P. 1



# OAR Box 1392
Prepped by Ollie Stewart



## Document

Number: 

# 126 ) ll-A- 1
Docket Number: 

# A-94-5 2

Printed 7/7/2008 9:45:58 AM

Sheet 126 of 136P. 2 

# A-94-5 2 

# %4r\

4.1 2 POLYESTE

RRESI N PLASTIC S PRODUC T FABRICATIO N
4.12. 1 Genera l Description 1- 2 

## OCT ! 9199 5 il l
EP AAI R DOCKE T A growin g numbe r of product s ar e fabricated fro m liqui d polyeste r resi n reinforce

d wit hglas s fiber s an d extended wit hvariou s inorgani c filler material s suc

ha s calciu

m carbonate , talc , mic a o r smal l glas s spheres . Thes e composit e material s are ofte nreferred to a s fiberglas s reinforce d plasti c (FRP) , or simply "fiberglass" . Th e Society O f Th e Plastic s Industr

y designate s thes e material s a s "reinforce d plastics/composites " (RP/C) . Also , advance d reinforced plastic s product s ar e no w formulate

d wit hfiber s other tha nglass , sucha s carbon , araml d an d aramld/carbo

n hybrids . I

nsom e processes , resi nproduct s ar e fabricated withou t fibers . On e major produc t usin g resin s wit hfiller s bu t n o reinforcin

g fiber s is t th e syntheti c marbl e use d inmanufacturin

g bathroo

m countertops , sink s an d relate

d items . Othe r application s o f nonreinforce d resi nplastic s includ e automobil e bod

y filler , bowlin g ball s an

d coatings . Fibe r reinforce

d plastic s product s hav e a wide range o f applicatio nin industry , transportation , hom e an d recreation . Industria l use s includ e stor age tanks , skylights , electrica l equipment , ducting , pipes , machin e compo nents , an

d corrosio

nresistant structura l an d proces s equipment . I n transportation , automobil e an d aircraf t application s are increasin g rapidly . Hom e an d recreationa l item s include bathroo

m tub s an

d showers , boat s (build in g an d repair) , surfboard s an d skis , helmets , swimmin g pool s an

d ho t tubs , an d a variety

of sportin

g goods . The thermosettin

g polyeste r resin s considered her e are comple xpolymer s resultin

g fro m th e cross-linkin

g reactio

no f a liqui d unsaturate d polyester wit ha viny l type monomer , mos t oftenstyrene . Th e unsaturate

d polyester i s forme d fro m th e condensatio

nreactio

nof anunsaturate

d dibasi c acid o

r anhydride , a saturate d dibasi c aci d or anhydride , an d a polyfunctiona l alcohol . Tabl e 4.12- 1 list s th e mos t commo

ncompound s use

d fo r eac hcompo nent of th

e polyeste r "backbone" , a s wel l a s th e principa l cross-linkin g monomers . Th

e chemica l reaction s tha t for m bothth

e unsaturate

d polyeste r an d th e cross-linked polyeste r resi nare show nin Figur e 4.12-1 . Th e emis sio nfactor s presented her e appl y t o fabricationprocesse s tha t us e th

e finishe d liqui d resin s (a s receive d b y fabricator s fro

m chemica l manufac turers); , an

d no t to th

e chemica l processe s use d t o produc e thes e resins . (Se e Chapte r 5 , Chemica l Proces s Industry. )

Inorde r t

o b e use d lnth e fabricationo

f products , th

e liqui d resi n mus t b e mixe d wit ha catalys t t o initiat e polymerizatio nint o a solid thermo set . Catalys t concentration s generall y rang e fro

m 1 to 2 percent b

y origina l weigh t o f resin ; withi ncertai nlimits , th e highe r th

e catalys t concentration , th e faste r th

e cross-linkin

g reactio

nproceeds . Commo ncatalyst s are organi c peroxides , typicall y methy l ethy l ketone peroxide o r benzoy l peroxide . Resin s ma

y contai ninhibitors , t o avoi d sel f curin g durin g resi nstorage , an d promoters , t o allo w polymerizatio

nto occur a

t lower temperatures .

