[PUBLISH]

IN THE UNITED STATES COURT OF APPEALS

FOR THE ELEVENTH CIRCUIT

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No. 19-12258

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D.C. Docket No. 1:19-cv-21550-RAR

JOHANNA VIBE ENER,

 Plaintiff-Appellant,

 versus

PEDRO MARTIN,

 Defendant-Appellee.

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Appeal from the United States District Court

for the Southern District of Florida

________________________

(February 22, 2021)

Before WILLIAM PRYOR, Chief Judge, JORDAN and MARCUS, Circuit Judges.

WILLIAM PRYOR, Chief Judge:

This appeal requires us to decide whether the district court abused its 

discretion when it applied the fugitive disentitlement doctrine to dismiss Johanna 

Vibe Ener’s lawsuit against Pedro Martin, the father of her two daughters. Vibe 

Ener left the United States against the orders of a Florida family court and could be 

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arrested by Florida officials if she were to return to Florida. She filed this lawsuit 

to attack the proceedings of the family court while remaining outside its 

jurisdiction. Because Vibe Ener remains a fugitive, her lawsuit collaterally attacks 

the very proceedings from which she absconded, and dismissal prevents her from 

using the judicial process only when it benefits her, we affirm.

I. BACKGROUND

Pedro Martin, a Miami real estate developer, began an affair with Johanna 

Vibe Ener, a Finnish model, in 2009. They had two daughters together. But their 

relationship was volatile, so they entered a series of custody agreements and 

modifications. Most of the terms required approval from a family court in Miami 

that supervised their ongoing paternity action. Under the custody agreements, Vibe 

Ener had primary custody of the children, and Martin had visitation rights and 

financial support obligations.

Unfortunately, the custody agreements did not improve their relationship. In 

April 2017, the family court found that Vibe Ener had been stalking Martin and 

enjoined her from communicating with him without its approval. Two months 

later, Vibe Ener took the children to Europe. The family court found that she 

removed the children from school, left her primary residence, disconnected her cell 

phone, and blocked her email accounts.

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Martin moved the family court for an order requiring Vibe Ener to comply 

with their custody agreements. The family court granted Martin’s motion and held 

Vibe Ener in civil contempt. But Vibe Ener never returned. 

A few months later, the family court ordered Vibe Ener to show cause why 

she should not be held in indirect criminal contempt for violating its orders. It also 

found that Vibe Ener had communicated with Martin about the ongoing familycourt litigation and threatened him and his attorneys. So it issued a “Referral to 

Law Enforcement” finding that Vibe Ener had violated the anti-stalking injunction. 

The order quoted the provision in the injunction that allowed Florida officers to 

arrest her if she violated the injunction.

Two years later, Vibe Ener went on the offensive by suing Martin in federal 

court for breaching the custody agreements and for an array of torts allegedly 

arising out of the family-court litigation: defamation, invasion of privacy, 

intentional infliction of emotional distress, civil conspiracy, and abuse of process. 

The pro se complaint sought $200 million in damages. Vibe Ener alleged that 

Martin breached the custody agreements by failing to create trust funds for the 

children and by disclosing to the press in 2017 that he paid her $30,000 a month 

and provided her with a luxury condo in Miami. And she alleged that Martin 

harassed her by filing “sham pleadings” filled with lies and destroyed Vibe Ener’s 

reputation by using his connections with “the Cuban mafia” to unleash a 

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“relentless attack of terrorism.” The complaint dragged in Martin’s wife too by

alleging that she was “mentally ill,” “dangerous,” threatened Vibe Ener and the 

children, assaulted the children, and tried to bribe her to have an illegal late-term

abortion.

Martin’s wife intervened and moved to strike portions of the complaint as 

scandalous. She also moved the district court to compel Vibe Ener to file a sworn 

declaration that she did not receive assistance from attorneys to draft her complaint 

or to require her attorneys to file appearances. Vibe Ener voluntarily filed a sworn 

declaration affirming that she was proceeding pro se and was not receiving 

assistance from attorneys. She explained that she learned how to prepare pleadings 

by studying the family-court litigation, and she “enjoy[s] reading case law.”

