In re SIMPSON
Docket No

. 150404. Argued October 6, 2016 (Calendar No. 1 ) . Decided July 25 , 2017

. The Judicial Tenure Commission (JTC) filed a formal complaint against 14

- A District Court Judge J. Cedric Simpson, alleging three counts of judicial misconduct arising from an incident that occurred in Pittsfield Township on Sep tember 8, 2013

. Around 4:22 a.m. o n that date, Crystal M. Vargas, one of respondent’s interns, was involved in a motor vehicle accident near respondent’s home. Vargas immediately called respondent, and he arrived at the scene approximately 10 minutes aft er the accident had occurred. As the investigating officer was administering a field sobriety test, respondent identified himself to the officer as a judge, had a conversation with Vargas without the officer’s permission, and asked the officer whether Var gas needed a ride. The investigating officer administered a preliminary breath test (PBT) to Vargas , which indicated that Vargas had a breath

- alcohol content (BAC) over the legal limit , and she was placed under arrest. Later breathalyzer tests also indicated that Vargas’s BAC was over the legal limit but showed a lower BAC than did the PBT. R espondent contacted the township attorney who would be handling Vargas’s case, said that Vargas was his intern, and noted that Var gas would likely be involved in one of the attorney’s upcoming mediation cases. Respondent also observed the discrepancy between the PBT and the breathalyzer results and requested a copy of the police report. Respondent later contacted the attorney to di scuss defense attorneys Vargas might retain. Aft er an investigation into respondent’s conduct, the JTC filed its formal complaint alleg ing that respondent had interfered with the police investigation into the accident , interfered with Vargas’s prosecution , a nd made misrepresentations to the JTC. The Honorable Peter Houk, the master appointed to the case, found by a preponderance of the evidence that respondent’s actions constituted judicial misconduct on all three counts. The JTC agreed with these findin gs and concluded that respondent’s conduct violated the Michigan Code of Judicial Conduct and also constituted misconduct in office and conduct clearly prejudicial to the administration of justice under Const 1963, art 6, § 30(2) . The JTC recommended that respondent be removed from office and that cost s of $7,565.54 be imposed on him. Respondent petitioned the Supreme Court , requesting that it reject or modify the JTC’s decision and recommendation. Respondent also moved for a remand to the JTC to conside r some allegedly exculpatory information he had not received but that had been disclosed to the JTC examiner. The Supreme Court remanded the case to the JTC, the JTC remanded the case to the master, and the master decided that his previous findings were u naffected by the new evidence. The JTC also decided that the evidence did not affect its decision and recommendation. Respondent’s petition to reject or modify the JTC’s decision and recommendation remained before the Court. Michigan Supreme Court Lansing, Michigan 

# Syllabus Chief Justice: Stephen J. Markman Justices: Brian K. Zahra Bridget M. McCormack David F. Viviano Richard H. Bernstein Joan L. Larsen Kurtis T. Wilder This syllabus constitutes no part of the opinion of the Court but has been prepared by the Reporter of Decisions for the convenience of the reader
. Reporter of Decisions: Kathryn L. LoomisIn a n opinion by Justice V IV IANO , joined by Justices M C C ORMACK , B ERNSTEIN , and L ARSEN , the Supreme Court held : The JTC correctly found that respondent committed judicial misconduct, but it erred by concluding that removal from office was warranted. A suspension of nine months without pay
was proportional to the misconduct . Respondent was properly ordered to pay costs of $7,565.54 because he engaged in conduct involving “ intentional misrepresentation s ” or “ misleading statements ” under MCR 9.205(B)

. 1. The JTC properly concluded that t he first two allegations of judicial misconduct against respondent

— interference with the police investigation and interference with the prosecution

— were proved by a preponderance of the evidence

. With respect to the fi rst allegation, the facts showed that respondent approached Vargas and the investigating officer as sobriety tests were being performed and interrupted the sobriety

- testing process. Given that respondent was certainly aware that the officer was investigat ing whether Vargas was under the influence of alcohol or a controlled substance, when respondent introduced himself to the officer as “Judge Simpson,” he either failed to prudently guard against influencing the investigation or used his judicial office in an effort to interfere with it. Next, respondent spoke to Vargas during the investigation without the officer’s permission. Finally, respondent’s question regarding whether Vargas simply needed a ride was a transparent suggestion to the officer to end hi s investigation and allow respondent to drive Vargas away from the scene. Respondent’s behavior at the accident scene constitute d judicial misconduct because he used his position as a judge in an effort to scuttle a criminal investigation of his intern. With respect to the second allegation, the evidence indicated that r espondent interfered with the prosecution by improperly acting as Vargas’s legal advocate. Respondent succeeded in delaying the issuance of charges against Vargas when he convinced the to wnship attorney to hold off on the case. R espondent consulted the township attorney about the best defense attorney to represent Vargas, raised a question about the discrepancy between the results of the PBT and the breathalyzer, and requested a copy of t he police report.
2. With respect to the third allegation

— misrepresentations to the JTC

— t he JTC’s finding that respondent made an intentional misrepresentation or a misleading statement when he testified under oath that he had not had contact with Var gas between midnight and 4:00 a.m. on the morning of the accident was not proved by a preponderance of the evidence. Although respondent’s testimony about contacts during that time frame was inaccurate, his testimony suggested that he was uncertain about the contact, not that he intentionally misrepresented whether he and Vargas had contact. However, the JTC’s finding that respondent made an intentional misrepresentation or a misleading statement with regard to the purpose of the thousands of text messages and phone calls he and Vargas exchanged from August 2013 through November 2013 was proved by a preponderance of the evidence . Respondent admitted to the voluminous contacts between h imself and Vargas but indicated that the majority of th e contacts concerned a complex case Vargas was working on for respondent , but the record indicated that respondent and Vargas had already engaged in an excessive amount of communication before respondent received the evidence in the complex case. Accordin gly, t he JTC’s finding that respondent had made an intentional misrepresentation or a misleading statement was proved by a preponderance of the evidence. Although the JTC’s findings were not based on facts alleged inthe complaint , because respondent did not challenge the JTC’s findings on that basis, it was unnecessary to decide whether the JTC ’s consideration of facts not alleged in the complaint was improper.
3

. R espondent ’s interference with the police investigation and prosecution of his intern
a long with the intentional misrepresentation or misleading statement he made in his answer to the complaint in explaining the nature of the extensive communications between him and Vargas warranted a nine

- month suspension without pay and the imposition of c osts. The JTC was generally correct in concluding that four of the seven factors set forth in In re Brown , 461 Mich 1291 (2000) , weighed in favor of a more severe sanction. However, the Court’s overriding duty in deciding the appropriate sanction to impo se in judicial disciplinary proceedings is to treat equivalent cases of misconduct in an equivalent manner and unequivalent cases in a proportionate manner. The Supreme Court has consistently imposed the most severe sanction of removal on judges who testified falsely under oath. In this case, respondent’s false statement regarding the nature of his extensive communications with Vargas was given in the answer to the complaint . T he JTC did not prove that respondent’s answer was verified as required by MCR 9.209(B)(1) , and so it could not establish that the answer was given under oath. Accordingly, the most severe sanction of removal was not warranted in this case. Respondent’s case was most akin to In re Lawrence , 417 Mich 248 (1983), bec ause , in both cases, the respondent’s misconduct included misuse of the judicial office to benefit another and a nontestimonial misrepresentation. Because the respondent in Lawrence was suspended without pay for nine months for similarly serious misconduc t, an unpaid suspension of nine months was warranted in this case and was sufficient to protect the public from this type of judicial misconduct in the future. Under MCR 9.205(B), in addition to any other sanction imposed, a judge may be ordered to pay th e costs, fees, and expenses incurred by the JTC in prosecuting the complaint if the judge engaged in conduct involving fraud, deceit, or intentional misrepresentation or if the judge made misleading statements to the JTC, the JTC’s investigators, the maste r, or the Supreme Court. Because respondent engaged in conduct involving “intentional misrepresentation” or “misleading statements” under MCR 9.205(B), the JTC properly requested imposition of the costs, fees, and expenses it incurred in prosecuting the c omplaint. 4. Contrary to the suggestion of the partial dissent, t here are many reasons not to address allegations of misconduct that were not found and recommended to the Court by the JTC . In particular, In re Mikesell , 396 Mich 517 (1976), held that to do so would violate our state’s Constitution . I t would also violate the court rules, which suggest that the Court has the authority only to accept or reject the recommendations of the JTC unless they relate to the sanction

. Further, a respondent judge i s entitled to notice of the charges and a reasonable opportunity to respond to them. Without such notice, it is not clear how a respondent judge would know which charges are at issue and, therefore, which ones he or she should substantively add ress when a case proceeds to the Michigan Supreme Court. Whatever could be said about such a regime, it would not provide a full panoply of procedural guarantees for adjudicating alle gations of judicial misconduct.
Nine

- month suspension without pay and costs of $7,565.54 imposed

.Chief Justice M ARKMAN , joined by Justice Z AHRA , concurring in part and dissenting in part, would have considered an additional two occasions on which respondent lied under oath

— without regard to the fact that the two lie s were not reflected in the complaint’s allegations or the JTC’s recommendation

— and weighed them accordingly to determine respondent’s proper sanction. R espondent falsely responded, under oath, to a question before the master about his purpose i n going to the accident scene, and he also gave a false explanation in his sworn testimony before the master to explain his purpose for calling the township attorney. The majority’s rationale for not taking the two sworn lies into consideration is apparently that n either instance of misconduct was specifically alleged in the JTC’s recommendation. These additional lies are further examples of the misconduct with which respondent is charged and , if taken into consideration, would increase the sanction imposed on resp ondent . Nothing in past caselaw supports the majority’s implicit reasoning for its failure to consider the two additional lies. Misconduct discernable from the record does, under Michigan law, constitute a basis on which this Court may impose judicial di scipline, even if that misconduct is not specifically identified in the JTC’s recommendation. Morever, respondent in the instant case would suffer no prejudice or any miscarriage of justice were this Court to hold him accountable for his lies offered while under oath . Respondents are aware of their obligation to tell the truth in disciplinary proceedings and that they could be disciplined for false testimony. A respondent should also not be given a lesser sanction for a false statement in answer to t he complaint’s allegations simply because the JTC has failed to prove that the respondent’s answers were verified . Any untrue statement by a respondent frustrates this Court’s constitutional obligation to uphold the integrity and reputation of the judicia ry. An appropriate sanction in this case should take into account all of respondent’s lies.
Justice W ILDER took no part in the decision of this case.

© 201 7 State of MichiganFILED July 25, 2017

S T A T E O F M I C H I G A N
SUPREME COURT

In re Honorable J. CEDRIC SIMPSON , Judge, 14A District Court

.

No. 150404

BEFORE THE ENTIRE BENCH ( e xcept W ILDER , J.)

