VISTAS Special Monitoring StudiesContinuous Measures of Speciated PM2 5July 23, 20072.5Patricia Brewer1, Scott Reynolds2,R T3E i Ed t4B H t ll4RogerTanner3,EricEdgerton4,BenHartsell4,Jim Renfro5, Hoke Kimball6, John Calcagni71VISTAS2South Carolina Department of Health and Environmental Control3Tennessee Valley Authority4Atmospheric Research Associates5National Park Service16North Carolina Department of Natural Resources7Environmental Protection AgencybPresentation Ojectives• Special MonitoringStudies• Continuous Monitors: PM2.5,Sulfate,,Nitrate, Total Carbon, Black Carbon2Monitoring ObjectivesMonitoringObjectivesUse continuous monitors of PM2 5massUsecontinuousmonitorsofPM.,sulfate, nitrate, total carbon and blackcarbon to characterize daily and spatialcarbontocharacterizedailyandspatialtrendsData collected Mar 2003Dec 2004DatacollectedMar2003-Dec2004Raw data available in AQSNormalized data available from VISTASNormalizeddataavailablefromVISTASDraft VISTAS Report authored by RogerTanner TVA3Tanner,TVAVISTAS Focus SitesGreat Smoky Mtns.RaleighCape RomainAtlantaURBANCLASS 1Focus SitesMarch 2003 - December 2004FocusSites• Continuous monitoring:• Sulfate, Nitrate, Total Carbon (R&P instruments)• Black Carbon (Aethalometer)• Continuous Mass (TEOM)Prec rsor gasesSONOCO•Precursorgases-2,y,• Light Scattering (Nephelometer) at Class 1areas)• Meteorology• Alternative Sulfate and Nitrate methods5• Filter-based Speciation:IMPROVE or STNLessons Learned fromContinuous Monitors•Continuous PM2 5 mass (TEOM) showsContinuousPM2.5mass(TEOM)showsgood agreement to PM2.5 mass from filter6PM2.520035040Mass30

uousy = 1.3336x + 3.3987R2= 0.854220

Continy = 1.0749x + 2.8358R2= 0.9629y = 0.8383x + 2.4046R20 905110=0.905100 10 20 30 40 50Filter7Continuous PM2.5 mass shows good agreement to PM2.5 mass from filterLessons Learned fromContinuous Monitors•Aethalometer (BC) has good performanceAethalometer(BC)hasgoodperformance• R&P instruments for S, N, and Total C achievedgood data capture(>75%)when operatingp( ) p g• Periodic failures R&P instruments• S, N, TC, BC continuous data needs to benormalized to filter-based data to interpret trends.• Correlations by Site and QuarterC ti i t d it h hi hupkeep•Continuous speciatedmonitorshavehighand data management•Postscript: R&P monitors are being discontinued8Postscript:R&Pmonitorsarebeingdiscontinued• Alternative commercial continuous monitorsThird Quarter 2003V IS T A S F o c u s S ite T E O M P M2 5Q 3 20035 06 0

t erDK PMMB PMCR PMLR PMMASS2 03 04 0

m icrograms / cubic me t01 07 /1 7 /8 7 /1 5 7 /2 2 7 /2 9 8 /5 8 /1 2 8 /1 9 8 /2 6 9 /2 9 /9 9 /1 6 9 /2 3 9 /3 0

mV IS T A S F o c u s S ite S u lfa teV IS T A SFocusS iteS u lfa te20032 0

m eterMB SO 4CR SO4LR SO 4SULFATE1 0

micrograms / cubic m907/1 7/8 7/15 7/22 7/29 8/5 8/12 8/19 8/26 9/2 9/9 9/16 9/23 9/30Third Quarter 2003V IS T A S F o c u s S ite T E O M P M2 5Q 3 20035 06 0

t erDK PMMB PMCR PMLR PMMASS2 03 04 0

m icrograms / cubic me tV IS T A S F o c u s S ite T o ta l C a rb o n01 07 /1 7 /8 7 /1 5 7 /2 2 7 /2 9 8 /5 8 /1 2 8 /1 9 8 /2 6 9 /2 9 /9 9 /1 6 9 /2 3 9 /3 0

