OPINION

No. 04-09-00465-CV

George GEIS d/b/a Rio Architects,

Appellant

v.

COLINA DEL RIO, LP,

Appellee

From the 408th Judicial District Court, Bexar County, Texas

Trial Court No. 2007-CI-07993

Honorable Michael P. Peden, Judge Presiding

Opinion by: Karen Angelini, Justice

Sitting: Catherine Stone, Chief Justice

Karen Angelini, Justice

Rebecca Simmons, Justice 

Delivered and Filed: May 4, 2011

OPINION WITHDRAWN; JUDGMENT AFFIRMED; MOTION TO PUBLISH GRANTED; 

MOTION FOR REHEARING EN BANC DENIED AS MOOT

Appellant George Geis d/b/a Rio Architects (“Geis”) appeals from a judgment requiring 

him to pay appellee Colina Del Rio, LP (“Colina”) $881,958.00 in damages plus interest, 

attorney’s fees, and costs in a suit involving an architectural contract. Colina sued Geis for 

rescission of the contract, claiming the contract was unlawful because Rio Architects failed to 

employ or associate with a licensed architect when the architectural plans were created. 

Alternatively, Colina sued for breach of contract, claiming the architectural services and plans 
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provided by Rio Architects were flawed and insufficient. A non-jury trial was held and judgment 

was rendered in favor of Colina on both theories of recovery. Geis appealed.

A panel of this court issued a memorandum opinion and judgment on July 21, 2010, 

affirming the trial court’s judgment. Thereafter, Geis filed a motion for rehearing and a motion to 

publish the opinion. Both motions were denied by the panel. Geis then filed a motion seeking 

reconsideration of the denial of his motion to publish. Geis also filed a motion for rehearing en 

banc. In his post-opinion motions, Geis asserts our initial opinion “modifie[d] the existing rule 

that in pari delicto is a defense to breach of contract.” Geis further asserts our initial opinion 

“ignored the possibility that in pari delicto would prevent Appellee[] from recovering on [its]

breach of contract claim when it affirmed the judgment on breach of contract grounds without 

even discussing the in pari delicto defense.”

On our own motion, we withdraw our opinion and judgment dated July 21, 2010, and 

substitute the following opinion and judgment to more fully address the defense of in pari 

delicto. Because appellant’s motion for rehearing en banc addresses our initial opinion and not 

our substituted opinion, appellant’s motion for rehearing en banc is denied as moot. Appellant’s 

motion to publish is granted. The trial court’s judgment is affirmed.

FACTUAL AND PROCEDURAL BACKGROUND

1. The Villaje Del Rio Development Project

Geis owns Rio Architects, which is a sole proprietorship. Geis is a real estate developer; 

Geis is not an architect. 

Geis became interested in developing real property located near downtown San Antonio, 

Texas, into a mixed-use residential, commercial, and retail center called Villaje Del Rio. Geis 
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formed Villaje Del Rio, Ltd. (“Villaje”), a limited liability partnership.1

In July 2002, Villaje signed a written contract with Rio Architects for architectural 

services. The contract required Rio Architects to prepare design phase documents as well as 

construction phase documents consisting of drawings and specifications setting forth in detail the 

requirements for the construction of the project. The contract also required Rio Architects to 

coordinate the work of structural, mechanical, electrical, and civil engineers; the surveyor; and 

the landscape architect. Under the contract, Rio Architects was to be paid 5.25% of the project’s 

construction costs for its architectural services.

Villaje was the initial 

owner and developer of the Villaje Del Rio project.

To fund the project, Villaje applied for a loan for nearly $27 million from Berkshire 

Mortgage Finance, Limited Partnership (ADeutsche Bank@). The loan was to be insured by HUD, 

which required review of the architectural plans to make sure they complied with HUD 

guidelines. During its initial review, HUD determined the architectural plans failed to comply 

with its guidelines. The architectural plans were revised and eventually passed review by 

Deutsche Bank. Thereafter, the loan was approved for closing. The loan closed on February 13, 

2003, and Rio Architects was paid $881,958.00 for its architectural services. 

Villaje hired a general contractor, Andres Holding Corporation, to oversee construction 

of the project. Andres began construction using the architectural plans created by Rio Architects. 

In June 2004, a dispute arose between Andres and Villaje over design changes, change orders, 

and the cost of those change orders. As a result, Deutsche Bank, HUD, Geis, and Andres met to 

discuss the plans, and they came up with more than one hundred mechanical, structural, and 

 1 The partnership consisted of a corporate general partner, Villaje Del Rio Management Company, LLC and a 

limited partner, Geis. Geis was also the sole member and manager of Villaje Del Rio Management Company, LLC.
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architectural changes to the plans developed by Rio Architects at a cost of over $500,000.00. 

Ultimately, Villaje fired Andres and construction came to a halt. 

In December 2004, Deutsche Bank declared Villaje’s loan in default, because, among 

other things, construction was not completed by the target completion date of December 13, 

2004, and construction had ceased for more than twenty days. Deutsche Bank later accelerated 

the note on the loan and ultimately assigned it to HUD. HUD then sold the note to Colina. When 

Colina acted to enforce its rights under the note, Villaje filed a voluntary petition for bankruptcy. 

In the bankruptcy proceeding, the bankruptcy trustee auctioned off various Villaje assets. Colina,

now a creditor, made a $100,000.00 “credit bid” for Villaje’s claims against Geis and Rio 

Architects “not sounding in tort.” The bankruptcy court signed an order approving Colina’s 

credit bid. 

2. Claims Filed Against Geis d/b/a Rio Architects

On May 25, 2007, Colina filed the underlying suit against Geis d/b/a Rio Architects. 

