P.1 

OAR Box 1126 

Prepped by Ollie Stewart 

Document Number: 

51)11-1-174 

Docket Number: 

A-83-22 

Printed 4/18/2008 9:58:23 AM Sheet 51 of 182 
NEW YORK UNIVERSITY MEDICAL CENTER 

P.2 

A private university in the public service 

Institute of Environmental Medicine 

550 FIRST AVENUE, NEW YORK, N.Y. 10016 

AREA 212 340-

ANTHONY J. LANZA RESEARCH LABORATORIES AT UNIVERSITY VALLEY 

LONG MEADOW ROAD, STERLING FOREST, TUXEDO, N.Y. 

MAIL AND TELEPHONE ADDRESS: 550 FIRST AVENUE, NEW YORK, N.Y. 10016 

i 8 B H W I? 

MAR I 3 (992 

EPA AIR DOCKET 

January 30, 1985 

Mr. Jeff Cohen 

USEPA Mail Drop 12 

Research Triangle Park, HC 27711 

Dear Mr. Cohen: 

Enclosed is a copy of the manuscript describing the lead 

model and the most recent printout of the.input variables and 

results. The manuscript has now been through several internal 

revisions and the model itself has been refined somewhat. 

We were able to find a few more checks in the human data 

which provide model validation. We decided to terminate the model 

at age 20 since the bone turnover rate increases to a half-time of 

about 10 years in the older adult but the progression to this 

value is not well known and putting in an abrupt change to 10 

years causes the model to look quite bumpy at whatever age is 

chosen. We hope you concur with this decision. A smoothed model 

for older ages can be worked out in the future if this is 

necessary. A new publication by Arthur Chamberlain appeared in 

the latest issue oi Health Physics and these most recent data have 

been incorporated since they help with the validation. 

We feel the manuscript is near completion and would 

appreciate your comments and advice at this point so that we can 

begin a final version. 

Copy: Dr. Theodore Kneip 

Sincerely , 

//jrXjyy 

, l '.';• J' r-r -

Naomi H. 

Research 

Harley, Ph. 

Professor 

D. 

Biostatisties Laboratory 

"-ri 

1 

O 

^4 
FINAL REPORT- TOVTHE U.S. ENVIRONMENTAL PROTECTION AGENCY 

CONTRACT NO. B4.4899 

WITH 

P.3 

NEW YORK UNIVERSITY SCHOOL OF MEDICINE 

DEPARTMENT OF ENVIRONMENTAL MEDICINE 

of < ^ 

AN INTEGRATED METABOLIC MODEL FOR LEAD IN HUMANS OF ALL AGES 

/** 

PRINCIPAL INVESTIGATORS: Naomi H. Harley , Ph.D . 

Theodor e H. Kneip , Ph.D. 

~rV 

D-ccemutr—30 ,• ir*. • 19 04 
P.4 

AN INTEGRATED METABOLIC MODEL FOR LEAD IN HUMANS OF ALL AGES 

INTRODUCTION 

METABOLIC MODEL 

The equations which are used to calculate organ burdens are, 
P.5 

dB/dt = P - Cfas x B Cbl

 x B " Cbk x B + Cs b x S + Cl b x L + 

Ckb X K " C b u x B + F x C l g x L 

dS/dt = Cb s x B - Cs b x S 

dL/dt = Cb l x B - Cl b x L - Cj x L 

dK/dt - Cb k x B - Ck b x K 

Where P = daily input to blood in ug/day 

Cb = blood to skeleton removal rate (days ) 

= skeleton to blood removal rate " 

= blood to liver removal rate 

= liver to blood removal rate 

= blood to kidney removal rate 

= kidney to blood removal rate 

= blood to urine removal rate 

'sb 

'bl 

lb 

'bk 

'kb 

'.bu 

lg 

= live r to gastrointestina l trac t 

removal rate " 

F = fractional uptake from gastrointestinal tract to 

blood 

B,S,L,K = total lead content in blood, skeleton, liver, kidney 

(ug) 

The organ burdens are calculated in an iterative manner using the 

expressions 

B(t+l)=B(t) + dB/dt 

S(t+l)=S(t) + dS/dt 

etc 
P.6 

Model Parameters 

Vahter (1982) has shown that strict quality control is 

necessary to insure the validity of reported data. Unfortunately, reported quality assurance is the exception rather than the 

rule and for this reason an attempt is made to utilize only the 

human and baboon studies in the model where quality control is 

evident. 

Stable Lead Data. 

There are numerous measurements of stable lead in blood for 

three age groups for current steady state environmental conditions (NCHS 1982, Vahter 1982). Stable lead organ burdens have 

been measured by Barry (1981) for a few age groups covering the 

infant to the adult. Legotte et al. (1980) measured daily 

urinary excretion in adults in New York City. Ziegler et al. 

(1978) measured stable lead in diet and excreta in infants 14 

weeks to 2 years old. 

Stable lead in human tissues is changing with time due to 

differences in dietary and inhalation intake. Values reported 

for tissues in the mid 1970's are summarized in Table 1. 

Lead-210 Data. 

Naturally occurring Pb-210 has been measured in excreta and 

diet in a controlled metabolic study at the Hines Veteran's 

Hospital (Spencer et. al. 1977). Bogen et al. (1976) measured 

stable lead and Pb-210 in diet and bone ash samples from New 

York. The Pb-210 is important for model validation in that Pb210 levels in the diet occur naturally and are not subject to 

^changes over time. Differences in Pb-210 intake for different 

age groups are due to dietary consumption. 

The Pb-210 data are also summarized in Table 1. 
Bone . 

P.7 

It is well known that lead is associated with the mineral 

portion of the skeleton. For this reason, the removal half-time 

from bone most likely reflects bone modeling and remodeling 

rather than a specific removal rate of the nuclide from the 

skeleton. This was also the case for fallout Sr-90 which has 

been studied extensively in humans of all ages (Woodard and 

Harley (1965). Papworth and Vennart (1984) have fit a comparmental model to bone for all ages using measured Sr-90 in bone 

and the known daily intake in food. They indicate that although 

the turnover rate in trabecular bone is 4 times that of cortical 

bone, there was no difference in the measured concentrations, in 

pCi/g Ca, in both types of bone for continuous intake. Barry 

(1981) indicates that he felt his measured stable lead showed no 

distinction between bone type. A uniform distribution was also 

observed for radium and uranium in the skeleton present because 

of natural dietary intake. The bone removal half-times 

calculated by Papworth and Vennart from the Sr-90 data are 

smoothed somewhat for use in this model. The half-times reported 

by them are shown in Table 2 and the smoothed values used in this 

model are indicated as well. Papworth and Vennart (1984) did not 

report bone removal half-times for over age 20. Rabinowitz et 

al. (1973) estimated a bone removal rate in the adult of about 10 

years and Petrow (1966) estimated this same removal rate from his 

measurements of Pb-210 build up from radium-226 in former radium 

dial painters. 
Although lead in bone is not in steady state except in the 

adult, it is possible to estimate the removal half time from 

blood to bone for the adult. 

P.8 

adult skeleton dS/dt = Cb s x B - Cs b x S 

Choosing values of 950 and 100000 ug in blood and bone 

respectively for the adult and the value of Csb of 0.0002 per 

reported by Papworth and Vennart at age 19, a blood to bone 

removal half-time of 30 days is estimated. 

day 

Mallon • (1983) was able to measure the removal half-time from 

blood to bone in the infant baboon from measurements of skeletal 

lead and blood lead. A half-time of 2 days fit his data well. 

Frost (1969) has measured bone formation rates in cortical bone 

in infants, children and adults. The ratio of bone formation 

rate with age (Table 2) is used to scale the measured removal 

half-time from blood to bone in the infant baboon to obtain 

values of this parameter with age. The consistency in that the 

two methods agree for the adult value (26 vs. 30 days) gives some 

verification of this technique. 

In an in vivo study of injected radioactive Pb-203, Heard 

and Chamberlain (1984) measured an accumulation of 2,0% of Pb-203 

in the skeleton 20 days post injection This value is important 

for the model validation. 

These estimates and all of the bone model parameters as a 

function of age are shown in Tables 2 to 4. Table 3 is included 

to show the skeletal calcium as a function of age, skeletal ash 

weight and the volume or weight of the compartments used in the 

model so that organ concentration may be calculated. 

