PM10 Exceptional Events Waiver Request 

Parkgate station in Eagle River, AK (AQS Site ID = 02-020-1004) 

October 30 & 31, 2009 

Air Quality Program 

Department of Health and Human Services 

Municipality of Anchorage 

November 4, 2010 
2

Table of Contents

A. EVENT CRITERIA.................................................................................................................3

Event affected air quality...............................................................................................................3

Event was not reasonably controllable or preventable .................................................................5

 NATURAL PM10 SOURCES......................................................................................................................5

 RELATIVE IMPORTANCE OF OPEN AREAS CREATED BY HUMAN ACTIVITIES ........................................6

Natural causes led to the event. ...................................................................................................7

B. CLEAR CAUSAL RELATIONSHIP ....................................................................................10

C. PM10 CONCENTRATIONS EXCEEDED NORMAL HISTORICAL FLUCTUATIONS ........13

D. THERE WOULD HAVE BEEN NO EXCEEDANCE BUT FOR THE EVENT .......................15

E. PROCEDURAL REQUIREMENTS .......................................................................................16

F. CONCLUSION.......................................................................................................................17

APPENDIX A..............................................................................................................................18

APPENDIX B..............................................................................................................................21

APPENDIX C..............................................................................................................................23

Wind and visibility data of Palmer area (25 Oct – 2 Nov 2009) – Palmer Airport (PAAQ) 

Source: NCDC Quality Controlled Local Climatological Data (DS3505).....................................24

Wind and visibility data of Palmer area (25 Oct – 2 Nov 2009) – Birchwood Airport (PAVB) 

Source: NCDC Quality Controlled Local Climatological Data (DS3505)....................................28

Wind and visibility data of Palmer area (25 Oct – 2 Nov 2009) – Anchorage International Airport 

(PANC) Source: NCDC Quality Controlled Local Climatological Data (DS3505) .....................37
3

A. Event criteria 

Event affected air quality

In late October 2009, a weather system surrounding Alaska created a large pressure gradient 

over south-central Alaska, and this resulted in extremely strong N-NE winds that blew across 

the region during 29-31 October. This weather pattern is fairly common in the winter in this 

region and a resulting strong northerly wind is locally known as Matanuska Wind. The 

Matanuska Wind of 29-31 October 2009 was unusually strong, however, causing a number of 

power outages both in the Matanuska-Susitna (Mat-Su) Borough and the Municipality of 

Anchorage (Appendix A). This Matanuska Wind, accompanied by dry weather and snow-free 

conditions at low elevations, generated massive wind-blown dust clouds from glacial outwash of 

major glacial rivers across the entire region (Figure 1). 

On 29 October an Air Quality Warning was issued by the Mat-Su Borough for the Palmer area, 

because the concentration of wind-blown dust (PM10) in the air reached unhealthy levels 

(Appendix A). The Municipality of Anchorage also issued an Air Quality Advisory on 30 October 

because the PM10 concentration was approaching unhealthy levels due to airborne dust 

transported from Palmer (Appendix B). 

The unusually dusty conditions were reflected in PM10 concentrations monitored adjacent to the 

Matanuska River delta in Palmer and at monitoring sites directly downwind of the delta in Eagle 

River and Anchorage (Table 1). The 24-hr averages of PM10 at monitoring stations in all these 

three sites recorded ambient concentrations that were significantly higher than normal. The 24-

hr PM10 concentration at the Parkgate monitoring station in Eagle River was 163 μg/m3 on 30 

October and remained high (137 μg/m3

) on the following day. The Wasilla site, located 

approximately 11 miles west of the mouth of Matanuska River and 30 miles east of Susitna 

River did not record extremely high PM10, because the site was not directly downwind of either 

river during this particular wind storm (Table 1, Figure 1). 

Table 1. The 24-hr average PM10 concentrations at Eagle River site and other 

monitoring sites across south-central Alaska. Data at Eagle River and Anchorage were 

obtained by the Municipality Of Anchorage. Data at Wasilla and Palmer were obtained by 

Alaska Dept. of Environmental Conservation. Asterisks indicate the events requested for 

consideration as exceptional events. All data are in the AQS database except for those from 

the Wasilla station where the sampler’s flow rate slightly exceeded ADEC’s QA criteria. 

However the flow rate deviation was within the EPA’s QA criteria, and thus the data were 

included in the table below. 

Monitoring station ID 24-hr average PM10 (μg/m3

) 

Site Station 

Directly 

downwind from 

Matanuska 

Valley? 29 Oct 30 Oct 31 Oct 

Wasilla Wasilla No 40 53 52 

Palmer Palmer Yes 139 137 204 

Eagle River Parkgate Yes 41 163* 137* 

Anchorage Garden Yes 41 123 123 
Figure 1 . AVHRR Satellite image of windblown dust in entire south-central Alaska at 15:11 AST on 30 O

Yellow arrows show dust plumes trailing from NE to SW. The dust plume from the Copper River Valley is especplumes from the Matanuska River delta near Palmer can also be seen. Note that valley bottoms and plains are dust plumes from the Matanuska River and the Susitna River are narrow enough not to affect PM10 at Wasilla si

• Palmer

• Valdez

Seward •

Cupper River • Wasilla

• Anchorage

Susitna River

Steller & Bering glacier D

Matanuska River

Cook Inlet
5

Event was not reasonably controllable or preventable

As we will describe below in detail, the key factors leading to the exceedance at the Parkgate 

monitoring station in Eagle River were: (1) a large naturally-occurring reservoir of loose glacial 

silt deposits on the glacial outwash plain along Matanuska River; (2) unusually strong N-NE 

winds (Matanuska Wind) capable of picking up and transporting the silt deposit; (3) the absence 

of snow cover on the ground, and; (4) dry conditions in the entire region that allowed the 

emission and long-range transport of dust. We will show that the human-caused component was 

minimal, if any, thus the event was not controllable or preventable. 

We define “unusually strong wind” as wind with maximum wind gust of 40 mph or greater. Weather 

records from at the Anchorage International Airport (PANC) from the 17 year period (1993–2009) 

indicate that winds greater than 40 mph are rare. Only 2% of the days during this period recorded 

maximum wind gusts of ≥40 mph. Because no wind data are available for Eagle River, we have 

used wind data from PANC (~18 miles SW of Eagle River and the most comprehensive weather 

data available) and Birchwood Airport (PAVB), the nearest NWS weather station, ~6 miles NE of 

Eagle River 1. 

 Natural PM10 sources 

Alluviation of wind-blown glacial silt (aeolian silt or loess) is a well recognized soil-forming process 

along Matanuska Valley and in its vicinity. The silts are produced through grinding by the 

Matanuska glaciers and are transported downstream by the Matanuska River (Figure 2). Along the 

river, silty materials are constantly deposited and eroded, forming a braided outwash plain, which 

is highly susceptible to wind erosion if not vegetated (Figure 3). 

Figure 2. Map of the Matanuska Valley area. The Matanuska glacier (red arrow) is 

an active glacier, continually adding silt to the Matanuska River. 

(Original USGS map available at http://ak.water.usgs.gov/MatSu/mrbe/data_pubs.php was modified) 

 

1 Weather data were obtained from NCDC Quality Controlled Local Climatological Data (DS3505) 

Point 

MacKenzie • Eagle River

 • Butte
6

Because glacial braided rivers constantly change their course, they prevent the establishment of 

vegetation on the outwash pain that could effectively suppress wind erosion. Along the upper 

stretch of the river the outwash plain can be protected from winds by the narrow and deep 

Matanuska Valley, whereas the lower stretch of the river (a segment between Sutton, where valley 

widens, and the river delta near Palmer) the outwash plain is subject to wind erosion (Figure 2). 

Within this segment, the total area of naturally-forming unvegetated outwash plain is estimated to 

be roughly 13 km2

 or 3212 acres (personal communication with Janet Curran, USGS Alaska 

Science Center). Upstream of Sutton, human impact on land is negligible. Along the section 

between the glacier and the mouth of the river, there are no dams or flood control structures. Only 

a few erosion control structures (e.g., sand bags and rip rap) can be found along the banks of the 

river, keeping houses and roads from falling into the river. However, the total coverage by these 

structures is negligible relative to total unvegetated outwash plain. 

Figure 3. Matanuska River and its expansive braided outwash plane. 

, 

(source: USGS ak.water.usgs.gov/MatSu/mrbe/index.php) 

 Relative importance of open areas created by human activities 

Open areas created by current and past human activities appeared to have contributed little, if any, 

to the elevated PM10 level during the event. A considerable portion of agricultural land near 

Matanuska Valley is dedicated to perennial hay production and pasture. These areas are not a 

source of wind-blown dust because they remain vegetated year-round; a stubble remains even 

after hay is cut for harvest. Total agricultural land that was most likely tilled or turned in 2007 was 

estimated to be only 2 km2

 or 494 acres (15% of the unvegetated area on braided outwash plain) 

for a Matanuska Valley – Palmer area2

. We conservatively assumed that agricultural land use and 

 

2 According to the latest available census results (2007) reported by the National Agricultural Statistics Service (NASS), 

total harvested crop land was estimated to be 69 km2

 for the “Anchorage census area”, an area that extends roughly 50-

100 miles radius of Palmer and includes Anchorage and Point MacKenzie (see Figure 2). In 2007 field crops comprised 

approximately 6% of total agricultural land. Thus, we estimated that the 2007 annual field crop land for the Anchorage 

census area was roughly 4 km2

. Because roughly half or more of the crop land in this census area is outside of the 

Matanuska Valley – Palmer – Butte area (i.e., in the Point MacKenzie area), we simply divided the area estimate by half. 
7

practice in 2009 was similar to that in 2007, although total crop land declined by 12% and 

harvested land by 3% over a 2002 – 2007 period3

. 

Because of Alaska’s short growing season, annual field crops are normally harvested by late 

August and the land is normally turned by mid-late September for the next spring. Thus, tilled 

areas would have been undisturbed for over a month prior to the wind storm of October 2009, 

making this land more resistant to wind erosion. Furthermore, the soil turning in September 

creates rough ground surface suppressing wind-blown dust emissions relative to a smooth surface 

like the braided outwash plain4

. 

The only other sizeable open area along the route of the N-NE Matanuska wind is the Wishbone 

Hill Mine, located approximately 5 miles west of Sutton. This small historical mine consists of 

multiple mined locations (total area of roughly 1 km2) and it was last mined in 1980s. Currently, the 

Wishbone Hill area is largely re-forested and is now used for recreational activities for the local 

residents, including hiking and fishing. Dirt trails and roads along the trajectory of Matanuska wind 

were not likely significant sources for the wind-blown dust during the wind storm, because the total 

area of the trails is negligible relative to the braided outwash plain of the Matanuska River. 