Colina’s petition alleged it was pursuing claims against Geis d/b/a Rio Architects, which it had 

acquired by credit bid in the bankruptcy proceeding. Colina alleged two alternative causes of 

action. First, Colina alleged the contract between Rio Architects was fraudulent and unlawful 

based on Rio Architects=s failure to register with the Texas Board of Architectural Examiners and 

its failure to employ or associate with a licensed architect when the plans, designs, and 

specifications for the Villaje Del Rio project were drafted. Based on the allegedly fraudulent and 

unlawful actions taken by Rio Architects, Colina sought rescission of the contract and the return 

of the $881,958.00 architectural fee that Villaje had paid to Rio Architects. Alternatively, Colina 

alleged Rio Architects breached its contract with Villaje by supplying plans, drawings, and 

specifications that did not comply with all applicable local and HUD requirements and did not 
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comply with architectural standards. Under its breach of contract theory, Colina sought damages 

caused by Rio Architects, “including but not limited to the architectural fees of $881,958.00, and 

other economic and actual damages.”

In February 2009, the case was tried to the court. The witnesses testifying at trial 

included Colina’s corporate representative, David Adelman, and Geis. Colina’s expert witness, 

Jack McGinty, also testified. After hearing all of the evidence, the trial judge made a preliminary 

ruling in favor of Colina and requested briefing on damages and other issues prior to rendering 

final judgment.

Two days after the trial ended, but before the final judgment was signed, Geis filed a 

motion for leave to amend his pleadings to include the affirmative defense of limitations. Colina 

filed objections to the motion for leave, arguing it would be prejudiced by the requested trial 

amendment. A hearing was held on Geis’s motion for leave to amend his pleadings and the 

motion was denied. 

On May 11, 2009, the trial court signed a final judgment, answering all questions of law 

and fact in favor of Colina. The final judgment authorized Colina to recover actual damages from 

Geis in the amount of $881,958.00. Findings of fact and conclusions of law were filed, indicating 

Colina prevailed on both its unlawful contract and breach of contract theories of recovery. 

After the final judgment was signed, but before the trial court=s plenary power expired, 

Geis filed a motion to vacate the judgment, asserting Colina lacked standing because the 

evidence failed to show Colina actually acquired Villaje’s claims against Geis and Rio Architects 

by completing the credit bid in the bankruptcy court. A hearing was held on the motion to vacate 

the judgment and the motion was denied. This appeal followed.
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On appeal, Geis argues that Colina was precluded from recovering on either its unlawful 

contract claim or its breach of contract claim, and that the evidence was legally and factually 

insufficient to support the damage award. Additionally, Geis argues that the trial court should 

have granted his motion for leave to file a trial amendment adding the affirmative defense of 

limitations. Finally, Geis asks us to dismiss this cause because Colina lacked standing to sue. 

IN PARI DELICTO DEFENSE

The defense of in pari delicto requires Texas Courts, as a general rule, to decline to 

enforce illegal contracts when the contracting parties are equally blameworthy. In his first issue, 

Geis raised the defense of in pari delicto to Colina’s unlawful contract theory of recovery. In his 

second issue, Geis raised defenses other than in pari delicto to Colina’s breach of contract theory 

of recovery.2

 2 In his opening brief, Geis summarized his first two issues as follows:

Based on this briefing, we considered Geis’s in pari delicto defense as involving 

only the unlawful contract theory of recovery. At oral argument, Geis appeared to agree with this 

Colina cannot recover on its unlawful contract theory because it has no greater claim than 

Villaje Del Rio would have had. If Villaje Del Rio’s contract with Geis d/b/a Rio Architects was 

unlawful, then Villaje Del Rio could not recover on it, and Colina (standing in Villaje Del Rio’s 

shoes) likewise [cannot] recover. In Texas, unlawful contracts are unenforceable. There is a

presumption that the parties to unlawful contracts are in pari delicto—equally culpable because 

they are equally aware of the illegality of the transaction. The trial court found that the parties 

were not in pari delicto because Geis d/b/a Rio Architects had superior knowledge to Villaje Del 

Rio. But it is nonsensical to argue that Geis d/b/a Rio Architects somehow concealed knowledge 

about this transaction from Geis as sole owner and partner of Villaje Del Rio. Geis d/b/a Rio 

Architects and Villaje Del Rio were in pari delicto, so this Court should leave the parties exactly 

as it found them.

Likewise, Colina cannot recover on its breach of contract claim because Villaje Del Rio 

accepted the benefits of the contract even after it learned of what Colina now complains were 

deficiencies in the plans. Furthermore, Villaje Del Rio has already received the benefit of the 

$881,958 architect’s fee it sought to recover in this lawsuit. Waiver, estoppel, laches, release, and 

ratification therefore prevent Colina from recovering on its breach of contract claim.
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interpretation of his arguments and briefing.3

In his post-opinion motions, however, Geis asserts that our initial opinion could be 

construed as holding that the in pari delicto defense does not apply to breach of contract claims. 

Geis further asserts our initial opinion should have addressed the in pari delicto defense as to 

both the unlawful contract and the breach of contract theories. In the interest of justice, and to 

avoid any confusion regarding whether the in pari delicto defense applies to breach of contract 

claims, we will address Geis’s first issue.

As a result, our initial opinion did not address 

Geis’s first issue, which raised the in pari delicto defense to the unlawful contract theory. 

Instead, we only addressed Geis’s second issue, which raised defenses other than in pari delicto 

to the breach of contract theory. And, because of the way Geis briefed and argued the case, we 

did not address the in pari delicto defense as to the breach of contract theory. Upon overruling 

Geis’s second issue, we upheld the judgment based on the breach of contract theory alone. See

TEX. R. APP. P. 47.1 (requiring opinions to be as brief as practicable but to address every issue 

raised and necessary to final disposition of the appeal).

“The equitable defense of in pari delicto, which literally means, ‘in equal fault,’ is rooted 

in the common-law notion that a plaintiff’s recovery may be barred by his own wrongful 

conduct.” Pinter v. Dahl, 486 U.S. 622, 632 (1988). Application of the in pari delicto defense, 

however, is not limited to a claim for equitable rescission. See Villanueva v. Gonzalez, 123 

 3 At oral argument, the following exchange took place:

Justice Angelini: And the in pari delicto idea only applies to the first argument, not the second? Is 

that correct?

Geis’s Counsel: That is correct, Your Honor.

Justice Angelini: They [Colina] could only recover for breach of contract, except for the other 

arguments you presented?