Kidney. 

The kidney as an organ is treated separately from urinary 

excretion. Lead within kidney cells is internal to the organ and 

has a different half-time from the lead which is filtered from 

plasma and excreted via the tubules. 

No human data for removal time from the kidney to blood 

exists. Strehlow (1971) and Cohen (1970) have determined the 

apparent removal half-time in the kidney for Pb-210 in the adult 

and Juvenile baboon respectively. The value (10 days) was 

approximately the same for all ages and so no age difference is 

anticipated in humans. Mal.lon (1983) determined that a kidney to 

blood removal half-time of 10 days for infant and juvenile 

baboons provided a good fit to measured kidney burden in a longterm feeding experiment. 
P.9 

Kidney(t) = 

'bk 

C

kb " Cb. 

-C, t -C, t 

r

 b ks , [e - e ] 

where C b = overal l bloo d remova l half-tim e (day -1) 

- B° = initial total input to blood. 

Fpr any removal half-time for kidney shorter than that for 

overall removal from blood, the observed half-time in kidney will 

be identical with that for blood. Longer half-times than for 

blood will give apparent half-times which depend upon the 

relative removal times. 

Once the removal half-time from kidney to blood is selected 

the half-time for removal from blood to kidney can be estimated 

from the steady state conditions 

dK/dt - C b k x B - C k b x K = 0 

-

 C bk " (C

kb.x K > /B 

tl/2 = ln 2/Cb k 

In the model developed here a kidney to blood removal half-time 

of 10 days measured in the baboon is used for all ages as is the 

half-time of about 30 days for removal of lead from blood to 

kidney derived from the above expression. 

In the human, the overall blood half-time is longer than 

that of the baboon (16 vs. 6 days) (Mallon 1983) and a more 

appropriate kidney to blood removal half time could therefore be 

any value up to 16 days. There is no effect upon blood lead at 

steady state as discussed above, however, it would be of 

scientific interest to determine this value precisely. The 

values used in this model are shown in Table 4. 

Liver. 

The liver is similar to kidney in that it does not affect 

blood lead once steady state is achieved and this occurs quite 

rapidly. The liver to blood removal half-time observed in the 

adult and juvenile baboon was 23 days (Strehlow 1971, Cohen 

1970). Mallon (1983) was also able to fit the steady state liver 
P.10 

burden in juvenile baboons in a lead feeding experiment utilizing 

this half-time. Since no change in half-time was seen with age, 

it is assumed that liver to blood removal half-time is also 

constant with age in the human. 

The half-times used in this model for the liver including 

biliary excretion, as a function of age are shown in Table 4. 

Blood 

An overall removal rate from blood has been 

established in the adult male in two studies. Chamberlain et al. 

(1975) gave radioactive Pb-203 by inhalation of engine exhaust. 

They determined a blood clearance half-time of 15.8 days. 

Rabinowitz et al. (1973) in a feeding experiment with stable Pb204 and Pb-207 determined the overall blood clearance half-time 

to be 18.7 days. The overall blood half-time following a single 

injection changes with time. This has been observed in the 

baboon studies, but the human studies have not been conducted for 

long enough intervals to establish the entire removal curve. 
P.11 

Urine 

Rabinowitz et. al. (1973) showed that 54% of the lead in 

blood cleared via urinary excretion. Heard and Chamberlain (1984) 

measured 30% urinary excretion 20 days after injection of 

radioactive Pb-203. These are a.useful values since they can be 

used in the model under single injection conditions for model 

validation. 

Ziegler et al. (1978), measured urinary and fecal excretion 

in infants 14 days to 2 years old. The urinary excretion at 1 

year was about 11 ug/day (dietary intake measured as about 100 

ug/day). The urinary excretion for adults was measured by Legotte 

et al. (1980) and was found to be 17 ug/day on average (range 7-

31 ug/day) (dietary intake 80 ug/day). The urinary clearance 

half-time may be estimated from a knowledge of the whole blood 

content and the urinary excretion. 

Urine (ug/day) bu x B 

At one year the total blood content is about 140 ug (880 ml. x 

0.16 ug/ml) yielding an excretion half-time of 9 days. For the 

adult the total blood content is about 950 ug (5600 ml x 0.17 

ug/ml) which yields a urinary removal half-time of 40 days. 

Assuming that the urinary excretion is constant at about 15 

ug/day for ages between infancy and adulthood and utilizing the 

reported blood levels with age (NCHS 1982) additional excretion 

half-times may be estimated for a few age groups. The values 

used for urinary half-times as a function of age are shown in 

Table 4. 

Gastrointestinal Uptake. 

dB/dt = P - Cb u x B = 0 

Spencer et.al. (1977) measured 1.36 pCi Pb-210/day for the 

diet plus inhalation and 0.25 pCi Pb-210/day in urinary excretion. 

This yields a value of 0.25/1.36 = 0.18 for the fractional lead 

uptake. Legotte et al. (1980) measured 17 ug lead/day in urinary 

excretion in adults in New York City with a dietary intake of 80 

ug lead/day (Bogen et al., 1976). This yields a fractional 
uptake of 0.20 for stable lead. This is somewhat higher than 

that reported by Rabinowitz et. al. (1973) of 0.094 or Kehoe 0.08 

(1961) for stable lead. It has been observed that lead uptake is 

a logarithmic function of the ingested quantity in the baboon 

(Mallon 1983). Lead-210 in the presence of normal low dietary 

lead is predictive of the highest uptake since there is small 

mass. This is a conservative estimate for the adult. Ziegler et 

al. (1978) also noted this effect in infants. Lead uptake 

appeared higher for low lead diets (30 ug/day) versus moderate 

lead diets (130 ug/day). 

Ziegler et al. (1978) were able to calculate a GI uptake 

factor of 4 0 % for infants from their measurements of lead in the 

diet and excreta. For the present model, a value of 40 % is used 

for the infant, 18 % for the adult and smoothed values in 

intermediate ages. It is not known whether lead excreted in bile 

is reabsorbed with the same uptake as dietary lead, however, this 

assumption is made in the model as a best approximation. 

MODEL RESULTS AND VALIDATION 

tne compartment, tnen tne organ concentrations tor 

increasing blood lead input in steps of 10 ug/day to a maximum of 

150 ug/day. 

data. ihe amount accumulated in bone following a singl 

this model is 20 %, which is in good agreement with the 

measurements of Heard and Chamberlain (1984). 

10 
P.13 

Acknowledgement. The authors would like to thank Dr. Helen 

Woodard for her comments and advice concerning the model, Gordon 

Cook for the illustrations and Aimee Miranda for preparation and 

typing of the text. 

11 
P.M 

REFERENCES 

Aub, JC , Fairhall, LI., Minot, AS., RezniKoff, P. Lead 

poisoning p. 21 Medicine Monographs Vol VII, Published by 

Williams and Wilkins, Co. 1926 

Barry, PSI. Concentrations of lead in the tissues of children. 

Brit. J. Ind. Med. 38,61:1981 

Bogen, DC , Welford, GA., Morse, RS. General population exposure 

of stable lead and Pb-210 to residents of New York City. 

Health Physics 30, 359, 1976 

Chamberlain., AC , Clough, WS., Heard, MJ., Newton, Stott, 

ANB.,Wells, AC. Uptake of lead by inhalation of motor exhaust. 

Proc. R. Soc- Lond. B. 192,77:1975 

Cohen, N. The Retention and Distribution of Pb-210 in the Adult 

Baboon. 

Doctoral Dissertation, New York University 1970 

Desilva, PE. Determination of lead in plasma and studies on its 

relationship to lead in erythrocytes. 

Brit. J. Ind. Med. 38,209:1981 

Duggan, MJ. The uptake and excretion of lead by young children 

Arch. Env Health 38, 246:1983 

Frost, HM. Tetracycline-based histological analysis of bone 

remodeling. 

Calc. Tiss. Res. 3,211:1969 

Gross, SB., Pfitzer, EA., Yeager, DW., Kehoe, RA. Lead in human 

tissues. 

Toxicology and Applied Pharmacology 32, 638:1975 

Heard, MJ, Chamberlain, A C Uptake of Pb by human skeleton and 

comparative metabolism of Pb and alkaline earth elements. 

