6-i CHAPTER 6. ENERGY AND WATER USE DETERMINATION

TABLE OF CONTENTS

6.1 INTRODUCTION ........................................................................................................... 6-1 6.2 PER-CYCLE ENERGY AND WATER CONSUMPTI ON BY EFFICIENCY LEVEL.......................................................................................................................... ... 6-1 6.3 AVERAGE ANNUAL ENERGY A ND WATER CONSUMPTION BY EFFICIENCY LEVEL..................................................................................................... 6-5 6.4 VARIABILITY OF ANNUAL ENERGY AND WATER CONSUMPTION.............. 6-10

LIST OF TABLES

Table 6.2.1 Residential Clothes Washer En ergy Use Data from DOE 2000 TSD ................. 6-3 Table 6.2.2 Top-Loading Commercial Clothe s Washers: Per-Cycle Energy and Water Use by Efficiency Level....................................................................................... 6-5 Table 6.2.3 Front-Loading Comm ercial Clothes Washers: Per-Cycle Energy and Water Use by Efficiency Level............................................................................ 6-5 Table 6.3.1 Commercial Clothe s Washer Usage Data............................................................ 6-7 Table 6.3.2 Top-Loading Commercial Clothe s Washers, Multi-Family Application: Annual Energy and Water Use by Efficiency Level............................................ 6-8 Table 6.3.3 Top-Loading Commercial Clothe s Washers, Laundromat Application: Annual Energy and Water Use by Efficiency Level............................................ 6-9 Table 6.3.4 Front-Loading Commer cial Clothes Washers, Multi-Family Application: Annual Energy and Water Use by Efficiency Level............................................ 6-9 Table 6.3.5 Front-Loading Comm ercial Clothes Washers, Laundromat Application: Annual Energy and Water Use by Efficiency Level............................................ 6-9

LIST OF FIGURES

Figure 6.2.1 Residential Clothes Washer RM C versus MEF from DOE 2000 TSD ............... 6-4 Figure 6.4.1 Probability Distri bution for Commercial Clothe s Washer Usage in MultiFamily Applications........................................................................................... 6-10 Figure 6.4.2 Probability Distribution for Commercial Clothes Washer Usage in Laundromat Applications................................................................................... 6-116-1 CHAPTER 6. ENERGY AND WATER USE DETERMINATION

6.1 INTRODUCTION
To carry out the life-cycle cost (LCC) a nd payback period (PBP) calculations described in Chapter 8, DOE needed to determine the op erating cost savings to consumers from moreefficient equipment. The LCC and PBP analys is requires data on annual energy and water use because, along with energy and water prices, DOE uses these data to establish the most significant component of consumer operating costs. (Maintenance and repair costs are the other contributors to operating cost.) This chapter describes how DOE determined the annual energy and water consumption of commercial clothes washers.

The technical support document (TSD) for DOE’s notice of proposed rulemaking (NOPR) covered conventional cooking products (i.e., cooktops and ovens), microwave oven energy factor (EF), microwave oven standby power consumption, and commercial clothes washers (CCW). 1 DOE has already completed its st andards rulemaking for conventional cooking products and microwave oven EF and has published both a final rule 2 and corresponding TSD. 3 This chapter presents information and results pertaining solely to CCWs. The impact of more-efficient equipment on microwave oven sta ndby power will be addressed in a subsequent TSD.

6.2 PER-CYCLE ENERGY AND WATER CONSUMPTION BY EFFICIENCY
LEVEL
DOE established the annual energy and wa ter consumption of commercial clothes washers by multiplying the per-cycle energy and wa ter use by the number of cycles per year.

Commercial clothes washer per-cycle en ergy consumption is composed of three components: water-heating energy, machine energy, and drying energy. The machine energy is composed of the motor energy for turning an ag itator or rotating the wash basket. Based on language in the Energy Policy Act of 2005 (EPACT 2005), DOE is required to rate commercial clothes washers with the same test procedur e established for residential clothes washers. 4 DOE adopted test procedures for co mmercial clothes washers in a final rule published on October 18, 2005. 5 The DOE test procedure provides the following equations to calculate the total per-cycle dishwasher energy consumption:

ET T CYCLE DMEc e HE CW ++×=

where:

CW CYCLE = Total commercial clothes wash er per-cycle energy consumption,6-2 HE T = Per-cycle water heati ng consumption (kWh/cycle),

e = Efficiency of electric water heater (100%) or gas water heater (75%),

c = Conversion factor if wate r heater is gas (3,412 Btu/kWh), ME T = Per-cycle machine electrical energy consumption (kWh/cycle), and D E = Per-cycle energy consumption for rem oval of moisture from test load, i.e., dryer energy consumption (kWh/cycle).

