Opinion issued June 12, 2014

In The

Court of Appeals 

For The 

First District of Texas 

————————————

NO. 01-12-00868-CV

———————————

PATRICIA CANTU, Appellant

V.

FRYE & ASSOCIATES, PLLC, PHYLLIS R. FRYE, AND SALVADOR

BENAVIDEZ, Appellees

On Appeal from the 189th District Court

Harris County, Texas

Trial Court Case No. 2010-66038

MEMORANDUM OPINION

After the trial court resolved this case on cross-motions for summary 

judgment, appellant Patricia Cantu appealed the judgment entered in favor of the 

appellees, Frye & Associates, PLLC, Phyllis R. Frye, and Salvador Benavidez. In 
2

three issues, she argues that summary judgment should not have been granted as to 

her causes of action and that summary judgment should have been granted in her 

favor with respect to appellees’ counterclaims. 

We affirm.

Background

Patricia Cantu joined the law firm of Simoneaux and Frye, PLLC as an 

associate attorney. Attorneys Jerry Simoneaux and Phyllis Frye each owned a 50% 

interest in the firm. Approximately eight months after Cantu became an associate, 

Simoneaux decided to sell his ownership interest and leave the law firm. Cantu 

became a partner by purchasing from Simoneaux a 30% ownership interest in the 

firm. Frye purchased an additional 10% interest, and Salvador J. Benavidez 

purchased the remaining 10%. 

On October 8, 2008, Simoneaux and Frye, the two managers of the firm, 

held a special meeting at which Cantu and Benavidez were admitted as members 

and Simoneaux resigned as manager. A special meeting of the members was also 

held that day. The minutes of that meeting stated the partners’ ownership interests 

as: Frye 60%, Cantu 30%, and Benavidez 10%. The minutes state that the firm’s 

name would be changed to Frye and Cantu, PLLC; that it would continue to be 

governed by the Company Agreement which was adopted in 2007 by the firm then 

known as Simoneaux, Frye, and Thomason and later known as Simoneaux and 
3

Frye; and that profits and monthly earnings would be shared as set forth in the 

minutes. The minutes were signed by Frye, Cantu, and Benavidez.

Among other things, the Company Agreement provided that the firm should 

have at least one manager. Because Simoneaux resigned as manager and no other 

person was appointed manager, Frye remained as the firm’s sole manager. 

According to the Company Agreement, the manager had “the sole and exclusive 

control of the management, business and affairs of the Company,” including, 

among other things “selecting and changing the authority and responsibility of 

lawyers, accountants, and other advisers and consultants.” The Company 

Agreement provided the firm with certain remedies for a member’s default, 

including “forfeiture of the Defaulting Member’s Membership Interest,” and it 

established a procedure for expulsion of a member for cause:

15.04 Expulsion. A Member may be expelled from the 

Company by unanimous vote of all other Members (not including the 

Member to be expelled) if that Member (a) has willfully violated any 

provision of this Agreement; (b) committed fraud, theft, or gross 

negligence against the Company or one or more Members of the 

Company; or (c) engaged in wrongful conduct that adversely and 

materially affects the business or operation of the Company. Such a 

Member shall be considered a Defaulting Member, and the Company 

or other Members may also exercise any one or more of the remedies 

provided for in Article 15.01. The Company may offset any damages 

to the Company or its Members occasioned by the misconduct of the 

expelled member against any amounts distributable or otherwise 

payable by the Company to the expelled Member.
4

Over the course of the year following Cantu’s purchase of an ownership 

interest in the firm, she used the law firm’s debit card for numerous personal 

expenses, totaling $8,468.63. In her deposition, Cantu admitted that she had never 

discussed the personal use of the firm debit card with Frye or the office manager, 

Jeffrey Forbes. She testified that the law firm had no policy prohibiting the use of 

the firm’s debit card for personal expenses, “just so long as it was repaid . . . on 

payday.”

Meanwhile, Cantu’s clients were not paying their bills. Cantu explained how 

her clients’ nonpayment of their bills related to her use of the firm’s debit card for 

her personal expenses: 

The income that I was receiving from the firm, the money wasn’t 

coming in because the collections weren’t being done . . . I even tried 

sending letters with the invoices trying to get people . . . to pay. And 

so . . . I would use the card . . . as an advancement, and then pay it 

back when I got paid.

Cantu’s paycheck continued to shrink. In various pleadings, in her affidavit, and at 

her deposition, Cantu said that her outstanding accounts receivable were not 

collected because Forbes failed or refused to collect the fees in her cases. 

In addition, the undisputed evidence was that Cantu did not repay her 

personal use of the debit card in full each payday. She testified as follows:

Q. Well, you didn’t actually pay it back when you got paid, 

because by October of 2009, you were down almost $9,000, 

and it was going up every month.
5

A. That’s right, because my check was getting smaller.

Q. Right. And your check was getting smaller because your clients 

weren’t paying their bills, right?

A. Right. But I was still working.

Q. Right. But did anyone at the law firm authorize you to use the 

debit for your own personal expenses to the tune of $2,000 a 

month, because your clients weren’t paying their bills?

A. I didn’t ask anyone.

Q. Well, what made you think it would be okay for you to do that 

then?

