Skip directly to site content Skip directly to page options Skip directly to A-Z link


Centers for Disease Control and Prevention. CDC twenty four seven. Saving Lives, Protecting People
							Search

		Submit


Traumatic Brain Injury & Concussion


Facebook
        Twitter
        LinkedIn
        Syndicate





Appendix A: Overview of Outcome Assessments Available for Use with Children and Youth with TBI																									Related Pages
												Historical Document
**Note:** This publication (Traumatic Brain Injury in the United States: Assessing Outcomes in Children) is from 2000 and is included for historical purposes. See the Get the Facts and Data & Statistics pages for the most current data.
Quality of Life
Title
Purpose
Age Range (yrs)
Parent or child response
Administration mode
Number of items
Time (min)
Reliability studies?
Validity studies?
Used in child / youth TBI studies?
Ref.
Strengths
WeaknessesCHIP (Child Health & Illness Profile)
Assess physical & mental health
11-17
Child / youth
Self- administered
153
30-45
Yes
Yes
—–
12, 15, 22
Can be used to assess change over time
Utilization questions within the health status scale; requires professional interpretationCHQ (Child Health Questionnaire)
Assess physical, emotional & social well-being
5-17 10/12 & older 5 & younger
Parent Child   Parent
Self-administered
28 or 50 87   87
—–
Yes
Yes
Yes
6, J. Landgraf
Specifically developed for children/youth; well normed; used in other pediatric populations; allows parallel child & parent reports; telephone interview scripted
Limited data on sensitivity to change; under 5 version not yet normed; may not be as sensitive as condition-specific instrument; paper-&- pencil version normed but telephone interview not normedCOOP Charts (Dartmouth Primary Care Cooperative Info. Project)
Assess functioning and health-related quality of life
8-12   13-18
Child   Youth
Self-administered
9   14
—–
Yes
Yes
—–
12

Floor and ceiling effects; relies on sample size for powerPedsQL (Pediatric Quality of Life Inventory)
Assess health- related quality of life
8-18
Child/ youth Parent
Child: interview Youth & parent: self-administered
15 core, 30 disease-specific
—–
Yes
Yes
—–
25QWB (Quality of Well-Being)
Assess quality of life
12 and older
Youth
Structured interview
—–
15
For adults
Yes
—–
3, 8

Weighted based on population preferences; adapted from adult measure; low parent/ youth correlation; not designed for a neurological population
Epidemiology
Title
Purpose
Age Range (yrs)
Parent or child response
Administration mode
Number of items
Time (min)
Reliability studies?
Validity studies?
Used in child / youth TBI studies?
Ref.
Strengths
WeaknessesNHIS (National Health Interview Survey)
Assess prevalence of certain health- related conditions in the US
1988 Child Supp: 0-18 1994 Disability Supp: 0-18
Parent   Parent
Structured telephone interview Structured telephone interview
65   —–
—–   —–
—–   —–
—–   —–
yes   —–
12, 21OCHS (Ontario Child Health Survey)
Assess prevalence of emotional & behavioral disorders
4-16   12-16
Parent   Youth
Interview & self-administered
304   169
—–   —–
Yes
Yes
—–
12
Behavioral/Cognitive
Title
Purpose
Age Range (yrs)
Parent or child response
Administration mode
Number of items
Time (min)
Reliability studies?
Validity studies?
Used in child / youth TBI studies?
Ref.
Strengths
Weaknesses*BASC (Behavior Assessment System for Children)
Measure anxiety, depression, aggression, coping, social relationships
2.5-18   8-18
Parent/ teacher Child/ youth
Self- administered Self- administered
130   152 child 186 youth
10-20   30-45
Yes
Yes
—–
14
Normed; relatively brief*BRIEF (Behavior Rating Inventory of Executive Function)
Assess executive functioning including self-monitoring, organization-al control, & individual planning
5-18   2.5-5   11-22
Parent & teacher Parent   Youth
Self-administered Self-administered Self-administered
86
10
Yes
Yes
Yes
10
5-18 year parent version normed; more specific than some other measures
2.5-5 year parent and 11-22 year youth versions still being normed; rather long*CBCL (Child Behavior Checklist)
Assess children’s competencies & behavioral/ emotional problems
1.5-5   4-18
Parent   Parent
Self-administered Self-administered
99   118
—–
Yes
Yes
Yes
1, 20

