1

United States Court of Appeals

For the Seventh Circuit

Chicago, Illinois 60604

Argued September 14, 2005

Decided January 6, 2006

Before

Honorable FRANK H. EASTERBROOK, Circuit Judge

Honorable ILANA DIAMOND ROVNER, Circuit Judge

Honorable DIANE S. SYKES, Circuit Judge

No. 05-1168

 

JEROME and LANA KORTE, )

) Appeal from the United States

Plaintiffs-Appellants, ) District Court for the Southern

) District of Illinois

v. )

) No. 03 C 239

EXXONMOBIL COAL USA, INC., )

) G. Patrick Murphy, Chief Judge

Defendant-Appellee. )

O R D E R

Jerome and Lana Korte brought suit against ExxonMobil Coal USA, Inc. (Exxon) for

alleged personal injury and punitive damages caused by airborne dust blown off two coal refuse

disposal areas (RDAs) owned by Exxon. After discovery, Exxon filed a motion to exclude the

testimony of the Kortes’ medical expert and requested summary judgment asserting that without

such testimony the Kortes cannot prove causation. The District court granted the motion to

exclude the expert testimony and entered summary judgment in favor of Exxon. The Kortes

appeal the exclusion of the expert testimony and the district court’s grant of summary judgment. 

We affirm.

UNPUBLISHED ORDER

Not to be cited per Circuit Rule 53
2 No. 05-1168

I.

The Kortes own and operate a produce farm on forty acres of property near Germantown,

Illinois. The Kortes lived on this property from February 1993 until January 2002, and since

moving have continued to work, grow crops, and keep animals on the farm. Less than one mile

north of the Korte’s farm, Exxon owns a former coal mine that has two RDAs which encompass

300-400 acres. During the time that the mine was in operation, between 1977 and 1996, the

RDAs collected runoff from coal processing into a sediment pool or “gob pile.” Thus, the RDAs

contain rock and other materials that have been washed and separated from the coal during

processing. After the mine closed, the wet material in the gob pile began to dry, and some of the

coal refuse particles became capable of being moved by the wind. There are several documented

instances of dust blowing off the RDAs. In response to complaints by neighbors, Exxon took

some measures to control dust, such as the installation of snow fences and the use of dust

suppressants. In January 2003, Exxon received a noncompliance advisory from the Illinois

Environmental Protection Agency (IEPA) because of dust blowing off the RDAs beyond

Exxon’s property.

Mr. Korte claims that sometime in 1996 he began to experience chronic sore throat, eye

irritation and tearing, indigestion, diarrhea and fatigue. Mrs. Korte alleges that she experienced

similar symptoms dating back to at least 1997. At some point, the Kortes suspected that their

symptoms were caused by exposure to dust blown off the RDAs. On March 7, 2002, the Kortes’

general physician, Dr. Wells, diagnosed Mr. Korte with a mild obstructive lung problem

including a small bronchospasm component. 

In March 2003, Dr. Peter Orris, a specialist in occupational medicine, examined and

interviewed Mr. and Mrs. Korte at the request of their attorney in order to determine the cause of

their symptoms. Dr. Orris opined that “[i]t is likely that” a number of the Kortes’ symptoms

including “lacrimation [tearing of the eyes], chronic eye burning, rhinitis [runny nose and

sneezing], and sore throat may be caused by” their exposure to coal dust. R. 72 Ex. 14 at 4. 

In formulating his opinion, Dr. Orris relied on the Kortes’ personal account of dust

exposure, their medical history, their pictures and video of dust being blown off the RDAs, and

his own knowledge of the effects of exposure to coal dust. Dr. Orris reviewed the medical

records of Mr. and Mrs. Korte, but he did not conduct any additional medical tests, such as blood

tests, toxicological tests or allergy tests. Dr. Orris did not conduct any tests on the dust from the

Kortes’ property, and he admitted that he cannot be certain that the dust the Kortes’ described

and videotaped contained any coal dust. Furthermore, Dr. Orris did not rely on tests conducted

on November 6, 2002, by the IEPA and Illinois Department of Public Health (IDPH) on dust

found inside and outside of the Kortes’ home. These tests did not detect any inorganic

compounds above health guidelines and concluded that “[e]xposure to the dust would not be

expected to cause any adverse health effects.” R. 61 Ex. D at 2. Moreover, although Dr. Orris

opined that the Kortes may be at an increased risk of cancer due to possible exposure to

polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons (PAHs) contained in coal dust, he did not rely on tests
No. 05-1168 3

measuring the type and quantity of PAHs found in Exxon’s RDAs. Finally, in forming his

opinion, Dr. Orris did not rule out or fully consider the likelihood of other causes for the Kortes’

symptoms, such as cigarette smoking (Mr. Korte has smoked one pack of cigarettes per day for

approximately 35 years), pesticides, allergies, or exposure to dust containing dirt, gravel, and

other background levels of inorganic chemicals. 