A. Because I was an owner of the company.

Q. So, in—your mind-set, as you’re doing this, was that you were 

30-percent owner, so you could use the firm debit card for 

whatever you wanted and pay them back whenever you felt like 

it, right?

A. Sure.

According to her affidavit, Frye first learned of Cantu’s use of the debit card 

for personal expenses on October 7, 2009. That day, she sent Cantu an email 

accusing her of using “the firm’s debit card to bilk the firm in the amount of 

$8,468.63—in less than six months—since April 13, 2009. . . . for such things as 

music, ice cream, groceries, meals, clothing, medicine, cash and your health 

insurance premiums or co-pays.” Frye denied having given Cantu permission to 

use the debit card in this manner. She also averred that she first learned that same 

day that Cantu had more than $33,239.52 in outstanding fees owed to the firm, 
6

which she characterized as “very past due or uncollectable.” Frye closed Cantu’s 

debit card, changed the office locks, and instructed Cantu to resign from the firm 

and vacate her office within two days. She also told Cantu that her portion of 

outstanding client fees would be credited toward what she owed the firm and that 

she had until the end of November 2009 to repay an unrelated personal loan. 

Finally, Frye warned that if Cantu did not repay the money by November 2009, 

then she would file criminal charges with the police and district attorney, file a 

complaint with the State Bar “to have your license suspended,” and approach 

“every judge that you get work from and let them know that you stole money from 

our firm.”

Cantu did not resign, and on October 13, 2009, the firm held a meeting 

where Frye and Benavidez voted to expel her pursuant to Article 15.04 of the 

Company Agreement. The minutes of that meeting state, “The vote was unanimous 

as prescribed by Section 15.04.” The minutes reflect that Cantu was “expelled” 

from the firm, that she had “zero membership interest,” that she had until the end 

of the month to provide letters from clients who wished to follow her so that she 

could take their files and trust accounts, and that the usual split of fees between her 

and the firm remained through the end of the month.

Cantu repaid the money owed by August 16, 2010. Two months later, she 

filed suit against Frye & Associates, PLLC (the successor to Frye and Cantu, 
7

PLLC), plus Frye and Benavidez individually. She alleged causes of action for: 

(1) civil theft; (2) statutory and common-law fraud, in connection with her 

purchase of stock in the firm; (3) common-law fraud, in connection with her 

expulsion from the firm; and (4) conspiracy and aiding and abetting, in connection 

with her expulsion from the firm.1 Frye, Benavidez, and the law firm 

counterclaimed for the bringing of a frivolous lawsuit, breach of fiduciary duty, 

and theft of property. 

Approximately one year later, the appellees filed a no-evidence motion for 

summary judgment on the grounds that there was no evidence of any false 

representation, reliance thereon, or damages that would support Cantu’s claims for 

statutory or common-law fraud. The motion also argued that there was no evidence 

of any underlying tort or damages to support her conspiracy and aiding and 

abetting causes of action.

Instead of responding with summary-judgment evidence, Cantu filed three 

motions to compel discovery, moved for a continuance of the no-evidence motion 

for summary judgment, and noticed the depositions of Benavidez and Forbes. 

However the depositions were quashed because they were scheduled days before 

Christmas and without any consultation with the witnesses as to their availability.

 1 She also sued for defamation. The trial court granted summary judgment in 

the appellees’ favor as to the defamation claims, and Cantu does not 

challenge that ruling on appeal.
8

The appellees amended their answer and counterclaims, adding claims for 

breach of contract and unjust enrichment. Cantu filed a no-evidence motion for 

summary judgment as to the counterclaims. In February 2012, the appellees 

responded to her no-evidence motion for summary judgment and filed another 

motion for summary judgment on her claims, arguing both traditional and noevidence grounds.

In their second no-evidence summary-judgment motion, the appellees 

argued that there was no evidence of: (1) any appropriation of Cantu’s property, 

(2) any damages caused by such an appropriation, or (3) any wrongful taking of 

Cantu’s property. The motion for summary judgment stated that her 

“‘misappropriation’ claim fails as a matter of law,” that there was no evidence of 

causation in regard to Cantu’s purchase of an interest in the firm, and that “nothing 

they did or failed to do is a cause of [her] purchasing her interest, or a cause of her 

paying too much or too little for that interest.” They alleged that conspiracy and 

“aiding and abetting” were derivative claims and that there was no evidence that 

they had engaged in any tort or wrongful action to which conspiracy or “aiding and 

abetting” could apply. In addition, they argued that it was “unclear how 

shareholders could ever fit under the umbrellas of co-conspirators with the 

company that they own,” but in any event, there was “no evidence of any 

conspiracy, and no evidence of any damages caused by the alleged conspiracy.”
9

In their traditional motion for summary judgment, the appellees asked the 

court to take judicial notice of its file, including business records of the firm. They 

argued that the entity “can have done nothing to harm [Cantu] with respect to her 

ownership interest.” They argued that because Cantu had all the knowledge the 

entity had, there could be no cause of action or recovery against the entity itself. 