Geis’s Counsel: Yes, Your Honor.
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S.W.3d 461, 467 (Tex. App.—San Antonio 2003, no pet.) (upholding summary judgment on 

breach of contract claims when parties were in pari delicto and claims were based upon the same 

unenforceable agreement). As a general rule, Texas courts will neither aid in the enforcement of 

an illegal executory contract, nor relieve from an illegal contract, a party who has executed it. 

Herrmann v. Lindsey, 136 S.W.3d 286, 290 (Tex. App.—San Antonio 2004, no pet.). Instead, 

Texas courts leave the parties to such executed, unlawful contracts in the position in which they, 

by their voluntary acts, have placed themselves. Id. at 291.

There are exceptions to the general rule that Texas courts leave parties to an illegal 

contract where they find them. As the Texas Supreme Court has observed, 

The general rule that denies relief to a party to an illegal contract is expressed in 

the maxim, In pari delicto potior est conditio defendantis. The rule is adopted, not 

for the benefit of either party and not to punish either of them, but for the benefit 

of the public. In many cases relief is granted to the party who is not in pari 

delicto. It has been said that even where the parties are in pari delicto relief will 

sometimes be granted if public policy demands it. There is often involved, in 

reaching a decision as to granting or withholding relief, the question whether the 

policy against assisting a wrongdoer outweighs the policy against permitting 

unjust enrichment of one party at the expense of the other. The solution of the 

question depends upon the peculiar facts and the equities of the case, and the 

answer usually given is that which it is thought will better serve public policy. 

Lewis v. Davis, 199 S.W.2d 146, 151 (Tex. 1947) (citations omitted). Thus, the Texas Supreme 

Court has articulated two exceptions to the rule that courts will not aid parties to an illegal 

contract. See id.; see also Orthodontic Ctrs. of Texas, Inc. v. Wetzel, No. 09-50769, 2011 WL 

365287, at *2 (5th Cir. Feb. 7, 2011) (analyzing Texas substantive law). First, a party to an 

illegal contract may recover when it is not in pari delicto. Lewis, 199 S.W.2d at 151. Texas 

courts have held that parties are not in pari delicto when one party had access to facts indicating 

that the contract was illegal but the party enforcing the contract did not. Graham v. Dean, 188 

S.W.2d 372, 373 (Tex. 1945); Villanueva, 123 S.W.3d at 467. Additionally, Texas courts have 
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held that parties are not in pari delicto when a contract violates a statute that applies to only one 

of the contracting parties. Am. Nat’l Ins. Co. v. Tabor, 230 S.W. 397, 399 (1921); New Boston 

Gen. Hosp., Inc. v. Tex. Workforce Comm’n, 47 S.W.3d 34, 41 (Tex. App.—Texarkana 2001, no 

pet.) (op. on rehearing); Oakes v. Guar. Ins. Co., 573 S.W.2d 899, 902 (Tex. Civ. App.—

Eastland 1978, writ ref’d n.r.e.). Second, a party to an illegal contract may recover even when it 

is in pari delicto, when public policy interests weigh in favor of allowing the claim to proceed. 

Lewis, 199 S.W.2d at 151. 

Here, Geis asserts that Villaje was in pari delicto because he was the only person 

authorized to act on behalf of Villaje, and his knowledge of the facts indicating that the contract 

was illegal had to be “imputed equally to both Rio Architects and Villaje Del Rio.” For the 

following reasons, we reject this assertion.

The trial court found that Villaje did not have knowledge that Rio Architects was 

violating the statutes and regulations governing the practice of architecture. These findings, 

which are not specifically challenged on appeal, are supported by the record. The record shows 

Geis disavowed knowledge of many of the facts involving the illegal performance of the contract 

at trial. Geis testified that he lacked knowledge of the acts, omissions, and work performed by 

Rio Architects’ employees at critical stages in the transaction. In particular, Geis testified he 

lacked knowledge of the acts and omissions of Robert Dafler, a design architect who was briefly 

employed by Rio Architects and who was found to have violated Texas Board of Architectural 

Examiners regulations with respect to this project. Specifically, Dafler was found to have 

unlawfully allowed use of his architect seal to approve plans over which he exercised no 

supervision or control. 
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Additionally, Geis advances no particular legal theory to explain why any knowledge he 

possessed must necessarily be imputed to Villaje. Geis simply asserts his knowledge must be 

imputed by virtue of the fact that he was the only person authorized to act on behalf of Villaje. 

However, even though Villaje was formed by Geis and he served as one of its partners, Villaje 

was a separate legal entity. Texas law provides that partnerships are legally distinct from 

individual partners. Kao Holdings, L.P. v. Young, 261 S.W.3d 60, 63 n.9 (Tex. 2008). The same 

is true of a member or manager of a limited liability company and the company itself. Sanchez v. 

Mulvaney, 274 S.W.3d 708, 712 (Tex. App.—San Antonio 2008, no pet.).

The record does not conclusively establish that both parties to this contract had access to 

the facts indicating the performance of the contract was illegal. The parties therefore were not in 

pari delicto.

The parties were not in pari delicto for another reason. As expressed by statute, Texas 

public policy requires the use of licensed architects. At the time the parties signed the contract in 

this case, Texas law provided,

In order to safeguard life, health, and property, and the public welfare, and in 

order to protect the public against the irresponsible practice of the profession of 

architecture by properly defining and regulating the practice of architecture, no 

person shall practice architecture, as herein defined, within this State, after the 

effective date of this Act, unless he or she be a registered architect, as provided by 

this Act.