V IVIANO , J

. This case is before this Court on the recommendation of the Judicial Tenure Commission (JTC) that respondent, 14A District Court Judge J. Cedric Simpson, be
removed from office and ordered to pay $7,565.54 in costs

. Respondent has filed a petition requesting that t his Court reject or modify the recommendation. After reviewing the record and considering the parties’ arguments, w e agree with the JTC that respondent committed judicial misconduct and that the imposition of costs is warranted

. However, Michigan Supreme Court Lansing, Michigan 

# OPINION Chief Justice: Stephen J. M arkman Justices: Brian K. Zahra Bridget M. McCormack David F. Viviano Richard H. Bernstein Joan L. Larsen Kurtis T. Wilder2 we disagree with the JTC that removal from office is warranted. Instead, we conclude
that a nine

- month suspension without pay is the appropriate sanction

. I. FACTS Respondent is a judge of the 14A District Court and therefore subject to the Michigan Code of J udicial C onduct

. He has no history of misconduct. At the time relevant to this case, he was an adjunct professor at the Ann Arbor campus of Western Michigan University Cooley Law School. During the 2013 summer term, Crystal Vargas was a student in respondent’s P retrial Skills class. In June 2013, Ms. Vargas sought an internship with respondent in the 14A District Court. Respondent accepted Ms. Vargas, and she started her internship on July 10, 2013. Within days, respondent and Ms. Vargas began communicating wi th each other by telephone call and text message on a frequent
basis. Cellular records indicate that several thousand communications were exchanged between respondent and Ms. Vargas from July 23 , 2013, to November 30, 2013. Those communications were exchanged at all times of the day and night and on weekends as
well. On September 7, 2013, respondent and Ms. Vargas exchanged seven phone calls and numerous text messages

. This was consistent with their pattern of communicatio n during that summer and fall

. On September 8, 2013, respondent and Ms. Vargas exchanged six text messages between 1:25 a.m. and 2:29 a.m., and th ey exchanged an additional six text messages between 4:20 a.m. and 4:23 a.m. At about th e time the latter

gr oup of text messages was exchanged , Ms. Vargas was involved in a motor vehicle3 accident at the intersection of Platt Road and Michigan Avenue, less than two miles from respondent’s home. Ms. Vargas called respondent at 4:24 a.m., shortly after the acciden t. Within a few minutes, while Ms. Vargas was still on the phone with respondent, Pittsfield Township Police Officer Robert Cole arrived at the scene and began investigating whether Ms. Vargas was under the influence of alcohol. At about 4:30 a.m., as Of ficer Cole was administering field sobriety tests to Ms. Vargas, respondent
arrived at the scene. Respondent approached Officer Cole and identified himself as “Judge Simpson.” Officer Cole recognized respondent as a judge, stopped the tests,
walked towar d respondent, and proceeded to briefly explain that Ms. Vargas had been
involved in an accident

. 1 Respondent then approached Ms. Vargas without Officer Cole’s permission and had a brief conversation with her

. Officer Cole informed respondent that Ms. Vargas was okay and that he wanted to determine whether she was
fit to drive. Respondent asked, “Well, does she just need a ride or something?” Respondent moved away from the immediate vicinity, and Officer Cole continued with the sobriety tests. B ased on the results of the tests, Officer Cole administered a preliminary breath test (PBT) to Ms. Vargas. The PBT indicated that Ms. Vargas had a
breath

- alcohol content (BAC) of 0.137 % , and Officer Cole placed her under arrest.

1 Officer Cole later testified during the JTC proceedings that when a family member or friend arrives at the scene of such an investigation, he is trained to “tell them that I’ll be back with them in ten or fifteen minutes, whenever I’m done figuring out if they’ve been drinking or not, and then go back and make contact with them.” However, Officer Cole did not do so in this case “[b]ecause he’s not just a family member. He’s Judge Simpson, so I’m going to talk with him.”4 Afterward, respondent left the scene, and Ms. Vargas was transported to the Pittsfield Township Police Department. Because Officer Cole had never had a judge appear at an investigation scene, he promptly informed his supervisor, Sergeant Henry Fusik, about respondent’s appearance. Se rgeant Fusik, in turn, informed the Director of Public Safety, Chief Matthew Harshberger, about the situation. Sergeant Fusik instructed Officer Cole to process Ms. Vargas’s case as he would any other case. Officer Cole subsequently administered two brea thalyzer tests to Ms. Vargas, both of which indicated
a BAC of 0.10 %

. On September 10, 2013, the day before the police department issued a warrant request to Pittsfield Township Attorney Victor Lillich, Mr. Lillich received a telephone call from responden t. According to Mr. Lillich, respondent told him during the telephone
conversation that Ms. Vargas was his intern and a “good kid” who was in a “pretty bad relationship.” Respondent also told Mr. Lillich that Ms. Vargas “would be the one who would probably be doing some of the work” on an upcoming mediation case with which
Mr. Lillich was involved. In addition, respondent observed that there was a discrepancy between the PBT and the breathalyzer results. Mr. Lill ich responded that the discrepancy

“ would not be a big concern” in his decision to issue charges. Respondent requested, and
Mr. Lillich agreed to provide him with , a copy of the police report. On September 15, 2013, Mr. Lillich e - mail ed the police report to respondent. In
the e - mail , Mr. Lillich advised respondent that the case presented “nothing out of the5 ordinary” beyond the discrepancy between the PBT and the breathalyzer results, and Mr.
Lillich stated that he “would be authorizing an OWI 1st” charg e against Ms. Vargas. 2 On September 17, 2013, respondent again called Mr. Lillich

. According to Mr. Lillich, the “conversation was primarily about” criminal defense attorneys. In particular,
Mr. Lillich explained that he and respondent discussed the nam es of “good defense attorneys” that Ms. Vargas could retain. Additionally, Mr. Lillich agreed to “sit” on the
case until Ms. Vargas retained an attorney. In October 2013, Chief Harshberger sent an e - mail to Mr. Lillich inquiring about the status of the Vargas case. Mr. Lillich replied that he was “sitting on” the case “out of respect and defference [sic] to Judge Simpson .” A few days later, however, Mr. Lillich returned the case to the Pittsfield Township Police Depar tment as “denied,” with a notation to refer the case to the county prosecutor. The return document indicated that
Mr. Lillich disqualified himself from the case “to avoid any inference of impropriety” because respondent had contacted him regarding “his in tern, Crystal Vargas.” 3 The JTC investigated respondent for his conduct related to the Vargas case. On November 12, 2014, the JTC filed a f ormal complaint against respondent, alleging that he had committed the following three counts of misconduct: (1) int erfering with a police

2 That is, Mr. Lillich indicated that he would authorize a charge of operating while intoxicated (OWI), first offense , under MCL 257.625(1)

.
3 On October 28, 2013, the Pittsfield Township Police Department resubmitted the Vargas warrant request to the Washtenaw County Prosecutor’s Office, and within a week, Ms. Vargas was charged with OWI, first offense. Following the disqualification of the entire 14A District Court bench, a visiting judge from the 53d District Court was assigned to the case. On January 8, 2014, Ms. Vargas pleaded guilt y as charged.6 investigation, (2) interfering with a prosecution, and (3) making misrepresentations to the
JTC. On December 17, 2014, this Court appointed the Honorable Peter Houk to serve as

master. T he master conducted a three

- day hearing and t hen issued his report on April 28, 2015, finding that each of the three counts of misconduct was proved by a preponderance
of the evidence

. On September 1, 2015, the JTC issued its decision and recommendation for discipline. The JTC found by a preponderan ce of the evidence that respondent interfered with a police investigation, interfered with a prosecution, and made intentional misrepresentations or misleading statements to the JTC

. Further, the JTC concluded that
the misconduct constituted “ misconduct in office ” and “ conduct

. . . clearly prejudicial to the administration of justice, ” Const 1963, art 6, § 30(2) , 4 and that respondent violated

4 Const 1963, art 6, § 30(2) states as follows: On recommendation of the judicial tenure commission, the supreme court may censure, suspend with or without salary, retire or remove a judge for conviction of a felony, physical or mental disabi lity which prevents the performance of judicial duties, misconduct in office, persistent failure to perform his duties, habitual intemperance or conduct that is clearly prejudicial to the administration of justice. The supreme court shall make rules implem enting this section and providing for confidentiality and privilege of proceedings.7 the Michigan Code of Judicial Conduct Canons 1, 5 2 ( A ) , 6 and 2 ( B ) , 7 as well as
MCR 9.104(1), (2), (3), and (4)

. 8 In determining the appropriate recommended sanction,

5 Canon 1 states, in relevant part, as follows: An independent and honorable judiciary is indispensable to justice in our society. A judge should participate in establishi ng, maintaining, and enforcing, and should personally observe, high standards of conduct so that the integrity and independence of the judiciary may be preserved. A judge should always be aware that the judicial system is for the benefit of the litigant a nd the public, not the judiciary.

6 Canon 2 ( A ) states as follows: Public confidence in the judiciary is eroded by irresponsible or improper conduct by judges. A judge must avoid all impropriety and appearance of impropriety. A judge must expect to be the subject of constant public scrutiny. A judge must therefore accept restrictions on conduct that might be viewed as burdensome by the ordinary citizen and should do so freely and willingly.

7 Canon 2 ( B ) states, in relevant part, as follows: A judge should respect and observe the law. At all times, the conduct and manner of a judge should promote public confidence in the integrity and impartiality of the judiciary.

8 MCR 9.104 states , in relevant part , as follows :
T he following acts or omissions by an attorney, individually or in concert with another person, are misconduct and grounds for discipline, whether or not occurring in the course of an attorney

- client relationship: (1) conduct prejudicial to the proper administration of justice; (2) conduct tha t exposes the legal profession or the courts to obloquy, contempt, censure, or reproach; (3) conduct that is contrary to justice, ethics, honesty, or good morals;8 the JTC assessed the factors set forth in In re Brown 9 and concluded that the misconduct implicated four of the seven Brown factors and thus “a more severe sanction” was
warranted. The JTC then concluded “ that removal from office [ was ] an appropriate and proportional sanction for Respondent’s misconduct.” In addition, the JTC requested the imposition of costs in the amount of $7,565.54 because “Respondent made intentional misrepres entations or misleading statements to the [JTC] in his answer to the formal complaint, and during his testimony at the public hearing.” 10 Thereafter, respondent filed a petition in this Court to reject or modify the JTC’s
decision and recommendation. In ad dition, respondent filed a motion to remand to the JTC for further proceedings based on allegedly exculpatory information that was disclosed as a result of a Freedom of Information Act (FOIA) request to the Pittsfield Township Department of Public Safety. Respondent claimed that the FOIA request revealed significant exculpatory evidence concerning the first two counts of the complaint that had been disclosed to the JTC examiner but not to respondent. 11 We
remanded the case to the JTC. The JTC, in turn, re manded the case to the master for a

(4) conduct that violates the standards or rules of professional conduct adopted by the Supreme Court[.]

9 In re Brown , 461 Mich 1291 , 1291

- 1 293 ; 625 NW2d 744 ( 2000 ).

10 According to the JTC, the $7,565.54 amount represented “the costs, fees, and expenses incurred by the [JTC] in prosecuting the complaint. See MCR 9.205(B).”

11 For instance, t he alleged exculpatory evidence included a September 8, 2013 e

- mail from Chief Harshberger to Sergeant Fusik stating that Officer Cole had “handled everything by the numbers.”9 determination of whether the evidence would alter his findings, how the nondisclosure occurred, and the reasons for the nondisclosure. After conducting a two

- day hearing, the
master concluded that the evidence did not a lter his previous findings. In addition , the
JTC concluded that the evidence did not affect its decision and recommendation. 12 Respondent’s petition to modify or reject the JTC’s decision and recommendation is now
before this Court.

II. STANDARD OF REVIE W
“Judicial tenure cases come to this Court on recommendation of the JTC, but the authority to discipline judicial officers rests solely in the Michigan Supreme Court. ” 13
This Court reviews de novo the JTC’s findings of fact, conclusions of law, and

recom mendation s for discipline. 14 “The Court may accept or reject the recommendations of the JTC or modify them by imposing greater, lesser, or entirely different sanctions.” 15 The examiner has the burden to prove each allegation of judicial misconduct by a preponderance of the evidence. 16 “ ‘[I]t is the JTC’s, not the master’s conclusions and recommendations that are ultimately subject to review by this Court.’ ” 17

12 Although we agree with the master and the JTC that this evidence was improperl y withheld, we also agree that it does not materially exculpate respondent.

13 In re Morrow , 496 Mich 291, 298; 854 NW2d 89 (2014).

14 Id

.
15 In re James , 492 Mich 553, 559

- 560; 821 NW2d 144 (2012).

16 In re Morrow , 496 Mich at 298.

17 In re Adams , 494 Mich 162, 170 n 8; 833 NW2d 897 (2013), quoting In re Chrzanowski , 465 Mich 468, 481; 636 NW2d 758 (2001) (alteration in original ).10 III. ANALYSIS
A. FINDINGS OF FACT
1

. COUNT 1 : INTERFER E NCE WITH THE POLICE INVESTIGATION

T he JTC concurred with the master’s finding with respect to Count 1 , stating that “a preponderance of the evidence showed that Respondent used his judicial office to interfere, or to attempt to interfere, with the police investigation.” We agree.
The fact s show that respondent exited his vehicle and approached Ms. Vargas and Officer Cole as sobriety tests were being performed. Indeed, respondent interrupt ed the sobriety

- testing process. Respondent, who had prosecuted numerous drunk

- driving cases
on behal f of Superior Township before he became a judge, was certainly aware that
Officer Cole was investigating whether Ms. Vargas was under the influence of alcohol or
a controlled substance

. Given these circumstances , when respondent began his
interaction with Officer Cole b y introducing himself as “Judge Simpson , ” he appears at
best to have failed to prudently guard against influencing the investigation and at worst to
have used his judicial office in a not

- so - subtle e ffort to interfere with the investigation

. Indeed, but for respondent’s status as a judge, Officer Cole would not have spoken to respondent until Officer Cole completed his investigation. Next, respondent spoke to Ms. Vargas during the investigation with out Officer Cole’s permission

— another action an ordinary citizen would not have been permitted to take

. Finally , r espondent ’s question

— “Well, does she just need a ride or something?”

