Xth International Conference

St. Pete Beach, Florida, USA

October 21–25, 2002

EDITORS

Karen A. Steidinger

Jan H. Landsberg

Carmelo R. Tomas

Gabriel A. Vargo

Florida Marine Research Institute 

Florida Fish and Wildlife Conservation Commission

Florida Institute of Oceanography

Intergovernmental Oceanographic

Commission of UNESCO

HARMFUL

ALGAE
HARMFUL ALGAE 2002

Proceedings of the Xth International Conference on Harmful Algae

St. Pete Beach, Florida, USA

October 21–25, 2002

Edited by

Karen A. Steidinger

Florida Marine Research Institute*

Florida Fish and Wildlife Conservation Commission

Jan H. Landsberg

Florida Marine Research Institute*

Florida Fish and Wildlife Conservation Commisssion

Carmelo R. Tomas

Center for Marine Science

University of North Carolina at Wilmington

Gabriel A. Vargo

College of Marine Science

University of South Florida

Florida Marine Research Institute

Florida Fish and Wildlife Conservation Commission *On 1 July 2004, the Florida Marine Research Institute became the Fish and Wildlife Research Institute

Florida Institute of Oceanography

Intergovernmental Oceanographic Commission of UNESCO

2004
ii

For bibliographic purposes, this document should be cited as follows:

Steidinger, K. A., J. H. Landsberg, C. R. Tomas, and G. A. Vargo (Eds.). 2004.

Harmful Algae 2002. Florida Fish and Wildlife Conservation Commission,

Florida Institute of Oceanography, and Intergovernmental Oceanographic

Commission of UNESCO, St. Petersburg, Florida, USA.

Publication design and production: Llyn C. French

Copy editors: Judith G. Leiby and Paula Everman

Manuscript coordination: Mary M. Arnold and Merrie Beth Neely
iii

St. Pete Beach, Florida USA

October 21–25, 2002

HOSTS and MAJOR SPONSORS

Florida Fish and Wildlife Conservation Commission, Florida Marine Research Institute

Florida Institute of Oceanography

College of Marine Science, University of South Florida

Mote Marine Laboratory

ADDITIONAL SPONSORS

National Ocean Service, National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration

National Sea Grant, National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration

National Institute of Environmental Health Sciences

UNESCO

International Society for the Study of Harmful Algae

Phycological Society of America

National Marine Fisheries, National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration

Solutions To Avoid Red Tide

Centers for Disease Control and Prevention

Scientific Committee on Oceanic Research

University of South Florida

US Geological Survey

CONFERENCE MANAGERS

World Aquaculture Conference Management

CONFERENCE MEDIA COORDINATOR

Kristen M. Kusek

CONFERENCE PHOTOGRAPHER

Harry J. Grier
CONFERENCE ORGANIZATION

CONVENER

Karen Steidinger

Florida Fish and Wildlife Conservation Commission, Florida Marine Research Institute

LOCAL COMMITTEE

Cynthia Heil

University of South Florida, College of Marine Science

Gary Kirkpatrick

Mote Marine Laboratory

Jan Landsberg

Florida Fish and Wildlife Conservation Commission, Florida Marine Research Institute

David Millie

Florida Fish and Wildlife Conservation Commission, Florida Marine Research Institute/

