# Xth International Conference **St. Pete Beach, Florida, USA October 21–25, 2002** 

E DITORS Karen A. Steidinger

Jan H. Landsberg Carmelo R. Tomas

Gabriel A. Vargo

**Florida Marine Research Institute Florida Fish and Wildlife Conservation Commission**  **Florida Institute of Oceanography Intergovernmental Oceanographic**  **Commission of UNESCO** 

# HARMFUL ALGAE

# HA RM FU L ALGAE 2002

Proceedings of the Xth International Conference on Harmful Algae St. Pete Beach, Florida, USA October 21–25, 2002
Edited by 

# Karen A. Steidinger F lorida Marine Research Institute * 

### F lorida Fish and Wildlife Conservation Commission 

# Jan H. Landsberg F lorida Marine Research Institute * 

### F lorida Fish and Wildlife Conservation Commisssion 

# Carmelo R. Tomas Center for Marine Science University of North Carolina at Wilmington 

# Gabriel A. Vargo College of Marine Science University of South Florida



## F lorida Marine Research Institute F lorida Fish and Wildlife Conservation Commission

* On 1 July 2004, the Florida Marine Research Institute became the Fish and Wildlife Research Institute 

## F lorida Institute of Oceanography Intergovernmental Oceanographic Commission of UNESCO


# 2004ii Fo r bibliographic purposes, this document should be cited as follows: Steidinger, K. A., J. H. Landsberg, C. R. Tomas, and G. A. Vargo (Eds.). 2004. Harmful Algae 2002. Florida Fish and Wildlife Conservation Commission, Florida Institute of Oceanography, and Intergovernmental Oceanographic Commission of UNESCO, St. Petersburg, Florida, USA.

Publication design and production: Llyn C. French Copy editors: Judith G. Leiby and Paula Everman Manuscript coordination: Mary M. Arnold and Merrie Beth Neelyiii 

## St. Pete Beach, Florida USA October 21–25, 2002

HO STS and MAJOR SPONSORS
F lorida Fish and Wildlife Conservation Commission, Florida Marine Research Institute F lorida Institute of Oceanography College of Marine Science, University of South Florida Mote Marine Laboratory



## ADDITIONAL SPONSORS National Ocean Service, National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration National Sea Grant, National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration National Institute of Environmental Health Sciences UNESCO International Society for the Study of Harmful Algae Phycological Society of America National Marine Fisheries, National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration Solutions To Avoid Red Tide Centers for Disease Control and Prevention Scientific Committee on Oceanic Research University of South Florida US Geological Survey



## CONFERENCE MANAGERS Wo r ld Aquaculture Conference Management



## CONFERENCE MEDIA COORDINATOR Kristen M. Kusek



## CONFERENCE PHOTOGRAPHER Harry J. Grier

## CONFERENCE ORGANIZATION CONVENER **Karen Steidinger** F

lorida Fish and Wildlife Conservation Commission, Florida Marine Research Institute 

### LO CAL COMMITTEE **Cynthia Heil** University of South Florida, College of Marine Science **Gary Kirkpatrick** Mote Marine Laboratory **Jan Landsberg** F

lorida Fish and Wildlife Conservation Commission, Florida Marine Research Institute **David Millie** F

lorida Fish and Wildlife Conservation Commission, Florida Marine Research Institute/ F

lorida Institute of Oceanography **Richard Pierce** Mote Marine Laboratory **Carmelo Tomas** University of North Carolina at Wilmington, Center for Marine Science **Gabriel Vargo** University of South Florida, College of Marine Science **Sandra Vargo** F

lorida Institute of Oceanography **John Walsh** University of South Florida, College of Marine Science 

### NATIONAL COMMITTEE **L orrie Backer**  Centers for Disease Control and Prevention **Daniel Baden** University of North Carolina at Wilmington **JoAnn Burkholder** North Carolina State University **W**

**ayne Carmichael** W

right State University

**Rita Horner** University of Washington **Lucie Maranda** University of Rhode Island

**Sandra Shumway** University of Connecticut **Chris Scholin** Monterey Bay Aquarium Research Institute **P atricia Tester**  National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration



### INTE RNATIONAL COMMITTEE **Donald Anderson Edna Granéli Jane Lewis** USA Sweden United Kingdom **Rhodora Azanza Gustaaf Hallegraeff Yasukatsu Oshima** Philippines Australia Japan **José Carreto Allison Haywood Grant Pitcher**

Argentina New Zealand South Africa **Barrie Dale David Hernández-Becerril Beatriz Reguera** Norway Mexico Spain **Malte Elbrächter Kevin James Max Taylor** Germany Ireland Canada **Henrik Enevoldsen Amelia LeBarbera Sánchez Qi Yu-Zao** Denmark Venezuela China **P atrick Gentien Adriana Zingone**  France Italy

ivv **Jay Abbott** F

lorida Marine Research Institute, Fish and Wildlife Conservation Commission, USA **Donald Anderson** Biology Department, Woods Hole Oceanographic Institution, USA **Rhodora Azanza** Marine Science Institute, University of Philippines, Philippines **L orraine Backer**  National Center for Environmental Health, Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, USA **Daniel Baden** Center for Marine Science, University of North Carolina at Wilmington, USA **Stephen Bates** Gulf Fisheries Centre, Fisheries and Oceans, Canada **Brian Bendis** F

lorida Marine Research Institute, Fish and Wildlife Conservation Commission, USA **Gregory Boyer** College of Environmental Science and Forestry, State University of New York, USA **Monica Bricelj** Institute for Marine Biosciences, Canada **John Burns** PBS&J, USA **W**

**ayne Carmichael** Department of Biological Sciences, Wright State University, USA **Allan Cembella** Alfred Wegener Institute for Polar and Marine Research, Germany **Richard Clark** F

lorida Department of Health, USA **W**

**ayne Coats** Smithsonian Environmental Research Center, USA **Jens Dahlmann** Department of Food Chemistry, University of Jena, Germany **Barrie Dale** Department of Geology, University of Oslo, Norway **Jonathan Deeds** US Food and Drug Administration, USA **Robert Dickey** US Food and Drug Administration, USA **Quay Dortch** National Ocean Service, National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration, USA **Gregory Doucette** National Ocean Service, National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration, USA **Lars Edler** Swedish Meteorological and Hydrological Institute, Sweden **Malte Elbrächter** Deutsches Zentrum fuer Marine Biodiversitaetsforschung, Germany **Henrik Enevoldsen** Centre on Harmful Algae, University of Copenhagen, Denmark **Te r** **ence Evens** United States Department of Agriculture, USA **Maria Faust** Smithsonian Institution, USA **Lo ra**  **Fleming** Department of Epidemiology and Public Health and Division of Marine Biology and Fisheries, University of Miami, USA **L eanne Flewelling**  F

lorida Marine Research Institute, Fish and Wildlife Conservation Commission, USA **Santiago Fraga** Instituto Español de Oceanografía, Spain **Susana Franca** Laboratorio de Microbiologia e Exotoxicologia-CQH, Instituto Nacional de Saúde, Portugal **P atricia Glibert**  Center for Environmental Science, University of Maryland, USA **E dna Granéli**  Marine Sciences Department, Kalmar University, Sweden **Sherwood Hall** US Food and Drug Administration, USA **Gustaaf Hallegraeff** University of Tasmania, Australia **Heather Hamilton** F

lorida Marine Research Institute, Fish and Wildlife Conservation Commission, USA **Darlene Haverkamp** F

lorida Marine Research Institute, Fish and Wildlife Conservation Commission, USA **Allison Haywood** F

lorida Marine Research Institute/ F

lorida Institute of Oceanography, USA **Cynthia Heil** University of South Florida, College of Marine Science, USA **David Heil** F

lorida Department of Agriculture, USA

**David Hernández-Becerril** Instituto de Ciencias del Mar y Limnología, Universidad Nacional Autónoma de México, México **Rita Horner** School of Oceanography, University of Washington, USA **Jason Kempton** South Carolina Department of Natural Resources, USA **Gary Kirkpatrick** Mote Marine Laboratory, USA 

# HARMFUL ALGAE 2002

REVIEWERSvi **Kristen Kusek** College of Marine Science, University of South Florida, USA **Amelia La Barbera Sánchez** Laboratorio de Toxicología, Instituto Nacional de Investigaciones Agrícolas, Venezuela **Jan Landsberg** F

lorida Marine Research Institute, Fish and Wildlife Conservation Commission, USA **Jane Lewis** University of Westminster, United Kingdom **Alan Lewitus** Hollings Marine Laboratory, Marine Resources Research Institute, USA **W**

