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In The

Court of Appeals

Ninth District of Texas at Beaumont

__________________

NO. 09-17-00438-CR

__________________

MONTIE EUGENE GRAHAM JR., Appellant

V.

THE STATE OF TEXAS, Appellee

__________________________________________________________________

On Appeal from the 359th District Court

Montgomery County, Texas

Trial Cause No. 16-12-14988-CR

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MEMORANDUM OPINION

Montie Eugene Graham Jr. appeals from his conviction for aggravated 

robbery. In a single issue, Graham argues the trial court erred by allowing the 

detective in charge of the investigation of the robbery to testify that Graham, in the 

detective’s opinion, was guilty of robbing the bank. We hold that while admitting 

the detective’s opinion was error, the error was harmless.
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Background

In March 2017, a grand jury indicted Graham for aggravated robbery, alleging 

he robbed a bank in Montgomery County, Texas, while using a deadly weapon, a 

firearm.1 During Graham’s trial, the prosecutor asked the detective in charge of 

investigating the bank robbery the following questions:

[Prosecutor]: Detective, by the end of your investigation, after 

considering all the evidence, including the surveillance videos, the 

photos, and the cellular device, and all that, did you make a 

determination about who you believe robbed the BBVA bank on 

December 20, 2016?

[Defense]: I object to that. That’s the jury’s question to answer not his.

[The Court]:Okay. It’s overruled.

[Prosecutor]: So, did you —

[The Court]:You may answer.

[Prosecutor]: Yes, Your Honor. Thank you. Did you come to formulate 

an opinion about who you believed robbed the bank?

[Detective in Charge]: Yes, sir. I believe it was Montie Eugene Graham, 

Jr., robbed the bank.

Based on the testimony and evidence admitted before the jury in the trial, the 

jury found Graham guilty of aggravated robbery. Graham tried the punishment-

 1 See Tex. Penal Code Ann. § 29.03(a)(2) (West 2019).
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phase of the case to the court. In the punishment-phase of the trial, Graham pleaded 

true to the three enhancement paragraphs in the indictment, which allege that 

Graham had been convicted previously of three other felonies. When the punishment 

phase ended, the trial court assessed Graham’s punishment at life. 

Standard of Review

We employ an abuse of discretion standard to review a trial court’s ruling 

admitting or excluding evidence in a trial.2 Rule 701 of the Texas Rules of Evidence 

contains the principles governing the admission of testimony by lay witnesses.

3 One 

of those principals requires that opinions of lay witnesses be based on the witness’s 

perception.4 And that requirement is consistent with another rule of evidence, Rule 

602, which requires lay witnesses to have personal knowledge on the matters on 

which their opinions are based.5 For that reason, we review Graham’s arguments 

through the lens of Rule 701.6

 2 See Johnson v. State, 490 S.W.3d 895, 908 (Tex. Crim. App. 2016).

3 Tex. R. Evid. 701 (Opinion Testimony By Lay Witnesses).

4 Id. 701(a).

5 Id. 602.

6 Id. 701. 
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Analysis

In its brief, the State acknowledges that, when the detective in charge of the 

investigation testified, he never held himself out as an expert on questions arising 

over a defendant’s guilt. For that reason, the trial court could admit the detective’s 

opinion as a lay opinion only if the detective’s opinion was based on his personal 

knowledge and found the opinion helpful to the jury’s ability to clearly understand 

the detective’s testimony or to the jury’s duty to determine a fact at issue in the trial.7

But the record before us fails to show the detective’s opinion was based on 

any personal knowledge. Instead, he clearly based his opinion on the conclusions he 

drew from investigating the bank robbery. As such, the detective’s opinion was not 

based on his personal knowledge, as he did not see the robbery occur. And the 

detective’s opinion was not helpful since the jury could easily understand what the 

detective explained he did to investigate the robbery. Finally, the detective’s opinion 

was not helpful to determining a fact at issue. It was based neither on the detective’s 

consideration of the evidence admitted at trial, nor guided by the instructions and 

definitions the trial court gave the jury in the charge.8

 7 Id. 701; Ex parte Nailor, 149 S.W.3d 125, 134 (Tex. Crim. App. 2004). 

8 See Tex. R. Evid. 701; Boyde v. State, 513 S.W.2d 588, 590 (Tex. Crim. 

App. 1974); DeLeon v. State, 322 S.W.3d 375, 383 (Tex. App.—Houston [14th 

Dist.] 2010, pet. ref’d).
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We conclude the trial court erred by failing to sustain Graham’s objection to 

the prosecutor’s question and should not have allowed the jury to hear the detective 

express an opinion on Graham’s guilt.