Florida Institute of Oceanography

Richard Pierce

Mote Marine Laboratory

Carmelo Tomas

University of North Carolina at Wilmington, Center for Marine Science

Gabriel Vargo

University of South Florida, College of Marine Science

Sandra Vargo

Florida Institute of Oceanography

John Walsh

University of South Florida, College of Marine Science

NATIONAL COMMITTEE

Lorrie Backer

Centers for Disease Control and Prevention

Daniel Baden

University of North Carolina at Wilmington

JoAnn Burkholder

North Carolina State University

Wayne Carmichael

Wright State University

Rita Horner

University of Washington

Lucie Maranda

University of Rhode Island

Sandra Shumway

University of Connecticut

Chris Scholin

Monterey Bay Aquarium Research Institute

Patricia Tester

National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration

INTERNATIONAL COMMITTEE

Donald Anderson Edna Granéli Jane Lewis

USA Sweden United Kingdom

Rhodora Azanza Gustaaf Hallegraeff Yasukatsu Oshima

Philippines Australia Japan

José Carreto Allison Haywood Grant Pitcher

Argentina New Zealand South Africa

Barrie Dale David Hernández-Becerril Beatriz Reguera

Norway Mexico Spain

Malte Elbrächter Kevin James Max Taylor

Germany Ireland Canada

Henrik Enevoldsen Amelia LeBarbera Sánchez Qi Yu-Zao

Denmark Venezuela China

Patrick Gentien Adriana Zingone

France Italy

iv
v

Jay Abbott

Florida Marine Research Institute, 

Fish and Wildlife Conservation Commission, USA

Donald Anderson

Biology Department, Woods Hole Oceanographic Institution, USA

Rhodora Azanza

Marine Science Institute, University of Philippines, 

Philippines

Lorraine Backer

National Center for Environmental Health, 

Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, USA

Daniel Baden

Center for Marine Science, 

University of North Carolina at Wilmington, USA

Stephen Bates

Gulf Fisheries Centre, Fisheries and Oceans, Canada

Brian Bendis

Florida Marine Research Institute, 

Fish and Wildlife Conservation Commission, USA

Gregory Boyer

College of Environmental Science and Forestry, 

State University of New York, USA

Monica Bricelj

Institute for Marine Biosciences, Canada

John Burns

PBS&J, USA

Wayne Carmichael

Department of Biological Sciences, Wright State University, USA

Allan Cembella

Alfred Wegener Institute for Polar and Marine Research, Germany

Richard Clark

Florida Department of Health, USA

Wayne Coats

Smithsonian Environmental Research Center, USA

Jens Dahlmann

Department of Food Chemistry, University of Jena, Germany

Barrie Dale

Department of Geology, University of Oslo, Norway

Jonathan Deeds

US Food and Drug Administration, USA

Robert Dickey

US Food and Drug Administration, USA

Quay Dortch

National Ocean Service, 

National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration, USA

Gregory Doucette

National Ocean Service, 

National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration, USA

Lars Edler

Swedish Meteorological and Hydrological Institute, Sweden

Malte Elbrächter

Deutsches Zentrum fuer Marine Biodiversitaetsforschung, Germany

Henrik Enevoldsen

Centre on Harmful Algae, University of Copenhagen, Denmark

Terence Evens

United States Department of Agriculture, USA

Maria Faust

Smithsonian Institution, USA

Lora Fleming

Department of Epidemiology and Public Health and 

Division of Marine Biology and Fisheries, University of Miami, USA

Leanne Flewelling

Florida Marine Research Institute, 

Fish and Wildlife Conservation Commission, USA

Santiago Fraga

Instituto Español de Oceanografía, Spain

Susana Franca

Laboratorio de Microbiologia e Exotoxicologia-CQH,

Instituto Nacional de Saúde, Portugal

Patricia Glibert

Center for Environmental Science, University of Maryland, USA

Edna Granéli

Marine Sciences Department, Kalmar University, Sweden

Sherwood Hall

US Food and Drug Administration, USA

Gustaaf Hallegraeff

University of Tasmania, Australia

Heather Hamilton

Florida Marine Research Institute, 

Fish and Wildlife Conservation Commission, USA

Darlene Haverkamp

Florida Marine Research Institute, 

Fish and Wildlife Conservation Commission, USA

Allison Haywood

Florida Marine Research Institute/

Florida Institute of Oceanography, USA

Cynthia Heil

University of South Florida,

College of Marine Science, USA 

David Heil

Florida Department of Agriculture, USA

David Hernández-Becerril

Instituto de Ciencias del Mar y Limnología,

Universidad Nacional Autónoma de México, México

Rita Horner

School of Oceanography, University of Washington, USA

Jason Kempton

South Carolina Department of Natural Resources, USA

Gary Kirkpatrick

Mote Marine Laboratory, USA

HARMFUL ALGAE 2002

REVIEWERS
vi

Kristen Kusek

College of Marine Science, University of South Florida, USA

Amelia La Barbera Sánchez

Laboratorio de Toxicología, 

Instituto Nacional de Investigaciones Agrícolas, Venezuela

Jan Landsberg

Florida Marine Research Institute, 

Fish and Wildlife Conservation Commission, USA

Jane Lewis

University of Westminster, United Kingdom

Alan Lewitus

Hollings Marine Laboratory, 

Marine Resources Research Institute, USA

Wayne Litaker

National Ocean Service, 

National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration, USA

Lucie Maranda

Graduate School of Oceanography, University of Rhode Island, USA

David Millie

Florida Marine Research Institute/

Florida Institute of Oceanography, USA

Peter Moeller

National Ocean Service, 

National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration, USA

Marina Montresor

Stazione Zoologica ‘A. Dohrn’, Italy

Merrie Beth Neely

Florida Marine Research Institute, 

Fish and Wildlife Conservation Commission, USA

Judith O’Neil

Horn Point Laboratory, University of Maryland, USA

Bradley Penta

Naval Research Laboratory, Stennis Space Center, USA

Edward Phlips

Department of Fisheries and Aquatic Sciences, 

University of Florida, USA

Richard Pierce

Mote Marine Laboratory, USA

Jay Pinckney

Department of Oceanography, Texas A&M University, USA

Grant Pitcher

Marine and Coastal Management, South Africa

Michael Quilliam

Institute for Marine Biosciences, Canada

Kimberly Reece

Virginia Institute of Marine Science, 

The College of William and Mary, USA

Beatriz Reguera

Centro Oceanográfico de Vigo, 

Instituto Español de Oceanografía, Spain

Bill Richardson

Florida Marine Research Institute, 

Fish and Wildlife Conservation Commission, USA

Tammi Richardson

Department of Oceanography, Texas A&M University, USA

Gary Rodrick

Department of Food Science and Human Nutrition, 

University of Florida, USA

Parke Rublee

Biology Department, 

University of North Carolina–Greensboro, USA

Chris Scholin

Monterey Bay Aquarium Research Institute, USA

Glen Shaw

National Research Centre for Environmental Toxicology, Australia

Yuzuru Shimizu

Department of Biomedical Sciences, 

University of Rhode Island, USA

Sandra Shumway

Department of Marine Sciences, University of Connecticut, USA

Karen Steidinger

Florida Marine Research Institute, 

Fish and Wildlife Conservation Commission, USA

Richard Stumpf

National Ocean Service, 

National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration, USA

Max Taylor

Department of Oceanography, 

University of British Columbia, Canada

Patricia Tester

National Ocean Service, 

National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration, USA

Carmelo Tomas

Center for Marine Science, 

University of North Carolina at Wilmington, USA

Vera Trainer

National Marine Fisheries Service, 

Northwest Fisheries Science Center, USA

Jefferson Turner

Biology Department and Center for Marine Science, 

University of Massachusetts, USA

Frances Van Dolah

National Ocean Service, 

National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration, USA

Gabriel Vargo

College of Marine Science, University of South Florida, USA

Sandra Vargo

Florida Institute of Oceanography, USA

Tracy Villareal

Marine Science Institute, The University of Texas–Austin, USA

John Walsh

College of Marine Science, University of South Florida, USA

Susan Wilde

Marine Resources Research Institute, 

University of South Carolina, USA

Jennifer Wolny

Florida Marine Research Institute/

Florida Institute of Oceanography, USA

Jeffrey Wright

Center for Marine Sciences, 

University of North Carolina at Wilmington, USA

Timothy Wyatt

Instituto de Investigaciones Pesqueras de Vigo, Spain

Adriana Zingone

Stazione Zoologica ‘A. Dohrn’, Italy
vii

The first International Conference on Harmful Algae

was held in 1974 in Boston Massachusetts, USA. Since

then, eight more conferences have been held: Miami,

Florida, USA (1978); New Brunswick, Canada (1985);

Lund, Sweden (1989); Newport, Rhode Island, USA

(1991); Nantes, France (1993); Sendai, Japan (1995);

Vigo, Spain (1997); and Hobart, Tasmania (2000).

The Xth International Conference on Harmful

Algae (XHAB2002) was held in St. Pete Beach, Florida,

October 21 to 25, 2002. The Local Organizing Committee planned the meeting and obtained financial

support for conference activities, including travel award

funds. XHAB2002 was able to support 24 USA and international students with amounts from 500 to 1500

USD per student and an additional 20 international

participants with amounts from 1000 to 3200 USD per

person. Travel awards helped increase the geographic

diversity of presentations. The 629 printed abstracts

represented 48 countries. Prior to the Vigo, Spain, conference in 1997, the highest number of presentations,

including oral and poster, was less then 250. However,

since 1997, the number of presentations has steadily

increased.

Understandably, almost half of the presentations at

XHAB2002 represented the USA because the conference was held in Florida. Florida is the most southern

state in the USA and is unique in its diversity of aquatic

and terrestrial wildlife and plants. Florida is home to

alligators, crocodiles, eagles, osprey, panthers, manatees, marine turtles, gopher tortoises, rare orchids,

venus fly traps, a living coral reef and other organisms

such as harmful algae. Of the known harmful microalgae, Florida has more than 45 marine species and 15

freshwater species. It also has macroalgal blooms that

can affect marine communities.

The west coast of Florida was an appropriate venue

for a HAB conference because of its extensive history

of red tides that occur almost annually and can be

somewhere off the Florida west coast continously forseveral months to two years. Here in Florida, the effects

of microalgal blooms include seawater discoloration,

offshore and inshore fish kills, bird and marine mammal mortalities, respiratory irritation in humans, and

economic losses in the millions to local coastal communities. As with many HABs, microalgal toxins can

be associated with shellfish such as oysters and clams,

and these sources of toxicity can cause public health

concerns. The state of Florida has a multi-agency

cooperative program to monitor and manage shellfish-growing areas and other potentially toxic seafood.

At XHAB2002, attendees learned about Florida red

tides and HABs around the world. This Proceedings

represents a cross section of the presentations and

demonstrates the diversity of the topics discussed. Presentations on dinoflagellates dominated XHAB2002,

but cyanobacteria, diatoms, flagellates and chrysophytes were also well represented.

Members of the International Committee served

as session chairs during the meeting and both National

and International Committee members served as

reviewers for the Proceedings manuscripts. The Organizing Committee and the editors of this Proceedings

thank all of our colleagues for their presentations

which made the meeting a success. A special thanks goes

to John Cooksey, our conference manager, and his

team for ensuring that the meeting ran smoothly. The

Organizing Committee also acknowledges the contributions of three other people. We thank Dr. Bob Steele

of the Poynter Institute, for moderating the Pfiesteria

Panel Discussion; Dr. David Millie for being such a

great Program Manager and organizing all the oral and

poster presentations; and Dr. Harry Grier for taking

exceptional photographs of the conference and its

attendees.

Of the 629 abstracts representing oral and poster

presentation, 180 are presented as condensed papers in

this Proceedings. Of the 10 roundtable and special sessions, several are represented as summaries or as

individual papers within the session.

In addition to this Proceedings, the International

Society for the Study of Harmful Algae (ISSHA) has

made a commitment to help develop a world wide

map of harmful algae events that will be available on

websites and possibly as a CD. Also, beginning with the

XII HAB conference in 2006 in Copenhagen, Denmark, which will be hosted by Øjvind Moestrup of

the University of Copenhagen and a Scandinavian

consortium, ISSHA (along with the local organizing

committee) will help in the production of the proceedings of future international HAB meetings.

—Karen A. Steidinger

Convener

PREFACE
viii

XHAB2002 ATTENDEES
ix

XHAB2002 ATTENDEES
x

TABLE of CONTENTS

iii Conference Hosts and Sponsors

iv Conference Organization Committees

v Harmful Algae 2002 Reviewers

vii Preface

viii XHAB2002 Attendees Photographs

1 Plenary

3 Attack and Defend: The Function and Evolution of Bioactive or Toxic Metabolites

Jeffrey L. C. Wright

9 Ecology Sessions

11 The Potential Use of a Hydrodynamic Model in the Prediction of Harmful Algal Blooms in the Southern

Benguela

G. Pitcher, P. Monteiro, and A. Kemp

14 Four Karenia brevis Blooms: A Comparative Analysis

Gabriel A. Vargo, Cynthia A. Heil, Danylle N. Ault, Merrie Beth Neely, Susan Murasko, Julie Havens, Kristen M. Lester,

L. Kellie Dixon, Rachel Merkt, John Walsh, Robert Weisberg, and Karen A. Steidinger

17 Alexandrium fundyense Migration Patterns in the Bay of Fundy, Eastern Canada

Jennifer L. Martin, Fred H. Page, Michelle M. Ringuette, Alex Hanke, and Murielle M. LeGresley

