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SM Safety Manual September 2009 

Safety Management System 

Talladega Municipal Airport i

Talladega Municipal Airport (TMA)

Safety Management System (SMS) Manual

September 2009

Safety Management System 

Talladega Municipal Airport 

Table of Contents

Section Page 

Preface ................................................................................................................................................................... iii 

Records of amendments................................................................................. 1 

Definitions...................................................................................................... 2 

Introduction.................................................................................................... 4 

1. SAFETY POLICY..................................................................................................................... 6

1.1 Policy Statement...................................................................... 6 

1.2 Safety Objectives..................................................................... 6 

1.3 Organizational Structure ........................................... 7 

1.4 TMA Roles and Responsibilities ................................. 7 

1.5 Airport Safety Committee.......................................... 12 

1.6 Non-punitive reporting............................................. 14 

2. PROCEDURES............................................................................................................................ 15

2.1 Identification of safety Critical Systems ................................. 15 

2.2 Reference of Written Procedures ............................................ 18 

2.3 Documentation...................................................... 21 

2.3.1 Safety Manual and SMS Implementation Plan ......... 22 

2.3.2 Reporting Systems(s) Documentation ....................... 22 

2.3.3 Hazard Identification and Risk Management Document 22 

2.3.4 FAA Requirements and ACM .................................. 23 

2.3.5 Quality Assurance Documentation ........................... 23 

2.3.6 Airfield operation Documentation ............................ 23 

2.3.7 Training Records ....................................................... 24 

3. SAFETY RISK MANAGEMENT ............................................................................... 25

3.1 Introduction ............................................................................. 25 

3.2 Application .............................................................................. 25 
SM Safety Manual September 2009 

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3.3 The Safety Risk Management (SRM) Process ........................ 26 

3.3.1 Identify the Hazard ................................................... 28 

3.3.2 Describe Existing Controls ....................................... 31 

3.3.3 Evaluate the Risk ....................................................... 34 

3.3.4 Determine Action and Implement.............................. 35 

3.3.5 Documenting.............................................................. 36 

3.3.6 Safety Risk Management ........................................... 36 

3.3.7 Risk Reduction Efforts............................................... 38 

4. SAFETY ASSURANCE....................................................................................................... 39

4.1 Introduction ............................................................................. 39 

4.2 Employee SMS Reporting System.......................................... 39 

4.3 Airfield Incident Reporting ..................................................... 40 

4.4 Systematic Reviews................................................................. 40 

4.5 Safety Oversight...................................................................... 41 

4.6 Safety Audits ........................................................................... 41 

4.7 Record Keeping....................................................................... 42 

5.0 SAFETY PROMOTION - COMMUNICATIONS......................................... 43

5.1 Safety Communication Policy................................................. 43 

5.2 The Airport Safety Committee ................................................ 43 

5.3 SMS Manual............................................................................ 43 

5.4 Safety Management Bulletins and Posters .............................. 43 

5.5 Employee Recognition ............................................................ 44 

5.6 Annual Safety Report .............................................................. 44 

5.7 Safety Meetings....................................................................... 44 

5.8 Race Week Safety Campaign.................................................. 44 

6.0 SAFETY PROMOTION – TRAINING................................................................... 45

6.1 Training Policy ........................................................................ 45 

6.2 Existing Safety Training Programs ......................................... 45 

6.2.1 Airfield Awareness Training...................................... 45 

6.2.2 Airfield Driver Training............................................. 45 

6.2.3 FAA Part 139 Training .............................................. 46 

6.2.4 Non-Driver Employee Training................................. 47 

6.2.5 ARFF Training........................................................... 47 

6.3 SMS Training .......................................................................... 47 

List of Appendices 

Appendix 1: Risk Evaluation Guide 

Appendix 2: Forms 

 1. Employee Safety Report 

 2. Mandatory Safety Report 

 3. Accident and Incident Analysis Form
SM Safety Manual September 2009 

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Preface 

In February 2007 the Federal Aviation Administration (FAA) issued Advisory Circular, AC 150/5200-37, 

Introduction to Safety Management Systems (SMS) for Airport Operators, to introduce the concepts of 

SMS. The FAA has also opened a rulemaking project to consider formal requirements for SMS at 

certificated airports. In support of this rulemaking effort, the FAA has initiated a pilot program to assist 

airports in the development of an SMS specific to their situation and operations, and to share their 

acquired experience on SMS development and implementation with other airports and the FAA. 

