# Beneficial Reuse of Carbon Dioxide

Tim Zenk, Vice President of Corporate Affairs2 

# Oil from Algae is not a new concept: We call it crude oil

New Scientist magazine, 27 January 1996, p 18 

## Geochemical data indicates that algal blooms pulled CO 2 

## out of the atmosphere 400 million years ago, resulting in today ’ s crude oil deposits3 

# Sapphire Energy ’ s Industrial

- Scale Cultivation of Algae Addresses Some of the World ’ s Most Vexing Problems Simultaneously...
... without creating new ones

**Sapphire transcends the food**

**- vs.**  **- fuel debate**  **Conventional biofuel solutions use arable land and fresh water, and generate carbon dioxide The Sapphire process liberates farmland and water resources and consumes CO**  **2** 

### Does not use

arable land

Beneficially reuses CO 2 

### emissions

Increases fuel

production Increases

protein production Does not use potable water4 

# Sapphire Produces Drop

- in Crude Oil* From Algae, Sunlight, & CO 2


## Geochemical data indicates that algal blooms pulled CO 2 

## out of the atmosphere 400 million years ago, resulting in today ’ s crude oil deposits
Plentiful inputs Green Crude Scalable, open pond facilities

CO 2 

### Sunlight



## Non

**- potable water**  **• Non** 

**- arable land**  **• Enhanced algae**  **• Proprietary process**  **Petroleum crude comes from fossilized algae and other plants that lived 300 million years ago; Sapphire radically accelerates a natural phenomenon** 

*** Sapphire** ’ **s Green Crude oil is not ethanol, not biodiesel, but a drop**

**- in replacement for**  **petroleum crude**

# PNNL Modeled Algae with Saline and Sea Water Usage

SAPPHIRE CONFIDENTIAL 5 

## • PNNL conducted the first thorough analysis of the potential of algae using saline and sea
water

• Seawater

• Up to 30% of EISA Advanced Biofuel 2022 target or 10.9 billion gallons, or enough to offset 10% of current US diesel consumption

• Seawater is viable up to 50 km away from the coast

• Saline aquifers

• Nearly 2x the EISA 2022 target or ~52 billion gallons, or enough to offset an additional 70% of US diesel consumption

# Published LCA on commercial scale algae to fuel process shows significant GHG reductions and strong EROI

• Compared to Terrestrial Biofuels Fuels

— Algae have GHG profiles lower than terrestrial biofuels with significant opportunity for improvement verses terrestrial with little opportunity for improvements

• LCA

— Algae derived gasoline and diesel have a 60 to 68% reduction in the GHG emissions per vehicle mile travelled

• Energy Return on Investment (EROI) of commercial algae production is 3

– 1 or approaching petroleum Although Low

- sulfur Diesel and Gasoline have a more attractive EROI, these sources also have higher GHG emissions

— a value that is becoming increasingly important for future energy solutions and policy

Source: “ Pilot

- scale data provide enhanced estimates of the life cycle energy and emissions profile of algae biofuels produced via hydrot hermal liquefaction ” , Bioresource Technology 67 

# Beneficial reuse of CO 2 

# , reduces the total GHG emissions derived from consumer energy use (1 of 2)

Below ground Above ground

Fuel or biomass is derived from new fossil sources , thereby emitting additional carbon from oil into the atmosphere

CO 2 is not captured

Crude oil is lifted from below ground for fuel Emissions today without reuse

Coal power Crude oil Total 1 unit 1 unit 2 units CO 2 source Quantity

Additional CO 2 is emitted into the atmosphere CONCEPTUAL

78 

# Co

- locating algae production supports beneficial reuse of CO 2 

# , reducing the total GHG emissions derived from energy production (2 of 2)

Below ground Above ground

Fuel or biomass is derived from beneficially reused CO 2 , reduces the overall carbon impact of power production

CO 2 is captured for

reuse

Crude oil remains below ground
, keeping the CO 2 sequestered Emissions today with reuse

Reused CO 2 is emitted resulting in 60% net emissions reduction Coal power Crude oil Total 1 unit 0 units 1 unit CO 2 source Quantity

Oil remains in place CONCEPTUAL

8

# The Green Crude Farm is the world ’ s first commercial demonstration algae

- to

- energy facility

9 State of technology