RECOMMENDED FOR PUBLICATION

Pursuant to Sixth Circuit I.O.P. 32.1(b)

File Name: 22a0113p.06

UNITED STATES COURT OF APPEALS

FOR THE SIXTH CIRCUIT

UNITED STATES OF AMERICA,

Plaintiff-Appellee,

v.

JOHN D. HELTON,

Defendant-Appellant.

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No. 21-5144

Appeal from the United States District Court for the Eastern District of Kentucky at London.

No. 6:19-cr-00041-1—Claria Horn Boom, District Judge.

Decided and Filed: May 24, 2022

Before: SUHRHEINRICH, WHITE, and STRANCH, Circuit Judges.

_________________

COUNSEL

ON BRIEF: Travis A. Rossman, ROSSMAN LAW, PLLC, Barbourville, Kentucky, for 

Appellant. Andrew A. Spievack, UNITED STATES ATTORNEY’S OFFICE, Fort Mitchell, 

Kentucky, Charles P. Wisdom, Jr., UNITED STATES ATTORNEY’S OFFICE, Lexington, 

Kentucky, for Appellee.

STRANCH, J., delivered the opinion of the court in which WHITE, J., joined. 

SUHRHEINRICH, J. (pp. 14–15), delivered a separate opinion concurring in part and dissenting 

in part.

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OPINION

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JANE B. STRANCH, Circuit Judge. John Helton appeals the district court’s denial of his 

motion to suppress and its decision to excuse a juror during trial. Because the district court 

>
No. 21-5144 United States v. Helton Page 2

found that the search warrant for Helton’s home established both probable cause and nexus to the 

home, it denied the motion to suppress. The court excused the juror based on concerns that the 

juror could not set aside her personal knowledge of a trial witness. We find no error in the 

district court’s decision to excuse the juror. We hold that the search warrant did not satisfy 

constitutional requirements. But because the Leon good faith exception to the exclusionary rule 

applies, we AFFIRM the district court’s denial of the motion to suppress. 

I. FACTUAL AND PROCEDURAL BACKGROUND

In June 2019, after going to Helton’s home to execute a warrant for his arrest, Knox 

County Sheriff Deputy Sam Mullins sought a search warrant. 

Deputy Mullins wrote the search warrant affidavit, stating only the following:

Affiant has been an officer in the aforementioned agency for a period of 6 years 

and information and observations contained herein were received and made in his 

capacity as an officer thereof.

Deputy Sam Mullins had received numerous drug complaints at the above 

residence that John Helton was selling methamphetamine. A reliable source 

advised he was at the residence a few days ago when a subject he was with 

purchased a half pound of methamphetamine. On 06/09/2019 deputies went to 

the residence of John Helton to execute a warrant. Upon arrival Helton had a 

clear baggie that appeared to had [sic] residue in it and a sum of US currency in 

small bills. This deputy has experience and knowledge that there is [sic] illegal 

narcotics on the property. 

Based on this two-paragraph affidavit, a Knox County judge issued a search warrant for Helton’s 

residence. 

Upon execution of the search warrant, the deputies found illegal drugs, currency, and 

multiple firearms. Helton’s wife told law enforcement that Helton would take drug-trafficking 

money to the home of his mother, Patsy Hopkins. On the day Helton’s residence was searched, 

two deputies went to Hopkins’ house to secure it while other law enforcement officials obtained 

a warrant to search her home. When the deputies executed the search warrant, they recovered 

money, firearms, and drugs from Hopkins’ home. 
No. 21-5144 United States v. Helton Page 3

In July 2019, while Helton was in jail on state charges, a federal grand jury indicted him 

for conspiracy to distribute methamphetamine, possession with intent to distribute 

methamphetamine, and being a felon in possession of firearms; a superseding indictment was 

subsequently issued. In district court, Helton moved to suppress the evidence found pursuant to 

both search warrants. Concluding that the search warrant affidavit for Helton’s house was 

sufficient to establish probable cause, a magistrate judge recommended that the motion to 

suppress be denied. The magistrate judge then concluded that the search warrant executed at 

Patsy Hopkin’s house was valid because the search warrant of Helton’s house was valid. Helton 

objected to the recommendations of the magistrate judge, but the district court adopted them. 

