# PM 10 

# Exceptional Events Waiver Request Parkgate station in Eagle River, AK (AQS Site ID = 02-020-1004) October 30 & 31, 2009

Air Quality Program Department of Health and Human Services Municipality of Anchorage

November 4, 2010

## 2 

# Table of Contents

A. EVENT CRITERIA .................................................................................................................3

Event affected air quality..................................................................................................... ..........3

Event was not reasonably controllable or preventable .................................................................5

 N ATURAL 

## PM 10 

### SOURCES 

## ......................................................................................................................5

 R ELATIVE IMPORTANCE OF OPEN AREAS CREATED BY HUMAN ACTIVITIES 

## ........................................6

Natural causes led to the event. ............................................................................................... ....7

B. CLEAR CAUSAL RELATIONSHIP ....................................................................................10

C. PM 10 

## CONCENTRATIONS EXCEEDED NORMAL HISTORICAL FLUCTUATIONS ........13

D. THERE WOULD HAVE BEEN NO EXCEEDANCE BUT FOR THE EVENT .......................15

E. PROCEDURAL REQUIREMENTS .......................................................................................16

F. CONCLUSION .......................................................................................................................17

APPENDIX A ..............................................................................................................................1 8

APPENDIX B ..............................................................................................................................2 1

APPENDIX C ..............................................................................................................................2 3

Wind and visibility data of Palmer area (25 Oct – 2 Nov 2009) – Palmer Airport (PAAQ) Source: NCDC Quality Controlled Local Climatological Data (DS3505).....................................24

Wind and visibility data of Palmer area (25 Oct – 2 Nov 2009) – Birchwood Airport (PAVB) Source: NCDC Quality Controlled Local Climatological Data (DS3505)....................................28

Wind and visibility data of Palmer area (25 Oct – 2 Nov 2009) – Anchorage International Airport (PANC) Source: NCDC Quality Controlled Local Climatological Data (DS3505) .....................37

## 3 

# A. Event criteria

Event affected air quality

In late October 2009, a weather system surrounding Alaska created a large pressure gradient over south-central Alaska, and this resulted in extremely strong N-NE winds that blew across the region during 29-31 October. This weather pattern is fairly common in the winter in this region and a resulting strong northerly wind is locally known as Matanuska Wind. The Matanuska Wind of 29-31 October 2009 was unusually strong, however, causing a number of power outages both in the Matanuska-Susitna (Mat-Su) Borough and the Municipality of Anchorage (Appendix A). This Matanuska Wind, accompanied by dry weather and snow-free conditions at low elevations, generated massive wind-blown dust clouds from glacial outwash of major glacial rivers across the entire region (Figure 1).

On 29 October an Air Quality Warning was issued by the Mat-Su Borough for the Palmer area, because the concentration of wind-blown dust (PM 10 

## ) in the air reached unhealthy levels (Appendix A). The Municipality of Anchorage also issued an Air Quality Advisory on 30 October because the PM 10 

## concentration was approaching unhealthy levels due to airborne dust transported from Palmer (Appendix B).

The unusually dusty conditions were reflected in PM 10 

## concentrations monitored adjacent to the Matanuska River delta in Palmer and at monitoring sites directly downwind of the delta in Eagle River and Anchorage (Table 1). The 24-hr averages of PM 10 

## at monitoring stations in all these three sites recorded ambient concentrations that were significantly higher than normal. The 24- hr PM 10 

## concentration at the Parkgate monitoring station in Eagle River was 163 μ g/m 3 

## on 30 October and remained high (137 μ g/m 3 

## ) on the following day. The Wasilla site, located approximately 11 miles west of the mouth of Matanuska River and 30 miles east of Susitna River did not record extremely high PM 10 

## , because the site was not directly downwind of either river during this particular wind storm (Table 1, Figure 1).

Table 1. The 24-hr average PM 10 

## concentrations at Eagle River site and other monitoring sites across south-central Alaska. Data at Eagle River and Anchorage were obtained by the Municipality Of Anchorage. Data at Wasilla and Palmer were obtained by Alaska Dept. of Environmental Conservation. Asterisks indicate the events requested for consideration as exceptional events. All data are in the AQS database except for those from the Wasilla station where the sampler’s flow rate slightly exceeded ADEC’s QA criteria. However the flow rate deviation was within the EPA’s QA criteria, and thus the data were included in the table below.

Monitoring station ID 24-hr average PM 10 

## ( μ g/m 3 

## )

Site Station Directly downwind from Matanuska

Valley? 29 Oct 30 Oct 31 Oct

Wasilla Wasilla No 40 53 52

Palmer Palmer Yes 139 137 204

Eagle River Parkgate Yes 41 163* 137*

Anchorage Garden Yes 41 123 1234Figure 1. AVHRRSatellite image of windblown dust in entire south-central Alaska at 15:11 AST on 30 October, 2009.Yellow arrows show dust plumes trailing from NE to SW. Thedust plume from the Copper River Valley is especially prominent;plumes from the Matanuska River delta near Palmer can also beseen. Note that valley bottoms and plains are snow free and thatdust plumes from the Matanuska River and the Susitna River are narrow enough not to affect PM10at Wasilla site (source: NASA).•Palmer•ValdezSeward•Cupper River•Wasilla•Anchorage Susitna RiverYakutatBayDangerousRiverSteller & Bering glacier

Matanuska RiverAlsekRiver

Cook Inlet

## 5 

## Event was not reasonably controllable or preventable

As we will describe below in detail, the key factors leading to the exceedance at the Parkgate monitoring station in Eagle River were: (1) a large naturally-occurring reservoir of loose glacial silt deposits on the glacial outwash plain along Matanuska River; (2) unusually strong N-NE winds (Matanuska Wind) capable of picking up and transporting the silt deposit; (3) the absence of snow cover on the ground, and; (4) dry conditions in the entire region that allowed the emission and long-range transport of dust. We will show that the human-caused component was minimal, if any, thus the event was not controllable or preventable.

We define “unusually strong wind” as wind with maximum wind gust of 40 mph or greater. Weather records from at the Anchorage International Airport (PANC) from the 17 year period (1993–2009) indicate that winds greater than 40 mph are rare. Only 2% of the days during this period recorded maximum wind gusts of ≥ 40 mph. Because no wind data are available for Eagle River, we have used wind data from PANC (~18 miles SW of Eagle River and the most comprehensive weather data available) and Birchwood Airport (PAVB), the nearest NWS weather station, ~6 miles NE of Eagle River 1



## .

 Natural PM 10 

## sources Alluviation of wind-blown glacial silt (aeolian silt or loess) is a well recognized soil-forming process along Matanuska Valley and in its vicinity. The silts are produced through grinding by the Matanuska glaciers and are transported downstream by the Matanuska River (Figure 2). Along the river, silty materials are constantly deposited and eroded, forming a braided outwash plain, which is highly susceptible to wind erosion if not vegetated (Figure 3).

Figure 2. Map of the Matanuska Valley area. The Matanuska glacier (red arrow) is an active glacier, continually adding silt to the Matanuska River.

(Original USGS map available at http://ak.water.usgs.gov/M atSu/mrbe/data_pubs.php was modified)

1 

### Weather data were obtained from NCDC Quality Cont rolled Local Climatological Data (DS3505) 

## Point MacKenzie 

# • Eagle River 

# • Butte

## 6 

## Because glacial braided rivers constantly change their course, they prevent the establishment of vegetation on the outwash pain that could effectively suppress wind erosion. Along the upper stretch of the river the outwash plain can be protected from winds by the narrow and deep Matanuska Valley, whereas the lower stretch of the river (a segment between Sutton, where valley widens, and the river delta near Palmer) the outwash plain is subject to wind erosion (Figure 2). Within this segment, the total area of naturally-forming unvegetated outwash plain is estimated to be roughly 13 km 2 

## or 3212 acres (personal communication with Janet Curran, USGS Alaska Science Center). Upstream of Sutton, human impact on land is negligible. Along the section between the glacier and the mouth of the river, there are no dams or flood control structures. Only a few erosion control structures (e.g., sand bags and rip rap) can be found along the banks of the river, keeping houses and roads from falling into the river. However, the total coverage by these structures is negligible relative to total unvegetated outwash plain.

Figure 3. Matanuska River and its expansive braided outwash plane.

,

(source: USGS ak.water.usgs.gov/MatSu/mrbe/index.php )



##  Relative importance of open areas created by human activities

Open areas created by current and past human activiti es appeared to have contributed little, if any, to the elevated PM 10 

## level during the event. A considerable portion of agricultural land near Matanuska Valley is dedicated to perennial hay production and pasture. These areas are not a source of wind-blown dust because they rema in vegetated year-round; a stubble remains even after hay is cut for harvest. Total agricultural land that was most likely tilled or turned in 2007 was estimated to be only 2 km 2 

## or 494 acres (15% of the unvegetated area on braided outwash plain) for a Matanuska Valley – Palmer area 2 

## . We conservatively assumed that agricultural land use and

2 

### According to the latest available census results (2007) repo rted by the National Agricultural Statistics Service (NASS), total harvested crop land was estimated to be 69 km 2 

### for the “Anchorage census area”, an area that extends roughly 50- 100 miles radius of Palmer and includes Anchorage and Point MacKenzie (see Figure 2). In 2007 field crops comprised approximately 6% of total agricultural land. Thus, we esti mated that the 2007 annual fi eld crop land for the Anchorage census area was roughly 4 km 2 

### . Because roughly half or more of the crop land in this census area is outside of the Matanuska Valley – Palmer – Butte area (i.e., in the Point MacK enzie area), we simply divided the area estimate by half.

## 7 

## practice in 2009 was similar to that in 2007, although total crop land declined by 12% and harvested land by 3% over a 2002 – 2007 period 3



## . Because of Alaska’s short growing season, annual field crops are normally harvested by late August and the land is normally turned by mid-la te September for the next spring. Thus, tilled areas would have been undisturbed for over a month prior to the wind storm of October 2009, making this land more resistant to wind erosion. Furthermore, the soil turning in September creates rough ground surface suppressing wind-blown dust emissions relative to a smooth surface like the braided outwash plain 4



## . The only other sizeable open area along the route of the N-NE Matanuska wind is the Wishbone Hill Mine, located approximately 5 miles west of Sutton. This small historical mine consists of multiple mined locations (total area of roughly 1 km 2 

## ) and it was last mined in 1980s. Currently, the Wishbone Hill area is largely re-forested and is now used for recreational activities for the local residents, including hiking and fishing. Dirt trails and roads along the trajectory of Matanuska wind were not likely significant sources for the wind-blown dust during the wind storm, because the total area of the trails is negligible relative to the braided outwash plain of the Matanuska River. Moreover, most trails run through wooded land that is sheltered from wind 5



## .

Natural causes led to the event.

