RECOMMENDED FOR PUBLICATION

Pursuant to Sixth Circuit I.O.P. 32.1(b)

File Name: 20a0228p.06

UNITED STATES COURT OF APPEALS

FOR THE SIXTH CIRCUIT

DOUGLAS HARRIE STEWART,

Petitioner-Appellant,

v.

O’BELL “TOM” WINN, Warden,

Respondent-Appellee.

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No. 18-1204

Appeal from the United States District Court

for the Western District of Michigan at Grand Rapids.

No. 1:14-cv-00586—Robert J. Jonker, District Judge.

Decided and Filed: July 27, 2020

Before: STRANCH, READLER, and MURPHY, Circuit Judges.

_________________

COUNSEL

ON BRIEF: Kelly Ann Kulka, Roula Allouch, GRAYDON HEAD & RITCHEY LLP, 

Cincinnati, Ohio, for Appellant. John S. Pallas, Rebecca A. Berels, OFFICE OF THE 

MICHIGAN ATTORNEY GENERAL, Lansing, Michigan, for Appellee. Douglas Harrie 

Stewart, Freeland, Michigan, pro se.

MURPHY, J., delivered the opinion of the court in which READLER, J., joined. 

STRANCH, J. (pp. 11–14), delivered a separate dissenting opinion.

_________________

OPINION

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MURPHY, Circuit Judge. A Michigan jury convicted Douglas Harrie Stewart of the 

premeditated murder of his estranged wife, Venus Stewart. At trial Stewart’s accomplice 

testified that Stewart persuaded him to help in the murder by claiming that Venus was harming 

>
No. 18-1204 Stewart v. Winn Page 2

the couple’s children and that, if she ended up killing them, Stewart would go on a “rampage” 

and “go after her family and the lawyers and prosecutors and jury[.]” Stewart moved for a 

mistrial based on his accomplice’s testimony about what he had said, arguing that its 

inflammatory nature prejudiced him in the eyes of the jury. A state appellate court rejected 

Stewart’s due-process challenge to the accomplice’s testimony. This case asks: Was the state 

court’s decision contrary to or an unreasonable application of clearly established Supreme Court 

precedent under 28 U.S.C. § 2254(d)(1)? We answer no and affirm the denial of habeas relief.

I

Venus Stewart vanished on the morning of April 26, 2010. Venus’s mother last saw her 

around 6:00 a.m. while leaving for work from their Michigan home. About two hours later, 

Venus’s father was awakened by Venus’s two young daughters playing in the home 

unsupervised. Venus’s phone, keys, and purse were still in the home. Venus was not. No one 

saw her alive again. 

An investigation quickly led the police to Stewart, Venus’s estranged husband. Recently 

separated, the couple had what Venus’s mother described as a “volatile” relationship. At the 

time of Venus’s disappearance, Stewart was living in Virginia and Venus and their two 

daughters were living with Venus’s parents in Michigan. When a Michigan police officer 

arrived at her parent’s home, he encountered Venus’s panicked mother saying “[h]e took her, he 

took her, he took her.” In the backyard, police found the discarded packaging to an “Ozark 

Trail” tarp from Walmart. They identified Stewart’s fingerprint on this packaging. They also 

later found a receipt from an Ohio Walmart on the floor of Stewart’s truck. Video at this 

Walmart showed Stewart purchasing the tarp and a shovel on the evening before Venus’s 

disappearance. A Walmart employee even recalled seeing Stewart in this store because of his 

“odd” outfit: Hawaiian-flowered swim trunks with an unmatching shirt. 

The state charged Stewart with first-degree premeditated murder and conspiracy to 

commit murder. The evidence at his trial showed that he had concocted an elaborate scheme to 

travel to Michigan and kill Venus. A man named Ricky Spencer, Stewart’s accomplice, was a 

key witness. Spencer was (according to his father) an “impressionable” 20-year-old living in 
No. 18-1204 Stewart v. Winn Page 3

Delaware. He befriended Stewart in 2008 while playing X-Box Live, a video-game system that 

connects gamers over the internet. The pair did not meet in person until April 2010, the month

of Venus’s murder, when Spencer visited Stewart’s Virginia apartment. 