9/8 8 Evaporatio nLos s Source s 4.12- 1P. 3

TABL E 4.12-1 . TYPICA L COMPONENT S O

F RESIN S

To For m th e Unsaturated Polyeste r

Unsaturate

d Acid s Malel c anhydride Fumari c aci d Saturate d Acid s Phthali c anhydride Isophthali c aci d Adipi c aci d Polyfunctiona l Alcohol s Propylen

e glyco l Ethylen e glyco l Diethylen

e glyco l Dipropylen

e ^glyco l Neopenty l glyco l Pentaerythrlto l

Cross-linkin

g Agent s (Monomers )

Styrene Methy l methacrylat e Viny l toluene Viny l acetat e Dially l phthalat e Acrylamide 2-ethy l hexylacrylat e

Th e polyeste r resin/fiberglas s industr y consist s o f man

y smal l faci litie s (suc

ha s boat repai r an d smal l contrac t firms ) an d relativel y

fe w larg e firm s tha t consum

e th e majo r fraction o f th e tota l resin . Resi n usage a t thes e operation s range s fro m les s tha

n5,00 0 kilogram

s pe r year t o ove r 3 millio

nkilogram

s pe r year . Reinforce

d plastic s product s ar e fabricated usin g an y o f severa l processes , dependin g o nthei r size , shap e an d othe r desire

d physica l characteristics . The principa l processe s includ e han d layup , spra

y layu p (sprayup) , continuou s lamination , pultrusion , filament windin g an d variou s close d moldin

g operations . Han d layup , usin

g primaril y

manua l technique s combine d wit hope

n molds , i s th

e simples t o f th

e fabricationprocesses . Here , th e reinforce ment i s manuall y

fitte d to a mol d wette

d wit hcatalyze

d resi n mix , afte r whichit i s saturate d wit hmore resin . Th e reinforcement i s inth e for m o f eithe r a choppe

d stran d mat , a wove nfabri c or ofte nboth . Layer s o f reinforcement an

d resi nar e added t o buil d th

e desire

d laminat e thickness . Squeegees , brushe s an d roller s ar e use

d t o smoothan

d compac t eachlaye r a s it i s applied . A releas e agent i s usuall y firs t applie

d t o th e mold t o facilitat e remova l of th e composite . Thi s i s ofte na wax , whichca

n b e treate

d wit ha wate r solubl e barrie r coa t suc ha s polyviny l alcoho l t o promot e pain

t adhesio

no npart s tha

t are to b

e painted . Inman

y operationa l

4.12- 2 EMISSIO N FACTOR S 9/8 8O

S



## 3 "aporatlcmLoss REACTIO N 1 0 0 p-H C - C

H + 2nH0H 2 C-CH 2 O H + e-C-O- C 

# a
Ifctei c Etbyh M HrthaS e •Rfcyrffi * tfycol MkytfM t

REACTIO N 2 0 0 0 0 

## I I ••

- C C-O-CH2-CH2-O- C C-O-CM2-CH2-O -

. ^y H

C —CH 

### •

Uaotantod ! patywta r

w

0

r o I u > CH 2 -C H - Styran t Unsaturate d
+ polyester

0 

### (-o-c- ^ 0 0 0 0 I I I •/= \ I —« . (-CH 2 -CH 2 -0-C-CH-CH-C-0-CH 2 -CH 2 -0-C-£A-C-0-) n

H-C- H

_C-0-CH2-CH2-O-C-CH-CH-C-O-CH 2 -CH 2 -) n

I 0 H-C- H l H-C 1 Cross-linke d polyester resi n

Figur e 4.12-1 , Typica l reaction s fo r unsaturate d polyeste r an d polyeste r resi n formation .P. 5

th e mol d i s firs t spraye

d wit hge l coat , a clear o r pigmente

d resi nmi x tha t form s th e smoothoute r surfac e o f man y products . Ge l coat spra y system s consis t of separat e source s o f resi nan d catalyst , vitha

nairles s han d spra y gu nthat mixe s the

m togethe r int o a

natomize

d resin/catalys t stream . Typica l product s ar e boat hull s an d decks , swimmin

