Appendix C 

Area Emissions Inventory 

Documentation 
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Area Sources Emissions Inventory Documentation i 

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TABLE OF CONTENTS

1. INTRODUCTION AND SCOPE ............................................................................................... 1

2. OVERALL METHODOLOGY .................................................................................................. 2

2.1 SOURCE CATEGORY IDENTIFICATION ...................................................................... 2

2.2 AREA SOURCE EMISSION ESTIMATION APPROACH .............................................. 2

3. NORTH CAROLINA-DEVELOPED 2002 AREA SOURCE INVENTORY .......................... 5

3.1 GASOLINE DISTRIBUTION ............................................................................................ 5

3.1.1 Gasoline Dispensing Facilities ...................................................................................... 5

3.1.2 Aircraft Refueling ......................................................................................................... 8

3.2 STATIONARY SOURCE SOLVENT EVAPORATION .................................................. 9

3.2.1 Dry Cleaning ................................................................................................................. 9

3.2.2 Graphic Arts/Printing .................................................................................................. 10

3.2.3 Solvent Cleaning and Degreasing ............................................................................... 10

3.2.4 Auto Body Refinishing ............................................................................................... 12

3.2.5 Architectural Coatings ................................................................................................ 12

3.2.6 Traffic Markings ......................................................................................................... 13

3.2.7 Industrial Surface Coating .......................................................................................... 14

3.2.8 Asphalt Paving ............................................................................................................ 15

3.2.9 Roofing Operations ..................................................................................................... 17

3.2.10 Pesticide Application ................................................................................................ 17

3.2.11 Commercial/Consumer Solvent Use ......................................................................... 23

3.3 BIOPROCESS EMISSION SOURCES ............................................................................ 24

3.3.1 Bakeries ....................................................................................................................... 24

3.4 OTHER MAN MADE AREA SOURCES ........................................................................ 24

3.4.1 Structure Fires ............................................................................................................. 24

3.4.2 Charbroiling ................................................................................................................ 25

3.4.3 Open Burning – Municipal Solid Waste and Yard Trimmings .................................. 26

3.4.4 Small Stationary Source Fossil Fuel Use .................................................................... 27

3.4.5 Vehicle Fires ............................................................................................................... 36

3.4.6 Agricultural Burning ................................................................................................... 37

3.4.7 On Site Incineration .................................................................................................... 38

4. VISTAS DEVELOPED 2002 AREA SOURCE INVENTORY .............................................. 40

4.1 PORTABLE FUEL CONTAINERS ................................................................................. 40

4.2 FOREST FIRES ................................................................................................................. 41
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5. 2008 AREA SOURCE EMISSION INVENTORY DEVELOPMENT ................................... 44

5.1 2008 PROJECTION OF FIRES ........................................................................................ 46

5.1.1 2008 Projection of Forest Fires ....................................................................................... 46

5.1.2 2008 Projection of Structure Fires .................................................................................. 46

6. ADDITIONAL DATA .............................................................................................................. 47

6.1 SIC TO NAICS CROSSWALK ........................................................................................ 47

6.2 FRACTION OF NAICS CODE EMPLOYMENT USED TO CREATE SIC 

EMPLOYMENT ....................................................................................................................... 94

LIST OF TABLES 

Table 3.1.1-1 Factors Used For Calculating Emission Factor ....................................................... 6

Table 3.1.1-2 Emission Factors For Gasoline Dispensing ............................................................. 7

Table 3.2.3-1 Emission Factors Cleaning & Degreasing ............................................................. 11

Table 3.2.7-1 Per Capita Emission Factors For Industrial Surface Coating ................................ 14

Table 3.2.7-2 Per Employee Emission Factors for Industrial Surface Coating ........................... 15

Table 3.2.10-1 Agriculture Pesticides Application Rates ............................................................ 20

Table 3.2.10-2 Emission Factors by Crop Type .......................................................................... 22

Table 3.2.11-1 Misc. Non-Industrial Consumer-Commercial Emission Factors ........................ 23

Table 3.4.4-1 Fuel Use in North Carolina 2002 ........................................................................... 28

Table 3.4.4-2 Combustion Emission Factors ............................................................................... 28

Table 3.4.4.2-1 Coal Combustion Emission Factors ................................................................... 31

Table 3.4.4.3-1 Emission Factors for Natural Gas ....................................................................... 33

Table 3.4.4.4-1 Emission Factors for Liquefied Petroleum Gas .................................................. 35

Table 3.4.7-1 Yield of Pollutant Values for Uncontrolled Refuse Combustors .......................... 38

Table 4.2-1 2002 North Carolina Actual and Typical Fire Emissions ........................................ 43

Table 5-1 Control Efficiency, Rule Effectiveness and Rule Penetration Rates Applied to the 

2008 Area Sources ................................................................................................................ 45
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List of Acronyms 

Acronym Definition 

AEO Annual Energy Outlook 

ATADS Air Traffic Activity Data System 

BTS Bureau of Transportation Statistics 

BTU British Thermal Units 

CAIR Clean Air Interstate Rule 

CERR Consolidated Emissions Reporting Rule 

CMU Carnegie Mellon University 

CMV Commercial Marine Vessel 

CNG Compressed Natural Gas 

EDMS Emissions and Dispersion Modeling System 

EF Emission Factor 

EGAS 5.0 Economic Growth Analysis System version 5.0 

EIA Energy Information Administration 

EIIP Emissions Inventory Improvement Program 

FAA Federal Aviation Administration 

GF Growth Factor 

HDD Heavy Duty Diesel 

IAQTR Interstate Air Quality Transport Rule 

LPG Liquid Petroleum Gas 

LTO Landing and Takeoff 

MSW Municipal Solid Waste 

NAAQS National Ambient Air Quality Standards 

NAICS North American Industry Classification System 

NCDAQ North Carolina Division of Air Quality 

NCDFR North Carolina Division of Forest Resources 

NCDOT North Carolina Department of Transportation 

NCSU North Carolina State University 

NEI National Emissions Inventory 

NG Natural Gas 

NIF National Emissions Inventory Input Format 

NOx Nitrogen Oxides 

NWR National Wildlife Refuge 

OTAQ Office of Transportation and Air Quality 

PFC Portable Fuel Container 

PM Particulate Matter 
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QA Quality Assurance 

RIA Regulatory Impact Analysis 

SCC Source Classification Code 

SI Spark-Ignition 

SIC Standard Industrial Classification 

SIWG Special Interest Workgroup 

T4 Tier 4 

USACE U.S. Army Corps of Engineers 

USEPA U.S. Environmental Protection Agency 

USFA U.S. Fire Administration 

USFWS U.S. Fish and Wildlife Service 

USFS U.S. Forest Service 

VISTAS Visibility Improvement State & Tribal Association of the Southeast 

VMT Vehicle Miles Traveled 

VOC Volatile Organic Compounds 
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1. INTRODUCTION AND SCOPE 

The attainment modeling for the Charlotte-Gastonia-Rock Hill, NC-SC 8-hour ozone 

nonattainment area (referred to as the Metrolina area) was built upon the regional haze modeling 

being done by the Southeast Regional Planning Organization, Visibility Improvement State and 

Tribal Association of the Southeast (VISTAS) and the fine particulate matter (PM2.5) and ozone 

modeling being done by the Association of Southeastern Integrated Planning (ASIP). VISTAS 

and ASIP are run by the ten Southeast states (Alabama, Florida, Georgia, Kentucky, Mississippi, 

North Carolina, South Carolina, Tennessee, Virginia and West Virginia). Since the regional 

haze and PM2.5 modeling uses annual simulations and includes an intermediate year that is the 

attainment year required for the Metrolina nonattainment area, the North Carolina Division of 

Air Quality (NCDAQ) decided to use the this modeling for its attainment demonstration. 

The 2002 base year emissions inventory from the attainment demonstration was the starting 

point for the Reasonable Further Progress (RFP) demonstration. The 2008 emissions were 

developed by applying growth and control factors to the 2002 base year and these factors were 

applied through the Sparse Matrix Operator Kernel Emissions (SMOKE) preprocessor so that the 

2002 and 2008 emissions estimates were comparable. 
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2. OVERALL METHODOLOGY 

2.1 SOURCE CATEGORY IDENTIFICATION 

The area source categories were identified from U. S. Environmental Protection Agency’s 

(USEPA’s) guidance document EPA-450/4-91-016, Procedures for the Preparation of Emission 

Inventories of Carbon Monoxide and Precursors of Ozone, Vol. 1, from this point on this 

document will be referred to as the Procedures document; the Emissions Inventory Improvement 

Program (EIIP) Technical Reports, Volume 3, Area Sources as of December 2002 (the most 

current version at the time of the inventory development), from this point on this document will 

be referred to as EIIP Tech Report; and a report entitled, Documentation of the Base G 2002 

Base Year, 2009 and 2018, Emission Inventories for VISTAS and written by the VISTAS 

contractor company, MACTEC, Inc. 

2.2 AREA SOURCE EMISSION ESTIMATION APPROACH 

Area source emissions are estimated by multiplying an emission factor by some known indicator 

of collective activity for each source category within the inventory area. An indicator is any 

parameter associated with the activity level of a source that can be correlated with the air 

pollutant emissions from that source, such as production, number of employees, or population. 

In general, one of the following emissions estimation approaches is used to calculate the area 

source emissions: per capita emission factors, employment-related emission factors, commodity 

consumption-related emission factors, and level of activity based emission factors. The emission 

factors used were obtained from the EIIP Tech Reports, the Procedures document or the 

USEPA’s AP-42 Compilation of Air Pollutant Emission Factors, Fifth Edition, referred to as 

AP-42. 

There are several methods for estimating the activity level for a specific area source category. 

These are: treating area sources as point sources, surveying local activity levels, apportioning 

national or statewide activity totals to local inventory areas, using population or employment 

data. All of these methods were used to estimate area source emissions. 

Certain emission categories were adjusted for such things as season or rule effectiveness and rule 

penetration. These are discussed in the particular source categories descriptions. 
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For certain categories, there can be overlap between the point source emissions and the area 

source emissions calculated with emission factors. The 2002 point source emissions in these 

categories were identified so that they could be subtracted where appropriate. 

There are a number of categories where emissions were calculated with emission factors based 

on employment. These emission factors were developed by the USEPA when employment 

reports were organized by Standard Industrial Classification (SIC) code. Since 1997, 

employment statistics are organized by the North American Industry Classification System 

(NAICS). For the solvent cleaning industries, the SIC codes do not directly correspond to single 

NAICS code. Sometimes several partial NAICS employment values will relate to a SIC code. A 

crosswalk was used to determine what percentage of a NAICS employment value would 

correspond to the SIC codes. The tables from the US Census showing the NAICS-SIC crosswalk 

are reproduced in Section 6 – Additional Data. It should be noted that the crosswalk is based on 

national totals and is not specific to any particular state. In Section 6.2, the employment fraction 

of the NAICS codes used to create the SIC code employment data is tabulated. 

The employment numbers were obtained from the on-line 2002 County Business Patterns for the 

various NAICS codes at the county level for North Carolina. In addition to having employment 

values (or employment ranges due to confidentiality rules) by NAICS, the County Business 

Patterns breaks down the number of facilities by employment categories. The employment 

categories are 1 – 4, 5 – 9, 10 – 19, 20 – 49, 50 – 99, 100 – 249, 250 – 499, 500 – 999, >1000 

employees. To account for point sources, it was assumed that facilities with 100 employees or 

greater were point sources and were not considered in the calculations. 

When a NAICS category gave a number of employees and there were no establishments with 

100 employees or greater, then the value was used. However, in most cases the County Business 

Patterns gave a range of total employees in the county instead of the actual number. When this 

occurred, facility sizes were considered and the mid-range of employees was assumed, in 

accordance with the EIIP Tech. Report. For example, a NAICS category for a county had a 

range of employment of 100-249 with two establishments with 1 – 4 employees, one with 20-49 

employees, and one with 100-249 employees. Assuming 3 to be the mid-range of 1 –4 and 35 to 

be the mid-range of 20-49, the employment used for the area source calculation was estimated 

as: 

(2 x 3) + (1 x 35) = 41 employees 

The larger establishment was assumed to be a point source and not taken into consideration for 

the area source calculation. 
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If a total number of employees was provided and there were establishments with 100 employees 

or greater, then the mid-range of the smaller facilities were used as described above. The 

estimated employment was compared to the value given to ensure that remainder would account 

for the large establishment. In cases where the remainder would not be enough employment to 

account for the larger establishment, the area source employment was adjusted down. For 

example, a NAICS category had 250 employees with one establishment with 20 – 49 employees 

(mid-range 35), two establishments with 50 – 99 employees (mid-range 75), and one 

establishment with 100 – 249 employees. The employment estimated for the area source and the 

remainder employment was estimated as: 

 (1 x 35) + (2 x 75) = 185 employees 

 250 – 185 = 65 employees 

The remainder of 65 employees is not enough to account for an establishment of 100 – 249 

employees. Therefore, the area source employment was adjusted down by 35 so that there were 

100 employees remaining to account for the large establishment. 
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3. NORTH CAROLINA-DEVELOPED 2002 AREA SOURCE INVENTORY 

Area sources represent a collection of many small, unidentified points of air pollution emissions 

within a specified geographical area, emitting less than the minimum level prescribed for point 

sources. Because these sources are too small and/or too numerous to be surveyed and 

characterized individually, all area source activities are collectively estimated. The county is the 

geographic area for which emissions from area sources are compiled, primarily because counties 

are the smallest areas for which data used for estimating emissions is readily available. 

Emissions are calculated on an annual basis in tons per year. 

3.1 GASOLINE DISTRIBUTION 

The area source emissions attributed to this category are associated with various operations 

related to gasoline and aircraft fuel handling and distribution. Since tank farms and bulk plants 

are specifically addressed in the point source inventory, the area source category is limited to 

fuel handling, storage, and distribution operations associated with the service stations and in the 

refueling of aircrafts. 

3.1.1 Gasoline Dispensing Facilities 

Since service stations are so numerous, they are collectively considered as an area source. The 

area source emissions that are derived for this subsection involve determining the estimated 

emissions that occur at each of the following operations: 1) losses during storage tank filling, 

2) storage tank breathing and working losses, 3) spillage and 4) truck transit losses. The 

emissions from vehicle refueling are captured in the mobile source inventory in the emission 

factors produced by the USEPA’s MOBILE6.2 model and therefore are not estimated as part of 

the area source inventory. 

As part of the air toxics program, Stage I controls for gasoline dispensing facilities were adopted 

by the State, effective May 1990 with final compliance by January 1, 1994. Stage I is the vapor 

recovery technology on the underground storage tanks and reduces the emissions during the tank 

filling operations at service stations. 

The North Carolina Department of Agriculture, Standards Division is responsible for going to all 

gasoline dispensing facilities and testing the fuels to ensure that they meet the quality standards 

of the State. The NCDAQ has worked out an agreement with the Standards Division to also 

check for Stage I controls. A notice is sent to the NCDAQ for every facility checked by the 

Standards Division verifying if a facility has properly maintained control equipment. If a facility 

is not found to be properly maintaining the control equipment, then the NCDAQ sends a notice 
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of violation informing the facility that the controls are required and gives the facility time to 

correct the violation before fines are assessed. From this information the rule effectiveness and 

rule penetration can be estimated. The rule effectiveness is the percentage of facilities with 

proper equipment maintenance and use and represents the actual degree of source compliance. 

Rule penetration is the percentage of facilities covered by the rule and thus require Stage I 

equipment. Control efficiency is the expected percent reduction from proper application of this 

control technology. 

The volatile organic compound (VOC) emission factor for underground storage tank filling was 

calculated by using an equation from AP-42, in Section 5.2, Transportation And Marketing Of 

Petroleum Liquids on page 5.2-4 (equation). 

