No. 04-090

IN THE SUPREME COURT OF THE STATE OF MONTANA

2005 MT 225

LET THE PEOPLE VOTE, SHARON DEMEESTER, AMY MOHN,

MEGHAN SAUNDERS, DAN BRUNET and LINDA KATSUDA,

Plaintiffs and Appellants,

v.

BOARD OF COUNTY COMMISSIONERS OF FLATHEAD COUNTY,

the governing body of the County of Flathead, acting by and through GARY HALL,

ROBERT W. WATNE and HOWARD W. GIPE and FLATHEAD COUNTY ELECTION

DEPARTMENT, acting by and through PAULA ROBINSON and DIANE MURER,

Defendants and Respondents,

BRENT HALL, GREG STEVENS, RICHARD H. MOHRENWEISER, and KEITH BRIAN SIPE,

Intervenors.

APPEAL FROM: District Court of the Eleventh Judicial District,

In and for the County of Flathead, Cause No. DV 03-663C

The Honorable Stewart E. Stadler, Judge presiding.

COUNSEL OF RECORD:

For Appellants:

Caryn Miske, Attorney at Law, Frenchtown, Montana; Roger M. Sullivan,

McGarvey, Heberling, Sullivan & McGarvey, P.C., Kalispell, Montana

For Respondents:

Jonathan B. Smith, Deputy County Attorney, Flathead County, Kalispell,

Montana

For Intervenors:

Duncan Scott, Scott and Scott, P.C., Kalispell, Montana

Submitted on Briefs: May 4, 2004

Decided: September 13, 2005

Filed:

__________________________________________

Clerk

Justice James C. Nelson delivered the Opinion of the Court.
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¶1 Appellants Let the People Vote, et al. (LPV) appeal an Order of the District Court for

the Eleventh Judicial District, Flathead County, granting a Motion to Quash Alternative Writ

and to Dismiss filed by Respondents Board of County Commissioners, et al. (the

Commissioners). We affirm.

¶2 LPV raises the following issues on appeal:

¶3 1. Whether the Commissioners’ application of § 76-1-604(4), MCA, limiting

participation in the petition and referendum process concerning Resolution No. 1644A to

“qualified electors of the area covered by the growth policy” violates the provisions of

Article XI, § 8 of the Montana Constitution, which guarantees the right of initiative and

referendum to “the qualified electors of each local government unit.”

¶4 2. Whether the doctrines of equitable tolling and equitable estoppel apply, thereby

staying the 60- and 90-day statutory deadlines for the collection of petition signatures. 

¶5 3. Whether LPV is entitled to attorney’s fees and costs.

¶6 Because we find Issue 2 dispositive, we do not address Issues 1 and 3.

FACTUAL AND PROCEDURAL BACKGROUND

¶7 On July 28, 2003, Wolford Development, Inc. (Wolford) submitted an application to

the Flathead County Planning Board (the Planning Board) to amend the Flathead County

Master Plan (the Master Plan). The amendment proposed by Wolford would permit it to

build a large scale, regional shopping mall to serve consumers from Canada to Polson. The

proposed mall would be part of a broader development scheme for an area north of Kalispell
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encompassing a total of 481 acres with 271 acres designated for commercial use, 64 acres

designated for mixed use, 141 acres designated for suburban agricultural use and 5 acres

designated for the Rose Crossing connector road.

¶8 The Stillwater Neighborhood Plan, a 1990 addendum to the Master Plan, encompasses

340 acres within the 481 acres of the Wolford amendment. The Stillwater Neighborhood

Plan originally designated 50 acres for commercial use and 290 acres for residential use.

This plan was premised on annexation by the city of Kalispell and the extension of city

services to the area, neither of which happened. As noted in Wolford’s application, “the

subject property has been, and continues to be, used for crop production.”

¶9 The Master Plan provides planning guidance for areas located outside the planning

jurisdictions of the cities of Kalispell, Whitefish and Columbia Falls. These cities have each

adopted jurisdiction-wide growth policies or master plans that guide development within the

cities and, in the cases of Whitefish and Columbia Falls, also extend outside the city limits.

The Whitefish Growth Policy, which is approved by and binding on both the city and

county, covers an area up to four and a half miles beyond the city limits of Whitefish. The

planning boundary for Columbia Falls extends two miles beyond that city’s limits. These

areas outside the city limits are referred to as “extra-territorial areas.” 

¶10 On September 10, 2003, the Planning Board recommended approving Wolford’s

proposed amendment to the Master Plan in spite of opposition from city and county

residents. On November 5, 2003, the Commissioners adopted Resolution No. 1644A, which

approved Wolford’s application to amend the Master Plan. Shortly after the approval of
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Resolution No. 1644A, LPV was formed to put Resolution No. 1644A to a vote by the

qualified electors of Flathead County through the initiative and referendum process. 

¶11 LPV proposed to collect petition signatures from all qualified electors in Flathead

County in accordance with Article XI, § 8 of the Montana Constitution, which provides:

Initiative and referendum. The legislature shall extend the initiative

and referendum powers reserved to the people by the constitution to the

qualified electors of each local government unit. 