g pools , bathtub s an d showers , electrica l console s an d automobil e components . Spra y layup , or "sprayup" , i s anothe r ope nmol d process , differin g fro m han d layu p i nthat i t use s mechanica l sprayin g an d choppin

g equipmen t fo

r depositin

g th e resi nan

d glas s reinforcement . Thi s proces s allow s a greate r productio

nrat e an

d mor e unifor

m part s tha

ndoe s han

d layup , an

d ofte nuse s more comple

xmolds . A s lnhan d layup , ge l coat i s frequentl y applie d to th e mol d before fabricatio nt o produc e th

e desired surfac e qualities . I t i s commo npractic e t

o combin

e han d layu p an d sprayu

p operations . Fo r th e reinforced layers , a devic e i s attache d t o th e spraye r syste

m t o cho p glas s fibe r "roving " (uncu t fiber ) int o predetermine d lengths an

d pro jec t i t t o merg e wit hth

e resi nmi xstream . Th e strea m precoat s th

e chop , an d bot hare deposited simultaneousl y t o th e desire

d layer thicknes s o nth e mold surfac e (o

r o nth e ge l coat that wa s applie d to th

e mold) . Layer s are buil t u p an d rolle d ou t o nth e mol d a s necessar

y t o for m th e part . Product s manufacture

d b y sprayu p ar e similar t o thos e made b y han d layup , excep t that more unifor

m an d comple

xpart s ca

ngenerall y

b e produce

d mor e efficientl y

wit h sprayu p techniques . However , compare d t o han

d layup , mor e resi ngenerall y I s use d t o produc e simila r part s b y spra y layu p becaus e o

f th e inevitabl e over spra y o f resi ndurin

g application . Continuou s laminatio no f reinforce

d plastic s material s involve s impreg natin g variou s reinforcement s withresin s o na nin-line conveyor . Th e resultin

g laminat e i s cure

d an d trimme

d a s it passe s throug hth e variou s con veyor zones . Inthi s process , th e resi nmi xi s metere d ont o a botto

m carrie r film , usin

g a blad

e to contro l thickness . Thi s film , whichdefine s th e pa nel' s surface , I s generall y polyester , cellophane or nylon , an d ma y hav e a smooth , embosse

d or matt e surface . Methy l methacrylat e i s sometime s use d a s th e cross-linkin

g agent , eithe r alone or i ncombinatio nvit hstyrene , t

o increas e strengt han d weathe r resistance . Choppe d glas s fiber s free-fal l int o th e resi nmi xan

d are allowe

d t o saturat e wit hresin , or "we t out" . A secon d carrie r film

i s applie

d o nto p o f th e pane l befor e subsequent formin g an d curing . Th

e cure d pane l i s the

nstrippe

d o f it s films , trimme d an d cu t to th e desire

d length . Principa l product s Includ e translucent Industria l sky light s an

d greenhous e panels , wal l an d ceilin

g liner s for foo

d areas , garage door s an

d coolin

g towe r louvers . Figur e 4.12- 2 show s th e basi c element s o f a continuous laminatin g productio

nline . .Pultrusion , whic hca nb e thought o f a s extrusio nb y pulling , i s use

d t o produc e continuou s cross-sectiona l lineal s similar to thos e mad e b y extrud in g metal s sucha s aluminum . Reinforcin g fiber s are pulle

d throug

ha liqui d resi nmi xbat han

d int o a lon

g machine

d stee l die , wher e hea t initiate s a n exothermi c reactio

nto polymeriz e th e thermosettin

g resi nmatrix . Th e compo sit e profil e emerge s fro m th e di e a s a hot , constant cross-sectiona l tha t cool s sufficientl y

to b e fe d Int o a clampin

g an d pullin

g mechanism . Th

e pro duc t ca nthe nb e cu t t o desired lengths * Exampl e product s Includ e electrica l insulatio

n materials , ladders , walkwa y gratings , structura l supports , an d rod s an d antennas . 4.12- 4 EMISSIO N FACTOR S 9/8 fP. 6