Spencer gave detailed testimony describing the murder plan. Spencer would stay at 

Stewart’s apartment—using Stewart’s credit card and key fob and wearing Stewart’s clothes—to 

make it appear as though Stewart had never left Virginia. In the meantime, Stewart would drive 

to Michigan. He would avoid toll roads, pay in cash at gas stations, and communicate with 

Spencer using prepaid cell phones. Spencer also conveyed that Stewart planned to choke Venus 

and bury her at a preplanned spot. Stewart’s first attempt to execute this plan failed when an 

Ohio trooper pulled him over while en route to Michigan. His second attempt succeeded. 

According to Spencer, at around 8:20 a.m. on April 26, Stewart called him to say that he had 

lured Venus out of her parents’ home and killed her. 

Why would Spencer participate in this murder? He testified that, during their initial 

meeting, Stewart convinced him that Venus had been abusing the couple’s two daughters. (Trial 

testimony showed that Venus was, in fact, a loving mother.) Spencer initially rebuffed Stewart’s 

requests for help, but Stewart eventually convinced him that the children were at risk. Spencer 

recounted for the jury:

He was telling me like, ‘I talked to my dad already about this, and, you know, my 

wife is physically and mentally hurting my kids. And, you know, if I wasn’t –

like if I wasn’t a hundred-percent sure that my kids were going to be injured or, 

you know, killed by my wife, and if I don’t do anything and I find out one day 

that they’re injured or, you know, or dead, that I would go on a rampage.’

And it wouldn’t be like rampage like meaning like killing people, and it wouldn’t 

be a, you know, just an instant thing. He’d plan it out and go after her family and 

the lawyers and prosecutors and jury until like they stopped and figured out what 

– what was going on.

Allegedly convinced that Stewart’s children were in danger, Spencer agreed to help Stewart 

create this false alibi. 

Stewart did not immediately object to Spencer’s “rampage” testimony, but he moved for 

a mistrial soon thereafter on the ground that the jurors might have understood Spencer’s 

testimony as suggesting that Stewart was threatening them. The trial court denied this motion. 
No. 18-1204 Stewart v. Winn Page 4

The court interpreted Stewart’s statements to Spencer to mean “that if something were to happen 

to his children by his wife that he would then go on a rampage against the Prosecutor and the 

jury that dealt with that issue, not in this case.” In any event, the trial court added that the 

statement was offered not for its truth, but to provide context for how Stewart convinced Spencer 

to join the conspiracy. The court offered to instruct the jury to disregard the statement “if there’s 

any confusion in that.” Stewart’s counsel never requested this kind of limiting instruction 

concerning Spencer’s testimony. 

After 12 days of evidence and three hours of deliberation, the jury convicted Stewart on 

both counts. He received a life sentence without the possibility of parole. 

On appeal Stewart argued that the trial court should have granted a mistrial. With a lone 

citation to the Fourteenth Amendment, he invoked his due-process right to a “fair trial.” The 

Michigan Court of Appeals rejected his argument based on state rules and authorities. People v. 

Stewart, 2012 WL 3966300, at *2 (Mich. Ct. App. Sept. 11, 2012) (per curiam). It agreed with 

the trial court that “[n]o reasonable person could construe [Stewart’s] statement to Spencer about 

going on a rampage as a threat against [Stewart’s] jury.” Id. It thus found that the statement was 

not unduly prejudicial because any “danger that the jury would unfairly infer a threat directed at 

them was slight or nonexistent.” Id. The testimony also “provided the context for highly 

relevant evidence of motive for murder.” Id.

After the Michigan Supreme Court declined review, Stewart filed a federal habeas 

petition under 28 U.S.C. § 2254. Stewart’s petition alleged in perfunctory fashion that he had 

been denied a fair trial “after the jury heard inflammatory testimony” about the threatened 

rampage. A magistrate judge recommended that the district court deny relief. The judge 

“indulgently addressed” this claim even though Stewart presented no supporting arguments, and 

rejected it on its merits. The district court adopted the judge’s recommendation. We granted a 

certificate of appealability to consider this claim. 

