RENDERED: JANUARY 22, 2021; 10:00 A.M.

NOT TO BE PUBLISHED

Commonwealth of Kentucky

Court of Appeals

NO. 2019-CA-0695-MR

JUANITA WHITIS AND 

TAMMY THOMPSON APPELLANTS

APPEAL FROM PULASKI CIRCUIT COURT

v. HONORABLE JEFFREY T. BURDETTE, JUDGE

ACTION NO. 15-CI-01259

VIRGIL LEO MEECE, IN HIS 

CAPACITY AS EXECUTOR TO 

THE ESTATE OF NELLIE MEECE; 

VIRGIL LEO MEECE, INDIVIDUALLY;

SANDRA CURRENT, HEIR OF 

NELLIE MEECE; DENISE HARGIS,

HEIR OF NELLIE MEECE; 

DAVID L. WHITIS, HEIR OF

NELLIE MEECE; TERRY CHANEY,

HEIR OF NELLIE MEECE; AND GARY 

WHITIS, HEIR OF NELLIE MEECE APPELLEES

OPINION

AFFIRMING

**   **  **

BEFORE: COMBS, KRAMER, AND TAYLOR, JUDGES.
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TAYLOR, JUDGE: Juanita Whitis and Tammy Thompson bring this appeal from 

an April 1, 2019, Trial Order and Judgment of the Pulaski Circuit Court. We 

affirm.

Nellie Meece was born in 1919 and passed away on October 14, 2014. 

Nellie had four children – Juanita Whitis, Virgil Leo Meece (Leo), Joyce Hargis, 

and Betty Whitis. Juanita and Leo were Nellie’s only surviving children at the 

time of her death. It is undisputed that Nellie was suffering from dementia when 

she passed away.

In the Pulaski District Court (Action No. 14-P-00540) on November 

20, 2014, the court admitted into probate the Last Will and Testament of Nellie 

executed on July 20, 2011. Pursuant to the terms of the July 2011 Will, the court 

appointed Leo as executor.

Thereafter, on December 23, 2015, Juanita and Tammy Thompson 

(daughter of Betty Whitis) filed a petition in the Pulaski Circuit Court (Action No. 

15-CI-01259) against Leo, in his capacity as executor of the estate of Nellie, in his 

capacity as attorney-in-fact for Nellie, and as beneficiary of Nellie. Additionally, 

Juanita and Tammy named Sandra Current, Denise Hargis, David Whitis, Terry 

Chaney, and Gary Whitis as respondents. These respondents were grandchildren 

of Nellie. In the petition, Juanita and Tammy claimed that Nellie lacked 

testamentary capacity to execute the July 2011 Will, that Leo exercised undue 
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influence over Nellie at the time of execution of the Will, and that Leo breached 

his fiduciary duty to Nellie while acting as her attorney-in-fact. Juanita and 

Tammy also sought the removal of Leo as executor based upon a conflict of 

interest. 

In the probate action (14-P-00540), a “lost will” of Nellie’s was 

discovered. The lost will was executed by Nellie on September 2, 2011, and it was 

admitted into probate by the district court on August 1, 2017. As with the July 

2011 Will, Leo was named as executor in the September 2011 Will.

As a result, Juanita and Tammy filed an amended petition in the 

circuit court (Action No. 15-CI-01259) on September 29, 2017. Therein, Juanita

and Tammy alleged that: Nellie lacked testamentary capacity to execute the 

September 2011 Will, Leo exercised undue influence over Nellie at the time Nellie 

executed the Will, and Leo breached his fiduciary duty to Nellie while acting as 

her attorney-in-fact.

In the circuit court action, a jury trial eventually ensued in March of 

2019, and the circuit court granted Leo’s motion for directed verdict upon the 

undue influence claim, breach of fiduciary duty claim, and the punitive damages 

claim. The circuit court also denied Juanita’s and Tammy’s motion to amend the 

pleadings to assert a claim of intentional interference with an inheritance or gift. 
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The jury returned a verdict finding that Nellie was of sound mind when she signed 

the September 2011 Will. This appeal follows. 

Juanita and Tammy contend the circuit court erred by denying their 

motion to amend the pleadings to assert a claim of intentional interference with an 

inheritance or gift against Leo. Although this tort has not been recognized in 

Kentucky, Juanita and Tammy argue that the Kentucky Court of Appeals has 

authority to recognize this new tort and urges this Court to do so. Additionally, 

Juanita and Tammy maintain that Leo would not suffer prejudice as the facts 

underlying this tort were “well known” to Leo. Appellants’ Brief at 17.

The tort of intentional interference with inheritance or gift is set forth 

in RESTATEMENT (SECOND) OF TORTS § 774B (1979). This tort has never been 

expressly recognized in Kentucky, and we decline to recognize it herein.

1

 To do so 

would be a substantial change in our jurisprudence in Kentucky and could be 

construed to interfere with the legislative scheme set out in Kentucky Revised 

Statutes Chapters 394, 395 and 396. Such a change would be better left to the 

sound discretion of the Kentucky Supreme Court. See Supreme Court Rule 

1.040(5). Consequently, we conclude that the circuit court did not err by denying 

Juanita and Tammy’s motion to amend the pleadings to conform with the evidence.

