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e m m b b e e r r 2 2 0 0 0 0 9 9SM Safety Manual September 2009

Safety Management System Talladega Municipal Airport i 

# T a l l a d e g a M u n i c i p a l A i r p o r t ( T M A )

S a f e t y M a n a g e m e n t S y s t e m ( S M S ) M a n u a l

S e p t e m b e r 2 0 0 9

Safety Management System Talladega Municipal Airport

Table of Contents

Section Page

Preface

.............................................................................................................................. ..................................... iii Records of amendments................................................................................. 1

Definitions...................................................................................................... 2

Introduction.................................................................................................... 4

1. SAFETY POLICY

..................................................................................................................... 6 1.1 Policy Statement...................................................................... 6 1.2 Safety Objectives..................................................................... 6 1.3 Organizational Structure ........................................... 7 1.4 TMA Roles and Responsibilities ................................. 7 1.5 Airport Safety Committee.......................................... 12 1.6 Non-punitive reporting............................................. 14

2. PROCEDURES

............................................................................................................................ 15 2.1 Identification of safety Critical Systems ................................. 15

2.2 Reference of Written Procedures ............................................ 18

2.3 Documentation...................................................... 21 2.3.1 Safety Manual and SMS Implementation Plan ......... 22 2.3.2 Reporting Systems(s) Documentation ....................... 22 2.3.3 Hazard Identification and Risk Management Document 22 2.3.4 FAA Requirements and ACM .................................. 23 2.3.5 Quality Assurance Documentation ........................... 23 2.3.6 Airfield operation Documentation ............................ 23 2.3.7 Training Records ....................................................... 24

3. SAFETY RISK MANAGEMENT

............................................................................... 25

3.1 Introduction ............................................................................. 25 3.2 Application .............................................................................. 25SM Safety Manual September 2009

Safety Management System Talladega Municipal Airport ii 3.3 The Safety Risk Management (SRM) Process ........................ 26 3.3.1 Identify the Hazard ................................................... 28 3.3.2 Describe Existing Controls ....................................... 31

3.3.3 Evaluate the Risk ....................................................... 34 3.3.4 Determine Action and Implement.............................. 35 3.3.5 Documenting.............................................................. 36 3.3.6 Safety Risk Management ........................................... 36

3.3.7 Risk Reduction Efforts............................................... 38

4. SAFETY ASSURANCE

....................................................................................................... 39

4.1 Introduction ............................................................................. 39 4.2 Employee SMS Reporting System.......................................... 39 4.3 Airfield Incident Reporting ..................................................... 40 4.4 Systematic Reviews................................................................. 40 4.5 Safety Oversight...................................................................... 41 4.6 Safety Audits ........................................................................... 41 4.7 Record Keeping....................................................................... 42

5.0 SAFETY PROMOTION - COMMUNICATIONS

......................................... 43 5.1 Safety Communication Policy................................................. 43 5.2 The Airport Safety Committee ................................................ 43

5.3 SMS Manual............................................................................ 43 5.4 Safety Management Bulletins and Posters .............................. 43 5.5 Employee Recognition ............................................................ 44 5.6 Annual Safety Report .............................................................. 44 5.7 Safety Meetings....................................................................... 44 5.8 Race Week Safety Campaign.................................................. 44

6.0 SAFETY PROMOTION – TRAINING

................................................................... 45 6.1 Training Policy ........................................................................ 45 6.2 Existing Safety Training Programs ......................................... 45 6.2.1 Airfield Awareness Training...................................... 45 6.2.2 Airfield Driver Training............................................. 45 6.2.3 FAA Part 139 Training .............................................. 46 6.2.4 Non-Driver Employee Training................................. 47 6.2.5 ARFF Training........................................................... 47 6.3 SMS Training .......................................................................... 47

List of Appendices

Appendix 1: Risk Evaluation Guide Appendix 2: Forms 1. Employee Safety Report 2. Mandatory Safety Report 3. Accident and Incident Analysis FormSM Safety Manual September 2009

Safety Management System Talladega Municipal Airport iii Preface

In February 2007 the Federal Aviation Administration (FAA) issued Advisory Circular, AC 150/5200-37, Introduction to Safety Management Systems (SMS) for Airport Operators , to introduce the concepts of SMS. The FAA has also opened a rulemaking project to consider formal requirements for SMS at certificated airports. In support of this rulemaking e ffort, the FAA has initiated a pilot program to assist airports in the development of an SMS specific to their situation and operations, and to share their acquired experience on SMS development and implem entation with other airports and the FAA.

The Talladega Municipal Airport (TMA or Airport) has decided to take a leadership role in the development and implementation of an SMS at the Ai rport by participating in the FAA pilot program.

Part 139 Consideration

The objective of the pilot program is to allow air ports and the FAA to gain experience by establishing airport-specific SMS plans that are customized for th e individual airport. Additionally, the program will provide SMS benchmarking that the FAA can utilize as it considers whether to incorporate SMS into Title 14, Code of Federal Regulations (CFR), Pa rt 139 (Part 139)for Class IV, unscheduled commercial aircraft with General Aviation (GA) airports services.

The goal of an SMS is to successfully identify safet y hazards, ensure actions are developed to mitigate any risks and hazards, and provide continuous monitori ng of the safety levels set forth by management through safety policies and objectives. To achieve the goals and policies set forth by the organization, a change in safety culture must take place, while initiating a proactive process through a non-punitive reporting.

To successfully implement an SMS process at TM A, the following manual was devised. The manual identifies the elements of the airport operator’s ex isting practices and guidance materials that currently meet and do not meet SMS requirements. Additionally, the implementation plan provides direction as to how these practices and documents will be incorporat ed throughout the organization in the future for consistency with the SMS Manual.

Components of SMS Manual

TMA SMS implementation is based on established com ponents of the SMS manual and is further divided into sub-categories for the ease of accessing relevant information.

1. Safety Policy – General Requirements; Policy Statement, Sa fety Objectives, Organizational Structure, Safety and Quality Policy; and Safety Planning;

2. Safety Procedures – Includes Procedures and Controls; doc umentation and Records Management; and Compliance;

3. Safety Risk Management – Includes Details System and Task Analysis; Identify Hazards; Analyze Safety Risk; Asses Safety Risk; and Control Safety Risk;

4. Safety Assurance - Includes General Requirements; System Description; Information Acquisition; Analysis of Data; System Assessment; Preventive/Corrective Action; and Management Review; and

5. Safety Promotion – Includes Communication and Training, Safety Culture; Safety Awareness; Personnel Requirements; and Safety and Lessons Learned.SM Safety Manual September 2009

Safety Management System Talladega Municipal Airport 1 

# Safety Management System Talladega Municipal Airport

RECORD OF AMENDMENTS

Amendment No. Subject Updated By Date

Signature Date

Approved

Reviewed

Reviewed

Approved

Approved

Any amendments and/or revisions to the following Safety Management System Manual are approved by the Airport Manager and the Airport Board. Once a pproved by the Airport Manager, the amendments and/or revisions may become an active part of the SMS Manual. Additionally, any questions or concerns regarding the SMS Manual must be directed to the Airport Manager.SM Safety Manual September 2009

Safety Management System Talladega Municipal Airport 2 Definitions

Accident – An unplanned event or series of events that resu lts in death, injury or damage to, or loss of, equipment or property.

Audit – Formal reviews and verifications to evaluate c onformity with policy, st andards and contractual requirements. It can be an internal audit when conducted by or on behalf of the organization being audited, or an external audit when conducted by an entity outside of the organization being audited.

Corrective Action – Action to eliminate or mitigate the cause or reduce the effects of a detected nonconformity or other undesirable situation.

Gap Analysis – Identification of existing safety components, compared to SMS program requirements. Gap analysis provides an operator with an initial SM S development plan and a roadmap for compliance.

Hazard – Any existing or potential condition that can lead to injury, illness or death to people; damage to or loss of a system, equipment or property; or damage to the environment. A hazard is a condition that is a prerequisite to an accident or incident.

Incident – A near-miss episode, malfunction or failure w ithout accident-level consequences that has a significant chance of resulting in accident-level consequences.

Likelihood – The estimated probability or frequency, in qu antitative or qualitative terms, of a hazard’s

effect.

Oversight – A function that ensures the effective promul gation and implementation of safety standards, requirements, regulations and associated procedures. Safety oversight also ensures that the acceptable level of safety risk is not exceeded in the air transportation system.

Procedure – A specified way to carry out an activity or a process.

Risk Assessment – Assessment system involve an analysis of a job, process or the interaction of activities in order to identify hazards th at have been or could be “built in ”, this analysis could include Job Hazard Analysis, failure modes and effects, analysis, ergonomics assessm ents, etc. The analysis must result in improved work practices and employee communi cation and training as (particularly with process analysis) preventive engineering controls where hazards are discovered.

Risk Management - The identification, analysis and eliminati on (and/or mitigation to an acceptable or tolerable level) of those hazards, as well as the sub sequent risks, that threaten the viability of an organization.

Records – Evidence of results achieved and activities perfo rmed. In this context, it is distinct from documentation because records refer to SMS outputs.

Safety – The state in which the risk of harm to persons or property damage is reduced to, and maintained below, an acceptable level through a continuing pr ocess of hazard identification and risk management.

Safety Assessment – Systematic and comprehensive evaluation of a system to check whether the safety requirements are met.

Safety Assurance – SMS process management functions that systematically provide confidence that organizational products/services meet or exceed safety requirements.

Safety Culture – The product of individual and group values, attitudes, competencies and patterns of behavior that determine the commitment to, and the style and proficiency of the organization's management of safety. Organizations with a positive safety culture are characterized by communications founded on mutual trust, by shared perceptions of the importance of safety, and by confidence in the efficacy of preventive measures.SM Safety Manual September 2009

Safety Management System Talladega Municipal Airport 3 Safety Management System (SMS) – The formal, top-down business-like approach to managing safety risk. It includes systematic procedures, practices, an d policies for the management of safety (including safety risk management, safety policy, safety assurance, and safety promotion).

Safety Objective – Safety goals or desired outcomes, which are typically measurable.

Safety Policy – Defines the fundamental approach to managing safety that is to be adopted within an organization. Safety policy further defines the or ganization’s commitment to safety and overall safety

vision.

Safety Promotion – Combination of safety culture, training, and data-sharing activities that support the implementation and operation of an SMS in an organization.

Safety Risk – Composite of predicted severity and likelihood (i.e., risk) of the potential effect of a hazard. As an example, the possibility of an overshoot by an aircraft landing on a wet runway (extremely wet runway is the hazard) would be co nsidered a safety risk of the hazard.

Safety Risk Control – Anything mitigates the safety risk of a hazard. Safety risk controls necessary to mitigate an unacceptable risk should be mandatory, measurable, and monitored for effectiveness.

Safety Risk Management (SRM) – A formal process within the SMS composed of describing the system, identifying the hazards, as sessing the risk, analyzing the risk, and controlling the risk. The SRM process is embedded in the operational system; it is not a separate/distinct process.

Severity – The consequence or impact of a hazard in terms of degree of loss or harm.

System(s) – An integrated set of elements that are combined in an operational or support environment to accomplish a defined objective. These elements include people, hardware, software, firmware, information, procedures, facilities, services and other support facets.

Top Management – The person or group of people that direct s and controls an organization. Sometimes this is also referred to as senior management and ma y be the Airport Manager, Airport Board Chairman or

Administrator.SMS Safety Manual September 2009

Safety Management System Talladega Municipal Airport 4 INTRODUCTION

The intent of SMS is to improve aviation safety . Traditionally, the need for safety management has been justified based on a predicted industry gr owth and the potential for increase in accidents as a consequence of such growth. While accident reduction will always remain a priority of aviation, there are more compelling reasons underl ying the transition to a safety management environment in the air transportation industry. An elimination of aviation accidents would be the desirable result for implementing SMS; however there is no human activity or human-made system that can be guaranteed to be an absolutely safe system.