— was a transparent suggestion to Officer11 Cole to end his investigation an d allow respondent to drive Ms. Vargas away from the

scene. 18
We believe that respondent’s behavior at the accident scene constitute s judicial
misconduct. Respondent used his position as a judge in an effort to scuttle a criminal investigation of his int ern. Count 1 was proved by a preponderance of the evidence.
2

. COUNT 2 : INTERFERENCE WITH THE CRIMINAL PROSECUTION

The JTC concurred with the master’s finding with respect to C ount 2 , stating that “a preponderance of the evidence showed that Respondent interfered, or attempted to interfere, with the prosecution of the criminal case against Ms. Vargas.” We agree.
The facts show that before Mr. Lillich, the township prosecutor, had even received a warrant request, respondent contacted him to discuss his intern’s arrest. 19 Respondent
described Ms. Vargas as a “good kid” who was in a “pretty bad relationship.” In addition, respondent remind ed Mr. Lillich that he had met Ms. Vargas in the past and would be working with her in the future . Finally , responden t rais ed an evidentiary
issue

— the discrepancy between the PBT and breathalyzer results. We believe respondent’s purpose in making these statements was to advocate on behalf of Ms. Vargas and to persuade Mr. Lillich to deny the impending warrant request.

18 As stated by the master, “Respondent’s question clearly implies that he [was] available to short circuit the process.”

19 Bec ause Mr. Lillich appeared in respondent’s court, he was obviously aware of respondent’s status as a judge.12 A fter receiv ing a copy of the police report, respondent again contacted Mr. Lillich. During this conversation, as found by the master and the JTC , respondent discussed with
Mr. Lillich potential defense attorneys to represent Ms. Vargas. In addition, the
conversation resulted in Mr. Lillich ’s agreeing to “sit” on the case until Ms. Vargas retained an attorney who could discuss any potential “problems” with the case. Several weeks later, w hen Chief Harshberger inquired about the status of the case, Mr. Li llich acknowledged respondent’s involvement in the matter and stated that he was “sitting on” the case out of respe ct and deference to respondent. Indeed, respondent’s involvement in
the case was cited as the reason that Mr. Lillich denied authorization o f the warrant and disqualified himself.
We believe that each of these actions

— individually and taken together

— constitute s judicial misconduct. Respondent improperly acted as a legal advocate for Ms. Vargas and used his position as a judge to thwart the township’s criminal prosecution of
his intern. And he succeeded for a time in delaying the issuance of the charges. C ount 2

was proved by a preponderance of the evidence

. 3

. COUNT 3 : MISREPRESENTATIONS With respect to Count 3 , we are confronted with an unusual circumstance : None of the JTC’s findings is traceable to the allegations of misconduct in the complaint. 20 The

20 Indeed, both of the remaining allegations relate to facts occurring after the complaint was filed

— the evidence on which the JTC relies is the answe r to the complaint and a small portion of respondent’s testimony under oath at the public hearing. It is clear that the JTC can proceed on additional charges arising after the complaint is filed, see e.g., MCR 9.209(B)(2) (“ Wilful concealment, misrepresen tation, or failure to file an answer and disclosure are additional grounds for disciplinary action under the complaint. ”). But MCR 9.213 provides the proper procedure for giving a respondent notice of the JTC’s13 JTC’s allegations concerning respondent’s alleged misrepresentations are contained in ¶¶ 64

- 85 of the complaint. Although the master found that certain of these allegations

were proved by a preponderance of the evidence and that others were not, 21 the JTC did
intention to amend the complaint. If the co mplaint is amended, the respondent must be given an opportunity to defend against the charges. MCR 9.213 provides: The master, before the conclusion of the hearing, or the commission, before its determination, may allow or require amendments of the compl aint or the answer. The complaint may be amended to conform to the proofs or to set forth additional facts, whether occurring before or after the commencement of the hearing. If an amendment is made, the respondent must be given reasonable time to answer the amendment and to prepare and present a defense against the matters charged in the amendment. Like the JTC, we have declined to address charges that are not formally charged in the complaint. See In re Hocking , 451 Mich 1, 4

- 5 ; 546 NW2d 234 (1996) ( “ The commission also found a ‘strong indication of a pattern of gender bias,’ but refused to make a formal finding in this regard because gender bias was not an allegation formally charged in the complaint.”); id . at 24 (“ Thus, because the complaint did not charge, and the evidence does not establish, gender bias, we agree that such a conclusion is inappropriate. ”). See also In re Hague , 412 Mich 532, 563 n 11; 315 NW2d 524 (1982) (“ The supplemental complaint to Formal Complaint No. 23 is the sole basis for the Court’ s [findings of misconduct] in this case. ” ). In this case, no amended complaint was filed. However, because respondent has not challenged the JTC’s findings on this basis, we need not decide whether the JTC improperly considered facts not allege d in the complaint.

21 The master made no findings of misconduct regarding the misrepresentations alleged in ¶¶ 64

- 67 of the complaint (regarding respondent’s statements to the JTC about his contacts and relationship with Ms. Vargas), instead focusing, like the JTC did in its findings, on respondent’s answer to ¶ 65, which is discussed in more detail later in this opinion. The master found that the allegations in ¶¶ 68

- 69 of the complaint (regarding respondent’s reason for appearing at the accident scene) w ere proved by a preponderance of the evidence. The master did not address the allegations in ¶¶ 70

- 71 (regarding whether respondent spoke with Officer Cole while Officer Cole was administering sobriety tests to Ms. Vargas). The master found that the alle gations in ¶¶ 72

- 75 (regarding whether respondent was truthful in his correspondence with the JTC concerning whether his actions at the scene intruded on Officer Cole’s investigation and14 not adopt any of these findings. Instead, the JTC made two additional findings not based on the allegations in the complaint, onl y one of which was addressed by the master. In particular, the JTC found that respondent made “an intentional misrepresentation or misleading statement when he testified under oath at the public hearing that he had no contact with Ms. Vargas between midni ght and 4:00 a.m. on September 8, 2013.” The JTC also found that respondent made “an intentional misrepresentation or a misleading statement” in his answer to ¶ 65 of the complaint regarding the purpose of the large volume of telephone calls and text mess ages he exchanged with Ms. Vargas between August 1, 2013 , and November 30, 2013

. Because we have long held that our focus in judicial disciplinary proceedings is on the JTC’s findings, 22 it is to those findings that we now turn.
whether he asked for, suggested, or implied that he wanted special tr eatment for Ms. Vargas), were proved by a preponderance of the evidence. The master found that the allegations in ¶¶ 76

- 79 (regarding whether respondent was truthful in his correspondence with the JTC concerning whether Ms. Vargas showed up at his home un expectedly after her release from jail, and whether he only had “snippets” of conversations with Ms. Vargas after the date of the accident) were not proved. Finally, with respect to the allegations in ¶¶ 80

- 85 (regarding whether respondent was truthful in his correspondence with the JTC concerning the purpose of his interactions with the township attorney), the master concluded that respondent “was not truthful in his answers” for the reasons expressed elsewhere in the master’s report.

22 See In re Mikesell , 396 Mich 517, 524

- 526; 243 NW2d 86 (1976). In In re Mikesell , we explained that “[u]nder Const 1963, art 6, § 30(2), this Court may take action against a judge ‘[o]n the recommendation of the judicial tenure commission.’ ” Id

. at 524 ( second alteration in original)

. Applying the rule in that case, the Court explained: Thus, while the original complaint filed against the respondent contained 14 paragraphs of which 12 were allegations of misconduct, this Court concerns itself only with paragraphs 9

- 14 of the complaint. The Commission adopted and confirmed the report of the Master in all respects. The Master found that the allegations of paragraphs 3

- 8 of the complaint15 The JTC first found that “ [r] espondent made an intentional misrepresentation or misleading statement when he testified under oath at the public hearing that he had no contact with Ms. Vargas between midnight and 4:00 a.m. on September 8, 2013. ” In particular, t he JTC found that the following exchange constituted a misrepresentation or misleading statement under oath:

Examiner : Did you have any contact with Ms. Vargas between midnight and 3:30 that morning? Respondent : Which morning?
Examiner : I’m sorry. On the day that she wa s -- on the morning she was arrested, did you have any contact with her between midnight and 3:30 or 4:00 that morning? Respondent : No.
Examiner : And when you say no, that’s not by text messages or anything else; correct? Respondent : I don’t believe the re were any text messages. I don’t believe that there was any contact. In fact, telephone records indicated that respondent and Ms. Vargas exchanged six text messages between 1:25 a.m. and 2:29 a.m. on September 8, 2013. Thus, respondent did

not provide accurate information when he testified that he did not have any contact with
Ms. Vargas during that time frame.

were not proven. They are not part of the recommendation of the Commission and will n ot be considered by this Court . [ Id . (emphasis added).]
See also In re Chrzanowski , 465 Mich at 481 (“[P]ursuant to [Const 1963, art 6, § 30(2)], it is the JTC’s, not the master’s conclusions and recommendations that are ultimately subject to review by this Court.”).16 Nonetheless, it is not clear that respondent made a n intentional misrepresentation to the JTC through this testimony. After answering “no” to the examiner’s question about whether he had any contact with Ms. Vargas between midnight and 3:30 or 4:00 on the morning at issue, respondent equivocated by adding that he did not “believe” that there was any communication. 23 Moreover, r espondent acknowledged during the hearing
that he communicated with Ms. Vargas “into the evening” of September 7, 2013. And the JTC found that respondent did not testify falsely about his contacts with Ms. Vargas after 4:00 a.m. on September 8, 2013, i.e. , the period during which the accident occurred.
Therefore , considering this context, it appears that respondent simply may not have
recall ed the precise timing of a few of the many communications he had with Ms. Vargas

— communications that were not centra l to the allegations of misconduct in this

case. We find that respondent’s testimony on this point was careless and that he provided inaccurate information. However, we do not believe that the JTC has sustained its burden of proving by a preponderance of the evidence that respondent made an intentional misrepresentation or misleading statement regarding his contacts with Ms. Vargas before 4:00 a.m. on September 8, 2013. Consequently, we reject the JTC’s
conclusion that this alleged act constituted miscon duct.

23 And, perhaps as a result, the JTC equivocated as well, finding that “[r]espondent made an intentional misrep resentation or misleading statement .” ( Emphasis added. ) That is, the JTC did not specifically find that respondent made “an intentional misrepresent at ion.” If the JTC intended to communicate a finding that respondent made an “intentional misrepresentati on,” it should not have expressed its finding in the alternative.17 Second, the JTC found that “ [r] espondent made an intentional misrepresentation or a misleading statement regarding the purpose for the thousands of texts [sic] messages he exchanged with Ms. Vargas between August 1, 2013, and November 30, 2013.” This particular finding refers to respondent’s answer to ¶ 65 of the formal complaint , in which, after admitting the factual allegation, respondent stated that “the vast bulk of the communications related to a complex, sensitive project Ms. Vargas was work ing on for Judge Simpson in the case of People v Nader Nassif , #CRW 13

- 1244

- FH.” Under MCR 9.209(B)(1), the answer to the complaint must be “verified by the respondent.” Although the answer was signed by respondent, the JTC has not shown that it was veri fied. There is no indication in the record that respondent verified the answer by oath or affirmation, MCR 2.114(B)(2)(a), or by a signed and dated declaration, MCR 2.114(B)(2)(b). Nevertheless, any misrepresentations or misleading statements in responde nt’s unverified answer may still be grounds for a finding of misconduct. See MCR 9.209(B)(2) (“Wilful concealment, misrepresentation, or failure to file an answer and disclosure are additional grounds for disciplinary action under the complaint.”).
With regard to this finding of misconduct , we agree with the JTC that respondent
made “ a n intentional misrepresentation or a misleading statement

. ” The sheer number of
communications

— which were frequently exchanged during the night and on weekends

— is inconsis tent with respondent’s explanation that the communications related to court business, including an in camera review of evidence in the Nassif case

. Moreover, respondent testified that he learned that the Nassif case was assigned to him on August 11 or 12, and that his court did not receive the evidence for the in camera review until September 12

. Yet respondent and Ms. Vargas had already exchanged a surfeit of18 communications by then

. In addition, this explanation was inconsistent with another explanation advanced by respondent

— that the communications were attributable to the “problems” that Ms. Vargas was having with her former boyfriend, who allegedly had
been violent toward her

. 24

O n the basis of the foregoing evidence , we affirm the JTC’s f inding that respondent made “ a n intentional misrepresentation or a misleading statement” when he
attributed the “vast bulk” of his communications with Ms. Vargas to the Nassif case. 25
We believe the JTC’s finding has been proved by a preponderance of the e vidence.