Health Physics 47, 857:1984 

Holtzman, RB. Measurement of the,natural content of RaD and RaF 

in human bone. Estimate of whole body burdens. 

Health Physics 9, 385:1963 

Holtzman, RB., Ilcewitz, FH. Lead-210 and Po-210 in tissues of 

cigaarette smokers. 

Science 153,1259:1966 

ICRP 20, Alkaline earth metabolism in adult man. 

International Commission on radiological Protection, Pergamon 

Press, New York 1972 

12 
P.15 

Johnson, JR., Myers, RC. Alkaline earth metabolism: a model 

useful in calculating organ burdens, excretion rates and 

committed effective dose equivalent conversion factors. 

Radiation Protection Dosimetry 1, 87:1981 

Kehoe, RS. The metabolism of lead in man in health and disease. 

J. Roy. Inst. Pub. Health Hyg. 24, 1961 

Legotte, PA., Rosa, WC , Sutton, DC. Determination of cadmium and 

lead in urine and other biological samples by graphite-furnace 

atomic-absorption spectrometry. 

Talanta 27,39:1980 

Mallon RP. A metabolic model of lead kinetics based upon 

measured organicburdens during chronic exposure experiments with 

infant and juvenile baboons. 

Doctoral Dissertation,. New York University 1983 

Mitchell, H.H., Hamilton, T.S., Steggerda, F.R., Bean, H.W. 

J. Biol. Chem 158, 625:1945 

NCHS. Blood lead levels for persons 6 months-74 years of age: 

United States, 1976-80 

Advance Data 79, 1982 

Papworth, DC , Vennart, J. The uptake and turnover of Sr-90 in 

the human skeleton. 

Phys. Med. Biol. 29,1045:1984 

Petrow, H C A study of the distribution of Ra-226, Ra-228, Pb-" 

210 and Th-228 in bone and soft tissue of radon dial painters. 

Doctoral dissertation 1960 

Rabinowitz, MB., Wetherill, GW., Kopple, JD. Lead metabolism in 

the normal human:stable isotope studies. 

Science 182,725:1973 

Spector, W., (Ed.) Handbook of biological data. 

W. B. Saunders Company, Philadelphia 1956. 

Spencer, H., Holtzman, RB., Kramer, L., Ilcewitz, FH. Metabolic 

balances of Pb-210 and Po-210 at natural levels. 

Rad. Res. 69, 166 1977 

Strehlow, CD. The use of deciduous teeth as indicators of lead 

exposure. 

Doctoral dissertation, New York University 1969 

Vahter, M. Assessment of human exposure to lead and cadmium 

through biological monitoring. 

National Swedish Inst, of Environmental Medicine, Stockholm, 1982 

13 
P.16 

Woodard, HQ.., Harley, JH, 

patients with sarcoma. 

Health Physics 11, 991, 1965 

Strontium-90 in the long bones of 

Ziegler, EE„, Edwards, BB. Jensen, RL., Mahaffey, KR., Fomon, 

SJ. Absorption and retention of lead by infants. 

Pediatric Res. 12,29:1978 

14 
Table 1. Typical Stable Lead and Lead-210 in Human Tissues and Diet 

Age 

Group 

(1) 

Blood 

pg/ml 

(Rib) 

Bone (2) (2) (2) 

(Tibia) (Calvaria) Liver Kidney 

pg/gash (g wet) pg/g 

(3) 

Urine 

(pg/day) 

(4) 

Diet + Inhalation 

(pCi/day) 

ph-?in 

(5) 

Bone 

(pCi) 

(4) 

• Urine 

(pCi/day) 

0 - 1 year 

6 no - 5 years 0.16 

6.0 (0.9) 5.5 ( 0.82) 4.1 ( 0.61) 0.41 0.21 11 

1 - 5 year 11 (2.6) 12 ( 2.8) 9.8 ( 3.1) 0.65 0.49 

6 - 9 year 8.5 (2.1) 11.7 ( 2.7) 12.1 ( 3.8) 0.74 0.46 

11 - 16 year 

6-1 7 year 

18 - 74 year 

0.13 

0.17 

8.5 (2.1) 11.5 ( 2.7) 12.8 ( 4.0) 0.57 0.46 

Adult men 37 (8.8) 98 (23) 64 (20) 

women 28 (6.8) 69 (16) 51 (16) 

1.03 0.64 17 

Range (7-31) 

1.36 400 ± 50 

(nonsmokers) 

0.25 

(1) National Center for Health Statistics 1976-1980 Blood Lead Levels 

(2) Barry PSI Brit. J. Ind Med 38, 61 (1981) 

(3) Ziegler et al Ped. Res. 12, 29 (1978); Legotte PA, Rosa WC, Sutton DC Talanta 27, 39 (1980) 

(4) Spencer et al 1977 

(5) Holtzman RB, Ilcewltz FH (1966) 

TJ 
P.18 

Table 2, Bone-Formation and Turnover Rates 

Age 

1 

2 

3 . 

4 

5 

6 

7 

8 

9 

10 

11 

12 

13 

14 

15 

16 

17 

18 

19 

20 

21 

22 

23 

24 

25 

26 

27 

28 

29 

30 

31 

32 

33 

34 

35 

36 

37 

38 

39 

40 

(D 

Removal 

Half Time 

(Days) 

1135 

784 

677 

659 

715 

888 

1320 

2580 

8730 

oo00 

36167 

6842 

3421 

2388 

2025 

1930 

1980 

2066 

2110 

2110 

_ 

' — 

-

-

-

-

— 

-

— 

-

— 

— 

— 

— 

— 

— 

— 

— 

-

-

Model 

(Smoothed 

Values) 

Days 

1135 

1135 

1135 

1135 

1135 

1135 

1320 

2580 

2580 

2580 

2580 

2580 

3421 

3421 

3421 

3421 

3421 

3421 

3421 

3421 

3421 

3421 

3421 

3421 

3421 

. 3421 

3421 

3421 

3421 

3421 

3650 

3650 

3650 

3650 

3650 

3650 

3650 

3650 

3650 

3650 

(2) 

Bone 

Formation 

Rate 

(%/Year) 

85 

38 

38 

38 

38 

38 

38 

38 

38 

21 

21 

21 

21 

21 

21 

21 

21 

21 

21 

6.7 

6.7 

6.7 

6.7 , 

6.7 

6.7 

6.7 

6.7 

6.7 

6.7 

3.5 

3.5 

3.5 

3.5 

3.5 

3.5 

3.5 

3.5 

3.5 

3.5 

3.5 

(3) 

Blood to 

Bone HalfTime (Days) 

2.3 

5.2 

ti 

n 

II 

n 

•t 

it 

ti 

9.4 

9.4 

it 

it 

n 

ii 

II 

ti 

it 

II 

29.3 29(4) 

29.3 

n 

II 

•t 

II 

it 

tt 

it 

it 

56.1 

•t 

it 

it 

ii 

it 

II 

it 

tt 

n 

n 

(1) Papworth DG, Vennart J Phys Med Biol 29, 1045 1984 

(2) Frost HM Calcified tissue Research 3, 211 (1969) 

(3) Age 1 from Mallon (1983) for infant - other values 

scaled from formation rates of frost (1969) 

(4) Calculated from adult data, see text 
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Table 4. Hal-f—Time in Days -for the Compartment; 

AGE 

1.0 

2.0 

3.0 

4.0 

5.0 

6.0 

7.0 

5.0 

9.0 • 

10.0 

11-0 

12.0 

13.0 

14.0 

15.0 

16.0 

17.0 

18.0 

19.0 

20.0 

SOKE !N 

2.3 

5.2 

5.2 

5.2 

5.2 

5.2 

5.2 

5.2 

5.2 

9.4 

9.4 

9.4 

9.4 

9.4 

9.4 

9.4 

9.4 

9.4 

9.4 

BONE OUT 

1135 

1135 

1135 

1135 

1135 

1135 

1320 

2550 

2580 

2530 

2530 

2580 

3421 

3421 

3421 

3421 

3421 

342! 