Helton was tried before a jury in August 2020. Shawna Moore was called as a 

government witness, and testified that she participated in a controlled purchase of 

methamphetamine from Helton along with the Kentucky State Police. Moore explained that she 

communicated with Helton by phone to set up the buy, and then Helton’s wife met her at the 

Trademart Shopping Center to complete the sale. 

After Moore’s testimony, Juror 191 spoke with the district court. Though she did not 

know Moore by name, the Juror said she recognized her because Moore was someone that she 

and her fellow employees at the shopping center would “kind of watch in case she was going to 

steal.” Juror 191 then said, “I don’t think that anything like that would affect how I would judge 

anybody because we’re - - based on the evidence, but I did want to let the Court know that I did 

recognize her from my place of employment.” 

Juror 191 clarified that she had previously spoken with Moore at that store but had never 

witnessed, nor was she aware of, Moore ever shoplifting from the Juror’s place of work. When 

asked if she could “set [her] experiences aside and judge [Moore’s] credibility based solely on 

the evidence [she] heard” at trial, Juror 191 responded, “Yes.” The Juror was also asked if there 

was anything regarding her “personal interactions” with Moore, or her other knowledge of 

Moore that would impact her “fairness and integrity as a juror.” Juror 191 responded, “No.” 

Juror 191 was also asked, “And are you confident that your concerns, or the concerns that 

your store has had about [Moore’s] potential to be stealing, would not in any way color your 
No. 21-5144 United States v. Helton Page 4

evaluation of her testimony?” She said, “I don’t think so. I mean, it’s bad that they steal, but 

they’re not stealing from me.” The court followed up by asking, “based on your interactions 

with her, or this suspicion that has been there in the past, would you be able to set that aside, or 

do you believe it would make you believe one side or the other more?” Juror 191 said, “I don’t 

think so.” Juror 191 also stated that she would “be able to follow [the court’s] instructions on 

how to evaluate this witness’s testimony.” 

The Government moved to strike Juror 191 for cause and Helton opposed the motion. 

The district court struck Juror 191 on the basis that she personally knew Moore and she had 

twice responded “I think so” when asked if she could set aside her knowledge of Moore. 

The jury found Helton guilty of conspiracy to distribute methamphetamine, possession 

with intent to distribute methamphetamine, and being a felon in possession of firearms. The jury 

also found after a Phase II trial that Helton’s prior conviction qualified to enhance his sentence. 

The district court sentenced Helton to 264 months of imprisonment. Helton timely appealed. 

II. ANALYSIS

Helton presents two arguments on appeal. First, he contends that the district court’s 

decision should be reversed because the search warrant for his home was unconstitutional. 

Relatedly, he argues that this court should remand his case for further proceedings to determine 

whether the search warrant for his mother’s home was fruit of the poisonous tree. Second, he 

contends that the district court abused its discretion by excusing Juror 191 for cause during trial, 

and claims that he was prejudiced by Juror 191’s excusal. 

A. The Search Warrants

Helton contends that the search warrant affidavit was not supported by probable cause 

and did not establish a nexus between his residence and the drug evidence sought. The 

Government responds that there was probable cause for the search warrant, and even if probable 

cause did not exist, the motion to suppress was properly denied because the Leon good faith 

exception applies. 
No. 21-5144 United States v. Helton Page 5

Federal constitutional law applies to a state search warrant that is challenged in federal 

court. United States v. Abernathy, 843 F.3d 243, 249 (6th Cir. 2016). When a motion to 

suppress is denied, we review factual findings for clear error and legal conclusion de novo. 

United States v. Prigmore, 15 F.4th 768, 777 (6th Cir. 2021). Although the evidence is to be 

reviewed in the light most favorable to a district court’s factual determinations, United States v. 

