* The Honorable James S. Gwin, United States Di strict Judge for the Northern District of Ohio, sitting by designation. NOT RECOMMENDED FOR FULL-TEXT PUBLICATION File Name: 06a0368n.06 Filed: May 25, 2006 No. 05-6570 UNITED STATES COURT OF APPEALS FOR THE SIXTH CIRCUIT
CHEROKEE FOREST VOICES, Plaintiff-Appellant,

v. UNITED STATES FOREST SERVICE, Defendant-Appellee. ) ) ) ) ) ) ) ) ) ON APPEAL FROM THE UNITED STATES DISTRICT COURT FOR THE EASTERN DISTRICT OF TENNESSEE

Before: RYAN and COOK, Circuit Judges; GWIN, District Judge. *
COOK, Circuit Judge. This case concerns challenges to two logging projects in the Cherokee National Forest. The plaintiff, a coll ection of environmental groups, claims that the projects must be made consistent with a revised fore st management plan that went into effect after the projects’ authorizations. The pl aintiff also claims that the exp ected revisions to the forest plan should have been addressed in the environmen tal assessments accompanying the projects. The district court granted summary judgment to the Forest Service on both claims. We reverse the district court’s judgment with respect to the fi rst claim and hold that the projects must be made consistent with the revised forest management pl an. We affirm the district court’s judgment withNo. 05-6570 Cherokee Forest Voices v. United States Forest Service

- 2 - respect to the second claim because we find no deficiencies with the projects’ environmental
assessments.

I

A.
The Cherokee National Forest covers 640,000 acres in Eastern Tennessee. Prior to March 1, 2004, the forest was managed pursuant to the 1986 Land and Resources Management Plan (“Forest Plan” or “Plan”). In 1994, the Forest Service began revisi ng the Forest Plan. The final revised Forest Plan was formally adopted on January 15, 2004, releas ed on January 30, 2004, and became effective on March 1, 2004.
The Flatwoods and George Creek projects designateuses for the various parts of the forest. Although the stated purposes of the projects incl ude habitat and tree management, blocking illegal roads and trails, and rehabilitating wildlife openings, Cherokee Forest Voices’s (“CFV’s”) complaint focuses on the projects’ plans for tree harvesting and road construction, both of which are to be achieved through commercial logging.
Both projects, together with their requisite Environmental Assessments (“EAs”) and Findings of No Significant Impact (“FONSIs”), were approved before the revised Forest Plan became effective. CFV’s timely appeals of the projects were rejected by the forest supervisor.No. 05-6570 Cherokee Forest Voices v. United States Forest Service

1 In fact, § 1604(i) requires “ resource plans and permits, contracts, and other instruments” (emphasis added) to be consistent with “land management plans.” CFV contends the Flatwoods and George Creek projects are governed by this section as “site-specific projects.” See Habitat Educ. Ctr., Inc. v. Bosworth , 363 F. Supp. 2d 1090, 1104 (E.D. Wis. 2005). The Forest Service does not disagree. The parties thus implicitly regard th e projects as either “resource plans” or “other instruments.” - 3 - CFV’s first claim, under § 6(i) of the Nati onal Forest Management Act of 1976 (“NFMA”), 16 U.S.C. § 1604(i), alleges various inconsistencies between the Flatwoods and George Creek projects and the revised Forest Plan. Specifically, CFV alleges that the projects authorize (1) logging in areas where logging is prohibited by the revised Forest Plan’s logging restrictions; (2) logging and road-building in areas where such activity is prohibited by the revised Forest Plan’s riparian prescriptions; and (3) logging based upon habitat goals of the prior Forest Plan that were substantially revised by the revised Forest Plan. CFV’s second claim alleges that the Forest Service violated § 102 of the National Environmental Policy Act of 1969 (“NEPA”), 42 U.S.C. § 4332, by failing to adequately disclose, analyze, consider or address a proper set of alternatives to the proposed projects in light of the impending revisions to the Forest Plan.
Though the claims concern how the projects related to the revised Forest Plan itself, we focus much of our attention on the Forest Service’s interpretation of the Plan in the Record of Decision (“ROD”)/Environmental Impact Statement (“EI S”), dated January 15, 2004. The ROD addressed the Forest Plan’s consistency with “permits, contracts, and other instruments for the use and occupancy” of National Forest System lands, as required by 16 U.S.C. § 1604(i) 1 :No. 05-6570 Cherokee Forest Voices v. United States Forest Service