However, the Flathead County Attorney’s Office instructed the Flathead County Election

Department that pursuant to the provisions of § 76-1-604(4), MCA, only qualified electors

in the area covered by the Master Plan could sign the petition and vote on any resulting

referendum. Section 76-1-604(4), MCA, provides:

The qualified electors of the area covered by the growth policy may by

initiative or referendum adopt, revise, or repeal a growth policy under this

section. A petition for initiative or referendum must contain the signatures of

15% of the qualified electors of the area covered by the growth policy.

[Emphasis added.]

¶12 LPV filed suit on December 9, 2003, seeking a Writ of Mandamus requiring the

Commissioners to proceed with the initiative and referendum process, or in the alternative,

seeking relief through declaratory judgment. An alternative Writ of Mandate issued, and the

Commissioners moved to quash the writ and to dismiss. A hearing on the matter was held

on January 12, 2004. At the hearing, the parties agreed that there were no factual disputes

and that the court could rule as a matter of law. The court issued an Order on January 23,

2004, granting the Commissioners motion to quash and dismissing LPV’s claims. The court

determined that § 76-1-604(4), MCA, which restricts participants to those qualified electors
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that reside in the area covered by the growth policy, is not contrary to Article XI, § 8 of the

Montana Constitution. LPV appeals.

DISCUSSION

¶13 Whether the doctrines of equitable tolling and equitable estoppel apply, thereby

staying the 60- and 90-day statutory deadlines for the collection of petition signatures.

¶14 LPV contends on appeal that the doctrine of equitable tolling provides a compelling

basis for this Court to stay the 60- and 90-day statutory deadlines for gathering petition

signatures and that the Commissioners are equitably estopped from using the statutory

deadlines to defeat the qualified electors’ exercise of their petition rights.

¶15 The 60-day statutory deadline is found in § 7-5-132(1), MCA, which provides:

The electors may initiate and amend ordinances and require submission

of existing ordinances to a vote of the people by petition. If an approved

petition containing sufficient signatures is filed prior to the ordinance’s

effective date or within 60 days after the passage of the ordinance, whichever

is later, a petition requesting a referendum on the ordinance delays the

ordinance’s effective date until the ordinance is ratified by the electors. A

petition requesting a referendum on an emergency ordinance filed within 60

days of the effective date of the ordinance suspends the ordinance until ratified

by the electors. [Emphasis added.]

Here, the Commissioners adopted Resolution No. 1644A on November 5, 2003, thus LPV

had until January 5, 2004, to file its petition as the sixtieth day, January 4, 2004, was a

Sunday.

¶16 In addition, the 90-day statutory deadline is found in § 7-5-134(7), MCA, which

provides: “All petition signatures must be collected and filed within 90 days of the date of

the notice that the petition has been approved as to form.” (Emphasis added.) In the instant
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case, the 90-day clock for obtaining petition signatures started on December 8, 2003, when

the Flathead County Election Department sent LPV a letter approving its petition for

circulation. The 90 days expired on March 7, 2004, which was a Sunday. Thus, LPV had

until March 8, 2004, to file its petition. In a letter dated March 23, 2004, the Flathead

County Election Manager reported that the total number of valid signatures required to place

LPV’s referendum on the ballot was 4,331, and that the total number of signatures submitted

to the Election Department by the March 8, 2004 deadline was only 3,483.

¶17 The District Court ruled against LPV on the issue of whether the Commissioner’s

application of § 76-1-604(4), MCA, violates the provisions of Article XI, § 8 of the Montana

Constitution. The court did not reach the issues of equitable tolling or equitable estoppel.

¶18 The doctrine of equitable tolling provides that

the statute of limitations may be tolled when a party reasonably and in good

faith pursues one of several possible legal remedies and the claimant meets

three criteria: “(1) timely notice to the defendant within the applicable statute

of limitations in filing the first claim; (2) lack of prejudice to [sic] defendant

in gathering evidence to defend against the second claim; and (3) good faith

and reasonable conduct by the plaintiff in filing the second claim.”

Arthur v. Pierre Ltd., 2004 MT 303, ¶ 40, 323 Mont. 453, ¶ 40, 100 P.3d 987, ¶ 40 (citing

Harrison v. Chance (1990), 244 Mont. 215, 228, 797 P.2d 200, 208; Erickson v. Croft

(1988), 233 Mont. 146, 150-51, 760 P.2d 706, 708). Hence, while a party is pursuing one

of several legal remedies, the statute of limitations on the remedies not being pursued is

tolled. 