Trice, 966 F.3d 506, 512 (6th Cir. 2020), cert. denied, 141 S. Ct. 1395 (2021), when the district 

court is a reviewing court—as it was here—the district court’s legal conclusions are not owed 

any deference, Abernathy, 843 F.3d at 250. 

The Fourth Amendment protects individuals from “unreasonable searches and seizures.” 

U.S. Const. amend. IV. It also provides that a warrant must have probable cause “supported by 

Oath or affirmation, and particularly describing the place to be searched, and the persons or 

things to be seized.” Id. Probable cause “is not a high bar,” D.C. v. Wesby, 138 S. Ct. 577, 586 

(2018) (quoting Kaley v. United States, 571 U.S. 320, 338 (2014)), as it “requires only a 

probability or substantial chance of criminal activity, not an actual showing of such activity,” id.

(quoting Illinois v. Gates, 462 U.S. 213, 243–44 n.13 (1983)). 

Thus, to show that probable cause supports a search warrant, the officer “must submit 

an affidavit that ‘indicate[s] a fair probability that evidence of a crime will be located on the 

premises of the proposed search.’” United States v. Hines, 885 F.3d 919, 923 (6th Cir. 2018) 

(quoting United States v. Dyer, 580 F.3d 386, 390 (6th Cir. 2009)). The search warrant affidavit 

must establish a “nexus between the place to be searched and the evidence sought.” United 

States v. Carpenter, 360 F.3d 591, 594 (6th Cir. 2004) (en banc) (quoting United States v. Van 

Shutters, 163 F.3d 331, 336–37 (6th Cir. 1998)). Viewing the search warrant affidavit “under the 

totality of the circumstances,” we examine its “four corners” with “great deference toward” the 

determination of the judge who issued the search warrant. United States v. Jackson, 470 F.3d 

299, 306 (6th Cir. 2006).

Here, the affidavit requesting the state warrant included only four pieces of information: 

(1) complaints from anonymous sources, (2) a tip from a source who claimed to have witnessed a 

drug transaction at Helton’s home, (3) Helton having an unknown quantity of small bills and a 

“clear baggie” with some type of “residue,” and (4) Deputy Mullins’ “experience and 
No. 21-5144 United States v. Helton Page 6

knowledge.” We consider whether the totality of these four pieces of information supports a 

finding of probable cause. 

When an affidavit relies on information from a confidential source or an anonymous 

tipster, examining the totality of the circumstances includes examining the “veracity, reliability, 

and basis of knowledge” of the source. Hines, 885 F.3d at 923 (quoting United States v. May, 

399 F.3d 817, 822 (6th Cir. 2005)); United States v. Helton, 314 F.3d 812, 819 (6th Cir. 2003). 

The veracity, reliability, and basis of knowledge of a source “are not ‘separate and independent 

requirements to be rigidly exacted in every case.’” United States v. Higgins, 557 F.3d 381, 389 

(6th Cir. 2009) (quoting Gates, 462 U.S. at 230). If the judge issuing the warrant “can conclude 

independently that the informant is reliable, an affidavit based on the informant’s tip will support 

a finding of probable cause.” United States v. McCraven, 401 F.3d 693, 697 (6th Cir. 2005). In 

the alternative, an affidavit that provides “little information concerning an informant’s reliability 

may support a finding of probable cause” when the affidavit contains corroborating information. 

United States v. Woosley, 361 F.3d 924, 927 (6th Cir. 2004). 

Regarding the two pieces of information addressing complaints and tips, the affidavit 

states that there were “numerous drug complaints” that Helton was selling methamphetamine 

from his home. As the district court concluded, the affidavit does not explain how many 

complaints or tips law enforcement received, who made them, or when they were made. 

Additionally, because the affidavit does not say, and it is impossible to tell, when the complaints 

were made, the complaint tips were stale. See Abernathy, 843 F.3d at 250 (explaining that 

information is stale when it is “impossible to tell from the affidavit when the circumstances 

giving rise to probable cause occurred” and that the court does not consider stale information).

