# Supreme Court of Florida

____________ No. SC20

- 1284

____________ THE CITY OF WEST PALM BEACH, INC. , Petitioner ,

vs . PETER M. HAVER, et al ., Respondents

. September 30, 2021 MUÑIZ, J.
In this certified conflict case we consider the availability of an injunction compelling a city to e nforce a zoning ordinance against a third party. 1
I. Peter and Galina Haver live in a City of West Palm Beach neighborhood zoned as single

- family, low density residential. The Havers are convinced that their across

- the

- street neighbor, Miriam Galan, is running a group home in violation of a c ity zoning

1

. We have jurisdiction. Art. V, § 3(b)( 4 ), Fla. Const.- 2

- ordi nance. They say that Galan provides room and board to three unrelated residents

— two elderly women and a man in his forties. The Havers accuse the male resident of routinely engaging in “unruly conduct” on Galan’s front porch, including shouting into his phone and disparaging the Havers with catcalls and other “verbal provocations.” And they contend that this behavior, together with increased noise and increased vehicle and foot traffic, has caused them direct harm. The Havers twice wrote the City’s code compliance division to complain about Galan’s alleged zoning violation. A month after the Havers’ second communication, a city code enforcement officer informed the Havers by e

- mail that he had visited Galan’s residence to investigate. The Havers’ compl aint in this case acknowledges that the officer’s “report of that visit did not refer to any evidence supporting [the Havers’] allegations that [Galan] provided at her residence room and board to a minimum of two individuals unrelated to her, other than th at [the officer] observed at the residence an individual calling himself ‘Fernando,’ who claimed to live rent

- free at the residence.”- 3

- The officer told the Havers that he would contact them after consulting with his colleagues in the zoning department “to determine what is allowable and/or permitted.” But the Havers did not hear back from him. The Havers ’ complaint says th at they have “no knowledge of whether or not [city officials] have decided” if Galan has violated the city’s zoning ordinance. 2
Even tually the Havers filed a five

- count lawsuit naming as defendants the City, two c ity zoning officials , and Galan

. This review proceeding only involves claims against the City

. 3 Two
counts in the complaint sought injunctive relief requiring the City to
i nvestigate and, if necessary, take enforcement action against Galan’s alleged zoning violation. One count sought a declaratory judgment that the City violated its ordinance by refusing to take enforcement action against Galan. One count sought a writ of

2 . In response to a letter from the Havers asking whether Galan had a license to operate an adult family home , the Agency for Health Care Administration sent an officer to perform an on

- site inspection. The officer relayed that “Galan did operate an Adult Family

- Care Home” and that he “ had instructed Galan to comply with local zoning and tax regulations. ”
3

. The Havers dismissed their claims against Galan and did not appeal the trial court’s dismissal of the ir claims against the zoning officials.- 4

- mandamus requiring the City to determine whether Galan had violated the zoning ordinance and then to take enforcement action. And one count sought a writ of certiorari “to quash any quasi

judicial decisions or acts taken by the City

. . . in connection wi th their refusal to enforce ” the zoning ordinance against Galan. The trial court dismissed all the Havers’ c laims against the City. It did not explain its reasoning but it cited the Third District’s decision in Detournay v. City of Coral Gables , 127 So. 3d 869 (Fla.
3 d DCA 2013). Over a dissent, the Detournay majority had held: “Under the doctrine of separation of powers, [a city’s] discretion to file, prosecute, abate, settle, or voluntarily dismiss a building and zoning enforcement action is a purely executive function that cannot be supervised by the courts, absent the v iolation of a specific constitutional provision or law.” 127 So. 3d at 870

- 71

. In the decision under review, the Fourth District affirmed the trial court’s dismissal of the Havers’ mandamus and certiorari claims. Haver v. City of West Palm Beach, Inc. , 298 So. 3d 647 (Fla.- 5

- 4th DCA 2020). But the district court reversed as to the claims for injunctive and declaratory relief. 4 The parties’ briefing before us, and therefore our review, focuses on the district court’s reinstatement of the Havers’ claims
f

or injunctive relief. The Fourth District first determined that the trial court was right to follow Detournay , a district court decision directly on point and the only such decision. But the Fourth District then went on to conclude that the Third Distric t itself had “failed to apply binding precedent from the Florida Supreme Court.” Id