The aviation industry’s future viability may we ll be predicated on its ability to sustain the public’s perceived safety while traveling. The mana gement of safety is therefore a prerequisite

for a sustainable aviation busine ss. Not properly managing safety or ignoring safety hazards could pave the way for an increase in the number of aviation accidents.

TMA’s use of SMS at the airport can contribute to the reduction in airport related accidents and an increased likelihood that airport personnel will detect and correct safety problems before the problems result in an aviati on incident or accident.

Resource Allocations

TMA’s perspective of the SMS as an organizati onal process and a core business function places ultimate safety responsibilities for each function at the highest level of the organization (without denying the importance of individual safety responsib ility for the delivery of services). Nowhere are such accountability and responsibility more evident than in the decision making process regarding allocation of resources.

Resources are essential to the core business functi ons of the airport that directly or indirectly support delivery of services. Therefore, resource allocation is one of the most important, if not

the most important, of the organizational SMS processes for which th e Airport Manager and Airport Board support and are held accountable.

Unless safety management is a core function and adhered to by the TMA Airport Managers, there exists the potential for competition in the allocation of resources for the Airport to conduct business directly in support of GA service delivery. There shoul d be a balanced allocation of resources to production and protec tion goals that results from sa fety and business management

decisions.

Benefits

There are many clear benefits to establishing and implementing an SMS. The benefits apply to all activities at an airport. SMS is a formal t op-down business-like approach to managing safety risk that is built on basic system safety principles. Some SMS benefits include:

• A process to anticipate and addre ss safety issues before they lead to an incident or accident that could possibly injure passe ngers or staff working at TMA

• The ability for Airport Management to deal e ffectively with accidents and incidents so that

valuable lessons are learned a nd applied to improve safety.SMS Safety Manual September 2009

Safety Management System Talladega Municipal Airport 5 Costs

The costs of a major accident at, or near, TMA, with injuries to people and damage to property could potentially threaten the fina ncial viability of TMA. Direct costs are the costs for repairing hanger door or replacing aircraft towing equipment and Airport property, or compensating for human injuries or deaths. There are also many indirect costs wh ich may not be as obvious, may be delayed aircraft departure, and may eventually total more than direct costs. These indirect costs, for example, could include:

• Loss of revenues if flights are cance lled or tenants cease operations at TMA

• Loss of reputation;

• Legal and damage claims;

• Cost of replacing and compensating injured employees;

• Increased insurance claims or denial of insurance coverage;

• Clean-up of the accident site; and

• Cost of internal and government investigations.

TMA has a good reputation for safety and will be able to sell itself mo re effectively to new

customers and airlines that are c onsidering operating at the airport in the future. An airports poor safety reputation could cause airlines to look else where to ensure the safety of their passengers

and their aircraft.

Legal

TMA understands that there can be legal proceedings against Airport Management as a result of accidents and incidents. However, TMA can and will continue to demonstrate that management has taken reasonable actions to eliminate or pr event accidents. The lessons learned in other countries from accidents show that, in many cases , failures in management were a key causal

factor.

This document summarizes the policies, organi zation, systems, and processes by which airport safety will be managed.SMS Safety Manual September 2009

Safety Management System Talladega Municipal Airport 6 

### 1. SAFETY POLICY

1.1 Policy Statement

The Airport Board and Managers of the Tallade ga Municipal Airport (TMA) have recognized the need for, and benefits of, an effectiv e Safety Management System (SMS) for TMA.

Our goal is to maintain aviation safety at the hi ghest reasonable standard of safety by identifying and minimizing risks arising from activities which could contribu te to aviation accidents and incidents. Safety is the first prio rity in all our activities and is an integral part of the provision of our airport management system. E veryone is accountable for safety in the perfor mance of their responsibilities. We are committed to develop ing, implementing, maintaining, and constantly improving strategies and processes to ensure that all our aviation ac tivities take place under a balanced allocation of organizational resources, ai med at achieving the hi ghest level of safety performance and meeting national, st ate, and internal standards.

TMA’s senior management is committed to ensuring:

• All TMA employees receive proper training to do their jobs safe ly, and to protect themselves, other workers, passengers, aircraft, and equipment;

• Minimization of risks associated with aircraft operations to a point that is as low as reasonably practical/achievable;

• External supplies systems and services that imp act the safety of opera tions meet appropriate safety standards;

• All TMA employees can report aviation safety concerns, issues, incidents, and accidents without fear of negative persona l consequences or reprisal;

• Hazard identification and risk management processes are established for identifying safety concerns and analyzed for appropriate actions taken;

• Safety information is effectively exchanged amo ng all key tenants and public safety agencies designated to support airport operati ons and other related activities;

• Continual improvement of safety performan ce through management processes that ensure relevant safety actions are taken and effective;

• Support of safety management through the provisi on of all appropriate resources, resulting in the organizational culture that fosters safe prac tices and encourages effective safety reporting

and communication.

Top Management will sign and ensure that this Po licy is available and current. This Policy will be reviewed at least annually to ensure it refl ects the values adopted by the organization. This Policy will be communicated to all employees.

1.2 Safety Objectives

Objectives are a series of meas urable targets that provide di rection and guidance for safety management activities. The Airpor t Manager and staff will be re sponsible for working with the Airport Board to set up a series of measurable objectives for the organization as a whole, in accordance with the Safety Policy.SMS Safety Manual September 2009

Safety Management System Talladega Municipal Airport 7 As a means to continuous safety improvements, Airport Management will establish annual safety objectives and monitor their performance to meet these objectives. These annual safety objectives will address (but are not be limited to):

• Safety hazards/deficiencies identified during TM A self inspections by type of hazard (e.g., pavement, lighting, markings, signage);

• Incursions of vehicles, aircraft, or pede strians on movement and non-movement areas;

• Number of airside safety viola tions (by class of violation);

• Number and type of accidents and incidents on the Airport Operating Area (AOA) involving aircraft, ground vehicles, passengers and workers;

• Number of airside based employees who have received safety and SMS related training (initial and refresher training); and

• Number of safety hazards reported through non-punitive safety reports.

Objectives will be communicated to all employees.

1.3 Organizational Structure

The organizational structure at TMA is established by the size, complexity, and operational environment of a small GA organization. The Air port Manager has been identified as the owner for implementation and maintenance of the SMS program. While it would be preferable for the Airport Manager to have no other roles and resp onsibilities, this is not possible at TMA.

The Airport Manager is the Fixed Based Operator (FBO), which is leased to North America Testing, owned by the City of Talladega, and operated as a Class IV airport. The Airport Advisory Board is appointed by the city coun cil in an advisory capacity. The roles and responsibilities in the or ganizational structure for the safety at TMA are pr esented in Exhibit 1-1.

The effective management of TMA safety requires a well documented delineation of all lines of authority within the organization. There must be a clear understanding of the accountability, responsibility, and authority of all individua ls involved in the SMS. Th e organizational structure will be disseminated throughout the organizati on, thereby promoting a common understanding of everyone’s role in TMA’s SMS program.

Safety procedures are laid out by which TMA staff identifies and re medies safety risks during all activates at the airport. Safety procedures are subject to revision as circumstances change or more effective procedures are developed. It is critical that any changes be clearly communicated to affected agencies, and that the procedures ar e easily accessible to all for reference or continual

education.

1.4 TMA Roles and Responsibilities

Management’s role, responsibilities and accountab ilities for the SMS should be well defined and the lines of authority clearly understood. This sec tion describes the roles and responsibilities of key participants in TMA aviation safety.

The airport manager is accountable for esta blishing and maintaining the SMS program.SMS Safety Manual September 2009

Safety Management System Talladega Municipal Airport 8 Designate the manager in charge of each func tional area for airport operations, for example, identify who is responsible for the implementatio n of SMS within his/her functional area; and Maintain a list of designate functional managers in charge of identifying and correcting organizational deficiencies identified in the system.

The functional agency representatives (i.e., fire department, security, emergency response, etc) and TMA staff personnel in the organi zation are responsible for safety.

Designated functional agency managers are re sponsible for managing safety of operations because he/she has the knowledge and expertis e to recommend effective, corrective, and preventive actions and has the authority to assign the appropri ate resources where required.

Airport staff must assume responsib ility for safety within their ow n area of responsibility. In this way, he/she is involved in the “safety” process an d is accountable for issues that arise in his/her

functional area.

The proposed TMA operational safety organi zational structure is as follows:

Exhibit 1-1. TMA Operational Structure

There are several Federal Government agencies that provide services to TMA in case of an emergency, aviation incident and accident (especially during race events) or any other unforeseen event. These include: The Regional Federal Aviation Administration (F AA), the Federal Bureau of Investigation (FBI), the National Transportation Board (NTSB ), and the National Weather Agency.SMS Safety Manual September 2009

Safety Management System Talladega Municipal Airport 9 1.4.1 TMA Airport Board

• The Airport Board endorses the SMS and the safe ty policies contained within the SMS; and

• Ensures that financial and resources required fo r proper execution of th e SMS are available.

1.4.2 TMA Airport Manager

The responsibilities of the Air port Manager for SMS include:

• Approving the SMS program;

• Approving the safety policy and objectives;

• Approving periodic revisions of the SM S, safety policy, and objectives; and

• Updating the Airport Certific ation Manual (ACM) and ensuri ng that TMA personnel comply

with the ACM and Part 139.

• Facilitating an informal Airport Safety Committee;

• Providing data related to TMA self-inspections, NOTAMS, c ondition reports, and airfield deficiency reports for trend an alysis by the Airport Manager

• Establishing annual safety objectives in accordance with this SMS Manual and providing relevant performance data to the Airport Board; and

• Conducting Safety Risk Management Assessments as required per Se ction 3 of this SMS

Manual.

• Participating in the Airport Board (Chaired by the City of Talladega elected chairman) meetings to coordinate the exchange of safety information;

• Retaining records of all safety related reports, incidents and accidents;

• Investigating accidents and incidents;

• Conducing trend analysis of accide nts, incidents, and hazards;

• Providing staff advice on SMS incl uding safety risk management the analysis of safety concerns, hazards, incidents and accidents to de termine action required by the airport staff;

• Monitoring and recording actions taken by departments in re sponse to safety concerns, hazards, incidents and accidents.

• Advising the Airport Board on the st atus of safety action plans;

• Developing and implementing aviation safety prom otion such as newsletters and bulletins;

• Implementing the non-punitive reporting system including follow-up and response;

• Training for Airport employees and tenants located or work ing in the AOA in cluding initial and recurrent training programs for ai rside drivers and pedestrians;

• Monitoring safety performance in relation to sa fety objectives and prep aring an annual report
on the achievement of objectives;

• Performing an annual review of the sa fety policy and safety objectives,SMS Safety Manual September 2009

Safety Management System Talladega Municipal Airport 10 • Preparing an Annual Safety Report and making recommendations to th e Airport Manager on revisions to safety pol icies and objectives; and

• In collaboration with appropr iate TMA departments, conduc ting periodic reviews of the Airport SMS to recommend ad justments where required.

It should be noted that the important role and responsibilitie s of the Airport Manager in promoting, supporting, and implementing TMA’s em ployee occupational health and safety in accordance with Federal Occupation al Health and Safety Administration (OSHA) standards is not included as part of the SMS Manual.

1.4.3 TMA Airport Staff

The Airport Staff is responsible for key duties that have a direct impact on aviation safety;

activities are listed below:

• Completing airfield runway and taxiway inspections;

• Conducting airfield lighting inspections;

• Performing fueling facility and operations inspections;

• Conducting ramp Foreign Object Debris (FOD) inspections on a continuous basis;

• Responding, removing, and documenting all FOD related notifications;

• Completing construction worksite security and safety inspections;

• Issuing NOTAMS (Notice to Airmen);

• Completing airfield condition reports (Field Reports);

• Maintaining a written log of events;

• Preparing and storing Airfi eld Discrepancy Reports;

• Responding to aircraft alerts and emergencie s as required, Activate Emergency Contingency Plans as required;

• Completing Airport Rescue a nd Firefighting (ARFF); and

• Conducing periodic inspections of obstacle limitation surfaces.

