UNITED STATES DISTRICT COURT FOR THE 

NORTHERN DISTRICT OF OKLAHOMA 

THE SHAWNEE TRIBE, ) 

 ) 

 Plaintiff, ) 

 ) 

 v. ) Case No. 20-CV-290 

 ) 

STEVEN MNUCHIN, et al., ) 

 Defendants. ) 

OPINION AND ORDER 

 This matter comes before the Court on Plaintiff Shawnee Tribe’s motion for a preliminary 

injunction (Doc. 3) and the defendants’ motion for transfer of venue (Doc. 20). 

I. Background 

 In Title V of the Coronavirus Aid, Relief, and Economic Security Act (CARES Act), 

Congress allocated $8 billion for “Tribal governments” to help defray the cost of dealing with the 

COVID-19 pandemic. Congress called for the money to be distributed based on each tribe’s 

“increased expenditures” but left it up to the Secretary of the Treasury to determine how this would 

be calculated: 

[T]he the amount paid under this section for fiscal year 2020 to a Tribal government 

shall be the amount the Secretary shall determine, in consultation with the Secretary 

of the Interior and Indian Tribes, that is based on increased expenditures of each 

such Tribal government (or a tribally-owned entity of such Tribal government) 

relative to aggregate expenditures in fiscal year 2019 by the Tribal government (or 

tribally-owned entity) and determined in such manner as the Secretary determines 

appropriate to ensure that all amounts available under subsection (a)(2)(B) for fiscal 

year 2020 are distributed to Tribal governments. 

42 U.S.C. § 801. Congress gave the Secretary until April 26, 2020—30 days from the passage of 

the Act—to distribute the money.1

1

 The Act set a deadline of “not later than 30 days after March 27, 2020” i.e., by April 26, 

2020. § 801(b)(1). 
2 

 After soliciting input from tribes, the Treasury Department announced its distribution 

methodology on May 5, 2020.2 Effective immediately, the Department said, it would begin 

releasing an initial tranche of $4.8 billion, 60 percent of the total available. Because actual 

expenses could not be predicted quickly and could favor tribes that run businesses, the first tranche 

was being distributed based on each tribe’s population as estimated by the Department of Housing 

and Urban Development for its Indian Housing Block Grant program.3 A subsequent round of 

funding would distribute the remaining 40 percent based on employment data collected from the 

tribes, the Treasury Department said. 

 The Tribe contends that the Secretary’s method for distributing the initial tranche of funds 

was arbitrary and capricious under the Administrative Procedure Act (APA) because the 

Department relied on data it knew to be faulty when calculating each tribe’s pro rata share, ignoring 

other available data sets that were more accurate. Tribe claims that, because it does not receive 

IHBG funds, the HUD data shows it to have a population of zero rather than 3,021, its actual 

enrollment. As a result of the alleged error, the Tribe received the minimum payment of $100,000 

rather than its rightful pro-rata share, which the Tribe estimates to be not less than $12 million. 

The Tribe seeks an order directing the Secretary to withhold from the Department’s second round 

of disbursements (roughly $3.2 billion), an amount of money equal to that the Tribe would have 

received had the Department relied on more accurate data. 

 This suit comes on the heels of three others, filed in the District Court for the District of 

Columbia, related to the Treasury Department’s handling of the Title V funds. In Confederated 

2

 U.S Dep’t. of the Treasury, Coronavirus Relief Fund Allocations to Tribal Governments 

(May 5, 2020), http://home.treasury.gov/system/files/136/Coronavirus-Relief-Fund-TribalAllocation-Methodology.pdf. 

3 Id.
3 

Tribes of the Chehalis Reservation v. Mnuchin, a group of tribes challenged Treasury’s plan to 

include Alaska Native regional and village corporations (“ANCs”) in its distribution. ANCs, the 

tribes argued, are not “Tribal governments” under the CARES Act. See Confederated Tribes of the 

Chehalis Reservation v. Mnuchin, No. 20-CV-1002 (APM), 2020 WL 3489479 (D.D.C. June 26, 

2020), appeal docketed, No. 20-5205 (D.C. Cir. July 14, 2020). Ultimately, the court held that 

ANCs are “Tribal governments” for the purposes of the CARES Act but directed Treasury to 

withhold the money earmarked for them until the matter is resolved on appeal. See Confederated 

Tribes, No. 20-CV-1002, ECF No. 107. 

 In Prairie Band Potawatomi Nation v. Mnuchin, a tribe sought to enjoin the Treasury 

Department from disbursing the second tranche of CARES Act funds, arguing that the 

Department’s reliance on faulty population data caused it to short the tribe by more than $7 million. 

Prairie Band Potawatomi Nation v. Mnuchin, No. 20-CV-1491 (APM), 2020 WL 3402298 

(D.D.C. June 11, 2020). The court denied the requested relief, citing the tribe’s doubtful prospects 

for success on the merits, its undue delay in bringing the suit, and harm to the public interest caused 

by further delaying disbursement of the remaining funds. Id. at *2–3. 

 Finally, in Agua Caliente Band of Cahuilla Indians v. Mnuchin, a group of tribes sought 

an injunction ordering the Treasury Department, which had blown by Congress’s disbursement 

deadline, to release the funds under its control. Agua Caliente Band of Cahuilla Indians v. 

