ILLINOIS OFFICIAL REPORTS

Appellate Court

People v. Patterson, 2012 IL App (1st) 101573

Appellate Court

Caption

THE PEOPLE OF THE STATE OF ILLINOIS, Plaintiff-Appellee, v.

RONALD PATTERSON, Defendant-Appellant.

 District & No. First District, Third Division

Docket No. 1-10-1573

Filed

Rehearing denied

Modified upon denial

of rehearing

June 29, 2012

September 20, 2012

September 26, 2012

Held

(Note: This syllabus

constitutes no part of

the opinion of the court

but has been prepared

by the Reporter of

Decisions for the

convenience of the

reader.)

The constitutionality of section 5-130 of the Juvenile Court Act, which

provides for the automatic transfer of minor defendants at least 15 years

old charged with certain offenses, including aggravated criminal sexual

assault, to criminal court was upheld, but the cause was remanded for a

new trial due to the erroneous admission of defendant’s inculpatory

statement.

Decision Under 

Review

Appeal from the Circuit Court of Cook County, No. 09-CR-1455; the

Hon. Ellen Beth Mandeltort, Judge, presiding.

Judgment Reversed and remanded.
Counsel on

Appeal

Michael J. Pelletier, Alan D. Goldberg, and Christopher Kopacz, all of

State Appellate Defender’s Office, of Chicago, for appellant.

Anita M. Alvarez, State’s Attorney, of Chicago (Alan J. Spellberg,

Douglas P. Harvath, and Jessica R. Bargmann, Assistant State’s

Attorneys, of counsel), for the People.

Panel JUSTICE NEVILLE delivered the judgment of the court, with opinion.

Justices Steele and Murphy concurred in the judgment and opinion.

OPINION

¶ 1 The trial court entered judgment on a jury verdict finding Ronald Patterson, a minor,

guilty on three counts of aggravated criminal sexual assault. On appeal, Patterson argues that

the Juvenile Court Act of 1987 (705 ILCS 405/1-1 et seq. (West 2008)), in its provision for

automatic transfer of certain cases to criminal court for the prosecution of minor defendants

as adults, violates the state and federal constitutions. Patterson also challenges the trial

court’s decision to admit into evidence a statement Patterson signed at the police station and

the decision to bar evidence that the alleged victim had sexual intercourse with a different

man before the doctor examined her.

¶ 2 We follow other cases upholding the constitutionality of the automatic transfer provision

in the Juvenile Court Act (705 ILCS 405/5-130 (West 2008)). But we find that the trial court

erred when it allowed into evidence a statement Patterson signed at the police station,

because police did not attempt to contact Patterson’s parents, and no concerned adult helped

Patterson during questioning. We also hold that on remand, if the prosecution again presents

testimony that physical findings show that the alleged victim had sexual intercourse shortly

before her medical examination, the court should permit Patterson to present evidence that

the alleged victim had intercourse with her boyfriend. We reverse and remand for a new trial.

¶ 3 BACKGROUND

¶ 4 On Sunday, December 14, 2008, after 5 p.m., E.C., who worked for Streamwood

Behavioral Health Systems (SBHS), drove an SBHS van to Hinsdale to pick up Ronald

Patterson, then 15 years old, at the end of Patterson’s visit with his family. E.C. and Patterson

returned to the SBHS facility where Patterson lived around 6:30 p.m. Once Patterson

returned to his living unit, with the doors locked, E.C. told a coworker that Patterson had

raped her. E.C. and her coworker called police, who came to SBHS and talked to E.C. An

ambulance took E.C. to a hospital where a doctor examined her and photographed her bruises

and some areas of scraped skin.

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¶ 5 Police arrested Patterson at the SBHS facility around 9 p.m. that evening, and took him

to the Schaumburg police station. Detective Joe Kaminski interviewed E.C. at the station and

then, shortly before 10 p.m., he called Stephen Kehoe, the director of the SBHS facility that

housed Patterson, and left him a message notifying him that police intended to question

Patterson about the incident with E.C. Detective Kaminski also called and left a message for

Patterson’s caseworker shortly before 10 p.m. No officer made any attempt to contact

Patterson’s parents.