II

The parties agree on two points. They agree that the state appellate court decided 

Stewart’s due-process claim “on the merits,” so Stewart must meet the standards in the 
No. 18-1204 Stewart v. Winn Page 5

Antiterrorism and Effective Death Penalty Act of 1996 (AEDPA), 28 U.S.C. § 2254(d). See 

Johnson v. Williams, 568 U.S. 289, 298–301 (2013). They also agree that this case presents a 

legal question for § 2254(d)(1), not a factual question for § 2254(d)(2). Stewart thus must show 

that the state court’s decision was “contrary to, or involved an unreasonable application of, 

clearly established Federal law, as determined by the Supreme Court of the United States.” 28 

U.S.C. § 2254(d)(1). 

Before a habeas petitioner can show that a state decision was “contrary to” or an 

“unreasonable application of” an asserted principle, the petitioner must identify the Supreme 

Court decision that “clearly established” the principle. This “‘clearly established’ language” 

requires a petitioner to rely “only on ‘the holdings, as opposed to the dicta, of [the Supreme] 

Court’s decisions.’” Atkins v. Crowell, 945 F.3d 476, 477 (6th Cir. 2019) (quoting White v. 

Woodall, 572 U.S. 415, 419 (2014)). When identifying what a Supreme Court decision actually 

holds, the Supreme Court has told us not to frame the decision “at too high a level of generality.” 

Woods v. Donald, 575 U.S. 312, 318 (2015) (per curiam). Take the Court’s Confrontation 

Clause caselaw as an example. See Nevada v. Jackson, 569 U.S. 505, 511–12 (2013) (per 

curiam). The Court’s decisions holding that the Confrontation Clause regulates state 

“restrictions on a defendant’s ability to cross-examine witnesses” do not also clearly establish 

that the clause “entitles a criminal defendant to introduce extrinsic evidence” to impeach 

witnesses. Id. And petitioners cannot turn the cross-examination holding into an extrinsicevidence holding merely by arguing that the Court’s decisions create “a broad right to present 

‘evidence bearing on [a witness’s] credibility.’” Id. at 512 (citation omitted). Such an overly 

broad reading of the Court’s holdings would allow federal courts to “transform even the most 

imaginative extension of existing case law into ‘clearly established Federal law, as determined 

by the Supreme Court.’” Id. (citation omitted). 

Spencer’s claim fails because he has not identified a Supreme Court holding that clearly 

establishes his asserted legal rule. He argues that the admission of certain evidence—Spencer’s 

testimony that Stewart told him that he would “go on a rampage” and go after the “jury” if Venus 

were to harm his daughters—violated due process because it was irrelevant and inflammatory.

Yet Stewart identifies no Supreme Court holding clearly establishing that the Due Process 
No. 18-1204 Stewart v. Winn Page 6

Clause bars this type of prejudicial evidence. To the contrary, the Supreme Court’s holdings cut 

the other way. The Court has said: “The fact that evidence admitted as relevant by a court is 

shocking to the sensibilities of those in the courtroom cannot, for that reason alone, render its 

reception a violation of due process.” Lisenba v. California, 314 U.S. 219, 228–29 (1941). So it 

has repeatedly rejected claims that prejudicial evidence violated due process. It has, for 

example, held that a court did not violate due process by admitting evidence of a six-month-old’s 

prior injuries to prove that the defendant killed the child intentionally, not accidentally. Estelle v. 

McGuire, 502 U.S. 62, 67–70 (1991). It has held that a court did not violate due process by 

admitting proof of a defendant’s prior crimes under a state’s recidivism law. Spencer v. Texas, 

385 U.S. 554, 563–69 (1967). And it has held that a court did not violate due process by 

admitting testimony “relating to an alleged crime that the defendant had previously been 

acquitted of committing.” Dowling v. United States, 493 U.S. 342, 343–44, 352–54 (1990). In 

short, “state and federal statutes and rules,” not the Due Process Clause, “ordinarily govern the 

admissibility of evidence” in criminal trials. Perry v. New Hampshire, 565 U.S. 228, 237 (2012).

