Nominations for CCL4 Received from the Nominations Web Site U.S. EPA July 2012

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URL Anonymous 197 -- Sr-90 and Cs-137 radioactive isotopes Widespread Exposure,

Expected Toxicity, Potentially Susceptible Population, Occurrence In Source Water, Occurrence In Surface Water, Occurrence In Public Water System, Manufactured In Large Quantities Fukushima meltdown and 23 identical nuclear power plants across the United States are potential sources for contamination of drinking water. Public Health goals recommends a reasonable standard

of 0.35 pCi/L based upon carcinogenic potency of 5.59 x 10E-11 pCi/L for Sr-90 in drinking water. Cs-137 is prevalent in atmosphere due to melt down underway in Japan of four reactors with 40 years of spent fuel on site. Cs-137 interferes with endocrine function and fetal development. There are 23 nuclear power plants of exact design to the fatal power plants in Japan, failure due to earthquakes near population centers and water sources. Monitoring existing conditions leads to rate of change analysis when done on a predictable time frame.

Eileen Murphy 68141-02-6 Perfluoro octanoic acid PFOA Widespread Exposure, Expected Toxicity, Potentially Susceptible Population, Occurrence In Source Water, Occurrence In Surface Water, Occurrence In Ground Water, Occurrence In Finished Water, Occurrence In Public Water System, Emerging Contaminants, Release to Water (Surface/Ground), Manufactured In Large Quantities http://www.c8sciencepanel.org/publications.html

The C8 Panel has been reporting detrimental effects at relatively low exposure levels, particularly in children. In areas where monitoring for PFOA (and other perfluorinated chemicals) occurs, it is detected at some level. Where there are known sources, levels are higher. However, PFOA is often detected in areas with no obvious source. Occurrence and Potential Significance of Perfluorooctanoic Acid (PFOA) Detected in New Jersey Public Drinking Water Systems, Environ. Sci. Technol., 2009, 43 (12), pp 4547–4554 DOI: 10.1021/es900301s

Anonymous 201 80-05-7 Bispenol A BPA Widespread Exposure, Expected Toxicity, Potentially Susceptible Population, Occurrence In Ground Water, Release to Water (Surface/Ground), Manufactured In Large Quantities Weak endocrine disruptor - principal concern is for potential reproductive and developmental effects in early life stages. EPA has considered exposures to children from drinking water and from the use of BPA in consumer products. EPA also examined potential ecological impact from the presence of BPA in the environment.

Page 1Nominations for CCL4 Received from the Nominations Web Site U.S. EPA July 2012

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URL Christopher Greene Minnesota

Department of Health 101043-37-2 Microcystin-LR Expected Toxicity, Potentially Susceptible Population, Occurrence In Surface Water, Occurrence In Public Water System, Emerging Contaminants Liver toxicity has long been identified as the most sensitive toxicological endpoint for microcystin-LR. As part of the CCL3 process, EPA derived a draft RfD of 0.000003 mg/kg-d based on hepatotoxicity, using an estimated NOAEL of 3 ug/kg-d in mice from ingestion of water containing 20 ug/L microcystin-LR (Ueno et al., 1999).

However, a more recent study reports male reproductive effects in mice exposed to lower doses of microcystin-LR in drinking water. (Chen et al., 2011). Significant decreases in testosterone and sperm motility and count were observed at doses as low as approximately 0.64 ug/kg-d. (This dose is estimated based on ingestion of water containing 3 ug/L microcystin-LR.) Microcystin –LR is largely a surface water contaminant, and is commonly detected in lakes in temperate climates (Ohio Environmental Protection Agency, 2012; Boyer et al., 2005; Graham et al., 2004). Surface water is used as a drinking water source in many locations in the United States.

Contamination of a surface water body with microcystin-LR is likely to be episodic in nature, exhibiting both seasonal variation (Billam et al., 2006) and aquatic concentrations that are highly sensitive to total phosphorus, total nitrogen, and other chemical parameters (Graham et al., 2004). Therefore, we believe that short-term exposures and effects should be given special consideration for this chemical.

In addition to the Chen et al. study, there are a limited number of intraperitoneal injection studies in mice, rats and rabbits and in vitro studies in Sertoli cells which reported male reproductive effects on sperm, testes and Sertoli cells (Li, Y., J. Sheng, et al., 2008; Liu, Y., P. Xie, et al., 2010; Wang, X., F. Ying, et al.,2012). A recent oral study reported altered reproductive function and disruption in spermatogenesis in medaka fish (Trinchet, I., C. Djediat, et al., 2011)

Because the Chen et al. study identifies a new toxicological endpoint at a dose level nearly five-fold lower than that used in EPA’s draft RfD, and some supporting data also indicate potential reproductive toxicity, we believe microcystin-LR is worthy of consideration for updated guidance at the federal level.

