HAZARD RANKING SYSTEM (HRS) DOCUMENTATION RECORD COVER SHEET

Name of Site: Armstrong World Industries 

 

EPA ID No.: GAN000410033 

Contact Persons 

Documentation Record: Jennifer Wendel, National Priorities List Coordinator 

 U.S. Environmental Protection Agency, Region 4 

 61 Forsyth Street, S.W., 11th Floor 

 Atlanta, Georgia 30303 

 (404) 562-8799 

 

Pathways, Components, or Threats Not Scored

The ground water migration, soil exposure, and air migration pathways were not scored in this Hazard 

Ranking System (HRS) documentation record because they are not expected to significantly contribute to 

the overall score.

Ground Water Migration Pathway: During the 2009 sampling event, no private drinking water wells 

were observed in the immediate vicinity of the Armstrong World Industries (AWI) property (Reference 

[Ref.] 36). The Pine Acres mobile home park (MHP) maintains a drinking water well located between 1 

and 2 miles south of AWI that served about 80 residents in 2007 (Refs. 43; 46). The depth of the Pine 

Acres well is about 200 feet, and the well water undergoes chlorination treatment (Ref. 43). Municipal 

water within a 4-mile radius of AWI is obtained from surface water intakes (Refs. 42; 65; 66). 

Soil Exposure Pathway: No residences are located on the AWI property. About 1,913 people reside 

within 1 mile of AWI (Ref. 44). The AWI property is zoned for heavy industrial use (Ref. 6, pp. 3, 10, 

13, 15). In addition, AWI is surrounded by industrial and commercial properties (Refs. 6; 9, p. 3; 13, pp. 

1-1, 1-6). Several federally designated endangered and threatened species inhabit Bibb County, Georgia; 

however, specific habitat locations are not known (Ref. 45). 

Air Migration Pathway: No air samples have been collected at AWI. The residential population within 

4 radial miles of AWI is about 44,975 people (Ref. 44). Several federally designated endangered and 

threatened species inhabit Bibb County, Georgia; however, specific habitat locations are not known (Ref. 

45). 
1 

HAZARD RANKING SYSTEM (HRS) DOCUMENTATION RECORD

Name of Site: Armstrong World Industries 

EPA Region: 4 

Date Prepared: October 2010 

Street Address of Site*: 4520 Broadway 

City, County, State: Macon, Bibb County, Georgia, 31206 

General Location in the State: Central Portion of the State

Topographic Map: Macon West, Georgia, 1981

Latitude: 32° 46′ 24.59′′ North

Longitude: 83° 39′ 5.76′′ West

The coordinates listed above for AWI were measured from the center of the wastewater treatment plant 

(WWTP) landfill (Ref. 4) (Source 1). 

* The street address, coordinates, and contaminant locations presented in this HRS documentation 

record identify the general area where the site is located. They represent one or more locations the U.S. 

Environmental Protection Agency (EPA) considers part of the site based on the screening information 

EPA used to evaluate the site for National Priorities List (NPL) listing. EPA lists national priorities 

among the known “releases or threatened releases” of hazardous substances; thus, the focus is on the 

release, and not on precisely delineated boundaries. A site is defined as an area where a hazardous 

substance has been “deposited, stored, placed, or otherwise come to be located.” Generally, HRS scoring 

and the subsequent listing of a release represent the initial determination that a certain area may need to 

be addressed under the Comprehensive Environmental Response, Compensation, and Liability Act 

(CERCLA). Accordingly, EPA contemplates that the preliminary description of facility boundaries at the 

time of scoring will be refined as more information is developed about where the contamination has come 

to be located. 

Pathway Pathway Score

Ground Water Migration NS

Surface Water Migration 100.00 

Soil Exposure NS

Air Migration NS

HRS SITE SCORE 50.00

Note:

NS Not scored
2 

WORKSHEETS FOR COMPUTING HRS SITE SCORE

S Pathway S2 Pathway

Ground Water Migration Pathway Score (Sgw) NS NS

Surface Water Migration Pathway Score (Ssw) 100 10,000 

Soil Exposure Pathway Score (Ss) NS NS

Air Migration Pathway Score (Sa) NS NS

S2

gw + S2sw + S2s + S2a 10,000 

(S2

gw + S2sw + S2s + S2a) / 4 2,500 

√ (S2

gw + S2sw + S2s + S2a) / 4 50.00 

Note:

NS = Not scored
3 

Table 4-1 –Surface Water Overland/Flood Migration Component Scoresheet

Factor Categories and Factors Maximum Value Value Assigned

Drinking Water Threat

Likelihood of Release:

1. Observed Release 550 550

2. Potential to Release by Overland Flow: 

2a. Containment 10 NS

2b. Runoff 25 NS

2c. Distance to Surface Water 25 NS

2d. Potential to Release by Overland Flow [lines 

2a(2b + 2c)] 500 NS

3.Potential to Release by Flood: NS

3a. Containment (Flood) 10 NS

3b. Flood Frequency 50 NS

3c. Potential to Release by Flood (lines 3a x 3b) 500 NS

4. Potential to Release (lines 2d + 3c, subject to a 

maximum of 500) 500 NS

5. Likelihood of Release (higher of lines 1 and 4) 550 550

Waste Characteristics:

6. Toxicity/Persistence (a) 10,000

7. Hazardous Waste Quantity (a) 100 

8. Waste Characteristics 100 32 

Targets:

9. Nearest Intake 50 0

10. Population:

10a. Level I Concentrations (b) 0

10b. Level II Concentrations (b) 0

10c. Potential Contamination (b) 0

10d. Population (lines 10a + 10b + 10c) (b) 0

11. Resources 5 5 

12. Targets (lines 9 + 10d + 11) (b) 5 

Drinking Water Threat Score:

13. Drinking Water Threat Score [(lines 

5x8x12)/82,500, subject to a maximum of 100] 100 1.06 1.06

Human Food Chain Threat

Likelihood of Release:

14. Likelihood of Release (same value as line 5) 550 550

Waste Characteristics:

15. Toxicity/Persistence/Bioaccumulation (a) 500,000,000 

16. Hazardous Waste Quantity (a) 100

17. Waste Characteristics 1,000 320

Targets:

18. Food Chain Individual 50 45
4 

Table 4-1 –Surface Water Overland/Flood Migration Component Scoresheet (Continued)

Factor Categories and Factors Maximum Value Value Assigned

19. Population

19a. Level I Concentration (b)

19b. Level II Concentration (b) 0.03

19c. Potential Human Food Chain 

Contamination (b) NS

19d. Population (lines 19a + 19b + 19c) (b)

20. Targets (lines 18 + 19d) (b) 45.03

Human Food Chain Threat Score:

21. Human Food Chain Threat Score [(lines 

14x17x20)/82,500, subject to maximum of 100] 100 96.06

Environmental Threat

Likelihood of Release:

22. Likelihood of Release (same value as line 5) 550 550 

Waste Characteristics:

23. Ecosystem Toxicity/Persistence/Bioaccumulation (a) 500,000,000

24. Hazardous Waste Quantity (a) 100

25. Waste Characteristics 1,000 320

Targets:

26. Sensitive Environments

26a. Level I Concentrations (b) 0

26b. Level II Concentrations (b) 50

26c. Potential Contamination (b) NS

26d. Sensitive Environments (lines 26a + 26b + 

26c) (b) 50

27. Targets (value from line 26d) (b) 50

Environmental Threat Score:

28. Environmental Threat Score [(lines 

22x25x27)/82,500 subject to a maximum of 60] 60 60 

Surface Water Overland/Flood Migration Component 

Score for a Watershed

29. Watershed Scorec (lines 13+21+28, subject to a 

maximum of 100) 100 100 

Surface Water Overland/Flood Migration Component Score

30. Component Score (Sof)

c

 (highest score from line 

29 for all watersheds evaluated, subject to a maximum 

of 100) 100 100 

Notes:

a Maximum value applies to waste characteristics category

b Maximum value not applicable

c Do not round to nearest integer
• LEGEND 

c:::J Current Property Boundary 

;............... 
 "" 'rrn," 112,cm 

MAP SOURCE 

USG S, Maco nWefJ., GA 

Topog raph ic DJa ndrangl e , 1~1 

FPOPERTY EDUNDAAY SOJRCE 

Ff~erty Boundary Source: Macon-Bibb 

County Boa rd ofTax Assessors (Refe,""c" 6, pp. 2, 9) 

BIBB COO NTY, 


GECh'GIA 


A 

U";ted Sates Env ironmental Protect o n Age ncy 

ARMSTR ONG v\oRLD INDUSTR IES 


MACON, 


BIBB COU NTY, 


GEORGIA 


TOO No.TTEM I-05-003-0030 


FIGURE 1 


PROPERTY LOCATION 


1-n:1TETRA TECH 

.',,­
Legend 

<> Probable Point of Entry (PPE) 1 

------ PPE 2 

-- Rocky o-eek 

_ ••- Q-ainage Ditch 

8 Source No.2 Historical &iundary 

c:::::::::J Arm strong VVor1d Industries 

r;::::::::::::: Armstrong VVor1d Industries Qj Remote Landfill Property 

....... ForlTEr Macon Naval Ordnance 


......., Landfill Property 


O:ainage Easerrent 

,.---..., Current Armstrong V\AJrld Industries 

Remote Landfill 

Current For~r Maevn Naval Ordnance 

'--' Landfill 

D WlVrP Landfill 

V\jJodyard Landfill 

Fres.'lwater Palustrine 

E~rgentV\le~and 

Fres.'lwater Palustrine 

ForestedlShrub \l\.elland 

Map Srurce 


Dig la l Globe 01/21)]4; Reference 6, pp. 2, 9; Reference 7; 


Reference 8; Reference 11, p. 3c; Reference 20; 


Referenc e 52; Reference 59; Reference 67 


Netes 

AW, - kmstrong WorkJ Industries 

WMP - Wastewater Treatment Plant 

A 

U";ted Sates Environmental Protecto n Agency 

ARMSTRONG v\oRLD INDUSTRIES 


MACON, 


BIBB COUNTY, 


GEORGIA 


TOO No.TTEMI-05-003-0030 


FIGURE 2 


PROPERTY LAYOUT 


1-n:1TETRA TECH 
LEGEND 

Source No.1 Sample Locations 

Surface and Subsurface 

() Source Sample 

Property Features 

_ •• _ . Drainage Ditch 

4-- Direction of Flow 

Drainage Easement 

c::::J WWTP Landfill 

II nProperty Boundary 

Map Sru rce 

D':l ital Gio beOl !2IJJ4; Refet"nc" 6 , p. 2; Reference 7; Reference 10 , p. 7 

Nete s 

AWl -t'imstro ng 'NJ rkJ In dustries WMP - Wastewater Treatroont Pla nt 

A 

U";ted Slates Environmental Protect o n Ag ency 

ARM STR ONG WORLD INDUSTR IES 


MACON, 


BIBB COU NT Y, 


GEORGIA 


TOO No.TTEM I-05-003-0030 


FIGURE 3 


SOURCE No.1 


SAMPLE LOCATIONS 


1-n:1TETRA TECH 
LEGEND 

• Source No 2 Sampe Loca ion 

() Source No 3 Sampe LOCi1:ion 

-- Creek 

_ •• - Dra ni)]8 Dtch 

<4 Directioo ct Flow 

c::::I soorce No.2 Historical Boonday 

h qwmstroo Q WOr1d Industries 


Remcte Landfill Prcperty 


....Former fllacon Naval Ordnance 


....Landflll Ffcperty 


Dra nage Easemoot 

,---, Curr€llt Armstrong Wcrld In rustries 

L-...J Rem cte Landfill 

r--1 Curr€llt Fcrme..- Macon Naval a-mmce 

L......J Landfill 

MAP SOURCE 


D':lital Globe 01f21JJ4; Reference 6, pp. 2, 9; 


Refe rence 7; Reference 8; Reference 11, p. 2c ; 
 Reference 3]; Reference 59; Reference 67 

NOTES 


AW, -A rmslrong Wand Industries 


FML-F ormer Macon Landfill 


A 

U";ted Sates Environmental Protecton Agency 

ARMSTRONG v\oRLD INDUSTRIES 


MACON, 


BIBB COUNTY, 


GEORGIA 


TOO No.TTEMI-05-003-0030 


FIGURE4 


SOURCE Nos. 2 AND 3 


SAMPLE LOCATIONS 


1-n:1TETRA TECH 

,

E 

~ 
9 

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14

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Chris Jones, Geologist. July 9, 2010. 1 Page. 

72. Tetra Tech. Project Note to File. Subject: Source Descriptions for the AWI WWTP Landfill, AWI 

Remote Landfill, and the FMNOL. Charles Berry, Geologist. July 12, 2010. 1 Page. 

73. EPA. Electronic Mail Correspondence with Attachments. Subject: Armstrong’s RCRA Status. 

Between Robert Reimer and Dawn Taylor. Attachments: RCRA Site Detail and Comprehensive 

Compliance Monitoring and Enforcement Report. July 13, 2010. 13 Pages. 

 
15

SITE DESCRIPTION

Armstrong World Industries (AWI) is located in an industrialized area in the southern portion of Macon, 

Bibb County, Georgia (Refs. 3; 6; 7, p. 2) (see Figure 1 of this Hazard Ranking System [HRS] 

documentation record). Specifically, the geographic coordinates for the AWI property are latitude 32° 46 ′ 

24.59′′ north and longitude 83° 39′ 5.76′′ west (as measured from the center of the wastewater treatment 

plant [WWTP] landfill) (Refs. 3; 4, pp. 1, 2). The U.S. Environmental Protection Agency (EPA) 

identification number for the AWI site, as recorded in the Comprehensive Environmental Response, 

Compensation and Liability Information System (CERCLIS) database, is GAN000410033 (Ref. 5, p. 1). 

The AWI property is about 130 acres in area and is divided into two parcels, the northern and southern. 

The northern parcel (plant property) consists of the manufacturing area, the WWTP area that includes the 

WWTP landfill, and a landfill referred to as the woodyard landfill. The southern parcel contains a landfill 

referred to as the remote landfill (Refs. 6; 9, pp. 3, 6; 10, p. 6). Immediately adjacent to the AWI remote 

landfill is the Former Macon Naval Ordnance Landfill (FMNOL) (see Figure 2 of this HRS 

documentation record). Historically, waste contained in the AWI remote landfill and the FMNOL 

commingled (Ref. 20, pp. iii, 38, 39, 42, 43, 46, 47). Therefore, all Comprehensive Environmental 

Response, Compensation, and Liability Act (CERCLA) response activities at AWI and FMNOL are 

tracked in CERCLIS under the EPA identification number for AWI (Ref. 5, p. 5). 

Land uses surrounding AWI are predominantly commercial and heavy industrial (Ref. 6). The AWI plant 

property (northern parcel) is bordered to the north by Guy Paine Road, to the east by the abandoned 

Central of Georgia railroad tracks and the Allied Industrial Park (AIP), to the south by the Lafarge 

Industries sand quarry, and to the west by Broadway (Refs. 3; 7, p. 2; 7, Appendix A, Figure 2, p. A-2). 

The commingled AWI remote landfill and the FMNOL are bordered to the north by the abandoned 

Central of Georgia railroad spur and the AIP property, to the east by the Macon Water Authority (MWA) 

Rocky Creek water reclamation facility, to the south by Rocky Creek, and to the west by the abandoned 

Central of Georgia railroad tracks (Refs. 3; 8, p. 2; 8, Appendix A, Figure 2, p. A-2) (see Figure 1 of this 

HRS documentation record). 

For HRS scoring purposes, the site consists of three sources with overlapping drainage pathways and their 

associated commingled releases. Source No. 1 is the WWTP landfill located on the AWI plant property 

(Ref. 17, pp. 23, 32) (see Section 2.2.1 Source Identification, Source No. 1). Source No. 2 is the 

combined historical boundary of the commingled AWI remote landfill and FMNOL, and Source No. 3 is 

contaminated soil surrounding the AWI remote landfill on the southern parcel of the AWI property and 

surrounding the FMNOL (Refs. 6; 9, pp. 3, 6; 10, p. 6; 11, p. 2; 12, pp. 2-1, 2-3; 13, p. 4-83). Source 

Nos. 1, 2, and 3 contain hazardous substances including semivolatile organic compounds (SVOC), 

polychlorinated biphenyls (PCB), and metals (see Section 2.2 of this HRS documentation record). These 

hazardous substances have also been detected in sediment samples collected in HRS-eligible wetlands

(palustrine forested, palustrine scrub-shrub, and palustrine emergent) that are contiguous with Rocky 

Creek and in Rocky Creek itself, which receives runoff from Source Nos. 1, 2, and 3, indicating that a 

release has occurred to the surface water migration pathway (see Section 4.0 of this HRS documentation 

record).

The AWI WWTP discharges into a drainage ditch that flows through the WWTP landfill (Source No. 1) 

and becomes the AWI drainage easement on the southeastern edge of the AWI northern parcel (Refs. 7, 

Appendix A, Figure 3, p. A-3; 14, p. 2; 25, pp. i, 1; 26, pp. 1, 2; 37; 67) (also see Figure 3 of this HRS 

documentation record). The AWI drainage easement flows into palustrine forested wetlands and receives 

runoff from Source Nos. 2 and 3 (the combined historical extent of the AWI remote landfill and FMNOL 

and the contaminated soil surrounding the commingled landfills) (Refs. 52; 60; 67) (also see Figures 2 

and 4 of this HRS documentation record). The palustrine forested wetlands that receive runoff from 

Source Nos. 1, 2, and 3 are contiguous with Rocky Creek (Refs. 52; 60). Source Nos. 1, 2, and 3 contain 

the same hazardous substances (see Section 2.2.2 of this HRS documentation record for Source Nos. 1, 2, 

and 3) and have overlapping drainage pathways and releases (see Figures 2 and 4 of this HRS 

documentation record). 
16

 

OPERATIONAL AND REGULATORY HISTORY

Beginning in 1948, AWI has operated an acoustic ceiling tile manufacturing plant (Ref. 10, p. 2). Three 

types of ceiling tiles (Travertone Sanserra, Santaglio, and Embossed Design) manufactured in 1969 and 

1970 were coated with a formulation that contained Aroclor-1254, a commercial formulation of PCBs 

(Refs. 14, p. 1; 15, p. 1). Many commercial PCB mixtures are also known in the U.S. by the trade name 

Aroclor (Ref. 16, p. 1). According to AWI representatives, possible sources of PCB contamination on the 

property are recycled raw materials and recycled newsprint with older dye formulations (Refs. 17, p. 27; 

18, p. 2; 19, p. 6). There are three waste disposal areas located on the AWI property: the AWI remote 

landfill, the WWTP landfill, and the woodyard landfill (Ref. 17, p. 23) (see Figure 2 of this HRS 

documentation record). 

AWI began disposing of general and industrial trash, old equipment, and excess bark and scrap wood in 

the remote landfill in the mid-1960s (Refs. 17, p. 23; 19, p. 5). The AWI remote landfill is adjacent to the 

FMNOL (see Figure 4 of this HRS documentation record). An analysis of aerial photographs taken over 

a 50-year period from 1938 to 1988 indicates that the AWI remote landfill and the FMNOL were one 

large landfill between 1975 and 1988 (Ref. 20, pp. iii, 38, 39, 42, 43, 46, 47). Sometime in 1996, a fence 

was erected between the two landfills on the southern parcel of the AWI property, giving the appearance 

of two distinctly separate landfills (Refs. 11, p. 11; 13, p. 1-6; 17, p. 28; 19, p. 13; 21, p. 10). However, 

based on the aerial photographic record, commingling of wastes occurred between 1975 and 1988 (Ref. 

20, pp. 38, 39, 42, 43, 46, 47). 

Beginning in 1970, AWI stockpiled wastes generated by the WWTP in an area nearby (referred to as the 

WWTP landfill) on its northern parcel (Ref. 10, p. 2) (see Figure 3 of this HRS documentation record). 

The WWTP contained two large coil filters that removed excess fiber from the WWTP influent. The 

fibrous sludge material removed by the coil filters was subsequently disposed of in either the AWI remote 

landfill (Source No. 2) or in the WWTP landfill (Source No. 1) (Ref. 17, p. 23). In June 1974, AWI was 

issued NPDES permit number GA0003077 for its wastewater treatment system and continues to operate 

under this permit today (Refs. 25, p. 1; 26, p. 1). The NPDES permit requires AWI to monitor outfall 

discharges for biochemical oxygen demand, total suspended solids, and pH (Refs. 25, p. 2; 26, p. 1). The 

AWI WWTP outfall discharges to a drainage ditch that flows into the drainage easement that traverses the 

FMNOL property and then discharges into Rocky Creek (Refs. 14, p. 2; 25, p. 2; 26, p. 1; 37; 67) (see 

Figure 2 of this HRS documentation record). 

In the late 1970s or early 1980s, AWI constructed the 4.5-acre woodyard landfill in the southern portion 

of the northern parcel as an additional area to dispose of the filtered fiber material from the WWTP (Refs. 

17, p. 23; 59) (see Figure 2 of this HRS documentation record). During the late 1980s and early 1990s, 

AWI began disposing of all of its filtered sludge in the woodyard landfill. In July 2000, AWI ceased 

disposing of waste in the woodyard landfill. AWI officially closed the woodyard landfill in 2004, 

following a Georgia Environmental Protection Division (GAEPD)-approved closure plan (Refs. 17, p. 23; 

18, p. 3). 

During the late 1980s and early 1990s, AWI ceased disposing of its filtered sludge waste in the WWTP 

landfill. Once disposal ceased, the WWTP landfill was stabilized with a vegetative cover and security 

fencing. It has not, however, been formally closed. AWI currently sends all of its WWTP sludge to a 

local industrial landfill (Refs. 17, p. 23; 18, p. 3). 

On November 19, 1980, AWI notified GAEPD that it was a generator of hazardous waste. AWI was 

subsequently assigned EPA ID No. GAD003297413 and was classified as a conditionally exempt small 

quantity generator under the Resource Conservation and Recovery Act (RCRA). As of 2006, AWI 

processed batteries and lamps (Ref. 73, pp. 1, 5, 6). The types of hazardous waste generated by AWI can 

include ignitable (D001) and corrosive (D002) wastes, as well as methyl ethyl ketone (D035) and 

trichloroethylene (D040), possibly used for industrial cleaning (Ref. 73, pp. 1, 5, 6, 7). 
17

In 1996, AWI collected sludge samples from excavated test pits in the WWTP landfill as part of its 

ongoing solid waste management activities (Ref. 10, p. 2). As a result of this investigation, AWI 

submitted a release notification form to the GAEPD Hazardous Site Response Program reporting the 

presence of PCBs in waste sludge disposed of in the WWTP landfill and in the remote landfill (Refs. 10, 

p. 1). 

On January 13, 2006, GAEPD proposed a Corrective Action Consent Order to AWI for investigation and, 

if necessary, remediation of PCBs detected in the WWTP landfill and in Rocky Creek, located 

downgradient of the facility (Ref. 14, pp. i, 1, 2). On February 14, 2006, GAEPD and AWI met to 

discuss the consent order and findings and expectations from GAEPD’s file review. AWI requested 60 

days to provide additional data and to propose revisions to the consent order. A subsequent meeting was 

held on May 18, 2006, and AWI provided limited additional information. GAEPD agreed to review the 

information and provide definitive guidance on the scope of the requested investigation at the AWI 

property (Ref. 23, p. 1). 

On June 14, 2006, GAEPD sent a letter to AWI that provided further clarification on the consent order 

and requested an investigation at the AWI property. GAEPD suggested AWI conduct further 

investigations at the remote landfill, the WWTP landfill, and the woodyard landfill to delineate the nature 

and extent of contamination, including releases extending beyond AWI’s property boundary, and to 

identify potential migration pathways for releases (to air, land, surface water, and ground water), actual or 

potential receptors, and applicable background concentrations (Ref. 23, p. 1). GAEPD further requested 

that AWI either sign the proposed consent order or submit a revised consent order within 14 calendar 

days after AWI received the correspondence dated June 14, 2006 (Ref. 23, pp. 1, 2). GAEPD informed 

AWI that the department would have the option to take additional enforcement action including, but not 

limited to, issuing an administrative order if AWI did not comply with the request (Ref. 23, p. 2). On 

November 15, 2006, AWI submitted a proposal to conduct a voluntary investigation of PCBs in the 

remote landfill (Ref. 18, p. 3). On April 21, 2009, AWI agreed to allow EPA access to the woodyard, 

WWTP, and remote landfills to collect samples during a May 2009 site inspection (SI) in lieu of 

conducting its own investigation. In addition, split samples were provided to AWI as part of the 2009 SI 

(Ref. 24).

