Nominations for CCL4 Received from the Nominations Web Site

U.S. EPA July 2012

NAME ORGANIZATION

NAME

CAS

NUMBER

CONTAMINANT

NAME

COMMON

SYNONYM FACTOR OTHERFACTOR HEALTH EFFECT DETAIL OCCURENCE DETAIL ADDITIONAL DETAIL CITATIONTYPE

CITATION

DATE

CITATION

AUTHOR CITATION TITLE CITATIONJOURNAL

CITATION

URL

Anonymous

197

-- Sr-90 and Cs-137 radioactive

isotopes

Widespread Exposure,

Expected Toxicity,

Potentially Susceptible

Population, Occurrence

In Source Water,

Occurrence In Surface

Water, Occurrence In

Public Water System,

Manufactured In Large

Quantities

Fukushima

meltdown and

23 identical

nuclear power

plants across

the United

States are

potential

sources for

contamination

of drinking

water.

Public Health goals recommends a reasonable standard

of 0.35 pCi/L based upon carcinogenic potency of 5.59 x

10E-11 pCi/L for Sr-90 in drinking water.

Cs-137 is prevalent in atmosphere due to melt down

underway in Japan of four reactors with 40 years of

spent fuel on site. Cs-137 interferes with endocrine

function and fetal development.

There are 23 nuclear power plants of exact design to the fatal

power plants in Japan, failure due to earthquakes near

population centers and water sources.

Monitoring existing conditions leads to

rate of change analysis when done on a

predictable time frame.

Eileen

Murphy

68141-02-6 Perfluoro octanoic

acid

PFOA Widespread Exposure,

Expected Toxicity,

Potentially Susceptible

Population, Occurrence

In Source Water,

Occurrence In Surface

Water, Occurrence In

Ground Water,

Occurrence In Finished

Water, Occurrence In

Public Water System,

Emerging Contaminants,

Release to Water

(Surface/Ground),

Manufactured In Large

Quantities

http://www.c8sciencepanel.org/publications.html

The C8 Panel has been reporting detrimental effects at relatively low

exposure levels, particularly in children.

In areas where monitoring for PFOA (and other perfluorinated

chemicals) occurs, it is detected at some level. Where there

are known sources, levels are higher. However, PFOA is

often detected in areas with no obvious source.

Occurrence and Potential Significance of Perfluorooctanoic

Acid (PFOA) Detected in New Jersey Public Drinking Water

Systems, Environ. Sci. Technol., 2009, 43 (12), pp 4547–4554

DOI: 10.1021/es900301s

Anonymous

201

80-05-7 Bispenol A BPA Widespread Exposure,

Expected Toxicity,

Potentially Susceptible

Population, Occurrence

In Ground Water,

Release to Water

(Surface/Ground),

Manufactured In Large

Quantities

Weak endocrine disruptor - principal concern is for

potential reproductive and developmental effects in early

life stages. EPA has considered exposures to children

from drinking water and from the use of BPA in consumer

products. EPA also examined potential ecological impact

from the presence of BPA in the environment.

Page 1
Nominations for CCL4 Received from the Nominations Web Site

U.S. EPA July 2012

NAME ORGANIZATION

NAME

CAS

NUMBER

CONTAMINANT

NAME

COMMON

SYNONYM FACTOR OTHERFACTOR HEALTH EFFECT DETAIL OCCURENCE DETAIL ADDITIONAL DETAIL CITATIONTYPE

CITATION

DATE

CITATION

AUTHOR CITATION TITLE CITATIONJOURNAL

CITATION

URL

Christopher

Greene

Minnesota

Department of

Health

101043-37-2 Microcystin-LR Expected Toxicity,

Potentially Susceptible

Population, Occurrence

In Surface Water,

Occurrence In Public

Water System, Emerging

Contaminants

Liver toxicity has long been identified as the most

sensitive toxicological endpoint for microcystin-LR. As

part of the CCL3 process, EPA derived a draft RfD of

0.000003 mg/kg-d based on hepatotoxicity, using an

estimated NOAEL of 3 ug/kg-d in mice from ingestion of

water containing 20 ug/L microcystin-LR (Ueno et al.,

1999).

However, a more recent study reports male reproductive

effects in mice exposed to lower doses of microcystin-LR

in drinking water. (Chen et al., 2011). Significant

decreases in testosterone and sperm motility and count

were observed at doses as low as approximately 0.64

ug/kg-d. (This dose is estimated based on ingestion of

water containing 3 ug/L microcystin-LR.)