20 Phytoplankton Assemblages During Recurrent Alexandrium minutum Blooms in a Mediterranean 

Harbor

Magda Vila, Esther Garcés, Mercedes Masó, and Jordi Camp

23 Patterns of Short-Term and Long-Term Accumulation of Phycotoxins in Zooplankton Feeding on

Alexandrium fundyense

Gregory J. Teegarden, Allan D. Cembella, Robert G. Campbell, and Edward G. Durbin

26 The Resting Cyst of Alexandrium catenella in Thau Lagoon (Western French Mediterranean Coast)

M. Laabir, B. Génovési-Giunti, N. Barré, A. Vaquer, Y. Collos, E. Erard LeDenn, P. Cecchi, V. Pons, and B. Bibent 

29 Correlation of Karenia brevis Presence in the Eastern Gulf of Mexico with Rainfall and Riverine Flow

L.K. Dixon and K.A. Steidinger

32 Isotopic Constraints on Nutrient Sources Supporting the 2001 Karenia brevis Bloom

Julie Havens, Cynthia Heil, David Hollander, Gabriel Vargo, Danylle Ault, Susan Murasko, and John Walsh

35 Primary Productivity of Florida Red Tides

Brian J. Bendis, Ryan J. Pigg, and David F. Millie

38 Bacterial and Size Fractionated Primary Production Within a Large Karenia brevis Bloom on the West

Florida Shelf

Cynthia A. Heil, Margaret R. Mulholland, Deborah A. Bronk, Peter Bernhardt, and Judith M. O’Neil

41 Harmful Algal Blooms in the Western Gulf of Mexico: Karenia brevis Is Messin’ with Texas and Mexico!

Patricia A. Tester, Kirk Wiles, Sabrina M. Varnam, Gisela Ortega, Angela M. Dubois, and Virgilio Arenas Fuentes

44 Effects of the Toxic Red Tide Dinoflagellate Karenia brevis on Survival, Fecal Pellet Production and 

Fecundity of the Copepod Acartia tonsa

Christopher J. Collumb and Edward J. Buskey

47 Does Nitrogen Regeneration from the N2 Fixing Cyanobacteria Trichodesmium spp. Fuel Karenia brevis

Blooms in the Gulf of Mexico?

Margaret R. Mulholland, Cynthia A. Heil, Deborah A. Bronk, Judith M. O’Neil, and Peter Bernhardt

50 Status of Pfiesteria Science, Including Tests of Pfiesteria shumwayae Strain CCMP2089 for 

Ichthyotoxicity and Toxin

JoAnn M. Burkholder, Peter D.R. Moeller, Andrew S, Gordon, Alan J. Lewitus, John S. Ramsdell, Howard B. Glasgow,

Harold G. Marshall, and Steven L. Morton
xi

53 Relating Cyanobacterial Abundance to Environmental Parameters in the Lower St. Johns River Estuary

Ryan J. Pigg, David F. Millie, Karen A. Steidinger, and Brian J. Bendis

56 Composition and Distribution of Pseudo-nitzschia from Guanabara Bay, Brazil: The Role of Salinity

Based on Field and Culture Observations

Maria Célia Villac, Maria G. Matos, Viviane S. Santos, Aline W. Rodrigues, and Simone C. Viana

59 A Comparison of Photosynthetic and Heterotrophic Carbon Acquisition by Aureococcus 

anophagefferens

Margaret R. Mulholland, George Boneillo, Peter Bernhardt, Esther Cornfeld, A. Michelle Watson, and Elizabeth Minor

62 Occurrence and Ecology of the Dinoflagellate Karlodinium micrum in Estuaries of North Carolina, USA

Elizabeth E. Fensin

65 Geographic Trends in Alexandrium Spp. Growth and Toxicity as a Function of Environmental 

Conditions

Stacey M. Etheridge and Collin S. Roesler

68 Relationship of Pfiesteria Spp. and Pfiesteria-Like Organisms to Environmental Factors in Tidal Creeks

Draining Urbanized Watersheds

Michael A. Mallin, Douglas C. Parsons, Virginia L. Johnson, JoAnn M. Burkholder, Parke A. Rublee, and Scott H. Ensign

71 Flow Cytometry Techniques to Quantify Prey Species of Pfiesteria-Like Dinoflagellates

Steven R. Kibler and Patricia A. Tester

74 Chronic Urea Nitrogren Loading: A Correlate of Pfiesteria Spp. in the Chesapeake and Coastal Bays of

Maryland, USA

P. M. Glibert, J. Alexander, T. M. Trice, B. Michael, R. E. Mangien, L. Lane, D. Oldach, and H. Bowers

77 The Production of Hydrogen Peroxide by Heterosigma akashiwo Under Varying N:P Ratios

Ashley R. Skeen, Carmelo R. Tomas, and William J. Cooper

80 Organic and Inorganic Nitrogen Uptake Kinetics in Field Populations Dominated by Karenia brevis

Deborah A. Bronk, Marta P. Sanderson, Margaret R. Mulholland, Cynthia A. Heil, and Judith M. O’Neil

83 A Massive Bloom of Cochlodinium polykrikoides in the Yatsushiro Sea, Japan, in 2000

Dae-Il Kim, Sou Nagasoe, Yuji Oshima, Yang-Ho Yoon, Nobuyoshi Imada, and Tsuneo Honjo

86 HAB Distribution and Associations with Environmental Variables—Delaware Estuarine Coastal Bays,

USA, 1998–2002

Edythe Humphries, H. B. Glasgow, Jr., H. Marshall, A. J. Lewitus, and S. B. Wilde

89 Dinoflagellate Blooms Related to Coastal Upwelling Plumes Off Portugal

Ana Amorim, Maria Teresa Moita, and Paulo Oliveira

92 The Relationship of Alexandrium fundyense to the Temporal and Spatial Pattern in Phytoplankton

Community Structure Within the Bay of Fundy, Eastern Canada

Fred H. Page, Jennifer L. Martin, Alex Hanke, and Murielle M. LeGresley

95 Zooplankton Grazing During Alexandrium Blooms in the Gulf of Maine

Jefferson T. Turner and David G. Borkman

97 Accumulation of PSP Toxins in the Copepod Calanus finmarchicus Feeding on the Toxigenic 

Dinoflagellate Alexandrium Species in Laboratory and Field Studies

Robert G. Campbell, Edward G. Durbin, Gregory J. Teegarden, and Allan D. Cembella

100 Differences in the PSP Toxin Profiles of Mytilus edulis During Spring and Autumn Blooms of 

Alexandrium tamarense Off Mar del Plata Coast, Argentina

José I. Carreto, Nora G. Montoya, Rut Akselman, Rubén M. Negri, Mario O. Carignan, and Daniel A. Cucchi Colleoni

103 Reproductive Success of the Copepod Acartia clausi During a Bloom of Dinophysis Spp.

I. Maneiro, C. Guisande, M. Frangópulos, Y. Pazos, and A. Moroño

106 Survival and Reproduction of the Copepod Parvocalanus crassirostris Fed the Texas Brown Tide 

Aureoumbra lagunensis

E. J. Buskey, C. J. Hyatt, and W. Slingerland
xii

109 Toxins and Toxicity Sessions

111 Azaspiracid Poisoning: Aetiology, Toxin Dynamics and Bioconversion in Shellfish

Kevin J. James, Mónica Diaz Sierra, Mary Lehane, Ana Braña Magdalena, Cian Moroney, and Ambrose Furey

113 Florida’s Red Tide Dinoflagellate Karenia brevis May Modulate Its Potency by Producing a Non-Toxic

Competitive Antagonist

A. J. Bourdelais, S. Campbell, J. Benson, W. M. Abraham, J. Naar, J. Kubanek, J. L. C. Wright, H. Jacocks, and D. G. Baden

116 Detection and Identification of Paralytic Shellfish Poisoning Toxins in Florida Pufferfish Responsible for

Incidents of Neurologic Illness

Michael Quilliam, Dominik Wechsler, Steven Marcus, Bruce Ruck, Marleen Wekell, and Timothy Hawryluk

119 Lipophylic Toxins of Different Strains of Ostreopsidaceae and Gonyaulaceae

P. Riobó, B. Paz, M. L. Fernández, S. Fraga, and J. M. Franco

122 Preparation of In-House Certified Materials (RM) to Be Used as a Tool in Quality Assurance of the 

Analytical Results in Paralytic Shellfish Poisoning Toxin Assays

Juan Olmedo, Juana Bustos, Luis González, Joaquín Berenguer, Jesús González, Ma. Carmen Blanco, and 