B

. CONCLUSIONS OF LAW

As stated above , t he JTC concluded that respondent’s misconduct constituted misconduct in office, Const 1963, art 6, § 30(2) and MCR 9.205; conduct clearly prejudicial to the administration of justice, Const 1963, art 6, § 30(2) and MCR 9.205; a failure to establish, maintain, enforce, and personally observe high standards of conduct

24 While a judge may certainly defend against the charges within the bounds of the law, he or she cannot make knowingly false statements in the course of a JTC investigation. See generally, In re Noecker , 472 Mich 1, 18; 691 NW2d 440 (2005) ( Y OUNG , J., concurring) (“[W] here a respondent is not repentant, but engages in deceitful behavior during the course of a Judicial Tenure Commission disciplinary investigation, the sanction must be measura bly greater

. ”).

25 Although there is no direct evidence of the precise nature of the relationship between respondent and Ms. Vargas, it is evident based on the multitudinous communications between them that the relationship far exceeded the professional bou ndaries we would expect in any workplace, especially in a judge’s chambers. However, the JTC did not make any charges against respondent for having an inappropriate relationship with his intern. Instead, the formal complaint alleged only that he made fal se statements to the JTC concerning the nature and extent of his relationship, personal contacts, and communications with Ms. Vargas

— allegations that were not resolved by either the master or the JTC in their respective findings.19 so that the integrity and independence of the judiciary may be preserved, contrary to Canon 1; irresponsible or improper conduct that erodes public confidence in the judiciary, contrary to Canon 2 ( A ) ; conduct involving impropriety and the appearance of impropriety, contrary to Canon 2 ( A ) ; a failure to respect and observe the law and to
conduct oneself at all times in a manner that would enhance t he public’s confidence in the integrity and impartiality of the judiciary, contrary to Canon 2 ( B ) ; conduct that is prejudicial to the proper administration of justice, contrary to MCR 9.104(1); conduct that exposes the legal profession or the courts to obl oquy, contempt, censure, or reproach, contrary to MCR 9.104(2); conduct that is contrary to justice, ethics, honesty , or good morals, contrary to MCR 9.104(3); and conduct that violates the standards or rules of professional conduct adopted by the Supreme Court, contrary to MCR 9.104(4). 26 We agree with the JTC in most respects but we decline to decide whether respondent committed misconduct in office, contrary to Const 1963, art 6, § 30(2) and MCR 9.205, because it is not necessary for us to reach that qu estion

. 27

26 We note that it is unclear whether MCR 9.104 even applies in this context because that rule, and the entire subchapter in which it appears, govern s professional disciplinary proceedings before the Attorney Discipline Board

— not disciplinary proceedings bef ore the JTC; however, because respondent has not challenged the JTC’s conclusions on this basis, we do not address the issue.

27 R espondent argues that he cannot be found liable for “misconduct in office” because his conduct did not constitute the common

- la w offense of misconduct in office. See People v Coutu , 459 Mich 348, 354; 589 NW2d 458 (1999), quoting Perkins & Boyce, Criminal Law (3d ed), p 543 (“At common law, misconduct in office constituted ‘corrupt behavior by an officer in the exercise of the du ties of his office or while acting under color of his office.’ ”). Although this Court has not yet addressed whether “misconduct in office , ” under Const 1963, art 6, § 30(2) and MCR 9.205(B) , is limited to the common

law offense, we have repeatedly sugges ted that it is not so limited. See , e.g., In re Probert , 411 Mich 210, 234

- 235; 308 NW2d 773 (1981) (in which the respondent,20 C

. SANCTION The JTC recommends that this Court remove respondent from office as “an appropriate and proportional sanction for Respondent’s misconduct” because respondent “intentionally used his status as a judge in an attempt to influence the investigation and prosecution of [a] criminal case for the benefit of his intern” and “made intentional misrepresentations or misleading statements, under oath, at the public hearing and in his answer to the formal complaint.” The JTC arrived at this recommendation after assessing
the Brown factors and concluding that “a more severe sanction” was warranted.
The seven Brown factors are as follows: (1) misconduct that is part of a patte rn or practice is more serious than an isolated instance of misconduct; (2) misconduct on the bench is usually more serious than the same misconduct off the bench; (3) misconduct that is prejudicial to the actual administration of justice is more serious t han misconduct that is prejudicial only to the appearance of propriety; (4) misconduct that does not implicate the actual administration of justice, or its appearance of impropriety, is less serious than misconduct that does;

among other acts of misconduct, “p rocured an employment test for his friend, and assisted her in preparing answers in advance of the test ,” and this Court agreed with the JTC that the respondent was liable for misconduct in office and conduct clearly prejudicial to the administration of justice because those acts were “ within the purview of Const 1963, a rt 6, § 30, and GCR 1963, 932 .4”) (quotation marks omitted). We need not address whether respondent may be found liable for “misconduct in office , ” however, given our conclusion that respondent engaged in “ conduct that is clearly prejudicial to the administration of justice ” under th e same constitutional provision and therefore may be sanctioned by this Court.21 (5) misconduct that occurs spo ntaneously is less serious than misconduct that is premeditated or deliberated; (6) misconduct that undermines the ability of the justice system to discover the truth of what occurred in a legal controversy, or to reach the most just result in such a case, is more serious than misconduct that merely delays such discovery; (7) misconduct that involves the unequal application of justice on the basis of such considerations as race, color, ethnic background, gender, or religion are more serious than breaches of justice that do not disparage the integrity of the system on the basis of a class of citizenship. [ 28 ]

The JTC stated that four of the seven Brown factors weighed in favor of a more serious sanction; only the first and seventh factors did not. The JTC’s di scussion of the second factor did not specifically address whether the second factor weighed in favor of a more
serious sanction. We generally agree with the JTC’s assessment. With regard to the first factor, we agree with the JTC that the factor does no t weigh in favor of a more serious sanction because “[t]here was no evidence

. . . that Respondent repeated similar misconduct in other cases.” Indeed, we find it noteworthy that there is no evidence that respondent committed any misconduct in other cases , which we bear in mind when determining the appropriate sanction. With regard to the second factor, the JTC properly noted that respondent’s misconduct did not occur on the bench but nonetheless involved his position as a judge. The third and fourth fac tors counsel a graver sanction because, as the JTC discussed, respondent interfered in a criminal investigation and prosecution, then misrepresented certain facts during the JTC investigation. The fifth factor weighs in
favor of a more severe sanction bec ause respondent’s repeated efforts to prematurely end

28 In re Brown , 461 Mich at 1292

- 1293.22 Ms. Vargas’s criminal matter, as well as his lack of candor in the JTC proceedings, evidence a premeditated endeavor to commit misconduct. Regarding the sixth factor, we agree with the JTC that it just ifies a greater sanction, albeit on different grounds. As noted above, we disagree with the JTC’s conclusion that respondent made intentional misrepresentations or misleading statements at the public hearing . However, we conclude that respondent’s miscon duct in interfering with the police investigation and criminal prosecution undermined the ability of the justice system to discover the truth of what occurred in the legal controversy involving Ms. Vargas

. As for the seventh factor, the JTC appropriately observed that respondent’s misconduct did not relate to any protected classes. “This Court gives considerable deference to the JTC’s recommendations for sanctions, but our deference is not ‘a matter of blind faith [

. ] ’ ” 29 “Instead, it ‘is a function
of the JTC adequately articulating the bases for its findings and demonstrating that there is a reasonable relationship between such findings and the recommended discipline.’ ” 30 “This Court’s overriding duty in the area of judicial discipline proceedings is to treat ‘equivalent cases in an equivalent manner and

. . . unequivalent cases in a proportionate
manner.’ ” 31 We decline to adopt the JTC’s recommended sanction of removal from
office

.

29 In re Morrow , 496 Mich at 302, quoting In re Brown , 461 Mich at 1292 (alteration in original).

30 In re Morrow , 496 Mich at 302, quoting In re Brown , 461 Mich at 1292.

31 In re Morrow , 496 Mich at 302, quoting In re Brown , 461 Mich at 1292.23 In this case, as explained previously, respondent attempted to and did interfere with a police investigation and the prosecution of his intern. Moreover, respondent made

a n intentional misrepresentation or misleading statement in his answer to the complaint
when he claimed that the “vast bulk” of communications between him a nd Ms. Vargas
concerned the Nassif case. The public has a right to expect more of its judges

. “As the cornerstone of our tripartite system of government, the judiciary has a public trust to both uphold and represent the rule of law.” 32 Our judicial syste m depends on public confidence in the integrity and impartiality of the judiciary. 33 Because the people “ ‘ are entitled to a judiciary of the highest integrity, in both appearance and in fact, ’ ” this Court

“ ‘ bears the obligation under the constitution ad opted by “ we the people ” to maintain and enforce standards of judicial fitness. ’ ” 34 We have previously sanctioned judges for attempting to interfere in the legal process on behalf of themselves or others. In In re Brown , the respondent was involved in an automobile accident, he knew one of the responding police officers , he informed the
officers that the other driver was speeding , and he requested that they issue her a ticket. 35
The JTC found that the respondent was “ ‘ at tempting to use the prestige of [his] office to

32 In re Hocking , 451 Mich at 6.

33 In re Ferrara , 458 Mich 350, 372; 582 NW2d 817 (1998).

34 In re McCree , 495 Mich 51, 83 n 39; 845 NW2d 458 (2014), quot ing In re James , 492 Mich 553, 574; 821 NW2d 144 (2012) ( M ARKMAN , J., concurring in part and dissenting in part).

35 In re Brown (After Remand) , 464 Mich 135, 136

- 137; 626 NW2d 403 (2001).24 gain a personal advantage. ’ ” 36 This Court adopted the JTC recommendation of a 15

- day suspension without pay. 37 I n In re Mazur , the respondent attempted to assist a former neighbor whose daughter had been arr ested by contacting the judge assigned to the case
and asking the judge to release her on a personal recognizance bond. 38 Pursuant to the settlement agreement between the JTC and the respondent, this Court imposed a public
censure and a 30

- day suspension w ithout pay. 39 And i n In re Lawrence , the respondent committed five acts of misconduct, one of which was the improper use of his judicial office to influence a licensing agency for the benefit of an acquaintance. 40 In particular, the respondent “clearly sta ted that [the respondent’s acquaintance] , the applicant for a gun permit, was a probation officer and was required to go into the inner city of Detroit at all hours during the course of his probation duties.” 41 This Court stated that “[s]uch
information wa s not true and was clearly a misrepresentation” 42 and imposed , for that and other misconduct, a nine

- month suspension without pay. 43

36 Id . at 137 (alteration in original).

37 Id . at 141

.
38 In re Mazur , 498 Mich 923, 925 (2015)

. 39 Id . at 926.

40 In re Lawrence , 417 Mich 248, 261; 335 NW2d 456 (1983)

.
41 Id

.
42 Id

.
43 Id . at 267.25 We have also previously sanctioned judges for making misrepresentations while
not under oath. In In re Lawrence , as noted p reviously, the respondent made a misrepresentation in a letter to a licensing agency. 44 I n In re Binkowski , the respondent modified a letter that was sent to him by the JTC “to convey to his colleagues the erroneous impression tha t the outcome of the commission’ s inquiry into the grievances
which had been filed [against him] was a straightforward and unencumbered dismissal of those grievances. ” 45 This Court imposed a public censure against the respondent. 46 In In
re Milhouse , the respondent filed a jud gment of sentence falsely indicating that the
criminal defendant had waived his right to counsel and pleaded guilty to the charged
offense. 47 During the JTC investigation, the respondent “submitted a written reply to the grievance. In that reply, [he] did not make a full and fair disclosure and knowingly made false and misleading statements that he had mistakenly entered the judgments and closed the files and that it was not his intent to falsify documents or deprive [the criminal defendant] of his right t o due process. ” 48 In addition, in his answer to the 28

- day letter, 49 the respondent “ did not make a full and fair disclosure and knowingly made false and

44 Id . at 261.

45 In re Binkowski , 420 Mich 97, 105

- 106; 359 NW2d 519 (1984).