They also argued that the “summary judgment proof establishes that the rules of 

the entity were complied with and therefore there can be no claim against the 

individual other owners that compliance with the rules somehow damaged the 

Plaintiff.” They attached the following summary-judgment evidence:

• minutes of the October 8, 2008 meeting; 

• the Company Agreement; 

• the October 7, 2009 email from Frye to Cantu, with account 

statements showing Cantu’s use of the debit account for 

personal expenses and summaries of her uncollectible accounts 

receivable; 

• minutes from the October 13, 2009 meeting when Cantu was 

expelled; and

• excerpts from the Texas Bar Journal showing a prior 

disciplinary action against Cantu.

Cantu did not respond with summary-judgment evidence. Rather, she 

amended her petition to add claims for conversion and “fraud by nondisclosure,” 

and to revise the aiding-and-abetting claim to one for “conspiracy and 

participating, assisting or encouraging theft and fraud.” She also added “vicarious 
10

liability—respondeat superior” as a theory of the firm’s liability. Then she filed 

motions to compel additional discovery, and the ensuing discovery disputes 

occupied the better part of two months. 

After Cantu’s deposition in March 2012, the appellees supplemented their 

motion for summary judgment, arguing that the summary-judgment evidence 

conclusively showed that Cantu was lawfully expelled from the firm for 

wrongfully using the firm’s funds. In addition to documents previously attached to 

the summary-judgment motion, they also included excerpts from Cantu’s 

deposition.

Cantu responded to the motions for summary judgment with objections and 

evidence. She argued that the no-evidence motion lacked specificity, noting that 

the appellees referred to her “misappropriation” claim and arguing that she did not 

bring a claim for “misappropriation.” She objected to appellees’ failure to 

“reference any specific evidence in support of their motion,” their request that the 

court take judicial notice of their business records, and Frye’s affidavit. As 

summary-judgment proof, she attached several pleadings and an affidavit sworn 

approximately three weeks after her deposition. She averred that with respect to 

her purchase of a share in the firm from Simoneaux, she relied on the following 

representations made by Frye: that she would be an equal partner except in regard 

to percentage ownership; that she would have access to research and educational 
11

materials and administrative staff; and that the office manager would help her with 

appointments, scheduling, and collection of fees. In her affidavit, Cantu stated that 

she did not read the “exhaustive Company Agreement” because she “relied on 

Frye’s representations” that she would be an equal partner except in regard to 

percentage ownership. Cantu averred, “She explicitly told me that I could rely on 

her and unilaterally opted to change the name of the company to Frye and Cantu, 

PLLC thus assuring me that what she was telling me was true.”

In her affidavit, Cantu also stated that all of the members of the firm used 

their debit cards for personal expenses. As to her use of the debit card, she 

asserted:

It is not true that I needed permission from Phyllis Frye to use my 

debit card for purchases or cash withdrawals. As owner of the 

company, I was entitled to use the debit card assigned to me. I was not

the only one who had a debit card. Phyllis Frye, Salvador Benavidez 

and Jeffrey Forbes all had debit cards. A review of the operating 

account statement produced by the defendants shows that every 

person who had a debit card used it for both business and personal 

reasons.

The operating account statement to which she refers was not attached as summaryjudgment evidence. She also averred that her accounts receivable had not been 

collected because Forbes had not done his job and that Frye violated the Company

Agreement by construing section 15.01(g) out of context in connection with her 

expulsion from the firm. As to the wrongfulness of her expulsion, Cantu attested:
12

Frye and Benavidez accused me of having breached the Firm’s 

“bylaws” and that the breach subjected me to expulsion and forfeiture 

of my ownership interest in the Firm. Frye put the matter to a vote and 

she and Benavidez immediately voted to formally expel me from the 

Firm and to divest me of my 30% ownership interest without 

compensation because, according to them, I was guilty of fraud, theft 

and gross negligence against the Company or one or more Members 

of the Company. Frye and Benavidez aiding and abetting each other, 

and in furtherance of their conspiracy, effectively defrauded me of my 

ownership interest in the Firm, tortuously [sic] interfered with the 

operation of my law practice and tried to take my clients away from 

me.

She attached the following documents to her affidavit: 

• the Company Agreement; 

• account statements that show her income from legal fees with 

deductions made each month for such things as “cash advance” 

and “reimbursables” and notations such as “total owed to firm;” 

• a letter from Frye and Associates, PLLC dated August 16, 2010 

showing that she paid her debt to the firm in full;

• a transcript of an audiotape she made of the October 13, 2009 

meeting; 

• a summary of her accounts receivable showing many had been 

written off by the firm because the clients refused to pay; and 

• the October 7, 2009 email from Frye to Cantu.

Cantu filed a separate response to the traditional motion for summary 

judgment. In it, she objected to the request that the court take judicial notice of 

business records filed in the case, the appellees’ failure to “incorporate by 

reference” Frye’s affidavit (arguing that their identification of the exhibit was 
13

insufficient and asking the court to strike the affidavit), and the substance of Frye’s 

affidavit as “unsubstantiated opinion” that was conclusory as to Cantu’s use of the 

debit card being for personal expenses. Cantu again attached her affidavit with 

exhibits as controverting summary-judgment evidence. As to the motion itself, she 

argued that it was conclusory and not sufficiently specific to give her fair notice of 

the appellees’ contentions with regard to her causes of action.

