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Filed 11/17/14 Ybarra v. Lindgren CA3

NOT TO BE PUBLISHED

California Rules of Court, rule 8.1115(a), prohibits courts and parties from citing or relying on opinions not certified for 

publication or ordered published, except as specified by rule 8.1115(b). This opinion has not been certified for publication 

or ordered published for purposes of rule 8.1115.

IN THE COURT OF APPEAL OF THE STATE OF CALIFORNIA

THIRD APPELLATE DISTRICT

(El Dorado)

----

HENRY B. YBARRA,

Plaintiff and Respondent,

v.

DAVID LINDGREN,

Defendant and Appellant.

C073705

(Super. Ct. No. PC20110670)

Following a defense verdict that defendant’s negligence in rear-ending plaintiff 

Henry Ybarra’s car at the bottom of a hill in San Francisco on his way home after major 

pancreatic surgery was not a substantial factor in causing a large hematoma and a 30-

pound weight loss, the trial court granted plaintiff’s motion for a new trial based on 

insufficiency of the evidence. Plaintiff’s surgeon had testified that the collision caused 

the hematoma; the defense expert also testified it was more probable than not, or in other 

words, there was a 51 percent likelihood, the accident was a substantial factor in causing 

plaintiff’s injury. The trial court explained there was no evidence to support the jury’s 

finding that the collision was not a substantial factor in causing plaintiff’s hematoma.
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Because the written tentative ruling was incorporated into the minute order 

granting the motion for a new trial and contained both the grounds and reasons as 

required by Code of Civil Procedure section 657, we reject defendant David Lindgren’s 

contention the judgment should be reinstated. And because there is substantial evidence 

to support the trial court’s ruling, we affirm the order granting a new trial.

FACTS

On August 19, 2010, plaintiff, a diabetic, underwent surgery on his pancreas at the 

San Francisco Veterans Administration Medical Center. After he developed a blockage 

of an artery in his lung, his surgeon, Dr. Lygia Stewart, prescribed a blood thinner. A CT 

scan taken before he left the hospital revealed “normal changes after surgery.” He was 

eating normally before he left the hospital.

Eleven days after the surgery, plaintiff’s wife picked him up from the hospital with 

a friend. Plaintiff, who was sedated and wearing a diaper because he could not control 

his bowel movements, rode in the front passenger seat with his seat belt fastened over his 

abdominal incision. They were in the car for about 20 minutes when plaintiff’s wife 

came to a stop at the bottom of a hill. While stopped, they were rear-ended by defendant,

who admitted negligence. Plaintiff’s wife described the impact as very sudden and very 

hard. She felt like she “got lifted” and the seat belt locked up on her. Plaintiff testified 

the jolt was severe and “the belt strap really, really tugged on me because [it] shoved me 

forward.” The passenger in the backseat described the impact as a “pretty big hit” and 

said it felt like a “great big hand” came along and threw her like a toy. There was, 

however, little damage to the cars and plaintiff did not seek immediate emergency 

treatment.

Plaintiff’s symptoms, in fact, appeared gradually over time. When he spoke to 

someone in his surgeon’s office on September 1, he stated he was feeling “strong taking 

my medications,” and he had been in an automobile collision but had not suffered any 
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physical injuries. He began to suffer from nausea and a loss of appetite but did not return 

to the hospital.

Plaintiff’s surgeon testified at her deposition that by his six-week checkup in 

October, plaintiff was losing weight. Plaintiff preferred not to drive from his home in El 

Dorado to San Francisco for doctor’s appointments given the expense and danger 

involved. By November his nausea had improved after taking an over-the-counter 

medication. But another CT scan in December confirmed a “large complex fluid 

collection near the operative site.” Plaintiff lost about 30 pounds.

By February 2011 plaintiff felt better. Eventually the hematoma dissolved without 

medical intervention. He was able to return to work. In a letter dated February 1, his 

surgeon wrote: “Given the the [sic] fact that a CT scan obtained prior to the accident was 

normal, the data indicate that the accident led to an injury of the operative area leading to 

the fluid collection. His anti-coagulation may have contributed to this, but he would not 

have had a problem without the injury from the accident.”

In her deposition testimony read to the jury at trial, the surgeon further explained 

that it was the motor vehicle accident which led to the injury that caused the fluid 

collection. She stated: “[W]e had a CT scan a few days before he left that showed really 

normal post operative changes, no big fluid collection. And the other part that was very 

important, he was eating normally. He was able to take in a diet and was really very 

good with that. When he came back after the accident, he had what we call early satiety, 

what it means is when you eat you fill up very fast. It seems like you eat just a little bit 

and you are very full. If you look at his CAT scan, you can see this fluid collection. You 

used that word ‘fluid collection’ kind of as a generic word, but if this fluid collection is a 

hematoma, you can see where it’s related to the stomach actually pushing on the stomach. 