46 Id . at 107.

47 In re Milhouse , 461 Mich 1279, 1280 (2000).

48 Id . at 1281.

49 A 28

- day letter is a letter of inquiry from the JTC to the judge under investigation. See In re Ferrara , 458 Mich at 355 n 6

.26 misleading statements that he had mistakenly closed the files and he had not intended to knowingly and purposely deprive [the criminal defendant] of his due process rights. ” 50 In accordance with the JTC’s recommendation and the respondent’s consent, this Court imposed a public censure and a 10

- day suspension without pay, with credit given for a
10

- day suspe nsion already imposed by the district court. 51 Finally, i n In re Radzibon , the respondent committed acts of misconduct that included filing “a false and incomplete inventory of estate assets” when acting as an attorney in a probate court

. 52 This Court,
wit h the respondent’s consent, adopted the JTC recommendation of a 90

- day suspension without pay and restitution of $1,000 for the respondent’s acts of misconduct

. 53 We acknowledge that “[t]his Court has consistently imposed the most severe sanction by removing judges for testifying falsely under oath.” 54 H owever, i n each case in which this Court has removed a judge for testifying falsely under oath, the judge testified falsely at the JTC hearing itself or another court hearing

. 55 That is, in each of

50 Id

.
51 Id . at 1279.

52 In re Radzibon , 457 Mich 1201, 1204 (1998).

53 Id . at 1205.

54 In re Adams , 494 Mich 162, 186; 833 NW2d 897 (2013).

55 See In re Ryman , 394 Mich 637, 643; 232 NW2d 178 (1975) (“The master further found that the respondent gave false testimony in a number of instances in testifying before the master as to the facts related to his practice of law after ascending [to] the bench. ”); In re Ferrara , 458 Mich at 362

- 363 (“ Respondent displayed a similar disregard for the truth, as well as a lack of candor with the tribunal, when she answered questions before the master and this Court regarding whether she uttered the ugly words disseminated to the public by, and attributed to her in, the press. ”); In re Noecker , 472 Mich at 9; (“[The JTC] found that [respondent] failed to offer credible testimony when27 tho se cases, the judge apparently gave one or more false answers after swearing to testify truthfully

. Here, in contrast, the false statement concerning the Nassif case was given in the answer to the complaint , which the JTC has not proved was verified as re quired by MCR 9.209(B)(1)

. Absent such proof , we cannot conclude that the false statement in the answer was given under oath. 56 Therefore, we do not believe that the most severe sanction of removal is warranted in this case. Instead, as In re Milhouse il lustrates, when a judge engages in misconduct by making an intentional misrepresentation or a misleading statement while not under oath in the course of a JTC investigation , a lesser , though still serious, sanction may be warranted.
We find that this case is most akin to In re Lawrence because in both cases, the respondent’s misconduct included misuse of the respondent’s judicial office to benefit

under oath in the public hearing. ”); In re Nettles

- Nickerson , 481 Mich 321, 337; 750 NW2d 560 (2008) (“Respondent’s act of perjury in her divorce case undermined the ability of the justice system to disco ver the truth of her ex

- husband’ s residency, which if known at the time of Respondent ’ s misrepresentations would have prompted the Kent County Circuit Court to conclude that it lacked jurisdiction over the proceeding. ”); In re James , 492 Mich at 556 (“[Respondent] made numerous misrepresentations of fact under oath during the investigation and hearing of this matter.”); In re Justin , 490 Mich 394, 396; 809 NW2d 126 (2012) (“Instances of respondent’s judicial misconduct include

. . . making false statements under oath during the JTC hearing.”); In re Adams , 494 Mich at 171 (“ The master and t he JTC both found that respondent made false stateme nts under oath in Judge Brennan’ s courtroom. We agree. ”); In re McCree , 495 Mich at 66

- 67 (“[T]he JTC found that ‘ Respondent engaged in a p ervasive pattern of dishonesty that included lying under oath to th e Commission and to the Master.’ For example, respon dent testified that it did not ‘dawn’ on him to recuse himself from the King case and that his failur e to recuse himself was a mere ‘oversight.’ ”).

56 We do not address whether removal would be justi fied if a judge makes an intentional misrepresentation or misleading statement in an answer that is properly verified because that question is not presently before us.28 another and a nontestimonial misrepresentation . In In re Lawrence , the re were additiona l
unrelated allegations of misconduct, including allegations that the judge had assigned cases to attorneys with whom he had financial ties, 57 that the judge had an interest in a liquor license in direct contravention of a statute, 58 and that the judge had i mproperly
retained campaign funds. 59 However, we believe that the allegations in this case

— although fewer in number

— are of equivalent seriousness. Respondent used his position as a judge to repeatedly attempt to thwart the criminal investigation and prose cution of
his intern. This was not a one

- time occurrence

— rather, from the time respondent arrived at the accident scene until the time Ms. Vargas was charged by a substitute prosecutor, respondent made a sustained effort to scuttle the charges. And respo ndent was not forthcoming in his answer to the formal complaint about the reason for his interactions with Ms. Vargas. Because the respondent in In re Lawrence was suspend ed without pay
for nine months for similarly serious misconduct, we believe that an unpaid suspension of
nine months is warranted here. In our judgment , bearing in mind that respondent has no other history of
misconduct , a nine

- month unpaid suspension is a proportionate sanction. That sanction is greater than the sanctions imposed in In re Brown and In re Mazur for misusing the judicial office to benefit the judge or another person . It is also greater than the sanctions imposed against each respondent in In re Binkowski , In re Milhouse , and In re Radzibon

57 In re Lawrence , 417 Mich at 253.

58 Id . at 256

- 257.

59 Id . at 262.29 for nontestimonial misrepresentations

. We believe our sanction here must be greater than
those sanctions because respondent engaged in a sustained campaign to prevent Ms. Vargas from facing legal consequences for her actions by interfering with a police investigation a nd th e subsequent prosecution, in addition to providing false information in his answer to the formal complaint. 60 We conclude that a nine

- month suspension without pay is consistent with our caselaw and will protect the public from this type of judicial miscond uct

. 61

IV. RESPONSE TO THE PARTIAL DISSENT

The partial dissent accuses us of “misreading

. . . the law” because we do not address allegations of misconduct that were not found and recommended to us by the JTC. There are many reasons not to address such al legations

— for one thing, it would
violate our state’s C onstitution , as we held in In re Mikesell over 40 years ago. 62 It would

60 To assert , as the partial dissent does, that we have not held respondent accountable for his lack of candor in his answer to ¶ 65 of the formal complaint is a misreading of our opinion. What we presume the partial dissent means is that we did not accord this misconduct suf ficient weight and therefore failed to impose some unspecified greater sanction that the partial dissent believe s would be appropriate. Left unanswered is the critical question of precisely what additional weight the partial dissent would accord this misc onduct

— the partial dissent has not told us whether it believes that its reweighing of th e evidence justifies increasing the sanction by an additional day, week, month, or year, or whether it agrees with the JTC that removal from office is the appropriate s anction in this case.

61 See In re Jenkins , 437 Mich 15, 28; 465 NW2d 317 (1991) (“The purpose of [judicial disciplinary] proceedings is not to impose punishment on the respondent judge, or to exact any civil recovery, but to protect the people from corrup tion and abuse on the part of those who wield judicial power. ”).

62 See note 22 of this opinion . The partial dissent’s attempt to narrow In re Mikesell

— by urging that this Court may consider allegations “not reflected in the JTC’s findings”

— is unpersuasive. See note 2 of the partial dissent

. Allegations of misconduct left30 unaddressed by the JTC are, by definition, not recommended to us by the JTC. The issue of the scope of our review in JTC cases was squarely presented and decided in In re Mikesell , where we held that our C onstitution requires us to focus on the findings and recommendations of the JTC, not on the findings of the master. See In re Mikesell , 396 Mich at 524

- 526; see also In re Chrzanowski , 465 Mich at 481 (reiterating the same point, albeit without cit ing In re Mikesell ). That holding has never been overturned , or even criticized ; it remains good law. See People v Jamieson , 436 Mich 61, 79; 461 NW2d 884 (1990) (“Under the doctrine of stare decisis , principles of law deliberately examined and decided by a court of competent jurisdiction become precedent which should not be lightly departed.”). T he partial dissent accuses us of “self

- impos[ing]” the limitation on our scope of review in JTC matters ; however, the limitation was actually imposed by the people of our state when they voted to amend our C onstitution in 1968. See Const 1963, art 6, § 30. The question whether their judgment was sound (i.e., whether, in the partial dissent’s words, it was “ dubious public policy”) is not for us to decide. See Durant v Michigan , 456 Mich 175, 220; 566 NW2d 272 (1997) (“The people having spoken through their constitution, the policy debate is no longer open.”). More troubling still is the partial dissent’s suggestion that In re Mikesell may have been overruled by implication, i.e., that an inconsistent application of the law is sufficient to overrule an express holding of this Court. Allowing a case to “slip[] d own a memory hole,” People v Ream , 481 Mich 223, 232 n 7; 750 NW2d 536 (2008), is a poor substitute for “deliberately examin[ing] and decid[ing]” a principle of law. Jamieson , 436 Mich at 79. Unlike Pe ople v Wilder , 411 Mich 328; 308 NW2d 112 (1981), the case we said was implicitly overruled in Ream , our holding in In re Mikesell has never been called into question or criticized. And, contrary to the partial dissent’s suggestion, In re Mikesell and In re Chrzanowski are not the only cases in which this C ourt has applied the principle of limiting its review to the particular allegations of misconduct found prove d by the JTC. See, e.g., In re Bennett , 403 Mich 178, 184 ; 267 NW2d 914 (1978) (“We have reviewed the entire record de novo and conclude that the conduct charged to Judge Bennett and found by the Commission is established by the record. The issues for our consideration, then, are whether that conduct is of a nature warranting discipline and, if so, whether removal, as recommended by the Commission majority, or some other form of discipline should be imposed.”) (emphasis added); In re Laster , 404 Mich 449, 455 ; 274 NW2d 742 (1979) (“We have reviewed the entire record de novo and conclude that the conduct attributed to Judge Laster, and found by the C ommission, is established.”); In re Lawrence , 417 Mich at 266 (1983) (“Upon de novo review of the record in this case, we find that the allegations of misconduct found by the commission are supported by the evidence.”); In re Callanan , 419 Mich 376, 383 ; 3 55 NW2d 69 (1984) (“Respondent admitted that the facts as alleged in the indictment gave rise to discipline, but not that the facts alleged were true. As a result, we consider only those facts found by the commission which have been admitted, that respond ent was indicted and has been three times31 also violate our court rules, which suggest that we have the authority only to “accept or reject the recommendations of the [JTC]” unless they relate to the sanction, in which case we may “modify the recommendations by imposing a greater, lesser, or entirely different
sanction.” 63
The partial dissent argues that three cases, postdating In re Mikesell , are inconsistent with it and therefore may have overruled In re Mikesell ’s holding sub
silentio : In re Ferrara , In re Adams , and In re McCree

. We disagree. A close review of each of those cases indicates that this Court would have imposed the same sanction

convicted, and the legal conclusions that can be drawn from them.”) (emphasis added); In re Jenkins , 437 Mich 15, 18 n 1 ; 465 NW2d 317 (1991) (“The master permitted amendment of the original complaint to include ch arges that respondent failed to respond timely to the original complaint, and that respondent harassed nine witnesses by filing defamation lawsuits against them. Neither the master nor the commission stated any findings or made any recommendations with re gard to these charges, and we therefore do not address them .”) (emphasis added); In re Seitz , 441 Mich 590, 594 ; 495 NW2d 559 (1993) (“It becomes our task, by reviewing de novo the record of this case, to conclude whether ‘the conduct charged to Judge [Sei tz] and found by the Commission is established by the record. The issues for our consideration, then, are whether that conduct is of a nature warranting discipline and, if so, whether removal, as recommended by the Commission majority [,] or some other for m of discipline should be imposed.’ ”) , quoting In re Bennett , 403 Mich at 184 ; In re Moore , 464 Mich 98, 122 ; 626 NW2d 374 (2001) (“In reviewing the record de novo, we consider whether the conduct charged and found by the commission is established by the record , whether the conduct is of a nature warranting discipline, and whether the discipline recommended by the commission or some other form of discipline should be imposed.”) (emphasis added). See also In re Somers , 384 Mich 320, 323 ; 182 NW2d 341 (1971) (limiting the Court’s de novo review to the three particular findings of misconduct made by the JTC and alleged in the complaint).