3421 

3421 

LIVER iN 

10.0 

10.0 

10.0 

10.0 

10.0 

10.0 

10.0 

10.0 

10.0 • 

10.0 

10.0 

10.0 

10.0 

10.0 

10.0 

10,0 

10.0 

10.0 

10.0 

10.0 

LIVER OUT 

23.0 

23.0 

23.0 

23.0 

23.0 

23.0 

23.0 

23.0 

23.0 

23.0 

23.0 

23.0 

">^ rt 

23.0 

23.0 

23.0 

23.0 

23.0 

23.0 

23.0 

KIDNEY IN 

30.0 

30.0 

30.0 

30.0 

30.0 

30.0 

30.0 

30.0 

30.0 

30.0 

30.0 

30.0 

30.0 

30.0 

30.0 

30.0 

30.0 

30.0 

30.0 

30.0 

KIDNEY OUT 

10.0 

10.0 

10.0 

10.0 

10.0 

10.0 

10.0 

10.0 

10.0 

10.0 

10.0 

10.0 

10.0 

10.0 

10.0 

10.0 

10.0 

10.0 

10.0 

10.0 

URINE QLiT 

9.0 

9.0 

9.0 

9.0 

10.0 

10.0 

10.0 

10.0 

10.0. 

20.0 

20.0 

20.0 

20.0 

20.0 

40.0 

40.0 

40.0 

40.0 . 

40.0 

40.0 

LIVER TQ BUT 

3.0 

5.0 

5.0 

5.0 

10.0 

20.0 

40.0 

40.0 

40.0 

40.0 

40.0 

40.0 

40.0 

40.0 

60.0 

60.0 

60.0 

60.0 

60.0 

60.0 

61 UPTAKE 

0.40 

0.30 . 

0.30 

0.30 

0.30 

0.30 

0.18 

0.18 

0.13 

0.18 

0.1B 

0.18 

0.18 

0.18 

0.18 

0.16 

0.18 

0.18 

0.18 

0.13 
P.21 

20:41:21 01-29-1985 

Table 5 . Total Lead Organ Content in Micrograms for Males. 

Input to Blood 10 Micrograms per Day. 

GE 

1 

2 

3 

4 

5 

6 

7 

8 

9 

10 

11 

12 

13 

14 

15 

16 

17 

18 

19 

20 

BLOOD 

26.13 

46.06 

49.07 

51.76 

58.05 

63. B4 

66.98 

57.61 

59.52 

72.97 

108.18 

110.69 

103.93 

105.97 

131.71 

135.13 

138.46 

141.71 

144.89 

147.99 

BONE 

2398 

3863 

5182 

6363 

7574 

8792 . 

10167 

11871 

13494 

15558 

16826 

18075 

19480 

20828 

22691 

24554 

26372 

28146 

29877 

31567 

LIVER 

6.9 

18.9 

20. 1 

21.2 

40.4 

68.2 

97.6 

84.0 

86.8 

106.3 

157.8 

161.4 

151.6 

154.6 

218.6 

224.3 

229.9 

235.3 

240.6 • 

245.7 . 

• KIDNEY 

8.7 

15.3 

16.3 

17.2 

19.3 

21.2 

22.3 

19.2 

19.8 

24.3 

36.0 

36.9 

34.6 

35.3 

43.9 

45.0 

46. 1 

47.2 

48.3 

'•49.3 

URINE 

2.01 

3. 55 

3.78 

3.99 

4.47 

4.43 

4.64 

3.99 

4. 13 

5.06 

O. 75 

3.84 

3.60 

3.67 

4.56 

2.34 

• 2.40 

2.46 

.' 2.51 

2.56 

FECES 

0.96 

0.46 

0.49 

0.52 

0.98 

1.65 

0.92 

0.80 

0.82 

1.01 

1.49 

1.53 

1.44 

1.46 

2.07 

2. 12 

2. 18 

2.23 

2.28 

2.33 
P.22 

Table 6 . Organ Lead Concentration for 

Input ta Blood 10 ug per day 

Males as a Function of Agj 

AGE BLOOD ug/ml 

1 

2 

3 

4 

5 

6 

7 

8 

9 

10 

11 

12 

13 

14 

15 

16 

17 

18 

19 

20 

0.030 

0.040 

0.037 

0.035 

0.036 

0.035 

0.033 

0.025 

0.023 

0.026 

0.035 

0. 033 

0.028 

0.025 

0.028 

0.027 

0.026 

0.026 

0.026 

0.027 

BONE ug/g ash 

8.87 

9.53 

10.65 

11.77 

12.74 

13.55 

14.47 

14.64 

14.68 

14.39 

13.45 

12.41 

11.55 

10.79 

10.42 

10. 16 

10.03 

10.01 

10.33 

10.81 

LIVER ug/g 

0.03 

0.06 

0.05 

0.05 

0.08 

0. 12 

0. 16 

0. 12 

0. 11 

0. 13 

0. 17 

0. 16 

0. 14 

0. 12 

0. 16 

0. 15 

0. 15 

0.14 

0. 14 

0. 14 

KIDNEY ug/g 

0. 18 

0.26 

0.23 

0.22 

0.23 

0.21 

0.21 

0.16 

0. 15 

0. 16 

0.22 

0.21 

0. 17 

0. 16 

0. 18 

0. 17 

0.17 

0. 16 

0.16 

0. 16 
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P.24 

Table 8 . Organ Lead Concentration for Males as a Function of Age. 

Input to Blood 20 :ug per day. 

AGE BLOOD ug/ml BONE ug/g ash LIVER ug/g KIDNEY ug/g 

1 

2 

3 

4 

5 

6 

7 

8 

9 

10 

11 

12 

13 

14 

15 

16 

17 

18 

19 

20 

0.059 

0.081 

0.073 

0.070 

0.073 

0.069 

0.065 

0.050 

0.046 

0.052 

0.070 

0.066 

0.056 

0.050 

0.057 

0.053 

0.052 

0.052 

0.053 

0.054 

17.74 

19.06 

21.31 

23.54 

25.48 

27.11 

28.94 

29.28 

29.37 

28.78 

26.89 

24.82 

23. 10 

21.59 

20.83 

20.32 

20.06 

20.03 

20.66 

21.63 

0.05 

0. 11 

0. 10 

0. 10 

0. 17 

0.24 

0.32 

0.24 

0.23 

0.25 

0.34 

0.32 

0.27 

0.25 

0.31 

0.30 

0.29 

0.29 

0.29 

0.29 

0.36 

0.51 

0.45 

0.44 

0.46 

0.43 

0.41 

0.31 

0.29 

0.32 

0.44 

0.42 

0.35 

0.32 

0.36 

0.34 

0.33 

0. 33 

0. 33 

0. 33 
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P.26 

Table 10 . Organ Lead Concentration for Males as a Function of Age. 

Input to Blood 30 ug per day. 

AGE BLOOD ug/ml BONE uq/g ash LIVER ug/g KIDNEY ug/g 

1 

2 

4 

5 

6 

7 

8 

9 

10 

11 

12 

13 

14 

15 

16 

17 

IB 

19 

20 

0.089 

0. 121 

0. 110 

0. 105 

0. 109 

0. 104 

0.098 

0.074 

0.069 

0.078 

0. 105 

0.099 

0.084 

0.075 

0.085 

0.080 

0.078 

0.07B 

0.079 

0.081 

26.61 

28.59 

31.96 

•J>\J « O I 

38.22 

40.66 

43.41 

43.92 

44.05 

43.17 

40.34 

37.22 

34. 65 

32.38 

31.25 

30.49 

30.08 

30.04 

30.99 

32.44 

0.08 

0. 17 

0. 15 

0. 14 

0.25 

0.36 

0.48 

0.36 

0.34 

0.38 

0.52 

0.48 

0.41 

0.37 

0.47 

0.44 

0.44 

0.43 

0.43 

0.43 

0.54 

0.77 

0.68 

0.66 

0.69 

0.64 

0.62 

0.47 

0.44 

0.49 

0.67 

0.62 

0.52 

0.48 

0.53 

0.51 

0.50 

0.49 

0.49 

0.49 
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Table 12 . Organ Lead Concentration for Males as a Function of Age. 

Input to Blood 40 ug per day. 

