# Patent

## Title
Image forming apparatus for identifying undesirable toner placement

## Abstract

A method and apparatus for printing data on a print medium is disclosed. The apparatus is configured to format print data to pixel data, the pixel data including pixel values; identify a grid of pixels having a predetermined pattern of pixel values; obtain predetermined pcode grid from memory for the identified grid of pixels; and send the predetermined pcode grid to controller circuit for printing.

## Background
CROSS-REFERENCE TO RELATED APPLICATION
This application is a continuation of U.S. patent application Ser. No. 10/650,160, filed Aug. 27, 2003 (issued as U.S. Pat. No. 7,483,167), which is hereby incorporated by reference in its entirety.


BACKGROUND
This invention generally relates to laser printers and more particularly, the present invention relates to laser printers having selectable printing resolutions.
Laser printers have become a de facto standard appliance in the art of printing. Laser printers print by depositing, using electrostatic charges, very finely manufactured toner on selected portions of print media such as paper then fusing the toner onto the paper using heat and pressure. Research in the laser printing technology resulted in the development of laser printers having resolutions in excess of 600 by 600 DPI (dots-per-inch) or even more. For such a printer, characters and marks on each page are defined by a grid of pixels, each pixel being 1/600th inch on each side.
Basic operations of a laser printer are discussed with reference to FIG. 1. FIG. 1 is a simplified schematic diagram of a laser printer 10. The laser printer 10 receives print data 12 from a host computer 14 connected to the laser printer 10. A processor 16 of the laser printer 10 formats the print data 12. That is, the processor 16 is adapted to process the print data 12 to produce pixel data representing a grid of pixels on a print medium such as paper. Often, each pixel is represented in the pixel data by one binary digit (a bit) with 0 assigned to one state (for example, off) and 1 assigned to another state (for example, on).
FIG. 2A illustrates a 12 pixel by 12 pixel sample grid 20 of pixel data. As illustrated, some pixels are in an on-state (for example, pixel 22) while other pixels are in the off-state (for example, pixel 24).
For each pixel of the pixel data, the processor 16 translates the pixel value to a pulse-width-modulation code, and sends the pulse-width-modulation code to a controller circuit 18 which controls the operations of various electro-optical-mechanical devices 19 of the printer 10. The electro-optical-mechanical devices 19 include, for example, a laser, a mirror, a drum, corona wires, rollers, lamps, a fuser, and various sensors. The sample pixel grid 20, when printed on paper, can appear as illustrated in FIG. 2B and forms a letter “A.” As illustrated, in the present example, to form the letter “A,” the print data 12 was formatted to pixel data including a grid of pixels having off-state (0) and on-state (1) values. Toner was applied to the print medium such as paper for the pixels represented by the on-states. Then, the toner is fused onto the paper using heat and pressure applied to the paper by a fuser.
For convenience, the pulse-width-modulation code is referred to as a pcode in this document. The processor 16 translates each pixel value into a pcode. The pcode is a set of two values often designated (j, p) where j is the justification value and p is the pulse width value which correlates to the width of pigmentation that can be laid down for a particular pixel. The pcode is used because, in most laser printers, the placement of the toner particles can have a finer adjustment even within a single pixel. Such fine adjustments are possible through the use of narrow laser beams, fine mirror controls, and very small toner particles.
For example, j can be set at 0, 1, 2, or 3 to indicate that the pigmentation for a particular pixel should be left justified, right justified, centered, or split within the pixel. Further, p can range within a predetermined range of numbers for adjustment of the pulse width value. Typically, p can range from 0 to 31 to provide for 32 different widths of the pigmentation within a pixel with 0 indicating no toner applied, 31 indicating toner applied to the entire width, and all numbers between 0 and 31 indicating toner applied to a corresponding portion of the pixel.