Rect o mewnn g dtvica —
CunJirt t

Bono m l* n ^"^r^r^i " fim Cro u cu i u wo r tfmi Edgttri m 

# r« *
U

- — J Pud rol l Inspectio n art *

Slackin g dtvic t

Figur e 4.12-2 . Typica l continuou s laminatio nproductionprocess. 2

Filamen t windin

g i s th e proces s o f layin

g a ban d of resi nimpregnate d fiber s ont o a rotatin g mandre l surfac e i na precis e geometri c pattern , an d curin g the m to for m th e product . Thi s i s anefficien t method of producin g cylindrica l part s wit hoptimu m strengt hcharacteristic s suited t o th e specifi c desig

nan d application . Glas s fibe r i s mos t ofte nused for th e filament , bu

t aramld , graphite , an d sometime s boro

nan d variou s meta l wire s ma y be used . Th

e filament ca

nb e wette

d durin g fabrication , o r previousl y impregnate

d filament ("prepreg" ) ca nb e used . Figur e 4.12- 3 show s th e filamen t windin

g process , an

d indicate s th

e thre e mos t commonwindin g patterns . Th

e proces s Illustratio n depict s circumferentia l winding , whil e th e tw o smalle r picture s sho w helica l an

d pola r winding . The variou s wind in g pattern s ca

nb e used alon

e or incombinatio

nt o achieve th

e desire

d strengt han

d shap e characteristics . Mandrel s ar e made o f a wid e variet y o f material s and , insom e applications , remai ninsid e th e finished produc t a s a line r or core . Exampl e product s ar e storage tanks , fuselages , win d turbine an

d helicopte r blades , an d tubin g an d pipe .

Hellca t Windin g

Pola r Windin g

9/8 8 Figur e 4.12-3 . Typica l filamen t windin g process. 3

Evaporatio

nLos s Source s 4.12- 5P. 7

Closed , suc ha s compressio no r injection , moldin g operation s involve th e use o f tw

o matche d die s t o define the entire oute r surface o f th e part . Vhe nclose d an d fille d wit ha resi nmix , th e matche d di e mol d i s subjecte d t o hea t an d pressur e t o cur e the plastic . Fo r th e mos t durabl e productio n configuration , hardene d meta l die s ar e use d (matche d meta l molding) . Anothe r close d moldin g proces s i s vacuu m o r pressure ba g molding . I nba g molding , a han d layu p o r sprayu p i s covere d wit ha plasti c film , an d vacuum o r pressur e i s applie d t o rigidl y defin e th e par t an d Improv e surface quality . Th e rang e o f close d molde d part s include s too l an d applianc e housings , cookware , bracket s an d othe r smal l parts , an d automobil e bod y an d electrica l components . Syntheti c marble casting , a larg e segmen t o f th e resi nproduct s indus try , involve s productio n o f bathroom sinks , vanit y

tops , bathtub s an d accessorie s usin g fille d resin s tha t hav e th e loo k o f natura l marble . N o reinforcin g fiber s are use d i nthes e products . Pigmente d o r clea r ge l coa t caneithe r b e applie d t o th e mol d itsel f o r spraye d ont o th e produc t afte r castin g t o simulat e the loo k o f natura l polishe d marble . Marbl e castin g ca nb e a n ope n mol d process , o r i t ma y b e considere d a semlclose d proces s i f cas t part s are remove d fro m a close d mol d fo r subsequen t ge l coa t spray ing . 4.12. 2 Emission s And Control s Organi c vapor s consistin g o f volatil e organi c compound s (VOC ) are emit ted from

fres hresi n surface s durin g the fabricatio nproces s an d fro m th e us e o f solvent s (usuall y acetone ) fo r cleanu p o f hands , tools , mold s and sprayin g equipment . Cleanin g solven t emission s ca naccoun t fo r ove r 3 6 percen t o f the tota l plan t VO C emissions. 4 Ther e als o ma y b e some releas e o f particulat e emission s fro m automati c fibe r choppin g equipment , bu t these emission s hav e no t bee n quantified . Organi c vapo r emission s fro m polyeste r resin/fiberglas s fabricatio n processe s occu r whe n the cross-linkin g agen t (monomer ) containe d i nth e liqui d resi n evaporate s int o th e ai r durin g resi napplicatio nan d curing . Styrene , methy l methacrylat e an d viny l toluen e are thre e o f th e principa l monomer s use d a s cross-linkin g agents . Styren e i s b y fa r th e mos t common . Othe r chemica l component s o f resin s are emitte d onl y a t trac e levels , becaus e the y

