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Filed 8/31/15

CERTIFIED FOR PUBLICATION

IN THE COURT OF APPEAL OF THE STATE OF CALIFORNIA

FIRST APPELLATE DISTRICT

DIVISION TWO

MICHELLE M. SEQUEIRA,

Plaintiff and Appellant,

v.

LINCOLN NATIONAL LIFE 

INSURANCE COMPANY,

Defendant and Respondent.

 A139639

 (Solano County

 Super. Ct. No. FCS036491)

Like most of us, Donald Sequeira (Sequeira) did not work on January 1, 2010,

because it was a paid holiday. Tragically, he was hospitalized the next day with a sudden 

illness and died on January 6 without ever returning to work. 

Sequeira’s widow sought benefits under a supplemental life insurance policy that 

was issued to Sequeira’s employer on January 1, 2010. The trial court ruled that she was 

not entitled to benefits because the policy required her husband to be “on the job, at his 

employer’s place of employment, performing his customary duties” between January 1 

and his death. 

We disagree with the trial court and reverse its judgment. The policy is 

ambiguous regarding whether Sequeira needed to perform his work responsibilities on 

New Year’s Day or anytime after that in order for his wife to receive benefits. We 

therefore interpret the policy in favor of Sequeira’s reasonable expectations, which are 

that he should not have to work on New Year’s Day or when he is sick in order to receive 

coverage that he has paid for. 
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FACTUAL AND PROCEDURAL BACKGROUND

Donald Sequeira’s Employment and Purchase of Life Insurance

Sequeira had been employed with the City of Vacaville (the City) since 

approximately 1990. In the fall of 2009, the City changed its life insurance carrier to 

Defendant Lincoln National Life Insurance Company (Lincoln). The City provided basic 

life insurance coverage to employees from Lincoln, and also offered employees the 

option of purchasing supplemental coverage from Lincoln. 

On October 7, 2009, Sequeira completed an enrollment form for basic coverage as 

well as an additional $275,000 in supplemental coverage. Sequeira designated plaintiff 

Michelle Sequeira as the primary beneficiary of both the basic and supplemental 

coverage. Sequeira made two premium payments for the supplemental coverage before 

the end of the year via paycheck deductions. 

The Supplemental Life Insurance Policy

Lincoln issued the basic and supplemental policies to the City on January 1, 2010,

for participating employees, including Sequeira. The parties agree that the basic policy 

was effective on January 1, 2010, and that plaintiff was entitled to benefits under that 

policy. Their disagreement centers on whether plaintiff was entitled to benefits under the 

supplemental policy. 

The supplemental policy contained the following eligibility provision:

“ELIGIBILITY

“If you are a Full-Time Employee and a member of an employee class shown in 

the Schedule of Insurance; then you will become eligible for the coverage provided by 

the Policy on the later of:

“(1) the Policy’s date of issue; or 

“(2) the day you complete the Waiting Period.” 

The supplemental policy defined a “Full-Time Employee” as an employee:

“(1) whose employment with the EMPLOYER is the employee’s principal 

occupation; 

“(2) who is not a temporary or seasonal employee; and 
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“(3) who is regularly scheduled to work at such occupation at least the number of 

hours as shown in the Schedule of Insurance.” 

On the same page as the eligibility provision, the supplemental policy contained 

the following provision regarding effectiveness: 

“EFFECTIVE DATES OF COVERAGES

“Your insurance is effective on the latest of:

“(1) the first day of the Insurance Month coinciding with or next following the 

day you become eligible for the coverage;

“(2) the day you resume Active Work, if you are not Actively at Work on the day 

you become eligible;

“(3) the day you make written application for coverage; and sign:

“(a) a payroll deduction order; or

“(b) an order to pay premiums from your Flexible Benefit Plan account, if 

Employer contributions are paid through a Flexible Benefit Plan; or

“(4) the first day of the Insurance Month following the date the Company 

approves your coverage, if evidence of insurability is required.” (Emphasis added.)

The parties agree that Sequeira was eligible for coverage under the supplemental 

policy, but disagree whether the supplemental policy ever became effective as to

Sequeira. Their specific dispute centers on whether the “Active Work” requirement in

paragraph (2) of the Effective Dates of Coverages provision required Sequeira to perform 

his job duties between January 1 and his death on January 6 in order for the supplemental 

policy to become effective. 