Microcystin –LR is largely a surface water contaminant, and is

commonly detected in lakes in temperate climates (Ohio

Environmental Protection Agency, 2012; Boyer et al., 2005;

Graham et al., 2004). Surface water is used as a drinking

water source in many locations in the United States.

Contamination of a surface water body with microcystin-LR is

likely to be episodic in nature, exhibiting both seasonal

variation (Billam et al., 2006) and aquatic concentrations that

are highly sensitive to total phosphorus, total nitrogen, and

other chemical parameters (Graham et al., 2004). Therefore,

we believe that short-term exposures and effects should be

given special consideration for this chemical.

In addition to the Chen et al. study, there are a limited

number of intraperitoneal injection studies in mice, rats

and rabbits and in vitro studies in Sertoli cells which

reported male reproductive effects on sperm, testes and

Sertoli cells (Li, Y., J. Sheng, et al., 2008; Liu, Y., P. Xie,

et al., 2010; Wang, X., F. Ying, et al.,2012). A recent oral

study reported altered reproductive function and

disruption in spermatogenesis in medaka fish (Trinchet,

I., C. Djediat, et al., 2011)

Because the Chen et al. study identifies a new

toxicological endpoint at a dose level nearly five-fold

lower than that used in EPA’s draft RfD, and some

supporting data also indicate potential reproductive

toxicity, we believe microcystin-LR is worthy of

consideration for updated guidance at the federal level.

Because of the episodic nature of microcystin

"outbreaks" in surface water (see Occurrence section),

we believe that short-term exposures and effects should

be given special consideration for this chemical.

The use of “recycled” wastewater for drinking water is

increasingly being viewed as a water supply management

option in some areas of the United States (City of San Diego,

2012; Barringer, 2012). Wastewater, including treated

wastewater, provides nutrients that can promote the growth of

cyanobacteria in surface water (Ho et al., 2010). This

indicates a potential future route of microcystin exposure via

drinking water.

Barringer, F. (2012). As ‘Yuck Factor’ Subsides, Treated

Wastewater Flows From Taps. The New York Times.

February 9, 2012.

http://www.nytimes.com/2012/02/10/science/earth/despiteyuck-factor-treated-wastewater-used-fordrinking.html?pagewanted=all

Billam, M., Tang, L., Cai, Q., et al. (2006). Seasonal variations

in the concentration of Microcystin-LR in two lakes in western

Texas, USA. Environmental Toxicology and Chemistry, 25 (2),

349-355.

Chen, Y., J. Xu, et al. (2011). "Decline of sperm quality

and testicular function in male mice during chronic lowdose exposure to microcystin-LR." Reproductive

toxicology 31(4): 551-557.

Ho L, et al. (2010). Investigations into the biodegradation

of microcystin-LR in wastewaters. J Hazard Mater. 180(1-

3):628-33.

Li, Y., J. Sheng, et al. (2008). "The toxic effects of

microcystin-LR on the reproductive system of male rats

in vivo and in vitro." Reproductive toxicology 26(3-4): 239-

245.

Liu, Y., P. Xie, et al. (2010). "Microcystin extracts induce

ultrastructural damage and biochemical disturbance in

male rabbit testis." Environmental toxicology 25(1): 9-17.

Trinchet, I., C. Djediat, et al. (2011). "Pathological

modifications following sub-chronic exposure of medaka

fish (Oryzias latipes) to microcystin-LR." Reproductive

toxicology 32(3): 329-340.

Boyer et al. (2005). Cyanobacterial Toxins in New York and

the Lower Great Lakes Ecosystems. In Monograph:

International Symposium on Cyanobacterial Harmful Algal

Blooms (ISOC-HAB).

http://www.epa.gov/cyano_habs_symposium/monograph/Ch0

7.pdf

City of San Diego (2012). Water Purification Demonstration

Project. Accessed June 20, 2012.

http://www.sandiego.gov/water/waterreuse/demo/index.shtml

Graham et al. (2004). Environmental factors influencing

microcystin distribution and concentration in the Midwestern

United States. Water Res. 38(20):4395-404.

Ohio Environmental Protection Agency (2012). Algal Toxin

Monitoring Results.

http://wwwapp.epa.ohio.gov/dsw/hab/toxin_monitoring.php.