no t onl y

hav e low

vapo r pressure s bu t als o are substantiall y converte d t o polymers.5~ 6
Sinc e emission s resul t fro m evaporatio no f monome r fro m the uncure d resin , the y

depen d upo n th e amoun t o f resi nsurfac e expose d t o th e ai r an d the time o f exposure . Thus , th e potentia l fo r emission s varie s wit hth e manne r l n vhic hthe resi n i s mixed , applied , handle d and cured . Thes e fac tor s vary

amon g th e differen t fabricatio nprocesses . Fo r example , th e spra y layu p proces s ha s th e highes t potentia l fo r VO C emission s becaus e th e atomizatio n o f resi n int o a spray create s a nextremel y larg e surfac e are a fro m whic hvolatil e monome r canevaporate . B y contrast , the emissio n potentia l i n syntheti c marbl e castin g an d close d moldin g operation s i s considerabl y

lower , becaus e o f the lowe r monome r conten t i nth e castin g resin s (3 0 t o 3 8 percent , versu s abou t 4 3 percent ) an d o f th e enclose d natur e o f thes e moldin g operations . I t ha s bee nfoun d tha t styrene
4.12- 6 EMISSIO N FACTOR S 9/8< ;

, INC
.P. 8

evaporation increase s wit h increasin g ge l time , win d spee d and ambien t temperature , and tha t increasin g th e han d rollin g time o n a han d layu p o r sprayu p result s i n significantl yhighe r styren e losses. 1 Thus , productio n change s tha t lesse n the exposur e o f fres h resi n surface s t o th e ai r shoul d b e effectiv e i n reducing thes e evaporatio n losses
. I n additio n t o productio n changes , resi n formulatio n ca n b e varie d t o effec t th e VO C emissio n potential , I n general , a resi n wit h lowe r monome r Conten t shoul d produc e lowe r emissions

. Evaluatio n test s wit h low-styrene

eaisslon laminatin g resin s havin g a 3 6 percen t styren e conten t foun d a 6 0 t o 7 0 percen t decreas e l n emissio n levels , compare d t o conventiona l resin s (4 2 percen t styrene) , wit h n o sacrific e i n th e physica l propertie s o f th e laminate. 7 Vapo r suppressing agent s als o ar e sometime s adde d t o resin s t o reduc e VO C emissions

. Mos t vapo r suppressant s ar e paraffi n waxes , stearate s O f polymer s o f proprietarycomposition , constituting u p t o severa l weigh t percen t o f th e mix

. Limite d laboratoryan d fiel d dat a Indicat e tha t vapo r suppressin

g resin s reduc e styren e losse s b y3 0 t o 7 0 percent. 7 " ^ Emissionfactor s fo r severa l fabricatio n processe s usin g styren e con tent resin s hav e bee n develope d fro mth e result s o f facilit ysourc e test s ( B Rating ) and laboratorytest s ( C Rating) , an d through technologytransfe r estimation s ( D Rating). 1 Industr yexpert s als o provide d additiona l Infor

matio n tha t wa s use d t o arriv e a t th e fina l factor s presente d l n Tabl e Aa !2~2. 6 Sinc e th e styren e conten t varie s ove r a rang e o f approximatel y3 0 t o 5 0 weigh t percent , thes e factor s ar e base d o n th e quantit yo f styren e •oaoae r use d i n th e process , rathe r tha n o n th e tota l amoun t o f resi n used
. Th e factor s fo r vapor-suppresse d resin s ar e typicall y3 0 t o 7 0 percen t o f thos e fo r regula r resins

