NOT RECOMMENDED FOR FULL-TEXT PUBLICATION

File Name: 12a1069n.06

Nos. 10-3036/11-3741/11-3532

UNITED STATES COURT OF APPEALS

FOR THE SIXTH CIRCUIT

UNITED STATES OF AMERICA,

Plaintiff-Appellee,

v.

MICHAEL R. HARPER,

Defendant-Appellant.

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ON APPEAL FROM THE UNITED

STATES DISTRICT COURT FOR THE 

SOUTHERN DISTRICT OF OHIO

Before: DAUGHTREY, COLE, and ROGERS, Circuit Judges.

PER CURIAM. Defendant Michael R. Harper appeals both his conviction for failure

to update his registration under the federal Sex Offender Registration and Notification Act

(SORNA), 18 U.S.C. § 2250(a), and the 18-month sentence imposed by the district court

based on the jury verdict finding him guilty. On appeal, Harper contends that SORNA is

unconstitutional on various grounds; that the evidence presented at trial was legally

insufficient to convict and, moreover, that it created a fatal variance with the indictment;

that the district court erred in three evidentiary rulings at trial and in its response to a

question from the jury during deliberations; and that his sentence was both procedurally

and substantively unreasonable. We note at the outset that the question of SORNA’s

constitutionality on the same grounds raised by Harper has been foreclosed by our recent

opinions in United States v. Felts, 674 F.3d 599 (6th Cir. 2012), and United States v.
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United States v. Harper

Coleman, 675 F.3d 615 (6th Cir. 2012). We therefore pretermit discussion of that issue

in this appeal and, finding no merit to the remaining claims, we affirm.

FACTUAL AND PROCEDURAL BACKGROUND

Harper’s obligation to comply with SORNA arose from his 1990 conviction in

Minnesota state court for attempted sexual abuse of a minor. Claiming that he was too

intoxicated to recall his assault on a 15-year-old girl, Harper entered an Alford plea and

was sentenced to five years’ probation. However, he absconded and was not located and

rearrested until 1999. Convicted of violating his parole, Harper was sentenced to 13

months in prison. In November 1999, two days before his release to a halfway house,

Harper met with a corrections official who helped him fill out his initial sex-offender

registration form, under a Minnesota law enacted in 1993 that applied to all such offenders 1

then in custody or on parole. She advised him of his obligations as a registered sex

offender – he would be required to maintain registration for a period of ten years from the

date of this initial registration and was obligated to update his registration five days prior

to changing his residential address in Minnesota or another state. Harper signed “under

The record with regard to Harper’s initial registration was established through the testimony of

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Laraine Lekander, the case manager for the Minnesota Department of Corrections who screened Harper at

intake and handled the paperwork at the time of his release. On November 15, 1999, she went over the Sex

Offender Notification and Registration Form that constituted Harper’s initial registration and secured his

signature on the form. It contained the essential information about the 1990 sex-offense conviction that

necessitated registration, the address of the halfway house in St. Paul to which he would transfer two days

later, and a “registration advisory” notifying him of his obligation to update the information provided on the

registration form “at least five days prior to changing that address, including moving to another state.” W hen

Harper left the halfway house in April 2000 without updating his address, this first failure to comply constituted

a “gross misdemeanor” under Minnesota Statute § 243.160. W hen he left the state sometime later, without

giving five days’ prior notice, the second non-compliance constituted a felony. Id.

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United States v. Harper

duress,” adding a reference to a state statute that prohibited retroactive application of

changes in prison rules and policies but obviously did not apply to the registration statute. 

After his release from the halfway house, Harper lived in several states, moving from

Minnesota to Florida, Arizona, North Carolina and, finally, to Ohio, where he settled in

Cincinnati in April 2009. He did not re-register in any of those states but, based on

information from a North Carolina law enforcement official, he was contacted by letter from

the Hamilton County (Ohio) Sheriff’s Office in June 2009 and advised that he needed to

appear there in person within three days and register or face certain specified

consequences. Harper did not appear as directed, but he did call the Sheriff’s Office to

explain that he was not required to register. When told by an official there that

documentation from Minnesota indicated to the contrary, he responded by saying that he

would “see her in court.” As a result, an officer was sent to Harper’s residence to verify the

address and had Harper sign a form acknowledging his address. That form was not a

registration document, but it did advise Harper that he must appear in person at the

Sheriff’s Office in order to register properly. 

When Harper did not appear as directed, his case was submitted to the grand jury,

which returned an indictment on July 22, 2009, charging that Harper was “an individual

required to register under the Sex Offender Registration and Notification Act, [who had]

traveled in interstate and foreign commerce and did knowingly fail to update a registration

as required by the . . . Act.” After a two-day jury trial, Harper was found guilty and was

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United States v. Harper

subsequently sentenced to 18 months in prison, a term at the low end of the applicable

sentencing range. He now appeals both his conviction and sentence.