- 4 - In the LMP [the Forest Plan] revision context, NFMA specifically qualifies the requirement [of consistency] in three ways: 1) these documents must be revised only “when necessary”, 2) these documents must be revised “as soon as practicable”, and 3) any revisions are “subject to valid existing rights”.
In developing this revised LMP, implementing pre-existing decisions and the associated effects of that implementati on were considered part of the baseline against which the alternatives were evaluated. Because these earlier decisions were considered in our effects analysis, their implementation is not in conflict with the revised LMP. Exercising my discretion under NFMA, I have determined that it is not “necessary” to apply the revised LMP’ s standards retroactively, and I find that NFMA does not require revision of these pre-existing use and occupancy authorizations. As soon as practicable af ter approval of the revised LMP, the Forest Supervisor shall ensure that, subject to valid existing rights, all outstanding and future permits, contracts, cooperative agreements and other instruments for occupancy and use of affected lands are cons istent with the revised LMP. On a caseby-case basis, the Forest Supervisor shall exercise his or her sound discretion in determining when such consistency is practicable.
(J.A. 434-35) (emphasis added.).

B.
CFV’s administrative appeals of the Flatwoods and George Creek projects laid the foundation for CFV’s current arguments. In each appeal, CFV alleged that the Forest Service violated NEPA by failing to address in the EA the impending revision to the Forest Plan; and in the appeal of the George Creek project, CFV alleged that the project violated NFMA because it was inconsistent with the revised Forest Plan. The app eal of the Flatwoods project also alleged that the project conflicted with the revised Forest Plan, butit alleged less directly that the project violated NFMA. It concluded that “the Flatwoods decision is arbitrary and capricious and may violate theNo. 05-6570 Cherokee Forest Voices v. United States Forest Service

- 5 - NFMA because the project, which is disallowed by the Revised Plan, will actually take place when the Revised Plan is in effect.” (J.A. 725) (empha sis added). We find, however, that this allegation sufficiently presented the issue for our review, in part because the Forest Service’s denial of the Flatwoods appeal squarely addressed the issue of NFMA compliance.
In the denials of each of CFV’s appeals, the Forest Service relied on the language in the revised Forest Plan’s ROD to concl ude that the projects were consiste nt with the revised Forest Plan. In particular, the denials cited the language quoted above that “it is not ‘necessary’ to apply the revised [Plan’s] standards retroactively, and . . . that NFMA does not require revision of the[] preexisting use and occupancy authorizations.” (J.A . 435.) The Forest Service rejected CFV’s NEPA claim on other grounds.

The district court sided with the Forest Servi ce on what it considered to be the two separate aspects of CFV’s NFMA claims. First, the court held that § 1604(i) di d not require the Forest Service to modify the projects themselves (referri ng to them as “the proposed projects”). Second, the court refused to grant CFV prospective relief w ith respect to the contracts that would implement the projects.
The court held that the projects did not need to be modified because “substantial deference” was due to the Forest Service’s interpretation that the revised Forest Plan was consistent with the projects. It cited the ROD’s language that “imp lementing pre-existing decisions and the associated effects of that implementation were considered in[the revised Plan’s] effects analysis, [and thus]No. 05-6570 Cherokee Forest Voices v. United States Forest Service

2 The revised Forest Plan provides for variances of the riparian restrictions when a “sitespecific inter disciplinary field investigation determines the need to vary the width[s] [of the riparian corridor],” but because no “projects [sic] had been pr epared for sale” at the time of the appeal, the court did not consider whether any site-specific investigations had occurred. (J.A. 31-32.) - 6 - their implementation is not in conflict with the revi sed [Plan].” (J.A. 434-35.) The court then asked whether “the Forest Service acted arbitrarily or capriciously in determining that the revised Forest Plan took into consideration as a baseline the implementation of the [projects. ]” (J.A. 30.) And here the court addressed the discontinuity between the projects and the revised Forest Plan’s riparian regulations identified by the Forest Service’ s August 27, 2004 “Comparisons Between 1986 Forest Plan and 2004 Revised Plan.” It concluded that the conflicts did not pose a problem because—now looking to the statute—“it is a reasonable interpre tation that § 1604(i) does not require the revision of projects that were approved prior to the adoption of a revised Forest Plan.” 2(J.A. 32.)