Act of May 26, 1989, 71st Leg., R.S., ch. 858, § 1, 1989 Tex. Gen. Laws 3836, repealed by Act 

of May 22, 2001, 77th Leg., R.S., ch. 1421, § 13, 2001 Tex. Gen. Laws 5020 (repeal effective 

June 1, 2003) (current version at TEX. OCC. CODE ANN. §§ 1051.701, 1051.0015 (West Supp. 
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2010)).4

Here, Rio Architects was found to have violated administrative regulations governing the 

practice of architecture. See, e.g., 22 TEX. ADMIN. CODE §§ 1.101; 1.103, 1.104; 1.121-.124 

(Architect’s Seal, Compliance and Enforcement). Like the aforementioned statute, these 

regulations were directed at providers of architectural services such as Rio Architects, not at 

consumers, such as Villaje. In light of theses statutes and regulations, Villaje was certainly less 

culpable than Rio Architects. See Tabor, 230 S.W. at 400 (holding an unlawful contract between 

insurer and insured was enforceable when the statute violated was intended to penalize insurers 

who violated the law); New Boston Gen. Hosp., 47 S.W.3d at 40-41 (holding employee was not 

in pari delicto with employer when the statute violated did not apply to employee); Oakes, 573 

S.W.2d at 902 (holding contracting parties were not in pari delicto when the statute imposed an 

obligation on only the party who acted without a license). 

This statute was clearly directed at providers of architectural services, rather than 

consumers of architectural services. 

But even if we were to assume that the parties in this case were in pari delicto, the public 

policy interests here weigh in favor of allowing recovery. When parties are in pari delicto, relief 

will be granted if public policy demands it. Lewis, 199 S.W.2d at 151; Wetzel, 2011 WL 365287, 

at *4 (citing Wright v. Wight & Wight, 229 S.W. 881, 882 (Tex. Civ. App.—El Paso 1921, no 

writ)). In such cases, courts do not consider the guilt of the respective parties, but rather look to 

 4 The law further provided,

No person, firm, partnership, corporation or any other group or combination of persons shall use 

or attempt to use such prescribed seal, or any similar seal, or replica thereof unless the use is by 

and through an architect duly registered under the provisions of this Act. No architect duly 

registered under this Act shall authorize or permit the use of his seal by any unregistered person, 

firm, corporation, partnership or any other group or combination of persons without his personal 

supervision, and a violation hereof shall be grounds for cancellation of the registration certificate 

of any such offending architect.

Act of May 19, 1973, 63rd Leg., R.S., ch. 361, § 7, 1973 Tex. Gen. Laws 804, repealed by Act of May 22, 2001, 

77th Leg., R.S., ch. 1421, § 13, 2001 Tex. Gen. Laws 5020 (repeal effective June 1, 2003) (current version at TEX.

OCC. CODE ANN. § 1051.701 (West Supp. 2010)).
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the higher right of the public. Wetzel, 2011 WL 365287, at *4; Wight, 229 S.W at 882. In these 

instances, relief is granted to discourage similar transactions by others. Wetzel, 2011 WL 

365287, at *4; Wight, 229 S.W at 882.

Here, even if Villaje had imputed knowledge of facts making the performance of the 

contract illegal, public policy considerations weigh in favor of allowing recovery. The evidence 

showed that the defects in the architectural plans were particularly egregious in this case. The 

plans developed by Rio Architects omitted fire suppression systems, fire sprinklers, and 

emergency exits; required bridges and balconies to encroach property lines; included parking 

garage ramps that exceeded the permissible slope allowable by the Americans with Disabilities 

Act; had multi-floor residential buildings with elevators that did not go to the ground level; 

called for incomplete and deficient structural bracing in the parking garage; included a faulty 

roof system that would be susceptible to water penetration; and had a deficient air conditioning 

and insulation system. Allowing recovery here advances the public interest by promoting 

compliance with architectural statutes and regulations, and by discouraging similar illegal 

transactions in the future. 

As the Texas Supreme Court recognized in Lewis, the in pari delicto defense depends on 

“the peculiar facts and the equities of the case.” Under the admittedly peculiar facts and equities 

of this case, Colina’s recovery was not barred by the defense of in pari delicto. We, therefore, 

overrule Geis’s first issue.

REMAINING DEFENSES TO BREACH OF CONTRACT

In his second issue, Geis argues Colina could not recover for breach of contract because 

Villaje accepted the benefits of the contract even after it learned about deficiencies in the 

architectural plans that constituted a breach of contract. Geis also argues Colina could not 
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recover for breach of contract because Villaje waived its right to sue for breach of contract by 

failing to sue when it became aware of the deficiencies in the plans.

Geis relies on two cases in this section of his brief. First, Geis cites Guerrero v. Hagco 

Bldg. Sys., Inc., for the proposition that, in order to recover, a plaintiff in a rescission suit must 

return or offer to return any consideration which he has received under the contract. 733 S.W.2d 

635, 637 (Tex. App.—San Antonio 1987, no writ). In Hagco, we held that the jury was entitled 

to find from the evidence that the plaintiffs failed to relinquish possession of real property 

because of evidence showing their continued use of the property and, therefore, we affirmed the 

trial court’s judgment denying the remedy of equitable rescission. Id. at 638. Geis’s reliance on 

Hagco in this section of his brief is misplaced. Hagco stands for the proposition that retention of 

benefits bars an equitable recovery for rescission of a contract, not that it bars a legal recovery 

for breach of contract. See Tiger Truck, LLC v. Bruce’s Pulp & Paper, LLC, 282 S.W.3d 176, 

183 (Tex. App.CBeaumont 2009, no pet.) (recognizing Hagco, which involved a suit for 

equitable rescission, was inapplicable to a suit for breach of contract). We, therefore, conclude 

Villaje’s failure to return any benefits it received under the contract does not preclude Colina’s 

recovery for breach of contract.

Second, Geis cites In the Interest of C.T., for the proposition that Colina could not 

recover for breach of contract because Villaje waived this right. 749 S.W.2d 214, 215 (Tex. 

App.—San Antonio 1988, no writ). Geis argues “[t]he fact that Villaje Del Rio did not sue Geis 

d/b/a Rio Architects when it sued Andres and Deutsche Bank for their role in bringing 

construction to a halt demonstrates an intentional and voluntary relinquishment of a known 

right.” Geis further argues all of his affirmative defenses, which included waiver, ratification, 

estoppel, laches, and release, “revolve around the fact that Villaje Del Rio waived its ability to 
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recover damages, if any, against Geis by failing to act after the period that it knew or should have 

known about the complaints Colina has raised with the plans.” Although In the Interest of C.T. is 

a case involving waiver, it concerns the validity of a written relinquishment of parental rights; it 

does not address the issue urged by Geis that the failure to sue one party when one sues other 

parties amounts to a voluntary relinquishment of a known right. See 749 S.W.2d at 215-16. Thus, 

In the Interest of C.T. is distinguishable from the case before us.

