COURT OF APPEALS

DECISION

DATED AND FILED

October 12, 2022

Sheila T. Reiff

Clerk of Court of Appeals

NOTICE

This opinion is subject to further editing. If 

published, the official version will appear in 

the bound volume of the Official Reports. 

A party may file with the Supreme Court a 

petition to review an adverse decision by the 

Court of Appeals. See WIS. STAT. § 808.10 

and RULE 809.62. 

Appeal No. 2021AP634-CR Cir. Ct. No. 2013CF130

STATE OF WISCONSIN IN COURT OF APPEALS

DISTRICT II

STATE OF WISCONSIN,

 PLAINTIFF-RESPONDENT,

 V.

NICOLAS J. AVINA, JR.,

 DEFENDANT-APPELLANT.

APPEAL from a judgment and an order of the circuit court for 

Sheboygan County: ANGELA W. SUTKIEWICZ, Judge. Affirmed. 

Before Gundrum, P.J., Neubauer and Grogan, JJ.

Per curiam opinions may not be cited in any court of this state as precedent 

or authority, except for the limited purposes specified in WIS. STAT. RULE 809.23(3). 
No. 2021AP634-CR

2

¶1 PER CURIAM. Nicolas J. Avina, Jr. appeals a judgment of 

conviction for two counts of burglary as a repeater, as well as an order denying his 

motion for postconviction relief. Avina argues the circuit court erred and violated 

his right to present a defense when it prohibited Avina from using a surveillance 

video during the cross-examination of a manager of one of the clubs Avina 

burglarized. He also raises seven assertions of constitutionally ineffective 

assistance by his trial counsel relating to the defense of the two burglary charges. 

We reject Avina’s arguments and affirm. 

BACKGROUND

¶2 Avina was charged and convicted of two Sheboygan burglaries.

More than $1,000 in cash had been taken from bank bags containing the money 

from gambling machines at Club Michigan on December 16, 2012. Nearly two

months later, more than $6,000 was stolen from Frankie’s Bar. The burglaries 

were captured on surveillance video, and a Department of Corrections inquiry 

about the physical description of the suspect led police to Avina. Police 

discovered he had ties to both of the locations, including his being physically 

present at Frankie’s Bar the day before the burglary, when he inquired about

gambling machine payouts and the location of surveillance cameras. The circuit 

court sentenced Avina to consecutive eight-year sentences, each consisting of six 

years’ initial confinement and two years’ extended supervision. 

¶3 Avina filed a motion for postconviction relief. As grounds, he raised 

the seven instances of ineffective assistance of counsel he now raises on appeal.

1

 

 

1

 The motion included other claims which Avina has since abandoned. 
No. 2021AP634-CR

3

The circuit court scheduled a Machner hearing,2 but Avina’s trial counsel 

unexpectedly passed away. As a result, the only individuals to testify were Avina, 

a footwear expert from the Wisconsin State Crime Lab, and a police investigator. 

The circuit court denied the motion, and Avina now appeals. 

DISCUSSION

¶4 The issues Avina raises on appeal generally fall into two categories. 

First, Avina argues he is entitled to a new trial based upon a limitation the circuit 

court imposed regarding the cross-examination of Club Michigan’s manager. 

Second, Avina alleges that his trial attorney was constitutionally ineffective in a 

variety of ways relating to: (1) the joinder of the burglary charges; (2) counsel’s 

failure to present alibi evidence; (3) counsel’s failure to impeach the credibility of 

certain of the State’s witnesses; and (4) counsel’s failure to object to the admission 

of money found in Avina’s possession. We reject each of these arguments for the 

reasons that follow.

I. Limitation on Cross-Examination

¶5 At the time of the Club Michigan burglary, Avina was dating 

Brittany Stewart, a bartender at the club who lived above it. Stewart was one of 

six individuals with a key to the club. At trial, the club manager, Michael Wagner, 

testified that he realized immediately when he got to work that something was 

amiss because the front door was unlocked. He was certain he had locked it when 

he left at closing. 

 

2

 See State v. Machner, 92 Wis. 2d 797, 285 N.W.2d 905 (Ct. App. 1979).
No. 2021AP634-CR

4

¶6 During recross-examination, Avina’s trial counsel asked whether 

Wagner could look at surveillance video to verify whether he had locked the front 

door when he left. Wagner responded that he had done so, at which time Avina’s 

attorney requested to be heard outside the jury’s presence. Avina’s attorney then 

conducted voir dire regarding Wagner’s viewing of the surveillance video.