The terms “Active Work” and Actively at Work” found in paragraph (2) are 

defined in the supplemental policy as follows: 

“ACTIVE WORK OR ACTIVELY AT WORK means the full-time 

performance of all customary duties of an employee’s occupation at the 

EMPLOYER’S place of business (or other business location to which the 

EMPLOYER requires the employee to travel.)” 
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The terms “Active Work” and “Actively at Work” are used in other parts of the 

supplemental policy. One such place is the Waiting Period provision, which states: 

“WAITING PERIOD: 30 days of continuous Active Work.” 

The term “Active Work” also appears in the “Termination of Coverage” provision, 

which states:

“Ceasing Active Work terminates your eligibility. However, you may continue 

coverage as follows: . . .

“(2) If you cease active work due to a temporary lay off, an approved leave of 

absence, or a military leave; then coverage may be continued: 

“(a) for three Insurance Months after the lay off or leave begins;

“(b) provided premium payments are made on your behalf.”

Sequeira’s Death and Appellant’s Claim for Benefits

Sequeira did not work on January 1, 2010—the day the supplemental policy was 

issued—because it was a paid holiday. He was hospitalized suddenly on Saturday,

January 2 and died on Wednesday, January 6. His cause of death was related to a viral 

infection in his heart. He did not report to work between January 1 and his death on 

January 6. 

After Sequeira’s death on January 6, plaintiff submitted a claim to Lincoln for 

benefits under both the basic and supplemental policies. Lincoln paid benefits to plaintiff

under the basic policy but denied her benefits under the supplemental policy. Lincoln 

informed her that as to the supplemental policy, “Sequeira never returned to work from 

12/30/09 (prior to the effective date) until his date of death. Therefore, Mr. Sequeira was 

never actively at work on or after the effective date of this policy, so his coverage under 

this policy never became effective.” 

Trial Court Proceedings

Plaintiff filed a complaint against Lincoln on August 31, 2010, and an amended 

complaint on June 4, 2012. The amended complaint alleged causes of action for breach 
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of contract and bad faith against Lincoln on the ground that Lincoln was obligated to pay

$275,000 under the supplemental policy but refused to do so.

1

 

Plaintiff moved for summary adjudication against Lincoln, arguing that Lincoln 

owed her a duty under the supplemental policy to pay her $275,000. Lincoln then filed

its own motion for summary adjudication on the ground that it did not breach the

supplemental policy by denying plaintiff benefits. The trial court heard argument on 

plaintiff’s motion on February 19, 2013, and took it under submission. Although the trial 

court initially issued a tentative ruling granting plaintiff’s motion for summary 

adjudication prior to the February 19 hearing, the court issued a written order on May 14, 

2013, denying it. 

The trial court heard argument on Lincoln’s motion for summary adjudication on 

May 21, 2013, and took it under submission. The trial court granted Lincoln’s motion on

June 20, 2013, in a written order that was similar to its May 14, 2013, written order

denying plaintiff’s motion. The trial court’s June 20 order states, in pertinent part:

“Sequeira had been and remained a full time employee as of January 

1, 2010. However, on January 1, 2010, he was not ‘actively at work’ 

because he was not on the job, at his employer’s place of employment, 

performing his customary duties; he was on paid holiday. Mr. Sequeira

was hospitalized on January 2, 2010 and passed away on January 6, 2010. 

He did not resume Active Work on or after January 1, 2010. As a result, 

although he met the eligibility requirements, the policy did not become 

effective as to him. [Citations.] 

“. . . The definition of ‘Active Work or Actively at Work’ in Mr. 

Sequeira’s policy does not pertain to the employees’ status. . . . The 

Effective date provision in Sequeira’s policy pertained to the employee’s 

 

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The amended complaint also alleged a separate cause of action for breach of 

implied contract against the City. This claim was later dismissed with prejudice and is 

not relevant to this appeal. 
6

location, e.g. he was required to be in full-time performance of his 

customary duties at the employer’s place of business on January 1, 2010.

“Although sympathetic to Plaintiff, the court cannot redraft this 

insurance contract. [Citation.]”