Pedro A. Burdaspal

125 Mass Culture of New Zealand Isolates of Pseudo-nitzschia australis for Production of a New Isomer of

Domoic Acid

Lesley Rhodes, Patrick Holland, Janet Adamson, Andy Selwood, and Paul McNabb

128 New Advancements in Detection and Structural Elucidation of Marine Biotoxins from Adriatic Mussels

Patrizia Ciminiello, Carmela Dell’Aversano, Ernesto Fattorusso, Martino Forino, and Silvana Magno

130 Liquid Chromatography-Mass Spectrometry for the Analysis of Anatoxin-A, Homoanatoxin-A and

Their Degradation Products 

Ambrose Furey, Janet Crowley, Orla Allis, Olav M. Skulberg, and Kevin J. James

133 Genotoxicity Investigation of Chlorinated Degradation Products of Cyanobacterial Toxin 

Cylindrospermopsin 

Xiaoyun Shen, P. K. S. Lam, G. R. Shaw, and W. Wickramasinghe

136 Laboratory Analyses of Nutrient Stress and Toxin Accumulation in Pseudo-nitzschia Species from 

Monterey Bay, California

Raphael Kudela, Alice Roberts, and Meredith Armstrong

139 Pseudo-nitzschia australis, Mytilus edulis, Engraulis anchoita and Domoic Acid in the Argentine Sea

Rubén Negri, Nora G. Montoya, José I. Carreto, Rut Akselman, and Daniela Inza

142 Study on Domoic Acid in Portuguese King Scallops (Pecten maximus)

Pedro R. Costa, Maria J. Botelho, Susana M. Rodrigues, and M. A. de M. Sampayo

145 Geographic Strain Variation in Toxin Production in Karlodinium micrum (Dinophyceae) from 

Southeastern Estuaries of the United States 

Jonathan R. Deeds, Steven R. Kibler, Patricia A. Tester, and Allen R. Place 

148 The Production of Brevetoxin and Brevetoxin-Like Compounds During the Growth Phases of 

Karenia brevis

Susan K. Campbell, Ellen P. McConnell, Andrea J. Bourdelais, Henry M. Jacocks, Carmelo Tomas, and Dan Baden

150 Transformation and Photodegradation of Domoic Acid in Sea Water

Anna V. Campbell, Kristin L. McKinnon, Robert F. Whitehead, Stephen A. Skrabal, R. Kieber, and Jeffrey L. C. Wright

153 Brevetoxin Degradation and By-Product Formation via Natural Sunlight

Ron C. Hardman, William J. Cooper, Andrea J. Bourdelais, Piero Gardinali, and Daniel G. Baden

155 Effects of Temperature on Production of Brevetoxin and Brevetoxin-Like Compounds

Jody N. Lamberto, Andrea J. Bourdelais, Henry M. Jacocks, Carmelo Tomas, and Daniel G. Baden

157 Synthesis, Binding Assays and Toxicity of New Derivatives of Brevetoxin-B

Sophie Michelliza, Henry Jacocks, Andrea J. Bourdelais, and Daniel G. Baden

160 Production of Gymnodimine by Karenia selliformis (Haywood et al.)

Lincoln MacKenzie, Veronica Beuzenberg, and Paul McNabb
xiii

163 Preliminary Investigations Into Oxidation of Paralytic Shellfish Poisons (Saxitoxins and Derivatives) in

Drinking Water by Chlorine 

Wasa A. Wickramasinghe, Brad C. Davis, Geoff K. Eaglesham, Glen R. Shaw, and Michael R. Moore

166 Persistence of Paralytic Shellfish Toxins in Freshwater Environments

P. Pereira, E. Dias, and S. Franca

169 The Effects of Iron Limitation on Growth and PSP Toxin Production in Alexandrium fundyense

Elizabeth A. Patchett, Michael F. Satchwell, Jeffrey Alexander, and Gregory L. Boyer

172 Characterization of Sensitivity to PSP Toxins in North American Populations of the Softshell Clam 

Mya arenaria

V. Monica Bricelj, Scott P. MacQuarrie, Betty M. Twarog, and Vera L. Trainer

175 Depuration and Transformation of PSP Toxins in the South African Abalone Haliotis midae

Stacey M. Etheridge, Grant C. Pitcher, and Collin S. Roesler

178 The Variability of Paralytic Shellfish Poisoning Toxin Distribution in Cockles (Acanthocardia 

tuberculatum): Implications For the Evaluation of the Toxicity

Joaquín A. Berenguer, Marta Vigo, Luis González, Juana Bustos, Juan Olmedo, Jesús González, Teresa Legarda,

Ma. Carmen Blanco, and Pedro A. Burdaspal

181 PSP Toxin Accumulation by the Edible Shore Crabs Telmessus acutidens and Charybdis japonica at 

Onahama, Japan

Hiroshi Oikawa, Tsuneo Fujita, Masataka Satomi, Toshiyuki Suzuki, Yuichi Kotani, and Yutaka Yano

184 Toxicity of the Aqueous Extract of Alexandrium fraterculus (Balech) Balech

Luis A. O. Proença, Marcio S. Tamanaha, and Charrid Resgalla Jr.

186 The Characterization of Two New Spirolides Isolated from Danish Strains of the Toxigenic 

Dinoflagellate Alexandrium ostenfeldii

Shawna L. MacKinnon, Allan D. Cembella, Michael A. Quilliam, Patricia LeBlanc, Nancy I. Lewis, William R. Hardstaff,

Ian W. Burton, and John A. Walter

189 Isolation and Structure Elucidation of New and Unusual Saxitoxin Analogues from Mussels

Carmela Dell’Aversano, John A. Walter, Ian W. Burton, David J. Stirling, Ernesto Fattorusso, and Michael A. Quilliam

192 Isolation of Bioactive Metabolites from a Lyngbya Species Isolated from Periphyton of the Florida 

Everglades

John P. Berry, Miroslav Gantar, Robert E. Gawley, and Kathleen S. Rein

195 Hemolytic Toxin of the Dinoflagellate Heterocapsa circularisquama as a Possible Causative Factor 

Responsible for Shellfish Kill

Tatsuya Oda, Yoji Sato, Yosuke Miyazaki, Tsuyoshi Muramatsu, Yukihiko Matsuyama, and Tsuneo Honjo

198 Evaluation of Toxicity in Nine Raphidophyte Strains Isolated from Different Geographic Regions

Cheng Zhang, Howard B. Glasgow, Peter D.R. Moeller, JoAnn M. Burkholder, Alan J. Lewitus, Greg M. Melia,

Steven L. Morton, and Elle Hannon Allen

201 Determination of Known and New Yessotoxins from Adriatic Shellfish by Liquid ChromatographyMass Spectrometry

Patrizia Ciminiello, Carmela Dell’Aversano, Ernesto Fattorusso, Martino Fortino, and Silvana Magno

204 Detection of Six New Azaspiracids in Shellfish Using Liquid Chromatography with Multiple Tandem

Mass Spectrometry

Mónica Diaz Sierra, Ambrose Furey, Mary Lehane, Ana Braña Magdalena, and Kevin J. James

207 Hemolytic Compounds from Fibrocapsa japonica (Raphidophyceae)

Meng Fu, Marion van Rijssel, and Gerd Liebezeit

211 Detection and Analytical Techniques Sessions

213 Comparison of Four Assays for the Detection of Microcystins

Michael Satchwell and Gregory Boyer
xiv

216 Certified Reference Materials for Marine Algal Toxins

Krista Thomas, Pearl Blay, Ian W. Burton, Allen D. Cembella, Cheryl Craft, Sheila Crain, William R. Hardstaff,

Maurice V. Laycock, Denise LeBlanc, Patricia LeBlanc, Nancy Lewis, Shawna L. MacKinnon, Kelley Reeves,

John A. Walter, Anthony J. Windust, and Michael A. Quilliam

219 Detection of Dinophysis Cell Toxicity by Using Parthenogenetic and Clonal Artemia

Konstantinos Koukaras, Athanasios D. Baxevanis, Chris Vasdekis, Theodore J. Abatzopoulos, and George Nikolaidis

222 Brevetoxin Metabolism and Elimination in the Eastern Oyster: Implications for Methods Development

Steven M. Plakas, Kathleen R. El Said, Edward L. E. Jester, Zhihong Wang, Paul E. Eilers, Hudson R. Granade, and 

Robert W. Dickey

225 Detection of Karenia brevis by a Microtiter Plate Assay

Kelly D. Goodwin, Gloria Scorzetti, Sara A. Cotton, Traci L. Kiesling, Peter B. Ortner, and Jack W. Fell