The TMA staff has important respon sibilities for maintenance that impact aviation directly. Staff are responsible for:

• Maintaining the pavement integrity of all runw ays, taxiways, and ramps to provide a high level of physical safety. In addition, this de partment is responsible for roads, bridges, sidewalks, and grounds outside of the AOA;

• Maintaining runway and taxiway paint marki ngs to help in the prevention of runway incursions;

• Removing runway rubber to comply with FAA standards;

• Monitoring all runways, taxiways, and ramps for prevention of FOD accidents;SMS Safety Manual September 2009

Safety Management System Talladega Municipal Airport 11 • Maintaining service roadway systems to pr ovide easy access around th e airfield without interfering with air traffic;

• Installing and replacing signs (non-illuminated) on all AOA and access roads for safety to prevent vehicle and aircraft accidents;

• Managing tree cutting, brush and weeds around the AOA to maintain clear visibility and an obstacle-free area for safe aircraft operations;

• Maintaining fence lines to prevent wildlife from entering the AOA to provide for safe aircraft operations;

• Maintaining all storm water pipelines and struct ures to prevent flooding and run-off that can pose a safety risk to aircraft;

• Maintaining all airfield lighting for runway s, taxiways, and ramps for safe aviation operations;

• Maintaining emergency generators for airfield lighting;

• Maintaining over mobile and hand-held radi os to assure constant and dependable communications;

• Maintaining all pump houses for proper fire protection;

For SMS, the staff maintenance responsibilities include:

• Establishing annual safety objectives in accord ance with Section 1.3 of this manual and providing relevant performance data to the Airport Manager; and

• Assisting in conducting Safety Risk Management Assessments as required per Section 2 of

this manual.

1.4.4 Other Departments

The Engineering and Construction department is responsible for managing capital improvement projects, including construction management that may occur airside such as pavement, signage, lighting, and new signage. As part of SMS, the department participates in the Airport Board.

The department is also responsible for ensuring that all capital works are in compliance with FAA regulations such as obstacle li mitations and minimum clearances.

The department will ensure formal Safety Risk assessments whenever new equipment is being planned or installed, or when ne w facilities are being constructe d that may have an impact on safety at the airport.

1.4.5 Tenants at the Airport

Tenants at the Airport have full accountability and authority for safety within their respective area of operation.

At TMA, airport staff is currently responsible for apron control.SMS Safety Manual September 2009

Safety Management System Talladega Municipal Airport 12 As part of their safety responsibilities, tenant s are expected to have in place safety awareness training subject to audit by TMA.

1.5 Airport Safety Committee

The Airport Safety Committee is comprised of a body of expertise and experience to address and provide advice on safety issues at the Airport. TMA does not have a formal safety committee ; however for special events such as race week, the organization will discuss and resolve safety matters in an informal way.

This requirement for a safety committee is an exception in accordance with the International Civil Aviation Organization (ICAO) Safety Ma nagement Manual (SMM), “a formal safety committee may not be necessary” for small organizations. However, safety performance and safety management should be a regular agenda item at the monthly general management meetings held by the North American Testing Company (NATC). The Ai rport Manager should participate in these meetings.

1.5.1 SMS Committee

The SMS Committee will be chaired by the Airport Manager when required. The committee provides a forum for discussing safety-related is sues from a cross-functional perspective and may lead to incursion of issues that look at safety from a broader perspective. The forum provides for dialogue and can be ut ilized to assess the effectiven ess of the system from a “bigpicture” perspective.

During preparation for special events, such as the Talladega Super speedway races, specific terms of reference can help, such as:

1. Provide a forum to discuss aviation and asso ciated safety matters affecting TMA and its

users;

2. Help identify hazards and risks and advise on safety measures to improve safety, for example;

a. Emergency response and contingency planning

b. Apron congestion

c. FOD damage

d. Airside vehicle operations

3. Review safety practices and procedures and recommend any necessary ch anges, for example:

a. Revised vehicle operating pr ocedures or vehicle lanes

b. Apron control

c. Escorts for arriving and departing passengers

d. Revision of training frequency and imp lementation of refresher trainingSMS Safety Manual September 2009

Safety Management System Talladega Municipal Airport 13 4. Review safety rules and regulations;

5. Review reports on safety hazards/risks, in cidents, and accident s and action taken, or proposed;

6. Review audit reports and action taken or proposed;

7. Provide advice on methods to de velop and promote apron safety awareness initiatives, such as poster campaigns and safety presentations/exhibitions;

8. Promote airside discipline; and

9. Provide advice on safety measures to be incorpor ated in airport expansions or modifications.

1.5.2 Special Event Committee

The special events meeting will consist of senior managers representing th eir organizations with the capacity to make decisions and deploy resour ces. The following organizations are included:

• The Airport Manager (the Chairperson will act as the facilitator);

• Engineering and Construction Department;

• Air Carrier/Aircraft Operators;

• Airport Authority/Management;

• Communications Services;

• Emergency Management Agencies;

• Emergency Medical Services;

• Department of Environmental;

• Aircraft Rescue and Firefighting (ARFF);

• Law Enforcement/Security;

• National Weather Service Representative;

• Air Traffic Controller (F AA Tower Representative;

• Airport Tenants Representatives.

The organizational agenci es/departments continue to have full accountability and authority for their mandates, achievement of their goals, and implementation of their procedures. With respect to SMS, the Airport Staff are responsible for:

1. Ensuring that their procedures consider safe ty and are integrated with safe practices;

2. Ensuring that equipment and facili ties are in place and adequately maintained for safe airfield and ramp operations;SMS Safety Manual September 2009

Safety Management System Talladega Municipal Airport 14 3. Conducting hazard and risk analysis as describe d in the SMS; particularly when safety hazards are identified or reported, when new or revised operating procedures are required, or new facilities or equipment or modifications are planned;

4. Participating in safety communications , promotional, and audit programs;

5. Participating in the safe ty reporting process; and

6. Participating in SMS Committees.

1.6 Non-Punitive Reporting System

Introducing an SMS in the TMA will require a change in culture. A positive safety culture will provide for continuous improvement in the organization’s safety health . To achieve this, lessons must be learned from every occurrence, inci dent, or accident involving safety systems.

A non-punitive reporting system is instrumental in nourishing mutual trust between management and employees and in building a safety culture. To achieve this, it is imperative that TMA encourage uninhibited reporting of all incidents and occurrences that may compromise the safe conduct of all operations.

To this end, every employee is responsible fo r communicating any information that may affect the integrity of airport operations. Such communi cation must be completely free of any form of reprisal.SMS Safety Manual September 2009

Safety Management System Talladega Municipal Airport 15 

### 2.0 PROCEDURES

2.1 Identification of Sa fety-Critical Systems

The first step in implementing an SMS is to determine what aspects of airport operations are within the scope of the system. Th e FAA Pilot Study Participant’s Guide 1 states that “The importance of developing an SPM is to define where 14 CFR Part 139 and associated FAA guidance material do or do not incl ude all of the requirements of an SMS.” In other words, the SPM should identify “gaps” between the Airport Certification Program and the SMS developed for the airport. The scope of the airport SMS must be clearly defined to ensure clear assignments of responsibilities without overlap with other safety programs (such as OSHA). SMS must also,

at least in its initial version, have a direct relationship wi th the existing airport certification requirements.

While it is customary to divide airport operations into physical areas such as movement and nonmovement areas, 14 CFR Part 139 requirements sometimes straddle such physical boundaries. For example, the provision and maintenance of markings, signs, and ligh ting encompasses both movement and non-movement areas. Similarly, wildlife control must include non-movement areas, and sometimes extend to la nd outside the airport boundary.

In order to resolve potential confusion and clearly establish the SMS relationship with 14 CFR Part 139, airport activities have been divided into “Saf ety-Critical Systems.” The criteria used to identify such systems included: A list of sa fety-critical systems, the corresponding CFR requirement(s) and Advisory Circul ars as found in Table 2.1 below.

a. There should be as little overlap as possible between systems;

b. Systems can be clearly defined;

c. Systems are under the control of the airport authority; and

d. There is a direct relationship with 14 CFR Part 139 requirements.SMS Safety ManualSeptember 2009Safety Management SystemTalladega Municipal Airport16Safety Management System (SMS) PilotStudy Participant’s Guide, April 6, 2007.SystemSub-SystemsCFR 143 Part139 ReferenceAdvisory CircularPersonnel Staffing levels resources 139.303Maintenance of paved areas 139.305 150/5380-6BSafety areas Provision and maintenance 139.309Provision and maintenance ofmarkings, signs and lightingMarkings, Signs, Lightinginterference139.311139.323150/5340-1J150/5340-26A150/5340-18D150/5345-27D150/5340-5CEmergency planning ARFFEmergency plan, Operationalrequirements, Indexdetermination, Equipment andagents139.325139.319139.315139.317150/5210-6D150/5220-10D150/5200-31A150/5210-7C150/5210-14A150/5210-17A150/5220-4BFueling operations oversight 139.321 150/5230-4ASelf-inspection program 139.327 150/5200-18CAccess airsideTraining of personnel, Control ofpedestrian and ground vehicles,Fencing, Entry to the movementarea139.303139.329139.335139.335150/5210-20SMS Safety ManualSeptember 2009Safety Management SystemTalladega Municipal Airport17SystemSub-SystemsCFR 143 Part139 ReferenceAdvisory CircularControl of obstaclesObstacle control within airportboundaries, Monitoring buildingheights in OCZ, Protection ofNAVAIDs, Identifying, markingand lighting construction andother unserviceable areas139.331139.333139.341AC70/7460-1KPublic protection Protection from jet blast 139.335Reporting139.339139.343150/5200-28DLow visibility proceduresSafety Movement ControlGuidance Systems (SMGCS)150/120-57AAirport planning 150/5300-13Construction projectmanagement150/5370-2EControl of Debris (FOD) 150/5380-5BIt should be noted that certain aspects of the Part 139,139.301 (Records) and 139.303 (Personnel),are not singled out as safety-criticalsystems.Furthermore, some critical systems are notdirectly related to Part 139 paragraphs.SMS Safety Manual September 2009

Safety Management System Talladega Municipal Airport 18 Records and personnel are not singled out as a sy stem because they are a vital part of each safety-critical system and represented as components of each.

Three of the safety-critical systems were incl uded because of their significance in managing high-risk areas although they are not related to a specific Part 139 requirement. They are also identifiable as well-defined systems subject to specific advisory circulars. These are:

a. Low-visibility procedures;

b. Control of debris (FOD); and

c. Planning and construction.

While not all aspects of the non-movement areas are included in the sa fety-critical systems identified, TMA will continue to enforce a nu mber of airfield operations standard operating procedures to ensure the remaining apron act ivities are conducted in a safe manner.

The identification of safety-critical systems will facilitate the determination of the scope of processes that will be subjected to risk management, as well as the assignment of specific responsibilities to managers.

(SMS will be phased in gradually beginning with airfield operations. At a later stage in the implementation plan, other systems may be integrated into the TMA SMS.)

2.2 References to Written Procedures

Written procedures are required at two levels: To describe how the TMA manages its SMS and to document the operational procedures applicable to safety-critical systems. The SMS is based on and directed towards Part 139 while the pr ocedures are founded on what Part 139 covers.

Table 2.2, found below, lists the procedures appli cable to the management of the TMA SMS, the entities responsible for developing and monitori ng the procedure, and where the procedure is

described.