In March 2003, the Kortes filed suit in Illinois state court against Exxon alleging, among

other things, personal injury caused by dust blown off Exxon’s RDAs. Exxon removed the case

to the United States District Court for the Southern District of Illinois pursuant to 28 U.S.C. §

1441, and following discovery filed a motion for summary judgment. Exxon’s motion sought to

exclude the testimony of Dr. Orris on the grounds that it does not meet the criteria for admissible

expert opinion testimony set forth in Rule 702 of the Federal Rules of Evidence and Daubert v.

Merrell Dow Pharmaceuticals, Inc., 509 U.S. 579 (1993).

In a memorandum and order dated November 8, 2004, the district court held that Dr.

Orris’ opinion does not meet the criteria set forth by Rule 702 and Daubert because it is not

derived from appropriate scientific methodology and therefore would not assist the jury in

determining the facts in issue. The district court found that Dr. Orris’ opinion is not derived

from the scientific method because he began with the conclusion, provided by the Kortes, that

exposure to coal dust had caused their symptoms, and then formed his opinion without

performing or relying on existing scientific tests, such as those conducted by the IEPA and IDPH

to confirm that the Kortes had in fact been exposed to coal dust. In addition, the district court

found that Dr. Orris failed to properly exclude possible alternative causes for the Kortes’

symptoms, such as seasonal allergies, pesticides or cigarette smoking, in order to explain why

his opinion is scientifically valid in light of proposed alternatives. Since this case involves an

alleged health-related injury caused by a toxic tort, the district court concluded that the Kortes

cannot establish causation without expert testimony. Because it agreed that Dr. Orris’ opinion

was inadmissable, the district court granted summary judgment on all claims for personal injury.

II.

We review the district court’s grant of summary judgment for Exxon de novo. E.g., Fix v.

Quantum Indus. Partners LDC, 374 F.3d 549, 552 (7th Cir. 2004). Summary judgment is proper

when there is no genuine issue as to any material fact because the non-moving party has failed to

establish the existence of an essential element of its case as to which that party would bear the

burden of proof at trial. Celotex Corp. v. Catrett, 477 U.S. 317, 322-23 (1986). The Kortes bore

the burden of establishing the essential elements of their claim, including causation. Expert

testimony is needed to establish causation in cases alleging an adverse health effect when the

“medical effects [of exposure to the toxin] are not within the ken of the ordinary person.”

Goffman v. Gross, 59 F.3d 668, 672 (7th Cir. 1995) (holding that lay testimony is not sufficient

to establish plaintiff’s claim that secondhand smoke caused his symptoms). 
4 No. 05-1168

Rule 702 of the Federal Rules of Evidence, as interpreted by Daubert, governs the

admissibility of expert testimony in federal courts. E.g., Ancho v. Pentek Corp., 157 F.3d 512,

515 (7th Cir. 1998); Wintz v. Northrop Corp., 110 F.3d 508, 512 (7th Cir. 1997). If scientific

knowledge will assist the jury to understand the evidence or determine a fact in issue, Rule 702

permits an expert to testify provided that “(1) the testimony is based upon sufficient facts or data,

(2) the testimony is the product of reliable principles and methods, and (3) the witness has

applied the principles and methods reliably to the facts of the case.” Fed. R. Evid. 702. Daubert

held that the district court must function as a “gatekeeper” to ensure that the offered expert

testimony is both relevant and reliable. 509 U.S. at 589. We have interpreted Daubert to require

district courts to employ a two-step methodology when determining the admissibility of

proffered expert testimony. Deimer v. Cincinnati Sub-Zero Prods., Inc., 58 F.3d 341, 344 (7th

Cir. 1995); Wintz, 110 F.3d at 512. First, the district court must determine whether the testimony

has been subjected to the scientific method; in other words, it must exclude testimony based on

“subjective belief or unsupported speculation.” Deimer, 58 F.3d at 344 (quoting Porter v.