Over time, if you look at the subsequent CT scan obtained later, you see it getting 

smaller, and then finally getting very small and the most recent one. And now he is able 

to eat much better. You can see the stomach is no longer compressed by this and putting 
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all of that together with the constellation of findings, its appearance, it[’]s most consistent 

with a hematoma, and temporarily it seemed to be related to that traffic accident.” She 

concluded it was more likely that the accident caused the hematoma.

Defendant’s medical expert, Dr. John Jay Becchetti, had retired from his surgical 

practice several years before he testified, and it was the first time he had testified as an 

expert witness. He agreed with Dr. Stewart that the blood mass was a hematoma and it 

was more probable it had been caused by the collision. But he believed “[t]here are 

subtleties besides the fact that the seat belt could have caused it.” The only subtlety he 

suggested was the existence of a John Hopkins review of 260 distal pancreatectomies in 

which 4 percent of the cases involved spontaneous hemorrhages. He did not have the 

citation or a copy of the study. The 4 percent did not necessarily involve hematomas;

rather, according to Dr. Becchetti, they may have involved “free blood.” Nevertheless, 

he conceded that if he was forced to take a position whether plaintiff suffered a 

spontaneous hematoma or that the hematoma was a result of the collision, “I would say 

the trauma was the stronger position.” Although he repeated that he hated to avoid the 

so-called subtleties, he testified there was a 51 percent likelihood the accident caused the 

hematoma.

By a vote of 9 to 3, the jury found that defendant’s negligence was not a 

substantial factor in causing plaintiff’s hematoma. Plaintiff moved for a new trial on the 

grounds there was insufficient evidence to support the jury verdict and that the verdict 

was against the law.

The court issued a written tentative ruling we describe in relevant part below. At 

the hearing on the motion for a new trial, the court stated: “I agree with you the right to a 

trial by jury is one of the most sacred rights we have in this country, but what I heard --

and I mean I -- what I feel really doesn’t amount to a hill of beans in this matter, but there 

has to be some evidence for the jury to consider, and in this case we had one expert who 

said the accident definitely was a substantial factor, and we had another expert that said 
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it’s more probable than not that the accident was a substantial factor. There was no 

evidence that it was not a substantial factor, and based upon that, I think we do have to 

vacate the jury’s verdict. It’s not something I do lightly. It’s not something I enjoy doing 

at all. I think the jury system is the best system we have by and large for determining 

these things, but under these circumstances, I don’t think we have any choice. So I am 

going to adopt the tentative ruling as the final order of the court.”

The order vacating the jury verdict was entered and a new trial was granted. 

Defendant appeals.

DISCUSSION

I

Defendant’s threshold issue is a procedural one. Defendant insists that we cannot 

provide a meaningful review of the trial court’s order granting a new trial because it 

failed to provide a written “specification of reasons” as strictly required by Code of Civil 

Procedure sections 657 and 660. Section 657 provides, in part: “When a new trial is 

granted, on all or part of the issues, the court shall specify the ground or grounds upon

which it is granted and the court’s reason or reasons for granting the new trial upon each 

ground stated.

“A new trial shall not be granted upon the ground of insufficiency of the evidence 

to justify the verdict or other decision, nor upon the ground of excessive or inadequate 

damages, unless after weighing the evidence the court is convinced from the entire 

record, including reasonable inferences therefrom, that the court or jury clearly should 

have reached a different verdict or decision.

“The order passing upon and determining the motion must be made and entered as 

provided in [Code of Civil Procedure] Section 660 and if the motion is granted must state 

the ground or grounds relied upon by the court, and may contain the specification of 

reasons. If an order granting such motion does not contain such specification of reasons, 

the court must, within 10 days after filing such order, prepare, sign and file such 
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specification of reasons in writing with the clerk. The court shall not direct the attorney 

for a party to prepare either or both said order and said specification of reasons.”