The Talladega Municipal Airport (TMA or Airport) has decided to take a leadership role in the 

development and implementation of an SMS at the Airport by participating in the FAA pilot program. 

Part 139 Consideration 

The objective of the pilot program is to allow airports and the FAA to gain experience by establishing 

airport-specific SMS plans that are customized for the individual airport. Additionally, the program will 

provide SMS benchmarking that the FAA can utilize as it considers whether to incorporate SMS into 

Title 14, Code of Federal Regulations (CFR), Part 139 (Part 139)for Class IV, unscheduled commercial 

aircraft with General Aviation (GA) airports services. 

The goal of an SMS is to successfully identify safety hazards, ensure actions are developed to mitigate 

any risks and hazards, and provide continuous monitoring of the safety levels set forth by management 

through safety policies and objectives. To achieve the goals and policies set forth by the organization, a 

change in safety culture must take place, while initiating a proactive process through a non-punitive 

reporting. 

To successfully implement an SMS process at TMA, the following manual was devised. The manual 

identifies the elements of the airport operator’s existing practices and guidance materials that currently 

meet and do not meet SMS requirements. Additionally, the implementation plan provides direction as to 

how these practices and documents will be incorporated throughout the organization in the future for 

consistency with the SMS Manual. 

Components of SMS Manual 

TMA SMS implementation is based on established components of the SMS manual and is further divided 

into sub-categories for the ease of accessing relevant information. 

1. Safety Policy – General Requirements; Policy Statement, Safety Objectives, Organizational Structure, 

Safety and Quality Policy; and Safety Planning; 

2. Safety Procedures – Includes Procedures and Controls; documentation and Records Management; and 

Compliance; 

3. Safety Risk Management – Includes Details System and Task Analysis; Identify Hazards; Analyze 

Safety Risk; Asses Safety Risk; and Control Safety Risk; 

4. Safety Assurance - Includes General Requirements; System Description; Information Acquisition; 

Analysis of Data; System Assessment; Preventive/Corrective Action; and Management Review; and 

5. Safety Promotion – Includes Communication and Training, Safety Culture; Safety Awareness; 

Personnel Requirements; and Safety and Lessons Learned. 

SM Safety Manual September 2009 

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Safety Management System 

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RECORD OF AMENDMENTS 

Amendment No. Subject Updated By Date 

 

 Signature Date 

Approved 

Reviewed 

Reviewed 

Approved 

Approved 

Any amendments and/or revisions to the following Safety Management System Manual are approved by 

the Airport Manager and the Airport Board. Once approved by the Airport Manager, the amendments 

and/or revisions may become an active part of the SMS Manual. Additionally, any questions or concerns 

regarding the SMS Manual must be directed to the Airport Manager. 
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Definitions 

Accident – An unplanned event or series of events that results in death, injury or damage to, or loss of, 

equipment or property. 

Audit – Formal reviews and verifications to evaluate conformity with policy, standards and contractual 

requirements. It can be an internal audit when conducted by or on behalf of the organization being 

audited, or an external audit when conducted by an entity outside of the organization being audited. 

Corrective Action – Action to eliminate or mitigate the cause or reduce the effects of a detected 

nonconformity or other undesirable situation. 

Gap Analysis – Identification of existing safety components, compared to SMS program requirements. 

Gap analysis provides an operator with an initial SMS development plan and a roadmap for compliance. 

Hazard – Any existing or potential condition that can lead to injury, illness or death to people; damage to 

or loss of a system, equipment or property; or damage to the environment. A hazard is a condition that is a 

prerequisite to an accident or incident. 