The FMNOL was reportedly used for disposal of solid wastes and ordnance throughout the operational 

history (1941 to 1974) of the Former Macon Naval Ordnance Plant (FMNOP) (currently AIP), and 

intermittent dumping continued thereafter throughout the 1980s (Refs. 8, p. 3; 11, p. 2; 20, pp. 42, 43, 46, 

47). The landfill was also used for disposal of used parts and construction debris (Refs. 11, p. 2; 12, p. 2-

11). A fenced explosives demolition area, located near the toe of the landfill, was used for testing and 

demolishing explosives, primarily detonators, flares, and primers manufactured at the FMNOP. 

Flammable materials were reportedly burned in this area as well (Ref. 12, p. 2-11; 56, p. 564). 

Additionally, in September 1989, approximately 500 deteriorated, unlabeled drums were found west and 

southwest of the landfill in a pond located in a low-lying area that contained reddish-orange water. The 

contents of the drums are not known (Ref. 12, p. 3-2). In 2007, GAEPD personnel observed deteriorated 

drums on the FMNOL property. However, it is not known whether these drums are the same that were 

observed in 1989 (Ref. 9, p. 6). 

The FMNOL property is currently owned by the MWA (Refs. 6; 13, p. 1-7). The AWI remote landfill is 

adjacent to the FMNOL and based on the aerial photographic record, commingling of wastes occurred 

between 1975 and 1988 (Ref. 20, pp. 38, 39, 42, 43, 46, 47) (see Figure 4 of this HRS documentation 

record).
18

PREVIOUS INVESTIGATIONS

Armstrong World Industries

In 1992, AWI collected two waste samples from the AWI WWTP landfill, one from old, stockpiled 

WWTP sludge and one from fresh WWTP sludge. The samples were analyzed for metals and PCBs, 

among other constituents. The sludge samples contained chromium, copper, and zinc. PCBs were not 

detected at concentrations above method detection limits (Ref. 10, pp. 2, 10).

In January 1996, AWI collected three composite sludge samples from excavated test pits in the WWTP 

landfill (Ref. 10, pp. 2, 7). Two samples contained PCBs at concentrations of 1.36 milligrams per 

kilogram (mg/kg) and 9.31 mg/kg (Refs. 10, pp. 2, 9; 27, p. 44). The samples also contained chromium 

and lead (Refs. 10, p. 9; 27, pp. 20, 36, 41, 57). AWI also collected four composite sludge samples from 

excavated test pits in the woodyard landfill. Analytical results revealed the presence of chromium, 

copper, lead, and zinc. PCBs were not detected above the detection limits in the sludge samples collected 

from the woodyard landfill (Ref. 17, pp. 32, 33, 38). Also in January 1996, AWI collected sludge 

samples from excavated test pits in the remote landfill as part of its solid waste management program 

(Ref. 17, p. 27). The samples contained PCBs (up to 4,800 micrograms per kilogram [μg/kg]), chromium, 

and lead (Ref. 17, pp. 26 through 30). 

In May 2009, Tetra Tech, Inc. (Tetra Tech), on behalf of EPA, conducted an SI at the AWI property (Ref. 

7, pp. 1, 8). Surface and subsurface soil samples were collected from potential source areas (Ref. 7, p. 

12). Surface water and sediment samples were collected from the drainage ditch and drainage easement 

leading from the AWI property as well as from Rocky Creek (Ref. 7, pp. 17, 18, 19; 7, Appendix A, 

Figure 3, p. A-3). Surface and subsurface source samples collected from AWI sources (WWTP landfill, 

the AWI remote landfill, and contaminated soil surrounding the AWI remote landfill) contained 

benzo(a)anthracene, benzo(a)pyrene, benzo(k)fluoranthene, chrysene, dibenzo(a,h)anthracene, 

fluoranthene, indeno(1,2,3-cd)pyrene, phenanthrene, pyrene, PCB-1248, PCB-1254, PCB-1260, 

cadmium, chromium, lead, and manganese (Ref. 7, Appendix B, Tables 4 and 5, pp. B-8, B-9, B-10, B11; 7, Appendix E). Sediment samples collected from drainage ditches that receive runoff from Source 

No. 1 contained benzo(a)anthracene, benzo(a)pyrene, benzo(k)fluoranthene, chrysene, fluoranthene, 

indeno(1,2,3-cd)pyrene, pyrene, PCB-1248, PCB-1260, and cadmium (Ref. 7, p. 18, Appendix A, Figure 

3, p. A-3; 7, Appendix B, Tables 11 and 12, pp. B-24 through B-33). Analytical results for sediment 

samples collected from Rocky Creek contained benzo(a)anthracene, benzo(a)pyrene, chrysene, 

indeno(1,2,3-cd)pyrene, pyrene, PCB-1248, PCB-1254, and cadmium at concentrations above 

background. All sediment samples, except the background samples, were collected downstream from the 

AWI property (Ref. 7, Appendix A, Figure 3, p. A-3; 7, Appendix B, Table 3, pp. B-6, B-7; 7, Appendix 

B, Tables 15 through 18, pp. B-38 through B-49). 

Former Macon Naval Ordnance Landfill 

From December 1995 to May 1996, RUST Environment and Infrastructure Inc. (RUST), on behalf of the 

U.S. Army Corps of Engineers (USACE), Savannah District, conducted a site investigation at the 

FMNOL. Surface and subsurface soil, surface water, sediment, and biota samples were collected during 

the investigation (Ref. 11, pp. 1, 12, 23, 33, 35, 36, Appendix B, p. B2). Analysis of soil samples 

collected from the FMNOL indicated the presence of heavy metals and PCBs in the surface and 

subsurface soil (Ref. 11, Figure 4-1, p. 12a, Table 4-3, p. 17a). 

Surface water and sediment samples were collected from the drainage easement emanating from AWI and 

flowing toward Rocky Creek east of the FMNOL as well as from Rocky Creek (Ref. 11, p. 33). 

Analytical results for surface water samples collected from the drainage easement indicated the presence 

of lead (Ref. 11, Figure 6-1, p. 33a, Table 6-2, p. 33c). Analytical results for sediment samples collected 

from the drainage easement indicated the presence of cadmium, chromium, lead, and benzo(a)pyrene 

(Ref. 11, Figure 6-1, p. 33a, Table 6-3, p. 35a). Analytical results for the surface water samples collected 

from Rocky Creek downstream of the FMNOL and the AWI remote landfill did not indicate the presence 
19

of heavy metals, volatile organic compounds (VOC), or SVOCs (Ref. 11, Figure 6-1, p. 33a, Table 6-2, p. 

33c). Analytical results for sediment samples collected from Rocky Creek downstream from the FMNOL 

indicated the presence of cadmium, chromium, lead, and benzo(a)pyrene (Ref. 11, Figure 6-1, p. 33a, 

Table 6-3, p. 35a). 

Biota (fish tissue) samples were also collected during the site investigation from several fish species 

caught in Rocky Creek. Fish species including bluegill (Lepomis macrochirus), white crappie (Poxomis 

annularis), spotted sucker (Minytrema melanops), and silver redhorse sucker (Moxostoma anisurum) 

were caught from Rocky Creek at locations upstream and downstream of the FMNOL (Ref. 11, p. 36). 

PCB-1254 was detected in all of the fish tissue analyzed (Ref. 11, p. 37, Table 6-4, p. 37a). 

From February 1998 to March 1999, Science Applications International Corporation (SAIC), on behalf of 

the USACE, Savannah District, conducted a Phase I remedial investigation at the FMNOL (Ref. 13, pp. i, 

1-1). Surface and subsurface soil, surface water, sediment, and biota samples were collected during the 

investigation (Ref. 13, pp. 2-1, 4-1). 

Analytical results for surface soil samples collected from the FMNOL and the AWI remote landfill, as 

well as the surrounding area, detected cadmium, chromium, lead, benzo(a)anthracene, benzo(a)pyrene, 

benzo(k)fluoranthene, pyrene, and PCBs (Ref. 13, Figure 4-1, p. 4-7; 13, Table 4-3, pp. 4-29 through 4-

35). Surface water and sediment samples were collected from the drainage easement and Rocky Creek. 

Analytical results for surface water or sediment samples collected from the drainage easement emanating 

from AWI to Rocky Creek detected cadmium, chromium, lead, and PCB-1248. Analytical results for 

surface water or sediment samples collected from Rocky Creek downstream of the FMNOL and the AWI 

remote landfill showed cadmium, chromium, lead, benzo(a)pyrene, pyrene, PCB-1248, and PCB-1254 

(Ref. 13, Figure 4-28, p. 4-81; 13, Figure 4-33, p. 4-103; 13, Table 4-12, pp. 4-85 through 4-89; 13, Table 

4-16, pp. 4-111 through 4-115). 

Biota (fish tissue) samples were collected from several fish species caught in Rocky Creek; the biota 

samples were analyzed only for PCBs (Ref. 13, p. 4-138). Fish species including redear sunfish (Lepomis 

microlophus), bluegill (Lepomis macrochirus), largemouth bass (Micropterus salmoides), American eel 

(Anguilla rostrata), and brown bullhead catfish (Ictalurus nebulosus), among others, were caught from 

Rocky Creek at locations upstream and downstream of the FMNOL and the AWI remote landfill (Ref. 13, 

pp. 4-138, 4-139; 13, Figure 4-42, p. 4-143). Analytical results for biota samples collected downstream 

of the FMNOL and the AWI remote landfill indicated the presence of PCB-1248 and PCB-1254 (Ref. 13, 

p. 4-145; 13, Table 4-17, p. 4-140; 13, Figure 4-42, p. 4-143). 

In May 2009, Tetra Tech, on behalf of EPA, conducted an expanded site inspection (ESI) at the FMNOL 

property (Refs. 8, pp. 1, 6, 7). Surface and subsurface soil samples were collected from potential source 

areas (Refs. 8, pp. 9, 10). Sediment samples were collected from the drainage ditches leading from the 

FMNOL property as well as from Rocky Creek (Ref. 8, pp. 16, 17, 18; 7, Appendix A, Figure 3, p. A-3). 

Surface and subsurface source samples collected from the FMNOL and contaminated soil surrounding the 

FMNOL contained benzo(a)anthracene, benzo(a)pyrene, benzo(k)fluoranthene, chrysene, 

dibenzo(a,h)anthracene, fluoranthene, indeno(1,2,3-cd)pyrene, phenanthrene, pyrene, PCB-1248, PCB1254, PCB-1260, cadmium, chromium, lead, and manganese (Ref. 8, Appendix B, Tables 5 through 8, pp. 

B-8 through B-32). Sediment samples collected from drainage ditches that receive runoff from FMNOL 

sources contained benzo(a)anthracene, benzo(a)pyrene, benzo(k)fluoranthene, chrysene, fluoranthene, 

phenanthrene, pyrene, PCB-1248, PCB-1260, and cadmium (Ref. 8, p. 16, Appendix A, Figure 3, p. A-3, 

Appendix B, Tables 12 and 13, pp. B-40 through B-44). Analytical results for sediment samples 

collected from Rocky Creek contained benzo(a)anthracene, benzo(a)pyrene, chrysene, indeno(1,2,3-

cd)pyrene, pyrene, PCB-1248, PCB-1254, and cadmium above background (Ref. 8, Appendix A, Figure 

3, p. A-3, Appendix B, Table 4, pp. B-6, B-7, Appendix B, Tables 16 through 19, pp. B-49 through B-60). 
Source No: 1

20 Source Characterization

2.2 SOURCE CHARACTERIZATION

2.2.1 SOURCE IDENTIFICATION

Number of source: 1

Name of source: WWTP Landfill 

Source Type: Landfill

Description and Location of Source (with reference to a map of the site): 

Source No. 1 is a 3.99-acre WWTP landfill located on the northern parcel of the AWI property (Refs. 6; 

9, p. 3; 10, p. 6; 59) (see Figure 3 of this HRS documentation record). 

In 1969 and 1970, AWI manufactured three types of ceiling tiles (Travertone Sanserra, Santaglio, and 

Embossed Design) that were coated with a formulation that contained Aroclor-1254, a commercial 

formulation of PCBs (Refs. 14, p. 1; 15, p. 1). According to AWI representatives, PCBs are present in 

recycled raw materials and recycled newsprint with older dye formulations used in the manufacturing 

process for ceiling tiles (Refs. 17, p. 27; 18, p. 2; 19, p. 6). The WWTP began operations between late 

1971 and early 1972 (Ref. 18, p. 1). The WWTP was outfitted with two large coil filters that removed 

excess fiber from the WWTP influent. The fibrous sludge material removed by the coil filters was 

subsequently disposed of in either the AWI remote landfill (until 1977) or in the WWTP landfill (until the 

late 1980s or early 1990s) (Refs. 10, p. 2; 17, p. 23; 18, pp. 1, 2). In 2004, the WWTP landfill was 

stabilized with a vegetative cover and security fencing; however, it has not been formally closed (Refs. 

17, p. 23; 18, p. 3). 

In January 1996, AWI collected three composite sludge samples from excavated test pits in Source No. 1 

(Ref. 10, pp. 2, 7). The samples contained PCBs (up to 9.31 mg/kg), chromium (up to 13 mg/kg), and 

lead (up to 76 mg/kg) (Refs. 10, p. 9; 27, pp. 20, 36, 41, 57). 

Effluent from the AWI WWTP enters a ditch that begins in and then transects the WWTP landfill (Ref. 

37). Once this ditch leaves the AWI property, it enters the drainage easement that traverses the FMNOL 

property and leads to Rocky Creek (Refs. 7, Appendix A, Figure 3, p. A-3; 67) (also see Figure 2 of this 

HRS documentation record). 

Source samples collected from Source No. 1 during the May 2009 SI contained PCB-1248, PCB-1254, 

and PCB-1260 (Ref. 7, Appendix B, Table 4, pp. B-8, B-9, B-10; 7, Appendix E) (see Table 2 of this 

HRS documentation record). 
Source No: 1

21 Source Characterization

2.2.2 HAZARDOUS SUBSTANCES ASSOCIATED WITH THE SOURCE

EPA May 2009 Site Inspection and Expanded Site Inspection

Background Concentrations

The background soil samples listed in Table 1 were collected during the EPA May 2009 SI and ESI. The 

background soil samples were collected from the eastern portion of the FMNOP (currently AIP) property 

in areas where no known operations occurred (Refs. 7, Appendix A, Figure 3, p. A-3; 67). Background 

surface soil samples were collected at a depth of 0 to 6 inches bgs, and the subsurface soil samples were 

collected at a depth of 12 to 24 inches bgs (Refs. 7, Appendix B, Table 1, pp. B-1, B-2, B-3; 29, p. 16). 

Logbook notes are provided in Reference 32. The chain-of-custody records are provided in Reference 30. 

The locations of the background samples listed in Table 1 are depicted in Reference 7, Appendix A, 

Figure 3, page A-3, and are described in Reference 7, Appendix B, Table 1, pages B-1, B-2, and B-3 (also 

see Figure 4 of this HRS documentation record). 

Source No. 1 samples were compared to background to demonstrate that source concentrations are 

significantly above background concentrations. Background and Source No. 1 surface and subsurface 

samples were collected during the same sampling event and in accordance with the same sampling 

procedures (Refs. 7, Appendix C, Logbook 1, p. 1; 8, Appendix C, Logbook 1, p. 1; 28; 29, pp. 15, 17; 

32, p. 1). Background surface and subsurface soil samples were collected in accordance with the EPA 

Region 4 Science and Ecosystem Support Division (SESD) Field Branches Quality System and Technical 

Procedures for Soil Sampling, SESDPROC-300-R1 (Refs. 28; 32, p. 1). 

Background samples were analyzed for PCBs in accordance with the EPA Contract Laboratory Program 

(CLP) Statement of Work (SOW) SOM01.2 (Refs. 7, Appendix E, pp. E-207, E-208, E-464, E-465; 63). 

EPA Region 4 SESD reviewed all data according to the contract SOW and EPA guidelines (Refs. 7, 

Appendix E, pp. E-208, E-465, E-641; 57). The minimum reporting limits (MRL) are listed on the 

analytical data sheets in Reference 7, Appendix E. Each MRL is sample-specific and corresponds to the 

lowest quantitative point on the calibration curve; it is adjusted for the amount of sample prepared and 

any dilutions performed, as well as for percent moisture. The MRLs are equivalent to sample quantitation 

limits (SQL) (Ref. 58).

TABLE 1: Analytical Results for Background Samples – May 2009

Sample ID

Hazardous 

Substance

Hazardous

Substance 

Concentration MRL References

Background Samples (0 to 6 inches bgs)

AIP-110-SF PCB-1248 36U μg/kg 36 μg/kg 7, Appendix E, p. E-525; 30, p. 29; 

32, p. 2 

AIP-110-SF PCB-1254 36U μg/kg 36 μg/kg 7, Appendix E, p. E-525; 30, p. 29; 

32, p. 2 

AIP-110-SF PCB-1260 36U μg/kg 36 μg/kg 7, Appendix E, p. E-525; 30, p. 29; 

32, p. 2 

AIP-114-SF PCB-1254 36U μg/kg 36 μg/kg 7, Appendix E, p. E-541; 30, p. 52; 

32, p. 16 

AIP-114-SF PCB-1260 36U μg/kg 36 μg/kg 7, Appendix E, p. E-541; 30, p. 52; 

32, p. 16 
Source No: 1

22 Source Characterization

TABLE 1: Analytical Results for Background Samples – May 2009

Sample ID

Hazardous 

Substance

Hazardous

Substance 

Concentration MRL References

Background Samples (12 to 24 inches bgs)

AIP-110-SB PCB-1248 38U μg/kg 38 μg/kg 7, Appendix E, p. E-523; 30, p. 29; 

32, p. 2 

AIP-110-SB PCB-1254 38U μg/kg 38 μg/kg 7, Appendix E, p. E-523; 30, p. 29; 

32, p. 2 

AIP-110-SB PCB-1260 38U μg/kg 38 μg/kg 7, Appendix E, p. E-523; 30, p. 29; 

32, p. 2 

AIP-114-SB PCB-1254 38U μg/kg 38 μg/kg 7, Appendix E, p. E-539; 30, p. 52; 

32, p. 16 

AIP-114-SB PCB-1260 38U μg/kg 38 μg/kg 7, Appendix E, p. E-539; 30, p. 52; 

32, p. 16 

Notes:

AIP Allied Industrial Park

bgs Below ground surface

ID Identification number

μg/kg Micrograms per kilogram

MRL Minimum reporting limit

PCB Polychlorinated biphenyl

SB Subsurface sample

SF Surface sample

U The analyte was not detected at or above the minimum reporting limit.
Source No: 1

23 Source Characterization

2.2.2 HAZARDOUS SUBSTANCES ASSOCIATED WITH THE SOURCE

Source Concentrations

The source samples listed in Table 2 were collected by Tetra Tech during the EPA May 2009 SI (Ref. 7, 

Appendix A, Figure 3, p. A-3). Source No. 1 samples were collected from two depth intervals below the 

vegetative cover, 0 to 6 inches below ground surface (bgs), and 12 to 24 inches bgs (Refs. 7, Appendix B, 

Tables 1 and 2, pp. B-1 through B-5; 29, pp. 16, 17). Source No. 1 is characterized by grey to tan sandy 

loam underlain by dark black wood chips (Ref. 72). Logbook notes are provided in Reference 7, 

Appendix C. The chain-of-custody records are provided in Reference 30. The locations of the source 

samples listed in Table 2 are depicted on Figure 3 of Appendix A, page A-3 in Reference 7, and are 

described in Tables 1 and 2, pages B-1 through B-5 of Appendix B in Reference 7 (also see Figure 3 of 

this HRS documentation record). 

The Source No. 1 samples were collected in accordance with the EPA Region 4 SESD Field Branches 

Quality System and Technical Procedures (Refs. 7, Appendix C, Logbook 1, p. 1; 28). Samples collected 

from Source No. 1 were analyzed for PCBs in accordance with the EPA CLP SOW SOM01.2 (Refs. 7, 

Appendix E, pp. E-1171, E-1172; 63). EPA Region 4 SESD reviewed all data according to the contract 

SOW and EPA guidelines (Refs. 7, Appendix E, p. E-1172; 57). The MRLs are listed on the analytical 

data sheets in Reference 7, Appendix E. Each MRL is sample-specific and corresponds to the lowest 

quantitative point on the calibration curve; it is adjusted for the amount of sample prepared and any 

dilutions performed, as well as for percent moisture. The MRLs are equivalent to SQLs (Ref. 58).

TABLE 2: Analytical Results for Source No. 1 – May 2009 

Sample ID

Hazardous 

Substance

Hazardous

Substance 

Concentration MRL References

Source Samples (0 to 6 inches bgs)

AWI-209-SF PCB-1248 2,100J (2,100) μg/kg 420 μg/kg 

7, Appendix C, Logbook 1, p. 6; 7, 

Appendix E, p. E-1228; 30, p. 57; 53, 

pp. i, 1; 54, p. 8

AWI-209-SF PCB-1254 1,800 μg/kg 420 μg/kg 7, Appendix C, Logbook 1, p. 6; 7, 

Appendix E, p. E-1228; 30, p. 57 

AWI-209-SF PCB-1260 290 μg/kg 42 μg/kg 7, Appendix C, Logbook 1, p. 6; 7, 

Appendix E, p. E-1228; 30, p. 57 

AWI-210-SF PCB-1254 100 μg/kg 47 μg/kg 7, Appendix C, Logbook 1, p. 6; 7, 

Appendix E, p. E-1230; 30, p. 57 

AWI-211-SF PCB-1248 220J (220) μg/kg 48 μg/kg 

7, Appendix C, Logbook 1, p. 5; 7, 

Appendix E, p. E-1232; 30, p. 58; 53, 

pp. i, 1; 54, p. 8

AWI-211-SF PCB-1254 300 μg/kg 48 μg/kg 7, Appendix C, Logbook 1, p. 5; 7, 

Appendix E, p. E-1232; 30, p. 58 

Source Samples (12 to 24 inches bgs)

AWI-210-SB PCB-1248 76J (76) μg/kg 39 μg/kg 

7, Appendix C, Logbook 1, p. 6; 7, 

Appendix E, p. E-1229; 30, p. 57; 53, 

pp. i, 1; 54, p. 8 

AWI-210-SB PCB-1254 200 μg/kg 39 μg/kg 7, Appendix C, Logbook 1, p. 6; 7, 

Appendix E, p. E-1229; 30, p. 57 
Source No: 1

24 Source Characterization

TABLE 2: Analytical Results for Source No. 1 – May 2009 

Sample ID

Hazardous 

Substance

Hazardous

Substance 

Concentration MRL References

AWI-211-SB PCB-1248 200,000J (200,000) 

μg/kg 73,000 μg/kg 

7, Appendix C, Logbook 1, p. 5; 7, 

Appendix E, p. E-1231; 30, p. 58; 53, 

pp. i, 1; 54, p. 8 

AWI-211-SB PCB-1260 10,000 μg/kg 7,300 μg/kg 7, Appendix C, Logbook 1, p. 5; 7, 

Appendix E, p. E-1231; 30, p. 58 

Notes:

( ) Concentrations shown in parentheses were adjusted in accordance with References 53 and 54.

AWI Armstrong World Industries

bgs Below ground surface

ID Identification number

J The identification of the analyte is acceptable; the reported value is an estimate.

μg/kg Micrograms per kilogram

MRL Minimum reporting limit

PCB Polychlorinated biphenyl

SB Subsurface sample

SF Surface sample
Source No: 1

25 Source Characterization

2.2.3 HAZARDOUS SUBSTANCES AVAILABLE TO A PATHWAY

Samples collected from beneath the vegetative cover of Source No. 1 contained PCB-1248, PCB-1254, 

and PCB-1260 (Ref. 7, Appendix A, Figure 3, p. A-3; 7, Appendix E) (also see Table 2 of this HRS 

documentation record). Source No. 1 consists of a 3.99-acre landfill where WWTP sludge was disposed 

of (Refs. 6; 9, p. 3; 10, p. 6; 59). In late 1971, AWI outfitted its WWTP with two large coil filters that 

removed excess fiber from the WWTP influent. The fibrous material removed by the coil filters was 

subsequently disposed of in the WWTP landfill (Ref. 17, p. 23). During the late 1980s and early 1990s, 

AWI ceased disposing of its filtered sludge waste in Source No. 1. Although Source No. 1 has been 

stabilized with a vegetative cover and security fencing, it has not been formally closed (Refs. 17, p. 23; 

18, p. 3). No run-on or runoff control systems were observed during the EPA 2009 SI conducted at AWI 

(Ref. 34). Therefore, a containment factor value of 10, as noted in Table 3, was assigned for the surface 

water migration pathway (Ref. 1, Section 4.1.2.1.2.1.1). 

TABLE 3: Containment Factors for Source No. 1 

Containment Description

Containment 

Factor Value References

Gas release to air NS NA

Particulate release to air NS NA

Release to ground water NS NA

Release via overland migration and/or flood: no 

maintained or engineered cover; no functioning and 

maintained run-on control system or runoff 

management system. 

