STATE of North Carolina v. Jeffery Martaez SIMPKINS

No. COA18-725

Court of Appeals of North Carolina.

Filed: May 7, 2019

Attorney General Joshua H. Stein, by Assistant Attorney General Alexandra M. Hightower, for the State.

Kimberly P. Hoppin, for defendant-appellant.

STROUD, Judge.

*326Defendant appeals his convictions for resisting a public officer and failing to exhibit/surrender his license. Because the trial court did not properly instruct defendant on waiver of the right to counsel under North Carolina General Statute § 15A-1242 and because defendant did not forfeit his right to such an instruction, we conclude defendant must receive a new trial.

I. Background

In July of 2016, Officer Trent Middlebrook of the City of Locust was on patrol; he ran the "tag" of a vehicle and discovered that the owner of the vehicle, defendant, had a suspended driver's license and a warrant out for his arrest. Officer Middlebrook pulled defendant over and asked for his license and registration. Defendant refused to provide them and was uncooperative and belligerent. Officer Middlebrook arrested defendant.

Defendant's first trial was in district court, and there is no transcript of those proceedings. From the district court, there is an unsigned and undated waiver of counsel form with a handwritten note that appears to say, "Refused to respond to to [ (sic) ] inquiry by the court and mark as refused at this point[.]" There is also a waiver of counsel form from 16 August 2016 that also has a handwritten notation, "Defendant refused to sign waiver of counsel upon request by the Court[.]" Also on or about 16 August 2016, defendant was convicted in district court of resisting a public officer and failing to carry a registration card. Defendant appealed his convictions to superior court.

In superior court, defendant proceeded *pro se* . Defendant was tried by a jury and convicted of resisting a public officer and failing to exhibit/surrender his license. The trial court entered judgments, and defendant appeals.

*846*327II. Subject Matter Jurisdiction

Defendant contends "the trial court lacked subject matter jurisdiction to try [him] in violation of N.C. Gen. Stat. § 20-29 when the citation purporting to charge him was fatally defective." (Original in all caps.) But at oral argument before this Court, defendant's counsel withdrew this argument and conceded that *State v. Jones* , --- N.C. App. ----, 805 S.E.2d 701 (2017), *aff'd* , --- N.C. ----, 819 S.E.2d 340 (2018), is the controlling authority on this issue, and defendant cannot prevail. Therefore, this argument is dismissed.

III. Waiver or Forfeiture of Counsel

Defendant argues that "the trial court erred by failing to make a thorough inquiry of ... [his] decision to proceed *pro se* as required by N.C. Gen. Stat. § 15A-1242." (Original in all caps.) We review whether the trial court complied with North Carolina General Statute § 15A-1242 *de novo* . *See* *State v. Watlington* , 216 N.C. App. 388, 393-94, 716 S.E.2d 671, 675 (2011) ("Prior cases addressing waiver of counsel under N.C. Gen. Stat. § 15A-1242 have not clearly stated a standard of review, but they do, as a practical matter, review the issue *de novo* . We will therefore review this ruling *de novo* .") (citations omitted)).

North Carolina General Statute § 15A-1242 provides,

> A defendant may be permitted at his election to proceed in the trial of his case without the assistance of counsel only after the trial judge makes thorough inquiry and is satisfied that the defendant:

> (1) Has been clearly advised of his right to the assistance of counsel, including his right to the assignment of counsel when he is so entitled;

> (2) Understands and appreciates the consequences of this decision; and

> (3) Comprehends the nature of the charges and proceedings and the range of permissible punishments.

N.C. Gen. Stat. § 15A-1242 (2015). "The trial court's inquiry under N.C. Gen. Stat. § 15A-1242 is mandatory and failure to conduct such an inquiry is prejudicial error." *State v. Sorrow* , 213 N.C. App. 571, 573, 713 S.E.2d 180, 182 (2011) (citation and quotation marks omitted).

Defendant contends he

> was advised of his right to have counsel and of his right to have appointed counsel. However, there is no showing *328on the record that the trial court made the appropriate advisements or inquires to determine that ... [he] understood and appreciate the consequences of his decision or comprehended "the nature of the charges and proceedings and the range of permissible punishments."

While the trial court did inform defendant he could be subjected to "periods of incarceration," the transcript confirms that defendant was not explicitly informed of "the *range* of permissible punishments." N.C. Gen. Stat. § 15A-1242 (Emphasis added). The State acknowledged at oral argument that without informing defendant of the "range of permissible punishments[,]" the trial court could not comply with the mandate of North Carolina General Statute § 15A-1242. Failure to comply with North Carolina General Statute § 15A-1242, if required, would result in prejudicial error. *Sorrow* , 213 N.C. App. 571, 713 S.E.2d 180. But the State contends the trial court was not required to comply with North Carolina General Statute § 15A-1242 due to defendant's forfeiture of his right to counsel.

In oral arguments, both defense counsel and the State relied heavily on *State* *v. Blakeney* , as it addresses not only the issue before us regarding waiver and forfeiture of counsel, but also thoroughly analyzes many prior cases; therefore, we turn to *Blakeney,* 245 N.C. App. 452, 782 S.E.2d 88 (2016). *Blakeney* first notes that there are two ways a defendant may lose his right to be represented by counsel: voluntary waiver after being fully advised under North Carolina General Statute § 15A-1242 and forfeiture of the right by serious misconduct. *Id.*at 459-61, 782 S.E.2d at 93-94.

> A criminal defendant's right to representation by counsel in serious criminal matters is guaranteed by the Sixth Amendment to the United States Constitution and Article I, §§ 19, 23 of the North Carolina Constitution. Our appellate courts have *847recognized two circumstances, however, under which a defendant may no longer have the right to be represented by counsel.

> First, a defendant may voluntarily waive the right to be represented by counsel and instead proceed *pro se* . Waiver of the right to counsel and election to proceed *pro se* must be expressed clearly and unequivocally. Once a defendant clearly and unequivocally states that he wants to proceed *pro se* , the trial court must determine whether the defendant knowingly, intelligently, and voluntarily waives the right to in-court representation by counsel. A *329trial court's inquiry will satisfy this constitutional requirement if conducted pursuant to N.C.G.S. § 15A-1242....