Martin moved to dismiss the complaint under the fugitive disentitlement 

doctrine. The district court scheduled a status conference on the motion. Vibe Ener 

filed a declaration promising to appear by telephone, and she called chambers the 

day before the hearing to receive instructions on how to participate. But she did not 

appear the next day. The district court waited for 20 minutes before beginning the 

hearing and then proceeded in her absence. During the hearing, the district court 

observed that Vibe Ener was “undoubtedly receiving the assistance of counsel” to 

prepare her filings and that she appeared to be continuing the same pattern of 

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behavior from the family-court proceedings. A few days later, the district court 

dismissed the lawsuit with prejudice under the fugitive disentitlement doctrine.

Vibe Ener appealed. Martin moved to dismiss the appeal under the fugitive 

disentitlement doctrine. He also moved to strike the appendix Vibe Ener filed with 

her reply brief as an improper attempt to supplement the record, and he moved to 

strike part of the reply brief for raising an argument outside Vibe Ener’s opening 

brief. Vibe Ener proceeded through the appeal ostensibly pro se, but she retained 

counsel—on our order—to participate in oral argument.

II. STANDARD OF REVIEW

We review the dismissal of a lawsuit based on fugitive disentitlement for 

abuse of discretion. Magluta v. Samples, 162 F.3d 662, 664 (11th Cir. 1998).

III. DISCUSSION

The fugitive disentitlement doctrine empowers courts to dismiss the lawsuits 

or appeals of fugitives from the law. See Pesin v. Rodriguez, 244 F.3d 1250, 1252 

(11th Cir. 2001). An equitable doctrine, it reflects the principle that a fugitive 

“demonstrate[s] such disrespect for the legal process[] that he has no right to call 

upon the court to adjudicate his claim.” Ortega-Rodriguez v. United States, 507 

U.S. 234, 246 (1993) (internal quotation marks omitted). The Supreme Court has

long relied on the doctrine to dismiss criminal appeals when the defendant is a 

fugitive. Id. at 239 (citing Smith v. United States, 94 U.S. 97 (1876)). We have held 

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that the doctrine applies in both civil and criminal proceedings, Fed. Deposit Ins. 

Corp. v. Pharaon, 178 F.3d 1159, 1161 (11th Cir. 1999), and in district courts as 

well as on appeal, see Magluta, 162 F.3d at 664. A court may apply the fugitive 

disentitlement doctrine to dismiss a lawsuit or appeal if the party against whom it 

is invoked is a fugitive, her fugitive status has a sufficient connection to the present 

action, and dismissal is “necessary to effectuate the concerns underlying” the 

doctrine. Id. We consider each element in turn.

Vibe Ener is a fugitive. A party is a fugitive if she intentionally avoids arrest 

by fleeing, hiding within, or remaining absent from the jurisdiction. See United 

States v. Shalhoub, 855 F.3d 1255, 1263 (11th Cir. 2017); United States v. 

Fonseca-Machado, 53 F.3d 1242, 1243–44 (11th Cir. 1995). We have held that the 

proceeding the fugitive evades need not be part of a criminal prosecution. Pesin, 

244 F.3d at 1253; United States v. Barnette, 129 F.3d 1179, 1184 (11th Cir. 1997).

Vibe Ener conceded in her opening brief that the “Referral to Law Enforcement 

authorized any Florida law enforcement officer to detain [her] if located in the 

jurisdiction.” And she admits that she has known about the order at least since 

Martin filed it as an attachment to his motion to dismiss her federal lawsuit. So she 

deliberately remains absent from the jurisdiction and is a fugitive. See Shalhoub, 

855 F.3d at 1263.

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Vibe Ener argues that she is not a fugitive because Martin supported her 

decision to leave Florida and the custody agreements allow her to move to Europe. 

But those factual allegations do not change the realities that make her a fugitive: 

she knows police are entitled to arrest her if she returns to Florida, and she remains 

absent. Vibe Ener also argues that she “submitted herself to the authority and

jurisdiction” of the family court by filing a motion for relief from its contempt 

finding. But even assuming she has sought to undo the contempt finding, she 

remains at large, so her actions do not reflect acceptance of the family court’s 

authority.