63 MCR 9.225. See also In re Hathaway , 464 Mich 672, 685; 630 NW2d 850 (2001) (“The court rule states our authority to modify a recommendation of the commission, and the meaning of the word ‘modify’ encompasses authority to alter the recommended discipline.”).32 recommended by the JTC

— removal from office

— regardless of the additional
determinations of misconduct. 64 Even conced ing, arguendo, that the applications in the

c ases relied on by the partial dissent c ould be read as inconsistent with In re Mikesell , those cases never cited the In re Mikesell holding applied here, and the issue of this

64 See Garner et al., The Law of Judicial Precedent (2016) , p 300 (“If at all possible, the opinions [perceived as conflicting] should be harmonized.”)

. In In re McCree , this Court expressly qualified its additional determinations of misconduct by explaining that those determinations did not affect the ultimate sanction. In re McCree , 495 Mich at 71 (“Although we believe that the sanctions recommended by the JTC, and adopted by this Court today, would be warranted even without considering these additional findings of fact, we believe that these additional findings provide relevant background and context and demonst rate more fully the nature and magnitude of respondent’s misconduct.”). In In re Adams , this Court adopted the JTC’s determination that the respondent made false statements under oath during her divorce case. In re Adams , 494 Mich at 171 (“The master and the JTC both found that respondent made false statements under oath in Judge Brennan’s courtroom. We agree.”). Then, after identifying additional instances “of varying significance” of the respondent’s having testif ied falsely under oath , instances that were not identified by the JTC, id . at 177, this Court ordered that the respondent be removed from office because the respondent “testif[ied] falsely under oath

. ” Id . at 178. We explained that we could “discern no compelling reason to treat this ca se any differently” from previous cases in which this Court had removed a judge for testifying falsely under oath. Id . at 186. The Court gave no indication that it would have deviated from those previous cases but for the additional instances in which th e respondent had lied under oath. Finally, in In re Ferrara , although one of the grounds of misconduct included inappropriate, untruthful , and evasive statements made to the press, to the public, to the master, to the JTC , and to this Court ( when the resp ondent judge apparently addressed the Court on her own behalf during oral argument ) , and the opinion does discuss the statements made to this Court in some detail, see In re Ferrara , 458 Mich at 363

- 365, the statements made to this Court were simply a cont inuation (and perhaps a more vivid illustration ) of the improper statements made by the respondent in the other
venues (which were included in the JTC’s recommendation) . In light of the nature and severity of the charges of misconduct that were sustained by both the master and the JTC

— including that the respondent obstructed justice by fabricating evidence and twice attempting to introduce that evidence during the hearing before the master , id . at 365

- 369

— we do not believe the Court’s decision to remove the respondent judge hinged on her statements to this Court during oral argument.33 Court’s authority to look beyond the ambit of JTC proceedings was not delib erately
examined or decided in those cases. These cases did not implicitly overrule In re
Mikesell ; if anything , they erroneously failed to follow its rule. We, therefore, disagree
with the partial dissent that In re McCree , In re Adams , and In re Ferrara stand for the proposition that this Court possesses the constitutional authority to impose a sanction on
the basis of misco nduct beyond the JTC’s findings of misconduct

. Another compelling reason to limit our review in JTC proceedings to allegation s of misconduct found and recommended to us by the JTC is that a respondent judge is entitled to notice of the charges and a reasonable opportunity to respond to them. 65 Without such notice, it is not clear to us how a respondent judge would know which
cha rges are at issue and , therefore , which ones he or she should substantively address when a case proceeds to our Court. Is our review limited to the charges in the formal complaint or an amended version of it? 66 Or the findings of the master? Or the findi ngs

65 See MCR 9.213 (“If an amendment [of the complaint] is made, the respondent must be given reasonable time to answer the amendment and to prepare and present a defense agains t the matters charged in the amendment.” ). See generally In re Del Rio , 400 Mich 665, 683; 256 NW2d 727 (1977) (“In respondent ’ s case, the order for interim suspension was not entered until the respondent was given adequate notice and a reasonable opportu nity to respond to both the complaint and the petition for interim suspension.”) ; In
re Mikesell , 396 Mich at 529 , quoting In re Kelly , 238 So 2d 565, 569 (Fla, 1970) (“Under the provision s of the [Florida] Constitution this Court may exclude from the judi ciary those persons whose unfitness or unsuitability bears a rational relationship to his qualifications for a judgeship, so long as the adjudication of unfitness rests on constitutionally permissible standards and emerges from a proceeding which conforms to the minimum standards of due process.”).

66 The partial dissent asserts that there is no need to amend the formal complaint to add charges based on conduct arising in the course of the JTC proceedings in light of MCR 9.209(B)(2), which provides that “[ w]ilful concealment [or] misrepresentation

. . . are additional grounds for disciplinary action under the complaint.” See note 2 of the partial34 and recommendations of the JTC? Should a respondent and his or her attorney be put in the untenable position of having to argue against possible findings of misconduct that

were not charged in the complaint or made by either the m aster or the JTC but might be
discerned by a member of this C ourt? Whatever could be said about such a regime, we would no longer say that it “provides a full panoply of procedural guarantees for adjudicating allegations of judicial misconduct.” 67
One need s look no further tha n this case to see the deficiencies in the partial dissent’s proposed regime . In assessing the two new allegations of misconduct “identified” by the partial dissent that do not appear in the complaint or the JTC’s
decision , we have no input from responden t or from the JTC on whether they agree with
the partial dissent’s assertion that “the m aster specifically concluded that respondent had lied under oath” when he denied that he interfered with the police investigation and criminal prosecution of Ms. Vargas. For our part, we are not convinced. At the outset, we could locate no finding in the m aste r’s report that respondent
“lied under oath” as the partial dissent suggests. 68 Instead, the penultimate sentence of

dissent . As noted above, we do not reach this issue because it is not before us. See note 20 of this opinion

. However, recognizing that JTC proceedings “are concerned not with punishing criminality but with maintaining standards of judicial fitness,” In re Mikesell , 396 Mich at 527, we note that the partial dissent’s position is a little like saying that a crimi nal defendant need not be charged in an information or indictment with perjury for lying at his trial for larceny because a statute on the books makes perjury a crime.

67 In re Del Rio , 400 Mich at 683.

68 The m aster did conclude, however, that respondent wa s untruthful in his correspondence with the JTC regarding his interactions with Officer Cole and the township attorney. See note 21 of this opinion . However, as noted above, the JTC did not adopt these findings.35 the m aster’s report provides that “Respondent made misleading statements to the Commission’s investigators and to the Master when he testif ied to the nature of the text messages and denied interfering with the police investigation and the prosecution of Ms. Vargas.” But it is far from clear that a “misleading statement” is equivalent to a “lie
under oath

. ” We have not yet addressed, for exa mple, whether materiality or an intention
to deceive are necessary to prove that a judge testified falsely under oath. Before being removed from office, a respondent judge is certainly entitled to an opportunity to provide input on these critical question s (as well as whether the specific elements are prove d in a given case, if we decide they are necessary). 69 Maybe these deficiencies caused the JTC

not to make findings on or recommend th o se charges to us. But, absent further briefing or argument, we will never know, because the part of the proceedings where the parties are able to give input has long passed. 70 For all these reasons, we decline the partial dissent’s invitation to “identify”
misconduct in the record that was not charged in the complaint or found and recommended to us by the JTC.

69 To the extent that the partial dissent believes that respondent should receive a more serious sanction simply because he denied the allegations of misconduct set forth in C ounts 1 and 2 of the complaint, we reject such a rule because it would create immense pressure on judges to stipulate to th e charges or r isk removal for fighting them.

70 We dismiss as unserious the partial dissent’s extraordinary suggestion that the JTC can inoculate itself from a claim of legal error by reciting a boilerplate phrase and citing an inapplicable court rule. See note 9 of the partial dissent . It is difficult to see what value the partial dissent sees in planting this seed, which in our view can only serve as a suggestion that the JTC travel a road seemingly no justice would accept as sustainable.36 V

. CONCLUSION Respondent’s judicial misconduct warrants a serious sanction to restore the public’s faith and confidence in the judiciary. However, for the reasons explained above,
we conclude that the recommende d sanction of removal from office is disproportionate to the misconduct. We therefore modify the JTC’s recommendation and order that the Honorable J. Cedric Simpson, judge of the 14A District Court, be suspended without pay from the performance of his judicial duties for a period of nine months . In addition, because respondent engaged in conduct involving “intentional misrepresentation” or “misleading statements” un d er MCR 9.205(B), we order him to pay costs in the amount of $7,565.54. Finally, p ursuant to MCR 7.31 5 (C)(3), the Clerk is directed to issue the
order forthwith.
David F. Viviano Bridget M. McCormack Richard H. Bernstein Joan L. LarsenS T A T E O F M I C H I G A N
SUPREME COURT

In re Honorable J. CEDRIC SIMPSON , Judge, 14

- A District Court

.

No. 150404

M ARKMAN , C. J

. ( concurring in part and dissenting in part )

. R espondent lied under oath on at least two occasions

. I respectfully believe that the majority errs by failing to give weight to this misconduct , largely because the
recommendation of the Judicial Tenure Commission (JTC) to this Court did not specifically refer to the lies that nonetheless appear clearly in the record. The majority’s implicit conclusion

-- that this Court is constrained from hold ing a judge accountable in disciplin ary proceedings for misconduct appearing in the record but not specifically
identified in the JTC ’s r ecommendation

-- is inconsistent with our caselaw. Such an understanding of the relationship between this Court and the JTC will inevitably weaken

our ability to monitor, and to sanction when necessary, the professional behavior of Michigan judges. Although I agree with the majority tha t respondent did commit
misconduct and therefore concur with its decision to impose some sanction

-- indeed a
considerable sanction

-- I would consider additional aspects of respondent’s misconduct in setting the sanction

. The irony of this dissent is that I disagree with little that is actually within the majority opinion . The majority evaluates four different allegations made against2 respondent spread over three counts . I agree with most or all of the majority ’s factual findings regardin g those allegations . First, I agree with the majority that Count 1 of the JTC complaint

-- alleging that respondent interfered with Police Officer Robert Cole’s investigation of respondent’s intern’s car accident

-- has been proved . Second, I agree
that Co unt 2

-- alleging that respondent interfered with Pittsfield Township Attorney
Victor Lillich’s prosecution of respondent’s intern

-- has been proved . Third, I agree that

an allegation under Count 3 of the JTC complaint

-- that respondent lied about having
b een in contact with his intern in the early morning hours of September 8, 2013

-- has not
been proved and that respondent’s denial was not a lie. Fourth, I a gree that a separate allegation under Count 3

-- that in his answer to the complaint, respondent mis represented
the reason for the thousands of text messages and phone calls he exchanged with his
intern

-- has been proved

. Moreover , at least for the sake of argument, I also agree that the JTC has failed to prove that respondent verified his answer to the complaint, meaning
that it has not been proved that his false statement in the answer was offered under oath.
Rather than what is in cluded in the opinion, it is what i s excluded that most
concerns me. T he majority does not recognize two additional instances of misconduct
that , in my judgment, should fall within C ount 3

. First, the majority does not recognize that respondent ’s sworn explanation before Master Peter Houk for respondent’s presence at his intern’s car accident scene was that he wanted “to make sure that [his intern] was okay ,” and that he responded affirmatively when asked whether he “arrived at this location because [ he ] w[as] concerned for [his intern’s] well