FIG. 2C illustrates pcodes for a portion 26 of the sample grid 20. For the sample grid 20, the off-pixels such as the off-pixel 24 have the pulse width value of 0 which correlates to no toner applied to these pixels. For these pixels, the justification value is not relevant since no toner is applied. The on-pixels such as the on-pixel 22 have the pulse width value of 31 which correlates to toner applied to the entire width of these pixels. Also for these pixels, the justification value is not relevant since the entire pixel is covered.
Other possible pcodes and their results as printed pixels are illustrated in FIGS. 3A and 3B. As illustrated, pixels 30, 32, 34, 36, 38, and 40 have pcodes, respectively, of (0, 0), (0, 15), (1, 15), (2, 7), (3, 15), and (0, 31). Pixel 30, having the pulse width value of 0, has no pigmentation within the pixel 30. For pixel 30 its justification value is irrelevant. Pixel 32 has pulse with of 15 (which is 16 counting from 0, 50 percent of 32 possible values) and justification code 0 (left justified). Accordingly, left 50 percent 33 of the pixel 32 is covered. Pixel 34 has pulse width of 15 and justification code 1 (right justified). Accordingly, right 50 percent 35 of the pixel 34 is covered. Pixel 36 has pulse width value of 7 (which is 8 counting from 0, 25 percent of 32 possible values) and justification code 2 (centered). Accordingly, center 25 percent 37 of the pixel 36 is covered. Pixel 38 has pulse width value of 15 and justification code 3 (split). Accordingly, 25 percent of left side and 25 percent of right side (collectively 39) of the pixel 38 is covered. Pixel 40, having the pulse width value of 31, the maximum value. Accordingly, the entire width of the pixel 40 is covered by the toner. For pixel 40 its justification value is irrelevant.
Generally, as illustrated in FIGS. 2A through 2C, each on-pixel is fully covered with pigmentation and each off-pixel is left completely uncovered. However, for certain characters or marks on the print medium, such technique imposes limitations, lead to undesirable results, or both.
For example, it would be desirable to adjust or set the pcodes of certain pixels to vary print quality, to produce desired effects on the print medium, alleviate or eliminate unwanted results, or a combination of these.
One approach to vary print quality (for example to produce a draft quality document while reducing toner usage) is to use a single, predetermined pcode (rather than the translated pcode) for selected pixels. However, this approach is limited to using the same predetermined pcode irrespective of the context in which the pixel was selected. Thus, the predetermined pcode may not be the optimum, or even appropriate, pcode for the selected pixel. Further, such approach does not address certain undesirable effects such as toner explosion.
Toner explosion occurs during the fusing process. When the fuser applies heat and pressure to paper and toner on the paper, the toner melts and fuses with the fibers of the paper. During the fusing process, the heat and the pressure generate gas and water vapor within the paper. Normally, such gas and water vapor leave the paper without interfering with the melting toner; however, certain patterns of toner prevent efficient ventilation of the gas and water vapor leading to scattering of toner on the page resulting in a defective image. The current techniques are limited in their ability to eliminate such conditions.
Accordingly, there remains a need for an improved method and apparatus to alleviate or eliminate the shortcoming of the current generation of printers.
SUMMARY
The need is met by the present invention. According to a first embodiment of the present invention, an apparatus having a processor is disclosed. The processor is adapted to perform a number of operations including operations to identify a grid of pixels having a predetermined pattern of pixel values; to obtain predetermined pcode grid from memory for the identified grid of pixels; and to send the predetermined pcode grid to controller circuit for printing.
In a second embodiment of the present invention a method of printing data on a print medium is disclosed. First, print data is formatted to pixel data, the pixel data including pixel values. Next, a grid of pixels having a predetermined pattern of pixel values is identified. Then, predetermined pcode grid is obtained from memory for the identified grid of pixels. Finally, the predetermined pcode grid is sent to controller circuit for printing.
Other aspects and advantages of the present invention will become apparent from the following detailed description, taken in conjunction with the accompanying drawings, illustrating by way of example the principles of the invention.