 EF = 12.46 [SPM] x [1-(RE x CE x RP)] 

 [ T ] 

where EF = emission factor in pounds of VOC per 1000 gallons 

 S = Saturation factor 

 P = True vapor pressure (in pounds per square inch area) 

 M = Molecular weight of vapors (lb/lb-mole) 

 T = Temperature of bulk liquid (o Rankin) 

 RE = Rule Effectiveness 

 CE = Control Efficiency 

 RP = Rule Penetration 

The saturation factor was obtained from AP-42, Table 5.2-1 and the true vapor pressure and 

molecular weight of vapors were obtained from AP-42, Table 7.1-2. For the temperature an 

average of the June, July and August average monthly temperature for 2002 was used. A worst 

case temperature estimate was used year round in calculating annual emissions. These 

temperatures were obtained from the North Carolina Climatological Data, a publication of the 

National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration. All of the factors used to calculate the 

emission factor for Stage I, i.e. balanced submerged filling, are listed in Table 3.1.1-1. 

Table 3.1.1-1 Factors Used For Calculating Emission Factor 

S P M T 

1 6.49 67 537.6o

R 

(77.6o

F) 

EF = 12.46 ⎡ 1 x 6.49 x 67 ⎤ x [1 – ( .97 x .95 x .99)] 

 ⎣ 537.6 ⎦

 = 0.884 lb VOC/1000 gal. Gasoline 
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The emission factors for tank truck transit, breathing losses and spillage were obtained from the 

EIIP Tech Report, Chapter 11 Gasoline Marketing, Table 11.3-1 and are listed below in 

Table 3.1.1-2. The tank truck transit emission factor includes the emission rate for an empty 

tank plus a full tank and was adjusted by a factor of 1.25 as recommended by the EIIP Tech 

Report, pg. 11.5-3. 

Table 3.1.1-2 Emission Factors For Gasoline Dispensing 

Underground 

Storage Tank 

Filling 

Tank Truck 

Transit Breathing Losses Spillage 

0.884 lb/1000gal 0.000075 lb/gal 0.001 lb/gal 0.00068 lb/gal 

The activity data needed to calculate the emissions is number of gallons of fuel sold in each 

county per year. This was obtained from a report from the North Carolina Petroleum Marketers 

Association. A weighting factor was devised by producing the sum of county population 

(1000’s), county registered vehicles (1000’s), and county motor fuel outlets. The factors were 

summed for the 100 counties and a fractional part of the whole found for each county. This 

fraction was multiplied by the state total gallons of gasoline and diesel sold in 2002 to get an 

estimate of gallons of fuel per county. 

According to the EIIP Tech Report, the activity days per week for truck transit and underground 

storage tank filling are 6 and 7 days per week and for spillage and breathing losses, respectively. 

Note that diesel fuel used is combined with gasoline for the sake of simplification. This will 

result in some overestimation of VOC emissions because the volatility of gasoline is higher than 

diesel fuel. 

Annual VOC emissions for underground storage tank filling, tank truck transit, breathing losses 

and spillage were calculated and SMOKE modeling was later used to allocate annual emissions 

to a daily level. Underground storage tank annual VOC emissions for each county were 

calculated using the following equation. 

 EM = FC x (1/1000) x EF x (1 ton/2000 lbs.) 

where EM = annual county VOC emissions in tons per year 

 FC = county fuel consumption of gasoline and diesel in gallons 

 EF = emission factor in pounds of VOC per 1000 gallons 
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Tank truck transit, breathing losses, and spillage annual VOC emissions for each county were 

calculated individually, using the following equation. 

 EM = FC x EF x (1 ton/2000 lbs.) 

where EM = annual county VOC emissions in tons per year for tank truck transit, breathing 

 losses, or spillage 

 FC = county fuel consumption of gasoline and diesel in gallons 

 EF = emission factor in pounds of VOC per gallon for tank truck transit, breathing 

 losses, or spillage 

3.1.2 Aircraft Refueling 

Like vehicle refueling, aircraft refueling results in VOC emissions from displacement of the 

vapor laden air in the aircraft’s fuel tank. This source category is generally estimated only for 

large commercial airports. There are a few small commuter and general aviation airports in the 

State; however, the amount of the emissions from these are typically negligible. 

The emissions from aircraft refueling were determined by using the number of gallons of fuel 

supplied to the airports and multiplying it by the appropriate emission factor. The businesses 

that supply the fuel to the airports were contacted to determine the amount and type of fuel 

supplied to each airport during 2002. The information obtained was for the two fuel types 

supplied, Jet A Kerosene and Aviation Gasoline. 

The emission factors used are 11.38 lb VOC/1000 gallons of aviation gasoline and 0.065 lb 

VOC/1000 gallons of Jet A kerosene. Airport refueling occurs on a daily basis, therefore the 

activity days per week are 7. 

The annual emissions for the base year were calculated using equation 3.1.2-1. 

 EM = Gallons/year x EFi_ 

 (2000 lbs/ton) 3.1.2-1 

where EMi = emissions for source category (i) 

 EFi = emission factor for source category (i) 

 
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3.2 STATIONARY SOURCE SOLVENT EVAPORATION 

There are eleven subcategories that involve stationary source solvent evaporative emissions. 

They include: dry cleaning, graphic arts, solvent cleaning, automotive refinishing, architectural 

coatings, traffic markings, industrial surface coating, asphalt paving, roofing operations, 

pesticide application, and consumer/commercial solvent use. The methodology used to calculate 

the emissions from these sources are described in detail in each subsection. 

3.2.1 Dry Cleaning 

The VOC emissions from dry cleaning vary with the type of process and the solvent used. For 

the most part, dry cleaners (coin-operated and conventional commercial) are small business 

entities. As a result of their size, dry cleaning emissions are typically not captured as point 

sources. However, dry cleaning operations can be a significant emission source for VOC 

emissions, when taken collectively. 

The emissions from dry cleaners are estimated by multiplying the number of employees at dry 

cleaners by a national per-employee emission factor, 1800 lbs. of VOC/employee/year, found in 

the EIIP Tech. Report. The guidance also stated that the number of employees can be found in 

the County Business Patterns for SIC code 7215 (coin-operated) and 7216 (commercial). In 

1997, the SIC code system was replaced with the NAICS. Thus, the number of employees was 

obtained for NAICS codes 812310 (coin-operated) and 812320 (commercial). The NAICS 

employment numbers were previously processed to exclude any facilities with 100 or more 

employees, which were deemed to be point sources. According to the SIC to NAICS crosswalk, 

80% of employment for NAICS 812320 represents the number of employees for commercial dry 

cleaners (SIC 7216). 

As reported in the EIIP Tech. Report, the activity days per week is 6 days. The annual emissions 

for 2002 were calculated using equation 3.2.1-1. 

EM = Employees x EF 

 (2000 lb/tons) 3.2.1-1 

where EM = emissions for source category tons/year 

 EF = emission factor for source category, 1800 lbs VOC/employee/yr 
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3.2.2 Graphic Arts/Printing 

Graphic arts include operations that are involved in printing of newspapers, magazines, books, 

and other printed materials, which can be divided into several subsets based upon printing 

technology. Over the last decade ink-jet and offset lithography have emerged as the dominant 

technologies. The use of oils as ink solvents and the reduction of alcohols in the fountain 

solution and in the cleanup solutions have resulted in notable reductions in emissions for offset 

lithography. Ink-jet printing results in essentially no VOC emissions. 

A number of establishments that generate emissions in this source category are in-house graphic 

arts operations at plants that are in non-printing industries. Therefore, an employee per SIC code 

emission factor is not very reliable. The per-capita emission factor of 1.3 lbs VOC/person/year 

provided by the EIIP Tech. Report was used to calculate the VOC emissions. This emission 

factor estimates the emissions from facilities less than 100 tons VOC/year. It assumes that 

facilities greater than 100 tons VOC/year will be in the point source inventory. The population 

used to calculate the base year emissions was obtained from the North Carolina Office of State 

Budget and Management (OSBM). 

According to the Procedures document, Table 5.8-1, the activity days per week is 5. The annual 

emissions for the base year were calculated using equation 3.2.2-1. 

EM = ((EF)*(Population 2002)*(1 ton/2000 lb)) 3.2.2-1 

where EM = emissions for source category for county (a) ton/yr 

EF = emission factor for source category, 1.3 lbs VOC/person/yr 

3.2.3 Solvent Cleaning and Degreasing 

Solvent cleaning operations are integral to many businesses and industries, and are conducted for 

the purpose of removing grease, oils, waxes, carbon deposits, etc. from metals, plastic, or glass 

surfaces. Solvent cleaning is usually performed prior to painting, plating, inspection, repair, 

assembly, etc. The solvents used in the cleaning operations can be either in a liquid or vapor 

phase. Generally, these solvents have high vapor pressures and therefore emit VOC emissions. 

There are two basic types of solvent cleaning techniques, cold cleaning and vapor cleaning. 

Cold cleaning machines use solvents in the liquid phase to clean and remove foreign material 

such as oils and grease from the surface of materials. These machines are batch loaded, and 
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cleaning operations include spraying/flushing solvent or parts agitation, wipe cleaning, brushing, 

and immersion. 

The vapor cleaning technique can be further divided into open top degreasing and in-line 

cleaning. The open top degreasing machines are tanks designed to generate and contain solvent 

vapor. The tank is equipped with a heating system that boils the liquid solvent. As the solvent 

boils, dense solvent vapors rise and displace the air in the tank. Coolant is circulated in 

condensing coils on the top of the tank to create a controlled vapor zone within the tank. 

Condensing solvent vapors dissolve the contaminants on the surface of the workload and flush 

both the dissolved and undissolved contaminants from the workload. 

In-line cleaning machines employ automated loading on a continuous basis. These machines are 

often custom made for large-scale operations. A continuous or multiple-batch loading system 

greatly reduces or even eliminates the manual parts handling associated with batch cleaning. Inline cleaning machines are enclosed to prevent solvent losses; however, entry and exit openings 

cannot be sealed. 

The VOC emissions for this category are estimated by using the per employee factors (from the 

EIIP Tech. Report, Chapter 6, Table 6.5-2) listed in Table 3.2.3-1 below: 

Table 3.2.3-1 Emission Factors Cleaning & Degreasing 

Source Category lb VOC/employee/yr 

Electronic and Other Elec: Open Top Degreasing 29 

Miscellaneous Manufacturing: Open Top Degreasing 9.8 

Miscellaneous Manufacturing: Cold Cleaning 24 

Auto Repair Services: Cold Cleaning 270 

Employment data was derived from the 2002 County Business Patterns provided by the U. S. 

Census Bureau. For each of these categories, employment in a number of SIC groups is needed. 

These employment numbers were generated from the NAICS employment numbers for each 

county and summed as needed. See SIC Codes from NAICS Codes for Employment Based 

Categories in Section 6 for the full listing of NAICS and SIC for each source category. 

Fractional employee numbers are a result of the NAICS to SIC conversion process. 
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The annual emissions for the base year were calculated using equation 3.2.3-1. 

EM = (Employment 2002) x EF

 (2000 lb/tons) 3.2.3-1 

where EM = emissions for source category, tons per year 

EF = emission factor for source category 

3.2.4 Auto Body Refinishing 

Auto body refinishing operations consist of: vehicle preparation, primer application, topcoat 

application, and spray equipment cleaning. These operations result in significant VOC 

emissions. The solvent is typically 100% volatile and can constitute up to 6.5 pounds of VOC 

per gallon of cleaner or paint. 

The EIIP methodology for estimating emissions from this source category recommends 

apportioning a national VOC emission estimate to the county level by the number of employees 

reported for NAISC code 811121. The national estimate of 79,429.59 tons of VOC per year was 

based on 1997 data. In order to estimate the emissions for 2002, the 1997 national VOC estimate 

provided by the EIIP Tech. Report was divided by the 1997 national employment data to create a 

per employee emission factor. 

This emission factor was used with the 2002 employment data to estimate emissions from auto 

body refinishing. The employment data was obtained from the 2002 County Business Patterns. 

According to the EIIP Tech. Report the activity days per week is 5 days. The annual emissions 

for 2002 were calculated using equation 3.2.4-1. 

EM = Employees x EF 3.2.4-1 

where EM = emissions for source category 

 EF = emission factor for source category, 0.387 tons VOC/employee/yr 

 

3.2.5 Architectural Coatings 

This category includes the application of paint, primer, varnish or lacquer to architectural 

surfaces, and the use of solvents as thinners and for cleanup. 
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The VOC emissions for this source category were estimated by multiplying county population 

data by a usage factor for either water or solvent based coatings, and an emissions factor for 

either water or solvent based coatings. This method entails gathering national architectural paint 

usage from the U.S. Census industrial report MA325F and generating per capita usage factors. It 

is important to be able to differentiate between the water based usage from the solvent based 

usage since the emission factor for solvent based paints is over 5 times higher than the factor for 

water based paints. 

Emission Factors: Water based = 0.74 lb VOC/gallon; 

Solvent Based= 3.87 lb VOC/gallon 

The annual emissions for 2002 were calculated using equation 3.2.5-1. 

 VOCa = (POPa*UFb*EFb)/(2000lbs/ton) -- ton/year 3.2.5-1 

where VOCa = VOC emissions for county (a) 

 POPa = population for county (a) 

 EFb = emission factor for paint type (b) 

 UFb = usage factor for paint type (b) 

The usage factor is found by dividing the national total architectural surface coating quantities 

for either solvent or water-based coatings by the U.S. population for that year. For 2002, the 

usage factor for each paint type is estimated below: 

 UF solvent: (127,703,000 gallons of solvent based) / (287,973,924) = 0.443 gal/person 

 UF water : (589,527,000 gallons of water based) / (287,973,924) = 2.047 gal/person 

3.2.6 Traffic Markings 

The paint used in traffic markings operations (the painting of center lines, shoulders, etc.) emits 

VOC emissions during the drying process. The extent of emissions is largely a function of the 

paint being solvent or water based. The North Carolina Department of Transportation (NCDOT) 

utilizes three general types of paint, which can be classified as water based paint, epoxy paint 

containing organic solvents, and thermoplastic paint. The use of thermoplastic paint results in 

negligible VOC emissions and therefore is not included in the emissions inventory. 

Although the NCDOT utilizes both water and solvent based paints, there is uncertainty with 

respect to what percentage of the paint used is organic solvent based. To avoid under estimating 

the emissions from this source category, it is assumed that all paint, excluding thermoplastic, is 

organic solvent based. 
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The NCDOT reported that 854,215 gallons of paint were used statewide in 2002. The gallons of 

paint by county were apportioned by number of lane miles in the county divided by the state total 

(equation 3.2.6-1) and the estimated gallons used. The emission factors were obtained from the 

EIIP Tech. Report, Table-14.4-1 and Table-14.5-2, which gave emission factors as a function of 

gallons of paint (3.64 lb VOC/gal.). 

Gallons PaintCounty = (Gallons PaintState) x (# Lane Miles)County 3.2.6-1 

 (# Lane Miles)State

The annual emissions for 2002 were calculated using equation 3.2.6-2. 

EM = Gallons Paint x EF 3.2.6-2 

 (2000 lb/ton) 

where EM = emissions for source category 

 EF = emission factor for source category 

 

3.2.7 Industrial Surface Coating 

Surface coating operations involve applying a thin layer of coating (e.g. paint, lacquer, enamel, 

varnish, etc.) to the surface of an object for decorative or protective purposes. The coating 

products, which are solvent based, emit VOC emissions as the result of solvent evaporation 

during the drying or curing process. 

Ideally, the VOC emissions from industrial surface coating activities should be captured as point 

sources. From a practical standpoint, this is not always accomplished. For example, three of the 

industrial surface coating subcategories, namely other product coatings, high-performance 

maintenance, and other special purpose coatings, only utilized per capita emission factors and 

have no NAICS associated with them. The emission factors, obtained from the EIIP Tech. 

Report, Table 8.5-2, for these surface coating subcategories are listed in the Table 3.2.7-1 below. 

Table 3.2.7-1 Per Capita Emission Factors For Industrial Surface Coating 

Subcategory Per Capita Factor 

(lb/yr/person) 

Other product coatings 

High-performance maintenance 

Other special purpose coatings 

0.6 

0.8 

0.8 
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The emissions for the remaining industrial surface coating subcategories were estimated using 

per employee emission factors. These emission factors were obtained from the EIIP Tech. 