**ayne Litaker** National Ocean Service, National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration, USA **Lucie Maranda** Graduate School of Oceanography, University of Rhode Island, USA **David Millie** F

lorida Marine Research Institute/ F

lorida Institute of Oceanography, USA **P eter Moeller**  National Ocean Service, National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration, USA **Marina Montresor** Stazione Zoologica ‘A. Dohrn’, Italy **Merrie Beth Neely** F

lorida Marine Research Institute, Fish and Wildlife Conservation Commission, USA **Judith O’Neil** Horn Point Laboratory, University of Maryland, USA **Bradley Penta** Naval Research Laboratory, Stennis Space Center, USA **Ed wa**  **rd Phlips**  Department of Fisheries and Aquatic Sciences, University of Florida, USA **Richard Pierce** Mote Marine Laboratory, USA **Jay Pinckney** Department of Oceanography, Texas A&M University, USA **Grant Pitcher** Marine and Coastal Management, South Africa **Michael Quilliam** Institute for Marine Biosciences, Canada **Kimberly Reece** Vir

ginia Institute of Marine Science, T

he College of William and Mary, USA **Beatriz Reguera** Centro Oceanográfico de Vigo, Instituto Español de Oceanografía, Spain **Bill Richardson** F

lorida Marine Research Institute, Fish and Wildlife Conservation Commission, USA **T**

**ammi Richardson** Department of Oceanography, Texas A&M University, USA **Gary Rodrick** Department of Food Science and Human Nutrition, University of Florida, USA **P arke Rublee**  Biology Department, University of North Carolina–Greensboro, USA **Chris Scholin** Monterey Bay Aquarium Research Institute, USA **Glen Shaw** National Research Centre for Environmental Toxicology, Australia **Y**

**uzuru Shimizu** Department of Biomedical Sciences,

University of Rhode Island, USA **Sandra Shumway** Department of Marine Sciences, University of Connecticut, USA **Karen Steidinger** F

lorida Marine Research Institute, Fish and Wildlife Conservation Commission, USA **Richard Stumpf** National Ocean Service, National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration, USA **Max Taylor** Department of Oceanography, University of British Columbia, Canada **P atricia Tester**  National Ocean Service, National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration, USA **Carmelo Tomas** Center for Marine Science, University of North Carolina at Wilmington, USA **Ve ra**  **Trainer** National Marine Fisheries Service, Northwest Fisheries Science Center, USA **Jefferson Turner** Biology Department and Center for Marine Science, University of Massachusetts, USA **Fr ances Van Dolah**  National Ocean Service, National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration, USA **Gabriel Vargo** College of Marine Science, University of South Florida, USA **Sandra Vargo** F

lorida Institute of Oceanography, USA **Tr acy Villareal**  Marine Science Institute, The University of Texas–Austin, USA **John Walsh** College of Marine Science, University of South Florida, USA **Susan Wilde** Marine Resources Research Institute,

University of South Carolina, USA **Jennifer Wolny** F

lorida Marine Research Institute/ F

lorida Institute of Oceanography, USA **Jeffrey Wright** Center for Marine Sciences, University of North Carolina at Wilmington, USA **T imothy Wyatt**  Instituto de Investigaciones Pesqueras de Vigo, Spain **Adriana Zingone** Stazione Zoologica ‘A. Dohrn’, Italyvii The first International Conference on Harmful Algae

wa s held in 1974 in Boston Massachusetts, USA. Since then, eight more conferences have been held: Miami, Florida, USA (1978); New Brunswick, Canada (1985); Lund, Sweden (1989); Newport, Rhode Island, USA (1991); Nantes, France (1993); Sendai, Japan (1995); Vigo, Spain (1997); and Hobart, Tasmania (2000). The Xth International Conference on Harmful Algae (XHAB2002) was held in St. Pete Beach, Florida,October 21 to 25, 2002. The Local Organizing Committee planned the meeting and obtained financial support for conference activities, including travel awardfunds. XHAB2002 was able to support 24 USA and international students with amounts from 500 to 1500 USD per student and an additional 20 international participants with amounts from 1000 to 3200 USD per person. Travel awards helped increase the geographic diversity of presentations. The 629 printed abstracts

re presented 48 countries. Prior to the Vigo, Spain, conference in 1997, the highest number of presentations, including oral and poster, was less then 250. However, since 1997, the number of presentations has steadily increased. Understandably, almost half of the presentations atXHAB2002 represented the USA because the conference was held in Florida. Florida is the most southern state in the USA and is unique in its diversity of aquatic and terrestrial wildlife and plants. Florida is home toalligators, crocodiles, eagles, osprey, panthers, manatees, marine turtles, gopher tortoises, rare orchids,

ve nus fly traps, a living coral reef and other organismssuch as harmful algae. Of the known harmful microalgae, Florida has more than 45 marine species and 15 freshwater species. It also has macroalgal blooms that can affect marine communities. The west coast of Florida was an appropriate venue f or a HAB conference because of its extensive history of red tides that occur almost annually and can besomewhere off the Florida west coast continously forseveral months to two years. Here in Florida, the effects of microalgal blooms include seawater discoloration,offshore and inshore fish kills, bird and marine mammal mortalities, respiratory irritation in humans, andeconomic losses in the millions to local coastal communities. As with many HABs, microalgal toxins can be associated with shellfish such as oysters and clams, and these sources of toxicity can cause public health concerns. The state of Florida has a multi-agencycooperative program to monitor and manage shellfish-growing areas and other potentially toxic seafood. At XHAB2002, attendees learned about Florida red tides and HABs around the world. This Proceedings

r epresents a cross section of the presentations anddemonstrates the diversity of the topics discussed. Presentations on dinoflagellates dominated XHAB2002, b ut cyanobacteria, diatoms, flagellates and chrysophytes were also well represented. Members of the International Committee served as session chairs during the meeting and both National and International Committee members served as

re viewers for the Proceedings manuscripts. The Organizing Committee and the editors of this Proceedings thank all of our colleagues for their presentations

w

hich made the meeting a success. A special thanks goes to John Cooksey, our conference manager, and his team for ensuring that the meeting ran smoothly. TheOrganizing Committee also acknowledges the contrib utions of three other people. We thank Dr. Bob Steele of the Poynter Institute, for moderating the Pfiesteria P anel Discussion; Dr. David Millie for being such a great Program Manager and organizing all the oral and poster presentations; and Dr. Harry Grier for taking

ex ceptional photographs of the conference and its

a ttendees. Of the 629 abstracts representing oral and poster presentation, 180 are presented as condensed papers inthis Proceedings. Of the 10 roundtable and special sessions, several are represented as summaries or as individual papers within the session. In addition to this Proceedings, the International Society for the Study of Harmful Algae (ISSHA) has made a commitment to help develop a world wide map of harmful algae events that will be available on

we bsites and possibly as a CD. Also, beginning with theXII HAB conference in 2006 in Copenhagen, Denmark, which will be hosted by Øjvind Moestrup of the University of Copenhagen and a Scandinavian consortium, ISSHA (along with the local organizingcommittee) will help in the production of the proceedings of future international HAB meetings. —Karen A. Steidinger Convener 

## PREFACEviii 

## XH A B2002 ATTENDEESix 

## XH A B2002 ATTENDEESx 

# TABLE of CO NTENTS

iii Conference Hosts and Sponsors iv Conference Organization Committees v H armful Algae 2002 Reviewers vii Pre f ace viii XHAB2002 Attendees Photographs

