Court of Appeals of Indiana | Memorandum Decision 65A01-1603-JP-626 | October 6, 2016 Page 1 of 11

MEMORANDUM DECISION

Pursuant to Ind. Appellate Rule 65(D), 

this Memorandum Decision shall not be 

regarded as precedent or cited before any 

court except for the purpose of establishing 

the defense of res judicata, collateral 

estoppel, or the law of the case.

ATTORNEY FOR APPELLANT

Yvette M. LaPlante

Keating & LaPlante, LLP

Evansville, Indiana

ATTORNEYS FOR APPELLEE

B. Michael Macer

Benjamin R. Aylsworth

Biesecker Dutkanych & Macer, 

LLC

Evansville, Indiana

IN THE

COURT OF APPEALS OF INDIANA

In the Matter of Paternity:

Of the Unborn Child of C.C.

October 6, 2016

Court of Appeals Case No.

65A01-1603-JP-626

Appeal from the Posey Circuit 

Court

The Honorable Jeffrey T. 

Shoulders, Special Judge

Trial Court Cause No.

65C01-1107-JP-149

Riley, Judge.
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STATEMENT OF THE CASE

[1] Appellant-Respondent, Cheyenne Vancamp (Mother), appeals the trial court’s 

Order, granting primary physical custody of the minor child, E.O. (Child), to 

Appellee-Petitioner, Joseph O’Neil (Father).

[2] We affirm.

ISSUE

[3] Mother raises one issue on appeal, which we restate as follows: Whether

Father established a substantial change in circumstances warranting the 

modification in physical custody of the Child. 

FACTS AND PROCEDURAL HISTORY

[4] Father is the natural parent of E.O., born on December 19, 2011. Prior to 

E.O.’s birth, on July 25, 2011, a paternity case was initiated and paternity was 

subsequently established on January 5, 2012. On September 26, 2012, the trial 

court entered an Agreed Entry, establishing Mother as the primary physical 

custodian, and instituting joint legal custody. Father was awarded parenting 

time pursuant to the Indiana Parenting Time Guidelines and ordered to pay 

child support in the amount of $100 per week. At that time, Father resided in 

Mt. Vernon, Indiana, while Mother initially lived in Indianapolis, Indiana. She 

subsequently moved to Ft. Wayne, Indiana in 2014.

[5] After giving birth to E.O., Mother completed a degree in nursing. Between 

E.O.’s birth and the current proceedings, Mother has been employed by several 
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different organizations. However, at the time of the hearing, Mother had been 

employed by Parkview Health Network for the past year. She works three 

twelve-hour shifts from 3:00 p.m. until 3:00 a.m. per week. While Mother is at 

work, E.O. and her three younger half-siblings are cared for by a nanny in 

Mother’s house. In early 2012, Mother began dating and became engaged, but 

never married, to a man who fathered her son. In October of 2014, after the 

relationship with her fiancé ended, Mother started to date and eventually 

married a man she had known since high school. A set of twins was born 

during the marriage, which subsequently ended in divorce. Throughout these 

relationships, Mother and Father were sporadically romantically involved.

[6] Prior to the birth of E.O., Father petitioned the court to establish paternity and 

has been involved in her life ever since. After returning to Mt. Vernon in 2012, 

Father has lived in the same residence and has held the same employment for 

two years prior to the date of the hearing. Father works seven days out of 14 

and is off work by either 5:00 p.m. or 7:00 p.m., depending on his start time. At 

the time of the current proceedings, Father had adjusted his work schedule to 

only having to work two days in the week when he has parenting time with 

E.O. When Father needs a babysitter, his parents care for E.O. Father enjoys a 

close relationship with his parents, which is reflected in E.O.’s warm 

relationship with her grandparents. E.O. is also close to Father’s sister, with 

whom she shares an interest in horses and other animals.

[7] On July 18, 2013, Mother filed a petition to modify parenting time. On August 

19, 2013, Father filed an information for contempt and petition to modify, 
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asserting that Mother had moved twice since the Agreed Entry of September 

26, 2012 without providing him notification pursuant to Ind. Code § 31-17-2.2-

1, and requesting a change in custody. On December 23, 2013, the parties 

reached an agreement on the modification in parenting time and a minute entry 

in the chronological case history reflects that the parties would submit an 

agreed entry to the trial court for approval. On October 29, 2014, Father filed 

another petition for contempt and a supplemental petition to modify and 

request for emergency hearing, in which he again requested a change of 

custody. However, no parenting time agreement was entered until October 30, 

2014, which established that the parties would alternate weeks parenting E.O. 

The agreement was silent as to any modification to the primary physical 

custodian. On December 15, 2014, Mother filed a motion to strike the agreed 

parenting time agreement entered the previous October. In a telephonic 

conference that same day, the trial court held that the October 30, 2014 order 

would remain in effect and that any additional matters would be heard on 

February 23, 2015. 