Regarding the tip from the informant, the affidavit states, “A reliable source advised he 

was at the residence a few days ago when a subject he was with purchased a half pound of 

methamphetamine.” To begin, contrary to Helton’s argument, the informant’s tip being a few 

days old does not make it stale. See United States v. Moore, 661 F.3d 309, 313 (6th Cir. 2011) 

(finding a search warrant is not stale when there is a “period of less than five days between the 

CI’s information about the presence of drugs” and the preparation of the warrant). Next, the 

affidavit does not say that, or how, the source was known to law enforcement or that the source’s 
No. 21-5144 United States v. Helton Page 7

identity was provided to the judge. For “a confidential informant to be deemed ‘known,’ the 

affidavit must acknowledge that the police know the informant’s identity or that the identity has 

been disclosed under oath to the issuing judge.” May, 399 F.3d at 823.1 This affidavit also does 

not contain any information to show the “veracity” or “reliability” of that source. Hines, 

885 F.3d at 923 (quoting May, 399 F.3d at 822). As to reliability, Deputy Mullins merely 

asserted that the informant is reliable and did not provide any facts supporting this assertion. 

Courts do not accept an affiant’s unsupported assertion that an informant is reliable. See United 

States v. Allen, 211 F.3d 970, 975–76 (6th Cir. 2000) (en banc). Though the affidavit does 

reference a basis of the knowledge of the source, it does not provide “substantial supporting 

evidence” within the affidavit as to the source’s reliability. Dyer, 580 F.3d at 392. 

We have also explained that probable cause is lacking when a warrant is issued based on 

an affidavit relying on information from an anonymous tip that is sparse in detail and 

inadequately corroborated by the police. United States v. Leake, 998 F.2d 1359, 1365 (6th Cir. 

1993). Under our precedent, the anonymous complaints and the confidential informant’s tip 

together are not sufficient to establish probable cause because the affidavit lacks the necessary 

indicia of both veracity and reliability for the tips. 

Because the affidavit includes no information to independently assess the reliability of 

the sources, we review whether the affidavit includes corroboration that supports probable cause. 

See Woosley, 361 F.3d at 927. An anonymous tip’s “minimal probative” value can have “an 

increased level of significance,” if it is corroborated. Helton, 314 F.3d at 823. “While 

independent corroboration of a confidential informant’s story is not a sine qua non to a finding of 

1This case is unlike May where “the issuing judge knew that the confidential informant’s identity was 

known to the police because Officer Allen stated in his affidavit that the confidential ‘source has furnished 

information ... for a period of six months and has worked with [Officer Allen] in the investigation of this matter ... 

[and] has provided assistance in unrelated drug investigation cases.’” 399 F.3d at 824. The affidavit here only said, 

“A reliable source advised he was at the residence a few days ago when a subject he was with purchased a half 

pound of methamphetamine.” The issue is not that the source is not named in the affidavit, but rather that there is no 

indication of whether the source is known to law enforcement or the issuing judge, or how the source proved to be 

“reliable.” Contrary to the concurrence/dissent’s assertion that an officer’s characterization of a tipster as “reliable” 

is enough to indicate to the court that the officer knew the tipster, Concurrence/Dissenting Op. at 14, our caselaw 

cited above makes clear that the officer here needed to acknowledge that the police knew the informant’s identity or 

that it was disclosed to the issuing judge and provide facts in the affidavit that support its bald conclusion of 

reliability. 
No. 21-5144 United States v. Helton Page 8

probable cause, . . . in the absence of any indicia of the informant[s’] reliability, courts insist that 

the affidavit contain substantial independent police corroboration.” United States v. Coffee, 

434 F.3d 887, 893 (6th Cir. 2006) (alteration in original) (quoting United States v. Frazier, 

423 F.3d 526, 532 (6th Cir. 2005)). 

Considering both the anonymous complaints and the informant’s tip, the district court 

concluded that probable cause existed on the basis that the anonymous complaints 

“corroborate—even if only slightly—the ‘reliable source’s’ information.” But that analysis is 

not supported by our precedent. Where, as here, an affidavit lacks indicia of reliability for the 

tips relied upon, corroboration of those unreliable sources requires independent police 

corroboration. United States v. Tuttle, 200 F.3d 892, 894 (6th Cir. 2000) (“We have previously 

held that information received from an informant whose reliability is not established may be 

sufficient to create probable cause when there is some independent corroboration by the police of 

the informant’s information.”). This affidavit contains no information that law enforcement 

undertook the independent corroboration that is necessary when indicia of reliability is absent. 