10 

1, Section 4.1.2.1.2.1.1, Table 4-2; 

34; see Figures 2 and 3 of this HRS 

documentation record

Notes:

NA Not applicable

NS Not scored
Source No: 1

26 Source Characterization

2.4.2.1 SOURCE HAZARDOUS WASTE QUANTITY

2.4.2.1.1 Hazardous Constituent Quantity

The information available is not sufficient to evaluate Tier A, hazardous constituent quantity, as required 

by Reference 1, Section 2.4.2.1.1. 

 Hazardous Constituent Quantity Assigned Value: NS 

2.4.2.1.2 Hazardous Wastestream Quantity

The information available is not sufficient to evaluate Tier B, hazardous wastestream quantity, as required 

by Reference 1, Section 2.4.2.1.2. 

Hazardous Wastestream Quantity Assigned Value: NS

2.4.2.1.3 Volume

The information available is not sufficient to evaluate Tier C, volume, as required by Reference 1, Section 

2.4.2.1.3. 

 Volume Assigned Value: 0 

2.4.2.1.4 Area

A figure provided by AWI depicts Source No. 1 (Ref. 17, Figure 2, p. 33). This figure was digitized 

using geographic information system (GIS) software, from which the area of Source No. 1 was calculated 

(see Reference 59 for details). The area of Source No.1 is about 174,158.72 square feet (ft2

), or 3.99 

acres (Refs. 6; 10, p. 6; 33; 59). 

Area (ft2

): 174,158.72 (Refs. 6; 10, p. 6; 33; 59) 

Equation for Assigning Value (Ref. 1, Table 2-5): Area (A)/3,400 

Area Assigned Value: 51.22 

2.4.2.1.5 Calculation of Source Hazardous Waste Quantity Value

A source hazardous waste quantity (HWQ) value of 51.22 is assigned for Source No. 1 (Ref. 1, Section 

2.4.2.1.5). 

Source HWQ Value: 51.22 
Source No: 2

27 Source Characterization

2.2 SOURCE CHARACTERIZATION

2.2.1 SOURCE IDENTIFICATION

Number of source: 2

Name of source: Combined AWI Remote Landfill and FMNOL 

Source Type: Landfill

Description and Location of Source (with reference to a map of the site): 

Source No. 2 consists of the 9.58-acre historical boundary of the combined AWI remote landfill and 

FMNOL (Ref. 59) (see Figure 4 of this HRS documentation record). The historical extent of Source No. 

2 was delineated by analyzing aerial photographs of the area taken over a 50-year period from 1938 to 

1988 (Refs. 20, pp. 26, 27, 30, 31, 34, 35, 38, 39, 42, 43, 46, 47; 59) (see Figure 4 of this HRS 

documentation record). Based on the aerial photographic analysis, the AWI remote landfill and the 

FMNOL were one large landfill between 1975 and 1988 (Ref. 20, pp. 38, 39, 42, 43, 46, 47). In addition, 

the commingled landfills contain the same types of hazardous substances (see Table 4 of this HRS 

documentation record). Sometime in 1996, a fence was erected on the southern parcel of the AWI 

property, giving the appearance of two distinctly separate landfills (Refs. 11, p. 11; 13, p. 1-6; 17, p. 28; 

19, p. 13; 21, p. 10). However, based on the aerial photographic record, commingling of wastes occurred 

between 1975 and 1988 (Ref. 20, pp. 38, 39, 42, 43, 46, 47). 

AWI began disposing of general and industrial trash, old equipment, and excess bark and scrap wood in 

the remote landfill in the mid-1960s (Refs. 17, p. 23; 19, p. 5). In late 1971, AWI outfitted its WWTP 

with two large coil filters that removed excess fiber from the WWTP influent. The fibrous sludge 

material removed by the coil filters was subsequently disposed of in either the AWI remote landfill or in 

the WWTP landfill (Refs. 17, p. 23; 18, pp. 1, 2; 19, p. 5). The FMNOL was reportedly used for disposal 

of solid wastes and ordnance throughout the operational history (1941 to 1974) of the MNOP (Ref. 11, p. 

2). The FMNOL was also used for disposal of used parts and construction debris (Refs. 11, p. 2; 12, p. 2-

11). 

According to historical aerial photographs, fill material was brought in and placed on the FMNOL in 

1955, 1958, and 1966 (Ref. 20, pp. 22, 23, 26, 27, 30, 31). Between 1975 and 1988, when the AWI 

remote landfill and the FMNOL formed one large landfill, fill material was also periodically brought in 

and placed on the landfill area (Ref. 20, pp. 34, 35, 42, 43, 46, 47). In 1977, when AWI reportedly ceased 

disposing of WWTP sludge material in the remote landfill, 2 feet of soil was placed on top of the landfill 

per the Georgia Department of Natural Resources’ (GADNR’s) request (Ref. 17, p. 23). The FMNOL 

was used throughout the operational history (1941–1974) of the FMNOP, and intermittent dumping 

continued throughout the 1980s (Refs. 8, p. 3; 11, p. 2; 20, pp. 42, 43, 46, 47). Since then, both landfills 

have been severely eroded, as evidenced by monitoring well pads that have been observed “floating”

several feet above the surface of the landfills (Refs. 7, Appendix D, p. D-4; 9, p. 6; 19, p. 20). 

Source samples collected from Source No. 2 in May 2009 contained benzo(a)anthracene, benzo(a)pyrene, 

benzo(k)fluoranthene, chrysene, dibenzo(a,h)anthracene, fluoranthene, indeno(1,2,3-cd)pyrene, 

phenanthrene, pyrene, PCB-1248, PCB-1254, PCB-1260, cadmium, chromium, lead, and manganese 

(Refs. 7, Appendix E; 8, Appendix B, Tables 5 through 8, pp. B-8 through B-32) (see Tables 4 and 6 of 

this HRS documentation record). As presented in Table 4 of this HRS documentation record, the AWI 

remote landfill and the FMNOL contain substantially the same hazardous substances. 
Source No: 2

28 Source Characterization

TABLE 4: Summary of Samples from Source No. 2 – AWI Remote Landfill and Former Macon Naval Ordnance Landfill

Sample Location Sample ID Hazardous Substances Detected References

AWI Remote Landfill 

AWI-213-SF, AWI-213-SB, 

AWI-214-SF, AWI-214-SB, 

AWI-215-SF, AWI-215-SB

Benzo(a)anthracene, benzo(a)pyrene, 

benzo(k)fluoranthene, chrysene, 

dibenzo(a,h)anthracene, fluoranthene, 

indeno(1,2,3-cd)pyrene, phenanthrene, pyrene, 

PCB-1254, cadmium, chromium, lead, manganese 

7, Appendix C, Logbook 1, pp. 3, 4; 

7, Appendix E, pp. E-1016, E-1017, 

E-1019, E-1025, E-1028, E-1029, 

E-1031, E-1236, E-1238, E-1240, 

E-1242, E-1244, E-1246, E-1382, 

E-1384, E-1386, E-1388, E-1390, 

E-1392; 30, pp. 9, 33, 34

Former Macon Naval 

Ordnance Landfill 

FML-302-SF, FML-303-SF, 

FML-303-SB, FML-306-SF, 

FML-306-SB, FML-310-SF

Benzo(a)anthracene, benzo(a)pyrene, 

benzo(k)fluoranthene, chrysene, fluoranthene, 

pyrene, PCB-1248, PCB-1254, PCB-1260, 

cadmium, chromium, lead, manganese 

7, Appendix E, pp. E-1133, E-1148, 

E-1151, E-1152, E-1311, E-1313, 

E-1315, E-1459, E-1461, E-1463, 

E-1473, E-1475, E-1665; 8, Appendix 

C, Logbook 1, pp. 3, 4, 5; 30, pp. 5, 

15, 50, 58, 59 

Notes:

AWI = Armstrong World Industries

FML = Former Macon Naval Ordnance Landfill

ID = Identification number

PCB = Polychlorinated biphenyl

SB = Subsurface sample

SF = Surface sample
Source No: 2

29 Source Characterization 

2.2.2 HAZARDOUS SUBSTANCES ASSOCIATED WITH THE SOURCE

EPA May 2009 Site Inspection and Expanded Site Inspection

Background Concentrations

The background soil samples listed in Table 5 were collected during the EPA May 2009 SI and ESI. The 

background soil samples were collected from the eastern portion of the FMNOP (currently AIP) property 

in areas where no known operations occurred (Refs. 7, pp. 8, 9, Appendix A, Figure 3, p. A-3; 67). 

Background surface soil samples were collected at a depth of 0 to 6 inches bgs, and the subsurface soil 

samples were collected at a depth of 12 to 24 inches bgs (Refs. 7, Appendix B, Table 1, pp. B-1, B-2, B3; 29, p. 16). Logbook notes are provided in Reference 32. The chain-of-custody records are provided in 

Reference 30. The locations of the background samples listed in Table 5 are depicted in Reference 7, 

Appendix A, Figure 3, page A-3, and are described in Reference 7, Appendix B, Table 1, pages B-1, B-2, 

and B-3 (also see Figure 4 of this HRS documentation record). 

Source No. 2 samples were compared to background to demonstrate that source concentrations are 

significantly above background concentrations. Background and Source No. 2 surface and subsurface 

samples were collected during the same sampling event and in accordance with the same sampling 

procedures (Refs. 7, Appendix C, Logbook 1, p. 1; 8, Appendix C, Logbook 1, p. 1; 28; 29, pp. 15, 17; 

32, p. 1). Background surface and subsurface soil samples were collected in accordance with the EPA 

Region 4 SESD Field Branches Quality System and Technical Procedures for Soil Sampling, 

SESDPROC-300-R1 (Refs. 28; 32, p. 1). 

Background samples were analyzed for total metals in accordance with the EPA CLP SOW ILM05.4 

(Refs. 7, Appendix E, pp. E-640, E-641; 61; 62). Samples were also analyzed for SVOCs and PCBs in 

accordance with the EPA CLP SOW SOM01.2 (Refs. 7, Appendix E, pp. E-207, E-208, E-464, E-465; 

63). EPA Region 4 SESD reviewed all data according to the contract SOW and EPA guidelines (Refs. 7, 

Appendix E, pp. E-208, E-465, E-641; 57). The MRLs are listed on the analytical data sheets in 

Reference 7, Appendix E. Each MRL is sample-specific and corresponds to the lowest quantitative point 

on the calibration curve; it is adjusted for the amount of sample prepared and any dilutions performed, as 

well as for percent moisture. The MRLs are equivalent to SQLs (Refs. 7, Appendix E, pp. E-220, E-477; 

58). 

TABLE 5: Analytical Results for Background Samples – May 2009

Sample ID

Hazardous 

Substance

Hazardous

Substance 

Concentration MRL References

Background Samples (0 to 6 inches bgs)

AIP-110-SF Benzo(a)anthracene 180U μg/kg 180 μg/kg 7, Appendix E, p. E-291; 30, p. 29; 

32, p. 2 

AIP-110-SF Benzo(a)pyrene 180U μg/kg 180 μg/kg 7, Appendix E, p. E-291; 30, p. 29; 

32, p. 2 

AIP-110-SF Benzo(k)fluoranthene 180U μg/kg 180 μg/kg 7, Appendix E, p. E-291; 30, p. 29; 

32, p. 2 

AIP-110-SF Chrysene 180U μg/kg 180 μg/kg 7, Appendix E, p. E-291; 30, p. 29; 

32, p. 2 

AIP-110-SF Fluoranthene 180U μg/kg 180 μg/kg 7, Appendix E, p. E-291; 30, p. 29; 

32, p. 2 
Source No: 2

30 Source Characterization 

TABLE 5: Analytical Results for Background Samples – May 2009

Sample ID

Hazardous 

Substance

Hazardous

Substance 

Concentration MRL References

AIP-110-SF Pyrene 180U μg/kg 180 μg/kg 7, Appendix E, p. E-292; 30, p. 29; 

32, p. 2 

AIP-110-SF PCB-1248 36U μg/kg 36 μg/kg 7, Appendix E, p. E-525; 30, p. 29; 

32, p. 2 

AIP-110-SF PCB-1254 36U μg/kg 36 μg/kg 7, Appendix E, p. E-525; 30, p. 29; 

32, p. 2 

AIP-110-SF PCB-1260 36U μg/kg 36 μg/kg 7, Appendix E, p. E-525; 30, p. 29; 

32, p. 2 

AIP-110-SF Cadmium 0.55U mg/kg 0.55 mg/kg 7, Appendix E, p. E-699; 30, p. 3; 

32, p. 2 

AIP-110-SF Chromium 8.1 mg/kg 1.1 mg/kg 7, Appendix E, p. E-699; 30, p. 3; 

32, p. 2 

AIP-110-SF Lead 9.3 mg/kg 1.1 mg/kg 7, Appendix E, p. E-699; 30, p. 3; 

32, p. 2 

AIP-110-SF Manganese 63 mg/kg 1.7 mg/kg 7, Appendix E, p. E-699; 30, p. 3; 

32, p. 2 

AIP-114-SF Benzo(a)anthracene 180U μg/kg 180 μg/kg 7, Appendix E, p. E-315; 30, p. 52; 

32, p. 16 

AIP-114-SF Benzo(a)pyrene 180U μg/kg 180 μg/kg 7, Appendix E, p. E-315; 30, p. 52; 

32, p. 16 

AIP-114-SF Benzo(k)fluoranthene 180U μg/kg 180 μg/kg 7, Appendix E, p. E-315; 30, p. 52; 

32, p. 16 

AIP-114-SF Chrysene 180U μg/kg 180 μg/kg 7, Appendix E, p. E-315; 30, p. 52; 

32, p. 16 

AIP-114-SF Fluoranthene 180U μg/kg 180 μg/kg 7, Appendix E, p. E-315; 30, p. 52; 

32, p. 16 

AIP-114-SF Pyrene 180U μg/kg 180 μg/kg 7, Appendix E, p. E-316; 30, p. 52; 

32, p. 16 

AIP-114-SF PCB-1254 36U μg/kg 36 μg/kg 7, Appendix E, p. E-541; 30, p. 52; 

32, p. 16 

AIP-114-SF PCB-1260 36U μg/kg 36 μg/kg 7, Appendix E, p. E-541; 30, p. 52; 

32, p. 16 

AIP-114-SF Cadmium 0.54U mg/kg 0.54 mg/kg 7, Appendix E, p. E-715; 30, p. 12; 

32, p. 16 

AIP-114-SF Chromium 6.7 mg/kg 1.1 mg/kg 7, Appendix E, p. E-715; 30, p. 12; 

32, p. 16 

AIP-114-SF Lead 14 mg/kg 1.1 mg/kg 7, Appendix E, p. E-715; 30, p. 12; 

32, p. 16 
Source No: 2

31 Source Characterization 

TABLE 5: Analytical Results for Background Samples – May 2009

Sample ID

Hazardous 

Substance

Hazardous

Substance 

Concentration MRL References

AIP-114-SF Manganese 160 mg/kg 1.6 mg/kg 7, Appendix E, p. E-715; 30, p. 12; 

32, p. 16 

Background Samples (12 to 24 inches bgs) 

AIP-110-SB Benzo(a)anthracene 190U μg/kg 190 μg/kg 7, Appendix E, p. E-288; 30, p. 29; 

32, p. 2 

AIP-110-SB Benzo(a)pyrene 190U μg/kg 190 μg/kg 7, Appendix E, p. E-288; 30, p. 29; 

32, p. 2 

AIP-110-SB Benzo(k)fluoranthene 190U μg/kg 190 μg/kg 7, Appendix E, p. E-288; 30, p. 29; 

32, p. 2 

AIP-110-SB Chrysene 190U μg/kg 190 μg/kg 7, Appendix E, p. E-288; 30, p. 29; 

32, p. 2 

AIP-110-SB Dibenzo(a,h)anthracene 190U μg/kg 190 μg/kg 7, Appendix E, p. E-288; 30, p. 29; 

32, p. 2 

AIP-110-SB Fluoranthene 190U μg/kg 190 μg/kg 7, Appendix E, p. E-288; 30, p. 29; 

32, p. 2 

AIP-110-SB Indeno(1,2,3-cd)pyrene 190U μg/kg 190 μg/kg 7, Appendix E, p. E-288; 30, p. 29; 

32, p. 2 

AIP-110-SB Phenanthrene 190U μg/kg 190 μg/kg 7, Appendix E, p. E-289; 30, p. 29; 

32, p. 2 

AIP-110-SB Pyrene 190U μg/kg 190 μg/kg 7, Appendix E, p. E-289; 30, p. 29; 

32, p. 2 

AIP-110-SB PCB-1248 38U μg/kg 38 μg/kg 7, Appendix E, p. E-523; 30, p. 29; 

32, p. 2 

AIP-110-SB PCB-1254 38U μg/kg 38 μg/kg 7, Appendix E, p. E-523; 30, p. 29; 

32, p. 2 

AIP-110-SB Cadmium 0.57U mg/kg 0.57 mg/kg 7, Appendix E, p. E-697; 30, p. 3; 

32, p. 2 

AIP-110-SB Chromium 12 mg/kg 1.1 mg/kg 7, Appendix E, p. E-697; 30, p. 3; 

32, p. 2 

AIP-110-SB Lead 5.7 mg/kg 1.1 mg/kg 7, Appendix E, p. E-697; 30, p. 3; 

32, p. 2 

AIP-110-SB Manganese 78 mg/kg 1.7 mg/kg 7, Appendix E, p. E-697; 30, p. 3; 

32, p. 2 

AIP-114-SB Benzo(a)anthracene 190U μg/kg 190 μg/kg 7, Appendix E, p. E-312; 30, p. 52; 

32, p. 16 

AIP-114-SB Benzo(a)pyrene 190U μg/kg 190 μg/kg 7, Appendix E, p. E-312; 30, p. 52; 

32, p. 16 
Source No: 2

32 Source Characterization 

TABLE 5: Analytical Results for Background Samples – May 2009

Sample ID

Hazardous 

Substance

Hazardous

Substance 

Concentration MRL References

AIP-114-SB Benzo(k)fluoranthene 190U μg/kg 190 μg/kg 7, Appendix E, p. E-312; 30, p. 52; 

32, p. 16 

AIP-114-SB Chrysene 190U μg/kg 190 μg/kg 7, Appendix E, p. E-312; 30, p. 52; 

32, p. 16 

AIP-114-SB Dibenzo(a,h)anthracene 190U μg/kg 190 μg/kg 7, Appendix E, p. E-312; 30, p. 52; 

32, p. 16 

AIP-114-SB Fluoranthene 190U μg/kg 190 μg/kg 7, Appendix E, p. E-312; 30, p. 52; 

32, p. 16 

AIP-114-SB Indeno(1,2,3-cd)pyrene 190U μg/kg 190 μg/kg 7, Appendix E, p. E-312; 30, p. 52; 

32, p. 16 

AIP-114-SB Phenanthrene 190U μg/kg 190 μg/kg 7, Appendix E, p. E-313; 30, p. 52; 

32, p. 16 

AIP-114-SB Pyrene 190U μg/kg 190 μg/kg 7, Appendix E, p. E-313; 30, p. 52; 

32, p. 16 

AIP-114-SB PCB-1254 38U μg/kg 38 μg/kg 7, Appendix E, p. E-539; 30, p. 52; 

32, p. 16 

AIP-114-SB Cadmium 0.56U mg/kg 0.56 mg/kg 7, Appendix E, p. E-713; 30, p. 12; 

32, p. 16 

AIP-114-SB Chromium 12 mg/kg 1.1 mg/kg 7, Appendix E, p. E-713; 30, p. 12; 

32, p. 16 

AIP-114-SB Lead 6.1 mg/kg 1.1 mg/kg 7, Appendix E, p. E-713; 30, p. 12; 

32, p. 16 

AIP-114-SB Manganese 18 mg/kg 1.7 mg/kg 7, Appendix E, p. E-713; 30, p. 12; 

32, p. 16 

Notes:

AIP Allied Industrial Park

bgs Below ground surface

ID Identification number

μg/kg Micrograms per kilogram

mg/kg Milligrams per kilogram

MRL Minimum reporting limit

PCB Polychlorinated biphenyl

SB Subsurface sample

SF Surface sample

U The analyte was not detected at or above the minimum reporting limit.
Source No: 2

33 Source Characterization 

2.2.2 HAZARDOUS SUBSTANCES ASSOCIATED WITH THE SOURCE

Source Concentrations

The source samples listed in Table 6 were collected during the EPA May 2009 SI and ESI. The source 

samples were collected within the historical boundary of the AWI remote landfill and the FMNOL (Ref. 

7, Appendix A, Figure 3, p. A-3). Source No. 2 has been severely eroded, as evidenced by monitoring 

well pads that have been observed “floating” several feet above the surface of the landfills (Refs. 7, 

Appendix D, p. D-4; 9, p. 6; 19, p. 20). Source No. 2 samples were collected at depths of 0 to 6 inches 

bgs and 12 to 24 inches bgs (Refs. 7, Appendix B, Table 1, pp. B-1, B-2, B-3; 29, p. 16). Source No. 2 

contains concrete rubble and debris (Ref. 72). Logbook notes are provided in Reference 7, Appendix C. 

The chain-of-custody records are provided in Reference 30. The locations of the source samples listed in 

Table 6 are depicted in Reference 7, Appendix A, Figure 3, page A-3, and are described in Reference 7, 

Appendix B, Table 1, pages B-1, B-2, and B-3, and in Reference 8, Appendix B, Table 1, pages B-1 and 

B-2 (also see Figure 4 of this HRS documentation record). 

The source samples were collected in accordance with the EPA Region 4 SESD Field Branches Quality 

System and Technical Procedures for Soil Sampling, SESDPROC-300-R1 (Refs. 7, Appendix C, 

Logbook 1, p. 1; 8, Appendix C, Logbook 1, p. 1; 28). Samples collected from Source No. 2 were 

analyzed for total metals in accordance with the EPA CLP SOW ILM05.4 (Refs. 7, Appendix E, pp. E1340, E-1341, E-1716, E-1717; 61; 62). Samples were also analyzed for SVOCs and PCBs in accordance 

with the EPA CLP SOW SOM01.2 (Refs. 7, Appendix E, pp. E-966, E-967, E-1171, E-1172, E-1557, E1558, E-1650, E-1651; 63). EPA Region 4 SESD reviewed all data according to the contract SOW and 

EPA guidelines (Refs. 7, Appendix E, pp. E-967, E-1172, E-1341, E-1558, E-1651, E-1717; 57). The 

MRLs are listed on the analytical data sheets in Reference 7, Appendix E. Each MRL is sample-specific 

and corresponds to the lowest quantitative point on the calibration curve; it is adjusted for the amount of 

sample prepared and any dilutions performed, as well as for percent moisture. The MRLs are equivalent 

to SQLs (Ref. 58). 

TABLE 6: Analytical Results for Source No. 2 Samples – May 2009 

Sample ID

Hazardous 

Substance

Hazardous

Substance 

Concentration MRL References

Source Samples (0 to 6 inches bgs)

AWI Side of Commingled Landfill 

AWI-213-SF Benzo(a)pyrene 250 μg/kg 220 μg/kg 7, Appendix C, Logbook 1, p. 3; 7, 

Appendix E, p. E-1019; 30, p. 33 

AWI-213-SF PCB-1254 340 μg/kg 44 μg/kg 7, Appendix C, Logbook 1, p. 3; 7, 

Appendix E, p. E-1238; 30, p. 33 

AWI-213-SF Lead 51 mg/kg 1.3 mg/kg 7, Appendix C, Logbook 1, p. 3; 7, 

Appendix E, p. E-1384; 30, p. 9 

AWI-213-SF Manganese 510 mg/kg 2.0 mg/kg 7, Appendix C, Logbook 1, p. 3; 7, 

Appendix E, p. E-1384; 30, p. 9 

AWI-214-SF Benzo(a)pyrene 460 μg/kg 220 μg/kg 7, Appendix C, Logbook 1, p. 3; 7, 

Appendix E, p. E-1025; 30, p. 34 

AWI-214-SF Chrysene 380 μg/kg 220 μg/kg 7, Appendix C, Logbook 1, p. 3; 7, 

Appendix E, p. E-1025; 30, p. 34 
Source No: 2

34 Source Characterization 

TABLE 6: Analytical Results for Source No. 2 Samples – May 2009 

Sample ID

Hazardous 

Substance

Hazardous

Substance 

Concentration MRL References

AWI-214-SF PCB-1254 260 μg/kg 43 μg/kg 7, Appendix C, Logbook 1, p. 3; 7, 

Appendix E, p. E-1242; 30, p. 34 

AWI-214-SF Cadmium 2.6J (1.8) 

mg/kg 0.66 mg/kg 

7, Appendix C, Logbook 1, p. 3; 7, 

Appendix E, p. E-1388; 30, p. 9; 53, p. 