> ....

> The second circumstance under which a criminal defendant may no longer have the right to be represented by counsel occurs when a defendant engages in such serious misconduct that he forfeits his constitutional right to counsel. Although the right to counsel is guaranteed by the Sixth and Fourteenth Amendments of the United States Constitution and Article I of the North Carolina Constitution, in some situations a defendant may lose this right:

> Although the loss of counsel due to defendant's own actions is often referred to as a waiver of the right to counsel, a better term to describe this situation is forfeiture. Unlike waiver, which requires a knowing and intentional relinquishment of a known right, forfeiture results in the loss of a right regardless of the defendant's knowledge thereof and irrespective of whether the defendant intended to relinquish the right. A defendant who is abusive toward his attorney may forfeit his right to counsel.

*Id.* (citations, quotation marks, ellipses, and brackets omitted).

*Blakeney* then notes a third way a defendant may lose the right to representation by counsel, a hybrid of waiver and forfeiture:

> Finally, there is a hybrid situation (waiver by conduct) that combines elements of waiver and forfeiture. Once a defendant has been warned that he will lose his attorney if he engages in dilatory tactics, any misconduct thereafter may be treated as an implied request to proceed *pro se* and, thus, as a waiver of the right to counsel. Recognizing the difference between forfeiture and waiver by conduct is important. First, because of the drastic nature of the sanction, forfeiture would appear to require extremely dilatory conduct. On the other hand, a waiver by conduct could be based on conduct less severe than that sufficient to warrant a forfeiture. This makes sense since a waiver *330by conduct requires that a defendant be warned about the consequences of his conduct, including the risks of proceeding *pro se* . A defendant who engages in dilatory conduct having been warned that such conduct will be treated as a request to proceed *pro se* cannot complain that a court is forfeiting his right to counsel.

*Id.*at 464-65, 782 S.E.2d at 96 (quotation marks omitted).

As to the facts in *Blakeney* specifically,

> In this case, neither defendant nor the State asserts that defendant ever asked to represent himself at trial, and our own review of the transcript fails to reveal any evidence that defendant indicated, must less clearly and unequivocally requested, that he be permitted to proceed *pro se* . The record clearly indicates that when defendant signed the waiver of his right to assigned counsel he did so with the expectation of being able to privately retain counsel. Before the trial court the defendant stated that he wanted to employ his own lawyer. There is no evidence that defendant ever intended to proceed to trial without the assistance of some counsel. We conclude that the present case is not governed by appellate cases addressing a trial court's responsibility to ensure that a defendant who wishes to represent himself is knowingly, intelligently, and voluntarily waiving his right to counsel.

> ....

> In this case, the State argues that defendant forfeited his right to counsel, relying primarily upon generalized language excerpted from *Montgomery* stating that a *848forfeiture of counsel results when the state's interest in maintaining an orderly trial schedule and the defendant's negligence, indifference, or possibly purposeful delaying tactic, combine to justify a forfeiture of defendant's right to counsel. The State also cites *State v. Quick* , 179 N.C. App. 647, 649-50, 634 S.E.2d 915, 917 (2006), in which this Court cited *Montgomery* for the proposition that any willful actions on the part of the defendant that result in the absence of defense counsel constitutes a forfeiture of the right to counsel. *Montgomery* did not, however, include such a broad holding or suggest that any willful *331actions resulting in the absence of defense counsel are sufficient to constitute a forfeiture. Instead, as this Court has observed, forfeiture of the right to counsel has usually been restricted to situations involving egregious conduct by a defendant[.]

*Id.* at 460-61, 782 S.E.2d at 93-94 (citations, quotation marks, ellipses, and brackets omitted).

*Blakeney* then provides a thorough review of the types of behavior prior cases have determined support forfeiture,

> Although the United States Supreme Court has never directly addressed forfeiture of the right to counsel, the Court's other holdings demonstrate reluctance to uphold forfeiture of a criminal defendant's U.S. Constitutional rights, except in egregious circumstances. Additionally, the federal and state courts that have addressed forfeiture have restricted it to instances of severe misconduct.

> There is no bright-line definition of the degree of misconduct that would justify forfeiture of a defendant's right to counsel. However, our review of the published opinions of our appellate courts indicates that, as discussed in [*State v.* ] *Wray* [206 N.C.App. 354, 698 S.E.2d 137 (2010) ], forfeiture has generally been limited to situations involving severe misconduct and specifically to cases in which the defendant engaged in one or more of the following: (1) flagrant or extended delaying tactics, such as repeatedly firing a series of attorneys; (2) offensive or abusive behavior, such as threatening counsel, cursing, spitting, or disrupting proceedings in court; or (3) refusal to acknowledge the trial court's jurisdiction or participate in the judicial process, or insistence on nonsensical and nonexistent legal rights. The following is a list of published cases from North Carolina in which a defendant was held to have forfeited the right to counsel, with a brief indication of the type of behavior in which the defendant engaged:

> 1. *State v. Montgomery* , 138 N.C. App. 521, 530 S.E.2d 66 (2000) : the defendant fired several lawyers, was disruptive and used profanity in court, threw water on his attorney while in court, and was repeatedly found in criminal contempt.

> *3322. *State v. Quick* , 179 N.C. App. 647, 634 S.E.2d 915 (2006) : the defendant in a probation revocation case waived court-appointed counsel in order to hire private counsel, but during an eight month period did not contact any attorney, instead waiting until the day before trial.

> 3. *State v. Rogers* , 194 N.C. App. 131, 669 S.E.2d 77 (2008), *disc. review denied* , 363 N.C. 136, 676 S.E.2d 305 (2009): over the course of two years, the defendant fired several attorneys, made unreasonable accusations about court personnel, reported one of his attorneys to the State Bar, accused another of racism, and was warned by the court about his behavior.