Moreover, most trails run through wooded land that is sheltered from wind5

. 

Natural causes led to the event.

Normally, Matanuska Winds blow during the time when the ground is covered with snow and ice. 

However, occasionally these winds coincide with a dry period with little or no snow cover on the 

ground (e.g., late snow event, dry winter, and early snowmelt). This results in dust generation from 

the silt deposits in the glacial outwash and the transport of the dust toward downwind areas (Figure 

4)6. 

Recent studies have revealed that long-range transport of PM10 is an important natural 

geochemical process on Earth. During severe wind storm events, millions of tons of soil may be 

transported thousand of kilometers, even to another continent. Intercontinental transport of dust 

from African and Chinese deserts to North America has been documented by satellite images and 

chemical analyses7

. Thus, it is not surprising that the glacial silt deposits of the Matanuska River 

Valley can be transported to nearby cities such as Eagle River and Anchorage (<45 miles) on an 

occasional basis when strong wind storms coincide with other environmental factors conducive to 

dust generation. 

We concluded based on the four points listed below that the exceedance on 30 October 2009 at 

the Parkgate monitoring station was caused by the unusually strong Matanuska Wind and not by 

anthropogenic activities (e.g., industrial, traffic). 

1. The nearest sizeable industrial center is Anchorage, about 18 miles SW of Parkgate monitoring 

station in Eagle River. If industrial sources had much influence on PM10 levels in Eagle River, 

 

3

 Census results (2007) reported by NASS. Available at: http://www.agcensus.usda.gov/ 4

 For example, see the EPA document AP-42, Compilation of Air Pollutant Emission Factors, section 13.2.5. 5

 Along the trajectory of the Matanuska Wind, the only trail network for local off-highway vehicle (OHV) users are trails in 

the Wishbone Hill area. Even if we assume a high estimate of 100 miles for the total length of these trails, their total area 

would be only 0.2 km2

, assuming that the average trail width is 4 ft. This is only 1% of braided outwash plain (13km2). 

Most of these and other dirt trails weave through wooded lands that consist of mature and young paper birch, aspen, 

white spruce, willow, and other shrub cover. 

6

 Soil Survey of Matanuska-Susitna Valley Area, Alaska. United States Department of Agriculture, Natural Resources 

Conservation Service (Aug 1998).

7

 Prospero JM (1999) Long-range transport of mineral dust in the global atmosphere: Impact of African dust on the 

environment of the southeastern United States. PNAS. 96:3396-3403.

Griffin DW et al. (2001) Dust in the Wind: Long Range Transport of Dust in the Atmosphere and Its Implications for 

Global Public and Ecosystem. Global Change & Human Health. 2:1389-5702. 
8

strong S-SW wind should be associated with higher PM10 concentrations. However, a 

comparison of wind directions and PM10 concentrations during the 1998-2009 period revealed 

no association between the two. The highest PM10 value measured at Parkgate during 

unusually strong S-SW wind events (≥40 mph, measured at PANC) was only 19 μg/m3

 (Table 

2, middle column). 

2. Although no source apportionment analysis was performed for this event, previous analyses 

have consistently demonstrated that crustal, geological materials are the predominant 

component of PM10 in both Eagle River and Anchorage. The very low carbon content indicates 

that PM10 derived from combustion sources such as wood burning and industrial activity are not 

important sources of PM10 in Eagle River and Anchorage. 

3. Table 1 does not show any indication of PM10 transport from Anchorage to Eagle River; the 

progression of PM10 front from Palmer to Eagle River during the wind storm of 29-31 October 

2009 is very evident. 

4. Finally, no unusual human activities were recorded in Eagle River or Anchorage during the 

exceedance event that could have emitted a large amount of PM10. 

Thus, it is most reasonable to conclude that the exceedance at Parkgate station was associated 

with the strong Matanuska Wind and not with anthropogenic activities in Eagle River or Anchorage. 

In the following section, we will demonstrate clear causal relationship between the wind events and 

the exceedance. 

Figure 4. Formation and transport of wind-blown dust as a natural soil-forming 

process in Palmer, AK and its down-wind areas. Photograph is taken in Palmer. 

Background is Pioneer Peak. Note that ground is snow free. 

(source: Soil Survey of Matanuska-Susitna Valley Area, Alaska. USDA NRCS, 1998) 
Table 2. Comparison of gust speed (daily maximum) and wind direction at PANC and PM10 concentratio

Eagle River during 1998-2009 period. Gust speed and snow depth data at PANC station (Anchorage Internatobtained from Quality Controlled Local Climatological Data by National Climatic Data Center (NCDC). Only day

are shown. PM10 measurements were available from 1012 days during this period. 

Date

snow 

depth (")

gust 

(mph) direction 

Parkgate 

PM10 

(ug/m3) Date

snow 

depth (")

gust 

(mph) direction 

Parkgate 

PM10 

(ug/m3) Date

snow 

depth (")

3/12/2003 0 71 N 590 E 1/16/2009 5 54 S 3 9/21/2000 0 

3/1/2007 17 54 N 28 4/22/2005 0 51 S 10 1/30/2007 18 

12/2/2007 0.01 48 NE 223 E 1/15/2009 10 47 S 4 11/11/2009 2 

10/31/2009 0 45 NE 137 E * 6/5/2007 0 46 S 19 12/20/2000 4 

10/29/2009 0 43 N 41 E * 3/31/1999 9 41 S 6 12/26/1999 5 

3/13/2007 17 40 N 29 12/2/2009 8 41 S 3 1/14/2002 10 

2/20/2009 9 40 N 7 7/27/2009 0 40 S 12 4/27/2004 0 

10/30/2009 0 40 N 163 E * 1/4/2005 4 39 S 3 7/31/2009 0 

11/13/2006 4 39 N 65 7/11/2007 0 39 S 19 12/1/2009 7 11/19/2006 4 39 N 30 11/8/2007 0 39 S 11 7/5/1999 0 

2/21/2009 9 39 N 9 8/4/1999 0 38 S 17 1/7/2001 0.001 12/8/2008 8 37 N 16 9/4/2001 0 37 S 6 2/18/2008 15 1/30/1999 7 36 N 20 12/4/2002 0 37 S 12 5/27/2003 0 

12/19/2006 9 36 N 9 10/19/2005 0 37 S 5 3/11/2005 7 

9/27/2000 0 35 N 8 2/10/2006 11 37 S 3 12/8/2007 0.01 1/13/2001 4 35 N 6 2/14/2009 10 37 S 4 4/24/2008 0 

12/29/2004 7 35 N 7 6/25/2009 0 37 S 12 1/17/2009 5 

11/4/2009 0 35 N 64 9/7/2009 0 37 S 15 9/1/2009 0 

11/23/2009 3 37 S 9 11/1/1998 0 

3/18/1998 8 36 S 12 1/19/2001 1 

12/20/1999 7 36 SW 26 12/23/2004 5 

4/18/2000 0.001 36 S 43 1/18/2009 5 

5/1/2001 0 36 S 19 4/26/2009 0 7/2/2003 0 36 S 11 5/21/2009 0 

2/21/2004 23 36 S 4 9/30/2003 0 5/27/2004 0 36 S 14 11/29/2004 2 

5/5/2006 0 36 S 16 6/10/2006 0 

5/30/2007 0 36 S 15 5/28/2009 0 

3/7/2008 9 36 S 5 7/29/2009 0 

2/19/2009 9 36 S 7 11/14/2000 0 

5/22/2009 0 36 S 21 9/5/2002 0 5/26/2009 0 36 S 47 8/13/2003 0 

8/18/2009 0 36 S 16 4/9/2004 20 

7/5/2000 0 35 SW 8 3/31/2008 5 

12/27/2001 7 35 S 4 5/30/2008 0 

5/9/2003 0 35 S 18 5/27/2009 0 

5/15/2004 0 35 S 17 6/21/2009 0 7/10/2006 0 35 S 14 7/26/2009 0 1/12/2007 21 35 S 6 10/2/2009 0 7/17/2007 0 35 S 24 11/24/2009 3 5/12/2008 0 35 S 18

3/5/2009 14 35 S 6

N-NE gust (from Palmer) S-SW gust (from Anchorage) Gust from o

* the same wind storm of 29-31 Oct 2009yellow highlight = N-NE gust of ≥40 mph and snow depth ≤0.01"Black letters = PM10 measured using FRM (1-in-6 day)Blue lettes = PM10 measured using BAM (daily)E = Exceptional event status granted or requested
10

B. Clear causal relationship 

In the winter of 2009-2010, the snow cover in Palmer area needed to prevent wind-blown dust 

was not present until November 19 (Figure 5). This snow-free condition allowed the Matanuska 

Wind of October 29-31 to stir-up loose silt deposits in the glacial outwash and generate a large 

dust cloud, which was subsequently transported to downwind locations. 

Figure 5. Snow depth recorded in Palmer, AK between October 1 and November30, 2009. 

(Source: NOAA National Operational Hydrologic Remote Sensing Center www.nohrsc.noaa.gov ) 

We analyzed the relationship between hourly PM10 concentration and wind speed, wind 

direction, and relative humidity between 25 October and 2 November 2009 for Palmer, Eagle 

River, and Anchorage to determine whether there was a clear causal relationship between high 

winds and the PM10 concentrations measured during the Matanuska wind storm of 29-31 

October 2009. The climate at Palmer Airport (PAAQ), Birchwood Airport (PABV), and PANC 

data were used for the analysis, and the data were obtained from Quality Controlled Local 

Climatological Data by NCDC (Appendix C). PM10 data used in the analysis were from the 

Palmer, Parkgate, and Garden sampling stations. 

The results shown in Figure 6 clearly show the progression of the wind and PM10 front from the 

Palmer area to Anchorage, indicating that the exceedance at Parkgate station was caused by 

the transport of wind-blown dust that originated near Palmer. At the Palmer station the PM10

concentration reached 309 μg/m3

 on October 29 soon after the dry Matanuska wind (RH <40%) 

from the north started to blow, and hourly PM10 concentrations remained high with some 

fluctuations that correspond to gust speed variations until the end of the storm on October 31 

(Figure 6-A). During this storm, the hourly PM10 concentration at Wasilla station remained 

below 150 μg/m3

 with only two exceptions (181 and 198 μg/m3, data not shown), resulting in low 

24-hr average throughout the storm (Table 1). The low PM10 values at Wasilla station 

regardless of considerably strong gusts (maximum = 41 mph), indicates the importance of a 

direct down-wind location from Matanuska Valley for elevated PM10 during the storm. 

