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NOT DESIGNATED FOR PUBLICATION

No. 121,717

IN THE COURT OF APPEALS OF THE STATE OF KANSAS

STATE OF KANSAS,

Appellee,

v.

SCOTT PITTENGER,

Appellant.

MEMORANDUM OPINION

Appeal from Pottawatomie District Court; JEFFREY R. ELDER, judge. Opinion filed October 30,

2020. Affirmed.

Blake A. Robinson, of Manhattan, for appellant. 

Michael J. Duenes, assistant solicitor general, and Derek Schmidt, attorney general, for appellee.

Before GARDNER, P.J., BUSER and BRUNS, JJ.

PER CURIAM: After a bench trial, Scott Pittenger was convicted of misdemeanor 

possession of drug paraphernalia. On appeal, Pittenger contends that his conviction must 

be vacated because he was deprived of his constitutional right to a jury trial. However, a 

review of the record reflects that Pittenger did not properly preserve this issue for appeal 

because he failed to raise it with the district court. Moreover, he has failed to provide a 

reason why this court should address the issue for the first time on appeal as required by 

Kansas Supreme Court Rule 6.02(a)(5) (2020 Kan. S. Ct. R. 34). In addition, even if 

Pittenger had preserved this issue for appeal, we find that he was not entitled to a jury 

trial due to the nature of the crimes charged. Thus, we affirm. 
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FACTS

On September 2, 2018, Officer Jason Powell served a warrant on Pittenger while 

he was painting the Columbian Theater in Wamego. In a search incident to arrest, Officer 

Powell found a small object—identified as a thimble—that appeared to have drug residue 

inside. Officer Powell also noticed that the thimble had a hole that appeared to be drilled 

in the bottom. 

The State charged Pittenger with possession of drug paraphernalia in violation of 

K.S.A. 2018 Supp. 21-5709(b)(2). Although he initially waived his right to counsel, an 

attorney was appointed to represent him after the State amended the complaint to add a 

charge of possession of Tetrahydrocannabinol (THC) in violation of K.S.A. 2018 Supp. 

21-5706(b)(7) and (c)(3)(A). On June 26, 2019, the district court held a bench trial on 

both charges. 

At trial, a forensic scientist with the Kansas Bureau of Investigation testified that 

the residue inside the thimble tested positive for THC. Likewise, his laboratory report

was admitted into evidence. In addition, Officer Powell testified regarding the execution 

of the warrant and his observations of the items confiscated during the arrest. He also 

testified about his training and experience that led him to believe the thimble contained 

residue of burnt marijuana and that it had been modified for use as drug paraphernalia. 

After hearing the testimony presented at trial, the district court convicted Pittenger 

of possession of drug paraphernalia but acquitted him on the possession of THC charge. 

The district court then sentenced Pittenger to 48 hours in jail and imposed courts costs of 

$158. Thereafter, Pittenger filed a timely notice of appeal. 
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ANALYSIS

On appeal, Pittenger contends for the first time that he was denied his 

constitutional right to a jury trial. As a general rule, we do not review constitutional 

grounds for reversal raised for the first time on appeal. See State v. Becker, 311 Kan. 176, 

186, 459 P.3d 173 (2020). However, there are several exceptions to this rule, including: 

(1) the newly asserted theory involves only a question of law arising on proved or 

admitted facts and is finally determinative of the case; (2) consideration of the theory is 

necessary to serve the ends of justice or to prevent the denial of fundamental rights; and 

(3) the judgment of the district court may be upheld on appeal despite its reliance on the 

wrong ground or having assigned a wrong reason for its decision. State v. Patterson, 311 

Kan. 59, 62, 455 P.3d 792 (2020). 

In order to invoke an exception to the general rule, Kansas Supreme Court Rule 

6.02(a)(5) requires an appellant to explain why an issue was not raised below and to 

provide a reason why it should be considered for the first time on appeal. In State v. 

Williams, 298 Kan. 1075, 1085, 319 P.3d 528 (2014), the Kansas Supreme Court warned 

that an appellant who fails to comply with this rule risks having the newly asserted 

argument deemed to be waived or abandoned. Furthermore, our Supreme Court has held 

that Rule 6.02(a)(5) is to be strictly enforced. State v. Godfrey, 301 Kan. 1041, 1044, 350 

P.3d 1068 (2015).