 

1 We point out that the Court of Appeals may recognize new torts for the first time. See Presnell 

Constr. Managers v. E.H. Constr., LLC, 134 S.W.3d 575, 581 (Ky. 2004); McDonald’s Corp. v. 

Ogborn, 309 S.W.3d 274, 291 (Ky. App. 2009).
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Juanita and Tammy next maintain that the circuit court improperly 

granted a directed verdict upon the claim of undue influence. In particular, Juanita

and Tammy assert that they introduced sufficient evidence of undue influence to 

create a jury issue. According to Juanita and Tammy, the evidence was:

(1) [Nellie] suffered from dementia, with symptoms as 

early as 2005, and certainly by 2010; (2) Leo knew about 

the 2008 Will as he wrote the notes for it for the attorney, 

and thus knew of the favoritism in that Will to Juanita’s 

family; (3) Leo knew that his mother had forgotten about 

the 1970 deed of the land to him, and kept quiet about it 

even though he knew she was attempting to devise that 

land, initially to one of Juanita’s daughters and son-inlaw, and later to him; (4) in 2011, when medical records 

indicate Nellie Meece was experiencing memory loss, 

confusion, agitation and even hallucinations, her son took 

her to an attorney on two occasions to do new Wills, and 

a new Power of Attorney without Juanita’s knowledge or 

involvement; (5) Leo had possession of at least one of the 

2011 Wills; (6) Leo became the Power of Attorney for 

his mother at the same time the September 2011 Will was 

signed; (7) the joint title to a vehicle between Nellie 

Meece and Juanita was changed to be just in Nellie 

Meece’s name between July and September, 2011 

Wills[;] (8) the 2011 Wills demonstrate a lack of 

knowledge of her bounty and an unequal disposition 

primarily favoring only one object of her bounty, without 

any explanation; (9) in January of 2011, a $47,000 

Certificate of Deposit was changed from being in 

survivorship with Juanita to being in survivorship with 

Leo, despite the fact that Nellie had personally set up the 

CD in survivorship with Juanita at a time when she had 

been making approximately equal gifts of money and 

property to her surviving children; (10) the only time that 

Nellie Meece signed the entry card to her lock box 

between 2006 and 2011 was the day Leo obtained and 

cashed a CD jointly titled with him; (11) Leo used his
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Power of Attorney to cash the other CDs, including ones 

held jointly with Joyce and Juanita, and placed them in 

the estate account, even though the money was not 

needed for Mrs. Meece’s care; (12) Nellie Meece’s 

ignorance of her bounty was demonstrated by (a) her 

reference to an 18[-]acre tract “obtained from Feldman 

Lumber Company”; (b) a reference to “Marvin 

Whitaker” property, which not only was not hers to 

devise, but also would have been referred to by her as the 

“Smotherman” tract; (c) a reference to a 23.04 tract 

which she had already conveyed to Leo in 1970, and (d) 

reference to “livestock” which she had not had in many 

years; (13) the testimony that Nellie Meece was mad at 

Juanita because of disputes with Leo seems most likely to 

have been the result of tales carried to Nellie from Leo; 

(14) regardless there was no evidence of [Nellie] being 

mad at Joyce or other family members.

Appellants’ Brief at 11-13.

A directed verdict is proper only when drawing all inferences from the 

evidence in favor of the nonmoving party, a reasonable juror could only conclude 

that the moving party was entitled to judgment. Kentucky Rules of Civil 

Procedure (CR) 50.01; Lambert v. Franklin Real Estate Co., 37 S.W.3d 770, 775 

(Ky. App. 2000). 

To invalidate a will based upon undue influence, it must be 

demonstrated that undue influence was at “a level of persuasion which destroys the 

testator’s free will and replaces it with the desires of the influencer.” Bye v. 

Mattingly, 975 S.W.2d 451, 457 (Ky. 1998) (citations omitted). The Kentucky 
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Supreme Court has recently set forth the legal framework to determine when a will 

is to be invalidated based upon undue influence:

In discerning whether influence on a given testator is 

“undue”, courts must examine both the nature and the 

extent of the influence. First, the influence must be of a 

type which is inappropriate. Influence from acts of 

kindness, appeals to feeling, or arguments addressed to 

the understanding of the testator are permissible. 

Influence from threats, coercion and the like are improper 

and not permitted by the law. Second, the influence must 

be of a level that vitiates the testator’s own free will so 

that the testator is disposing of her property in a manner 

that she would otherwise refuse to do. The essence of 

this inquiry is whether the testator is exercising her own 

judgment.

In addition to demonstrating that undue influence 

was exercised upon the testator, a contestant must also 

show influence prior to or during the execution of the 

will. Undue influence exercised after the execution of 

the will has no bearing whatsoever upon whether the 

testator disposed of her property according to her own 

wishes.

The influence must operate upon the testator at the 

execution of the will. If the influence did not affect the 

testator, then such conduct is irrelevant. However, even 

if the influence occurred many years prior to the 

execution of the will, but operates upon the testator at the 

time of execution, it is improper and will render the will 

null and void.