The district court found no need to address the second NFMA issue, whether to apply prospective relief with regard to the contracts implementing the projects, because it concluded that CFV failed to raise the issue during the administrativ e appeals of the projects. Moreover, the court reasoned, the revised Forest Plan claimed to be consistent with the contracts implementing the projects, and there was no evidence in the administrative record of CFV challenging the Plan.
The district court rejected CFV’s NEPA claims on the ground that the Forest Service was not required in an EA to consider the effects of a future, as-of-yet-unadopted policy change. It considered CFV’s “most compelling argument” to be that “the revised Forest Plan might beNo. 05-6570 Cherokee Forest Voices v. United States Forest Service

- 7 - considered as significant new information to be evaluated in a supplemental NEPA process pursuant to 40 C.F.R § 1502.9(c).” (J.A. 36.) But the court rejected this possibility because the Plaintiff “failed to show that the revision of the Forest Plan changed the potential impact of the projects on the human environment in a significant manner.” (J .A. 36.) The court also rejected CFV’s claim that the ranges of policy alternatives in the EA s were inadequate becaus e they failed to reflect features of the then-proposed revised Forest Plan that were available to the agency at the time.
CFV timely filed a Notice of Appeal on Oc tober 10, 2005. On October 14, 2005, CFV filed a motion for injunction pending appeal. On October 31, 2005, this court denied the motion but ordered an expedited schedule for the case.

II

A.
The proper standard of review in this case was well-articulated by Carabell v. U.S. Army Corps of Eng’rs , 391 F.3d 704, 707 (6th Cir. 2004):
We review the district court’s summary judgment order de novo. Where, as here, the district court’s order is based on its review of an administrative agency’s final decision, our review is governed by the Admi nistrative Procedure Act (“APA”). The APA provides that a court shall set aside anagency’s decision only if it is “arbitrary, capricious, an abuse of discretion, or otherw ise not in accordance with law.” 5 U.S.C. § 706(2)(A). This standard of review is highly deferential, and the court is “not empowered to substitute its judgment for that of the agency.” Citizens to Preserve Overton Park v. Volpe , 401 U.S. 402, 416 (1971). An ag ency’s factual findings are conclusive if supported by substantial eviden ce, and an agency’s interpretation of itsNo. 05-6570 Cherokee Forest Voices v. United States Forest Service

- 8 - own regulations is entitled to substantial deference and will be upheld unless plainly erroneous or inconsistent with the regulatory text. 5 U.S.C. § 706 (2)(E).
(Citations omitted.)

B.
NFMA governs the Forest Service’s regulation of the national forest system. The Secretary of Agriculture, acting through the National Forest Se rvice, is required to “develop, maintain, and, as appropriate, revise land and resource management plans for units of the National Forest System.” 16 U.S.C. § 1604(a). Such plans must “provide for multiple use and sustained yield of the products and services obtained therefrom . . . and, in particular, include coordination of outdoor recreation, range, timber, watershed, wildlife and fish, and wilderness.” 16 U.S.C. § 1604(e). The final plan divides a forest into management areas and stipul ates how resources in each of these areas will be administered. A forest plan must be revised whenconditions in a forest “have significantly changed,” but at least once every fifteen years. 16 U.S.C. § 1604(f)(5). “Implementation of the forest plan is achieved through individual site-specific projects, and all projects must be consistent with the forest plan.” Northwoods Wilderness Recovery v. U.S. Forest Serv. , 323 F.3d 405, 407 (6th Cir. 2003) (citing 16 U.S.C. § 1604(i); 36 C.F.R. § 219.10 (1999)). See Habitat Educ. Ctr., Inc. v. Bosworth , 363 F. Supp. 2d 1090, 1104 (E.D. Wis. 2005).
Specifically, § 1604(i) provides:No. 05-6570 Cherokee Forest Voices v. United States Forest Service