Report, Table 8.5-1 and are listed below in Table 3.2.7-2. 

Table 3.2.7-2 Per Employee Emission Factors for Industrial Surface Coating 

Subcategory Per Employee Factor 

(lb VOC/employee/yr) 

Furniture & Fixtures 944 

Metal Containers 6,029 

Automobile (new) 794 

Machinery & Equipment 77 

Appliances 463 

Other Transportation Equipment 35 

Sheet, strip & Coil 2,877 

Factory Finished Wood 131 

Electrical Insulation 290 

Marine Coatings 308 

The EIIP Tech. Report also listed SIC codes for these industrial surface coating subcategories. 

As stated earlier, the SIC codes were replaced in 1997 with NAICS. The employment data was 

estimated using the method previously outlined in Subsection 3.2.1. 

According to the EIIP Tech. Report the activity days per week is 5 days. The annual emissions 

for population and employment based emission factors were calculated using equations 3.2.7-1 

and 3.2.7-2, respectively. 

EM = Population x EF 3.2.7-1 

 (2000 lb/ton) 

EM = Employees x EF 3.2.7-2 

 (2000 lb/ton) 

where EM = emissions for source category 

 EF = emission factor for source category 

3.2.8 Asphalt Paving 

Two types of asphalt paving are used for road paving and repair; emulsified asphalt and cutback 

asphalt. Emulsified asphalt is a type of liquefied road surfacing material made from a blend of 
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water with an emulsifier. Cutback asphalt is a type of liquefied road surface that is prepared by 

blending or "cutting back" asphalt cement with various kinds of petroleum distillates. VOC 

emissions occur as the asphalt cures. 

Cutback asphalt emissions are included in the asphalt paving category. Since the assembly of the 

final 2002 inventory, it was found that the NCDOT specification for asphalt in 2002 was hot mix 

and emulsified asphalt with hot mix but not cutback asphalt. Surrounding states have precluded 

the use of cut back by statutory provisions; which has driven asphalt manufactures to discontinue 

cutback production throughout the region. The absence of the use of cutback has resulted in 

substantial reductions in emissions from asphalt paving operations in North Carolina. Although 

cutback asphalt emissions are included in the 2002 inventory, the 93.04 tons of VOC per year 

represents a relatively small amount and does not significantly affect the accuracy of the 

inventory. 

Hot-mix is composed of high molecular weight organics with minimal vapor pressures; 

consequently, VOC emissions are negligible. The use of emulsified asphalt does result in VOC 

emissions; but the emissions are significantly less than cutback. New formulations of emulsified 

asphalt, such as cationic, continue to result in reduced emissions. The use of emulsified asphalt 

is primarily for tack coating, which is a surface preparation for the hot-mix layer. The tonnage 

of hot-mix asphalt is accounted for by the NCDOT districts and not on a county basis. District 

tonnage was allocated on a county basis by apportioning county paved mileage as reported in the 

NCDOT 2000 Highway Summary Report. However, the amount of emulsified asphalt used is 

not tracked by the NCDOT in any useable way. As a consequence, the NCDOT provided the 

following methodology to predict emulsified usage: 

Square yard of hot-mix = (tons of hot-mix) x (2000 lbs./ton) 3.2.8-1 

 (220 lbs/ square yard of hot-mix) 

Gallons of emulsified asphalt = (sq. yard. of hot-mix) x (0.08 gal./sq. yard. of hot-mix) 3.2.8-2 

The VOC emissions were calculated using the emissions factor for emulsified asphalt (9.2 lb 

VOC/barrel) and the number of gallons of emulsified asphalt per barrel (42 gal./barrel) from 

Table 17.5-2 of the EIIP Tech. Report. 

The annual emissions for the base year were calculated using equation 3.2.8-3. 

EM = (gallons emulsified asphalt) x EF 

 (42 gal/barrel) x (2000 lb/tons) 3.2.8-3 
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where EM = emissions for source category 

 EF = emission factor for source category 

 

3.2.9 Roofing Operations 

This category covers the installation and repair of asphalt roofs on commercial and industrial 

buildings. This category includes only hot-applied asphalt roofing, for which the only significant 

emissions source is the kettle used to heat the asphalt. The amount of asphalt roofing activity is 

estimated by summing the number of felt, cap, and flashing squares used in North Carolina 

during the year 2002. This information was ascertained from the Asphalt Roofing 

Manufacturing Association. The amount of asphalt used is given by the equation 3.2.9-1, which 

uses the default value of 20 lbs. of asphalt / square found in the EIIP Tech. Report. The 

emissions by county, shown in equation 3.2.9-2, were apportioned by roofing establishments in 

the county divided by the state total, using the number of establishments from NAISC code 

23561 from the 2000 County Business Patterns. The 2000 County Business Patterns was the 

latest available data at the time of the inventory development. 

Asphalt (ton/yr) = (# squares) x (20 lbs of asphalt/square) 3.2.9-1 

 (2000 lbs/ton) 

AsphaltCounty = (tons asphaltState) x (# roofing establishments)County 3.2.9-2 

 (# roofing establishments)State

Asphalt roofing activities are assumed to have uniform operations throughout the year with a 5-

day work week per the EIIP Tech. Report. Additionally, the EIIP Tech. Report reported the 

emissions factor as 6.2 lbs. VOC/ton asphalt for roofing operations. 

The annual emissions for the base year inventory were calculated using equation 3.2.9-3. 

EM = (tons asphalt) x EF

 (2000 lb/tons) 3.2.9-3 

where EM = emissions for source category 

 EF = emission factor for source category 

3.2.10 Pesticide Application 

Pesticides broadly include any substance used to kill or retard the growth of insects, rodents, 

fungi, weeds, or microorganisms. Formulations of organic pesticides are commonly made by 
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combining synthetic materials with various petroleum products. The petroleum products, or inert 

ingredients, act as a carrier of the active component and usually evaporate into the atmosphere. 

Agricultural Pesticides

Agricultural pesticides are applied in various manners, which directly affect the possible 

emissions associated with the application, regardless of the amount of solvent contained in the 

pesticide. There are basically three types of pesticide/herbicide application methods. One is the 

"incorporated" type, in which the product is applied and immediately incorporated into the soil. 

It is expected that little if any evaporation of solvent occur in this type of application. The next 

type, "pre-emergence", is where the product is put on the ground immediately after the crop is 

planted. This provides a protective layer. Some evaporation of solvent would be expected with 

this type of application. The largest emissions would occur from "over the top" application of 

pesticides. These pesticides are sprayed directly on the foliage to kill weeds or insects. This 

application would provide an opportunity for a great deal of solvent to evaporate. 

The overall pesticide usage associated with agricultural crop production continues to slowly 

decrease in North Carolina driven by conservative pest management practices and the cost of 

pesticides as reported by the North Carolina Cooperative Extension office. The large majority of 

pesticide usage is confined to the production of tobacco and cotton crops. Because of the small 

crop size and high cash value, significant tobacco acreage is found in North Carolina. 

The planted crop acreage from the North Carolina Agricultural Statistic Division and crop profile 

reports prepared by the North Carolina Cooperative Extension office, and other university 

extension services, for the US Department of Agriculture Pest Management Center were used to 

estimate agricultural pesticide usage. Crop acreage from the North Carolina Agricultural 

Statistic Division was obtained from http://www.ncagr.com/stats/. Crop profile reports 

conducted by NCSU are based on surveys; where participation is reported to be as high as 90 

percent for the more important cash crops. Crop profile reports for grains and soybeans do not 

exist for North Carolina, therefore data for these crops were obtained from other state profiles 

and from discussions with representatives of the North Carolina Cooperative Extension office. 

The individual crop profiles outline the current agricultural pesticide practices, i.e. the pesticide 

agents (insecticides, herbicides, fungicides), the percentage of acres treated, and the pounds of 

active ingredient pesticide applied per acre. The crop profiles often reports the application of the 

active ingredient (pounds of active ingredient per acre) as a range of values. For the worst case 

scenario, the highest reported value was used. The number of applications of a single pesticide 
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was usually one per year for all pesticides. The few exceptions to one application are more than 

accounted for by the conservative practice of using the highest value of application rate. 

The pounds of active ingredients for each crop were calculated by using equation 3.2.10-1 and an 

example calculation for soybeans follows. Table 3.2.10-1 presents the pesticides associated with 

a particular crop, the % of treated acres, and the lbs. of active pesticide ingredient per year. 

(lbs AI/acre)CROP = ∑ (% acres treated) x (lb AI/acre)PESTICIDE 3.2.10-1 

where AI = active ingredient. 

For soybeans, the pounds of active ingredients for the crop is: 

Pesticide % Acres Treated lb AI/acre 

Paraquat 20 0.47 

Glyphosate 10 4 

Sulfusate 5 4 

Carbaryl 10 1.5 

(lbs AI/acre)SOYBEAN = (0.20 x 0.47) + (0.10 x 4) + (0.05 x 4) + (0.10 x 1.5) 

 = 0.844 lbs. AI/acre for soybeans 
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Table 3.2.10-1 Agriculture Pesticides Application Rates 

Crop/Agent % Acres 

Treated 

lbs. active 

ingredient/Acre Crop/Agent % Acres Treated 

lbs. active 

ingredient/Acre 

Soybeans Corn Silage 

Paraquat 20 0.47 Terbufos 35 1 

Glyphosate 10 4 Chloropyrifus 10 1 

Sulfusate 5 4 Phorate 10 1 

Carbaryl 10 1.5 Ethoprop 5 1 

Cotton Carbofuran 5 1 

Tribufos 100 0.75 M Parathion 50 0.75 

Aldicarb 91 0.75 Thiocarb 90 0.6 

Prourgite 0.45 0.73 Methomyl 50 0.45 

Dicofol 0.55 1.6 Corn Grain 

Dicrotophos 0.45 0.2 Terbufos 35 1 

Acephate 2.1 0.5 Chloropyrifus 10 1 

M-Parathion 1 0.5 Phorate 10 1 

L-cyhalothrin 99 0.145 Ethoprop 5 1 

Thiocarb 40 0.75 Carbofuran 5 1 

Aldicarb 50 0.725 M Parathion 50 0.75 

Tobacco Thiocarb 90 0.6 

Acephate 70 1.5 Methomyl 50 0.45 

Spinosad 13 0.05 Oats 

Methomyl 11 0.45 M Parathion 5 0.5 

Endosulfan 7 1 Wheat 

Imidacoloprid 62 0.03 M Parathion 5 0.5 

Chloropicrin 41 79.8 Sweet Potatoes 

Dichloropropene 35 89.5 Napropamide 50 1.5 

Clomazone 75 1 Clomazone 25 0.87 

Metalaxyl 49 0.76 Fluazifop 20 0.17 

Barley Carbaryl 25 0.67 

M Parathion 0.8 0.5 Peanuts

Irish Potatoes Chlorpyrifus 60 1 

Phorate 3 40 1.20 Disulfoton 90 0.75 

Glyphosate 6 5 Esfenvalerate 25 0.03 

Metolachor 8 2 Folicur 1 51 0.51 

Metribuzin 55 0.5 Vernolate 45 2.5 

Sorghum Dichloropropene 0.16 80 

MethyParathion 1 0.75 

Chlorpyrifus 1 1 

Carbaryl 1 2 
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The emission factors for each crop were calculated utilizing information from the EIIP Tech. 

Report, p 9.5-4, which relates active ingredients to VOC emissions. According to the EIIP Tech. 

Report, for every pound of active ingredient there are 2.45 pounds of VOC, of this 90% is 

evaporated. The emission factors for each crop were calculated using Equation 3.2.10-2, with an 

example calculation for soybean following. 

 EFCROP = (lb AICROP/acre) x (2.45 lb VOC/lb. of AI) x (0.90) 3.2.10-2 

where EFCROP = emission factor in lbs VOC/active ingredient for each crop 

 AICROP = active ingredient for each crop 

For soybeans the emission factor is: 

 lbs. AI/acre for soybean = 0.844 lbs. AI/acre 

 EFSOYBEAN = (0.844 lb active ingredient/acre) x (2.45 lb VOC/active ingredient) x (0.90) 

 = 1.861 lbs. VOC/acre 

An exception to the above calculation was for the usage of the pesticides: chloropicrin and 

1,3 dichloropropene. These fumigants are widely used for treating tobacco beds for nematodes 

and constitute a major portion of the pesticide inventory. They have a moderate vapor pressure 

of 18.3 and 34 millimeters of mercury (at 77° F), respectively, and their formulation is 

approximately 96% to 98% of the active ingredient. In light of these properties, the VOC 

emissions are assumed to be equal to the application per acre, which are 79 pounds/acre for 

chloropicrin and 89.5 pounds/acre for 1,3 dichloropropene. Table 3.2.10-2 list the pounds of 

active ingredients per acre and the calculated emission factor for each crop. 
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Table 3.2.10-2 Emission Factors by Crop Type 

Crop Lbs. Active 

Ingredients/acre Lbs. VOC/Acre 

Soybeans 0.844 1.861 

Cotton 2.267 4.999 

Barley 0.004 0.009 

Corn – Silage 1.79 3.947 

Corn – Grain 1.79 3.947 

Wheat 0.025 0.055 

Oats 0.025 0.055 

Sweet Potato 1.169 2.578 

Tobacco 

- Non-fumigant 2.317 5.109 

- Fumigant 64.043 64.043 

Total Tobacco 69.152 

Peanuts 

- Non-fumigant 2.9175 6.433 

 - Fumigant 0.128 0.282 

Total Peanuts 6.715 

Irish Potatoes 1.9350 4.267 

Sorghum 0.0375 0.083 

The annual emissions for 2002 were calculated using equation 3.2.10-3. 

EMa = (∑ (CROP)a x EFCROP) 

 (2000 lb/tons) 3.2.10-3 

where EMa = emissions for source category in county (a) 

 CROP = acres of specific crop in county (a) 

 EFCROP = emission factor for specific crop 

Nonagricultural Pesticide

Nonagricultural pesticide application is considered as part of the commercial/consumer solvent 

use emissions and no longer is a separate subcategory. Please refer to the next section. 
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3.2.11 Commercial/Consumer Solvent Use 

This category includes only non-industrial solvents that are used in commercial or consumer 

applications. The solvent containing products consist of a diverse grouping, e.g. personal care 

products, household products, automotive aftermarket products, adhesives and sealants, 

pesticides, some coatings, and other commercial and consumer products that may emit VOC 

emissions. 

There are seven categories. They are named and their emission factors listed in Table 3.2.11-1 

below. 

Table 3.2.11-1 Misc. Non-Industrial Consumer-Commercial Emission Factors 

Subcategory lb VOC/yr/person. 

All Coatings and Related Products 0.95 

All FIFRA Related Products 1.78 

Miscellaneous Products (Not Otherwise 

Covered) 

0.07 

Personal Care Products 2.32 

Household Products 0.079 

Automotive Aftermarket Products 1.36 

Adhesives and Sealants 0.57 

VOC emissions for this category is estimated by using nationally based per capita emissions 

factors. The county population values are used to estimate the emissions from this source 

category. 

According to the EIIP Tech. Report, emissions from this source category occur 365 days per 

year. The annual emissions for the base year inventory were calculated using equation 3.2.11-1. 

EM = (Population2002) x EF

 (2000 lb/tons) 3.2.11-1 

where EM = emissions for source category, tons per year 

 EF = emission factor for source category 
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3.3 BIOPROCESS EMISSION SOURCES 

Bioprocess emission sources include those sources whose emissions result from biological 

processes (e.g., fermentations). Source categories include bakeries, breweries, wineries and 

distilleries. 

3.3.1 Bakeries 

Ethanol, a VOC, is a by-product of fermentation of bread dough. The ethanol emissions from 

large commercial bakeries are accounted for as point sources; however, ethanol emissions occur 

from grocery store bakery departments and small business bakeries not accounted for under the 

point source inventory. 