Waiver is “an intentional relinquishment of a known right or intentional conduct 

inconsistent with claiming that right.” Jernigan v. Langley, 111 S.W.3d 153, 156 (Tex. 2003);

Enterprise-Laredo Assocs. v. Hachar’s, Inc., 839 S.W.2d 822, 835 (Tex. App.CSan Antonio 

1992), writ denied per curiam, 843 S.W.2d 476 (Tex. 1992). Because waiver is an affirmative 

defense, its elements must be proven by the party who pleads it. See TEX. R. CIV. P. 94. The 

elements of waiver are (1) an existing right, benefit, or advantage; (2) knowledge of its 

existence; and (3) an actual intent to relinquish the right, or intentional conduct inconsistent with 

the right. Ulico Cas. Co. v. Allied Pilots Ass’n, 262 S.W.3d 773, 778 (Tex. 2008). Ordinarily, the 

existence of waiver is a question of fact. Langley, 111 S.W.3d at 156; Hachar’s, 839 S.W.2d at 

835. In determining if waiver has in fact occurred, courts examine the acts, words, or conduct of 

a party to determine if it “unequivocally manifested” an intention to no longer assert the right in 

question. Hachar’s, 839 S.W.2d at 835; see also Langley, 111 S.W.3d at 156 (“Waiver is largely 

a matter of intent, and for implied waiver to be found through a party’s actions, intent must be 

clearly demonstrated by the surrounding facts and circumstances.”).

Here, Geis had the burden to prove waiver at trial. The trial court found against Geis on 

all of his affirmative defenses, including waiver. On appeal, Geis argues that Colina was 

precluded from recovering under breach of contract because Villaje failed to file suit against him 
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when it sued the general contractor and the lender. In support of this argument, Geis contends the 

evidence at trial showed that the general contractor, Andres, had raised many of the same 

complaints that Colina raised in its suit, and that while construction was still under way, Villaje 

attempted to work with Andres to address these concerns. See Dow Chem. Co. v. Francis, 46 

S.W.3d 237, 241-42 (Tex. 2001) (noting party attacking legal sufficiency of an adverse finding 

on an issue on which it had the burden of proof must show, as a matter of law, all vital facts in 

support of the issue; and party attacking factual sufficiency of an adverse finding on an issue on 

which it had the burden of proof must show the finding is against the great weight and 

preponderance of the evidence). 

Nevertheless, Geis only argues that Villaje waived its breach of contract claim because it 

failed to sue him when it became aware of deficiencies in the architectural plans. Geis, however, 

does not direct us to any place in the record showing words, conduct, or actions on the part of 

Villaje that unequivocally manifest its intent to refrain from asserting its right to sue for breach 

of the architectural contract. We, therefore, conclude Geis has failed to demonstrate on appeal 

that the evidence establishes as a matter of law all facts vital in support of waiver, or that the trial 

court’s adverse finding on waiver is against the great weight and preponderance of the evidence. 

We overrule Geis’s second issue.

DAMAGES

In his third issue, Geis argues the evidence is legally and factually insufficient to support 

the damages awarded. Here, Geis argues (1) the trial court should have reduced the damage 

award by $847,475.00; (2) the expert witness’s opinion testimony does not support the damage 

award; and (3) this court should order a remittitur of the damage award.
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The universal rule for measuring damages for the breach of contract is just compensation 

for the loss or damage actually sustained. Phillips v. Phillips, 820 S.W.2d 785, 788 (Tex. 1991) 

(quoting Stewart v. Basey, 245 S.W.2d 484, 486 (Tex. 1952)). Breach of contract damages are 

generally designed to protect three interests: a restitution interest, a reliance interest, and an 

expectation interest. O’Farrill Avila v. Gonzalez, 974 S.W.2d 237, 247 (Tex. App.CSan Antonio 

1998, pet. denied). The purpose of reliance damages is to restore the status quo at the time before 

the contract was made. Hart v. Moore, 952 S.W.2d. 90, 97 (Tex. App.CAmarillo 1997, pet. 

denied). On the other hand, the purpose of expectancy damages is to restore the non-breaching 

party to the same economic position that it would have been in had the contract not been 

breached. Qaddura v. Indo-European Foods, Inc., 141 S.W.3d 882, 888-89 (Tex. App.CDallas 

2004, pet denied).

Reliance damages are similar to out-of-pocket damages. Hart, 952 S.W.2d at 97. Out-ofpocket damages measure the difference between the value the buyer has paid and the value of 

what he has received. Arthur Andersen & Co. v. Perry Equip. Corp., 945 S.W.2d 812, 817 (Tex. 

1997); Brown Found. Repair & Consulting, Inc. v. Henderson, 719 S.W.2d 229, 231 (Tex. 

App.CDallas 1986, no writ) (“Damages may be established by proving the amount paid for 

repairs and the entire lack of value thereof.”). Expectancy damages are similar to benefit-of-thebargain damages. See Qaddura, 141 S.W.3d at 888-89. Benefit-of-the-bargain damages measure 

the difference between the value as represented and the value received. Perry, 945 S.W.2d at 

817. 

As a threshold matter, we note Geis tailors his argument and analysis in this section of his 

brief to benefit-of-the-bargain damages—the amount necessary to put Villaje in as good a 

position as if the contract had been performed. But the record shows the measure of damages 
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awarded by the trial court was out-of-pocket damagesCthe difference between the value Villaje 

paid and the value of what it received. 