Matanuska wind 

of Oct 29-31 
11

Figure 6. Progression of wind and PM10 front from Palmer to Anchorage during the wind 

storm in October 2009. Speed = average wind and gust speed; Wind dir = wind direction in 

degrees; RH = Relative humidity. 

(A) Palmer (weather data = PAAQ; PM10 data = Palmer station) 

(B) Eagle River (weather data = PABV; PM10 data = Parkgate station)

RH 

Wind

0

10

20

30

40

50

10/25 10/26 10/27 10/28 10/29 10/30 10/31 11/1 11/2

Speed (mph)

gust wind

avg wind

y

0

90

180

270

360

10/25 10/26 10/27 10/28 10/29 10/30 10/31 11/1 11/2

Wind dir

0

200

400

600

10/25 10/26 10/27 10/28 10/29 10/30 10/31 11/1 11/2

Date

PM10 (ug/m3

)

Palmer

0

20

40

60

80

100

RH (%)

0

10

20

30

40

50

10/25 10/26 10/27 10/28 10/29 10/30 10/31 11/1 11/2

Speed (mph)

gust wind

avg wind

y

0

90

180

270

360

10/25 10/26 10/27 10/28 10/29 10/30 10/31 11/1 11/2

Wind dir

0

20

40

60

80

100

RH (%)

0

200

400

600

10/25 10/26 10/27 10/28 10/29 10/30 10/31 11/1 11/2

Date

PM10 (ug/m3

)

Parkgate
12

(C) Anchorage (weather data = PANC; PM10 data = Garden station)

(D) Detailed progression of PM10 front from Palmer to Anchorage 

0

200

400

600

10/28 10/29 10/30 10/31 11/1

Date

PM10 (ug/m3

)

Palmer

Parkgate

Garden

The dry wind and PM10 front appeared in Eagle River and Anchorage several hours after Palmer 

(Figure 6-B, C, D). While the size and frequency of PM10 spikes roughly corresponded to the 

strength and frequency of the wind gusts at each monitoring station, the peak gusts in 

Anchorage were less strong than in Palmer, and the multiple sharp PM10 spikes in Palmer were 

aggregated into fewer and rounder peaks in Anchorage (Figure 6). This is evidence that dry 

winds that blew in Palmer area transported the dust downwind to Eagle River and Anchorage. 

Because airborne particles travel at different speeds due to differences in their physical 

characteristics, a dust cloud generally spreads across wider area with increasing distance from 

its emission point. Thus, the fact that the PM10 peaks in Anchorage were of lower magnitude 

and less jagged than the peaks observed in Palmer (Figure 6-D) is consistent with the idea that 

the dust emission source was closer to Palmer than Anchorage. 

0

10

20

30

40

50

10/25 10/26 10/27 10/28 10/29 10/30 10/31 11/1 11/2

Speed (mph)

gust wind

avg wind

y

0

90

180

270

360

10/25 10/26 10/27 10/28 10/29 10/30 10/31 11/1 11/2

Wind dir

0

20

40

60

80

100

RH (%)

0

200

400

600

10/25 10/26 10/27 10/28 10/29 10/30 10/31 11/1 11/2

Date

PM10 (ug/m3

)

Garden
13

The wind front (as evidenced by gust speed and relative humidity) was not as distinct in 

Anchorage as at the upwind monitoring sites, and this pattern was also observed for the PM10

Front (Figure 6). This is additional evidence that the Matanuska Wind conveyed the PM10 and 

consequently was the main factor determining local PM10 concentrations during the wind storm.

C. PM10 concentrations exceeded normal historical fluctuations 

The 24-hr PM10 averages of 163 μg/m3 observed on October 30, 2009 and 137μg/m3 on the 

following day are highly unusual for the Parkgate station. Including the event of October 30, 

2009, PM10 concentrations have exceeded the NAAQS only three times in the 17 year period 

between 1993 and 20098

 All of these events have occurred when strong Matanuska winds 

coincided with snowless conditions. Exceptional events requests have been prepared for both of 

these previous exceedances. EPA concurrence has been granted for one, the other is pending. 

(Table 3). 

Table 3. Annual top three PM10 concentrations at Parkgate station with and without 

the high wind events (1993- 2009). Bold letters show the exceedance events. 

 PM10 (μg/m3) 

Without high values 

caused by high wind 

With high values 

caused 

by high wind Year 

Sampling 

Frequency 

Max 2nd Max 3rd Max Max 2nd Max 

Max gust* 

(mile/hr) 

Exceptional 

events status 

1993 1 in 6 79 77 76 - - 

1994 1 in 6 94 60 44 - - 

1995 1 in 6 60 51 47 - - 

1996 1 in 6 91 49 45 - - 

1997 1 in 6 61 59 58 - - 

1998 1 in 6 59 55 47 - - 

1999 1 in 6 90 66 38 - - 

2000 1 in 6 64 53 52 - - 

2001 1 in 6 69 66 64 - - 

2002 1 in 6 46 40 38 - - 

2003 1 in 6 92 75 70 590 - 71 concurrence 

2004 1 in 6 70 43 38 - - 

2005 1 in 6 90 65 51 - - 

2006 1 in 6 65 60 48 - - 

2007 1 in 6 48 46 39 223 - 48 Pending concurrence 

2008 1 in 6 70 53 47 - - 

2009 daily 78 74 73 163 137 40 Requested 

* The gust data are recorded at PANC (source: NCDC)

 

8

 We began our analysis with data beginning in 1993 because PM10 concentrations in prior years were heavily 

influenced by volcanic eruptions of Mt. Spurr (1992), and Mt. Redoubt (1990). 
14

In Figure 7, a frequency distribution of all observations since 1993 (n =1361), including all 

exceptional events regardless of their exceptional event status (i.e., concurrence, concurrence 

pending, or request) is shown. The figure indicates that over 95% of the observed PM10 values 

are less than 50 μg/m3

 and 99.7% were below 100 μg/m3.

. Only 0.2% of all observations have 

exceeded the NAAQS. 

In Figure 8, the highest three PM10 concentrations at Parkgate station that have not been 

flagged are plotted annually for the 1993-2009 period along with five flagged exceptional events 

regardless of status (concurrence, pending, and requested). From the graph it is clear that the 

PM10 values observed on October 30 and 31, along with two earlier exceptional events, are 

completely outside of the regular variability of the highest PM10 concentrations observed at 

Parkgate station. Furthermore, when the flagged data points are excluded, there is a general 

declining trend of highest PM10 concentrations over this period indicated by the negative 

coefficients of regression lines (Figure 8). This trend suggests that PM10 air quality in Eagle 

River has improved over the past 17 years. Clearly, the exceedance of October 30, 2009 was 

not the result of a general deterioration of air quality near the station. 

Figure 7. Frequency distribution of Parkgate PM10 concentrations 1993-2009. 

0.7 0.1 0.4 0.1 0.2 1.9 1.3

4.0

7.1

17.7

43.1

23.4

0

5

10

15

20

25

30

35

40

45

50

1

110-119

120-129

130-139

140-149

00-109

90-99

80-89

70-79

60-69

50-59

40-49

30-39

20-29

10-19

0-9

PM10 concentration range (ug/m3)

Frequency (%)

95% of 

total observations

 

n=1305 
15

Figure 8. Normal variability of high PM10 vs. wind-caused high PM10 events at Parkgate 

station. The three highest PM10 concentrations for a 1993-2009 period are plotted separately 

from the exceptional events of all status (concurrence, pending, and requested). The right 

graph is a magnified version of the left graph below 100 μg/m3

. Note the negative slope 

suggesting improving PM10 air quality. 

D. There would have been no exceedance but for the event 

Analysis of historical data reveals a close association between PM10 concentrations and 

weather conditions. In Figure 9, all 24-hr PM10 averages recorded at Parkgate station during the 

period of 1998-2009 are plotted against the daily maximum gust speed observed at PANC9

. 

PM10 values measured when snow cover was present (n=438) are noted with crosses; values 

when snow cover was not present are noted with other symbols. These other symbols indicate 

the wind direction and geographic characteristics of the upwind location when the PM10 sample 

was collected. For example, a red circle indicates that the PM10 measurement was made on a 

day with no snow cover when southwest winds blew over Cook Inlet before reaching Eagle 

River. Because Cook Inlet is likely to contribute little to PM10 emissions, on those days with red 

circles the contribution of natural sources to PM10 in Eagle River was minimal. 

PM10 concentrations above 100 μg/m3

 were observed only when N-NE winds of ≥40 mph blew 

over snow-free ground (n=126). Furthermore, with just one exception, PM10 concentrations at 

Parkgate have always been above 100 μg/m3

 when N-NE winds of ≥40 mph blew over snowfree ground. The only exception was the first day of the wind storm (29 October 2009) that 

eventually led up to the exceedance. On this particular day, PM10 was only 41 μg/m3 even 

though the maximum gust of that day was 43 mph. The wind started to blow but subsided 

quickly on this day, resulting in minimal PM10 transport from Palmer to downwind areas, as 

reflected by the much smaller PM10 peaks in Eagle River and Anchorage relative to the Palmer 

area (Figure 6). These large fluctuations in wind speed likely resulted in the high gust recorded 

for the day without the consequent high PM10. 

 

9

 Complete weather data (from NCDC) that include snow depth on the ground was available only at PANC. 

y = -0.56x + 1243

y = -0.10x + 254 y = -0.07x + 196

0

20

40

60

80

100

1990 1995 2000 2005 2010

Year

0

100

200

300

400

500

600

1990 1995 2000 2005 2010

Year

PM10 (ug m-3)

Max

2nd Max

3rd Max

Exceotional Events (concurrence & pending)

Exceptional Events (requested)
16

Figure 9. Relationship between PM10 concentration at Parkgate station and daily 

maximum wind gust at PANC with and without snow cover on the ground (1998-

2009). 

y = 0.189x2 - 6.53x + 72.6

R2 = 0.87

0

100

200

300

400

500

600

700

0 10 20 30 40 50 60 70 80

Daily max wind gust @ PANC (mph)

24-hr average PM10 @ Parkgate 

(ug/m3

)

snow depth >0.1 inch

E+SE+S (Chugach Mtns)

SW (Cook Inlet)

NW+W (Coastal flats)

N+NE (Matanuska Valley)

12-Mar-2003

2-Dec-2007

29-31 Oct-2009

snow -free 

ground

44

A regression model for N-NE gust speed and PM10 concentration explains most variability of 

PM10 observed at the Parkgate station (R2

=0.87). According to this model, when there is no 

snow cover, an exceedance of the PM10 NAAQS is expected at the Parkgate station whenever 

the maximum gust speed at PANC exceeds 44 mph. If uncertainty of the model is taken into 

account, under snow-free conditions it is reasonable to predict that the PM10 concentration at 

Parkgate station is at risk of exceeding the NAAQS whenever Matanuska Wind gusts speeds 

reach 40-50 mph (measured at PANC). 