The EIIP Tech. Report prescribes accounting for these emissions by the use of a per capita 

consumption factor of 70 pounds of bread per person per year and an emission factor of 0.5 

pounds of VOC per 1000 pounds of baked bread. The county populations obtained from the 

North Carolina Office of State Budget and Management were used to estimate the emissions 

from this source category. 

According to the EIIP Tech. Report, emissions from this source category occur 365 days per 

year. The annual emissions for the base year inventory were calculated using equation 3.3.1-1. 

EM = (Population) b x CF x EF 

 (2000 lb/tons) 3.3.1-1 

where EM = emissions for source category 

 Populationb = Population in base year 

 CF = Consumption factor, 70 lb bread/person/year 

EF = emission factor for source category, 0.5 lb VOC/1000 lb bread baked 

3.4 OTHER MAN MADE AREA SOURCES 

Other man made area sources include forest fires, slash burning and prescribed burning, 

agricultural burning, structure fires, and orchard heaters. The methodology used to calculate the 

emissions from these sources are described in detail in each subsection. 

3.4.1 Structure Fires 

Burning fires can produce short term emissions of organic compounds and nitrogen oxides 

(NOx). The U.S. Fire Administration (USFA) of the Department of Homeland Security 
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maintains statistics on the number of fires per county. The number of fires per county for 2002 

was derived from 2001 and 2002 population statistics and 2001 USFA fire statistics. The USFA 

fire statistics were obtained from the USFA website at http://www.usfa.fema.gov/safety/. As 

2002 fire statistics were not available, a fires per person factor for 2001 was calculated and found 

to be equal to 0.00184 fires/person. The 2001 county population values were obtained from the 

North Carolina State Demographics website at http://demog.state.nc.us/. The 2001 population 

values were the latest data available at the time of the inventory development. The 0.00184 fires 

per person was applied to the 2002 population for each county to determine the number of fires 

in each county for 2002. 

The emission factors and fuel loading factors were obtained from the EIIP Tech. Report, 

Table 18.4-1 and Table 18.4-2, respectively. The emission factors are 11 pounds of VOC per ton 

burned, and 1.4 pounds of NOx per ton burned. The loading factor is 1.15 tons of material 

burned per structural fire. 

According to the EIIP Tech. Report, emissions from this source category occur 365 days per 

year. 

The annual emissions for the base year 2002 inventory were calculated using Equation 3.4.1-1. 

EMP = (2002 County population) x (FPP) x (CF) x (EFP)

 (2000 lb/tons) 3.4.1-1 

where EMP = emissions for structure fires for pollutant (P) 

 FPP = fires per person in 2001, 0.00184 fires/person 

 CF = Conversion factor, 1.15 tons burned/structure fire 

 EFP = emission factor for pollutant (P) 

3.4.2 Charbroiling 

The commercial charbroiling of ground beef emits VOC emissions. According to the 

methodology in the EIIP Tech. Report, county Health Departments should be able to provide the 

number of restaurants in a county as well as the percentage of those restaurants that charbroil 

meat. The NCDAQ was able to ascertain the number of restaurants in each county in 2002 from 

the North Carolina Division of Environmental Services, Inspection, Statistics, and Fee Branch. 

To determine the percentage of charbroiling restaurants, the county Health Departments of 

several counties were surveyed. 
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According to the EIIP Tech. Report, the average throughput of meat per restaurant with a 

charbroiler is 1160 pounds per week and the emissions factor is 3.94 pounds of VOC per 1000 

pounds of meat. Emissions from this source category occur 365 days per year. 

The annual emissions for the base year inventory were calculated using Equations 3.4.2-1. 

EMa = (# restaurants) x (% charbroiling) x (CF) x (EF)

 (2000 lb/tons) x (1 yr/52 wks) 3.4.2-1 

where EMa = emissions for source category in county (a), tons/yr 

 CF = conversion factor, 1160 lb meat charbroiled/week 

 EF = emission factor, lbs. pollutant/1000 lb meat charbroiled 

3.4.3 Open Burning – Municipal Solid Waste and Yard Trimmings 

This Subsection describes the combined emission inventory methodology for source 

classification code (SCC) 2610030000 Residential Open Burning – Household and SCC 

2610000100 Open Burning – Yard Trimmings. Open burning is treated as a means of waste 

disposal in rural areas. Materials burned generally include agricultural refuse, landscaping 

refuse, or scrap wood. Local authorities could not provide assistance with estimating the tons of 

refuse burned or the amount burned. According to local authorities, burning permits are issued 

year round without requiring a notation for the amount burned. 

It was assumed that all municipal solid waste (MSW) and yard trimmings, were burned in the 

open for solid waste generated outside the municipal corporate limits. According to the EIIP 

Tech. Report, Table 16.5-1, it is estimated that 3.77 pounds of MSW is generated per person per 

day and 0.64 pounds of yard trimmings are generated per person per day. Since it is illegal to 

burn within the corporate limits, the rural population was estimated by using the same percentage 

of rural population in each county as what was reported in the 2000 census. The 2000 total and 

rural populations for each county was obtained from the North Carolina Office of State Budget 

and Management, State Data Center. The 2000 total and rural populations was the latest data 

available. 

VOC and NOx emission factors for open burning of MSW were obtained from EIIP Tech. 

Report, Table 16.4-1, Open Burning of Municipal Refuse. The emission factors are 

6.676 pounds VOC per ton MSW burned and 6 pounds NOx per ton MSW burned. 
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The VOC emission factor for open burning of yard trimmings was obtained from EIIP 

Chapter 16, Table 16.4-7. The factor is 28 pounds VOC per ton yard trimmings. The rural 

percent of the populations were obtained from the 2000 census data. Since burning permits are 

issued year round, the activity days per year was 365. These values were used to calculate the 

tons per year emissions for the base year. The emissions from the burning of MSW for the base 

year 2002 inventory were calculated using equation 3.4.3-1. The annual emissions from the 

burning of yard trimmings for the base year 2002 inventory were calculated using 

equation 3.4.3-2. 

EMP,MSW = (Rural Population in 2002) x (CFMSW) x (EFP) x (365 days/yr)

 (2000 lb/tons) 3.4.3-1 

EMP,YT = (Rural Population in 2002) x (CFYT) x (EFP) x (365 days/yr)

 (2000 lb/tons) 3.4.3-2 

where EMP,MSW = emissions from burning MSW for pollutant (P) 

 EMP,YT = emissions from burning yard trimmings for pollutant (P) 

 CFMSW = conversion factor, 3.77 lb MSW/person/day 

 = 0.001885 ton MSW/person/day 

 CFYT = conversion factor, 0.64 lb yard trimmings/person/day 

 = 0.00032 ton yard trimmings/person/day 

 EFP = emission factor for pollutant (P) 

3.4.4 Small Stationary Source Fossil Fuel Use 

In general, fossil fuels are burned for space and hot water heating. This source category covers 

VOC and NOx emissions from natural gas (NG) and liquid petroleum gas (LPG), oil, coal, and 

wood combustion in the residential, commercial/institutional (called commercial), and industrial 

sectors. 

The “demand for energy” for these fuel types is known as fuel usage. Fuel usage data for North 

Carolina was taken from NC Energy Outlook 2003 by Global Insight, Inc. for the base year 

2002. The following table shows the data used. 

 
Area Sources Emissions Inventory Documentation 28 

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Table 3.4.4-1 Fuel Use in North Carolina 2002 

Fuel Units Residential Commercial Industrial 

NG 106 ft3 64,014 40,580 95,718 

LPG gallons 282,775,596 47,960,199 198,606,965 

Oil gallons 215,804,019 113,088,933 343,414,390 

Coal tons 46,872 85,735 0 

Wood tons 1,625,111 164,327 8,583,778 

Emission factors used are shown in Table 3.4.4-2 below. 

Table 3.4.4-2 Combustion Emission Factors 

Sector Fuel Units VOC NOx 

Residential NG lb/106 ft3 5.5 94 

Residential LPG lb/gal 0.0003 0.014 

Residential Oil lb/gal 0.000713 0.018 

Residential Coal lb/ton 0.07 9.1 

Residential Wood lb/ton 229.0 2.6 

Commercial NG lb/106 ft3 5.5 167.5 

Commercial LPG lb/gal 0.00035 0.0145 

Commercial Oil lb/gal 0.000735 0.037 

Commercial Coal lb/ton 0.07 15.8 

Commercial Wood lb/ton 0.255326 3.304224 

Industrial NG lb/106 ft3 4.96 163.33 

Industrial LPG lb/gal 0.00035 0.02 

Industrial Oil lb/gal 0.00024 0.039 

Industrial Coal lb/ton 0.07 14.9 

Industrial Wood lb/ton 0.255326 3.304224 

3.4.4.1 Fuel Oil Combustion

Fuel oil consumption covers the use of kerosene, distillate oil and residual oil. Distillate oil 

includes fuel oil grades 1, 2, and 4; residual oil includes fuel grades 5 and 6. In most areas, 

residual oil is not used by residential sources. Kerosene and distillate oils are primarily used for 

space heating in domestic and small commercial buildings, while residual oils are used primarily 

for industrial and large commercial applications. It was assumed that residential fuel oils are 

normally used only for heating and therefore, no residential fuel oil emissions were calculated 

for summer months. 
Area Sources Emissions Inventory Documentation 29 

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The base year statewide annual fuel oil demand for energy, obtained from the NC Energy 

Outlook 2003, was converted British Thermal Units (BTUs) to gallons of fuel used for each 

heating classification (i.e., residential, commercial, and industrial). The conversion factors used 

were obtained from the NC Energy Outlook 2003 and are 135,000 BTU per gallon of kerosene, 

138,690 BTU per gallon of distillate oil, and 149,690 BTU per gallon of residual oil. 

Once converted to gallons of fuel, the statewide fuel use was then apportioned to the county 

level. This was accomplished by multiplying the number of gallons of fuel used in the state by 

the fraction of housing units heated by fuel oils in the county compared to that of the whole state 

(see the equation below). 

# gallon fuel for County X = (# gal fuel oil for State) x (# housing units heated by fuel oil in County X)

 (# housing units heated by fuel oil in State)

The fraction of housing units was used to distribute the fuel on a county level for the residential 

heating classifications. The number of housing units heated by fuel oils was obtained from the 

2000 Census. 

Commercial and industrial fuel usage was apportioned according to the number of business 

establishments in the State and counties. The numbers were taken from 1997 (last year of SIC 

based statistics) County Business Patterns. Establishments with SICs from 50xx through 99xx

were summed. Industrial sources were calculated in a manner similar to commercial sources 

burning oil or coal. 

For residential, commercial and industrial consumption, NOx and VOC emission factors were 

obtained from AP-42, Table 1.3-1 and Table 1.3-3, respectively. The residential emission factors 

were 0.018 pounds of NOx per gallon of fuel burned and 0.000713 pounds of VOC per gallon of 

fuel burned. The commercial emission factors were 0.037 pounds of NOx per gallon of fuel 

burned and 0.000735 pounds of VOC per gallon of fuel burned. The commercial emission 

factors were 0.039 pounds of NOx per gallon of fuel burned and 0.00024 pounds of VOC per 

gallon of fuel burned. 

According to the Procedures document, Table 5.8-1, the activity days per week is 7 for 

residential heating and 6 for commercial and industrial heating. 

Point source emissions with SCC 1-03-004-xx and 1-03-005-xx identified commercial residual 

oil and distillate oil emissions, respectively; while source emissions with SCC 1-02-004-xx and 
Area Sources Emissions Inventory Documentation 30 

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1-02-005-xx identified industrial residual and distillate oil emissions, respectively. The point 

source emissions in tons per year were subtracted from the area source emissions. 

3.4.4.2 Coal Combustion

There are three types of coal used for space heating: anthracite, bituminous and lignite. 

According to AP-42, anthracite, or hard coal, is mined almost exclusively in Pennsylvania and is 

consumed in Pennsylvania and in states that are within easy shipping distance. In addition, 

lignite coal is mined in North Dakota and Texas and is consumed near where it mined. Since the 

incidence of anthracite and lignite coal burning is low in North Carolina, the emissions from coal 

combustion were calculated utilizing only the emission factors for bituminous coal. 

It was assumed that residential coal is normally used only for heating and therefore, no 

residential coal emissions were calculated for summer months. 

The base year statewide annual coal demand for energy, obtained from the NC Energy Outlook 

2003, were converted from BTU to tons of coal used for each heating classification (i.e., 

residential, commercial, and industrial). The conversion factor used was 21,100,000 BTU per 

ton of coal. 

Once converted to tons of coal, the statewide coal use was then apportioned to the county level. 

This was calculated by multiplying the number of tons of coal used in the state by the fraction of 

housing units heated by coal in the county, compared to that of the whole state (see the equation 

below). 

# ton of coal for County X = (# ton of coal for State) x (# housing units heated by coal in County X)

 (# housing units heated by coal in State) 

The fraction of housing units was used to distribute the coal on a county level for both heating 

classifications. The number of housing units heated by coal was obtained from the Federal 

Bureau of the Census and the 2003 NC State Energy Plan 

(http://www.doa.state.nc.us/doa/energy). 

There were several emission factors for bituminous coal combustion listed in AP-42, 

Table 1.1-3. For the purpose of estimating the emissions from coal combustion, the equipment 

listed in AP-42, Table 1.1-3 were grouped into industrial, commercial/institutional and 

residential type equipment. The emission factors were averaged for each type and the averaged 

emission factors were used to calculate the emissions. Table 3.4.4.2-1 lists the averaged 

emission factors used in the calculations. It should be noted that fluidized bed combustors (FBC) 
Area Sources Emissions Inventory Documentation 31 

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were not included in the averaged emission factors because FBC does not constitute a significant 

percentage of the total boiler population, according to AP-42, Section 1.1. The Procedures

document, Table 5.8-1, lists the activity days per week as 7 for residential heating and 6 for 

commercial and industrial heating. Point source emissions with SCC 1-03-002-xx identified 

commercial coal combustion emissions. The point source annual emissions in tons per year were 

subtracted from the area source emissions. 

Table 3.4.4.2-1 Coal Combustion Emission Factors 

Application/Equipment Type Emission Factor

(lb NOx/ton 

Coal) 

Emission Factor 

(lb VOC/ton Coal) 

Industrial Applications

Averaged Emission Factor 14.9 0.07 

Commercial Applications

Averaged Emission Factor 15.8 0.07 

Residential Applications

Hand-fed units 9.1 0.07 

Residential Coal Combustion Emissions:

Pollutant emitted by = (# tons/year Coal) x EF 

coal combustion (2000 pounds/ton) 

Commercial Coal Combustion Emissions:

Pollutant emitted by = (# tons/year Coal) x EF 

coal combustion (2000 pounds/ton) 

Industrial Coal Combustion Emissions:

There is no industrial coal combustion in the area source inventory because it is included in the 

point source emissions inventory. 

3.4.4.3 Natural Gas Combustion

Currently in the United States, natural gas is one of the major types of fuels used for heating. It 

is mainly used for industrial process stream and heat production, commercial and residential 
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space heating and for electric power generation. Although natural gas is a relatively clean 

burning fuel, some emissions can result from its combustion. 

The base year statewide annual demand for natural gas energy, obtained from the NC Energy 

Outlook 2003, was converted from BTU to 106 cubic feet of natural gas used for each heating 

classification (i.e., residential, commercial, and industrial). The conversion factor used was 

1,000 BTU per cubic foot of natural gas. 

Once converted to cubic feet of natural gas, the statewide natural gas use was then apportioned to 

the county level. This was calculated by multiplying the number of cubic feet of natural gas used 

in the state by the fraction of housing units heated by natural gas in the county, in comparison to 

the state (see the equation below). 

# ft3 nat. gas for County X = (# ft3 nat. gas for State) x (# housing units heated by nat. gas in County X)

 (# housing units heated by nat. gas in State) 

The fraction of housing units was used to distribute the natural gas usage on a county level for 

each heating classification. The number of housing units heated by natural gas was obtained 

from the 2000 Census. 