¶ 6 Police began questioning Patterson two minutes after Detective Kaminski left his

message for Patterson’s caseworker. Detective Kaminski acted as the youth officer, while

Detective JohnAtamian questioned Patterson. Initially, Patterson told DetectiveAtamian that

E.C. said she wanted to have sex with Patterson and that he agreed. Afterfurther questioning,

Patterson signed a typewritten statement. According to the statement, Patterson admitted that

he forced E.C. to perform and receive oral sex, and to have vaginal intercourse with him. A

grand jury charged Patterson with three counts of aggravated criminal sexual assault, with

one count for each form of contact. The Juvenile Court Act required the court to tryPatterson

as an adult. 705 ILCS 405/5-130(1)(a) (West 2008).

¶ 7 The court ordered a psychological evaluation of Patterson. The psychiatrist found

Patterson fit for trial, legally sane at the time of the alleged offense, and able to understand

Miranda warnings.

¶ 8 Patterson filed a motion to suppress his typewritten statement. In the motion, he alleged

that he was “a special education student with limited reading comprehension and

comprehension skills.” However, neither party presented any evidence at the hearing on the

motion concerning Patterson’s intelligence and education. Patterson testified that police did

not read him his rights before he signed the typewritten statement. He admitted that he

initialed the part of the typewritten statement that set out the Miranda rights. The prosecution

presented no evidence of any prior arrests of Patterson. Detective Kaminski testified that he

read Patterson his rights at 10 p.m., directly before Detective Atamian started questioning

Patterson.

¶ 9 Kaminski admitted that he did not speak to Kehoe, but he testified that another officer

told Kaminski that Kehoe gave police permission to question Patterson. Kehoe testified that

he did not recall giving police such permission and that he lacked authority to give such

permission because he was not Patterson’s legal guardian. The director of DCFS served as

Patterson’s legal guardian. No officer attempted to contact the director of DCFS.

¶ 10 The trial court found credible Kaminski’s testimony that he read Patterson his rights and

the psychiatrist’s report stating that Patterson could understand those rights. The court made

no finding on the issue of whether Kehoe told police they had his permission to question

Patterson. The court specifically held that the “police made reasonable inquiries to try to

interview” Patterson. The trial court denied the motion to suppress.

¶ 11 At trial, E.C. testified that while she was driving Patterson from Hinsdale to the SBHS

facility, he grabbed her arm and told her to exit from the highway. Because he weighed much

more than twice E.C.’s weight, E.C. decided to take the exit. Patterson directed E.C. to a

parking lot near some empty buildings. She tried to reach her cell phone, but he slapped it

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out of her hand. She opened the door and tried to run, but Patterson grabbed her coat. As he

got out of the van, he ripped out a global positioning device that E.C. had plugged into the

van’s cigarette lighter. The frayed cord fell onto the parking lot. E.C. tried to strike Patterson,

but her blows had no effect. Patterson pushed E.C. against the van’s side door, pinning her

against the van.

¶ 12 E.C. testified that Patterson slid the door open and pushed E.C. into the van. When she

tried to scramble to the door on the other side of the van, Patterson grabbed her feet and

pulled her back, saying “Don’t make me hurt you.” He ripped off her jeans, then he pulled

down his pants and choked her to get her to open her mouth. He put his penis in her mouth

for perhaps 30 seconds. He pushed her legs apart and put his tongue in her vagina. He then

shoved his penis into her vagina for 30 seconds. When he pulled out, without ejaculating, he

laid on top of E.C., hugged her and told her he loved her. They dressed and got out of the

van, and they found E.C.’s cell phone in the parking lot. E.C. then drove back to the SBHS

facility. When she returned to the parking lot later that night with a police officer, they found

the cord that had been ripped from E.C.’s global positioning device.

¶ 13 An officer took pictures, admitted into evidence, showing the cord in the parking lot and

the van’s door with an area that showed cloth had rubbed against the side door. The officer

who talked with E.C. at SBHS testified that she saw a red mark on E.C.’s neck, but she did

not make any reference to that mark in her report. Pictures of E.C. taken at the hospital show

some fresh scrapes, bruises, and redness, but her throat had, at most, a very slight

discoloration.

¶ 14 The doctor who examined E.C. on December 14 testified that he found several bruises

on E.C.’s arms and hip. He did not note any marks on E.C.’s neck. He swabbed her vagina.