AGE BLOOD ug/ml BONE ug/g ash LIVER ug/g KIDNEY uq/g 

1 

2 

o 

4 

5 

6 

7 

8 

9 

10 

11 

12 

13 

14 

15 

16 

17 

18 

19 

20 • 

0.119 

0. 162 

0. 146 

0. 140 

0. 145 

0. 138 

0. 130 

0.099 

0.093 

0. 104 

0. 140 

0. 133 

0. Ill 

0. 100 

0. 113 

0. 107 

0. 104 

0. 103 

0. 105 

0. 108 

35.48 

38. 11 

42.61 

47.09 

50.96 

54.22 

57.88 

58.56 

58.74 

57.56 

53.79 

49.63 

46.20 

43. 17 

41.67 

40.65 

40.11 

40.05 

"41.33 

43.26 

0.10 

0.22 

0. 20 

0. 19 

0.34 

0.49 

0.64 

0.48 

0.45 

0.50 

0.69 

0.64 

0.54 

0.49 

0.63 

0.59 

0.58 

0.58 

0.58 

0.5B 

0.72 

1.02 

0.91 

0.88 

0.92 

0.86 

0.83 

0.62 

0.59 

0.65 

0.89 

0.83" 

0.70 

0.64 

0.71 

0.67 

0.66 

0.66 

0.66 

0.66 
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P.30 

Table 14 . Organ Lead Concentration for Males as a Function of Age. 

Input to Blood 50 ug per day. 

AGE BLOOD ug/ml BONE ug/g ash LIVER ug/g KIDNEY ug/g 

1 

2 

4 

5 

6 

7 

8 

9 

10 

11 

12 

13 

14 

15 

16 

17 

18 

19 

20 

0. 148 

0.202 

0. 183 

0.175 

0.181 

0. 173 

0.163 

0.124 

0.116 

0.130 

0.175 

0. 166 

0. 139 

0.125 

0.141 

0. 134 

0.130 

0.129 

0. 132 

0. 135 

44 - 35 

47.64 

en* o L. 

58.86 

63.69 

67. 77 

72.34 

73.20 

73.42 

71.96 

67.23 

62.04 

57.75 

53.97 

52.08 

50.81 

50.14 

50.07 

51.66 

54.07 

0. 13 

0.28 

0.25 

0.24 

0.42 

0.61 

0.80 

0.60 

0.57 

0.63 

0.86 

0.80 

0.68 

0.61 

0.78 

0.74 

0.73 

0.72 

0.72 

0.72 

0.90 

• 1.28 

1. 13 

1.10 

1. 15 

1.07 

1.03 

0.78 

0.73 

0.81 

1.11 

1.04 

0.87 

0.79 

0.89 

0.84 

0.83 

0.82 

0.82 

0.82 
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Table 16 . Organ Lead Concentration for Males as a Function of Age. 

Input to Blood 60 ug per day. 

AGE BLOOD ug/ml BONE ug/g ash LIVER ug/g KIDNEY ug/g 

1 

*^l 

3 

4 

5 

6 

7 

8 

9 

10 

11 

12 

13 

14 

15 

16 

17 

IB 

19 

20 

0. 178 

0.242 

0.220 

0.210 

0.218 

0.207 

0. 195 

0.149 

0. 139 

0. 156 

0.210 

0. 199 

0.167 

0. 150 

0. 170 

0. 160 

0. 156 

0. 155 

0. 158 

0. 161 

53.22 

57. 17 

63.92 

70.63 

76.43 

81.33 

86.81 

87.84 

88. 11 

8 6 . C<>J 

80. 6B 

74.45 

69.30 

64.76 

62.50 

60.97 

60.17 . 

60.08 

61.99 

64.89 

0. 15 

0.33 

0.30 

0.29 

0.51 

0.73 

0.96 

0.72 

0.68 

0.75 

1.03 

0.97 

0.81 

0.74 

0.94 

0.89 

0.87 

0.87 

0.87 

0.87 

1.08 

4 er-:r 

1. oo 1.36 

1.32 

1.38 

1.29 

1.24 

0.94 

0. 88 

0.97 

1 . O O 

1.25 

1.05 

0.95 

1.07 

1.01 

0.99 

0.98 

0.98 

0.99 
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Table 18 . Organ Lead Concentration for Males as a Function of Age. 

Input to Blood 70 ug per day. 

AGE BLOOD ug/ml BONE ug/g ash LIVER ug/g KIDNEY ug/g 

1 

2 

3 

4 

5 

6 

7 

8 

9 

10 

11 

12 

13 

14 

15 

16 

17 

18 

19 

20 

0.208 

0.283 

0.256 

0.245 

0.254 

0.242 

0.228 

0.174 

0. 162 

0. 182 

0.245 

0.232 

0. 195 

0. 175 

0. 198 

0. 187 

0. 183 

0. 181 

0. 184 

0. 188 

62. 10 

66.70 

74.57 

82.40 

89. 17 

94.88 

101.28 

102.49 

102.79 

100.74 

94. 12 

86.86 

80.85 

75.55 " 

72.92 

71. 13 

70.20 

70.09 

72.32 

75.70 

0. 18 

0.39 

0.35 

0.34 

0.59 

0.85 

1. 12 

0.84 

0.79 

0.88 

1.20 

1.13 

0.95 

0.86 

1. 10 

1.04 

1.02 

1.01 

1.01 

1.01 

1.26 

1.79 

1.59 

1.55 

1.61 

1.50 

1.44 

1.09 

1.03 

1. 13 

1.56 

1.46 

1 oo 

1. 11 

1.25 

1. 18 

1. 16 

1. 15 

1. 15 

1.15 
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Table 20 . Organ Lead Concentration for Males as a Function of Age, 

Input to Blood 80 ug per day. 

AGE BLOOD ug/ml BONE ug/g ash LIVER ug/g KIDNEY ug/g 

1 

2 

3 

4 

5 

6 

7 

8 

9 

10 

11 

12 

13 

14 

15 

16 

17 

18 

19 

20 

0.238 

0.323 

0.293 

0.280 

0.290 

0.276 

0.260 

0.199 

0.185 

0.208 

0.280 

0.265 

0.223 

0.200 

0.226 

0.214 

0.209 

0.207 

0.211 

0.215 

70.97 

76.23 

85.22 

94. 17 

101.91 

108.43 

115.75 

117.13 

117.48 

115.13 

107.57 

99.26 

92.40 

86.35 

83.33 

81.30 

• 80.23 

80.11 

82.65 

86.52 

0.20 

0.44 

0.39 

0.38 

0.68 

0.97 

X • ii1 O 

0.96 

0.91 

1.00 

1.37 

1.29 

1.08 

0.98 

1.25 

1.19 

1. 16 

1. 15 

1. 16 

1. 16 

1.44 

2.04 

1.81 

1.77 

1.84 

1.72 

1.65 

1.25 

1.17 

1.30 

1.78 

1.67 

1.40 

1.27 

1.43 

1.35 

1.32 

1.31 

1.31 

1.31 
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AGE BLOOD BONE LIVER KIDNEY URINE FECES " 

Table 21 . Total Lead Organ Content in; Micrograms for Males. 

Input to Blood 90 Micrograms per Day. 

4 
Table 22 . Organ Lead Concentration for Males as a Function of Age. 

Input to Blood 90 ug per day. 

AGE BLOOD ug/ml BONE ug/g ash LIVER ug/g KIDNEY ug/g 

1 

2 

3 

4 

5 

6 

7 

8 

9 

10 

11 

12 

13 

14 

15 

16 

17 

18 

19 

20 

0.267 

0.364 

0.330 

0.315 

0.327 

0.311 

0.293 

0.223 

0.208 

0.234 

0.315 

0.298 

0.251 

0.225 

0.254 

0.240 

0.235 

0.233 

0.237 

0.242 

79.84 

85.76 

95.87 

105.94 

114.65 

121.99 

130.22 

131.77 

132.16 

129.52 

121.02 

111.67 

103.95 

97.14 

93.75 

91.46 

90.25 . 

90. 12 

92.98 

97.33 

0.23 

0.50 

0.44 

0.43 

0.76 

1.09 

1.43 

1.0B 

1.02 

1. 13 

1.55 

1.45 

1.22 

1. 11 

1.41 

1.33 

1.31 

1.30 

1.30 

1.30 

1.63 

2.30 

2.04 

1.99 

2.07 

1.93 

1.B6 

1.40 

1.32 

1.46 

2.00 

1.87 

1.57 

1.43 

1.60 

1.52 

1.49 

1.47 

1.48 

1.48 
,-s-mr f r 

P.39 

Table 23 . Total Lead Organ Content in Micrograms for Males. 