The North Carolina Utilities Commission provided data from the U.S. Department of Energy, 

Energy Information Administration giving monthly usage of natural gas by residential and 

commercial customers in North Carolina for 2002. 

There were several emission factors listed for industrial and commercial natural gas boilers in 

AP-42, Table 1.4-1. For the purpose of estimating the emissions from natural gas combustion, 

an average of the emission factors were used. Table 3.4.4.3-1 lists averaged emission factors 

used in the calculations. According to the Procedures document, Table 5.8-1, the activity days 

per week is 7 for residential heating and 6 for commercial and industrial heating. 

Point source emissions with SCC 1-03-006-xxx and 1-02-006-xxx, identified commercial and 

industrial natural gas combustion emissions, respectively. Where point source emissions were 

indicated, these were deducted from the 2002 annual emission estimates. 
Area Sources Emissions Inventory Documentation 33 

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Table 3.4.4.3-1 Emission Factors for Natural Gas 

Application/Equipment Type Emission Factor 

(lb NOx/106 ft3) 

Emission Factor 

(lb VOC/106 ft3) 

Industrial Applications 

Averaged Emission Factor 163.33 4.96 

Commercial Applications 

Averaged Emission Factor 167.5 5.5 

Residential Applications 

Uncontrolled 94 5.5 

Residential Natural Gas Combustion Emissions: 

Pollutant emitted by = (# ft3

/year natural gas) x EF 

Natural gas combustion (2000 pounds/ton) 

Commercial Natural Gas Combustion Emissions:

Pollutant emitted by = (# ft3

/year natural gas) x EF 

Natural gas combustion (2000 pounds/ton) 

Industrial Natural Gas Combustion Emissions:

Pollutant emitted by = (# ft3

/year natural gas) x EF 

Natural gas combustion (2000 pounds/ton) 

3.4.4.4 Liquefied Petroleum Gas Combustion

Liquefied petroleum gas (LPG) consists of propane, propylene, butane, and butylenes. The 

largest market for LPG is the domestic/commercial market, followed by the chemical industry 

and agricultural markets. LPG is also used as a stand-by fuel for facilities that have natural gas 

service contracts that can be interrupted. The form of LPG used primarily for domestic heating 

is propane. Liquefied petroleum gas is considered a clean fuel because it does not produce 

visible emissions. However, gaseous pollutants such as VOC do occur. 

The base year statewide annual LPG demand for energy, obtained from the NC Energy Outlook 

2003, was converted from BTU to 103 gallons of LPG used for each heating classification (i.e., 
Area Sources Emissions Inventory Documentation 34 

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residential, commercial, and industrial). The conversion factor was 95,475 BTU per gallon of 

LPG. 

Once converted to gallons of LPG, the statewide LPG use was then apportioned to the county 

level. This was accomplished by multiplying the number of gallons of LPG used in the state by 

the fraction of housing units heated by LPG in the county compared to that of the whole state 

(see the equation below). 

# gal LPG for County X = (# gal LPG for State) x (# housing units heated by LPG in County X)

 (# housing units heated by LPG in State) 

The fraction of housing units was used to distribute the LPG usage on a county level for each 

heating classification. The number of housing units heated by LPG was obtained from the 2000 

Census. 

The North Carolina Utilities Commission provided data from the U.S. Department of Energy, 

Energy Information Administration giving monthly usage of LPG by residential and commercial 

customers in North Carolina for 2002. 

The emission factors listed in AP-42, Table 1.5-1 were averaged for industrial and commercial 

sources. There is no residential LPG emission factor listed in AP-42. Since the form of LPG 

used primarily for domestic heating is propane, the commercial propane emission factor was 

used for residential LPG combustion. The emission factors listed in AP-42, as well as the 

average emission factors used for estimating the emissions from LPG combustion are listed in 

Table 3.4.4.4-1. According to the Procedures document, Table 5.8-1, the activity days per week 

is 7 for residential heating and 6 for commercial and industrial heating. Point source emissions 

with SCC 1-03-010-xxx and 1-02-010-xxx, identified commercial and industrial LPG 

combustion emissions, respectively. Where point source emissions were indicated, these were 

deducted from the 2002 annual emission estimate. 

Residential LPG Emissions:

Pollutant emitted by = (# gal/year LPG) x EF 

LPG combustion (2000 pounds/ton) 

Commercial LPG Combustion Emissions:

Pollutant emitted by = (# gal/year LPG) x EF 

LPG combustion (2000 pounds/ton) 
Area Sources Emissions Inventory Documentation 35 

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Industrial LPG Combustion Emissions:

Pollutant emitted by = (# gal/year LPG) x EF 

LPG combustion (2000 pounds/ton) 

Table 3.4.4.4-1 Emission Factors for Liquefied Petroleum Gas 

Application/Fuel Type Emission Factors 

(lb /gallon) 

Industrial Commercial Residential

Butane 0.021 0.015 

Propane 0.019 0.014 0.014 

Averaged NOx Emission Factor 0.02 0.0145 

Butane 0.0004 0.0004 

Propane 0.0003 0.0003 0.0003 

Averaged VOC Emission Factor 0.00035 0.00035 

3.4.4.5 Wood Combustion

The use of wood as a source of heat occurs in the residential and industrial sectors. It was 

assumed that residential wood is normally used only for heating and therefore, no residential 

wood emissions were calculated for summer months. The burning of wood waste in boilers is 

mostly confined to those industries where the wood is available as a byproduct. Most often this 

is in the lumber, furniture and plywood industries. These types of industries are included in the 

point source inventory, therefore, no area source emissions will be calculated for industrial wood 

combustion. Wood stoves, commonly used in residences as space heaters, are used both as the 

primary source of heat and as a supplement to conventional heating systems. 

The base year statewide annual wood demand for energy, obtained from the NC Energy Outlook 

2003, was converted from BTU to tons of wood used for residential heating. The conversion 

factor was 4,500 BTU per pound of wood, which is the mid-point of the range (4,000 to 5,000 

BTU per pound of wood) given in AP-42, Section 1.6. 

Once converted to tons of wood, the statewide wood use was then apportioned to the county 

level. This was accomplished by multiplying the number of tons of wood use in the state by the 

fraction of housing units heated by wood in the county compared to that of the whole state (see 

the equation below). 

# tons wood for County X = (# ton wood for State) x (# housing units heated by wood in County X)

 (# housing units heated by wood in State) 
Area Sources Emissions Inventory Documentation 36 

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The fraction of housing units was used to distribute the wood usage on a county level. The 

number of housing units heated by wood was obtained from the 2000 Census. 

Wood combustion emission factors are 229 lb/ton burned and 2.6 lb/ton burned for VOC and 

NOx, respectively. The residential wood combustion emission factors were obtained from the 

Table 2.4-1 of the EIIP Tech. Report, Volume III, Chapter II. According to the Procedures

document, Table 5.8-1, the activity days per week is 7 for residential heating. 

Wood Combustion Emissions:

Pollutant emitted by = (# ton/year wood) x EF 

wood combustion (2000 pounds/ton)

3.4.4.6 Small Electric Utility Boilers

This source subcategory has been treated as a point source since the information was available 

for each facility. 

3.4.5 Vehicle Fires 

Vehicle fire emissions within the State demonstration area are estimated by considering the 

estimated number vehicles burned in the State, the amount of material burned (the fuel loading) 

in a vehicle fire, and the emission factors for the open burning of automobile components. The 

assumptions for amount of material burned and the emission factors were based on the USEPA’s 

AP-42, Section 2.5 Open Burning. 

The estimated number of vehicle fires was determined by apportioning a national fire statistic to 

a county level. The USFA of the Department of Homeland Security maintains national-level fire 

statistics. The number of fires nationwide in 2002 was 1,734,500 and was available from the 

USFA website at http://www.usfa.fema.gov/statistics/national/. The percentage of vehicle fires 

was applied to the national-level total number of fires. The number of national-level vehicle 

fires was then apportioned to a state-level. The ratio of North Carolina vehicle miles traveled 

(VMT) to U.S. VMT (92,894,000,000 VMT / 2,855,756,000,000 VMT) was applied to the 

number of national-level vehicle fires to obtain the number of North Carolina vehicle fires. The 

VMT statistics were obtained from the U.S. Department of Transportation, Federal Highway 

Administration website at http://www.fhwa.dot.gov/policy/ohim/hs02/vm2.htm. The number of 

state-level vehicle fires was then apportioned to a county level based on paved mile per county in 

2002. Paved mile per county data was obtained from the NCDOT. Using the above method, 

2002 vehicle fire emissions were calculated. 
Area Sources Emissions Inventory Documentation 37 

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The amount of vehicle material burned (the fuel loading) in a vehicle fire was estimated by 

assuming that an average vehicle has 500 pounds of components (0.25 tons) that can burn in a 

fire, based on a 3,700 pounds average vehicle weight (CARB, 1995). 

The emission factors were obtained from Table 2.5-1, Emission Factors for Open Burning of 

Municipal Refuse, of the USEPA’s AP-42, Section 2.5 Open Burning. The emission factors are 

32 pounds of VOC per ton burned and 4 pounds of NOx per ton burned. 

The annual emissions for the base inventory were calculated using equation 3.4.5-1. 

EMP = (# of Vehicle Fires per year) x (CF) x (EFP) 

 (2000 lb/tons) 3.4.5-1 

where EMP = annual emissions for structure fires for pollutant (P) 

 CF = conversion factor, 0.25 tons burned/vehicle fire 

 EFP = emission factor for pollutant (P) 

3.4.6 Agricultural Burning 

This source subcategory covers burning practices used to clear and/or prepare land for planting. 

These operations include stubble burning, burning of agricultural crop residues, and the burning 

of stand field crops as part of harvesting (e.g., sugar cane). According to the North Carolina 

Department of Agriculture, when soybeans are double cropped with wheat, the wheat stubble is 

usually burned back after harvest about one fourth of the time. According to Dr. J. Dunphy, a 

soybean specialist at North Carolina State University, the acres of soybean double cropped with 

wheat in North Carolina is approximately equal to the acres of wheat planted. Therefore, one 

fourth of the acreage of wheat planted in 2002 was used to calculate the emissions from 

agricultural burning practices in North Carolina. 

The fuel loading factor and the yield of VOC for burning wheat stubble was obtained from 

AP-42, Table 2.5.5. The fuel loading factor is 1.9 tons of fuel consumed per acre burned. The 

yield of VOC was dependent upon whether the field was head-fire burned or back-fire burned. 

The percentage of each burning type used was not available, therefore, the assumption was made 

that each type was used 50 percent of the time. The yield of VOC used, 11 pounds of VOC per 

ton of fuel consumed, is an average of the two types of burning. To calculate the emission factor 

for VOC emissions, the fuel loading factor is multiplied by the yield of pollutant. 

 EFVOC = (1.9 tons/acre) (11 lb VOC/ton burned) 

 = 20.9 lb VOC/acre burned 
Area Sources Emissions Inventory Documentation 38 

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The annual emissions were calculated using the number of acres burned and the per acre 

emission factor. According to the North Carolina Department of Agriculture, field burning 

occurs only during June and July. 

The number of acres of wheat planted was obtained from the North Carolina Department of 

Agriculture, Agriculture Statistics Division. The annual emissions for the 2002 base year 

inventory were calculated using equation 3.4.6-1. 

EM = (1⁄4 x (wheat acreage)) x EF

 (2000 lb/ton) 3.4.6-1 

where EM = emissions for source category for VOC 

 EF = emission factor for VOC 

3.4.7 On Site Incineration 

On-site incineration is the confined burning of waste leaves, landscape refuse and other refuse or 

rubbish. In North Carolina, commercial/institutional and industrial incinerators are required to 

have an Air Quality Permit in order to operate. Therefore, all industrial incinerators are 

identified in the point source inventory. There may be small commercial/institutional 

incinerators that have not been identified in the point source inventory and as a result emissions 

were calculated for commercial on-site incinerators. 

No data was available to determine the amount of waste burned in on-site incinerators. 

Therefore, the amount of solid waste burned was estimated with the fuel loading factor (L) given 

in Table 4.6-1 of the Procedures document. The commercial fuel loading factor is 23 tons of 

refuse/1,000 population/year. The yield for commercial incineration was obtained from several 

sources. The yield of NOx (P) was obtained from AP-42, Table 2.1-12 and is listed in 

Table 3.4.7-1. The yield value used for NOx was the average of the yield values listed in AP-42. 

The yield of VOC is 8.556 lb/ton of refuse and was obtained from EIIP Technical Report, Open 

Burning, Table 16.4-1. 

Table 3.4.7-1 Yield of Pollutant Values for Uncontrolled Refuse Combustors 

Pollutant 

Multiple Chamber 

Combustor Yield Value 

(lb/ton refuse burned) 

Single Chamber 

Combustor Yield Value

(lb/ton refuse burned) 

Yield Value 

(lb/ton refuse burned) 

NOx 3 2 2.5 (average) 

VOC - - 8.556 
Area Sources Emissions Inventory Documentation 39 

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To calculate the per capita pollutant emission factor (EF) for on-site commercial incinerators, the 

fuel loading factor was multiplied by the yield of the pollutant, as shown in the following 

equation. 

 EFP = LCOMMERCIAL x PINCINERATION

 = (23 tons of refuse/1000 population/year) x (2.5 lb NOx/ton of refuse burned) 

 = 57.5 lb NOx/1000 population/year 

The annual emissions from commercial on-site incineration for the base year 2002 inventory 

were calculated using equation 3.4.7-1. 

EMP = (rural population in 2002) x (EFP)

 (2000 lb/tons) 3.4.7-1 

where EMP = emissions from on-site incineration for pollutant (P) in tons/year 

 EFP = emission factor for pollutant (P) 

The percent rural population was obtained from the 2000 census data. The 2000 census data was 

the latest data available. According to the Procedures document, on-site incineration occurs 

uniformly year round and operates 7 days per week. Point source emissions with SCC 5-xx-xxxxx identified waste incineration emissions. The point source emissions in tons per year were 

subtracted from the area source emissions. 
Area Sources Emissions Inventory Documentation 40 

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4. VISTAS DEVELOPED 2002 AREA SOURCE INVENTORY 

Section 4.0 details the portion of the 2002 base year area source inventory, which was developed 

for VISTAS/ASIP by the VISTAS contractor, MACTEC, Inc. This information was obtained 

from the report entitled Documentation of the Base G 2002 Base Year, 2009, and 2018, Emission 

Inventories for VISTAS prepared for VISTAS by MACTEC, Inc. This report is included in 

Appendix G. 

Several major components of the area source sector of the inventory, which were developed by 

VISTAS, are discussed in Sections 4.1 through 4.2. Also, emissions from portable fuel 

containers were added and are discussed in Section 4.1. Section 4.2 describes the development 

of the fires emissions inventory and distinguishes the difference between an actual versus typical 

inventory with regards to fires. 

The following Sections are based on excerpts, with some editing, taken from a document 

entitled, Documentation of the Base G 2002 Base Year, 2009 and 2018 Emission Inventories for 

VISTAS and prepared by MACTEC, Inc. 

4.1 PORTABLE FUEL CONTAINERS 

Portable fuel containers (PFCs), SCC 2501060300, covers emissions from residential and 

commercial sector portable gasoline containers. Permeation, diurnal, transport, spillage, and 

vapor displacement emissions are typically accounted for in this category. Spillage from 

refueling operations and vapor displacement emissions were not included in the inventory to 

avoid double counting refueling in the non-road sector. 

MACTEC found that the USEPA had prepared a national inventory of emissions by State for 

portable fuel containers. Data on emissions from this source prepared by the USEPA were 

presented in the report, Estimating Emissions Associated with Portable Fuel Containers (PFCs), 

Draft Report, Office of Transportation and Air Quality, USEPA, Report # EPA420-D-06-003, 

February 2006. 