After further discovery disputes, the trial court granted summary judgment 

in favor of the appellees, who then nonsuited their counterclaims. The appellate 

record does not include a transcript from any summary-judgment hearing. The 

summary judgment order does not specify the grounds upon which it is based or 

which of the various motions was granted. It simply states, “Came to be heard 

Defendants’ Motion for Summary Judgment and the Court, after reviewing the 

pleadings of the parties and oral hearing arguments, is of the opinion that the 

motion is meritorious and therefore GRANTED.” Cantu filed a motion for new 

trial in which she reiterated her objections to the form of the motions for summary 

judgment, to the request for the court to take judicial notice of business records on 

file with the court, and to the form and substance of Frye’s affidavit. Cantu asked 

the court to rule on her objections and grant her a new trial. The trial court denied 

Cantu’s motion for new trial and did not rule on her evidentiary objections. Cantu 

appealed.
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Analysis

I. Appellees’ motions for summary judgment

The appellees filed three motions seeking summary judgment in this case. 

The first was a motion filed in October 2011. The court granted that motion in part, 

as to the defamation claims, but it did not rule at that time on the other grounds for 

summary judgment included in that motion, i.e., appellees’ no-evidence summary 

judgment grounds as to Cantu’s other causes of action. The second motion for 

summary judgment was filed in February 2012, and the third was a supplemental 

motion filed in March 2012. The grounds and arguments in these summaryjudgment motions are not identical. 

In her first two appellate issues, Cantu challenges the trial court’s summary 

judgment on both traditional and no-evidence grounds, with specific reference to 

the February and March 2012 motion and supplement. She challenges the 

sufficiency of both motions, and she argues that the summary-judgment evidence 

presented a genuine issue of material fact sufficient to defeat summary judgment.

The purpose of a traditional motion for summary judgment is not to deprive 

a litigant of his right to trial by jury, but to eliminate patently unmeritorious claims. 

City of Houston v. Clear Creek Basin Auth., 589 S.W.2d 671, 678 n.5 (Tex. 1979).

The party moving for traditional summary judgment bears the burden of showing 

that no genuine issue of material fact exists and that it is entitled to judgment as a 
15

matter of law. TEX. R. CIV. P. 166a(c); see also Provident Life & Accident Ins. Co. 

v. Knott, 128 S.W.3d 211, 215–16 (Tex. 2003). A defendant moving for traditional 

summary judgment must conclusively negate at least one essential element of each 

of the plaintiff’s causes of action or conclusively establish each element of an 

affirmative defense. Sci. Spectrum, Inc. v. Martinez, 941 S.W.2d 910, 911 (Tex. 

1997).

A no-evidence motion for summary judgment is essentially a directed 

verdict granted before trial, to which we apply a legal-sufficiency standard of 

review. Mack Trucks, Inc. v. Tamez, 206 S.W.3d 572, 581–82 (Tex. 2006). A party 

may move for no-evidence summary judgment if, after adequate time for 

discovery, there is no evidence of one or more essential elements of a claim or 

defense on which the nonmovant would have the burden of proof at trial. TEX. R.

CIV. P. 166a(i). The motion must state the elements as to which there is no 

evidence. Id. The reviewing court must grant the motion unless the nonmovant 

produces summary-judgment evidence raising a genuine issue of material fact. Id.;

Mack Trucks, 206 S.W.3d at 582. A genuine issue of material fact exists if the 

nonmovant produces evidence that would enable reasonable and fair-minded jurors 

to differ in their conclusions. Hamilton v. Wilson, 249 S.W.3d 425, 426 (Tex. 

2008) (citing City of Keller v. Wilson, 168 S.W.3d 802, 816 (Tex. 2005)).
16

We review de novo the trial court’s ruling on a motion for summary 

judgment. Mann Frankfort Stein & Lipp Advisors, Inc. v. Fielding, 289 S.W.3d 

844, 848 (Tex. 2009). Grounds for summary judgment must be stated in the 

motion. McConnell v. Southside Indep. Sch. Dist., 858 S.W.2d 337, 342–43 (Tex. 

1993). If the summary judgment does not specify the grounds on which it was 

granted, the appealing party must demonstrate that none of the proposed grounds is 

sufficient to support the judgment. Rogers v. Ricane Enters., Inc., 772 S.W.2d 76, 

79 (Tex. 1989). A reviewing court considers the evidence presented in the motion 

and response in the light most favorable to the party against whom the summary 

judgment was rendered, crediting evidence favorable to that party if reasonable 

jurors could, and disregarding contrary evidence unless reasonable jurors could 

not. Mann Frankfort Stein & Lipp Advisors, Inc., 289 S.W.3d at 848. A matter is 

conclusively established if reasonable people could not disagree as to the 

conclusion to be drawn from the evidence. City of Keller, 168 S.W.3d at 815–16.

To preserve objections to the form of summary-judgment evidence for 

appeal, a party asserting the objections must obtain a ruling at or before the 

summary-judgment hearing. Vice v. Kasprzak, 318 S.W.3d 1, 11 (Tex. App.—

Houston [1st Dist.] 2009, pet. denied); see TEX. R. APP. P. 33.1(a)(1); TEX. R. CIV.