In a legal sufficiency review, we consider the evidence in the light most favorable to the 

finding, crediting favorable evidence if a reasonable factfinder could and disregarding contrary 

evidence unless a reasonable factfinder could not. City of Keller v. Wilson, 168 S.W.3d 802, 827 

(Tex. 2005). If there is more than a scintilla of evidence to support the trial court’s finding, then 

the legal sufficiency challenge should be overruled. Formosa Plastics Corp. USA v. Presidio 

Eng’rs & Contractors, Inc., 960 S.W.2d 41, 48 (Tex.1998). In a factual sufficiency review, we 

consider all the evidence supporting and contradicting the finding. Plas-Tex, Inc. v. U.S. Steel 

Corp., 772 S.W.2d 442, 445 (Tex. 1989). We set aside the trial court’s finding only if it is so 

contrary to the overwhelming weight of the evidence as to be clearly wrong and unjust. Cain v. 

Bain, 709 S.W.2d 175, 176 (Tex. 1986). 

At trial, Geis testified he used most of the architectural fee received from Villaje to buy 

two letters of credit on behalf of Villaje that were required by the lender, Deutsche Bank. Later, 

when questioned by Colina’s lawyer, Geis testified that according to his recollection the letters 

of credit were owned by him personally, not by Villaje. Geis further testified that he had signed a 

certification stating that no portion of the architect’s fee had been or would be returned in any 

form, either directly or indirectly, to Villaje. Based on this equivocal evidence, Geis argues the 

trial court should have reduced the total damage award by $847,475.00, the amount he spent to 

purchase the letters of credit for Villaje. 

Geis essentially argues the trial court erred by failing to grant him an offset. However, the 

right of offset is an affirmative defense. Brown v. Am. Transfer & Storage Co., 601 S.W.2d 931, 

936 (Tex. 1980). The party asserting offset has the burden of pleading this affirmative defense 
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and proving the facts necessary to support it. Id. Here, Geis faults the trial court for failing to 

allow him an offset; however, the record shows Geis never requested an offset in his pleadings. 

Because this offset was not requested in Geis’s pleadings, this complaint is not preserved for 

appellate review. See Zuniga v. Velasquez, 274 S.W.3d 770, 774 (Tex. App.CSan Antonio 2008, 

no pet.) (noting the affirmative defense of offset must be pled or it is waived); Dal-Chrome Co. 

v. Brenntag Southwest, Inc., 183 S.W.3d 133, 144-45 (Tex. App.CDallas 2006, no pet.) (holding 

appellate complaint about offset of damages was waived when it was not presented to the trial 

court).

Next, Geis argues the evidence in support of the damage award lacks the required 

reasonable basis and evidentiary support to be affirmed by this court. In asserting the evidence is 

legally and factually insufficient to support the damage award, Geis urges us to disregard the 

expert opinion testimony of McGinty, Colina’s expert, as conclusory, complaining McGinty 

failed to describe how he reached his opinion or estimate the cost of correcting the deficiencies. 

With respect to the value of the plans provided by Rio Architects, McGinty offered the following 

testimony:

It’s my opinion that they probably have a negative value, and that’s because I think it’s 

going to cost more in architectural fees to correct the mistakes and restore the damage 

and get the project completed than that amount of $881,000. And that opinion is based on 

my experience of what it costs to do this kind of work in scope and nature. 

Our review of the record shows McGinty expressly testified his opinions were based 

upon a personal inspection of the project; a review of the drawings, plans, and specifications for 

the project; a review of other documents and depositions; a review of relevant laws, codes, and 

regulations; and a review of architectural treatises. Thus, the record shows McGinty’s testimony 

was not conclusory. See State Farm Lloyds v. Hamilton, 265 S.W.3d 725, 733 (Tex. App.—

Dallas 2008, pet. dism’d) (holding expert’s opinion testimony was not conclusory when it was 
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based on specific facts and analysis); Gonzalez v. Salinas, No. 04-06-00266-CV, 2007 WL 

2042758, at *3 (Tex. App.CSan Antonio 2007, no pet.) (holding expert’s opinion was not 

conclusory when it was based on his education and experience, his inspection of the home, his 

evaluation of the foundation design, and his evaluation and testing of the soil). In addition, 

because McGinty testified the architectural plans provided by Rio Architects were worthless, he 

was not required to estimate the cost of correcting the deficiencies. 

In his testimony, McGinty provided additional reasoning to support his opinion. McGinty 

testified that a practicing architect would not be able to take the plans provided by Rio 

Architects, clean them up, make revisions, stamp them, sign them, date them, and use them 

because there were “serious design deficiencies that have to be addressed” and “they’re not easy 

questions.” According to McGinty, these design deficiencies required (1) creating expensive 

mechanical air-conditioning systems due to exposed ducts in the ceiling space because the 

structure was too low; (2) modifying ramps because the slope of the ramps exceeded the 

allowable slopes under the law; (3) devising a prefabricated, weatherproof wall to be inserted 

behind a concrete wall; (4) designing a completely new roof system, possibly pitched; and (5) 

developing sun controls and awning shelters on windows facing the south and west in order to 

make the air conditioning function. In summarizing his opinion, McGinty stated, “There’s a host 

of problems that are going to have to be addressed. The answers are not apparent without a great 

deal of work.” Considering the evidence in the light most favorable to the judgment, we 

conclude there was more than a scintilla of evidence to support the trial court’s finding that Rio 

Architects’ plans and drawings “had a negative value” and “were worthless.” We hold the 

evidence is legally sufficient to support the damage award.
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As to the factual sufficiency of the evidence to support the damage award, Geis maintains 

there were many conflicts between the testimony of McGinty and Adelman, Colina’s corporate 

representative. Geis argues the factfinder should have inferred that the architectural plans and 

services had some value based on Adelman’s testimony. Adelman testified that the framing of 

the structure was about ninety-five percent complete when Colina first acquired an interest in 

Villaje. Adelman further testified the new owner had hired engineers and an architect to redesign 

the project and had made the decision to keep the foundation, the framing, and the shell of the 

buildings in place. Additionally, Adelman stated the new owner decided to make some aesthetic 

changes to enhance the marketability of the project. Adelman’s testimony, however, did not 

speak directly to the value of architectural plans and services provided by Rio Architects. And, 

while a factfinder might have inferred from Adelman’s testimony that the partially-constructed 

project had some value, we conclude the factfinder was not required to do so. Furthermore, 

McGinty testified directly about the value of the plans provided by Rio Architects, and gave the 

opinion that the plans provided by Rio Architects had a “negative value” because “it’s going to 

cost more in architectural fees to correct the mistakes and restore the damage and get the project 

completed than that amount of $881,000.00.” Considering all of the evidence in a neutral light, 

we conclude the trial court’s damage award was not so contrary to the overwhelming weight of 

the evidence as to be clearly wrong and unjust. We hold the evidence is factually sufficient to 

support the trial court’s damage award. 