We conclude that ‘but for’ the unusually strong N-NE wind (≥40 mph at PANC) that blew over 

snow-free ground, there would have been no exceedance of the PM10 NAAQS. Without these 

winds we are highly confident that PM10 values would have remained well below 100 μg/m3

 on 

30 and 31 October 2009. 

E. Procedural requirements 

Exceptional Events Rule requirements: 40 CFR §50.14(c)(2)(iii)

In accordance with the exceptional events rule 40 CFR §50.14(c)(2)(iii), both data points (30, 31 

October 2009) were flagged upon AQS data submission. We are requesting that EPA exclude 

both these data points in determining whether the Parkgate site is in compliance with the 

NAAQS or assessing whether Eagle River will continue to qualify as a limited maintenance 

area.

NAAQS 150 
17

Implementation of the Natural Events Action Plan (NEAP)

Anchorage prepared a NEAP for wind blown dust events in 2002. Two required elements of the 

NEAP are to: 

1. Establish public notification and education programs. 

2. Minimize public exposure to high concentrations of PM10 due to future natural events. 

A regional network, the Alaska Air Monitoring Network, which includes Anchorage, Eagle River, 

and the Matanuska-Susitna Valley has allowed access to “real-time” air quality data, including 

PM10 since 2008. This network system has made it possible to assess the extent of wind-blown 

dust and to predict whether PM10 levels in Eagle River and Anchorage might approach or 

exceed the NAAQS. During the event on October 30, 2009 MOA successfully assessed the 

conditions and notified the public of a potential exceedance and recommended actions to be 

taken to minimize exposure (Appendix B). 

F. Conclusion 

As presented above, the exceedance on October 30, 2009 and the high PM10 concentration on 

the following day were beyond the normal fluctuation of PM10 concentrations at the Parkgate 

station, and high PM10 occurred only when the strong and dry N-NE Matanuska wind was 

blowing over snow-free ground. It is clear that there would not have been an exceedance on 

October 30 at the Parkgate station, but for the wind storm. Moreover, there would have been no 

exceedance had the floodplain been covered with substantial snow prior to the onset of the wind 

storm. Neither wind nor snow cover is controllable or directly affected by human activities, thus 

the exceedance and high PM10 concentrations of 30 and 31 October 2009 were caused by 

uncontrollable and unpreventable natural event. 

Because wind-blown dust is one of the major natural soil forming processes around Palmer and 

lower Matanuska Valley area, dust generation by high winds in this area is inevitable. Our 

model suggests that if no snow cover is present, when Matanuska Wind gust speeds (measured 

at PANC) exceed 40-50 mph an exceedance is likely. The probability of future exceedances 

caused by high winds is difficult to determine, because the timing of Matanuska wind storms 

and the arrival of “preventative” snow cover differ each year. Warmer climate has affected 

many western states, prolonging snow-free seasons. For example, snowmelt was observed 1-3 

weeks earlier in 2000 than in 1948 for most snow-fed western rivers.10 A long-term trend of 

snowmelt timing in western U.S. measured as the amount of snow remaining on the ground on 

April 1st shows that there is on average less snow on the ground that date than there was 50 

years ago11. Later establishment of snow cover in late fall and earlier snowmelt in early spring in 

Matanuska Valley and its floodplain would mean greater chances of Matanuska wind to blow 

over dry and snow-free ground and an increased probability of PM10 exceedances at the 

Parkgate station. It is unknown whether this same trend in reduced snow cover observed in the 

Western U.S. is also occurring on the flood plain of the Matanuska River, however. 

 

10 Stewart et al. (2004) Changes in snowmelt runoff timing in western North America under a ‘business as usual’. 

climate change scenario. Climatic Change 62: 217–232. 11 Hamlet et al. (2005) Effects of temperature and precipitation variability on snowpack trends in the 

Western United States. J. Climate 18:4545-4561.
18

Appendix A 

Local News Reports by Mat-Su Frontiersman 

& 

Local weather forecast by NWS on 29-Oct-2009 
19

(Source: http://www.frontiersman.com/articles/2009/10/29/local_news/doc4aea40d7e2740562901359.txt)

Wind causes outages 

By ANDREW WELLNER 

Frontiersman 

Published on Thursday, October 29, 2009 8:25 PM AKDT 

MAT-SU — Linemen and emergency crews scrambled Thursday afternoon and into the night as high winds caused 

problems across the Valley. 

Lorali Carter with the Matanuska Electric Association said Thursday afternoon that crews were busy putting up downed 

power lines. 

“We have a handful of outages all over the service area due to the wind storms,” she said. “It’s mostly just debris blowing 

into the power lines.” 

As of 4 p.m., she said, there had been 15 outages and there were 

700 to 1,000 customers without power in pockets scattered across 

the utility’s service territory that stretches from Eagle River to 

Talkeetna. 

Over at the Mat-Su Borough, Deputy Director of Emergency 

Services Clint Vardeman said crews in Palmer and Wasilla were 

very busy. Mostly it was the same calls MEA responded to. At 

least one of the downed lines caused a minor grass fire. 

“The last time I checked they were talking about gusts in the 

Wasilla area of about 36,” miles per hour, he said. “ I don’t know 

where they’re reading from, but it’s certainly not where I’m 

sitting.” 

He said another call had to do with a natural gas smell that filled 

up a house after its power was turned back on. 

“So far, knock on wood, everything has been relatively minor, but 

scary, for the person that sees it or that’s involved with it,” he 

said. 

Contact Andrew Wellner at andrew.wellner@frontiersman.com or 352-2270. 

------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------ 

(Source: http://www.frontiersman.com/articles/2009/10/29/breaking_news/doc4aea1dc7845af952029978.txt) 

Air quality alert through Friday morning 

By Frontiersman staff 

Published on Thursday, October 29, 2009 2:57 PM AKDT 

PALMER — The Matanuska-Susitna Borough has issued an air quality warning for the Palmer area until 8 a.m. Friday or 

until the winds subside. 

According to the borough’s hotline, air quality is at the unhealthy to very unhealthy level. Children, the elderly and those 

with heart or lung conditions are advised to stay indoors and limit physical activity. Healthy adults are advised to refrain 

from strenuous outdoor activity. 

The hotline is updated as conditions change. The number is 352-3878. 

ROBERT DeBERRY/Frontiersman The windy 

conditions fill the air with dust blurring the setting sun 

as it dips below the horizon Thursday evening. The 

Matanuska-Susitna Borough has issued an air quality 

warning for the Palmer area until 8 a.m. this morning or 

until the winds subside. 
20

(Source: http://pafc.arh.noaa.gov/fcst.php?zone=AKZ111) 

Local Weather Forecast by NWS 

AKZ111-300000- 

MATANUSKA VALLEYINCLUDING...PALMER...WASILLA...SUTTON...CHICKALOON 

500 AM AKDT THU OCT 29 2009

...DENSE FOG ADVISORY IS CANCELED...

...STRONG WIND THROUGH SATURDAY MORNING...

.TODAY...PARTLY CLOUDY. HIGHS IN THE 30S. NORTHEAST WIND INCREASING 

TO 15 TO 30 MPH WITH LOCAL GUSTS TO 50 MPH. 

.TONIGHT...MOSTLY CLEAR. LOWS 15 TO 25. NORTHEAST WIND 10 TO 25 MPH 

WITH LOCAL GUSTS TO 45 MPH. 

.FRIDAY...SUNNY. HIGHS IN THE 30S. NORTHEAST WIND 10 TO 25 MPH 

WITH LOCAL GUSTS TO 45 MPH. 

.FRIDAY NIGHT...MOSTLY CLEAR. LOWS 15 TO 20. NORTHEAST WIND 

15 TO 30 MPH WITH LOCAL GUSTS TO 50 MPH. 

.SATURDAY...MOSTLY SUNNY. HIGHS IN THE UPPER 20S TO MID 30S. 

NORTHEAST WIND 15 TO 30 MPH...WITH LOCAL GUSTS TO 45 MPH IN 

THE MORNING. 

.SATURDAY NIGHT...PARTLY CLOUDY. LOWS IN THE TEENS. 

.SUNDAY THROUGH MONDAY NIGHT...PARTLY CLOUDY. HIGHS IN THE 30S. 

LOWS 15 TO 25. 

.TUESDAY AND TUESDAY NIGHT...MOSTLY CLOUDY. HIGHS 25 TO 35. 

LOWS 15 TO 25. 

.WEDNESDAY...MOSTLY CLOUDY WITH A CHANCE OF SNOW. HIGHS IN THE 30S. 
21

Appendix B 

Air Quality Advisory issued on 30-Oct-2009 by Municipality of Anchorage 
MUNICIPALITY OF ANCHORAGE

Department of Health and Human Services 907-343-6718 

Mayor Dan Sullivan 

For immediate release: October 30, 2009 Contact: Allison Biastock 343-4619

 Municipality Issues Air Quality Advisory 

The Anchorage Department of Health and Human Services has issued a health advisory because 

concentrations of airborne particulates in Eagle River and Anchorage are approaching unhealthful 

concentrations. 

Brisk north winds, low humidity and lack of snow cover are contributing to the dusty conditions. In 

particular, high winds are picking up dust from the Matanuska River drainage and transporting it 

southward to Anchorage. The Matanuska-Susitna Borough has also issued an air quality advisory for 

the Palmer area. Dusty conditions are expected to be highest in Eagle River, Chugiak, Peters Creek 

and Eklutna due to their proximity to the Matanuska Valley. 

The National Weather Service is currently predicting windy conditions at least through Friday night. 

The Department of Health and Human Services advises those with heart and lung ailments, like 

asthma, bronchitis and emphysema to avoid dusty areas near major traffic thoroughfares if possible. 

Those with severe lung disease are advised to remain indoors. 

Air quality updates can be obtained by calling the Municipal Air Quality Hotline at 343-4899. 

### 

Prevent. Promote. Protect.