1; 54, pp. 8, 18; 55, p. 2

AWI-214-SF Chromium 25 mg/kg 1.3 mg/kg 7, Appendix C, Logbook 1, p. 3; 7, 

Appendix E, p. E-1388; 30, p. 9 

AWI-214-SF Lead 87 mg/kg 1.3 mg/kg 7, Appendix C, Logbook 1, p. 3; 7, 

Appendix E, p. E-1388; 30, p. 9 

AWI-214-SF Manganese 600 mg/kg 2.0 mg/kg 7, Appendix C, Logbook 1, p. 3; 7, 

Appendix E, p. E-1388; 30, p. 9 

AWI-215-SF Benzo(a)pyrene 3,600 μg/kg 2,500 μg/kg 7, Appendix C, Logbook 1, p. 4; 7, 

Appendix E, p. E-1031; 30, p. 34 

AWI-215-SF PCB-1254 440 μg/kg 51 μg/kg 7, Appendix C, Logbook 1, p. 4; 7, 

Appendix E, p. E-1246; 30, p. 34 

AWI-215-SF Cadmium 140J (99.2) 

mg/kg 0.76 mg/kg 

7, Appendix C, Logbook 1, p. 4; 7, 

Appendix E, p. E-1392; 30, p. 9; 53, p. 

2; 54, pp. 8, 18; 55, p. 2 

AWI-215-SF Chromium 61 mg/kg 1.5 mg/kg 7, Appendix C, Logbook 1, p. 4; 7, 

Appendix E, p. E-1392; 30, p. 9 

AWI-215-SF Lead 54 mg/kg 1.5 mg/kg 7, Appendix C, Logbook 1, p. 4; 7, 

Appendix E, p. E-1392; 30, p. 9 

AWI-215-SF Manganese 700 mg/kg 2.3 mg/kg 7, Appendix C, Logbook 1, p. 4; 7, 

Appendix E, p. E-1392; 30, p. 9 

FMNOP Side of Commingled Landfill 

FML-302-SF PCB-1248 100J (100) 

μg/kg 38 μg/kg 

7, Appendix E, p. E-1311; 8, Appendix 

C, Logbook 1, p. 5; 30, p. 58; 53, pp. i, 

2; 54, p. 8

FML-302-SF PCB-1248 61 μg/kg 38 μg/kg 7, Appendix E, p. E-1311; 8, Appendix 

C, Logbook 1, p. 5; 30, p. 58 

FML-302-SF Cadmium 2.7 mg/kg 0.58 mg/kg 7, Appendix E, p. E-1459; 8, Appendix 

C, Logbook 1, p. 5; 30, p. 15 

FML-303-SF Fluoranthene 250 μg/kg 220 μg/kg 7, Appendix E, p. E-1133; 8, Appendix 

C, Logbook 1, p. 5; 30, p. 59 

FML-303-SF PCB-1248 180J (180) 

μg/kg 42 μg/kg 

7, Appendix E, p. E-1315; 8, Appendix 

C, Logbook 1, p. 5; 30, p. 59; 53, pp. i, 

2; 54, p. 8 

FML-303-SF PCB-1254 180 μg/kg 42 μg/kg 7, Appendix E, p. E-1315; 8, Appendix 

C, Logbook 1, p. 5; 30, p. 59 
Source No: 2

35 Source Characterization 

TABLE 6: Analytical Results for Source No. 2 Samples – May 2009 

Sample ID

Hazardous 

Substance

Hazardous

Substance 

Concentration MRL References

FML-303-SF Cadmium 13 mg/kg 0.63 mg/kg 7, Appendix E, p. E-1463; 8, Appendix 

C, Logbook 1, p. 5; 30, p. 15 

FML-303-SF Lead 560 mg/kg 1.3 mg/kg 7, Appendix E, p. E-1463; 8, Appendix 

C, Logbook 1, p. 5; 30, p. 15 

FML-306-SF Benzo(a)anthracene 410 μg/kg 260 μg/kg 7, Appendix E, p. E-1151; 8, Appendix 

C, Logbook 1, p. 3; 30, p. 50 

FML-306-SF Benzo(a)pyrene 540 μg/kg 260 μg/kg 7, Appendix E, p. E-1151; 8, Appendix 

C, Logbook 1, p. 3; 30, p. 50 

FML-306-SF Benzo(k)fluoranthene 500 μg/kg 260 μg/kg 7, Appendix E, p. E-1151; 8, Appendix 

C, Logbook 1, p. 3; 30, p. 50 

FML-306-SF Chrysene 500 μg/kg 260 μg/kg 7, Appendix E, p. E-1151; 8, Appendix 

C, Logbook 1, p. 3; 30, p. 50 

FML-306-SF Fluoranthene 570 μg/kg 260 μg/kg 7, Appendix E, p. E-1151; 8, Appendix 

C, Logbook 1, p. 3; 30, p. 50 

FML-306-SF Pyrene 510 μg/kg 260 μg/kg 7, Appendix E, p. E-1152; 8, Appendix 

C, Logbook 1, p. 3; 30, p. 50 

FML-306-SF Manganese 690 mg/kg 2.1 mg/kg 7, Appendix E, p. E-1475; 8, Appendix 

C, Logbook 1, p. 3; 30, p. 5 

FML-310-SF PCB-1260 90 μg/kg 38 μg/kg 7, Appendix E, p. E-1665; 8, Appendix 

C, Logbook 1, p. 3; 30, p. 50 

Source Samples (12 to 24 inches bgs)

AWI Side of Commingled Landfill 

AWI-213-SB Benzo(a)anthracene 490J (490) 

μg/kg 210 μg/kg 

7, Appendix C, Logbook 1, p. 3; 7, 

Appendix E, p. E-1016; 30, p. 33; 53, p. 

2; 54, p. 8; 55, p. 1

AWI-213-SB Benzo(a)pyrene 600J (600) 

μg/kg 210 μg/kg 

7, Appendix C, Logbook 1, p. 3; 7, 

Appendix E, p. E-1016; 30, p. 33; 53, p. 

2; 54, p. 8; 55, p. 1

AWI-213-SB Benzo(k)fluoranthene 340J (340) 

μg/kg 210 μg/kg 

7, Appendix C, Logbook 1, p. 3; 7, 

Appendix E, p. E-1016; 30, p. 33; 53, p. 

2; 54, p. 8; 55, p. 1 

AWI-213-SB Chrysene 600J (600) 

μg/kg 210 μg/kg 

7, Appendix C, Logbook 1, p. 3; 7, 

Appendix E, p. E-1016; 30, p. 33; 53, p. 

3; 54, p. 8; 55, p. 1

AWI-213-SB Dibenzo(a,h)anthracene 250J (250) 

μg/kg 210 μg/kg 

7, Appendix C, Logbook 1, p. 3; 7, 

Appendix E, p. E-1016; 30, p. 33; 53, p. 

3; 54, p. 8; 55, p. 1

AWI-213-SB Fluoranthene 1,100J (1,100) 

μg/kg 210 μg/kg 

7, Appendix C, Logbook 1, p. 3; 7, 

Appendix E, p. E-1016; 30, p. 33; 53, p. 

3; 54, p. 8; 55, p. 1 
Source No: 2

36 Source Characterization 

TABLE 6: Analytical Results for Source No. 2 Samples – May 2009 

Sample ID

Hazardous 

Substance

Hazardous

Substance 

Concentration MRL References

AWI-213-SB Indeno(1,2,3-cd)pyrene 510J (510) 

μg/kg 210 μg/kg 

7, Appendix C, Logbook 1, p. 3; 7, 

Appendix E, p. E-1016; 30, p. 33; 53, p. 

3; 54, p. 8; 55, p. 1 

AWI-213-SB Phenanthrene 890 μg/kg 210 μg/kg 7, Appendix C, Logbook 1, p. 3; 7, 

Appendix E, p. E-1017; 30, p. 33 

AWI-213-SB Pyrene 890J (890) 

μg/kg 210 μg/kg 

7, Appendix C, Logbook 1, p. 3; 7, 

Appendix E, p. E-1017; 30, p. 33; 53, p. 

3; 54, p. 8; 55, p. 1

AWI-213-SB PCB-1254 470 μg/kg 40 μg/kg 7, Appendix C, Logbook 1, p. 3; 7, 

Appendix E, p. E-1236; 30, p. 33 

AWI-213-SB Cadmium 2.5J (1.77) 

mg/kg 0.60 mg/kg 

7, Appendix C, Logbook 1, p. 3; 7, 

Appendix E, p. E-1382; 30, p. 9; 53, p. 

4; 54, pp. 8, 18; 55, p. 2 

AWI-213-SB Lead 61 mg/kg 1.2 mg/kg 7, Appendix C, Logbook 1, p. 3; 7, 

Appendix E, p. E-1382; 30, p. 9 

AWI-213-SB Manganese 430 mg/kg 1.8 mg/kg 7, Appendix C, Logbook 1, p. 3; 7, 

Appendix E, p. E-1382; 30, p. 9 

AWI-214-SB PCB-1254 2,000 μg/kg 420 μg/kg 7, Appendix C, Logbook 1, p. 3; 7, 

Appendix E, p. E-1240; 30, p. 33 

AWI-214-SB Cadmium 3.9J (2.76) 

mg/kg 0.65 mg/kg 

7, Appendix C, Logbook 1, p. 3; 7, 

Appendix E, p. E-1386; 30, p. 9; 53, p. 

4; 54, pp. 8, 18; 55, p. 2

AWI-214-SB Lead 120 mg/kg 1.3 mg/kg 7, Appendix C, Logbook 1, p. 3; 7, 

Appendix E, p. E-1386; 30, p. 9 

AWI-214-SB Manganese 700 mg/kg 1.9 mg/kg 7, Appendix C, Logbook 1, p. 3; 7, 

Appendix E, p. E-1386; 30, p. 9 

AWI-215-SB Benzo(a)anthracene 1,200 μg/kg 280 μg/kg 7, Appendix C, Logbook 1, p. 4; 7, 

Appendix E, p. E-1028; 30, p. 34 

AWI-215-SB Benzo(a)pyrene 3,500 μg/kg 280 μg/kg 7, Appendix C, Logbook 1, p. 4; 7, 

Appendix E, p. E-1028; 30, p. 34 

AWI-215-SB Benzo(k)fluoranthene 1,200 μg/kg 280 μg/kg 7, Appendix C, Logbook 1, p. 4; 7, 

Appendix E, p. E-1028; 30, p. 34 

AWI-215-SB Chrysene 2,100 μg/kg 280 μg/kg 7, Appendix C, Logbook 1, p. 4; 7, 

Appendix E, p. E-1028; 30, p. 34 

AWI-215-SB Dibenzo(a,h)anthracene 870 μg/kg 280 μg/kg 7, Appendix C, Logbook 1, p. 4; 7, 

Appendix E, p. E-1028; 30, p. 34 

AWI-215-SB Indeno(1,2,3-cd)pyrene 1,400 μg/kg 280 μg/kg 7, Appendix C, Logbook 1, p. 4; 7, 

Appendix E, p. E-1028; 30, p. 34 

AWI-215-SB Pyrene 760 μg/kg 280 μg/kg 7, Appendix C, Logbook 1, p. 4; 7, 

Appendix E, p. E-1029; 30, p. 34 
Source No: 2

37 Source Characterization 

TABLE 6: Analytical Results for Source No. 2 Samples – May 2009 

Sample ID

Hazardous 

Substance

Hazardous

Substance 

Concentration MRL References

AWI-215-SB PCB-1254 230 μg/kg 55 μg/kg 7, Appendix C, Logbook 1, p. 4; 7, 

Appendix E, p. E-1244; 30, p. 34 

AWI-215-SB Cadmium 4.9J (3.47) 

mg/kg 0.85 mg/kg 

7, Appendix C, Logbook 1, p. 4; 7, 

Appendix E, p. E-1390; 30, p. 9; 53, p. 

4; 54, pp. 8, 18; 55, p. 2

AWI-215-SB Lead 46 mg/kg 1.7 mg/kg 7, Appendix C, Logbook 1, p. 4; 7, 

Appendix E, p. E-1390; 30, p. 9 

AWI-215-SB Manganese 770 mg/kg 2.5 mg/kg 7, Appendix C, Logbook 1, p. 4; 7, 

Appendix E, p. E-1390; 30, p. 9 

FMNOP Side of Commingled Landfill 

FML-303-SB PCB-1248 69J (69) μg/kg 41 μg/kg 

7, Appendix E, p. E-1313; 8, Appendix 

C, Logbook 1, p. 5; 30, p. 58; 53, pp. i, 

4; 54, p. 8

FML-303-SB PCB-1254 74 μg/kg 41 μg/kg 7, Appendix E, p. E-1313; 8, Appendix 

C, Logbook 1, p. 5; 30, p. 58 

FML-303-SB Cadmium 150 mg/kg 0.62 mg/kg 7, Appendix E, p. E-1461; 8, Appendix 

C, Logbook 1, p. 5; 30, p. 15 

FML-303-SB Chromium 140 mg/kg 1.2 mg/kg 7, Appendix E, p. E-1461; 8, Appendix 

C, Logbook 1, p. 5; 30, p. 15 

FML-303-SB Lead 1,000 mg/kg 1.2 mg/kg 7, Appendix E, p. E-1461; 8, Appendix 

C, Logbook 1, p. 5; 30, p. 15 

FML-303-SB Manganese 1,500 mg/kg 1.9 mg/kg 7, Appendix E, p. E-1461; 8, Appendix 

C, Logbook 1, p. 5; 30, p. 15 

FML-306-SB Benzo(a)pyrene 670 μg/kg 290 μg/kg 7, Appendix E, p. E-1148; 8, Appendix 

C, Logbook 1, p. 4; 30, p. 50 

FML-306-SB Chrysene 350J (350) 

μg/kg 290 μg/kg 

7, Appendix E, p. E-1148; 8, Appendix 

C, Logbook 1, p. 4; 30, p. 50; 53, p. 4; 

54, p. 8; 55, p. 1

FML-306-SB Lead 35 mg/kg 1.7 mg/kg 7, Appendix E, p. E-1473; 8, Appendix 

C, Logbook 1, p. 4; 30, p. 5 

Notes:

( ) Concentrations shown in parentheses were adjusted in accordance with References 53, 54, and 55.

AWI Armstrong World Industries

bgs Below ground surface

FML Former Macon Naval Ordnance Landfill

ID Identification number

J The identification of the analyte is acceptable; the reported value is an estimate.

μg/kg Micrograms per kilogram

mg/kg Milligrams per kilogram

MRL Minimum reporting limit

PCB Polychlorinated biphenyl

SB Subsurface sample

SF Surface sample 
Source No: 2

38 Source Characterization 

2.2.3 HAZARDOUS SUBSTANCES AVAILABLE TO A PATHWAY

Source samples collected from Source No. 2 contained SVOCs, PCBs, and metals (Refs. 7, Appendix E; 

8, Appendix A, Figure 3, p. A-3) (also see Table 6 of this HRS documentation record). Source No. 2 is a 

9.58-acre landfill encompassing the historical boundary of the commingled AWI remote landfill and 

FMNOL located on the southern parcel of the AWI property and the adjacent MWA property (Refs. 6; 9, 

p. 3; 10, p. 6; 59). AWI began disposing of general and industrial trash, old equipment, and excess bark 

and scrap wood in the remote landfill in the mid-1960s (Refs. 17, p. 23; 19, p. 5). Fibrous material 

removed by the coil filters in the WWTP was also disposed of in the remote landfill until 1977 (Refs. 10, 

p. 2; 17, p. 23; 18, pp. 1, 2). The FMNOP (currently AIP), located adjacent to the AWI plant property, 

disposed of solid wastes and ordnance in the FMNOL (Ref. 8, p. 3). Samples collected from each landfill 

contain similar hazardous substances (see Table 4 of this HRS documentation record). No run-on or 

runoff control systems were observed during the EPA 2009 SI at AWI and the ESI at FMNOL (Ref. 34). 

The commingled landfill is located within the 100-year floodplain of Rocky Creek and, as a result, is

prone to frequent flooding (Refs. 38; 39; 50, p. 4-18). A containment factor value of 10, as noted in Table 

7, was assigned for the surface water migration pathway (Ref. 1, Section 4.1.2.1.2.1.1). 

TABLE 7: Containment Factors for Source No. 2 

Containment Description

Containment 

Factor Value References

Gas release to air NS NA

Particulate release to air NS NA

Release to ground water NS NA

Release via overland migration and/or flood: no 

maintained or engineered cover; no functioning and 

maintained run-on control system or runoff 

management system. 

10 

1, Section 4.1.2.1.2.1.1, Table 4-2; 

34; 38, p. 3; see Figures 2 and 4 of 

this HRS documentation record 

Notes:

NA Not applicable

NS Not scored
Source No: 2

39 Source Characterization 

2.4.2.1 SOURCE HAZARDOUS WASTE QUANTITY

2.4.2.1.1 Hazardous Constituent Quantity

The information available is not sufficient to evaluate Tier A, hazardous constituent quantity, as required 

by Reference 1, Section 2.4.2.1.1. 

Hazardous Constituent Quantity Assigned Value: NS 

2.4.2.1.2 Hazardous Wastestream Quantity

The information available is not sufficient to evaluate Tier B, hazardous wastestream quantity, as required 

by Reference 1, Section 2.4.2.1.2.

Hazardous Wastestream Quantity Assigned Value: NS

2.4.2.1.3 Volume

The information available is not sufficient to evaluate Tier C, volume, as required by Reference 1, Section 

2.4.2.1.3. 

 Volume Assigned Value: 0 

2.4.2.1.4 Area

The historical extent of Source No. 2 was delineated by analyzing the disposal areas depicted in aerial 

photographs taken over a 50-year period from 1938 to 1988 (Refs. 20, pp. 26, 27, 30, 31, 34, 35, 38, 39, 

42, 43, 46, 47; 59) (see Figure 4 of this HRS documentation record). The disposal areas depicted in the 

aerial photographs were digitized using GIS software to calculate the area of Source No. 2 (Ref. 59). 

Source No. 2 covers about 417,661.67 square feet (ft2

) in area, or 9.58 acres (Refs. 6; 10, p. 6; 33; 59). 

Area (ft2

): 417,661.67 (Refs. 6; 10, p. 6; 33; 59) 

Equation for Assigning Value (Ref. 1, Table 2-5): Area (A)/3,400 

Area Assigned Value: 122.84 

2.4.2.1.5 Calculation of Source Hazardous Waste Quantity Value

A source HWQ value of 122.84 is assigned for Source No. 2 (Ref. 1, Section 2.4.2.1.5). 

Source HWQ Value: 122.84 
Source No. 3

40 Source Characterization

2.2 SOURCE CHARACTERIZATION

2.2.1 SOURCE IDENTIFICATION

Number of source: 3

Name of source: Contaminated soil surrounding the AWI remote landfill and the FMNOL

Source Type: Contaminated Soil

Description and Location of Source (with reference to a map of the site): 

Source No. 3 consists of contaminated soil surrounding the AWI remote landfill and the FMNOL (see 

Figure 4 of this HRS documentation record). 

AWI disposed of general and industrial trash, old equipment, and excess bark and scrap wood in the 

remote landfill in the mid-1960s (Refs. 17, p. 23; 19, p. 5). Fibrous sludge material removed by the coil 

filters in the WWTP was also disposed of in the AWI remote landfill until 1977 (Refs. 10, p. 2; 17, p. 23; 

18, pp. 1, 2). The FMNOL was reportedly used for disposal of solid wastes and ordnance throughout the 

operational history (1941 to 1974) of the FMNOP (Refs. 8, p. 3; 11, p. 2; 20, pp. 42, 43, 46, 47). Since 

then, both landfills have been severely eroded, as evidenced by monitoring well pads that have been 

observed “floating” several feet above the surface of the landfills (Refs. 7, Appendix D, p. D-4; 9, p. 6; 

19, p. 20). In addition, both landfills and the soil surrounding them are located within the 100-year 

floodplain of Rocky Creek and, as a result, are prone to frequent flooding (Refs. 38; 39). Therefore, the 

potential has existed for hazardous substances detected in the landfills to migrate to the surrounding soil, 

and is a likely source of the soil contamination (Refs. 7, Appendix E; 8, Appendix B, Tables 5 through 8, 

pp. B-8 through B-32). 

Hazardous substances detected in the soil surrounding the commingled landfill (Source No. 2) include 

SVOCs, PCBs, and metals (Refs. 7, Appendix E; 8, Appendix B, Tables 5 through 8, pp. B-8 through B32) (see Table 9 of this HRS documentation record). The same hazardous substances detected in Source 

No. 3 were also detected in the commingled landfill (Source No. 2) (Refs. 7, Appendix E; 8, Appendix B, 

Tables 5 through 8, pp. B-8 through B-32) (see Tables 4, 6, and 9 of this HRS documentation record). 

Surface and subsurface soil samples collected from Source No. 3 contained elevated concentrations of 

benzo(a)anthracene, benzo(a)pyrene, benzo(k)fluoranthene, chrysene, fluoranthene, pyrene, PCB-1248, 

PCB-1254, PCB-1260, cadmium, chromium, lead, and manganese (Refs. 7, Appendix E; 8, Appendix B, 

Tables 5 through 8, pp. B-8 through B-32) (see Table 9 of this HRS documentation record). To 

demonstrate a relative increase over background, hazardous substance concentrations in Source No. 3 

samples are compared to background levels in area soils. 
Source No. 3

41 Source Characterization

2.2.2 HAZARDOUS SUBSTANCES ASSOCIATED WITH THE SOURCE

EPA May 2009 Site Inspection and Expanded Site Inspection

Background Concentrations

The background soil samples listed in Table 8 were collected during the EPA May 2009 SI and ESI. The 

background soil samples were collected from the eastern portion of the FMNOP (currently AIP) property 

in an area where no known operations occurred (Refs. 7, Appendix A, Figure 3, p. A-3; 67). Background 

surface soil samples were collected at a depth of 0 to 6 inches bgs, and the subsurface soil samples were 

collected at a depth of 12 to 24 inches bgs (Refs. 7, Appendix B, Table 1, pp. B-1, B-2, B-3; 29, p. 16). 

Logbook notes are provided in Reference 32. The chain-of-custody records are provided in Reference 30. 

The locations of the background samples listed in Table 8 are depicted in Reference 7, Appendix A, 

Figure 3, page A-3, and are described in Reference 7, Appendix B, Table 1, pages B-1, B-2, and B-3 (also 

see Figure 4 of this HRS documentation record). 

Background and Source No. 3 surface and subsurface soil samples were collected during the same 

sampling event, in accordance with the same sampling procedures and from the same soil type (Cowarts 

sandy loam) (Refs. 7, Appendix C, Logbook 1, p. 1; 8, Appendix C, Logbook 1, p. 1; 28; 29, pp. 15, 16; 

31, pp. 2, 8; 32, p. 1). Background surface and subsurface soil samples were collected in accordance with 

the EPA Region 4 SESD Field Branches Quality System and Technical Procedures for Soil Sampling, 

SESDPROC-300-R1 (Refs. 28; 32, p. 1).

Background samples were analyzed for total metals in accordance with the EPA CLP SOW ILM05.4 

(Refs. 7, Appendix E, pp. E-640, E-641; 61; 62). Samples were also analyzed for SVOCs and PCBs in 

accordance with the EPA CLP SOW SOM01.2 (Refs. 7, Appendix E, pp. E-207, E-208, E-464, E-465; 

63). EPA Region 4 SESD reviewed all data according to the contract SOW and EPA guidelines (Refs. 7, 

Appendix E, pp. E-208, E-465, E-641; 57). The MRLs are listed on the analytical data sheets in 

Reference 7, Appendix E. Each MRL is sample-specific and corresponds to the lowest quantitative point 

on the calibration curve; it is adjusted for the amount of sample prepared and any dilutions performed, as 

well as for percent moisture. The MRLs are equivalent to SQLs (Ref. 58).