Incident – A near-miss episode, malfunction or failure without accident-level consequences that has a 

significant chance of resulting in accident-level consequences. 

Likelihood – The estimated probability or frequency, in quantitative or qualitative terms, of a hazard’s 

effect. 

Oversight – A function that ensures the effective promulgation and implementation of safety standards, 

requirements, regulations and associated procedures. Safety oversight also ensures that the acceptable 

level of safety risk is not exceeded in the air transportation system. 

Procedure – A specified way to carry out an activity or a process. 

Risk Assessment – Assessment system involve an analysis of a job, process or the interaction of 

activities in order to identify hazards that have been or could be “built in”, this analysis could include Job 

Hazard Analysis, failure modes and effects, analysis, ergonomics assessments, etc. The analysis must 

result in improved work practices and employee communication and training as (particularly with process 

analysis) preventive engineering controls where hazards are discovered. 

Risk Management - The identification, analysis and elimination (and/or mitigation to an acceptable or 

tolerable level) of those hazards, as well as the subsequent risks, that threaten the viability of an 

organization. 

Records – Evidence of results achieved and activities performed. In this context, it is distinct from 

documentation because records refer to SMS outputs. 

Safety – The state in which the risk of harm to persons or property damage is reduced to, and maintained 

below, an acceptable level through a continuing process of hazard identification and risk management. 

Safety Assessment – Systematic and comprehensive evaluation of a system to check whether the safety 

requirements are met. 

Safety Assurance – SMS process management functions that systematically provide confidence that 

organizational products/services meet or exceed safety requirements. 

Safety Culture – The product of individual and group values, attitudes, competencies and patterns of 

behavior that determine the commitment to, and the style and proficiency of the organization's 

management of safety. Organizations with a positive safety culture are characterized by communications 

founded on mutual trust, by shared perceptions of the importance of safety, and by confidence in the 

efficacy of preventive measures. 
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Safety Management System (SMS) – The formal, top-down business-like approach to managing safety 

risk. It includes systematic procedures, practices, and policies for the management of safety (including 

safety risk management, safety policy, safety assurance, and safety promotion). 

Safety Objective – Safety goals or desired outcomes, which are typically measurable. 

Safety Policy – Defines the fundamental approach to managing safety that is to be adopted within an 

organization. Safety policy further defines the organization’s commitment to safety and overall safety 

vision. 

Safety Promotion – Combination of safety culture, training, and data-sharing activities that support the 

implementation and operation of an SMS in an organization. 

Safety Risk – Composite of predicted severity and likelihood (i.e., risk) of the potential effect of a 

hazard. As an example, the possibility of an overshoot by an aircraft landing on a wet runway (extremely 

wet runway is the hazard) would be considered a safety risk of the hazard. 

Safety Risk Control – Anything mitigates the safety risk of a hazard. Safety risk controls necessary to 

mitigate an unacceptable risk should be mandatory, measurable, and monitored for effectiveness. 

Safety Risk Management (SRM) – A formal process within the SMS composed of describing the 

system, identifying the hazards, assessing the risk, analyzing the risk, and controlling the risk. The SRM 

process is embedded in the operational system; it is not a separate/distinct process. 

Severity – The consequence or impact of a hazard in terms of degree of loss or harm. 

System(s) – An integrated set of elements that are combined in an operational or support environment to 

accomplish a defined objective. These elements include people, hardware, software, firmware, 

information, procedures, facilities, services and other support facets. 

Top Management – The person or group of people that directs and controls an organization. Sometimes 

this is also referred to as senior management and may be the Airport Manager, Airport Board Chairman or 

Administrator. 
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INTRODUCTION 

The intent of SMS is to improve aviation safety. Traditionally, the need for safety management 

has been justified based on a predicted industry growth and the potential for increase in accidents 

as a consequence of such growth. While accident reduction will always remain a priority of 

aviation, there are more compelling reasons underlying the transition to a safety management 

environment in the air transportation industry. An elimination of aviation accidents would be the 

desirable result for implementing SMS; however there is no human activity or human-made 

system that can be guaranteed to be an absolutely safe system. 