228 An Alternative Method for Domoic Acid Determination in Seawater Particulates: A Receptor Binding

Assay Using Glutamate Dehydrogenase

Keri A. Baugh, Sylvester Spencer, John C. Wekell, and Vera L. Trainer

231 Development of Real-Time PCR Assays for the Detection of Chattonella Species in Culture and 

Environmental Samples

Holly Bowers, Torstein Tengs, Sayaka Goto, Carmelo Tomas, Chitari Ono, Sadaaki Yoshimatsu, and David Oldach

234 Analysis of Cyanobacterial Toxins by Hydrophilic Interaction Liquid Chromatography-Mass 

Spectrometry

Carmela Dell’Aversano, Geoffrey K. Eaglesham, and Michael A. Quilliam

237 HPLC/MS/MS Determination of Nodularin Levels in Fish, Mussels and Prawns During a Bloom of

Nodularia spumigena in the Gippsland Lakes, Victoria, Australia

Geoff K. Eaglesham, Brad C. Davis, Paul G. Van Buynder, Suzanne Phillips, and Keith Thomas

240 Developing an LC/MS Method to Separate the U.S. EPA Priority Listed Algal Toxins

Stuart A. Oehrle and Judy Westrick

243 Ion-Trap Mass Spectrometry for the Determination of Yessotoxins in Shellfish

Monica Fernández Amandi, Brett Hamilton, Mary Lehane, Peter Hovgaard, Lincoln MacKenzie, Hanne Ramstad,

Ambrose Furey, and Kevin J. James

246 Ion-Trap and Nanoelectrospray Quadrupole-TOF Mass Spectrometry for the Determination of 

Polyether Marine Toxins in Phytoplankton

Patricia Fernández Puente, Mónica Diaz Sierra, Ambrose Furey, Brett Hamilton, Mary Lehane, and Kevin J. James

249 Sample Preparation Methods for Analysis of Brevetoxins in Oysters by LC/MS

Zhihong Wang, Kathleen R. El Said, Steven M. Plakas, and Robert Dickey

252 Confirmation of Azaspiracids, Okadaic Acid and Dinophysistoxins in Phytoplankton Samples from the

West Coast of Ireland by Liquid Chromatography—Tandem Mass Spectrometry

Philipp Hess, David P. Swords, Dave W. Clarke, Joe B. Silke, and Terry McMahon

255 Characterization of Lectin Binding Profiles for Pfiesteria Spp. and Other Dinoflagellates

Jeffrey J. Springer, Howard B. Glasgow, and JoAnn M. Burkholder

258 Multiple Tandem Mass Spectrometry Methods for the Determination of Toxic Cyclic Heptapeptides, 

Microcystins

Ambrose Furey, Paloma Muniz-Ortea, Janet Crowley, Orla Allis, Brett Hamilton, Mónica Diaz Sierra, Mary Lehane, and

Kevin J. James

261 Real-Time RT-PCR Study of Differential Expression of Two Genes in Alexandrium tamarense (Lebour)

Balech, Cultured Under Varying Nitrate/Phosphate Ratios

Sonsoles Fernández, Natalia Zabalegui, Jesús García-Foncillas, and Rosa Martínez

264 Using Real-Time PCR to Detect Toxigenic Strains of Microcystis aeruginosa

Carrie Moulton and Michael F. Antolin

267 Use of Alexandrium rRNA Targeted Probes to Predict PSP Events on Kodiak Island, Alaska

Julie A. Matweyou, Dean A. Stockwell, Christopher A. Scholin, Sherwood Hall, Vera L. Trainer, Jason D. Ray,

Terry E. Whitledge, Amy R. Childers, and F. Gerald Plumley
xv

270 Variation in Reactivity of rRNA-Targeted Probes Towards Pseudo-nitzschia multiseries Grown in Nitrate

and Silicate-Limited Continuous Cultures

Peter E.Miller, Roman Marin III, Chris Scholin, Joel C. Goldman, Greg Doucette, and Christine Powell

273 DNA Probes for the Detection of Karenia Species in New Zealand’s Coastal Waters

Lesley Rhodes, Allison Haywood, Janet Adamson, Krystyna Ponikla, and Chris Scholin

276 Utility of the Algal Photopigment Gyroxanthin-Diester in Studies Pertaining to the Red Tide 

Dinoflagellate Karenia brevis (Davis) G. Hansen & Moestrup

Barbara A. Berg, Bradley A. Pederson, Gary J. Kirkpatrick, Christopher J. Higham, and David F. Millie

279 Vertical Migration of a Karenia brevis Bloom: Implications for Remote Sensing of Harmful Algal Blooms

John Kerfoot, Gary Kirkpatrick, Steve Lohrenz, Kevin Mahoney, Mark Moline, and Oscar Schofield

282 A Novel Optical Classification Technique for Detection of Red Tides in the Gulf of Mexico

Jennifer P. Cannizzaro, Kendall L. Carder, F. Robert Chen, John J. Walsh, Zhongping Lee, and Cynthia Heil

285 Detection of Alexandrium fundyense Bloom Initiation and Transport in the Western Gulf of Maine, USA,

Using Mussels (Mytilus edulis) on Offshore Hydrographic Moorings

Bruce A. Keafer, James A. Churchill, W. Rockwell Geyer, Richard P. Signell, John W. Hurst Jr., Laurie L. Bean,

Neal R. Pettigrew, and Donald M. Anderson

288 Validation of an LC-MS Method to Detect ASP and DSP Toxins in Shellfish

P. McNabb and P. T. Holland

291 Competitive ELISA: An Accurate, Quick and Effective Tool to Monitor Brevetoxins in Environmental and

Biological Samples

Jerome Naar, Allison Weidner, and Daniel G. Baden

294 NSP (Karenia brevis) Toxins and Metabolites in Oysters, Clams, and Whelks

R. H. Pierce, M. S. Henry, R. Dickey, and S. Plakas

297 Recent Developments in the Analysis of Algal Toxins

A. Gago-Martínez, J. M. Leão, N. Piñeiro, E. Vaquero, F. Davila, P. de la Iglesia, J. A. Rodríguez Vázquez, and 

J. F. Lawrence

300 Multi-Laboratory Study of Five Methods for the Determination of Brevetoxins in Shellfish Tissue 

Extracts

Robert W. Dickey, Steven M. Plakas, Edward L. E. Jester, Kathleen R. El Said, Jan N. Johannessen, Leanne J. Flewelling,

Paula Scott, Dan G. Hammond, Frances M. Van Dolah, Tod A. Leighfield, Marie-Yasmine Bottein Dechraoui,

John S. Ramsdell, Richard H. Pierce, Mike S. Henry, Mark A. Poli, Calvin Walker, Jan Kurtz, Jerome Naar,

Daniel G. Baden, Steve M. Musser, Kevin D. White, Penolope Truman, Aaron Miller, Timothy P. Hawryluk,

Marleen M. Wekell, David Stirling, Michael A. Quilliam, and Jung K. Lee

303 Application of an Ocean Color Algal Taxa Detection Model to Red Tides in the Southern Benguela 

Collin S. Roesler, Stacey M. Etheridge, and Grant C. Pitcher

306 Detection of Pectenotoxin in Norwegian Blue Mussels (Mytilus edulis)

Tore Aune, Trine Torgersen, Johanne Arff, and Karl Tangen

309 Rapid Monitoring of Toxic Phytoplankton and Zooplankton with a Lateral-Flow 

Immunochromatographic Assay for ASP and PSP Toxins

Cheryl Rafuse, Allen Cembella, Maurice Laycock, and Joanne Jellett

312 Detection of Kryptoperidinium foliaceum in South Carolina Estuaries Using Real-Time PCR Assay

Jason W. Kempton, Patrick R. Williams, Susan B. Wilde, Jennifer L. Wolny, and Alan J. Lewitus

315 Biogeography and Regional Events Sessions

317 Pfiesteria Species Identified in Ships’ Ballast Water and Residuals: A Possible Vector for Introductions to

Coastal Areas

Martina A. Doblin, Lisa A. Drake, Kathryn J. Coyne, Parke A. Rublee, and Fred C. Dobbs

320 Global Distribution of Toxic Pfiesteria Complex Species Detected by PCR Assay

Parke A. Rublee, Coy Allen, Eric Schaefer, Lesley Rhodes, Janet Adamson, Caroline Lapworth, JoAnn Burkholder, and

Howard Glasgow
xvi

323 The Use of Volunteers to Monitor Harmful Phytoplankton

Katherine A. Schaefer, Heather L. Blankenstein, Kimberly J. Nowocin, and Steve L. Morton