P.O. Box 196650 y Anchorage, Alaska 99519-6650 y 825 “L” Street y http://www.muni.org
Appendix C 

PM10 and weather data around the wind storm 
Wind and visibility data of Palmer area (25 Oct – 2 Nov 2009) – Palmer Airport (PAAQ) 

Source: NCDC Quality Controlled Local Climatological Data (DS3505)

Wind speed (mph) 

Site AK STD Time 

Wind direction 

(degrees) average gust 

Visibility 

(miles) 

Relative 

humidity (%) 

Palmer 2009/10/25 0:53 0 10 64 

Palmer 2009/10/25 1:53 0 10 68 

Palmer 2009/10/25 2:53 0 10 74 

Palmer 2009/10/25 3:53 350 7 10 74 

Palmer 2009/10/25 4:53 0 10 79 

Palmer 2009/10/25 5:53 0 10 74 

Palmer 2009/10/25 6:53 0 10 80 

Palmer 2009/10/25 7:53 0 10 80 

Palmer 2009/10/25 8:53 0 10 80 

Palmer 2009/10/25 9:53 0 10 86 

Palmer 2009/10/25 10:53 0 10 74 

Palmer 2009/10/25 11:53 0 10 74 

Palmer 2009/10/25 12:53 0 10 64 

Palmer 2009/10/25 13:53 150 6 10 74 

Palmer 2009/10/25 14:53 210 3 10 74 

Palmer 2009/10/25 15:53 100 5 10 80 

Palmer 2009/10/25 16:53 0 10 74 

Palmer 2009/10/25 17:53 0 10 74 

Palmer 2009/10/25 18:53 0 10 74 

Palmer 2009/10/25 19:53 0 10 74 

Palmer 2009/10/25 20:53 0 10 86 

Palmer 2009/10/25 21:53 10 6 10 86 

Palmer 2009/10/25 22:53 350 7 10 86 

Palmer 2009/10/25 23:53 340 8 10 86 

Palmer 2009/10/26 0:53 30 5 10 86 

Palmer 2009/10/26 1:53 10 6 10 74 

Palmer 2009/10/26 2:53 360 3 10 80 

Palmer 2009/10/26 3:53 360 5 10 80 

Palmer 2009/10/26 5:53 0 10 80 

Palmer 2009/10/26 6:53 350 5 10 86 

Palmer 2009/10/26 7:53 350 5 10 86 

Palmer 2009/10/26 8:48 340 5 10 86 

Palmer 2009/10/26 8:53 340 3 10 86 

Palmer 2009/10/26 9:27 350 3 10 86 

Palmer 2009/10/26 9:53 0 10 86 

Palmer 2009/10/26 10:23 360 6 10 86 

Palmer 2009/10/26 10:53 340 5 10 86 

Palmer 2009/10/26 11:41 340 5 10 86 

Palmer 2009/10/26 11:53 340 6 10 86 

Palmer 2009/10/26 12:53 350 3 9.1 86 

Palmer 2009/10/26 13:53 340 3 10 86 

Palmer 2009/10/26 14:53 10 3 10 86 

Palmer 2009/10/26 15:36 0 10 86 

Palmer 2009/10/26 15:53 0 10 86 

Palmer 2009/10/26 16:40 0 10 80 

Palmer 2009/10/26 16:50 230 3 10 86 

Palmer 2009/10/26 16:53 250 3 10 93 

Palmer 2009/10/26 17:38 250 7 10 93 

Palmer 2009/10/26 17:53 240 5 9.1 93 

Palmer 2009/10/26 18:29 250 3 10 93 

Palmer 2009/10/26 18:53 0 9.1 93 

Palmer 2009/10/26 19:08 0 10 93 

Palmer 2009/10/26 19:53 990 3 10 93 

Palmer 2009/10/26 20:53 0 7 93 

Palmer 2009/10/26 21:53 300 3 7 93 

Palmer 2009/10/26 22:35 50 5 7 93 

Palmer 2009/10/26 22:53 50 3 10 93 

Palmer 2009/10/26 23:53 30 3 10 93 

Palmer 2009/10/27 0:08 0 10 93 

Palmer 2009/10/27 0:53 10 5 10 93 

Palmer 2009/10/27 1:53 340 3 10 93 

Palmer 2009/10/27 2:09 0 10 93 

Palmer 2009/10/27 2:29 360 3 10 93 

Palmer 2009/10/27 2:38 10 5 10 93 

Palmer 2009/10/27 2:53 360 5 10 93 

Palmer 2009/10/27 3:53 10 8 10 86 

Palmer 2009/10/27 4:01 10 8 10 86 

Palmer 2009/10/27 4:53 360 6 10 93 
Palmer 2009/10/27 5:39 350 5 10 86 

Palmer 2009/10/27 5:53 350 6 10 93 

Palmer 2009/10/27 6:46 350 5 10 93 

Palmer 2009/10/27 6:53 350 6 10 93 

Palmer 2009/10/27 7:53 340 6 10 86 

Palmer 2009/10/27 8:53 340 3 10 86 

Palmer 2009/10/27 9:53 340 3 10 93 

Palmer 2009/10/27 10:21 350 3 10 93 

Palmer 2009/10/27 10:53 10 3 8 93 

Palmer 2009/10/27 11:23 10 3 10 93 

Palmer 2009/10/27 11:53 0 10 93 

Palmer 2009/10/27 12:53 0 10 86 

Palmer 2009/10/27 13:53 0 10 86 

Palmer 2009/10/27 14:53 0 10 86 

Palmer 2009/10/27 15:53 0 10 80 

Palmer 2009/10/27 16:53 0 10 80 

Palmer 2009/10/27 17:30 0 10 74 

Palmer 2009/10/27 17:53 0 10 80 

Palmer 2009/10/27 18:53 0 10 93 

Palmer 2009/10/27 19:53 0 10 86 

Palmer 2009/10/27 20:39 0 1.8 93 

Palmer 2009/10/27 20:53 0 7 86 

Palmer 2009/10/27 21:53 0 10 93 

Palmer 2009/10/27 22:53 0 10 86 

Palmer 2009/10/27 23:19 0 8 86 

Palmer 2009/10/27 23:27 0 8 86 

Palmer 2009/10/27 23:39 0 9.1 86 

Palmer 2009/10/27 23:53 0 10 86 

Palmer 2009/10/28 0:53 350 6 10 92 

Palmer 2009/10/28 1:38 350 3 10 92 

Palmer 2009/10/28 1:53 350 3 10 92 

Palmer 2009/10/28 2:53 340 3 10 86 

Palmer 2009/10/28 3:53 360 3 10 92 

Palmer 2009/10/28 4:53 0 10 86 

Palmer 2009/10/28 5:53 0 10 92 

Palmer 2009/10/28 6:53 0 10 92 

Palmer 2009/10/28 7:53 0 10 92 

Palmer 2009/10/28 8:34 0 1.8 100 

Palmer 2009/10/28 8:49 0 1.5 92 

Palmer 2009/10/28 8:53 0 1.5 92 

Palmer 2009/10/28 9:01 0 3 92 

Palmer 2009/10/28 9:20 0 7 92 

Palmer 2009/10/28 9:53 0 4 92 

Palmer 2009/10/28 10:00 0 2.5 92 

Palmer 2009/10/28 10:08 0 1 92 

Palmer 2009/10/28 10:20 0 0.5 92 

Palmer 2009/10/28 10:30 0 1 100 

Palmer 2009/10/28 10:45 0 0.3 100 

Palmer 2009/10/28 10:53 0 0.3 100 

Palmer 2009/10/28 11:23 0 0.3 100 

Palmer 2009/10/28 11:53 0 0.3 100 

Palmer 2009/10/28 12:07 0 0.5 100 

Palmer 2009/10/28 12:18 0 1 100 

Palmer 2009/10/28 12:24 0 3 92 

Palmer 2009/10/28 12:53 0 10 92 

Palmer 2009/10/28 13:53 0 10 92 

Palmer 2009/10/28 14:53 140 3 10 92 

Palmer 2009/10/28 15:53 150 3 10 80 

Palmer 2009/10/28 16:53 0 10 80 

Palmer 2009/10/28 17:53 200 5 9.1 86 

Palmer 2009/10/28 18:00 240 5 2 92 

Palmer 2009/10/28 18:01 220 6 0.8 92 

Palmer 2009/10/28 18:05 220 5 0.3 92 

Palmer 2009/10/28 18:16 230 3 0.3 92 

Palmer 2009/10/28 18:27 240 6 0.3 100 

Palmer 2009/10/28 18:36 200 3 0.5 92 

Palmer 2009/10/28 18:53 110 3 0.3 92 

Palmer 2009/10/28 19:53 0 0.3 92 

Palmer 2009/10/28 20:53 0 0.3 92 

Palmer 2009/10/28 21:53 180 3 0.3 100 

Palmer 2009/10/28 22:53 0 0.3 92 

Palmer 2009/10/28 23:53 0 0.3 92 

Palmer 2009/10/29 0:53 0 0.3 86 
Palmer 2009/10/29 1:53 0 0.3 92 