Defendant reminds us that nothing less than perfect compliance with the terms of 

the statute can be tolerated. (Oakland Raiders v. National Football League (2007) 

41 Cal.4th 624, 634 (Oakland Raiders).) Although the courts routinely lament the 

injustice suffered by the party in whose favor the new trial was granted as a result of the 

trial court’s blunder, they strictly enforce the statute. (Sanchez-Corea v. Bank of America

(1985) 38 Cal.3d 892, 905, fn. 5.) Thus, substantial compliance is insufficient, as is a 

record of the court’s oral explanation of its reasons. (La Manna v. Stewart (1975) 

13 Cal.3d 413, 418.) Errors cannot be corrected on remand. (Mercer v. Perez (1968) 

68 Cal.2d 104, 122-123 (Mercer).) In this milieu, defendant contends that the trial 

court’s signed order is woefully deficient because it does not set forth any reasons for its 

ruling.

A signed order, however, is only one of the two ways in which a trial court may 

determine a motion for a new trial. Written in the disjunctive, Code of Civil Procedure 

section 660 states, in relevant part: “A motion for a new trial is not determined within the 

meaning of this section until an order ruling on the motion (1) is entered in the permanent 

minutes of the court or (2) is signed by the judge and filed with the clerk. The entry of a 

new trial order in the permanent minutes of the court shall constitute a determination of 

the motion even though such minute order as entered expressly directs that a written 

order be prepared, signed and filed. . . .”

Like the unsuccessful appellant in Kolar v. County of Los Angeles (1976) 

54 Cal.App.3d 873 (Kolar), defendant relies on Stevens v. Parke, Davis & Co. (1973) 

9 Cal.3d 51 for the erroneous proposition that the minute order must be signed by the 

judge. Not so, found the court in Kolar. “The code sections referred to contain no such 

requirement. The motion is determined by minute order entered in the permanent 

minutes or by an order prepared by the court, signed and filed with the clerk. In the 
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instant case the former method was adopted by the judge.” (Kolar, at p. 876.) The court 

in Kolar explained that the order granting a new trial in Stevens was held improper 

because there was no written specification of reasons, not because the minute order was 

not signed. Indeed, the signature was not at issue. (Kolar, at p. 876.) The question in 

Stevens, unlike Kolar, was whether the oral reasons provided at the time of the hearing 

could be used to satisfy the statute, and the court gave a resounding no. (Kolar, at 

pp. 876-877.)

Defendant accuses plaintiff of concocting a new rule unsupported by any case 

authority that a tentative ruling suffices as a written order. There is no need for creating 

any new rule in this case. As Kolar makes clear, an unsigned minute order complies with 

Code of Civil Procedure section 657 as augmented by section 660 of that code.

Here, the minute order entered on March 7, 2013, incorporates the written 

tentative opinion. The order states: “The Court issued its tentative ruling pursuant to [the 

Superior Court of El Dorado County,] Local Rule[s, rule] 7.10.05; as fully set forth in the 

attached written opinion.” The attached five-page tentative opinion explains the grounds 

and the reasons for granting a new trial. As pertinent to the insufficiency ground, the 

court understood that it was required to weigh the evidence and judge the credibility of 

witnesses and explained: “Plaintiff’s medical expert testified that the subject hematoma 

was caused by the motor vehicle accident. The defense medical expert testified that he 

was of the opinion that it was more likely - 51% - that the motor vehicle accident caused 

plaintiff’s hematoma, with some reservations. He further testified as to a study finding 

spontaneous bleeding occurring in 4% of patients after such surgeries and if forced to 

take a position, he would say the trauma was a stronger position, but can’t say that with 

certainty.

“After weighing the evidence the court is convinced from the entire record, 

including reasonable inferences therefrom, that the jury clearly should have reached a 

different verdict or decision. The motion for new trial is granted.”
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By expressly attaching the written tentative opinion to the minute order, with the 

specification of reasons for granting the new trial, we conclude the trial court merely 

incorporated its tentative ruling into the official minutes following oral argument. The 

court thereby complied with the letter and the spirit of the law. (See also Miller v. Los 

Angeles County Flood Control Dist. (1973) 8 Cal.3d 689, 697-698 [permitting the trial 

court to cross-reference another part of the record].) We reject defendant’s argument that 

utilizing a tentative ruling renders oral argument meaningless. To say that the argument 

was not persuasive does not mean the court did not listen and carefully consider the oral 

advocacy. Rather, as is evidenced by the transcript of the hearing, the court did engage 

with counsel and was simply not convinced by the arguments made at the hearing.

We recognize that strict compliance with the statutes is required and we are not at 

liberty to loosen the rigid requirements the Legislature has established. But as the court 

correctly pointed out in Kolar, the statutes do not require the trial court to sign a minute 

order. (Kolar, supra, 54 Cal.App.3d at p. 876.) Consequently, a minute order that 

incorporates a written tentative ruling complies with the strict letter of the law. 

