FILED

U.S. COURT OF APPEALS

ELEVENTH CIRCUIT

 JANUARY 25, 2011

JOHN LEY

CLERK

[DO NOT PUBLISH]

 IN THE UNITED STATES COURT OF APPEALS

 FOR THE ELEVENTH CIRCUIT

 ________________________

 No. 10-12654 

Non-Argument Calendar

 ________________________

 D.C. Docket No. 0:08-cv-61519-MGC

JUSSI K. KIVISTO,

llllllllllllllllllll l Plaintiff-Appellant,

 versus

MILLER, CANFIELD, PADDOCK AND STONE, PLC, 

HODGSON RUSS, LLP,

SUSAN I. ROBBINS,

GEOFFREY M. CHIN, 

BRIAN K. DUFFEY, et al.,

lllllllllllllllllllll Defendants-Appellees.

________________________

 Appeal from the United States District Court

 for the Southern District of Florida

 ________________________

(January 25, 2011)

Before TJOFLAT, CARNES and MARCUS, Circuit Judges.

PER CURIAM:
Jussi K. Kivisto, proceeding pro se, appeals from the district court’s dismissal

for failure to state a claim of his civil complaint based on the federal Racketeer

Influenced and Corrupt Organization (“RICO”) statute, 18 U.S.C. § 1961 etseq.; and

42 U.S.C. §§ 1983, 1985(2) and (3). After careful review, we affirm.

We review de novo the district court’s grant of a motion to dismiss under

Fed.R.Civ.P. 12(b)(6) for failure to state a claim, accepting the allegations in the

complaint as true and construing them in the light most favorable to the plaintiff. 

American Dental Association v. Cigna Corp., 605 F.3d 1283, 1288 (11th Cir. 2010). 

Under Fed.R.Civ.P. 8(a)(2), a pleading must contain “a short and plain

statement of the claim showing that the pleader is entitled to relief.” In Twombly, the

Supreme Court held that:

While a complaint attacked by a Rule 12(b)(6) motion to

dismiss does not need detailed factual allegations, a

plaintiff’s obligation to provide the grounds of his

entitlement to relief requires more than labels and

conclusions, and a formulaic recitation of the elements of

a cause of action will not do.

Bell Atl. Corp. v. Twombly, 550 U.S. 544, 555 (2007) (internal quotations, citations,

and alterations omitted). Further, “[f]actual allegations must be enough to raise a

right to relief above the speculative level . . . on the assumption that all the allegations

in the complaint are true (even if doubtful in fact).” Id. (quotations and citations

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omitted). To survive a motion to dismiss, a complaint must contain sufficient factual

matter, accepted as true, to “state a claim to relief that is plausible on its face;” when

plaintiffs “have not nudged their claims acrossthe line fromconceivable to plausible,

their complaint must be dismissed.” Id. at 570. 

In Iqbal, the Supreme Court held that “the tenet that a court must accept as true

all of the allegations contained in a complaint is inapplicable to legal conclusions.” 

Ashcroft v. Iqbal, 556 U.S. __, 129 S.Ct. 1937, 1949 (2009). “Threadbare recitals of

the elements of a cause of action, supported by mere conclusory statements, do not

suffice.” Id. In considering a motion to dismiss, a court should “1) eliminate any

allegations in the complaint that are merely legal conclusions; and 2) where there are

well-pleaded factual allegations, ‘assume their veracity and then determine whether

they plausibly give rise to an entitlement to relief.’” American Dental, 605 F.3d at

1290 (quoting Iqbal, 129 S.Ct. at 1950). Further, “courts may infer from the factual

allegations in the complaint ‘obvious alternative explanation[s],’ which suggest

lawful conduct rather than the unlawful conduct the plaintiff would ask the court to

infer.” Id. (quoting Iqbal, 129 S.Ct. 1951-52). Finally, because this is an

interpretation ofRule 8,theTwombly plausibility standard applies to all civil actions. 

Id. (citing Iqbal, 129 S.Ct. at 1953). 

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Section 1962(c) of the RICO statutes requires that a plaintiff prove that a

defendant participated in the conduct of an enterprise’s affairs “through a pattern of

racketeering activity.” 18 U.S.C. § 1962(c). Thus, to establish a federal civil RICO

violation, the plaintiff must show “(1) conduct (2) of an enterprise (3) through a

pattern (4) ofracketeering activity.” Williams v. Mohawk Indus. Inc., 465 F.3d 1277,

1282 (11th Cir. 2006) (quotation omitted). In addition, plaintiffs in a civil RICO

action must also satisfy the requirements of § 1964(c), which requires (1) a showing

of an injury to “business or property,” and (2) that such injury was “by reason of” the

substantive RICO violation. Id.; 18 U.S.C. § 1964(c). “Racketeering activity” is

defined to include specified predicate acts such as mail fraud and extortion. 18

U.SC.§ 1961(1). In order to prove a pattern of racketeering in a civil RICO case, “a

plaintiff must show at least two racketeering predicatesthat are related, and that they

amount to or pose a threat of continued criminal activity.” American Dental, 605

F.3d at 1290-91. When a civil RICO claim is brought with respect to a closed period

of time (such as alleged fraud arising from the settlement of a lawsuit), continuity

cannot be shown by allegations of a scheme that lasted only nine months. See

Jackson v. Bellsouth Telecomms., 372 F.3d 1250, 1264-67 (11th Cir. 2004) (applying

federal precedent in the context of a Florida RICO claim). An open-ended continuity

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cannot be shown by conclusory allegations that once begun, the alleged misconduct

threatens to continue into the future. Id. at 1267-69. 