Normally, Matanuska Winds blow during the time when the ground is covered with snow and ice. However, occasionally these winds coincide with a dry period with little or no snow cover on the ground (e.g., late snow event, dry winter, and early snowmelt). This results in dust generation from the silt deposits in the glacial outwash and the transport of the dust toward downwind areas (Figure 4) 6.



## Recent studies have revealed that long-range transport of PM 10 

## is an important natural geochemical process on Earth. During severe wind storm events, millions of tons of soil may be transported thousand of kilometers, even to another continent. Intercontinental transport of dust from African and Chinese deserts to North Am erica has been documented by satellite images and chemical analyses 7 

## . Thus, it is not surprising that the glacial silt deposits of the Matanuska River Valley can be transported to nearby cities such as Eagle River and Anchorage (<45 miles) on an occasional basis when strong wind storms coincide with other environmental factors conducive to dust generation.

We concluded based on the four points listed below that the exceedance on 30 October 2009 at the Parkgate monitoring station was caused by the unusually strong Matanuska Wind and not by anthropogenic activities (e.g., industrial, traffic).

1. The nearest sizeable industrial center is Anchorage, about 18 miles SW of Parkgate monitoring station in Eagle River. If industrial sources had much influence on PM 10 

## levels in Eagle River,

3 

### Census results (2007) reported by NASS. Available at: http://www.agcensus.usda.gov/

4 

### For example, see the EPA document AP-42, Compilat ion of Air Pollutant Em ission Factors, section 13.2.5.

5 

### Along the trajectory of the Matanuska Wind, the only trail netw ork for local off-highway vehicle (OHV) users are trails in the Wishbone Hill area. Even if we assume a high estimate of 100 miles for the total length of these trails, their total area would be only 0.2 km 2 

### , assuming that the average trail width is 4 ft. This is only 1% of brai ded outwash plain (13km 2 

### ). Most of these and other dirt trails we ave through wooded lands that consist of mature and young paper birch, aspen, white spruce, willow, and other shrub cover.

6 

### Soil Survey of Matanuska-Susitna Valley Area, Alaska. Unit ed States Department of Agri culture, Natural Resources Conservation Service (Aug 1998).

7 

### Prospero JM (1999) Long-range transport of mineral dust in the glob al atmosphere: Impact of African dust on the environment of the southe astern United States. PNAS. 96:3396-3403. Griffin DW et al. (2001) Dust in the Wind: Long Range Transport of Dust in the Atmosphere and Its Implications for Global Public and Ecosystem. Global Change & Human Health. 2: 1389-5702.

## 8 

## strong S-SW wind should be associated with higher PM 10 

## concentrations. However, a comparison of wind directions and PM 10 

## concentrations during the 1998-2009 period revealed no association between the two. The highest PM 10 

## value measured at Parkgate during unusually strong S-SW wind events ( ≥ 40 mph, measured at PANC) was only 19 μ g/m 3 

## (Table 2, middle column).

2. Although no source apportionment analysis was performed for this event, previous analyses have consistently demonstrated that crusta l, geological materials are the predominant component of PM 10 

## in both Eagle River and Anchorage. The very low carbon content indicates that PM 10 

## derived from combustion sources such as wood burning and industrial activity are not important sources of PM 10 

## in Eagle River and Anchorage.

3. Table 1 does not show any indication of PM 10 

## transport from Anchorage to Eagle River; the progression of PM 10 

## front from Palmer to Eagle River during the wind storm of 29-31 October 2009 is very evident.

4. Finally, no unusual human activities were recorded in Eagle River or Anchorage during the exceedance event that could have emitted a large amount of PM 10



## . Thus, it is most reasonable to conclude that the exceedance at Parkgate station was associated with the strong Matanuska Wind and not with anthropogenic activities in Eagle River or Anchorage. In the following section, we will demonstrate clear causal relationship between the wind events and the exceedance.

Figure 4. Formation and transport of wind-blown dust as a natural soil-forming process in Palmer, AK and its down-wind areas. Photograph is taken in Palmer. Background is Pioneer Peak. Note that ground is snow free.

(source: Soil Survey of Matanuska-Susitna Valley Area, Alaska. USDA NRCS, 1998)9Table 2.Comparison of gust speed (daily maximum) and wind direction at PANC and PM10concentration (24-hr average) inEagle River during 1998-2009 period.Gust speed and snow depth data at PANC station (Anchorage International Airport) wereobtained from Quality Controlled Local Climatological Data by National Climatic Data Center (NCDC). Only days with gusts≥35 mphare shown. PM10measurements were available from 1012 days during this period.Datesnowdepth (")gust(mph) directionParkgatePM10(ug/m3) Datesnowdepth (")gust(mph) directionParkgatePM10(ug/m3) Datesnowdepth (")gust(mph) directionParkgatePM10(ug/m3)3/12/2003 0 71 N 590E1/16/2009 5 54 S39/21/2000 0 47 SE 193/1/2007 17 54 N 28 4/22/2005 0 51 S 10 1/30/2007 18 47 SE 912/2/2007 0.01 48 NE 223E1/15/2009 10 47 S411/11/2009 2 47 SE2410/31/2009 0 45 NE137E *6/5/2007 0 46 S 19 12/20/2000 4 45 SE 810/29/2009 0 43 N41E *3/31/1999 9 41 S 6 12/26/1999 5 43 SE 73/13/2007 17 40 N 29 12/2/2009 8 41 S31/14/2002 10 43 SE 32/20/2009 9 40 N77/27/2009 0 40 S124/27/2004 0 43 SE 1810/30/2009 0 40 N163E *1/4/2005 4 39 S 3 7/31/2009 0 41 SE1011/13/2006 4 39 N 65 7/11/2007 0 39 S 19 12/1/2009 7 41 SE211/19/2006 4 39 N 30 11/8/2007 0 39 S 11 7/5/1999 0 40 SE 662/21/2009 9 39 N98/4/1999 0 38 S 17 1/7/2001 0.001 39 E 212/8/2008 8 37 N 16 9/4/2001 0 37 S 6 2/18/2008 15 39 SE 41/30/1999 7 36 N 20 12/4/2002 0 37 S 12 5/27/2003 0 38 SE 1012/19/2006 9 36 N 9 10/19/2005 0 37 S 5 3/11/2005 7 38 SE 39/27/2000 0 35 N 8 2/10/2006 11 37 S 3 12/8/2007 0.01 38 SE 461/13/2001 4 35 N 6 2/14/2009 10 37 S44/24/2008 0 38 SE 5312/29/2004 7 35 N 7 6/25/2009 0 37 S121/17/2009 5 38 SE711/4/2009 0 35 N649/7/2009 0 37 S159/1/2009 0 38 SE1511/23/2009 3 37 S911/1/1998 0 37 SE 273/18/1998 8 36 S 12 1/19/2001 1 37 SE 1112/20/1999 7 36 SW 26 12/23/2004 5 37 SE 104/18/2000 0.001 36 S 43 1/18/2009 5 37 SE55/1/2001 0 36 S 19 4/26/2009 0 37 SE217/2/2003 0 36 S 11 5/21/2009 0 37 SE232/21/2004 23 36 S 4 9/30/2003 0 36 SE 65/27/2004 0 36 S 14 11/29/2004 2 36 SE 105/5/2006 0 36 S 16 6/10/2006 0 36 SE 155/30/2007 0 36 S 15 5/28/2009 0 36 SE113/7/2008 9 36 S 5 7/29/2009 0 36 SE152/19/2009 9 36 S711/14/2000 0 35 SE 135/22/2009 0 36 S219/5/2002 0 35 SE 175/26/2009 0 36 S478/13/2003 0 35 SE 38/18/2009 0 36 S164/9/2004 20 35 SE 247/5/2000 0 35 SW 8 3/31/2008 5 35 SE 2112/27/2001 7 35 S 4 5/30/2008 0 35 SE 405/9/2003 0 35 S 18 5/27/2009 0 35 SE175/15/2004 0 35 S 17 6/21/2009 0 35 SE97/10/2006 0 35 S 14 7/26/2009 0 35 SE121/12/2007 21 35 S 6 10/2/2009 0 35 SE207/17/2007 0 35 S 24 11/24/2009 3 35 SE115/12/2008 0 35 S 183/5/2009 14 35 S6N-NE gust (from Palmer) S-SW gust (from Anchorage) Gust from other directions* the same wind storm of 29-31 Oct 2009yellow highlight = N-NE gust of≥40 mph and snow depth≤0.01"Black letters = PM10 measured using FRM (1-in-6 day)Blue lettes = PM10 measured using BAM (daily)E = Exceptional event status granted or requested

## 10 

# B. Clear causal relationship

In the winter of 2009-2010, the snow cover in Palmer area needed to prevent wind-blown dust was not present until November 19 (Figure 5). This snow-free condition allowed the Matanuska Wind of October 29-31 to stir-up loose silt deposits in the glacial outwash and generate a large dust cloud, which was subsequently transported to downwind locations.

Figure 5. Snow depth recorded in Palmer, AK between October 1 and November30, 2009.

(Source: NOAA National Operational Hydrologic Remote Sensing Center www.nohrsc.noaa.gov )



## We analyzed the relationship between hourly PM 10 

## concentration and wind speed, wind direction, and relative humidity between 25 October and 2 November 2009 for Palmer, Eagle River, and Anchorage to determine whether there was a clear causal relationship between high winds and the PM 10 

## concentrations measured during the Matanuska wind storm of 29-31 October 2009. The climate at Palmer Airport (PAAQ), Birchwood Airport (PABV), and PANC data were used for the analysis, and the data were obtained from Quality Controlled Local Climatological Data by NCDC (Appendix C). PM 10 

## data used in the analysis were from the Palmer, Parkgate, and Garden sampling stations.

The results shown in Figure 6 clearly show the progression of the wind and PM 10 

## front from the Palmer area to Anchorage, indicating that the exceedance at Parkgate station was caused by the transport of wind-blown dust that originated near Palmer. At the Palmer station the PM 10 

## concentration reached 309 μ g/m 3 

## on October 29 soon after the dry Matanuska wind (RH <40%) from the north started to blow, and hourly PM 10 

## concentrations remained high with some fluctuations that correspond to gust speed variations until the end of the storm on October 31 (Figure 6-A). During this storm, the hourly PM 10 

## concentration at Wasilla station remained below 150 μ g/m 3 

## with only two exceptions (181 and 198 μ g/m 3 

## , data not shown), resulting in low 24-hr average throughout the storm (Table 1). The low PM 10 

## values at Wasilla station regardless of considerably strong gusts (maxim um = 41 mph), indicates the importance of a direct down-wind location from Matanuska Valley for elevated PM 10 

## during the storm. Matanuska wind

of Oct 29-31

## 11 

## Figure 6. Progression of wind and PM 10 

## front from Palmer to Anchorage during the wind storm in October 2009. Speed = average wind and gust speed; Wind dir = wind direction in degrees; RH = Relative humidity.