The aviation industry’s future viability may well be predicated on its ability to sustain the 

public’s perceived safety while traveling. The management of safety is therefore a prerequisite 

for a sustainable aviation business. Not properly managing safety or ignoring safety hazards 

could pave the way for an increase in the number of aviation accidents. 

TMA’s use of SMS at the airport can contribute to the reduction in airport related accidents and 

an increased likelihood that airport personnel will detect and correct safety problems before the 

problems result in an aviation incident or accident. 

Resource Allocations 

TMA’s perspective of the SMS as an organizational process and a core business function places 

ultimate safety responsibilities for each function at the highest level of the organization (without 

denying the importance of individual safety responsibility for the delivery of services). Nowhere 

are such accountability and responsibility more evident than in the decision making process 

regarding allocation of resources. 

Resources are essential to the core business functions of the airport that directly or indirectly 

support delivery of services. Therefore, resource allocation is one of the most important, if not 

the most important, of the organizational SMS processes for which the Airport Manager and 

Airport Board support and are held accountable. 

Unless safety management is a core function and adhered to by the TMA Airport Managers, 

there exists the potential for competition in the allocation of resources for the Airport to conduct 

business directly in support of GA service delivery. There should be a balanced allocation of 

resources to production and protection goals that results from safety and business management 

decisions. 

Benefits 

There are many clear benefits to establishing and implementing an SMS. The benefits apply to 

all activities at an airport. SMS is a formal top-down business-like approach to managing safety 

risk that is built on basic system safety principles. Some SMS benefits include: 

• A process to anticipate and address safety issues before they lead to an incident or accident 

that could possibly injure passengers or staff working at TMA 

• The ability for Airport Management to deal effectively with accidents and incidents so that 

valuable lessons are learned and applied to improve safety. 
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Costs 

The costs of a major accident at, or near, TMA, with injuries to people and damage to property 

could potentially threaten the financial viability of TMA. Direct costs are the costs for repairing 

hanger door or replacing aircraft towing equipment and Airport property, or compensating for 

human injuries or deaths. There are also many indirect costs which may not be as obvious, may 

be delayed aircraft departure, and may eventually total more than direct costs. These indirect 

costs, for example, could include: 

• Loss of revenues if flights are cancelled or tenants cease operations at TMA 

• Loss of reputation; 

• Legal and damage claims; 

• Cost of replacing and compensating injured employees; 

• Increased insurance claims or denial of insurance coverage; 

• Clean-up of the accident site; and 

• Cost of internal and government investigations. 

TMA has a good reputation for safety and will be able to sell itself more effectively to new 

customers and airlines that are considering operating at the airport in the future. An airports poor 

safety reputation could cause airlines to look elsewhere to ensure the safety of their passengers 

and their aircraft. 

Legal 

TMA understands that there can be legal proceedings against Airport Management as a result of 

accidents and incidents. However, TMA can and will continue to demonstrate that management 

has taken reasonable actions to eliminate or prevent accidents. The lessons learned in other 

countries from accidents show that, in many cases, failures in management were a key causal 

factor. 

This document summarizes the policies, organization, systems, and processes by which airport 

safety will be managed. 
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1. SAFETY POLICY 

1.1 Policy Statement 

The Airport Board and Managers of the Talladega Municipal Airport (TMA) have recognized 

the need for, and benefits of, an effective Safety Management System (SMS) for TMA. 

Our goal is to maintain aviation safety at the highest reasonable standard of safety by identifying 

and minimizing risks arising from activities which could contribute to aviation accidents and 

incidents. Safety is the first priority in all our activities and is an integral part of the provision of 

our airport management system. Everyone is accountable for safety in the performance of their 

responsibilities. We are committed to developing, implementing, maintaining, and constantly 

improving strategies and processes to ensure that all our aviation activities take place under a 

balanced allocation of organizational resources, aimed at achieving the highest level of safety 

performance and meeting national, state, and internal standards. 