¶7 Wagner testified that he initially told police he could not remember 

if he had locked the front door when he left at closing. Unbeknownst to the State 

or Avina, after the police interview Wagner had watched surveillance video of 

himself closing up to verify he had locked the door. Wagner testified that because 

of the angle of the camera, he could not be seen turning the key, but he could be 

seen pulling on the door to make sure it was locked. 

¶8 Based on this testimony, Avina’s attorney requested that the jury be 

allowed to watch the surveillance video Wagner had referenced. But that video 

had been long deleted; the State did not know about it, and had preserved only 

surveillance video of the burglary itself. Avina’s attorney then suggested that he 

be allowed to cross-examine Wagner using the surveillance video of the 

perpetrator entering the door, with the intention of demonstrating “whether or not 

the jury may believe it is reasonable that [Wagner] could see his arm move locking 

that door, even though you can’t see the inside of the alcove at all.” The court 

refused to allow that line of questioning because it would confuse the jury. 

¶9 Avina argues the surveillance video of the perpetrator entering the 

club “works to contradict the manager’s assertion” that he had viewed himself on 

the video pulling on the door to make sure it was locked. Accordingly, Avina 

regards the playing of the video during cross-examination as highly probative 

evidence of Wagner’s truthfulness. He contends that being prevented from cross-
No. 2021AP634-CR

5

examining Wagner using the video was inconsistent with the rules of evidence and 

denied Avina of evidence critical to his defense.3 

¶10 Even assuming it was error to deny Avina of the ability to use the 

perpetrator surveillance video during Wagner’s cross-examination, that error was 

harmless. An error is harmless if it is beyond a reasonable doubt that the error 

complained of did not contribute to the verdict obtained. State v. Moore, 2015 WI 

54, ¶94, 363 Wis. 2d 376, 864 N.W.2d 827; see also WIS. STAT. § 805.18(1)

(2019-20).

4

 Whether an error is harmless is a question of law that we review de 

novo. Moore, 363 Wis. 2d 376, ¶54.

¶11 Though the circuit court barred the use of the perpetrator 

surveillance video during Wagner’s cross-examination, the video was admitted 

into evidence and shown to the jury twice: once during testimony by a police 

witness and once during the defense closing argument. Despite not being able to 

display the video during Wagner’s cross-examination, Avina was able to attack 

Wagner’s credibility relating to Wagner’s testimony that he watched the 

surveillance video of himself. Avina did so both during cross-examination 

through extensive questioning about the location of the camera, and during closing 

arguments, when he criticized Wagner’s “bizarre explanation about how he 

checked the door” and commented, “It doesn’t make sense that Wagner claims he 

went back, looked at the video and educated himself.” We are confident beyond a 

 

3

 Avina’s assertion that the limitation on Wagner’s cross-examination deprived him of 

critical defense evidence is conclusory and undeveloped. Even so, as set forth below, we would 

reject it on the basis that the evidence adduced at trial was sufficient for Avina to challenge 

Wagner’s credibility, which he did.

4

 All references to the Wisconsin Statutes are to the 2019-20 version unless otherwise 

noted.
No. 2021AP634-CR

6

reasonable doubt that any error stemming from the limitation upon Wagner’s 

cross-examination did not affect the verdict.

II. Ineffective Assistance of Counsel

¶12 The Sixth Amendment guarantees a defendant the effective 

assistance of counsel. State v. Savage, 2020 WI 93, ¶27, 395 Wis. 2d 1, 951 

N.W.2d 838. To prevail on an ineffective assistance claim, the defendant must 

show both that counsel’s performance was deficient and that the deficient 

performance prejudiced the defendant. Id. We review an ineffective assistance of 

counsel claim using a mixed standard of review. Id., ¶25. The circuit court’s 

factual findings, including those regarding trial counsel’s conduct and strategy, 

will not be overturned unless they are clearly erroneous, but we review de novo 

whether counsel’s conduct constitutes constitutionally ineffective assistance. Id. 

If the defendant fails to establish either prong, we need not address the other. Id.