The lack of a Supreme Court holding forecloses Stewart’s habeas claim under our own 

precedent applying § 2254(d)(1) to this evidentiary context. We have held that a habeas 

petitioner’s challenge to an “evidentiary ruling” cannot satisfy § 2254(d)(1) unless the petitioner 

identifies “a Supreme Court case establishing a due process right with regard to [the] specific 

kind of evidence” at issue. Moreland v. Bradshaw, 699 F.3d 908, 923 (6th Cir. 2012) (emphasis 

added). Thus, when a petitioner challenged the admission of his prior crimes, we denied relief 

because “no clearly established Supreme Court precedent . . . holds that a state violates due 

process by permitting propensity evidence in the form of other bad acts evidence.” Bugh v. 

Mitchell, 329 F.3d 496, 512–13 (6th Cir. 2003). We reached the same result when a petitioner 

argued that an 11-year-old’s testimony violated due process because a court had improperly 

evaluated the child’s competency. Moreland, 699 F.3d at 923. The petitioner “point[ed] to no 

clearly established Supreme Court precedent governing how a state competency hearing is to be 

conducted.” Id.; see also, e.g., Maldonado v. Wilson, 416 F.3d 470, 476 (6th Cir. 2005). 

These cases control this one. Like the petitioner in Moreland, Stewart identifies no 

Supreme Court holding barring the “specific kind of evidence” he challenges—his out-of-court 
No. 18-1204 Stewart v. Winn Page 7

statements that allegedly inflamed the jury. 699 F.3d at 923. Because “there is no Supreme 

Court precedent that the [state] court’s decision could be deemed ‘contrary to,’” Stewart cannot 

satisfy § 2254(d)(1). Bugh, 329 F.3d at 513; see Jackson v. Houk, 687 F.3d 723, 737 (6th Cir. 

2012). 

Stewart’s arguments do not convince us otherwise. He asserts that the state appellate 

court’s decision was contrary to a slew of decisions: Estelle, Lisenba, Payne v. Tennessee, 501 

U.S. 808 (1991), Donnelly v. DeChristoforo, 416 U.S. 637 (1974), and Berger v. United States, 

295 U.S. 78 (1935). Yet the “holdings” of these decisions do not clearly establish Stewart’s 

proposed due-process rule. Woodall, 572 U.S. at 419. Donnelly and Berger did not even address 

the admission of evidence; they addressed prosecutorial misconduct. Cf. Jackson, 569 U.S. at 

511–12. Berger reversed a conviction for that misconduct, but the phrase “due process” is 

noticeably missing from the opinion. 295 U.S. at 89. The case was “decided on direct review” 

when the Court could exercise its non-constitutional supervisory power over federal 

prosecutions. Henley v. Bell, 487 F.3d 379, 389 (6th Cir. 2007); cf. Early v. Packer, 537 U.S. 3, 

10 (2002) (per curiam). And Donnelly rejected a due-process challenge to a prosecutor’s closing 

arguments. 416 U.S. at 641–45; see also Darden v. Wainwright, 477 U.S. 168, 178–83 (1986) 

(same). A holding rejecting a due-process claim against prosecutorial misconduct does not 

“clearly establish” a due-process claim against something else—prejudicial evidence.

While Estelle, Lisenba, and Payne at least involved evidentiary challenges, their holdings 

likewise offer Stewart no support. Estelle’s holding, as noted, undercuts his claim: “We hold 

that [the petitioner’s] due process rights were not violated by the admission of the evidence” of a 

six-month old’s prior injuries. 502 U.S. at 70. So does Lisenba’s. There, the prosecution 

alleged that the defendant attempted to kill his wife with a rattlesnake bite and then drowned her. 