TMA’s senior management is committed to ensuring: 

• All TMA employees receive proper training to do their jobs safely, and to protect themselves, 

other workers, passengers, aircraft, and equipment; 

• Minimization of risks associated with aircraft operations to a point that is as low as 

reasonably practical/achievable; 

• External supplies systems and services that impact the safety of operations meet appropriate 

safety standards; 

• All TMA employees can report aviation safety concerns, issues, incidents, and accidents 

without fear of negative personal consequences or reprisal; 

• Hazard identification and risk management processes are established for identifying safety 

concerns and analyzed for appropriate actions taken; 

• Safety information is effectively exchanged among all key tenants and public safety agencies 

designated to support airport operations and other related activities; 

• Continual improvement of safety performance through management processes that ensure 

relevant safety actions are taken and effective; 

• Support of safety management through the provision of all appropriate resources, resulting in 

the organizational culture that fosters safe practices and encourages effective safety reporting 

and communication. 

Top Management will sign and ensure that this Policy is available and current. This Policy will 

be reviewed at least annually to ensure it reflects the values adopted by the organization. This 

Policy will be communicated to all employees. 

1.2 Safety Objectives 

Objectives are a series of measurable targets that provide direction and guidance for safety 

management activities. The Airport Manager and staff will be responsible for working with the 

Airport Board to set up a series of measurable objectives for the organization as a whole, in 

accordance with the Safety Policy. 
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As a means to continuous safety improvements, Airport Management will establish annual safety 

objectives and monitor their performance to meet these objectives. These annual safety 

objectives will address (but are not be limited to): 

• Safety hazards/deficiencies identified during TMA self inspections by type of hazard (e.g., 

pavement, lighting, markings, signage); 

• Incursions of vehicles, aircraft, or pedestrians on movement and non-movement areas; 

• Number of airside safety violations (by class of violation); 

• Number and type of accidents and incidents on the Airport Operating Area (AOA) involving 

aircraft, ground vehicles, passengers and workers; 

• Number of airside based employees who have received safety and SMS related training 

(initial and refresher training); and 

• Number of safety hazards reported through non-punitive safety reports. 

Objectives will be communicated to all employees. 

1.3 Organizational Structure 

The organizational structure at TMA is established by the size, complexity, and operational 

environment of a small GA organization. The Airport Manager has been identified as the owner 

for implementation and maintenance of the SMS program. While it would be preferable for the 

Airport Manager to have no other roles and responsibilities, this is not possible at TMA. 

The Airport Manager is the Fixed Based Operator (FBO), which is leased to North America 

Testing, owned by the City of Talladega, and operated as a Class IV airport. The Airport 

Advisory Board is appointed by the city council in an advisory capacity. The roles and 

responsibilities in the organizational structure for the safety at TMA are presented in Exhibit 1-1. 

The effective management of TMA safety requires a well documented delineation of all lines of 

authority within the organization. There must be a clear understanding of the accountability, 

responsibility, and authority of all individuals involved in the SMS. The organizational structure 

will be disseminated throughout the organization, thereby promoting a common understanding of 

everyone’s role in TMA’s SMS program. 

Safety procedures are laid out by which TMA staff identifies and remedies safety risks during all 

activates at the airport. Safety procedures are subject to revision as circumstances change or 

more effective procedures are developed. It is critical that any changes be clearly communicated 

to affected agencies, and that the procedures are easily accessible to all for reference or continual 

education. 

1.4 TMA Roles and Responsibilities 

Management’s role, responsibilities and accountabilities for the SMS should be well defined and 

the lines of authority clearly understood. This section describes the roles and responsibilities of 

key participants in TMA aviation safety. 

The airport manager is accountable for establishing and maintaining the SMS program. 
SMS Safety Manual September 2009

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Designate the manager in charge of each functional area for airport operations, for example, 

identify who is responsible for the implementation of SMS within his/her functional area; and 

Maintain a list of designate functional managers in charge of identifying and correcting 

organizational deficiencies identified in the system. 