> 4. *State v. Boyd* , 200 N.C. App. 97, 682 S.E.2d 463 (2009), *disc. review denied* , 691 S.E.2d 414 (2010) : during a period of more than a year, the defendant refused to cooperate with two different attorneys, repeatedly told one attorney that the case was not going to be tried, was totally uncooperative with counsel, demanded that each attorney withdraw from representation, and obstructed and delayed the trial proceedings.

> 5. *State v. Leyshon* , 211 N.C. App. 511, 710 S.E.2d 282, *appeal dismissed* , 365 N.C. 338, 717 S.E.2d 566 (2011) : for more than a year after defendant was arraigned, he refused to sign a waiver of counsel or state whether or not he wanted *849counsel, instead arguing that the court did not have jurisdiction and making an array of legally nonsensical assertions about the court's authority.

> 6. *State v. Cureton* , 223 N.C. App. 274, 734 S.E.2d 572 (2012) : the defendant feigned mental illness, discharged three different attorneys, consistently shouted at his attorneys, insulted and abused his attorneys, and at one point spat on his attorney and threatened to kill him.

> 7. *State v. Mee* , 233 N.C. App. 542, 756 S.E.2d 103 (2014) : the defendant appeared before four different judges over a period of fourteen months, during which time he hired and then fired counsel *333twice, was represented by an assistant public defender, refused to state his wishes with respect to counsel, advanced unsupported legal theories concerning jurisdiction, and refused to participate in the trial.

> 8. *State v. Joiner* , 237 N.C. App. 513, 767 S.E.2d 557 (2014) : the defendant gave evasive and often bizarre answers to the court's questions, shouted and cursed at the trial court, smeared feces on the holding cell wall, had to be gagged during trial, threatened courtroom personnel with bodily harm, and refused to answer simple questions.

> 9. *State v. Brown* , 239 N.C. App. 510, 768 S.E.2d 896 (2015) : like the defendants in *Mee* and *Leyshon* , this defendant offered only repetitive legal gibberish in response to simple questions about representation, and refused to recognize the court's jurisdiction.

*Id.* at 461-63, 782 S.E.2d at 94-95 (quotation marks omitted).

*Blakeney* then explains how the defendant's actions in *Blakeney* were not as egregious as those in the cases where forfeiture was found:

> In stark contrast to the defendants discussed above, in this case:

> 1. Defendant was uniformly polite and cooperative. In fact, the trial court found as a mitigating factor that the defendant returned to court as directed during the habitual felon phase, even after he had been found guilty of the underlying offense.

> 2. Defendant did not deny the trial court's jurisdiction, disrupt court proceedings, or behave offensively.

> 3. Defendant did not hire and fire multiple attorneys, or repeatedly delay the trial. Although the case was three years old at the time of trial, the delay from September 2011 until August 2014 resulted from the State's failure to prosecute, rather than actions by defendant.

> We conclude that defendant's request for a continuance in order to hire a different attorney, even if motivated by a wish to postpone his trial, was nowhere close to the serious misconduct that has previously been held to constitute forfeiture of counsel. In reaching this decision, *334we find it very significant that defendant was not warned or informed that if he chose to discharge his counsel but was unable to hire another attorney, he would then be forced to proceed *pro se* . Nor was defendant warned of the consequences of such a decision. We need not decide, and express no opinion on, the issue of whether certain conduct by a defendant might justify an immediate forfeiture of counsel without any preliminary warning to the defendant. On the facts of this case, however, we hold that defendant was entitled, at a minimum, to be informed by the trial court that defendant's failure to hire new counsel might result in defendant's being required to represent himself, and to be advised of the consequences of self-representation.

*Id.*at 463-64, 782 S.E.2d at 95 (quotation marks omitted).

Ultimately, *Blakeney* determines that based upon the facts the defendant had not forfeited his right to counsel,

> We find *Goldberg's* analysis useful in determining that, on the facts of this case, the defendant cannot be said to have forfeited his right to counsel in the absence of any warning by the trial court both that he might be required to represent himself and of the consequences of this decision.

> In reaching this conclusion, we have considered the State's arguments for a contrary result, some of which are not consistent *850with the trial transcript. On appeal, the State contends that at the outset of trial the trial court found that Defendant had only fired Mr. Cloud so as to attempt to delay the trial, citing page twenty-seven of the transcript. In fact, at the start of the trial, the trial court did not express any opinion on defendant's motivation for seeking to continue the case and hire a different attorney. During the habitual felon phase, after defendant had been found guilty of the charge, the jury was sufficiently concerned about defendant's self-representation to send the trial court a note asking whether defendant had refused counsel. It was only at that point that the trial court expressed its opinion that defendant had hoped to delay the trial by replacing one attorney with another. The State also alleges several times in its appellate brief that the trial court made specific findings about Defendant's forfeiture of his right to counsel, maintaining that the trial *335court specifically found that Defendant's conduct in firing his lawyer to delay the trial forfeited his right to private counsel, thus requiring Defendant to proceed *pro se* and urging that we should affirm the trial court's finding that Defendant discharged his private counsel on the day of the trial to obstruct and delay his trial and thereby forfeited his right to counsel. However, as defendant states in his reply brief, the trial court never found that Mr. Blakeney forfeited his right to counsel. Indeed, the word forfeit does not appear in the transcript of the trial proceedings."

> There is no indication in the record that the trial court ruled that defendant forfeited the right to counsel by engaging in serious misconduct. Moreover, defendant was not warned that he might have to represent himself, and the trial court did not conduct the inquiry mandated by N.C. Gen. Stat. § 15A-1242, in order to ensure that defendant understood the implications of appearing *pro se* . In *State v. Bullock* , 316 N.C. 180, 340 S.E.2d 106 (1986), our Supreme Court addressed a factual situation similar both to the present case and to the waiver by conduct scenario discussed in *U.S. v. Goldberg* , 67 F.3d 1092 (3rd Cir. 1995). In *Bullock* , the defendants' attorneys moved to withdraw shortly before trial, due to irreconcilable differences with the defendant. ...

> ....