Retrieved May 17, 2012.

Ueno, Y., Y. Makita, et al. (1999). "No Chronic Oral

Toxicity of a Low Dose of Microcystin-LR, a

Cyanobacterial Hepatotoxin, in Female BALB/c Mice."

Environmental Toxicology 14(1): 45-55.

Wang, X., F. Ying, et al. (2012). "Microcystin (-LR)

affects hormones level of male mice by damaging

hypothalamic-pituitary system." Toxicon : official journal

of the International Society on Toxinology 59(2): 205-

214.

Page 2
Nominations for CCL4 Received from the Nominations Web Site

U.S. EPA July 2012

NAME ORGANIZATION

NAME

CAS

NUMBER

CONTAMINANT

NAME

COMMON

SYNONYM FACTOR OTHERFACTOR HEALTH EFFECT DETAIL OCCURENCE DETAIL ADDITIONAL DETAIL CITATIONTYPE

CITATION

DATE

CITATION

AUTHOR CITATION TITLE CITATIONJOURNAL

CITATION

URL

Jitender

P.Dubey

Us Department of

Agriculture

-- Toxoplasma gondii Widespread Exposure,

Expected Toxicity,

Potentially Susceptible

Population, Occurrence

In Source Water,

Occurrence In Surface

Water, Occurrence In

Ground Water,

Occurrence In Finished

Water, Occurrence In

Public Water System,

Emerging Contaminants,

Release to Land,

Release to Water

(Surface/Ground),

Manufactured In Large

Quantities

Jones, J.L., Dubey, J.P., 2010. Waterborne

toxoplasmosis - recent developments. Exp. Parasitol.

124, 10-25.

Many outbreaks causing serious disease in humans

detailed.

de Moura, L., Bahia-Oliveira, L.M.G., Wada, M.Y., Jones, J.L.,

Tuboi, S.H., Carmo, E.H., Ramalho, W.M., Camargo, N.J.,

Trevisan, R., Graça, R.M.T., da Silva, A.J., Moura, I., Dubey,

J.P., Garrett, D.O., 2006. Waterborne toxoplasmosis, Brazil,

from field to gene. Emerging Infectious Diseases. 12, 326-329.

J Jones -- Toxoplasma gondii Emerging Contaminants Ocular and congenital illness Waterborne Toxoplasma gondii has been implicated in other

countries and could contaminate drinking water that is not

filtered.

Occurence 2011 Post, G.B., T.B.

Atherholt, and

P.D. Cohn

Chapter 2: Health

and Aesthetic

Aspects of Drinking

Water

Water Quality &

Treatment, 6th

edition, McGrawHill, Inc., New

York

Occurence 2008 Blair, B., P.

Sarkar, K.R.

Bright, F.

MarcianoCabral, and C.P.

Gerba

Naegleria fowleri in

Well Water

Emerg. Infect.

Dis., vol. 14, pp.

1499-1501

Occurence 2008 Borchart. M. Wisconsin Water

and Health Trial for

Enteric Risks

(WAHTER Study).

Part 1: Risk of

Illness from

Municipal

Groundwater

Consumption

in press

Occurence 2008 Katayama, H., E.

Haramoto, K.

Oguma, H.

Yamashita, A.

Tajima, H.

Nakajima, and S.

Ohgaki

One-Year Monthly

Quantitative Survey

of Noroviruses,

Enteroviruses, and

Adenoviruses in

Wastewater

Collected from Six

Plants in Japan

Water Res., vol.

42, pp. 1441-1448

Occurence 2008 Rodriguez, R.A.,

P.M. Gundy, and

C.P. Gerba

Comparison of

BGM and

PLC/PRC/5 Cell

Lines for Total

Culturable Viral

Assay of Treated

Sewage

Appl. Environ.

Microbiol., vol. 74,

pp. 2583-2587

Health 2012 Atkinson, R.L. Virus-induced

obesity in humans

Microbe, vol 7, no.

6, 263-267

Health 2006 Jiang, S.C. Human

adenoviruses in

water: occurrence

and health

implications: a

critical review

Environ. Sci.

Technol., 40:

7132–7140

Health 2005 Langley, J.M. Adenoviruses Pediatr. Rev., 26:

244–249

Health 2011 Post, G.B., T.B.