The functional agency representatives (i.e., fire department, security, emergency response, etc) 

and TMA staff personnel in the organization are responsible for safety. 

Designated functional agency managers are responsible for managing safety of operations 

because he/she has the knowledge and expertise to recommend effective, corrective, and 

preventive actions and has the authority to assign the appropriate resources where required. 

Airport staff must assume responsibility for safety within their own area of responsibility. In this 

way, he/she is involved in the “safety” process and is accountable for issues that arise in his/her 

functional area. 

The proposed TMA operational safety organizational structure is as follows: 

Exhibit 1-1. TMA Operational Structure

There are several Federal Government agencies that provide services to TMA in case of an emergency, 

aviation incident and accident (especially during race events) or any other unforeseen event. These 

include: The Regional Federal Aviation Administration (FAA), the Federal Bureau of Investigation (FBI), 

the National Transportation Board (NTSB), and the National Weather Agency. 
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1.4.1 TMA Airport Board 

• The Airport Board endorses the SMS and the safety policies contained within the SMS; and 

• Ensures that financial and resources required for proper execution of the SMS are available. 

1.4.2 TMA Airport Manager 

The responsibilities of the Airport Manager for SMS include: 

• Approving the SMS program; 

• Approving the safety policy and objectives; 

• Approving periodic revisions of the SMS, safety policy, and objectives; and 

• Updating the Airport Certification Manual (ACM) and ensuring that TMA personnel comply 

with the ACM and Part 139. 

• Facilitating an informal Airport Safety Committee; 

• Providing data related to TMA self-inspections, NOTAMS, condition reports, and airfield 

deficiency reports for trend analysis by the Airport Manager 

• Establishing annual safety objectives in accordance with this SMS Manual and providing 

relevant performance data to the Airport Board; and 

• Conducting Safety Risk Management Assessments as required per Section 3 of this SMS 

Manual. 

• Participating in the Airport Board (Chaired by the City of Talladega elected chairman) 

meetings to coordinate the exchange of safety information; 

• Retaining records of all safety related reports, incidents and accidents; 

• Investigating accidents and incidents; 

• Conducing trend analysis of accidents, incidents, and hazards; 

• Providing staff advice on SMS including safety risk management the analysis of safety 

concerns, hazards, incidents and accidents to determine action required by the airport staff; 

• Monitoring and recording actions taken by departments in response to safety concerns, 

hazards, incidents and accidents. 

• Advising the Airport Board on the status of safety action plans; 

• Developing and implementing aviation safety promotion such as newsletters and bulletins; 

• Implementing the non-punitive reporting system including follow-up and response; 

• Training for Airport employees and tenants located or working in the AOA including initial 

and recurrent training programs for airside drivers and pedestrians; 

• Monitoring safety performance in relation to safety objectives and preparing an annual report 

on the achievement of objectives; 

• Performing an annual review of the safety policy and safety objectives, 
SMS Safety Manual September 2009

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• Preparing an Annual Safety Report and making recommendations to the Airport Manager on 

revisions to safety policies and objectives; and 

• In collaboration with appropriate TMA departments, conducting periodic reviews of the 

Airport SMS to recommend adjustments where required. 

It should be noted that the important role and responsibilities of the Airport Manager in 

promoting, supporting, and implementing TMA’s employee occupational health and safety in 

accordance with Federal Occupational Health and Safety Administration (OSHA) standards is 

not included as part of the SMS Manual. 

1.4.3 TMA Airport Staff 

The Airport Staff is responsible for key duties that have a direct impact on aviation safety; 

activities are listed below: 

• Completing airfield runway and taxiway inspections; 

• Conducting airfield lighting inspections; 

• Performing fueling facility and operations inspections; 

• Conducting ramp Foreign Object Debris (FOD) inspections on a continuous basis; 

• Responding, removing, and documenting all FOD related notifications; 

• Completing construction worksite security and safety inspections; 

• Issuing NOTAMS (Notice to Airmen); 

• Completing airfield condition reports (Field Reports); 

• Maintaining a written log of events; 

• Preparing and storing Airfield Discrepancy Reports; 

• Responding to aircraft alerts and emergencies as required, Activate Emergency Contingency 

Plans as required; 

• Completing Airport Rescue and Firefighting (ARFF); and 

• Conducing periodic inspections of obstacle limitation surfaces. 