BRIEF DESCRIPTION OF THE DRAWINGS
FIG. 1 is a simplified schematic view of a prior art apparatus;
FIG. 2A illustrates a 12 pixel by 12 pixel sample grid of pixel data;
FIG. 2B illustrates toner placement on a print medium for the sample grid of FIG. 2A;
FIG. 2C illustrates pulse-width-modulation code values for a portion of the sample grid of FIG. 2A;
FIGS. 3A and 3B illustrate other sample pulse-width-modulation code values and resulting toner distribution;
FIGS. 4A and 4B are simplified schematic view of apparatuses in accordance with embodiments of the present invention;
FIG. 5 is a flowchart illustrating steps of one embodiment of the present invention;
FIGS. 6A, 6B, and 6C illustrate sample pixel values, sample pulse-width-modulation codes and corresponding toner distribution;
FIGS. 7A and 7B, illustrate another sample pulse-width-modulation codes and corresponding toner distribution; and
FIGS. 8A and 8B, illustrate yet another sample pulse-width-modulation codes and corresponding toner distribution.



DETAILED DESCRIPTION
The present invention will now be described with reference to FIGS. 1 through 8B, which illustrate various embodiments of the present invention. As illustrated in the Figures, relative sizes of various portions, structures, or any combination of these are exaggerated for illustrative purposes and, thus, are provided to illustrate the general structures of the present invention.
As shown in the Figures for the purposes of illustration, one embodiment of the present invention is exemplified by an apparatus, for example a printer. The printer has a processor adapted to identify a grid of pixels having a predetermined pattern of pixel values, obtain predetermined pcode grid from memory for the identified grid of pixels, and send the predetermined p code grid to controller circuit for printing.
The predetermined pattern is chosen such that it is the pattern that may lead to undesirable toner placement such as the toner explosion were the pixels (of the grid matching the predetermined pattern) translated to pcodes in the usual manner. The predetermined pcode grid leads to desirable toner placement. Using this technique, print quality, toner usage, and color effects can be adjusted while eliminating undesired results such as the toner explosion problem.
FIG. 4A illustrates an apparatus 10a, for example a printer 10a according to a first embodiment of the present invention. The printer 10a of FIG. 4A includes components that are similar to corresponding components of the printer 10 of FIG. 1. For convenience, components in FIG. 4A that are similar to corresponding components in FIG. 1 are assigned the same reference numbers. Similar but changed components are assigned the same reference numbers accompanied by letter “a.” Different components are assigned different reference numbers. The apparatus 10a can be, for example, a printer, a copier, or a multifunction appliance that typically include printer function, copier function, or both.
FIG. 4B illustrates an apparatus 10b, for example a printer 10b according to a second embodiment of the present invention. The printer 10b of FIG. 4B includes components that are similar to corresponding components of the printer 10 of FIG. 1. For convenience, components in FIG. 4B that are similar to corresponding components in FIG. 1 are assigned the same reference numbers. Similar but changed components are assigned the same reference numbers accompanied by letter “b.” Different components are assigned different reference numbers. The apparatus 10b can be, for example, a printer, a copier, or a multifunction appliance that typically include printer function, copier function, or both.
The printer 10a of FIG. 4A includes a processor 16a adapted or programmed to perform operations implementing the present invention. In the second embodiment, the printer 10b of FIG. 4B includes a PCODE processor 21 adapted to or programmed to perform operations implementing the present invention. The PCODE processor can be a dedicated hardware for the specific task of performing the operations implementing the present invention and need not be a general processor.
The operations of the processors 16a and 16b, PCODE processor 21, or both are explained using a flowchart 50 of FIG. 5. For convenience, in the following discussion and in the Claims, the term “processor” designates processors 16a, 16b, PCODE processor 21, any one of these, or any combination of these unless otherwise denoted. This is because the processors 16a, 16b, PCODE processor 21, any one of these, or any combination of these are sufficiently malleable and configurable to perform any portion of the operations implementing the present invention.
Referring to FIGS. 4A, 4B, and 5, the processor (16a, 16b, 21, or any one or combination of these) is adapted to receive and format a print data 12 from a host computer 14. These operations are represented in the flow chart 50 as procedural step boxes 52 and 54. The processor (16a, 16b, 21, or any one or combination of these) formats the print data 12. Step 54. That is, the processor (16a, 16b, 21, or any combination of them) is adapted to process the print data 12 to produce pixel data representing a grid of pixels on a print medium such as paper. Typically, each pixel is represented in the pixel data by one binary digit (a bit) with 0 assigned to one state (for example, off) and 1 assigned to another state (for example, on).
The processor (16a, 16b, 21, or any one or combination of these) is adapted to examine the entire pixel data. For each pixel, the processor (16a, 16b, 21, or any one or combination of these) examines its surrounding grid of pixels to determine whether the grid of pixels under examination matches a predetermined pattern. Decision step 56. The predetermined pattern can be any pattern.