Table 2.2: Procedures to Manage SMS

Procedure Description Responsible Entities Reference

Conducting policy review Airport Management Airport Board Safety Manual

Setting management responsibilities HR/Airport Manager Safety Manual Job Descriptions

Risk management procedures Airport Manager Safety Manual

Reporting systems Airport Manager Safety Manual

Training HR/Airport Manager Training Plans

Auditing of safety-critical systems Airport Management Safety Manual

Auditing of SMS Airport Management Safety Manual

Documentation and data control Airport Management Safety ManualSMS Safety ManualSeptember 2009Safety Management SystemTalladega Municipal Airport19Table 2.3 lists the procedures applicable tosafety-critical systems or sub-systems,the entities responsible for developing andmonitoring the procedure, and where the procedure is described. Procedures not presently available are identified as To BeDeveloped (TBD).Table 2.3: Safety-Critical System ProceduresSafety-Critical SystemSub-SystemResponsible EntityReferenceResource, qualifications,equipmentAirfield BoardAirport ManagerACMPersonnelTraining, training recordsAirport ManagerTalladega SpeedwayACMMaintenance of paved areas Maintenance,repair and cleaning Airport Staff ACMProvision Airport Staff ACMSafety areasMaintenance Airport Staff ACMMarkings Airport Staff ACMSigns Airport Staff ACMLighting Airport Staff ACMProvision and maintenance ofmarkings, signs and lightingLighting interference Airport Staff ACMIndex determination Fire Chief ACMEquipment and agents Fire Chief ACMOperational requirements Fire Chief ACMEmergency planning ARFFEmergency Plan Fire ChiefACMTMA EmergencyPlanFuelling operations oversight Fueling surveillance Fire Chief ACMSelf-inspection programInspection procedures Airport StaffACM -TBDSMS Safety ManualSeptember 2009Safety Management SystemTalladega Municipal Airport20Table 2.3: Safety-Critical System ProceduresSafety-Critical SystemSub-SystemResponsible EntityReferenceInspection records Airport Staff ManagementACM -TBDTraining of personnelAirport ManagerAirport StaffACM -TBDControl of pedestrian and groundvehiclesAirport StaffACM -TBDAccess to safety and movementareaAirport StaffACM –TBDNon-complianceAirport managerAirport StaffACM -TBDAccess airsideAirport condition reportingAirport ManagerAirport StaffACMReporting Noncompliant Airport ManagerACM -TBDLow-visibility procedures Report Airport managerACM -TBDControl of debris (FOD) Inspection procedures Airport StaffACM -TBDSMS Safety Manual September 2009 September 2009

Safety Management System Talladega Municipal Airport 21 Each procedure must identify who has authority over its contents (development, amendments) and who is responsible for ensuring it is carried out consistently.

2.3 Documentation

The TMA safety-related documentation is composed of the following:

1. Safety manual and SMS implementation plan;

2. Reporting system(s) documentation;

3. Hazard identification and risk management documentation;

4. Quality assurance documentation;

5. FAA requirements and Airport Ce rtification Manu al (ACM);

6. Airfield Operations documentation, including st andard operating procedures (SOPs); and

7. Training records.

As part of the annual audit of TMA’s SMS program, there will be a review of the SMS documentation to ensure its continuing suitabilit y, adequacy, and effectiveness. The audit will also verify that all approved changes to TMA’ s safety documentation have been implemented.

As a rule, all documented record management procedures shall ensure the generation and

retention of all records nece ssary for documenting and supporti ng operational requirements, and shall be in accordance with applicable regulato ry requirements. They shall also provide the control processes necessary to en sure appropriate iden tification, legibility, storage, protection, archiving, retrieval, retention time , and disposition of records.

A widely accepted definition of SMS is that it is an organized approach to managing safety, including the necessary organizational structures , accountabilities, policies, and procedures. SMS implementation will call for the establishment of processes requiring action to be taken, reports to be prepared, and other activit ies to be carried out throughout different departments and levels of the organization.

Records should be documented and kept for a peri od of five years, with the exception of reports from the proactive and non-punitive reporting systems that should be kept for an indefinite period of time. At a minimum, electroni c media records should be kept of:

a. All activities related to identificat ion of hazards and risk assessments;

b. Results of all investigation of accidents and incidents;

c. Mitigation action taken and tracking assessments;

d. Findings of internal audits, asse ssments, and program review; and

e. Communication strategi es and publications.

The consolidated documentation should be readily accessible by persons who need the

information.SMS Safety Manual September 2009 September 2009

Safety Management System Talladega Municipal Airport 22 2.3.1 Safety Manual and SMS Implementation Plan

The Airport Manager is responsible for the main tenance, review, and revision of the safety manual, which describes the SMS and the inte rrelationship among all of its elements.

The Airport Manager is also responsible for th e maintenance of the SMS implementation plan. Once the implementation plan has been complete d, the Airport Manager is responsible for the tracking of all corrective actions resu lting from audits of TMA’s SMS.

The safety manual and SMS implementation plan will contain distribution lists of document holders deemed appropriate by the Airport Manager.

Amendments to the safety manual and SMS im plementation plan will be recommended by the Airport Manager for coordination/approval by the NATC Director a nd Airport Board. The Airport Manager is responsible for ensuring amendments are inserted and implemented.

2.3.2 Reporting System(s) Documentation

All reports from the proactive non-punitive repor ting system and the accid ent/incident reporting system will be recorded in an electronic da tabase maintained by the Airport Manager.

Due to the potentially sensitive nature of th is information, the SMS Committee will determine

who will have access to the database. Release of any information to outside organizations will have to be approved by the Accountable Executiv e, who may then consu lt with the TMA legal department.

Since reporting documentation will be required for long-term trend an alysis, it will be preserved indefinitely.

The procedures developed by the Airport Manager for this purpose will be documented and inserted into the safety manual.

2.3.3 Hazard Identification and Ri sk Management Documentation

The hazard identification and risk management doc umentation consists of all records generated as a result of the risk management process described in Chapter 4 of this safety manual.

This documentation will be preserved by whomev er is responsible for carrying out the risk management process and will be made availa ble upon request to the Airport Manager.

The archiving or destruction of any hazard id entification and risk management documentation will be authorized by the Airport Manager. Release of any information to outside organizations must be approved by the Accountable Executive, who may then consult with the TMA legal department.

The procedures developed for this purpose will be documented by the Airport Manager and inserted into the safety manual.SMS Safety Manual September 2009 September 2009

Safety Management System Talladega Municipal Airport 23 2.3.4 FAA Requirements and ACM

FAA Part 139 requirements consist of all regula tory material applicable to TMA operations (FAR, Advisory Circulars, letters of correction, exemptions, etc.) and are reflected in the ACM.

While copies of documents may be distribute d as determined by the Airport Manager in consultation with Airport Board an d other related agencies, a refe rence library of all regulatory

material will be held in a document center ma naged by the Airport Admi nistration. The reference library will keep master copies up to date by inserting all necessary amendments and distributing such amendments to all document holders as per a master distribution list. The reference library manager will ensure all amendm ents are duly received and inserted by document holders.

Airport Staff will ensure it receives all FAA notic es of proposed regulations and forwards them to the appropriate division(s) for review and co mments. Consolidated TMA representation to the FAA will be coordinated by the Airport Manager.

The procedures developed by Airport Staff for this purpose will be documented and inserted into

the SMS Manual.

2.3.5 Quality Assurance Documentation

The Quality Assurance (QA) documentation consists of all documents produced as a result of:

a. Safety surveys;

b. Internal and external safety audits;

c. Safety trend analysis; and

d. Tracking of corrective and preventive action(s);

The Airport Manager will retain records of all th e above activities. These records consist of at least the following documents:

a. Safety survey questionnaires and results;

b. Internal and external audit plans;

c. Audit findings and supporting documentation;

d. Final audit reports;

e. Action plans to implement recommenda tions and tracking thereof; and

f. Results and recommendations from trend analysis.

2.3.6 Airfield Operati ons Documentation

The Airport Staff shall transmit information, instru ctions, guidelines, and policies and procedures through the use of manuals, memoranda , and other forms of correspondence.SMS Safety Manual September 2009 September 2009

Safety Management System Talladega Municipal Airport 24 2.3.7 Training Records

Training records consist of records required by Part 139 section 139.301 and records of SMS training to enable the implementation of the safety manual (hazard identification, risk management, SMS, etc.).

Training records required by Part 139.301 will be maintained by the appropriate airport staffs that are responsible for ensuring sta ff meets regulatory requirements.

SMS training records will be maintained by the Ai rport manager in a fili ng system accessible to airport staffs.

The implementation plan will require an evaluation of current training record management practices by the TMA to make recommendations for streamlining and use of suitable digital processes to maximize efficiency and effectiveness. The resulting documented procedure will be inserted into the safety manual.SMS Safety Manual September 2009 September 2009

Safety Management System Talladega Municipal Airport 25 

### 3. SAFETY RISK MANAGEMENT

3.1 Introduction

Aviation is an activity that faces numerous risk on a daily basis. It is impossible to completely eliminate all risk; however risk can be reduced to an acceptable level through the Safety Risk Management (SRM). SRM is the core activity th at supports the manage ment of safety and contributes to others, indirectly relating to airport operations. The risks and costs inherent in aviation require a rational proces s for decision-making. The term of safety risk management, it is meant to convey the notion that the management of safety does not aim directly at the management of financial risk, legal risk, economic risk and so forth, but it restricts itself primarily to the management of safety risk.

Decisions are made in daily in real time, weighing the probability and severity of any adverse consequences implied by the risk against the exp ected gain of taking the risk. This process is

known as “risk management”.

Risk management is considered the ongoing iden tification, analysis a nd elimination (and/or mitigation to an acceptable or tolerable level) of those hazards, as well as the subsequent risks, that threaten airport operations.

Safety Risk Management (SRM) is important because it can:

• Control the risk of an accid ent before any harm is done;

• Supply useful information for the development and implementation of measures to control safety and minimize the possibility of accidents;

• Determine if existing or planned safety measure are adequate; and

• Provide TMA management with valuable info rmation about potential hazards and dangers that may be under estimated or overlooked in daily operations.

In other words, risk management facilitates th e balancing act between as sessed risks and viable risk mitigation. SRM encompasses the assessment and mitigation of the safety risks of the consequences of hazards that threaten the capabi lities of an organization, to a level as low as reasonably practicable (ALARP). Risk manageme nt is an integral component of safety management and a balance of allocation of resour ces that involves a logical process of objective analysis, particularly in the evaluation of the ri sks. Actively analyzes the work and worksite, to anticipate and prevent harmful occurrences.

Thus a Safety Risk Assessment (SRA) process is the key first step towards Risk Management.

3.2 Application

A formal SRA process will be conducted when:

• There is a significant accident or incident;

• There is a negative trend in safety-related Ai rport inspections, safety events or safety infractions;SMS Safety Manual September 2009 September 2009

Safety Management System Talladega Municipal Airport 26 • When there is concern that established practices and procedures, equipment or facilities are not as safe as they could be;

• Major changes are planned, including changes to equipment, runways and taxiways, airfield systems, key personnel, ground operations, air tra ffic control operations, staffing levels, etc;

• The Airport is undergoing significan t change such as increases in air services or contraction in services;

• When new equipment or systems are being installed; and

• When new facilities are going to be constructed.

Safety risks assessed initially falls in the intolerable and are unacceptable under any circumstances. The probability and/or severity of the consequence of the hazards are of such a magnitude, the damaging potential of the hazard poses such as a threat to the viability of the airport, that immediate mitigation action is require d. In general, we like to bring the safety risks

to the tolerable or acceptable level by the allo cation of resources to redu ce the exposure to and/or the magnitude of the damaging potential of the cons equences of the hazards, or if mitigation is not possible, cancellati on of the operation.

Safety risks assessed that fall in the tolerable and are acceptable, provide mitigation strategies already in place guarantee that, to the foreseeable extent, the probability a nd/or severity of the consequences of the hazard are ke pt under organizational controls.

The same control criteria apply to safety risks in itially falling in the intolerable can be mitigated to the tolerable acceptable risk. Both must re mained protected by mitigation strategies that guarantee its control and both cases a cost-benefit analysis is required. Questions that come to mind are: 1) Is there a return in the investment underlying the allocation of resources to bring the probability and/or severity of the consequenc es of the hazard under airport management’s control; 2) Or is the allocation of resources required pose a greater threat to the viability of the airport than bringing the probabil ity and/or severity of the situ ation or hazard under the airports control. ALARP describes a risk as being reduced to a reasonable level of control for appropriate risk elimination, reductio n or acceptable control.

3.3 The Safety Risk Management (SRM) Process

Safety is the state in which the risk of harm to persons or property damage is reduced to, and maintained below, an acceptabl e level through a continuing pro cess of hazard identification and risk management.