Vibe Ener’s lawsuit is also closely related to her fugitive status. She presses 

six claims in her complaint. Each one either springs from the family-court 

proceedings from which she fled or alleges that Martin violated the same custody 

agreements that the family court found she violated by disappearing without 

notice. And she has forfeited any argument to the contrary because she did not 

challenge the connection between the present lawsuit and her fugitive status before 

the district court or in her opening brief. Access Now, Inc. v. Sw. Airlines Co., 385 

F.3d 1324, 1331 (11th Cir. 2004).

Finally, dismissal serves the doctrine’s equitable purposes. It is unfair to 

“allow[] a fugitive to use court resources only if the outcome is an aid to him.” 

Magluta, 162 F.3d at 664. Litigating from outside the jurisdiction can allow the 

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fugitive to avoid complying with an adverse judgment: “heads I win, tails you’ll 

never find me.” Antonio-Martinez v. INS, 317 F.3d 1089, 1093 (9th Cir. 2003). The 

fugitive’s flight turns the litigation into “a one-way street.” Sapoundjiev v. 

Ashcroft, 376 F.3d 727, 729 (7th Cir. 2004). Disallowing that gamesmanship

avoids prejudice to the nonfugitive party, Barnette, 129 F.3d at 1183, and

“promotes the efficient, dignified operation of the courts,” Degen v. United States, 

517 U.S. 820, 824 (1996) (internal quotation marks omitted).

Vibe Ener ensured that she stood only to benefit from court orders by fleeing 

from the jurisdiction of the family court after the litigation went poorly for her and

then collaterally attacking those proceedings by suing about the same issues in 

federal court. And, with Vibe Ener’s whereabouts unknown, the district court faced 

the prospect of issuing unenforceable orders. Vibe Ener “cannot be deposed by the 

defendants or made to pay costs (should [she] lose) or attorneys’ fees (should [she]

lose and [her] suit be adjudged sanctionably frivolous).” Sarlund v. Anderson, 205 

F.3d 973, 975 (7th Cir. 2000). Vibe Ener’s filings also prejudice the Martins 

because they are filled with scandalous accusations against them and the Martins 

must pay their lawyers to defend against her lawsuit. Dismissal prevents Vibe Ener 

from evading the jurisdiction of one court while attempting to invoke the 

jurisdiction of another court to her one-way advantage. See Broadway v. City of 

Montgomery, 530 F.2d 657, 659 (5th Cir. 1976); see also Prevot v. Prevot, 59 F.3d 

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556, 558–59 (6th Cir. 1995). The district court did not abuse its discretion by 

applying the fugitive disentitlement doctrine to dismiss Vibe Ener’s lawsuit.

IV. CONCLUSION

We AFFIRM the dismissal of Vibe Ener’s lawsuit with prejudice and 

DENY AS MOOT the motion to dismiss the appeal, the motion to strike part of 

the reply brief, and the motion to strike the appendix to the reply brief.

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JORDAN, Circuit Judge, concurring.

In a case like this one, where a litigant who is a fugitive files a 

separate civil action, dismissal of that action without prejudice is a remedial option 

available to a district court. The Supreme Court has told us that the fugitive 

disentitlement doctrine “is limited by the necessity giving rise to its exercise,” 

Degen v. United States, 517 U.S. 820, 829 (1996) (holding that the doctrine cannot 

be used to enter summary judgment in favor of the government in a civil forfeiture 

case), and the problems Ms. Vibe Ener has created through her flight could be 

remedied by her return to Florida and her compliance with the family court’s 

orders. If and when she is no longer a fugitive, she could be allowed to refile her 

lawsuit, assuming that the statute of limitations has not expired. See, e.g., Schuster 

v. United States, 765 F.2d 1047, 1050-51 (11th Cir. 1985) (affirming district 

court’s dismissal, without prejudice, of a civil tax petition for review because the 

litigant was a fugitive in a related criminal case). 

Ms. Vibe Ener, however, does not argue that the dismissal pursuant to 

the fugitive disentitlement doctrine should have been without prejudice. I 

therefore join the court’s opinion in full.

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