Mnuchin, No. 20-CV-1136 (APM), 2020 WL 3250701 (D.D.C. June 15, 2020). Treasury had 

sought to set aside some $679 million to resolve claims by tribes that had lost out due the 

Department’s reliance on HUD’s population estimates, but the court, citing its decision in Prairie 

Band, ordered the Department to disburse all Title V funds except those on hold due to the 

litigation in Confederated Tribes. See Agua Caliente, 2020 WL 3250701, at *1 & n.1, *4. 
4 

 After the court’s order in Agua Caliente, the government began distributing the second 

tranche of Title V funds. As of June 25, 2020, all that remained was (1) $1.4 million that had been 

held up due to payment processing issues, and (2) the money earmarked for the ANCs, which 

remains subject to the D.C. court’s injunction in Confederated Tribes. See Agua Caliente, No. 20-

CV-1136, ECF. No. 45. 

II. Discussion 

 The defendants ask the Court to transfer this case to the D.C. court, or, in the alternative, 

to deny the Shawnee Tribe’s request for a preliminary injunction restraining Treasury from 

disbursing the remaining Title V funds. For the reasons explained below, the Court declines to 

address the merits of the Shawnee Tribe’s application for a preliminary injunction. Under the firstto-file rule, the case should be transferred to the D.C. district court. 

 “[U]nder the first-to-file rule, when related cases are pending before two federal courts, the 

court in which the case was last filed may refuse to hear it if the issues raised by the cases 

substantially overlap.” Cherokee Nation v. Nash, 724 F. Supp. 2d 1159, 1165 (N.D. Okla. 2010) 

(quoting Cadle Co. v. Whataburger of Alice, Inc., 174 F.3d 599, 603 (5th Cir. 1999)). Three 

considerations determine whether the rule applies: “(1) the chronology of actions; (2) the similarity 

of parties, and (3) the similarity of issues.” Id. at 1168. 

 The defendants urge the Court to apply these factors to all three of the Title V cases 

summarized above, but only Confederated Tribes and Agua Caliente would seem to be relevant to 

a first-to-file inquiry. The rule applies “when related cases are pending before two federal courts.” 

Cadle, 174 F.3d at 603 (emphasis added). Consequently, “a number of courts have concluded that 

the first-to-file rule has no application where the first-filed case is no longer pending. Hunter v. 

Agility Energy, Inc., No. 18-CV-618 TS-PMW, 2019 WL 6118424, at *2 (D. Utah Nov. 18, 2019) 
5 

(collecting cases). The D.C. court has decided Prairie Band. The case is closed. Accordingly, 

although Prairie Band involved nearly identical issues, the first-to-file rule simply does not apply. 

Confederated Tribes and Agua Caliente, however, remain active. In Confederated Tribes, 

the court ruled that ANCs were eligible for Title V funds but ordered Treasury to set aside the 

funding it had earmarked for them until the D.C. Circuit decided the case on appeal. That 

injunction remains in place. In Agua Caliente, the D.C. district court ordered the Treasury 

Department to disburse all remaining Title V funds, including the $679 million set aside to resolve 

the claims of tribes that had been underfunded during the first round of disbursements due to bad 

population estimates. As of the date of this order, the Department was still reporting its efforts to 

comply with the court’s directive. 

 Even when the inquiry is limited to Confederated Tribes and Agua Caliente, all three of 

the first-to-file rule’s factors weigh in favor of transfer. The chronology of the actions is not in 

dispute: the plaintiffs in Confederated Tribes and Agua Caliente brought their suits in the D.C. 

district court long before Shawnee Tribe filed its suit here in the Northern District of Oklahoma. 

The parties are also similar. Both the first-filed cases involved suits by tribes that, like the 

Shawnee, were due to receive Title V funds, and both suits named Mr. Mnuchin, in his official 

capacity as Secretary of the Treasury, as a defendant. Finally, the issues in this case substantially 

overlap with the issues in the first-filed cases. Resolution of the primary issue in this case, whether 

the Treasury Department must revisit its distribution formula, would require the Court to determine 

the degree to which the Department can further delay distribution of the Title V funds, which was 

the question in Agua Caliente. Similarly, because the relief sought by the Shawnee would 

necessarily come at the expense of the ANCs, the Shawnee’s suit is effectively a collateral attack 

on the injunction granted by the D.C. court in Confederated Tribes. 
6 

 These are precisely the type of problems that the first-to-file rule seeks to avoid. 

Federal courts have recognized that, as courts of coordinate jurisdiction and equal 

rank, they must be careful to avoid interfering with each other’s affairs in order ‘to 

avoid the waste of duplication, to avoid rulings which may trench upon the 

authority of sister courts, and to avoid piecemeal resolution of issues that call for a 

uniform result.’ 

Buzas Baseball, Inc. v. Bd. of Regents of Univ. Sys. of Georgia, 189 F.3d 477 (10th Cir. 1999) 

(quoting Sutter Corp. v. P & P Indus., Inc., 125 F.3d 914, 917 (5th Cir.1997)). Because the firstto-file factors are met, and because the Court cannot grant the requested relief without “trenching 

upon the authority” of its sister court in Washington D.C., the Court declines to exercise its 

jurisdiction to hear this matter. 

III. Conclusion 

 For the reasons explained above, the defendants’ motion for transfer of venue (Doc. 20) is 

granted. The Clerk of Court is hereby ordered to transfer the case to the District Court for the 

District of Columbia. 

 SO ORDERED this 28th day of July, 2020.