A good task analysis is the critical foundation for a sound risk analysis. It is a proactive method

of hazard identification. It is important that the people c onducting the risk analysis are a diversified team of experts, w ho will be involved, in differen t capacities, throughout the risk analysis process.

The Airport manager will take the lead role in conducting formal Safety Risk Assessment (SRA) activities. The manager will use the airport staff experience and knowledge to provide advice in SRA. The responsible senior manager will also cons ider enlisting other staff within his, or her, own department, other operating agencies (public safety departments), se lected tenants and AirSMS Safety Manual September 2009 September 2009

Safety Management System Talladega Municipal Airport 27 Traffic Control tower agency representative to provide a wide perspective and expertise in the SRA process were warranted. The result is a SRA team led by the Airport manager.

SRM Process is summarized schematically in Exhibit 3.1 and described below.

Identify or List Your Tasks

Especially as they apply to Part 139 implementation and controls

3.3.1 Identify the Hazard

(Hazard Identification)

An event, condition, or situation that could
cause an incident

3.3.2 Describe Existing Controls (Control Selection)

Procedures, rules, equipment, systems

3.3.3 Determine and Evaluate The Risk

Consequences of an accident.
Likelihood of the accident (Residual Risk Acceptable?)

3.3.4 Determine Action and Implement

Track Y es No

Exhibit 3-1. Safety Risk Management Process 3.3.6 Risk Management

Validate Control Implementation

Inspect, Test, and Observe
Measure Success or Failure 3.3.7 Risk Reduction

Continually Improve Risks via Hierarchy of Controls, Defense in Depth, etc.SMS Safety Manual September 2009 September 2009

Safety Management System Talladega Municipal Airport 28 3.3.1 Identify and Hazard

The First step in SRM is to identify hazards th at is faced in both operational and maintenance

environments. Hazards are associated with ei ther the tasks performed, or supposed to be performed. Many of the tasks as an Airport are regulated by FAA Part 139; therefore the performance and quality of performing these tasks directly impact the overall airport performance. Part 139, however, does not regulate al l potential activit ies at an airport, therefore departments should determine and lis t the tasks they perform, and perform the risk assessment on
these tasks.

A hazard is an event, condition or situation that could result in an incident involving aircraft, equipment and people. Hazard may involve any situ ation or condition that has the potential to cause adverse consequences.

• Hazard. Any existing or potential c ondition that can lead to an accident or incident and results in injury, illness, or death to people; damage to, or loss of, a system (hardware or software), equipment or property; and/ or damage to an operating environment.

Hazards are caused by man, machines, material s, the physical environment and the methods developed by management to organize and get the tasks completed. Collectively these are known as Causal Factors. TMA require all hazards to be documented and analyzed to determine what action is required to eliminate or reduce th e safety risk associated with the hazards.

The AOA of any airport can have numerous hazards that may bring about accidents or incidents if not properly mitigated or prevented. Procedures exist to ensure the review of processes and the

identification and control of related hazards. A cceptable techniques include, but are not limited to Job Hazard Analysis, Failure Modes and Eff ects Analysis and Process Hazard Analysis.

There are three basic causes of incidents th at are used in a Risk Assessment process:

• Physical

◦ Facility, Equipment, Materials

• Organizational (Management Policies and Decisions)

◦ Policies, decisions, behavior, experience, pers onal, mental, motivati onal and attitudinal

• Environmental

◦ Weather, surroundings, etc.

The Risk Assessment Process evaluates the phy sical and environmental hazards, and the SMS philosophy tends to use the organization to infl uence and isolate as much as reasonable the potential energy for frequent and serious risk factors. Thus, P hysical and Environmental Factors typically include the following questions:

• Design factors , including equipment and task design;

• Procedures and operating practices , including their documentati on and checklists, and their

validation under actual operating conditions;

• Communications , including the medium, terminology and language;

• Personnel factors , such as policies for recruitm ent, training and remuneration;SMS Safety Manual September 2009 September 2009

Safety Management System Talladega Municipal Airport 29 • Organizational factors , such as the compatibility of operational and safety goals, the allocation of resources, operating pressu res and the corporate safety culture;

• Work environment factors , such as ambient noise and vibr ation, temperature, and lighting;

• Regulatory oversight factors , including the applicability and enforceability of regulations; the certification of equipment, personnel and pr ocedures; and the adequacy of surveillance audits; and

• Defenses , including such factor s as the provision of adequate detection and warning systems, the error tolerance of equipment and the extent to which the equipment is hardened against

failures.

A major component of any Risk Management sy stem is the defenses (controls). See 3.3.2.1 for Hierarchy of Control.

Exhibit 3-2 provides examples of typical potential airside scenarios. This exhibit should not be considered as a complete list of potential hazards but only as examples of some of the hazards that may occur.SMS Safety Manual September 2009 September 2009Safety Management SystemTalladega Municipal Airport30Exhibit 3-2. Potential Airside Hazard Causal Factors and Related Events (Scenarios)EQUIPMENT(Aircraft/Vehicle/Facilities)•Apron congestion•Lack of protective pylonsaround aircraft•Lack of chocks when aircraftparks•Poor apron condition•Mechanical condition•Lack of hazard lights•Lack of reverse alarmsORGANIZATIONCONTROLS•Lack of or weakness in Planningor Design•Lack of or weakness inImplementing a program orprocedure•Lack of or weakness in Control•Lack of or weakness inManagement ActionACTIONS OF INDIVIDUALS(Employees, Tenants, Public, etc.)•Erratic driving•Driving too fast•Improper parking•Running on ramp•Improper marshalling•Blocking fuel truck whenfueling•Leaving engine running in anunattended vehicle•Riding in rear of pick-up trucks•Lack of coordination betweenvehicles during aircraftservicing•Ignorance of meaning of apronmarkings•Smoking on ramp•Failure to yield right of way toaircraft and pedestrians•Use of cell phone within 50 feetof a refueling operation•Throwing trash and/orequipment on apron•Failure to use FOD bins•Under the influence of drugs oralcohol•Individuals on airside withoutauthorityMATERIALS AND TOOLS•Fuel Spills•Fuel in hydrant pits•Dangerous goods spills•FOD•Lack of safety protectiveequipment•Lack of radios orcommunication equipment•Condition of brakes, tires•Oil spills on apron and/or in•passenger walkways•Disposal of grooming waste•Poor runway condition•Failure of one or all runwaylights•Failure of approach lights•Lack of FOD bins•Lack of fire extinguishers•Poor apron marking visibility•Lack of appropriate equipmentfor fuel/aircraftfires•Lack of vehicle maintenance•Improper Storage of hazardousmaterialsMATERIALS AND TOOLS(Continued...)•Improper storage of equipmentand supplies•Lack of visibility of runwayends•Lack of visibility for taxiwayentrances to runwayENVIRONMENTALCONDITIONS•Wildlife•Adverse weather•Marking of natural hazards•Lighting strikesSMS Safety Manual September 2009

Safety Management System Talladega Municipal Airport 31 Although the Airport Manager is responsible fo r conducting an SRA, the identification of hazards is not just the responsibility of any one person or organization. At TMA, there are formal procedures in place to identify hazards, such as the airport self-inspectio n program. Furthermore, all those working on the airside are encouraged to identify events or situations that could compromise safety. The SMS includes an employ ee reporting system described in Section 5. In addition, hazards are identified by th e use of a task analysis and ope rational data trend analysis.

3.3.2 Describe Existing Controls

The identification of a hazard also identifies the controls that are currently in place associated with a hazard (e.g., driver trai ning programs, airport self-ins pections, airport markings and signage, redundant systems) to assist in determin ing the risks of the hazard and action strategies

to reduce the risk.

3.3.2.1 Hierarchy of Control.

The process is intended to provide a systematic approach to eliminate, reduce, or control the risks of different hazards. Each step (see Tabl e 3.1 below) is considered less effective than the

one before it. It is not unusual to combine several steps to achiev e an acceptable risk (defense in depth). The Severity of Risk should all be considered in determining methods of hazard

elimination or control.

Achieving feasible risk reduction is based upon the following preferred order of controls:

Table 3.1 Control Selection

Controls Examples

Elimination Eliminate human interaction Eliminate pinch point (increase clearance) Automated materials handling (robots, conveyors, etc.) Eliminate tool, material, step, or process.

Substitution Replace with less toxic compound Replace, reduce a step, etc

Engineering

Controls Barriers, interlocks, machine guards Presence Sensing Devices (light curtain, safety mat, etc) Platforms and guard railing Lift tables, conveyors, and balancers

Two hand ControlsSMS Safety Manual September 2009

Safety Management System Talladega Municipal Airport 32 Table 3.1 Control Selection

Controls Examples

Warnings Signs Backup alarms Beepers

Horns

Labels

Administrative

Controls Safe work procedures Safety inspections Training Warnings such as Lights, beacons, and strobes Computer warnings

Worker rotation Signs and labels Beepers, horns and sirens, etc

Personal

Protective Equipment Ear plugs, gloves, respirators Safety glasses, face shields Safety harness and lanyards Protective clothing

3.3.2.2 Defense in Depth.

The need for a series of defenses rather than just a single defens e layer arises for the possibility that the defenses themselves may not always work perfectly. For an incident to occur in a welldesigned system, gaps must develop in all the defensive layers of th e system at the critical time when that defense should have been capable of detecting the earlie r error or failure.

Developing a safe and error-tolerant system require s that the system contain multiple defenses to ensure that, as much as possible, no single failu re or error will result that will result in an accident, and that when a failure or error occurs , it will be recognized an d remedial action taken before a sequence of events leading to an incident can develop.

3.3.2.3 Determine the Risk

The Safety Risk Assessment Team (SRAT) will determine the risks of the hazard.

Likelihood is the chance (great or small) that pe ople or aircraft will be harmed or damaged by a hazard; i.e., likelihood that an incident will happen. Likelihood is also the potential for an incident to happen, often expressed as exposure.

1. Exposure is contact with or proximity to a hazard, including dur ation and intensity.

Severity (consequences)SMS Safety Manual September 2009

Safety Management System Talladega Municipal Airport 33 Risk is measured in terms of possible consequences of the incident (the severity of the incident) and the likelihood (probability) th at the incident could happen.

2. Risk is the composite of the predicted likeli hood (or probability) and the severity of each possible consequence. An estimate of the co mbination of likelihood of occurrence, or exposure and severity.

Risk Factor – Severity (Conseque nce of the potential incident)

In determining a risk, the consequences of a pot ential incident are assessed. The consequences used in this rating are presented below along with a guide to their application.

Table 3.2 Severity Rating

EXAMPLES (one or more resulting conditions)

Minor No, or very, limited financial loss. Very limited, or no, damage to aircraft, vehicles or equipment. Minor operational delays. First aid treatment may be required.

Moderate Repairs to damaged aircraft, equipmen t or vehicles. Operational delays. Medical treatment required in hosp ital or emergency clinic. Significant

cost to individuals invol ved. Some media attention.

Major Extensive repairs or replacement of ai rcraft, equipment or vehicles. Major operational delays. Extensive injuries to a number of people. Possible

death of 1 or 2 individuals. Str ong media attention, loss of public

confidence.

Catastrophic Aircraft destroyed. Multipl e deaths, extensive inju ries. High profile media attention. Severe loss of public confidence.

Risk Factor - Risk Likelihood (Probability)

The second consideration in risk assessment is the probability of the hazard causing an incident. There essentially is no meaningf ul quantitative data for conduc ting SRA at an airport using numerical methods. Thus, a quali tative approach using exposur e potential is required. This provides a formalized and consistent a pproach to assessing safety risks.SMS Safety Manual September 2009

Safety Management System Talladega Municipal Airport 34 The relative rankings of the probability fo r use in SRA analysis are given below

Table 3.3 Likelihood Rating

Examples

Rare Incident not expected to happen under most normal circumstances. Improbable or remote, very unlikely. Frequency of exposure limited to a few people, not every day.

Possible Might or could occur at some time in the future. Multiple daily exposures by either a number of personnel in one department, or across multiple departments.