P. 166a(f). “[A] trial court’s ruling on an objection to summary-judgment evidence 

is not implicit in its ruling on the motion for summary judgment.” Delfino v. Perry 
17

Homes, 223 S.W.3d 32, 35 (Tex. App.—Houston [1st Dist.] 2006, no pet.) (citing 

Well Solutions, Inc. v. Stafford, 32 S.W.3d 313, 317 (Tex. App.—San Antonio 

2000, no pet.)). Objections to hearsay, improper authentication, or lack of 

foundation are defects in form, which require a ruling for appellate review. 

Williams v. Bad–Dab, Inc., No. 01–11–00102–CV, 2012 WL 3776347, at *6 (Tex. 

App.-Houston [1st Dist.] Aug. 30, 2012, no pet.) (mem. op.); see Grand Prairie 

Indep. Sch. Dist. v. Vaughan, 792 S.W.2d 944, 945 (Tex. 1990) (per curiam) (lack 

of personal knowledge is defect in form); Stewart v. Sanmina Tex. L.P., 156 

S.W.3d 198, 207 (Tex. App.—Dallas 2005, no pet.) (hearsay is defect in form). A 

defect of substance, such as an objection that statements in an affidavit are 

conclusory, may be raised for the first time on appeal. See Green v. Indus. 

Specialty Contractors, Inc., 1 S.W.3d 126, 130 (Tex. App.—Houston [1st Dist.] 

1999, no pet.).

In this case, Cantu’s petition included causes of action for conversion, theft, 

statutory and common-law fraud based on two separate factual allegations, 

conspiracy, and aiding and abetting. The appellees filed three different motions for 

summary judgment, which identified both traditional and no-evidence grounds, at 

times raising legal arguments to negate more than one of Cantu’s causes of action. 

Cantu responded separately to the appellees’ traditional and no-evidence motions, 

presenting identical summary-judgment evidence. On appeal she challenged both 
18

the form of the February and March 2012 motions and the merits of the court’s 

ruling. 

We address the arguments and evidence on a claim-by-claim basis to 

determine if the trial court’s grant of summary judgment was properly based on 

any expressed ground as to each cause of action that comprises a part of Cantu’s 

lawsuit. 

A. Conversion and theft claims

Cantu argues that the trial court erred by granting the appellees’ traditional 

motion for summary judgment on her claims for conversion and theft. She also 

contends that the no-evidence motion for summary judgment on these claims was 

legally inadequate because it did not identify the causes of action for conversion 

and theft and instead referred to her “misappropriation claims.” 

The motion argued that these claims fail because the evidence conclusively 

established that Cantu was lawfully expelled from the firm. Cantu first argues that 

the trial court erred in granting summary judgment on traditional grounds because 

the motion fails to state the ground upon which it is made. She relies on Golden 

Triangle Energy v. Wickes Lumber, 725 S.W.2d 439 (Tex. App.—Beaumont 1987, 

no writ), for the proposition that the grounds for summary judgment must be 

specifically stated in the motion and cannot be supplied by a general prayer for 

relief. Golden Triangle Energy, 725 S.W.2d at 441. We, of course, find no cause 
19

for debate with this statement of black-letter law. See TEX. R. CIV. P. 166a; 

Richards v. Transocean, Inc., 333 S.W.3d 326, 329 (Tex. App.—Houston [1st 

Dist.] 2010, no pet.). However, we disagree with Cantu’s contention that the 

motion failed to state the ground upon which it was made.

Among other things, Cantu pleaded causes of action for conversion and 

theft. Conversion is the wrongful assumption and exercise of dominion and control 

over the personal property of another to the exclusion of, or inconsistent with, the 

owner’s rights. Burns v. Rochon, 190 S.W.3d 263, 267–68 (Tex. App.—Houston 

[1st Dist.] 2006, no pet.) (citing Waisath v. Lack’s Stores, Inc., 474 S.W.2d 444, 

447 (Tex. 1971)); see Eun Bok Lee v. Ho Chang Lee, 411 S.W.3d 95, 108–09 (Tex. 

App.—Houston [1st Dist.] 2013, no. pet.). To establish a claim for conversion, a 

plaintiff must prove that (1) the plaintiff owned, possessed, or was entitled to 

possess the property; (2) the defendant unlawfully and without authorization 

assumed and exercised control over the property to the exclusion of, or inconsistent 

with, the plaintiff’s rights as an owner; (3) the plaintiff demanded return of the 

property; and (4) the defendant refused to return the property. Burns, 190 S.W.3d 

at 268. 

Likewise, a person commits theft if she unlawfully appropriates property 

with intent to deprive the owner of it. TEX. PENAL CODE ANN. § 31.03(a) (West 

Supp. 2012); see TEX. CIV. PRAC. & REM. CODE ANN. § 134.002(2) (theft is 
20

defined by the Penal Code). To appropriate property means “to acquire or 

otherwise exercise control over property other than real property,” or to transfer 

title to property to one other than the property’s owner. TEX. PENAL CODE ANN.

§ 31.01(4).