The TMA staff has important responsibilities for maintenance that impact aviation directly. Staff 

are responsible for: 

• Maintaining the pavement integrity of all runways, taxiways, and ramps to provide a high 

level of physical safety. In addition, this department is responsible for roads, bridges, 

sidewalks, and grounds outside of the AOA; 

• Maintaining runway and taxiway paint markings to help in the prevention of runway 

incursions; 

• Removing runway rubber to comply with FAA standards; 

• Monitoring all runways, taxiways, and ramps for prevention of FOD accidents; 
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• Maintaining service roadway systems to provide easy access around the airfield without 

interfering with air traffic; 

• Installing and replacing signs (non-illuminated) on all AOA and access roads for safety to 

prevent vehicle and aircraft accidents; 

• Managing tree cutting, brush and weeds around the AOA to maintain clear visibility and an 

obstacle-free area for safe aircraft operations; 

• Maintaining fence lines to prevent wildlife from entering the AOA to provide for safe aircraft 

operations; 

• Maintaining all storm water pipelines and structures to prevent flooding and run-off that can 

pose a safety risk to aircraft; 

• Maintaining all airfield lighting for runways, taxiways, and ramps for safe aviation 

operations; 

• Maintaining emergency generators for airfield lighting; 

• Maintaining over mobile and hand-held radios to assure constant and dependable 

communications; 

• Maintaining all pump houses for proper fire protection; 

For SMS, the staff maintenance responsibilities include: 

• Establishing annual safety objectives in accordance with Section 1.3 of this manual and 

providing relevant performance data to the Airport Manager; and 

• Assisting in conducting Safety Risk Management Assessments as required per Section 2 of 

this manual. 

1.4.4 Other Departments 

The Engineering and Construction department is responsible for managing capital improvement 

projects, including construction management that may occur airside such as pavement, signage, 

lighting, and new signage. As part of SMS, the department participates in the Airport Board. 

The department is also responsible for ensuring that all capital works are in compliance with 

FAA regulations such as obstacle limitations and minimum clearances. 

The department will ensure formal Safety Risk assessments whenever new equipment is being 

planned or installed, or when new facilities are being constructed that may have an impact on 

safety at the airport. 

1.4.5 Tenants at the Airport 

Tenants at the Airport have full accountability and authority for safety within their respective 

area of operation. 

At TMA, airport staff is currently responsible for apron control. 
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As part of their safety responsibilities, tenants are expected to have in place safety awareness 

training subject to audit by TMA. 

1.5 Airport Safety Committee 

The Airport Safety Committee is comprised of a body of expertise and experience to address and 

provide advice on safety issues at the Airport. TMA does not have a formal safety committee; 

however for special events such as race week, the organization will discuss and resolve safety 

matters in an informal way. 

This requirement for a safety committee is an exception in accordance with the International 

Civil Aviation Organization (ICAO) Safety Management Manual (SMM), “a formal safety 

committee may not be necessary” for small organizations. However, safety performance and 

safety management should be a regular agenda item at the monthly general management 

meetings held by the North American Testing Company (NATC). The Airport Manager should 

participate in these meetings. 

1.5.1 SMS Committee 

The SMS Committee will be chaired by the Airport Manager when required. The committee 

provides a forum for discussing safety-related issues from a cross-functional perspective and 

may lead to incursion of issues that look at safety from a broader perspective. The forum 

provides for dialogue and can be utilized to assess the effectiveness of the system from a “bigpicture” perspective. 