(A) Palmer (weather data = PAAQ; PM 10 

## data = Palmer station)

(B) Eagle River (weather data = PABV; PM 10 

## data = Parkgate station) RH

Wind



## 0 10 20 30 40 50

10/25 10/26 10/27 10/28 10/29 10/30 10/31 11/1 11/2Speed (mph)

gust wind avg wind

y



## 0 90 180 270 360

10/25 10/26 10/27 10/28 10/29 10/30 10/31 11/1 11/2Wind dir



## 0 200 400 600

10/25 10/26 10/27 10/28 10/29 10/30 10/31 11/1 11/2 DatePM10(ug/m3) 

### Palmer 

## 0 20 40 60 80 100RH (%)



## 0 10 20 30 40 50

10/25 10/26 10/27 10/28 10/29 10/30 10/31 11/1 11/2Speed (mph)

gust wind avg wind

y



## 0 90 180 270 360

10/25 10/26 10/27 10/28 10/29 10/30 10/31 11/1 11/2Wind dir 

### 0 20 40 60 80 100RH (%)



## 0 200 400 600

10/25 10/26 10/27 10/28 10/29 10/30 10/31 11/1 11/2 

# DatePM10(ug/m3) 

### Parkgate

## 12 

## (C) Anchorage (weather data = PANC; PM 10 

## data = Garden station)

(D) Detailed progression of PM 10 

## front from Palmer to Anchorage



## 0 200 400 600

10/28 10/29 10/30 10/31 11/1

DatePM10(ug/m3) 

## Palmer Parkgate Garden



## The dry wind and PM 10 

## front appeared in Eagle River and Anchorage several hours after Palmer (Figure 6-B, C, D). While the size and frequency of PM 10 

## spikes roughly corresponded to the strength and frequency of the wind gusts at each monitoring station, the peak gusts in Anchorage were less strong than in Palmer, and the multiple sharp PM 10 

## spikes in Palmer were aggregated into fewer and rounder peaks in Anchorage (Figure 6). This is evidence that dry winds that blew in Palmer area transported the dust downwind to Eagle River and Anchorage. Because airborne particles travel at different speeds due to differences in their physical characteristics, a dust cloud generally spreads ac ross wider area with increasing distance from its emission point. Thus, the fact that the PM 10 

## peaks in Anchorage were of lower magnitude and less jagged than the peaks observed in Palmer (Figure 6-D) is consistent with the idea that the dust emission source was closer to Palmer than Anchorage. 0 10 20 30 40 50

10/25 10/26 10/27 10/28 10/29 10/30 10/31 11/1 11/2Speed (mph)

gust wind avg wind

y



## 0 90 180 270 360

10/25 10/26 10/27 10/28 10/29 10/30 10/31 11/1 11/2Wind dir 

## 0 20 40 60 80 100RH (%)



## 0 200 400 600

10/25 10/26 10/27 10/28 10/29 10/30 10/31 11/1 11/2 DatePM10(ug/m3) 

### Garden

## 13 

## The wind front (as evidenced by gust speed and relative humidity) was not as distinct in Anchorage as at the upwind monitoring sites, and this pattern was also observed for the PM 10 

## Front (Figure 6). This is additional evidence that the Matanuska Wind conveyed the PM 10 

## and consequently was the main factor determining local PM 10 

## concentrations during the wind storm.



# C. PM 10 

# concentrations exceeded norma l historical fluctuations

The 24-hr PM 10 

## averages of 163 μ g/m 3 

## observed on October 30, 2009 and 137 μ g/m 3 

## on the following day are highly unusual for the Parkgate station. Including the event of October 30, 2009, PM 10 

## concentrations have exceeded the NAAQS only three times in the 17 year period between 1993 and 2009 8 

## All of these events have occurred when strong Matanuska winds coincided with snowless conditions. Exceptional events requests have been prepared for both of these previous exceedances. EPA concurrence has been granted for one, the other is pending. (Table 3).

Table 3. Annual top three PM 10 

## concentrations at Parkgate station with and without the high wind events (1993- 2009). Bold letters show the exceedance events.

PM10 ( μ g/m 3 ) Without high values caused by high wind With high values caused by high wind Year Sampling Frequency Max 2 nd 

## Max 3 rd 

## Max Max 2 nd 

## Max Max gust* (mile/hr) Exceptional events status

1993 1 in 6 79 77 76 - - 1994 1 in 6 94 60 44 - -

1995 1 in 6 60 51 47 - -

1996 1 in 6 91 49 45 - - 1997 1 in 6 61 59 58 - - 1998 1 in 6 59 55 47 - - 1999 1 in 6 90 66 38 - - 2000 1 in 6 64 53 52 - - 2001 1 in 6 69 66 64 - - 2002 1 in 6 46 40 38 - - 2003 1 in 6 92 75 70 590 - 71 concurrence 

## 2004 1 in 6 70 43 38 - -

2005 1 in 6 90 65 51 - -

2006 1 in 6 65 60 48 - -

2007 1 in 6 48 46 39 223 - 48 Pending concurrence



## 2008 1 in 6 70 53 47 - - 2009 daily 78 74 73 163 137 40 Requested



## * The gust data are recorded at PANC 

## (source: NCDC)

8 

### We began our analysis with data beginning in 1993 because PM 10 

### concentrations in prior years were heavily influenced by volcanic eruptions of Mt. Spurr (1992), and Mt. Redoubt (1990).

## 14 

## In Figure 7, a frequency distribution of all observations since 1993 ( n =1361), including all exceptional events regardless of their exceptional event status (i.e., concurrence, concurrence pending, or request) is shown. The figure indicates that over 95% of the observed PM 10 

## values are less than 50 μ g/m 3 

## and 99.7% were below 100 μ g/m 3.

. 

## Only 0.2% of all observations have exceeded the NAAQS.

In Figure 8, the highest three PM 10 

## concentrations at Parkgate station that have not been flagged are plotted annually for the 1993-2009 period along with five flagged exceptional events regardless of status (concurrence, pending, and requested). From the graph it is clear that the PM 10 

## values observed on October 30 and 31, along with two earlier exceptional events, are completely outside of the regular variability of the highest PM 10 

## concentrations observed at Parkgate station. Furthermore, when the flagged data points are excluded, there is a general declining trend of highest PM 10 

## concentrations over this period indicated by the negative coefficients of regression lines (Figure 8). This trend suggests that PM 10 

## air quality in Eagle River has improved over the past 17 years. Clearly, the exceedance of October 30, 2009 was not the result of a general deterioration of air quality near the station.

Figure 7. Frequency distribution of Parkgate PM 10 

## concentrations 1993-2009.

0.2 0.1 0.4 0.1 0.7 1.3 1.9 4.0 7.1 17.7 43.1

23.4



## 0 5 10 15 20 25 30 35 40 45 50

140-149 130-139 120-129 110-119

1 00-109 90-9 9 80-8 9 70-7 9 60-6 9 50-5 9 40-4 9 30-3 9 20-2 9 10-1 9 0

- 9



## PM 10 

## concentration range (ug/m 3 

## )Frequency (%) 

### 95% of

total observations 

## n =1305

## 15 

## Figure 8. Normal variability of high PM 10 

## vs. wind-caused high PM 10 

## events at Parkgate station. The three highest PM 10 

## concentrations for a 1993-2009 period are plotted separately from the exceptional events of all status (concurrence, pending, and requested). The right graph is a magnified version of the left graph below 100 μ g/m 3 

## . Note the negative slope suggesting improving PM 10 

## air quality.



# D. There would have been no exceedance but for the event

Analysis of historical data reveals a close association between PM 10 

## concentrations and weather conditions. In Figure 9, all 24-hr PM 10 

## averages recorded at Parkgate station during the period of 1998-2009 are plotted against the daily maximum gust speed observed at PANC 9



## . PM 10 

## values measured when snow cover was present ( n =438) are noted with crosses; values when snow cover was not present are noted with other symbols. These other symbols indicate the wind direction and geographic characteristics of the upwind location when the PM 10 

## sample was collected. For example, a red circle indicates that the PM 10 

## measurement was made on a day with no snow cover when southwest winds blew over Cook Inlet before reaching Eagle River. Because Cook Inlet is likely to contribute little to PM 10 

## emissions, on those days with red circles the contribution of natural sources to PM 10 

## in Eagle River was minimal.

PM 10 

## concentrations above 100 μ g/m 3 

## were observed only when N-NE winds of ≥ 40 mph blew over snow-free ground ( n =126). Furthermore, with just one exception, PM 10 

## concentrations at Parkgate have always been above 100 μ g/m 3 

## when N-NE winds of ≥ 40 mph blew over snowfree ground. The only exception was the first day of the wind storm (29 October 2009) that eventually led up to the exceedance. On this particular day, PM 10 

## was only 41 μ g/m 3 

## even though the maximum gust of that day was 43 mph. The wind started to blow but subsided quickly on this day, resulting in minimal PM 10 

## transport from Palmer to downwind areas, as reflected by the much smaller PM 10 

## peaks in Eagle River and Anchorage relative to the Palmer area (Figure 6). These large fluctuations in wind speed likely resulted in the high gust recorded for the day without the consequent high PM 10



## .

9 

### Complete weather data (from NCDC) that include snow depth on the ground was available only at PANC. y = -0.56x + 1243

y = -0.10x + 254 y = -0.07x + 196



### 0 20 40 60 80 100

1990 1995 2000 2005 2010

Year 

### 0 100 200 300 400 500 600

1990 1995 2000 2005 2010

YearPM10(ug m-3) Max 2nd Max 3rd Max Exceotional Events (concurrence & pending) Exceptional Events (requested)

## 16 

## Figure 9. Relationship between PM 10 

## concentration at Parkgate station and daily maximum wind gust at PANC with and without snow cover on the ground (1998- 2009).

y = 0.189x 2 

### - 6.53x + 72.6

R

2 

### = 0.87



## 0 100 200 300 400 500 600 700

0 10 20 30 40 50 60 70 80 

# Daily max wind gust @ PANC (mph)24-hr average PM10@ Parkgate(ug/m3) 

### snow depth >0.1 inch E+SE+S (Chugach Mtns) SW (Cook Inlet) NW+W (Coastal flats) N+NE (Matanuska Valley) 12-Mar-2003

2-Dec-2007

29-31 Oct-2009 snow -free ground

44



## A regression model for N-NE gust speed and PM 10 

## concentration explains most variability of PM 10 

## observed at the Parkgate station ( R 2 

## =0.87). According to this model, when there is no snow cover, an exceedance of the PM 10 

## NAAQS is expected at the Parkgate station whenever the maximum gust speed at PANC exceeds 44 mph. If uncertainty of the model is taken into account, under snow-free conditions it is reasonable to predict that the PM 10 

## concentration at Parkgate station is at risk of exceeding the NAAQS whenever Matanuska Wind gusts speeds reach 40-50 mph (measured at PANC).