The parties stipulated that laboratory tests of the swab did not contain any of Patterson’s

DNA. The doctor testified that he used a speculum to look into E.C.’s vagina, and he found

redness on the cervix consistent with recent sexual intercourse.

¶ 15 Patterson sought to introduce evidence that the swab taken from E.C.’s vagina included

semen with DNA from E.C.’s boyfriend. Defense counsel explained that he needed to rebut

the inference that the reddened cervix showed that E.C. had intercourse with Patterson, when

intercourse with her boyfriend could have produced the same effect. The trial court held that

the rape shield law barred the evidence. 725 ILCS 5/115-7(a) (West 2008).

¶ 16 Detective Atamian read to the jury the typewritten statement Patterson signed. The

statement corroborated E.C.’s account of the incident.

¶ 17 Patterson testified that E.C. pulled off the highway of her own accord, pulled down his

pants, and performed oral sex briefly. She then drove back to SBHS. Patterson neversaid any

of the statements attributed to him in the typewritten statement he signed. He signed it

because police told him to do so.

¶ 18 The jury found Patterson guilty on all three counts of aggravated criminal sexual assault.

The court denied his motion for a new trial.

¶ 19 The presentence investigation report said that Patterson tested positive for cocaine at

birth. A relative of Patterson’s mother adopted him at 18 months of age, and he grew up with

his adoptive parents until they found they could not protect his siblings from his increasingly

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violent behavior. He had extensive psychiatric treatment from the time he turned 11. The

Department of Children and Family Services took custody of Patterson, at his adoptive

parents’ request, in 2006, when he was 13. He took Thorazine, Benadryl, Prozac, Trileptal,

and Abilify, amongst other medications, to try to control his aggressive behavior and his

moods. An IQ test in 2006 resulted in a full-scale score of 72.

¶ 20 School records and records from SBHS showed that Patterson acted somewhat violently

on numerous occasions. He threw hot water on a teacher in 2004, tried to bite SBHS staff

members when they restrained him in 2006, threatened to stab a staff member in 2006, and

stabbed a staff member with a pencil in 2008. The behaviors led to some loss of privileges

at SBHS and other discipline. Records also showed that at times SBHS rewarded Patterson

for extended periods of good behavior.

¶ 21 The presentence investigator said in his report that Patterson had no prior police contacts.

According to a printout from the police department, Patterson had one prior arrest, for

throwing hot water on a teacher when he was 11, and the arrest resulted in a station

adjustment.

¶ 22 The trial court found several factors in aggravation, and none in mitigation, so the court

sentenced Patterson to 12 years in prison on each count, with the sentences to run

consecutively, for a total sentence of 36 years. Patterson now appeals.

¶ 23 ANALYSIS

¶ 24 Patterson argues on appeal that the automatic transfer provision of the Juvenile Court Act

violates the state and federal constitutions. He also argues that the trial court erred (1) when

it denied his motion to suppress the typewritten statement, (2) when it excluded evidence that

E.C.’s boyfriend could have caused the redness of E.C.’s cervix, and (3) when it sentenced

him to 36 years in prison. Finally, Patterson asks us to reverse his convictions because his

counsel provided ineffective assistancewhen he failed to present at the hearing on the motion

to suppress the typewritten statement evidence that Patterson had intellectual deficits that left

him especially vulnerable to police pressure to make and sign statements against his will. We

apply different standards of review to the defendant’s arguments.

¶ 25 Automatic Transfer

¶ 26 Patterson first argues that the automatic transfer provision of the Juvenile Court Act

imposes unconstitutionally harsh penalties on juveniles and it violates Patterson’s right to

due process. We review de novo a decision on the constitutionality of a statute. People v.

Jackson, 2012 IL App (1st) 100398, ¶ 8.

¶ 27 Our supreme court has rejected essentially the same challenges to the constitutionality

of the automatic transfer provision. See People v. P.H., 145 Ill. 2d 209, 229-36 (1991);

People v. J.S., 103 Ill. 2d 395, 403-07 (1984). Patterson contends that we should not follow

J.S. and P.H. because our supreme court decided those cases before the United States

Supreme Court decided Graham v. Florida, 560 U.S. ___, 130 S. Ct. 2011 (2010), and Roper

v. Simmons, 543 U.S. 551 (2005). In Jackson, 2012 IL App (1st) 100398, ¶¶ 14-24, People

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v. Salas, 2011 IL App (1st) 091880, ¶¶ 54-80, People v. Sanders, 2012 IL App (1st) 102040,

People v. Croom, 2012 IL App (4th) 100932, and People v. Brown, 2012 IL App (1st)

091940, the appellate court rejected indistinguishable arguments about the effect of the

decisions in Graham and Roper on J.S. and P.H. All of the courts held that Graham and

Roper did not affect the continuing vitality of J.S. and P.H. or the constitutionality of the

automatic transfer provision of the Juvenile Court Act. We, too, follow J.S. and P.H.