> The defendant consented to the withdrawal of his retained counsel because of irreconcilable differences but stated that he would employ other counsel. On the day of the trial, he said that he had been unable to get any attorney to take his case because of the inadequate preparation time. The trial court reminded the defendant that he had warned him he would try the case as scheduled. The defendant acquiesced to trial without counsel because he had no other choice. Events here do not show a voluntary exercise of the defendant's free will to proceed *pro se* .

> The Court in *Bullock* also cited *State v. McCrowre* , 312 N.C. 478, 322 S.E.2d 775 (1984), noting that in that case the court held that the defendant was entitled to a new trial because the record did not show that the defendant intended to go to trial without the assistance of counsel *336and because the inquiry required by N.C.G.S. § 15A-1242 was not conducted. *Bullock* appears to be functionally indistinguishable from the present case as regards the trial court's obligation to conduct the inquiry required by N.C. Gen. Stat. § 15A-1242.

> For the reasons discussed above, we conclude that defendant neither voluntarily waived the right to be represented by counsel, nor engaged in such serious misconduct as to warrant forfeiture of the right to counsel without any warning by the trial court. As a result, the trial court was required to inform defendant that if he discharged his attorney but was unable to hire new counsel, he would then be required to represent himself. The trial court was further obligated to conduct the inquiry mandated by N.C. Gen. Stat. § 15A-1242, in order to ensure that defendant understood the consequences of self-representation. The trial court's failure to conduct either of these inquiries or discussions with defendant resulted in a violation of defendant's right under the Sixth Amendment *851to be represented by counsel, and requires a new trial.

*Id.* at 465-68, 782 S.E.2d at 96-98 (citations, quotation marks, ellipses, and brackets omitted).

Turning to the facts before us, defendant did not "clearly and unequivocally" waive his right to counsel nor did the trial court comply with North Carolina General Statute § 15A-1224 as it failed to inform defendant of "the nature of the charges and proceedings and the range of permissible punishments." N.C. Gen. Stat. § 15A-1242 ; *Blakeney* , 245 N.C. App. at 459, 782 S.E.2d at 93. Thus, we consider whether "defendant engage[ed] in such serious misconduct that he forfeit[ed] his constitutional right to counsel" or if the "hybrid situation" is applicable where "[a] defendant who engages in dilatory conduct having been warned that such conduct will be treated as a request to proceed pro se cannot complain that a court is forfeiting his right to counsel." *Id.*at 460-464, 782 S.E.2d at 93-96.

Both the State and defendant quote large sections of the discussions had by defendant and the trial court as evidence of forfeiture or the lack thereof, but as a whole there is no clear evidence of forfeiture. In summary, defendant raised arguments that were not legally sound and made unreasonable requests of the Court, including questioning the jurisdiction of the trial court and stating that he wanted an appointed attorney -- but not one paid for by the State. Defendant did state he would like to retain *337his own counsel, but the State objected unless he could retain the counsel within 15 minutes because "[h]e's been advised, I would contend, on at least two or three occasions ... as to his rights to obtain an attorney."1 Defendant countered that he was not informed his trial would start that day but merely that he had "to be here or ... be arrested." Thereafter defendant agreed to standby counsel, and the trial court informed him that at any point he could "step in" as counsel. The trial court never warned defendant that he was engaging in "dilatory conduct" or that he may lose his right to counsel based upon "dilatory conduct[.]" *Id.*at 464-65, 782 S.E.2d at 96. But before the jury was empaneled the trial court announced it was turning its "attention to the issue of standby counsel" and defendant waived his right to standby counsel.

However, defendant was not combative or rude. There is no indication defendant had ever previously requested the case to be continued, so defendant did not intentionally delay the process by repeatedly asking for continuances to retain counsel and then failing to do so. As a whole defendant's arguments did not appear to be designed to delay or obstruct but overall reflected his lack of knowledge or understanding of the legal process. Ultimately, defendant was neither combative nor cooperative, and both trial court and defendant's tone express frustration.

Defendant's case, like *Blakeney* , is inapposite from *Montgomery* , *Quick* , *Rogers,* *Boyd* *,* *Cureton* , *Mee* , and *Joiner* , as defendant here had not fired or refused to cooperate with multiple lawyers, was not disruptive, did not use profanity or throw objects, and did not explicitly waive counsel but then fail to hire his own attorney over the course of several months. *See* *id.*at 462-63, 782 S.E.2d at 94-95. Even the cases with more factual similarities ultimately diverge from this case. *See id.* In both *Brown* and *Leyshon* , the defendants were found to have "obstructed and delayed the trial proceedings" because they had at least three hearings to discuss the matter; here it appears this was defendant's only appearance before the trial court. *See* *State v. Brown* , 239 N.C. App. 510, 519, 768 S.E.2d 896, 901 (2015) ; *State v. Leyshon* , 211 N.C. App. 511, 518-19, 710 S.E.2d 282, 288-89 (2011).

This case also diverges from *Blakeney* , as in that case a specifically enumerated ground for not finding forfeiture was because the defendant did not challenge the jurisdiction of the court. *Blakeney* , 245 N.C. App. at 463, 782 S.E.2d at 95. Here, defendant repeatedly denied the trial court's *338jurisdiction and insisted on an attorney that was provided for him but was not paid for by the State, an unavailable option. Further, *Blakeney* , ultimately relied on two cases which are also distinguishable: *852In *State v. Bullock* and *State v. McCrowre* , the defendants had the clear intent to hire private counsel. *See* *Blakeney* , 245 N.C. App. at 467-68, 782 S.E.2d at97-98 ; *State v. Bullock* , 316 N.C. 180, 185, 340 S.E.2d 106, 108-109 (1986) ; *State v. McCrowre* , 312 N.C. 478, 480, 322 S.E.2d 775, 776-77 (1984).