Because of the episodic nature of microcystin "outbreaks" in surface water (see Occurrence section), we believe that short-term exposures and effects should be given special consideration for this chemical. The use of “recycled” wastewater for drinking water is increasingly being viewed as a water supply management option in some areas of the United States (City of San Diego, 2012; Barringer, 2012). Wastewater, including treated wastewater, provides nutrients that can promote the growth of cyanobacteria in surface water (Ho et al., 2010). This indicates a potential future route of microcystin exposure via drinking water.

Barringer, F. (2012). As ‘Yuck Factor’ Subsides, Treated Wastewater Flows From Taps. The New York Times. February 9, 2012.http://www.nytimes.com/2012/02/10/science/earth/despiteyuck-factor-treated-wastewater-used-fordrinking.html?pagewanted=all

Billam, M., Tang, L., Cai, Q., et al. (2006). Seasonal variations in the concentration of Microcystin-LR in two lakes in western Texas, USA. Environmental Toxicology and Chemistry, 25 (2), 349-355.

Chen, Y., J. Xu, et al. (2011). "Decline of sperm qualityand testicular function in male mice during chronic lowdose exposure to microcystin-LR." Reproductive toxicology 31(4): 551-557.

Ho L, et al. (2010). Investigations into the biodegradation of microcystin-LR in wastewaters. J Hazard Mater. 180(1- 3):628-33.

Li, Y., J. Sheng, et al. (2008). "The toxic effects of microcystin-LR on the reproductive system of male rats in vivo and in vitro." Reproductive toxicology 26(3-4): 239- 245.

Liu, Y., P. Xie, et al. (2010). "Microcystin extracts induce ultrastructural damage and biochemical disturbance in male rabbit testis." Environmental toxicology 25(1): 9-17.

Trinchet, I., C. Djediat, et al. (2011). "Pathological modifications following sub-chronic exposure of medaka fish (Oryzias latipes) to microcystin-LR." Reproductive toxicology 32(3): 329-340. Boyer et al. (2005). Cyanobacterial Toxins in New York and the Lower Great Lakes Ecosystems. In Monograph: International Symposium on Cyanobacterial Harmful Algal Blooms (ISOC-HAB). http://www.epa.gov/cyano_habs_symposium/monograph/Ch0 7.pdf

City of San Diego (2012). Water Purification Demonstration Project. Accessed June 20, 2012. http://www.sandiego.gov/water/waterreuse/demo/index.shtml

Graham et al. (2004). Environmental factors influencing microcystin distribution and concentration in the Midwestern United States. Water Res. 38(20):4395-404.

Ohio Environmental Protection Agency (2012). Algal Toxin Monitoring Results. http://wwwapp.epa.ohio.gov/dsw/hab/toxin_monitoring.php. Retrieved May 17, 2012.

Ueno, Y., Y. Makita, et al. (1999). "No Chronic Oral Toxicity of a Low Dose of Microcystin-LR, a Cyanobacterial Hepatotoxin, in Female BALB/c Mice." Environmental Toxicology 14(1): 45-55.

Wang, X., F. Ying, et al. (2012). "Microcystin (-LR) affects hormones level of male mice by damaging hypothalamic-pituitary system." Toxicon : official journal of the International Society on Toxinology 59(2): 205- 214.

Page 2Nominations for CCL4 Received from the Nominations Web Site U.S. EPA July 2012

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Jitender P.Dubey Us Department of

Agriculture -- Toxoplasma gondii Widespread Exposure, Expected Toxicity, Potentially Susceptible Population, Occurrence In Source Water, Occurrence In Surface Water, Occurrence In Ground Water, Occurrence In Finished Water, Occurrence In Public Water System, Emerging Contaminants, Release to Land, Release to Water (Surface/Ground), Manufactured In Large Quantities Jones, J.L., Dubey, J.P., 2010. Waterborne toxoplasmosis - recent developments. Exp. Parasitol. 124, 10-25. Many outbreaks causing serious disease in humans detailed. de Moura, L., Bahia-Oliveira, L.M.G., Wada, M.Y., Jones, J.L., Tuboi, S.H., Carmo, E.H., Ramalho, W.M., Camargo, N.J., Trevisan, R., Graça, R.M.T., da Silva, A.J., Moura, I., Dubey, J.P., Garrett, D.O., 2006. Waterborne toxoplasmosis, Brazil, from field to gene. Emerging Infectious Diseases. 12, 326-329.