Accordingly, we reject Patterson’s challenge to the constitutionality of the Juvenile Court

Act’s automatic transfer provision for juveniles at least 15 years old accused of aggravated

criminal sexual assault.

¶ 28 Motion to Suppress

¶ 29 Next, Patterson argues that the trial court should have suppressed the typewritten

statement he signed at the police station. We review the trial court’s findings of fact to

determine whether they are against the manifest weight of the evidence, and we review de

novo the legal determination of whether the court should suppress the statement. In re G.O.,

191 Ill. 2d 37, 49 (2000).

¶ 30 The trial court found credible (1) Detective Kaminski’s testimony that he read Patterson

his rights before Detective Atamian began questioning him and (2) the psychiatrist’s finding

that Patterson could understand those rights. The weight of the evidence sufficientlysupports

the trial court’s findings on these issues. The parties did not dispute most other facts related

to the statement. Police arrested Patterson at the SBHS facility on December 14, 2008, and

took him to the police station. The prosecution presented no evidence of prior arrests.

Kaminski, who had taken part in the investigation by interviewing E.C., acted as the youth

officer. Kaminski called two persons who worked for SBHS, on a Sunday and long after

office hours, and left messages for both of them. No officer made any attempt to contact

Patterson’s parents, and no officer made any further attempts to find a concerned adult to

help Patterson. The questioning began two minutes after Kaminski left a message for

Patterson’s caseworker.

¶ 31 Patterson answered the officers’ questions, and he told them, just as he told the jury, that

he and E.C. had consensual sexual relations. About an hour after questioning began,

Patterson signed a statement that contradicted his initial account and corroborated E.C.’s

account of the incident.

¶ 32 We apply the following standards to determine whether the facts make the signed

statement admissible at trial:

“To be admissible at trial, a confession must be free, voluntary, and not obtained by

any direct or implied promises or by the exertion of any improper influence. [Citation.]

Factors that are considered in determining whether a confession was voluntary include

a defendant’s individual characteristics, such as his age, intelligence, education, physical

condition and experience with the criminal justice system; the nature of the interrogation

is also considered, such as the legality and duration of the detention, the duration of the

questioning, and any physical or mental abuse by the police. [Citations.]

In cases involving juveniles, additional factors must be considered, such as the time

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of day of the questioning and the presence of a parent or other adult concerned with the

juvenile’s welfare. [Citations.] No single factor is dispositive. [Citation.] The

voluntariness of a confession is determined by the circumstances of each case.” People

v. McDaniel, 326 Ill. App. 3d 771, 781-82 (2001).

¶ 33 Reviewing courts have emphasized the special care needed in cases involving juvenile

confessions when counsel is not present:

“The receiving of an incriminating statement by a juvenile in the absence of counsel

is a sensitive concern requiring great care to assure that the juvenile’s admission was not

coerced or suggested, or the product of ignorance of one’s rights, adolescent fantasy,

fright or despair. [Citations.] In cases involving juveniles, courts must be particularly

careful in scrutinizing the record, since juveniles can easily become victims of the law.”

McDaniel, 326 Ill. App. 3d at 781.

See People v. Travis, 122 Ill. App. 3d 671, 674 (1984); see also People ex rel. Brazen v.

Finley, 119 Ill. 2d 485, 492 (1988) (citing Leonard C. Arnold, Ltd. v. Northern Trust Co.,

116 Ill. 2d 157, 163 (1987)). Patterson, a 15-year-old juvenile, had an especially acute need

for the assistance of a concerned adult because the law required the court to try Patterson as

an adult. 705 ILCS 405/5-130 (West 2008).

¶ 34 Patterson was 15 when police questioned him late in the evening on December 14, 2008.

The questioning did not last long and no evidence indicates any mental or physical abuse of

Patterson.