TABLE 8: Analytical Results for Background Samples – May 2009

Sample ID

Hazardous 

Substance

Hazardous

Substance 

Concentration MRL References

Background Samples (0 to 6 inches bgs)

AIP-110-SF Benzo(a)anthracene 180U μg/kg 180 μg/kg 7, Appendix E, p. E-291; 30, 

p. 29; 32, p. 2 

AIP-110-SF Benzo(a)pyrene 180U μg/kg 180 μg/kg 7, Appendix E, p. E-291; 30, 

p. 29; 32, p. 2 

AIP-110-SF Benzo(k)fluoranthene 180U μg/kg 180 μg/kg 7, Appendix E, p. E-291; 30, 

p. 29; 32, p. 2 

AIP-110-SF Chrysene 180U μg/kg 180 μg/kg 7, Appendix E, p. E-291; 30, 

p. 29; 32, p. 2 

AIP-110-SF Fluoranthene 180U μg/kg 180 μg/kg 7, Appendix E, p. E-291; 30, 

p. 29; 32, p. 2 

AIP-110-SF Pyrene 180U μg/kg 180 μg/kg 7, Appendix E, p. E-292; 30, 

p. 29; 32, p. 2 
Source No. 3

42 Source Characterization

TABLE 8: Analytical Results for Background Samples – May 2009

Sample ID

Hazardous 

Substance

Hazardous

Substance 

Concentration MRL References

AIP-110-SF PCB-1248 36U μg/kg 36 μg/kg 7, Appendix E, p. E-525; 30, 

p. 29; 32, p. 2 

AIP-110-SF PCB-1254 36U μg/kg 36 μg/kg 7, Appendix E, p. E-525; 30, 

p. 29; 32, p. 2 

AIP-110-SF PCB-1260 36U μg/kg 36 μg/kg 7, Appendix E, p. E-525; 30, 

p. 29; 32, p. 2 

AIP-110-SF Cadmium 0.55U mg/kg 0.55 mg/kg 7, Appendix E, p. E-699; 30, 

p. 3; 32, p. 2 

AIP-110-SF Lead 9.3 mg/kg 1.1 mg/kg 7, Appendix E, p. E-699; 30, 

p. 3; 32, p. 2 

AIP-110-SF Manganese 63 mg/kg 1.7 mg/kg 7, Appendix E, p. E-699; 30, 

p. 3; 32, p. 2 

AIP-114-SF Benzo(a)anthracene 180U μg/kg 180 μg/kg 7, Appendix E, p. E-315; 30, 

p. 52; 32, p. 16 

AIP-114-SF Benzo(a)pyrene 180U μg/kg 180 μg/kg 7, Appendix E, p. E-315; 30, 

p. 52; 32, p. 16 

AIP-114-SF Benzo(k)fluoranthene 180U μg/kg 180 μg/kg 7, Appendix E, p. E-315; 30, 

p. 52; 32, p. 16 

AIP-114-SF Chrysene 180U μg/kg 180 μg/kg 7, Appendix E, p. E-315; 30, 

p. 52; 32, p. 16 

AIP-114-SF Fluoranthene 180U μg/kg 180 μg/kg 7, Appendix E, p. E-315; 30, 

p. 52; 32, p. 16 

AIP-114-SF Pyrene 180U μg/kg 180 μg/kg 7, Appendix E, p. E-316; 30, 

p. 52; 32, p. 16 

AIP-114-SF PCB-1254 36U μg/kg 36 μg/kg 7, Appendix E, p. E-541; 30, 

p. 52; 32, p. 16 

AIP-114-SF PCB-1260 36U μg/kg 36 μg/kg 7, Appendix E, p. E-541; 30, 

p. 52; 32, p. 16 

AIP-114-SF Cadmium 0.54U mg/kg 0.54 mg/kg 7, Appendix E, p. E-715; 30, 

p. 12; 32, p. 16 

AIP-114-SF Lead 14 mg/kg 1.1 mg/kg 7, Appendix E, p. E-715; 30, 

p. 12; 32, p. 16 

AIP-114-SF Manganese 160 mg/kg 1.6 mg/kg 7, Appendix E, p. E-715; 30, 

p. 12; 32, p. 16 

Background Samples (12 to 24 inches bgs)

AIP-110-SB Benzo(a)pyrene 190U μg/kg 190 μg/kg 7, Appendix E, p. E-288; 30, 

p. 29; 32, p. 2 
Source No. 3

43 Source Characterization

TABLE 8: Analytical Results for Background Samples – May 2009

Sample ID

Hazardous 

Substance

Hazardous

Substance 

Concentration MRL References

AIP-110-SB Chrysene 190U μg/kg 190 μg/kg 7, Appendix E, p. E-288; 30, 

p. 29; 32, p. 2 

AIP-110-SB PCB-1248 38U μg/kg 38 μg/kg 7, Appendix E, p. E-523; 30, 

p. 29; 32, p. 2 

AIP-110-SB PCB-1254 38U μg/kg 38 μg/kg 7, Appendix E, p. E-523; 30, 

p. 29; 32, p. 2 

AIP-110-SB PCB-1260 38U μg/kg 38 μg/kg 7, Appendix E, p. E-523; 30, 

p. 29; 32, p. 2 

AIP-110-SB Cadmium 0.57U mg/kg 0.57 mg/kg 7, Appendix E, p. E-697; 30, 

p. 3; 32, p. 2 

AIP-110-SB Chromium 12 mg/kg 1.1 mg/kg 7, Appendix E, p. E-697; 30, 

p. 3; 32, p. 2 

AIP-110-SB Lead 5.7 mg/kg 1.1 mg/kg 7, Appendix E, p. E-697; 30, 

p. 3; 32, p. 2 

AIP-110-SB Manganese 78 mg/kg 1.7 mg/kg 7, Appendix E, p. E-697; 30, 

p. 3; 32, p. 2 

AIP-114-SB Benzo(a)pyrene 190U μg/kg 190 μg/kg 7, Appendix E, p. E-312; 30, 

p. 52; 32, p. 16 

AIP-114-SB Chrysene 190U μg/kg 190 μg/kg 7, Appendix E, p. E-312; 30, 

p. 52; 32, p. 16 

AIP-114-SB PCB-1254 38U μg/kg 38 μg/kg 7, Appendix E, p. E-539; 30, 

p. 52; 32, p. 16 

AIP-114-SB PCB-1260 38U μg/kg 38 μg/kg 7, Appendix E, p. E-539; 30, 

p. 52; 32, p. 16 

AIP-114-SB Cadmium 0.56U mg/kg 0.56 mg/kg 7, Appendix E, p. E-713; 30, 

p. 12; 32, p. 16 

AIP-114-SB Chromium 12 mg/kg 1.1 mg/kg 7, Appendix E, p. E-713; 30, 

p. 12; 32, p. 16 

AIP-114-SB Lead 6.1 mg/kg 1.1 mg/kg 7, Appendix E, p. E-713; 30, 

p. 12; 32, p. 16 

AIP-114-SB Manganese 18 mg/kg 1.7 mg/kg 7, Appendix E, p. E-713; 30, 

p. 12; 32, p. 16 
Source No. 3

44 Source Characterization

Notes:

AIP Allied Industrial Park

bgs Below ground surface

ID Identification number

μg/kg Micrograms per kilogram

mg/kg Milligrams per kilogram

MRL Minimum reporting limit

PCB Polychlorinated biphenyl

SB Subsurface sample

SF Surface sample

U The analyte was not detected at or above the minimum reporting limit.

 
Source No. 3

45 Source Characterization

Source Concentrations

The Source No. 3 soil samples listed in Table 9 were collected during the EPA May 2009 SI and ESI. 

The samples were collected from the area surrounding Source No. 2 (Ref. 7, Appendix A, Figure 3, p. A3) (also see Figure 4 of this HRS documentation record). Source No. 3 surface soil samples were 

collected at a depth of 0 to 6 inches bgs, and the subsurface soil samples were collected at a depth of 12 to 

24 inches bgs (Refs. 7, Appendix B, Table 1, pp. B-1, B-2, B-3; 29, p. 16). Logbook notes are provided 

in Reference 7, Appendix C. The chain-of-custody records are provided in Reference 30. The locations 

of the source samples listed in Table 9 are depicted in Reference 7, Appendix A, Figure 3, page A-3, and 

are described in Reference 7, Appendix B, Table 1, pages B-1, B-2, and B-3, and in Reference 8, 

Appendix B, Table 1, pages B-1 and B-2 (also see Figure 4 of this HRS documentation record). 

Surface and subsurface soil samples were collected in accordance with the EPA Region 4 SESD Field 

Branches Quality System and Technical Procedures for Soil Sampling, SESDPROC-300-R1 (Refs. 7, 

Appendix C, Logbook 1, p. 1; 8, Appendix C, Logbook 1, p. 1; 28). Samples collected from Source No. 3 

were analyzed for total metals in accordance with the EPA CLP SOW ILM05.4 (Refs. 7, Appendix E, pp. 

E-1340, E-1341, E-1716, E-1717; 61; 62). Samples were also analyzed for SVOCs and PCBs in 

accordance with the EPA CLP SOW SOM01.2 (Refs. 7, Appendix E, pp. E-966, E-967, E-1171, E-1172; 

63). EPA Region 4 SESD reviewed all data according to the contract SOW and EPA guidelines (Refs. 7, 

Appendix E, pp. E-967, E-1172, E-1341, E-1717; 57). The MRLs are listed on the analytical data sheets 

in Reference 7, Appendix E. Each MRL is sample-specific and corresponds to the lowest quantitative 

point on the calibration curve; it is adjusted for the amount of sample prepared and any dilutions 

performed, as well as for percent moisture. The MRLs are equivalent to SQLs (Ref. 58).

TABLE 9: Analytical Results for Source No. 3 Samples – May 2009 

Sample ID

Hazardous 

Substance

Hazardous

Substance 

Concentration MRL References

Source Samples (0 to 6 inches bgs)

AWI-216-SF PCB-1254 4,000 μg/kg 560 μg/kg 7, Appendix C, Logbook 1, p. 4; 7, 

Appendix E, p. E-1250; 30, p. 34 

AWI-216-SF Cadmium 2.3 mg/kg 0.86 mg/kg 7, Appendix C, Logbook 1, p. 4; 7, 

Appendix E, p. E-1396; 30, p. 10 

AWI-216-SF Lead 57 mg/kg 1.7 mg/kg 7, Appendix C, Logbook 1, p. 4; 7, 

Appendix E, p. E-1396; 30, p. 10 

AWI-216-SF Manganese 750 mg/kg 2.6 mg/kg 7, Appendix C, Logbook 1, p. 4; 7, 

Appendix E, p. E-1396; 30, p. 10 

FML-300-SF Fluoranthene 240 μg/kg 200 μg/kg 7, Appendix E, p. E-1115; 8, Appendix 

C, Logbook 1, p. 2; 30, p. 50 

FML-301-SF Benzo(a)anthracene 350 μg/kg 230 μg/kg 7, Appendix E, p. E-1121; 8, Appendix 

C, Logbook 1, p. 2; 30, p. 50 

FML-301-SF Benzo(a)pyrene 560 μg/kg 230 μg/kg 7, Appendix E, p. E-1121; 8, Appendix 

C, Logbook 1, p. 2; 30, p. 50 

FML-301-SF Benzo(k)fluoranthene 290 μg/kg 230 μg/kg 7, Appendix E, p. E-1121; 8, Appendix 

C, Logbook 1, p. 2; 30, p. 50 

FML-301-SF Chrysene 560 μg/kg 230 μg/kg 7, Appendix E, p. E-1121; 8, Appendix 

C, Logbook 1, p. 2; 30, p. 50 
Source No. 3

46 Source Characterization

TABLE 9: Analytical Results for Source No. 3 Samples – May 2009 

Sample ID

Hazardous 

Substance

Hazardous

Substance 

Concentration MRL References

FML-301-SF Fluoranthene 480 μg/kg 230 μg/kg 7, Appendix E, p. E-1121; 8, Appendix 

C, Logbook 1, p. 2; 30, p. 50 

FML-301-SF Pyrene 470 μg/kg 230 μg/kg 7, Appendix E, p. E-1122; 8, Appendix 

C, Logbook 1, p. 2; 30, p. 50 

FML-301-SF PCB-1248 2,000J (2,000) 

μg/kg 440 μg/kg 

7, Appendix E, p. E-1307; 8, Appendix 

C, Logbook 1, p. 2; 30, p. 50; 53, pp. i, 

5; 54, p. 8

FML-301-SF PCB-1254 1,500 μg/kg 440 μg/kg 7, Appendix E, p. E-1307; 8, Appendix 

C, Logbook 1, p. 2; 30, p. 50 

FML-301-SF PCB-1260 270 μg/kg 44 μg/kg 7, Appendix E, p. E-1307; 8, Appendix 

C, Logbook 1, p. 2; 30, p. 50 

FML-301-SF Cadmium 4.5 mg/kg 0.71 mg/kg 7, Appendix E, p. E-1455; 8, Appendix 

C, Logbook 1, p. 2; 30, p. 5 

FML-301-SF Lead 150 mg/kg 1.4 mg/kg 7, Appendix E, p. E-1455; 8, Appendix 

C, Logbook 1, p. 2; 30, p. 5 

FML-304-SF PCB-1248 1,200 μg/kg 110 μg/kg 7, Appendix E, p. E-1319; 8, Appendix 

C, Logbook 1, p. 7; 30, p. 41 

FML-304-SF Cadmium 6.2 mg/kg 1.7 mg/kg 7, Appendix E, p. E-1467; 8, Appendix 

C, Logbook 1, p. 7; 30, p. 17 

FML-304-SF Lead 90 mg/kg 3.4 mg/kg 7, Appendix E, p. E-1467; 8, Appendix 

C, Logbook 1, p. 7; 30, p. 17 

FML-304-SF Manganese 2,400 mg/kg 5.1 mg/kg 7, Appendix E, p. E-1467; 8, Appendix 

C, Logbook 1, p. 7; 30, p. 17 

FML-305-SF PCB-1248 240 μg/kg 63 μg/kg 7, Appendix E, p. E-1323; 8, Appendix 

C, Logbook 1, p. 7; 30, p. 41 

FML-305-SF Cadmium 1.6 mg/kg 0.95 mg/kg 7, Appendix E, p. E-1471; 8, Appendix 

C, Logbook 1, p. 7; 30, p. 18 

FML-305-SF Manganese 3,600 mg/kg 2.9 mg/kg 7, Appendix E, p. E-1471; 8, Appendix 

C, Logbook 1, p. 7; 30, p. 18 

FML-308-SF PCB-1248 470 μg/kg 110 μg/kg 7, Appendix E, p. E-1335; 8, Appendix 

C, Logbook 1, p. 6; 30, p. 41 

FML-308-SF Cadmium 7.8 mg/kg 1.7 mg/kg 7, Appendix E, p. E-1483; 8, Appendix 

C, Logbook 1, p. 6; 30, p. 18 

FML-308-SF Lead 90 mg/kg 3.4 mg/kg 7, Appendix E, p. E-1483; 8, Appendix 

C, Logbook 1, p. 6; 30, p. 18 

FML-308-SF Manganese 1,800 mg/kg 5.1 mg/kg 7, Appendix E, p. E-1483; 8, Appendix 

C, Logbook 1, p. 6; 30, p. 18 
Source No. 3

47 Source Characterization

TABLE 9: Analytical Results for Source No. 3 Samples – May 2009 

Sample ID

Hazardous 

Substance

Hazardous

Substance 

Concentration MRL References

FML-309-SF Cadmium 4.6 mg/kg 2.8 mg/kg 7, Appendix E, p. E-1487; 8, Appendix 

C, Logbook 1, p. 6; 30, p. 18 

FML-309-SF Lead 57 mg/kg 5.6 mg/kg 7, Appendix E, p. E-1487; 8, Appendix 

C, Logbook 1, p. 6; 30, p. 18 

FML-309-SFDUP Cadmium 6.5 mg/kg 3.2 mg/kg 7, Appendix E, p. E-1724; 8, Appendix 

C, Logbook 1, p. 6; 30, p. 17 

FML-309-SFDUP Manganese 560 mg/kg 9.7 mg/kg 7, Appendix E, p. E-1724; 8, Appendix 

C, Logbook 1, p. 6; 30, p. 17 

Source Samples (12 to 24 inches bgs)

AWI-216-SB PCB-1254 1,600 μg/kg 530 μg/kg 7, Appendix C, Logbook 1, p. 4; 7, 

Appendix E, p. E-1248; 30, p. 34 

AWI-216-SB Cadmium 0.87 mg/kg 0.80 mg/kg 7, Appendix C, Logbook 1, p. 4; 7, 

Appendix E, p. E-1394; 30, p. 10 

AWI-216-SB Lead 82 mg/kg 1.6 mg/kg 7, Appendix C, Logbook 1, p. 4; 7, 

Appendix E, p. E-1394; 30, p. 10 

AWI-216-SB Manganese 1,000 mg/kg 2.4 mg/kg 7, Appendix C, Logbook 1, p. 4; 7, 

Appendix E, p. E-1394; 30, p. 10 

FML-301-SB Benzo(a)pyrene 310 μg/kg 190 μg/kg 7, Appendix E, p. E-1118; 8, Appendix 

C, Logbook 1, p. 3; 30, p. 50

FML-301-SB Chrysene 270 μg/kg 190 μg/kg 7, Appendix E, p. E-1118; 8, Appendix 

C, Logbook 1, p. 3; 30, p. 50 

FML-301-SB PCB-1248 4,500J (4,500) 

μg/kg 370 μg/kg 

7, Appendix E, p. E-1305; 8, Appendix 

C, Logbook 1, p. 3; 30, p. 50; 53, pp. i, 

5; 54, p. 8

FML-301-SB PCB-1260 170 μg/kg 37 μg/kg 7, Appendix E, p. E-1305; 8, Appendix 

C, Logbook 1, p. 3; 30, p. 50 

FML-301-SB Cadmium 3.9 mg/kg 0.56 mg/kg 7, Appendix E, p. E-1453; 8, Appendix 

C, Logbook 1, p. 3; 30, p. 5 

FML-301-SB Lead 100 mg/kg 1.1 mg/kg 7, Appendix E, p. E-1453; 8, Appendix 

C, Logbook 1, p. 3; 30, p. 5 

FML-304-SB Benzo(a)pyrene 16,000 μg/kg 7,400 μg/kg 7, Appendix E, p. E-1136; 8, Appendix 

C, Logbook 1, p. 7; 30, p. 40 

FML-304-SB PCB-1248 1,500 μg/kg 140 μg/kg 7, Appendix E, p. E-1317; 8, Appendix 

C, Logbook 1, p. 7; 30, p. 40 

FML-304-SB Cadmium 77 mg/kg 2.6 mg/kg 7, Appendix E, p. E-1465; 8, Appendix 

C, Logbook 1, p. 7; 30, p. 17 

FML-304-SB Chromium 61 mg/kg 5.1 mg/kg 7, Appendix E, p. E-1465; 8, Appendix 

C, Logbook 1, p. 7; 30, p. 17 
Source No. 3

48 Source Characterization

TABLE 9: Analytical Results for Source No. 3 Samples – May 2009 

Sample ID

Hazardous 

Substance

Hazardous

Substance 

Concentration MRL References

FML-304-SB Lead 100 mg/kg 5.1 mg/kg 7, Appendix E, p. E-1465; 8, Appendix 

C, Logbook 1, p. 7; 30, p. 17 

FML-305-SB PCB-1248 110 μg/kg 53 μg/kg 7, Appendix E, p. E-1321; 8, Appendix 

C, Logbook 1, p. 7; 30, p. 41 

FML-305-SB Cadmium 5.2 mg/kg 0.80 mg/kg 7, Appendix E, p. E-1469; 8, Appendix 

C, Logbook 1, p. 7; 30, p. 18 

FML-305-SB Lead 36 mg/kg 1.6 mg/kg 7, Appendix E, p. E-1469; 8, Appendix 

C, Logbook 1, p. 7; 30, p. 18 

FML-305-SB Manganese 410 mg/kg 2.4 mg/kg 7, Appendix E, p. E-1469; 8, Appendix 

C, Logbook 1, p. 7; 30, p. 18 

FML-308-SB Benzo(a)pyrene 7,100 μg/kg 6,500 μg/kg 7, Appendix E, p. E-1160; 8, Appendix 

C, Logbook 1, p. 7; 30, p. 41 

FML-308-SB PCB-1248 7,400 μg/kg 1,300 μg/kg 7, Appendix E, p. E-1333; 8, Appendix 

C, Logbook 1, p. 7; 30, p. 41 

FML-308-SB Cadmium 75 mg/kg 1.8 mg/kg 7, Appendix E, p. E-1481; 8, Appendix 

C, Logbook 1, p. 7; 30, p. 18 

FML-308-SB Chromium 93 mg/kg 3.7 mg/kg 7, Appendix E, p. E-1481; 8, Appendix 

C, Logbook 1, p. 7; 30, p. 18 

FML-308-SB Lead 170 mg/kg 3.7 mg/kg 7, Appendix E, p. E-1481; 8, Appendix 

C, Logbook 1, p. 7; 30, p. 18 

FML-309-SB PCB-1248 9,600 μg/kg 1,700 μg/kg 7, Appendix E, p. E-1337; 8, Appendix 

C, Logbook 1, p. 6; 30, p. 41 

FML-309-SB Cadmium 110 mg/kg 2.8 mg/kg 7, Appendix E, p. E-1485; 8, Appendix 

C, Logbook 1, p. 6; 30, p. 18 

FML-309-SB Chromium 100 mg/kg 5.7 mg/kg 7, Appendix E, p. E-1485; 8, Appendix 

C, Logbook 1, p. 6; 30, p. 18 

FML-309-SB Lead 140 mg/kg 5.7 mg/kg 7, Appendix E, p. E-1485; 8, Appendix 

C, Logbook 1, p. 6; 30, p. 18 

Notes:

( ) Concentrations shown in parentheses were adjusted in accordance with References 53, 54, and 55.

AWI Armstrong World Industries

bgs Below ground surface

FML Former Macon Naval Ordnance Landfill

ID Identification number

J The identification of the analyte is acceptable; the reported value is an estimate.

μg/kg Micrograms per kilogram

mg/kg Milligrams per kilogram

MRL Minimum reporting limit

PCB Polychlorinated biphenyl

SB Subsurface sample

SF Surface sample
Source No. 3

49 Source Characterization

2.2.3 HAZARDOUS SUBSTANCES AVAILABLE TO A PATHWAY

Samples collected from Source No. 3 contain SVOCs, PCBs, and metals (Refs. 7, Appendix E; 8, 

Appendix A, Figure 3, p. A-3) (also see Table 9 of this HRS documentation record). Source No. 3 

consists of contaminated soil surrounding the commingled AWI remote landfill and the FMNOL located 

on the southern parcel of the AWI property and the adjacent MWA property (Refs. 6; 9, pp. 3, 6; 10, p. 6). 

Both the commingled landfills and surrounding contaminated soil are located within the 100-year 

floodplain of Rocky Creek and, as a result, are prone to frequent flooding (Refs. 38; 39; 50, p. 4-18). No 

run-on or runoff control systems or other containment features were observed during the EPA 2009 SI at 

AWI and ESI at FMNOL (Ref. 34). Therefore, a containment factor value of 10, as noted in Table 10, 

was assigned for the surface water migration pathway (Ref. 1, Section 4.1.2.1.2.1.1). 

TABLE 10: Containment Factors for Source No. 3

Containment Description

Containment 

Factor Value References

Gas release to air NS NA

Particulate release to air NS NA

Release to ground water NS NA

Release via overland migration and/or flood: no 

maintained or engineered cover; no functioning and 

maintained run-on control system or runoff 

management system. 

10 

1, Section 4.1.2.1.2.1.1, Table 4-2; 

34; 38, p. 3; see Figures 2 and 4 of 

this HRS documentation record 

Notes:

NA Not applicable

NS Not scored
Source No. 3

50 Source Characterization

2.4.2.1 SOURCE HAZARDOUS WASTE QUANTITY

2.4.2.1.1 Hazardous Constituent Quantity

The information available is not sufficient to evaluate Tier A, hazardous constituent quantity, as required 

by Reference 1, Section 2.4.2.1.1. 

Hazardous Constituent Quantity Assigned Value: NS 

2.4.2.1.2 Hazardous Wastestream Quantity

The information available is not sufficient to evaluate Tier B, hazardous wastestream quantity, as required 

by Reference 1, Section 2.4.2.1.2. 

Hazardous Wastestream Quantity Assigned Value: NS

2.4.2.1.3 Volume

The information available is not sufficient to evaluate Tier C, volume, as required by Reference 1, Section 

2.4.2.1.3. 

 Volume Assigned Value: 0 

2.4.2.1.4 Area

Although likely based on the probable mode of deposition (i.e. erosion and runoff from Source No. 2), it 

is not known whether contamination in Source No. 3 is continuous between sampling points (Ref. 8, 

Appendix B, Table 1, pp. B-1, B-2). In addition, because it has no impact of the site score, the area of 

Source No. 3 is undetermined, but is greater than zero. 

Sum (square feet [ft2

]): >0

Equation for Assigning Value (Table 2-5): Area (A)/34,000 

Area Assigned Value: >0

2.4.2.1.5 Calculation of Source Hazardous Waste Quantity Value

Source No. 3 is assigned a source HWQ value of greater than zero, but unknown (Ref. 1, Section 

2.4.2.1.5). 

Source HWQ Value: >0
51 Source Characterization

SUMMARY OF SOURCE DESCRIPTIONS

TABLE 11: Summary of Source Descriptions

Source 

No.

Source

Hazardous 

Waste 

Quantity

Value

Source 

Hazardous 

Constituent 

Quantity 

Complete?