Ultimately, after considering all of the factors noted in the cases discussed above, we conclude that the reasoning in *Blakeney* applies:

> defendant neither voluntarily waived the right to be represented by counsel, nor engaged in such serious misconduct as to warrant forfeiture of the right to counsel without any warning by the trial court. As a result, the trial court was required to inform defendant that if he discharged his attorney but was unable to hire new counsel, he would then be required to represent himself. The trial court was further obligated to conduct the inquiry mandated by N.C. Gen. Stat. § 15A-1242, in order to ensure that defendant understood the consequences of self-representation. The trial court's failure to conduct either of these inquiries or discussions with defendant resulted in a violation of defendant's right under the Sixth Amendment to be represented by counsel, and requires a new trial.

*Id* . at 468, 782 S.E.2d at 98. Because defendant did not "voluntarily waive the right to be represented by counsel" or "engage[ ] in such serious misconduct as to warrant forfeiture of the right to counsel" the trial court was required to comply with the mandate of North Carolina General Statute § 15A-1242. *Id.* Further, without any finding of dilatory conduct or warning that he may waive his right by dilatory tactics, the hybrid situation cannot apply here. *Id.*at 464-65, 782 S.E.2d at 96 ("This makes sense since a waiver *by conduct* requires that a defendant be warned about the consequences of his conduct, including the risks of proceeding *pro se* ." (emphasis added)). As the trial court failed to properly advise defendant of his right to counsel, defendant must receive a new trial. *See* *id.*at 468, 782 S.E.2d at 98.

IV. Conclusion

Because defendant did not waive his right to counsel after proper advisement under North Carolina General Statute § 15A-1242 ; did not forfeit his right by serious misconduct; and did not engage in dilatory *339tactics after having been warned of the consequences; he did not forfeit his right to counsel, so defendant must receive a new trial.

NEW TRIAL.

Judge COLLINS concurs.

Judge TYSON concurs in part and dissents in part.

The State was apparently referring to defendant's proceedings in district court, since there is no prior indication of advisement in superior court.

TYSON, Judge, concurring in part and dissenting in part.

*I. Background*

City of Locust Police Officer Trent Middlebrook was patrolling during July of 2016. He came upon and verified the validity of the registration of a vehicle. Officer Middlebrook was informed the owner of the vehicle, Defendant herein, Jeffrey Martaez Leroy Simpkins' driver's license was suspended, and an outstanding warrant for his arrest was issued and pending. Officer Middlebrook stopped the vehicle and asked Defendant to present his driver's license and registration. Defendant refused to provide either of them and was uncooperative and belligerent. Officer Middlebrook placed Defendant under arrest.

Defendant initially appeared and was tried in district court. He refused to enter a plea, and the trial court noted in the record that it entered a plea of not guilty on his behalf. He also twice refused to sign a waiver of counsel, after being advised of his rights as set out in North Carolina General Statutes § 15A-1242. Included in the record on appeal is an unsigned and undated waiver of counsel form with a handwritten note that states, "Refused to respond to to [*sic* ] inquiry by the court and mark as refused at this point[.]"

There is another waiver of counsel form in the record, dated 16 August 2016 and signed by the presiding judge, which shows Defendant being advised of his rights as set out in North Carolina General Statutes § 15A-1242, and also contains a handwritten notation, "Defendant refused to sign waiver of counsel *853upon request by the Court[.]" On 16 August 2016, Defendant was tried and convicted in district court of resisting a public officer and failing to carry a registration card. The district court's judgments also expressly note that Defendant had waived counsel. Defendant appealed his convictions to superior court.

In superior court, Defendant did not assert he was indigent, but requested appointment of counsel, "not paid for by the State of North *340Carolina." No affidavit of indigency appears in the record. He also refused to enter a plea or to sign a waiver of counsel. After an extensive colloquy with the trial court, a plea of not guilty was entered on his behalf and the court appointed standby counsel. Defendant's "Living man" *pro se* motion to dismiss asserting lack of jurisdiction was heard and denied by written order dated 7 June 2017. Defendant eventually elected in open court to dismiss and to waive his appointed standby counsel, and to proceed *pro se* . Defendant was tried by a jury and convicted of resisting a public officer and of failing to exhibit/surrender his license. The trial court entered judgments on the verdicts. The judgments again expressly note that Defendant had waived counsel. Defendant appeals.

*II. Subject Matter Jurisdiction*

I concur to dismiss Defendant's challenge to subject matter jurisdiction. Defendant's counsel conceded that *State v. Jones* , --- N.C. App. ----, 805 S.E.2d 701 (2017), *aff'd* , 371 N.C. 548, 819 S.E.2d 340 (2018), is the controlling authority on this issue and withdrew this argument.

*III. Issue*

Defendant argues that "the trial court erred by failing to make a thorough inquiry of ... [his] decision to proceed *pro se* as required by N.C. Gen. Stat. § 15A-1242."

*IV. Standard of Review*

Whether the trial court complied with North Carolina General Statutes § 15A-1242 is reviewed *de novo* . *See* *State v. Watlington* , 216 N.C. App. 388, 393-94, 716 S.E.2d 671, 675 (2011) ("Prior cases addressing waiver of counsel under N.C. Gen. Stat. § 15A-1242 have not clearly stated a standard of review, but they do, as a practical matter, review the issue *de novo* . We will therefore review this ruling *de novo* .") (citations omitted)). Whether Defendant was entitled to or forfeited counsel is also reviewed *de novo* . *See* *State v. Poole* , 305 N.C. 308, 318, 289 S.E.2d 335, 341-42 (1982) ; *State v. Blakeney* , 245 N.C. App. 452, 459, 782 S.E.2d 88, 93 (2016).

*V. Waiver or Forfeiture of Counsel*

The State acknowledged at oral argument Defendant was not informed in the superior court of the "range of permissible punishments[,]" and Defendant had not waived counsel under North Carolina General Statutes § 15A-1242.

*341North Carolina General Statutes § 15A-1242 provides,

> A defendant may be permitted at his election to proceed in the trial of his case without the assistance of counsel only after the trial judge makes thorough inquiry and is satisfied that the defendant:

> (1) Has been clearly advised of his right to the assistance of counsel, including his right to the assignment of counsel when he is so entitled;

> (2) Understands and appreciates the consequences of this decision; and

> (3) Comprehends the nature of the charges and proceedings and the range of permissible punishments.