[8] On January 20, 2016, the trial court conducted a hearing. At the hearing, both 

parties agreed that the current parenting time schedule of alternating weeks 

could not continue due to E.O.’s upcoming entry into kindergarten. At the 

close of the evidence, the trial court took the matter under advisement. On 

February 18, 2016, the trial court issued its ruling, concluding in pertinent part, 

that:

I. Child Custody and Parenting Time
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1. The [c]ourt after considering all of the relevant statutory 

factors finds that the parties shall remain joint legal custodians of 

the parties’ minor child.

2. The [c]ourt finds that a change in the parenting time division 

has become necessary due to substantial changes which have 

occurred. Specifically, a change in parenting time is necessary 

because the current schedule of equal time is not feasible when 

the [C]hild begins school in the fall next school year due to the 

distance involved with Mother living in Ft. Wayne and Father 

living in Mt. Vernon. 

3. The [c]ourt after considering all of the relevant factors 

including those set out in I.C. [§] 31-17-2-8 finds that it is in the 

best interests of the child that [Father] shall have primary 

physical custody of the parties’ minor child with Mother having 

parenting time pursuant to the Indiana Parenting Time 

Guidelines where distance is a factor.

4. The [c]ourt finds that Mother has repeatedly changed 

residence and employment over the last few years whereas Father 

has maintained a more stable residence and employment. 

5. Further the [c]ourt finds that Mother has other children 

including newborn twins. Furthermore Mother regularly works 

through the night on 12 hour shifts, which requires her to place 

the [C]hild in the care of others overnight on a regular basis and 

for other significant periods of time. All of which makes it 

difficult for her to care for this [C]hild. 

6. Further the [c]ourt finds that the close relationship of the 

[C]hild with Father’s family and the stability the [C]hild gets in 

his care were factors in the [c]ourt’s decision.
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7. Although the [c]ourt finds that this ruling may negatively 

impact the relationship with this [C]hild and her other siblings, 

this factor is outweighed by the overall best interests of the 

[C]hild and the stability that Father can provide.

(Appellant’s App. pp. 10-12). On March 21, 2016, Mother filed a motion to 

stay appeal, which was denied after an evidentiary hearing. 

[9] Mother now appeals. Additional facts will be provided as necessary. 

DISCUSSION AND DECISION

I. Standard of Review

[10] We review a custody modification for an abuse of discretion with a “preference 

for granting latitude and deference to our trial judges in family law matters.” In 

re Paternity of T.P., 920 N.E.2d 726, 730 (Ind. Ct. App. 2010) (quoting In re 

Paternity of K.I., 903 N.E.2d 453, 457 (Ind. 2009)), trans. denied. We understand 

that appellate courts “are in a poor position to look at a cold transcript of the 

record, and conclude that the trial judge . . . did not properly understand the 

significance of the evidence, or that he should have found its preponderance or 

the inference therefrom to be different from what he did.” Kirk v. Kirk, 770 

N.E.2d 304, 307 (Ind. 2002) (citation omitted). Accordingly, “[o]n appeal it is 

not enough that the evidence might support some other conclusion, but it must 

positively require the conclusion contended for by appellant before there is a 

basis for reversal.” Id. Thus, “[t]he burden of demonstrating that an existing 

custody arrangement should be modified rests with the party seeking the 
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modification.” In re Paternity of A.S., 948 N.E.2d 380, 386 (Ind. Ct. App. 2011). 

This court will neither reweigh the evidence nor assess witness credibility, and 

we will consider only the evidence that directly or by inference supports the trial 

court’s judgment. Parks v. Grube, 934 N.E.2d 111, 114 (Ind. Ct. App. 2010).

II. Modification of Custody

[11] Mother contends that the trial court abused its discretion in modifying the 

custody determination by granting Father sole physical custody over their 

Child. 

[12] Following the establishment of paternity, “[t]he [trial] court may not modify a 

child custody order unless: (1) the modification is in the best interests of the 

child; and (2) there is a substantial change in one or more of the factors that the 

court may consider under [Indiana Code section 31-14-13-2].”1

 Ind. Code § 31-

14-13-6. These factors include:

(1) The age and sex of the child.

(2) The wishes of the child’s parents.

(3) The wishes of the child, with more consideration given to the 

child’s wishes if the child is at least fourteen (14) years of age.

 

1 Both parties cite Ind. Code §§ 31-17-2-21 and 31-17-2-8. These statutes govern the modification of custody 

in dissolution actions. Custody determinations in paternity actions are governed by Article 14 of Title 31. 

Although the parties’ citations to Article 17 are incorrect, their argument is unaffected as the legal standards 

included in Article 14 are, in pertinent part, identical to those in Article 17.
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(4) The interaction and interrelationship of the child with:

(A) the child’s parents;

(B)the child’s sibling; and

(C) any other person who may significantly affect the child’s 

best interests.