Here, Pittenger has failed to comply with Rule 6.02(a)(2). First, he has failed to 

offer any explanation why he did not raise this issue below. Second, he has failed to 

provide a reason why we should consider this issue for the first time on appeal. 

Accordingly, we find that Pittenger failed to preserve the jury trial issue for appeal and 

we deem this argument to be waived or abandoned. 
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Even if Pittenger had preserved this issue for appeal, we also find that his 

argument fails on the merits. In particular, Pittenger has failed to show that he had the 

right to a trial by jury for these charges under the circumstances presented in this case.

Although both the Sixth Amendment of the United States Constitution as well as § 5 of 

the Kansas Constitution Bill of Rights grant a criminal defendant the right to a jury trial, 

it is important to recognize that this right is not unlimited. 

As the United States Supreme Court has held, when defendants are charged with 

"serious" crimes, they have a right to a jury trial. See Baldwin v. New York, 399 U.S. 66, 

68-69, 90 S. Ct. 1886, 26 L. Ed. 2d 437 (1970). In contrast, when defendants are charged 

with "petty" offenses, they have no right to a trial by jury. See Duncan v. State of 

Louisiana, 391 U.S. 145, 160, 88 S. Ct. 1444, 20 L. Ed. 2d 491 (1968); State v. Shannon, 

258 Kan. 425, 435-36, 905 P.2d 649 (1995). Moreover, the seriousness of a crime is 

based on the possible punishment that could be imposed. Duncan, 391 U.S. at 159-61.

In the present case, the State charged Pittenger with two misdemeanors. Each of 

these offences carried a maximum punishment of six months in jail. See K.S.A. 2018 

Supp. 21-5709(b)(2) (possession of drug paraphernalia); K.S.A. 2018 Supp. 21-

5706(b)(7) and (c)(3)(A) (possession of THC); K.S.A. 2018 Supp. 21-6602(a)(2) 

(restricting the maximum term of confinement for class B misdemeanors to six months). 

As such, because the charges brought against Pittenger were "petty offenses" as defined 

by Kansas law, he did not have a constitutional right to a jury trial for these offenses. See 

Duncan, 391 U.S. at 159-61; Shannon, 258 Kan. at 435-36; State v. Woolverton, 52 Kan.

App. 2d 700, 701-02, 371 P.3d 941 (2016). 
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Although Pittenger suggests that he should be entitled to a jury trial because he 

was facing a possible sentence of up to 12 months if he had been convicted of both 

charges, an aggregation of sentences from several offenses which surpasses 6 months is 

not sufficient to establish the right to a jury trial. See Lewis v. United States, 518 U.S. 

322, 330, 116 S. Ct. 2163, 135 L. Ed. 2d 590 (1996). We note that the presumption that

an offense is a petty offense can be rebutted when an offense carries extra penalties that 

could transform a charge into a serious offense. See Blanton v. North Las Vegas, 489 

U.S. 538, 543, 109 S. Ct. 1289, 103 L. Ed. 2d 550 (1989). To do so, it must be shown that 

the extra penalties are severe enough to result in a serious offense. Blanton, 489 U.S. at 

543. 

In this case, Pittenger has not attempted to make such a showing. Instead, he 

argues that the crime of possession of THC should be considered a serious offense 

because a conviction could possibly affect his criminal history should he be convicted in 

the future of possession of THC or marijuana. However, we find this argument to be 

moot under the circumstance presented in this case because the district court acquitted 

Pittenger of the charge of possession of THC. Thus, he does not face this risk.

We recognize that had Pittenger complied with the provisions of K.S.A. 22-3404, 

he could have requested a jury trial in this case. K.S.A. 22-3404(1) provides that a 

defendant must affirmatively request a jury trial for a petty offense "not later than seven 

days after first notice of trial assignment is given to the defendant or such defendant's 

counsel." Here, Pittenger makes no claim that he requested a jury trial under K.S.A. 22-

3404(1), and we find no such request in the record on appeal. 

In summary, we find that Pittenger has failed to explain why he did not raise the 

issue in front of the district court. Likewise, we find that he has not provided any reasons 

why this issue should be considered for the first time on appeal. As such, pursuant to 

Rule 6.02(a)(5), we conclude that Pittenger has waived or abandoned his claim of a 
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constitutional right to a jury trial in this case. We also find that Pittenger's argument fails 

on the merits because he has failed to establish that he had the right to a jury trial on the

crimes charged in this case. For these reasons, we affirm Pittenger's conviction.

Affirmed.