The parties filed a joint stipulation on August 7, 2013, requesting that judgment be 

entered in favor of Lincoln, which the trial court did on August 14, 2013. Plaintiff timely 

filed this appeal. 

DISCUSSION

Plaintiff raises three arguments on appeal. First, she argues that the policy should 

be interpreted as effective because Sequeira was a full-time employee when the policy 

was issued. Sequeira did not have to perform his work responsibilities between January 1 

and January 6, 2010, in order for the policy to be effective. Second, plaintiff argues that 

the Effective Dates of Coverages provision is unenforceable because its language was not 

“conspicuous, unambiguous, and unequivocal.” Third, plaintiff argues that the common 

law “temporary insurance” doctrine provided coverage to Sequeira because he completed 

an enrollment form and paid premiums for the supplemental policy. 

A. Standard of Review and Principles of Interpretation

This appeal relates to motions for summary adjudication brought by plaintiff and 

Lincoln, who agree that the material facts relevant to their motions are undisputed. “ ‘We 

apply a de novo standard of review to an order granting summary [adjudication] when, on 

undisputed facts, the order is based on the interpretation or application of the terms of an 

insurance policy.’ ” (Powerine Oil Co., Inc. v. Superior Court (2005) 37 Cal.4th 377, 

390.) The interpretation of an insurance policy is a question of law for the court. (Waller 

v. Truck Ins. Exchange, Inc. (1995) 11 Cal.4th 1, 18 (Waller).) 

“Insurance policies are contracts and, therefore, are governed in the first instance 

by the rules of construction applicable to contracts.” (Montrose Chemical Corp. v. 

Admiral Ins. Co. (1995) 10 Cal.4th 645, 666.) “Under statutory rules of contract 

interpretation, the mutual intention of the parties at the time the contract is formed 

governs its interpretation. [Citation.] Such intent is to be inferred, if possible, solely 
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from the written provisions of the contract. [Citation.] The ‘clear and explicit’ meaning 

of these provisions, interpreted in their ‘ordinary and popular sense,’ controls judicial 

interpretation unless ‘used by the parties in a technical sense, or unless a special meaning 

is given to them by usage.’ ” (Ibid.) “ ‘[L]anguage in a contract must be construed in the 

context of that instrument as a whole, and in the circumstances of that case.” (Bank of 

the West v. Superior Court (1992) 2 Cal.4th 1254, 1265; see also Civ. Code, § 1641.) We

also avoid interpretations that create absurd or unreasonable results. (Civ. Code, § 1638; 

Cold Creek Compost, Inc. v. State Farm Fire & Casualty Co. (2007) 156 Cal.App.4th 

1469, 1479.) 

“If the meaning a layperson would ascribe to the language of a contract of 

insurance is clear and unambiguous, a court will apply that meaning.” (Montrose 

Chemical Corp. v. Admiral Ins. Co., supra, 10 Cal.4th at pp. 666-667.) “A policy 

provision will be considered ambiguous when it is capable of two or more constructions, 

both of which are reasonable.” (Waller, supra, 11 Cal.4th at p. 18.) “ ‘If an asserted 

ambiguity is not eliminated by the language and context of the policy, courts then invoke 

the principle that ambiguities are generally construed against the party who caused the 

uncertainty to exist (i.e., the insurer) in order to protect the insured’s reasonable 

expectation of coverage.’ ” (State of California v. Continental Ins. Co. (2012) 55 Cal.4th 

186, 195.)

B. The Active Work Requirement Is Ambiguous.

Lincoln contends that the Active Work requirement unambiguously requires an 

employee to be “actually working at the time a policy is issued, rather than merely having 

the status of an employee.” Plaintiff argues that the only interpretation that makes sense 

is one that refers to an insured’s status as a full-time employee, and that Lincoln’s 

interpretation is nonsensical when applied to other provisions of the policy. 

We begin with the supplemental policy’s definition of “Active Work or Actively 

at Work” and conclude that it supports an interpretation referring to an employee’s fulltime status, and not whether the employee is actually performing work. “Active Work or 

Actively at Work” is defined as “ ‘the full-time performance of all customary duties of an 
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employee’s occupation at the EMPLOYER’S place of business.’ ” Lincoln focuses on 

the word “performance” and contends it refers to the execution of an action, as opposed 

to a particular status. (See Merriam-Webster’s 11th Collegiate Dict. (2007) p. 920 

[defining “performance” as “the execution of an action”].) However, Lincoln’s argument 

ignores that the pertinent phrase is not just “performance,” but “full-time performance.” 