. at 64 8

. According to the Fourth Distric t, the Havers’ injunctive claims “were specifically permitted by” this Court’s decision in Boucher v. Novotny , 102 So. 2d 132 (Fla . 1958). 298 So. 3d at 653

. T he district court therefore remanded those claims, with instructions for the trial court to determine “whether the Havers

4

. As to the declaratory judgment claim, the Fourth District held : “Count II of the complaint sought a declaratory judgment on the Neighbor’s activities and that the City’s refusal to enforce its zoning classification was itself an ordinance violation. We also reverse the court’s order dismissing count II. On remand, the court sh ould determine whether the allegations are otherwise sufficient under chapter 86, Florida Statutes, as we decline to address the issue in the first instance.” Haver , 298 So. 3d at 653.- 6

- have adequately pleaded special injuries as required by” Boucher

. Id

. W e will discuss Boucher ’s facts and holding in due course

. Along with its resolution of the Havers’ appeal, the Fourth District certified conflict with Detournay and with the Second District’s decision in Chapman v. Town of Reddington Beach , 282 So. 3d 979 (Fla. 2d DCA 2019). 5 We granted the City’s petition for discre tionary review.
II. The Havers’ complaint sought an injunction requiring the City to enforce its zoning ordinance against Galan. S pecifically, the complaint asked the court to force the City (1) to further investigate and determine whether Galan was in v iolation of the ordinance and (2) to take enforcement measures against any violation. Under the zoning ordinance itself, those measures could include ordering Galan to comply with the ordinance and, if necessary, the

5

. In Chapman , the Second District decided the certified conflict iss ue “without comment.” 282 So. 3d at 980. T hat case merits no further discussion here.- 7

- “commence[ment of ] appropriate legal action” by the City. 6 West Palm Beach, Fla., Code of Ordinances § 94

- 34 (b)(2) (2003)

. As we explained , t he Fourth District in the decision under
review deemed an injunction of this nature “specifically permitted” by our decision in Bo ucher

. Haver , 298 So. 3d at 653. Betraying some skepticism about this result, t he district court issued

6

. West Palm Beach Ordinance § 94

- 34 states , in pertinent part : b. Violations and enforcement procedures

. 1. Planning and zoning administrator investigations

. The planning and zoning administrator or his designee shall have the authority to investigate alleged violations of this chapter by inspecting property, obtaining the signed statements of prospective witnesses, obtaining photographic docum entation of violations, and performing such other activities as are lawful and necessary for the complete investigation of alleged zoning violations. Such designee shall be a planner employed by the city and shall be designated in writing by the planning and zoning administrator. 2. Violations

. Where it is determined that a violation of this chapter exists, the planning and zoning administrator or his designee shall notify the violator in writing and order compliance. The planning and zoning administrato r or his designee shall order discontinuance of an illegal use of land, buildings, or structures; removal of illegal buildings or structures, or additions, alterations, or structural changes thereof; or discontinuance of any illegal work being done. If a violation of these regulations continues, the planning and zoning administrator or his designee shall commence appropriate legal action.- 8

- repeated disclaimers about a lower court’s duty to follow our precedents and said that it was up to us whether to “overrule Boucher

. ” Id . at 648 , 653

- 54. The Havers’ defense of the Fourth District’s decision echoes the stare decisis theme

— minus the skepticism

— and urges us not to “recede from ” Boucher

. For its part, the City argues that the Fourth District and the Havers have misconstrued Boucher and that the district court erred by reinstating the Havers’ claim s for injuncti ve relief . Given the centrality of Boucher to the issues presented, we will start there.
A. The plai ntiffs in Boucher were property owners in the City of Clearwater who lived across the street from a newly built motel. Boucher , 102 So. 2d at 133. They alleged that the motel building violated the setback requirements of a city zoning ordinance and that the violation had been evident in the plans for the motel. Id

. When the city first issued a building permit for the motel, the plaintiffs objected, and the city revoked the permit. Id

. But the city later reinstated the permit, allegedly “without public notice as required by the zoning ordinance.” Id. at 134 . Altho ugh the City of Clearwater and a city building inspector were among the defendants- 9

- in Boucher , the Court’s opinion does not say what relief the plaintiffs sought against th e government defendants in the case