1 

## Plenary

3 A ttack and Defend: The Function and Evolution of Bioactive or Toxic Metabolites Je ff r ey L. C. Wright

9 

## Ecology Sessions

11 T he Potential Use of a Hydrodynamic Model in the Prediction of Harmful Algal Blooms in the Southern Benguela G. Pitcher, P. Monteiro, and A. Kemp 14 F our Kareni a brevis Blooms: A Comparative Analysis Gabriel A. Vargo, Cynthia A. Heil, Danylle N. Ault, Merrie Beth Neely, Susan Murasko, Julie Havens, Kristen M. Lester, L. Kellie Dixon, Rachel Merkt, John Walsh, Robert Weisberg, and Karen A. Steidinger 17 Al exandrium fundyense Migration Patterns in the Bay of Fundy, Eastern Canada Jennifer L. Martin, Fred H. Page, Michelle M. Ringuette, Alex Hanke, and Murielle M. LeGresley 20 Phytoplankton Assemblages During Recurrent Alexandrium minutum Blooms in a Mediterranean Harbor Magda Vila, Esther Garcés, Mercedes Masó, and Jordi Camp 23 Patterns of Short-Term and Long-Term Accumulation of Phycotoxins in Zooplankton Feeding on Al

exandrium fundyense Gregory J. Teegarden, Allan D. Cembella, Robert G. Campbell, and Edward G. Durbin 26 The Resting Cyst of Alexandrium catenella in Thau Lagoon (Western French Mediterranean Coast) M. Laabir, B. Génovési-Giunti, N. Barré, A. Vaquer, Y. Collos, E. Erard LeDenn, P. Cecchi, V. Pons, and B. Bibent 29 Correlation of Kareni a brevis Presence in the Eastern Gulf of Mexico with Rainfall and Riverine Flow L.K. Dixon and K.A. Steidinger 32 Isotopic Constraints on Nutrient Sources Supporting the 2001 Kareni a brevis Bloom Julie Havens, Cynthia Heil, David Hollander, Gabriel Vargo, Danylle Ault, Susan Murasko, and John Walsh 35 Primary Productivity of Florida Red Tides Brian J. Bendis, Ryan J. Pigg, and David F. Millie 38 Bacterial and Size Fractionated Primary Production Within a Large Kareni a brevis Bloom on the West F lorida Shelf Cynthia A. Heil, Margaret R. Mulholland, Deborah A. Bronk, Peter Bernhardt, and Judith M. O’Neil 41 Harmful Algal Blooms in the Western Gulf of Mexico: Kareni a brevis Is Messin’ with Texas and Mexico! Pa tricia A. Tester, Kirk Wiles, Sabrina M. Varnam, Gisela Ortega, Angela M. Dubois, and Virgilio Arenas Fuentes 44 Effects of the Toxic Red Tide Dinoflagellate Kareni a brevis on Survival, Fecal Pellet Production and F ecundity of the Copepod Ac artia tonsa Christopher J. Collumb and Edward J. Buskey 47 Does Nitrogen Regeneration from the N 2 Fixing Cyanobacteria T richodesmium spp. Fuel Kareni a brevis Blooms in the Gulf of Mexico? Margaret R. Mulholland, Cynthia A. Heil, Deborah A. Bronk, Judith M. O’Neil, and Peter Bernhardt 50 Status of Pfiesteria Science, Including Tests of Pfiesteria shumwayae Strain CCMP2089 for Ichthyotoxicity and Toxin J oAnn M. Burkholder, Peter D.R. Moeller, Andrew S, Gordon, Alan J. Lewitus, John S. Ramsdell, Howard B. Glasgow, Harold G. Marshall, and Steven L. Mortonxi 53 Relating Cyanobacterial Abundance to Environmental Parameters in the Lower St. Johns River Estuary Ry an J. Pigg, David F. Millie, Karen A. Steidinger, and Brian J. Bendis 56 C omposition and Distribution of Pseudo-nitzschia from Guanabara Bay, Brazil: The Role of Salinity Based on Field and Culture Observations Maria Célia Villac, Maria G. Matos, Viviane S. Santos, Aline W. Rodrigues, and Simone C. Viana 59 A Comparison of Photosynthetic and Heterotrophic Carbon Acquisition by Aureoco ccus anophagefferens Margaret R. Mulholland, George Boneillo, Peter Bernhardt, Esther Cornfeld, A. Michelle Watson, and Elizabeth Minor 62 Occurrence and Ecology of the Dinoflagellate Ka rlodinium micrum in Estuaries of North Carolina, USA Elizabeth E. Fensin 65 Geographic Trends in Alexandrium Spp. Growth and Toxicity as a Function of Environmental C onditions Stacey M. Etheridge and Collin S. Roesler 68 Relationship of Pfiesteria Spp. and Pfiesteria -Like Organisms to Environmental Factors in Tidal Creeks Draining Urbanized Watersheds Michael A. Mallin, Douglas C. Parsons, Virginia L. Johnson, JoAnn M. Burkholder, Parke A. Rublee, and Scott H. Ensign 71 Fl owCytometry Techniques to Quantify Prey Species of Pfiesteria -Like Dinoflagellates Steven R. Kibler and Patricia A. Tester 74 Chronic Urea Nitrogren Loading: A Correlate of Pfiesteria Spp. in the Chesapeake and Coastal Bays of Maryland, USA P. M. Glibert, J. Alexander, T. M. Trice, B. Michael, R. E. Mangien, L. Lane, D. Oldach, and H. Bowers 77 The Production of Hydrogen Peroxide by Heterosigma akashiwo Under Varying N:P Ratios Ashley R. Skeen, Carmelo R. Tomas, and William J. Cooper 80 Organic and Inorganic Nitrogen Uptake Kinetics in Field Populations Dominated by Kareni a brevis Deborah A. Bronk, Marta P. Sanderson, Margaret R. Mulholland, Cynthia A. Heil, and Judith M. O’Neil 83 A Massive Bloom of Co c hlodinium polykrikoides in the Yatsushiro Sea, Japan, in 2000 Dae-Il Kim, Sou Nagasoe, Yuji Oshima, Yang-Ho Yoon, Nobuyoshi Imada, and Tsuneo Honjo 86 HAB Distribution and Associations with Environmental Variables—Delaware Estuarine Coastal Bays, U SA, 1998–2002 Edythe Humphries, H. B. Glasgow, Jr., H. Marshall, A. J. Lewitus, and S. B. Wilde 89 Dinoflagellate Blooms Related to Coastal Upwelling Plumes Off Portugal Ana Amorim, Maria Teresa Moita, and Paulo Oliveira 92 The Relationship of Al exandrium fundyense to the Temporal and Spatial Pattern in Phytoplankton C ommunity Structure Within the Bay of Fundy, Eastern Canada Fr ed H. Page, Jennifer L. Martin, Alex Hanke, and Murielle M. LeGresley 95 Zooplankton Grazing During Alexandrium Blooms in the Gulf of Maine Je f ferson T. Turner and David G. Borkman 97 Accumulation of PSP Toxins in the Copepod C alanus finmarchicus F eeding on the Toxigenic Dinoflagellate Alexandrium Species in Laboratory and Field Studies R

obert G. Campbell, Edward G. Durbin, Gregory J. Teegarden, and Allan D. Cembella 10 0 D ifferences in the PSP Toxin Profiles of Mytilus edulis During Spring and Autumn Blooms of Alexandrium tamarense Off Mar del Plata Coast, Argentina J osé I. Carreto, Nora G. Montoya, Rut Akselman, Rubén M. Negri, Mario O. Carignan, and Daniel A. Cucchi Colleoni 10 3 Reproductive Success of the Copepod Ac artia clausi During a Bloom of Dinophysis Spp. I. Maneiro, C. Guisande, M. Frangópulos, Y. Pazos, and A. Moroño 10 6 Survival and Reproduction of the Copepod Parvocalanus crassirostris F ed the Texas Brown Tide Au r

eoumbra lagunensis E. J. Buskey, C. J. Hyatt, and W. Slingerlandxii 109 

## T oxins and Toxicity Sessions

111 A zaspiracid Poisoning: Aetiology, Toxin Dynamics and Bioconversion in Shellfish Ke vin J. James, Mónica Diaz Sierra, Mary Lehane, Ana Braña Magdalena, Cian Moroney, and Ambrose Furey 113 F lorida’s Red Tide Dinoflagellate Kareni a brevis May Modulate Its Potency by Producing a Non-Toxic C ompetitive Antagonist A. J. Bourdelais, S. Campbell, J. Benson, W. M. Abraham, J. Naar, J. Kubanek, J. L. C. Wright, H. Jacocks, and D. G. Baden 11 6 Detection and Identification of Paralytic Shellfish Poisoning Toxins in Florida Pufferfish Responsible for Incidents of Neurologic Illness Michael Quilliam, Dominik Wechsler, Steven Marcus, Bruce Ruck, Marleen Wekell, and Timothy Hawryluk 11 9 Lipophylic Toxins of Different Strains of Ostreopsidaceae and Gonyaulaceae P. Riobó, B. Paz, M. L. Fernández, S. Fraga, and J. M. Franco 12 2 Preparation of In-House Certified Materials (RM) to Be Used as a Tool in Quality Assurance of the A