Designed to assess psychopathology; may not be appropriate for brain injured population; quite long; can give inconsistent results*FS-II(R)
(Functional Status II(R))
Assess behavioral response to illness that interferes with normal social roles
0-16
Parent
Structured interview
long: 43
short: 14
—–
—–
Yes
Yes
—–
—–
12, 15, 23
Can be used repeatedly to document change
Designed for lower end of the functional continuum; permission must be obtained from authorsFunctional
Title
Purpose
Age Range (yrs)
Parent or child response
Administration mode
Number of items
Time (min)
Reliability studies?
Validity studies?
Used in child / youth TBI studies?
Ref.
Strengths
Weaknesses*PEDI (Pediatric Evaluation of Disability Inventory)
Measure capability & performance of functional activities
0.5-7.5
Parents and/or physicians
Interview or direct observation
41
45
Yes
Yes
Yes
2, 9 S. Haley
Incorporates more cognitive, behavioral, & safety components than WeeFIM
Primarily a rehab instrument; limited age range*PEDI II (Pediatric Evaluation of Disability Inventory, Version II)
Measure ADLs, social/ behavioral activities & community participation
0-18
Clinical staff Parent
Self-administered
44
45
Planned
Planned
Designed for TBI
S. Haley
Focuses more on community participation than PEDI; some questions may be useful for TBI surveillance
Still in development; questionable inter-rater reliability; too detailed for surveillance; focuses on rehab, more severe injuries, people who receive services*SIB (Scales of Independent Behavior)
Assess adaptive & maladaptive behavior
0-80+
Parent
Structured interview or checklist
long: 259 short: 40
45-60 15-20
Yes
Yes
—–
11, 18, 19
Global index of independence; considers initiation of activity*VABS (Vineland Adaptive Behavior Scales)
Survey activities the child/youth habitually demonstrates in the environment
0-18
Parent
Semi-structured interview
297
30-60
Yes
Yes
Yes
11, 16
Short form has global index of independence
Complicated interview process*WeeFIM (Functional Independence Measure for Children)
Assess functional independence by focusing on dependence
0.5-7
Parent
Interview or direct observation
18
15-20
Yes
Yes
Yes
9, 15, 24
Can be used repeatedly to document change
Difficult to teach to interviewers with no rehab experience; designed for inpt assessment of kids with serious injury; ceiling effect; under
represents cognitive defects
Educational/Vocational/Recreation
Title
Purpose
Age Range (yrs)
Parent or child response
Administration mode
Number of items
Time (min)
Reliability studies?
Validity studies?
Used in child / youth TBI studies?
Ref.
Strengths
Weaknesses*PPSC (Play Performance Scale for Children)
Assess play performance
0.5-16
Parent or clinician
Self-administered
Single scale
2
Yes
Yes
—–
13, 15
Assessment can be done by non-professionals; easy to administer, analyze & interpret
Used primarily in oncology studies*PSO (Post-Secondary Outcomes)
Assess educational & vocational status
post-high school
Youth & parent
Structured interview
—–
—–
—–
—–
Designed for TBI
Bonnie Todis*SFA (School Function Assessment)
Assess ability to perform functional tasks necessary for the academic & social aspects of education
K-6th grade
—–
Interview / evaluation
—–
—–
—–
Yes
—–
7
May have useful elements
LongFamily Functioning
Title
Purpose
Age Range (yrs)
Parent or child response
Administration mode
Number of items
Time (min)
Reliability studies?
Validity studies?
Used in child / youth TBI studies?
Ref.
Strengths
Weaknesses*FAD (McMaster Family Assessment Device)
Assess global family functioning
na
Parents / family members
Self-administered
53
15-20
Yes
Yes
Yes
9, 27

Not designed to measure impact on family; not sensitive to change over time*FBII (Family Burden of Injury Interview)
Assess burden of pediatric TBI on families
na
Parent
Interview
27
—–
Yes
Yes
Yes
4, 27
Sensitive to change over time
May not be applicable to non-TBI groups; rather long*IOF-G (Impact on the Family Scale, Version G)
Measure impact of pediatric disability on family
na
Parent
Interview
34
—–
—–
Yes
Yes
15, 27
Brief, useful; designed to be more sensitive to change
Difficult to get; may not be as useful as FBII**Depression
Title
Purpose
Age Range (yrs)
Parent or child response
Administration mode
Number of items
Time (min)
Reliability studies?
Validity studies?
Used in child / youth TBI studies?
Ref.
Strengths
WeaknessesBDI (Beck Depression Inventory)
Evaluate depressive symptoms
Youth
Youth
Self-administered
21
5-10
Yes
Yes
—–
17, 20