The following equation from the DOE test pr ocedure determines the per-cycle energy consumption for the removal of moisture: 

# ( ) GCF DUF DEF%RMC WGHT LAFD

_ MAX E ×××4× × =

where:

LAF = Load adjustment factor = 0.52, WGHT MAX = Maximum test-load weight (lbs/cycle), RMC = Remaining moisture content (lbs), DEF = Nominal energy required for a clot hes dryer to remove moisture from clothes = 0.5 kWh/lb, and DUF = Dryer usage factor, percentage of washer loads dried in a clothes dryer = 0.84.

In the case of gas drying, DOE multiplies th e dryer energy consumption by a gas correction factor to account for the additi onal energy required by a gas dryer to dry clothes relative to an electric dryer. The following equation determ ines per-cycle gas drying energy consumption.

E G DGCFD × =

where:

D G = Per-cycle energy consumption for remova l of moisture from test load due to a gas dryer, i.e., dryer energy consumption (kWh/cycle), and GCF = Gas correction factor = 1.12. 6

DOE establishes the energy and water efficienci es of commercial cl othes washers with a modified energy factor (MEF) a nd a water factor (WF). The fo llowing equations from the DOE test procedure determine the MEF and WF:

CYCLE CW C MEF =

C Q WF T

=6-3 where:

C = Container capacity (cubic feet), and Q T = Per-cycle water consumption (gal/cycle).

The energy required to remove moisture from clothes, i.e., the dryer energy, is a significant component of total cl othes washer energy consumption. In the above equation to determine dryer energy use, the only unknown quant ity is the remaining moisture content (RMC) of the clothes. Because data were not provi ded by manufactures, DOE used its residential clothes washer analysis from the year 2000 to determine a relationship between RMC and MEF for the purpose of calculating the dryer energy fo r commercial clothes washers. Table 6.2.1 shows the summary data for residentia l clothes washers from DOE’s 2000 TSD. 7 As shown in Table 6.2.1, DOE determined the RMC using the dryer energy, the clothe s container volume, and the resulting maximum test-load weight.

Table 6.2.1 Residential Clothes Washer Ener gy Use Data from DOE 2000 TSD MEF Clothes Container Dryer Energy Max Test Load Weight cu.ft./kWh/cycle cu.ft. kWh/cycle lb/cycle RMC

0.817 2.847 1.430 11.7 60.0%
0.860 2.817 1.413 11.7 59.3%
0.908 2.822 1.400 11.7 58.8%
0.961 2.832 1.407 11.7 59.1%
1.021 2.893 1.408 11.7 59.1%
1.089 2.866 1.273 11.7 53.8%
1.257 2.749 1.270 11.3 55.5%
1.362 2.749 1.263 11.3 55.2%
1.485 2.736 1.107 11.3 48.9%
1.634 2.736 1.047 11.3 46.4%

Figure 6.2.1 plots the MEF and RMC data in Table 6. 2.1 against each other. As indicated in the figure, the relationship between MEF and RMC is approximately lin ear. Therefore, knowing the MEF, DOE was able to use this relationship to de termine an RMC and, in turn, a per-cycle dryer energy consumption.6-4 RMC = -0.1560278 * MEF + 0.7337259
R 2 = 0.8651900