314 U.S. at 224. When it brought the rattlesnakes into the courtroom as evidence, the defendant 

argued that “the sole purpose of the production of the snakes was to prejudice the jury against 

him and that those in the courtroom, including the jury, were in a panic as a result of the 

incident.” Id. at 228. The Court flatly rejected the due-process claim against this reptilian 

evidence, noting that the Court did “not sit to review state court action on questions of the 

propriety of the trial judge’s action in the admission of evidence.” Id. Lastly, Payne’s holding 
No. 18-1204 Stewart v. Winn Page 8

did not concern the Due Process Clause. 501 U.S. at 811. It held that the Eighth Amendment 

did not categorically bar introduction of “victim impact evidence” at a capital trial’s penalty 

phase. Id. at 827. All told, Stewart fails to identify a single Supreme Court holding that clearly 

establishes his asserted rule of prejudice. 

Unable to rely on their holdings, Stewart plucks general statements out from the decisions 

to argue that due process bars “fundamentally unfair” procedures. When resolving the Eighth 

Amendment claim, for example, Payne noted: “In the event that evidence is introduced that is so 

unduly prejudicial that it renders the trial fundamentally unfair, the Due Process Clause of the 

Fourteenth Amendment provides a mechanism for relief.” 501 U.S. at 825. And when rejecting 

the prosecutorial-misconduct claim, Donnelly used language suggesting that errors rendering a 

trial fundamentally unfair might violate due process: “[N]ot every trial error or infirmity which 

might call for application of supervisory powers correspondingly constitutes a ‘failure to observe 

that fundamental fairness essential to the very concept of justice.’” 416 U.S. at 642 (quoting 

Lisenba, 314 U.S. at 236); see also, e.g., Estelle, 502 U.S. at 75. Stewart’s reliance on these 

snippets to satisfy § 2254(d)(1)’s requirement of “clearly established” law has two problems. 

Problem One: He relies on the “dicta” rather than the “holdings” in the Supreme Court’s 

decisions. Atkins, 945 F.3d at 477 (quoting Woodall, 572 U.S. at 419). Problem Two: He 

“frame[s] the issue at too high a level of generality.” Woods, 575 U.S. at 318; Lopez v. Smith, 

574 U.S. 1, 6 (2014) (per curiam); Jackson, 569 U.S. at 512. Stewart’s reliance on the general 

rule that the Due Process Clause prohibits “fundamentally unfair” procedures—without a 

specific Supreme Court holding covering the type of due-process error he asserts—would allow 

courts to “transform even the most imaginative extension of existing case law into ‘clearly 

established Federal law, as determined by the Supreme Court.’” Jackson, 569 U.S. at 512 

(citation omitted). 

Our own AEDPA caselaw also offers Stewart no support for proposing a due-process 

right at perhaps the highest level of generality (a right to “fundamental fairness”). He mostly 

cites cases resolving pre-AEDPA habeas claims unencumbered by § 2254(d)(1)’s requirement of 

“clearly established” law. See Coleman v. Mitchell, 244 F.3d 533, 538, 542–43 (6th Cir. 2001); 

Byrd v. Collins, 209 F.3d 486, 515 n.30, 532 (6th Cir. 2000). After AEDPA, we have recognized 
No. 18-1204 Stewart v. Winn Page 9

that a federal court may “grant relief in cases where ‘the state’s evidentiary ruling is so 

fundamentally unfair that it rises to the level of a due-process violation.’” Moreland, 699 F.3d at 

923 (citation omitted). But we have added an important caveat: To succeed under § 2254(d)(1), 

a petitioner must identify a Supreme Court case that addresses the “specific kind of evidence” 

challenged. Id.; see Simmons v. Balcarcel, 2019 WL 2193321, at *2 (6th Cir. Apr. 2, 2019) 

(order); Carter v. Horton, 2017 WL 6418076, at *2 (6th Cir. Dec. 15, 2017) (order); Collier v. 

Lafler, 419 F. App’x 555, 558 (6th Cir. 2011); Maldonado, 416 F.3d at 477; Frazier v. Huffman, 

343 F.3d 780, 790 (6th Cir. 2003); Bugh, 329 F.3d at 512–13. Stewart fails to identify such a 

case.

To be sure, one of our cases held that the admission of unreliable expert testimony 

violated due process under § 2254(d)(1)’s standards. Ege v. Yukins, 485 F.3d 364, 375–78 (6th 

Cir. 2007). In Ege, “critical” expert testimony suggested without foundation “that among the 3.5 

million residents of the Detroit metropolitan area, [the habeas petitioner’s] teeth, and only [her] 

teeth, could have made the mark on [the victim’s] cheek.” Id. at 376, 378 (citation omitted). 