mV IS T A SFocusS iteT o ta lC arb o n20031 0

m eterMB TCCR TCLR TCCARBON

micrograms / cubic m1007/1 7/8 7/15 7/22 7/29 8/5 8/12 8/19 8/26 9/2 9/9 9/16 9/23 9/30Lessons Learned fromContinuous Monitors•Continuous monitors high scatterContinuousmonitorshighscattercompared to filter-based data• Capture same spatial and seasonaltrends as filter-based data11Filter comparisonsFiltercomparisonsSulfate - IMPROVELook Rock SulfateQ3 200325LR SO4fLR SO41520

bic mete r10

c rograms / cu5

mi1207/1 7/8 7/15 7/22 7/29 8/5 8/12 8/19 8/26 9/2 9/9 9/16 9/23 9/30Filter comparisonsFiltercomparisonsSulfate - IMPROVECape Romain SulfateQ3 200325CR SORfCR SO41520

bic mete r10

c rograms / cu5

mi1307/1 7/8 7/15 7/22 7/29 8/5 8/12 8/19 8/26 9/2 9/9 9/16 9/23 9/30Filter comparisonsFiltercomparisonsSulfate – STNRVEMillbrook SulfateQ3 200325MB STN SO4MB SO41520

b ic mete r10

c rograms / cu b5

mi1407/1 7/8 7/15 7/22 7/29 8/5 8/12 8/19 8/26 9/2 9/9 9/16 9/23 9/30Sulfate200320y = 1.0079x + 0.7062R2= 0.6451y=0 6538x + 1 203820Sulfate0.6538x+1.2038R2= 0.7711y = 0.5623x + 0.6845R2= 0.777515

sSulfate10

Continuou50150 5 10 15 20FilterNitrate20031.0y = 0.9853x + 0.0657R2= 0.7019y = 0.5556x + 0.1306R2= 0 3529Nitrate=0.3529

o usNitrate0.5

Continuy = 0.322x + 0.1088R2= 0.11710.00.0 0.5 1.0Filt16erCarbon200316y = 0.783x + 0.75072y = 1.2608x + 0.4168R2= 0.5383TotalR2= 0.682312

sCarbon8

Continuou4y = 0.4249x + 1.0943R2= 0.75990170 4 8 12 16FilterElemental Carbon200316y = 0.6704x + 0.78922y = 1.0152x + 0.5788R2= 0.4042Elementalto BlackR2= 0.6108y = 0.2646x + 0.8859R2= 0.59112

stoBlackCarbon8

Continuou s40180 4 8 12 16FilterNormalizing ContinuousMonitoring Data• Continuous data was normalized to filterdata to facilitate comparison to modeledvalues• Regressions calculated for each site, eachquarter19Lessons Learned fromContinuous Monitors•Diurnal and seasonal trends:Diurnalandseasonaltrends:• Sulfate:GRSM MILL ROMA i•GRSM>MILL>ROMAin summer• Little regional difference other seasons•Consistent with regionally distributed sourcesConsistentwithregionallydistributedsources• Highest in summer at all sites•Afternoon peak in warm seasons not otherAfternoonpeakinwarmseasons,nototherseasons• Consistent with photochemical production20Di l P f A S lf i Wi (JM ) 2004DiurnalPattern ofAverageSulfateinWinter(Jan-Mar)2004at Focus Sites5.04.02 03.0

[SO 4

= ], μ g/m

3ROMA1.02.0GRSMMILL0.000:00 03:00 06:00 09:00 12:00 15:00 18:00 21:00 00:00H fD21Hour ofDayDi l P f A S lf i S i (AJ ) 2004DiurnalPattern ofAverageSulfateinSpring(Apr-Jun)2004at Focus Sites8.06.07.04.05.0

S O 4

= ], μ g/m

32.03.0

[ SROMAGRSMMILL0.01.000:00 03:00 06:00 09:00 12:00 15:00 18:00 21:00 00:0022Hour of DayDiurnal Pattern of Average Sulfate in Summer (Jul – Sep) 2004at Focus Sites9.07.08.04 05.06.0

O 4

= ], μ g/m

32.03.04.0

[S OROMAGRSMMILL0.01.000:00 03:00 06:00 09:00 12:00 15:00 18:00 21:00 00:0023Hour of DayDi l P tt f A S lf t i F ll (O tD ) 2004DiurnalPattern ofAverageSulfateinFall(Oct–Dec)2004at Focus Sites5.04.03.0