nalytical Results in Paralytic Shellfish Poisoning Toxin Assays Juan Olmedo, Juana Bustos, Luis González, Joaquín Berenguer, Jesús González, Ma. Carmen Blanco, and P edro A. Burdaspal 12 5 Mass Culture of New Zealand Isolates of Pseudo-nitzschia australis fo r Production of a New Isomer of Domoic Acid Lesley Rhodes, Patrick Holland, Janet Adamson, Andy Selwood, and Paul McNabb 12 8 N ewAdvancements in Detection and Structural Elucidation of Marine Biotoxins from Adriatic Mussels Pa trizia Ciminiello, Carmela Dell’Aversano, Ernesto Fattorusso, Martino Forino, and Silvana Magno 13 0 Liquid Chromatography-Mass Spectrometry for the Analysis of Anatoxin-A, Homoanatoxin-A and T

heir Degradation Products Ambrose Furey, Janet Crowley, Orla Allis, Olav M. Skulberg, and Kevin J. James 13 3 Genotoxicity Investigation of Chlorinated Degradation Products of Cyanobacterial Toxin C

ylindrospermopsin Xiaoyun Shen, P. K. S. Lam, G. R. Shaw, and W. Wickramasinghe 13 6 Laboratory Analyses of Nutrient Stress and Toxin Accumulation in Pseudo-nitzschia Species from Monterey Bay, California Raphael Kudela, Alice Roberts, and Meredith Armstrong 139 Pseudo-nitzschia australis, Mytilus edulis, Engraulis anchoita and Domoic Acid in the Argentine Sea R

ubén Negri, Nora G. Montoya, José I. Carreto, Rut Akselman, and Daniela Inza 14 2 Study on Domoic Acid in Portuguese King Scallops ( Pecten maximus ) P edro R. Costa, Maria J. Botelho, Susana M. Rodrigues, and M. A. de M. Sampayo 14 5 Geographic Strain Variation in Toxin Production in Ka rlodinium micrum (Dinophyceae) from Southeastern Estuaries of the United States J onathan R. Deeds, Steven R. Kibler, Patricia A. Tester, and Allen R. Place 14 8 T he Production of Brevetoxin and Brevetoxin-Like Compounds During the Growth Phases of Kareni a brevis Susan K. Campbell, Ellen P. McConnell, Andrea J. Bourdelais, Henry M. Jacocks, Carmelo Tomas, and Dan Baden 15 0 T ransformation and Photodegradation of Domoic Acid in Sea Water Anna V. Campbell, Kristin L. McKinnon, Robert F. Whitehead, Stephen A. Skrabal, R. Kieber, and Jeffrey L. C. Wright 15 3 B revetoxin Degradation and By-Product Formation via Natural Sunlight R

on C. Hardman, William J. Cooper, Andrea J. Bourdelais, Piero Gardinali, and Daniel G. Baden 15 5 E ffects of Temperature on Production of Brevetoxin and Brevetoxin-Like Compounds Jo dy N. Lamberto, Andrea J. Bourdelais, Henry M. Jacocks, Carmelo Tomas, and Daniel G. Baden 15 7 Synthesis, Binding Assays and Toxicity of New Derivatives of Brevetoxin-B Sophie Michelliza, Henry Jacocks, Andrea J. Bourdelais, and Daniel G. Baden 16 0 Production of Gymnodimine by Ka r

enia selliformis (Haywood et al .) Lincoln MacKenzie, Veronica Beuzenberg, and Paul McNabbxiii 16 3 Preliminary Investigations Into Oxidation of Paralytic Shellfish Poisons (Saxitoxins and Derivatives) in Drinking Water by Chlorine W

asa A. Wickramasinghe, Brad C. Davis, Geoff K. Eaglesham, Glen R. Shaw, and Michael R. Moore 16 6 P ersistence of Paralytic Shellfish Toxins in Freshwater Environments P. Pe r eira, E. Dias, and S. Franca 16 9 T he Effects of Iron Limitation on Growth and PSP Toxin Production in Al exandrium fundyense Elizabeth A. Patchett, Michael F. Satchwell, Jeffrey Alexander, and Gregory L. Boyer 17 2 Characterization of Sensitivity to PSP Toxins in North American Populations of the Softshell Clam Mya arenaria V. Monica Bricelj, Scott P. MacQuarrie, Betty M. Twarog, and Vera L. Trainer 17 5 Depuration and Transformation of PSP Toxins in the South African Abalone Haliotis midae Stacey M. Etheridge, Grant C. Pitcher, and Collin S. Roesler 17 8 T he Variability of Paralytic Shellfish Poisoning Toxin Distribution in Cockles ( Ac anthocardia tuberculatum): Implications For the Evaluation of the Toxicity J oaquín A. Berenguer, Marta Vigo, Luis González, Juana Bustos, Juan Olmedo, Jesús González, Teresa Legarda, Ma. Carmen Blanco, and Pedro A. Burdaspal 18 1 P SP Toxin Accumulation by the Edible Shore Crabs T elmessus acutidens and Charybdis japonica at Onahama, Japan Hiroshi Oikawa, Tsuneo Fujita, Masataka Satomi, Toshiyuki Suzuki, Yuichi Kotani, and Yutaka Yano 18 4 T o xicity of the Aqueous Extract of Alexandrium fraterculus (Balech) Balech Luis A. O. Proença, Marcio S. Tamanaha, and Charrid Resgalla Jr. 18 6 T he Characterization of Two New Spirolides Isolated from Danish Strains of the Toxigenic Dinoflagellate Alexandrium ostenfeldii Shawna L. MacKinnon, Allan D. Cembella, Michael A. Quilliam, Patricia LeBlanc, Nancy I. Lewis, William R. Hardstaff, Ian W. Burton, and John A. Walter 18 9 Isolation and Structure Elucidation of New and Unusual Saxitoxin Analogues from Mussels Carmela Dell’Aversano, John A. Walter, Ian W. Burton, David J. Stirling, Ernesto Fattorusso, and Michael A. Quilliam 19 2 Isolation of Bioactive Metabolites from a L yngbya Species Isolated from Periphyton of the Florida Everglades J ohn P. Berry, Miroslav Gantar, Robert E. Gawley, and Kathleen S. Rein 19 5 Hemolytic Toxin of the Dinoflagellate Heterocapsa circularisquama as a Possible Causative Factor Responsible for Shellfish Kill Ta tsuya Oda, Yoji Sato, Yosuke Miyazaki, Tsuyoshi Muramatsu, Yukihiko Matsuyama, and Tsuneo Honjo 19 8 Evaluation of Toxicity in Nine Raphidophyte Strains Isolated from Different Geographic Regions Cheng Zhang, Howard B. Glasgow, Peter D.R. Moeller, JoAnn M. Burkholder, Alan J. Lewitus, Greg M. Melia, Steven L. Morton, and Elle Hannon Allen201 Determination of Known and New Yessotoxins from Adriatic Shellfish by Liquid ChromatographyMass Spectrometry Pa trizia Ciminiello, Carmela Dell’Aversano, Ernesto Fattorusso, Martino Fortino, and Silvana Magno 204 Detection of Six New Azaspiracids in Shellfish Using Liquid Chromatography with Multiple Tandem Mass Spectrometry Mónica Diaz Sierra, Ambrose Furey, Mary Lehane, Ana Braña Magdalena, and Kevin J. James 207 Hemolytic Compounds from Fibrocapsa japonica (Raphidophyceae) Meng Fu, Marion van Rijssel, and Gerd Liebezeit

211 

## Detection and Analytical Techniques Sessions

213 C omparison of Four Assays for the Detection of Microcystins Michael Satchwell and Gregory Boyerxiv 21 6 C ertified Reference Materials for Marine Algal Toxins Krista Thomas, Pearl Blay, Ian W. Burton, Allen D. Cembella, Cheryl Craft, Sheila Crain, William R. Hardstaff, Maurice V. Laycock, Denise LeBlanc, Patricia LeBlanc, Nancy Lewis, Shawna L. MacKinnon, Kelley Reeves, J ohn A. Walter, Anthony J. Windust, and Michael A. Quilliam 21 9 Detection of Dinophysis C ell Toxicity by Using Parthenogenetic and Clonal A rtemia K

onstantinos Koukaras, Athanasios D. Baxevanis, Chris Vasdekis, Theodore J. Abatzopoulos, and George Nikolaidis 222 Brevetoxin Metabolism and Elimination in the Eastern Oyster: Implications for Methods Development Steven M. Plakas, Kathleen R. El Said, Edward L. E. Jester, Zhihong Wang, Paul E. Eilers, Hudson R. Granade, and R

obert W. Dickey 225 Detection of Kareni a brevis by a Microtiter Plate Assay K

elly D. Goodwin, Gloria Scorzetti, Sara A. Cotton, Traci L. Kiesling, Peter B. Ortner, and Jack W. Fell 228 An Alternative Method for Domoic Acid Determination in Seawater Particulates: A Receptor Binding A