The unreliable tip sources, therefore, are of insufficient probative value to support probable 

cause. 

What remains is that while executing an arrest warrant,2the deputies found Helton 

somewhere near his residence with a clear baggie “that appeared to ha[ve] residue in it” and 

small bills on his person. The residue is wholly unidentified, and the affidavit does not even 

indicate that Deputy Mullins confirmed the presence of residue, or that the residue, if that is 

indeed what it was, was field tested. Nor does the affidavit indicate how much money in small 

bills Helton had—and whether it was several dollar bills or a number of other denominations. 

The affidavit does not make clear why it would be incriminating to have small bills on one’s 

person. We have warned that one of the dangers of law enforcement’s “failure to corroborate all 

that can be easily corroborated” is that “a warrant will not issue where it should.” 

2The affidavit does not describe where police discovered Helton with the clear baggie and small bills. 

However, the June 9, 2019 arrest report states that, upon execution of the warrant described in the affidavit, police 

discovered Helton “inside of a out [sic] building.” To the extent that Helton’s location either materially contributed 

to or detracted from probable cause, it should have been included in the factual predicate in the affidavit. See Mays 

v. City of Dayton, 134 F.3d 809, 815–16 (6th Cir. 1998). 
No. 21-5144 United States v. Helton Page 9

Allen, 211 F.3d at 976. As described in the warrant, the items found on Helton provide little or 

no contribution to the probable cause analysis.

Deputy Mullins also included in the affidavit that he has been an officer for six years and 

that his “experience and knowledge” led him to conclude that illegal drugs were in Helton’s 

home. Although the judge who issued the search warrant can “give considerable weight to the 

conclusion of experienced law enforcement officers,” United States v. Rodriguez-Suazo, 

346 F.3d 637, 644 (6th Cir. 2003) (quoting United States v. Caicedo ̧ 85 F.3d 1184, 1192 

(1996)), the affidavit says only that Deputy Mullins had worked for the sheriff’s department for

six years. It provides no information concerning his training or experience working on 

drug-related matters. The affidavit provides little information about Deputy Mullin’s experience 

for the issuing judge to consider.

The search warrant affidavit must also establish a nexus between Helton’s home and the 

evidence of drug trafficking. Carpenter, 360 F.3d at 594. While we have said that evidence of 

drug dealing “is likely to be found where the dealers live” in cases involving drug dealers, 

United States v. Brown, 828 F.3d 375, 383 (6th Cir. 2016) (quoting United States v. Jones, 

159 F.3d 969, 975 (6th Cir. 1998)), we have “never held . . . that a suspect’s ‘status as a drug 

dealer, standing alone, gives rise to a fair probability that drugs will be found in his home.” Id.

(quoting Frazier, 423 F.3d at 533). There must be “facts showing that the residence [has] been 

used in drug trafficking.” Id. And there are limits to the inferences that the issuing judge may 

draw to reach the conclusion that there is a nexus that supports probable cause. We have 

addressed how an inference may be used to gap-fill a warrant affidavit in the parallel good faith 

exception context. In United States v. Laughton, we noted the difference between drawing a 

single inference “based on a great number of details set out in the affidavit” and situations in 

which filling the gaps “would require a number of inferences, even inferences drawn upon 

inferences,” which would not “support objectively reasonable reliance” by an executing officer. 