326 Harmful Dinoflagellates in the Gulf Stream and Atlantic Barrier Coral Reef, Belize

Maria A. Faust and Patricia A.Tester

329 The Geographical Distribution of Alexandrium catenella Is Extending to Italy! First Evidence from the

Tyrrhenian Sea

Antonella Luglié, Mariagrazia Giacobbe, Fatima Fiocca, Antonietta Sannio, and Nicola Sechi

332 Potentially Toxic Thecate Dinoflagellates of Middle Tyrrhenian Coastal Waters (Mediterranean Sea)

Roberta Congestri, Ilen Bianco, and Patrizia Albertano

335 Potentially Toxic and Harmful Phytoplankton Species Along the Coast of the Turkish Seas

Tufan Koray

338 Distribution of Prorocentrum lima Epiphytic on Macroalgae in Patagonian Gulfs (Argentina)

Ana Maria Gayoso, Vanesa K. Fulco, and Cecilia I. Muglia

341 Twenty-Three Years of Red Tide Monitoring at Fixed Stations Along the Coast of Uruguay

Silvia M. Méndez and Dinorah Medina

344 Dominance and Permanence of Species of Harmful Algae Forming Blooms in Mazatlán Bay, Mexico

(1979–2002)

Roberto Cortés Altamirano, Arturo P. Sierra-Beltrán, and Maria del Carmen Cortés Lara

347 Spatial and Temporal Patterns of Pseudo-nitzschia Spp. in Central California Related to Regional

Oceanography

Raphael Kudela, William Cochlan, and Alice Roberts

350 Prevalence of Raphidophyte Blooms in South Carolina Brackish Ponds Associated with Housing and

Golf Courses

Alan J. Lewitus, Kenneth C. Hayes, Jason W. Kempton, Larissa J. Mason, Susan B. Wilde, Barry J. Williams, and 

Jennifer L. Wolny

353 Observation of Prorocentrum lima in South Carolina

Katherine A. Schaefer and Steve L. Morton

355 Prorocentrum lima in New England Coastal Waters: Population Dynamics and Toxicity

Lucie Maranda, Susannah Corwin, Paul E. Hargraves, Laurie L. Bean, Steven Eaker, Tod A. Leighfield, and 

Steve L. Morton

358 An Unprecedented Bloom of Dinophysis acuminata in Chesapeake Bay 

Peter Tango, Walt Butler, Richard Lacouture, David Goshorn, Robert Magnien, Bruce Michael, Sherwood Hall,

Kathy Browhawn, Robert Wittman, and William Beatty

361 Occurrence of Karlodinium micrum and Its Association with Fish Kills in Maryland Estuaries

David Goshorn, Jonathan Deeds, Peter Tango, Charles Poukish, Allen Place, Margaret McGinty, Walter Butler,

Christopher Luckett, and Robert Magnien

364 Extended Bloom Concentration of the Toxic Dinoflagellate Dinophysis acuminata in Virginia Estuaries

During Late Winter and Early Spring, 2002

Harold G. Marshall, Todd Egerton, Todd Stem, Jeremy Hicks, and Mikolaj Kokocinski

367 Volunteer Phytoplankton Monitoring in the Inland Bays of Delaware, USA

Edward B. Whereat, Joseph G. Farrell, and Edythe M. Humphries

369 Blooms of the Ichthyotoxic Flagellate Prymnesium parvum in U.S. Waters: An Emerging or a Perennial

Problem?

Carmelo Tomas, Joan Glass, Jack Ralph, and Alan Lewitus

371 Pfiesteria Distribution Along the Texas (USA) Coast

Tracy Villareal, James D. Simons, and Parke Rublee

374 Regional Distribution of the Texas Brown Tide (Aureoumbra lagunensis) in the Gulf of Mexico

Tracy A. Villareal, Teresa Chirichella, and Edward J. Buskey

377 Florida’s Blackwater Event 

Merrie Beth Neely, Eric Bartels, Jennifer Cannizzaro, Kendall L. Carder, Paula Coble, David English, Cynthia Heil,

Chuanmin Hu, John Hunt, Jim Ivey, Gil McRae, Erich Mueller, Ernst Peebles, and Karen Steidinger
xvii

380 Toxic and Harmful Dinoflagellates in the Southern Gulf of Mexico

Sergio Licea, María E. Zamudio, Ruth Luna, Yuri B. Okolodkov, and Samuel Gómez-Aguirre

383 Physiology and Life Cycles Sessions

385 UV-B Inhibition of Pseudo-nitzschia Australis: Primary Production Is Minimized by UV-A Enhancement

Effects

Joseph J. Gorga, Claudia Mengelt, and Barbara B. Prézelin

388 Dark Survival and Subsequent Light Recovery for Pseudo-nitzschia multiseries

Claudia Mengelt and Barbara B. Prézelin

391 Effects of Light, Temperature and Salinity on the Growth Rate of Alexandrium tamarense from 

Patagonia (Argentina)

Vanesa K. Fulco and Ana María Gayoso

393 Effects of Ultraviolet Radiation on the Toxin Composition of the Dinoflagellate Alexandrium catenella

Nora G. Montoya, José I. Carreto, Mario O. Carignan, and Hugo R. Benavides

396 Toxic Phaeocystis globosa Strains from China Grow at Remarkably High Temperatures

Pingping Shen, Marion van Rijssel, Yan Wang, Lu Songhui, Chen Jufang, and Yu-Zao Qi

399 Continuous-Flow and Batch Cultures of Toxic Alexandrium catenella and A. minutum in Stirred Tank

Bioreactors

V. Séchet, J. B. Bérard, M. Bohec, G. Bougaran, C. Carré, P. Masselin, and P. Truquet

402 Does Urea-Carbon Contribute Significantly to Aureococcus anophagefferens Carbon Nutrition?

Michael W. Lomas

405 Comparison of Regional Clones of the Genera Chattonella and Fibrocapsa for Growth Characteristics

and Potential Toxin Production

Amanda Bridgers, Ellen McConnell, Jerome Naar, Allison Weidner, Lucille Tomas, and Carmelo Tomas

408 Phylogenetic and Functional Diversity of the Bacteria Associated with Gymnodinium catenatum:

Evidence from the SSU rDNA of Cultivable and Non-Cultivable Bacteria

David H. Green, Susan I. Blackburn, Lyndon E. Llewellyn, Andrew P. Negri, and Christopher J. S. Bolch

411 Photosynthetic Variation Among Eight Different Karenia brevis Clones

Blake A. Schaeffer, Daniel Kamykowski, Edward J. Milligan, and Laurie McKay

414 Photophysiology of the Florida Red Tide Dinoflagellate Karenia brevis: Modifications in Thylakoid Lipid

Composition in Response to Environmental Conditions

Terence J. Evens and Jeffrey D. Leblond

417 Photopigment Content of Three Karenia brevis Clones in Response to Varying Light Levels

Christopher J. Higham, Gary J. Kirkpatrick, Bradley A. Pederson, and Barbara A. Berg

420 A Cell Cycle Synchronization and Purification Technique for Heterotrophic Pfiesteria and 

Cryptoperidiniopsoid Dinoflagellates Analyzed by Flow Cytometry

Matthew W. Parrow, Nora J. Deamer, Jessica L. Alexander, and JoAnn M. Burkholder

423 Systematics Sessions

425 Chattonella verruculosa and Related Species from Japan, Europe (North Sea) and U.S. Coastal Waters:

Cases of Mistaken Identity?