ssay Using Glutamate Dehydrogenase K

eri A. Baugh, Sylvester Spencer, John C. Wekell, and Vera L. Trainer 231 Development of Real-Time PCR Assays for the Detection of Chattonella Species in Culture and Environmental Samples Holly Bowers, Torstein Tengs, Sayaka Goto, Carmelo Tomas, Chitari Ono, Sadaaki Yoshimatsu, and David Oldach 234 Analysis of Cyanobacterial Toxins by Hydrophilic Interaction Liquid Chromatography-Mass Spectrometry Carmela Dell’Aversano, Geoffrey K. Eaglesham, and Michael A. Quilliam 237 HPLC/MS/MS Determination of Nodularin Levels in Fish, Mussels and Prawns During a Bloom of Nodularia spumigena in the Gippsland Lakes, Victoria, Australia Geoff K. Eaglesham, Brad C. Davis, Paul G. Van Buynder, Suzanne Phillips, and Keith Thomas 240 Developing an LC/MS Method to Separate the U.S. EPA Priority Listed Algal Toxins Stuart A. Oehrle and Judy Westrick 243 Ion-Trap Mass Spectrometry for the Determination of Yessotoxins in Shellfish Monica Fernández Amandi, Brett Hamilton, Mary Lehane, Peter Hovgaard, Lincoln MacKenzie, Hanne Ramstad, Ambrose Furey, and Kevin J. James 246 Ion-Trap and Nanoelectrospray Quadrupole-TOF Mass Spectrometry for the Determination of P olyether Marine Toxins in Phytoplankton Pa tricia Fernández Puente, Mónica Diaz Sierra, Ambrose Furey, Brett Hamilton, Mary Lehane, and Kevin J. James 249 Sample Preparation Methods for Analysis of Brevetoxins in Oysters by LC/MS Zhihong Wang, Kathleen R. El Said, Steven M. Plakas, and Robert Dickey 252 Confirmation of Azaspiracids, Okadaic Acid and Dinophysistoxins in Phytoplankton Samples from the W

est Coast of Ireland by Liquid Chromatography—Tandem Mass Spectrometry Philipp Hess, David P. Swords, Dave W. Clarke, Joe B. Silke, and Terry McMahon 255 Characterization of Lectin Binding Profiles for Pfiesteria Spp. and Other Dinoflagellates Je ff r ey J. Springer, Howard B. Glasgow, and JoAnn M. Burkholder 258 Multiple Tandem Mass Spectrometry Methods for the Determination of Toxic Cyclic Heptapeptides, Microcystins Ambrose Furey, Paloma Muniz-Ortea, Janet Crowley, Orla Allis, Brett Hamilton, Mónica Diaz Sierra, Mary Lehane, and Ke vin J. James 261 Real-Time RT-PCR Study of Differential Expression of Two Genes in Alexandrium tamarense (Lebour) Balech, Cultured Under Varying Nitrate/Phosphate Ratios Sonsoles Fernández, Natalia Zabalegui, Jesús García-Foncillas, and Rosa Martínez 264 Using Real-Time PCR to Detect Toxigenic Strains of Microcystis aeruginosa Carrie Moulton and Michael F. Antolin 267 Use of Alexandrium rRNA Targeted Probes to Predict PSP Events on Kodiak Island, Alaska Julie A. Matweyou, Dean A. Stockwell, Christopher A. Scholin, Sherwood Hall, Vera L. Trainer, Jason D. Ray, T

erry E. Whitledge, Amy R. Childers, and F. Gerald Plumleyxv 270 Variation in Reactivity of rRNA-Targeted Probes Towards Pseudo-nitzschia multiseries Grown in Nitrate and Silicate-Limited Continuous Cultures P eter E.Miller, Roman Marin III, Chris Scholin, Joel C. Goldman, Greg Doucette, and Christine Powell 273 DNA Probes for the Detection of Karenia Species in New Zealand’s Coastal Waters Lesley Rhodes, Allison Haywood, Janet Adamson, Krystyna Ponikla, and Chris Scholin 276 Utility of the Algal Photopigment Gyroxanthin-Diester in Studies Pertaining to the Red Tide Dinoflagellate Kareni a brevis (Davis) G. Hansen & Moestrup Barbara A. Berg, Bradley A. Pederson, Gary J. Kirkpatrick, Christopher J. Higham, and David F. Millie 279 Vertical Migration of a Kareni a brevis Bloom: Implications for Remote Sensing of Harmful Algal Blooms J ohn Kerfoot, Gary Kirkpatrick, Steve Lohrenz, Kevin Mahoney, Mark Moline, and Oscar Schofield 282 A Novel Optical Classification Technique for Detection of Red Tides in the Gulf of Mexico Jennifer P. Cannizzaro, Kendall L. Carder, F. Robert Chen, John J. Walsh, Zhongping Lee, and Cynthia Heil 285 Detection of Al exandrium fundyense Bloom Initiation and Transport in the Western Gulf of Maine, USA, Using Mussels ( Mytilus edulis ) on Offshore Hydrographic Moorings Bruce A. Keafer, James A. Churchill, W. Rockwell Geyer, Richard P. Signell, John W. Hurst Jr., Laurie L. Bean, Neal R. Pettigrew, and Donald M. Anderson 288 Validation of an LC-MS Method to Detect ASP and DSP Toxins in Shellfish P. McNabb and P. T. Holland 291 Competitive ELISA: An Accurate, Quick and Effective Tool to Monitor Brevetoxins in Environmental and Biological Samples Je r ome Naar, Allison Weidner, and Daniel G. Baden 294 NSP ( Kareni a brevis ) Toxins and Metabolites in Oysters, Clams, and Whelks R. H. Pierce, M. S. Henry, R. Dickey, and S. Plakas 297 Recent Developments in the Analysis of Algal Toxins A. Gago-Martínez, J. M. Leão, N. Piñeiro, E. Vaquero, F. Davila, P. de la Iglesia, J. A. Rodríguez Vázquez, and J. F. Lawrence 30 0 Multi-Laboratory Study of Five Methods for the Determination of Brevetoxins in Shellfish Tissue Extracts R

obert W. Dickey, Steven M. Plakas, Edward L. E. Jester, Kathleen R. El Said, Jan N. Johannessen, Leanne J. Flewelling, P aula Scott, Dan G. Hammond, Frances M. Van Dolah, Tod A. Leighfield, Marie-Yasmine Bottein Dechraoui, J ohn S. Ramsdell, Richard H. Pierce, Mike S. Henry, Mark A. Poli, Calvin Walker, Jan Kurtz, Jerome Naar, Daniel G. Baden, Steve M. Musser, Kevin D. White, Penolope Truman, Aaron Miller, Timothy P. Hawryluk, Marleen M. Wekell, David Stirling, Michael A. Quilliam, and Jung K. Lee 30 3 A pplication of an Ocean Color Algal Taxa Detection Model to Red Tides in the Southern Benguela Collin S. Roesler, Stacey M. Etheridge, and Grant C. Pitcher 306 Detection of Pectenotoxin in Norwegian Blue Mussels ( Mytilus edulis ) To re Aune, Trine Torgersen, Johanne Arff, and Karl Tangen 309 Rapid Monitoring of Toxic Phytoplankton and Zooplankton with a Lateral-Flow Immunochromatographic Assay for ASP and PSP Toxins Cheryl Rafuse, Allen Cembella, Maurice Laycock, and Joanne Jellett 312 Detection of Kryptoperidinium foliaceum in South Carolina Estuaries Using Real-Time PCR Assay J ason W. Kempton, Patrick R. Williams, Susan B. Wilde, Jennifer L. Wolny, and Alan J. Lewitus