[ SO 4

= ], μ g/m

31.02.0

[ROMAGRSMMILL0.000:00 03:00 06:00 09:00 12:00 15:00 18:00 21:00 00:0024Hour of DayLessons Learned fromContinuous Monitors•Diurnal and seasonal trends:Diurnalandseasonaltrends:• Nitrate:• Highest in winter, lowest in summer• Seldom greater than 1μg/m3except winter•Consistent with temperature dependencyConsistentwithtemperaturedependency• MILL > ROMA > GRSM•Dawn peak at MILL before rush hourDawnpeakatMILL,beforerushhour• Consistent with high RH before dawn• Local sources25Di l P tt f A Nit t i Wi t 2004DiurnalPattern ofAverageNitrateinWinter2004at Focus Sites3.002 002.50ROMA 2004GRSM 2004MILL 20041.502.00

N O3-], ug/m30 501.00

[0.000.5000:00 03:00 06:00 09:00 12:00 15:00 18:00 21:00 00:0026Hour of DayDiurnal Pattern of Average Nitrate in Spring atFocus Sites1.601.201.40ROMA 2003GRSM 2003MILL 2003O A 20040.801.00

N O 3

- ], μ g/m

3ROMA2004GRSM 2004MILL 20040.400.60

[ N0.000.2000:00 03:00 06:00 09:00 12:00 15:00 18:00 21:00 00:0027Hour of DayDiurnal Pattern of Average Nitrate in Summer atFocus Sites1.00ROMA 20030.700.800.90ROMA2003GRSM 2003MILL 2003ROMA 2004GRSM 2004MILL 20040.500.60

N O 3

- ], μ g/m

3MILL20040.200.300.40

[ N0.000.1000:00 03:00 06:00 09:00 12:00 15:00 18:00 21:00 00:0028Hour of DayDiurnal Pattern of Average Nitrate in Fallat Focus Sites1.60ROMA 20031.201.40GRSM 2003MILL 2003ROMA 2004GRSM 2004MILL 20040.801.00

N O 3

- ], μ g/m

30.400.60

[ N0.000.2000:00 03:00 06:00 09:00 12:00 15:00 18:00 21:00 00:0029Hour of DayLessons Learned fromContinuous Monitors•Diurnal and seasonal trends:Diurnalandseasonaltrends:• Black Carbon• Similar loadings in all seasons• Dekalb > MILL > GRSM = ROMA• Peaks correspond to AM and PM rush hours inurban areasurbanareas• Primary emissions, local sources,• Total Carbon• MILL > GRSM = ROMA• At GRSM, TC and OC are slightly higher in summerthan other seasons; other sites show no seasonal30trendDiurnal Pattern of Average Black Carbon in Springat Focus Sites3.50ROMA 20032.503.00ROMA2003GRSM 2003MILL 2003Dekalb 2003ROMA 20041.502.00

[BC], μ g/m

3GRSM 2004MILL 2004Dekalb 20041.000.000.5000:00 03:00 06:00 09:00 12:00 15:00 18:00 21:00 00:0031Hour of DayDi l P i A Bl k C b i SDiurnalPatterninAverageBlackCarboninSummerat Focus Sites3.0ROMA 20032 02.5GRSM 2003MILL 2003Dekalb 2003ROMA 2004GRSM 20041.52.0

[BC], μ g/m

3MILL 2004Dekalb 20040 51.00.00.500:00 03:00 06:00 09:00 12:00 15:00 18:00 21:00 00:0032Hour of DayDiurnal Pattern in Average Black Carbon in FallDiurnalPatterninAverageBlackCarboninFallat Focus Sites3.00ROMA 2003GRSM 20032 002.50GRSM2003MILL 2003Dekalb 2003ROMA 2004GRSM 2004MILL 20041.502.00

[ BC], ug/m3MILL2004Dekalb 20041.00

[0.000.5000:00 03:00 06:00 09:00 12:00 15:00 18:00 21:00 00:0033Hour of DayNext StepsNextStepsFinalize draft report for VISTASFinalizedraftreportforVISTASContinuous MonitoringAdditional analyses?Additionalanalyses?Compare diurnal trends from continuousdata (2003, 2004) to CMAQ model diurnaldata(2003,2004)toCMAQmodeldiurnaltrends (2002)Use monthly averages since different yearsUsemonthlyaveragessincedifferentyearsCompare trends to SEARCH dataSubmit manuscript for publication34Submitmanuscriptforpublication