We conclude that ‘but for’ the unusually strong N-NE wind ( ≥ 40 mph at PANC) that blew over snow-free ground, there would have been no exceedance of the PM 10 

## NAAQS. Without these winds we are highly confident that PM 10 

## values would have remained well below 100 μ g/m 3 

## on 30 and 31 October 2009.



# E. Procedural requirements

Exceptional Events Rule requirements: 40 CFR §50.14(c)(2)(iii)

In accordance with the exceptional events rule 40 CFR §50.14(c)(2)(iii), both data points (30, 31 October 2009) were flagged upon AQS data submission. We are requesting that EPA exclude both these data points in determining whether the Parkgate site is in compliance with the NAAQS or assessing whether Eagle River will continue to qualify as a limited maintenance

area. NAAQS 150

## 17 

## Implementation of the Natural Events Action Plan (NEAP)

Anchorage prepared a NEAP for wind blown dust events in 2002. Two required elements of the NEAP are to:

1. Establish public notification and education programs.

2. Minimize public exposure to high concentrations of PM 10 

## due to future natural events.

A regional network, the Alaska Air Monitoring Network, which includes Anchorage, Eagle River, and the Matanuska-Susitna Valley has allowed access to “real-time” air quality data, including PM 10 

## since 2008. This network system has made it possible to assess the extent of wind-blown dust and to predict whether PM 10 

## levels in Eagle River and Anchorage might approach or exceed the NAAQS. During the event on October 30, 2009 MOA successfully assessed the conditions and notified the public of a potential exceedance and recommended actions to be taken to minimize exposure (Appendix B).



# F. Conclusion

As presented above, the exceedance on October 30, 2009 and the high PM 10 

## concentration on the following day were beyond the normal fluctuation of PM 10 

## concentrations at the Parkgate station, and high PM 10 

## occurred only when the strong and dry N-NE Matanuska wind was blowing over snow-free ground. It is clear that there would not have been an exceedance on October 30 at the Parkgate station, but for the wind storm. Moreover, there would have been no exceedance had the floodplain been covered with substantial snow prior to the onset of the wind storm. Neither wind nor snow cover is controllable or directly affected by human activities, thus the exceedance and high PM 10 

## concentrations of 30 and 31 October 2009 were caused by uncontrollable and unpreventable natural event.

Because wind-blown dust is one of the major natural soil forming processes around Palmer and lower Matanuska Valley area, dust generation by high winds in this area is inevitable. Our model suggests that if no snow cover is present, when Matanuska Wind gust speeds (measured at PANC) exceed 40-50 mph an exceedance is likely. The probability of future exceedances caused by high winds is difficult to determine, because the timing of Matanuska wind storms and the arrival of “preventative” snow cover differ each year. Warmer climate has affected many western states, prolonging snow-free seasons . For example, snowmelt was observed 1-3 weeks earlier in 2000 than in 1948 for most snow-fed western rivers. 10 

## A long-term trend of snowmelt timing in western U.S. measured as the amount of snow remaining on the ground on April 1 st 

## shows that there is on average less snow on the ground that date than there was 50

years ago 11 

## . Later establishment of snow cover in late fall and earlier snowmelt in early spring in Matanuska Valley and its floodplain would mean greater chances of Matanuska wind to blow over dry and snow-free ground and an increased probability of PM 10 

## exceedances at the Parkgate station. It is unknown whether this same trend in reduced snow cover observed in the Western U.S. is also occurring on the flood plain of the Matanuska River, however.

10 

### Stewart et al. (2004) Changes in snowmelt runoff timing in western North America under a ‘business as usual’. climate change scenario. Climatic Change 62: 217–232.

11 

### Hamlet et al. (2005) Effects of temperature a nd precipitation variability on snowpack trends in the Western United States. J. Climate 18 :4545-4561.

## 18 

# Appendix A

Local News Reports by Mat-Su Frontiersman & Local weather forecast by NWS on 29-Oct-2009

## 19 (Source: http://www.frontiersman.com/articles/2009/10/ 29/local_news/doc4aea40d7e2740562901359.txt )



# Wind causes outages

By ANDREW WELLNER Frontiersman Published on Thursday, October 29, 2009 8:25 PM AKDT

MAT-SU — Linemen and emergency crews scrambled Thursday afternoon and into the night as high winds caused problems across the Valley.

Lorali Carter with the Matanuska Electric Association said Thursday afternoon that crews were busy putting up downed power lines.

“We have a handful of outages all over the service area due to the wind storms,” she said. “It’s mostly just debris blowing into the power lines.” As of 4 p.m., she said, there had been 15 outages and there were 700 to 1,000 customers without power in pockets scattered across the utility’s service territory that stretches from Eagle River to Talkeetna.

Over at the Mat-Su Borough, Deputy Director of Emergency Services Clint Vardeman said crews in Palmer and Wasilla were very busy. Mostly it was the same calls MEA responded to. At least one of the downed lines caused a minor grass fire.

“The last time I checked they were talking about gusts in the Wasilla area of about 36,” miles per hour, he said. “ I don’t know where they’re reading from, but it’s certainly not where I’m sitting.”

He said another call had to do with a natural gas smell that filled up a house after its power was turned back on.

“So far, knock on wood, everything has been relatively minor, but scary, for the person that sees it or that’s involved with it,” he said.

Contact Andrew Wellner at andrew.wellner@frontiersman.com or 352-2270.

------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------- -----------

(Source: http://www.frontiersman.com/articles/2009/10/29 /breaking_news/doc4aea1dc7845af952029978.txt )



# Air quality alert through Friday morning

By Frontiersman staff Published on Thursday, October 29, 2009 2:57 PM AKDT

PALMER — The Matanuska-Susitna Borough has issued an air quality warning for the Palmer area until 8 a.m. Friday or until the winds subside.

According to the borough’s hotline, air quality is at the unhea lthy to very unhealthy level. Children, the elderly and those with heart or lung conditions are advised to stay indoors an d limit physical activity. Healthy adults are advised to refrain from strenuous outdoor activity.

The hotline is updated as conditions change. The number is 352-3878. ROBERT DeBERRY/Frontiersman The windy conditions fill the air with dust blurring the setting sun as it dips below the horizon Thursday evening. The Matanuska-Susitna Borough has issued an air quality warning for the Palmer area until 8 a.m. this morning or

until the winds subside.

## 20 (Source: http://pafc.arh.noaa. gov/fcst.php?zone=AKZ111 )



## Local Weather Forecast by NWS

**AKZ111-300000-**

**MATANUSKA VALLEY**

INCLUDING...PALMER...WASILLA...SUTTON...CHICKALOON **500 AM AKDT THU OCT 29 2009**

**...DENSE FOG ADVISORY IS CANCELED...**

**...STRONG WIND THROUGH SATURDAY MORNING...**

**.TODAY...** PARTLY CLOUDY. HIGHS IN THE 30S. NORTHEAST WIND INCREASING

TO 15 TO 30 MPH WITH LOCAL GUSTS TO 50 MPH.

**.TONIGHT...** MOSTLY CLEAR. LOWS 15 TO 25. NORTHEAST WIND 10 TO 25 MPH

WITH LOCAL GUSTS TO 45 MPH.

**.FRIDAY...** SUNNY. HIGHS IN THE 30S. NORTHEAST WIND 10 TO 25 MPH

WITH LOCAL GUSTS TO 45 MPH.

**.FRIDAY NIGHT...** MOSTLY CLEAR. LOWS 15 TO 20. NORTHEAST WIND

15 TO 30 MPH WITH LOCAL GUSTS TO 50 MPH.

**.SATURDAY...** MOSTLY SUNNY. HIGHS IN THE UPPER 20S TO MID 30S.

NORTHEAST WIND 15 TO 30 MPH...WITH LOCAL GUSTS TO 45 MPH IN

THE MORNING.

**.SATURDAY NIGHT...** PARTLY CLOUDY. LOWS IN THE TEENS.

**.SUNDAY THROUGH MONDAY NIGHT...** PARTLY CLOUDY. HIGHS IN THE 30S.

LOWS 15 TO 25.

**.TUESDAY AND TUESDAY NIGHT...** MOSTLY CLOUDY. HIGHS 25 TO 35.

LOWS 15 TO 25.

**.WEDNESDAY...** MOSTLY CLOUDY WITH A CHANCE OF SNOW. HIGHS IN THE 30S.

## 21 

# Appendix B

Air Quality Advisory issued on 30-Oc t-2009 by Municipality of Anchorage

# M UNICIPALITY OF 

# A NCHORAGE

Department of Health and Huma n Services 907-343-6718

Mayor Dan Sullivan

For immediate release: October 30, 2009 Contact: Allison Biastock 343-4619



# Municipality Issues Air Quality Advisory

The Anchorage Department of Health and Human Services has issued a health advisory because concentrations of airborne particulates in Eagl e River and Anchorage are approaching unhealthful concentrations.

Brisk north winds, low humid ity and lack of snow cover are contri buting to the dusty conditions. In particular, high winds are picki ng up dust from the Matanuska Riv er drainage and transporting it southward to Anchorage. The Matanuska-Susitna Boro ugh has also issued an air quality advisory for the Palmer area. Dusty condition s are expected to be highest in Ea gle River, Chugiak, Peters Creek and Eklutna due to their proximit y to the Matanuska Valley.

The National Weather Service is currently predicti ng windy conditions at least through Friday night.

The Department of Health and Human Services advises those with heart and lung ailments, like asthma, bronchitis and emphysema to avoid dusty ar eas near major traf fic thoroughfares if possible. Those with severe lung disease are advised to remain indoors.

Air quality updates can be obtained by calling t he Municipal Air Quality Hotline at 343-4899.