(Yes/No)

Containment Factor Value by Pathway

Ground 

Water 

(Ref. 1, 

Table 3-2)

Surface 

Water 

Overland/ 

Flood 

(Ref. 1, 

Table 4-2)

Air

Gas

(Ref. 1, 

Table 6-3)

Particulate

(Ref. 1, 

Table 6-9)

1 51.22 No NS 10 NS NS

2 122.84 No NS 10 NS NS

3 >0 No NS 10 NS NS

Notes:

NS Not scored

Total Source Hazardous Waste Quantity Value: >174.06 

Other Possible Sources

• Woodyard Landfill: In the late 1970s or early 1980s, AWI constructed the 4.53-acre woodyard 

landfill in the southern portion of the northern parcel as an additional area to dispose of the 

filtered fiber sludge material from the WWTP (Refs. 17, p. 23; 59) (see Figure 2 of this HRS 

documentation record). In January 1996, AWI collected four composite sludge samples from 

excavated test pits in the woodyard landfill. Analytical results revealed the presence of 

chromium and lead. PCBs were not detected at concentrations above the detection limits in the 

sludge samples collected from the woodyard landfill (Ref. 17, pp. 32, 38). No additional samples 

have been collected from the woodyard landfill. During the late 1980s and early 1990s, AWI 

began disposing of all of its filtered sludge in the woodyard landfill. In July 2000, AWI ceased 

disposing of waste in the woodyard landfill. AWI officially closed the woodyard landfill in 2004, 

following a GAEPD-approved closure plan (Refs. 17, p. 23; 18, p. 3). During the May 2009 EPA 

SI, surface and subsurface soil samples were collected along the perimeter of the woodyard 

landfill so as not to jeopardize the integrity of the clay cap installed in 2004 in accordance with 

the GAEPD-approved closure plan (Ref. 7, p. 12). Tetra Tech collected one surface water and 

one sediment sample (AWI-200-SW and AWI-200-SD) from the woodyard landfill’s runoff 

collection pond located on the northern boundary of the landfill and analyzed them for PCBs 

(Ref. 7, pp. 9, 16; 7, Appendix A, Figure 3, p. A-3). PCBs were not detected in either the surface 

water or sediment collected from the woodyard landfill’s runoff collection pond (Ref. 7, p. 17; 7, 

Appendix B, Table 9, p. B-20). Another sediment sample was collected from the drainage ditch 

that receives overflow from the collection pond (AWI-206-SD). This drainage ditch is connected 

to the City of Macon sewer system. Sediment sample AWI-206-SD contained PCB-1248 at a 

concentration of 110 J- μg/kg and PCB-1254 at a concentration of 200 μg/kg (Ref. 7, pp. 12, 16, 

17, 18; 7, Appendix A, Figure 3, p. A-3; 7, Appendix B, Table 9, p. B-20). 

• WWTP Outfall Drainage Ditch: The AWI WWTP outfall discharges to a drainage ditch that 

flows into the drainage easement that traverses the FMNOL property, and then discharges into 

Rocky Creek (Refs. 14, p. 2; 25, p. 2; 26, p. 1; 37, 67) (see Figure 2 of this HRS documentation 

record). This drainage ditch originates within the WWTP landfill (Source No. 1). A sediment 

sample, DD-500-SD, was collected from the point where this drainage ditch begins and contained 
52 Source Characterization

PCB-1248 at a concentration of 24,000 J μg/kg and PCB-1260 at a concentration of 1,100 μg/kg 

(Ref. 7, Appendix A, p. A-3; 7, Appendix B, Table 11, pp. B-24, B-25, and B-30; 7, Appendix E, 

p. E-1251). At the time of the EPA May 2009 SI, discharge from the WWTP was not being 

released; therefore, a sample was not collected from the WWTP discharge. As a result, releases 

from the WWTP discharge, the WWTP outfall drainage ditch, and Source No. 1 could not be 

segregated at the time of the SI. 

• Former Macon Naval Ordnance Plant (FMNOP): The Allied Industrial Park (the FMNOP) is 

located east of the AWI plant property (Ref. 68, Appendix A, Figure 2, p. A-2). Ordnance 

manufactured at the FMNOP included flares, small primers, detonators, and other triggering 

mechanisms. The FMNOP is currently owned by the Macon-Bibb County Industrial Authority 

(MBCIA), which renamed the property AIP. The MBCIA currently leases or sells buildings as 

office and warehouse space to various industrial and commercial businesses on the AIP property 

(Ref. 68, pp. 2, 3). In May 2009, EPA conducted an ESI at the AIP property. PCBs were 

detected at three isolated soil sample locations on the northern portion of the AIP property (Ref. 

68, Appendix A, Figure 4, p. A-4; 68, Appendix B, Tables 5 through 8, pp. B-12 through B-69). 

PCBs were not detected in the AIP western drainage ditch before it merges with the AWI 

drainage ditch in the drainage easement. PCBs were also not detected in either the central or 

eastern AIP drainage ditches until they reach the FMNOL property and the floodplain of Rocky 

Creek (Ref. 7, Appendix A, Figure 3, p. A-3) (see Figure 2 of this HRS documentation record). 
53 SW-Overland/Flood Migration Component

4.0 SURFACE WATER MIGRATION PATHWAY

4.1 OVERLAND/FLOOD MIGRATION COMPONENT – Rocky Creek

4.1.1.1 Definition of Hazardous Substance Migration Path for Overland/Flood Component 

The hazardous substance migration pathway includes both the overland segment and the in-water segment 

that hazardous substances would take as they migrate away from sources. The overland segment begins 

at the source and proceeds downgradient to the probable point of entry (PPE) to surface water. The inwater segment at the PPE continues in the direction of flow (Ref. 1, Section 4.1.1.1). 

Overland flow at Source No. 1, the AWI WWTP landfill, enters the drainage ditch that originates in the 

eastern portion of Source No. 1. This ditch was created for the WWTP’s daily discharge under NPDES 

permit number GA0003077 (Refs. 7, Appendix A, Figure 3, p. A-3; 14, p. 2; 25, pp. i, 1; 26, pp. 1, 2). 

Flow in the drainage ditch traverses the northern parcel of the AWI property for about 750 feet and enters 

the drainage easement at the eastern edge of the northern parcel of the AWI property (Ref. 60). Runoff 

continues in the drainage easement for about 375 feet then enters palustrine forested (HRS-eligible) 

wetlands located on the FMNOL property (Refs. 52; 60; 67). The palustrine forested wetlands are 

contiguous with Rocky Creek (Refs. 52; 60). PPE 1 is located at the point where runoff from Source No. 

1 in the drainage easement enters the palustrine forested wetlands on the FMNOL property (Refs. 3; 52; 

60). Runoff from Source No. 1 continues in the palustrine forested wetlands for about 2,225 feet, through 

the drainage easement, then enters Rocky Creek (Refs. 52; 60; 67) (also see Figure 2 of this HRS 

documentation record).

Overland flow from Source No. 2 (the commingled AWI remote landfill and the FMNOL) and Source 

No. 3 (contaminated soil surrounding the commingled landfill) travels south-southeast for about 0 to 375

feet into palustrine forested wetlands on the FMNOL property that are contiguous with Rocky Creek 

(Refs. 52; 60). Once in the palustrine forested wetlands, flow continues for about 250 to 625 feet in the 

wetlands either through the drainage easement then into Rocky Creek or directly into Rocky Creek (Refs. 

52; 60; 67). The extent of PPE 2 is located along the edge of the palustrine forested wetlands that 

receives runoff from Source Nos. 2 and 3 (Refs. 52; 60). Runoff from Source No. 1 merges with runoff 

from Source Nos. 2 and 3 at PPE 2 in the palustrine forested wetlands (Refs. 52; 60; 67). 

Surface water runoff from Source Nos. 1, 2, and 3 from the drainage easement’s convergence with Rocky 

Creek continues in Rocky Creek east-southeast for about 1.4 miles before it converges with Tobesofkee 

Creek. Tobesofkee Creek flows south-southeast for about 4 miles before it converges with the Ocmulgee 

River, which flows for more than 9 miles, thus completing the 15-mile surface water migration pathway 

target distance limit (TDL) near Warner Robins, Georgia (Ref. 3). 

Rocky Creek has several branches. Specific stream channels are difficult to discern because of the 

extensive wetlands in the area (Refs. 3; 60). According to the U.S. Geological Survey, the average annual 

flow rate for Tobesofkee Creek is about 91.2 cfs, and the average annual flow rate for the Ocmulgee 

River is about 1,082 cfs (Ref. 40). Source Nos. 2 and 3 are located in the 100-year floodplain of Rocky 

Creek (Ref. 38). 
54 SW-Observed Release

4.1.2.1 LIKELIHOOD OF RELEASE 

4.1.2.1.1 OBSERVED RELEASE – Direct Observation

Source No. 3 sample locations FML301, FML305, FML308, FML309, and AWI216 are all located within 

HRS eligible wetlands (palustrine forested) (Refs. 7, Appendix A, Figure 3, p. A-3; 52; 60). Samples 

collected from these locations contained elevated concentrations of benzo(a)anthracene, benzo(a)pyrene, 

benzo(k)fluoranthene, chrysene, fluoranthene, pyrene, PCB-1248, PCB-1254, PCB-1260, cadmium, 

chromium, lead, and manganese (Refs. 7, Appendix E; 8, Appendix B, Tables 5 through 8, pp. B-8 

through B-32) (see Table 9 of this HRS documentation record). Further, the commingled AWI Remote 

Landfill and FMNOL (Source 2) have been severely eroded, as evidenced by monitoring well pads that 

have been observed “floating” several feet above the surface of the landfills, and both the commingled 

landfills and surrounding contaminated soil (Source 3) are located within the 100-year floodplain of 

Rocky Creek and are prone to frequent flooding (Refs. 7, Appendix D, p. D-4; 9, p. 6; 19, p. 20; 38; 39; 

50, p. 4-18). These factors indicate a possible observed release by direct observation. 

4.1.2.1.1 OBSERVED RELEASE – Chemical Analysis

EPA May 2009 Site Investigation 

Background Samples

During the EPA May 2009 SI and ESI, three background sediment samples (including one duplicate) 

were collected from two locations along Rocky Creek upstream of AWI sources (Ref. 7, p. 19; 7, 

Appendix A, Figure 3, p. A-3; 7, Appendix B, Table 3, pp. B-6, B-7; 7, Appendix B, Tables 15 through 

18, pp. B-38 through B-49). Samples listed in Table 12 are wetland samples that were collected from 

areas where wetlands are contiguous with Rocky Creek (Refs. 52; 60). Sediment samples were collected 

at depths ranging from 0 to 3 inches bgs along the banks of Rocky Creek (Ref. 7, p. 16, Appendix C, 

Logbook 2, pp. 3, 13). The background Rocky Creek sediment samples consisted of organic rich silts and 

sands and were collected from HRS-eligible wetland areas (palustrine forested and palustrine emergent)

(Refs. 7, Appendix A, Figure 3, p. A-3; 52; 60; 71). 

The sediment samples were collected in accordance with the EPA Region 4 SESD Field Branches Quality 

System and Technical Procedures for Sediment Sampling, SESDPROC-200-R1 (Refs. 7, Appendix C, 

Logbook 1, p. 1; 29, p. 18; 35). The locations of the background sediment samples are depicted in 

Reference 7, Appendix A, Figure 3, page A-3. Distances from PPE 1 were measured following the 

drainage easement to Rocky Creek. Distances from PPE 2 were measured from the closest extent of PPE 

2 to each sample location. Background sediment sample locations are also depicted in Reference 60. 

Chain-of-custody records are provided in Reference 30. Logbook notes are provided in Reference 7, 

Appendix C. 

The background sediment samples and the downstream Rocky Creek and drainage easement sediment 

samples were collected during the same sampling event, in accordance with the same sampling 

procedures, and from the same sediments (organic rich silts and sands with a high moisture content)

collected from palustrine forested wetland areas (Refs. 29, p. 18; 35; 60; 71) (see Tables 12 and 14 of this 

HRS documentation record). 

TABLE 12: Background Sediment Sample Descriptions – May 2009

Sample ID Sample Location Distance from PPE

Depth 

(inches 

bgs)

Date 

Sampled References

RC-402-SD Rocky Creek, 

between the 

3,475 feet upstream 

of PPE 1; 625 feet 0 to 3 05/15/2009 3; 7, Appendix A, Figures 2 and 3, pp. A-2, 
55 SW-Observed Release

TABLE 12: Background Sediment Sample Descriptions – May 2009

Sample ID Sample Location Distance from PPE

Depth 

(inches 

bgs)

Date 

Sampled References

Broadway overpass 

and the abandoned 

Central of Georgia 

railroad trestle 

upstream of PPE 2 A-3; 7, Appendix B, 

Table 3, pp. B-6, B-7; 7, 

Appendix C, Logbook 2, 

p. 13; 30, pp. 18, 41; 60

RC-403-SD Rocky Creek, west 

of the abandoned 

Central of Georgia 

railroad trestle and 

the AWI remote 

landfill 

4,600 feet upstream 

of PPE 1; 1,750 feet 

upstream of PPE 2 

0 to 3 05/15/2009 

3; 7, Appendix A, 

Figures 2 and 3, pp. A-2, 

A-3; 7, Appendix B, 

Table 3, pp. B-6, B-7; 7, 

Appendix C, Logbook 2, 

pp. 3, 9; 30, pp. 17, 18, 

40, 42; 60

RC-403-SDDUP

Notes:

bgs Below ground surface

DUP Duplicate 

ID Identification number

RC Rocky Creek

SD Sediment sample
56 SW-Observed Release

Background Concentrations

The sediment samples listed in Table 13 were collected during the EPA 2009 SI and ESI (Ref. 7, pp. 8, 

19; 7, Appendix B, Table 3, pp. B-6, B-7). Sediment samples were analyzed for total metals in 

accordance with the EPA CLP SOW ILM05.4 (Refs. 7, Appendix E, pp. E-1716, E-1717; 61; 62). 

Samples were also analyzed for SVOCs and PCBs in accordance with the EPA CLP SOW SOM01.2 

(Refs. 7, Appendix E, pp. E-1557, E-1558, E-1650, E-1651; 63). EPA Region 4 SESD reviewed all data 

according to the contract SOW and EPA guidelines (Refs. 7, Appendix E, pp. E-1558, E-1651, E-1717; 

57). The MRLs are listed on the analytical data sheets in Reference 7, Appendix E. Each MRL is 

sample-specific and corresponds to the lowest quantitative point on the calibration curve; it is adjusted for 

the amount of sample prepared and any dilutions performed, as well as for percent moisture. The MRLs 

are equivalent to SQLs (Ref. 58). 

TABLE 13: Analytical Results for Background Sediment Samples – May 2009 

Sample ID

Hazardous 

Substance Concentration MRL References

RC-402-SD Benzo(a)anthracene 290U μg/kg 290 μg/kg 

7, Appendix C, Logbook 2, 

p. 13; 7, Appendix E, p. E1597; 30, p. 41 

RC-402-SD Benzo(a)pyrene 290U μg/kg 290 μg/kg 

7, Appendix C, Logbook 2, 

p. 13; 7, Appendix E, p. E1597; 30, p. 41

RC-402-SD Benzo(k)fluoranthene 290U μg/kg 290 μg/kg

7, Appendix C, Logbook 2, 

p. 13; 7, Appendix E, p. E1597; 30, p. 41

RC-402-SD Chrysene 290U μg/kg 290 μg/kg 

7, Appendix C, Logbook 2, 

p. 13; 7, Appendix E, p. E1597; 30, p. 41 

RC-402-SD Fluoranthene 290U μg/kg 290 μg/kg 

7, Appendix C, Logbook 2, 

p. 13; 7, Appendix E, p. E1597; 30, p. 41

RC-402-SD Indeno(1,2,3-cd) 

pyrene 290U μg/kg 290 μg/kg 

7, Appendix C, Logbook 2, 

p. 13; 7, Appendix E, p. E1597; 30, p. 41

RC-402-SD Pyrene 290U μg/kg 290 μg/kg 

7, Appendix C, Logbook 2, 

p. 13; 7, Appendix E, p. E1598; 30, p. 41 

RC-402-SD PCB-1248 57U μg/kg 57 μg/kg 

7, Appendix C, Logbook 2, 

p. 13; 7, Appendix E, p. E1681; 30, p. 41

RC-402-SD PCB-1254 57U μg/kg 57 μg/kg 

7, Appendix C, Logbook 2, 

p. 13; 7, Appendix E, p. E1681; 30, p. 41

RC-402-SD PCB-1260 57U μg/kg 57 μg/kg 

7, Appendix C, Logbook 2, 

p. 13; 7, Appendix E, p. E1681; 30, p. 41 

RC-402-SD Cadmium 0.86U mg/kg 0.86 mg/kg 

7, Appendix C, Logbook 2, 

p. 13; 7, Appendix E, p. E1744; 30, p. 18 

RC-403-SD Benzo(a)anthracene 350U μg/kg 350 μg/kg 

7, Appendix C, Logbook 2, 

pp. 3, 9; 7, Appendix E, p. E1603; 30, p. 42
57 SW-Observed Release

TABLE 13: Analytical Results for Background Sediment Samples – May 2009 

Sample ID

Hazardous 

Substance Concentration MRL References

RC-403-SD Benzo(a)pyrene 350U μg/kg 350 μg/kg 

7, Appendix C, Logbook 2, 

pp. 3, 9; 7, Appendix E, p. E1603; 30, p. 42

RC-403-SD Benzo(k)fluoranthene 350U μg/kg 350 μg/kg 

7, Appendix C, Logbook 2, 

pp. 3, 9; 7, Appendix E, p. E1603; 30, p. 42 

RC-403-SD Chrysene 350U μg/kg 350 μg/kg 

7, Appendix C, Logbook 2, 

pp. 3, 9; 7, Appendix E, p. E1603; 30, p. 42

RC-403-SD Fluoranthene 350U μg/kg 350 μg/kg 

7, Appendix C, Logbook 2, 

pp. 3, 9; 7, Appendix E, p. E1603; 30, p. 42

RC-403-SD Indeno(1,2,3-cd) 

pyrene 350U μg/kg 350 μg/kg 

7, Appendix C, Logbook 2, 

pp. 3, 9; 7, Appendix E, p. E1603; 30, p. 42

RC-403-SD Pyrene 350U μg/kg 350 μg/kg 

7, Appendix C, Logbook 2, 

pp. 3, 9; 7, Appendix E, p. E1604; 30, p. 42 

RC-403-SD PCB-1248 67U μg/kg 67 μg/kg 

7, Appendix C, Logbook 2, 

pp. 3, 9; 7, Appendix E, p. E1685; 30, p. 42

RC-403-SD PCB-1254 67U μg/kg 67 μg/kg 

7, Appendix C, Logbook 2, 

pp. 3, 9; 7, Appendix E, p. E1685; 30, p. 42

RC-403-SD PB-1260 67U μg/kg 67 μg/kg 

7, Appendix C, Logbook 2, 

pp. 3, 9; 7, Appendix E, p. E1685; 30, p. 42 

RC-403-SD Cadmium 1.1U mg/kg 1.1 mg/kg 

7, Appendix C, Logbook 2, 

pp. 3, 9; 7, Appendix E, p. E1749; 30, p. 18

RC-403-SD-DUP Benzo(a)anthracene 350U μg/kg 350 μg/kg 

7, Appendix C, Logbook 2, 

pp. 3, 9; 7, Appendix E, p. E1606; 30, p. 40

RC-403-SD-DUP Benzo(a)pyrene 350U μg/kg 350 μg/kg 

7, Appendix C, Logbook 2, 

pp. 3, 9; 7, Appendix E, p. E1606; 30, p. 40 

RC-403-SD-DUP Benzo(k)fluoranthene 350U μg/kg 350 μg/kg 

7, Appendix C, Logbook 2, 

pp. 3, 9; 7, Appendix E, p. E1606; 30, p. 40

RC-403-SD-DUP Chrysene 350U μg/kg 350 μg/kg 

7, Appendix C, Logbook 2, 

pp. 3, 9; 7, Appendix E, p. E1606; 30, p. 40

RC-403-SD-DUP Fluoranthene 350U μg/kg 350 μg/kg 

7, Appendix C, Logbook 2, 

pp. 3, 9; 7, Appendix E, p. E1606; 30, p. 40

RC-403-SD-DUP Indeno(1,2,3-cd) 

pyrene 350U μg/kg 350 μg/kg 

7, Appendix C, Logbook 2, 

pp. 3, 9; 7, Appendix E, p. E1606; 30, p. 40 
58 SW-Observed Release

TABLE 13: Analytical Results for Background Sediment Samples – May 2009 

Sample ID

Hazardous 

Substance Concentration MRL References

RC-403-SD-DUP Pyrene 350U μg/kg 350 μg/kg 

7, Appendix C, Logbook 2, 

pp. 3, 9; 7, Appendix E, p. E1607; 30, p. 40

RC-403-SD-DUP PCB-1248 68U μg/kg 68 μg/kg 

7, Appendix C, Logbook 2, 

pp. 3, 9; 7, Appendix E, p. E1687; 30, p. 40 

RC-403-SD-DUP PCB-1254 68U μg/kg 68 μg/kg 

7, Appendix C, Logbook 2, 

pp. 3, 9; 7, Appendix E, p. E1687; 30, p. 40

RC-403-SD-DUP PCB-1260 68U μg/kg 68 μg/kg 

7, Appendix C, Logbook 2, 

pp. 3, 9; 7, Appendix E, p. E1687; 30, p. 40

RC-403-SD-DUP Cadmium 1.0U mg/kg 1.0 mg/kg 

7, Appendix C, Logbook 2, 

pp. 3, 9; 7, Appendix E, p. E1751; 30, p. 17

Notes:

DUP Duplicate

ID Identification number

μg/kg Micrograms per kilogram

mg/kg Milligrams per kilogram

MRL Minimum reporting limit

PCB Polychlorinated biphenyl

RC Rocky Creek

SD Sediment sample

U The analyte was not detected at or above the minimum reporting limit.
59 SW-Observed Release

Contaminated Samples

Sediment samples listed in Table 14 were collected during the EPA May 2009 SI and ESI in accordance 

with the EPA Region 4 SESD Field Branch Quality System and Technical Procedures for Sediment 

Sampling, SESDPROC-200-R1 (Refs. 7, p. 19; 7, Appendix A, Figure 3, p. A-3; 7, Appendix B, Table 3, 

pp. B-6, B-7; 7, Appendix B, Tables 15 through 18, pp. B-38 through B-49; 7, Appendix C, Logbook 2, p. 

1; 29, p. 18; 35). Three sediment samples were collected from palustrine forested wetlands located in the 

drainage easement downstream of PPE 1 and five sediment samples were collected along Rocky Creek 

within palustrine forested wetlands downstream of Source Nos. 1, 2, and 3 (Ref. 7, p. 19; 7, Appendix A, 

Figure 3, p. A-3; 7, Appendix B, Table 3, pp. B-6, B-7; 7, Appendix B, Tables 15 through 18, pp. B-38 

through B-49). Sediment samples were collected at depths ranging from 0 to 4 inches bgs along the 

banks of the drainage easement and Rocky Creek (Ref. 7, p. 16, Appendix C, Logbook 2, pp. 3, 13). 

Rocky Creek and drainage easement sediment samples consisted of organic rich silts and sands that were 

collected from palustrine forested wetland areas (Refs. 60; 71). Logbook notes are provided in Reference 

7, Appendix C. Chain-of-custody records are provided in Reference 30. The locations of the downstream 

sediment samples are depicted in Reference 7, Appendix A, Figure 3, page A-3. Sediment sample 

locations are also depicted on Reference 60. 

