39059
0.15OH
HAMILTON
39061
0.20OH
HANCOCK
39063
0.00OH
HARDIN
39065
0.00OH
HARRISON
39067
0.00OH
HENRY
39069
0.00OH
HIGHLAND
39071
0.20OH
HOCKING
39073
0.15OH
HOLMES
39075
0.00OH
JACKSON
39079
0.20OH
JEFFERSON
39081
0.00OH
KNOX
39083
0.00OH
LAKE
39085
0.00OH
LAWRENCE
39087
0.20OH
LICKING
39089
0.15OH
LOGAN
39091
0.00OH
LORAIN
39093
0.00OH
LUCAS
39095
0.00OH
MADISON
39097
0.15OH
MAHONING
39099
0.00OH
MARION
39101
0.00OH
MEDINA
39103
0.00OH
MEIGS
39105
0.15OH
MERCER
39107
0.00OH
MIAMI
39109
0.15OH
MONROE
39111
0.15OH
MONTGOMERY
39113
0.15OH
MORGAN
39115
0.15OH
MORROW
39117
0.00OH
MUSKINGUM
39119
0.15OH
NOBLE
39121
0.15OH
PAULDING
39125
0.00OH
PERRY
39127
0.15OH
PICKAWAY
39129
0.15OH
PIKE
39131
0.20OH
PORTAGE
39133
0.00OH
PREBLE
39135
0.15OH
PUTNAM
39137
0.00OH
RICHLAND
39139
0.00OH
ROSS
39141
0.15OH
SANDUSKY
39143
0.00OH
SCIOTO
39145
0.20OH
SENECA
39147
0.00OH
SHELBY
39149
0.00OH
STARK
39151
0.00OH
SUMMIT
39153
0.00( print page 1991)OH
TRUMBULL
39155
0.00OH
TUSCARAWAS
39157
0.00OH
UNION
39159
0.00OH
VAN WERT
39161
0.00OH
VINTON
39163
0.15OH
WARREN
39165
0.15OH
WASHINGTON
39167
0.15OH
WAYNE
39169
0.00OH
WILLIAMS
39171
0.00OH
WOOD
39173
0.00OH
WYANDOT
39175
0.00PA
ALLEGHENY
42003
0.00PA
ARMSTRONG
42005
0.00PA
BEAVER
42007
0.00PA
BUTLER
42019
0.00PA
CLARION
42031
0.00PA
CRAWFORD
42039
0.00PA
ERIE
42049
0.00PA
FAYETTE
42051
0.00PA
GREENE
42059
0.00PA
LAWRENCE
42073
0.00PA
MERCER
42085
0.00PA
VENANGO
42121
0.00PA
WASHINGTON
42125
0.00PA
WESTMORELAND
42129
0.00WV
BARBOUR
54001
0.00WV
BOONE
54005
0.20WV
BROOKE
54009
0.00WV
CABELL
54011
0.20WV
CALHOUN
54013
0.20WV
DODDRIDGE
54017
0.00WV
FAYETTE
54019
0.20WV
GILMER
54021
0.20WV
HANCOCK
54029
0.00WV
HARRISON
54033
0.00WV
JACKSON
54035
0.20WV
KANAWHA
54039
0.20WV
LEWIS
54041
0.00WV
LINCOLN
54043
0.20WV
LOGAN
54045
0.20WV
MARION
54049
0.00WV
MARSHALL
54051
0.00WV
MASON
54053
0.20WV
MINGO
54059
0.20WV
MONONGALIA
54061
0.00WV
OHIO
54069
0.00WV
PLEASANTS
54073
0.20WV
PRESTON
54077
0.00WV
PUTNAM
54079
0.20WV
RALEIGH
54081
0.20WV
RANDOLPH
54083
0.00WV
RITCHIE
54085
0.20WV
ROANE
54087
0.20WV
TAYLOR
54091
0.00WV
TUCKER
54093
0.00WV
TYLER
54095
0.00WV
UPSHUR
54097
0.00WV
WAYNE
54099
0.20WV
WETZEL
54103
0.00WV
WIRT
54105
0.20WV
WOOD
54107
0.20WV
WYOMING
54109
0.20
 Dated: January 8, 2009. James E. Link, Administrator, Agricultural Marketing Service.


# Footnotes

1.
    
                         See Tentative Partial Decision, Published February 29, 2008 (73 FR 11194). Back to Citation
 2.
    
                         Official notice is taken of Appalachian Marketing Order Statistics: Producer Milk Pounds by States 2006-2008, found at 
                        *http://www.malouisville.com*. Back to Citation


[FR Doc. E9-607 Filed 1-13-09; 8:45 am] BILLING CODE 3410-02-P