Palmer 2009/10/29 2:46 990 3 0.3 85 

Palmer 2009/10/29 2:49 990 3 0.3 85 

Palmer 2009/10/29 2:53 990 5 0.5 85 

Palmer 2009/10/29 3:02 170 6 0.8 85 

Palmer 2009/10/29 3:09 40 6 2.5 92 

Palmer 2009/10/29 3:16 990 6 19 10 86 

Palmer 2009/10/29 3:53 30 21 28 10 68 

Palmer 2009/10/29 4:53 20 25 40 10 63 

Palmer 2009/10/29 5:53 30 29 41 10 50 

Palmer 2009/10/29 6:53 20 31 41 10 47 

Palmer 2009/10/29 7:53 20 25 44 10 47 

Palmer 2009/10/29 8:53 20 30 40 10 43 

Palmer 2009/10/29 9:53 10 31 43 10 40 

Palmer 2009/10/29 10:53 20 29 47 10 34 

Palmer 2009/10/29 11:53 20 32 40 10 37 

Palmer 2009/10/29 12:53 30 29 44 10 40 

Palmer 2009/10/29 13:53 30 32 51 10 40 

Palmer 2009/10/29 14:53 40 25 39 10 30 

Palmer 2009/10/29 15:53 50 25 41 10 25 

Palmer 2009/10/29 16:53 40 24 43 10 29 

Palmer 2009/10/29 17:53 50 25 39 4 29 

Palmer 2009/10/29 18:11 40 33 43 2.5 29 

Palmer 2009/10/29 18:20 40 31 43 5 29 

Palmer 2009/10/29 18:53 40 26 34 10 29 

Palmer 2009/10/29 19:53 40 19 39 5 29 

Palmer 2009/10/29 20:53 30 31 45 10 32 

Palmer 2009/10/29 21:24 40 32 47 2.5 27 

Palmer 2009/10/29 21:33 50 25 44 5 29 

Palmer 2009/10/29 21:53 50 19 38 4 29 

Palmer 2009/10/29 22:14 40 32 41 2.5 32 

Palmer 2009/10/29 22:25 30 25 47 5 32 

Palmer 2009/10/29 22:53 30 23 39 8 34 

Palmer 2009/10/29 23:53 40 24 46 6 31 

Palmer 2009/10/30 0:53 30 37 51 5 31 

Palmer 2009/10/30 1:53 30 32 47 5 31 

Palmer 2009/10/30 2:53 40 24 32 4 31 

Palmer 2009/10/30 3:13 30 30 44 3 31 

Palmer 2009/10/30 3:53 30 36 45 7 31 

Palmer 2009/10/30 4:53 20 25 37 10 34 

Palmer 2009/10/30 5:53 20 31 43 9.1 31 

Palmer 2009/10/30 6:53 30 22 36 10 34 

Palmer 2009/10/30 7:53 20 22 33 10 34 

Palmer 2009/10/30 8:53 20 21 38 10 31 

Palmer 2009/10/30 9:53 20 28 37 10 34 

Palmer 2009/10/30 10:53 20 24 36 8 31 

Palmer 2009/10/30 11:53 20 24 38 10 29 

Palmer 2009/10/30 12:53 10 29 41 8 29 

Palmer 2009/10/30 13:53 20 30 48 8 27 

Palmer 2009/10/30 14:53 20 29 47 7 25 

Palmer 2009/10/30 16:53 20 23 33 10 29 

Palmer 2009/10/30 17:53 30 21 31 8 31 

Palmer 2009/10/30 18:53 30 19 30 10 31 

Palmer 2009/10/30 19:53 30 19 40 10 29 

Palmer 2009/10/30 20:53 20 25 36 10 29 

Palmer 2009/10/30 21:53 20 26 37 10 28 

Palmer 2009/10/30 22:53 20 32 45 7 30 

Palmer 2009/10/30 23:53 30 39 53 7 30 

Palmer 2009/10/31 0:53 20 33 47 10 30 

Palmer 2009/10/31 1:53 20 33 52 8 30 

Palmer 2009/10/31 2:53 30 34 56 4 30 

Palmer 2009/10/31 3:53 30 41 55 6 30 

Palmer 2009/10/31 4:53 30 43 62 7 30 

Palmer 2009/10/31 5:53 30 46 62 7 30 

Palmer 2009/10/31 6:53 20 38 54 5 32 

Palmer 2009/10/31 7:53 30 37 48 10 30 

Palmer 2009/10/31 8:53 30 33 52 7 30 

Palmer 2009/10/31 9:53 30 37 51 6 30 

Palmer 2009/10/31 10:53 40 31 46 7 28 

Palmer 2009/10/31 11:53 30 32 51 6 28 

Palmer 2009/10/31 12:20 40 38 51 1.8 26 

Palmer 2009/10/31 12:30 40 33 49 5 26 

Palmer 2009/10/31 12:53 40 33 49 5 26 
Palmer 2009/10/31 13:53 40 30 47 4 24 

Palmer 2009/10/31 14:53 40 25 38 9.1 24 

Palmer 2009/10/31 15:53 40 25 36 7 24 

Palmer 2009/10/31 16:53 30 29 38 7 28 

Palmer 2009/10/31 17:53 30 24 36 6 30 

Palmer 2009/10/31 18:53 20 23 43 8 30 

Palmer 2009/10/31 19:53 30 25 33 9.1 30 

Palmer 2009/10/31 20:53 30 26 34 10 30 

Palmer 2009/10/31 21:53 50 22 33 10 30 

Palmer 2009/10/31 22:53 40 17 30 10 30 

Palmer 2009/10/31 23:53 40 21 33 10 30 

Palmer 2009/11/1 0:53 50 11 28 10 30 

Palmer 2009/11/1 1:53 50 11 25 10 30 

Palmer 2009/11/1 2:53 990 7 10 38 

Palmer 2009/11/1 3:53 60 8 10 35 

Palmer 2009/11/1 4:53 30 9 10 35 

Palmer 2009/11/1 5:53 30 8 10 38 

Palmer 2009/11/1 6:53 40 11 22 10 35 

Palmer 2009/11/1 7:53 0 10 62 

Palmer 2009/11/1 8:53 10 6 10 67 

Palmer 2009/11/1 9:53 0 10 67 

Palmer 2009/11/1 10:53 0 10 57 

Palmer 2009/11/1 11:53 0 10 49 

Palmer 2009/11/1 12:53 0 10 57 

Palmer 2009/11/1 13:53 0 10 49 

Palmer 2009/11/1 14:53 0 10 50 

Palmer 2009/11/1 15:53 0 10 50 

Palmer 2009/11/1 16:53 0 10 49 

Palmer 2009/11/1 17:53 0 10 53 

Palmer 2009/11/1 18:53 0 10 62 

Palmer 2009/11/1 19:53 0 10 67 

Palmer 2009/11/1 20:53 0 10 67 

Palmer 2009/11/1 21:53 0 10 72 

Palmer 2009/11/1 22:53 0 10 72 

Palmer 2009/11/1 23:53 0 10 67 

Palmer 2009/11/2 0:53 30 3 10 78 

Palmer 2009/11/2 1:53 0 10 72 

Palmer 2009/11/2 2:53 20 5 10 72 

Palmer 2009/11/2 3:53 0 10 78 

Palmer 2009/11/2 4:53 0 10 78 

Palmer 2009/11/2 5:53 0 10 78 

Palmer 2009/11/2 6:53 0 10 78 

Palmer 2009/11/2 8:53 0 10 78 

Palmer 2009/11/2 9:53 0 10 85 

Palmer 2009/11/2 10:53 0 10 78 

Palmer 2009/11/2 11:53 0 10 79 

Palmer 2009/11/2 12:53 150 5 10 79 

Palmer 2009/11/2 13:53 160 3 10 68 

Palmer 2009/11/2 14:53 0 10 58 

Palmer 2009/11/2 15:53 0 10 58 

Palmer 2009/11/2 16:53 0 10 53 

Palmer 2009/11/2 17:53 0 10 62 

Palmer 2009/11/2 18:53 0 10 72 

Palmer 2009/11/2 19:53 0 10 73 

Palmer 2009/11/2 20:53 350 6 10 57 

Palmer 2009/11/2 21:53 340 6 10 57 

Palmer 2009/11/2 22:53 350 8 10 57 

Palmer 2009/11/2 23:53 350 8 10 48 
Wind and visibility data of Palmer area (25 Oct – 2 Nov 2009) – Birchwood Airport (PAVB) 

Source: NCDC Quality Controlled Local Climatological Data (DS3505)

Wind speed (mph) 

Site AK STD Time 

Wind direction 

(degrees) average gust 

Visibility 

(miles) 

Relative 

humidity (%) 

Birchwood 2009/10/25 0:00 150 3 10 69 

Birchwood 2009/10/25 0:16 140 3 10 74 

Birchwood 2009/10/25 0:36 0 10 69 

Birchwood 2009/10/25 1:00 0 10 69 

Birchwood 2009/10/25 1:16 0 10 69 

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Birchwood 2009/10/31 18:36 100 6 10 39 