DISCUSSION

Sufficiency of the Evidence

Title 18 U.S.C. § 2250(a) provides that a sex offender who is required to register

under SORNA and who, having traveled in interstate commerce, “knowingly fails to register

or update a registration” is subject to a fine or imprisonment. At trial, Harper did not

contest his status as a convicted sex offender or deny that he had traveled in interstate

commerce. However, at the end of the government’s proof, Harper made a motion for

judgment of acquittal under Federal Rule of Criminal Procedure 29, arguing that the

government had failed to prove that he had knowingly failed to register. The motion was

denied, and the defense rested without presenting evidence. Harper now contends, in

addition to the argument in his Rule 29 motion concerning knowledge, that there was

insufficient proof that he had a duty to register or that he traveled in interstate commerce

after that duty arose.

We review de novo the denial of a motion for acquittal, viewing the evidence in “a

light most favorable to the prosecution, giving the prosecution the benefit of all reasonable

inferences from the testimony.” United States v. McAuliffe, 490 F.3d 526, 537 (6th Cir.

2007). In doing so, we will “reverse a judgment for insufficiency of evidence only if [the]

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United States v. Harper

judgment is not supported by substantial and competent evidence upon the record as a

whole.” United States v. Stone, 748 F.2d 361, 363 (6th Cir.1984). The failure to raise an

issue in a Rule 29 motion constitutes a waiver, and our review is then “limited to

determining whether there was a manifest miscarriage of justice,” which exists “only if the

record is devoid of evidence pointing to guilt.” United States v. Price, 134 F.3d 340, 350

(6th Cir. 1998) (citations and internal quotations omitted). 

The record in this case is clearly not devoid of evidence that Harper had a duty to

register initially under Minnesota’s sex-offender registration statute. In fact, the record

establishes that Harper did register in November 1999 and was informed at that time that,

pursuant to Minnesota state law, he would be under a duty for a period of 10 years to reregister each time he changed his address. Subsequently, in 2006, Congress enacted

SORNA for the purpose of “creat[ing] a national system for the registration of sex

offenders.” United States v. Utesch, 596 F.3d 302, 306 (6th Cir. 2010) (citing 42 U.S.C.

§ 16901). The Act included a delegation by Congress that allowed the Attorney General

of the United States to determine retroactivity. See 42 U.S.C. § 16913(d). On August 1,

2008, the Attorney General proclaimed the Act retroactive to “all sex offenders including

offenders convicted . . . prior to the enactment of [SORNA].” 28 C.F.R. § 72.3. Harper

thereby became obligated to update his registration under the federal statute as of that

date. Because the 10-year period imposed by state law had not elapsed when Harper was

contacted by the Hamilton County Sheriff’s Office in June 2009, he was under a duty to

comply with SORNA. 

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United States v. Harper

Hence, the government proved that Harper, having initially registered in November

1999, was under a duty to update his registration thereafter and that he traveled in

interstate commerce while under a duty to update his registration. His arguments to the

contrary were and are simply unpersuasive. He claimed, for example, that the Minnesota

state judge told him that he would be “done” once he served his 13-month sentence for

parole violation. However, that comment apparently referred to the fact that Harper was

“done” with post-imprisonment supervsion and would not be subject to parole again, once

the new sentence was served. The subject of registration as a sex offender was not

mentioned, but that omission and the judge’s failure to check a box on the judgment order

calling for sex-offender registration were legally irrelevant, given the Minnesota statute’s

provision that “[i]f a person required to register . . . was not notified by the court of the

registration requirement at the time of sentencing or disposition, the assigned corrections

agent shall notify the person of the requirements” of the statutory provisions. Minn. Stat.

§ 243.166, subd. 2. That is, of course, exactly what occurred in Harper’s case. As a result,

his contention that he was not obligated to register prior to the “notice” that he received

from Hamilton County officials is simply not supported by the record. Moreover, his claim

that he voluntarily “registered” in Hamilton County after receiving notice is unavailing – he

finally updated his registration only as a condition of pre-trial release. 

Finally, we note that appellant’s reliance on State v. Williams, 952 N.E.2d 1108

(Ohio 2011), is misplaced. In Williams, the Ohio Supreme Court held that the retroactive

application of a 2007 amendment to the state sex-offender classification system violated

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United States v. Harper

the Ohio constitution, but Williams clearly did not invalidate the Ohio state registration

system as a whole. Moreover, Williams is irrelevant in this case, because Harper’s duty

to register under SORNA was independent of state registration obligations. See Felts, 674

F.3d at 603. 

Variance Between Indictment and Evidence at Trial

On appeal, Harper also contends that the evidence at trial created a fatal variance

with the indictment – specifically, that the indictment charged an obligation to register in

Ohio, but the evidence proved that he had a duty to register in Minnesota and North

Carolina. We would normally review the question of a variance de novo, but in this case,

the defendant failed to raise the issue in his Rule 29 motion, instead raising it for the first

time on appeal. We therefore review it for plain error only, and we find none. See Price,

134 F.3d at 350. The indictment charged that he had failed to “update a registration as

required by the . . . Act,” and that is precisely what the evidence presented by the

government established. There was no variance and thus no error in this regard, plain or

otherwise.