J Jones -- Toxoplasma gondii Emerging Contaminants Ocular and congenital illness Waterborne Toxoplasma gondii has been implicated in other countries and could contaminate drinking water that is not filtered. Occurence 2011 Post, G.B., T.B. Atherholt, and P.D. Cohn Chapter 2: Health

and Aesthetic Aspects of Drinking Water Water Quality &

Treatment, 6thedition, McGrawHill, Inc., New York

Occurence 2008 Blair, B., P. Sarkar, K.R. Bright, F.MarcianoCabral, and C.P. Gerba Naegleria fowleri in

Well Water Emerg. Infect.

Dis., vol. 14, pp. 1499-1501

Occurence 2008 Borchart. M. Wisconsin Water and Health Trial for Enteric Risks (WAHTER Study). Part 1: Risk of Illness from Municipal Groundwater Consumption in press

Occurence 2008 Katayama, H., E. Haramoto, K. Oguma, H. Yamashita, A. Tajima, H. Nakajima, and S. Ohgaki One-Year Monthly

Quantitative Survey of Noroviruses, Enteroviruses, and Adenoviruses in Wastewater Collected from Six Plants in JapanWater Res., vol.

42, pp. 1441-1448

Occurence 2008 Rodriguez, R.A., P.M. Gundy, and C.P. Gerba Comparison of

BGM and PLC/PRC/5 Cell Lines for Total Culturable Viral Assay of Treated Sewage Appl. Environ.

Microbiol., vol. 74, pp. 2583-2587

Health 2012 Atkinson, R.L. Virus-induced obesity in humansMicrobe, vol 7, no.

6, 263-267

Health 2006 Jiang, S.C. Human adenoviruses in water: occurrence and health implications: a critical review Environ. Sci.

Technol., 40: 7132–7140

Health 2005 Langley, J.M. Adenoviruses Pediatr. Rev., 26: 244–249

Health 2011 Post, G.B., T.B. Atherholt, and P.D. Cohn Chapter 2: Health

and Aesthetic Aspects of Drinking Water Water Quality &

Treatment, 6thedition, McGrawHill, Inc., New York Potentially Susceptible Population, Occurrence In Source Water, Occurrence In Ground Water, Occurrence In Public Water System, Release to Water (Surface/Ground) The disease,primary amoebic meningoencephalitis, is fatal following exposure of susceptible individuals with death occurring within 72 hours after symptoms (similar to viral and bacterial meningitis) first appear. Although in the US, there is a 14-year average of just 2 cases of primary amoebic meningoencephalitis per year, 11 of 143 wells (8%), with an average water temperature of 29 oC were found to contain Naegleria.

What is the correlation, or co-occurrence, of adenovirus and other viruses in the Borchardt (2008) and other studies? The EPA may wish to also consider monitoring for adenoviruses, not as pathogens themselves, but as a potential “viral indicator” of the presence of other pathogenic human enteric viruses (HEV). However, if adenoviruses are monitored, the NanoCeram filter may not be appropriate for this group of viruses (Gibbons et al, 2010; as cited in the proposed UCMR3 [USEPA, 2011]).

Also, with regard to the Ground Water Rule (GWR)(USEPA, 2006), because adenoviruses are the most UV-resistant group of microbes, and because the GWR UV dose requirements are based on inactivating adenoviruses, the EPA may wish to generate additional data on the presence of adenoviruses in GW. Such data could be generated in conjunction with epidemiological studies similar to those of Borchardt (2008) but in other locations in the US.

If such studies confirmed the findings of Borchardt (2008), who observed a lack of association of gastrointestinal illness with adenovirus concentrations, then perhaps the GWR UV dose requirements could be reduced. Reduced UV dose requirements would result in substantial cost savings for many public water systems.

Borchart. M. 2008. “Wisconsin Water and Health Trial for Enteric Risks (WAHTER Study). Part 1:Risk of Illness from Municipal Groundwater Consumption.”

USEPA (2006). “National Primary Drinking Water Regulations: Ground Water Rule; Final Rule,” Fed. Reg., vol. 71, no. 216, pp. 65574-67427.

USEPA (2011). “Revisions to the Unregulated Contaminant Monitoring Regulation (UCMR3) for Public Water Systems; Proposed Rule,” Fed. Reg., vol. 76, no. 42, pp. 11713-11737. Because 11 of 143 wells (8%), with an average water temperature of 29 oC were found to contain Naegleria (Blair et al, 2008), the EPA may wish to consider conducting a summer monitoring survey of “warm water” wells in the US (with a suitable control group of “cold water” wells).