Birchwood 2009/10/31 19:00 110 7 10 36 

Birchwood 2009/10/31 19:16 120 5 10 42 

Birchwood 2009/10/31 19:36 130 6 10 38 

Birchwood 2009/10/31 20:00 120 6 10 38 

Birchwood 2009/10/31 20:16 130 5 10 38 

Birchwood 2009/10/31 20:36 120 6 10 41 

Birchwood 2009/10/31 21:00 120 3 10 41 

Birchwood 2009/10/31 21:16 0 10 41 

Birchwood 2009/10/31 21:36 0 10 48 

Birchwood 2009/10/31 22:00 0 10 49 

Birchwood 2009/10/31 22:16 140 3 10 53 

Birchwood 2009/10/31 22:36 120 5 10 53 

Birchwood 2009/10/31 23:00 120 3 10 49 

Birchwood 2009/10/31 23:16 0 10 53 

Birchwood 2009/10/31 23:36 0 10 57 

Birchwood 2009/11/1 0:00 0 10 57 

Birchwood 2009/11/1 0:16 0 10 57 

Birchwood 2009/11/1 0:36 0 10 57 

Birchwood 2009/11/1 1:00 0 10 62 

Birchwood 2009/11/1 1:16 0 10 62 

Birchwood 2009/11/1 1:36 0 10 57 

Birchwood 2009/11/1 2:00 0 10 62 

Birchwood 2009/11/1 2:16 0 10 57 

Birchwood 2009/11/1 2:36 140 3 10 61 

Birchwood 2009/11/1 3:00 140 3 10 57 

Birchwood 2009/11/1 3:16 0 10 62 
Birchwood 2009/11/1 3:36 0 10 62 

Birchwood 2009/11/1 4:00 150 3 10 62 

Birchwood 2009/11/1 4:16 150 3 10 67 

Birchwood 2009/11/1 4:36 0 10 57 

Birchwood 2009/11/1 5:00 0 10 62 

Birchwood 2009/11/1 5:16 0 10 62 

Birchwood 2009/11/1 5:36 0 10 62 

Birchwood 2009/11/1 6:00 0 10 62 

Birchwood 2009/11/1 6:16 150 3 10 67 

Birchwood 2009/11/1 6:36 0 10 67 

Birchwood 2009/11/1 7:00 0 10 67 

Birchwood 2009/11/1 7:16 0 10 67 

Birchwood 2009/11/1 7:36 150 3 10 67 

Birchwood 2009/11/1 8:00 0 10 67 

Birchwood 2009/11/1 8:16 150 3 10 67 

Birchwood 2009/11/1 8:36 0 10 72 

Birchwood 2009/11/1 9:00 200 6 10 67 

Birchwood 2009/11/1 9:16 150 3 10 67 

Birchwood 2009/11/1 9:36 130 5 10 67 

Birchwood 2009/11/1 10:00 130 3 10 67 

Birchwood 2009/11/1 10:16 180 3 10 67 

Birchwood 2009/11/1 10:36 0 10 67 

Birchwood 2009/11/1 11:00 0 10 72 

Birchwood 2009/11/1 11:16 180 3 10 67 

Birchwood 2009/11/1 11:36 210 6 10 62 

Birchwood 2009/11/1 12:00 200 3 10 62 

Birchwood 2009/11/1 12:16 200 7 10 57 

Birchwood 2009/11/1 12:36 210 6 10 53 

Birchwood 2009/11/1 13:00 230 3 10 49 

Birchwood 2009/11/1 13:16 230 3 10 49 

Birchwood 2009/11/1 13:36 220 3 10 49 

Birchwood 2009/11/1 14:00 280 3 10 49 

Birchwood 2009/11/1 14:16 250 3 10 49 

Birchwood 2009/11/1 14:36 0 10 42 

Birchwood 2009/11/1 15:00 0 10 39 

Birchwood 2009/11/1 15:16 210 3 10 42 

Birchwood 2009/11/1 15:36 200 5 10 42 

Birchwood 2009/11/1 16:00 220 5 10 46 

Birchwood 2009/11/1 16:16 210 3 10 42 

Birchwood 2009/11/1 16:36 0 10 46 

Birchwood 2009/11/1 17:00 210 6 10 46 

Birchwood 2009/11/1 17:16 220 6 10 42 

Birchwood 2009/11/1 17:36 190 7 10 42 

Birchwood 2009/11/1 18:00 180 5 10 45 

Birchwood 2009/11/1 18:16 170 5 10 45 

Birchwood 2009/11/1 18:36 140 3 10 49 

Birchwood 2009/11/1 19:00 120 5 10 49 

Birchwood 2009/11/1 19:16 120 6 10 53 

Birchwood 2009/11/1 19:36 120 6 10 62 

Birchwood 2009/11/2 8:36 0 10 78 

Birchwood 2009/11/2 9:00 90 3 10 78 

Birchwood 2009/11/2 9:16 0 10 78 

Birchwood 2009/11/2 9:36 0 10 72 

Birchwood 2009/11/2 10:00 0 10 72 

Birchwood 2009/11/2 10:36 0 10 78 

Birchwood 2009/11/2 11:00 120 3 10 78 

Birchwood 2009/11/2 11:16 100 5 10 72 

Birchwood 2009/11/2 11:36 0 10 72 

Birchwood 2009/11/2 12:00 0 10 73 

Birchwood 2009/11/2 12:16 0 10 67 

Birchwood 2009/11/2 12:36 50 3 10 62 

Birchwood 2009/11/2 13:00 0 10 62 

Birchwood 2009/11/2 13:36 0 10 63 

Birchwood 2009/11/2 14:00 50 5 10 63 

Birchwood 2009/11/2 14:16 40 3 10 63 

Birchwood 2009/11/2 14:36 40 6 10 58 

Birchwood 2009/11/2 15:00 50 6 10 58 

Birchwood 2009/11/2 15:16 40 5 10 58 

Birchwood 2009/11/2 15:36 50 3 10 58 

Birchwood 2009/11/2 16:00 40 3 10 58 

Birchwood 2009/11/2 16:16 0 10 63 

Birchwood 2009/11/2 16:36 60 5 10 58 

Birchwood 2009/11/2 17:00 50 5 10 53 
Birchwood 2009/11/2 17:16 0 10 53 

Birchwood 2009/11/2 17:36 100 3 10 49 

Birchwood 2009/11/2 18:00 120 5 10 53 

Birchwood 2009/11/2 18:16 130 5 10 57 

Birchwood 2009/11/2 18:36 120 6 10 53 

Birchwood 2009/11/2 19:00 120 5 10 57 

Birchwood 2009/11/2 19:16 130 5 10 57 

Birchwood 2009/11/2 19:36 0 10 62 

Birchwood 2009/11/2 20:00 0 10 67 

Birchwood 2009/11/2 20:16 0 9.1 67 

Birchwood 2009/11/2 20:36 0 10 67 

Birchwood 2009/11/2 21:00 0 10 67 

Birchwood 2009/11/2 21:16 130 3 10 67 

Birchwood 2009/11/2 21:36 0 10 66 

Birchwood 2009/11/2 22:00 0 10 67 

Birchwood 2009/11/2 22:16 0 10 66 

Birchwood 2009/11/2 22:36 0 10 78 

Birchwood 2009/11/2 23:00 0 10 78 

Birchwood 2009/11/2 23:16 0 10 78 

Birchwood 2009/11/2 23:36 160 3 10 78 
Wind and visibility data of Palmer area (25 Oct – 2 Nov 2009) – Anchorage International 

Airport (PANC) 

Source: NCDC Quality Controlled Local Climatological Data (DS3505)

Wind speed (mph) 

Site AK STD Time 

Wind direction 

(degrees) average gust 

Visibility 

(miles) 

Relative 

humidity (%) 