¶13 To demonstrate deficient performance, the defendant must show that 

his or her attorney made errors so serious that he or she was not functioning as the 

“counsel” guaranteed by the Sixth Amendment. Id., ¶28; see also Strickland v. 

Washington, 466 U.S. 668, 687 (1984). We presume that counsel’s conduct fell 

within the wide range of reasonable professional assistance, and we will grant 

relief only upon a showing that counsel’s performance was objectively 

unreasonable under the circumstances. Savage, 395 Wis. 2d 1, ¶28. Prejudice is 

demonstrated by showing a reasonable probability that, but for counsel’s 

unprofessional conduct, the result of the proceeding would have been different. 

Id., ¶32.
No. 2021AP634-CR

7

A. Joinder of Charges

¶14 Avina first argues the two burglary charges were improperly joined 

and his trial counsel was therefore deficient for failing to seek to sever them. For 

the reasons the State sets forth, we focus our analysis only on the joinder statute, 

WIS. STAT. § 971.12. As relevant here, that statute permits joinder when the two 

acts are of “the same or similar character,” or when the charges are based on two 

or more acts or transactions that are connected together. Sec. 971.12(1). “The 

joinder statute is to be broadly construed in favor of initial joinder.” State v. 

Salinas, 2016 WI 44, ¶31, 369 Wis. 2d 9, 879 N.W.2d 609.

¶15 Joinder was proper here under both aspects of WIS. STAT.

§ 971.12(1) identified above. Crimes are “the same or [of a] similar character” 

when they are the same type of offense, occur over a relatively short period of 

time and feature overlapping evidence. State v. Davis, 2006 WI App 23, ¶13, 289 

Wis. 2d 398, 710 N.W.2d 514. As the State argues, the crimes were burglaries 

that occurred within a few months of one another, and Brittany Stewart was a key 

witness in both instances. 

¶16 Additionally, the charges were based on two acts that were 

connected together pursuant to the factors identified in Salinas, 396 Wis. 2d 9, 

¶43. The two burglaries occurred in close temporal and geographic proximity to 

one another, the evidence implicating Avina in each burglary involved some of the 

same witnesses, some factual aspects of the crimes were similar, and Avina’s 

suspected involvement in the Frankie’s Bar burglary arose in part because he was 

a named suspect in the Club Michigan burglary. 
No. 2021AP634-CR

8

¶17 Because joinder of the two burglary charges was proper under WIS.

STAT. § 971.12, we conclude trial counsel did not perform deficiently by failing to 

seek to sever the charges based on improper joinder. 

B. Alibi Evidence

¶18 Avina next argues his trial counsel was constitutionally ineffective 

for failing to present evidence regarding his purported alibis for both burglaries. 

We conclude Avina’s trial counsel did not perform deficiently in either instance.

1. Club Michigan

¶19 First, Avina suggests his trial attorney was deficient for failing to 

question Stewart about a receipt purportedly showing he was at McDonald’s at the 

time of the Club Michigan burglary. Stewart testified she and Avina awoke on the 

morning of the burglary at approximately 6:00 a.m. Avina showered and left in 

Stewart’s car with her keys; Stewart estimated he was gone for more than 

45 minutes. When Avina returned, he had McDonald’s food and told Stewart he 

was at his mother’s residence. When police later questioned Stewart, she noted 

the timestamp of the surveillance video showing the burglary occurred at

approximately 7:21 a.m., and she told officers she had found a McDonald’s receipt 

in her car for that time and date. 

¶20 Avina argues the receipt demonstrated he had an alibi for the Club 

Michigan burglary and his attorney should have done more at trial to prove up the 

alibi defense, including asking additional questions of Stewart and of law 

enforcement witnesses regarding why the receipt was not collected. However, 

both Stewart and the officer who reviewed the surveillance video testified that the 

timestamp on the footage was incorrect. Although Avina believes this was merely 
No. 2021AP634-CR

9

speculation on the officer’s part, the evidence does not support a conclusion that 

the receipt established a persuasive alibi.5 Accordingly, we conclude trial counsel 

did not perform deficiently by failing to more thoroughly examine the issue of the 

missing receipt. 