Additionally, Geis requests a suggestion of remittitur from this court. See TEX. R. APP. P.

46.3. An appellate court may order a remittitur of damages only if the evidence is factually 

insufficient to support the amount awarded, or if the amount is against the great weight and 

preponderance of the evidence. Pope v. Moore, 711 S.W.2d 622, 624 (Tex. 1986). Because we 
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hold the evidence is factually sufficient to support the damage award, we deny Geis’s request for 

a suggestion of remittitur. We overrule Geis’s third issue.

MOTION FOR LEAVE TO FILE TRIAL AMENDMENT

In his fourth issue, Geis argues the trial court abused its discretion in denying his motion 

for leave to amend his pleadings to include the affirmative defense of limitations. Two days after 

the trial ended, Geis filed a motion stating, “[d]uring the trial, evidence was introduced by both 

sides, without objection, clearly indicating that this lawsuit is barred by the four-year statute of 

limitations set forth in Section 16.004 of the Texas Civil Practice & Remedies Code.” Colina 

filed a written response opposing the motion for leave, arguing that the trial amendment was 

prejudicial on its face. 

Generally, a trial court has no discretion to refuse a trial amendment unless (1) the 

opposing party presents evidence of surprise or prejudice; or (2) the proposed amendment asserts 

a new cause of action or defense, and thus is prejudicial on its face, and the opposing party 

objects to it. Chapin & Chapin, Inc. v. Tex. Sand & Gravel Co., Inc., 844 S.W.2d 664, 665 (Tex. 

1992); Stephenson v. LeBoeuf, 16 S.W.3d 829, 839 (Tex. App.CHouston [14th Dist.] 2000, pet. 

denied); TEX. R. CIV. P. 63, 66. A trial amendment is mandatory if it is merely procedural in 

nature, such as when conforming the pleadings to evidence presented at trial. Chapin, 844 

S.W.2d at 665; Stephenson, 16 S.W.3d at 839. Conversely, an amendment is not mandatory if it 

is substantive, that is, if it changes the nature of the trial. Chapin, 844 S.W.2d at 665;

Stephenson, 16 S.W.3d at 839. If the trial amendment is not mandatory, the decision to allow or 

deny the amendment is within the sound discretion of the trial court. State Bar of Tex. v. 

Kilpatrick, 874 S.W.2d 656, 658 (Tex.1994); Stephenson, 16 S.W.3d at 839. 
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Geis argues his trial amendment was mandatory because it was intended to conform the 

pleadings to the evidence presented at trial. A party’s unpleaded issue may be deemed tried by 

consent when evidence on the issue is developed under circumstances indicating that the parties 

understood that the issue was in the case, and the other party fails to make an appropriate 

complaint. Continental Homes of Texas, L.P. v. City of San Antonio, 275 S.W.3d 9, 16 (Tex. 

App.—San Antonio 2008, pet. denied); Johnson v. Oliver, 250 S.W.3d 182, 186 (Tex. App.—

Dallas 2008, no pet.). To determine whether an issue was tried by consent, the reviewing court 

must examine the record for evidence of trial of the issue, not just for admission of evidence on 

the issue. Continental Homes, 275 S.W.3d at 16; Johnson, 250 S.W.3d at 186. Issues are not 

“tried” merely by receipt of evidence on the issue. Continental Homes, 275 S.W.3d at 16.

Here, Geis maintains the parties tried the issue of limitations by consent because the trial 

record shows the architectural contract was entered into on July 26, 2002, and was fully 

performed by February 13, 2003, when Rio Architects delivered the architectural plans and 

specifications under the contract. In support of this argument, Geis directs our attention to the 

architectural contract, closing documents, and loan settlement documents, which were admitted 

into evidence at trial. Nevertheless, the record shows these documents were admitted for other 

purposes, not for the purpose of trying the defense of limitations by consent. After reviewing the 

record, we conclude the parties were not under the impression that limitations was an issue in the 

case, and did not in fact try the issue of limitations by consent. 

But even if we assume that the defense of limitations was actually tried by consent, the 

trial court could have properly concluded the proposed trial amendment was prejudicial on its 

face. A trial court has the discretion to refuse a trial amendment when the amendment asserts a 

new cause of action or defense, and therefore, is prejudicial on its face, and the opposing party 
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objects to the amendment. Missouri Pacific R. Co. v. Buenrostro, 853 S.W.2d 66, 70-71 (Tex. 

App.—San Antonio 1993, writ denied) (citing Greenhalgh v. Service Lloyds Ins. Co., 787 

S.W.2d 938, 939 (Tex. 1990)). And, when it appears that the new matter was known to the party 

seeking to file the amendment, or by reasonable diligence it could have been known by the party, 

the request should be denied. Id. 

Geis relies on a Texas Supreme Court case, Vermillion v. Haynes, to support his 

argument. 215 S.W.2d 605, 609 (Tex. 1948). In Haynes, the supreme court held that the trial 

court erred in striking the appellant’s request for a trial amendment to include a limitations 

defense. In finding an abuse of discretion, the supreme court emphasized that the respondents’ 

objections to the trial amendment in no way suggested that they were surprised or unprepared to 

meet the issues raised by the trial amendment. Id.

The case before us is distinguishable from Haynes. Here, unlike the party objecting in 

Haynes, Colina explained in its written objection how the requested trial amendment would 

cause it surprise and prejudice. Moreover, based on the arguments presented in the objection, the 

trial court could have concluded that the addition of a limitations defense would reshape the 

nature of this case in a fundamental way. If Geis had asserted a limitations defense during the 

discovery period, Colina could have pleaded an exception to suspend or toll the statute of 

limitations such as fraudulent concealment, equitable tolling, or the discovery rule, and it could 

have conducted appropriate discovery. But because Geis waited to raise the defense of 

limitations until after trial, Colina was prevented from conducting relevant discovery and 

developing an appropriate response to a limitations defense. Thus, the trial court could have 

reasonably concluded that a trial amendment adding the defense of limitations at this late stage in 

the litigation would have been prejudicial to Colina. Additionally, the trial court could have 
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reasonably concluded that Geis in the exercise of due diligence should have anticipated and 

pleaded the affirmative defense of limitations.