45% 50% 55% 60% 65%

0.8 0.9 1 1.1 1.2 1.3 1.4 1.5 1.6 1.7

MEFRMC

Figure 6.2.1 Residential Clothes Washer RMC versus MEF from DOE 2000 TSD

As discussed in Chapter 5, DOE analyzed sp ecific efficiency levels for top-loading and front-loadig commercial clothes wash ers. Tables 6.2.2 and 6.2.3 show the efficiency levels for top-loading and front-loading co mmercial clothes washers, resp ectively, and their corresponding per-cycle energy and water use. Per-cycle ener gy use is disaggregated into water heating, machine, and clothes drying. DOE determined the per-cycle clothes drying energy use by first establishing the RMC based on the relationship between RMC and MEF in Figure 6.2.1. DOE then calculated the per-cycle clothes-drying ener gy use using the equation that determines the per-cycle energy consumption for the removal of moisture. DOE determined the per-cycle machine energy use from its 2000 TSD for residen tial clothes washers. In the 2000 TSD, for MEFs up to 1.40, machine energy is 0.133 kWh/cy cle. For MEFs greater than 1.40, machine energy is 0.114 kWh/cycle. With the per-cycle clothes drying and machine energy known, DOE determined the per-cycle water-heating energy use by first determining the total per-cycle energy use (the clothes container volume divided by the MEF) and then s ubtracting from it the per-cycle clothes-drying and machine energy. The water-heating energy use assumes the use of an electric water heater. DOE determined the per-cycle hot water use by dividi ng the per-cycle waterheating energy use by an assumed temperature rise of 75 oF (21.1 oC) and a specific heat of 0.0024 kWh/gal-oF (4.186 joule/gram-oC). DOE determined the total water use by multiplying the WF by the clothes container volume.6-5 Table 6.2.2 Top-Loading Commercial Clothes Wash ers: Per-Cycle Energy and Water Use by Efficiency Level Energy Use Water Use MEF WF Machine** Dryer*** Water Heat † Hot Total Level cu.ft./kWh/cyc gal/cu.ft. RMC* kWh/cyc kWh/cyc kWh/cyc gal/cyc gal/cyc
Baseline 1.26 9.50 53.7% 0.133 1.27 0.82 4.5 26.6
1 1.42 9.50 51.2% 0.133 1.21 0.63 3.5 26.6
2 1.60 8.50 48.4% 0.114 1.13 0.50 2.8 23.8 * Based on the relationship: RMC = -0.156* MEF + 0.734 ** Based on residential clothes washer data from DOE 2000 TSD, Table 4.1. *** Based on a container volume of 2.8 cu.ft. and a maximum test-load weight of 11.7 lb/cycle. † Based on the use of an electric wa ter heater at 10 0% efficiency.

Table 6.2.3 Front-Loading Commercial Clothes Wash ers: Per-Cycle Energy and Water Use by Efficiency Level Energy Use Water Use MEF WF Machine** Dryer*** Water Heat † Hot Total Level cu.ft./kWh/cyc gal/cu.ft. RMC* kWh/cyc kWh/cyc kWh/cyc gal/cyc gal/cyc
Baseline 1.72 8.00 46.5% 0.114 1.09 0.43 2.4 22.4
1 1.80 7.50 45.3% 0.114 1.06 0.39 2.1 21.0
2 2.00 5.50 42.2% 0.114 0.98 0.31 1.7 15.4
3 2.20 5.10 39.0% 0.114 0.90 0.26 1.5 14.3
4 2.35 4.40 36.7% 0.114 0.84 0.24 1.3 12.3 * Based on the relationship: RMC = -0.156* MEF + 0.734 ** Based on residential clothes washer data from DOE 2000 TSD, Table 4.1. *** Based on a container volume of 2.8 cu.ft. and a maximum test-load weight of 11.7 lb/cycle. † Based on the use of an electric wa ter heater at 10 0% efficiency.

6.3 AVERAGE ANNUAL ENERGY AND WATER CONSUMPTION BY
EFFICIENCY LEVEL
DOE determined the average annual ener gy and water consumption by multiplying the per-cycle energy and water consumption by the number of cycles per year. Because the predominant applications of commercial clot hes washers are in multi-family buildings and laundromats, DOE focused only on these two buildi ng applications to dete rmine the appropriate number of commercial clothes washer cycles per year. Othe r applications include lodging establishments (e.g., hotels and motels), inpati ent health care facilities, and nursing homes. Relative to multi-family buildings and laundromats, these other applications are a small segment6-6 of the market. Therefore, DOE believes it is not cr itical to the analysis to accurately characterize commercial clothes washer usage for these applications.

Table 6.3.1 below shows the usage of commerci al clothes washers from several studies. The last column of the table show s the variation in usage from each of the studies. Note that the variation shown for the City of Toronto and Multi-Housing Laundry Asso ciation (MLA) studies is based on the range of average values for either specific buildings or cities. Thus, if individual machine data were made available, the variati on in usage would likely be much greater than indicated by the average data. For multi-family applications, the usage ranges from 1 to almost 11 cycles per day. Assuming each study has equa l representation, the average value from all studies performed on multi-family applications is 3.4 cycles per day. The sparse data on commercial clothes washer use in laundromats show a usage variation of 3 to 8 cycles per day with an average value of 6 cycles per day. Based on 365 days per year of use, the minimum, average, and maximum usage data for multi-family applications of 1.0, 3.4, and 10.9 cycles per day yield 365, 1241, and 3979 cycles per year, respectively. For laundromats, the minimum, average, and maximum usage data of 3, 6, and 8 cycles per day yield 1095, 2190, and 2920 cycles per year, respectively. As a comparison, DOE assumed that resi dential clothes washers have an annual average usage of 392 cycles per year.6-7 Table 6.3.1 Commercial Clothes Washer Usage Data