¶19 Here, LPV argues that because it urged the Commissioners to file suit under § 7-5-
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135, MCA, to determine whose interpretation of § 76-1-604(4), MCA, and Article XI, § 8

of the Montana Constitution was correct, the statute of limitations and the deadline for the

gathering of signatures was tolled. However, filing suit under § 7-5-135, MCA, was not a

remedy available to LPV. It was the Commissioners’ remedy and it was a discretionary

remedy at that. Section 7-5-135(1), MCA, provides: 

The governing body may direct that a suit be brought in district court

by the local government to determine whether the proposed action would be

valid and constitutional, but such a suit must be initiated within 14 days of the

date a petition has been approved as to form under 7-5-134. [Emphasis

added.]

Simply because the Commissioners have the power to file a suit does not mean that they are

required to file a suit. If they do choose to file suit, then under § 7-5-135(4), MCA, the

period to collect signatures is tolled until the District Court resolves the suit. In this case,

the Commissioners chose not to file suit and the period to collect signatures was not tolled.

LPV cannot ground its equitable tolling argument in a remedy that was not its to pursue or

when that remedy was not pursued by those entitled to pursue it. 

¶20 LPV relies on Nicholson v. Cooney (1994), 265 Mont. 406, 877 P.2d 486, to support

its equitable tolling argument. However, Nicholson is distinguishable from the instant case

because Nicholson deals with tolling the statute of limitations for filing lawsuits about

referendums, not with tolling the deadline for obtaining signatures on a petition. As the

Intervenors point out in their brief on appeal, there is no statutory authority that would allow

this Court to grant LPV additional time to gather petition signatures and there is no case

precedent justifying such a step.
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¶21 Accordingly, based on the foregoing, we hold that the doctrine of equitable tolling

does not apply in this case.

¶22 LPV also argues on appeal that the Commissioners are equitably estopped from using

the statutory deadlines to defeat the qualified electors’ exercise of their petition rights. We

have repeatedly stated that “[t]he doctrine of equitable estoppel operates to prevent a party

from unconscionably taking advantage of a wrong while asserting a strict legal right” and

that, generally, “estoppel arises when a party through its acts, conduct, or acquiescence, has

caused another party in good faith to change its position for the worse.” Arthur, ¶ 30

(quoting Selley v. Liberty Northwest Ins. Corp., 2000 MT 76, ¶¶ 9-11, 299 Mont. 127, ¶¶ 9-

11, 998 P.2d 156, ¶¶ 9-11). 

¶23 Equitable estoppel is not favored and a party asserting equitable estoppel has the

affirmative duty to establish the following six elements by clear and convincing evidence:

(1) the existence of conduct, acts, language, or silence amounting to a

representation or concealment of material facts; (2) the party estopped must

have knowledge of these facts at the time of the representation or concealment,

or the circumstances must be such that knowledge is necessarily imputed to

that party; (3) the truth concerning these facts must be unknown to the other

party at the time it was acted upon; (4) the conduct must be done with the

intention or expectation that it will be acted upon by the other party, or have

occurred under circumstances showing it to be both natural and probable that

it will be acted upon; (5) the conduct must be relied upon by the other party

and lead that party to act; and (6) the other party must in fact act upon the

conduct in such a manner as to change its position for the worse. 

Arthur, ¶ 30. Hence, by its terms, equitable estoppel, “requires the misrepresentation of a

material fact.” Elk Park Ranch, Inc. v. Park County (1997), 282 Mont. 154, 165-66, 935

P.2d 1131, 1137-38 (citing Dagel v. City of Great Falls (1991), 250 Mont. 224, 234-35, 819
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P.2d 186, 193; In re Marriage of K.E.V. (1994), 267 Mont. 323, 331, 883 P.2d 1246, 1252).

Moreover, “[t]he failure to establish even one of the six elements of equitable estoppel

dooms the claim.” Arthur, ¶ 30 (citing City of Whitefish v. Troy Town Pump, Inc., 2001

Mont. 58, ¶ 20, 304 Mont. 346, ¶ 20, 21 P.3d 1026, ¶ 20).

¶24 Here, LPV does not meet even the first element of equitable estoppel since it does not

argue that the Commissioners misrepresented a material fact, only that the Commissioners

failed to initiate suit after LPV urged them to do so. Nor can LPV argue that the County

Attorney misrepresented a material fact when he issued his opinion that under § 76-1-604(4),

MCA, only qualified electors in the area covered by the Master Plan could sign the petition

and vote on any resulting referendum. The County Attorney’s conduct consists solely of

legal representations, not factual representations. 

¶25 LPV has failed to establish the elements of equitable estoppel, therefore, we hold that

equitable estoppel cannot serve as a legal justification to stay the statutory deadlines. 

¶26 Since we have determined that neither equitable tolling nor equitable estoppel apply

in this case, we do not reach LPV’s argument under Article XI, § 8 of the Montana

Constitution and § 76-1-604(4), MCA. Accordingly, we affirm the District Court’s Order

granting the Commissioners’ Motion to Quash Alternative Writ and to Dismiss.

¶27 Affirmed.

/S/ JAMES C. NELSON

We Concur:
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/S/ KARLA M. GRAY

/S/ PATRICIA O. COTTER

/S/ W. WILLIAM LEAPHART

/S/ JOHN WARNER

/S/ JIM RICE