For both causes of action, there is a common element that the defendant 

must have acted unlawfully in taking or appropriating the property interest. 

Considering that this argument, which was raised in the motion for summary

judgment, specifically applies to Cantu’s conversion and theft claims, we hold that 

the grounds were sufficiently specific. Cf. Nall v. Plunkett, 404 S.W.3d 552, 556 

(Tex. 2013) (traditional summary-judgment motion arguing specifically that Texas 

does not recognize social-host liability and generally that defendants owed no duty 

to plaintiff was specific enough to include negligent-undertaking claim). 

On the merits, Cantu’s argument appears to be that the appellees acted 

improperly in expelling her from the firm because there was a lack of proof that 

she committed fraud, theft, or gross negligence, as provided in the “Expulsion” 

clause of the Company Agreement, Section 15.04. The appellees presented as 

summary-judgment evidence excerpts from Cantu’s deposition in which she 

admitted using the company debit card for personal expenses. And she said that as 

a part owner, she was entitled to use the debit card for personal expenses and repay 

the firm at her pleasure, though she also admitted that she had no permission or 
21

agreement from any other member to do so. The appellees also presented the 

minutes of the October 2009 meeting showing that the members were present, that 

Frye moved for Cantu’s expulsion under Section 15.04(b), and that both Frye and 

Benavidez voted to expel Cantu from the firm.2

The Company Agreement does not define fraud, theft, or gross negligence. 

Theft is defined by the Texas Penal Code as the unlawful appropriation of property 

with intent to deprive the owner of it. See TEX. PENAL CODE ANN. § 31.03(a). To 

appropriate property means “to acquire or otherwise exercise control over property 

other than real property.” Id. § 31.01(4). Intent to deprive the owner of the property 

is evaluated at the time of the offense, and evidence of actual deprivation may be 

 2 Cantu argues that Frye’s affidavit contains an “unsubstantiated factual 

conclusion” with respect to her expulsion from the firm, and that it therefore 

is not competent summary-judgment evidence. The contention that a portion 

of an affidavit submitted as summary-judgment evidence was conclusory is 

an objection to the substance of the affidavit, which we must address. See 

Green v. Indus. Specialty Contractors, Inc., 1 S.W.3d 126, 130 (Tex. App.—

Houston [1st Dist.] 1999, no pet.). The disputed statement summarizes the 

minutes of the meeting, as to which Cantu has made no objection. However, 

because Frye’s statement provides the underlying facts—the meeting 

minutes—based upon her own personal knowledge, we hold that it is not 

conclusory as to any factual assertion, and we overrule Cantu’s objection. To 

the extent we can infer that Cantu also complains that the affidavit embodies 

a legal conclusion as to the validity of the board’s action, the bylaws did not 

require a specific quantum of proof to substantiate an allegation of theft, 

fraud, or other action that subjected a partner to expulsion. All that was 

required was a unanimous vote by the members other than the member being 

expelled, and the summary-judgment proof shows that this was satisfied.
22

evidence of intent to deprive. See Rowland v. State, 744 S.W.2d 610, 612 (Tex. 

Crim. App. 1988).

Here, the appellees’ summary-judgment evidence showed that Cantu 

appropriated company funds by using the debit card for personal expenses; that she 

did so without consent of the company, a manager of the company, a majority of 

the members, or in accordance with the distribution provisions in the Company 

Agreement; and that she actually deprived the company of the money, which is 

evidence of intent. The evidence shows that the two other members of the 

company, Frye and Benavidez, voted to expel her, in conformity with the 

Company Agreement. Finally, the Company Agreement provides a choice of 

remedies under Section 15.01. Forfeiture is identified as a remedy for the default of 

a member under Section 15.01(g).

Cantu presented her own affidavit as controverting summary-judgment 

evidence. In it, she averred that she did not need permission and was entitled to use 

the debit card for personal expenses because she owned 30% interest in the firm. 

She averred that contrary to the contents of the minutes from the October 2009 

meeting, it was not a regularly called meeting, but a specially called meeting. And 

she alleged that her expulsion was not done in accordance with the by-laws:

Additionally, Article XV of the Company Agreement refers to the 

default of a member for failure to contribute. Section 15.01(g) is a 

remedy provided under Article XV when a member does not 

contribute by the time required or all or any portion of a Capital 
23

Contribution that member is required to make in the Company 

Agreement. Frye violated the Company Agreement when she 

deliberately took Article XV, Section 15.01(g) out of context and used 

it for her personal benefit to expel me from my own company. My 

expulsion was not according to the by-laws, and the meeting and 

voting were a sham by Frye and Benavidez to rob me of my 

ownership interest in the company. 

Although Cantu’s summary-judgment evidence offers her differing 

interpretation of the Company Agreement, we find no evidence that actually 

contradicts the appellees’ summary-judgment evidence in this regard. To the 

contrary, we conclude that the summary-judgment evidence conclusively shows 

that the appellees’ actions in expelling Cantu and forfeiting her interest were not 

unlawful.3 Section 15.04 of the Company Agreement incorporated the remedies of 

Section 15.01 by reference. Cantu’s affidavit is consonant with the appellees’ 

summary-judgment evidence that they held a meeting, confronted her with the 

allegations of theft and gross negligence, voted “unanimously” (as defined in the 

Company Agreement) to expel her, and forfeited her ownership interest as 

provided for in Section 15.01(g).