Atherholt, and

P.D. Cohn

Chapter 2: Health

and Aesthetic

Aspects of Drinking

Water

Water Quality &

Treatment, 6th

edition, McGrawHill, Inc., New

York

Potentially Susceptible

Population, Occurrence

In Source Water,

Occurrence In Ground

Water, Occurrence In

Public Water System,

Release to Water

(Surface/Ground)

The disease,primary amoebic meningoencephalitis, is

fatal following exposure of susceptible individuals with

death occurring within 72 hours after symptoms (similar

to viral and bacterial meningitis) first appear.

Although in the US, there is a 14-year average of just 2 cases

of primary amoebic meningoencephalitis per year, 11 of 143

wells (8%), with an average water temperature of 29 oC were

found to contain Naegleria.

What is the correlation, or co-occurrence,

of adenovirus and other viruses in the

Borchardt (2008) and other studies?

The EPA may wish to also consider

monitoring for adenoviruses, not as

pathogens themselves, but as a potential

“viral indicator” of the presence of other

pathogenic human enteric viruses (HEV).

However, if adenoviruses are monitored,

the NanoCeram filter may not be

appropriate for this group of viruses

(Gibbons et al, 2010; as cited in the

proposed UCMR3 [USEPA, 2011]).

Also, with regard to the Ground Water

Rule (GWR)(USEPA, 2006), because

adenoviruses are the most UV-resistant

group of microbes, and because the

GWR UV dose requirements are based

on inactivating adenoviruses, the EPA

may wish to generate additional data on

the presence of adenoviruses in GW.

Such data could be generated in

conjunction with epidemiological studies

similar to those of Borchardt (2008) but in

other locations in the US.

If such studies confirmed the findings of

Borchardt (2008), who observed a lack

of association of gastrointestinal illness

with adenovirus concentrations, then

perhaps the GWR UV dose requirements

could be reduced. Reduced UV dose

requirements would result in substantial

cost savings for many public water

systems.

Borchart. M. 2008. “Wisconsin Water

and Health Trial for Enteric Risks

(WAHTER Study). Part 1:Risk of Illness

from Municipal Groundwater

Consumption.”

USEPA (2006). “National Primary

Drinking Water Regulations: Ground

Water Rule; Final Rule,” Fed. Reg., vol.

71, no. 216, pp. 65574-67427.

USEPA (2011). “Revisions to the

Unregulated Contaminant Monitoring

Regulation (UCMR3) for Public Water

Systems; Proposed Rule,” Fed. Reg.,

vol. 76, no. 42, pp. 11713-11737.

Because 11 of 143 wells (8%), with an

average water temperature of 29 oC

were found to contain Naegleria (Blair et

al, 2008), the EPA may wish to consider

conducting a summer monitoring survey

of “warm water” wells in the US (with a

suitable control group of “cold water”

wells).

Blair, B., P. Sarkar, K.R. Bright, F.

Marciano-Cabral, and C.P. Gerba

(2008). “Naegleria fowleri in Well Water,”

Emerg. Infect. Dis., vol. 14, pp. 1499-

1501.

Widespread Exposure,

Potentially Susceptible

Population, Occurrence

In Source Water,

Occurrence In Surface

Water, Occurrence In

Ground Water, Release

to Water

(Surface/Ground)

Adenoviruses (Ads) are a common cause of childhood

gastroenteritis. Persons with weakened immune systems

are most susceptible to infection, with high rates of

severe illness and mortality. As with many other

pathogens, infants are most susceptible among persons

with normal immune system function (Post et al, 2011).

Some serotypes are shed in feces but cause respiratory

(e.g., Ads 1 through 7) or eye disease (e.g., Ads 3, 7,

and 14). These types can also spread via aerosol, direct

contact, or sexual routes (Jiang, 2006; Langley, 2005).

Ads 12, 18, and 31 may cause diarrhea on occasion, but

infection usually results in inapparent illness in infants.

Other serotypes are associated with GI illness but have

not been proven to cause illness. However, there is

probably sufficient evidence that Ad 40 and Ad 41 are

waterborne pathogens that can cause diarrhea in infants.

Recent evidence has also shown a possible connection

between infection with Adenovirus 36 and obesity in

humans, including a potential waterborne route of

exposure (Atkinson, 2012). Ads can be shed in the feces

for months to years following infection.

Although data from Borchardt (2008) show low concentrations

of adenovirus in drinking water and a lack of association

between the presence of adenoviruses and enteric disease.