2. Frankie’s Bar 

¶21 Next, Avina suggests his trial counsel was deficient for failing to 

demonstrate at trial that Avina could not have perpetrated the burglary at Frankie’s 

Bar because phone records showed he sent text messages around the same time as 

timestamped surveillance video showed the burglary being committed. Avina 

argues the surveillance video footage gave no indication that the perpetrator was 

using a phone at the time. We reject his ineffective assistance claim because

Avina’s attorney elicited testimony regarding the timing of the text message and 

made precisely this argument at trial. We perceive no deficiency relating to 

Avina’s trial counsel’s handling of the purported alibi evidence. 

 

5

 Avina argues in his reply brief that “[n]obody from the business said [the timestamp of 

the surveillance video] was off.” This is not correct. Stewart, who was employed by Club 

Michigan at the time of the burglary, testified that Wagner, the club manager, told her the 

timestamp on the surveillance video was incorrect. 

Relatedly, the appellate record citations Avina provides in his reply brief for the police 

testimony about the surveillance video timestamp are incorrect; the correct record number for the 

transcript is 326, not 324. There, on page 193, Avina’s counsel interposed the same objection at 

trial that Avina now raises, that it was mere speculation for the officer to testify that he believed 

the Club Michigan surveillance timestamp was incorrect based on the lighting conditions at the 

time. That objection was overruled at trial, and we see no basis to second-guess that 

determination in our consideration of an ineffective assistance of counsel claim. 
No. 2021AP634-CR

10

C. Impeachment of the State’s Witnesses

¶22 Avina also argues his attorney was constitutionally deficient when 

questioning several of the State’s witnesses: (1) Ray Potter, an inmate who 

testified that Avina had confessed to burglarizing Club Michigan while they were 

imprisoned together; (2) Carlos Williams, the cook at Frankie’s Bar who was 

initially suspected in the burglary; and (3) the State’s footwear expert, Melissa 

Graf, who analyzed shoe impressions found at Frankie’s Bar and compared them 

to shoes seized from Avina. In each instance, we conclude Avina’s trial counsel 

did not perform deficiently.

1. Ray Potter

¶23 Avina’s argument primarily revolves around a recorded telephone 

call from Stewart to Avina while he was incarcerated, during which call Stewart 

twice read Avina the search warrant for their residence. The warrant described the 

clothing that police were looking for. Avina contends his trial counsel should 

have used the recording itself during Potter’s cross-examination to posit an 

alternate source for Avina’s knowledge (and therefore Potter’s knowledge) of the 

clothing worn in the burglaries beyond the notion that Avina had committed the 

burglaries, as argued by the State. 

¶24 We conclude trial counsel did not perform deficiently. Potter was 

cross-examined and acknowledged that he overheard Avina talking on the phone 

about the things that were listed on the search warrant. Thus, the relevant facts 

were presented to the jury about a source of alternate knowledge, even if the 

recorded telephone call itself was not. Additionally, Avina’s trial counsel elicited 

the testimony of other inmates who were present with Avina and Potter during the 
No. 2021AP634-CR

11

relevant time; they denied Potter’s claim that Avina had confessed. Counsel 

conducted a constitutionally adequate impeachment of Potter’s testimony. 

2. Carlos Williams

¶25 Next, Avina argues his trial counsel did not sufficiently impeach 

Carlos Williams, the Frankie’s Bar cook who was initially suspected in that 

burglary. Avina argues that the statement Williams gave police following the 

burglary was inconsistent with his trial testimony and with police observations 

contained in a search warrant affidavit. We conclude Avina’s trial counsel 

provided constitutionally adequate representation in his efforts to impeach 

Williams.

¶26 At trial, a police witness testified, “The information that [Williams]

provided on the stand was not very consistent with what he told me on that day.” 

Moreover, though Williams claimed (both in his statement to police and at trial) 

that he and his wife were at a movie and then went home on the night of the 

burglary, the police witness testified the movie was shown during a time that did 

not exclude his involvement in the burglary. And defense counsel was able to get 

Williams to acknowledge that just prior to the burglary the manager had changed 

Williams’s pay from salaried to hourly and he was having difficulty making ends 

meet. Williams’s wife testified on cross-examination that she was upset with the 

pay change and that the couple went to bed around midnight or 

1:00 a.m. on the night of the burglary—which, as Avina points out on appeal, 

would not have excluded Williams as a perpetrator if he snuck out after his wife 

went to sleep. 