409 F.3d 744, 750 (6th Cir. 2005).

Here, very few details are set out in the affidavit. The only evidence in the affidavit 

linking drug trafficking to Helton’s home is composed of stale, anonymous complaints and an 

unnamed source lacking support for veracity or reliability, all without any independent police 
No. 21-5144 United States v. Helton Page 10

corroboration. Helton’s presence somewhere near his home with a “clear baggie” with some 

type of “residue” in it and money in small bills also fails to connect his home with drug 

trafficking and as explained, the residue is unidentified and having small bills is not 

incriminating. The affidavit does not establish a nexus between Helton’s residence and the 

evidence of drug trafficking that Deputy Mullins sought. Thus, the affidavit did not establish 

probable cause to search Helton’s home. 

We turn to the closer question of whether the good faith exception articulated in United 

States v. Leon, 468 U.S. 897 (1984) saves the search. The exclusionary rule prohibits the 

Government from using “evidence obtained in violation of the Fourth Amendment” against a 

defendant at trial. Brown, 828 F.3d at 385 (quoting Illinois v. Krull, 480 U.S. 340, 347 (1987)). 

As to suppressing the evidence, however, the Leon Court held that if “the evidence was ‘obtained 

in objectively reasonable reliance’ on the ‘subsequently invalidated search warrant,’ however, it 

should not be suppressed.” 468 U.S. at 922. Leon identified four circumstances where an 

officer’s reliance would not be objectively reasonable:

(1) the magistrate was “misled by information in the affidavit that the affiant 

knew was false or would have known was false except for his reckless disregard 

of the truth;” (2) the magistrate “abandoned his judicial role” or neutrality; (3) the 

warrant was “so lacking in indicia of probable cause” as to render official belief in 

its existence unreasonable; or (4) the warrant was so “facially deficient” that it 

could not reasonably be presumed valid.

United States v. McClain, 444 F.3d 556, 564–65 (6th Cir. 2005) (quoting Leon, 468 U.S. at 923). 

The third circumstance is known as a “bare bones” affidavit. United States v. Gilbert, 952 F.3d 

759, 763 (6th Cir. 2020).3 Helton argues that the good faith exception does not save this search 

because the affidavit is “bare-bones.” “A bare-bones affidavit should not be confused with one 

that lacks probable cause.” United States v. White, 874 F.3d 490, 497 (6th Cir. 2017). This is 

because “[a]n affidavit cannot be labeled ‘bare bones’ simply because it lacks the requisite facts 

and inferences to sustain the magistrate’s probable-cause finding.” Id. 

3The concurrence/dissent relies in part on this opinion’s analysis of the good faith exception to support its 

conclusion that probable cause existed for the search warrant. Concurrence/Dissenting Op. at 14–15. But the good 

faith exception is just that—an exception to the requirements of the probable cause standard. As shown above, the 

officer’s objectively reasonable reliance on the court issued warrant that justifies the good faith exception here does 

not justify finding that the affidavit seeking the search warrant was adequate to establish probable cause. 
No. 21-5144 United States v. Helton Page 11

We have recognized that if there is a minimally sufficient nexus between the place to be 

searched and evidence sought, the good faith exception may apply. Id. at 496–97. The 

minimally sufficient nexus standard is a “less demanding showing than the ‘substantial basis’ 

threshold required to prove the existence of probable cause.” United States v. Fitzgerald, 754 

F. App’x 351, 362 (6th Cir. 2018) (quoting Frazier, 423 F.3d at 536). To avoid the “bare bones” 

label, the affidavit must contain “more than ‘suspicions, or conclusions”; it must provide “some 

underlying factual circumstances regarding veracity, reliability, and basis of knowledge.” United 

States v. Christian, 925 F.3d 305, 312 (6th Cir. 2019) (en banc) (quoting United States v. 

Washington, 380 F.3d 236, 241 n.4 (6th Cir. 2004)); United States v. Baker, 976 F.3d 636, 647 

(6th Cir. 2020), cert. denied, 141 S. Ct. 1750, (2021). The affidavit “must be so lacking in 

indicia of probable cause that, despite a judicial officer having issued a warrant, no reasonable 

officer would rely on it.” White, 874 F.3d at 497. 