And although the waterborne transmission route for

adenoviruse-based disease has not been definitively proven,

Borchardt (2008) and others (e.g., Katayama et al, 2008;

Rodriguez et al, 2008) have shown that adenoviruses are

among the most common virus groups detected in water.

Thomas B.

Atherholt

NJ Department of

Environmental

Protection

-- Adenovirus Adenoviruses

Thomas B.

Atherholt

NJ Department of

Environmental

Protection

-- Naegleria fowleri Naegleria

Page 3
Nominations for CCL4 Received from the Nominations Web Site

U.S. EPA July 2012

NAME ORGANIZATION

NAME

CAS

NUMBER

CONTAMINANT

NAME

COMMON

SYNONYM FACTOR OTHERFACTOR HEALTH EFFECT DETAIL OCCURENCE DETAIL ADDITIONAL DETAIL CITATIONTYPE

CITATION

DATE

CITATION

AUTHOR CITATION TITLE CITATIONJOURNAL

CITATION

URL

Thomas B.

Atherholt

NJ Department of

Environmental

Protection

-- Heterotrophic Plate

Count Bacteria

HPC Occurrence In Ground

Water, Occurrence In

Public Water System,

Release to Water

(Surface/Ground)

None. There is evidence that HPC counts in a well significantly

above average for all sources could serve as a trigger for

fecal indicator monitoring in ground water, but the data was

limited and a definitive conclusion could not be drawn

(Atherholt et al, 2003). Other investigators have shown that

HPC may be a useful GW indicator (Butscher et al, 2011,

Goeppert and Goldscheider, 2011). HPC testing is also very

useful for QC purposes including negative control counts and

for the ease of determining quantifiable and reproducible

(similar) counts in replicates of field samples.

The proposed UCMR3 stated that

aerobic spores would be monitored. It is

not clear why aerobic spores would be

monitored as pathogen indicators.

Anaerobic spores (e.g., spores of

Clostridia) are a more fecal-specific

indicator than are aerobic spores

(presumably from soil-borne Bacillus

spp.), but it has been shown that

anaerobic spores are poor indicators of

fecal contamination compared to other

indicators such as coliform or

enterococcus bacteria (Francy et al,

2000 & 2004; Atherholt et al, 2003;

Butscher et al, 2011).

If aerobic spores are to be employed, not

as a fecal indicator, but as an indicator of

surface water influence, we suggest

monitoring for heterotrophic plate count

(HPC) bacteria instead.

Occurence 2003 Atherholt, T., E.

Feerst, B.

Hovendon, J.

Kwak, and J.D.

Rosen

Evaluation of

Indicators of Fecal

Contamination in

Groundwater

J. Am. Water

Works Assoc., vol.

95, no. 10, pp. 119-

131

Atherholt, T., E. Feerst, B. Hovendon, J.

Kwak, and J.D. Rosen (2003).

“Evaluation of Indicators of Fecal

Contamination in Groundwater,” J. Am.

Water Works Assoc., vol. 95, no. 10, pp.

119-131.

Butscher, C., A. Auckenthaler, S.

Scheidler, and P. Huggenberger (2011).

“Validation of a Numerical Indicator of

Microbial Contamination for Karst

Springs,” Groundwater, vol. 49, no. 1,

pp. 66-76.

Francy, D.S., D.R. Helsel, and R.A. Nally

(2000). “Occurrence and Distribution of

Microbiological Indicators in Groundwater

and Stream Water.” Water Environ. Res.

vol. 72, no. 2, pp. 152-161.

Occurrence 2011 Butscher, C., A.

Auckenthaler, S.

Scheidler, and P.

Huggenberger

Validation of a

Numerical Indicator

of Microbial

Contamination for

Karst Springs

Groundwater, vol.

49, no. 1, pp. 66-

76

Francy, D.S., R.N. Bushon, J. Stopar,

E.J. Luzano, and G.S. Fout (2004).

“Environmental Factors and Chemical

and Microbiological Water-Quality

Constituents Related to the Presence of

Enteric Viruses in Ground Water From

Small Public Water Supplies in

Southeastern Michigan.” Scientific

Investigations Report 2004-5219. United

States Geological Survey, Reston, VA.

Occurrence 2011 Goeppert, N.,

and N.

Goldscheider

Transport and

Variability of Fecal

Bacteria in

Carbonate

Conglomerate

Aquifers

Groundwater, vol.