To determine whether a will reflects the wishes of 

the testator, the court must examine the indicia or badges 

of undue influence. Such badges include a physically 

weak and mentally impaired testator, a will which is 

unnatural in its provisions, a recently developed and 

comparatively short period of close relationship between 
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the testator and principal beneficiary, participation by the 

principal beneficiary in the preparation of the will, 

possession of the will by the principal beneficiary after it 

was reduced to writing, efforts by the principal 

beneficiary to restrict contacts between the testator and 

the natural objects of his bounty, and absolute control of 

testator’s business affairs.

. . . .

When a contestant seeks to claim that undue 

influence was employed upon a testator, the burden is 

upon the contestant to demonstrate the existence and 

effect of the influence. Merely demonstrating that the 

opportunity to exert such influence [existed] is not 

sufficient to sustain the burden of proof. When undue 

influence and a mentally impaired testator are both 

alleged and the mental impairment of the testator is 

proven, the level of undue influence which must be 

shown is less than would normally be required since the 

testator is in a weakened state.

Getty v. Getty, 581 S.W.3d 548, 555-56 (Ky. 2019) (quoting Bye, 975 S.W.2d at 

457).

As to the alleged undue influence in this case, the evidence clearly 

showed that Nellie suffered from dementia in 2011; however, the jury found that

Nellie did not lack the mental capacity to execute the September 2011 Will. While 

Juanita and Tammy claim that the September 2011 Will was unnatural, Juanita was 

not entirely left out of the Will but rather did not receive the share of the estate she 

had expected. As for Tammy, Nellie only gave one grandchild anything in the 

September 2011 Will – bedroom furniture. And, there was not a recently 
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developed or short period of close relationship between Nellie and Leo. No 

evidence was introduced that Leo participated in the preparation of the September 

2011 Will or that he possessed the September 2011 Will. Finally, no evidence was 

presented that Leo restricted contact between Nellie and Juanita or between Nellie 

and Tammy.

Most importantly, we are cognizant that the alleged undue influence 

must be of a kind that is “inappropriate[,]” such as “threats, coercion and the 

like[.]” Getty, 581 S.W.3d at 555. Juanita and Tammy have failed to set forth any 

evidence of inappropriate influence exerted on Nellie by Leo as to the September 

2011 Will. See id. Viewing the evidence most favorable to Juanita and Tammy, 

we believe that a reasonable juror could not find that Leo exerted undue influence 

over Nellie that would invalidate the September 2011 Will. Thus, we are of the 

opinion that the circuit court properly rendered a directed verdict upon Juanita and 

Tammy’s undue influence claim.

Juanita and Tammy also maintain that the circuit court erroneously 

rendered a directed verdict upon the claim that Leo breached a fiduciary duty he

owed Nellie pursuant to the power of attorney. Juanita and Tammy point out that 

Nellie executed a power of attorney appointing Leo on September 2, 2011. Juanita

and Tammy argue that Leo breached his fiduciary duty by cashing certain 
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certificates of deposit held in survivorship with either Nellie and Juanita or Nellie 

and Joyce and by failing to preserve Nellie’s estate.

In directing a verdict, the circuit court initially concluded that a 

fiduciary duty was owed to Nellie but “that relationship does not apply to Juanita

Whitis and cannot be brought by Juanita Whitis on her mother’s behalf.” Trial 

Order and Judgment at 4. So, the circuit court reasoned that Juanita did not

possess standing to bring the breach of fiduciary claim on behalf of Nellie. This 

was error.

Our Supreme Court has recognized that a decedent’s heirs at law 

possessed standing to bring a claim for breach of fiduciary duty against the 

decedent’s attorney in fact. Priestly v. Priestly, 949 S.W.2d 594, 598 (Ky. 1997). 

The holding in Priestly is broad enough to also include beneficiaries under a will. 

Similar to heirs at law, beneficiaries’ interests are far greater than a mere 

expectancy upon the testator’s death. See id. While it was error to conclude that

Juanita lacked standing, the circuit court further decided:

[M]ore significantly, though the Certificates of 

Deposit[s] were cashed by Virgil Leo Meece using his 

Power of Attorney, the funds attained were put into an 

account later designated as the estate account of Nellie

Meece to be distributed to her heirs. Changing the state 

of the money does not rise to breach of a fiduciary duty.
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Trial Order and Judgment at 4. We agree with the circuit court’s above reasoning

as to merits of the breach of fiduciary duty claim; thus, any error by the circuit 

court as to standing was merely harmless in this case. CR 61.01. 

We view any remaining contentions of error as moot or without merit.

For the foregoing reasons, the Trial Order and Judgment of the 

Pulaski Circuit Court is affirmed.

ALL CONCUR.

BRIEFS FOR APPELLANTS:

Winter R. Huff

Somerset, Kentucky

BRIEF FOR APPELLEE VIRGIL 

LEO MEECE, EXECUTOR OF THE 

ESTATE OF NELLIE MEECE AND 

INDIVIDUALLY:

John G. Prather, Jr.

Somerset, Kentucky

Howard O. Mann

Corbin, Kentucky