Ege relied on Chambers v. Mississippi, 410 U.S. 284, 294–303 (1973), which held that a court 

violated due process by refusing to allow a capital defendant to cross-examine a witness and 

introduce testimony in support of the defendant’s main defense that another person committed 

the murder. While Chambers involved the “improper exclusion of certain evidence,” Ege 

reasoned, “its tenets are equally applicable to situations involving a state trial court’s improper 

admission of certain evidence.” 485 F.3d at 375. Yet Ege predates the Supreme Court’s recent 

AEDPA teachings not to frame its “precedents at such a high level of generality.” Jackson, 569 

U.S. at 512; see Woodall, 572 U.S. at 426–27. And this case does not concern expert testimony. 

So we follow our precedent from both before and after Ege requiring a Supreme Court case on 

the “specific kind of evidence” that a habeas petitioner challenges. Moreland, 699 F.3d at 923; 

Bugh, 329 F.3d at 512–13.

Regardless, even under Stewart’s high-level framing, he has not shown that the state 

court’s decision was contrary to or an unreasonable application of any “fundamental-fairness” 

mandate. The state appellate court reasonably concluded that Spencer’s testimony about 

Stewart’s statement was not unduly prejudicial. Stewart, 2012 WL 3966300, at *2. Stewart’s 
No. 18-1204 Stewart v. Winn Page 10

statement that he would go on a “rampage” and go after Venus’s “family and the lawyers and 

prosecutors and jury” was not a threat toward Stewart’s actual jury, but a hypothetical 

description about what Stewart would do if Venus killed his children (an incident that never 

occurred). Because “[n]o reasonable person could construe [Stewart’s] statement to Spencer 

about going on a rampage as a threat against [Stewart’s] jury,” “[t]he danger that the jury would 

unfairly infer a threat directed at them was slight or nonexistent.” Id. 

Nor was this isolated statement a “crucial” or “critical” factor in establishing Stewart’s 

guilt. Collier, 419 F. App’x at 559 (quoting Ege, 485 F.3d at 375). Spencer’s “rampage” 

testimony was “but one moment in an extended trial.” See Donnelly, 416 U.S. at 645. The 

prosecutor did not mention it again. And substantial evidence proved Stewart’s guilt. Spencer 

provided detailed testimony about the conspiracy, and other evidence corroborated his account. 

Security cameras captured Spencer, with his telltale habit of walking on his toes, parading 

around Newport News, Virginia, in Stewart’s clothes and car. When Spencer dropped off a 

payment at the Virginia law firm that represented Stewart (another attempt at establishing an 

alibi), the receptionist was not fooled; she thought the “person who came into the office claiming 

to be Doug Stewart” was “a different type of person.” Records from the Ohio Walmart showed 

that Stewart had purchased a shovel and a tarp on his way to Michigan. And packaging for the 

same type of tarp was found at the Michigan crime scene with Stewart’s latent fingerprint. 

Stewart’s reliance on federal caselaw having run out, he ends by citing state rules or 

procedures that Spencer’s testimony allegedly violated. Stewart contends, for example, that 

Spencer’s testimony about what Stewart told him (a classic party admission) qualified as 

inadmissible hearsay and “bad acts” evidence, and also violated the parties’ pre-trial stipulation. 

But we would ourselves act contrary to clearly established Supreme Court precedent if we used 

these state-law arguments as a basis for granting federal habeas relief. The Supreme Court’s 

cases could not be clearer: “[I]t is not the province of a federal habeas court to reexamine statecourt determinations on state-law questions.” Estelle, 502 U.S. at 67–68. For the most part, that 

is all Stewart has asked us to do here. 

We affirm.
No. 18-1204 Stewart v. Winn Page 11

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DISSENT

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JANE B. STRANCH, Circuit Judge, dissenting. The Michigan Court of Appeals 

unreasonably applied clearly established Supreme Court precedent when it reviewed the 

irrelevant and threatening jury-rampage testimony at issue here. Because that unduly prejudicial 

testimony irreparably tainted the fairness of Stewart’s trial, I respectfully dissent.