49, no. 1, pp. 77-

84

Gloria B Post NJDEP -- methyl tertiary

butyl ether

MTBE Widespread Exposure,

Occurrence In Source

Water, Occurrence In

Ground Water,

Occurrence In Finished

Water, Occurrence In

Public Water System,

Release to Water

(Surface/Ground),

Manufactured In Large

Quantities

A recent chronic cancer bioassay of MTBE by the

drinking water exposure route in rats (Dodd et al., 2011)

should be considered by USEPA. Previously, a chronic

inhalation study in mice and rats(an exposure route that

is not as relevant to drinking water exposure, Bird et al.,

1997) and an oral gavage study in rats from the

Ramazzini Institute in Italy, which USEPA has decided

not to consider this study because of issues related to

the pathology evaluations

(http://www.epa.gov/iris/ramazzini.htm) were the only

studies available as the basis for the assessment of the

carcinogenic potential of MTBE in drinking water.

The recent Dodd et al. (2011) study suggests that MTBE

in drinking water may cause brain tumors in rats and

should be considered by EPA.

This information is being submitted by

the New Jersey Department of

Environmental Protection-Office of

Science.

Health 2011 Dodd D, Willson

G, Parkinson H,

Bermudez E.

Two-year drinking

water

carcinogenicity

study of methyl

tertiary-butyl ether

(MTBE) in Wistar

rats.

J Appl Toxicol.

2011 Dec 7. doi:

10.1002/jat.1776.

[Epub ahead of

print]

Page 4
Nominations for CCL4 Received from the Nominations Web Site

U.S. EPA July 2012

NAME ORGANIZATION

NAME

CAS

NUMBER

CONTAMINANT

NAME

COMMON

SYNONYM FACTOR OTHERFACTOR HEALTH EFFECT DETAIL OCCURENCE DETAIL ADDITIONAL DETAIL CITATIONTYPE

CITATION

DATE

CITATION

AUTHOR CITATION TITLE CITATIONJOURNAL

CITATION

URL

Health 2011 Bouchard MF,

Sauve S,

Barbeau B,

Legrand M,

Brodeur ME,

Bouffard T, et al.

Intellectual

impairment in

school-age children

exposed to

manganese from

drinking water.

Environ Health

Perspect

119(1):138-143

Health 2011 Khan K, FactorLitvak P,

Wasserman GA,

Liu X, Ahmed E,

Parvez F,

Slavkovich V,

Levy D, Mey J,

van Geen A,

Graziano JH

Manganese

Exposure from

Drinking Water and

Children's

Classroom

Behavior in

Bangladesh

Environ Health

Perspect 119(10):

1501-1506.

Health 2011 Wasserman GA,

Liu X, Parvez F,

Factor-Litvak P,

Ahsan H, Levy

D, Kline J, van

Geen A, Mey J,

Slavkovich V,

Siddique AB,

Islam T,

Graziano JH

Arsenic and

manganese

exposure and

children's

intellectual

function.

Neurotoxicology

32(4):450-7.

NJDEPGloria B Post This information is being submitted by

New Jersey Department of

Environmental Protection-Office of

Science and New Jersey Department of

Health and Senior Services-Consumer,

Environmental, and Occupational Health

Service.

Manganese in drinking water is of current interest to a

number of states. State and EPA FSTRAC members

have formed a partner group to evaluate recent health

effects information relevant to drinking water exposure to

manganese. The current EPA Health Advisory for

manganese is based on the assumption that manganese

exposure from drinking water is much lower than from the

diet, and is not based on health effects. This

manganese Health Advisory is several-fold higher than

the secondary standard for manganese that is based on

aesthetic effects.

However, manganese occurs in NJ and other states in

both public water supplies and private wells at levels

which result in much higher exposures than those

assumed by EPA in their comparison to dietary

exposures. Also, several recent studies suggest that

manganese by the oral route may cause

neurodevelopmental effects. There is a need for an

updated health assessment for manganese in drinking

water based on current health effects data. This health

assessment could be used for an updated Health

Advisory or as the basis for a proposed MCLG.

Widespread Exposure,

Potentially Susceptible

Population, Occurrence

In Source Water,

Occurrence In Surface

Water, Occurrence In

Ground Water,

Occurrence In Finished

Water, Occurrence In

Public Water System,

Release to Water

(Surface/Ground)

MnManganese--

Page 5