J-A27041-21

NON-PRECEDENTIAL DECISION - SEE SUPERIOR COURT I.O.P. 65.37

IN THE INTEREST OF: H.M., A 

MINOR

APPEAL OF: D.M.

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 IN THE SUPERIOR COURT OF

 PENNSYLVANIA

 No. 1348 EDA 2021

Appeal from the Order Entered June 9, 2021

In the Court of Common Pleas of Philadelphia County 

Juvenile Division at No(s): CP-51-DP-0001809-2019

BEFORE: PANELLA, P.J., LAZARUS, J., and DUBOW, J.

MEMORANDUM BY PANELLA, P.J.: FILED FEBRUARY 24, 2022

D.M. appeals from the June 9, 2021 order finding her to be a perpetrator 

of child abuse against H.M. (“Child”), pursuant to 23 Pa.C.S.A. § 6303(b.1)(1), 

(5), and (7). Here, medical testimony established that Child, who was twoyears old at the relevant time, suffered injuries that were the result of nonaccidental trauma that occurred while D.M., D.M.'s sibling, and Child’s mother 

(“Mother”) were responsible for Child. Moreover, no explanation was provided 

for how the injuries occurred. Under these facts, the court applied the 

evidentiary presumption found at 23 Pa.C.S.A. § 6381(d), which establishes 

a prima facie case of abuse by the persons who were responsible for the child 

when the abuse occurred. Because D.M. failed to rebut that presumption, we 

are constrained to affirm the order. 
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During the relevant time, Mother lived with D.M. and D.M.’s sibling. 

Mother traded babysitting duties with D.M. and D.M.’s sibling as she could not 

afford childcare. 

On October 31, 2019, Mother was at work and had left Child in D.M.’s 

care. D.M.’s sibling was also home at the time. Mother received a call notifying 

her that Child had fallen down fourteen or fifteen steps, but nobody had 

witnessed the fall. Mother then observed Child on a video call and noticed he 

was going in and out of consciousness. Mother told D.M. and D.M.’s sibling to 

take Child to the ER. However, when Mother returned home an hour or two 

later, Child was still there, so she contacted emergency medical services, and 

Child was transported to the hospital for treatment. 

That same day, the Philadelphia Department of Human Services (“DHS”) 

received a Child Protective Services (“CPS”) report regarding Child. The report 

stated that Child had been taken to the hospital and had sustained multiple 

injuries, including a bruise on his mid-forehead, abrasions on his nose, 

lacerations on his lips, a small lateral conjunctival hemorrhage on his left eye, 

and small lesions on his arms, wrists, and hands. Child was also noted to have 

older, healing lesions that looked like bite marks on the left side of his chest 

and multiple well-healed lesions on the left side of his upper chest. The 

hospital also performed blood work on Child, which indicated abdominal 

trauma. A skeletal survey showed a left clavicle fracture and a healing right 

radius fracture.
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The following day, on November 1, 2019, DHS interviewed Mother and 

the hospital staff, and visited with Child. The hospital confirmed the allegations 

in the report and that Child's condition was certified as a near fatality by the

treating physician. When DHS asked Mother about the other injuries Child was 

noted to have sustained in the past, Mother could not provide a reasonable 

explanation for the injuries. 

On November 4, 2019, DHS received additional information. The 

updates included that Child received two abdomen and pelvis computed 

tomography ("CT") scans; that the first scan revealed possible liver laceration 

and pancreatic laceration; that the second scan showed spleen laceration; that 

Child had an old left clavicle fracture, an old left scapula fracture, and an old 

right radius fracture; that there was no reasonable explanation for the old 

fractures and nothing in the computer records regarding the old fractures; and 

that it was unknown how Mother responded to being told Child had old 

fractures. The report was also updated to note that Child's prognosis was good 

and he was doing well, eating, and his pain was controlled. 

On November 25, 2019, DHS determined the CPS report was indicated.1

Mother, D.M., and D.M.’s sibling were identified as perpetrators of child abuse. 