###



# Prevent. Promote. Protect.

P.O. Box 196650 y Anchorage, Alaska 99519-6650 y 825 “L” Street y http://www.muni.org

# Appendix C

PM 10 

# and weather data around the wind storm

# Wind and visibility data of Palmer area (25 Oct – 2 Nov 2009) – Palmer Airport (PAAQ) Source: NCDC Quality Controlled Local Climatological Data (DS3505)

Wind speed (mph) Site AK STD Time Wind direction (degrees) average gust Visibility (miles) Relative humidity (%)

Palmer 2009/10/25 0:53 0 10 64 Palmer 2009/10/25 1:53 0 10 68 Palmer 2009/10/25 2:53 0 10 74 Palmer 2009/10/25 3:53 350 7 10 74 Palmer 2009/10/25 4:53 0 10 79 Palmer 2009/10/25 5:53 0 10 74 Palmer 2009/10/25 6:53 0 10 80 Palmer 2009/10/25 7:53 0 10 80 Palmer 2009/10/25 8:53 0 10 80 Palmer 2009/10/25 9:53 0 10 86 Palmer 2009/10/25 10:53 0 10 74 Palmer 2009/10/25 11:53 0 10 74 Palmer 2009/10/25 12:53 0 10 64 Palmer 2009/10/25 13:53 150 6 10 74 Palmer 2009/10/25 14:53 210 3 10 74 Palmer 2009/10/25 15:53 100 5 10 80 Palmer 2009/10/25 16:53 0 10 74 Palmer 2009/10/25 17:53 0 10 74 Palmer 2009/10/25 18:53 0 10 74 Palmer 2009/10/25 19:53 0 10 74 Palmer 2009/10/25 20:53 0 10 86 Palmer 2009/10/25 21:53 10 6 10 86 Palmer 2009/10/25 22:53 350 7 10 86 Palmer 2009/10/25 23:53 340 8 10 86 Palmer 2009/10/26 0:53 30 5 10 86 Palmer 2009/10/26 1:53 10 6 10 74 Palmer 2009/10/26 2:53 360 3 10 80 Palmer 2009/10/26 3:53 360 5 10 80 Palmer 2009/10/26 5:53 0 10 80 Palmer 2009/10/26 6:53 350 5 10 86 Palmer 2009/10/26 7:53 350 5 10 86 Palmer 2009/10/26 8:48 340 5 10 86 Palmer 2009/10/26 8:53 340 3 10 86 Palmer 2009/10/26 9:27 350 3 10 86 Palmer 2009/10/26 9:53 0 10 86 Palmer 2009/10/26 10:23 360 6 10 86 Palmer 2009/10/26 10:53 340 5 10 86 Palmer 2009/10/26 11:41 340 5 10 86 Palmer 2009/10/26 11:53 340 6 10 86 Palmer 2009/10/26 12:53 350 3 9.1 86 Palmer 2009/10/26 13:53 340 3 10 86 Palmer 2009/10/26 14:53 10 3 10 86 Palmer 2009/10/26 15:36 0 10 86 Palmer 2009/10/26 15:53 0 10 86 Palmer 2009/10/26 16:40 0 10 80 Palmer 2009/10/26 16:50 230 3 10 86 Palmer 2009/10/26 16:53 250 3 10 93 Palmer 2009/10/26 17:38 250 7 10 93 Palmer 2009/10/26 17:53 240 5 9.1 93 Palmer 2009/10/26 18:29 250 3 10 93 Palmer 2009/10/26 18:53 0 9.1 93 Palmer 2009/10/26 19:08 0 10 93 Palmer 2009/10/26 19:53 990 3 10 93 Palmer 2009/10/26 20:53 0 7 93 Palmer 2009/10/26 21:53 300 3 7 93 Palmer 2009/10/26 22:35 50 5 7 93 Palmer 2009/10/26 22:53 50 3 10 93 Palmer 2009/10/26 23:53 30 3 10 93 Palmer 2009/10/27 0:08 0 10 93 Palmer 2009/10/27 0:53 10 5 10 93 Palmer 2009/10/27 1:53 340 3 10 93 Palmer 2009/10/27 2:09 0 10 93 Palmer 2009/10/27 2:29 360 3 10 93 Palmer 2009/10/27 2:38 10 5 10 93 Palmer 2009/10/27 2:53 360 5 10 93 Palmer 2009/10/27 3:53 10 8 10 86 Palmer 2009/10/27 4:01 10 8 10 86 Palmer 2009/10/27 4:53 360 6 10 93Palmer 2009/10/27 5:39 350 5 10 86 Palmer 2009/10/27 5:53 350 6 10 93 Palmer 2009/10/27 6:46 350 5 10 93 Palmer 2009/10/27 6:53 350 6 10 93 Palmer 2009/10/27 7:53 340 6 10 86 Palmer 2009/10/27 8:53 340 3 10 86 Palmer 2009/10/27 9:53 340 3 10 93 Palmer 2009/10/27 10:21 350 3 10 93 Palmer 2009/10/27 10:53 10 3 8 93 Palmer 2009/10/27 11:23 10 3 10 93 Palmer 2009/10/27 11:53 0 10 93 Palmer 2009/10/27 12:53 0 10 86 Palmer 2009/10/27 13:53 0 10 86 Palmer 2009/10/27 14:53 0 10 86 Palmer 2009/10/27 15:53 0 10 80 Palmer 2009/10/27 16:53 0 10 80 Palmer 2009/10/27 17:30 0 10 74 Palmer 2009/10/27 17:53 0 10 80 Palmer 2009/10/27 18:53 0 10 93 Palmer 2009/10/27 19:53 0 10 86 Palmer 2009/10/27 20:39 0 1.8 93 Palmer 2009/10/27 20:53 0 7 86 Palmer 2009/10/27 21:53 0 10 93 Palmer 2009/10/27 22:53 0 10 86 Palmer 2009/10/27 23:19 0 8 86 Palmer 2009/10/27 23:27 0 8 86 Palmer 2009/10/27 23:39 0 9.1 86 Palmer 2009/10/27 23:53 0 10 86 Palmer 2009/10/28 0:53 350 6 10 92 Palmer 2009/10/28 1:38 350 3 10 92 Palmer 2009/10/28 1:53 350 3 10 92 Palmer 2009/10/28 2:53 340 3 10 86 Palmer 2009/10/28 3:53 360 3 10 92 Palmer 2009/10/28 4:53 0 10 86 Palmer 2009/10/28 5:53 0 10 92 Palmer 2009/10/28 6:53 0 10 92 Palmer 2009/10/28 7:53 0 10 92 Palmer 2009/10/28 8:34 0 1.8 100 Palmer 2009/10/28 8:49 0 1.5 92 Palmer 2009/10/28 8:53 0 1.5 92 Palmer 2009/10/28 9:01 0 3 92 Palmer 2009/10/28 9:20 0 7 92 Palmer 2009/10/28 9:53 0 4 92 Palmer 2009/10/28 10:00 0 2.5 92 Palmer 2009/10/28 10:08 0 1 92 Palmer 2009/10/28 10:20 0 0.5 92 Palmer 2009/10/28 10:30 0 1 100 Palmer 2009/10/28 10:45 0 0.3 100 Palmer 2009/10/28 10:53 0 0.3 100 Palmer 2009/10/28 11:23 0 0.3 100 Palmer 2009/10/28 11:53 0 0.3 100 Palmer 2009/10/28 12:07 0 0.5 100 Palmer 2009/10/28 12:18 0 1 100 Palmer 2009/10/28 12:24 0 3 92 Palmer 2009/10/28 12:53 0 10 92 Palmer 2009/10/28 13:53 0 10 92 Palmer 2009/10/28 14:53 140 3 10 92 Palmer 2009/10/28 15:53 150 3 10 80 Palmer 2009/10/28 16:53 0 10 80 Palmer 2009/10/28 17:53 200 5 9.1 86 Palmer 2009/10/28 18:00 240 5 2 92 Palmer 2009/10/28 18:01 220 6 0.8 92 Palmer 2009/10/28 18:05 220 5 0.3 92 Palmer 2009/10/28 18:16 230 3 0.3 92 Palmer 2009/10/28 18:27 240 6 0.3 100 Palmer 2009/10/28 18:36 200 3 0.5 92 Palmer 2009/10/28 18:53 110 3 0.3 92 Palmer 2009/10/28 19:53 0 0.3 92 Palmer 2009/10/28 20:53 0 0.3 92 Palmer 2009/10/28 21:53 180 3 0.3 100 Palmer 2009/10/28 22:53 0 0.3 92 Palmer 2009/10/28 23:53 0 0.3 92 Palmer 2009/10/29 0:53 0 0.3 86Palmer 2009/10/29 1:53 0 0.3 92 Palmer 2009/10/29 2:46 990 3 0.3 85 Palmer 2009/10/29 2:49 990 3 0.3 85 Palmer 2009/10/29 2:53 990 5 0.5 85 Palmer 2009/10/29 3:02 170 6 0.8 85 Palmer 2009/10/29 3:09 40 6 2.5 92 Palmer 2009/10/29 3:16 990 6 19 10 86 Palmer 2009/10/29 3:53 30 21 28 10 68 Palmer 2009/10/29 4:53 20 25 40 10 63 Palmer 2009/10/29 5:53 30 29 41 10 50 Palmer 2009/10/29 6:53 20 31 41 10 47 Palmer 2009/10/29 7:53 20 25 44 10 47 Palmer 2009/10/29 8:53 20 30 40 10 43 Palmer 2009/10/29 9:53 10 31 43 10 40 Palmer 2009/10/29 10:53 20 29 47 10 34 Palmer 2009/10/29 11:53 20 32 40 10 37 Palmer 2009/10/29 12:53 30 29 44 10 40 Palmer 2009/10/29 13:53 30 32 51 10 40 Palmer 2009/10/29 14:53 40 25 39 10 30 Palmer 2009/10/29 15:53 50 25 41 10 25 Palmer 2009/10/29 16:53 40 24 43 10 29 Palmer 2009/10/29 17:53 50 25 39 4 29 Palmer 2009/10/29 18:11 40 33 43 2.5 29 Palmer 2009/10/29 18:20 40 31 43 5 29 Palmer 2009/10/29 18:53 40 26 34 10 29 Palmer 2009/10/29 19:53 40 19 39 5 29 Palmer 2009/10/29 20:53 30 31 45 10 32 Palmer 2009/10/29 21:24 40 32 47 2.5 27 Palmer 2009/10/29 21:33 50 25 44 5 29 Palmer 2009/10/29 21:53 50 19 38 4 29 Palmer 2009/10/29 22:14 40 32 41 2.5 32 Palmer 2009/10/29 22:25 30 25 47 5 32 Palmer 2009/10/29 22:53 30 23 39 8 34 Palmer 2009/10/29 23:53 40 24 46 6 31 Palmer 2009/10/30 0:53 30 37 51 5 31 Palmer 2009/10/30 1:53 30 32 47 5 31 Palmer 2009/10/30 2:53 40 24 32 4 31 Palmer 2009/10/30 3:13 30 30 44 3 31 Palmer 2009/10/30 3:53 30 36 45 7 31 Palmer 2009/10/30 4:53 20 25 37 10 34 Palmer 2009/10/30 5:53 20 31 43 9.1 31 Palmer 2009/10/30 6:53 30 22 36 10 34 Palmer 2009/10/30 7:53 20 22 33 10 34 Palmer 2009/10/30 8:53 20 21 38 10 31 Palmer 2009/10/30 9:53 20 28 37 10 34 Palmer 2009/10/30 10:53 20 24 36 8 31 Palmer 2009/10/30 11:53 20 24 38 10 29 Palmer 2009/10/30 12:53 10 29 41 8 29 Palmer 2009/10/30 13:53 20 30 48 8 27 Palmer 2009/10/30 14:53 20 29 47 7 25 Palmer 2009/10/30 16:53 20 23 33 10 29 Palmer 2009/10/30 17:53 30 21 31 8 31 Palmer 2009/10/30 18:53 30 19 30 10 31 Palmer 2009/10/30 19:53 30 19 40 10 29 Palmer 2009/10/30 20:53 20 25 36 10 29 Palmer 2009/10/30 21:53 20 26 37 10 28 Palmer 2009/10/30 22:53 20 32 45 7 30 Palmer 2009/10/30 23:53 30 39 53 7 30 Palmer 2009/10/31 0:53 20 33 47 10 30 Palmer 2009/10/31 1:53 20 33 52 8 30 Palmer 2009/10/31 2:53 30 34 56 4 30 Palmer 2009/10/31 3:53 30 41 55 6 30 Palmer 2009/10/31 4:53 30 43 62 7 30 Palmer 2009/10/31 5:53 30 46 62 7 30 Palmer 2009/10/31 6:53 20 38 54 5 32 Palmer 2009/10/31 7:53 30 37 48 10 30 Palmer 2009/10/31 8:53 30 33 52 7 30 Palmer 2009/10/31 9:53 30 37 51 6 30 Palmer 2009/10/31 10:53 40 31 46 7 28 Palmer 2009/10/31 11:53 30 32 51 6 28 Palmer 2009/10/31 12:20 40 38 51 1.8 26 Palmer 2009/10/31 12:30 40 33 49 5 26 Palmer 2009/10/31 12:53 40 33 49 5 26Palmer 2009/10/31 13:53 40 30 47 4 24 Palmer 2009/10/31 14:53 40 25 38 9.1 24 Palmer 2009/10/31 15:53 40 25 36 7 24 Palmer 2009/10/31 16:53 30 29 38 7 28 Palmer 2009/10/31 17:53 30 24 36 6 30 Palmer 2009/10/31 18:53 20 23 43 8 30 Palmer 2009/10/31 19:53 30 25 33 9.1 30 Palmer 2009/10/31 20:53 30 26 34 10 30 Palmer 2009/10/31 21:53 50 22 33 10 30 Palmer 2009/10/31 22:53 40 17 30 10 30 Palmer 2009/10/31 23:53 40 21 33 10 30 Palmer 2009/11/1 0:53 50 11 28 10 30 Palmer 2009/11/1 1:53 50 11 25 10 30 Palmer 2009/11/1 2:53 990 7 10 38 Palmer 2009/11/1 3:53 60 8 10 35 Palmer 2009/11/1 4:53 30 9 10 35 Palmer 2009/11/1 5:53 30 8 10 38 Palmer 2009/11/1 6:53 40 11 22 10 35 Palmer 2009/11/1 7:53 0 10 62 Palmer 2009/11/1 8:53 10 6 10 67 Palmer 2009/11/1 9:53 0 10 67 Palmer 2009/11/1 10:53 0 10 57 Palmer 2009/11/1 11:53 0 10 49 Palmer 2009/11/1 12:53 0 10 57 Palmer 2009/11/1 13:53 0 10 49 Palmer 2009/11/1 14:53 0 10 50 Palmer 2009/11/1 15:53 0 10 50 Palmer 2009/11/1 16:53 0 10 49 Palmer 2009/11/1 17:53 0 10 53 Palmer 2009/11/1 18:53 0 10 62 Palmer 2009/11/1 19:53 0 10 67 Palmer 2009/11/1 20:53 0 10 67 Palmer 2009/11/1 21:53 0 10 72 Palmer 2009/11/1 22:53 0 10 72 Palmer 2009/11/1 23:53 0 10 67 Palmer 2009/11/2 0:53 30 3 10 78 Palmer 2009/11/2 1:53 0 10 72 Palmer 2009/11/2 2:53 20 5 10 72 Palmer 2009/11/2 3:53 0 10 78 Palmer 2009/11/2 4:53 0 10 78 Palmer 2009/11/2 5:53 0 10 78 Palmer 2009/11/2 6:53 0 10 78 Palmer 2009/11/2 8:53 0 10 78 Palmer 2009/11/2 9:53 0 10 85 Palmer 2009/11/2 10:53 0 10 78 Palmer 2009/11/2 11:53 0 10 79 Palmer 2009/11/2 12:53 150 5 10 79 Palmer 2009/11/2 13:53 160 3 10 68 Palmer 2009/11/2 14:53 0 10 58 Palmer 2009/11/2 15:53 0 10 58 Palmer 2009/11/2 16:53 0 10 53 Palmer 2009/11/2 17:53 0 10 62 Palmer 2009/11/2 18:53 0 10 72 Palmer 2009/11/2 19:53 0 10 73 Palmer 2009/11/2 20:53 350 6 10 57 Palmer 2009/11/2 21:53 340 6 10 57 Palmer 2009/11/2 22:53 350 8 10 57 Palmer 2009/11/2 23:53 350 8 10 48