¶27 Avina asserts his counsel should have made additional efforts to 

demonstrate that Williams was not honest with law enforcement during his initial 
No. 2021AP634-CR

12

interview. Perfection is not the standard for constitutionally adequate 

representation. State v. Thiel, 2003 WI 111, ¶19, 264 Wis. 2d 571, 665 N.W.2d 

305. The evidence the jury had before it was sufficient for the jury to make an 

assessment of Williams’s credibility vis-à-vis his denial of involvement in the 

burglary. 

3. Melissa Graf

¶28 Graf, a forensic scientist employed by the Wisconsin State Crime 

Laboratory to analyze footwear impressions left at crime scenes, testified that she 

had analyzed several shoes to determine whether they matched the impressions 

left at Frankie’s Bar. Graf testified that she excluded several impressions, but the 

shoes seized from Avina could have left some of the impressions at Frankie’s Bar 

based upon their outsole design and size. However, none of the shoes had any 

distinctive identifying trait (such as a rip or crack in the tread) that allowed her to 

form an opinion that the particular shoe left a specific impression. 

¶29 On that last point, Avina argues his trial counsel should have 

objected to a specific portion of Graf’s testimony, or engaged in more extensive 

cross-examination based upon her statement. This assertion appears to be based 

on misconceptions about the testimony or idiosyncrasies in the questioning, such 

as the prosecutor’s use of the word “would” as opposed to “could.”6 Even if there 

was some arguable initial confusion about Graf’s testimony during direct 

examination, she gave clarifying testimony during the course of cross, redirect, 

 

6

 The specific question the prosecutor asked, which Avina now claims his attorney 

should have objected to, was: “So, again, bottom line, your conclusion to a reasonable degree of 

scientific certainty is that some of the shoes would have left the prints but we can’t say for sure 

which since there is nothing unique about them?” 
No. 2021AP634-CR

13

and recross. Reviewing the entirety of Graf’s testimony, we agree with the State 

that it cannot be reasonably construed as suggesting that Avina’s shoes definitely 

left the impressions found at the scene. As such, Avina’s trial counsel was not 

constitutionally required to delve further into the matter. 

D. Admissibility of Money Found in Avina’s Residence

¶30 During a search of Avina’s residence, police seized an envelope 

labeled “rent” containing $400 and Avina’s wallet. At trial, a photograph of the 

wallet and its contents—including $470—was admitted into evidence. 

¶31 Meanwhile, the State also attempted to admit into evidence text 

messages Avina sent to his ex-girlfriend in which he told her that he wanted her to 

leave him alone after he paid her “because you keep saying you gonna’ snitch on 

me.” Avina’s trial counsel objected to the admission of that text message because 

the “snitching” reference had also been used by the State in a drug prosecution

against Avina. The circuit court concluded that portion of the text message was 

inadmissible under WIS. STAT. § 904.03 because it had previously been used to 

suggest that the snitching referred to drug activity and therefore its probative value 

was substantially outweighed by the danger of unfair prejudice. 

¶32 Avina now argues the same rationale warranted an objection to the 

wallet and its contents, which had also been admitted into evidence at the drug 

trial. As the circuit court recognized in its postconviction decision, though, the 
No. 2021AP634-CR

14

money might be evidence of more than one criminal act.7 The presence of 

unexplained sums of money in Avina’s possession—he was not working at the 

time—could be considered relevant, probative evidence of ill-gotten gains, be it by 

illegal drug sales, burglary, or both. Because we cannot conclude a WIS. STAT.

§ 904.03 objection was warranted, we conclude Avina’s trial counsel did not 

perform deficiently on this ground. 

By the Court.—Judgment and order affirmed.

This opinion will not be published. See WIS. STAT.

RULE 809.23(1)(b)5

 

7

 This is probably true of the text message as well; the reference to “snitching” could 

conceivably have applied to both drug activity and burglary. Nonetheless, defense counsel 

successfully obtained a favorable ruling based upon the notion that duplicative use of the text 

message was unfair. But that ruling does not necessarily establish that the wallet evidence was 

inadmissible or that the court would have granted a motion in limine to exclude that evidence, 

and therefore it also does not establish that trial counsel was constitutionally ineffective for 

failing to challenge the wallet’s admissibility based on its use in the prior trial.