TABLE 14: Sediment Sample Descriptions – May 2009 

Sample ID Sample Location

Distance from 

PPE

Depth 

(inches bgs) 

Date 

Sampled References

Drainage Easement Samples 

DD-507-SD Drainage easement, 

at PPE 1

250 feet 

downstream of 

PPE 1; 1,250 feet 

upstream of PPE 2

0 to 3 5/19/2009 

7, Appendix A, Figure 3, 

p. A-3; 7, Appendix B, 

Table 2, pp. B-4, B-5; 30, 

pp. 21, 43; 32, p. 25

DD-508-SD

Drainage easement, 

immediately 

downstream from 

PPE 1

1,275 feet 

downstream of 

PPE 1; 250 feet 

upstream of PPE 2

0 to 3 5/18/2009 

7, Appendix A, Figure 3, 

p. A-3; 7, Appendix B, 

Table 2, pp. B-4, B-5; 30, 

pp. 24, 67; 32, p. 24 

DD-510-SD

Drainage easement, 

downstream from 

PPE 1, just north of 

convergence with 

Rocky Creek

2,050 feet 

downstream of 

PPE 1; 375 feet 

downstream of 

PPE 2

0 to 3 5/15/2009 

7, Appendix A, Figure 3, 

p. A-3; 7, Appendix B, 

Table 2, pp. B-4, B-5; 7, 

Appendix C, Logbook 2, 

p. 9; 30, pp. 17, 40 

Rocky Creek Samples

RC-405-SD

Rocky Creek, 

immediately 

downstream from 

drainage easement

and Rocky Creek 

convergence

2,350 feet 

downstream of 

PPE 1; 550 feet 

downstream of 

PPE 2

0 to 3 05/15/2009 

7, Appendix A, Figure 3, 

p. A-3; 7, Appendix B, 

Table 3, pp. B-6, B-7; 7, 

Appendix C, Logbook 2, 

pp. 3, 9; 30, pp. 19, 42 

RC-406-SD

Rocky Creek, 

downstream from 

the drainage 

easement

2,925 feet 

downstream of 

PPE 1; 750 feet 

downstream of 

PPE 2

0 to 4 05/18/2009 

7, Appendix A, Figure 3, 

p. A-3; 7, Appendix B, 

Table 3, pp. B-6, B-7; 7, 

Appendix C, Logbook 2, 

pp. 3, 10; 30, pp. 23, 66 
60 SW-Observed Release

TABLE 14: Sediment Sample Descriptions – May 2009 

Sample ID Sample Location

Distance from 

PPE

Depth 

(inches bgs) 

Date 

Sampled References

RC-407-SD

Rocky Creek, 

downstream from 

the drainage 

easement

3,550 feet 

downstream of 

PPE 1; 1,000 feet 

downstream of 

PPE 2

0 to 3 05/19/2009 

7, Appendix A, Figure 3, 

p. A-3; 7, Appendix B, 

Table 3, pp. B-6, B-7; 7, 

Appendix C, Logbook 2, 

pp. 3, 12; 30, pp. 21, 43 

RC-408-SD

Rocky Creek, south 

of the Rocky Creek 

Water Reclamation 

Facility

4,500 feet

downstream of 

PPE 1; 1,750 feet 

downstream of 

PPE 2

0 to 3 05/12/2009 

7, Appendix A, Figure 3, 

p. A-3; 7, Appendix B, 

Table 3, pp. B-6, B-7; 7, 

Appendix C, Logbook 2, 

pp. 3, 4; 30, pp. 6, 49 

RC-409-SD

Rocky Creek, west 

of the Norfolk 

Southern railroad 

trestle

5,150 feet

downstream of 

PPE 1; 2,375 feet 

downstream of 

PPE 2

0 to 3 05/12/2009 

7, Appendix A, Figures 2 

and 3, pp. A-2, A-3; 7, 

Appendix B, Table 3, pp. 

B-6, B-7; 7, Appendix 

C, Logbook 2, pp. 2, 3; 

30, pp. 6, 49 

Notes:

bgs Below ground surface

DD Drainage ditch

ID Identification number

PPE Probable point of entry

RC Rocky Creek

SD Sediment sample
61 SW-Observed Release

Contaminated Concentrations

The sediment samples listed in Table 15 were collected during the EPA 2009 SI and ESI (Ref. 7, pp. 8, 

19; 7, Appendix B, Table 3, pp. B-6, B-7). Sediment samples were analyzed for total metals in 

accordance with the EPA CLP SOW ILM05.4 (Refs. 7, Appendix E, pp. E-1716, E-1717; 61; 62). 

Samples were also analyzed for SVOCs and PCBs in accordance with the EPA CLP SOW SOM01.2 

(Refs. 7, Appendix E, pp. E-1557, E-1558, E-1650, E-1651; 63). EPA Region 4 SESD reviewed all data 

according to the contract SOW and EPA guidelines (Refs. 7, Appendix E, pp. E-1558, E-1651, E-1717; 

57). The MRLs are listed on the analytical data sheets in Reference 7, Appendix E. Each MRL is 

sample-specific and corresponds to the lowest quantitative point on the calibration curve; it is adjusted for 

the amount of sample prepared and any dilutions performed, as well as for percent moisture. The MRLs 

are equivalent to SQLs (Ref. 58). 

TABLE 15: Analytical Results for Sediment Samples – May 2009 

Sample ID

Hazardous 

Substance Concentration MRL References

Drainage Easement Samples 

DD-507-SD Benzo(a)anthracene 410 μg/kg 200 μg/kg 7, Appendix E, p. E-1058; 30, p. 43; 

32, p. 25 

DD-507-SD Benzo(a)pyrene 410 μg/kg 200 μg/kg 7, Appendix E, p. E-1058; 30, p. 43; 

32, p. 25 

DD-507-SD Benzo(k)fluoranthene 430 μg/kg 200 μg/kg 7, Appendix E, p. E-1058; 30, p. 43; 

32, p. 25 

DD-507-SD Chrysene 480 μg/kg 200 μg/kg 7, Appendix E, p. E-1058; 30, p. 43; 

32, p. 25 

DD-507-SD Fluoranthene 750 μg/kg 200 μg/kg 7, Appendix E, p. E-1058; 30, p. 43; 

32, p. 25 

DD-507-SD Indeno(1,2,3-cd) 

pyrene 

390J (390) 

μg/kg 200 μg/kg 7, Appendix E, p. E-1058; 30, p. 43; 

32, p. 25; 53, pp. i, 5; 54, p. 8 

DD-507-SD Pyrene 820 μg/kg 200 μg/kg 7, Appendix E, p. E-1059; 30, p. 43; 

32, p. 25 

DD-507-SD PCB-1248 550 μg/kg 40 μg/kg 7, Appendix E, p. E-1265; 30, p. 43; 

32, p. 25 

DD-508-SD Benzo(a)anthracene 710J (710) 

μg/kg 530 μg/kg 7, Appendix E, p. E-1064; 30, p. 67; 

32, p. 24; 53, p. 5; 54, p. 8; 55, p. 1 

DD-508-SD Benzo(a)pyrene 1,400 μg/kg 530 μg/kg 7, Appendix E, p. E-1064; 30, p. 67; 

32, p. 24 

DD-508-SD Benzo(k)fluoranthene 610 μg/kg 530 μg/kg 7, Appendix E, p. E-1064; 30, p. 67; 

32, p. 24 

DD-508-SD Chrysene 1,200J (1,200) 

μg/kg 530 μg/kg 7, Appendix E, p. E-1064; 30, p. 67; 

32, p. 24; 53, p. 5; 54, p. 8; 55, p. 1 

DD-508-SD Fluoranthene 920J (920) 

μg/kg 530 μg/kg 7, Appendix E, p. E-1064; 30, p. 67; 

32, p. 24; 53, p. 6; 54, p. 8; 55, p. 1 
62 SW-Observed Release

TABLE 15: Analytical Results for Sediment Samples – May 2009 

Sample ID

Hazardous 

Substance Concentration MRL References

DD-508-SD Pyrene 950J (950) 

μg/kg 530 μg/kg 7, Appendix E, p. E-1065; 30, p. 67; 

32, p. 24; 53, p. 6; 54, p. 8; 55, p. 1 

DD-508-SD PCB-1248 14,000J 

(14,000) μg/kg 1,000 μg/kg 7, Appendix E, p. E-1269; 30, p. 67; 

32, p. 24; 53, pp. i, 6; 54, p. 8 

DD-508-SD PCB-1260 750 μg/kg 100 μg/kg 7, Appendix E, p. E-1269; 30, p. 67; 

32, p. 24 

DD-508-SD Cadmium 8.4 mg/kg 0.73 mg/kg 7, Appendix E, p. E-1414; 30, p. 24; 

32, p. 24 

DD-510-SD PCB-1248 1,800 μg/kg 360 μg/kg 7, Appendix C, Logbook 2, p. 9; 7, 

Appendix E, p. E-1275; 30, p. 40 

DD-510-SD Cadmium 4.5 mg/kg 1.1 mg/kg 7, Appendix C, Logbook 2, p. 9; 7, 

Appendix E, p. E-1421; 30, p. 17 

Rocky Creek Samples

RC-405-SD PCB-1248 370 μg/kg 45 μg/kg 7, Appendix C, Logbook 2, pp. 3, 9; 

7, Appendix E, p. E-1697; 30, p. 42 

RC-406-SD PCB-1248 290J (290) 

μg/kg 57 μg/kg 

7, Appendix C, Logbook 2, pp. 3, 10; 

7, Appendix E, p. E-1701; 30, p. 66; 

53, pp. i, 6; 54, p. 8

RC-406-SD PCB-1254 140 μg/kg 57 μg/kg 7, Appendix C, Logbook 2, pp. 3, 10; 

7, Appendix E, p. E-1701; 30, p. 66 

RC-407-SD PCB-1248 3,500 μg/kg 370 μg/kg 7, Appendix C, Logbook 2, pp. 3, 12; 

7, Appendix E, p. E-1705; 30, p. 43 

RC-407-SD Cadmium 6.0J (4.2) mg/kg 1.1 mg/kg 

7, Appendix C, Logbook 2, pp. 3, 12; 

7, Appendix E, p. E-1774; 30, p. 21; 

53, p. 6; 54, pp. 8, 18; 55, p. 1 

RC-408-SD Benzo(a)anthracene 2,200 μg/kg 1,500 μg/kg 7, Appendix C, Logbook 2, pp. 3, 4; 

7, Appendix E, p. E-1639; 30, p. 49 

RC-408-SD Benzo(a)pyrene 6,600 μg/kg 1,500 μg/kg 7, Appendix C, Logbook 2, pp. 3, 4; 

7, Appendix E, p. E-1639; 30, p. 49 

RC-408-SD Chrysene 4,100 μg/kg 1,500 μg/kg 7, Appendix C, Logbook 2, pp. 3, 4; 

7, Appendix E, p. E-1639; 30, p. 49 

RC-408-SD Pyrene 2,400 μg/kg 1,500 μg/kg 7, Appendix C, Logbook 2, pp. 3, 4; 

7, Appendix E, p. E-1640; 30, p. 49 

RC-408-SD PCB-1248 7,800J (7,800) 

μg/kg 1,000 μg/kg 

7, Appendix C, Logbook 2, pp. 3, 4; 

7, Appendix E, p. E-1709; 30, p. 49; 

53, pp. i, 6; 54, p. 8

RC-408-SD Cadmium 15 mg/kg 1.6 mg/kg 7, Appendix C, Logbook 2, pp. 3, 4; 

7, Appendix E, p. E-1779; 30, p. 6 

RC-409-SD Benzo(a)anthracene 1,900 μg/kg 610 μg/kg 7, Appendix C, Logbook 2, pp. 2, 3; 

7, Appendix E, p. E-1645; 30, p. 49 
63 SW-Observed Release

TABLE 15: Analytical Results for Sediment Samples – May 2009 

Sample ID

Hazardous 

Substance Concentration MRL References

RC-409-SD Benzo(a)pyrene 5,100 μg/kg 610 μg/kg 7, Appendix C, Logbook 2, pp. 2, 3; 

7, Appendix E, p. 1645; 30, p. 49 

RC-409-SD Chrysene 3,400 μg/kg 610 μg/kg 7, Appendix C, Logbook 2, pp. 2, 3; 

7, Appendix E, p. 1645; 30, p. 49 

RC-409-SD Indeno(1,2,3-cd) 

pyrene 

670J (670) 

μg/kg 610 μg/kg 

7, Appendix C, Logbook 2, pp. 2, 3; 

7, Appendix E, p. E-1645; 30, p. 49; 

53, pp. i, 7; 54, p. 8 

RC-409-SD Pyrene 2,000 μg/kg 610 μg/kg 7, Appendix C, Logbook 2, pp. 2, 3; 

7, Appendix E, p. E-1646; 30, p. 49 

RC-409-SD PCB-1248 5,000J (5,000) 

μg/kg 590 μg/kg 

7, Appendix C, Logbook 2, pp. 2, 3; 

7, Appendix E, p. E-1713; 30, p. 49; 

53, pp. i, 7; 54, p. 8

RC-409-SD Cadmium 6.2 mg/kg 0.92 mg/kg 7, Appendix C, Logbook 2, pp. 2, 3; 

7, Appendix E, p. E-1784; 30, p. 6 

Notes:

( ) Concentrations shown in parentheses were adjusted in accordance with References 53, 54, and 55.

DD Drainage ditch

DUP Duplicate

ID Identification number

J The identification of the analyte is acceptable; the reported value is an estimate.

μg/kg Micrograms per kilogram

mg/kg Milligrams per kilogram

MRL Minimum reporting limit

PCB Polychlorinated biphenyl

RC Rocky Creek

SD Sediment sample
64 SW-Observed Release

Attribution

Since 1948, AWI has operated an acoustic ceiling tile manufacturing plant (Ref. 10, p. 2). Three types of 

AWI ceiling tiles (Travertone Sanserra, Santaglio, and Embossed Design) manufactured in 1969 and 1970 

were coated with a formulation that contained Aroclor-1254, a commercial formulation of PCBs (Refs. 

14, p. 1; 15, p. 1). According to AWI representatives, possible sources of PCB contamination on the 

property are recycled raw materials and recycled newsprint with older dye formulations (Refs. 17, p. 27; 

18, p. 2; 19, p. 6). 

AWI began disposing of general and industrial trash, old equipment, and excess bark and scrap wood in 

the remote landfill in the mid-1960s (Refs. 17, p. 23; 19, p. 5). In late 1971, AWI’s newly constructed 

WWTP became operational and was outfitted with two large coil filters that removed excess fiber from 

the WWTP influent. The fibrous sludge material removed by the coil filters was subsequently disposed 

of in either Source No. 1 (the WWTP landfill) or in the AWI portion of Source No. 2 (the AWI remote 

landfill) (Ref. 17, p. 23). In June 1974, AWI was issued NPDES permit number GA0003077 for its 

wastewater treatment system and continues to operate under this permit today (Refs. 25, p. 1; 26, p. 1). 

The NPDES permit requires AWI to monitor outfall discharges for biochemical oxygen demand, total 

suspended solids, and pH (Refs. 25, p. 2; 26, p. 1). The AWI WWTP outfall discharges to the drainage 

ditch that originates in the eastern portion of the plant property that flows into the drainage easement that 

traverses through palustrine forested wetlands on the FMNOL property and leads to Rocky Creek (Refs. 

14, p. 2; 25, p. 1; 26, p. 1; 67). 

In 1977, AWI ceased disposing of its filtered sludge waste in its portion of Source No. 2 (the AWI remote 

landfill), and sometime between the late 1980s and early 1990s, AWI ceased disposing of the filtered 

sludge waste in Source No. 1 (the WWTP landfill). Although Source No. 1 (the WWTP landfill) has 

been stabilized with a vegetative cover and security fencing, it has not been formally closed. AWI 

currently sends all of its WWTP sludge to a local industrial landfill (Refs. 17, p. 23; 18, p. 3). 

In 1996, AWI submitted a release notification form to the GAEPD Hazardous Site Response Program 

reporting the presence of PCBs in waste sludge disposed of in Source Nos. 1 and 2 (the WWTP landfill

and the AWI remote landfill) (Refs. 10, p. 1). 

The FMNOL portion of Source 2 was reportedly used for disposal of solid wastes and ordnance 

throughout the operational history (1941 to 1974) of the FMNOP (Refs. 8, p. 3; 11, p. 2; 20, pp. 42, 43, 

46, 47; 67). The landfill was also used for disposal of used parts and construction debris (Refs. 11, p. 2; 

12, p. 2-11). 

An analysis of aerial photographs taken over a 50-year period from 1938 to 1988 indicates that the AWI 

remote landfill and the FMNOL were one large landfill between 1975 and 1988 (Ref. 20, pp. iii, 38, 39, 

42, 43, 46, 47). Sometime in 1996, a fence was erected on the southern parcel of the AWI property, 

which gives the appearance that there are two distinctly separate landfills (Refs. 11, p. 11; 13, p. 1-6; 17, 

p. 28; 19, p. 13; 21, p. 10). However, based on the aerial photographic record, commingling of wastes 

occurred between 1975 and 1988 (Ref. 20, pp. 38, 39, 42, 43, 46, 47). 

Elevated concentrations of PCBs were detected in samples collected from the AWI drainage ditch as well 

as along the entire length of the drainage easement, which begins just below where the drainage ditch 

ends at PPE 1 (Ref. 7, Appendix A, Figure 3, p. A-3; 7, Appendix B, Table 11, pp. B-24 through B-30; 7, 

Appendix D, p. D-5) (see Figures 2 and 3 of this HRS documentation record). None of the sediment 

samples collected from AIP’s western drainage ditch, upstream of its convergence with the AWI drainage 

easement (DD-502-SD, DD-503-SD, DD-504-SD, and DD-505-SD), contained PCBs (Ref. 7, Appendix 

A, Figure 3, p. A-3; Appendix E, pp. E-1255, E-1257, E-1259, E-1261). Therefore, PCBs detected in the 

observed release are at least partially attributable to Source No. 1.
65 SW-Observed Release

Source samples collected from Source No. 1 (WWTP landfill) during the EPA 2009 SI were analyzed 

only for PCBs. Sediment sample DD-501-SD, collected from the AWI drainage ditch just as it leaves the 

property boundary of the AWI northern parcel and before it receives runoff from other possible sources 

upgradient of AWI, contained SVOCs and metals in addition to PCBs. These constituents were also 

detected in samples collected from Source No. 2 (the commingled AWI remote landfill and the FMNOL) 

(Refs. 7, Appendix A, Figure 3, p. A-3; 7, Appendix B, Tables 11 and 12, pp. B-24 through B-33; 7, 

Appendix E; 8, Appendix B, Tables 5 through 8, pp. B-8 through B-32). 

Sediment samples collected from palustrine forested wetlands in the drainage easement contained 

SVOCs, PCBs, and metals, including benzo(a)anthracene (up to 7,100 μg/kg), benzo(a)pyrene (up to 

6,600 μg/kg), benzo(k)fluoranthene (up to 6,100 μg/kg), indeno(1,2,3-cd)pyrene (up to 5,700 J μg/kg), 

phenanthrene (up to 4,600 μg/kg), pyrene (up to 12,000 μg/kg), PCB-1248 (up to 14,000 J- μg/kg), PCB1260 (up to 750 μg/kg), cadmium (up to 12 mg/kg), chromium (up to 31 mg/kg), lead (up to 110 mg/kg), 

and manganese (up to 960 mg/kg) (Ref. 7, Appendix A, Figure 3, p. A-3; 7, Appendix B, Tables 11 and 

12, pp. B-24 through B-33). 

The same hazardous substances detected in samples from the AWI remote landfill (southern parcel of the 

AWI property) were also detected in the FMNOL, including benzo(a)anthracene, benzo(a)pyrene, 

benzo(k)fluoranthene, chrysene, fluoranthene, pyrene, PCB-1254, cadmium, chromium, lead, and 

manganese (Refs. 7, Appendix E; 8, Appendix B, Tables 5 through 8, pp. B-8 through B-32) (see Table 4 

of this HRS documentation record). The area is prone to frequent flooding, potentially resulting in 

migration of hazardous substances from the commingled landfill to the surrounding area, because the 

commingled landfill is located within the 100-year floodplain of Rocky Creek (Refs. 38; 39) and is 

severely eroded (Refs. 7, Appendix D, p. D-4; 9, p. 6; 19, p. 20). The same hazardous substances 

detected in samples collected from Source No. 2 (the commingled AWI remote landfill and the FMNOL) 

were also detected in Source No. 3 (contaminated soil surrounding the commingled landfill) (Refs. 7, 

Appendix E; 8, Appendix B, Tables 5 through 8, pp. B-8 through B-32) (see Tables 6 and 9 of this HRS 

documentation record). 

Source No. 3 sample locations FML301, FML305, FML308, FML309, and AWI216 are all located within 

HRS eligible wetlands (palustrine forested) (Refs. 7, Appendix A, Figure 3, p. A-3; 52; 60). Samples 

collected from these locations contained elevated concentrations of benzo(a)anthracene, benzo(a)pyrene, 

benzo(k)fluoranthene, chrysene, fluoranthene, pyrene, PCB-1248, PCB-1254, PCB-1260, cadmium, 

chromium, lead, and manganese (Refs. 7, Appendix E; 8, Appendix B, Tables 5 through 8, pp. B-8 

through B-32) (see Table 9 of this HRS documentation record). 

Other possible sources of contamination include the Rocky Creek Water Reclamation Facility, Georgia 

Power, Lafarge Industries, Yancey Brothers, and unknown source(s) upstream of Broadway. The Rocky 

Creek Water Reclamation Facility, located east of and downstream from AWI, provides water treatment 

for the southern and western portions of the City of Macon. Treated wastewater from this facility is 

discharged into the Ocmulgee River (Ref. 47, p. 1). The highest concentrations of PCBs were detected in 

Rocky Creek samples collected downstream from Source Nos. 1, 2, and 3, before the Rocky Creek Water 

Reclamation Facility (Refs. 7, Appendix A, Figure 3, p. A-3; 7, Appendix B, Table 16, pp. B-41 through 

B-45; 60) (also see Table 15 in Section 4.1.2.1.1, Observed Release, of this HRS documentation record). 

 

Georgia Power operates a power substation immediately south of the AWI plant along Broadway (Ref. 7, 

Appendix A, Figure 2, p. A-2). Lafarge Industries owns the property immediately south of the AWI plant 

property where a former sand quarry is located. Aerial photographs of the area show that the quarry has 

filled with water (Ref. 7, Appendix A, Figure 2, p. A-2). This quarry may drain directly into Rocky 

Creek, though sediment samples collected from Rocky Creek immediately south of the quarry did not 

contain any hazardous substances (Ref. 7, Appendix A, Figure 3, p. A-3; 7, Appendix B, Table 15, pp. B38, B-39, B-40). Neither Georgia Power nor Lafarge Industries are listed in the CERCLIS database (Ref. 

70). 
66 SW-Observed Release

Yancey Brothers is located immediately south of the Georgia Power substation and immediately north of 

the AWI woodyard landfill (Ref. 68, Appendix A, Figure 2, p. A-2). Yancey Brothers sells, services, 

leases, and rents new and used construction equipment (Ref. 64). This facility is listed in the RCRA 

database as a conditionally exempt small quantity generator; however, the type(s) of hazardous waste that 

they generate is unknown (Ref. 69, p. 2). 

One sediment sample (RC-400-SD) collected from Rocky Creek near the Broadway overpass upstream of 

AWI during the EPA May 2009 SI contained hazardous substances including SVOCs. Sediment samples 

collected between this location and AWI did not contain SVOCs (Ref. 7, Appendix A, Figure 3, p. A-3; 7, 

Appendix B, Table 15, p. B-38). 

Analytical results for source samples collected from Source Nos. 1, 2, and 3 in May 2009 contained 

hazardous substances, including benzo(a)anthracene, benzo(a)pyrene, benzo(k)fluoranthene, chrysene, 

dibenzo(a,h)anthracene, fluoranthene, indeno(1,2,3-cd)pyrene, phenanthrene, pyrene, PCB-1248, PCB1254, PCB-1260, cadmium, chromium, lead, and manganese (see Tables 2, 6, and 9 in Section 2.2.2 for 

Source Nos. 1, 2, and 3 of this HRS documentation record). In addition, benzo(a)anthracene, 

benzo(a)pyrene, benzo(k)fluoranthene, chrysene, fluoranthene, indeno(1,2,3-cd)pyrene, pyrene, PCB1248, PCB-1254, PCB-1260, and cadmium were detected at elevated concentrations in sediment samples 

collected from palustrine forested wetlands in the drainage easement and from Rocky Creek (see Table 15 

in Section 4.1.2.1.1, Observed Release, of this HRS documentation record). Furthermore, an observed 

release of hazardous substances has been documented in HRS-eligible wetlands (palustrine forested, 

palustrine scrub-shrub, and palustrine emergent) along Rocky Creek (Refs. 7, Appendix B, Table 16, pp. 

B-41 through B-45; 7, Appendix B, Table 18, pp. B-48, B-49; 52; 60). 

The hazardous substances listed below have been documented in Source Nos. 1, 2, and 3, and in HRSeligible wetlands (palustrine forested, palustrine scrub-shrub, and palustrine emergent) that are contiguous 

with Rocky Creek indicating migration of hazardous substances from AWI sources (see Tables 2, 6, and 9 

in Section 2.2.2 for Source Nos. 1, 2, and 3, and Table 15 in Section 4.1.2.1.1, Observed Release, of this 

HRS documentation record). 

Hazardous Substances in the Release

Benzo(a)anthracene 

Benzo(a)pyrene 

Benzo(k)fluoranthene

Chrysene 

Fluoranthene 

Indeno(1,2,3-cd)pyrene 

Pyrene

PCB-1248 

PCB-1254 

PCB-1260 

Cadmium

Surface Water Observed Release Factor Value: 550.00
67 SW-Drinking Water Threat

4.1.2.2 DRINKING WATER THREAT WASTE CHARACTERISTICS

4.1.2.2.1 TOXICITY/PERSISTENCE

The toxicity and persistence factor values for the hazardous substances detected in the source samples 

with containment factor values of greater than 0 are summarized in Table 16. The combined toxicity and 

persistence factor values are assigned in accordance with Reference 1, Section 4.1.2.2.1. 