Blair, B., P. Sarkar, K.R. Bright, F. Marciano-Cabral, and C.P. Gerba (2008). “Naegleria fowleri in Well Water,” Emerg. Infect. Dis., vol. 14, pp. 1499- 1501.

Widespread Exposure, Potentially Susceptible Population, Occurrence In Source Water, Occurrence In Surface Water, Occurrence In Ground Water, Release to Water (Surface/Ground) Adenoviruses (Ads) are a common cause of childhood gastroenteritis. Persons with weakened immune systems are most susceptible to infection, with high rates of severe illness and mortality. As with many other pathogens, infants are most susceptible among persons with normal immune system function (Post et al, 2011).

Some serotypes are shed in feces but cause respiratory (e.g., Ads 1 through 7) or eye disease (e.g., Ads 3, 7, and 14). These types can also spread via aerosol, direct contact, or sexual routes (Jiang, 2006; Langley, 2005). Ads 12, 18, and 31 may cause diarrhea on occasion, but infection usually results in inapparent illness in infants. Other serotypes are associated with GI illness but have not been proven to cause illness. However, there is probably sufficient evidence that Ad 40 and Ad 41 are waterborne pathogens that can cause diarrhea in infants. Recent evidence has also shown a possible connection between infection with Adenovirus 36 and obesity in humans, including a potential waterborne route of exposure (Atkinson, 2012). Ads can be shed in the feces for months to years following infection. Although data from Borchardt (2008) show low concentrations of adenovirus in drinking water and a lack of association between the presence of adenoviruses and enteric disease. And although the waterborne transmission route for adenoviruse-based disease has not been definitively proven, Borchardt (2008) and others (e.g., Katayama et al, 2008; Rodriguez et al, 2008) have shown that adenoviruses are among the most common virus groups detected in water. Thomas B. Atherholt NJ Department of

Environmental Protection -- Adenovirus Adenoviruses Thomas B. Atherholt NJ Department of

Environmental Protection -- Naegleria fowleri Naegleria

Page 3Nominations for CCL4 Received from the Nominations Web Site U.S. EPA July 2012

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Thomas B. Atherholt NJ Department of

Environmental Protection -- Heterotrophic Plate Count Bacteria HPC Occurrence In Ground Water, Occurrence In Public Water System, Release to Water (Surface/Ground) None. There is evidence that HPC counts in a well significantly above average for all sources could serve as a trigger for fecal indicator monitoring in ground water, but the data was limited and a definitive conclusion could not be drawn (Atherholt et al, 2003). Other investigators have shown that HPC may be a useful GW indicator (Butscher et al, 2011, Goeppert and Goldscheider, 2011). HPC testing is also very useful for QC purposes including negative control counts and for the ease of determining quantifiable and reproducible (similar) counts in replicates of field samples. The proposed UCMR3 stated that aerobic spores would be monitored. It is not clear why aerobic spores would be monitored as pathogen indicators. Anaerobic spores (e.g., spores of Clostridia) are a more fecal-specific indicator than are aerobic spores (presumably from soil-borne Bacillus spp.), but it has been shown that anaerobic spores are poor indicators of fecal contamination compared to other indicators such as coliform or enterococcus bacteria (Francy et al, 2000 & 2004; Atherholt et al, 2003; Butscher et al, 2011).

If aerobic spores are to be employed, not as a fecal indicator, but as an indicator of surface water influence, we suggest monitoring for heterotrophic plate count (HPC) bacteria instead. Occurence 2003 Atherholt, T., E. Feerst, B. Hovendon, J. Kwak, and J.D. Rosen Evaluation of

Indicators of Fecal Contamination in Groundwater J. Am. Water

Works Assoc., vol. 95, no. 10, pp. 119- 131

Atherholt, T., E. Feerst, B. Hovendon, J. Kwak, and J.D. Rosen (2003). “Evaluation of Indicators of Fecal Contamination in Groundwater,” J. Am. Water Works Assoc., vol. 95, no. 10, pp. 119-131.

Butscher, C., A. Auckenthaler, S. Scheidler, and P. Huggenberger (2011). “Validation of a Numerical Indicator of Microbial Contamination for Karst Springs,” Groundwater, vol. 49, no. 1, pp. 66-76.