Likely Will probably occur with some certainty in the future. Multiple hourly exposure, or performed across multiple departments.

3.3.3 Evaluate the Risk

There will always be risks involved in aviation op erations. Some risks can be accepted, some can be eliminated, while others can be reduced to acceptable levels.

Once the probability and the cons equences of an incident have been determined, the SRAT evaluates the relative rating of the risk by using the following matrix.



### Table 3.4 Risk Estimate Matrix

Severity (Potential Consequences)

Minor Moderate Major CatastrophicRare Low Low Medium HighPossible

Low Medium High HighLikelihood (Probability)Likely Medium Medium High HighSMS Safety Manual September 2009

Safety Management System Talladega Municipal Airport 35 The risk ratings used in the matrix are defined as follows:

High risk: A high risk is unacceptable risk. If identified, Management needs to take immediate

action to mitigate or eliminate the hazard for an existing condition. For planned changes to equipment, systems, operations, management, etc ., the change cannot be implemented unless the potential hazards are further mitigated to medi um or low levels. Substitution or Engineering controls are preferred prior to assigni ng administrative or PPE type controls.

Medium risk: Management will react to mitigate or eliminate the hazard as expeditiously as possible within existing resource co nstraints. In the short term, the risk is tolerable, but may be subject to interim controls. Again, Substitution and Engineering controls are preferable; however, PPE or administrative controls are typi cally acceptable, especially in the interim.

Low risk: This level of risk is considered acceptabl e and no further action is required unless the risk can be reduced further, or eliminated, at lit tle or no effort. PPE or ad ministrative controls are likely to be adequate.

The above Risk matrix is a guide. The Airpor t Manager will provide further guidance to the

SMAT in the use of this Matrix. Professional judgment, as well as historical information and published data, will be used in determining wh ich frequency or severity category is chosen.

Factors that may be considered when evaluating ri sk, particularly whether a risk is acceptable are

as follows:

• Managerial. Is the risk consistent wi th TMA’s safety policy and objectives?

• Affordability. Does the risk defy cost-effective resolution?

• Legal. Does the risk conform to current FAA and other regulatory requirements?

• Cultural. How will the Airport’s employees and other stakeholders view this risk?

• Market. Will TMA’s competitiveness relative to other airports be compromised?

• Political. Will there be a political price to pay for not reducing or eliminating the risk?

• Public. What will be the reaction of the media or special interest groups regarding the risk?

In undertaking the evaluation of risk, the Risk Evaluation Guide provided in Appendix 2 should be used. A risk assessment must be completed fo r any formal assessment of risks and hazards as required in Section 3.2 above as well as to assess any reported safety hazards that are reported to the Airport Staff.

3.3.4 Determine Action and Implement

If the SRAT has determined that the risk is acceptable then no further action is required other than documenting the previous SRA steps.

If a risk is deemed high or medium, or if additional controls are identified, the accountable Airport Manager will be responsible for taki ng action or developing recommendations to mitigate or eliminate the hazard. The Airport Manager should consider a range of options depending upon the outcome of the risk evaluation. The responsible Manager may want to seekSMS Safety Manual September 2009

Safety Management System Talladega Municipal Airport 36 advice from the SRAT if appropriate. The pot ential solutions should again be based on the hierarchy of controls, as well as:

• Restrictions on an individual’s right and ability to work on the airside;

• Changes or modifications to equi pment or maintenance programs;

• An infrastructure solution including such opti ons as rehabilitation, re construction, or new facilities;

• Provision of safety information and the provision of specific safety brochures, posters, etc.;

• The issuance of Airport safety directives that could include changes to operating procedures and/or new procedures, limiting exposure to the risk, increased surveillance of the hazard or activities associated with it, improved supe rvision, targeted safety advice etc.; and

• Safety training which could include the provi sion of new on-site tr aining programs and/or modifications to existing safety training programs.

When required, the Airport Manager will prepare a safety action plan outlining planned risk reduction measures, with specific ta rget dates and responsibilities of key participants. If required and time allows, final approval of the plan sh all be given by the Airp ort Board. The Airport Manager will be responsible for ensuring th at the safety action plan is implemented

Where the action plan involves expenditures beyond the authority of the Airport Manager, the

recommendations will be forwarded to the TM A Airport Board for c onsideration and action.

If a hazard and its associated risk s are primarily the responsibility of a tenant, the tenant will be responsible for developing their own safety acti on plan when requested by the Airport Manager or the Airport Board; for example, as the result of an audit.

The Staff will monitor implementation and provide regular (at least quarterly) written updates on the status of safety action plans to the Ai rport Manager and the Airport Board. Formal documentation and tracking of corrective actions (who, what, when) helps ensure prompt closure for all inspections, inves tigations, and evaluations.

3.3.5 Documenting

The activities conducted during the SRA including any resulting safety action plans will be documented by the TMA Manager. The documentati on will be maintained by the Airport Staff.

3.3.6 Safety Risk Management

Risk Management is the process of taking the information from a Risk Assessment and applying management systems principles of integration an d continuous improvement. From an integration standpoint, Risk Management verifies that contro ls are in place and effec tive by integrating them into the inspection process, tracking and accountab ility of safety issues, and management of change.

In addition, Risk Management is the process where continuous improvement results in further risk reductions and abatement, based on incident analysis, developments in control technologies,SMS Safety Manual September 2009

Safety Management System Talladega Municipal Airport 37 etc. As a result, ther e are two further components of Risk Management: Control Verification and Ongoing Risk Reduction.

Control Verification includes evaluation of works ite conditions through th e written records of inspection reports of hazards, employee reports of hazards, and accident/incident investigations.

The Control Verification items on the organizati onal inspection checklists are intended to be targeted on the controls the committee personnel f eel may NOT be consistently implemented. It

is intended that the controls on the checklists may change, and that if controls are not consistently in place that the co mmittee will report these to the Business Leads and record their corrective actions to help impr ove the overall performance of the control implementation. Once controls are consistently repor ted at over 95%, that control can remain on the checklist, but additional high risk controls should be added.

Risk reduction efforts should be m easured periodically, to include:

1. Implementation of Elimination/Substitution controls;

2. The number of Risk Assessments performed; and

3. Trending the number of controls in pl ace/practiced versus not implemented.

Metrics are intended to help the organizations and site communicate the status of their safety and health responsibilities, goals, and targets. Long term, it is expected that the metrics will change every year, and become more progr essively aligned with leading metrics, risk reduction targets, etc. For example, action plan status resulting from any categor y not achieving green could be an additional metric (objective or target ). The following are possible metrics:

1. ID Risk Reduction Targets: Ensure targets have been established and documented in meeting

minutes for either Prioritized Risk activit ies or Hazard Categories based on a Risk Assessment. Typically this is based on the highest numbers on the "Prioritization" of the risk

assessment.

2. Concurrence on Targets: Leadership endor ses the targets and communicated this endorsement to the general workforce.

3. Target (Objective) Status: Targets are those identified by the risk assessment for risk reduction or and/or Injury and Illn ess statistics, or other safety data. This data is typically monitored as part of committee minutes.

4. Critical Control Verification Rate: Safety is notified and performs Risk Assessments for changes in facilities, process, tools, and equipment and safe work procedures are developed prior to operation.

Leading metrics are developed to measure the volum e that critical safety programs are used to identify hazards and fixes. Metrics are collected to measure the closure rate of the hazard fixes and controls. All critical program s are including in each of the above metrics, such as: employee reports of hazards, inspections, investigati ons, hazard analysis, special surveys, etc.SMS Safety Manual September 2009

Safety Management System Talladega Municipal Airport 38 3.3.7 Risk Reduction Efforts.

Although the absence of safety-related events ( accidents and incidents) does not necessarily indicate a “safe” operation, some operations are considered to be “safer” than others. Risk reduction in an ongoing and contin uous process of implementing mo re aggressive hierarchies of controls to reduce both severity and likelihood. As an organiza tion undergoes changes, they continue to add defenses. However, lessons l earned from incident analysis yield additional opportunities to refine and abate risk controls and ri sks, respectively.SMS Safety Manual September 2009

Safety Management System Talladega Municipal Airport 39 

### 4. SAFETY ASSURANCE

4.1 Introduction

SMS Safety Assurance augments existing TM A practices and proce dures including:

• The Airport’s self-inspection program;

• Storage and handling of fuel;

• The airport emergency plan;

• Airport condition reporting includi ng the issuance of NOTAMS;

• Accident and incident reporting, as part of pedestrian and ground vehicle control programs;

and

• Construction Safety Plans.

The following sections of the SMS address non- punitive employee reporti ng, systematic safety reviews, safety oversight, and auditing.

4.2 Employee SMS Reporting System

To further enhance TMA safety by identifying safety hazards, all TMA employees working on the AOA are encouraged to report any accidents, in cidents, potential hazards , or safety concerns that they observe or in which they are invo lved.. Examples include: a driver not stopping for passengers, FOD receptacles not emptied, vehicles left unattended on the apron, confusing signs, poor lighting, etc.

TMA employees are encouraged to prepare a written Employee Safety Report using the form provided in Appendix 2. The form is available from the Airport Administrative Office. The employee should submit the Employee Safety Repor t to the Airport Management. An employee may also make a verbal report to Airport Manage ment who will assist in preparing the written Safety Report.

The Airport staff will investigate the concern or hazard and provide a response to the initiator of the report. If necessary, an SRM assessment will be conducted.

Tenants at the Airport are encouraged to us e the TMA non-punitive re porting systems whereby tenant employees can report any accidents, incidents, or poten tial hazards to TMA and their
management.

TMA Non-Punitive Reporting Policy

The purpose of any investigation of an accident, incident, or safety hazard is to establish the facts and root cause, and, where necessary, take m easures to prevent further occurrences. TMA believes that free and full reporting of incident s and accidents is a primary aim and that every effort will be made to avoid action that may inhibit reporting.SMS Safety Manual September 2009

Safety Management System Talladega Municipal Airport 40 TMA Management will not take any disciplinary action against an employee reporting a safety incident or accident even if a reported incident or accident indicates an unintentional mistake by the employee.

This reporting policy does not apply to criminal ac ts, deliberate violations of safety regulations and safe operating procedures, or gross negligence.

If requested by the employee, the Employee Safety Report will be treated in confidence. In this case, the Airport Manager will not disclose the name of the person submitting a safety report unless required to do so by law. The Manager will de-identify the Employee Safety Report before initiating any investigation or action. All personnel and organizational names will be removed from the report. Dates, times, and relate d information which could be used to infer an identity will be either ge neralized or eliminated.

4.3 Airfield Incident Reporting

The Airport Staff is usually the first responder to incidents and accidents at the Airport. Airport Staff prepare an Incident Report whenever a disp atch call to the Airport Administrative office, the Police Department, ARFF, or within Operations is warranted. These reports are prepared and distributed electronically.

The Incident Report is also used for reporting accidents and major incidents such as near misses or incursions. Appendix 2 provides a copy of the Incident Report.

The Incident Reports are an important source of identifying potential safety hazards and concerns that may require furthe r investigation and possible app lication of the SRM process.

All accidents and major incidents require inves tigation. On behalf of TMA, the Staff will undertake an investigation of a ll accidents or occurrences usi ng the Accident and Incident Analysis Form contained in Appendix 2. The Staff will enlist whatever technical expertise that is required within TMA. If necessary, the Talladega County Police Department will participate in the investigation.

TMA’s investigation does not negate any regulatory requirements for accident investigation required by FAA, federal, stat e, or local regulations.

4.4 Systematic Reviews

Systematic reviews allow for assessing adherence to TMA’s safety policy and achievement of safety objectives. Systematic reviews are th e responsibility of th e Airport Manager in

consultation and coordination with the other TMA departments. Systematic reviews include the following activities:

• On-going trend analysis of accidents, incide nts, self-inspection reports, NOTAMs, and condition reports through information provide d by the Airport Staff, Employee Safety Reports, and investigation of accidents and major incidents;

• Periodic assessments of the achievement of safe ty objectives with data provided quarterly by the Airport Staff;

• Review of the proceedings of the SRM assessments and safety audits; andSMS Safety Manual September 2009

Safety Management System Talladega Municipal Airport 41 • Preparation of an annual safety report that includes a review of the safety policy and objectives, results of safety trend an alysis, SRM assessments, and audits.