- being from her ex

boyfriend [

. ] ” This explanation was false; respondent’s interaction with Officer Cole was

not merely an inquiry into his intern’s well

- being but was instead , as the majority3 acknowledges , “an effort to scuttle a criminal investigatio n of his intern.” Second, the majority does not recognize that respondent ’s sworn explanation before the master for calling Lillich was that he wanted to check [his intern’s] story because it didn’t make much sense to [him] and that [ he ] thought that [hi s intern] had not told [ him ] the truth regarding [his intern’s] consumption of alcohol or alcohol usage

. . . that [his intern] was underestimating something to [respondent].
This explanation again was false; respondent’s interaction with Lillich was , as t he majority also acknowledges , an effort “ to thwart the township’s criminal prosecution of
his intern .”
In his report to the JTC, the master specifically concluded that r espondent had lied under oath in offering an innocent explanation for each of these actions

. According to the
master, respondent’s rationale for being at the accident scene was disconsonant with evidence indicating that respondent “was there to inject himself into the investigation in support of [his intern]

. ” Therefore, the master conc luded, “ T he allegation regarding misrepresenting the reason for [r]espondent’s appearance at the accident scene has been proven by a preponderance of the evidence.” 1 And concerning respondent’s rationale for contacting the township attorney, the master co ncluded that “[r]espondent was not

1 There can be little doubt that the master found respondent to have lied concerning his intentions for appearing at the accident scene. The master’s report notes that “[p]aragraphs 68

- 69 of the Formal Complaint allege that the R espondent lied about his reason for appearing a t the arrest scene.” In the process of assessing these allegations, the master observed that respondent’s stated reason for appearing at the scene was that he “was worried that the incident

. . . might be related to her ex

- boyfriend[.]” But, as found by the master, respondent made no inquiry at all concerning the ex

- boyfriend when he injected himself at the scene.4 truthful in his answers.” To characterize a statement a s a “misrepresentation” or as “not
truthful” is tantamount to s tating that it is a lie, and these particular lie s were offered
under oath. In recent cases, this Cou rt has made it reasonably clear that a judicial officer
who lies during the course of disciplinary proceedings is not competent to sit as a judge, and we have consequently removed such judges from office. See In re Justin , 490 Mich 394, 424; 809 NW2d 126 (2012) ( noting that “ s ome misconduct, such as lying under oath, goes to the very core of judicial duty and demonstrates the lack of character of such a person to be entrusted with judicial privilege ” and that accordingly, l ying unde r oath makes a judge unfit to continue holding judicial office ) (quotation marks, citation, and emphasis omitted) ; see also In re Adams , 494 Mich 162, 186; 833 NW2d 897 (2013) (“This Court has consistently imposed the most severe sanction by removing judge s for testifying falsely under oath.”); In re McCree , 495 Mich 51, 81; 845 NW2d 458 (2014) (“Just last term, this Court held [in Adams ] that lying under oath ‘ “is entirely incompatible with judicial office and warrants removal. ” ’ ”) (citation s omitted ). However, w hat is more troubling than the lack of consideration of these two
instances of misconduct is the majority ’s legal rationale for doing so

. Why are the
master’s allegations of false testimony given under oath going unaddressed ? While the majority never directly explains this, its posit i on appears to be predicated on the fact that
these two instances of misconduct are not specifically discussed in the JTC’s
recommendation to this Court. Rather , the JTC ’s recommendation as to Count 3 only pertain s to the two allegations of lying or misrepresentation that the opinion does discuss

-- the allegation that respondent lied about being in contact with his intern in the early morning hours of September 8, 2013 , and the allegation that he lied in his answer t o the5 complaint. The JTC ’s recommendation does not address the master’s finding that respondent lied under oath when he denied that he was interfering with either Cole’s investigation or Lillich’s prosecution ; it simply does not discuss the se allegations at all.
The majority never squarely asserts that this Court cannot hold a respondent responsible for misconduct contained in the record but not specifically identified as a basis for discipline in the JTC ’s recommendation. Instead, it strongly implies this by failing to acknowledg e the se instances of sworn lying identified by the master ; it would be one thing after review to reject these instances of misconduct as a basis for sanctions, but it is a considerably different thing to fail entirely t o even consider these instances of
misconduct. The only support offered for this lack of acknowledgment in the majority ’s analysis is the assertion that “we have long held that our focus in judicial disciplinary proceedings is on the JTC’s findings,” with a footnote discussing In re Mikesell , 396
Mich 517 ; 243 NW2d 86 (1976) , and In re Chrzanowski , 465 Mich 468; 636 NW2d 758 (2001)

. 2 The apparent upshot is that misconduct set forth in the record but not

2 Moreover, t he majority reads Mikesell significantly more broadly than is warranted. In Mikesell , 396 Mich at 524

- 526, the original complaint contained 12 allegations of misconduct, 6 of which were rejected by both the master and the JTC and were not considered by this Court. Here , by contrast, we are debating instances of misconduct that
were , in fact, recognized by the master , some of which were adopted by the JTC (including respondent’s stated purpose for thousands of text messages with his intern from August to November of 2013), and others of which were not recognized by the master and only consist of further examples of the misconduct that respondent is charged with by the JTC in Count 3

. The only question is whether this Court can bolster its conclusions in regard to one or more lies f ound by the JTC with additional lies not reflected in the JTC’s findings , which we have clearly and r egularly done since Mikesell

. Application of Mikesell to misrepresentations made during JTC proceedings is particularly inappropriate because willful concealment and misrepresentation during JTC proceedings always constitute an additional basis for discip linary action once a complaint has been filed without the need for an amended complaint to set forth any additional6 specifically identified as misconduct in the JTC ’s r ecommendation cannot constitute a basis for this Court to impose judicial discipline.
This reading of our authority in judicial disciplin ary proceedings is a misreading
of the law

. Our court rules specifically provide that “[w]ilful concealment [or]
misre presentation

. . . are additional grounds for disciplinary action under the complaint” in a JTC matter. MCR 9.209(B)(2). Respondents are consequently on notice that telling the truth in JTC proceedings is always imperative and that this Court “review [s] the
record de novo in this type of action.” In re Somers , 384 Mich 320, 323; 182 NW2d 341 (1971). Moreover, a fter reviewing de novo the record of JTC proceedings , this Court has

r epeatedly imposed discipline on the basis of misconduct beyond that set fo rth in the
JTC ’s recommendation. Thus, in In re Ferrara , 458 Mich 350, 363

- 364 & n 13; 582 NW2d 817 (1998), we pointed to the respondent’s evasive and dishonest remarks made to this Court during oral argument as part of a pattern of “unsupportable denials and inconsistent statements to the media, the public, the commission, and this Court , ” indicating her “refus[al] to accept responsibility for her [racist] comments” and constituting “clear evidence of her inability to be forthright, to avoid appearances o f

allegations about misrepresentations during the pendency of JTC proceedings

. See MCR 9.209(B)(2). The majority also errs by giving meaning to the Court’s remark in Chrzanowski , 465 Mich at 481, that “it is the JTC’s, not the master’s conclusions and recommendations [ , ] that are ultimately subject to review by this Court.” That statement was made in response to the respondent’s argument that the JTC had not sufficiently deferred to the master’s findings. Id . at 480. It does not stand for the proposition that this Cour t may not review de novo the record and identify additional instances of misconduct , if any, beyond those set forth in the JTC’s recommendation. See In re Somers , 384 Mich 320, 323; 182 NW2d 341 (1971) (recognizing that this Court conducts a review de nov o of the record in judicial disciplinary proceedings).7 impropriety, and to fulfill the ethical obligations of a judicial officer.” Obviously,
remarks made by the respondent during oral argument before this Court could never constitute a part of the recommendation made by the JTC to this Court , which prompted our consideration of the matter in the first place

. Similarly , in Adams , 494 Mich at 177, “we f[ound] that respondent also testified falsely about several other matters,” a finding we made “[i]n addition to the factual misrepresentations i dentified by the JTC.” Again,
in McCree , 495 Mich at 70, we did the same when we discerned several lies “[i]n addition to the factual findings that we adopt [ed] from the JT C

. . . .” It is clear from
Ferrara , Adams , and McCree that there is no requiremen t that this Court avert its gaze from on - the

- record judicial misconduct even if the JTC has not connect ed the dots for us , or has lacked the opportunity to connect the dots, in the exacting manner required by the majority

. 3 The appropriate sanction, as well as the fitness of a respondent to sit as a

3 See also In re Morrow , 496 Mich 291 ; 854 NW2d 89 (2014) ; In re Hathaway , 464 Mich 672; 630 NW2d 850 (2001). I n Morrow , 496 Mich at 297, “the master concluded that the facts constituted judicial misc onduct in only two counts,” while “[a] majority of the JTC disagreed in large part

. . . .” However, “[t]he JTC made no mention of two of the alleged instances of misconduct,

. . . evidently agreeing [with the master ] that these counts did not establish j udicial misconduct.” Id . at 297 n 3. We stated t hat “[o]ur review of the record

. . . le[d] us to the same conclusion,” id ., suggesting that we had independently reviewed the master’s report in reaching our own conclusion regarding whether the JTC’s recommendation identified all the misconduct that it should have ide n tified

. In Hathaway , 464 Mich at 682, the JTC recommended to this Court that we suspend the respondent for 30 days on the basis of the misconduct the JTC identified . W e modified that suspension under MCR 9.225 to a six

- month suspension. Id . at 692. The majority opinion argues that Ferrara , Adams , and McCree “erroneously failed to follow [ Mikesell ’s] rule.” B ut it is noteworthy that this Court specifically cited Mikes ell in both McCree and Adams , obviously discerning no apparent conflict between Mikesell and the decision made in both McCree and Adams to recognize misconduct contained in the record even when it was not included in the JTC’s recommendation. Moreover, the only instances in which Mikesell has been affirmatively cited for the proposition asserted by8 judge, are unaffected by whether a respondent’s misconduct has been identified by the
JTC 4 or discerned from the record by this Court.
The majority ’s understanding would significantly cabin this Court’s abili ty to identify misconduct on the part of Michigan judges and is neither good law n or good disciplinary policy. “[ T ] he purpose of judicial discipline is not to punish but to maintain the integrity of the judicial process .” In re Moore , 464 Mich 98, 118; 6 26 NW2d 374 (2001) (emphasis added) . The ultimate responsibility to uphold the integrity and the professional standards of the Michigan judiciary rests with this Court under our
Constitution:

the majority were in dissents

. Thus, we reached our conclusion in Hathaway over a dissent that expressly argued that under Mikesell “matters beyond the JTC’s recommendation are not to be considered by th[is] Court

. ” I d . at 701 ( C AVANAGH , J., dissenting)

. See also In re Brown (After Remand) , 464 Mich 135, 144; 626 NW2d 403 (2001) ( C ORRIGAN , J., dissenting) (relying on Mikesell to distinguish between conduct that was included in the complaint but not contained in the JTC’s recommendation and conduct that was included in the complaint and in the JTC’s recommendation). Whether the majority mi sreads Mikesell

-- as I believe it does

-- or Mikesell has been overruled by implication, see People v Ream , 481 Mich 223, 232; 750 NW2d 536 (2008), one thing seems certain

-- our law today is clearly reflected in Ferrara , Adams , and McCree

. See also G arner et al, The Law of Judicial Precedent (2016), p 300 (“A court of last resort generally follows its decision in the most recent case, which must have tacitly overruled any truly inconsistent holding.”).