¶ 35 The State argues that we must not take into consideration Patterson’s severely limited

intelligence and education because Patterson’s attorney failed to present evidence of

Patterson’s intellectual deficits at the pretrial hearing, and only the presentence investigation

brought these facts to light. Patterson admits that his counsel waived consideration of his

intelligence as a factor bearing on the admissibility of the typewritten statement, but

Patterson contends that counsel’s waiver shows ineffective assistance of counsel. For

purposes of determining whether the trial court erred when it denied the motion to suppress

the statement, we will not take into account the evidence of Patterson’s severely limited

intelligence and education. See People v. Brooks, 187 Ill. 2d 91, 127-28 (1999).

¶ 36 The parties disagree on whether Patterson had prior contact with police. Patterson relies

on the presentence investigation report, presented to the court after trial, which says he had

no prior contacts with police. The prosecution relies on police reports, presented to the court

after trial, which show an arrest in 2004, when Patterson was 11. According to the police

report, the arrest resulted in a station adjustment. Even if the printout more accurately reflects

Patterson’s experience, Patterson had, at most, some minimal contact with police, and not

in a setting where he would have learned about his need to protect his rights. The prosecution

did not present even this minimal evidence of a prior arrest to the trial court at the hearing

on the motion to suppress statements. From the evidence presented at the hearing, the court

knew that Patterson had considerable experience with adults disciplining him for

inappropriate aggressive behavior, but the discipline included no exposure to a real threat of

prison time.

¶ 37 Because of Patterson’s youth and lack of exposure to the criminal justice system, in this

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case involving charges that require the court to try Patterson as an adult, the presence during

questioning of an adult concerned with his welfare takes on special significance. See

McDaniel, 326 Ill. App. 3d at 782-84; In re J.J.C., 294 Ill. App. 3d 227, 237-38 (1998).

Detective Kaminski, who investigated the charges against Patterson, also purported to act as

a youth officer during questioning. We find Kaminski’s role here effectively the same as the

role of the youth officer in People v. Griffin, 327 Ill. App. 3d 538 (2002), named Begeske.

In Griffin, the court said:

“[I]n Illinois, even when youth officers are present, their role is unclear. One line of cases

holds that a youth officer’s role is to verify that minors’ parents have been notified,

ensure that the minors have been given Miranda rights, and see to it that minors are

properly treated, that they are fed, given access to washroom facilities, and allowed to

rest, and that they are not coerced in any way. [Citations.] Other cases find that a youth

officer may not merely be present and remain silent, but must demonstrate an interest in

the minors’ welfare and affirmativelyprotect theirrights. [Citations.] These cases are fact

specific and each case must be evaluated on its own particular set of circumstances.

[Citation.]

In the present case, while the court made no factual findings as to Begeske’s role as

a youth officer, we find that Begeske failed to fulfill his duties under either of the above

standards. Begeske did not remain a neutral observer but, rather, worked against

defendant’s interests. While an investigator’s role is to interrogate witnesses and collect

evidence, it is clear that the role of a youth officer is to act as a concerned adult interested

in the juvenile’s welfare. A youth officer cannot be adversarial or antagonistic toward the

juvenile. [Citation.] Thus, these roles are inherently incompatible. Youth officers cannot

act in their role as a concerned adult while at the same time actively compiling evidence

against that juvenile.” Griffin, 327 Ill. App. 3d at 547-48.

¶ 38 Here, Kaminski helped compile evidence against Patterson, and that work inherently

conflicted with his role as a youth officer. Moreover, Kaminski did not even fulfill the most

basic of a youth officer’s tasks. The Juvenile Court Act provides that following an arrest of

a minor, an officer must “immediatelymake a reasonable attempt to notify the parent or other

person legally responsible for the minor’s care or the person with whom the minor resides

that the minor has been arrested and where the minor is being held” (705 ILCS 405/5-405(2)

(West 2008)), to permit the minor to have the help of a concerned adult, if possible, during

police questioning. People v. Westmorland, 372 Ill. App. 3d 868 (2007). Kaminski attempted

to contact two persons in their offices at SBHS at 10 p.m. on a Sunday night, and he left

them messages. But two minutes after leaving the messages, police initiated questioning, and

they knew or should have known that no person would hear or respond to those messages for

several hours. Kaminiski did not attempt to find out who bore legal responsibility for

Patterson’s care or how he could contact such a person at 10 p.m. on a Sunday night.