My disagreement with the majority opinion boils down to its conclusion that no Supreme 

Court holdings clearly establish the due process violation Stewart asserts. It is true that we must 

not frame a rule “at too high a level of generality,” Woods v. Donald, 575 U.S. 312, 318 (2015) 

(per curiam), but it is equally true that “rules of law may be sufficiently clear for habeas purposes 

even when they are expressed in terms of a generalized standard rather than as a bright-line 

rule,” Williams v. Taylor, 529 U.S. 362, 382 (2000). “Where the beginning point is a rule of this 

general application, a rule designed for the specific purpose of evaluating a myriad of factual 

contexts, it will be the infrequent case that yields a result so novel that it forges a new rule, one 

not dictated by precedent.” Id. (quoting Wright v. West, 505 U.S. 277, 308 (1992) (Kennedy, J., 

concurring)). One such rule is at issue here—when “evidence is introduced that is so unduly 

prejudicial that it renders the trial fundamentally unfair, the Due Process Clause of the 

Fourteenth Amendment provides a mechanism for relief.” Payne v. Tennessee, 501 U.S. 808, 

825 (1991). This rule “provides a general standard which calls for some examination of the 

facts,” and “of course there will be variations from case to case” because we must examine 

whether the evidence introduced was unduly prejudicial. Wright, 505 U.S. at 308–09 (Kennedy, 

J., concurring).

The acceptance of this evidence-directed rule is shown by the cases the majority opinion 

cites for its assertion that state and federal statutes and rules, not the Constitution, typically 

govern the admissibility of evidence. Those cases also contain the clearly established rule that 

when evidence is so extremely unfair as to violate fundamental conceptions of justice, the due 

process clause provides a remedy. See, e.g., Perry v. New Hampshire, 565 U.S. 228, 237 (2012) 

(explaining that “when evidence ‘is so extremely unfair that its admission violates fundamental 
No. 18-1204 Stewart v. Winn Page 12

conceptions of justice,’” the Court has “imposed a constraint tied to the Due Process Clause.”

(quoting Dowling v. United States, 493 U.S. 342, 352 (1990))); Bugh v. Mitchell, 329 F.3d 496, 

512 (6th Cir. 2003) (“When an evidentiary ruling is so egregious that it results in a denial of 

fundamental fairness, it may violate due process and thus warrant habeas relief.”). Rules and 

statutes do govern the admission of evidence; so does the Constitution. 

The majority opinion also points to cases like Lisenba v. People of State of California, 

314 U.S. 219 (1941), and Estelle v. McGuire, 502 U.S. 62 (1991), where the Supreme Court 

applied this general rule but found no due process violation based on its case-by-case 

examination of the facts. That some habeas petitioners lose when this general rule is applied to 

particular facts, however, does not prove that there can never be a due process violation when 

irrelevant inflammatory evidence is so unduly prejudicial as to affect a trial’s fundamental 

fairness. And that evidence introduced in Lisenba and Estelle was not sufficiently prejudicial to 

make those trials fundamentally unfair is proof only of the nature of the rule—it “of necessity 

requires a case-by-case examination of the evidence.” Williams, 529 U.S. at 382 (quoting 

Wright, 505 U.S. at 308 (Kennedy, J., concurring)). In short, this rule governing evidence must 

be applied to the particular facts and record of a case, including this one.

The rule was applied to the challenged evidence in Lisenba and the Court determined that 

the evidence did not so infuse the trial with unfairness as to deny due process of law. There, the 

habeas petitioner had allegedly attempted to murder his wife by procuring rattlesnakes to bite 

and kill her. 314 U.S. at 228. The prosecution introduced the snakes in evidence so they could 

be identified by a co-conspirator. Id. at 226. The petitioner argued that “the sole purpose of the 

production of the snakes was to prejudice the jury against him and that those in the courtroom, 

including the jury, were in a panic as a result of the incident.” Id. at 228. The prosecution 

rebutted with a counter-affidavit and statement by the trial judge and with evidence that later in 

the trial “the snakes were brought into court at the defendant’s request.” Id. The Court 

concluded that the evidence was relevant and “the fact that evidence admitted as relevant by a 

court is shocking to the sensibilities of those in the courtroom cannot, for that reason alone, 

render its reception a violation of due process.” Id. at 228–29 (emphasis added). 
No. 18-1204 Stewart v. Winn Page 13