____________________________________________

1 A report of child abuse is referred to as indicated if an agency determines 

that substantial evidence of the alleged abuse exists. See 23 Pa.C.S.A. § 

6303.
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On May 8, 2020, after an adjudicatory hearing, Child was adjudicated 

dependent, and legal custody of Child was transferred to DHS. Notice was 

given that the next court date would be for a contested permanency review 

and child abuse hearing. 

On June 9, 2021, the trial court held a contested permanency review 

and child abuse hearing. Mother, Dr. Marita Lind, and a DHS Social Work 

Supervisor all testified at the hearing. D.M. appeared via video while traveling 

on an airplane. D.M. was in attendance for a portion of the hearing, but 

disconnected mid-way through. D.M. did not provide any testimony at the 

hearing. D.M.’s sibling also did not testify. At the end of the hearing, the court 

found Mother, D.M., and D.M.’s sibling were perpetrators of child abuse. 

Accordingly, the October 31, 2019 CPS report was upgraded to founded.2 This 

timely appeal followed. 

On appeal, D.M. argues the trial court erred and abused its discretion 

when it determined she was a perpetrator of child abuse against Child. 

Our standard of review for dependency cases is as follows:

[T]he standard of review in dependency cases requires an 

appellate court to accept the findings of fact and credibility 

determinations of the trial court if they are supported by the 

record, but does not require the appellate court to accept the 

lower court's inferences or conclusions of law. Accordingly, we 

review for an abuse of discretion.

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2 A report of child abuse is referred to as founded if a judicial adjudication has 

determined that the alleged abuse occurred. See 23 Pa.C.S.A. § 6303.
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In re R.J.T., 9 A.3d 1179, 1190 (Pa. 2010) (citations omitted). “The trial 

court is free to believe all, part, or none of the evidence presented and is 

likewise free to make all credibility determinations and resolve conflicts in the 

evidence.” In re M.G. & J.G., 855 A.2d 68, 73-74 (Pa. Super. 2004) (citation 

omitted).

This Court has previously stated the appropriate standard of proof 

necessary for a finding of child abuse:

The requisite standard of proof for a finding of child abuse 

pursuant to Section 6303(b.1) is clear and convincing evidence. 

Clear and convincing evidence is evidence that is so clear, direct, 

weighty, and convincing as to enable the trier of fact to come to 

a clear conviction, without hesitancy, of the truth of the precise 

facts in issue. 

Interest of A.C., 237 A.3d 553, 558 (Pa. Super. 2020) (citations and internal 

quotation marks omitted).

In situations where it is clear a child has been abused but it is unclear 

who the perpetrator of that abuse was, the identity of the perpetrator may be 

presumed using prima facie evidence:

Evidence that a child has suffered child abuse of such a nature as 

would ordinarily not be sustained or exist except by reason of the 

acts or omissions of the parent or other person responsible for the 

welfare of the child shall be prima facie evidence of child abuse by 

the parent or other person responsible for the welfare of the 

child.

23 Pa.C.S. § 6381(d) (emphasis added). 

This presumption, however, may be rebutted. See Interest of S.L., 

202 A.3d 723, 728 (Pa. Super. 2019) (stating that once an agency presents 
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prima facie evidence of abuse, a parent or caregiver presumed to have 

perpetrated that abuse is entitled to rebut that presumption). Our Supreme 

Court has explained:

the Legislature balanced the presumption of Section 6381(d) by 

making it rebuttable as it merely establishes “prima facie 

evidence” that the parent [or responsible person] perpetrated the 

abuse. As commonly understood, prima facie evidence is [s]uch 

evidence as, in the judgment of the law, is sufficient to establish 

a given fact, or the group or chain of facts constituting the party's 

claim or defense, and which if not rebutted or contradicted, will 

remain sufficient. Accordingly, evidence that a child suffered 

injury that would not ordinarily be sustained but for the acts or 

omissions of the parent or responsible person is sufficient to 

establish that the parent or responsible person perpetrated that 

abuse unless the parent or responsible person rebuts the 

presumption. The parent or responsible person may present 

evidence demonstrating that they did not inflict the abuse, 

potentially by testifying that they gave responsibility for the child 

to another person about whom they had no reason to fear or 

perhaps that the injuries were accidental rather than abusive. ... 