Kaminski did not attempt to contact Patterson’s parents or legal guardian. Kaminski did not

attempt to find the home phone number or the cell phone number for Patterson’s caseworker.

Kaminski’s two calls to offices on a Sunday night, where he left messages, are not reasonable

attempts to contact a person or concerned adult who could help Patterson. See G.O., 191 Ill.

2d at 52-54.

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¶ 39 Kaminski’s decision not to contact Patterson’s parents or the person legally responsible

for Patterson’s care or any other person concerned for his welfare, when they likely would

not learn of the arrest and questioning without information from the police, effectively

prevented any concerned adults from helping Patterson. Compare J.J.C., 294 Ill. App. 3d at

236-37; see also People v. Mitchell, 2012 IL App (1st) 100907, ¶¶ 97-99 (Salone, J.,

specially concurring). Instead, Kaminski assured that only police officers trying to build a

case against Patterson, persons trying to put Patterson in prison for a long time, would know

about the questioning. See People v. Fuller, 292 Ill. App. 3d 651, 667 (1997). We find that

Kaminski and other police made no “reasonable attempt” to contact any concerned adult

before questioning Patterson. See 705 ILCS 405/5-405(2) (West 2008). The manifest weight

of the evidence contradicts the trial court’s finding on this issue. See G.O., 191 Ill. 2d at 49.

¶ 40 Due to his youth and inexperience when confronting these charges that required the court

to try him as an adult, Patterson needed a concerned adult to help him respond to police

questioning and to ensure that he made any admissions of his own free will. A minor who

understands his rights may still have his will overborne by police in custodial interrogation.

See People v. McDaniel, 326 Ill. App. 3d 771 (2001). Weighing all the facts and considering

the appropriate factors de novo, we find that the prosecution did not show that Patterson

confessed freely and voluntarily. Therefore, we hold that the trial court erred when it denied

the motion to suppress the typewritten statement.

¶ 41 The State does not argue that we could find the error harmless. Because confessions have

such persuasive effect as evidence of guilt, the erroneous admission of a confession into

evidence rarely constitutes harmless error. People v. St. Pierre, 122 Ill. 2d 95, 114 (1988).

Although the prosecution presented a strong case against Patterson, we cannot say that the

erroneous admission into evidence of the signed statement confessing the crime had no

prejudicial effect here. Accordingly, we reverse the judgment and remand for a new trial

without the confession.

¶ 42 Rape Shield Law

¶ 43 Illinois’s rape shield law (725 ILCS 5/115-7(a) (West 2008)) bars evidence of the past

sexual history of an alleged sexual assault victim, except (1) as evidence of the alleged

victim’s prior consent to sexual conduct with the defendant, offered to show consent, or (2)

when the constitution requires the court to admit the evidence. The trial court has discretion

to decide evidentiary issues, and we will reverse the trial court’s decision only if it has

abused its discretion. People v. Santos, 211 Ill. 2d 395, 401 (2004).

¶ 44 The court in People v. Anthony Roy W., 324 Ill. App. 3d 181 (2001), applied the second

exception to the rape shield’s general principle. The prosecution in Anthony accused the

defendant of having sexual intercourse with his 12-year-old daughter. A doctor testified that

he found evidence of sexual trauma to the girl’s hymen. Defense counsel failed to offer

evidence that the girl had had intercourse with a boy. The appellate court found that the

defendant received ineffective assistance of counsel. Anthony, 324 Ill. App. 3d at 186-87.

The court in Anthony points out that, in some instances, due process requires the admission

of evidence of the victim’s sexual history where that evidence is relevant to a critical aspect

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of the defense. Anthony, 324 Ill. App. 3d at 186. Therefore, the court should admit evidence

of an alleged sexual assault victim’s sexual history, despite the rape shield law, when “that

history explains some physical evidence, such as semen, pregnancy, or physical indications

of intercourse.” Anthony, 324 Ill. App. 3d at 186.