It was significant in Lisenba that the inflammatory evidence was relevant to the 

underlying crime. Here the part of Spencer’s testimony explaining that Stewart told him he 

would kill Venus if he learned she had hurt their children is likely probative of Stewart’s motive 

to murder Venus. The testimony that Stewart “would go on a rampage” including undertaking a 

plan to go “after her family and the lawyers and prosecutors and jury” is not. R. 7-17, 2/28/11 

Trial Transcript, PageID 2589. Disregarding the rampage evidence would not impact a jury’s 

understanding of Stewart’s motive, which was informed by the testimony that Stewart would kill 

Venus if he learned she had hurt their children. The rampage testimony’s lack of relevance is 

important because determining whether evidence is “unduly prejudicial,” Payne, 501 U.S. at 

825, necessarily involves balancing its probative and prejudicial effects. It is true, as the 

Michigan Court of Appeals concluded, “[a]ll relevant evidence is prejudicial to some extent.” 

But that begs the question here—whether it is an unreasonable application of Supreme Court 

precedent to find that the prejudicial effect of inflammatory, irrelevant evidence that threatens 

the jury is acceptable under the due process clause. Applying the general rule from Lisenba, 

Estelle, and elsewhere to this case shows that it is not acceptable. 

Even if we assumed that the rampage evidence might have a modicum of relevance, 

moreover, it was still so unduly prejudicial as to disturb the trial’s fundamental fairness under the 

due process clause. To start, accepting the state court’s determination that the jury-rampage 

testimony was probative of Stewart’s motive belies its contrary conclusion that the jury could not 

have felt threatened by the evidence. If fear that Venus was harming their children motivated 

Stewart to murder his wife, then according to Spencer’s testimony, it would also motivate him to 

“go on a rampage,” and “[h]e’d plan it out and go after her family and the lawyers and 

prosecutors and jury until like they stopped and figured out what—what was going on.” R. 7-17, 

PageID 2589. Respondent argues that the jury could not have been threatened by this evidence 

because Stewart would only kill Venus and go on a rampage against a hypothetical jury if his 

children were harmed. 

But Stewart was on trial for killing Venus—something he said he would do, according to 

Spencer, if he learned his children had been harmed. Stewart and Venus, moreover, had both 

alleged that the other abused their children. That the admitted statement implicated a 
No. 18-1204 Stewart v. Winn Page 14

hypothetical jury and was made long before Stewart’s jury was empaneled does not mitigate the 

intimidating nature of the testimony that Stewart’s threats included a plan to keep going after a 

list of people, including the jury. To the contrary, the idea that Stewart would illogically go on a 

rampage against individuals not responsible in any way for harming his children could lead a 

reasonable juror to conclude that Stewart was unhinged. It does not take a leap of logic to 

conclude from his threat to a hypothetical jury, that Stewart could also be a threat to the 

empaneled jury—a jury that he might have a genuine motive to harm. The state court’s 

conclusion that “[t]he danger that the jury would unfairly infer a threat directed at them was 

slight or nonexistent” is unsupported by its factual determinations and inconsistent with the 

Supreme Court’s due process jurisprudence. 

Because the record testimony shows that a reasonable juror could feel threatened by 

irrelevant testimony that the Defendant planned to go on a rampage and go after a jury, we 

cannot know whether the jury reached its verdict based on an impartial view of the evidence or 

in response to the irrelevant but threatening testimony that Stewart planned a rampage against a 

group that included the jury. Because “any ground of suspicion that the administration of justice 

has been interfered with” cannot “be tolerated,” Mattox v. United States, 146 U.S. 140, 149 

(1892), Stewart is entitled to a new trial.

For these reasons, I respectfully dissent.