For example, FIG. 6A show a sample grid of pixels 70 under examination by the processor (16a, 16b, 21, or any one or combination of these). In the illustrated sample, the sample grid of pixels 70 is a 6 pixel by 6 pixel grid having a 4-pixel-thick horizontal “line.” One the one hand, if the sample grid of pixels 70 is not identical to the predetermined pattern, then no match is found. Then the processor (16a, 16b, 21, or any one or combination of these) translates each pixel value (either 0 or 1) of the sample grid of pixels 70 into its corresponding pcode. Step 60. Typically the off-pixels are assigned pcode (0, 0) indicating pulse width value of 0 for no coverage and on-pixels are assigned pcode (0, 31) indicating pulse width value of 31 for full coverage. The pcodes corresponding to the sample grid of pixels 70 is illustrated as a grid of pcodes 70p in FIG. 6B. In FIG. 6B, the grid of pcodes 70p is illustrated using larger size pixels (compared to size of the pixels of the sample grid of pixels 70) so that the pcode values for each pixel can be illustrated using legible font size. Otherwise, the larger illustrated size is irrelevant. The pcodes illustrated in FIG. 6B is then sent to the controller circuit 18 of FIG. 4, resulting in an area 70r on the paper that appears as illustrated in FIG. 6C. Step 62.
On the other hand, if the sample grid of pixels 70 is identical to the predetermined pattern, then match is found. Then the processor (16a, 16b, 21, or any one or combination of these) obtains a predetermined pcode grid from memory 17 of FIG. 4. Step 58. The memory 17 can be one or more registers within the processor (16a, 16b, 21, or any one or combination of these) as illustrated. Alternatively, the memory 17 can reside outside the processor (16a, 16b, 21, or any one or combination of these). The predetermined pcode grid is sent to the controller circuit 18 of FIG. 4 for printing. Step 62.
The pcode for each of the pixels of the sample grid of pixels 70 is found in the corresponding position within the predetermined pcode grid. A first sample predetermined pcode grid 72p is illustrated in FIG. 7A and resulting toner pattern in FIG. 7B. Here, the off-pixels of the sample grid of pixels 70 are left unchanged, and the on-pixels of the sample grid of pixels 70 are assigned pcodes to produce a checker-board patterned area 72r on paper. The illustrated check-board pattern shows a 45 degree toner placement.
A second sample predetermined pcode grid 74p is illustrated in FIG. 8A and resulting toner pattern in FIG. 8B. Here, the off-pixels of the sample grid of pixels 70 are left unchanged, and the on-pixels of the sample grid of pixels 70 are assigned pcodes to produce a higher frequency checker-board patterned area 74r on paper. Also, the illustrated check-board pattern shows a toner placement angle at an angle other than 45 degrees.
It is possible to configure the predetermined pcode grid can have many different patterns resulting in toner placement patterns, each placement pattern corresponding to its pcode grid pattern. For example, predetermined pcode grid can have various half-toning patterns, dots patterns, higher or lower frequency patterns, at various angles, random patterns, or any combination of these patterns. The predetermined pcode grid can be patterned for various purposes. For example, to save toner, to overcome toner explosion problems, or both.
Further, the pcode grid 72p or 74p of FIGS. 7A and 8A need not be the exact size of or as large as the sample grid of pixels 70 of FIG. 6A. Note that for the pcode grid 72p, the first two columns 73 repeat and that for the pcode grid 74p, the first column 75 repeats. Indeed, the memory 17 can store only sufficient columns, row, or columns and rows to define a pcode grid pattern that can be repeated to implement the sample grid of pixels 70. For example, if a line (having a sample grid of pixels) is 5000 pixels wide, the replacement pcode grid need not be 5000 pixels wide. In the examples given in FIG. 8A, the pcode grid 74b only has to be one pixel wide since it does not change in the horizontal direction. Pcode grids can be implemented in any useful size, but sizes in the order of several pixels, for example 3-pixel grid or 8-pixel grid, in column, in width, or both is sufficient. The predetermined pixel grid can be determined using any method. For example, Holliday algorithm can be used to determine the predetermined pixel grid.
For color printers utilizing a pcode grid for each of its colors, the present inventive technique can be applied to each of the colors to produce a desired hue or tone of the color. In such a case, different predetermined pattern, predetermined pcode grid, or both can be applied to each of the available colors. That is, a first predetermined pattern and its corresponding pixel grid applies to a first color and a second predetermined pattern and its corresponding pixel grid applies to a second color.
As indicated by step 64 and loop 66, steps 56, 58, 60 and 62 discussed above are repeated until all the pixels are processed.
In the illustrated embodiment of FIG. 4A, the processor 16a of FIG. 4A is adapted or programmed to perform the functions of the steps of FIG. 5. In the illustrated embodiment of FIG. 4B, the processor 16b of FIG. 4B is adapted or programmed to perform some of the functions of the steps of FIG. 5 while the PCODE processor 21 is adapted or programmed to perform other the functions of the steps of FIG. 5. Specifically, functions illustrated as steps 56 through 64 of FIG. 5 is implemented using the PCODE processor 21.
From the foregoing, it will be appreciated that the present invention is novel and offers advantages over the current art. Although a specific embodiment of the invention is described and illustrated above, the invention is not to be limited to the specific forms or arrangements of parts so described and illustrated. For example, the print data can be compressed or decompressed during various processing steps as desirable. The invention is limited by the claims that follow.