Moreover, it satisfies the dual purposes of the statute as well by promoting judicial 

deliberation before deciding and facilitating meaningful appellate review. In the tentative 

ruling, the court recounted the substance of the expert testimony relevant to the jury’s 

finding that the collision was not a substantial factor in causing plaintiff’s hematoma. 

Counsel failed to change the court’s evaluation of the evidence during argument at the 

hearing on the new trial motion. But the written ruling facilitates our review and assures 

us that the court carefully deliberated before reaching a decision. The statutes require 

nothing more.

II

Since the minute order satisfies the procedural requirements of the statute, we 

must determine whether the court’s “specification of reasons” meets the substantive 

statutory requirements. (Code Civ. Proc., § 657.) “When the trial court provides a 
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statement of reasons as required by section 657, the appropriate standard of judicial 

review is one that defers to the trial court’s resolution of conflicts in the evidence and 

inquires only whether the court’s decision was an abuse of discretion.” (Oakland 

Raiders, supra, 41 Cal.4th at p. 636.) “The reason for this deference ‘is that the trial 

court, in ruling on [a new trial] motion, sits . . . as an independent trier of fact.’ 

[Citation.] Therefore, the trial court’s factual determinations, reflected in its decision to 

grant the new trial, are entitled to the same deference that an appellate court would 

ordinarily accord a jury’s factual determinations.

“The trial court sits much closer to the evidence than an appellate court. Even the 

most comprehensive study of a trial court record cannot replace the immediacy of being 

present at the trial, watching and hearing as the evidence unfolds. The trial court, 

therefore, is in the best position to assess the reliability of a jury’s verdict and, to this end, 

the Legislature has granted trial courts broad discretion to order new trials.” (Lane v. 

Hughes Aircraft Co. (2000) 22 Cal.4th 405, 412 (Lane).)

The trial court’s task in stating its reasons is not onerous. “[I]t will be sufficient if 

the judge who grants a new trial furnishes a concise but clear statement of the reasons 

why he finds one or more of the grounds of the motion to be applicable to the case before 

him. . . . [I]f the ground relied upon is ‘insufficiency of the evidence’ the judge must 

briefly recite the respects in which he finds the evidence to be legally inadequate; . . . 

[S]uch an order must briefly identify the portion of the record which convinces the judge 

‘that the court or jury clearly should have reached a different verdict or decision.’ ” 

(Mercer, supra, 68 Cal.2d at pp. 115-116.) “ ‘No hard and fast rule can be laid down as 

to the content of such a specification, and it will necessarily vary according to the facts 

and circumstances of each case.’ ” (Scala v. Jerry Witt & Sons, Inc. (1970) 3 Cal.3d 359, 

370.)

The issue before the trial court in considering the motion for a new trial was 

discrete–was there sufficient evidence to support the jury’s finding that the automobile 
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collision was not a substantial factor in causing plaintiff’s hematoma? The trial court 

provided a thorough recitation of the evidence. The court summarized the expert 

testimony on the issue and pointed out that there was no evidence to the contrary. As a 

result, its statement of reasons facilitates meaningful appellate review. The court left no 

doubt that it granted the motion for a new trial because all of the expert testimony 

suggested that the collision was a substantial factor, at least by a preponderance of the 

evidence.

Defendant argues that the jury could have discounted the credibility of both 

experts and rejected their testimony. But the question before us is not whether there was 

substantial evidence to support the jury’s finding—it is whether the trial court abused its 

discretion. “In other words, ‘the presumption of correctness normally accorded on appeal 

to the jury’s verdict is replaced by a presumption in favor of the [new trial] order.’ 

[Citation.]” (Lane, supra, 22 Cal.4th at p. 412, first brackets in original.) On this record, 

we can find no abuse of discretion. The trial judge, sitting as an independent trier of fact,

concluded that because both experts testified that, by a preponderance of the evidence, 

the collision caused the injury and there was no evidence to suggest otherwise, the 

evidence was insufficient to support the jury verdict. The court’s statement of reasons 

complies with Code of Civil Procedure section 657 and supports its ultimate 

determination to grant a new trial. We must affirm that determination.

DISPOSITION

The judgment is affirmed. Respondent shall recover costs on appeal. (Cal. Rules 

of Court, rule 8.278(a)(1), (2).)

 RAYE , P. J.

We concur:

 BUTZ , J.

 MAURO , J.