The 2002 county-level emission estimates were obtained through an allocation method based on 

fuel usage. Initially, 2005 emission estimates, except those from vapor displacement and 

spillage from refueling operations, were obtained from the USEPA’s report and assumed to be 

equal to 2002 values. Permeation, diurnal, and transport emission estimates were summed and 

allocated to the county-level, based on the fuel usage information obtained from the 
Area Sources Emissions Inventory Documentation 41 

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NONROAD2005 model. The SCCs that use containers for refueling were acquired from the 

spillage file of the NONROAD model. Then the fuel usages by county from the 

NONROAD2005 runs prepared for VISTAS/ASIP were summed for those SCCs by county. The 

county level fuel use was then divided by the State total fuel use for the same SCCs to determine 

the fraction of total State fuel usage and that fraction was used to allocate the State-level 

emissions to the county. 

4.2 FOREST FIRES 

The fires source category includes wildfire, prescribed burning, and land clearing fires. These 

fires can be intermittent in nature, but many of these can produce large quantities of air pollutant 

emissions. Wildfires in certain rural areas can produce large, short-term organic emissions. 

Prescribed burning is used a as a forest management practice to establish favorable seedbeds, 

remove competing underbrush, accelerate nutrient cycling, control tree pests and contribute other 

ecological benefits. Agricultural burning covers agricultural burning practices used to clear 

and/or prepare land for planting. In land clearing fires, waste from logging operations is often 

burned under controlled conditions to reduce the potential fire hazards in forests and to remove 

brush that can serve as a host for destructive insects. 

The total wildfire acreage burned was obtained from the NCDFR for each county in the State. 

These numbers however are replaced with the 2002 “typical” year for the purpose of modeling. 

Fire emissions are not easily grown or projected. Thus, the replacement was done so that the 

fires represented in the area source inventory are considered typical and do not reflect an 

abnormally low or high year as far as fires. The typical year forest fire inventories were 

developed by MACTEC, Inc. with input from state and federal forest resource staff. The typical 

year covered wildfire, prescribed burning, agricultural fires and land clearing fires. The 

development of the typical year inventory is described below. 

State level ratios of acres over a longer-term record (three or more years) developed for each fire 

type relative to 2002. The 2002 acreage was then scaled up or down based on these ratios to 

develop a typical year inventory. VISTAS Fire Special Interest Work Group based the ratio on 

county-level data for States that supplied long-term fire-by-fire acreage data rather than Statelevel ratios. Where States did not supply long-term fire-by-fire acreage data, MACTEC reverted 

to using State-level ratios. With one broad exception (wildfires) this method was implemented 

for all fires. MACTEC solicited long term fire-by-fire acreage data by fire type from each 

VISTAS State. A minimum of three or more years of data were used to develop the ratios. 

Those data were then used to develop a ratio for each county based on the number of acres 

burned in each county for each fire type relative to 2002. 
Area Sources Emissions Inventory Documentation 42 

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If VISTAS had long term county prescribed fire data from a State, a county acreage ratio, 

described below, was developed. 

2002 actual county levelRx acreage

Long term average county levelRx acres Ratio =

This ratio was then multiplied times the actual 2002 acreage to get a typical value (basically the 

long term average county level acres). Wherever possible this calculation was performed on a 

fire-by-fire basis. The acreage calculated using the ratio was then used with the fuel loading and 

emission factor values to calculate emissions. 

There were three exceptions to this method. 

Exception 1: Use of State Ratios for Wildfires

Wildfires estimates were developed using State ratios rather than county ratios because some 

counties were showing unrealistic ratios, which were created by very short term data records or 

missing data. In addition, exceptionally large and small fires were removed from the database. 

VISTAS also removed all fires less than 0.1 acres from the dataset. 

Exception 2: Correction for Blackened Acres on Forest Service Lands

Acres, submitted by the U.S. Forest Service (USFS) for wildfires and prescribed fires on USFS 

lands, represented perimeter acres rather than “blackened” acres. Therefore, for prescribed fires 

greater than 100 acres in size, the acreage was adjusted to be 80 percent of the initial reported 

value. For prescribed fires of 100 acres or less, the acreage values were maintained as reported. 

All reported acreage values for wildfires were adjusted to be 66 percent of their values, as 

initially reported. 

Exception 3: Missing/Non-reported data

When VISTAS did not receive data from a VISTAS State for a particular fire type, a composite 

average for the entire VISTAS region was used to determine the typical value for that type fire. 

This technique was applied to all fire types when data was missing. 

For wildfires and prescribed burning, ratios were also developed for “northern” and “southern” 

tier States within the VISTAS region and those ratios were applied to each State with missing 

data depending upon whether they were considered a “northern” or “southern” tier State. 
Area Sources Emissions Inventory Documentation 43 

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Development of “southern” and “northern” tier data was an attempt to account for a change from 

a predominantly pine/evergreen ecosystem (southern) to a pine/deciduous ecosystem (northern). 

Table 4.2-1 below presents a comparison in tons per year of the 2002 actual fire emissions and 

the 2002 typical fire emissions for NOx and VOC for wildfires, prescribed burning, agricultural 

fires and land clearing fires in North Carolina. 

Table 4.2-1 2002 North Carolina Actual and Typical Fire Emissions 

Actual Fire Emissions Typical Fire Emissions 

Fire Type NOx (tpy) VOC (tpy) NOx (tpy) VOC (tpy) 

Wildfires 458.18 1005.04 733.62 1609.22 

Prescribed Burning 282.28 619.19 810.38 1777.61 

Agricultural Fires - 1123.38 - 1609.22 

Landclearing Fires 3460.84 8029.08 3460.84 8029.08 
Area Sources Emissions Inventory Documentation 44 

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5. 2008 AREA SOURCE EMISSION INVENTORY DEVELOPMENT 

This Section describes the methodology used to develop the 2008 area source inventory. The 

2002 base year inventory emissions were used as a starting point for calculating the 2008 

emissions. For creating future year emission estimates for many source categories, the base year 

emission inventory was projected with a source category specific growth factor generated with 

the USEPA’s Economic Growth Analysis System version 5.0 beta (E-GAS 5.0) program. 

Source categories estimated by per-capita emission factors were grown using predicted future 

year populations provided by the North Carolina Office of State Budget and Management and 

were based originally on 2000 census data. Population growth factors were calculated to adjust 

2002 values to future years by multiplication. 

As previously stated, certain emission categories were adjusted for season or rule effectiveness 

and rule penetration. Table 5-1 below illustrates the control efficiency, rule effectiveness and 

rule penetration rate that was applied to the 2008 area sources emission inventory. The controls 

are applied at the same rate across all of the counties. 

 
Area Sources Emissions Inventory Documentation 45 

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Table 5-1 Control Efficiency, Rule Effectiveness and Rule Penetration Rates Applied to the 

2008 Area Sources 

SCC Source Category Pollutant

Control 

Efficiency

Rule 

Effectiveness

Rule 

Penetration 

Rate

2104008000

Small Stationary Fossil Fuel Use: Residential 

Wood VOC 52.53 100 100

2401001000 Architectural Coating: All Solvent Types VOC 25 100 100

2401005000 Auto Body Refinishing VOC 37 100 100

2401008000 Traffic Markings VOC 25 100 100

2401015000

Industrial Surface Coating: Factory Finished 

Wood VOC 36 100 100

2401020000 Surface Coating: Wood Furniture VOC 30 100 100

2401025000 Surface Coating: Metal Furniture VOC 36 100 100

2401040000 Surface Coating: Metal Containers VOC 36 100 100

2401050000 Surface Coating: Sheet, Strip and Coil VOC 36 100 100

2401055000 Surface Coating: Machinery and Equipment VOC 36 100 100

2401060000 Surface Coating: Appliances VOC 36 100 100

2401065000 Surface Coating: Electrical Insulation VOC 36 100 100

2401070000 Surface Coating: Automobile (New) VOC 36 100 100

2401080000 Surface Coating: Marine Coatings VOC 24 100 100

2401090000 Surface Coating: Other Product Coating VOC 36 100 100

2401100000

Surface Coating: High-performance 

Maintenance VOC 25 100 100

2415130000

Electronic and Other Elec.: Open Top 

Degreasing VOC 31 100 100

2415145000

Miscellaneous Manufacturing: Open Top 

Degreasing VOC 31 100 100

2415345000

Miscellaneous Manufacturing: Cold 

Cleaning Degreasing VOC 43 100 100

2415360000

Auto Repair Services: Cold Cleaning 

Degreasing VOC 43 100 100

2420000000 Dry Cleaning: All Processes VOC 44 80 100

2465000000

Non-industrial: Consumer: All 

Products/Processes VOC 25 100 100

2465100000

Non-industrial: Consumer: Personal Care 

Products VOC 25 100 100

2465200000

Non-industrial: Consumer: Household 

Products VOC 25 100 100

2465400000

Non-industrial: Consumer: Automotive 

Aftermarket Products VOC 25 100 100

2465600000

Non-industrial: Consumer: Adhesives and 

Sealants VOC 25 100 100

2465800000 Pesticide Application VOC 25 100 100
Area Sources Emissions Inventory Documentation 46 

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5.1 2008 PROJECTION OF FIRES 

5.1.1 2008 Projection of Forest Fires 

It is assumed that the number of acres burned remains relatively constant, therefore, the 

emissions do not change from 2002 to 2008. 

5.1.2 2008 Projection of Structure Fires 

The 2008 emission inventory was obtained by applying growth factors to 2002 emissions data. 

Growth factors were provided by the North Carolina Office of State Budget and Management 

and were based originally from the 2000 census data. 

For the 2008 structure fire emission inventory, the base year emissions were grown using the 

percent growth in population for each county. The 2008 structure fire emission inventory was 

calculated using Equation 5.1.2-1. 

 PJaEM = EMP x GFa 5.1.2-1 

where EMP = emissions for structure fires for pollutant (P) 

 PJaEM = projected future year (a) emissions for county 

 GFa = growth factor for future year (a). 

 
Area Sources Emissions Inventory Documentation 47 

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6. ADDITIONAL DATA 

6.1 SIC TO NAICS CROSSWALK 
Area Sources Emissions Inventory Documentation 48 

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Area Sources Emissions Inventory Documentation 49 

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Area Sources Emissions Inventory Documentation 50 

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Area Sources Emissions Inventory Documentation 51 

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Area Sources Emissions Inventory Documentation 52 

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Area Sources Emissions Inventory Documentation 53 

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Area Sources Emissions Inventory Documentation 54 

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Area Sources Emissions Inventory Documentation 55 

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Area Sources Emissions Inventory Documentation 56 

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Area Sources Emissions Inventory Documentation 57 

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Area Sources Emissions Inventory Documentation 58 

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Area Sources Emissions Inventory Documentation 59 

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Area Sources Emissions Inventory Documentation 60 

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Area Sources Emissions Inventory Documentation 61 

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Area Sources Emissions Inventory Documentation 62 

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Area Sources Emissions Inventory Documentation 63 

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Area Sources Emissions Inventory Documentation 64 

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Area Sources Emissions Inventory Documentation 65 

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Area Sources Emissions Inventory Documentation 66 

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Area Sources Emissions Inventory Documentation 67 

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Area Sources Emissions Inventory Documentation 68 

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Area Sources Emissions Inventory Documentation 69 

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Area Sources Emissions Inventory Documentation 70 

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Area Sources Emissions Inventory Documentation 71 

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Area Sources Emissions Inventory Documentation 72 

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Area Sources Emissions Inventory Documentation 73 

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Area Sources Emissions Inventory Documentation 74 

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Area Sources Emissions Inventory Documentation 75 

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Area Sources Emissions Inventory Documentation 76 

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Area Sources Emissions Inventory Documentation 77 

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Area Sources Emissions Inventory Documentation 78 

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Area Sources Emissions Inventory Documentation 79 

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Area Sources Emissions Inventory Documentation 80 

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Area Sources Emissions Inventory Documentation 81 

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Area Sources Emissions Inventory Documentation 82 

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Area Sources Emissions Inventory Documentation 83 

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Area Sources Emissions Inventory Documentation 84 

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Area Sources Emissions Inventory Documentation 85 

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Area Sources Emissions Inventory Documentation 86 

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86
Area Sources Emissions Inventory Documentation 87 

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Area Sources Emissions Inventory Documentation 88 

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Area Sources Emissions Inventory Documentation 89 

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Area Sources Emissions Inventory Documentation 90 

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Area Sources Emissions Inventory Documentation 91 

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Area Sources Emissions Inventory Documentation 92 

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Area Sources Emissions Inventory Documentation 93 

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Area Sources Emissions Inventory Documentation 94 

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6.2 FRACTION OF NAICS CODE EMPLOYMENT USED TO CREATE SIC 

EMPLOYMENT 

SIC NAICS 

SIC 

Employees 

1997 

NAICS 

Employees 

‘1997 

Employee 

Fraction NAICS description

Factory Finished Wood Surface Coating

2426 321918 10521 38100 0.276 Other millwork (including flooring)

2426 337215 6310 75382 0.084 Showcase, partition, shelving, & locker mfg

2426 321912 17109 39763 0.430 Cut stock, resawing lumber, & planing

2429 321113 304 119760 0.003 Sawmills

2429 321920 684 51134 0.013 Wood container & pallet mfg

2429 321999 355 43839 0.008 All other miscellaneous wood product mfg

2431 321911 64771 64771 1.000 Wood window & door mfg

2431 321918 27488 38100 0.721 Other millwork (including flooring)

2434 337110 79579 99257 0.802 Wood kitchen cabinet & counter top mfg

2435 321211 22151 22151 1.000 Hardwood veneer & plywood mfg

2436 321212 28843 28843 1.000 Softwood veneer & plywood mfg

2439 321912 0 39763 0.000 Cut stock, resawing lumber, & planing

2439 321214 32522 32522 1.000 Truss mfg

2439 321113 0 119760 0.000 Sawmills

2439 321213 5372 5372 1.000 Engineered wood member (except truss) mfg

2441 321920 4885 51134 0.096 Wood container & pallet mfg

2448 321920 38994 51134 0.763 Wood container & pallet mfg

2449 321920 5701 51134 0.111 Wood container & pallet mfg

2451 321991 68269 68269 1.000 Manufactured home (mobile home) mfg

2452 321992 22965 22965 1.000 Prefabricated wood building mfg

2493 321219 25269 25269 1.000 Reconstituted wood product mfg

2499 339999 13740 74137 0.185 All other miscellaneous mfg

2499 332321 0 74944 0.000 Metal window & door mfg

2499 321920 870 51134 0.017 Wood container & pallet mfg

2499 321912 549 39763 0.014 Cut stock, resawing lumber, & planing

2499 321999 41844 43839 0.954 All other miscellaneous wood product mfg

Furniture & Fixtures Surface Coating and Part of Miscellaneous Degreasing

2511 337122 123368 128248 0.962 Nonupholstered wood household furniture 

mfg

2512 337121 85258 90009 0.947 Upholstered household furniture mfg

2514 337124 22835 22835 1.000 Metal household furniture mfg

2515 337121 1601 90009 0.018 Upholstered household furniture mfg
Area Sources Emissions Inventory Documentation 95 

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SIC NAICS 

SIC 

Employees 

1997 

NAICS 

Employees 

‘1997 

Employee 

Fraction NAICS description

2515 337910 23072 23072 1.000 Mattress mfg

2517 337129 4273 4273 1.000 Wood television, radio, & sewing machine 

cabinet mfg

2519 337125 4708 4708 1.000 Household furniture (except wood & metal) 

mfg

2521 337211 30641 30641 1.000 Wood office furniture mfg

2522 337214 44222 44222 1.000 Office furniture (except wood) mfg

2531 336360 20784 45600 0.456 Motor vehicle seating & interior trim mfg

2531 337127 15254 38218 0.399 Institutional furniture mfg

2531 339942 941 7990 0.118 Lead pencil & art good mfg

2541 337110 9785 99257 0.099 Wood kitchen cabinet & counter top mfg

2541 337212 24363 24363 1.000 Custom architectural woodwork & millwork 

mfg

2541 337215 23305 75382 0.309 Showcase, partition, shelving, & locker mfg

2542 337215 44472 75382 0.590 Showcase, partition, shelving, & locker mfg

2591 337920 19617 19617 1.000 Blind & shade mfg

2599 337127 22448 38218 0.587 Institutional furniture mfg

2599 339113 2925 85315 0.034 Surgical appliance & supplies mfg

Part of Misc. Degreasing 

3312 324199 1731 3671 0.472 All other petroleum & coal products mfg

3312 331111 144074 146514 0.983 Iron & steel mills

3313 331112 3724 3724 1.000 Electrometallurgical ferroalloy product mfg

3313 331492 311 11610 0.027 Other nonferrous metal secondary smelting, 

refining, & alloying

3315 331222 23489 23489 1.000 Steel wire drawing

3315 332618 2265 46174 0.049 Other fabricated wire product mfg

3316 331221 14362 14362 1.000 Cold-rolled steel shape mfg

3317 331210 27723 27723 1.000 Iron & steel pipes & tubes mfg from 

purchased steel

3321 331511 83570 86198 0.970 Iron foundries

3322 331511 2628 86198 0.030 Iron foundries

3324 331512 22673 22673 1.000 Steel investment foundries

3325 331513 23982 23982 1.000 Steel foundries (except investment)