## Claims

1. An image forming apparatus comprising:
a memory storing a plurality of predetermined pcode grids, wherein each location in the plurality of predetermined pcode grids includes a justification value and a pulse width value;
a processor configured to:
examine image data by comparing a predetermined pattern to a plurality of surrounding pixels that surround a pixel of in the image data, wherein the predetermined pattern corresponds to a risk of a toner condition; and

generate a command signal based on the comparison; and
a controller circuit configured to send one of the plurality of predetermined pcode grids to a laser when the command signal indicates the risk of the toner condition.

2. The image forming apparatus of claim 1, wherein the toner condition is toner explosion.

3. The image forming apparatus of claim 2, wherein at least one of the plurality of predetermined pcode grids corresponds to a toner placement pattern with low risk of toner explosion.

4. The image forming apparatus of claim 1, wherein each of the predetermined pcode grids correspond to a number of pixels greater than a number of surrounding pixels.

5. The image forming apparatus of claim 1, wherein the image forming apparatus is a printer, a copier, or a multifunctional appliance and the laser is configured to expose a drum in the image forming apparatus.

6. The image forming apparatus of claim 1, wherein the toner condition is an overuse of toner.

7. The image forming apparatus of claim 6, wherein at least one of the plurality of predetermined pcode grids corresponds to a toner placement pattern that uses less toner than the predetermined pattern.

8. The image forming apparatus of claim 1, wherein the plurality of predetermined pcode grids includes a first predetermined pcode grid corresponding to a first color and a second predetermined pcode grid corresponding to a second color.

9. The image forming apparatus of claim 1, wherein the memory stores the plurality of predetermined pcode grids based on repeating values for the justification value or the pulse width value.

10. The image forming apparatus of claim 1, wherein the toner condition is an overuse of toner or toner explosion.

11. The image forming apparatus of claim 10, wherein at least one of the plurality of predetermined pcode grids corresponds to a toner placement pattern that uses less toner and at least one of the plurality of predetermined pcode grids corresponds to a toner placement pattern with low risk of toner explosion.

12. An image forming method comprising:
storing a plurality of predetermined pcode grids in a memory, wherein each location in the plurality of predetermined pcode grids includes a justification value and a pulse width value;
receiving image data;
comparing a predetermined pattern to a plurality of surrounding pixels that surround a pixel in the image data, wherein the predetermined pattern corresponding to a risk of a toner condition;
generating a command signal based on the comparison; and

outputting one of the plurality of predetermined pcode grids to a laser when the command signal indicates the risk of the toner condition.

13. The image forming method of claim 12, wherein the toner condition is toner explosion and at least one of the plurality of predetermined pcode grids correspond to a toner placement pattern with low risk of toner explosion.

14. The image forming method of claim 12, wherein each of the predetermined pcode grids correspond to a number of pixels greater than a number of surrounding pixels.

15. The image forming method of claim 12, wherein the image forming apparatus is a printer, a copier, or a multifunctional appliance and the laser is configured to expose a drum in the image forming apparatus.

16. The image forming method of claim 12, wherein the toner condition is an overuse of toner and at least one of the plurality of predetermined pcode grids corresponds to a toner placement pattern that uses less toner than the predetermined pattern.

17. The image forming method of claim 12, wherein the plurality of predetermined pcode grids includes a first predetermined pcode grid corresponding to a first color and a second predetermined pcode grid corresponding to a second color.

18. The image forming method of claim 12, wherein at least one of the plurality of predetermined pcode grids corresponds to a toner placement pattern that uses less toner and at least one of the plurality of predetermined pcode grids corresponds to a toner placement pattern with low risk of toner explosion.