315 

## Biogeography and Regional Events Sessions

317 Pfiesteria Species Identified in Ships’ Ballast Water and Residuals: A Possible Vector for Introductions to C oastal Areas Martina A. Doblin, Lisa A. Drake, Kathryn J. Coyne, Parke A. Rublee, and Fred C. Dobbs 320 Global Distribution of Toxic Pfiesteria C omplex Species Detected by PCR Assay Pa rke A. Rublee, Coy Allen, Eric Schaefer, Lesley Rhodes, Janet Adamson, Caroline Lapworth, JoAnn Burkholder, and Howard Glasgowxvi 323 The Use of Volunteers to Monitor Harmful Phytoplankton Ka therine A. Schaefer, Heather L. Blankenstein, Kimberly J. Nowocin, and Steve L. Morton 326 Harmful Dinoflagellates in the Gulf Stream and Atlantic Barrier Coral Reef, Belize Maria A. Faust and Patricia A.Tester 329 The Geographical Distribution of Alexandrium catenella Is Extending to Italy! First Evidence from the T

yrrhenian Sea Antonella Luglié, Mariagrazia Giacobbe, Fatima Fiocca, Antonietta Sannio, and Nicola Sechi 332 Potentially Toxic Thecate Dinoflagellates of Middle Tyrrhenian Coastal Waters (Mediterranean Sea) R

oberta Congestri, Ilen Bianco, and Patrizia Albertano 335 Potentially Toxic and Harmful Phytoplankton Species Along the Coast of the Turkish Seas T

ufan Koray 338 Distribution of Prorocentrum lima Epiphytic on Macroalgae in Patagonian Gulfs (Argentina) Ana Maria Gayoso, Vanesa K. Fulco, and Cecilia I. Muglia 34 1 T w enty-Three Years of Red Tide Monitoring at Fixed Stations Along the Coast of Uruguay Silvia M. Méndez and Dinorah Medina 344 Dominance and Permanence of Species of Harmful Algae Forming Blooms in Mazatlán Bay, Mexico (1979–2002) R

oberto Cortés Altamirano, Arturo P. Sierra-Beltrán, and Maria del Carmen Cortés Lara 34 7 Spatial and Temporal Patterns of Pseudo-nitzschia Spp. in Central California Related to Regional Oceanography Raphael Kudela, William Cochlan, and Alice Roberts 350 Prevalence of Raphidophyte Blooms in South Carolina Brackish Ponds Associated with Housing and Golf Courses Alan J. Lewitus, Kenneth C. Hayes, Jason W. Kempton, Larissa J. Mason, Susan B. Wilde, Barry J. Williams, and Jennifer L. Wolny 353 Observation of Prorocentrum lima in South Carolina Ka therine A. Schaefer and Steve L. Morton 355 Prorocentrum lima in New England Coastal Waters: Population Dynamics and Toxicity Lucie Maranda, Susannah Corwin, Paul E. Hargraves, Laurie L. Bean, Steven Eaker, Tod A. Leighfield, and Steve L. Morton 358 An Unprecedented Bloom of Dinophysis acuminata in Chesapeake Bay P eter Tango, Walt Butler, Richard Lacouture, David Goshorn, Robert Magnien, Bruce Michael, Sherwood Hall, Ka thy Browhawn, Robert Wittman, and William Beatty 36 1 O ccurrence of Ka rlodinium micrum and Its Association with Fish Kills in Maryland Estuaries David Goshorn, Jonathan Deeds, Peter Tango, Charles Poukish, Allen Place, Margaret McGinty, Walter Butler, Christopher Luckett, and Robert Magnien 364 Extended Bloom Concentration of the Toxic Dinoflagellate Dinophysis acuminata in Virginia Estuaries During Late Winter and Early Spring, 2002 Harold G. Marshall, Todd Egerton, Todd Stem, Jeremy Hicks, and Mikolaj Kokocinski 36 7 V olunteer Phytoplankton Monitoring in the Inland Bays of Delaware, USA Edward B. Whereat, Joseph G. Farrell, and Edythe M. Humphries 369 Blooms of the Ichthyotoxic Flagellate Prymnesium parvum in U.S. Waters: An Emerging or a Perennial Problem? Carmelo Tomas, Joan Glass, Jack Ralph, and Alan Lewitus 371 Pfiesteria Distribution Along the Texas (USA) Coast Tr acy Villareal, James D. Simons, and Parke Rublee 374 Regional Distribution of the Texas Brown Tide ( Au r

eoumbra lagunensis ) in the Gulf of Mexico Tr acy A. Villareal, Teresa Chirichella, and Edward J. Buskey 377 Florida’s Blackwater Event Merrie Beth Neely, Eric Bartels, Jennifer Cannizzaro, Kendall L. Carder, Paula Coble, David English, Cynthia Heil, Chuanmin Hu, John Hunt, Jim Ivey, Gil McRae, Erich Mueller, Ernst Peebles, and Karen Steidingerxvii 380 To xic and Harmful Dinoflagellates in the Southern Gulf of Mexico Sergio Licea, María E. Zamudio, Ruth Luna, Yuri B. Okolodkov, and Samuel Gómez-Aguirre

383 

## Physiology and Life Cycles Sessions

38 5 U V -B Inhibition of Pseudo-nitzschia Australis: P rimary Production Is Minimized by UV-A Enhancement Effects J oseph J. Gorga, Claudia Mengelt, and Barbara B. Prézelin 388 Dark Survival and Subsequent Light Recovery for Pseudo-nitzschia multiseries Claudia Mengelt and Barbara B. Prézelin 39 1 E ffects of Light, Temperature and Salinity on the Growth Rate of Alexandrium tamarense from Patagonia (Argentina) V

anesa K. Fulco and Ana María Gayoso 39 3 E ffects of Ultraviolet Radiation on the Toxin Composition of the Dinoflagellate Alexandrium catenella Nora G. Montoya, José I. Carreto, Mario O. Carignan, and Hugo R. Benavides 396 To xic Phaeocystis globosa Strains from China Grow at Remarkably High Temperatures Pingping Shen, Marion van Rijssel, Yan Wang, Lu Songhui, Chen Jufang, and Yu-Zao Qi 399 C ontinuous-Flow and Batch Cultures of Toxic Alexandrium catenella and A. minutum in Stirred Tank Bioreactors V. Séchet, J. B. Bérard, M. Bohec, G. Bougaran, C. Carré, P. Masselin, and P. Truquet 40 2 Does Urea-Carbon Contribute Significantly to Au reoco cc us anophagefferens Carbon Nutrition? Michael W. Lomas 40 5 C omparison of Regional Clones of the Genera Chattonella and Fibrocapsa f or Growth Characteristics and Potential Toxin Production Amanda Bridgers, Ellen McConnell, Jerome Naar, Allison Weidner, Lucille Tomas, and Carmelo Tomas 408 Ph ylogenetic and Functional Diversity of the Bacteria Associated with G ymnodinium catenatum: E

vidence from the SSU rDNA of Cultivable and Non-Cultivable Bacteria David H. Green, Susan I. Blackburn, Lyndon E. Llewellyn, Andrew P. Negri, and Christopher J. S. Bolch 411 Photosynthetic Variation Among Eight Different Kareni a brevis Clones Blake A. Schaeffer, Daniel Kamykowski, Edward J. Milligan, and Laurie McKay 41 4 P hotophysiology of the Florida Red Tide Dinoflagellate Ka r

enia brevis: Modifications in Thylakoid Lipid C omposition in Response to Environmental Conditions Te r ence J. Evens and Jeffrey D. Leblond 41 7 P hotopigment Content of Three Kareni a brevis Clones in Response to Varying Light Levels Christopher J. Higham, Gary J. Kirkpatrick, Bradley A. Pederson, and Barbara A. Berg 420 A Cell Cycle Synchronization and Purification Technique for Heterotrophic Pfiesteria and Cryptoperidiniopsoid Dinoflagellates Analyzed by Flow Cytometry Matthew W. Parrow, Nora J. Deamer, Jessica L. Alexander, and JoAnn M. Burkholder

423 

## Systematics Sessions

425 Chattonella verruculosa and Related Species from Japan, Europe (North Sea) and U.S. Coastal Waters: Cases of Mistaken Identity? Carmelo R. Tomas, Chitari Ono, Sadaaki Yoshimatsu, and Jeanette Göbel 428 Dinoflagellates Come from Outer Space but Haptophytes and Diatoms Do Not Uwe John, Thomas Mock, Klaus Valentin, Allan D. Cembella, and Linda K. Medlin 431 Population Diversity of Ostreopsidaceae in the Mediterranean Sea: A Preliminary Study on the Genetics and Morphology Antonella Penna, Magda Vila, Maria Grazia Giacobbe, Elena Bertozzini, Francesca Andreoni, Santiago Fraga, Esther Garcés, Mercedes Masó, and Mauro Magnani 434 Species of Pseudo-nitzschia in the Drake Passage (54°–61°S to 46°–64°W) Martha Ferrario, Sergio Licea, C. F. Balestrini, and Gustavo Ferreyraxviii 437 Genetic Variability and Toxin Profile of Alexandrium tamarense (Lebour) Balech from Southern Brazil Graziela R. Persich, David M. Kulis, Emily L. Lilly, Donald M. Anderson, and Virgínia M.T. Garcia 440 F ormation of Dinophysis dens Pavillard and D. diegensis Ko f oid from Laboratory Incubations of Dinophysis acuta Ehrenberg and D. caudata Saville-Kent Beatriz Reguera, Sonsoles González-Gil, and Maximino Delgado 44 3 T axonomic Reevaluation of a South Carolina “Red Tide” Dinoflagellate Indicates Placement in the Genus Kryptoperidinium Jennifer L. Wolny, Jason W. Kempton, and Alan J. Lewitus 446 Linking Population and Physiological Diversity in Kareni a brevis from the Texas Coast L. Campbell, J. M. Ivy, P. Loret, T. A. Villareal, Kelly Soltysiak, and J. R. Gold 449 Differentiating Two Florida Harmful Algal Bloom Species Using HPLC Pigment Characterization Bradley A. Pederson, Gary J. Kirkpatrick, Allison J. Haywood, Barbara A. Berg, and Christopher J. Higham 452 Molecular Analysis of Pfiesteria piscicida Life Cycle Stages Using Nuclear Staining Techniques and W