Whitehall Labs., Inc., 9 F.3d 607, 614 (7th Cir. 1993)). Second, the district court must determine

whether the testimony has a sufficient nexus with the facts of the case and with the relevant

inquiry that it will actually assist the trier of fact in understanding the evidence and performing

its function as fact-finder. Id.; see Daubert, 509 U.S. at 591-92. We review the district court’s

decision to admit or exclude expert testimony for an abuse of discretion. Eg., U.S. v. Allen, 269

F.3d 842, 845 (7th Cir. 2001). 

In Wintz, we upheld a district court’s decision to exclude a toxicologist’s expert

testimony on causation because the expert’s testimony “was not sufficiently based on scientific

methodology to be admissible.” 110 F.3d at 514. In formulating his opinion, the toxicologist

“knew only that [the plaintiff’s mother, while pregnant with plaintiff,] had worked with a

chemical containing [a toxin], and that [the plaintiff] had suffered symptoms he found to be

consistent with” exposure to the toxin. Id. at 513. The expert did not know how frequently and

to what degree the plaintiff’s mother had been exposed to the toxin, nor had he attempted to

correlate the extent of exposure with the plaintiff’s symptoms. Id. The district court found that

the expert’s opinion was primarily based on “a general understanding of [the toxin], with only

unsupported speculation having been used to relate the general knowledge to the facts

surrounding [the plaintiff’s mother’s] exposure.” Id. at 514. Therefore, the district court

concluded, and we agreed, that the expert’s “opinions as to causation were speculative in nature

and lacking scientific reliability.” Id. at 512-13 (internal quotation marks omitted); see id. at

514.

Likewise, in this case, Dr. Orris opined on the cause of the Kortes’ symptoms based on

the subjective beliefs of the Korte family that they had been exposed to coal dust and his general

knowledge of the effects of coal dust exposure. Dr. Orris premised his opinion on the

assumption that coal dust from Exxon’s RDAs had blown onto the Kortes’ property and formed

his opinion without sufficient scientific evidence confirming the validity of this premise. 

Consequently, Dr. Orris’ opinion was not based upon “sufficient facts or data,” Fed. R. Evid.

702, and therefore was properly excluded by Rule 702 and Daubert. Dr. Orris did not rely on
No. 05-1168 5

tests conducted on the dust found in or around the Kortes’ property. Dr. Orris did not know the

chemical composition of the dust on the Kortes’ property, and could not verify that the dust

emanated from Exxon’s RDAs. Dr. Orris also did not conduct or rely on tests measuring the

amount of exposure in order to opine “‘whether the dose to which the plaintiff was exposed is

sufficient to cause the disease.’” Wintz, 110 F.3d at 513 (quoting Reference Manual on Scientific

Evidence (Fed. Judicial Ctr. 1994)). Furthermore, Dr. Orris did not rule out possible alternative

causes for the Kortes’ symptoms, such as cigarette smoke, seasonal allergies, or exposure to

pesticides. Therefore, just as in Wintz, we hold that “[a]t a minimum, it was not manifestly

erroneous for the district court to conclude that . . . [Dr. Orris’] proffered testimony as to

proximate causation in this case was not sufficiently based on scientific methodology to be

admissible.” Id. at 514. 

We next consider whether, without Dr. Orris’ expert testimony, there exists enough

evidence to raise any genuine issue of material fact as to the causation of the Kortes’ symptoms. 

The Kortes allege that exposure to coal dust is the cause of their symptoms. The district court

correctly held that whether exposure to coal dust could cause personal injuries is not within the

ken of the ordinary person, and thus “expert testimony is needed for the Kortes to prove their

case.” R. 83 at 3; see Goffman, 59 F.3d at 672; Wintz, 110 F.3d at 516 (holding that without the

expert’s testimony the plaintiffs could not establish cause). The additional evidence provided by

the Kortes, such as photographs, video, and deposition testimony, fails to adequately prove that

coal dust from the RDAs caused the Kortes’ symptoms or even reached their property. The

Kortes’ attorney admitted on the record that without Dr. Orris’ testimony their case for personal

injury fails. R. 81 at 24. 

III.

We conclude that the district court was not manifestly erroneous in excluding Dr. Orris’

expert testimony, and without expert testimony the Kortes fell short of raising a genuine issue of

material fact as to the cause of their symptoms. Therefore, we AFFIRM the grant of summary

judgment in favor of Exxon.