N.C. Gen. Stat. § 15A-1242 (2017).

Defendant concedes he

> was advised of his right to have counsel and of his right to have appointed counsel. However, there is no showing on the record that the trial court made the appropriate advisements or inquires to determine that [he] understood and appreciated the consequences of his decision or comprehended the nature of the charges and proceedings and the range of permissible punishments.

While the trial court did inform Defendant he could be subjected to "periods of incarceration" if convicted, the transcript confirms Defendant was not explicitly informed of "the *range* of permissible punishments." N.C. Gen. Stat. § 15A-1242. In *State v. Sorrow* *,* this Court previously held: "The trial court's *854inquiry under N.C. Gen. Stat. § 15A-1242 is mandatory and failure to conduct such an inquiry is prejudicial error." *State v. Sorrow* , 213 N.C. App. 571, 573, 713 S.E.2d 180, 182 (2011) (citation and quotation marks omitted).

The State argues a *per se* new trial is not required, as Defendant forfeited counsel and cannot show any prejudice, given his history of belligerent and recalcitrant behaviors, and his non-acceptance and continued denial of and challenge to the trial court's jurisdiction over him. Defendant persisted in his jurisdictional challenges, even after his filed motion to dismiss on jurisdiction was formally denied by written order with findings of fact and conclusions of law, as Defendant had requested. Defendant has not appealed the entered order denying his motion to *342dismiss, and any arguments concerning the trial court's jurisdiction are conceded and wholly without merit.

The State argues Defendant forfeited his right to counsel and asserts the trial court was not required to comply with North Carolina General Statutes § 15A-1242. Both parties' arguments cite and rely upon *State v. Blakeney* , 245 N.C. App. 452, 782 S.E.2d 88 (2016). *Blakeney* discusses two means by which a defendant may lose his right to be represented by counsel: (1) voluntary waiver after being fully advised under North Carolina General Statutes § 15A-1242 ; and, (2) forfeiture of the right by serious misconduct. *Id.*at 459-61, 782 S.E.2d at 93-94.

> First, a defendant may voluntarily waive the right to be represented by counsel and instead proceed *pro se* . Waiver of the right to counsel and election to proceed *pro se* must be expressed clearly and unequivocally. Once a defendant clearly and unequivocally states that he wants to proceed *pro se* , the trial court must determine whether the defendant knowingly, intelligently, and voluntarily waives the right to in-court representation by counsel. A trial court's inquiry will satisfy this constitutional requirement if conducted pursuant to N.C.G.S. § 15A-1242....

> ....

> The second circumstance under which a criminal defendant may no longer have the right to be represented by counsel occurs when a defendant engages in such serious misconduct that he forfeits his constitutional right to counsel. Although the right to counsel is guaranteed by the Sixth and Fourteenth Amendments of the United States Constitution and Article I of the North Carolina Constitution, in some situations a defendant may lose this right:

> Although the loss of counsel due to defendant's own actions is often referred to as a waiver of the right to counsel, a better term to describe this situation is forfeiture. Unlike waiver, which requires a knowing and intentional relinquishment of a known right, forfeiture results in the loss of a right regardless of the defendant's knowledge thereof and irrespective of whether the defendant intended to relinquish the right. A defendant *343who is abusive toward his attorney may forfeit his right to counsel.

*Id.* (internal citations and quotation marks omitted).

The Court in *Blakeney* also describes a third manner, a mixture of waiver and forfeiture, in which a defendant may lose the right to counsel:

> Finally, there is a hybrid situation (waiver by conduct) that combines elements of waiver and forfeiture. Once a defendant has been warned that he will lose his attorney if he engages in dilatory tactics, any misconduct thereafter may be treated as an implied request to proceed *pro se* and, thus, as a waiver of the right to counsel. Recognizing the difference between forfeiture and waiver by conduct is important. First, because of the drastic nature of the sanction, forfeiture would appear to require extremely dilatory conduct. On the other hand, a waiver by conduct could be based on conduct less severe than that sufficient to warrant a forfeiture. This makes sense since a waiver by conduct requires that a defendant be warned about the consequences of his conduct, including the risks of proceeding *pro se* . *A defendant who engages in dilatory conduct having been warned that such conduct will be treated as a request to proceed pro se* *855*cannot complain that a court is forfeiting his right to counsel.*

*Id.*at 464-65, 782 S.E.2d at 96 (emphasis supplied) (quotation marks omitted).

This Court in *Blakeney* stated:

> In this case, the State argues that defendant forfeited his right to counsel, relying primarily upon generalized language excerpted from *Montgomery* stating that a forfeiture of counsel results when the state's interest in maintaining an orderly trial schedule and the *defendant's negligence, indifference, or possibly purposeful delaying tactic, combine to justify a forfeiture of defendant's right to counsel.* The State also cites *State v. Quick* , 179 N.C. App. 647, 649-50, 634 S.E.2d 915, 917 (2006), in which this Court cited *Montgomery* for the proposition that *any willful actions on the part of the defendant that result in the absence of defense counsel constitutes a forfeiture of the right to counsel. Montgomery* did not, however, *344include such a broad holding or suggest that any willful actions resulting in the absence of defense counsel are sufficient to constitute a forfeiture. Instead, as this Court has observed, forfeiture of the right to counsel has usually been restricted to situations involving egregious conduct by a defendant[.]

*Id.* at 461, 782 S.E.2d at 94 (emphasis supplied) (internal citations marks omitted).

This Court in *Blakeney* reviewed behavior in prior cases to support forfeiture.

> Although the United States Supreme Court has never directly addressed forfeiture of the right to counsel, the Court's other holdings demonstrate reluctance to uphold forfeiture of a criminal defendant's U.S. Constitutional rights, except in egregious circumstances. Additionally, the federal and state courts that have addressed forfeiture have restricted it to instances of severe misconduct.