Measuring depression may not be as important in children/ youth as in adultsCDI (Child Depression Inventory)
Assess frequency of depressive symptoms
8-17
Child / youth
Self-administered
27
—–
—–
Yes
—–
26

Measuring depression may not be as important in children/ youth as in adultsCES-D (Center for Epidemiological Studies Depression Scale)
Measure current depressive symptoms
Youth
Youth
Self-administered
20
—–
Yes
Yes
—–
9

Measuring depression may not be as important in children/ youth as in adults**PTSD
Title
Purpose
Age Range (yrs)
Parent or child response
Administration mode
Number of items
Time (min)
Reliability studies?
Validity studies?
Used in child / youth TBI studies?
Ref.
Strengths
WeaknessesCAPS-CA (Clinician Administered PTSD Scale, Child/ Adolescent version)
Measure PTSD-related symptoms
7-18
Child/ youth
Structured interview
33
30-120
—–
—–
Yes
5
Can assess impact of symptoms on functioning; extremely detailed and thorough
Requires a longer time period than other assessments; requires administration by a trained professionalCPTS-RI (Child Posttraumatic Stress Reaction Index)
Measure PTSD-related symptoms
6-17
Child/ youth Parent
Semi-structured interview
20
20-45
Yes
Yes
Yes
5, 28
Relatively brief and easy to administer
Does not inquire about all DSM-IV symptoms; parent version not yet validatedTESI (Traumatic Events Screening Inventory)
Assess trauma history
4-18
Child/ youth Parent
Semi-structured interview Interview or self-administered
15   19
10-30   10-30
Yes
Yes
Yes
5

Requires administration by a trained professional

			
							
								Page last reviewed:  January 22, 2016						Content source:  	Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, National Center for Injury Prevention and Control homeTraumatic Brain Injury & Concussion (TBI)Get the Factsplus iconTBI DataHealth DisparitiesTBI in the WorkplacePreventionMild TBI and Concussionplus iconSymptomsGetting BetterRepeated Head ImpactsModerate and Severe TBIplus iconPotential EffectsRecoveryWhere to Get HelpPublications and ReportsResearch and Programsplus iconNational Concussion Surveillance SystemResources for Healthcare Providersplus iconMild Traumatic Brain Injury Guideline for AdultsCDC Pediatric mTBI Guidelineplus iconCDC Pediatric mTBI Guideline ChecklistHEADS UP to Health Care ProvidersPress Roomplus iconLiving with TBIHEADS UP Campaign


About CDC
					Contact Us
					800-232-4636
 Facebook Twitter Instagram LinkedIn Youtube Pinterest Snapchat
 CONTACT CDC
				Contact Us
							Call 800-232-4636
							Email Us
			ABOUT CDC
				About CDC
							Jobs
							Funding
			POLICIES
				Accessibility
							External Links
							Privacy
							Policies
							No Fear Act
							FOIA
							OIG
							Nondiscrimination
							Vulnerability Disclosure Policy
			CONNECT WITH US
				Facebook
								Twitter
								Instagram
								LinkedIn
							Youtube
								Pinterest
								Snapchat
								Email
			LANGUAGES
				Español
							繁體中文
							Tiếng Việt
							한국어
							Tagalog
							Русский
							العربية
							Kreyòl Ayisyen
							Français
							Polski
							Português
							Italiano
							Deutsch
							日本語
							فارسی
							English


U.S. Department of Health & Human Services
			Accessibility
			External Links
			Privacy
			Policies
			No Fear Act
			FOIA
			Nondiscrimination
			OIG
			Vulnerability Disclosure Policy
			USA.gov


Exit Notification / Disclaimer Policy Close
 Links with this icon  indicate that you are leaving the CDC website. The Centers for Disease Control and Prevention (CDC) cannot attest to the accuracy of a non-federal website.
				Linking to a non-federal website does not constitute an endorsement by CDC or any of its employees of the sponsors or the information and products presented on the website.
				You will be subject to the destination website's privacy policy when you follow the link.
				CDC is not responsible for Section 508 compliance (accessibility) on other federal or private website. Website Disclaimers
 Cancel Continue