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Nonetheless, we must also decide whether the error was harmful. Defendants

appealing convictions claiming evidentiary errors occurred must show the error 

affected the defendant’s substantial rights before they are entitled to another trial.

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And errors in admitting evidence generally will not affect a defendant’s substantial 

rights if the reviewing court, after examining the record as a whole, has “fair 

assurance that the error did not have a substantial and injurious effect or influence 

in determining the jury’s verdict.”11

Factors the reviewing court considers in reviewing non-constitutional errors 

include “the nature of the evidence supporting the verdict, the character of the 

alleged error and how it might be considered in connection with other evidence in 

the case,” whether the State emphasized the error, and whether the record contains 

 9 See Fairow v. State, 943 S.W.2d 895, 899 (Tex. Crim. App. 1997) 

(explaining that if a witness’s testimony yields testimony that amounts to “choosing 

up sides” or an opinion of guilt or innocence, the witness’s opinion should be 

excluded) (citing Boyde, 513 S.W.2d at 590). 

10 See Tex. R. App. P. 44.2(b); Casey v. State, 215 S.W.3d 870, 885 (Tex. 

Crim. App. 2007).

11 Casey, 215 S.W.3d at 885. 
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overwhelming evidence showing the defendant committed the crime.

12 We use these 

factors when examining the record in this case as a whole.

Of the seven witnesses who testified in the guilt-innocence phase of Graham’s 

trial, two worked for the bank. The bank employees explained they did not see the 

face of the man who robbed the bank because he covered his face. The bank 

employees noticed several things about the robber as he was holding them up while 

they were working that day. They noticed the robber wore either a black jacket or 

hoodie, and that he had on gloves. One of the bank employees testified that the 

robber had an average build and was around six feet tall. Both employees 

remembered the robber pointed a handgun at the teller he approached. 

While neither employee saw the man’s face, a great deal of evidence in the record

ties Graham to the robbery. That evidence includes the following:

 The afternoon of the robbery, one of Graham’s neighbors captured video 

showing a single-cab-dark-blue-Dodge truck leaving the neighborhood where 

Graham lived;

 Shortly thereafter, video footage, which police obtained from a truck stop near 

Graham’s house, shows a man with tattoos matching Graham’s, wearing blue 

jeans, a white t-shirt, and white-soled shoes getting drinks and leaving;

 Less than an hour later, video footage from a camera at a gas station near the 

bank shows a single-cab-dark-blue-Dodge truck cutting across the station’s 

lot;

 12 Motilla v. State, 78 S.W.3d 352, 355-56 (Tex. Crim. App. 2002) (cleaned 

up). 
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 Still photos taken from the gas station’s surveillance footage shows the Dodge 

truck had two tires in its bed, damage to the rear bumper, and a sticker on the 

tailgate. Police located Graham’s truck during their investigation. Graham

owns a single-cab-dark-blue-Dodge truck. The damage to the back of 

Graham’s truck as well as the sticker matched the characteristics of Graham’s 

truck;

 Minutes later, video footage police obtained in their investigation from a car

wash near the bank shows a single-cab-dark-blue-Dodge truck entering an 

apartment complex located behind the bank;

 Video footage the police obtained from the apartment complex shows a 

single-cab-dark-blue-Dodge truck backing into a parking spot in the 

apartment complex’s lot;

 About half-an-hour later, video footage from the apartment complex and car 

wash shows the single-cab-dark-blue-Dodge truck leaving the apartment 

complex’s lot;

 Shortly before the robbery, video footage from the apartment complex and the 

car wash shows a single-cab-dark-blue-Dodge truck return to the apartment 

complex;

 Video footage from the apartment complex and car wash shows a single-cabdark-blue-Dodge truck slow and then back into the same parking spot where 

the same truck parked earlier that day. The footage shows damage on the rear 

bumper and a sticker on the tailgate of the truck;