Input to Blood 100 Micrograms per Day. 

AGE BLOOD BONE LIVER 

~ 

1 

2 

3 

4 

5 

6 

7 

8 

9 

10 

11 

12 

13 

14 

15 

16 

17 

18 

19 

20 

261.27 

460.59 

490.70 

517.64 

580.52 

638.43 

669.79 

576.10 

595.19 

729.74 

1081.82 

1106.90 

1039.26 

1059.67 

1317.09 

1351.26 

1384.59 

1417.13 

1448.87 

1479.86 

23975 

38628 

51824 

63630 

75745 

87920 

101674 

118709 

134942 

155580 

168261 

180755 

194796 

208283 

226914 

245539 

263717 

281457 

298771 

315668 

69.3 

189.0 

201.4 

212.5 

404. 1 

681.7 

975.6 

839.7 

867.7 

1063.4 

1577.7 

1614.5 

1516.0 

1545.B 

2186.2 

2243.1. 

2298.6 

2352.8 

2405.7 

2457.3 

KIDNEY 

86.7 

153. 1 

163.2 

172.2 

193.2 

212.4 

222.9 

191.8 

198.2 

242.9 

360.3 

368.7 

346.2 

353.0 

438.6 

450.0 

461.1 

472.0 

482.6 

492.9 

URINE 

20. 12 

35.47 

37.79 

39.87 

44.71 

44.25 

46.43 

39.93 

41.26 

50.58 

37.49 

38.36 

36.02 

36.73 

45.65 

23.42 

23.99 

24.56 

25. 11 

25.64 

FECES 

9. 60 

4.59 

4.89 

5. 15 

9.80 

16.54 

9.24 

7.95 

8.22 

10.07 

14.95 

15.29 

14.36 

14.64 

20.71 

21.25 

21.78 

22.29 

22.79 

23.28 
Table 24 . Organ Lead Concentration for Males as a Function of Age. 

Input to Blood 100 ug per day. 

AGE BLOOD ug/ml BONE ug/g ash LIVER ug/g KIDNEY ug/g 

1 

2 

4 

5 

6 

7 

8 

9 

10 

11 

12 

13 

14 

15 

16 

17 

18 

19 

20 

0.297 

0.404 

0.366 

0.350 

0.363 

0.345 

0.325 

0.24B 

0.232 

0.260 

0.350 

0.331 

0.279 

0.251 

0.283 

0.267 

0.261 

0.259 

0.263 

0.269 

88.71 

95.28 

106.53 

117.72 

127.39 

135.54 

144.69 

146.41 

146.85 

143.91 

134.46 

124.08 

115.50 

107.93 

104.17 

101.62 

100.28 

100.13 

103.31 

108.15 

0.25 

0.56 

0.49 

0.48 

0.85 

1.22 

1.59 

1.20 

1. 13 

1.25 

1.72 

1.61 

1.35 

1.23 

1.57 

1.48 

1.45 

1.44 

1.44 

1.45 

1.81 

2.55 

2.27 

2.21 

2.30 

2. 15 

2.06 

1.56 

1. 47 

1.62 

2.22 

2.08 

1.75 

1.59 

1.78 

1.69 

1.65 

1.64 

1.64 

1.64 
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04 Js O OD -fl O »- vl 04 00 01 04 CO Js ^ t- -fl O -0 vi 

Ul CD C-4 -0 04 Cfl ••» Cn O vi 00 vi O i- 10 -0 C-4 fr *- 01 

to to to to to to »-• •- •* •-» >- •-

vlO^UICn->JiVlthvJvlv-*<|-flOvJjstOIO W 

O Ji OD t-0 th O O th vj W Ch Cn t-0 vl Js Js Ol hJ O vl 

04 fr CO CD vl Js O vi Ul Ul -0 Js 04 04 -0 J> 04 »- vl th 

O 04 •* UI -li 00 Ji th -0 Ul vl Ji vi to -o cn vl Ul -o to 

1 

• • ui cn cn ui Ji j i 01 04 Ji OJ to to to to to to »-* •- *- Js0J»-'O-0tDC0C0O-0th»-'i-*-Js0jH'0DvlO-fl 

to 0 -A vi ui to 00 0 cn th vi OD i-1 cn 01 to -fl -A CO cn 1 

to CD to to 0 cn 04 co cn 04 to 0 0 to vj cn ui cn cn js 1 

1 

to to to ho to ui -t> 01 Ji j i cn js Ji tfl Ji js Ji js 01 to 1 

00 vi vi th Ul 0 0 -0 to •- ui cn 04 1- OD -fl 04 H* -fl to 1 

10 Ch O 04 vl io Ji fh tO fO Ch 04 -0 O th t- 00 UI O »- 1 

•- fO *-* -fl Ch *- O tO O Ji Ji OD 04 vi CD 00 Ul vl tO 04 I 

to to to 10 to t-0 *-* »-* •* •-* «•* •-» H* •- ^ I 

cn tfl Ji 04 04 to th cn Ch th •-* -0 CO O CO O Ul Ul Ul O 1 

o- o cn -o c-4 vj **• co co j i o o vi i - •- vi ch oi o- cn i 

•"vltOtflviOO'-'OfOJsOO.JsUlvl-OajvlvlJsCh l 

AG

E BLOO

D BON

E LIVE

R KIDNE

Y URIN

E FECES 

Tabl

e 2

5 . Tota

l Lea

d Orga

n Conten

t i

n Microgram

s fo

r Males. 

Inpu

t t

o Bloo

d 11

0 Microgram

s pe

r Day. 
P.42 

Table 26 . Organ Lead Concentration for Male; 

Input to Blood 110 ug per day. 

as a Function of Age 

AGE BLOOD ug/ml BONE ug/g ash LIVER ug/g KIDNEY ug/g 

1 

2 

3 

4 

5 

6 

7 

8 

9 

10 

11 

12 

13 

14 

15 

16 

17 

18 

19 

20 

0.327 

0.444 

0.403 

0.385 

0.399 

0.380 

0.358 

0.273 

0.255 

0.286 

0.385 

0.365 

0.306 

0.276 

0.311 

0.294 

0.287 

0.284 

0.290 

0.296 

97.58 

104.81 

117.18 

129.49 

140.13 

149.10 

159.16 

161.05 

161.53 

158.30 

147.91 

136.49 

127.05 

118.73 

114.58 

111.78 

110.31 

110.15 

113.64 

118.96 

0.28 

0.61 

0.54 

0.53 

0.93 

1.34 

1.99 

2.81 

75 

33 

I J^s-l 

38 

89 

77 

,49 

35 

1.73 

1.63 

1.60 

1.59 

1.59 

1.59 

2. 

2. 

49 

43 

2.36 

2.27 

1.72 

61 

78 

45 

29 

92 

1.75 

1.96 

1.85 

1.82 

80 

81 

1.81 
O -0 CD vj Ch Ul Ji 04 to •" O -fl 00 vi th cn Ji OI to »-

I 3> I GJ 

i m 

JU 

cr 

vl vl vl th 0- UI KJ t-0 04 t-0 OD vi fr OD vj. f> Ch Ul Ul 01 

vi 04 O t> t-0 OD vl Js t-0 -O vl i-. -fl O fh -0 10 00 Ul •-

Ul CD O H» »-• O •* vj 00 CO Ul Ji »- OJ th th •- CO K) OJ 

00 o- cn ui cn UI Ch •- t-0 H- th tO 04 vl t- Ch »-* CD vl cn 

04 UI Ul ~- i-1 >- O ~- -0 oo -o to to cn IO Ol Ch Ji *-• t-0 

04 04 04 04 tO M tO M M t-0 •-• •-

vi cn 04 *-t -fl vi Js 01 •- O CD th 

CD 00 vi fh Ji tO -0 01 th t- fr »-

CD cn vi Js th tO vl vl -0 -fl th -0 Js O Ul CD 04 i- 01 

o to Ji th ji -o oi cn o H» -o OJ ui o o -A UI OD cn 

t-0 Cfl -fl O vl Ch -A cn Ch 04 th •-*• »-* -fl Ol Ji Ch -0 Js 

Ji 10 O -fl Vj fh Ji tO to to cn O Ch tO Ch OD 

vl 

vl 

o 

-flCOCDvlChChCOCO-OCOtOOOi-'CDJstOlOt O 

ji oo to cn -fl to cn i-' c-i -o vj js o vi«-» co ui ^. to C D 

CO Ch OJ CD •-• oi cn -fl vl OJ Ch i- vl O 00 Js cn i- th OJ 

vl CO Ji Ji GD Ji O tO 04 OJ O tO vl 00 »-* -0 O vJ CD iui cn ui ui ui ui Ji ji Ji ji to to to to M N to •* ••* >-