Extortion is defined as “the obtaining of property from another, with his

consent, induced by wrongful use of actual or threatened force, violence, or fear, or

under color of official right.” 18 U.S.C. § 1951(b)(2). “Mail or wire fraud occurs

when a person (1) intentionally participates in a scheme to defraud another of money

or property and (2) uses the mails or wires in furtherance of that scheme.” American

Dental, 605 F.3d at 1290 (quotation omitted). Further, RICO allegations based on

predicate acts of mail fraud “must comply not only with the plausibility criteria

articulated in Twombly and Iqbal but also with Fed.R.Civ.P. 9(b)’s heightened

pleading standard, which requires that in alleging fraud or mistake, a party must state

with particularity the circumstances constituting fraud ormistake.” American Dental,

605 F.3d at 1291 (quotation and alteration omitted). Accordingly, a plaintiff must

allege, as to each defendant, “(1) the precise statements, documents, or

misrepresentations made; (2) the time, place, and person responsible for the

statement; (3) the content and manner in which these statements misled the Plaintiffs;

and (4) what the defendants gained by the alleged fraud.” Id. (quotation omitted). 

In a case involving multiple defendants, the complaint must not lump together all of

the defendants, as “the complaint should inform each defendant of the nature of his

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alleged participation in the fraud.” Ambrosia Coal & Constr. Co. v. Morales, 482

F.3d 1309, 1317 (11th Cir. 2007) (quotation omitted). 

Section 1962(d) of the RICO statutes make it illegal for anyone to conspire to

violate one of the substantive provisions of RICO, including § 1962(c). 18 U.S.C. §

1962(d). “A plaintiff can establish a RICO conspiracy claim in one of two ways: (1)

by showing that the defendant agreed to the overall objective of the conspiracy; or (2)

by showing that the defendant agreed to commit two predicate acts.” American

Dental, 605 F.3d at 1293 (quotation omitted). Further, “[t]o be guilty of conspiracy,

. . . parties must have agreed to commit an act that is itself illegal -- parties cannot be

found guilty of conspiring to commit an act that is not itself against the law.” 

Jackson, 372 F.3d at 1269 (quotation omitted).

To succeed on 42 U.S.C. § 1983 claim, a party must establish that the offending

conduct was committed by a person acting under color of state law and that the

conduct deprived him of rights secured by the Constitution or laws of the United

States. Fullman v. Graddick, 739 F.2d 553, 561 (11th Cir. 1984). A plaintiff

claiming a conspiracy under § 1983 must make particularized allegations that a

conspiracy exists. See Phillips v. Mashburn, 746 F.2d 782, 784 (11th Cir.1984). A

private party can be viewed as a “state actor” for § 1983 purposes “[o]nly in rare

circumstances.” Harvey v. Harvey, 949 F.2d 1127, 1130 (11th Cir. 1992). Following

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Iqbal, “complaints in § 1983 cases must now contain either direct or inferential

allegations respecting all the material elements necessary to sustain a recovery under

some viable legal theory.” Randall v. Scott, 610 F.3d 701, 708 n.2 (11th Cir. 2010)

(quotation omitted).

Section 1985 covers conspiracies to interfere with civil rights. See 42 U.S.C.

§ 1985. “The purpose of § 1985 was to stifle the serious class-based deprivation of

constitutional rights by private parties, not to serve as a general federal tort law.”

Trawinski v. United Technologies, 313 F.3d 1295, 1299 (11th Cir. 2002). Section

1985(2) provides a cause of action for obstruction of justice where “two or more

persons conspire for the purpose of impeding, hindering, obstructing, or defeating,

in any manner, the due course of justice in any State or Territory, with intent to deny

to any citizen the equal protection of the laws . . . .” 42 U.S.C. § 1985(2). 

Section 1985(3) provides a remedy for a conspiracy to interfere with civil

rights. See 42 U.S.C. § 1985(3). To state a claim under § 1985(3), a plaintiff must

allege: (1) a conspiracy; (2) for the purpose of depriving a person or class of persons

of the equal protection of the laws, or of equal privileges and immunities under the

laws; and (3) an act in furtherance of the conspiracy, (4) resulting in an injury to

person or property, or a deprivation of any right or privilege of a citizen of the United

States. Childree v. UAP/GA AG CHEM, Inc., 92 F.3d 1140, 1146-47 (11th Cir.

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1996). To prove the second element, the plaintiff must show that the deprivation of

rights or privileges occurred as a result of “some racial, or . . . otherwise class-based,

invidiously discriminatory animus behind the conspirators’ actions.” Id. at 1147

(quotations omitted).

First, because Kivisto failed to sufficiently plead facts that any of the

defendants committed either mail fraud or extortion, the district court did not err in

dismissing his substantive RICO claims. Second, because Kivisto did not plausibly

allege sufficient facts regarding the defendants’ agreement to engage in the ongoing

conduct of an enterprise through a pattern of racketeering activity, the district court

did not err in dismissing his RICO conspiracy claims. 

Finally, Kivisto declares that the defendants discriminated against him based

on his Finnish origin, but besides his bare assertions, Kivisto’s second amended

complaint contains no factual allegations showing that his constitutional or civil

rights have been infringed by a conspiracy or otherwise. Thus, the district court did

not err in dismissing his various civil rights claims. Accordingly, we affirm.

AFFIRMED.

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