(5) The child’s adjustment to home, school, and community.

(6) The mental and physical health of all individuals involved.

(7) Evidence of a pattern of domestic or family violence by either 

parent.

(8) Evidence that the child has been cared for by a de facto 

custodian, and if the evidence is sufficient, the court shall 

consider the factors described in section 2.5(b) of this chapter.

[13] The initial custody modification was entered on September 26, 2012, 

establishing Mother as the primary physical custodian, with Father receiving 

parenting time. On August 19, 2013, Father filed a petition, requesting a 

change in custody. On October 29, 2014, Father filed another petition for 

contempt and a supplemental petition to modify and request for emergency 

hearing, in which he again requested a change of custody. On October 30, 

2014, after the parties submitted an agreed entry, the parenting time schedule 

was changed to reflect the parents caring for E.O. on alternating weeks. The 

agreement was silent as to any modification in the physical custody 
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arrangement. After a hearing on January 20, 2016, the trial court granted 

primary physical custody to Father.

[14] Despite Mother’s contention that the only decision requested by the parties 

related to parenting time in order to accommodate E.O.’s entry into 

kindergarten, the record reflects that a request for modification of physical 

custody had been made twice by Father and was pending before the trial court

at the time of the hearing in the current proceedings. Accordingly, by its Order 

of February 18, 2016, the trial court issued a ruling on child custody and 

parenting time. We find no merit in Mother’s claim that “the trial court’s order 

clearly identified a change in circumstances that affects the division of parenting 

time, but fails to identify a change that would affect the custodial agreement.” 

(Appellant’s Br. p. 12). When interpreting the custody modification statute, our 

court explained that the statute does not require the trial court to specify which 

factor or factors has substantially changed. Kanach v. Rogers, 742 N.E.2d 987, 

989 (Ind. Ct. App. 2001). Instead, the trial court “must ‘consider’ the statutory 

factors and find there has been a substantial change.” Id. 

[15] Here, under the heading “Child Custody and Parenting Time,” the trial court 

first considered a change in parenting time “due to substantial changes” and 

then continued that based on “the best interests of the child” Father should be 

awarded primary physical custody. (Appellant’s App. p. 10). “[C]onsidering 

all of the relevant factors including those set out in I.C. § 31-[14-13-2],” which 

addresses the statutory requirements for a custody modification, the trial court 

granted a change in custody due to Mother’s frequent changes in residences and 
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employment, Mother’s current hours of employment, and Father’s family and 

stability. (Appellant’s App. p. 10).

[16] While the trial court’s order does not amount to an exercise in clarity, we agree 

that a significant change has occurred since the initial order, which warrants a 

modification of physical custody. Specifically, in light of E.O.’s age and entry 

into kindergarten, a schedule whereby both parents alternate weeks parenting 

E.O. is no longer feasible. See In re Paternity of C.S., 964 N.E.2d 879, 884 (Ind. 

Ct. App. 2012) (child’s readiness to enter kindergarten was a substantial change 

in circumstances warranting modification of child custody), trans. denied. 

[17] Furthermore, the record supports that Mother has changed residences, 

employment, and relationships frequently in the last couple of years, resulting 

in instability for E.O. Mother neglected to inform Father of her changes in 

residence and he “always found out months later.” (Transcript p. 82). 

Evidence was presented that Mother works long hours, including overtime, as a 

nurse, while E.O. is being cared for by nannies overnight in Mother’s residence. 

[18] On the other hand, Father is invested in his current residential area and 

community, with Father’s family living in the vicinity. Father has stable 

employment, with flexible hours which allow him to spend a significant 

amount of time with E.O. When Father is not available to care for E.O., 

Father’s parents and family members spend time with the Child. E.O.’s 

established relationship with Father’s family result in an extended support 

network who all provide nurturing, support, and regularity for the Child. 
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Accordingly, Father is able to provide the child with predictability and stability 

as she becomes increasingly engaged academically and socially.

[19] Based on the evidence presented and E.O.’s pending entry into kindergarten, 

the trial court determined that a substantial change in circumstances has 

occurred, which made it in E.O.’s best interest to grant primary physical 

custody to Father. While the trial court was “impressed by the maturity in” the 

parties’ professional lives and their parenting abilities in raising what “sounds 

like [] a wonderful child,” ultimately, the balancing of the factors enumerated in 

I.C. § 31-14-13-2 weighed in favor of Father’s stability with respect to home and 

family and a modification of physical custody was in E.O.’s best interests. (Tr. 

p. 123). Mindful of our deferential review, we affirm the trial court’s order. 

CONCLUSION

[20] Based on the foregoing, we conclude that the trial court did not abuse its 

discretion by modifying custody of E.O. and granting Father sole physical 

custody. 

[21] Affirmed.

[22] Bailey, J. and Barnes, J. concur