Evidentiary Rulings at Trial

Harper argues, for the first time on appeal, that the district court erred in admitting

evidence of “other crimes” under Federal Rule of Evidence 404(b) through testimony by

a deputy sheriff from North Carolina that while Harper had resided in North Carolina, and

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United States v. Harper

before moving to Cincinnati, he had been notified that he was required to update his

registration but did not comply. Harper objected to this testimony at trial but only on the

basis of hearsay. As a result, there was no Merriweather hearing under Rule 404(b), see

United States v. Merriweather, 78 F.3d 1070, 1076-77 (6th Cir. 1996), and we review the

district court’s decision for plain error, rather than under the usual abuse-of-discretion

standard. See United States v. Allen, 619 F.3d 518, 523 (6th Cir. 2010). We find neither. 

Because Harper’s defense was that he had not knowingly failed to register under SORNA,

evidence that he was repeatedly advised of his obligation under the Act was highly

relevant. Moreover, the jury was instructed that it could not convict Harper for failure to

register before moving to Ohio and should consider the evidence in question only for the

purpose of determining that he acted knowingly in failing to update his registration in Ohio,

rather than by accident or mistake. Under these circumstances, there was no error. See

id. at 525.

Harper did object at trial to the introduction of certified public records as evidence

of his 1990 sex-offense conviction in Minnesota, but the documents were relevant to

establish the elements of SORNA and were admitted as self-authenticating public records

under Federal Rule of Evidence 902. The district court did not commit an abuse of

discretion in admitting these documents.

Harper next contends that the district court erred in refusing to admit transcripts from

his revocation hearing in the Minnesota state court, purportedly to show that there was no

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United States v. Harper

duty to register ordered at that time and that he was, therefore, not guilty of failing to

register in Ohio. However, the motion to admit the transcripts came not in connection with

Harper’s trial but at his sentencing hearing, purportedly “for purposes of appeal” of the

district court’s denial of the defendant’s earlier Rule 29 motion. The district court declined

to permit expansion of the trial record in this irregular manner and denied Harper’s motion.

In addition, the evidence, if admitted, would have been cumulative, for the reasons set out

earlier in this opinion. We find no abuse of discretion in the district court’s decision and,

therefore, no error.

Request by Jury

Nor did the district court err in its response to the jury’s request during deliberations

for a copy of both the Minnesota statute that Harper noted on his original registration form

and the portion of SORNA charged in the indictment. The judge consulted with counsel

before declining to provide copies of either statute, indicating that he was satisfied that he

had given the jury appropriate instructions on the applicable law and that the requested

material might prove confusing. Instead, the district court referred the jury to the relevant

portions of the instructions, thereby properly “respon[ding] to the jury’s specific concern[s]

while prudently refocusing the jury on the instructions and evidence as a whole.” United

States v. Davis, 490 F.3d 541, 548 (6th Cir. 2007). 

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Sentencing

Harper first claims that his 18-month sentence was procedurally deficient because

the district court failed to address his non-frivolous arguments adequately and, based on

those arguments, should have granted his request to be sentenced to time served, 91

days. A review of the sentencing hearing indicates, however, that the court did consider,

directly or indirectly, each of the three points that the defendant now raises: (1) that he

was characterized as “low risk” in a Minnesota risk assessment; (2) that he had not been

arrested for any serious misconduct since then; and (3) that he had complied with the sexoffender registration requirement once he was ordered by the district court to do so. But

the risk assessment was 10 years old at the time of the sentencing in this case, having

been done at the time Harper was released from prison in Minnesota. And, as the district

judge noted, because Harper had a continuing duty to update his sex-offender registration

each time he changed addresses but had moved in and out of five or six states without

complying, he had repeatedly violated the Minnesota statute. It was clear at the

sentencing that no matter how many times the registration requirements had been

explained to him, Harper remained personally convinced that he had no obligation under

the Minnesota state registration law, apparently because no judge had actually ordered him

to register until the district court did so as a condition of his pre-trial release. Under all the

circumstances that were brought out at the sentencing hearing, the 18-month sentence

was procedurally reasonable. 

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United States v. Harper

The defendant also claims that the sentence was substantively unreasonable in that

it was greater than necessary, given that the underlying sex offense occurred in 1989,

some 20 years earlier. However, the offense for which Harper was being sentenced was

not the underlying conviction but his failure to comply with SORNA, as charged in the

federal indictment. Moreover, the district court carefully went over the factors set out in 18

U.S.C. § 3553(a), addressing the nature, circumstances, and seriousness of Harper’s

offense, his criminal history, the need for deterrence, and the need to protect the public. 

We conclude that Harper has failed to overcome the presumption of reasonableness that

attaches to a sentence falling within the guidelines, noting once again that his sentence fell

at the lowest end of the applicable guideline range. See United States v. Williams, 436

F.3d 706 (6th Cir. 2006).

CONCLUSION

For the reasons set out above, we AFFIRM the district court’s judgment in appeal

No. 10-3036. In addition, we DISMISS as moot consolidated appeals No. 11-3532 and No.

11-3741, which challenged the district court’s rulings on the defendant’s motions for

release pending appeal.

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