Carmelo R. Tomas, Chitari Ono, Sadaaki Yoshimatsu, and Jeanette Göbel

428 Dinoflagellates Come from Outer Space but Haptophytes and Diatoms Do Not

Uwe John, Thomas Mock, Klaus Valentin, Allan D. Cembella, and Linda K. Medlin

431 Population Diversity of Ostreopsidaceae in the Mediterranean Sea: A Preliminary Study on the 

Genetics and Morphology 

Antonella Penna, Magda Vila, Maria Grazia Giacobbe, Elena Bertozzini, Francesca Andreoni, Santiago Fraga,

Esther Garcés, Mercedes Masó, and Mauro Magnani

434 Species of Pseudo-nitzschia in the Drake Passage (54°–61°S to 46°–64°W)

Martha Ferrario, Sergio Licea, C. F. Balestrini, and Gustavo Ferreyra
xviii

437 Genetic Variability and Toxin Profile of Alexandrium tamarense (Lebour) Balech from Southern Brazil 

Graziela R. Persich, David M. Kulis, Emily L. Lilly, Donald M. Anderson, and Virgínia M.T. Garcia 

440 Formation of Dinophysis dens Pavillard and D. diegensis Kofoid from Laboratory Incubations of 

Dinophysis acuta Ehrenberg and D. caudata Saville-Kent

Beatriz Reguera, Sonsoles González-Gil, and Maximino Delgado

443 Taxonomic Reevaluation of a South Carolina “Red Tide” Dinoflagellate Indicates Placement in the

Genus Kryptoperidinium

Jennifer L. Wolny, Jason W. Kempton, and Alan J. Lewitus

446 Linking Population and Physiological Diversity in Karenia brevis from the Texas Coast

L. Campbell, J. M. Ivy, P. Loret, T. A. Villareal, Kelly Soltysiak, and J. R. Gold

449 Differentiating Two Florida Harmful Algal Bloom Species Using HPLC Pigment Characterization

Bradley A. Pederson, Gary J. Kirkpatrick, Allison J. Haywood, Barbara A. Berg, and Christopher J. Higham

452 Molecular Analysis of Pfiesteria piscicida Life Cycle Stages Using Nuclear Staining Techniques and

Whole Cell in Situ Hybridization with Peptide Nucleic Acid Probes

Mark W. Vandersea, R. Wayne Litaker, Steven R. Kibler, and Patricia A. Tester

455 Morphology of Fibrocapsa japonica Cysts Formed Under Laboratory Conditions

M. Karin de Boer, Marion van Rijssel, and Engel G. Vrieling

459 Harmful Effects and Risks Sessions

461 A Review of Feeding Preference and Deterrence in Three Faunal Species Associated with 

Cyanobacterial Blooms of Lyngbya majuscula in Southeast Queensland, Australia 

A. Capper, I. R. Tibbetts, J. M. O’Neil, and G. R. Shaw

465 Comparative Toxicity of the Cyanobacterial Toxin Cylindrospermopsin Between Mice and Cattle:

Human Implications

Glen R. Shaw, Ross A. McKenzie, Wasa A. Wickramasinghe, Alan A. Seawright, Geoff K. Eaglesham, and 

Michael R. Moore

468 Design and Use of a Harmful Algal Bloom Database for the West Coast of North America

Nicolaus G. Adams, Michelle C. Tomlinson, and Vera L. Trainer

470 Cyanobacteria Exposure, Drinking Water and Colorectal Cancer

Lora E. Fleming, Carlos Rivero, John W. Burns Jr., Chris Williams, Judy A. Bean, and Wendy B. Stephan

473 Acute Effects of Recreational Exposure to Freshwater Cyanobacteria—A Prospective Epidemiology

Study

Ian Stewart, Penelope M. Webb, Philip J. Schluter, Lora E. Fleming, John W. Burns Jr., Miro Gantar, Lorraine C. Backer,

and Glen R. Shaw

476 Harmful Cyanobacteria-Invertebrate Relations: Histopathological Picture in Fall Webworm

Evgeny B. Gol’din 

479 Effect of the Potentially Toxic Cyanobacteria Microcystis aeruginosa and Nodularia spumigena on the

Survival and Reproductive Success of the Dominant Baltic Copepod Species

M. Balode and S. Strake

482 Paralytic Shellfish Poisoning Outbreaks in Costa Rica

Maribelle Vargas-Montero and Enrique Freer

485 Variability of Brevetoxin Accumulation Levels Within Individual Shellfish During Karenia brevis Blooms

Allison L. Weidner, Jerome Naar, Karen Steidinger, Richard Pierce, Mike Henry, Leanne Flewelling, and Daniel G. Baden

488 Brevetoxin Depuration in Shellfish Via Production of Non-Toxic Metabolites: Consequences for

Seafood Safety and the Environmental Fate of Biotoxins

J. Naar, J. Kubanek, A. Weidner, L. Flewelling, A. Bourdelais, K. Steidinger, and D. G. Baden

491 Florida Red Tides, Manatee Brevetoxicosis, and Lung Models

Barbara Kirkpatrick, Deborah E. Colbert, Dana Dalpra, Elizabeth A. C. Newton, Joseph Gaspard, Brandi Littlefield, and

Charles Manire
xix

494 The Use of Electronic Media to Educate and Communicate with the Public During a Harmful Algal

Bloom

Barbara A. Kirkpatrick, Lora E. Fleming, Michael S. Henry, Richard D. Clark, and Lorraine C. Backer

496 Effects of Novel Antagonists of Polyether Brevetoxin (PbTx)-Induced Bronchoconstriction in Allergic

Sheep

William M. Abraham, Ashfaq Ahmed, Andrea J. Bourdelais, and Daniel G. Baden

499 Characterization of Red Tide Aerosol on the Texas Coast

Yung Sung Cheng, Tracy A. Villareal, Yue Zhou, Jun Gao, Richard Pierce, Jerome Naar, and Daniel G. Baden

502 Florida Red Tide: Inhalation Toxicity of Karenia brevis Extract in Rats

J. M. Benson, F. F. Hahn, B. M. Tibbetts, L. E. Bowen, T. H. March, R. J. Langley, T. F. Murray, A. J. Bourdelais, J. Naar,

J. Zaias, and D. G. Baden

505 Philosophical Insights from an Analysis of Media Coverage of the Pfiesteria Controversy

Ruben Rabinsky and Lora E. Fleming

508 An Epidemiologic Approach to the Study of Aerosolized Florida Red Tides

Lora E. Fleming, Lorraine C. Backer, Barbara Kirkpatrick, Richard Clark, Dana Dalpra, David R. Johnson, Judy A. Bean,

Yung Sung Cheng, Janet Benson, Dominick Squicciarini, William M. Abraham, Richard Pierce, Julia Zaias, Jerome Naar,

Richard Weisman, Greg Bossart, Susan Campbell, Adam Wanner, Mark Harrington, Gayle Van De Bogart, and 

Daniel G. Baden

511 Monitoring Approaches for Improved Prediction of Domoic Acid Poisoning Events in Washington State

Vera L. Trainer and Orhab Collaborators

514 Ceratium furca: One Possible Cause of Mass Mortality of Cultured Blue Fin Tuna at Baja California, 

Mexico 

E. Orellana-Cepeda, C. Granados-Machuca, and J. Serrano-Esquer

517 Mitigation and Modeling Sessions

519 Coupled Biophysical Models of Florida Red Tides

John J. Walsh, Dwight A. Dieterle, Brian P. Darrow, Scott P. Milroy, Jason K. Jolliff, Jason M. Lenes, Robert H. Weisberg,

and Ruoying He

522 Effects of Phosphatic Clay Dispersal at Two Divergent Sites in Puget Sound, Washington

J. E. Jack Rensel and Donald M. Anderson

525 Removal of Harmful Red Tide Plankton by Ozone Treatment

Tsuneo Honjo, Nobuyoshi Imada, Yasuhiro Anraku, Dae-Il Kim, Mikiko Muramatsu, and Yuji Oshima

528 Pfiesteria piscicida Population Dynamics: A Modeling Study

Xinsheng Zhang, Raleigh R. Hood, Michael R. Roman, Patricia M. Glibert, and Diane K. Stoecker

531 Forecasting Red Tides Caused by Pseudo-nitzschia Spp. Using an Artificial Intelligence Model

J. M. Corchado, J. M. Torres, and M. M. Sacau Cuadrado

534 Preliminary Modeling of Cross-Shelf Transport in Support of Monitoring and Forecasting of Harmful

Algal Blooms Along the West Florida Coast

Le Ly, Frank Aikman III, Richard Stumpf, and Thomas Gross

537 Special Sessions/Round Table/Panel Listing

541 Regional Program and Special Session Summaries

543 ECOHAB:Florida—A Catalyst for Recent Multi-Agency Studies of the West Florida Shelf

John J. Walsh and Karen A. Steidinger

546 EU-LIFEHAB: Expanding the Discussion on Life Cycles of Harmful Species

Adriana Zingone, Esther Garcés, and Beatriz Reguera
xx

549 Summary of the Special Session on Detection and Quantitation of Toxins

Richard H. Pierce and Robert M. Dickey

552 Recent Advances and State of the Technology for HAB Species Detection

Gary Kirkpatrick

553 Harmful Dinoflagellate Species in Space and Time and the Value of Morphospecies

F. J. R. “Max” Taylor

561 Awards

563 XHAB2002/ISSHA Yasumoto Lifetime Achievement Award 2002: Grethe R. Hasle

564 XHAB2002/ISSHA Yasumoto Lifetime Achievement Award 2002: Theodore J. Smayda

565 XHAB2002 Award for Service to Harmful Algal Bloom Science: John W. Hurst, Jr.

566 XHAB2002/ISSHA Maureen Keller Best Student Presentation Awards 2002:

Jonathan R. Deeds and Jens Dahlmann

[Editors’ Note: For economy in the printed Proceedings, all color figures were presented in grayscale in the text, and

their color versions were grouped following the Awards section. In this digital Proceedings, the color figures appear in

their respective articles throughout the text, and the Color Figures section has been eliminated.]