. 7 Instead, the Court’s description of the requ ested remedy focused on the other defendants

— the owners of the motel. We characterized the lawsuit as one “instituted by appellants Boucher to obtain mandatory injunctive relief to compel [the motel owners] to remove the allegedly illegal encroachments wh ich they claim were constructed in violation of the setback requirements of the zoning ordinance.” Boucher , 102 So. 2d at 134. And we framed the “determining point” as “whether the [plaintiffs] sufficiently alleged damages peculiar to themselves to enabl e them to maintain a cause of action.” Id . at 133. To put in context th e Court’s description of the case, it is important to understand that the cause of action in Boucher was not new. Comprehensive zoning laws originated in the United

7

. The Court did say that it saw a “ striking resemblance , ” Boucher , 102 So. 2d at 136, to the situation in Fortunato v. City of Coral Gables , 47 So. 2d 321 (Fla. 1950)

. The plaintiff in Fortunato had sought “to enjoin the City of Coral Gables from issuing a building permit to the defendant” for the construction of an apartment house. Id. at 322. And, as in Boucher , the Fortunato plaintiff alleged that the city had issued the permit in violation of applicable notice requirements.- 10

- States in the early twentie th century

. 8 W ithin a few decades courts

arou nd the country had recognized a cause of action allowing a private party to obtain an injunction against another pri vate party’s violation of a municipal zoning ordinance. 9 This passage from the Connecticut Supreme Court in 1927 captures the prevailing rationale underlying those court decisions: “The primary duty of enforcing these regulations rested upon the zoning c ommission. The right to enforce them by injunction, where their violation had resulted, is now resulting, or will result in special damage to one’s property, exists in the one injured, and is not dependent upon his having requested the public authorities in charge to enforce the violation and their refusal or failure to perform their duty.” Fitzgerald v. Merard Holding Co. , 138 A. 483, 486 (Conn. 1927). As to standing to maintain such an action , t he majority rule required the plaintiff to show special damages

— that is, “damages differing in kind rather than in degree from the damages suffered by

8

. 1 James Metz e nbaum, The Law of Zoning 7

- 11 (2 nd ed. 1955)

. 9

. 3 E.C. Yokl e y, Zoning Law and Practice § 22

- 5 (3rd ed. 1967) (citing cases from several states).- 11

- the people as a whole.” Boucher , 102 So. 2d at 135. But relying on cases from a handful of states, the plaintiffs in Boucher asked us to reject the majority rule and to hold instead that “the mere violation of a zoning ordinance, regardless of special damage, produces a right of action in favor of a complaining citizen the use of whose property has been res tricted by the same ordinance.” Id

. Our Court chose to adhere to the majority rule. We explained that a special damages requirement was consistent with our precedents involving “the abatement of alleged nuisances resulting from threatened or consummated municipal conduct.” Id

. 10 And we furth er reasoned that such a requirement was supported both by “the numerical weight of authority” and by “the better reasoned cases.” 102 So. 2d at 135. After establish ing the applicable standing requirement, our Court went on to measure the Bouchers’ compla int against that standard, and we concluded that the plaintiffs’ allegations were

10

. Although zoning law and nuisance law are different in substance , the special damages standing rule is derived from nuisance law. See George B. Foss, Jr., Interested Third Parties in Zoning , 12 Univ. Fla. L. Rev. 16, 29 (1959).- 12

- insufficient. 11 We therefore affirmed the trial court’s dismissal of the Bouchers’ complaint. Boucher , 102 So. 2d at 137. There was no injunction for the Court to review . Nor was there occasion for the Court to d etermine wh ether the government defendants had violated the law and, if so, what remedies might have been available against them. The Fourth District appears to have focused not on the holding in Boucher , but on the opinion’s background discussion setting the stage for our resolution of the standing issue. In the

run
- up to our adoption of the special damages requirement, we said: We have on a number of occasions held that where municipal officials threaten or commit a violation of municipal ordinances which produces an injury to a particular citizen which is different in kind from the injury suffered by the people of the community as a whole then such injured individual is entitled to injunctive relief in t he absence of an adequate legal remedy. With equal consistency, however, we have likewise held that in order to sustain a complaint for relief against threatened or consummated municipal