- 9 - Consistency of resource plans, permits, c ontracts, and other instruments with land management plans; revision. Resource plans and permits, contracts, and other instruments for the use and occupancy of National Forest System lands shall be consistent with the land management plans. Those resource plans and permits, contracts, and other such instruments curren tly in existence shall be revised as soon as practicable to be made c onsistent with such plans. When land management plans are revised, resource plans and permits, contracts, and other instruments, when necessary, shall be revised as soon as practicable. Any revision in present or future permits, contracts, and other instruments madepursuant to this section shall be subject to valid existing rights.
(Emphasis added.) In addition, 36 C.F.R. § 219.10(e) (1999) provided:
As soon as practicable after approval of th e plan, the Forest Supervisor shall ensure that, subject to valid existing rights, all outstanding and future permits, contracts, cooperative agreements, and other instruments for occupancy and use of affected lands are consistent with the plan.
The only exception provided by § 1604(i)—that revisions “shall be subject to valid existing rights”—does not apply here, as the Forest Service has not argued that such rights were conferred by the projects.
The “final agency action[s]” that provide the ba sis for jurisdiction in this case are the Forest Service’s decisions denying CFV’s admini strative appeals of the projects. See 5 U.S.C. § 704 (“Agency action made reviewable by statute and final agency action for which there is no other adequate remedy in a court are subject to judicial re view.”). In each appeal, the Forest Service relied on language from the ROD for the revised Forest Pl an to reject CFV’s clai m that the projects were inconsistent with the revised Forest Plan and thus required revision. Substantial deference is due toNo. 05-6570 Cherokee Forest Voices v. United States Forest Service

- 10 - the Forest Service’s interpretation of a Forest Plan. See Forest Guardians v. U.S. Forest Serv. , 329 F.3d 1089, 1098 (9th Cir. 2003) (“[F]ederal courts are required to defer to an agency’s reasonable interpretation of its own guidelines , . . . and the Service’s decisi on can be overturned only if the phased-in reduction scheme is plainly erroneous or inconsistent with the Forest Plan.” (citation omitted)).
The Forest Service’s central argument is that it is unnecessary to revise the projects because the ROD interpreted the revised Forest Plan to be consistent with the Flatwoods and George Creek projects. For support, the Forest Service relies on the ROD’s blanket statement that “implementing pre-existing decisions and the associated effects of that implementation were considered part of the baseline against which the alternatives [for the revised Forest Plan] were evaluated” and that therefore “their implementation is not in conflic t with the revised [Plan].” (J.A. 434-35.) This reasoning is valid, if not necessarily sound: the Fore st Service certainly could have revised the Forest Plan to accommodate the Flatwoods and George Creek projects and thereby rendered them consistent with the Forest Plan. And had these statements in the ROD been the Forest Service’s only comments on the matter, this court would have accepted them, unless clearly erroneous.
But, as the district court found, to prevail in this case the Forest Service cannot rely only on the interpretation of the revised Forest Pl an in the ROD. The August 27, 2004 Comparison acknowledges that the revised Forest Plan and the proj ects conflict, at least with respect to the revised Plan’s riparian restrictions. With respect to the Flatwoods project, the Comparison concludes thatNo. 05-6570 Cherokee Forest Voices v. United States Forest Service

3 See Memorandum, J.A. 32: On its face, neither Section 1604(i) nor th e implementing regulations refer to the revision of projects, but only refer to the revision of instruments, ‘when necessary’. This Court finds that it is a reasonable interpretation that § 1604(i) does not require the revision of projects that were approved prior to the adoption of a revised Forest Plan in order to bring them in compliance with the revised Forest Plan. There are two potential arguments here: 1) that the “when necessary” language grants the Service discretion to revise the projects when it sees fit; and 2) that the statute speaks of “instruments,” not projects , so no revision of the Flatwoods and George Creek projects is necessary. CFV’s position is that the projects are either “resource plans . . . permits, contracts, [or] other instruments,” and the Forest Service does not contend otherwise. See supra n.1. We thus understand the district court to have adopted the first argument. - 11 - “Flatwoods would not comply with the Revised Plan for perennial riparian corridors,” and, concerning the so-called “Streamside Management Zones,” “[o]nly on the steeper slopes would the project not comply with the Revised Plan.” (J.A . 785.) As regards the George Creek project, the Comparison likewise admits noncompliance. (J.A. 787.) This apparent variance from the Revised Plan forces the Forest Service to argue that § 1604(i) allows the Fo rest Service to determine whether (or not) to revise projects even when those projects are inconsistent with a revised Forest Plan.
In support of its view that § 1604( i) does not require the Service to revise pre-existing projects to be consistent with a revised Forest Plan, the Forest Service urges that “[p]hrases like ‘as soon as practicable’ and ‘when necessary’ clearly give the Fo rest Service discretion in how a new Forest Plan applies to projects developed under a prior Forest Plan.” (Appellee’s Br. 20.) The district court agreed. 3 We believe however that this reading of the statute contradicts the Forest Service’s own regulations, see 36 C.F.R. § 219.10(e) (1999), a nd confounds logic. For were it entirely within theNo. 05-6570 Cherokee Forest Voices v. United States Forest Service