The word “full-time” is found elsewhere in the supplemental policy as part of the 

definition of “Full-time Employee.” The definition of “full-time” there does not depend 

on an employee being on the job at a given moment in time. Instead, it addresses 

whether an employee has another occupation, whether the employee is temporary or 

permanent, and the hours the employee is regularly scheduled to work—in other words, 

an employee’s status. Given this, a reasonable insured could interpret “full-time 

performance” in the definition of “Active Work or Actively at Work” to also refer to 

employment status, as opposed to actually being on the job at any given moment. 

The Ohio Court of Appeal in Brause v. Royal Maccabees Life Ins. Co. (1993) 88 

Ohio.App.3d 149 [623 N.E.2d 638] (Brause) reached the same conclusion when 

interpreting a similar provision. The life insurance policy in Brause contained the term 

“ ‘actively at work on a full time basis,’ ” and defined that term as “actually working for 

the Policyholder at least 40 hours per week, performing all of the normal duties of the 

individual’s job at the Policyholder’s normal place of business or other location, other 

than his residence, where the Policyholder’s business requires him to be.” (Id. at p. 639.) 

The court in Brause determined it was “clear from the policy definition that the phrase 

refers to the insured’s status of employment, rather than his employment activities on a 

given day.” (Ibid.) The definition in Brause, like the definition here, “has no relation to 

the employee’s ability to perform the normal duties of his job at a given moment in 

time.” (Ibid.)2

 

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Lincoln argues that Brause is distinguishable because it examined the eligibility

provision of a policy, not whether the policy was effective. We do not believe this is a 

meaningful distinction because the underlying issue in Brause and this case are the same. 

In Brause, just as in this case, the plaintiff’s right to receive benefits under a life 
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This analysis is bolstered when Lincoln’s interpretation of “Active Work or 

Actively at Work” is applied to other policy provisions, since Lincoln’s interpretation

gives bizarre meanings to those provisions while plaintiff’s does not. For instance, the 

supplemental policy has a Waiting Period provision that requires “30 days of continuous 

Active Work” from an employee before the employee is eligible for benefits. Applying 

Lincoln’s interpretation would mean that an employee must be actually working full-time 

for 30 days continuously in order to be eligible for coverage under the supplemental 

policy. This is a strained interpretation of the Waiting Period provision, simply “as a 

matter of common sense.” (Bank of the West v. Superior Court, supra, 2 Cal.4th at p. 

1276). An interpretation that would cause an insured to jeopardize coverage by, for 

example, not working on the weekend or calling in sick “would lead to absurd results 

outside of the insured’s reasonable expectations.” (Tester v. Reliance Standard Life Ins. 

Co. (4th Cir. 2000) 228 F.3d 372, 376 [rejecting argument that employee on sick leave 

was not an “active, Full-time employee”].) Interpreting “Active Work” to mean full-time 

status provides a far more sensible result; it would allow an employee to obtain coverage 

despite taking a weekend off or calling in sick. 

Lincoln’s interpretation of “Active Work or Actively at Work” produces a similar 

result when applied to the supplemental policy’s “Termination of Coverage” provision. 

That provision states: “Ceasing Active Work terminates your eligibility.” If “Active 

Work” means “actually working,” then an employee’s coverage would be subject to 

termination as soon as he or she left work for the day. Lincoln does not dispute that this 

is an unreasonable interpretation, but instead argues that there is an exception to the 

termination of coverage for an “approved leave of absence.” It is not apparent to us that 

leaving work for the day is classified as an “approved leave of absence.” But even if it 

were, the provision Lincoln cites is not actually an exception to termination. It only 

delays termination of coverage for three months if an employee continues to pay 

 

insurance policy turned on whether the person who purchased the life insurance was 

“actively at work” after the policy was issued. 
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premiums. By contrast, interpreting Active Work to mean full-time status does not create 

the same issue.3

Lincoln argues that plaintiff’s “full-time status” interpretation of “Active Work or 