Based on the lessons learned from these reviews, the outputs of the systematic reviews could include a wide range of recommendations such as: new Safety Risk Management assessments, revisions to SMS safety policies and objectives, SM S practices and responsi bilities, and revisions to operational or maintenance practices, systems, facilities or equipment. The Airport Staff is responsible for preparing an annual safety repo rt summarizing these systematic reviews and

recommendations.

Recommendations based on systema tic reviews can be made whenever considered appropriate.

4.5 Safety Oversight

Safety oversight is the responsibility of TM A’s senior management, including the Airport Manager. Safety oversight includes periodic re views of how well the SMS is working, whether safety policies and objectives are still relevant, if there are negative trends in safety indicators,

etc.

4.6 Safety Audits

The Airport Manager will determine when safety audits are required.

There are two types of safety audits undertaken at the Airport. The first safety audit is an internal audit of the Airport AOA activi ties and includes the safety functions undertaken by:

• Airfield Maintenance (Facilities , equipment, and operations);

• Aircraft Refueling Operations and Services;

• Engineering and Construction a nd their sub-contractors; and

• Airport Rescue and Firefighting.

The other safety audits are external audits of the functions that are undertaken by the TMA public safety agencies such as the NATC Headquarters, Regional FAA, Environmental Management Department, and Fueling companies or contractors.

The above audits may be undertaken by TMA, by a specialist exte rnal auditor appointed by TMA, or by another airport operator.

Tenants may also undertake independe nt safety audits of their op erations at the Airport. The Airport Manager should arrange with each of these organizations to be provided with copies of the audits and the relevant safety plans.SMS Safety Manual September 2009

Safety Management System Talladega Municipal Airport 42 4.7 Record Keeping

The following records will be kept by the Ai rport Staff for at least two years:

1. The original SMS Manual and subsequent revisions;

2. Annual reviews of the SMS policy and sa fety objectives conducted by Staff;

3. Completed Safety Risk Management assessments and associated safety action plans noting completion of action items;

4. Completed Accident and In cident Analysis Forms;

5. Minutes of Safety Meetings;

6. Safety audit reports;

7. Safety Bulletins;

8. Description of Training Programs, who attended and when; and

9. Description of promotional activities.

All mandatory incident and accident reports will be kept for at least ten years unless there is a legal action outstanding, or anticipated, regarding an incident or accident, and then they will be kept until the legal act ion is disposed of.SMS Safety Manual September 2009

Safety Management System Talladega Municipal Airport 43 

### 5.0 SAFETY PROMOTION – COMMUNICATIONS

5.1 Safety Communication Policy

TMA is committed to ensuring that all TMA pe rsonnel working airside at the Airport are informed about the safety polices and objectiv es, how well the Airport is meeting safety objectives, results of accident a nd incident investigati ons, new safety practices, and other matters dealing with safety.

Safety Communication will be ac hieved through a number of mechanisms described below.

5.2 The Airport Safety Co mmittee (special event)

As previously described in deta il, the Airport Safety Committee pr ovides an essential partnership between Airport Management and public safety agen cies to share safety information and provide advice safety in AOA operations.

5.3 SMS Manual

The SMS Manual is available for review by al l TMA employees working on the AOA in their supervisor’s offices. The SMS Manual will be provided to all new employees. All Airport staff and airside personnel are expect ed to read the document.

5.4 Safety Management Bulletins and Posters

The Staff will issue brief periodic Safety Management Bulletins. The topics of these Safety Management Bulletins will include, for example:

• Announcement of the new, or revised, SMS Manua l and its highlights a nd where copies can be obtained or reviewed;

• Summaries of the Airport Safety meetings, particularly action items;

• Results of incident and accident investigations emphasizing lessons learned and action to be taken to reduce potential hazards;

• Announcement of new work practices and procedures; and

• New safety rules that must be followed.

The Airport Staff will issue the Safety Bulleti ns to each TMA employee working on the AOA.

The Staff will as appropriate, prep are and display safety posters dealing with such topics as:

• Voluntary and mandatory reporting;

• Safety rules that must not be violated; and

• Safety goals and indicators.SMS Safety Manual September 2009

Safety Management System Talladega Municipal Airport 44 5.5 TMA Employee Recognition

In order to promote a safety culture at the Ai rport, TMA will institute an employee recognition program to honor an individual working on the AOA that makes a significant contribution to safety at the Airport. The award may be based on identifying and correcting a significant airside hazard, working over the course of the year in a safe and efficient ma nner, providing safety leadership to other airside employees, etc.

To be considered for this award, employees may be nominated by their peers or Airport Management. The employee’s direct superior will endorse the nomination and forward to the

Staff.

Nominations will be received by the Airport Manager throughout the year.

The award will be presented at the first Safety Meeting of the new year.

5.6 Annual Safety Report

An Annual Safety Report prepared by the Airport Staff will be ma de available for review by all TMA airside employees in their supervisor’s offices. The Airport Staff will summarize relevant parts of the Annual Safety Report for incl usion in Safety Management Bulletins.

5.7 Safety Meetings

At least once per year, the Air port Manager will hold general safety meetings with all Airport airside personnel. The purpos e of these meetings is to:

• Report on safety performance in meeting safety objectives;

• Summarize the initiatives and action taken, or planned, to address safety concerns and potential hazards;

• Report on lessons learned and action taken as a result of any incidents and accidents; and

• Discuss in an open forum the safety concerns that any of the part icipants might have.

5.8 Race Week Safety Campaign

The Airport will establish a safety campaign hi ghlighted by Race Week where the Airport and the public safety agencies will highlight safety issues and promote reduction of the hazard as

well as cultural ch anges with volunteer staff personnel.

To augment this two week target ed safety campaign, the Airport wi ll also sponsor several safety awareness days during the year highlighting specific airside hazards such as FOD, fuel spills, etc.

The Staff will also sponsor FOD walks of the apron and other maneuvering surfaces after major events, such as races. Talladega Super speedway staff personnel, public safety agencies, tenants,

and TMA contractors will be invited to take part.SMS Safety Manual September 2009

Safety Management System Talladega Municipal Airport 45 

### 6.0 SAFETY PROMOTION – TRAINING

6.1 Training Policy

TMA is committed through training to provide al l of its employees with the skills and competencies to recognize and minimize aviation safety.

6.2 Existing Safety Training Programs

The Airport Manager provides a nu mber of key training programs.

6.2.1 Airfield Awareness Training

All new employees of TMA, tenants and contractor s who are required to drive in controlled and

non-controlled movement areas receive Airfield Awareness Training. The tr aining is computer based and was developed by AAAE. The training is not specific to TMA but does provide basic indoctrination about safety that is applicable to TMA. It includes:

• Driver training on vehicle rules and regulations;

• Physical vehicle security inspections developed;

• Basic security awareness; and

• Airfield safety and incursion prevention.

The training includes a test to assess comprehens ion of the trainees and the effectiveness of the training. The test requires a 100% score to pass otherwise the em ployee must perform retraining. The training is recorded and stored at TMA.

The TMA plans to make the Airfield Awareness Training recurrent training starting in June

2009.

6.2.2 TMA Airfield Driver Training

New TMA employees that are required to drive on th e airfield in addition to Airfield Awareness Training also receive tr aining in airport communications, air port self-inspecti on, introduction to Part 139, lightning warning, and ge neral employee safety and job sp ecific employee safety (i.e.; electrical, confined space, excavation safety, etc.).

The new TMA employee is provided with a pape r copy of TMA’s Airfield Driver Awareness Training which is specific to TMA. The TMA employ ee is required to read this material before receiving a badge and starting on-the-job trai ning (OJT). The new employee is initially accompanied by a fully qualified driver until the new employee demonstrates that he or she is driving and communicating competently in accorda nce with TMA procedures and standards. OJT for the Airport Staff lasts six months. As part of the OJT, the Airport Manager has a detailed training plan to ensure the new employees ar e trained in all aspect s of their position.SMS Safety Manual September 2009

Safety Management System Talladega Municipal Airport 46 Similar to TMA, new employees of airlines, tenant s, and contractors that are required to drive on the airfield are provided Airfield Driver Awareness Training. It is the responsibility of TMA’s tenants to ensure that all vehicle operators are knowledgeable of all aspe cts of vehicle operations within their range of movement on the AOA.

The Airfield Driver Aware ness Training should include:

• TMA Runway and Taxiway Designations;

• TMA Motor Vehicle Rules and Regulations;

• Runway Incursions;

• TMA ACM Section on-Pedestr ians and Ground Vehicles;

• Phone numbers for Talladega Municipal Ai rport, Fire/Medical , Police, Security, Engineering;

• Driving on the Airport Operati ons Area, Airport Vehicle Operat or Safety Study Guide, FAA Office of Runway Safety and Office of Airport Safety and Standards;

• Appendix 3: Enhanced Markings for Runway Holding Position, Supplement to the TMA Airfield Drivers Training Course, and

• Airfield Signs & Markings Assessment, FAA Air Traffic Organization-Safety

6.2.3 FAA Part 139 Training

Annual 139 Training is a program that all TMA empl oyees are required to attend to retain their driving privileges. The curriculum meets al l Part 139 requirements and employee safety programs. Attendees must answer multiple choi ce questions and answer 80% of them correctly. The Part 139 training is conducted sometime during th e first year of hire and annually from that point forward. In addition to formal Part 139 tr aining, new hires receive OJT based on a detailed training plan which covers administrative pr ocedures (includes NOT AM and communications procedures, office procedures, ai rfield layout (including signage, markings, navaids, lighting, apron safety, and incursions), standards for fu eling, safety and response to emergencies, and FAA regulations.

The Annual Part 139 TMA training modules include:

• Airport familiarization;

• Communications;

• Part 139 Introduction;

• Self Inspection Program which includes: Handlin g and Storing of Hazardous Substances and Materials, Pedestrians and Ground Vehi cles, Airport Condition Reporting; and

• Specific modules related to employee occupational health and safety.SMS Safety Manual September 2009

Safety Management System Talladega Municipal Airport 47 6.2.4 TMA Non-Driver Employee Training

New employees are required to read the Air port Certification Manual, take an on-line assessment, and pass by 80%.

6.2.5 ARFF Training

ARFF personnel, according to the ACM receive instruction in accordance with Part 139.319, Programs for Training Aircraft and Fire Fighting Personnel.

6.3 SMS Training

As part of the training of new TMA employees working on the AOA, the Airport Manager will provide a module addressing the SMS. The curriculum includes:

• The need for SMS;

• TMA safety policies and objectives;

• Organization for safety – ro le and responsibilities;

• Safety risk management – includi ng human and organizational factors;

• Safety assurance; and

• Safety promotion.

Recurrent SMS training will be provided as part of recurrent FAA Part 139 training.

The Airport Manager will record that a training session has been given to an employee. This record will be kept by the Ai rport administrative staff.Appendix 1 – Risk Evaluation Guide48Safety Management SystemTalladega Municipal AirportAppendix 1: Risk Evaluation GuideAppendix 1 – Risk Evaluation Guide49Safety Management SystemTalladega Municipal AirportFORM 1RISK EVALUATION GUIDEPotential Hazard & Existing ControlsA statement defining the hazard that has the potentialto cause injury or death, ordamage to aircraft, vehicles,equipment or systems.A description of existing controls for safety.Potential Outcomes – Potential AccidentThe possible direct and intermediate outcomesof a hazard that could lead to an accident.LikelihoodRarePossibleLikelyConsequencesMinorModerateMajorCatastrophicRisk RatingsLowModerateHighAppendix 2 – FORMS 50 Safety Management System Talladega Municipal Airport 

### Appendix 2: FormsAppendix 2 – FORMS 51 Safety Management System Talladega Municipal AirportAppendix 2 – FORM 1 – Employee Safety Report 52 Safety Management System Talladega Municipal Airport FORM 1



### TMA EMPLOYEE SAFETY REPORT

The information supplied in this form will only be used to enhance safety.