# Wind and visibility data of Palmer area (25 Oc t – 2 Nov 2009) – Birchw ood Airport (PAVB) Source: NCDC Quality Controlled Local Climatological Data (DS3505)

Wind speed (mph) Site AK STD Time Wind direction (degrees) average gust Visibility (miles) Relative humidity (%)

Birchwood 2009/10/25 0:00 150 3 10 69 Birchwood 2009/10/25 0:16 140 3 10 74 Birchwood 2009/10/25 0:36 0 10 69 Birchwood 2009/10/25 1:00 0 10 69 Birchwood 2009/10/25 1:16 0 10 69 Birchwood 2009/10/25 1:36 120 3 10 74 Birchwood 2009/10/25 2:00 0 10 74 Birchwood 2009/10/25 2:16 200 3 10 80 Birchwood 2009/10/25 2:36 190 3 10 80 Birchwood 2009/10/25 3:00 150 3 10 74 Birchwood 2009/10/25 3:16 0 10 74 Birchwood 2009/10/25 3:36 0 10 80 Birchwood 2009/10/25 4:00 0 10 80 Birchwood 2009/10/25 4:16 180 3 10 80 Birchwood 2009/10/25 4:36 170 3 10 80 Birchwood 2009/10/25 5:00 180 3 10 80 Birchwood 2009/10/25 5:16 0 10 80 Birchwood 2009/10/25 5:36 0 10 80 Birchwood 2009/10/25 6:00 0 10 80 Birchwood 2009/10/25 6:16 0 10 80 Birchwood 2009/10/25 6:36 0 10 80 Birchwood 2009/10/25 7:00 0 10 86 Birchwood 2009/10/25 7:16 170 5 10 80 Birchwood 2009/10/25 7:36 0 10 74 Birchwood 2009/10/25 8:00 200 5 10 80 Birchwood 2009/10/25 8:16 200 5 10 74 Birchwood 2009/10/25 8:36 0 10 80 Birchwood 2009/10/25 9:00 200 5 10 74 Birchwood 2009/10/25 9:16 190 6 10 74 Birchwood 2009/10/25 9:36 190 6 10 74 Birchwood 2009/10/25 10:00 200 6 10 74 Birchwood 2009/10/25 10:16 200 5 10 74 Birchwood 2009/10/25 10:36 190 7 10 74 Birchwood 2009/10/25 11:00 0 10 69 Birchwood 2009/10/25 11:16 0 10 69 Birchwood 2009/10/25 11:36 0 10 69 Birchwood 2009/10/25 12:00 0 10 69 Birchwood 2009/10/25 12:16 0 10 69 Birchwood 2009/10/25 12:36 0 10 69 Birchwood 2009/10/25 13:00 0 10 69 Birchwood 2009/10/25 13:16 250 3 10 69 Birchwood 2009/10/25 13:36 250 3 10 69 Birchwood 2009/10/25 14:00 210 7 10 69 Birchwood 2009/10/25 14:16 220 8 10 69 Birchwood 2009/10/25 14:36 270 5 10 69 Birchwood 2009/10/25 15:00 250 6 10 69 Birchwood 2009/10/25 15:16 220 7 10 64 Birchwood 2009/10/25 15:36 230 5 10 64 Birchwood 2009/10/25 16:00 240 6 10 69 Birchwood 2009/10/25 16:16 230 7 10 69 Birchwood 2009/10/25 16:36 240 5 10 69 Birchwood 2009/10/25 17:00 220 7 10 69 Birchwood 2009/10/25 17:16 230 8 10 64 Birchwood 2009/10/25 17:36 230 6 10 64 Birchwood 2009/10/25 18:00 220 8 10 64 Birchwood 2009/10/25 18:16 200 8 10 69 Birchwood 2009/10/25 18:36 210 8 10 69 Birchwood 2009/10/25 19:00 210 8 10 69 Birchwood 2009/10/25 19:16 200 7 10 69 Birchwood 2009/10/25 19:36 200 8 10 69 Birchwood 2009/10/25 20:00 200 7 10 69 Birchwood 2009/10/25 20:16 200 8 10 64 Birchwood 2009/10/25 20:36 40 5 10 69 Birchwood 2009/10/25 21:00 100 3 10 74 Birchwood 2009/10/25 21:16 0 10 74 Birchwood 2009/10/25 21:36 0 10 74 Birchwood 2009/10/25 22:00 0 10 74 Birchwood 2009/10/25 22:16 70 3 10 74Birchwood 2009/10/25 22:36 0 10 74 Birchwood 2009/10/25 23:00 60 3 10 74 Birchwood 2009/10/25 23:36 60 5 10 74 Birchwood 2009/10/26 0:00 50 6 10 74 Birchwood 2009/10/26 0:16 80 3 10 74 Birchwood 2009/10/26 0:36 90 5 10 74 Birchwood 2009/10/26 1:00 70 3 10 80 Birchwood 2009/10/26 1:16 70 5 10 74 Birchwood 2009/10/26 1:36 60 3 10 69 Birchwood 2009/10/26 2:00 60 5 10 74 Birchwood 2009/10/26 2:16 0 10 74 Birchwood 2009/10/26 2:36 0 10 69 Birchwood 2009/10/26 3:00 0 10 74 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10 57 Birchwood 2009/11/1 1:00 0 10 62 Birchwood 2009/11/1 1:16 0 10 62 Birchwood 2009/11/1 1:36 0 10 57 Birchwood 2009/11/1 2:00 0 10 62 Birchwood 2009/11/1 2:16 0 10 57 Birchwood 2009/11/1 2:36 140 3 10 61 Birchwood 2009/11/1 3:00 140 3 10 57 Birchwood 2009/11/1 3:16 0 10 62Birchwood 2009/11/1 3:36 0 10 62 Birchwood 2009/11/1 4:00 150 3 10 62 Birchwood 2009/11/1 4:16 150 3 10 67 Birchwood 2009/11/1 4:36 0 10 57 Birchwood 2009/11/1 5:00 0 10 62 Birchwood 2009/11/1 5:16 0 10 62 Birchwood 2009/11/1 5:36 0 10 62 Birchwood 2009/11/1 6:00 0 10 62 Birchwood 2009/11/1 6:16 150 3 10 67 Birchwood 2009/11/1 6:36 0 10 67 Birchwood 2009/11/1 7:00 0 10 67 Birchwood 2009/11/1 7:16 0 10 67 Birchwood 2009/11/1 7:36 150 3 10 67 Birchwood 2009/11/1 8:00 0 10 67 Birchwood 2009/11/1 8:16 150 3 10 67 Birchwood 2009/11/1 8:36 0 10 72 Birchwood 2009/11/1 9:00 200 6 10 67 Birchwood 2009/11/1 9:16 150 3 10 67 Birchwood 2009/11/1 9:36 130 5 10 67 Birchwood 2009/11/1 10:00 130 3 10 67 Birchwood 2009/11/1 10:16 180 3 10 67 Birchwood 2009/11/1 10:36 0 10 67 Birchwood 2009/11/1 11:00 0 10 72 Birchwood 2009/11/1 11:16 180 3 10 67 Birchwood 2009/11/1 11:36 210 6 10 62 Birchwood 2009/11/1 12:00 200 3 10 62 Birchwood 2009/11/1 12:16 200 7 10 57 Birchwood 2009/11/1 12:36 210 6 10 53 Birchwood 2009/11/1 13:00 230 3 10 49 Birchwood 2009/11/1 13:16 230 3 10 49 Birchwood 2009/11/1 13:36 220 3 10 49 Birchwood 2009/11/1 14:00 280 3 10 49 Birchwood 2009/11/1 14:16 250 3 10 49 Birchwood 2009/11/1 14:36 0 10 42 Birchwood 2009/11/1 15:00 0 10 39 Birchwood 2009/11/1 15:16 210 3 10 42 Birchwood 2009/11/1 15:36 200 5 10 42 Birchwood 2009/11/1 16:00 220 5 10 46 Birchwood 2009/11/1 16:16 210 3 10 42 Birchwood 2009/11/1 16:36 0 10 46 Birchwood 2009/11/1 17:00 210 6 10 46 Birchwood 2009/11/1 17:16 220 6 10 42 Birchwood 2009/11/1 17:36 190 7 10 42 Birchwood 2009/11/1 18:00 180 5 10 45 Birchwood 2009/11/1 18:16 170 5 10 45 Birchwood 2009/11/1 18:36 140 3 10 49 Birchwood 2009/11/1 19:00 120 5 10 49 Birchwood 2009/11/1 19:16 120 6 10 53 Birchwood 2009/11/1 19:36 120 6 10 62 Birchwood 2009/11/2 8:36 0 10 78 Birchwood 2009/11/2 9:00 90 3 10 78 Birchwood 2009/11/2 9:16 0 10 78 Birchwood 2009/11/2 9:36 0 10 72 Birchwood 2009/11/2 10:00 0 10 72 Birchwood 2009/11/2 10:36 0 10 78 Birchwood 2009/11/2 11:00 120 3 10 78 Birchwood 2009/11/2 11:16 100 5 10 72 Birchwood 2009/11/2 11:36 0 10 72 Birchwood 2009/11/2 12:00 0 10 73 Birchwood 2009/11/2 12:16 0 10 67 Birchwood 2009/11/2 12:36 50 3 10 62 Birchwood 2009/11/2 13:00 0 10 62 Birchwood 2009/11/2 13:36 0 10 63 Birchwood 2009/11/2 14:00 50 5 10 63 Birchwood 2009/11/2 14:16 40 3 10 63 Birchwood 2009/11/2 14:36 40 6 10 58 Birchwood 2009/11/2 15:00 50 6 10 58 Birchwood 2009/11/2 15:16 40 5 10 58 Birchwood 2009/11/2 15:36 50 3 10 58 Birchwood 2009/11/2 16:00 40 3 10 58 Birchwood 2009/11/2 16:16 0 10 63 Birchwood 2009/11/2 16:36 60 5 10 58 Birchwood 2009/11/2 17:00 50 5 10 53Birchwood 2009/11/2 17:16 0 10 53 Birchwood 2009/11/2 17:36 100 3 10 49 Birchwood 2009/11/2 18:00 120 5 10 53 Birchwood 2009/11/2 18:16 130 5 10 57 Birchwood 2009/11/2 18:36 120 6 10 53 Birchwood 2009/11/2 19:00 120 5 10 57 Birchwood 2009/11/2 19:16 130 5 10 57 Birchwood 2009/11/2 19:36 0 10 62 Birchwood 2009/11/2 20:00 0 10 67 Birchwood 2009/11/2 20:16 0 9.1 67 Birchwood 2009/11/2 20:36 0 10 67 Birchwood 2009/11/2 21:00 0 10 67 Birchwood 2009/11/2 21:16 130 3 10 67 Birchwood 2009/11/2 21:36 0 10 66 Birchwood 2009/11/2 22:00 0 10 67 Birchwood 2009/11/2 22:16 0 10 66 Birchwood 2009/11/2 22:36 0 10 78 Birchwood 2009/11/2 23:00 0 10 78 Birchwood 2009/11/2 23:16 0 10 78 Birchwood 2009/11/2 23:36 160 3 10 78