¶ 45 At trial, Patterson sought to present evidence that E.C. had sexual intercourse with her

boyfriend within a few days prior to the incident with Patterson, and the swab of E.C.’s

vagina held DNA from that boyfriend. The doctor who examined E.C. testified that the

redness of her cervix showed that she recently had sexual intercourse, and the prosecution

used that evidence to support the inference that E.C. had intercourse with Patterson, contrary

to his testimony about the incident. The excluded evidence here, like the excluded evidence

in Anthony, “provided a plausible alternative source of the State’s physical evidence and

would therefore be admissible under the constitutional exception provision of the rape shield

doctrine.” Anthony, 324 Ill. App. 3d at 186.

¶ 46 The State argues that the facts in this case more closely resemble the facts of Santos, 211

Ill. 2d 395, and People v. Freeman, 404 Ill. App. 3d 978 (2010), than the facts of Anthony.

The defendant in Santos sought to introduce evidence that the 16-year-old girl who accused

him of raping her had made two inconsistent out-of-court statements about the incident. He

argued that the evidence showed that she lied out of court, and he wanted to use the evidence

to persuade the jury that she lied again in court. The Santos court held that the defendant had

no constitutional right to introduce the evidence of impeachment on a matter collateral to the

victim’s testimony at trial. The court distinguished Anthony on grounds that the defendant

in Anthony had a constitutional right to present evidence of prior sexual intercourse with

someone other than the defendant to explain the physical evidence of the victim’s cleft

hymen. In Freeman, the State introduced evidence at trial that the victim had not had

intercourse before the defendant assaulted her. The Freeman court found that no exception

to the rape shield law permitted the introduction into evidence of this information about the

victim’s sexual history. Neither party argued that the defendant’s constitutional rights

required the court to allow the testimony about the victim’s virginity into evidence. Because

this case involves the defendant’s right to show an alternate explanation for physical

evidence the State introduced as part of its proof of sexual assault, we find this case most

similar to Anthony and not like Santos and Freeman.

¶ 47 The State in its petition for rehearing argues that Anthony applies only when the

complainant is a minor. That is, the State contends that the rape shield law requires the trial

court to admit evidence that a minor complainant had a sexual encounter that could explain

physical evidence of intercourse, but it bars the court from admitting the same evidence when

an adult complains of a sexual assault. Nothing in Anthony or the rape shield law supports

the rule the State seeks to apply. Whenever the State seeks to use physical evidence of

intercourse to support the inference that the alleged victim had intercourse with the

defendant, the court must permit the defendant to introduce evidence of the alleged victim’s

sexual history insofar as that history could provide a plausible alternative explanation for the

physical evidence. Anthony, 324 Ill. App. 3d at 186.

¶ 48 The State also argues that the evidence of intercourse with another man lacks relevance,

because of “myriad other–equally plausible–medical explanations for the existence of

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cervical inflammation, including infection, allergy, disease, birth control devices, etc.” If

these possibilities actually show the irrelevance of intercourse to explain the redness of

E.C.’s cervix, the court must exclude the doctor’s testimony that the redness shows that she

had intercourse not long before the examination, to support the inference that Patterson had

intercourse with E.C. See People v. Enis, 139 Ill. 2d 264, 281 (1990).

¶ 49 Following Anthony, we find that the trial court abused its discretion when it excluded

evidence that E.C. had intercourse with someone other than Patterson, because E.C.’s

intercourse with her boyfriend could account for the redness of her cervix. Therefore, on

retrial, if the State introduces any evidence of E.C.’s physical condition to show that she had

intercourse within a day or two of the medical examination, the court must permit the

defendant to introduce evidence that doctors found semen from E.C.’s boyfriend in her

vagina at the time of the medical examination.

¶ 50 In this case, because we remand for a new trial, we vacate the sentence and express no

opinion on Patterson’s challenge to the length of his sentence.

¶ 51 CONCLUSION

¶ 52 We reject Patterson’s challenge to the constitutionality of the statute that provides for the

automatic transfer to the criminal court of all charges of aggravated criminal sexual assault

brought against minors aged 15 or older. However, we find that the trial court erred when it

admitted into evidence a statement Patterson signed at the police station, because Patterson,

a minor with little exposure to the criminal justice system, had no concerned adult to assist

him during questioning at the police station. On remand, if the prosecution again presents

testimony that the doctor who examined E.C. found physical indications that E.C. had sexual

intercourse shortly before the examination, the court must permit the defense to present

evidence that semen from E.C.’s boyfriend remained in her vagina at the time of the

examination.

¶ 53 Reversed and remanded.

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