11

. But i n Renard v. Dade County , 261 So. 2d 832, 83 7

- 38 (Fla. 1972), we said: “[I]n the twenty years since the Boucher decision, changed conditions, including increased population growth and density, require a more lenient application of [ the special damages] rule

. The facts of the Boucher case, if presented today , would probably be sufficient to show special damage.”- 13

- action such as the creation of a nuisance or the blocking of a stree t the injury suffered by the complaining individual must be special and peculiar to himself and not merely different in degree from that suffered by the remainder of the community. Id . at 134

- 35. The district court seems to have gleaned from this passage a broad rule

. In its view, if the plaintiff can establish special damages from a zoning violation, injunctive relief is available against a city without regard to its alleged role in the violation or the content of the injunction being sough t. In its decision, the Fourth District explicitly agreed with the Havers’ argument that “ Boucher provides a remedy for zoning laws in the form of a claim for declaratory and injunctive relief against a municipality and a violator .” Haver , 298 So. 3d at 65 0 (emphasis added). This misreads Boucher . For one thing, our Court in Boucher referred to precedents where a municipality had violated its own ordinance. In Boucher itself, for example, the plaintiffs alleged that the city had issued a permit illegally. In this case, the Havers’ complaint goes to great lengths to establish Galan’s (the neighbor’s) violation, but it does not allege that the City itself violated the

o rdinance. Nowhere does Boucher say or imply that a third party’s- 14

- violation of the ordinance, without more, would justify an injunction requiring the City to enforce the ordinance against the third party. Moreover, to the extent that the Boucher Court b roadly discussed precedents involving a municipality’s “violation” of an ordinance, it would be a mistake to divorce those comments from the body of case law that the Court was discussing. None of the precedents cited in Boucher involved a municipal ordin ance “violation” that consisted of a city’s failure to take enforcement action against a third party. And because our Court has never addressed such a “violation,” we have not considered what type of judicial relief, if any, might be available in that cir cumstance. It would be wrong to simply assume, based on Boucher , that all ordinance violations by a municipality are equally remediable through injunctive relief. The Havers also maintai n that, after Boucher , our Court “reconfirmed” the ir broad understanding of a “ Boucher cause of action.” T he two decisions they cite to support this argument are Renard v. Dade County , 261 So. 2d 832 (Fla. 1972), and Skaggs

Albertson’s v. ABC Liquors, Inc. , 363 So. 2d 1082 (Fla. 1978). We think that the H avers get these cases wrong, too

.- 15

- Both Renard and Skaggs

- Albertson’s centered on standing
issues. Renard involved a challenge to a county’s decision to rezone a parcel of property. Renard , 261 So. 2d at 834. Skaggs involved a challenge to a county’s decision to issue an alcoholic beverage permit. S kaggs , 363 So. 2d at 1086. In neither case did the plaintiff seek injunctive relief to compel a government defendant to take enforcement action against a third party’s alleged violation of a zoning ordinance. W hile our opinions discussed Boucher and its special damages holding, nei ther s aid anything that would support the cause of action and remedy at issue in this case. To sum up: we believe that the Havers and the Fourth District have misread Boucher

. Giving the case its broadest but still reasonable reading, Boucher assumed the availability of injunctive relief against a city in some circumstances where the city violates its own zoning ordinance. The Havers allege no such violation. Neither Boucher , nor any other case of this Court that has been called to our atten tion , authorized a claim for injunctive relief against a city in the circumstances presented here.
T he question remains: should this Court now a pprove such a remedy? No. As we explained, the Havers in this proceeding have- 16

- limited their arguments to a stare decisis

- based defense of an erroneous interpretation of Boucher

. The y have not given us arguments from first principles to justify their desired cause of action and remedy.
We decline to endors e a judicially created remedy that would so exceed current limit s on the exercise of the judicial power. The Havers invite judicial interference with administrative enforcement decisions of a kind that traditionally have been considered discretionary and that embody value

- laden judgments about the proper allocation of scarce governmental resources

. Cf. Heckler v. Chaney , 470 U.S. 821 , 831

- 33 (1985). And they ask us to subject these decisions to judicial review even in the absence of allegations that the government itself has acted illegally. If judicial oversight of such matters is to be expanded, that innovation must be authorized by the Legislature or by a city’s own ordinance.
B