. Th e factor s ar e expresse d a s ranges , becaus e o f th e observe d variabilit yi n sourc e an d laboratorytes t result s an d o f th e Apparen t sensitivit yo f emission s t o proces s parameters
. Emission s shoul d b e calculate d usin g actua l resi n monome r contents
. Vhei i epecifl c Informatio n abou t th e percentag e o f styren e i s unavailable , th e representativ e averag e value s i n Tabl e 4.12- 3 shoul d b e used * Th e sam pl e calculatio n Illustrate s the applicatio n o f th e emissio n factors
. Sampl e Calculatio n - Afiberglas s boa t buildin g facilit y consume s a n averag e o f 25 0 k g pe r dayo f styrene-containin g resin s usin g a combinatio n o f han d layu p (75Z ) and spraylayu p (25Z ) techniques

. Th e laminatin g resin s fo r han d and spra ylay

u p contai n 41. 0 an d 42. 5 weigh t percent , respectively , o f styrene
. Th e resi n use d fo r han d layu p contain s a vapor-suppressin g agent
. Fro mTabl e 4.12-2 , th e facto r fo r han d layu p usin g a vapor-supprese d resi n i s 2 - 7 (0.0 2 t o 0.0 7 fractio n o f tota l styren e emitted) ; th e facto r fo r spra ylayu p i s 9 - 1 3 (0.0 9 t o 0.1 3 fractio n emit

ted)
. Assum e the midpoint s o f thes e emissio n facto r ranges . Tota l VO C emission s are : (25 0 kg/day ) [(0.41)(0.045)(0.75 ) + (0.425)(0.11)(0.25) ]

» 6. 4 kg/day
. A/8 8 Evaporatio n Los s Source s 4.12- 7

m P S IM< "P. 9

TABL E 4.12-2 . EMISSIO N FACTOR S FORUNCONTROLLE D POLYESTE RRESI N PRODUC T FABRICATIO N PROCESSES 4 (10 0 xmas s o f VO C emitted/mas s o f monome r input )



### Proces s

Han d layu p Spra ylayu p Continuou s laminatio n Pultruslon

d Filamen t winding e 

### Marbl e castin

g Close d molding

g Res i



### NV S 5-1 0 9-1 3 4 - 7 4 - 7 5-1 0 1 - 3 1 - 3 

### . n 

### VS h 2 - 7 3 - 9 1 - 5 1 - 5 2 - 7 1 - 2 1 - 2 Emissio

n Facto r Ratin g 

### C B
B D D B D Ge l

NV S 2 6 - 3 5 2 6 - 3 5



### c
c
c f

c Coa t



### VS h 8-2 5 8-2 5



### c
c
c f

c Emissio

n Facto r Ratin g 

### D
B

—

—

—

—

—

a Referenc e 9 . Range s represen t the variabilit y o f processe s an d sensiti vit y o f emission s t o proces s parameters . Singl e valu e factor s shoul d b e selecte d wit hcaution . NV S • nonvapor-suppresse d resin . V S • vapor-sup presse d resin . bFactor s ar e 30-70 % o f thos e fo r nonvapor-suppresse d resins . CGe l coa t I s no t normall y use d i n thi s process . dResi nfactor s fo r th e continuou s laminatio nproces s ar e assume d t o apply . aResl n factor s fo r th e han d layup proces s ar e assume d t o apply . fFactor s unavailable . However , whe ncas t part s ar e subsequentl y spraye d wit hge l coat , han d an d spray

layu p ge l coa t factor s are assume d t o apply . gResi n factor s fo r marbl e casting , a semiclose d process , ar e assume d t o apply . TABL E 4.12-3 . TYPICA L RESI N STYRENE - PERCENTAGE S

Resi n Applicatio n Resi nStyren e Content s (wgt . X)

Han d layu p Spray layu p Continuou s laminatio n Filamen t windin g Marbl e castin g Close d moldin g
Ge l coa t 4 3 4 3 4 0 4 0 3 2 3 5
3 5
*Ma y var y b y a t leas t +5percentag e points . X2- 8 EMISSIO N FACTOR S 9/J 8P.1 0

. • . . V
. '