The evaluation of the validity of the presumption would then rest 

with the trial court evaluating the credibility of the prima facie

evidence presented by the CYS agency and the rebuttal of the 

parent or responsible person.

In re L.Z., 111 A.3d 1164, 1185 (Pa. 2015).

On appeal, D.M. argues the trial court improperly found that she was a 

perpetrator of child abuse, pursuant to 23 Pa.C.S.A. § 6303(b.1), because 

DHS failed to present clear and convincing evidence that D.M. intentionally, 

knowingly, or recklessly caused bodily injury to Child through act or omission. 

This claim fails.

In support of its allegations that Child had suffered child abuse, DHS 

presented the uncontroverted testimony of Dr. Marita Lind, who testified as 
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an expert witness in pediatrics and child abuse pediatrics.3 Dr. Lind testified 

that Child presented to the hospital with abrasions and bruising on his face 

and a laceration of his lip due to a fall down the stairs. See N.T., 6/9/2021, 

at 18. Child also had pattern bruising marks on his anterior chest and linear 

marks in his armpit area which raised a concern for non-accidental trauma. 

See id. at 18, 34-36. Accordingly, a skeletal survey was performed, which 

revealed multiple fractures of different ages. See id. at 18, 23-24, 34-36. 

Laboratory studies indicated elevated liver and pancreatic enzymes, so an 

abdominal scan was performed. See id. at 18, 37, 44-45. Child was found to 

have acute traumatic pancreatitis. See id. at 18. Child was given a cast for 

his right forearm and a sling for his left upper arm due to a clavicle and 

scapular fracture. 

Dr. Lind testified that Mother was questioned about the older markings 

on Child, and Mother indicated she believed the markings occurred when child 

was in the care of D.M. and D.M.’s sibling, and that another child in the house 

may have bitten Child. See id. at 21. Mother had specifically told Dr. Lind that 

Child had not had any prior trauma. See id. at 23.

____________________________________________

3 Both sides stipulated to the fact of Dr. Lind’s expertise and experience. See 

N.T., 6/9/2021, at 10-11. Further, Dr. Lind testified that she had been called 

in for a child abuse consult for Child, as part of her employment at the time 

of director of the child protection team at the hospital. See id. at 14-17. 
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Dr. Lind identified multiple fractures on Child that had occurred on more 

than one occasion.4 Dr. Lind described Child’s left scapular fracture as “highly 

concerning for physical abuse.” Id; see also id. at 27. 

Dr. Lind testified that there is radiologic evidence that both of Child’s 

arms, both of Child’s scapula, and his clavicle were fractured and that these 

injuries would have been noticeable in a two-year old because a child of that 

age is ambulatory and active in using their arms for moving, feeding 

themselves, and playing. Dr. Lind further testified that these older injuries 

would have caused Child substantial pain. See id. at 30, 33. 

Dr. Lind testified that Child could have contributed to an accidental 

injury, but that would not explain all of the injuries found on Child. See id. at 

26 (“[A]bsent a significant history of trauma, which would involve maybe a 

motor vehicle [] multiple times, it’s unlikely that there would be an accidental 

explanation for these injuries at all”). Dr. Lind further testified that one fall 

could not have caused all of the injuries observed on Child, because the 

injuries occurred at different times, and many of the injuries observed are not 

expected injuries caused by such a fall as the one here. See id. at 28-30. 

Dr. Lind concluded, based on her medical training and experience, that 

while some of Child’s injuries may have been accidental, the totality of his 

____________________________________________

4 Dr. Lind later testified she believed at least three incidents, but possibly 

more, would have had to occur to cause the injuries observed. See id. at 49-

50. 
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injuries were not. See id. at 39. Dr. Lind further concluded that the fall down 

the stairs could explain some of the injuries, but the fall was not a plausible 

explanation for the totality of the injuries. Dr. Lind stated Mother was aware 

the fall could not have caused all of the injuries on Child. Dr. Lind stated any 

caretaker should have been able to notice Child’s injuries, and corresponding 

pain caused by those injuries, and she was concerned the injuries had not 

been recognized and no treatment had been sought. See id. at 62. 