- 12 - Forest Service’s discretion to revise a project that conflicted with a revise d Plan, it would be of no legal consequence that an existing “resource plan . . . permit, contract [or] other instrument[]” conflicted with a revised Forest Plan, and the thir d sentence of § 1604(i)—the sentence that includes the “when necessary” phrase—would have no operative effect. On the other hand, if “when necessary” is read to mean when a conflict exists , the statute makes perfect sense. The inclusion of “when necessary” would then serve to prevent the third sentence from being misunderstood as requiring an existing “resource plan . . . permit, cont ract [or] other instrument” to be revised even when no conflict existed with a revi sed Forest Plan. Based upon this plain reading of the statute, we hold that district court erroneously granted summary judgment to the Forest Service.
Because we disagree with the district court’s statutory holding that a project could conflict with the revised Forest Plan without violating § 1604(i), we remand to the court questions preempted by its erroneous conclusion. Specifically, the district court will need to review the August 27, 2004 Comparison’s conclusion as to the projects’ consis tency with the revised Plan’s logging restrictions or early successional habitat limitations, determini ng whether those latter two determinations were “plainly erroneous or inconsistent with the Forest Plan.” Forest Guardians, 329 F.3d at 1098.
This disposition moots the related issue confront ed by the district court: whether prospective relief should be awarded to CFV as to contracts implementing the projects. Because we hold today that § 1604(i) requires the projects be consistent with the revised Forest Plan, the contracts implementing those projects must also be consistent with the revised Forest Plan. For that reason,No. 05-6570 Cherokee Forest Voices v. United States Forest Service

- 13 - we have no cause to inquire whether CFV failed to exhaust its administrative remedies with respect to the contracts that would have implemented the projects as they are currently drawn.

C.

The second issue concerns the National Envir onmental Policy Act and Environmental Impact Study compliance. NEPA requires federal agencies to prepare an EIS for “major federal actions significantly affecting the quality of the human e nvironment.” 42 U.S.C. § 4332(2)(C). NEPA does not mandate “particular results,” but only that the agency follow the necessary procedures in assessing the environmental effects of projects. Robertson v. Methow Valley Citizens Council , 490 U.S. 332, 350 (1989). NEPA’s policy goals are:
realized through a set of ‘action-forcing’ procedures that require that agencies take a hard look at environmental consequences and that provide for broad dissemination of relevant environmental information. Although these procedures are almost certain to affect the agency’s substantive deci sion, it is now well settled that NEPA itself does not mandate particular results, but simply prescribes the necessary process.

Id. (quotation omitted). In the district court’s words, “the Court may not substitute its judgment for the judgment of the agency, but rather must determine whether the defendant ‘has, in fact, adequately stated the issue and taken a “hard look” at the e nvironmental consequences of its decision.’” (J.A. 35) (quoting Kelley v. Selin , 42 F.3d 1502, 1518-19 (6th Cir. 1995) (quotation omitted)).