In determining what is necessary to show a minimally sufficient nexus between the place 

to be searched and evidence sought, we have followed the Supreme Court’s rejection of 

subjectivity. Laughton, 409 F.3d at 752. In Laughton, we held that “the good faith exception to 

the exclusionary rule does not permit consideration of information known to a police officer, but 

not included in the affidavit, in determining whether an objectively reasonable officer would 

have relied on the warrant.” Id. We therefore undertake the good faith analysis based on what 

was contained in the search warrant affidavit. 

The affidavit at its most basic level says that law enforcement received complaints that 

Helton was selling methamphetamine from his residence; a source saw someone purchase 

methamphetamine at Helton’s residence; and the deputies saw Helton with a “clear baggie” that 

had some type of “residue,” and small bills. The anonymous complaints provide minimal 

information, but the information is related to the trafficking of drugs. Though the reliability of 

the source’s tip is lacking in several respects, it provides underlying factual circumstances 

regarding the basis of the informant’s knowledge. That tip provides some support for a 

connection between drug dealing and Helton’s home because, while there is no information 

about the reliability of the source other than the bald reference by the affiant officer to a “reliable 

source,” the source did claim to personally observe a drug deal and connects that drug deal with 
No. 21-5144 United States v. Helton Page 12

Helton’s residence. See Dyer, 580 F.3d at 391. The presence of a clear baggie with some sort of 

residue and the opinion of the officer also supply a minor inference of support. Under the good 

faith standard, the totality of the information in the affidavit provides “some modicum of 

evidence” that drug dealing was occurring at Helton’s home. White, 874 F.3d at 497. 

 Because we cannot say that the affidavit was “so lacking in indicia of probable cause 

that no reasonable officer would rely on the warrant,” the good faith exception applies to the 

search warrant for Helton’s home. Id. at 496. Thus, the exclusionary rule does not apply to the 

evidence obtained from Helton’s home and the search warrant for Patsy Hopkins’ residence is 

not fruit of the poisonous tree.

B. Juror Excusal

We review a district court’s decision to replace a juror with an alternate for an abuse of 

discretion. United States v. De Oleo, 697 F.3d 338, 342 (6th Cir. 2012). A district court may 

replace a juror with an alternate juror when a juror is “unable to perform” or is 

“disqualified from performing their duties.” Fed. R. Crim. P. 24(c)(1). If the court has 

“reasonable cause” to replace the juror, then the parties’ consent is not required. De Oleo, 

697 F.3d at 341. A defendant is entitled to a new trial only if the defendant shows he was 

prejudiced by the court’s decision to remove the juror. See id. at 342. 

The district court expressed concern about Juror 191’s personal knowledge of Moore, 

gleaned from observing Moore when she came to shop in the store where the Juror worked. 

While the Juror said that she had never seen Moore take anything from the store, Moore was 

someone she watched for shoplifting. It is true that the Juror responded at certain points that she 

could set aside her personal experiences with Moore and decide the case in accordance with the 

court’s instructions. But the court was troubled because on two separate occasions Juror 191 

equivocated, saying “I think so” when asked whether she could set aside her personal experience 

and decide the case. The district court also explained that it was concerned because Juror 191 

personally knew Moore and felt it necessary to watch Moore to see if she would shoplift. The 

trial court is in the “best position” to determine whether a juror is “able to shoulder the 

obligations of jury service.” Id. Here, the district court thoroughly explained its concerns and 
No. 21-5144 United States v. Helton Page 13

based them on relevant information that Juror 191 provided. The court acted within its discretion 

in striking Juror 191. 

III. CONCLUSION

Though the search warrant for Helton’s home lacked the required probable cause, the 

good faith exception applies. Because, based on the good faith exception, the exclusionary rule 

need not apply to the evidence found during the search of Helton’s home, and because the 

district court did not abuse its discretion by excusing Juror 191, we AFFIRM. 
No. 21-5144 United States v. Helton Page 14

_____________________________________________________

CONCURRING IN PART AND DISSENTING IN PART

_____________________________________________________

SUHRHEINRICH, Circuit Judge, concurring in part and dissenting in part.