TABLE 16: Surface Water Toxicity/Persistence

Hazardous 

Substance

Source 

No.

Toxicity 

Factor 

Value

Persistence

Factor 

Value1

Does 

Hazardous 

Substance Meet 

Observed 

Release? 

(Yes/No)

Toxicity/

Persistence 

Factor Value 

(Table 4-12) Reference

Benzo(a)anthracene 2, 3 1,000 1 Yes 1,000 2, p. BI-2 

Benzo(a)pyrene 2, 3 10,000 1 Yes 10,000 2, p. BI-2 

Benzo(k)fluoranthene 2, 3 100 1 Yes 100 2, p. BI-2 

Chrysene 2, 3 10 1 Yes 10 2, p. BI-3 

Dibenzo(a,h)anthracene 2 10,000 1 No 10,000 2, p. BI-4 

Fluoranthene* 2, 3 100 1 Yes 100 2, p. BI-2 

Indeno(1,2,3-cd)pyrene 2 1,000 1 Yes 1,000 2, p. BI-8 

Phenanthrene 2 0 0.4000 No 0 2, p. BI-9 

Pyrene 2, 3 100 1 Yes 100 2, p. BI-10 

PCB-1248 1, 2, 3 10,000 1 Yes 10,000 2, p. BI-10 

PCB-1254 1, 2, 3 10,000 1 Yes 10,000 2, p. BI-10 

PCB-1260 1, 2, 3 10,000 1 Yes 10,000 2, p. BI-10 

Cadmium 2, 3 10,000 1 Yes 10,000 2, p. BI-2 

Chromium 2, 3 10,000 1 No 10,000 2, p. BI-3 

Lead 2, 3 10,000 1 No 10,000 2, p. BI-8 

Manganese 2, 3 10,000 1 No 10,000 2, p. BI-8 

Notes:

* The values for benzo(j,k)fluorene were used for fluoranthene, as they are synonyms 1 Persistence factor value for river

Toxicity/Persistence Factor Value: 10,000.00 

(Ref. 1, Section 4.1.2.2.1) 
68 SW-Drinking Water Threat

4.1.2.2.2 HAZARDOUS WASTE QUANTITY

TABLE 17: Hazardous Waste Quantity

Source No. Source Type Source Hazardous Waste Quantity

1 Landfill 51.22 

2 Landfill 122.84 

3 Contaminated soil >0

Total Source Hazardous Waste Quantity: >174.06 

The hazardous constituent quantity for Source No. 1 (WWTP landfill) is not adequately determined. The 

estimated area of the WWTP landfill is about 174,158.72 ft2

 (Refs. 6; 10, p. 6; 33; 59). 

The hazardous constituent quantity for Source No. 2 (the historical boundary of the combined AWI 

remote landfill and FMNOL) is not adequately determined. The estimated area of the historical boundary 

of the AWI remote landfill and the FMNOL is about 417,661.67 ft2

 (Refs. 6; 10, p. 6; 33; 59). 

The hazardous constituent quantity for Source No. 3 (contaminated soil surrounding Source No. 2) is not 

adequately determined. It is not known whether contamination in Source No. 3 is continuous between 

sampling points (Ref. 8, Appendix B, Table 1, pp. B-1, B-2). Therefore, the area of contaminated soil in 

Source No. 3 is undetermined but greater than zero. 

Hazardous Waste Quantity Factor Value: 100 

(Ref. 1, Table 2-6) 

4.1.2.2.3 CALCULATION OF DRINKING WATER THREAT

WASTE CHARACTERISTICS FACTOR CATEGORY VALUE

The waste characteristics factor category was obtained by multiplying the toxicity, persistence, and HWQ 

factor values, subject to a maximum product of 1 x 108

. Based on this product, a value was assigned in 

accordance with Reference 1, Table 2-7. 

Toxicity/Persistence Factor Value: 10,000.00 

Hazardous Waste Quantity Factor Value: 100 

Toxicity/Persistence Factor Value × 

Hazardous Waste Quantity Factor Value: 1 x 106

Waste Characteristics Factor Category Value: 32

(Ref. 1, Table 2-7) 
69 SW-Drinking Water Threat

4.1.2.3 DRINKING WATER THREAT TARGETS

No surface water intakes are located within the 15-mile TDL downstream of the AWI property (Refs. 3; 

7, p. 19; 42; 65; 66). 

4.1.2.3.3 Resources 

TABLE 18: Resources

Surface Water Body Resource Use Reference

Ocmulgee River Major/Designated Recreation Area 39; 50, p. 4-10 

According to the Macon-Bibb County Planning and Zoning Commission, the Ocmulgee River is a source 

for outdoor recreation (Ref. 50, p. 4-10). About 9 miles of the TDL is located in the Ocmulgee River 

(Ref. 3). 

Resources Factor Value: 5.00

(Ref. 1, Section 4.1.2.3.3)
70 SW-Human Food Chain Threat

4.1.3.2 HUMAN FOOD CHAIN THREAT WASTE CHARACTERISTICS

4.1.3.2.1 Toxicity/Persistence/Bioaccumulation 

The toxicity, persistence, and bioaccumulation factor values for the hazardous substances detected in the 

source samples with containment factor values of greater than 0 are summarized in Table 19. The 

combined toxicity, persistence, and bioaccumulation factor values are assigned in accordance with 

Reference 1, Section 4.1.3.2.1. 

TABLE 19: Toxicity/Persistence/Bioaccumulation

Hazardous 

Substance

Source 

No.

Toxicity 

Factor 

Value

Persistence 

Factor 

Value1

Bioaccumulation 

Value2

Toxicity/

Persistence/

Bioaccumulation 

Factor Value 

(Table 4-16) Reference

Benzo(a)

anthracene 2, 3 1,000 1 50,000 5 × 107 2, p. BI-2 

Benzo(a)pyrene 2, 3 10,000 1 50,000 5 × 108 2, p. BI-2 

Benzo(k)

fluoranthene 2, 3 100 1 50,000 5 × 106 2, p. BI-2 

Chrysene 2, 3 10 1 5.0 50 2, p. BI-3 

Dibenzo(a,h)

anthracene 2 10,000 1 50,000 5 × 108 2, p. BI-4 

Fluoranthene* 2, 3 100 1 500 50,000 2, p. BI-2 

Indeno(1,2,3-cd)

Pyrene

2 1,000 1 500 500,000 2, p. BI-8 

Phenanthrene 2 0 0.4000 5,000 0 2, p. BI-9 

Pyrene 2, 3 100 1 50,000 5 × 106 2, p. BI-10 

PCB-1248 1, 2, 3 10,000 1 50,000 5 × 108 2, p. BI-10 

PCB-1254 1, 2, 3 10,000 1 50,000 5 × 108 2, p. BI-10 

PCB-1260 1, 2, 3 10,000 1 50,000 5 × 108 2, p. BI-10 

Cadmium 2, 3 10,000 1 5,000 5 × 107 2, p. BI-2 

Chromium 2, 3 10,000 1 500 5 × 106 2, p. BI-3 

Lead 2, 3 10,000 1 5.0 50,000 2, p. BI-8 

Manganese 2, 3 10,000 1 50,000 5 × 108 2, p. BI-8 

Notes:

* The values for benzo(j,k)fluorene were used for fluoranthene, as they are synonyms 1 Persistence factor value for rivers 2 Bioaccumulation factor value for fresh water

Toxicity/Persistence/Bioaccumulation Factor Value: 5 × 108

(benzo(a)pyrene, dibenzo(a,h)anthracene, PCB-1248, PCB-1254, PCB-1260, Manganese) 

(Ref. 1, Section 4.1.3.2.1.4) 
71 SW-Human Food Chain Threat

4.1.3.2.2 HAZARDOUS WASTE QUANTITY

TABLE 20: Hazardous Waste Quantity

Source No. Source Type Source Hazardous Waste Quantity

1 Landfill 51.22 

2 Landfill 122.84 

3 Contaminated soil >0

Total Source Hazardous Waste Quantity: >174.06 

The hazardous constituent quantity for Source No. 1 (WWTP landfill) is not adequately determined. The 

estimated area of the WWTP landfill is about 174,158.72 ft2

 (Refs. 6; 10, p. 6; 33; 59). 

The hazardous constituent quantity for Source No. 2 (the historical boundary of the combined AWI 

remote landfill and FMNOL) is not adequately determined. The estimated area of the historical boundary 

of the AWI remote landfill and the FMNOL is about 417,661.67 ft2

 (Refs. 6; 10, p. 6; 33; 59). 

The hazardous constituent quantity for Source No. 3 (contaminated soil surrounding Source No. 2) is not 

adequately determined. It is not known whether contamination in Source No. 3 is continuous between 

sampling points (Ref. 8, Appendix B, Table 1, pp. B-1, B-2). Therefore, the area of contaminated soil in 

Source No. 3 is undetermined but greater than zero. 

Hazardous Waste Quantity Factor Value: 100 

(Ref. 1, Table 2-6) 

4.1.3.2.3 CALCULATION OF HUMAN FOOD CHAIN THREAT

WASTE CHARACTERISTICS FACTOR CATEGORY VALUE

The waste characteristics factor category was obtained by multiplying the toxicity, persistence, and HWQ 

factor values, subject to a maximum product of 1 x 108

. Then, this product was multiplied by the 

bioaccumulation potential factor value, subject to a maximum product of 1 x 1012. Based on this product, 

a value was assigned in accordance with Reference 1, Table 2-7. 

Toxicity/Persistence Factor Value: 10,000.00 

Hazardous Waste Quantity Factor Value: 100 

Toxicity/Persistence Factor Value × 

Hazardous Waste Quantity Factor Value: 1 x 106 

Toxicity/Persistence Factor Value × 

Hazardous Waste Quantity Factor Value × Bioaccumulation Factor Value (50,000): 5 x 1010 

Waste Characteristics Factor Category Value: 320 

(Ref. 1, Table 2-7) 
72 SW-Human Food Chain Threat

4.1.3.3 HUMAN FOOD CHAIN THREAT TARGETS

Level I Concentrations

No Level I concentrations have been documented.

Level II Concentrations

Level II concentrations have been documented along Rocky Creek. Rocky Creek is fished between 

Broadway and its confluence with Tobesofkee Creek where accessible to the public; fish are also 

harvested for consumption (Refs. 3; 39; 41, pp. 3, 10, 11). The sampling locations are shown in 

Reference 7, Appendix A, page A-3. 

Most Distant Level II Sample

Investigation: 2009 SI/ESI 

Sample ID: RC-409-SD

Sample Medium: Sediment 

Hazardous Substances: Benzo(a)anthracene, benzo(a)pyrene, chrysene, indeno(1,2,3-cd)pyrene, 

pyrene, PCB-1248, cadmium 

Location: Rocky Creek, about 5,150 feet, or 0.97 mile, downstream of PPE 1; 2,375 

feet downstream of PPE 2 

References: 3; 7, Appendix A, Figure 3, p. A-3; 60; see Table 15 of this HRS 

documentation record

TABLE 21: Level II Fishery

Identity of Fishery

Extent of Level II Fishery

(Relative to PPE) References

Rocky Creek 0.97 mile downstream of PPE 1; 2,375 feet 

downstream of PPE 2

3; 7, Appendix A, 

Figure 3, p. A-3; 60

4.1.3.3.1 Food Chain Individual

As noted in Section 4.1.2.1.1, an observed release of hazardous substances with a bioaccumulation factor 

value of 500 or greater is documented in Rocky Creek (see Tables 15 and 19 of this HRS documentation 

record). Rocky Creek, Tobesofkee Creek, and the Ocmulgee River are designated as fisheries by the 

State of Georgia (Refs. 48, p. 2; 49, Appendix A, pp. A-78, A-80; 50, p. 4-14). Rocky Creek is fished 

between Broadway and its confluence with Tobesofkee Creek where it is accessible to the public; fish are 

also harvested for consumption (Refs. 3; 39; 41, pp. 3, 10, 11). In 2007, GAEPD personnel observed 

people fishing in Rocky Creek just upstream from the convergence of the drainage easement and Rocky 

Creek. The fishermen indicated to GAEPD personnel that they clean and eat the fish that they catch 

(Refs. 9, p. 9; 41, pp. 3, 10, 11). In addition, Tetra Tech observed fishing gear, including a fishing line 

and weight, along Rocky Creek west of the Central of Georgia railroad tracks during the EPA 2009 SI 

and ESI sampling events (Ref. 7, Appendix D, p. D-7). According to the GADNR, Wildlife Resources 

Division, fish species caught for consumption along Rocky Creek include redear sunfish, redbreast 

sunfish, bluegill, and brown bullhead catfish (Ref. 39). USACE has posted signs advising fishermen that 

the fish in Rocky Creek contain PCBs, and the State of Georgia has issued fish consumption guidelines 

for the Ocmulgee River as a result of PCB and mercury contamination (Refs. 41, pp. 2, 4; 51, p. 39). 

Sample ID: RC-405-SD

Level I/Level II/Potential: Level II

Hazardous Substances: PCB-1248 

Bioaccumulation Potential: 50,000
73 SW-Human Food Chain Threat

Sample ID: RC-406-SD

Level I/Level II/Potential: Level II

Hazardous Substances: PCB-1248, PCB-1254 

Bioaccumulation Potential: 50,000

Sample ID: RC-407-SD

Level I/Level II/Potential: Level II

Hazardous Substances: PCB-1248, cadmium 

Bioaccumulation Potential: 50,000

Sample ID: RC-408-SD

Level I/Level II/Potential: Level II

Hazardous Substances: Benzo(a)anthracene, benzo(a)pyrene, chrysene, pyrene, PCB-1248, cadmium 

Bioaccumulation Potential: 50,000

Sample ID: RC-409-SD

Level I/Level II/Potential: Level II

Hazardous Substances: Benzo(a)anthracene, benzo(a)pyrene, chrysene, indeno(1,2,3-cd)pyrene, pyrene, 

PCB-1248, cadmium 

Bioaccumulation Potential: 50,000

References: 2, pp. BI-2, BI-3, BI-4, BI-8, BI-10; 7, Appendix A, Figure 3, p. A-3; 7, Appendix E, pp. E1639, E-1640, E-1645, E-1646, E-1774, E-1779, E-1784 

Food Chain Individual Factor Value: 45 

(Ref. 1, Section 4.1.3.3.1) 

4.1.3.3.2 Population

4.1.3.3.2.1 Level I Concentrations

No Level I samples were collected.

4.1.3.3.2.2 Level II Concentrations 

Rocky Creek was evaluated as a Level II fishery. In 2007, GAEPD personnel observed people fishing in 

Rocky Creek just upstream from the convergence of the drainage easement and Rocky Creek. The 

fishermen indicated to GAEPD personnel that they clean and eat the fish that they catch (Refs. 9, p. 9; 41, 

pp. 3, 10, 11). In addition, Tetra Tech observed fishing gear, including a fishing line and weight, along 

Rocky Creek during the EPA 2009 SI and ESI sampling events (Ref. 7, Appendix D, p. D-7). According 

to the GADNR, Wildlife Resources Division, fish species caught for consumption in Rocky Creek 

include redear sunfish, redbreast sunfish, bluegill, and brown bullhead catfish (Ref. 39). 

Rocky Creek has several branches. Specific stream channels are difficult to discern because of the 

extensive wetlands in the area. Information is not available on the annual production of fish caught in 

Rocky Creek. Therefore, the annual production for the water body is undetermined but greater than zero 

because Rocky Creek is a fishery (Refs. 48, p. 2; 49, Appendix A, p. A-80; 50, p. 4-14). 
74 SW-Human Food Chain Threat

TABLE 22: Level II Population Threat 

Identity of 

Fishery

Annual 

Production 

(pounds)

Type of Surface 

Water Body

Population Value (Pi) 

(Ref. 1, Table 4-18) References

Rocky Creek >0 Minimal Stream 0.03 

39; 48, p. 2; 49, 

Appendix A, p. A-80; 

50, p. 4-14 

Notes:

cfs Cubic feet per second

Level II Concentrations Factor Value: 0.03

(Ref. 1, Section 4.1.3.3.2.2) 
75 SW-Environmental Threat

4.1.4.2 ENVIRONMENTAL THREAT WASTE CHARACTERISTICS

4.1.4.2.1 Ecosystem Toxicity/Persistence/Bioaccumulation 

The ecosystem toxicity, persistence, and bioaccumulation factor values for the hazardous substances 

detected in the source samples with containment factor values of greater than 0 are summarized in Table 

23. The combined ecosystem toxicity, persistence, and bioaccumulation factor values are assigned in 

accordance with Reference 1, Section 4.1.4.2.1. 

TABLE 23: Ecosystem Toxicity/Persistence/Bioaccumulation

Hazardous 

Substances

Source 

No.

Ecosystem 

Toxicity 

Factor 

Value1

Persistence 

Factor 

Value2

Bioaccumulation 

Value3

Ecosystem/

Toxicity/

Bioaccumulation 

Factor Value 

(Ref. 1, Table 

4-21) Reference

Benzo(a)

anthracene 2, 3 10,000 1 50,000 5 × 108 2, p. BI-2 

Benzo(a)pyrene 2, 3 10,000 1 50,000 5 × 108 2, p. BI-2 

Benzo(k)

fluoranthene 2, 3 0 1 50,000 0 2, p. BI-2 

Chrysene 2, 3 1,000 1 5,000 5 × 106 2, p. BI-3 

Dibenzo(a,h)

anthracene 2 0 1 50,000 0 2, p. BI-4 

Fluoranthene* 2, 3 10,000 1 5,000 5 × 107 2, p. BI-2 

Indeno(1,2,3-cd)

Pyrene

2 0 1 50,000 0 2, p. BI-8 

Phenanthrene 2 10,000 0.4000 50,000 2 × 108 2, p. BI-9 

Pyrene 2, 3 10,000 1 50,000 5 × 108 2, p. BI-10 

PCB-1248 1, 2, 3 10,000 1 50,000 5 × 108 2, p. BI-10 

PCB-1254 1, 2, 3 10,000 1 50,000 5 × 108 2, p. BI-10 

PCB-1260 1, 2, 3 10,000 1 50,000 5 × 108 2, p. BI-10 

Cadmium 2, 3 10,000 1 50,000 5 × 108 2, p. BI-2 

Chromium 2, 3 10,000 1 500 5 × 108 2, p. BI-3 

Lead 2, 3 1,000 1 50,000 5 × 107 2, p. BI-8 

Manganese 2, 3 0 1 50,000 0 2, p. BI-8 

Notes:

* The values for benzo(j,k)fluorene were used for fluoranthene, as they are synonyms 1 Ecotoxicity for fresh water 2 Persistence value for rivers 3 Bioaccumulation factor value for fresh water, environmental threat

Ecosystem Toxicity/Persistence/Bioaccumulation Factor Value: 5 × 108

(benzo(a)pyrene, dibenzo(a,h)anthracene, PCB-1248, PCB-1254, PCB-1260, Manganese) 

(Reference 1, Section 4.1.4.2.1) 
76 SW-Environmental Threat

4.1.4.2.2 HAZARDOUS WASTE QUANTITY

TABLE 24: Hazardous Waste Quantity

Source No. Source Type Source Hazardous Waste Quantity

1 Landfill 51.22 

2 Landfill 122.84 

3 Contaminated Soil >0

Total Source Hazardous Waste Quantity: >174.06 

The hazardous constituent quantity for Source No. 1 (WWTP landfill) is not adequately determined. The 

estimated area of the WWTP landfill is about 174,158.72 ft2

 (Refs. 6; 10, p. 6; 33; 59). 

The hazardous constituent quantity for Source No. 2 (the historical boundary of the combined AWI 

remote landfill and FMNOL) is not adequately determined. The estimated area of the historical boundary 

of the AWI remote landfill and the FMNOL is about 417,661.67 ft2

 (Refs. 6; 10, p. 6; 33; 59). 

The hazardous constituent quantity for Source No. 3 (contaminated soil surrounding Source No. 2) is not 

adequately determined. It is not known whether contamination in Source No. 3 is continuous between 

sampling points (Ref. 8, Appendix B, Table 1, pp. B-1, B-2). Therefore, the area of contaminated soil in 

Source No. 3 is undetermined but greater than zero. 

Hazardous Waste Quantity Factor Value: 100 

(Ref. 1, Table 2-6) 

4.1.4.2.3 CALCULATION OF ENVIRONMENTAL CHAIN THREAT

WASTE CHARACTERISTICS FACTOR CATEGORY VALUE

The waste characteristics factor category was obtained by multiplying the ecosystem toxicity, persistence, 

and HWQ factor values, subject to a maximum product of 1 x 108

. Then, this product was multiplied by 

the bioaccumulation potential factor value, subject to a maximum product of 1 x 1012. Based on this 

product, a value was assigned in accordance with Reference 1, Table 2-7. 

Ecosystem Toxicity/Persistence Factor Value: 10,000.00 

Hazardous Waste Quantity Factor Value: 100 

Ecosystem Toxicity/Persistence Factor Value × 

Hazardous Waste Quantity Factor Value: 1 x 106 

Ecosystem Toxicity/Persistence Factor Value × 

Hazardous Waste Quantity Factor Value × Bioaccumulation Factor Value (50,000): 5 x 1010 

Waste Characteristics Factor Category Value: 320

(Ref. 1, Table 2-7) 
77 SW-Environmental Threat

4.1.4.3 Environmental Threat Targets 

Level I Concentrations

No Level I concentrations have been documented. 

Level II Concentrations

Actual contamination has been documented in wetland areas along Rocky Creek, as documented in 

Section 4.1.2.1.1 of this HRS documentation record. The sampling locations are shown in Reference 7, 

Appendix A, Figure 3, page A-3. Wetland areas are identified on Reference 52, Wetlands Inventory 

Maps and Reference 60. The wetland areas evaluated are palustrine forested, palustrine scrub-shrub, and 

palustrine emergent (Refs. 52; 60). 

Most Distant Level II Sample

Investigation: 2009 SI/ESI 

Sample ID: RC-409-SD

Sample Medium: Sediment 

Hazardous Substances: benzo(a)anthracene, benzo(a)pyrene, chrysene, indeno(1,2,3-cd)pyrene, 

pyrene, PCB-1248, cadmium 

Location: Along Rocky Creek, about 0.97 mile downstream of PPE 1; 2,375 feet 

downstream of PPE 2 

References: 52; 60; see Table 15 of this HRS documentation record

4.1.4.3.1 Sensitive Environments

4.1.4.3.1.1 Level I Concentrations

Sensitive Environments

Sensitive environments other than wetlands have not been identified within the 15-mile surface water 

migration pathway TDL. 

Wetlands

No Level I wetlands were scored. 

4.1.4.3.1.2 Level II Concentrations

Sensitive Environments

Sensitive environments other than wetlands have not been identified within the 15-mile surface water 

migration pathway TDL.

Wetlands

The wetland areas were identified from Reference 52, Wetlands Inventory Maps. The wetland areas 

evaluated are palustrine forested, palustrine scrub-shrub, and palustrine emergent (Refs. 52; 60). The 

southern portions of the AWI remote landfill property and the FMNOL property, as well as the drainage 

easement, are located within HRS-eligible wetland areas (palustrine forested, palustrine scrub-shrub, and 

palustrine emergent) (Refs. 52; 60). A portion of Source No. 3 is located in palustrine forested wetlands 

(Ref. 60). The sediment samples evaluated at Level II concentrations are located in palustrine forested, 

palustrine scrub-shrub, and palustrine emergent wetland areas along the drainage easement and Rocky 

Creek (Refs. 52; 60). The total wetland frontage from PPE 1 to the most downstream sample that 
78 SW-Environmental Threat

contained Level II concentrations (RC-409-SD) is 1.94 miles (Refs. 3; 7, Appendix A, Figure 3, p. A-3; 

52; 60). Both sides of the drainage easement and Rocky Creek were included in the determination of the 

wetland frontage (Refs. 3; 52; 60). 

TABLE 25: Level II Wetland Frontage 

Wetland Water Body Wetland Frontage References

Palustrine forested, 

palustrine scrub-shrub, 

and palustrine emergent

Rocky Creek 1.94 miles 3; 7, Appendix A, Figure 

3, p. A-3; 52; 60 

Total Wetland Frontage 1.94 miles 3; 7, Appendix A, Figure 

3, p. A-3; 52; 60 

Total Wetland Frontage: 1.94 miles

The wetland ratings value for 1.94 miles is obtained from Reference 1, Table 4-24 and is 50. 

Wetland Value: 50

(Ref. 1, Table 4-24) 

For wetlands subject to Level II concentrations, the wetland value (50) is multiplied by 1 (Ref. 1, Section 

4.1.4.3.1.1). 

Wetland Value: 50 × 1

Level II Concentrations Factor Value: 50 

(Ref. 1, Section 4.1.4.3.1.1)