hole Cell in Situ Hybridization with Peptide Nucleic Acid Probes Mark W. Vandersea, R. Wayne Litaker, Steven R. Kibler, and Patricia A. Tester 455 Morphology of Fibrocapsa japonica C ysts Formed Under Laboratory Conditions M. Karin de Boer, Marion van Rijssel, and Engel G. Vrieling

459 

## Harmful Effects and Risks Sessions

46 1 AReview of Feeding Preference and Deterrence in Three Faunal Species Associated with Cyanobacterial Blooms of L yngbya majuscula in Southeast Queensland, Australia A. Capper, I. R. Tibbetts, J. M. O’Neil, and G. R. Shaw 46 5 C omparative Toxicity of the Cyanobacterial Toxin Cylindrospermopsin Between Mice and Cattle: Human Implications Glen R. Shaw, Ross A. McKenzie, Wasa A. Wickramasinghe, Alan A. Seawright, Geoff K. Eaglesham, and Michael R. Moore 468 Design and Use of a Harmful Algal Bloom Database for the West Coast of North America Nicolaus G. Adams, Michelle C. Tomlinson, and Vera L. Trainer 470 Cyanobacteria Exposure, Drinking Water and Colorectal Cancer Lora E. Fleming, Carlos Rivero, John W. Burns Jr., Chris Williams, Judy A. Bean, and Wendy B. Stephan 473 Acute Effects of Recreational Exposure to Freshwater Cyanobacteria—A Prospective Epidemiology Study Ian Stewart, Penelope M. Webb, Philip J. Schluter, Lora E. Fleming, John W. Burns Jr., Miro Gantar, Lorraine C. Backer, and Glen R. Shaw 476 Harmful Cyanobacteria-Invertebrate Relations: Histopathological Picture in Fall Webworm Evgeny B. Gol’din 479 Effect of the Potentially Toxic Cyanobacteria Microcystis aeruginosa and Nodularia spumigena on the Survival and Reproductive Success of the Dominant Baltic Copepod Species M. Balode and S. Strake 48 2 Paralytic Shellfish Poisoning Outbreaks in Costa Rica Maribelle Vargas-Montero and Enrique Freer 48 5 V ariability of Brevetoxin Accumulation Levels Within Individual Shellfish During Kareni a brevis Blooms Allison L. Weidner, Jerome Naar, Karen Steidinger, Richard Pierce, Mike Henry, Leanne Flewelling, and Daniel G. Baden 488 Brevetoxin Depuration in Shellfish Via Production of Non-Toxic Metabolites: Consequences for Seafood Safety and the Environmental Fate of Biotoxins J. Naar, J. Kubanek, A. Weidner, L. Flewelling, A. Bourdelais, K. Steidinger, and D. G. Baden 49 1 F lorida Red Tides, Manatee Brevetoxicosis, and Lung Models Barbara Kirkpatrick, Deborah E. Colbert, Dana Dalpra, Elizabeth A. C. Newton, Joseph Gaspard, Brandi Littlefield, and Charles Manirexix 494 T he Use of Electronic Media to Educate and Communicate with the Public During a Harmful Algal Bloom Barbara A. Kirkpatrick, Lora E. Fleming, Michael S. Henry, Richard D. Clark, and Lorraine C. Backer 496 Effects of Novel Antagonists of Polyether Brevetoxin (PbTx)-Induced Bronchoconstriction in Allergic Sheep William M. Abraham, Ashfaq Ahmed, Andrea J. Bourdelais, and Daniel G. Baden 499 Characterization of Red Tide Aerosol on the Texas Coast Y

ung Sung Cheng, Tracy A. Villareal, Yue Zhou, Jun Gao, Richard Pierce, Jerome Naar, and Daniel G. Baden 50 2 F lorida Red Tide: Inhalation Toxicity of Kareni a brevis Extract in Rats J. M. Benson, F. F. Hahn, B. M. Tibbetts, L. E. Bowen, T. H. March, R. J. Langley, T. F. Murray, A. J. Bourdelais, J. Naar, J. Zaias, and D. G. Baden 50 5 P hilosophical Insights from an Analysis of Media Coverage of the Pfiesteria C ontroversy R

uben Rabinsky and Lora E. Fleming 508 An Epidemiologic Approach to the Study of Aerosolized Florida Red Tides Lora E. Fleming, Lorraine C. Backer, Barbara Kirkpatrick, Richard Clark, Dana Dalpra, David R. Johnson, Judy A. Bean, Y

ung Sung Cheng, Janet Benson, Dominick Squicciarini, William M. Abraham, Richard Pierce, Julia Zaias, Jerome Naar, Richard Weisman, Greg Bossart, Susan Campbell, Adam Wanner, Mark Harrington, Gayle Van De Bogart, and Daniel G. Baden 511 Monitoring Approaches for Improved Prediction of Domoic Acid Poisoning Events in Washington State Ve ra L. Trainer and Orhab Collaborators 514 Ce r

atium furca: One Possible Cause of Mass Mortality of Cultured Blue Fin Tuna at Baja California, Mexico E. Orellana-Cepeda, C. Granados-Machuca, and J. Serrano-Esquer

517 

## Mitigation and Modeling Sessions

51 9 C oupled Biophysical Models of Florida Red Tides J ohn J. Walsh, Dwight A. Dieterle, Brian P. Darrow, Scott P. Milroy, Jason K. Jolliff, Jason M. Lenes, Robert H. Weisberg, and Ruoying He 522 Effects of Phosphatic Clay Dispersal at Two Divergent Sites in Puget Sound, Washington J. E. Jack Rensel and Donald M. Anderson 525 Removal of Harmful Red Tide Plankton by Ozone Treatment Tsuneo Honjo, Nobuyoshi Imada, Yasuhiro Anraku, Dae-Il Kim, Mikiko Muramatsu, and Yuji Oshima 528 Pfiesteria piscicida P opulation Dynamics: A Modeling Study Xinsheng Zhang, Raleigh R. Hood, Michael R. Roman, Patricia M. Glibert, and Diane K. Stoecker 531 Forecasting Red Tides Caused by Pseudo-nitzschia Spp. Using an Artificial Intelligence Model J. M. Corchado, J. M. Torres, and M. M. Sacau Cuadrado 534 Preliminary Modeling of Cross-Shelf Transport in Support of Monitoring and Forecasting of Harmful Al gal Blooms Along the West Florida Coast Le Ly, Frank Aikman III, Richard Stumpf, and Thomas Gross

537 

## Special Sessions/Round Table/Panel Listing

541 

## Regional Program and Special Session Summaries

54 3 E CO HAB:Florida—A Catalyst for Recent Multi-Agency Studies of the West Florida Shelf J ohn J. Walsh and Karen A. Steidinger 546 E U-LIFEHAB: Expanding the Discussion on Life Cycles of Harmful Species Adriana Zingone, Esther Garcés, and Beatriz Regueraxx 54 9 Summary of the Special Session on Detection and Quantitation of Toxins Richard H. Pierce and Robert M. Dickey 552 Recent Advances and State of the Technology for HAB Species Detection Gary Kirkpatrick 553 Harmful Dinoflagellate Species in Space and Time and the Value of Morphospecies F. J. R. “Max” Taylor

561 

## Awards

56 3 X HAB2002/ISSHA Yasumoto Lifetime Achievement Award 2002: Grethe R. Hasle 56 4 X HAB2002/ISSHA Yasumoto Lifetime Achievement Award 2002: Theodore J. Smayda 56 5 X HAB2002 Award for Service to Harmful Algal Bloom Science: John W. Hurst, Jr. 56 6 X HAB2002/ISSHA Maureen Keller Best Student Presentation Awards 2002: Jonathan R. Deeds and Jens Dahlmann
[ E

ditors’ Note: F or economy in the printed Proceedings, all color figures were presented in grayscale in the text, and their color versions were grouped following the Awards section. In this digital Proceedings, the color figures appear in their respective articles throughout the text, and the Color Figures section has been eliminated. ]