> *There is no bright-line definition of the degree of misconduct that would justify forfeiture of a defendant's right to counsel.* However, our review of the published opinions of our appellate courts indicates that, as discussed in *Wray* , forfeiture has generally been limited to situations involving severe misconduct and *specifically to cases in which the defendant engaged in one or more of the following:* (1) flagrant or extended delaying tactics, such as repeatedly firing a series of attorneys; (2) offensive or abusive behavior, such as threatening counsel, cursing, spitting, or disrupting proceedings in court; *or (3) refusal to acknowledge the trial court's jurisdiction or participate in the judicial process, or insistence on nonsensical and nonexistent legal rights.*

*Id.*at 461-62, 782 S.E.2d at 94 (emphasis supplied) (quotation marks omitted).

The majority's opinion includes brief descriptions of the nine prior decisions cited in *Blakeney* , wherein this Court found the defendants had forfeited their right to counsel. Whether a "defendant engage[d] in such serious misconduct that he forfeit[ed] his constitutional right to counsel," or if the "hybrid situation" is applicable where "[a] defendant *345who engages in dilatory conduct having been warned that such conduct will be treated as a request to proceed *pro se* cannot complain that a court is forfeiting his right to counsel." *Id.*at 460, 465, 782 S.E.2d at 93-94, 96.

In their briefs, both the State and Defendant quote large sections of the discussions had by Defendant and the trial court as evidence of forfeiture or the lack thereof. Overall, the transcript supports a finding and conclusion that Defendant forfeited his right to counsel. From the start of the proceedings, Defendant repeatedly questioned the jurisdiction of the trial court:

> [Defendant]: Objection, sir. I did not enter any pleas. Do I need to stand?

> THE COURT: What is the basis of your objection?

> [Defendant]: There is no proof of jurisdiction here. There hasn't been since last year. I've been coming here over a year, and there's no evidence of anything besides the allegation.

> THE COURT: Well, sir, evidence is put on at the trial. So there is no evidence at this point.

> [Defendant]: So how can you force someone here without evidence, sir?

> *856THE COURT: You've been charged with a crime. And this is your day in court, your opportunity to be heard.

The trial court and Defendant engaged in detailed discussions concerning Defendant's representation:

> [The Court]: Mr. Simpkins, I see that in the Court's file there are waiver of counsel forms with notations that you refused to respond when you were notified of your right to an attorney, and so you were marked down as having waived an attorney. You are charged with violations that could subject you to periods of incarceration. *And so I would like to advise you that it is your right to have an attorney and if you cannot afford an attorney, the State can provide one for you. If you would like to apply for court-appointed counsel, we'll have you fill out an affidavit. If you wish to retain your own, you certainly have that opportunity as well.* How would you like to proceed with respect to an attorney?

> *346[Defendant]: May I proceed with counsel that's not paid for by the plaintiff?

> [The Court]: There's no plaintiff in this case. Would you like to hire your own attorney or would you like the State to provide an attorney for you *if you qualify for one* ?

> [Defendant]: How is there no plaintiff, sir?

> [The Court]: Sir, this is the second time that I'm going to remind you that it is not your opportunity to ask questions of the Court. The Court asks you questions. The question before you right now is: *Would you like to apply for a court-appointed attorney, or would you like to retain your own attorney or would you like to waive your right to an attorney?*

> [Defendant]: I would like counsel that's not paid for by the State of North Carolina.

> [The Court]: Okay. So you would like an *opportunity to retain your own attorney* ?

> [Defendant]: That's not paid for by the State of North Carolina, yes.

(Emphasis supplied).

When asked for its response, the State objected unless Defendant could retain the counsel within fifteen minutes because "[h]e's been advised, I would contend, on at least two or three occasions ... as to his rights to obtain an attorney."

The colloquy continued, and Defendant was appointed standby counsel:

> [The Court]: Mr. Simpkins, according to the court file, you were advised of your right to an attorney on August 16th of 2016.

> [Defendant]: I asked for standby counsel then, sir.

> [The Court]: Would you like to be appointed standby counsel today?

> [Defendant]: Yes. Sure.

> [The Court]: All right.

*347Defendant never asserted he was indigent or was unable to afford to retain counsel. The record before us does not contain Defendant's affidavit of indigency to qualify for appointed counsel. Defendant's right to be appointed counsel was dependent upon a claim, an affidavit, and a finding of him being indigent. *State v. Cradle* , 281 N.C. 198, 204, 188 S.E.2d 296, 300 (1972).

Defendant continued to question the trial court's jurisdiction prior to and after jury selection:

> THE COURT: Any questions before we proceed?

> [Defendant]: Can the Court proceed without evidence of jurisdiction?

> THE COURT: Sir, evidence will be presented during the case in chief after a jury is selected. Any other questions?

> [Defendant]: If -- no.

> ...

> [Defendant]: Can I see the evidence of jurisdiction then?

> THE COURT: Sir, you -- you are the defendant in a criminal proceeding.

Following the trial court's address to the prospective jurors, the jurors left the courtroom and a bench conference was held between the trial court, Defendant, Defendant's standby counsel, and the prosecutor, concerning a possible plea:

> THE COURT: What I heard at the bench was the mention of a potential plea. So, *857Mr. Simpkins, is it your wish to enter a plea in this matter?

> [Defendant]: I've been trying to enter a plea. I just wanted the evidence of jurisdiction.

The plea negotiations were ultimately unsuccessful. The trial court advised Defendant on his right to proceed with or to waive his standby counsel, which Defendant decided to waive and to proceed *pro se* . Defendant conducted jury selection on his own.

After bringing the trial court's attention to a previously filed motion to dismiss, and hearing the trial court's ruling on the motion, Defendant *again* argued with the trial court concerning its jurisdiction:

> *348THE COURT: All right. Would you like to be heard on the motion?

> [Defendant]: No. The motion speaks for itself, sir.

> THE COURT: All right. The motion to dismiss is denied. Thank you.

> [Defendant]: On what grounds, sir?