I agree that the good faith exception to the warrant requirement requires us to affirm. 

Indeed, “[t]his case . . . falls within Leon’s heartland,” United States v. Baker, 976 F.3d 636, 648 

(6th Cir. 2020), because it offers more than “only an officer’s conclusion that probable cause 

exists without any statement of adequate supporting facts,” id. at 647 (cleaned up). Nor is there a 

whiff of police misconduct, let alone a deliberate or reckless violation of the Fourth Amendment. 

Id. at 646. Thus, “any error in deciding probable cause exists for the search warrant belongs 

primarily to the magistrate issuing the warrant, not the officer seeking it.” Id. at 647. 

“Suppression is not worth its substantial costs” under these circumstances. Id. I therefore agree 

that we should affirm the district court’s judgment. 

But I disagree that the search warrant affidavit was deficient. As the majority 

acknowledges, the anonymous complaints that Helton was selling methamphetamine from his 

residence, though minimally informative, were “related to the trafficking of drugs.” Maj. Op. at 

12. Second, the affiant characterized the tipster as “reliable,” which certainly suggests to me that 

the officer knew the informant. Under our precedents, “the statements of a person ‘whose 

identity was known to the police and who would be subject to prosecution for making a false 

report’ are ‘entitled to far greater weight than those of an anonymous source.’” Baker, 976 F.3d 

at 649 (quoting United States v. May, 399 F.3d 817, 824–25 (6th Cir. 2005)). And, according to 

our decision in United States v. Dyer, “[b]ecause the informant witnessed the illegal activity on 

the premises searched and was known to the officer writing the affidavit, there were sufficient 

indicia of reliability without substantial independent police corroboration.” 580 F.3d 386, 392 

(6th Cir. 2009). That is precisely the situation here. Thus, “[f]atally faulting this affidavit for 

failing to name the informant[] or explain that [he] previously gave accurate information 

frustrates the totality-of-the-circumstances review we must conduct” because “it described [the] 
No. 21-5144 United States v. Helton Page 15

informant[’s] base[] of knowledge for [his] tip[.]” United States v. Hines, 885 F.3d 919, 924–25 

(6th Cir. 2018). 

Third, as the majority puts it, the source’s tip was reliable in at least one respect because 

“it provide[d] underlying factual circumstances regarding the basis of the informant’s 

knowledge”—namely that the source “saw someone purchase methamphetamine at Helton’s 

residence.” Maj. Op. at 12–13. Thus, the tip “provide[d] some support for a connection between 

drug dealing at Helton’s home because[] . . . the source did claim to personally observe a drug 

deal and connect that drug deal with Helton’s residence.” Id. at 13. 

Fourth, there was some corroborating evidence. The affidavit also notes that, when the 

officers executed an arrest warrant on Helton, he had a clear baggie with undisclosed residue (as 

opposed to a ham sandwich) and several small bills, which, as the majority notes, “provides 

‘some modicum of evidence’ that drug dealing was occurring at Helton’s home.” Id. (citation 

omitted); see May, 399 F.3d at 824 (“The additional evidence substantiating an informant’s 

reliability . . . may be any set of facts that support the accuracy of the information supplied by the 

informant”). These facts, when viewed in totality, rather than sliced and diced by the majority, 

provide an affirmative answer to “‘the commonsense, practical question’ of whether an affidavit 

is sufficient to support a finding of probable cause.” May, 399 F.3d at 822 (quoting Illinois v. 

Gates, 462 U.S. 213, 230 (1983)); see generally United States v. Bell, No. 20-1884, 2022 WL 

59619, at *2–5 (6th Cir. Jan. 6, 2022) (holding that an affidavit provided probable cause where it 

stated that a known-but-unnamed informant indicated that the defendant was selling cocaine 

from a home, which provided the informant’s “basis of knowledge”—he observed the sale of 

cocaine, and made clear that the police had worked with the informant in other controlled buys).

For these reasons, I concur in part and dissent in part.