Emission s fro m us e of ge l coa t woul d b e calculate d i nth e sam e manner . I f th e monome r conten t o f th e resin s wer e unknown , a representativ e value o f 4 3 percen

t coul d b e selecte

d fro m Tabl e 4.12- 3 fo

r thi s proces s combina tion . I t shoul d b e note d that thes e emission s represent evaporatio no f styrene monome r only , an d no t o f acetone o

r othe r solvent s use d fo r clean up . I nadditio

n t o proces s change s an d material s substitution , add-o ncon tro l equipment ca

nb e use

d t o reduc e vapor emission s fro m styren e resins . However , contro l equipmen t i s infrequentl y use d a t RP/ C fabricatio

nfacili ties , du e to lo

w exhaus t VO C concentration s an d th e potentia l fo

r contami natio nof adsorbent materials . Mos t plant s us e force d ventilatio

ntechni que s t o reduc e worke r exposur e to styrene vapors , bu t vent th

e vapor s directl y

t o th e atmospher e wit hn o attempt at collection . A t one contin uou s laminatio

nfacility

wher e incineratio

nwa s applie

d to vapor s vente

d fro m the impregnatio

ntable , a 98. 6 percent contro l efficienc y wa s mea sured. 1 Carbo

nadsorption , absorptio nan d condensatio

nals o hav

e bee n considere

d for recoverin

g styrene an

d othe r organi c vapors , bu t thes e tech nique s hav

e no t beenapplie

d t o an y significan t exten

t i nthi s industry . Emission s fro

m cleanu p solvent s ca

nb e controlle

d throug

hgoo d house keepin g an d us e practices , reclamatio no f spent solvent , an d substitutio

n wit hwate r base

d solven t substitutes .

Reference s fo

r Sectio

n4.1 2
1 . M . B . Rogozen , Contro l Technique s fo r Organi c Ga s Emission s fro m Fiber glas s Impregnatio

nan d Fabricatio

nProcesses , ARB/R-82/165 , Californi a Ai r Resource s Board , Sacramento , CA , (NTI S PB82-251109) , June 1982 . 2 . ModernPlastic s Encyclopedia , 1986-1987 , 6 3 (10A) , Octobe r 1986 . 3 . C . A . Brighton , G . Pritchar d an d G . A . Skinner , Styrene Polymers : Technolog

y an d Environmenta l Aspects , Applie d Scienc e Publishers , Ltd. , London , 1979 . 4 . M . Elsherif , Staf f Report , Propose d Rul e 116 2 - Polyeste r Resi n Operations , SouthCoas t Ai r Quality Managemen t District , Rul e Develop ment Division , E l Monte , CA , Januar y 23 , 1987 . 5 . M . S . Crandall , Exten t o f Exposur e t o Styrene l nth e Reinforce

d Plasti c Boa t Makin

g Industry , Publicatio nNo . 82-110 , Nationa l Institut e Fo r Occupationa l Safety An d Health , Cincinnati , OH , March1982 . 6 . Writtencommunicatio nfro m R . C . Lepple , ArlstechChemica l Corporation , Polyeste r Unit , Linden , NJ , t o A . A . MacQueen , U.S . Environmenta l Pro tectio nAgency , ResearchTriangl e Park , NC , September 16 , 1987 . 7 . L . Walewsk i an

d S . Stockton , "Low-Styrene-Emlsslo n Laminatin

g Resin s Prov e I t inth

e Workplace" , Moder nPlastics , 62(8):78-80 , Augus t 1985 .

J/8 8 Evaporatio nLos s Source s 4.12- 9P.1 1

M . J . Duffy , "Styren e Emission s - Ho

w Effectiv

e Ar e Suppresse

d Polyeste r Resins?" , Ashlan d Chemica l Company , Dublin , OH , presente d a t 34t hAnnua l Technica l Conference , Reinforce d Plastics/Composite s Institute , Th

e Society

Of The Plastic s Industry , 1979 . G . A . LaFlam , Emissio n Facto r Documentatio nfor AP-4 2 Sectio n4.12 ; Polyester Resi n Plastic s Produc t Fabrication , Pacifi c Environmenta l Services , Inc. , Durham , NC , Novembe r 1987 .

4.12-1 0 EMISSIO N FACTOR S 

### 9/8 8