3331 331411 7360 7360 1.000 Primary smelting & refining of copper

3334 331312 15763 15763 1.000 Primary aluminum production

3339 331419 10132 10132 1.000 Other nonferrous metal primary smelting & 

refining
Area Sources Emissions Inventory Documentation 96 

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SIC NAICS 

SIC 

Employees 

1997 

NAICS 

Employees 

‘1997 

Employee 

Fraction NAICS description

3341 331423 1768 2333 0.758 Secondary smelting, refining, & alloying of 

copper

 

3341 331492 5485 11610 0.472 Other nonferrous metal secondary smelting, 

refining, & alloying

3341 331314 6226 6714 0.927 Secondary smelting & alloying of aluminum

3351 331421 21150 21150 1.000 Copper rolling, drawing, & extruding

3353 331315 25111 25111 1.000 Aluminum sheet, plate, & foil mfg

3353 332996 0 29364 0.000 Fabricated pipe & pipe fitting mfg

3354 331316 30357 30357 1.000 Aluminum extruded product mfg

3355 331319 2657 4306 0.617 Other aluminum rolling & drawing

3356 331491 17237 25872 0.666 Other nonferrous metal rolling, drawing, & 

extruding

Part of Misc. Degreasing and Part of Electrical Insulation Surface Coating

3357 331319 1649 4306 0.383 Other aluminum rolling & drawing

3357 331422 4692 4692 1.000 Copper wire (except mechanical) drawing

3357 331491 8635 25872 0.334 Other nonferrous metal rolling, drawing, & 

extruding

3357 335921 8589 8589 1.000 Fiber optic cable mfg

3357 335929 46267 46267 1.000 Other communication & energy wire mfg

Part of Misc. Degreasing

3363 331521 27717 27717 1.000 Aluminum die-casting foundries

3364 331522 17243 17243 1.000 Nonferrous (except aluminum) die-casting 

foundries

3365 331524 34098 34098 1.000 Aluminum foundries (except die-casting)

3366 331525 8909 8909 1.000 Copper foundries (except die-casting)

3369 331528 6529 6529 1.000 Other nonferrous foundries (except diecasting)

3398 332811 22674 22674 1.000 Metal heat treating

3399 331111 2440 146514 0.017 Iron & steel mills

3399 331314 488 6714 0.073 Secondary smelting & alloying of aluminum

3399 331423 565 2333 0.242 Secondary smelting, refining, & alloying of 

copper

3399 331492 5814 11610 0.501 Other nonferrous metal secondary smelting, 

refining, & alloying

3399 332618 2088 46174 0.045 Other fabricated wire product mfg

Part of Misc. Degreasing and Metal Containers Surface Coating

3411 332431 27316 27316 1.000 Metal can mfg
Area Sources Emissions Inventory Documentation 97 

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97

SIC NAICS 

SIC 

Employees 

1997 

NAICS 

Employees 

‘1997 

Employee 

Fraction NAICS description

3412 332439 6318 14922 0.423 Other metal container mfg

Part of Misc. Degreasing

3421 332211 11129 11230 0.991 Cutlery & flatware (except precious) mfg

3423 332212 42947 50388 0.852 Hand & edge tool mfg

3425 332213 9149 9149 1.000 Saw blade & handsaw mfg

3429 332439 4135 14922 0.277 Other metal container mfg

3429 332510 70884 74285 0.954 Hardware mfg

3429 332919 750 18739 0.040 Other metal valve & pipe fitting mfg

3431 332998 9994 9994 1.000 Enameled iron & metal sanitary ware mfg

3432 332913 16202 16202 1.000 Plumbing fixture fitting & trim mfg

3432 332999 474 79070 0.006 All other miscellaneous fabricated metal 

product mfg

3433 333414 22495 24666 0.912 Heating equipment (except warm air furnaces) 

mfg

3441 332312 84704 93433 0.907 Fabricated structural metal mfg

3442 332321 72970 74944 0.974 Metal window & door mfg

3443 333415 339 119795 0.003 AC & warm air heating & 

commercial/industrial refrig equip mfg

3443 332420 33704 33704 1.000 Metal tank (heavy gauge) mfg

3443 332313 25453 25453 1.000 Plate work mfg

3443 332410 27542 27542 1.000 Power boiler & heat exchanger mfg

3444 332322 129826 129826 1.000 Sheet metal work mfg

3444 332439 2074 14922 0.139 Other metal container mfg

3446 332323 30960 34391 0.900 Ornamental & architectural metal work mfg

3448 332311 25946 25946 1.000 Prefabricated metal building & component 

mfg

3449 332114 15219 15219 1.000 Custom roll forming

3449 332312 8729 93433 0.093 Fabricated structural metal mfg

3449 332321 1974 74944 0.026 Metal window & door mfg

3449 332323 349 34391 0.010 Ornamental & architectural metal work mfg

3451 332721 80404 80404 1.000 Precision turned product mfg

3452 332722 52995 52995 1.000 Bolt, nut, screw, rivet, & washer mfg

3462 332111 26432 26432 1.000 Iron & steel forging

3463 332112 9129 9129 1.000 Nonferrous forging

3465 336370 126905 126905 1.000 Motor vehicle metal stamping

3466 332115 4682 4682 1.000 Crown & closure mfg

3469 332116 93086 93086 1.000 Metal stamping
Area Sources Emissions Inventory Documentation 98 

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98

SIC NAICS 

SIC 

Employees 

1997 

NAICS 

Employees 

‘1997 

Employee 

Fraction NAICS description

3469 332214 7724 7724 1.000 Kitchen utensil, pot, & pan mfg

3471 332813 74640 74640 1.000 Electroplating, plating, polishing, anodizing, 

& coloring

 

Part of Misc. Degreasing and Sheet, Strip & Coil Surface Coating

3479 332812 55904 55904 1.000 Metal coating/engraving (exc 

jewelry/silverware)/allied services

3479 339911 79 34773 0.002 Jewelry (except costume) mfg

3479 339912 103 6459 0.016 Silverware & plated ware mfg

3479 339914 29 14573 0.002 Costume jewelry & novelty mfg

Part of Misc. Degreasing

3482 332992 6863 6863 1.000 Small arms ammunition mfg

3483 332993 9427 9427 1.000 Ammunition (except small arms) mfg

3484 332994 9907 9907 1.000 Small arms mfg

3489 332995 12285 12285 1.000 Other ordnance & accessories mfg

3491 332911 53459 53459 1.000 Industrial valve mfg

3492 332912 37132 37132 1.000 Fluid power valve & hose fitting mfg

3493 332611 5381 5381 1.000 Spring (heavy gauge) mfg

3494 332919 17652 18739 0.942 Other metal valve & pipe fitting mfg

3494 332999 564 79070 0.007 All other miscellaneous fabricated metal 

product mfg

3495 332612 18798 18798 1.000 Spring (light gauge) mfg

3495 334518 175 6333 0.028 Watch, clock, & part mfg

3496 332618 41821 46174 0.906 Other fabricated wire product mfg

3497 332999 5648 79070 0.071 All other miscellaneous fabricated metal 

product mfg

3497 322225 4967 4967 1.000 Laminated aluminum foil mfg for flexible 

packaging uses

3498 332996 29364 29364 1.000 Fabricated pipe & pipe fitting mfg

3499 332439 2331 14922 0.156 Other metal container mfg

3499 332510 3401 74285 0.046 Hardware mfg

3499 332919 375 18739 0.020 Other metal valve & pipe fitting mfg

3499 332999 63736 79070 0.806 All other miscellaneous fabricated metal 

product mfg

3499 337215 1295 75382 0.017 Showcase, partition, shelving, & locker mfg

3499 339914 568 14573 0.039 Costume jewelry & novelty mfg

3499 332117 10760 10760 1.000 Powder metallurgy part mfg
Area Sources Emissions Inventory Documentation 99 

The Charlotte-Gastonia-Rock Hill, NC-SC 8-Hour Ozone Appendix C 

North Carolina Reasonable Further Progress Demonstration November 30, 2009 

99

SIC NAICS 

SIC 

Employees 

1997 

NAICS 

Employees 

‘1997 

Employee 

Fraction NAICS description

Part of Misc. Degreasing and Machinery & Equipment Surface Coating

3511 333611 19529 19529 1.000 Turbine & turbine generator set unit mfg

3519 333618 56338 56348 1.000 Other engine equipment mfg

3519 336399 896 174465 0.005 All other motor vehicle parts mfg

3523 332212 60 50388 0.001 Hand & edge tool mfg

3523 333922 320 39599 0.008 Conveyor & conveying equipment mfg

3523 333111 66370 66370 1.000 Farm machinery & equipment mfg

3523 332323 3082 34391 0.090 Ornamental & architectural metal work mfg

3524 332212 60 50388 0.001 Hand & edge tool mfg

3524 333112 28617 28617 1.000 Lawn & garden tractor & home lawn & 

garden equipment mfg

3531 333120 74965 74965 1.000 Construction machinery mfg

3531 333923 10263 18014 0.570 Overhead traveling crane, hoist, & monorail 

system mfg

3531 336510 2379 34012 0.070 Railroad rolling stock mfg

3532 333131 13547 13547 1.000 Mining machinery & equipment mfg

3533 333132 29451 29451 1.000 Oil & gas field machinery & equipment mfg

3534 333921 9442 9442 1.000 Elevator & moving stairway mfg

3535 333922 39279 39599 0.992 Conveyor & conveying equipment mfg

3536 333923 7751 18014 0.430 Overhead traveling crane, hoist, & monorail 

system mfg

3537 333924 25953 25953 1.000 Industrial truck, tractor, trailer, & stacker 

machinery mfg

3537 332439 64 14922 0.004 Other metal container mfg

3537 332999 240 79070 0.003 All other miscellaneous fabricated metal 

product mfg

3541 333512 28849 29371 0.982 Machine tool (metal cutting types) mfg

3542 333513 14185 14185 1.000 Machine tool (metal forming types) mfg

3543 332997 7959 7959 1.000 Industrial pattern mfg

3544 333511 48657 48657 1.000 Industrial mold mfg

3544 333514 80113 80113 1.000 Special die & tool, die set, jig, & fixture mfg

3545 332212 6379 50388 0.127 Hand & edge tool mfg

3545 333515 47925 47925 1.000 Cutting tool & machine tool accessory mfg

3546 333991 16816 16816 1.000 Power-driven handtool mfg

3547 333516 4149 4149 1.000 Rolling mill machinery & equipment mfg

3548 335311 0 26638 0.000 Power, distribution, & specialty transformer 

mfg
Area Sources Emissions Inventory Documentation 100 

The Charlotte-Gastonia-Rock Hill, NC-SC 8-Hour Ozone Appendix C 

North Carolina Reasonable Further Progress Demonstration November 30, 2009 

100

SIC NAICS 

SIC 

Employees 

1997 

NAICS 

Employees 

‘1997 

Employee 

Fraction NAICS description

3548 333992 22434 22505 0.997 Welding & soldering equipment mfg

3549 333518 19023 19023 1.000 Other metalworking machinery mfg

3552 333292 13600 13600 1.000 Textile machinery mfg

3553 333210 9117 9117 1.000 Sawmill & woodworking machinery mfg

3554 333291 18594 18594 1.000 Paper industry machinery mfg

3555 333293 17500 21000 0.833 Printing machinery & equipment mfg

3556 333294 19026 19026 1.000 Food product machinery mfg

3559 333319 2890 56910 0.051 Other commercial & service industry 

machinery mfg

3559 333220 18574 18574 1.000 Plastics & rubber industry machinery mfg

3559 333295 40087 40087 1.000 Semiconductor machinery mfg

3559 333298 53046 53106 0.999 All other industrial machinery mfg

3561 333911 36552 36552 1.000 Pump & pumping equipment mfg

3562 332991 36991 36991 1.000 Ball & roller bearing mfg

3563 333912 24821 24821 1.000 Air & gas compressor mfg

3564 333411 16183 16183 1.000 Air purification equipment mfg

3564 333412 13723 13723 1.000 Industrial & commercial fan & blower mfg

3565 333993 31581 31581 1.000 Packaging machinery mfg

3566 333612 16231 16231 1.000 Speed changer, industrial high-speed drive, & 

gear mfg

3567 333994 17585 17585 1.000 Industrial process furnace & oven mfg

3568 333613 21604 21604 1.000 Mechanical power transmission equipment 

mfg

3569 333999 50088 61151 0.819 All other miscellaneous general-purpose 

machinery mfg

3571 334111 100115 100115 1.000 Electronic computer mfg

3572 334112 42364 42364 1.000 Computer storage device mfg

3575 334113 5764 5764 1.000 Computer terminal mfg

3577 334119 87253 93970 0.929 Other computer peripheral equipment mfg

3578 333313 966 14831 0.065 Office machinery mfg

3578 334119 6717 93970 0.071 Other computer peripheral equipment mfg

3579 333313 13865 14831 0.935 Office machinery mfg

3579 334518 750 6333 0.118 Watch, clock, & part mfg

3579 339942 1234 7990 0.154 Lead pencil & art good mfg

3581 333311 8178 8178 1.000 Automatic vending machine mfg

3582 333312 4523 4523 1.000 Commercial laundry, drycleaning, & pressing 

machine mfg
Area Sources Emissions Inventory Documentation 101 

The Charlotte-Gastonia-Rock Hill, NC-SC 8-Hour Ozone Appendix C 

North Carolina Reasonable Further Progress Demonstration November 30, 2009 

101

SIC NAICS 

SIC 

Employees 

1997 

NAICS 

Employees 

‘1997 

Employee 

Fraction NAICS description

3585 333415 119456 119795 0.997 AC & warm air heating & 

commercial/industrial refrig equip mfg

3585 336391 21522 21522 1.000 Motor vehicle air-conditioning mfg

3586 333913 6824 6824 1.000 Measuring & dispensing pump mfg

3589 333319 44172 56910 0.776 Other commercial & service industry 

machinery mfg

3592 336311 17518 17518 1.000 Carburetor, piston, piston ring, & valve mfg

3593 333995 23062 23062 1.000 Fluid power cylinder & actuator mfg

3594 333996 15482 15482 1.000 Fluid power pump & motor mfg

3596 333997 4871 4871 1.000 Scale & balance (except laboratory) mfg

3599 332710 290951 290951 1.000 Machine shops

3599 332999 4199 79070 0.053 All other miscellaneous fabricated metal 

product mfg

3599 333319 1335 56910 0.023 Other commercial & service industry 

machinery mfg

3599 333999 11063 61151 0.181 All other miscellaneous general-purpose 

machinery mfg

Part of Misc. & Electronic Degreasing and Part of Electrical Insulation Surface Coating