 3 Cantu also argues that the court erred by not ruling on her objections to the 

following summary-judgment evidence: (1) the request for the court to take 

judicial notice of its file, (2) the failure of the appellees to incorporate Frye’s 

affidavit by reference, (3) best evidence rule objections pertaining to Frye’s 

statements about Cantu’s purchases, and (4) hearsay statements in Frye’s 

affidavit. Cantu did not secure a ruling on these objections prior to the 

rendition of summary judgment. Therefore, she did not preserve error as to 

any objections to the form of the summary-judgment evidence. See TEX. R.

APP. P. 33.1(a)(1); Vice v. Kasprzak, 318 S.W.3d 1, 11 (Tex. App.—

Houston [1st Dist.] 2009, pet. denied).
24

Accordingly, we conclude that the trial court correctly granted summary 

judgment as to Cantu’s conversion and theft claims.

B. Statutory and common-law fraud claims

Cantu pleaded causes of action for common-law and statutory fraud. The 

elements of fraud are: (1) that a material representation was made; (2) the 

representation was false; (3) when the representation was made, the speaker knew 

it was false or made it recklessly without any knowledge of the truth and as a 

positive assertion; (4) the speaker made the representation with the intent that the 

other party should act upon it; (5) the party acted in reliance on the representation; 

and (6) the party thereby suffered injury. Italian Cowboy Partners, Ltd. v. 

Prudential Ins. Co. of Am., 341 S.W.3d 323, 337 (Tex. 2011). The Texas Business 

and Commerce Code establishes a cause of action for fraud in a transaction 

involving stock in a corporation or joint-stock company, the elements of which are: 

(1) a false representation of a past or existing material fact, which is (2) made to a 

person for the purpose of inducing that person to enter into a contract, and

(3) relied on by that person in entering into that contract. TEX. BUS. & COM. CODE

ANN. § 27.01(a) (West 2012).

On appeal, Cantu argues that the trial court erred by granting summary 

judgment on no-evidence grounds, but she does not specifically refer to the 
25

appellees’ December 2011 motion for summary judgment, which argued in 

connection with these claims that there was no evidence:

• “that any of the Defendants made a representation to Cantu that 

was false”;

• “that Cantu relied upon statements made by Ms. Frye, 

Mr. Benavidez, or the law firm of Frye and Associates”; or

• “that Cantu suffered an[y] damages as a result of anything that 

she was allegedly told.”

Cantu’s summary-judgment evidence included an affidavit in which she 

averred that Frye made representations upon which she relied in connection with 

her purchase of an ownership interest in the law firm. Specifically, she stated:

[P]rior to purchasing my ownership interest from Jerry Simoneaux, 

Frye told me she had exclusive rights to purchase all of Simoneaux’s 

interest, but that she especially wanted my skills and my participation 

in the company because I was a productive and conscientious lawyer. 

She told me that my ownership interest entitled me to the full benefits 

of the company’s resources, which included high standards of 

research materials and education and the full complement of 

administrative staff. I relied on Frye’s representations.

She also averred that she did not owe the firm $33,239.52 in outstanding fees, but 

that she and the firm together had $33,239.52 in accounts receivables. She stated 

that the office manager refused to collect those fees with the approval and guidance 

of Frye and Benavidez, that she informed Frye of the office manager’s lack of 

support and insubordination, and that despite her earlier promises, Frye refused to 

provide Cantu with support for her collection efforts. In addition, Cantu averred 
26

that she had contributed $39,992.41 to the firm during the time that she was a 

member.

The summary-judgment evidence suggests that Frye did not follow through 

on the representations that she made and upon which Cantu contends that she 

relied when purchasing Simoneaux’s interest in the firm. But the summaryjudgment evidence does not show that the statements were false at the time that 

they were made. In response to appellees’ motions for summary judgment, which 

included specific no-evidence allegations pertaining to the elements of her fraud 

claims, Cantu brought forth no evidence that Frye or the other appellees made any 

promises without the intent to perform. Moreover, the Company Agreement 

included a merger clause which stated that it “includes the entire agreement of the 

Members and their Affiliates relating to the Company and supersedes all prior 

contracts or agreements with respect to the Company, whether oral or written.” In 

light of this provision, the oral representations referenced by Cantu made before 

her purchase of Simoneaux’s partnership interest had no legal effect,4 and therefore 

 4 One effect of a merger clause in this circumstance is to invoke the 

substantive doctrine of the parol evidence rule, such that all prior 

negotiations and agreements with regard to the same subject matter are 

excluded from consideration, whether they were oral or written. See, e.g., 

Edascio, L.L.C. v. NextiraOne L.L.C., 264 S.W.3d 786, 796 (Tex. App.—

Houston [1st Dist.] 2008, pet. denied); Ledig v. Duke Energy Corp., 193 

S.W.3d 167, 178 (Tex. App.—Houston [1st Dist.] 2006, no pet.); Baroid 

Equip., Inc. v. Odeco Drilling, Inc., 184 S.W.3d 1, 13 (Tex. App.—Houston

[1st Dist.] 2005, pet. denied); see also Restatement (Second) of Contracts
27

her affidavit constituted no evidence of an actionable misrepresentation. 

