Non-Hispanic black 

Hispanic

¶ 

Below poverty level

High school

1 

4-9 

TABLE 1. Percentage of persons aged $18 years who reported receiving influenza or pneumococcal vaccine* or tetanus toxoid, 

characteristics — National Health Interview Survey, United States, 1998‡ 

Characteristic 

Received influenza vaccine 

during previous 12 mos Ever received pneumococcal vaccine Rec

dur

High-risk persons All persons

Aged 

$65 yrs 

(n=6,257) 

% (95% CI)

High-risk persons All persons

Aged 

$65 yrs 

(n=6,121) 

% (95% CI)

Aged 

18–49 yrs (n=2,758) 

% (95% CI†) 

Aged 

50–64 yrs (n=1,826) 

% (95% CI)

Aged 

18–49 yrs (n=2,319) 

% (95% CI) 

Aged 

50–64 yrs (n=1,736) 

% (95% CI)

Aged 

18–49 yrs 

(n=18,404) 

% (95% CI)

Sex 

Male 

Female 

21.0 (±2.7) 23.8 (±2.4) 

39.1 (±3.9) 47.0 (±3.5) 

63.7 (±2.2) 63.0 (±1.8) 

11.2 (±2.6) 9.4 (±1.7) 

19.7 (±3.5) 24.3 (±3.0) 

45.8 (±2.3) 46.1 (±1.9) 

67.3 (±1.1) 56.9 (±1.1) 

Race/ethnicity§

Non-Hispanic white

 American Indian/ Alaskan Native

Asian/Pacific Islander 

22.8 (±2.2) 22.1 (±4.8) 22.1 (±5.1) 

¶ 

44.8 (±3.0) 35.4 (±7.4) 38.3 (±8.0) ¶ 46.1(±18.5)** 

65.6 (±1.5) 45.8 (±4.4) 50.3 (±5.0) ¶ 67.1(±10.6)

 9.6 (±1.6)

12.0 (±4.7) 11.5(±4.2) 

¶ ¶ 

23.4 (±2.7) 18.7 (±6.1) 12.5 (±4.8)¶ ¶ 

49.5 (±1.6) 26.1 (±3.7) 22.8 (±4.6)¶ 36.6(±12.5) 

65.5 (±1.0) 57.3 (±2.5) 51.1 (±1.9) 65.1 (±9.6) 46.4 (±4.4) 

Poverty status††

At or above poverty level 23.8 (±2.2) 

18.8 (±4.1) 

44.0 (±3.3) 44.4 (±6.9) 

65.6 (±1.7) 53.7 (±3.9)

 9.9 (±1.7) 13.3 (±4.1) 

22.5 (±2.7)

27.8 (±6.5)

48.6 (±1.9) 33.9 (±3.8) 

64.3 (±1.0) 57.5 (±2.5) 

Education level 

Less than high school 

 More than high school 

16.9 (±3.9) 21.2 (±3.4) 25.2 (±2.4) 

37.0 (±5.4)43.7 (±4.9) 46.3 (±3.8) 

58.2 (±2.4) 65.0 (±2.4) 66.9 (±2.4)

 8.6 (±3.2) 10.0 (±2.9) 10.6 (±1.9) 

22.9 (±4.5) 21.6 (±4.1)22.0 (±3.2)

40.1 (±2.4)46.9 (±2.6) 51.5 (±2.5) 

57.3 (±2.2) 60.8 (±1.6) 64.1 (±1.1) 

Insurance status

 Have medical insurance No medical insurance 24.4 (±2.2) 15.1 (±3.9) 45.6 (±2.7) 25.1 (±6.7) 63.5 (±1.4) ¶ 10.4 (±1.5) 8.9 (±3.3) 23.1 (±2.5) 14.2 (±5.2) 46.2 (±1.5) ¶ 63.6 (±1.0) 55.7 (±1.9) 

No. physician contacts during previous 12 mos 

None 

2-3 

$10

 9.5 (±3.8) 12.4 (±3.7) 19.8 (±3.9) 27.7 (±3.7) 30.2 (±4.1) 

11.1 (±7.4) 32.0 (±8.8) 38.8 (±5.3) 50.3 (±4.5) 47.0 (±4.8) 

31.0 (±4.9) 54.0 (±4.2) 64.5 (±2.7) 68.6 (±2.2) 70.0 (±2.8)

 4.5 (±3.7) 4.5 (±2.6) 8.6 (±3.0) 

11.0 (±2.6) 14.7 (±3.1) 

12.1 (±7.6) 11.2 (±6.2) 15.0 (±3.9) 23.9 (±4.1) 29.5 (±4.7) 

18.1 (±3.6) 38.8 (±4.3) 42.3 (±2.9) 52.4 (±2.4) 53.5 (±3.2) 

53.0 (±1.9)

62.3 (±1.9) 64.2 (±1.6) 67.4 (±1.7) 66.5 (±3.9) 

Total 22.7 (±1.8) 43.3 (±2.6) 63.3 (±1.4) 10.1 (±1.5) 22.2 (±2.3) 45.9 (±1.5) 62.1 (±0.9) 

*The prevalences of influenza and pneumococcal vaccination were estimated only for persons at high risk for complications (i.e., 18–49-year-olds and 50–64-year-olds with high risk medical conditions and all persons aged $65 years). Persons cat

influenza-related complications self-reported one or more of the following: Ever being told by a physician they had diabeheart disease, angina, heart attack or other heart condition; being diagnosed with cancer in the past 12 months (excluding 
ever being told by a physician they have lymphoma, leukemia or blood cancer; in the past 12 months being told by a physici

bronchitis or weak or failing kidneys; or reporting an asthma episode or attack in the past 12 months. Persons categorizepneumococcal-related complications met the above criteria, excluding asthma, or reported liver disease during the past 12 ‡n=32,440. Sample sizes might not total 32,440 because persons with unknown vaccination status were excluded from analysi†Confidence interval. 95% CIs were calculated by multiplying the standard error by ±1.96.
 §Persons of Hispanic origin can be of any race; however, the race groups non-Hispanic white, non-Hispanic black, American I

Asian/Pacific Islander do not include persons of Hispanic origin.
 

¶The standard of reliability is RSE <0.3 (where RSE = the ratio of the standard error and the prevalence). This estimate d

the denominator was <30. 
**Meets the standard of reliability; however, <50 respondents were in the denominator.
 

††Poverty status is based on family size, number of children aged <18 years, and family income. Published 1997 poverty thre

are used in these calculation. Persons for whom poverty level was not determined were excluded from this analysis.