4 The majority asserts that it is in accord with the JT C in that the first Brown factor

-- “misconduct that is part of a pattern or practice”

-- is not satisfied because in the words of the JTC, “[t]here was no evidence

. . . that [r]espondent repeated similar misconduct in other cases.” However, we have already held in Adams , 494 Mich at 180

- 181, that repeated instances of lying within the course of a single JTC proceeding are fully sufficient to support an enhanced sanction under that factor. This is but one good illustration of why thi s Court has not viewed itself as bound by the JTC’s recommendations

.9 On recommendation of the judicial tenure commission , [ 5 ] the sup reme court may censure, suspend with or without salary, retire or remove a judge for conviction of a felony, physical or mental disability which prevents the performance of judicial duties, misconduct in office, persistent failure to perform his duties, ha bitual intemperance or conduct that is clearly prejudicial to the administration of justice. [Const 1963, art 6, § 30(2).] Judicial discipline cases are therefore unique

. Ordinarily , we sit as an appellate court, reviewing how lower courts have disposed of parties’ disputes. Even when our original jurisd iction is invoked, we are generally adjudicating a dispute between parties. Judicial discipline cases, by contrast, reflect an exe rcise of this Court’s affirmative duty to maintain the integrity of the judiciary . “[T]his Court, and this Court alone, decides what, if any, disciplinary action shall be taken against any elected member of the state

5 In Hathaway , 464 Mich at 695, we held that “the phrase ‘on recommendation’ is an expression [ of ] how the judicial discipline process is initiated .” This phrase

-- which was also what th e Court relied on in Mikesell

-- means, as set forth in Hathaway , only that this Court cannot take action sua sponte against a judge; disciplinary action must invariably be commenced by the JTC. However , “[o]nce the JTC makes a recommendation of discipline , this Court may accept or reject that recommendation.” Id . “Inherent in our authority to reject a JTC recommendation is the option to decide the appropriate discipline to impose, whether it be an affirmance, a reduction, or an increase in the recommenda tion of the JTC.” Id

. The same reasoning applies to our ability to identify misconduct beyond that set forth in the JTC ’s recommendation , reasoning that is incompatible with the majority’s assertion that its interpretation of Mikesell “was actually imposed by the people of our state when they voted to” create the JTC in 1968 . Once the judicial disciplin ary process has been initiated , this Court review s the record de novo in accordance with Somers , and we possess inherent authority to identify misconduct contained in the record and to impose an appropriate sanction

. As for the several cases cited by the majority in note 62 as additional support for its reading of Mikesell and Chrzanowski , I read the s e as being fully consistent with Hat haway

-- JTC disciplinary recommendation s must precede the imposition of sanctions by this Court

. H owever, the JTC ’s recommendations do not detract from our prerogative, set forth in Ferrara , Hathaway , Adams , and McCree , to go beyond such recommendation s once the process has been initiated.10 judiciary [

. ] ” In re Del Rio , 400 Mich 665, 689; 256 NW2d 727 (1977). It is inconsistent with our precedent

-- and it is dubious public policy

-- to constrain this Court’s ability to discipline misbehaving judges . I would not self

- impose such a limit ation on our ability “to protect the people from corruption and abuse on the part of those who wield judicial power” in this fashion. In re Jenkins , 437 Mich 15, 28; 465 NW2d 317 (1991). Indeed, the fact that this Court is charged with the affirmative obligation to guard against judicial misconduc t also leaves me in different to whether respondent’s answer in
this matter was or was not “ verified. ” The majority concludes that respondent’s “false

statement

. . . was given in the answer to the complaint” but that “the JTC ha s not proved [the answer] w as verified

. . . . ” As a result, the majority holds that because it “cannot
conclude that the false statement in the answer was given under oath , ” the most severe
sanction of removal is not warra nted. But g iven that the majority concedes that respondent made a “false statement” in his answer, I do not see why we should be
concerned about whether the false answer was prove d to be sworn. The JTC is the
constitutional agency by which this Court investigates judicial misconduct , and I do not
understand why a respondent who intentionally frustrates our efforts at discovering the
truth of mis behavior should face lesser consequences for lying to the JTC if his response to our inquiries was not sworn. Once again, these misstatements wer e made to this Court’s investigative arm in the course of its investigation of respondent’s alleged
misconduct. 6 The distinction resting upon whether a person’s responses were sworn is

6 The examples offered by the majority justifying a lesser sanction for lies not under oath are easily distinguishable. In In re Lawrence , 417 Mich 248; 335 NW2d 456 (1983), the misrepresentation was contained in a le tter sent some years earlier to a county concealed11 critical to determining whether that person is criminally liable for h is or her lies, but the
distinction is not critical with regard to judicial disciplinary proceeding s
. The majority treat s JTC proceedings as tantamount to ordinary adversarial litigation. For example, it appears to fault the JTC examiner for failing to file an amended complaint to include allegations of misconduct occurring during the proceedings before the master , although the majority ultimately avoids reliance on this issue, “ because respondent has not challenged the JTC’s findings on this basis

. . . . ” Perhaps , however, respond ent has not undertaken such a challenge because it is not
relevant in light of MCR 9.209(B)(2) , which makes clear that lies and misrepresentations always provide an additional basis for discipline beyond what is alleged in the complaint
itself

. 7 “Judicial disciplinary proceedings

. . . are fundamentally distinct from all other
weapon licensing board, not to the JTC. In In re Binkowski , 420 Mich 97; 359 NW2d 519 (1984), the judge lied to his colleagues about a JTC investigation that he faced. And i n In re Milhouse , 461 Mich 127 9 (2000), and In re Radzibon , 457 Mich 1201 (1998), the respondent judges ultimately admitted to their lies, unlike respondent here. None of these
cases comport s with the facts in this case

-- in this case, the respondent has persisted in a lie made to this Court’s investigative arm.

7 The majority states that reliance on this court rule is “ like saying that a criminal defendant need not be charged in an information or indictment with perjury for lying at his trial for larceny because a statute on the bo oks makes perjury a crime.” First, this reflects the majority ’s misplaced analogy to criminal proceedings. Second , it essentially renders this portion of MCR 9.209(B)(2) nugatory. The rule requires that a respondent file an answer including “a full and fair disclosure of all facts and circumstances pertaining to the allegations regarding the respondent,” and it places the respondent on notice that lies in that answer constitute an additional basis for discipline beyond the contents of the complaint. Unl ike a statute establishing a substantive criminal offense such as perjury , MCR 9.209(B)(2) does not propound that lying is a disciplinable offense

-- a proposition effected by MRPC 3.3(a)(1) and MCR 9.205(B)(2)

-- but rather places a respondent on notice tha t lies contained in his or her answer , but not charged in the complaint , constitute a potential basis for additional discipline.12 legal proceedings, whether civil or criminal.” Jenkins , 437 Mich at 28. I n ordinary civil
or crimina l proceedings, some compromise of the truth

- seeking function of the judicial

process is necessarily tolerated in exchange for further ing other important constitutional
and societal values

. T hose concerns are of significantly lesser weight in the context of judicial disciplin ary proceedings because it is the “integrity” of the judicial process that is
paramount , and that integrity is maintained by appropriately disciplin ing judges who lie or misrepresent the facts

. We have, for example, signal ed that the “exclusionary rule” may not apply in judicial disciplin ary proceedings . See id

. (“[T]he unique character and purpose of judicial disciplinary proceedings might incline us not to apply the exclusionary rule

. . . .”); see also In re Servaas , 48 4 Mich 634, 677; 774 NW2d 46 (2009) ( M ARKMAN , J., dissenting) (“This Court cannot, as a function of the examiner’s behavior, avoid its responsibility to address respondent’s misconduct.”). We have also identified as an aggravating factor in judicial disci plin ary proceedings “misconduct that undermines the ability of the justice system to discover the truth of what occurred in a legal controversy

. . . . ” In re Brown , 461 Mich 1291, 1293 (2000). In the end, the paramount concern in a judicial disciplin ary proceeding pertains to whether and when an individual is fit to hold judicial office and to exercise the judicial power

. Further, our court rules themselves support the notion that judicial discipline is not on par with ordinary adversarial criminal litigation. MCR 9.203(D ) provides that “[a] n investigation or proceeding under this subchapter may not be held invalid by reason of a

non - prejudicial irregularity or for an error not resulting in a miscarriage of justice. ” In failing to accord considerat ion to r espondent’s false statements in his answer to the complaint, the majority essentially renders that portion of the disciplinary proceedings13 invalid by reason of a procedural error. The majority identifies no prejudice that respondent would suffer i f he were to be held accountable for the false statement s he provided in the answer to the complaint , whether or not the JTC has shown that his

answer was verified . Holding respondent accountable for his false statement s would hardly seem to result in a ny articulable “ miscarriage of justice. ” Indeed , such a miscarriage result s , in my judgment, only from failing to hold respondent responsible for
false statement s made in the course of a JTC investigation. The majority fails to show
how verification is rel ated in any way to the ends served by the judicial disciplinary process, in particular , the preservation of the integrity and reputation of our state ’ s judiciary. The majority similarly has not shown that prejudice or any miscarriage of justice
would result if this Court were to recognize misconduct committed by the respondent that

was identified by the m aster but neither specifically adopted nor rejected by the JTC

. 8 Respondent knew that he was obliged to tell the truth in these proceedings , an d he knew on the strength of Ferrara , Adams , and McCree that if we did not give credence to his explanation for his behavior, h e could be discipline d for his false explanation s
. Therefore , respondent would not be unfairly surprised if we were to conclude that the

8 If the concern of the majority is with the respondent ’s being afforded “an opportunity to provide input” regarding areas of concern that appear to trouble the majority based on its handling of the JTC recommendation, why does the majority not simply remand to the JTC under MCR 9.225 so that the JTC might specifically evaluate each of the master’s findings , as we did on striking ly similar facts in In re Logan , 779 NW2d 249 (Mich, 2010) ? See also In re Brown , 461 Mich 1209 (1999); In re Brown , 461 Mich 1291 (2000); In re Hathaway , 461 Mich 1296 (2000); In re Chmura , 461 Mich 517; 608 NW2d 31 (2000)

.14 record contained a preponderance of evidence that he had lied under oath. It is entirely “practicable and fair” to hold resp ondent accountable for his lies. MCR 9.200. I do not see how it is inconsistent with “the rights of the judges who are governed by these rules , ”
id ., to take notice of respondent’s on - the

- record lies when he was well aware that it is this Court’s longstanding practice to do so. The majority inadve rtent ly erects a new and unnecessary obstacle to “ preserv[ing] the integrity of the judicial system,” “ enhanc[ing] public confidence in that system,” and “protect [ing] the public [and] the courts

. . . . ” I d

. Nor do I share the majority’ s concern about “ creat[ing] immense pressure on judges to stipulate to the charges , ” because all that a r e spondent need do is t ell the truth as a continuing condition of being “entrusted with [the] judicial privilege,” Justin , 490 Mich
at 424 (quotation marks and citation omitted)

. 9

In sum , I have two areas of disagreement with the majority , both of which concern this Court’s role in the judicial disciplinary process

. First, I disagree with the majority ’s
i mplication that this Court cannot co nsider evidence of misconduct derived from the record but not specifically alleged as misconduct in the JTC’s recommendation to this

9 While I would hardly urge such a course of action, if the majority’s paramount concern is merely to ensure that allegations of misconduct are formally contained in the JTC ’s recommendation to this Court, what would stop the JTC from effectively insulating its recommendations from c laims of error by simply incorporating by reference the record developed by the master , any alternative findings and conclusions on which the master relied , or both ? On what basis would a simple statement to that effect fail to satisfy the majority? That something this peremptory and insubstantial could insulate the JTC ’s recommendations from being faulted under the majority’s analysis only illustrates how fundamen tally harmless the JTC ’s purported “defects” are in the instant case and consequently how markedly the majority misapprehends MCR 9.203(D). It is difficult to understand how the JTC ’s omission of something this insubstantial could constitute a “miscarriag e of justice” under the court rule.15 Court. 10 Second, I disagree with the majority’s assertion that when a respondent has
in disput ab ly lie d in his or her answer to a complaint , the JTC’s failure to prove that t he respondent’s answer was verified justifies a lesser sanction than if the answer had been
verified . As applied to th e instant case, I would first recognize and assess respondent’s

on - the

- record lies in his sworn testimony before the m aster when he denied intending to interfere with the police investigation or subsequent prosecution of his intern

. I would
then treat the lie in respondent’s answer

-- a lie that this Court unanimously recognizes

-- without r egard to whether it was verified

. Regardless of this , respondent’s lie constituted an effort at frustrating this Court in carrying out its constitutional duty to uphold the integrity and reputation of the judiciary . I would impose a sanction that takes a ll of respondent ’ s lies into account in determining a n appropriate sanction . Accordingly, I respectfully dissent.

Stephen J. Markman Brian K. Zahra

W ILDER , J., took no part in the decision of this case.

10 I also note that MCR 9.205(B) enables this Court to order a respondent “to pay the costs, fees, and expenses incurred by the commission in prosecuting the complaint only if the judge engaged in conduct involving frau d, deceit, or intentional misrepresentation, or if the judge made misleading statements to the commission, the commission’s investigators, the master, or the Supreme Court.” Limiting our ability to take notice of lies and other misrepresentations also unn ecessarily circumscribe s our ability to recoup costs where costs would otherwise constitute part of an appropriate remedy

.