Accordingly, we hold that the trial court correctly granted summary judgment as to 

these claims. See TEX. R. CIV. P. 166a(i); Mack Trucks, 206 S.W.3d at 581–82; see 

also Clear Creek Basin Auth., 589 S.W.2d at 678 n.5 (summary judgment is tool to 

eliminate patently unmeritorious claims); cf. Aquaplex, Inc. v. Rancho La Valencia, 

Inc., 297 S.W.3d 768, 775 (Tex. 2009) (evidence showing only breach of contract 

does not demonstrate intent not to perform at time promise made or support claim 

for fraud); Tony Gullo Motors I, L.P. v. Chapa, 212 S.W.3d 299, 305 (Tex. 2006) 

(same). We overrule Cantu’s issues as to her fraud causes of action.

C. Conspiracy, aiding and abetting claims

Finally, as to Cantu’s conspiracy claims, the appellees alleged that there was 

“no evidence of any underlying tort to which the charge of ‘aiding and abetting’ 

would apply.” They argued that both conspiracy and aiding and abetting are 

derivative claims and “there is no evidence of any underlying wrongful action to 

which it might be said that the individual defendants or the entity defendant could 

be found responsible.” Finally they argued that it was “unclear how shareholders 

could ever fit under the umbrellas of co-conspirators with the company that they 

 

§ 215 (1981). “The rule is particularly applicable when the written contract 

contains a recital that it contains the entire agreement between the parties or 

a similarly-worded merger provision.” Baroid Equip., 184 S.W.3d at 13.
28

own,” but in any event, there was “no evidence of any conspiracy, and no evidence 

of any damages caused by the alleged conspiracy.” 

Cantu’s conspiracy claim related only to her complaint about being expelled 

from the firm, and did not relate to her other complaint about being fraudulently 

induced to buy an ownership interest in the firm. Her live pleading at the time that 

the trial court ruled on the motion for summary judgment alleged:

Conspiracy and Participating, Assisting or Encouraging

Theft and Fraud

39. The conduct described in ¶¶7 to through 21, inclusive, as if 

fully set forth herein, which clearly establish that the Defendants 

participated with and assisted or encouraged each other to deprive 

Cantu of her ownership interest in the Firm by fraud, by violating the 

Theft Liability Act and converting her ownership interest . . . . 

Moreover, the Defendants are jointly and severally liable for all of 

Cantu’s damages because they conspired to divest her of her 

ownership interest in the Firm. They had a meeting of the minds on 

the object of the course of action against Cantu; they each committed 

one or more unlawful, overt act against Cantu; and Cantu has suffered 

injury as a proximate result.

40. Defendants Frye and the Firm devised and set the scheme to 

defraud and divest Cantu of her ownership into motion. Defendant 

Benavidez had sufficient information to know that the conduct of Frye 

and the Firm constituted a tort against Cantu. Benavidez intended to, 

and did assist Frye and the Firm, in committing the tort against Cantu. 

Benavidez intended to, and did assist Frye and the Firm, in 

committing the tort against Cantu. Benavidez gave Frye and the Firm 

assistance and/or encouragement and the assistance and/or 

encouragement was a substantial factor in causing the tort.

To prove civil conspiracy, a plaintiff must show that the defendant 

participated in an underlying tort for which he seeks to hold at least one named 
29

defendant liable. Tilton v. Marshall, 925 S.W.2d 672, 681 (Tex. 1996). We have 

already explained that the appellees have proven as a matter of law that the 

expulsion was properly done and Cantu’s summary-judgment evidence does not 

refute that holding. Her conspiracy cause of action is based entirely on the actions 

taken in connection with her expulsion from the firm. There are no references to 

her fraud allegations that the appellees’ misrepresentations induced her to purchase 

her 30% interest in the firm. Accordingly, we hold that the trial court correctly 

granted summary judgment in the appellees’ favor on this cause of action.

II. Cantu’s no-evidence motion for summary judgment

In her third issue, Cantu argues that the court erred in not granting her noevidence motion for summary judgment as to the appellees’ counterclaims. There 

is no order in the record granting or denying Cantu’s no-evidence motion for 

summary judgment. It is axiomatic that to preserve error for appeal, a party must 

obtain a ruling from the trial court. See TEX. R. APP. P. 33.1(a); Ford Motor Co. v. 

Ledesma, 242 S.W.3d 32, 43 (Tex. 2007) (“Preservation of error generally depends 

on ‘whether the party made the trial court aware of the complaint, timely and 

plainly, and obtained a ruling.’”) (quoting State Dep’t of Highways & Pub. Transp. 

v. Payne, 838 S.W.2d 235, 241 (Tex. 1992)). Because Cantu did not obtain a ruling 

from the trial court on her motion for summary judgment, this issue is waived. We 

overrule Cantu’s third issue. 
30

Conclusion

We affirm the judgment of the trial court.

Michael Massengale

Justice 

Panel consists of Justices Keyes, Higley, and Massengale.