When you have completed your part of the form, it should be given to th e Airport Manager.

Name: ______________________________________________

Organization Position: ___________________________________

[Name and position to be removed by the Air port Staff if requested by the employee]

PART A

TO BE COMPLETED BY THE PERSON IDENTIFYING THE HAZARD

Please fully describe the Hazard, Incident, or Accident

. Date of occurrence: ___________________ Time: _____________

Location: _________________________

Description:____________________________________________________________________

______________________________________________________________________________

______________________________________________________________________________

______________________________________________________________________________

______________________________________________________________________________

______________________________________________________________________________

______________________________________________________________________________

_____________________

In your opinion, how often does this hazar d exist or take place (circle one) Not Frequently Very Frequently

1 2 3 4 5Appendix 2 – FORM 1 – Employee Safety Report 53 Safety Management System Talladega Municipal Airport 1-1 PART B

TO BE COMPLETED BY THE AIRPORT STAFF UPON

INVESTIGATION OF THE HAZARD

The report has been de-identified and entered into the company database

Signature: ______________________ Date: ___________________

Name___________________________

Based on investigation of the hazard :

Describe the hazard(s):

How frequently does the hazard exist or occur?

What are the possible sources of the hazard?

What are the possible consequences (accidents ) that could result from the hazard(s)?

Minor Moderate Major Catastrophic

Why?

What is the likelihood of the accident th at could result from the hazard(s)?

Rare Possible Likely

Why?

What action is required to ELIMINATE or CONTROL the hazard and PREVENT injuries or damage?

Resources Required:Appendix 2 – FORM 1 – Employee Safety Report 54 Safety Management System Talladega Municipal Airport 1-1 Responsibility for action:

Referred to ______________________ for further action.

Signature: Date:

Forwarded to the Airport Safety Committee for review.

Signed: Date:

Appropriate Feedback given to staff.

Signed DateAppendix 2 – FORM 2 – Incident Report 55 Safety Management System Talladega Municipal Airport FORM 2



### INCIDENT REPORT

Type of incident: AOA Non- AOA Injury

Person completing this report : __________________________________

Position and Organization: _____________________; Telephone Number_______________

Date of Incident/Safet y Violation: _________________;

Time_________________________________________

Location:

__________________________________________________________________________

Date of Report: _____________

Description of the Incident: Sp ecifics of what happened-who wa s involved-when-where-how Remember that you are fact finding, not fault findi ng. Describe the sequence of events and Include any aircraft, vehicles equipment, objects, substanc es, or personnel that may have been involved in

the incident:

Description of Any Dama ge or Injuries:________________________________________

Name and telephone of witnesse s (where applicable): _______________________________

Witness Statements: _______________________________________________________

Action Taken:_____________________________________________________Appendix 2 – FORM 3 – Accident and Incident Analysis Form 56 Safety Management System Talladega Municipal Airport FORM 3



### ACCIDENT AND INCIDENT ANALYSIS FORM

To be completed by the Airport Staff for all accidents and incide nts which could likely seriously endanger people, aircraft, vehicles, or equipment.

Name of person that completed this report:

Organization and Position:
Telephone number:

Date of Accident/Incident:

Time:

Location:
Date of Report:

Names of Witnesses

Witness 1

Name:

Address:

Telephone:

Witness 2

Name:

Address:

Telephone:

Witness 3

Name:

Address:

Telephone:Appendix 2 – FORM 3 – Accident and Incident Analysis Form 57 Safety Management System Talladega Municipal Airport Details

Details of the accident/inciden t: Include details of people i nvolved, aircraft, vehicles, and equipment. Include details of what took place that contributed to the accident /incident

Details of any injuries:

Details of damage to aircraft/vehicles/equipment/facilities:Appendix 2 – FORM 3 – Accident and Incident Analysis Form 58 Safety Management System Talladega Municipal Airport TALLADEGA MUNICIPAL AIRPORT

ACCIDENT/INCIDENT ANALYSIS

DATE:

ORIGINAL REPORT: Number_________________

UPDATE REPORT: Number _________________

ORIGINATOR:

ADDRESS:

PHONE: FAX:

CELL PHONE: E-MAIL:

PLACE OF ACCIDENT:

TIME of ACCIDENT:

SECT. 1 GENERAL Provide a short narrative description of the accident including any injuries or fatalities

DESCRIPTION OF THE ACCIDENT OR INCIDENT: Include the events leading up to, during and resulting from the accident/ incident.

______________________________________________________________________________

______________________________________________________________________________

______________________________________________________________________________

______________________________________________________________________________

______________________________________________________________________________

______________________________________________________________________________

______________________________________________________________________________

______________________________________________________________________________

______________________________________________________________________________

______________________________________________________________________________

Attach Statements of those involved, witnesse s and company representatives. Attach police report if one is prepared.Appendix 2 – FORM 3 – Accident and Incident Analysis Form 59 Safety Management System Talladega Municipal Airport SECT. 2 OPERATIONAL ACTIVITY AND RESULT

RESULT OF ACCIDENT

( ) AIRCRAFT DAMAGE

( ) VEHICLE DAMAGE

( ) EQUIPMENT DAMAGE

( ) PERSONNEL INJURY

( ) OTHER ______________________________

IMPACT OF ACCIDENT ON OPERATIONS

( ) AIRCRAFT ARRIVAL DELAY

( ) AIRCRAFT SERVICING

( ) AIRCRAFT TURNROUND

( ) AIRCRAFT DEPARTURE DELAY

( ) VEHICLE OUT OF SERVICE

( ) AIRCRAFT DELAY

( ) EQUIPMENT OUT OF SERVICE

( ) OTHER ______________________________

SECT. 3 CONTRIBUTING FACTORS CHECKLIST

Instructions on completing this section:

1 Tick each contributing factor. 2 For each factor not contributing, mark ‘N/A’ 3 Provide brief narrative for each contributing factor

A. INFORMATION

Provide copies of all relevant work cards; procedures; mainte nance manuals; operation orders; instructions etc and append to this report. Determin e through interviews with those involved

and/or witnesses whether the information was:

( ) Not understandable

( ) Unavailable/inaccessible

( ) Incorrect
( ) Conflicting with other directions or information

( ) Other

Specify exactly what information was inadequate or led to the incidentAppendix 2 – FORM 3 – Accident and Incident Analysis Form 60 Safety Management System Talladega Municipal Airport B. EQUIPMENT/TOOLS/PARTS

Provide a list of equipment/tools in use at the time of the accident. Determine through interviews

with those involved and/or witnesses wh ether the equipment/tools/parts were:

( ) Unsafe
( ) Inappropriate to task

( ) Inaccessible

( ) Could not be used in intended environment

( ) Unreliable

( ) No instructions for use

( ) Miscalibrated
( ) Too complicated

( ) Unavailable
( ) Incorrectly labeled

( ) Other (explain)

Specify exactly what equipment, tool, or part, failed, was inadequate or led to the incident

C. AIRCRAFT/EQUIPMENT/VEHICLE DESIGN

Determine through interviews with thos e involved and/or witnesses whether the aircraft/equipment/vehicle was:

( ) Too Complex

( ) Not accessible

( ) Not user friendly
( ) Was a confusing varia tion between models/variants

( ) Other (explain)

D. MAINTENANCE ERROR

Determine through interviews with those involv ed and/or witnesses what procedures were followed and compare to written maintenance in structions. Highlight any areas where tasks carried out deviated from written maintenance proceduresAppendix 2 – FORM 3 – Accident and Incident Analysis Form 61 Safety Management System Talladega Municipal Airport E. JOB/TASK/ACTIVITY

Determine through interviews with those involved and/or witnesses the actual job/task/activity underway at the time of the accident. Highlight an y distractions that may have been present.

F. QUALIFICATIONS/SKILLS

Determine from interviews with those involved and /or witnesses the qualifications of the individual(s) involved in the accident. Check training record s for the individual involved

G. FACTORS AFFECTING INDIVIDUAL PERFORMANCE

Determine if any of the following fa ctors were involved in the accident

Aircraft ground equipment

( ) Improper installation
( ) Equipment not installed

( ) Wrong part installed
( ) Wrong orientation

( ) Improper location
( ) Repetitive or monotonous task

( ) Complacency
( ) Complex or confusing task
( ) Inadequate pl anning/prioritization

( ) New task or task change

( ) Different from similar tasks

( ) Boredom
( ) Other (explain)

Individual Qualifications

( ) Proficiency/experience le vel and years of experience
( ) Task knowledge

( ) Process knowledge
( ) System Knowledge

( ) Other (explain)Appendix 2 – FORM 3 – Accident and Incident Analysis Form 62 Safety Management System Talladega Municipal Airport Individual Human Factors

( ) Physical health (including sight/hearing)

( ) Peer pressure
( ) Fatigue
( ) Body size/strength

( ) Time constraints
( ) Significant life changes

( ) Alcohol/drugs/medication

( ) Other

Explain in point form how these f actors lead may have lead to the

incident:_______________________________

H. ENVIRONMENT AND FACILITIES

Determine if any of the following were present during the time leading up to the accident or at

the time of the accident:

( ) High noise levels

( ) Vibration

( ) Distractions/interruptions (e .g. cell phone use) ( ) Cleanliness

( ) Hazardous/toxic substances

( ) Power sources
( ) Inadequa te ventilation

( ) Dark

( ) Unsafe work area

( ) Hot

( ) Cold

( ) Humidity

( ) Rain

( ) Wind

( ) Other

Explain in point form how these factors may have lead to the incident:___________________________Appendix 2 – FORM 3 – Accident and Incident Analysis Form 63 Safety Management System Talladega Municipal Airport I. ORGANISATIONAL ISSUES

Determine from interviews with those involved in the accident and th eir supervisor(s) the following:

( ) Amount of supervisory support provided
( ) Company policy re activiti es underway during the accident
( ) Morale Issues within the company
( ) Other

Explain in point form how these factors may have lead to the

incident:_____________________________

J. SUPERVISION

Determine from discussion with individual in volved/witnesses/ and the involved employee’s immediate supervisor:

( ) How planning/organization of tasks was undertaken
( ) How tasks were prioritized
( ) How delegation/assignment of task was undertaken
( ) What supervisors expectations were, and if these were realistic
( ) the amount of supervision provided
( ) Other

Explain point form how these factors may have lead to the

incident:______________________________

K. COMMUNICATION

Determine from interviews with those involved in the accident and their company’s supervisory chain of command whether the following t ypes of communications were adequate:

( ) Between shift and supervisor
( ) Between people
( ) Between supervisor and manager
( ) Between shifts
( ) Other

Explain in point form how these factors may have lead to the

accident:____________________________Appendix 2 – FORM 3 – Accident and Incident Analysis Form 64 Safety Management System Talladega Municipal Airport L. ANY OTHER FACTORS

Provide a description of any othe r factor not listed above that may have lead to the accidentAppendix 2 – FORM 3 – Accident and Incident Analysis Form 65 Safety Management System Talladega Municipal Airport SECT. 4 RECOMMENDED CORRECTIVE ACTIONS

A. CURRENT PROCEDURES /OR POLICIES:

Are there any current procedures and/or policies in ASA intende d to prevent the accident, but

didn’t?

B. RECOMMENDED CO RRECTIVE ACTIONS

List recommended corrective actions:
( ) New or modified opera tional instructions. Specify:

( ) New or modified comp any regulations. Specify:
( ) New or modified insp ection schedules. Specify:

( ) New or modified engineering/ma intenance/training manuals. Specify:
( ) New or modified inter-company communications procedures. Specify:

( ) Any other changes or proposed new instru ction/regulation or polic y document. Specify:

C. OTHER CORRECTIVE ACTIONS SUGGESTED

NOTE: This form has been adapted and amended from an example provided by the Boeing Airplane Company whose co-operation in granti ng permission to reprodu ce this item is hereby acknowledged. Boeing wishes it to be stressed that this forma, (or any adaptation of it) is not designed or intended to be used in isolation but as part of a wider based system for accident investigation and follow up.

Signature: Date:______________________