567 

## Indices

56 9 Author Index 573 Subject Index374 Introduction The Texas brown tide was the longest documented HAB

ev ent in U.S. history. It comprised over 95% of the phytoplankton community (10 6 cells mL –1 ) in the upper Laguna Madre, Texas, for the period 1990 to 1998, and disrupted zooplankton, benthic and seagrass communities (Whitledge et al., 1999). The pelagophyte that caused this brown tide ( Au r eoumbra lagunensis ) is a small (4–6 μm) cell that is morphologically difficult to distinguish from other cells using a light microscope (DeYoe et al., 1997). Part of the

mystery of the bloom was the sudden dominance of thispreviously undescribed species in a nearly pristine ecosystem with chlorophyll levels that were often 5–10 timespre-bloom levels. An atypical severe freeze resulting in a massive fish kill and subsequent ammonium pulse was initially suggested to be responsible for the bloom outbreak (DeYoe and Suttle, 1994); however, it is now known that hypersalinity suppression of grazers (Buskey et al., 1998), an effective grazing inhibition mechanism (Buskey et al., 1997), and unusual P requirements (Liu et al., 2001) probably played a dominant role in the initiation and maintenance of the b loom. In addition, archived samples examined with a polyclonal antibody showed a clear increase in A. lagunensis populations prior to the fish kill and subsequent ammonium increase (Buskey et al., 1999). The species also was present in the Laguna Madre, Texas, at least six months prior to the bloom at ≤ 10 2 cells mL –1

. Much less is known about its distribution outside this area.

Materials and MethodsThe development, specificity and application of the polyclonal antibody have been described in Lopez-Barrerio et al (1998). Our study used a series of samples collected inthe Gulf of Mexico to study the broad regional distribution of the species. Sample sites are illustrated in Fig. 1. In all cases, formalin-preserved (1–3%) samples were examined within 2 months of collection. Salinity is expressed using the practical salinity scale. Results and Discussion Au reoumbra lagunensis w as widely distributed in the Gulf of Mexico. Concentrations of 10 1 –10 2 cells mL –1 were present in Florida Bay, several Texas bays, and the more northernMexican bays (Fig. 1, 2; Table 1). The species was not present in samples from Belize in May 1997. Bloom concentrations were only noted in the Laguna Madre of Te xas (Table 1). The concentration found in Laguna Madre, La Pesca was much higher than background concentrations f ound in other areas (10 5 cells mL –1 ). The species was commonly present in Laguna Madre de Tamaulipas at 10 2 cells mL –1 during this time. Cell counts versus salinity plots (Fig. 3) revealed that below a salinity of approximately 38, cell counts were ≤ 103 cells mL –1 . How ever, 10 2 cells mL –1 were noted at salinities of 0.5 to 25 in Matagorda Bay, Texas, in 1997. Bloom concentrations (>10 4 cells mL –1 ) were found 

### Regional Distribution of the Texas Brown Tide ( Au reoumbra lagunensis ) in the Gulf of Mexico

Tr acy A. Villareal 1 , T eresa Chirichella 2 , and Edward J. Buskey 1

1 Marine Science Institute, The University of Texas at Austin, 750 Channel View Dr.,

Po rtAransas, TX 78373, USA; 2 Environmental Sciences Program, University of Massachusetts, Boston, 100 Morrisey Blvd., Boston, MA 02125, USA

A bstract Samples collected from Florida, Louisiana, Texas and Mexico in 1996–1997 were examined for the presence of the Texas Brown Tide species Au reoumbra lagunensis. Low abundance (<200 cells mL –1 ) was noted at one or more stations in FloridaBay from November 1996 to June 1997. The species was present along the Texas coast from Matagorda Bay to the Laguna Madre during July/October 1997, but was not present at stations near Galveston, Texas (northeast Texas), or inthe northern Gulf of Mexico near the Mississippi River. A wide distribution in the Laguna Madre de Tamaulipas, Mexico, was noted in June 1997, but the species was not present in the lagoon south of La Pesca, Mexico. Low salinity alone did not seem to limit its distribution—it was noted at 10 2 cells mL –1 at salinities from 0.5 to 25 in October 1997 in central Te xas. The singular HAB event in the Laguna Madre, Texas, appeared to result from a confluence of events unique to this hypersaline embayment that allowed a cryptic, but widespread, member of the coastal flora to bloom and dominate.

Fi gure 1 Sampling sites and summarized results of the survey. A “–” indicates no cells were found, a “+” indicates 10 2–10 3 cells

m L –1
, and “++” indicates 10 4–10 6 cells m L –1

. The Terrebonne Bay sampling was a 5–9 station transect that ran from Dec. 1996 to Oct. 1997. Florida bay was a set of 3–5 stations collected on dates shown in Table 1. The Belize samples were collected in May 1997.

Steidinger, K. A., J. H. Landsberg, C. R. Tomas, and G. A. Vargo (Eds.). 2004. Harmful Algae 2002. Florida Fish and Wildlife Conservation Commission, Florida Institute of Oceanography, and Intergovernmental Oceanographic Commission of UNESCO.375 only at salinities >40 (Fig. 3). Unfortunately, no salinity data

w as available from the sites in Mexico, so this relationship is only a function of observations in the Laguna Madre, Te xas. This study extends the known range of Au reoumbra lagunensis to bays on both sides of the Gulf of Mexico. Much like the New England brown tide Au r eococcus anophagefferens, the range greatly exceeds that of known b loom sites (Anderson et al., 1993). The observational data confirms the strong influence that hypersalinity has on this species’ dynamics (Buskey et al., 1998). Although present at many coastal sites at salinities ≤ 35, blooms only occurred when salinity was elevated. Of particular interest is the observation that Terrebonne Bay did not host the species. This region is strongly influenced by the Mississippi River; however, we cannot determine whether the absence F igure 3 Cell abundance versus salinity. Sites include south Te xas, Mexico and Florida Bay. X indicates a zero count.

Figure 2 Quantitative counts from along the east coast of Mexico in June 1997.

T

able 1 Maximum abundance of A. lagunensis observed at the study sites. Sample Maximum Sample Maximum Location Dates Cells mL –1 Location Dates Cells mL –1
USA Te

xas Louisiana Baffin Bay/Laguna Madre 4/97, 7/97 1,998,270 Terrebonne Bay 12/96 – 10/97 0 Nueces/Corpus Christi Bay 1/97, 10/97 837 San Antonio Bay 1/97, 10/97 240 MEXICO Matagorda Bay 1/97, 10/97 478 Laguna Madre/Mezquital 6/97 234 Aransas Bay 1/97, 10/97 0 Laguna Madre/Carbonera 6/97 538 Galveston Bay 7/97 0 Laguna Madre/La Pesca 6/97 191,400 Laguna de San Andres 6/97 0 Florida Rio Panuco 12/96, 6/97 0 Ra b bit Key Basin 11/96, 1/97, 3/97, 6/97 95 Laguna Pueblo Viejo 12/96, 6/97 0 Sandy Key Basin 11/96, 1/97, 3/97, 6/97 99 Laguna de Tamiahua 12/96, 6/97 0 J ohnson Key Basin 11/96, 1/97, 3/97, 6/97 85 Laguna de Tampamachoco 12/96, 6/97 0 R ankin Lake 11/96, 1/97, 3/97, 6/97 53376of the species was a low salinity effect or water quality effect. The dissipation of the A. lagunensis b loom from theLaguna Madre, Texas, during sustained rains and a concurrent salinity drop (Buskey et al., 2001) suggests that freshwater inflows do not favor this species. However, it does

appear to be able to tolerate low salinity as evidenced by its presence in October 1997 at several low salinity bays in Te xas. A. lagunensis appears to be part of the cryptic floraof the coastal zone in the Gulf of Mexico. Despite the elev a ted concentrations observed at Laguna Madre, La Pesca,the sustained bloom in the Laguna Madre, Texas, still appears to be a singular event.

A cknowledgementsThis study would not have been possible without the generous collections of Leanne Flewelling, Dr. Quay Dortch, Rick Kalke Maria Llosa, Teresa Barreiro and Luis Lopez. Contribution No. 1293 from The University of Texas at A

ustin, Marine Science Institute.

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