# Wind and visibility data of Palmer area (25 Oct – 2 Nov 2009) – Anchorage International Airport (PANC) Source: NCDC Quality Controlled Local Climatological Data (DS3505)

Wind speed (mph) Site AK STD Time Wind direction (degrees) average gust Visibility (miles) Relative humidity (%) Anchorage 2009/10/25 0:53 0 10 74 Anchorage 2009/10/25 1:53 340 6 10 69 Anchorage 2009/10/25 2:53 0 10 74 Anchorage 2009/10/25 3:53 360 3 10 69 Anchorage 2009/10/25 4:00 360 3 10 72 Anchorage 2009/10/25 4:53 0 10 74 Anchorage 2009/10/25 5:53 70 3 10 74 Anchorage 2009/10/25 6:53 20 5 10 74 Anchorage 2009/10/25 7:53 30 6 10 74 Anchorage 2009/10/25 8:53 20 6 10 69 Anchorage 2009/10/25 9:53 20 6 10 60 Anchorage 2009/10/25 10:00 20 6 10 61 Anchorage 2009/10/25 10:53 0 10 69 Anchorage 2009/10/25 11:53 20 5 10 55 Anchorage 2009/10/25 12:53 50 3 10 60 Anchorage 2009/10/25 13:53 0 10 60 Anchorage 2009/10/25 14:53 0 10 60 Anchorage 2009/10/25 15:53 0 10 60 Anchorage 2009/10/25 16:00 0 10 59 Anchorage 2009/10/25 16:53 0 10 64 Anchorage 2009/10/25 17:53 0 10 64 Anchorage 2009/10/25 18:53 210 5 10 64 Anchorage 2009/10/25 19:53 200 8 10 69 Anchorage 2009/10/25 20:53 190 9 10 69 Anchorage 2009/10/25 21:53 190 10 10 69 Anchorage 2009/10/25 22:00 190 10 10 67 Anchorage 2009/10/25 22:53 180 8 10 69 Anchorage 2009/10/25 23:53 190 10 10 65 Anchorage 2009/10/26 0:53 190 10 29 10 65 Anchorage 2009/10/26 1:53 190 9 10 60 Anchorage 2009/10/26 2:53 170 7 10 75 Anchorage 2009/10/26 3:53 180 5 10 70 Anchorage 2009/10/26 4:00 180 5 10 70 Anchorage 2009/10/26 5:53 200 6 10 75 Anchorage 2009/10/26 6:53 190 9 10 70 Anchorage 2009/10/26 7:53 200 7 10 75 Anchorage 2009/10/26 8:53 200 6 10 80 Anchorage 2009/10/26 9:53 200 8 10 75 Anchorage 2009/10/26 10:00 200 8 10 73 Anchorage 2009/10/26 10:53 200 7 10 75 Anchorage 2009/10/26 11:53 220 9 10 75 Anchorage 2009/10/26 12:53 210 9 10 75 Anchorage 2009/10/26 13:53 200 8 10 80 Anchorage 2009/10/26 14:53 200 10 8 80 Anchorage 2009/10/26 15:53 200 8 7 80 Anchorage 2009/10/26 16:00 200 8 6.9 81 Anchorage 2009/10/26 16:53 200 7 5 86 Anchorage 2009/10/26 17:53 200 9 4 86 Anchorage 2009/10/26 18:53 190 8 10 80 Anchorage 2009/10/26 19:53 990 3 10 86 Anchorage 2009/10/26 20:32 200 6 10 74 Anchorage 2009/10/26 20:53 180 8 10 74 Anchorage 2009/10/26 21:27 170 7 10 74 Anchorage 2009/10/26 21:53 180 10 18 8 74 Anchorage 2009/10/26 22:00 180 10 7.5 78 Anchorage 2009/10/26 22:14 180 9 9.1 80 Anchorage 2009/10/26 22:40 180 11 19 10 80 Anchorage 2009/10/26 22:53 190 11 8 80 Anchorage 2009/10/26 23:53 200 9 10 86 Anchorage 2009/10/27 0:53 180 8 23 9.1 86 Anchorage 2009/10/27 1:53 200 6 10 86 Anchorage 2009/10/27 2:53 260 5 4 86 Anchorage 2009/10/27 3:53 280 3 10 86 Anchorage 2009/10/27 4:00 280 3 10 88 Anchorage 2009/10/27 4:53 0 10 93 Anchorage 2009/10/27 5:48 0 10 93 Anchorage 2009/10/27 5:53 0 9.1 93Anchorage 2009/10/27 6:53 0 7 86 Anchorage 2009/10/27 7:13 0 9.1 86 Anchorage 2009/10/27 7:53 0 10 86 Anchorage 2009/10/27 8:37 0 10 93 Anchorage 2009/10/27 8:53 0 10 93 Anchorage 2009/10/27 9:53 0 3 86 Anchorage 2009/10/27 10:00 0 3 85 Anchorage 2009/10/27 10:44 10 3 6 86 Anchorage 2009/10/27 10:53 30 3 6 86 Anchorage 2009/10/27 11:48 60 6 6 86 Anchorage 2009/10/27 11:53 60 5 6 86 Anchorage 2009/10/27 12:23 70 3 10 86 Anchorage 2009/10/27 12:53 90 5 10 80 Anchorage 2009/10/27 13:31 0 10 80 Anchorage 2009/10/27 13:53 120 3 10 80 Anchorage 2009/10/27 14:53 0 10 69 Anchorage 2009/10/27 15:53 60 3 10 64 Anchorage 2009/10/27 16:00 60 3 10 66 Anchorage 2009/10/27 16:53 30 3 10 64 Anchorage 2009/10/27 17:53 0 10 69 Anchorage 2009/10/27 18:53 0 10 80 Anchorage 2009/10/27 19:53 0 10 80 Anchorage 2009/10/27 20:53 0 10 86 Anchorage 2009/10/27 21:53 50 5 10 74 Anchorage 2009/10/27 22:00 50 5 10 78 Anchorage 2009/10/27 22:53 60 5 10 74 Anchorage 2009/10/27 23:53 60 5 10 80 Anchorage 2009/10/28 0:33 40 3 10 80 Anchorage 2009/10/28 0:53 360 7 10 80 Anchorage 2009/10/28 1:53 20 8 10 80 Anchorage 2009/10/28 2:00 10 7 10 80 Anchorage 2009/10/28 2:12 10 8 10 80 Anchorage 2009/10/28 2:21 20 7 6 86 Anchorage 2009/10/28 2:53 360 8 6 86 Anchorage 2009/10/28 3:23 350 7 10 86 Anchorage 2009/10/28 3:53 360 6 10 86 Anchorage 2009/10/28 4:00 360 6 10 88 Anchorage 2009/10/28 4:53 360 7 4 86 Anchorage 2009/10/28 5:53 10 6 10 86 Anchorage 2009/10/28 6:18 360 6 10 86 Anchorage 2009/10/28 6:33 10 7 6 86 Anchorage 2009/10/28 6:53 10 6 3 86 Anchorage 2009/10/28 7:11 360 7 5 86 Anchorage 2009/10/28 7:53 10 7 9.1 86 Anchorage 2009/10/28 8:00 10 7 8 86 Anchorage 2009/10/28 8:53 360 5 6 86 Anchorage 2009/10/28 9:10 360 8 5 86 Anchorage 2009/10/28 9:53 360 5 10 86 Anchorage 2009/10/28 10:00 360 5 10 88 Anchorage 2009/10/28 10:53 360 8 9.1 80 Anchorage 2009/10/28 11:53 10 6 10 80 Anchorage 2009/10/28 12:53 360 6 10 80 Anchorage 2009/10/28 13:53 360 9 10 80 Anchorage 2009/10/28 14:53 350 9 10 80 Anchorage 2009/10/28 15:53 340 11 10 80 Anchorage 2009/10/28 16:00 340 11 10 81 Anchorage 2009/10/28 16:53 10 8 10 74 Anchorage 2009/10/28 17:53 10 8 10 80 Anchorage 2009/10/28 18:53 30 5 10 80 Anchorage 2009/10/28 19:53 30 7 10 80 Anchorage 2009/10/28 20:53 30 6 10 86 Anchorage 2009/10/28 21:53 20 7 10 80 Anchorage 2009/10/28 22:00 20 7 10 78 Anchorage 2009/10/28 22:53 360 14 10 74 Anchorage 2009/10/28 23:53 20 13 18 10 68 Anchorage 2009/10/29 0:53 360 14 10 68 Anchorage 2009/10/29 1:53 360 17 24 10 63 Anchorage 2009/10/29 