Study Application Population Usage per Machine (cycles/day) Variation (cycles/day) Multi-Family Buildings City of Toronto (1999) 8 Multifamily coinoperated (6 buildings, 945 apartments, 39 machines) 3 family; 1 mixed; 1 seniors & singles; and 1 seniors 4.3: metered 3.3 to 6.0 (variation based on average values from 6 buildings)

FEMP (2000) 9 Military housing on-premise laundry (30 machines; free use) Family 6.4: metered 3.2 to 10.9

SCE/PNNL (2000) 10 Multifamily coinoperated (12 machines) Seniors 2.2 : metered 1 to 4

MLA (2002) 11 Multifamily coinoperated (4 buildings in 4 cities, 50 common area machines) General 2.9: metered * 2.7: coin * 4.5: survey * 2.6 to 3.1 (variation based on average values from 4 cities)

Wisconsin/ PNNL (2004) 12 Multifamily coinoperated (9 machines) Apartments & Condos 1.5: metered ** 1 to 3

Lightwash/ Equipoise (2004) 13 Multifamily & Businesses Not specified. 3: businesses & multifamily <10 units, industry value ***

4: multifamily ≥ 10 units, industry value *** Not available.

Consortium for Energy Efficiency 14 Multifamily Not specified. 3: No source for estimate. Not available.

Laundromats Lightwash/ Equipoise (2004) 27 Laundromat & Institutional Not specified. 6: industry value *** Not available.

Consortium for Energy Efficiency 28 Laundromat Not specified. 6: No source for estimate. Not available.

Coin Laundry Association 15 Laundromat Not specified. Not available. 3 to 8: No source for estimate. * Usage per machine values derived based on water usage of 32 gallons per cycle. ** Report states that multifamily indus try average is 2.5 cycles per day and attributes the lower reported usage per machine value to a lower ratio of tenants to machines. *** Usage per machine values are “industry values.” Study says that survey data in report may be unreliable.

DOE calculated commercial clothes wash er annual energy consumption with the following equation:

N CW CW CYCLE ANNUAL × =6-8 where:

CW ANNUAL = Total annual commercial clot hes washer energy consumption, CW CYCLE = Total per-cycle commercial clot hes washer energy consumption, and N = Representative average comm ercial clothes washer use.

DOE calculated commercial clothes washer a nnual water consumption with the following equation:

N CW CW WATER CYCLE WATER ANNUAL × = where:

CW ANNUAL WATER = Total annual commercial clot hes washer water consumption, CW CYCLE WATER = Total per-cycle commercial clot hes washer water consumption, and N = Representative average comm ercial clothes washer use.

Tables 6.3.2 and 6.3.3 show the annual energy and water consumption for multi-family buildings and laundromats, respectiv ely, for top-loading washers. Tables 6.3.4 and 6.3.5 show the annual energy and water consumption fo r multi-family buildings and laundromats, respectively, for front-loading washers. The energy and water consumption values provided below are based on average use cycles of 3.4 cycles per day for multi-family buildings and 6 cycles per day for laundromats. The a nnual water-heating and clothes-drying energy consumption reflects the use of either an electric or a gas water heater.

Table 6.3.2 Top-Loading Commercial Clothes Wash ers, Multi-Family Application: Annual Energy and Water Use by Efficiency Level Annual Energy Use* Water Heating** Drying MEF WF Electric Gas Electric Gas Machine Annual Water Use
Level cu.ft./kWh/cyc gal/cu.ft. kWh/yr MMBtu/yr kWh/yr MMBtu/yr kWh/yr 1000 gal/year Baseline 1.26 9.50 1020 4.64 1583 6.05 166 33.1
1 1.42 9.50 788 3.58 1503 5.74 166 33.1
2 1.60 8.50 625 2.84 1414 5.40 142 29.7 * Annual usage based on 3.4 cycles per day (1241 cycles per year). ** Electric and gas water heating based on water heater efficiencies of 100% fo r electric and 75% for gas.6-9 Table 6.3.3 Top-Loading Commercial Clothes Wash ers, Laundromat Application: Annual Energy and Water Use by Efficiency Level Annual Energy Use* Water Heating** Drying MEF WF Electric Gas Electric Gas Machine Annual Water Use
Level cu.ft./kWh/cyc gal/cu.ft. kWh/yr MMBtu/yr kWh/yr MMBtu/yr kWh/yr 1000 gal/year
Baseline 1.26 9.50 1793 8.16 2782 10.63 291 58.3
1 1.42 9.50 1385 6.30 2642 10.10 291 58.3
2 1.60 8.50 1098 4.99 2485 9.50 250 52.1 * Annual usage based on 6 cycles per day (2190 cycles per year). ** Electric and gas water heating based on water heater efficiencies of 100% fo r electric and 75% for gas.