3612 335311 26638 26638 1.000 Power, distribution, & specialty transformer 

mfg

Part of Misc. & Electronic Degreasing

3613 335313 41291 41291 1.000 Switchgear & switchboard apparatus mfg

3621 335312 71112 74666 0.952 Motor & generator mfg

3624 335991 10887 10887 1.000 Carbon & graphite product mfg

3625 335314 68365 68365 1.000 Relay & industrial control mfg

3629 335999 18682 44754 0.417 All other miscellaneous electrical equipment 

& component mfg

Part of Misc. & Electronic Degreasing and Appliance Surface Coating

3631 335221 17543 17543 1.000 Household cooking appliance mfg

3632 335222 24597 24597 1.000 Household refrigerator & home freezer mfg

3633 335224 14801 14801 1.000 Household laundry equipment mfg

3634 333414 2171 24666 0.088 Heating equipment (except warm air furnaces) 

mfg

3634 335211 17058 17058 1.000 Electric housewares & household fan mfg

3635 335212 10537 10537 1.000 Household vacuum cleaner mfg

3639 333298 60 53106 0.001 All other industrial machinery mfg

3639 335212 0 10537 0.000 Household vacuum cleaner mfg

3639 335228 13309 13309 1.000 Other major household appliance mfg
Area Sources Emissions Inventory Documentation 102 

The Charlotte-Gastonia-Rock Hill, NC-SC 8-Hour Ozone Appendix C 

North Carolina Reasonable Further Progress Demonstration November 30, 2009 

102

SIC NAICS 

SIC 

Employees 

1997 

NAICS 

Employees 

‘1997 

Employee 

Fraction NAICS description

Part of Misc. & Electronic Degreasing

3641 335110 15903 15903 1.000 Electric lamp bulb & part mfg

3643 335931 44907 44907 1.000 Current-carrying wiring device mfg

3644 335932 23540 23540 1.000 Noncurrent-carrying wiring device mfg

3645 335121 16395 17685 0.927 Residential electric lighting fixture mfg

3646 335122 23090 23090 1.000 Commercial/industrial/institutional electric 

lighting fixture mfg

3647 336321 16506 16506 1.000 Vehicular lighting equipment mfg

3648 335129 18274 18282 1.000 Other lighting equipment mfg

3651 334310 31727 31727 1.000 Audio & video equipment mfg

3652 334612 16598 25554 0.650 Prerecorded CD (except software), tape, & 

record reproducing

3661 334210 104262 104262 1.000 Telephone apparatus mfg

3661 334416 63 19431 0.003 Electronic coil, transformer, & other inductor 

mfg

3661 334418 6083 111054 0.055 Printed circuit assembly (electronic assembly) 

mfg

3663 334220 148156 164461 0.901 Radio & TV broadcasting & wireless 

communications equipment mfg

3669 334290 25187 25187 1.000 Other communications equipment mfg

3671 334411 21976 21976 1.000 Electron tube mfg

3672 334412 76702 76702 1.000 Bare printed circuit board mfg

3674 334413 199497 199497 1.000 Semiconductor & related device mfg

3675 334414 18882 18882 1.000 Electronic capacitor mfg

3676 334415 11964 11964 1.000 Electronic resistor mfg

3677 334416 19178 19431 0.987 Electronic coil, transformer, & other inductor 

mfg

3678 334417 37232 37232 1.000 Electronic connector mfg

3679 336322 12786 95491 0.134 Other motor vehicle electrical & electronic 

equipment mfg

3679 334220 16305 164461 0.099 Radio & TV broadcasting & wireless 

communications equipment mfg

3679 334418 104971 111054 0.945 Printed circuit assembly (electronic assembly) 

mfg

3679 334419 92200 92200 1.000 Other electronic component mfg

3691 335911 23288 23288 1.000 Storage battery mfg

3692 335912 8917 8917 1.000 Primary battery mfg

3694 336322 52216 95491 0.547 Other motor vehicle electrical & electronic 

equipment mfg
Area Sources Emissions Inventory Documentation 103 

The Charlotte-Gastonia-Rock Hill, NC-SC 8-Hour Ozone Appendix C 

North Carolina Reasonable Further Progress Demonstration November 30, 2009 

103

SIC NAICS 

SIC 

Employees 

1997 

NAICS 

Employees 

‘1997 

Employee 

Fraction NAICS description

3695 334613 21345 21345 1.000 Magnetic & optical recording media mfg

3699 333992 71 22505 0.003 Welding & soldering equipment mfg

3699 335999 26072 44754 0.583 All other miscellaneous electrical equipment 

& component mfg

3699 335129 8 18282 0.000 Other lighting equipment mfg

3699 334519 29 33933 0.001 Other measuring & controlling device mfg

3699 334516 159 38359 0.004 Analytical laboratory instrument mfg

3699 334119 0 93970 0.000 Other computer peripheral equipment mfg

3699 334510 542 54385 0.010 Electromedical & electrotherapeutic apparatus 

mfg

3699 339114 0 18072 0.000 Dental equipment & supplies mfg

3699 333512 522 29371 0.018 Machine tool (metal cutting types) mfg

3699 333319 8513 56910 0.150 Other commercial & service industry 

machinery mfg

3699 333315 0 24707 0.000 Photographic & photocopying equipment mfg

3699 333314 56 20857 0.003 Optical instrument & lens mfg

3699 333293 175 21000 0.008 Printing machinery & equipment mfg

3699 333292 0 13600 0.000 Textile machinery mfg

3699 332212 424 50388 0.008 Hand & edge tool mfg

3699 334511 604 188161 0.003 Search, detection, navigation, & guidance 

instrument mfg

3699 333618 10 56348 0.000 Other engine equipment mfg

Part of Misc. Degreasing and New Automobile Surface Coating

3711 336992 375 5788 0.065 Military armored vehicle, tank, & tank 

component mfg

3711 336111 114060 114060 1.000 Automobile mfg

3711 336112 94033 94033 1.000 Light truck & utility vehicle mfg

3711 336120 28214 28214 1.000 Heavy duty truck mfg

3711 336211 404 43384 0.009 Motor vehicle body mfg

Part of Misc. Degreasing and Part of Other Transportation Equipment Surface Coating

3713 336211 41779 43384 0.963 Motor vehicle body mfg

3714 336312 81368 81368 1.000 Gasoline engine & engine parts mfg

3714 336322 30489 95491 0.319 Other motor vehicle electrical & electronic 

equipment mfg

3714 336330 48944 48944 1.000 Motor vehicle steering & suspension 

component (except spring) mfg

3714 336340 43132 43132 1.000 Motor vehicle brake system mfg

3714 336350 111954 111954 1.000 Motor vehicle transmission & power train 
Area Sources Emissions Inventory Documentation 104 

The Charlotte-Gastonia-Rock Hill, NC-SC 8-Hour Ozone Appendix C 

North Carolina Reasonable Further Progress Demonstration November 30, 2009 

104

SIC NAICS 

SIC 

Employees 

1997 

NAICS 

Employees 

‘1997 

Employee 

Fraction NAICS description

parts mfg

3714 336399 173569 174465 0.995 All other motor vehicle parts mfg

3714 336211 1201 43384 0.028 Motor vehicle body mfg

3715 336212 30678 30678 1.000 Truck trailer mfg

3716 336213 18086 18086 1.000 Motor home mfg

3721 336411 200961 200961 1.000 Aircraft mfg

3724 336412 82557 82557 1.000 Aircraft engine & engine parts mfg

3728 332912 0 37132 0.000 Fluid power valve & hose fitting mfg

3728 336413 127729 127729 1.000 Other aircraft part & auxiliary equipment mfg

3728 333995 0 23062 0.000 Fluid power cylinder & actuator mfg

3728 333996 0 15482 0.000 Fluid power pump & motor mfg

Part of Misc. Degreasing and Marine Surface Coating

3731 336611 97385 97385 1.000 Ship building & repairing

3732 336612 41422 41422 1.000 Boat building

3732 811490 9454 65213 0.145 Other personal & household goods repair & 

maintenance

Part of Misc. Degreasing and Part of Other Transportation Equipment Surface Coating 

3743 333911 0 36552 0.000 Pump & pumping equipment mfg

3743 336510 31633 34012 0.930 Railroad rolling stock mfg

3751 336991 17158 17218 0.997 Motorcycle, bicycle, & parts mfg

3761 336414 52158 52158 1.000 Guided missile & space vehicle mfg

3764 336415 18540 18540 1.000 Guided missile & space vehicle propulsion 

unit & parts mfg

3769 336419 6110 6110 1.000 Other guided missile & space vehicle parts & 

auxiliary equip mfg

3792 336214 20112 33352 0.603 Travel trailer & camper mfg

3795 336992 5415 5788 0.936 Military armored vehicle, tank, & tank 

component mfg

3799 336214 13240 33352 0.397 Travel trailer & camper mfg

3799 336999 19466 19466 1.000 All other transportation equipment mfg

3799 332212 60 50388 0.001 Hand & edge tool mfg

Part of Misc. Degreasing 

3812 334511 187557 188161 0.997 Search, detection, navigation, & guidance 

instrument mfg

3821 339111 18253 18253 1.000 Laboratory apparatus & furniture mfg

3822 334512 21450 21450 1.000 Automatic environmental control mfg

3823 334513 49196 49196 1.000 Industrial process control instrument mfg
Area Sources Emissions Inventory Documentation 105 

The Charlotte-Gastonia-Rock Hill, NC-SC 8-Hour Ozone Appendix C 

North Carolina Reasonable Further Progress Demonstration November 30, 2009 

105

SIC NAICS 

SIC 

Employees 

1997 

NAICS 

Employees 

‘1997 

Employee 

Fraction NAICS description

3824 334514 17390 17390 1.000 Totalizing fluid meter & counting device mfg

3825 334416 190 19431 0.010 Electronic coil, transformer, & other inductor 

mfg

3825 334515 63332 63332 1.000 Electricity measuring & testing instrument 

mfg

3826 334516 38200 38359 0.996 Analytical laboratory instrument mfg

3827 333314 20801 20857 0.997 Optical instrument & lens mfg

3829 339112 521 107819 0.005 Surgical & medical instrument mfg

3829 334519 33904 33933 0.999 Other measuring & controlling device mfg

3841 339112 107298 107819 0.995 Surgical & medical instrument mfg

3842 322121 375 120176 0.003 Paper (except newsprint) mills

3842 322291 2236 21791 0.103 Sanitary paper product mfg

3842 334510 6722 54385 0.124 Electromedical & electrotherapeutic apparatus 

mfg

3842 339113 82390 85315 0.966 Surgical appliance & supplies mfg

3843 339114 18072 18072 1.000 Dental equipment & supplies mfg

3844 334517 14276 14276 1.000 Irradiation apparatus mfg

3845 334510 47121 54385 0.866 Electromedical & electrotherapeutic apparatus 

mfg

3851 339115 26366 26366 1.000 Ophthalmic goods mfg

3861 325992 38935 38935 1.000 Photographic film, paper, plate, & chemical 

mfg

3861 333315 24707 24707 1.000 Photographic & photocopying equipment mfg

3873 334518 5646 6333 0.892 Watch, clock, & part mfg

3911 339911 34694 34773 0.998 Jewelry (except costume) mfg

3914 332211 101 11230 0.009 Cutlery & flatware (except precious) mfg

3914 339912 6356 6459 0.984 Silverware & plated ware mfg

3915 339913 5396 5396 1.000 Jewelers' material & lapidary work mfg

3931 339992 13411 13411 1.000 Musical instrument mfg

3942 339931 3393 3393 1.000 Doll & stuffed toy mfg

3944 336991 60 17218 0.003 Motorcycle, bicycle, & parts mfg

3944 339932 29622 29622 1.000 Game, toy, & children's vehicle mfg

3949 339920 69664 69664 1.000 Sporting & athletic goods mfg

3951 339941 8394 8394 1.000 Pen & mechanical pencil mfg

3952 339942 5815 7990 0.728 Lead pencil & art good mfg

3952 337127 187 38218 0.005 Institutional furniture mfg

3952 325998 0 35915 0.000 All other miscellaneous chemical product & 
Area Sources Emissions Inventory Documentation 106 

The Charlotte-Gastonia-Rock Hill, NC-SC 8-Hour Ozone Appendix C 

North Carolina Reasonable Further Progress Demonstration November 30, 2009 

106

SIC NAICS 

SIC 

Employees 

1997 

NAICS 

Employees 

‘1997 

Employee 

Fraction NAICS description

preparation mfg

3953 339943 7831 7831 1.000 Marking device mfg

3955 339944 5923 5923 1.000 Carbon paper & inked ribbon mfg

3961 339914 13976 14573 0.959 Costume jewelry & novelty mfg

3965 339993 7500 7842 0.956 Fastener, button, needle, & pin mfg

3991 339994 13882 16826 0.825 Broom, brush, & mop mfg

3993 339950 82956 82956 1.000 Sign mfg

3995 339995 6962 6962 1.000 Burial casket mfg

3996 326192 5614 6070 0.925 Resilient floor covering mfg

3999 323119 0 33016 0.000 Other commercial printing

3999 337127 329 38218 0.009 Institutional furniture mfg

3999 335121 1216 17685 0.069 Residential electric lighting fixture mfg

 

3999 332999 3231 79070 0.041 All other miscellaneous fabricated metal 

product mfg

3999 332212 750 50388 0.015 Hand & edge tool mfg

3999 326199 3141 526382 0.006 All other plastics product mfg

3999 325998 572 35915 0.016 All other miscellaneous chemical product & 

preparation mfg

3999 314999 2167 64480 0.034 All other miscellaneous textile product mills

3999 323113 0 72221 0.000 Commercial screen printing

3999 339999 60397 74137 0.815 All other miscellaneous mfg

3999 316110 329 15317 0.021 Leather & hide tanning & finishing

3999 321999 0 43839 0.000 All other miscellaneous wood product mfg

3999 322299 0 24302 0.000 All other converted paper product mfg

3999 323110 0 415117 0.000 Commercial lithographic printing

3999 323111 0 23260 0.000 Commercial gravure printing

3999 323112 0 30588 0.000 Commercial flexographic printing

Part of Misc. Open Top Degreasing & Auto Repair Cold Cleaning

4173 488490 220 7480 0.029 Other support activities for road transportation

4231 488490 120 7480 0.016 Other support activities for road transportation

5511 441110 1046243 1046243 1.000 New car dealers

5521 441120 92752 92752 1.000 Used car dealers

5541 447190 69640 308105 0.226 Other gasoline stations

5541 447110 432935 613957 0.705 Gasoline stations with convenience stores

5541 447190 238465 308105 0.774 Other gasoline stations
Area Sources Emissions Inventory Documentation 107 

The Charlotte-Gastonia-Rock Hill, NC-SC 8-Hour Ozone Appendix C 

North Carolina Reasonable Further Progress Demonstration November 30, 2009 

107

SIC NAICS 

SIC 

Employees 

1997 

NAICS 

Employees 

‘1997 

Employee 

Fraction NAICS description

5551 441222 35134 35134 1.000 Boat dealers

5561 441210 29463 29463 1.000 Recreational vehicle dealers

7532 811121 192853 205172 0.940 Automotive body, paint, & interior repair & 

maintenance

7532 811121 6507 205172 0.032 Automotive body, paint, & interior repair & 

maintenance

7532 811121 5812 205172 0.028 Automotive body, paint, & interior repair & 

maintenance

7533 811112 23015 23015 1.000 Automotive exhaust system repair

7534 811198 2991 14780 0.202 All other automotive repair & maintenance

7534 326212 7939 7939 1.000 Tire retreading

7536 811122 29187 29187 1.000 Automotive glass replacement shops

7537 811113 29442 29442 1.000 Automotive transmission repair

7538 811111 290634 290634 1.000 General automotive repair

 

7539 811118 3954 42234 0.094 Other automotive mechanical & electrical 

repair & maintenance

7539 811118 4802 42234 0.114 Other automotive mechanical & electrical 

repair & maintenance

7539 811118 18216 42234 0.431 Other automotive mechanical & electrical 

repair & maintenance

7539 811118 6890 42234 0.163 Other automotive mechanical & electrical 

repair & maintenance

7539 811118 8372 42234 0.198 Other automotive mechanical & electrical 

repair & maintenance

Dry Cleaning

7215 812310 53023 53023 1.000 Dry cleaning, coin operated

7216 812320 166208 203777 0.816 Dry cleaning, commercial