2:53 350 16 25 10 68 Anchorage 2009/10/29 3:53 340 15 25 10 68 Anchorage 2009/10/29 4:00 340 15 10 66 Anchorage 2009/10/29 4:53 350 21 33 10 63 Anchorage 2009/10/29 5:53 350 21 29 10 63 Anchorage 2009/10/29 6:53 350 17 26 10 63Anchorage 2009/10/29 7:53 350 17 30 10 63 Anchorage 2009/10/29 8:53 340 17 30 10 63 Anchorage 2009/10/29 9:53 350 18 28 10 54 Anchorage 2009/10/29 10:00 350 18 10 55 Anchorage 2009/10/29 10:53 360 21 31 10 50 Anchorage 2009/10/29 11:53 350 19 29 10 55 Anchorage 2009/10/29 12:53 360 22 30 10 44 Anchorage 2009/10/29 13:53 20 25 34 10 38 Anchorage 2009/10/29 14:53 30 15 28 10 41 Anchorage 2009/10/29 15:53 20 23 31 10 41 Anchorage 2009/10/29 16:00 20 23 10 40 Anchorage 2009/10/29 16:53 50 8 10 47 Anchorage 2009/10/29 17:53 40 9 10 44 Anchorage 2009/10/29 18:53 170 5 10 59 Anchorage 2009/10/29 19:53 170 6 10 69 Anchorage 2009/10/29 20:53 180 5 10 80 Anchorage 2009/10/29 21:53 0 10 63 Anchorage 2009/10/29 22:00 0 10 65 Anchorage 2009/10/29 22:53 360 3 10 54 Anchorage 2009/10/29 23:53 20 13 10 43 Anchorage 2009/10/30 0:53 40 8 10 40 Anchorage 2009/10/30 1:53 10 16 24 10 43 Anchorage 2009/10/30 2:53 40 9 10 40 Anchorage 2009/10/30 3:53 40 19 36 10 40 Anchorage 2009/10/30 4:00 40 19 10 41 Anchorage 2009/10/30 4:53 30 18 28 10 40 Anchorage 2009/10/30 5:53 360 15 26 10 47 Anchorage 2009/10/30 6:53 340 19 30 10 54 Anchorage 2009/10/30 7:53 360 22 30 10 46 Anchorage 2009/10/30 8:53 350 23 32 10 54 Anchorage 2009/10/30 9:53 360 17 23 10 50 Anchorage 2009/10/30 10:00 360 17 10 48 Anchorage 2009/10/30 10:53 350 17 28 10 54 Anchorage 2009/10/30 11:53 350 18 28 10 50 Anchorage 2009/10/30 12:53 350 15 10 43 Anchorage 2009/10/30 13:10 10 16 30 10 40 Anchorage 2009/10/30 13:23 10 22 31 10 34 Anchorage 2009/10/30 13:53 30 23 36 10 29 Anchorage 2009/10/30 14:53 30 23 36 10 32 Anchorage 2009/10/30 16:00 30 21 10 31 Anchorage 2009/10/30 16:53 10 18 32 10 37 Anchorage 2009/10/30 17:53 10 15 28 10 31 Anchorage 2009/10/30 18:53 10 17 33 10 37 Anchorage 2009/10/30 19:53 40 21 29 10 29 Anchorage 2009/10/30 20:53 30 22 32 10 37 Anchorage 2009/10/30 21:53 10 15 26 10 34 Anchorage 2009/10/30 22:00 10 15 10 34 Anchorage 2009/10/30 22:53 360 15 31 10 34 Anchorage 2009/10/30 23:53 360 23 33 10 34 Anchorage 2009/10/31 0:53 340 18 32 10 42 Anchorage 2009/10/31 1:53 20 26 40 10 36 Anchorage 2009/10/31 2:53 30 28 41 10 33 Anchorage 2009/10/31 3:53 20 24 39 10 33 Anchorage 2009/10/31 4:00 20 24 10 34 Anchorage 2009/10/31 4:53 40 17 29 10 36 Anchorage 2009/10/31 5:53 360 14 25 10 36 Anchorage 2009/10/31 6:53 30 21 31 10 36 Anchorage 2009/10/31 7:53 20 19 33 10 36 Anchorage 2009/10/31 8:53 50 6 16 10 33 Anchorage 2009/10/31 9:53 360 19 26 10 42 Anchorage 2009/10/31 10:00 360 19 10 43 Anchorage 2009/10/31 10:53 30 5 10 45 Anchorage 2009/10/31 11:53 30 15 22 10 36 Anchorage 2009/10/31 12:53 30 11 23 10 31 Anchorage 2009/10/31 13:53 30 8 10 36 Anchorage 2009/10/31 14:53 990 3 10 40 Anchorage 2009/10/31 15:53 0 10 43 Anchorage 2009/10/31 16:00 0 10 44 Anchorage 2009/10/31 16:53 10 6 10 33 Anchorage 2009/10/31 17:53 340 8 10 36 Anchorage 2009/10/31 18:53 0 10 49 Anchorage 2009/10/31 19:53 70 3 10 68 Anchorage 2009/10/31 20:53 0 10 58Anchorage 2009/10/31 21:53 10 6 10 49 Anchorage 2009/10/31 22:00 10 6 10 52 Anchorage 2009/10/31 22:53 350 8 10 42 Anchorage 2009/10/31 23:53 350 10 10 49 Anchorage 2009/11/1 0:53 340 9 10 49 Anchorage 2009/11/1 1:53 360 11 10 49 Anchorage 2009/11/1 2:53 360 14 10 49 Anchorage 2009/11/1 3:53 360 13 10 49 Anchorage 2009/11/1 4:00 360 13 10 49 Anchorage 2009/11/1 4:53 10 11 10 49 Anchorage 2009/11/1 5:53 350 15 10 49 Anchorage 2009/11/1 6:53 360 15 10 49 Anchorage 2009/11/1 7:53 360 14 10 53 Anchorage 2009/11/1 8:53 360 14 10 53 Anchorage 2009/11/1 9:53 350 14 10 53 Anchorage 2009/11/1 10:00 350 14 10 51 Anchorage 2009/11/1 10:53 360 11 10 53 Anchorage 2009/11/1 11:53 360 10 10 45 Anchorage 2009/11/1 12:53 360 8 10 42 Anchorage 2009/11/1 13:53 10 9 10 39 Anchorage 2009/11/1 14:53 360 11 10 33 Anchorage 2009/11/1 15:53 360 10 10 36 Anchorage 2009/11/1 16:00 360 10 10 35 Anchorage 2009/11/1 16:53 360 8 10 36 Anchorage 2009/11/1 17:53 10 9 10 39 Anchorage 2009/11/1 18:53 20 7 10 42 Anchorage 2009/11/1 19:53 30 7 10 42 Anchorage 2009/11/1 20:53 10 9 10 42 Anchorage 2009/11/1 21:53 20 8 10 45 Anchorage 2009/11/1 22:00 20 8 10 47 Anchorage 2009/11/1 22:53 60 6 10 53 Anchorage 2009/11/1 23:53 40 5 10 57 Anchorage 2009/11/2 0:53 360 6 10 49 Anchorage 2009/11/2 1:53 10 6 10 49 Anchorage 2009/11/2 2:53 0 10 67 Anchorage 2009/11/2 3:53 160 3 10 72 Anchorage 2009/11/2 4:00 160 3 10 73 Anchorage 2009/11/2 4:53 0 10 67 Anchorage 2009/11/2 5:53 0 10 57 Anchorage 2009/11/2 6:53 180 3 10 62 Anchorage 2009/11/2 8:53 0 10 72 Anchorage 2009/11/2 9:53 330 5 10 72 Anchorage 2009/11/2 10:00 330 5 10 73 Anchorage 2009/11/2 10:53 160 3 10 78 Anchorage 2009/11/2 11:53 990 3 10 62 Anchorage 2009/11/2 12:53 300 5 10 62 Anchorage 2009/11/2 13:53 990 3 10 49 Anchorage 2009/11/2 14:53 990 3 10 63 Anchorage 2009/11/2 15:53 320 3 10 53 Anchorage 2009/11/2 16:00 320 3 10 54 Anchorage 2009/11/2 16:53 0 10 53 Anchorage 2009/11/2 17:53 0 10 58 Anchorage 2009/11/2 18:53 0 10 62 Anchorage 2009/11/2 19:53 0 10 62 Anchorage 2009/11/2 20:53 0 10 72 Anchorage 2009/11/2 21:53 0 10 72 Anchorage 2009/11/2 22:00 0 10 73 Anchorage 2009/11/2 22:53 0 10 72 Anchorage 2009/11/2 23:53 0 10 72