Table 6.3.4 Front-Loading Commercial Clothes Wash ers, Multi-Family Application: Annual Energy and Water Use by Efficiency Level Annual Energy Use* Water Heating** Drying MEF WF Electric Gas Electric Gas Machine Annual Water Use
Level cu.ft./kWh/cyc gal/cu.ft. kWh/yr MMBtu/yr kWh/yr MMBtu/yr kWh/yr 1000 gal/year Baseline 1.72 8.00 532 2.42 1354 5.18 142 27.9
1 1.80 7.50 482 2.19 1315 5.02 142 26.2
2 2.00 5.50 387 1.76 1215 4.64 142 19.2
3 2.20 5.10 328 1.49 1116 4.26 142 17.8
4 2.35 4.40 301 1.37 10.41 3.98 142 15.4 * Annual usage based on 3.4 cycles per day (1241 cycles per year). ** Electric and gas water heating based on water heater efficiencies of 100% fo r electric and 75% for gas.

Table 6.3.5 Front-Loading Commercial Clothes Wash ers, Laundromat Application: Annual Energy and Water Use by Efficiency Level Annual Energy Use* Water Heating** Drying MEF WF Electric Gas Electric Gas Machine Annual Water Use
Level cu.ft./kWh/cyc gal/cu.ft. kWh/yr MMBtu/yr kWh/yr MMBtu/yr kWh/yr 1000 gal/year
Baseline 1.72 8.00 935 4.25 2380 9.10 250 49.1
1 1.80 7.50 847 3.85 2310 8.83 250 46.0
2 2.00 5.50 680 3.10 2136 8.16 250 33.7
3 2.20 5.10 576 2.62 1961 7.49 250 31.3
4 2.35 4.40 529 2.41 1830 6.99 250 27.0 * Annual usage based on 6 cycles per day (2190 cycles per year). ** Electric and gas water heating based on water heater efficiencies of 100% fo r electric and 75% for gas.6-10 6.4 VARIABILITY OF ANNUAL ENER GY AND WATER CONSUMPTION
DOE determined the variability in annua l energy and water consumption using the average usage data above from Table 6.3.1. Fr om the above table, ther e are eight average usage values for multi-family buildings ranging from a lo w of 1.5 cycles per day to a high of 6.4 cycles per day. For laundromats, the low and high values are 3 and 8 cycles per day, respectively.

DOE weighted the usage from each study to vary the annual energy and water consumption of commercial clot hes washers when it conducted the LCC and PBP analysis. As shown in Figure 6.4.1, DOE weighted the usage st udies equally for multi-family applications. As shown in Figure 6.4.2, for laundromats, DOE used a triangular distributi on that ranged from 3 to 8 cycles per day and skewed it in order to yi eld a mean value of 6 cycles day. As will be described later in Chapter 8 on the LCC and PBP analysis, DOE used the usage variability to vary the annual energy and water consumption for multi-family and laundromat applications when it conducted the LCC and PBP analysis.

0 0.02 0.04 0.06 0.08

0.1 0.12 0.14

01234567 Usage (cycles/day)ProbabilityWisc/PNNLSCE/PNNLMLAEquip <10CEEEquip >10TorontoFEMP

Figure 6.4.1 Probability Distribution for Commercial Clothes Washer Usage in Multi-Family Applications6-11 0.00 0.05 0.10 0.15 0.20

23456789 Usage (cycles/day)Probability

Figure 6.4.2 Probability Distribution for Commercial Clothes Washer Usage in Laundromat Applications6-12 REFERENCES

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< http://www1.eere.energy.gov/buildings/appliance_ standards/residential/home_appl_tsd.html >

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