567 Indices

569 Author Index

573 Subject Index
374

Introduction

The Texas brown tide was the longest documented HAB

event in U.S. history. It comprised over 95% of the phytoplankton community (106 cells mL–1) in the upper Laguna

Madre, Texas, for the period 1990 to 1998, and disrupted

zooplankton, benthic and seagrass communities (Whitledge

et al., 1999). The pelagophyte that caused this brown tide

(Aureoumbra lagunensis) is a small (4–6 μm) cell that is

morphologically difficult to distinguish from other cells

using a light microscope (DeYoe et al., 1997). Part of the

mystery of the bloom was the sudden dominance of this

previously undescribed species in a nearly pristine ecosystem with chlorophyll levels that were often 5–10 times

pre-bloom levels. An atypical severe freeze resulting in a massive fish kill and subsequent ammonium pulse was initially

suggested to be responsible for the bloom outbreak (DeYoe

and Suttle, 1994); however, it is now known that hypersalinity

suppression of grazers (Buskey et al., 1998), an effective

grazing inhibition mechanism (Buskey et al., 1997), and unusual P requirements (Liu et al., 2001) probably played a

dominant role in the initiation and maintenance of the

bloom. In addition, archived samples examined with a

polyclonal antibody showed a clear increase in A. lagunensis

populations prior to the fish kill and subsequent ammonium

increase (Buskey et al., 1999). The species also was present

in the Laguna Madre, Texas, at least six months prior to

the bloom at ≤102 cells mL–1. Much less is known about its

distribution outside this area.

Materials and Methods

The development, specificity and application of the polyclonal antibody have been described in Lopez-Barrerio et

al (1998). Our study used a series of samples collected in

the Gulf of Mexico to study the broad regional distribution of the species. Sample sites are illustrated in Fig. 1. In

all cases, formalin-preserved (1–3%) samples were examined

within 2 months of collection. Salinity is expressed using

the practical salinity scale.

Results and Discussion

Aureoumbra lagunensis was widely distributed in the Gulf

of Mexico. Concentrations of 101–102 cells mL–1 were present in Florida Bay, several Texas bays, and the more northern

Mexican bays (Fig. 1, 2; Table 1). The species was not present in samples from Belize in May 1997. Bloom

concentrations were only noted in the Laguna Madre of

Texas (Table 1). The concentration found in Laguna Madre,

La Pesca was much higher than background concentrations

found in other areas (105 cells mL–1). The species was commonly present in Laguna Madre de Tamaulipas at 102 cells

mL–1 during this time. Cell counts versus salinity plots (Fig.

3) revealed that below a salinity of approximately 38, cell

counts were ≤103 cells mL–1. However, 102 cells mL–1 were

noted at salinities of 0.5 to 25 in Matagorda Bay, Texas, in

1997. Bloom concentrations (>104 cells mL–1) were found

Regional Distribution of the Texas Brown Tide (Aureoumbra lagunensis) 

in the Gulf of Mexico

Tracy A. Villareal1, Teresa Chirichella2, and Edward J. Buskey1

1

Marine Science Institute, The University of Texas at Austin, 750 Channel View Dr.,

Port Aransas, TX 78373, USA; 2

Environmental Sciences Program, University of

Massachusetts, Boston, 100 Morrisey Blvd., Boston, MA 02125, USA

Abstract

Samples collected from Florida, Louisiana, Texas and Mexico in 1996–1997 were examined for the presence of the Texas

Brown Tide species Aureoumbra lagunensis. Low abundance (<200 cells mL–1) was noted at one or more stations in Florida

Bay from November 1996 to June 1997. The species was present along the Texas coast from Matagorda Bay to the Laguna Madre during July/October 1997, but was not present at stations near Galveston, Texas (northeast Texas), or in

the northern Gulf of Mexico near the Mississippi River. A wide distribution in the Laguna Madre de Tamaulipas, Mexico, was noted in June 1997, but the species was not present in the lagoon south of La Pesca, Mexico. Low salinity alone

did not seem to limit its distribution—it was noted at 102 cells mL–1 at salinities from 0.5 to 25 in October 1997 in central

Texas. The singular HAB event in the Laguna Madre, Texas, appeared to result from a confluence of events unique to

this hypersaline embayment that allowed a cryptic, but widespread, member of the coastal flora to bloom and dominate.

Figure 1 Sampling sites and summarized results of the survey.

A “–” indicates no cells were found, a “+” indicates 102

–103 cells

mL–1, and “++” indicates 104–106 cells mL–1. The Terrebonne

Bay sampling was a 5–9 station transect that ran from Dec. 1996

to Oct. 1997. Florida bay was a set of 3–5 stations collected on

dates shown in Table 1. The Belize samples were collected in

May 1997.

Steidinger, K. A., J. H. Landsberg, C. R. Tomas, and G. A. Vargo (Eds.). 2004. Harmful Algae 2002. Florida Fish and Wildlife

Conservation Commission, Florida Institute of Oceanography, and Intergovernmental Oceanographic Commission of UNESCO.
375

only at salinities >40 (Fig. 3). Unfortunately, no salinity data

was available from the sites in Mexico, so this relationship

is only a function of observations in the Laguna Madre,

Texas.

This study extends the known range of Aureoumbra lagunensis to bays on both sides of the Gulf of Mexico.

Much like the New England brown tide Aureococcus

anophagefferens, the range greatly exceeds that of known

bloom sites (Anderson et al., 1993). The observational data

confirms the strong influence that hypersalinity has on this

species’ dynamics (Buskey et al., 1998). Although present

at many coastal sites at salinities ≤35, blooms only occurred when salinity was elevated. Of particular interest is

the observation that Terrebonne Bay did not host the

species. This region is strongly influenced by the Mississippi

River; however, we cannot determine whether the absence

Figure 3 Cell abundance versus salinity. Sites include south

Texas, Mexico and Florida Bay. X indicates a zero count.

Figure 2 Quantitative counts from along the east coast of Mexico in June 1997.

Table 1 Maximum abundance of A. lagunensis observed at the study sites.

Sample Maximum Sample Maximum

Location Dates Cells mL–1 Location Dates Cells mL–1

USA

Texas Louisiana

Baffin Bay/Laguna Madre 4/97, 7/97 1,998,270 Terrebonne Bay 12/96 – 10/97 0

Nueces/Corpus Christi Bay 1/97, 10/97 837

San Antonio Bay 1/97, 10/97 240 MEXICO

Matagorda Bay 1/97, 10/97 478 Laguna Madre/Mezquital 6/97 234

Aransas Bay 1/97, 10/97 0 Laguna Madre/Carbonera 6/97 538

Galveston Bay 7/97 0 Laguna Madre/La Pesca 6/97 191,400

Laguna de San Andres 6/97 0

Florida Rio Panuco 12/96, 6/97 0

Rabbit Key Basin 11/96, 1/97, 3/97, 6/97 95 Laguna Pueblo Viejo 12/96, 6/97 0

Sandy Key Basin 11/96, 1/97, 3/97, 6/97 99 Laguna de Tamiahua 12/96, 6/97 0

Johnson Key Basin 11/96, 1/97, 3/97, 6/97 85 Laguna de Tampamachoco 12/96, 6/97 0

Rankin Lake 11/96, 1/97, 3/97, 6/97 53
376

of the species was a low salinity effect or water quality effect. The dissipation of the A. lagunensis bloom from the

Laguna Madre, Texas, during sustained rains and a concurrent salinity drop (Buskey et al., 2001) suggests that

freshwater inflows do not favor this species. However, it does

appear to be able to tolerate low salinity as evidenced by

its presence in October 1997 at several low salinity bays in

Texas. A. lagunensis appears to be part of the cryptic flora

of the coastal zone in the Gulf of Mexico. Despite the elevated concentrations observed at Laguna Madre, La Pesca,

the sustained bloom in the Laguna Madre, Texas, still appears to be a singular event.

Acknowledgements

This study would not have been possible without the generous collections of Leanne Flewelling, Dr. Quay Dortch,

Rick Kalke Maria Llosa, Teresa Barreiro and Luis Lopez.

Contribution No. 1293 from The University of Texas at

Austin, Marine Science Institute.

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