 Video footage police obtained from a restaurant adjacent to the bank shows a 

man appearing from a hole in the fence running behind the bank;

 The footage from the restaurant shows the man who went through the hole in 

the fence walking toward the bank. The man in the video is wearing dark 

clothing and white-soled shoes;
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 Within minutes of the robbery, video footage from the restaurant adjacent to 

the bank shows the man in white-soled shoes running back to the hole in the 

fence;

 Video footage from the car wash shows the single-cab-dark-blue-Dodge truck 

leaving the apartment complex;

 Shortly thereafter, cellphone data obtained by police and the testimony of 

Graham’s landlord established that Graham used the cellphone he regularly 

used, which belonged to his girlfriend, to call his landlord;

 About twenty minutes later, video footage that police obtained from Graham’s 

neighbor shows a single-cab-dark-blue-Dodge truck traveling towards 

Graham’s home;

 Cellphone data for the phone Graham used established the phone was in areas 

of town on the day of the robbery consistent with the locations where the 

police obtained video footage that depicts the blue Dodge truck;

 Cellphone data extracted from the phone also shows the phone was used to 

search the internet for information about robberies in Conroe, breaking news

in the area, and two-dollar bills after the robbery;

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 According to Graham’s landlord, the evening on the day the robbery occurred 

Graham paid his rent in his usual manner, using cash.

While circumstantial, the video footage admitted into evidence in Graham’s 

trial traces a single-cab-dark-blue-Dodge truck with damage and a sticker on it to 

the truck Graham owns. The footage traces the truck from Graham’s neighborhood 

to a location near the hole in the apartment’s fence used by the robber in his escape.

 13 The testimony from the bank’s employees established that the cash the 

robber took included eighty-one two-dollar bills and “bait money.” The police never 

recovered any of the money taken in robbery. 
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The footage then traces the truck back to Graham’s neighborhood. From the footage, 

the jury could find the finger of guilt pointing squarely to Graham. The phone data 

allowed the jury to conclude that Graham had the phone in the various locations tied 

to the footage they viewed. Moreover, nothing in the record suggests anyone other 

than Graham robbed the bank. 

According to the statement Graham gave police, he was not in Conroe the day 

the robbery occurred. He suggests the evidence fails to sufficiently tie him to the 

crime because the police never recovered the money, gun, mask, clothes, or shoes 

the robber used in the robbery. But no alibi witnesses testified that Graham was not 

in Conroe. Moreover, nothing in the record explains how a truck matching Graham’s 

truck and the records from the phone tracing the phone to locations consistent with 

the footage could have existed by mere coincidence. Graham’s argument suggests 

nothing more than the State failed to meet its burden of proof, an argument the jury 

could reasonably reject. 

According to Graham, the trial court’s ruling, which allowed the jury to hear 

the detective’s opinion, prejudiced him because the opinion, admitted on the first 

day of his trial, allowed the jury to decide the case before the parties rested. But the

argument lacks merit. At every break, the trial court reminded the jury not to form 

any opinions until the jury deliberated on its verdict. While the prosecutor should 
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not have been allowed to elicit the detective’s opinion, the prosecutor never 

mentioned the detective’s opinion again during the trial. Finally, in closing 

argument, the prosecutor never asked the jury to consider the detective’s opinion 

that Graham committed the robbery.

Generally, we “presume the jury follows the trial court’s instructions in the 

manner presented.”14 In Graham’s case, nothing in the appellate record shows the 

jury did not do so. Given the trial court’s instruction, we presume the jury did not 

deliberate or discuss the detective’s opinion before retiring to deliberate on its 

verdict.

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Here, the record as a whole fairly assures “the error did not have a substantial 

and injurious effect or influence in determining the jury’s verdict.”16 We overrule 

Graham’s sole issue and affirm the trial court’s judgment.

AFFIRMED.

 14 Thrift v. State, 176 S.W.3d 221, 224 (Tex. Crim. App. 2005).

15 See id. (instructing appellant’s burden to rebut the presumption the jury 

failed to follow the trial court’s instructions).

16 See Casey, 215 S.W.3d at 885.
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_________________________

HOLLIS HORTON

Justice

Submitted on April 16, 2019

Opinion Delivered October 23, 2019

Do Not Publish

Before McKeithen, C.J., Horton and Johnson, JJ.