IN THE COURT OF APPEALS OF TENNESSEE

AT NASHVILLE

May 8, 2009 Session

TENNESSEE FARMERS MUTUAL INSURANCE COMPANY v.

MICHAEL NEILL

Appeal from the Circuit Court for Bedford County

No. 11202 Franklin Lee Russell, Judge

No. M2008-02056-COA-R3-CV - Filed June 2, 2009

Insurance company filed suit for a declaration that the policy exclusion for intentional acts applied

to an injury arising from a paintball game. The trial court ruled for the insured. We affirm.

Tenn. R. App. P. 3 Appeal as of Right; Judgment of the Circuit Court Affirmed

ANDY D. BENNETT, J., delivered the opinion of the court, in which FRANK G. CLEMENT, JR. and

RICHARD H. DINKINS, JJ., joined.

Steven Ashley Dix, Murfreesboro, Tennessee, for the appellant, Tennessee Farmers Mutual

Insurance Company.

Lee Bussart Bowles, Lewisburg, Tennessee, for the appellee, Michael Neill.

OPINION

On January 28, 2006, Michael Neill and Chandler Fuller were playing paintball on property

owned by Michael’s parents. At the time, Michael was 25 years old. Chandler was 13. Michael

won the first game and Chandler won the second. After the second game was finished, Chandler

took off his protective eye gear. Michael aimed at Chandler’s chest and fired one last shot.

Unfortunately, the paintball curved and hit Chandlerin the eye. Michael immediately took Chandler

to the emergency room. Chandler suffered some injury and sued Michael for damages. Tennessee

Farmers Mutual Insurance Company, the insurer of the Neill property, filed this separate action to

determine if the policy exclusion for intentional actions relieves the insurance company of any

liability. The policy exclusion states: “We do not provide liability coverage under this Coverage E -

Personal Liability for any person or entity for: 1. Bodily injury, economic loss, or property damage

caused by the intentional or malicious act or omission of any person.”
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Only Michael and Chandler testified at the trial. Michael testified that, as a sort of hazing

or congratulations but without an intent to hurt, the winner of a game might be the recipient of a late

shot from the loser-- that is, he might be shot by another participant after the game is over. That is

what Michael said he did to Chandler. He said that he knew the paintball would possibly sting or

bruise if shot at close range. He also knew that Chandler had on coveralls. He had already hit

Chandler the same way during the paintball games. According to Michael, the paintball curved and

struck Chandler in an unexpected and unintended place.

Chandler also testified that the paintball curved. He further stated that, had it not curved, the

paintball would have hit him in the stomach or chest. Asked if previous similar shots to the chest

hurt, he testified that they did not hurt because he wore protective clothing. He also testified that late

shots were common in their paintball games.

The trial court found that Michael’s action of “discharging his paint ball gun at the chest of

Chandler Fuller was a celebratory gesture, and that his action was accidental and no harm was

intended.” Therefore, the trial court found that the insurance company’s policy provided liability

coverage for Michael’s act. Tennessee Farmers Mutual Insurance Company appealed, maintaining

that the trial court erred in its determination of Michael’s intent.

The trial court’s determination of Michael’s intent is a finding of fact. Appellate court

review of the findings of fact by a trial court is de novo upon the record, accompanied by a

presumption of correctness unless the preponderance of the evidence is otherwise. Tenn. R. App.

P. 13(d). The trial court’s decisions of law are reviewed de novo with no such presumption. Taylor

v. Fezell, 158 S.W.3d 352, 357 (Tenn. 2005).

The Tennessee Supreme Court has stated that “in order to find that an intended or expected

acts exclusion applies, it must be established that the insured intended the act and also intended or

expected that injury would result.” Tenn. Farmers Mut. Ins. Co., v. Evans, 814 S.W.2d 49, 55

(Tenn. 1991); see also Metro. Prop. & Cas. Ins. Co. v. Buckner, No. E2008-00989-COA-R3-CV,

2009 WL 1162612, *8 (Tenn. Ct. App. Apr. 30, 2009). Underlying the Evans approach is a concern

that if a person could insure himself against liability for intentional wrongdoing, “the deterrence

attributable to financial responsibility would be missing.” Evans, 814 S.W.2d at 56. 

It appearsthat the trial court used the two-part Evans test. As we read the trial court’s order,

it seems the judge found that Michael’s act of firing at Chandler was intentional but that the harm

was accidental since no harm was intended. The record fully supports the judge’s determination that

Michael intentionally fired the paintball at Chandler. The difficult part of the Evans test in this case

is whether Michael “also intended or expected that injury would result.” Evans, 814 S.W.2d at 55.

As to the intent or expectation of injury, Evans teaches that “[t]he intent itself may be actual

or inferred from the nature of the act and the accompanying reasonable foreseeability of harm. It is

immaterial that the actual harm was of a different character or magnitude or nature than that

intended.” Id. There is support in the record for a finding that Michael intended to harm Chandler
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in the sense that he knew there was a possibility of a sting or bruise from the shot. There is also

support in the record for a finding that Michael did not intend to harm Chandler. Michael had shot

Chandler during the game. Michael knew Chandler had on protective clothing. Michael testified

that he did not intend to harm Chandler. The trial judge determined that Michael did not intend to

harm Chandler, and the evidence does not preponderate against that finding. A determination of

intent is fact-specific. Context matters. In the context of a paintball game as Michael and Chandler

played it, what Michael did was not an intentional act of wrongdoing. It was part of the game and

done with no intent to harm. This distinguishes the instant case from other cases applying the

intentional acts exclusion, such as Evans, which involved Evans burning money that did not belong

to her (although she was mistaken as to whose money it was), and Buckner, which involved shooting

a rifle at interstate traffic. Evans, 814 S.W.2d at 50; Buckner, 2009 WL 1162612, at *1; see also

Miele v. Zurich U.S., 98 S.W.3d 670, 674-75 (Tenn. Ct. App. 2002) (willful failure to make repairs

required by a construction contract); Tenn. Farmers Mut. Ins. Co., v. Inman, No. 03A01-9808-CV00246, 1999 WL 134947, *2 (Tenn. Ct. App. Mar. 10, 1999) (voluntary manslaughter and

aggravated assault); State Farm Fire & Cas. Co. v. Pickral, No. 01A01-9609-CV-00409, 1997 WL

80046, *2 (Tenn. Ct. App. Feb 26, 1997) (child molestation).

The decision of the trial court is affirmed. Costs of appeal are assessed against appellant,

Tennessee Farmers Mutual Insurance Company, for which execution may issue if necessary.

___________________________________ 

ANDY D. BENNETT, JUDGE