. The majority in Detournay , the principal conflict case, did not discuss Boucher

. The Fourth District certified conflict based on its own interpretation of Boucher and its view that the result in Detournay was inconsistent with that case. For the reasons we- 17

- have explained, we dis agree with the Fourth District’s interpretation of our precedent. And we see no disharmony between the holding of Boucher and the result in Detournay

. Detournay involved a homeowners’ association lawsuit to “force the City [of Coral Gables] to pursue its enforcement actions” against a private party in a zoning violation case. 127 So. 3d at 871. As we mentioned at the outset, the Detournay majority invoked the “ doctrine of separation of powers” in rejecting the
association ’ s claims against the city. T he Third District also based its decision on principles announced in Tr ianon Park Condominium
Ass ’ n, Inc. v. City of Hialeah , 468 So. 2d 912 (Fla. 1985), a case abo ut sovereign immunity in the tort damages context. The Fourth District itself called the Detournay majority’s reasoning “compelling.” Haver , 298 So. 3d at 648. The parties and the amici have staked out various positions on whether the Detournay court was right to invoke the constitutional separation of powers doctrine in a case involving a municipal (as opposed to a state

- level) defendant . They also dispute the applicability of tort

- based sovereign immunity con cepts in a case that involves neither tort

- based duties nor monetary relief

. Given- 18

- our clarifi cation of Boucher , we need not address these potentially complicated issues now. See generally Douglas Laycock & Richard L. Hasen, Modern American Remedies 488 (5th ed. 2019) (“The law of remedies against governments and government officials is a vast and complex body of doctrine, full of technical distinctions, fictional explanations, and contested compromises.”).
III.
We quash the decision of the Fourth District in part . The cause is remanded with instructions that the Havers’ claims against the City for injunctive and declaratory relief be dismissed. 12 We approve the result of the Third District’s decision in Detournay

. It is so ordered

. CANADY, C.J., and POLSTON, LABARGA, LAWSON, COURIEL, and GROSSHANS, JJ., concur.
NOT FINAL UNTIL TIME EXPIRES TO FILE REHEARING MOTION AND, IF FILED, DETERMINED. Application for Review of the Decision of the District Court of Appeal Certified Direct Conflict of Decisions Fourth District

- Case No. 4 D1 9

- 1537
12

. B ecause in the circumstances of this case the Havers’ declaratory judgment claim is inseparable from the ir meritless claim s for injunctive relief, the trial court’s dismissal of the declaratory judgment claim should have been affirmed.- 19

- ( Palm Beach County) Kenneth B. Bell , Joseph W. Jacquot , and Lauren V. Purdy of Gunster, Yoakley & Stewart, P.A. , Tallahassee, Florida ; and Kimberly L. Rothenburg, City Attorney , and K. Denise Haire, Assistant City Attorney , West Palm Beach, F lorida, for Petitioner
Peter M. Haver , p ro se, West Palm Beach , Florida , for Respondent s Ashley Moody, Attorney General, Amit Agarwal, Solicitor General, James H. Percival, Chie f Deputy Solicitor General, and Evan Ezray, Deputy Solicitor General, Tallahassee, Florida, for Amic us Curiae State of Florida Kraig Conn and Rebecca O’H ara of Florida League of Cities , Tallahassee, F lorida, and Edward G. Guedes of Weiss , Serota , Helfman , Cole & Bierman, P.L. , Coral Gables, F lorida, for Amici Curiae Florida League of Cities, City of Aventura, Town of Cutler Bay , and Village of Pinecrest Frances Guasch De La Guardia and Suzanne M. Aldahan of Holland & Knight LLP , Miami, Florida , and Miriam Soler Ramos, City Attorney , Coral Gables, F lorida, for Amicus Curiae City of Coral Gables Frank A. Shepherd of Gray Robinson, P.A , Miami, F lorida, Victoria Méndez, City Attorney , J ohn A. Greco, Deputy City Attorney , and Kerri L. McNulty, S enior Appellate Counsel , on behalf of City of Miami , Miami, Florida, and Sonja Dickens , Chairperson, City Attorney’s Committee, on behalf of Miami

- Dade League of Cities , Miami Gardens, Florida,- 20

- for Amici Curiae City of Miami and Miami

- Dade Leagu e of Cities