Dr. Lind ultimately concluded the injuries were the result of child abuse. 

See id. at 39-40, 62. The trial court found Dr. Lind’s testimony to be credible. 

Based on this medical expert testimony, along with the other testimony 

provided at the hearing, the trial court concluded Child suffered child abuse. 

Notably, at no point on appeal does D.M. dispute that Child was a victim 

of child abuse. D.M. fails to dispute Dr. Lind’s determination, or the trial court’s 

conclusion, that Child suffered from child abuse on more than one occasion. 

Dr. Lind provided substantial testimony that Child suffered from nonaccidental trauma, which caused Child substantial pain and impaired Child’s 

functioning, leading her to determine Child was the victim of child abuse. The 

trial court credited Dr. Lind’s expert testimony and concluded that Child had 

suffered child abuse as defined by 23 Pa.C.S.A. § 6303. As this finding is not 

challenged by D.M. on appeal we will not disturb it. 

D.M.’s issue on appeal centers on the trial court’s finding that she was 

among the adults responsible for Child when Child’s injuries occurred. She 
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claims, contrary to what the trial court found, there was no clear and

convincing evidence that she perpetrated the abuse on Child. However, once 

DHS met its burden of proving by clear and convincing evidence that Child 

suffered from child abuse, DHS only had to prove, pursuant to the Section 

6381(d) presumption, by prima facie evidence that Child could not have 

sustained his injuries but for the acts or omissions of the persons responsible 

for him at the time of his injuries. The trial court found D.M. to be a person 

responsible for Child at the time of his injuries. 

A majority of D.M.’s brief focuses on her claim that an act or omission 

on her part could not have caused the injuries here because she contends she 

was not home at the time of the injury. D.M. claims she was picking up her 

own children from school at the time. 

However, the application of the Section 6381(d) presumption is not 

conditioned upon proof of a parent or responsible person’s physical presence 

at the time of a child’s injury. See In re L.Z., 111 A.3d at 1184-85. Rather, 

the presumption “encompasses situations where the parent or responsible 

person is not present at the time of the injury but is nonetheless responsible 

due to his or her failure to provide protection for the child.” Id. at 1184. 

Mother left Child in D.M.’s care on the day that he was taken to the hospital 

after sustaining multiple injuries.

Further, the evidence presented at the hearing was sufficient to 

establish past abuse of Child. This, paired with Mother’s testimony that 
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something always seemed to happen to Child when in D.M.’s care, see N.T., 

6/9/2021, at 43, 83, 97-98, was sufficient to allow the trial court to apply the 

presumption to D.M. regarding the evidence of previous abuse.

As noted above, D.M. was entitled to rebut this presumption. However, 

she did not present any evidence or testimony at the hearing in support of her 

claim that she was not responsible for Child at the time of his injuries. For a 

reason that is not apparent from the record, D.M. joined the hearing by video 

call from an airplane, but soon after had to disconnect when the airplane was 

about to take off. D.M. does not contend she was not given ample notice of 

the hearing, explain why she was not available at the time to testify on her 

own behalf, nor did she ask for any kind of continuance. Therefore, D.M. failed 

to rebut the prima facie presumption that she was a perpetrator of child abuse. 

As D.M. failed to rebut the Section 6381(d) presumption, the trial court 

did not err in finding D.M. was a perpetrator of child abuse. We therefore 

affirm the order finding D.M. was a perpetrator of child abuse. 

Order affirmed. Jurisdiction relinquished. 

Judge Lazarus joins the memorandum.

Judge Dubow did not participate in the consideration.
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Judgment Entered.

Joseph D. Seletyn, Esq.

Prothonotary

Date: 2/24/2022