Actively at Work” has problems of its own because it produces a redundancy between the 

Eligibility provision and Effective Dates of Coverages provision. Under the Eligibility 

provision, an employee is not eligible unless he or she is classified as a full-time 

employee. Therefore, Lincoln argues, because the Effective Dates of Coverages 

provision states the policy is effective on “the day you resume Active Work, if you are 

not Actively at Work on the day you become eligible,” then “Actively at Work” must 

mean something in addition to the eligibility requirements. Even if we were to agree with 

Lincoln on this point, Lincoln has not solved the issues created by its own interpretation. 

At most, Lincoln has shown that the Actively at Work requirement “is capable of two or 

more constructions” (Waller, supra, 11 Cal.4th at p. 18), which supports the conclusion 

that the meaning of “Active Work or Actively at Work” is ambiguous. 

Lincoln also cites several cases to support its interpretation, but we do not find 

those cases persuasive. One case Lincoln cites is our Supreme Court’s opinion in Boyer 

v. Travelers Ins. Co. (1936) 7 Cal.2d 615 (Boyer), which involved a car salesman who

was rushed to the hospital on July 10, 1933, and remained there until his death on July 

14, 1933. (Id. at pp. 616-617.) His wife sought to recover $4,000 under a group life 

insurance policy, which stated that it would be effective on July 14, 1933, as to any 

employee who was “actually at work on said day, or if not actually at work, from the date 

on which he returns to work.” (Id. at p. 616, italics omitted.) The Supreme Court 

determined that the car salesman was not “actually at work” on July 14 because “he 

performed none of his customary duties as a salesman on that day but merely discussed 

 

3

Lincoln argues that the Termination of Coverage provision applies to an 

employee’s “eligibility” for coverage, as opposed to the effective date of coverage. 

Again, Lincoln has not explained why this distinction is relevant. Nor do we see a 

meaningful distinction, since interpreting the policy as terminating “eligibility” for 

leaving work for the day is just as unreasonable as interpreting it to result in a loss of 

effectiveness. Either way, the employee will not be covered. 
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his inability to perform his duties and the advisability of permitting others to carry on 

until such time as he might be able to perform such duties.” (Id. at p. 618.)

Boyer is different from the circumstances presented here for several reasons. First, 

the policy in Boyer used the term “actually at work,” not “actively at work.” Moreover, 

the phrase “actually at work” from Boyer was not defined in the policy. Here, the parties 

defined the term “Active Work or Actively at Work” in a manner that, for reasons we 

discussed earlier, can be interpreted to refer to employment status. Finally, unlike here, 

there is no indication in Boyer that the court’s interpretation of “actually at work” 

produced unreasonable results when applied to other provisions in the policy. 

The Ohio Supreme Court’s opinion in Jackson v. Metropolitan Life Ins. Co.

(1973) 34 Ohio St.2d 138, 141 [296 N.E.2d 679] (Jackson) is distinguishable for similar 

reasons. The court in Jackson determined that the phrase “actively at work” in a life 

insurance policy meant that the policy would not be effective until an employee was 

“performing his job or assigned duties.” (Id. at pp. 681-682.) But in Jackson, unlike 

here, the term “actively at work” was not defined in the policy, which is why the Ohio 

Supreme Court looked to the ordinary meaning of the term instead of a definition in the 

policy. (Ibid.) The Ohio Court of Appeals in Brause distinguished Jackson for this exact 

reason. (See Brause, supra, 623 N.E.2d at p. 639 [“Since that phrase was not defined in 

the relevant policy in the Jackson case, the court afforded it the ordinary meaning of 

actively in the process of ‘performing one’s job.’ ”].) There is also no indication in 

Jackson that interpreting “actively at work” as requiring an employee to be performing 

his job gave absurd meanings to other provisions in the policy. 

The other cases cited by Lincoln as authority supporting its interpretation are 

distinguishable for the same reasons: the term at issue was not defined in the policy, and 

there is no indication that the insurer’s interpretation conflicted with other provisions in 

the policy.4 Moreover, many of the cases cited by Lincoln are also inapposite because 

 

4

(See Todd v. Dow Chemical Co. (8th Cir. 1985) 760 F.2d 192, 193; Velez v. 