-0 vl Ch tfl Ji 10 tO i-* Ji C-4 -fl Ol 04 th Ul 04 O -0 CD O 

*-*• -0 th 04 O th 04 cn to to *-•• vl O vl Js H» th Ul 04 Js 

Cn»-JiJi 0 04ChJsJs04CnCOt-OUI-43(33v!-flCOO 

04 04 t-0 tO t-J Ul Ji Js Ji Js Ch Js Js UI Ul UI Ji Ji Ji t-0 

o o -o oo GO js ji c-4 fh js o -fl vi cn oi oi vj cn ro ji 

vl H* Js vl t-t vl O IO O -0 vl UI -0 vl i-» 0- 00 04 UI H» 

vi oi vj >o o co vi w c-j -o o f to i- o cn Ji cn vi cn 

I w i r I o I o i a 

I CO i a I z i m 

i r 

I HH 

I < 

I m 

I 31 

I M 

i a 

I z 

I m 

I < 

I c 

I 3) 

I n 

I z i m 

to 

v l 

3 H 

TJ 0 

C rf 

ff fl) 

I—« 

rf 

a r 

ra 

CO JU 

t-* a 

0 

o o 

a i 

tD 

>~t tjl 

tO 3 

r-, 

" CO 

z o 

H-- 3 ff 

ra 

3 

rf 

n 

o 

iO 

JU 

3 

Ul -a Hra n 

1 T 

0 

D i Q 

JU T 

•< JU 

• 3 

m 

0 

T 

z 

JU 

IO t-0 tO 10 10 KJ •-•• i-* •-•»-» i-* H» ^ i-' •-• | T] 

vJvlChChCnjivlvlCDvltO-0-Oi--43^thCncni- ' 

-fl oi vi i- cn oo cn to oi -fl o co ui o oo vi»- OD cn cn 

c-i cn cn OJ o cn vi c-i cn j i -o th ui -o ui th -fl o- o to 

i m 

i n 

i m 

I CD 

ra 

Ul 
Table 28 . Organ Lead Concentration farInput to Blood 120 ug per day. 

Males as a Function of Age. 

AGE BLOOD ug/ml BONE ug/g ash LIVER ug/g KIDNEY ug/g 

1 

2 

3 

4 

5 

6 

7 

8 

9 

10 

11 

12 

13 

14 

15 

16 

17 

18 

19 

20 

0. 356 

0.485 

0.439 

0.420 

0.435 

0.414 

0.390 

0.298 

0.278 

0.312 

0.420 

0.398 

0.334 

0.301 

0.339 

0.320 

0.313 

0.310 

0.316 

0.323 

106.45 

114.34 

127.83 

141.26 

152.87 

162.65 

173.63 

175.69 

176.22 

172.69 

161.36 

148.90 

138.60 

129.52 

125.00 

121.95 

120.34 

120.16 

123.98 

129.77 

0.31 

0.67 

0.59 

0.58 

1.02 

1.46 

1.91 

1.45 

1.36 

1.50 

2.06 

1.93 

1.62 

1.47 

1.B8 

1.78 

1.74 

1.73 

1.73 

1.73 

2.17 

3.06 

2.72 

2.65 

2.76 

2.58 

2.48 

1.87 

1.76 

1.94 

2.67 

2.50 

2. 10 

1.91 

2. 14 

2.02 

1.98 

1.97 

1.97 

1.97 
P.45 

Table 29 . Total Lead Organ Content in Micrograms for Males. 

Input to Blood 130 Micrograms per Day. 

AGE BLOOD BONE LIVER 

1 

2 

3 

4 

5 

6 

7 

8 

9 

10 

11 

12 

13 

14 

15 

16 

17 

18 

19 

20 

339.65 

598.77 

637.91 

672.93 

754.68 

829.96 

870.72 

748.93 

773.74 

948.66 

1406.37 

1438.98 

1351.03 

1377.57 

1712.22 

1756.64 

1799.97 

1842.26 

1883.54 

1923.82 

31168 

50217 

67371 

82719 

98468 

114295 

132176 

154322 

175425 

202254 

218739 

2349B1 

253234 

270768 

294988 

319201 

342832 

365B94 

388402 

410368 

90. 1 

245.7 

261.8 

276.2 

525.4 

886.2 

1268.3 

1091.6 

1128.0 

1382.4 

2051.1 

2098.8 

1970.8 

2009.6 

2842.1 

2916.1 

2988.2 

3058.7 

3127.4 

3194.5 

KIDNEY 

112.7 

199. 1 

212.2 

223.9 

251. 1 

276.2 

289.8 

249.3 

257.6 

315.8 

468.4 

479.3 

450.0 

458.9 

570.2 

585.0 

599.5 

613.6 

627.3 

640.8 

URINE 

26. 16 

46. 11 

49. 13 

51. B3 

58. 12 

57. 53 

60.35 

51.91 

53.63 

65.76 

48.74 

49.87 

46.82 

47.74 

59.34 

30.44 

31. 19 

31.92 

32.64 

33.34 

FECES 

12.48 

5.96 

6.35 

6.70 

12.75 

21.50 

12.01 

10.34 

10.69 

13.10 

19.43 

19.BB 

18.67 

19.04 

26.92 

27.62 

28.31 

28.97 

29.63 

30.26 
P.46 

Table 30 . Organ Lead Concentration"for Males as a Function of Age. 

Input to Blood 130 ug per day. 

AGE BLOOD ug/ml BONE ug/g ash LIVER ug/g KIDNEY ug/g 

1 

2 

3 

4 

5 

6 

7 

8 

9 

10 

11 

12 

13 

14 

15 

16 

17 

18 

19 

20 

0.386 

0.525 

0.476 

0.455 

0.472 

0.449 

0.423 

0.323 

0.301 

0.338 

0.455 

0.431 

0.362 

0.326 

0.367 

0.347 

0.339 

0. 336 

0.342 

0.350 

115.32 

123.87 

138.48 

153.03 

165.61 

176.21 

188.10 

190.33 

190.90 

187.09 

174. 80~ 

161.30 

150.16 

140.31 

135.42 

132.11 

130.37 

130.17 

134.31 

140.59 

0.33 

0.72 

0.64 

0.62 

1. 10 

1.58 

2.07 

1.57 

1.47 

1.63 

2.23 

2.09 

1.76 

1.60 

2.04 

1.93 

1.89 

1.87 

1.88 

1.88 

2.35 

3.32 

2.95 

2.87 

2.99 

2.79 

2.68 

2.03 

1.91 

2. 11 

2.89 . 

2.71 

2.27 

2.07 

2.32 

2.19 

2. 15 

2. 13 

2.13 

2. 14 
O -fl CD vi fh cn Ji 04 fO »-• O -fl CD vl th cn Ji 04 10 it-0 10 »- i - H- ft *-. ^ t-t t-t l -

OO-fl-OCDCDJiJsUICnOCDCO-OCOCDvlthChO l 

vl tO 00 01 -fl J> CO Cfl Ji i - t-0 04 O 04 -fl f tO OD Ji th 

t- CD C-4 CD H* 04 04 J . -0 Ji H* 04 th vl 04 10 J> Ch Ji UI 

mji-oj>vjNocn-ochcnthfocnvicovich-ocDvj 

HUS | 04 0- 04 04 fh vl cn 04 0- Ji O •-*• 04 -0 CD 01 CD 

J» Js 04 04 04 04 t-0 tO tO t-0 KJ •- H * H - »- »-* 

Ji *-» -0 Ch Ji f* -0 vl Ul OJ H* CO Ch J» tO O 00 vj 

*- CO Ji -fl 04 vl H* tO 04 UI vl CO 

-o KJ o KJ vi fr cn vi o cn oo -A 

OJ vl 

Ul -0 

Ch to 04 0- -0 K) 

c-4 o o o cn 

cn c-4 

Ji C-I 

o cn jiocnvi-oi-uith^»--ojscojicocncoc h 

o j i cn -A ch j i ch cn to -o 04 04 vj oi to 04 o cn 

04 04 01 04 04 OJ t-0 Kl M KJ »- H* »•* HJi OJ t-0 1-0 H o ^ H tO H4»H H c-J -0 Cn tO KJ KJ 