Francy, D.S., D.R. Helsel, and R.A. Nally (2000). “Occurrence and Distribution of Microbiological Indicators in Groundwater and Stream Water.” Water Environ. Res. vol. 72, no. 2, pp. 152-161. Occurrence 2011 Butscher, C., A. Auckenthaler, S. Scheidler, and P. HuggenbergerValidation of a

Numerical Indicator of Microbial Contamination for Karst Springs Groundwater, vol.

49, no. 1, pp. 66- 76

Francy, D.S., R.N. Bushon, J. Stopar, E.J. Luzano, and G.S. Fout (2004). “Environmental Factors and Chemical and Microbiological Water-Quality Constituents Related to the Presence of Enteric Viruses in Ground Water From Small Public Water Supplies in Southeastern Michigan.” Scientific Investigations Report 2004-5219. United States Geological Survey, Reston, VA.Occurrence 2011 Goeppert, N., and N. GoldscheiderTransport and

Variability of Fecal Bacteria in Carbonate Conglomerate Aquifers Groundwater, vol.

49, no. 1, pp. 77- 84

Gloria B Post NJDEP -- methyl tertiary butyl ether MTBE Widespread Exposure, Occurrence In Source Water, Occurrence In Ground Water, Occurrence In Finished Water, Occurrence In Public Water System, Release to Water (Surface/Ground), Manufactured In Large Quantities A recent chronic cancer bioassay of MTBE by the drinking water exposure route in rats (Dodd et al., 2011) should be considered by USEPA. Previously, a chronic inhalation study in mice and rats(an exposure route that is not as relevant to drinking water exposure, Bird et al., 1997) and an oral gavage study in rats from the Ramazzini Institute in Italy, which USEPA has decided not to consider this study because of issues related to the pathology evaluations (http://www.epa.gov/iris/ramazzini.htm) were the only studies available as the basis for the assessment of the carcinogenic potential of MTBE in drinking water.

The recent Dodd et al. (2011) study suggests that MTBE in drinking water may cause brain tumors in rats and should be considered by EPA. This information is being submitted by the New Jersey Department of Environmental Protection-Office of Science. Health 2011 Dodd D, Willson G, Parkinson H, Bermudez E. Two-year drinking

water carcinogenicity study of methyl tertiary-butyl ether (MTBE) in Wistar rats. J Appl Toxicol.

2011 Dec 7. doi: 10.1002/jat.1776. [Epub ahead of print]

Page 4Nominations for CCL4 Received from the Nominations Web Site U.S. EPA July 2012

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URL Health 2011 Bouchard MF, Sauve S, Barbeau B, Legrand M, Brodeur ME, Bouffard T, et al.Intellectual

impairment in school-age children exposed to manganese from drinking water. Environ Health

Perspect 119(1):138-143

Health 2011 Khan K, FactorLitvak P, Wasserman GA, Liu X, Ahmed E, Parvez F, Slavkovich V, Levy D, Mey J, van Geen A, Graziano JH Manganese

Exposure from Drinking Water and Children's Classroom Behavior in Bangladesh Environ Health

Perspect 119(10): 1501-1506.

Health 2011 Wasserman GA, Liu X, Parvez F, Factor-Litvak P, Ahsan H, Levy D, Kline J, van Geen A, Mey J, Slavkovich V, Siddique AB, Islam T, Graziano JH Arsenic and

manganese exposure and children's intellectual function. Neurotoxicology

32(4):450-7. NJDEPGloria B Post This information is being submitted by New Jersey Department of Environmental Protection-Office of Science and New Jersey Department of Health and Senior Services-Consumer, Environmental, and Occupational Health Service. Manganese in drinking water is of current interest to a number of states. State and EPA FSTRAC members have formed a partner group to evaluate recent health effects information relevant to drinking water exposure to manganese. The current EPA Health Advisory for manganese is based on the assumption that manganese exposure from drinking water is much lower than from the diet, and is not based on health effects. This manganese Health Advisory is several-fold higher than the secondary standard for manganese that is based on aesthetic effects.

However, manganese occurs in NJ and other states in both public water supplies and private wells at levels which result in much higher exposures than those assumed by EPA in their comparison to dietary exposures. Also, several recent studies suggest that manganese by the oral route may cause neurodevelopmental effects. There is a need for an updated health assessment for manganese in drinking water based on current health effects data. This health assessment could be used for an updated Health Advisory or as the basis for a proposed MCLG. Widespread Exposure, Potentially Susceptible Population, Occurrence In Source Water, Occurrence In Surface Water, Occurrence In Ground Water, Occurrence In Finished Water, Occurrence In Public Water System, Release to Water (Surface/Ground) MnManganese--

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