Crown Life Ins. Co. (1st Cir. 1979) 599 F.2d 471, 475-476; Helland v. Metropolitan Life 

Ins. Co. (9th Cir. 1973) 488 F.2d 496, 497; Elsey v. Prudential Ins. Co. of America (10th 
12

they analyzed insurance policies that used a phrase other than “Active Work” or 

“Actively at Work,”5or defined those terms differently than they are defined here.6 

C. The Active Work Requirement Must Be Interpreted in Accordance With 

Sequeira’s Reasonable Expectation of Receiving Coverage.

The ambiguity in the meaning of “Active Work or Actively at Work” must be 

resolved by examining the reasonable expectations of the insured. (State of California v. 

Continental Ins. Co. supra, 55 Cal.4th at p. 195.) We have no trouble determining that 

Sequeira reasonably expected that the supplemental policy was effective before his death. 

He enrolled in coverage in October 2009 and made premium payments for coverage later 

that year. Lincoln then issued a policy on January 1, 2010. Sequeira could reasonably 

expect that the supplemental policy was effective on January 1, 2010, and he certainly 

would not expect that the coverage he paid for would be ineffective because he took New 

Year’s Day off from work and became ill the next day. (See Tester v. Reliance Standard 

Life Ins. Co., supra, 228 F.3d at p. 376 [“An employee reasonably would expect his 

coverage to extend beyond the time periods that he is physically at work and to cover 

those hours and days when he is out of the plant due to an illness.”]; Chiodo v. Unum Life 

Ins. Co. of America (E.D. Pa. 1998) 1998 WL 743596 *3 [“Surely, employees are entitled 

 

Cir. 1958) 262 F.2d 432, 433; Demito v. Life Ins. Co. of North America (1979) 11 

Pa.D.&C.3d 465, 466; Carageorge v. Fidelity & Guaranty Life Ins. Co. (Fl.Ct.App. 

1977) 345 So.2d 865, 865; Williams v. Metropolitan Life Ins. Co. (Mo.Ct.App. 1969) 448 

S.W.2d 295, 297; Marshall v. Connecticut General Life Ins. Co. (Mo.Ct.App. 1963) 371 

S.W.2d 363, 365; White v. Great American Reserve Ins. Co. (Tex.Ct.App. 1961) 342 

S.W.2d 793, 794.)

5

(See Velez v. Crown Life Ins., supra, 599 F.2d at p. 475 [policy not effective if 

employee is “absent from work”]; Helland v. Metropolitan Life Ins. Co., supra, 488 F.2d 

at p. 497 [policy not effective unless employee “ ‘actually enters on duty in a pay 

status’ ”]; Demito v. Life Ins. Co. of North America, supra, 11 Pa.D.&C.3d at p. 466 

[policy required that insured must “ ‘actively engage in work’ ”].)

6

(See Smith v. Founders Life Assurance Co. of Florida (1985) 175 Ga.App. 262, 

262 [333 S.E.2d 5] [“ ‘actively at work’ ” defined as “ ‘the actual expenditure of time and 

energy in the service of the employer . . . .’ ”].)
13

to take their sick leave, vacations, and holidays without losing their status as full-time 

workers.”].) 

We therefore conclude that the supplemental policy was effective on January 1, 

2010. In light of the foregoing, there is no need to reach plaintiff’s alternative arguments 

in favor of coverage.

DISPOSITION

The judgment appealed from is reversed and the matter is remanded to the trial 

court for further appropriate proceedings consistent with this opinion. Plaintiff shall 

recover her costs on appeal.
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_________________________

Miller, J.

We concur:

_________________________

Kline, P. J.

_________________________

Richman, J.

A139639, Sequeira v. Lincoln National Life Ins. Co.
15

Trial Court: Superior Court of Solano County

Trial Judge: Hon. Scott L. Kays

Attorneys for plaintiff and appellant

Michelle M. Sequeira Terrence J. Coleman

Ryan H. Opgenorth

Attorneys for defendant and respondent

Lincoln National Life Insurance Company Daniel W. Maguire

Edith S. Shea

A139639, Sequeira v. Lincoln National Life Ins. Co.