In the context of the NFMA:No. 05-6570 Cherokee Forest Voices v. United States Forest Service

- 14 - Forest plans, as well as site-specific propos als, must be prepared in compliance with National Environmental Policy Act, 42 U.S.C. § 4321, and the regulations contemplate the preparation of an appropriate Environmental Impact Statement as directed by the Policy Act as part of an integrated process. 16 U.S.C. § 1604(g)(1); 36 C.F.R. § 219.6(b). Federal regulations pe rmit an agency that is planning a major federal action to conduct a less exhaustive Environmental Assessment to determine whether the proposed action will “significantly affect” the environment and thus whether an Environmental Impact Statement is required. 40 C.F.R. §§ 1501.4(b), 1508.9 (2001). If the Environmental Assessment reveals that the proposed action will significantly affect the environment, the agency must prepare an Environmental Impact Statement. See id . Conversely, if the agency makes a Finding of No Significant Impact, 40 C.F.R. § 1501.4(e), then it is not required to prepare an Environmental Impact Statement.
Northwoods Wilderness Recovery , 323 F.3d at 407.
CFV grounds its NEPA claims on § 4332(2)(E), which requires that “all agencies of the Federal Government . . . study, develop, and desc ribe appropriate alternatives to recommended courses of action in any proposal which involves unr esolved conflicts concerning alternative uses of available resources.” An agency must follow § 4332(2)(E) even when it prepares an EA. 40 C.F.R. § 1508.9(b) (“[EAs] [s]hall include brief discussions of the need for the propos al, of alternatives as required by [§ 4332(2)(E)], of the environmental imp acts of the proposed action and alternatives, and a listing of agencies and persons consulted.”). CF V contends that the Fore st Service violated NEPA by failing to consider the as-of-yet-unadopted revise d Forest Plan in the EAs for the Flatwoods and George Creek projects.
But NEPA requires that EISs (and EAs) address the environmental impacts of proposed projects, not their legal status or cons istency with proposed policy changes. See Sierra Club v. U.S.No. 05-6570 Cherokee Forest Voices v. United States Forest Service

4 Regarding the supplementation (as opposed to the revision) of the EAs, cf . 40 C.F.R. § 1502.9(c): “Agencies: (1) Shall prepare supplements to either draft or final environmental impact statements if: (i) The agency makes substantial ch anges in the proposed action that are relevant to environmental concerns; or (ii) There are signifi cant new circumstances or information relevant to environmental concerns and bearing on the proposedaction or its impacts. ” CFV does not point to any changes “in the proposed action,” or new “circumstances or information relevant to environmental concerns ” (emphasis added). - 15 - Forest Serv., 46 F.3d 835, 840 (8th Cir. 1995) (holding that anEA did not need to assess the effects of correcting an error in the applicable forest pl an because “[t]he purpose of an EA is to provide information for determining whether prospective projects may have significant environmental impacts”); Swanson v. U.S. Forest Serv. , 87 F.3d 339, 344 (9th Cir. 1996) (holding that the designation of a species as “threatened” did not re quire preparation of a supplemental EIS where the environmental impacts of timber sales on the speci es had already been addressed, because a change in the “legal status” of the species did not alter its “biological status” and “did not constitute new information that would show that the timber harves ts and sales were likely to ‘affec[t] the quality of the . . . environment’ in a significant manner” (quoting Marsh v. Oregon Natural Resources Council , 490 U.S. 360, 374 (1989) (alterations in original))). 4
CFV’s response to these cases is that the restrictions imposed by the revised Forest Plan—and likely known at the time of the projects’ EAs—w ould have prohibited some of the alternatives considered in the EAs, and thus rendered the range of alternatives in the EAs incomplete. But nothing in the expected revisions changed the effect that the projects would have upon the environment, NEPA’s only focus. And just as anexpected loosening of regulations does not requireNo. 05-6570 Cherokee Forest Voices v. United States Forest Service

- 16 - the Forest Service to address alternatives that might become compliant, an expected tightening of regulations does not limit the alternatives that the Forest Service may consider.
Because the agency’s alleged knowledge of the policy changes imposed by the impending Forest Plan revision did not implicate the environmental impacts of the Flatwoods or George Creek projects, we affirm the district court’s grant of summary judgment to the Forest Service on CFV’s NEPA claims.

III
For these reasons, we reverse the district court’s summary judgment on CFV’s NFMA claims and find arbitrary and capricious the Forest Serv ice’s conclusion that 16 U.S.C. § 1604(i) does not require the Forest Service to make existing projects consistent with a revised Forest Plan. We affirm the district court’s summary judgment to the Forest Service on CFV’s NEPA claims.