> THE COURT: Well, to the extent that the motion is a motion to dismiss for lack of jurisdiction, I find and conclude that this Court has jurisdiction --

> [Defendant]: May I have a copy of that, sir?

> THE COURT: A copy of what?

> [Defendant]: The jurisdiction.

> THE COURT: Jurisdiction is not reduced to writing or a document that I can hand you. Thank you.

> [Defendant]: So it's territorial?

> THE COURT: Sir, I've ruled on the motion. Thank you.

> [Defendant]: I don't get to speak at all, sir?

> THE COURT: You were just heard on the motion. I issued my ruling. I issued my findings and conclusion. And that is all for that matter. Thank you, sir.

> [Defendant]: Okay. Do I have a right to a fair and meaningful hearing if there's conflict of interest?

> THE COURT: I'm sorry?

> [Defendant]: Do I have the right to a fair and meaningful hearing if there's a conflict of interest?

> THE COURT: You have a right to a fair and impartial hearing of your case, which is what we're doing right now. Okay.

> [Defendant]: So --

> THE COURT: Please bring in the jury.

> [Defendant]: Sir? And what is the jurisdiction?

> *349THE COURT: This is not an appropriate time to be asking questions. The jurisdiction of the superior court of the State of North Carolina.

> [Defendant]: Does jurisdiction have to be submitted before the proceedings proceed?

> THE COURT: Please have a seat, sir.

Defendant repeatedly: (1) contested jurisdiction; (2) refused to enter pleas, sign waivers, or complete an affidavit of indigency to qualify for appointed counsel; (3) failed to retain his own counsel in the ten months between his district court and superior court trials; (4) filed motions and raised arguments that were not legally sound; and, (5) made unreasonable requests of the Court. Defendant repeatedly questioned the jurisdiction of the trial court and stated that he wanted an appointed attorney but "not one paid for by the State of North Carolina," something clearly not within the trial court's power.

This appearance and trial took place over three days. Defendant argued he was not informed his trial would start that day, but asserted he had "to be here or ... be arrested." Defendant requested and was appointed standby counsel. The trial court informed Defendant that at any point standby counsel could "step in" as counsel.

The trial court warned Defendant that he was engaging in "dilatory conduct" by arguing and continuing to question the jurisdiction of the court. *Blakeney,* 245 N.C. App. at 464-65, 782 S.E.2d at 96. Before the jury was empaneled, Defendant initially indicated he intended to enter a plea, though negotiations failed. The trial court announced it was turning its "attention to the issue of standby counsel," and Defendant waived his right to standby counsel.

Defendant sought to delay the process by repeatedly arguing and asking for rulings on jurisdiction, offering and withdrawing guilty pleas, requesting and dismissing standby counsel, and seeking to retain counsel after a ten-month delay between trials and then failing to do so. Defendant never asserted he *858was indigent and eligible for appointed counsel, nor filed an affidavit of indigency. Viewing the record as a whole, from arrest through district and superior court, Defendant's conduct, tactics, and arguments were designed to deny the legitimacy and jurisdiction of the courts and to delay or obstruct its proceedings. Defendant's prior record reflects extensive contact with the legal system in multiple states and reflects his general attitude that the law does not apply to him and he is above it. *350Defendant, like the defendants in the cases of *Montgomery* , *Quick* , *Rogers,* *Boyd* *,* *Cureton* , *Mee* , and *Joiner* , refused to cooperate, was disruptive and argumentative, explicitly waived counsel twice in district court, failed to hire his own attorney over the course of several months between his district court convictions in August and his scheduled trial in superior court the following June. *See* *id.*at 462-63, 782 S.E.2d at 94-95.

In cases with more factual similarities, *Brown* and *Leyshon* , the defendants were found to have "obstructed and delayed the trial proceedings" because they had at least three hearings to discuss the matters. The defendants' appearances, motions, and trials in superior court occurred over multiple days. *See* *State v. Brown* , 239 N.C. App. 510, 519, 768 S.E.2d 896, 901 (2015) ; *State v. Leyshon* , 211 N.C. App. 511, 518-19, 710 S.E.2d 282, 288-89 (2011).

The facts before us also diverge from *Blakeney* , as that Court specifically enumerated a ground for not finding forfeiture because the defendant did not challenge or deny the jurisdiction of the court. *Blakeney* , 245 N.C. App. at 463, 782 S.E.2d at 95. Here, Defendant repeatedly denied the trial court's jurisdiction, argued frivolous motions and grounds as a "Living man" and sovereign citizen, refused to accept the trial court rulings, and insisted an attorney be provided for him, but not one "paid for by the State of North Carolina," an unavailable option. In *State v. Bullock* and *State v. McCrowre* , the defendants had the clear intent and opportunity to hire private counsel prior to trial. *See* *Blakeney* , 245 N.C. App. at 467-68, 782 S.E.2d at97-98 ; *State v. Bullock* , 316 N.C. 180, 185, 340 S.E.2d 106, 108-109 (1986) ; *State v. McCrowre* , 312 N.C. 478, 480, 322 S.E.2d 775, 776-77 (1984).

Looking at the totality of Defendant's statements, conduct, actions, demeanor, and knowledge from prior multiple arrests through trials in both trial court divisions, Defendant knowingly forfeited his right to counsel, dismissed standby counsel, and elected to proceed *pro se* . Defendant also has made no showing nor argued that he was indigent and could not afford, or was unable, to retain counsel during the ten months pendency of his appeal from district court. His arguments are without merit.

*VI. Conclusion*

Defendant concedes and withdraws his argument on appeal challenging jurisdiction. The State concedes Defendant did not waive his right to counsel under North Carolina General Statutes § 15A-1242. Defendant's overall demeanor and conduct, from arrest through trial *351in superior court, supports a finding and conclusion that he dismissed standby counsel and forfeited his right to counsel by frivolous and repeated objections to jurisdiction, serious misconduct, and dilatory tactics, all after being warned of the consequences of his behavior.

Defendant received a fair trial, free of prejudicial errors he preserved or argued. I find no error in Defendant's jury convictions or in the judgments entered thereon. I respectfully dissent.