We hold the trial court acted within its discretion in denying Geis’s motion for leave to

file a trial amendment. See Blue Star Operating Co. v. Tetra Technologies, Inc., 119 S.W.3d 916, 

920-21 (Tex. App.—Dallas 2003, pet. denied) (holding the trial court acted within its discretion 

in refusing post-verdict request for a trial amendment that was prejudicial on its face); 

Buenrostro, 853 S.W.2d at 70-71 (holding the trial court did not abuse its discretion in denying a 

request for a trial amendment injecting a new defense that would have prejudiced the plaintiff). 

We overrule Geis’s fourth issue.

STANDING

In his fifth issue, Geis argues this court should dismiss this cause for want of jurisdiction 

because Colina failed to prove its standing. Standing focuses on whether a party has a sufficient 

relationship with the lawsuit so as to have a justiciable interest in the outcome. Austin Nursing 

Center, Inc. v. Lovato, 171 S.W.3d 845, 848 (Tex. 2005). In other words, standing focuses on 

who may bring a cause of action. M.D. Anderson Cancer Ctr. v. Novak, 52 S.W.3d 704, 708 

(Tex. 2001). Without standing, a court lacks subject matter jurisdiction to hear the case. Lovato, 

171 S.W.3d at 849. The absence of standing may be raised by a plea to the jurisdiction, as well 

as by other procedural vehicles. Bland Indep. Sch. Dist. v. Blue, 34 S.W.3d 547, 554 (Tex. 2000). 

Because standing is a component of subject matter jurisdiction, it cannot be waived and can even 

be raised for the first time on appeal. City of Laredo v. R. Vela Exxon, Inc., 966 S.W.2d 673, 679 

(Tex. App.—San Antonio 1998, pet. denied). When reviewing the standing of a party for the first 

time on appeal, we construe the petition in favor of the party, and if necessary, review the entire 

record to determine if any evidence supports standing. Id. 
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To recover on an assigned cause of action, the party claiming the assigned right must 

prove not only that a cause of action existed that was capable of assignment, but also that the 

cause was in fact assigned to the party seeking recovery. Ceramic Tile Int’l, Inc. v. Balusek, 137 

S.W.3d 722, 724 (Tex. App.—San Antonio 2004, no pet.) (holding that when assignee did not 

offer into evidence the document showing the claims were assigned to him, assignee failed to 

establish his right to recover). Relying on Balusek, Geis argues that even though the trial 

evidence shows the bankruptcy court accepted Colina’s credit bid of $100,000.00 to purchase 

Villaje’s non-tort claims against Geis and Rio Architects, the trial evidence fails to show that 

Colina actually completed the transaction and purchased Villaje’s non-tort claims against Geis 

and Rio Architects. Geis argues the bankruptcy order is no evidence that Colina actually 

completed the transaction and acquired Villaje’s non-tort claims against him. Geis further argues 

Colina presented no additional evidence that it actually closed on and paid for its claims. As a 

result, Geis contends the record shows Colina had no standing to bring the underlying suit.

In Balusek, we reversed a judgment in favor of an assignee when the record showed the 

assignment was not admitted into evidence at trial. 137 S.W.3d at 725. We held that because the 

assignment was not admitted into evidence, the assignee did not meet his burden of showing a 

cause of action existed that was capable of assignment and that the cause of action was in fact 

assigned to him. Id. Here, unlike the situation in Balusek, the bankruptcy order authorizing the 

sale of Villaje’s non-tort claims was admitted into evidence. This order provides, in pertinent 

part, 

The credit bid of Colina in the amount of $100,000.00 is the highest and best offer 

for the purchase of the Debtor’s interest in all claims against George Geis, George 

Geis d/b/a Rio City, Villaje Management LLC, Goldbrick, Inc.; Rio Architects 

and Geis Construction not sounding in tort, save and except for claims arising 

under Chapter 5 of Title 11, United States Code (Asset 6), and the sale of such 

claims to Colina is hereby APPROVED.
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The bankruptcy order does not require any further action to consummate the sale of these 

claims to Colina. In addition, the bankruptcy order expressly provides that it “will be effective 

upon entry.” In addition, the testimony of Adelman and Geis indicates Colina actually acquired 

the non-tort claims of Villaje and had standing to bring these claims. In his testimony, Adelman 

expressly stated that the underlying lawsuit was filed after Colina purchased Villaje’s non-tort 

claims against Geis and Rio Architects. Adelman’s testimony on this issue is undisputed. 

In addition, on cross-examination, Geis testified as follows:

Counsel: Now, you understand that the claims being asserted by Colina here 

is for an asset that they purchased from the bankruptcy estate of 

Villaje; right?

Geis: I understand they purchased a claim at the auction.

Counsel: They purchased several claims at the auction; right?

Geis: I thought you were asking about this particular claim.

Counsel: Yes, sir, this particular one.

Geis: Yes.

....

Counsel: And how much did Colina pay or bid to acquire the claims that it 

purchased?

Geis: I don’t remember. I only remember this claim that you’re asking 

me about. I don’t remember the other claims.

Counsel: Well, Colina [c]redit bid $100,000 to have the right to stand in

Villaje’s shoes and assert the non-tort claims against Rio 

Architects; right?

Geis: Right.

We conclude the bankruptcy order, Adelman’s testimony, and Geis’s testimony are some 

evidence that Colina in fact purchased and acquired Villaje’s non-tort claims against Geis and 
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Rio Architects. We, therefore, hold the evidence presented in this case shows Colina had 

standing to bring these claims. We overrule Geis’s fifth issue.

CONCLUSION

The trial court’s judgment is affirmed.

Karen Angelini, Justice