Jifh-fli-*JiChChtOChOOOi-'V|0-cnCh-flCOCh-f l 

O CD 04 CO O O J» to O CO GD J> cn UI -fc Ul vi •- Js vj 

tO O -0 t-t Ji vl tOJs KJ CO vi vi th >0 Js 00 Ji -0 Ch O 

Ch Ch fr fr fr fr Ji Js tfl UI 01 10 KJ OJ to JO tO MH H 

-Av|thJi01»-'-0a3i-*OJiVlthi-*-0vlJit0>-'t 0 

ocnocnojijijithjiOvitDtovioi-'COJsi-* 

•-thoothOOMfhH-jii-'JicnojijiH'-cnjij i 

U 04 04 OI 04 th UI Ul UI UI vl cn Ul th th o- ui cn J> to 

cn cn Ji oi to oi *- o 01 to o vi ui cn •- to cn t-o -o OD 

-Oi-OlUlvlOJijsvlJsOOvl-OO-OCnCO-OChH -

ocnoo-ocoi-'t-ot-oi-*--OH*o^oocn-oi-*i-'thvi 

01 04 04 04 10 tO tO tO KJ KO H" H* 

UHHO-COJOO^O^ H 

•-*»-* tO t-t H* 

*-• KJ 04 04 vl th th 04 

Cn-flt-0Jivl-OUli-*Ji-fl»-'UlH*-O'-vltO0DJiJ i 

-A O O -A Ui -A o •-• »-• to O i - J> Js cn 01 KJ Js t-0 Js 

I 3> 

I CJ 

i m 

I CO i r i a i o i a 

i co i o i z i m 

i r 

I HH 

i < 

i m 

I 33 

i x 

i t-t i a i z i m i -< 

i c 

I 33 

I HH i z t m 

i -n i m i n i m 

I OJ 

H 

JU 

cr 

i—• 

ns 

04 

3 H 

TJ O 

C rf 

rr ai—• 

rf 

o r 

ra 

CO JU 

i - Q . 

o 

o • 

a T 

in 

H* fl| 

Ji 3 

i~. 

" n 

z o 

f- 3 

ra 

3 

ff 

n 

o 

0 

UD 

1 

JU 

3 

Tin J fro n 

-, T 

0 

D iQ 

IU 1 

-< fl) 

• 3 

IB 

•+, 

O 

T 

Z 

JU 

H-» 

•D 

Ul 
Table 32 . Organ Lead Concentration for Males as a Function of Age. 

Input to Blood 140 ug per <payAGE BLOOD ug/ml BONE ug/g ash LIVER ug/g KIDNEY ug/g 

o 

4 

5 

6 

7 

8 

9 

10 

11 

12 

13 

14 

15 

16 

17 

18 

19 

20 

0.416 

0.566 

0.513' 

0.490 

0.508 

0.483 

0.455 

0.348 

0.324 

0.364 

0.490 

0.464 

0.390 

0.351 

0.396 

0.374 

0.365 

0.362 

0.369 

0.377 

124.19 

133.40 

149.14 

164.80 

178.34 

189.76 

202.57 

204.97 

205.59 

201.48 

188.25 

173.71 

161.71 

151.11 

145.83 

142.27 

140.40 

140.19 

144.64 

151.40 

0.3 6 

0.7 8 

0.6 9 

0.6 7 

1.19 

1.70 

2 . 23 

1.69 

1.59 

1.75 

2.4 1 

2.2 5 

1.89 

1.72 

2.2 0 

2.0 8 

2.0 4 

2.0 2 

2.0 2 

2.0 2 

2.5 3 

3.5 7 

3.1 7 

3.0 9 

3.2 2 

3.0 0 

2.8 9 

2.1 8 

2.0 6 

2.2 7 

3.1 1 

2.9 2 

2.4 5 

2.2 3 

2.5 0 

2.3 6 

2.3 1 

2.2 9 

2.3 0 

2.3 0 
P.49 

Table 33 . Total Lead Organ Content in Micrograms for Males. 

Input to Blood 150 Micrograms per Day. 

AGE BLOOD BONE LIVER 

1 

2 

4 

5 

6 

7 

8 

9 

10 

11 

12 

13 

14 

15 

16 

17 

18 

19 

20 

391.90 

690.BB 

736.05 

776.45 

870.78 

957.65 

1004.68 

864.15 

B92.78 

1094.61 

1622.73 . 

1660.36 

1558.88 

1589.50 

1975.63 

2026.89 

2076.89 

2125.69 

2173.31 

2219.79 

-

35963 

57943 

77736 

95445 

113617 

131879 

152511 

178064 

202414 

233370 

252391. 

271132 

292194 

312424 

340370 

368309 

395575 

422186 

448156 

473502 

103.9 

283.5 

302.1 

318.7 

606.2 

1022.6 

1463.5 

1259.6 

1301.5 

1595.1 

2366.6 

2421.7 

2274.0 

2318.8 

3279.3 

3364.7 

3448.0 

3529.2 

3608.5 

3685.9 

KIDNEY 

130.0 

229.7 

244.8 

25B.3 

289.7 

318.7 

334.3 

287.7 

297.2 

364.3 

540.4 

553.0 

519.2 

529.5 

657.9 

675.0 

691.7 

708.0 

723.9 

739.4 

URINE 

30. 18 

53.21 

56.69 

59.80 

67.06 

66.38 

69.64 

59.90 

61.88 

75.87 

56.24 

57.54 

54.03 

55.09 

68.47 

oo . 12 

35.99 

36. B4 

37.66 

3B.47 

FECES 

14.40 

6.88 

7. 33 

7.73 

14.71 

24.81 

13.86 

11.93 

12.33 

15. 11 

22.42 

22.94 

21.54 

21.97 

31.06 

31.87 

32.66 

33.43 

34. 18 

34.92 
^Table 34 . Organ Lead Concentration for Males as a Function of Age. 

Input to Blood 150 ug per day. 

AGE 

1 

r> 

y 

4 

5 

6 

7 

8 

9 

10 

11 

12 

13 

14 

15 

16 

17 

18 

19 

20 

BLOOD ug/ml 

0.445 

0.606 

0.549 

0.525 

0.544 

0.518 

0.488 

0.372 

0.347 

0.390 

0.525 

0.497 

0.418 

0.376 • 

0.424 

0.401 

0.391 

0.388 

0.395 

0.404 

BONL ug/g ash 

133.06 

142.93 

159.79 

176.57 

191.08 

203.31 

217.03 

219.61 

220.27 

215.87 

201.69 

186.12 

173.26 

161.90 

156.25 

152.43 

150.42 

150.20 

154.97 

162.22 

LIVER ug/g KIDNEY ug/g 

0.3 8 

0.8 3 

0.7 4 

0.7 2 

1.27 

1.82 

2.3 9 

1.81 

1.70 

1.88 

2.5 8 

2.4 1 

2.0 3 

1.84 

2.3 5 

2.2 2 

2.1 8 

2.1 6 

2.1 7 

2.1 7 

2.7 1 

3 . 83 

3.4 0 

T "T i O. O l 

3.4 5 

3.2 2 

3.1 0 

2.3 4 

2.2 0 

2.4 3 

3 . 34 

3 . 12 

2.6 2 

2.3 8 

2.6 7 

2.5 3 

2.4 8 

2.4 6 

2.4 6 

2.4 6 
iQ 

C h« fD 
P.52 

100 

o 

CD 

-a a 

CD 

CD 

CO 

"o 

a> 

ID 

m 

> T 

CD 

C 

-o 

CD 

> 

o 

CD 

* 

c 20 r 

1 

ti/2 Overall Blood =16 days 

ti/ Blood to Kidney = 15days 

ti/ Kidney to Blood =68days 

.t./2 = 22days 

•ti/ Kidney to Blood = 6.8 days 

0 20 40 60 80' 100 

Time Post Injection to Blood (Days) 

Figure 2