Anchorage 2009/10/25 0:53 0 10 74 

Anchorage 2009/10/25 1:53 340 6 10 69 

Anchorage 2009/10/25 2:53 0 10 74 

Anchorage 2009/10/25 3:53 360 3 10 69 

Anchorage 2009/10/25 4:00 360 3 10 72 

Anchorage 2009/10/25 4:53 0 10 74 

Anchorage 2009/10/25 5:53 70 3 10 74 

Anchorage 2009/10/25 6:53 20 5 10 74 

Anchorage 2009/10/25 7:53 30 6 10 74 

Anchorage 2009/10/25 8:53 20 6 10 69 

Anchorage 2009/10/25 9:53 20 6 10 60 

Anchorage 2009/10/25 10:00 20 6 10 61 

Anchorage 2009/10/25 10:53 0 10 69 

Anchorage 2009/10/25 11:53 20 5 10 55 

Anchorage 2009/10/25 12:53 50 3 10 60 

Anchorage 2009/10/25 13:53 0 10 60 

Anchorage 2009/10/25 14:53 0 10 60 

Anchorage 2009/10/25 15:53 0 10 60 

Anchorage 2009/10/25 16:00 0 10 59 

Anchorage 2009/10/25 16:53 0 10 64 

Anchorage 2009/10/25 17:53 0 10 64 

Anchorage 2009/10/25 18:53 210 5 10 64 

Anchorage 2009/10/25 19:53 200 8 10 69 

Anchorage 2009/10/25 20:53 190 9 10 69 

Anchorage 2009/10/25 21:53 190 10 10 69 

Anchorage 2009/10/25 22:00 190 10 10 67 

Anchorage 2009/10/25 22:53 180 8 10 69 

Anchorage 2009/10/25 23:53 190 10 10 65 

Anchorage 2009/10/26 0:53 190 10 29 10 65 

Anchorage 2009/10/26 1:53 190 9 10 60 

Anchorage 2009/10/26 2:53 170 7 10 75 

Anchorage 2009/10/26 3:53 180 5 10 70 

Anchorage 2009/10/26 4:00 180 5 10 70 

Anchorage 2009/10/26 5:53 200 6 10 75 

Anchorage 2009/10/26 6:53 190 9 10 70 

Anchorage 2009/10/26 7:53 200 7 10 75 

Anchorage 2009/10/26 8:53 200 6 10 80 

Anchorage 2009/10/26 9:53 200 8 10 75 

Anchorage 2009/10/26 10:00 200 8 10 73 

Anchorage 2009/10/26 10:53 200 7 10 75 

Anchorage 2009/10/26 11:53 220 9 10 75 

Anchorage 2009/10/26 12:53 210 9 10 75 

Anchorage 2009/10/26 13:53 200 8 10 80 

Anchorage 2009/10/26 14:53 200 10 8 80 

Anchorage 2009/10/26 15:53 200 8 7 80 

Anchorage 2009/10/26 16:00 200 8 6.9 81 

Anchorage 2009/10/26 16:53 200 7 5 86 

Anchorage 2009/10/26 17:53 200 9 4 86 

Anchorage 2009/10/26 18:53 190 8 10 80 

Anchorage 2009/10/26 19:53 990 3 10 86 

Anchorage 2009/10/26 20:32 200 6 10 74 

Anchorage 2009/10/26 20:53 180 8 10 74 

Anchorage 2009/10/26 21:27 170 7 10 74 

Anchorage 2009/10/26 21:53 180 10 18 8 74 

Anchorage 2009/10/26 22:00 180 10 7.5 78 

Anchorage 2009/10/26 22:14 180 9 9.1 80 

Anchorage 2009/10/26 22:40 180 11 19 10 80 

Anchorage 2009/10/26 22:53 190 11 8 80 

Anchorage 2009/10/26 23:53 200 9 10 86 

Anchorage 2009/10/27 0:53 180 8 23 9.1 86 

Anchorage 2009/10/27 1:53 200 6 10 86 

Anchorage 2009/10/27 2:53 260 5 4 86 

Anchorage 2009/10/27 3:53 280 3 10 86 

Anchorage 2009/10/27 4:00 280 3 10 88 

Anchorage 2009/10/27 4:53 0 10 93 

Anchorage 2009/10/27 5:48 0 10 93 

Anchorage 2009/10/27 5:53 0 9.1 93 
Anchorage 2009/10/27 6:53 0 7 86 

Anchorage 2009/10/27 7:13 0 9.1 86 

Anchorage 2009/10/27 7:53 0 10 86 

Anchorage 2009/10/27 8:37 0 10 93 

Anchorage 2009/10/27 8:53 0 10 93 

Anchorage 2009/10/27 9:53 0 3 86 

Anchorage 2009/10/27 10:00 0 3 85 

Anchorage 2009/10/27 10:44 10 3 6 86 

Anchorage 2009/10/27 10:53 30 3 6 86 

Anchorage 2009/10/27 11:48 60 6 6 86 

Anchorage 2009/10/27 11:53 60 5 6 86 

Anchorage 2009/10/27 12:23 70 3 10 86 

Anchorage 2009/10/27 12:53 90 5 10 80 

Anchorage 2009/10/27 13:31 0 10 80 

Anchorage 2009/10/27 13:53 120 3 10 80 

Anchorage 2009/10/27 14:53 0 10 69 

Anchorage 2009/10/27 15:53 60 3 10 64 

Anchorage 2009/10/27 16:00 60 3 10 66 

Anchorage 2009/10/27 16:53 30 3 10 64 

Anchorage 2009/10/27 17:53 0 10 69 

Anchorage 2009/10/27 18:53 0 10 80 

Anchorage 2009/10/27 19:53 0 10 80 

Anchorage 2009/10/27 20:53 0 10 86 

Anchorage 2009/10/27 21:53 50 5 10 74 

Anchorage 2009/10/27 22:00 50 5 10 78 

Anchorage 2009/10/27 22:53 60 5 10 74 

Anchorage 2009/10/27 23:53 60 5 10 80 

Anchorage 2009/10/28 0:33 40 3 10 80 

Anchorage 2009/10/28 0:53 360 7 10 80 

Anchorage 2009/10/28 1:53 20 8 10 80 

Anchorage 2009/10/28 2:00 10 7 10 80 

Anchorage 2009/10/28 2:12 10 8 10 80 

Anchorage 2009/10/28 2:21 20 7 6 86 

Anchorage 2009/10/28 2:53 360 8 6 86 

Anchorage 2009/10/28 3:23 350 7 10 86 

Anchorage 2009/10/28 3:53 360 6 10 86 

Anchorage 2009/10/28 4:00 360 6 10 88 

Anchorage 2009/10/28 4:53 360 7 4 86 

Anchorage 2009/10/28 5:53 10 6 10 86 

Anchorage 2009/10/28 6:18 360 6 10 86 

Anchorage 2009/10/28 6:33 10 7 6 86 

Anchorage 2009/10/28 6:53 10 6 3 86 

Anchorage 2009/10/28 7:11 360 7 5 86 

Anchorage 2009/10/28 7:53 10 7 9.1 86 

Anchorage 2009/10/28 8:00 10 7 8 86 

Anchorage 2009/10/28 8:53 360 5 6 86 

Anchorage 2009/10/28 9:10 360 8 5 86 

Anchorage 2009/10/28 9:53 360 5 10 86 

Anchorage 2009/10/28 10:00 360 5 10 88 

Anchorage 2009/10/28 10:53 360 8 9.1 80 

Anchorage 2009/10/28 11:53 10 6 10 80 

Anchorage 2009/10/28 12:53 360 6 10 80 

Anchorage 2009/10/28 13:53 360 9 10 80 

Anchorage 2009/10/28 14:53 350 9 10 80 

Anchorage 2009/10/28 15:53 340 11 10 80 

Anchorage 2009/10/28 16:00 340 11 10 81 

Anchorage 2009/10/28 16:53 10 8 10 74 

Anchorage 2009/10/28 17:53 10 8 10 80 

Anchorage 2009/10/28 18:53 30 5 10 80 

Anchorage 2009/10/28 19:53 30 7 10 80 

Anchorage 2009/10/28 20:53 30 6 10 86 

Anchorage 2009/10/28 21:53 20 7 10 80 

Anchorage 2009/10/28 22:00 20 7 10 78 

Anchorage 2009/10/28 22:53 360 14 10 74 

Anchorage 2009/10/28 23:53 20 13 18 10 68 

Anchorage 2009/10/29 0:53 360 14 10 68 

Anchorage 2009/10/29 1:53 360 17 24 10 63 

Anchorage 2009/10/29 2:53 350 16 25 10 68 

Anchorage 2009/10/29 3:53 340 15 25 10 68 

Anchorage 2009/10/29 4:00 340 15 10 66 

Anchorage 2009/10/29 4:53 350 21 33 10 63 

Anchorage 2009/10/29 5:53 350 21 29 10 63 

Anchorage 2009/10/29 6:53 350 17 26 10 63 
Anchorage 2009/10/29 7:53 350 17 30 10 63 

Anchorage 2009/10/29 8:53 340 17 30 10 63 

Anchorage 2009/10/29 9:53 350 18 28 10 54 

Anchorage 2009/10/29 10:00 350 18 10 55 

Anchorage 2009/10/29 10:53 360 21 31 10 50 

Anchorage 2009/10/29 11:53 350 19 29 10 55 

Anchorage 2009/10/29 12:53 360 22 30 10 44 

Anchorage 2009/10/29 13:53 20 25 34 10 38 

Anchorage 2009/10/29 14:53 30 15 28 10 41 

Anchorage 2009/10/29 15:53 20 23 31 10 41 

Anchorage 2009/10/29 16:00 20 23 10 40 

Anchorage 2009/10/29 16:53 50 8 10 47 

Anchorage 2009/10/29 17:53 40 9 10 44 

Anchorage 2009/10/29 18:53 170 5 10 59 

Anchorage 2009/10/29 19:53 170 6 10 69 

Anchorage 2009/10/29 20:53 180 5 10 80 

Anchorage 2009/10/29 21:53 0 10 63 

Anchorage 2009/10/29 22:00 0 10 65 

Anchorage 2009/10/29 22:53 360 3 10 54 

Anchorage 2009/10/29 23:53 20 13 10 43 

Anchorage 2009/10/30 0:53 40 8 10 40 

Anchorage 2009/10/30 1:53 10 16 24 10 43 

Anchorage 2009/10/30 2:53 40 9 10 40 

Anchorage 2009/10/30 3:53 40 19 36 10 40 

Anchorage 2009/10/30 4:00 40 19 10 41 

Anchorage 2009/10/30 4:53 30 18 28 10 40 

Anchorage 2009/10/30 5:53 360 15 26 10 47 

Anchorage 2009/10/30 6:53 340 19 30 10 54 

Anchorage 2009/10/30 7:53 360 22 30 10 46 

Anchorage 2009/10/30 8:53 350 23 32 10 54 

Anchorage 2009/10/30 9:53 360 17 23 10 50 

Anchorage 2009/10/30 10:00 360 17 10 48 

Anchorage 2009/10/30 10:53 350 17 28 10 54 

Anchorage 2009/10/30 11:53 350 18 28 10 50 

Anchorage 2009/10/30 12:53 350 15 10 43 

Anchorage 2009/10/30 13:10 10 16 30 10 40 

Anchorage 2009/10/30 13:23 10 22 31 10 34 

Anchorage 2009/10/30 13:53 30 23 36 10 29 

Anchorage 2009/10/30 14:53 30 23 36 10 32 

Anchorage 2009/10/30 16:00 30 21 10 31 

Anchorage 2009/10/30 16:53 10 18 32 10 37 

Anchorage 2009/10/30 17:53 10 15 28 10 31 

Anchorage 2009/10/30 18:53 10 17 33 10 37 

Anchorage 2009/10/30 19:53 40 21 29 10 29 

Anchorage 2009/10/30 20:53 30 22 32 10 37 

Anchorage 2009/10/30 21:53 10 15 26 10 34 

Anchorage 2009/10/30 22:00 10 15 10 34 

Anchorage 2009/10/30 22:53 360 15 31 10 34 

Anchorage 2009/10/30 23:53 360 23 33 10 34 

Anchorage 2009/10/31 0:53 340 18 32 10 42 

Anchorage 2009/10/31 1:53 20 26 40 10 36 

Anchorage 2009/10/31 2:53 30 28 41 10 33 

Anchorage 2009/10/31 3:53 20 24 39 10 33 

Anchorage 2009/10/31 4:00 20 24 10 34 

Anchorage 2009/10/31 4:53 40 17 29 10 36 

Anchorage 2009/10/31 5:53 360 14 25 10 36 

Anchorage 2009/10/31 6:53 30 21 31 10 36 

Anchorage 2009/10/31 7:53 20 19 33 10 36 

Anchorage 2009/10/31 8:53 50 6 16 10 33 

Anchorage 2009/10/31 9:53 360 19 26 10 42 

Anchorage 2009/10/31 10:00 360 19 10 43 

Anchorage 2009/10/31 10:53 30 5 10 45 

Anchorage 2009/10/31 11:53 30 15 22 10 36 

Anchorage 2009/10/31 12:53 30 11 23 10 31 

Anchorage 2009/10/31 13:53 30 8 10 36 

Anchorage 2009/10/31 14:53 990 3 10 40 

Anchorage 2009/10/31 15:53 0 10 43 

Anchorage 2009/10/31 16:00 0 10 44 

Anchorage 2009/10/31 16:53 10 6 10 33 

Anchorage 2009/10/31 17:53 340 8 10 36 

Anchorage 2009/10/31 18:53 0 10 49 

Anchorage 2009/10/31 19:53 70 3 10 68 

Anchorage 2009/10/31 20:53 0 10 58 
Anchorage 2009/10/31 21:53 10 6 10 49 

Anchorage 2009/10/31 22:00 10 6 10 52 

Anchorage 2009/10/31 22:53 350 8 10 42 

Anchorage 2009/10/31 23:53 350 10 10 49 

Anchorage 2009/11/1 0:53 340 9 10 49 

Anchorage 2009/11/1 1:53 360 11 10 49 

Anchorage 2009/11/1 2:53 360 14 10 49 

Anchorage 2009/11/1 3:53 360 13 10 49 

Anchorage 2009/11/1 4:00 360 13 10 49 

Anchorage 2009/11/1 4:53 10 11 10 49 

Anchorage 2009/11/1 5:53 350 15 10 49 

Anchorage 2009/11/1 6:53 360 15 10 49 

Anchorage 2009/11/1 7:53 360 14 10 53 

Anchorage 2009/11/1 8:53 360 14 10 53 

Anchorage 2009/11/1 9:53 350 14 10 53 

Anchorage 2009/11/1 10:00 350 14 10 51 

Anchorage 2009/11/1 10:53 360 11 10 53 

Anchorage 2009/11/1 11:53 360 10 10 45 

Anchorage 2009/11/1 12:53 360 8 10 42 

Anchorage 2009/11/1 13:53 10 9 10 39 

Anchorage 2009/11/1 14:53 360 11 10 33 

Anchorage 2009/11/1 15:53 360 10 10 36 

Anchorage 2009/11/1 16:00 360 10 10 35 

Anchorage 2009/11/1 16:53 360 8 10 36 

Anchorage 2009/11/1 17:53 10 9 10 39 

Anchorage 2009/11/1 18:53 20 7 10 42 

Anchorage 2009/11/1 19:53 30 7 10 42 

Anchorage 2009/11/1 20:53 10 9 10 42 

Anchorage 2009/11/1 21:53 20 8 10 45 

Anchorage 2009/11/1 22:00 20 8 10 47 

Anchorage 2009/11/1 22:53 60 6 10 53 

Anchorage 2009/11/1 23:53 40 5 10 57 

Anchorage 2009/11/2 0:53 360 6 10 49 

Anchorage 2009/11/2 1:53 10 6 10 49 

Anchorage 2009/11/2 2:53 0 10 67 

Anchorage 2009/11/2 3:53 160 3 10 72 

Anchorage 2009/11/2 4:00 160 3 10 73 

Anchorage 2009/11/2 4:53 0 10 67 

Anchorage 2009/11/2 5:53 0 10 57 

Anchorage 2009/11/2 6:53 180 3 10 62 

Anchorage 2009/11/2 8:53 0 10 72 

Anchorage 2009/11/2 9:53 330 5 10 72 

Anchorage 2009/11/2 10:00 330 5 10 73 

Anchorage 2009/11/2 10:53 160 3 10 78 

Anchorage 2009/11/2 11:53 990 3 10 62 

Anchorage 2009/11/2 12:53 300 5 10 62 

Anchorage 2009/11/2 13:53 990 3 10 49 

Anchorage 2009/11/2 14:53 990 3 10 63 

Anchorage 2009/11/2 15:53 320 3 10 53 

Anchorage 2009/11/2 16:00 320 3 10 54 

Anchorage 2009/11/2 16:53 0 10 53 

Anchorage 2009/11/2 17:53 0 10 58 

Anchorage 2009/11/2 18:53 0 10 62 

Anchorage 2009/11/2 19:53 0 10 62 

Anchorage 2009/11/2 20:53 0 10 72 

Anchorage 2009/11/2 21:53 0 10 72 

Anchorage 2009/11/2 22:00 0 10 73 

Anchorage 2009/11/2 22:53 0 10 72 

Anchorage 2009/11/2 23:53 0 10 72