During preparation for special events, such as the Talladega Super speedway races, specific 

terms of reference can help, such as: 

1. Provide a forum to discuss aviation and associated safety matters affecting TMA and its 

users; 

2. Help identify hazards and risks and advise on safety measures to improve safety, for 

example; 

a. Emergency response and contingency planning 

b. Apron congestion 

c. FOD damage 

d. Airside vehicle operations 

3. Review safety practices and procedures and recommend any necessary changes, for example: 

a. Revised vehicle operating procedures or vehicle lanes 

b. Apron control 

c. Escorts for arriving and departing passengers 

d. Revision of training frequency and implementation of refresher training 
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4. Review safety rules and regulations; 

5. Review reports on safety hazards/risks, incidents, and accidents and action taken, or 

proposed; 

6. Review audit reports and action taken or proposed; 

7. Provide advice on methods to develop and promote apron safety awareness initiatives, such 

as poster campaigns and safety presentations/exhibitions; 

8. Promote airside discipline; and 

9. Provide advice on safety measures to be incorporated in airport expansions or modifications. 

1.5.2 Special Event Committee 

The special events meeting will consist of senior managers representing their organizations with 

the capacity to make decisions and deploy resources. The following organizations are included: 

• The Airport Manager (the Chairperson will act as the facilitator); 

• Engineering and Construction Department; 

• Air Carrier/Aircraft Operators; 

• Airport Authority/Management; 

• Communications Services; 

• Emergency Management Agencies; 

• Emergency Medical Services; 

• Department of Environmental; 

• Aircraft Rescue and Firefighting (ARFF); 

• Law Enforcement/Security; 

• National Weather Service Representative; 

• Air Traffic Controller (FAA Tower Representative; 

• Airport Tenants Representatives. 

The organizational agencies/departments continue to have full accountability and authority for 

their mandates, achievement of their goals, and implementation of their procedures. With 

respect to SMS, the Airport Staff are responsible for: 

1. Ensuring that their procedures consider safety and are integrated with safe practices; 

2. Ensuring that equipment and facilities are in place and adequately maintained for safe airfield 

and ramp operations; 
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3. Conducting hazard and risk analysis as described in the SMS; particularly when safety 

hazards are identified or reported, when new or revised operating procedures are required, or 

new facilities or equipment or modifications are planned; 

4. Participating in safety communications, promotional, and audit programs; 

5. Participating in the safety reporting process; and 

6. Participating in SMS Committees. 

1.6 Non-Punitive Reporting System 

Introducing an SMS in the TMA will require a change in culture. A positive safety culture will 

provide for continuous improvement in the organization’s safety health. To achieve this, lessons 

must be learned from every occurrence, incident, or accident involving safety systems. 

A non-punitive reporting system is instrumental in nourishing mutual trust between management 

and employees and in building a safety culture. To achieve this, it is imperative that TMA 

encourage uninhibited reporting of all incidents and occurrences that may compromise the safe 

conduct of all operations. 

To this end, every employee is responsible for communicating any information that may affect 

the integrity of airport operations. Such communication must be completely free of any form of 

reprisal. 
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2.0 PROCEDURES

2.1 Identification of Safety-Critical Systems 

The first step in implementing an SMS is to determine what aspects of airport operations are 

within the scope of the system. The FAA Pilot Study Participant’s Guide1

 states that “The 

importance of developing an SPM is to define where 14 CFR Part 139 and associated FAA 

guidance material do or do not include all of the requirements of an SMS.” In other words, the 

SPM should identify “gaps” between the Airport Certification Program and the SMS developed 

for the airport. The scope of the airport SMS must be clearly defined to ensure clear assignments 

of responsibilities without overlap with other safety programs (such as OSHA). SMS must also, 

at least in its initial version, have a direct relationship with the existing airport certification 

requirements. 

While it is customary to divide airport operations into physical areas such as movement and nonmovement areas, 14 CFR Part 139 requirements sometimes straddle such physical boundaries. 

For example, the provision and maintenance of markings, signs, and lighting encompasses both 

movement and non-movement areas. Similarly, wildlife control must include non-movement 

areas, and sometimes extend to land outside the airport boundary. 

In order to resolve potential confusion and clearly establish the SMS relationship with 14 CFR 

Part 139, airport activities have been divided into “Safety-Critical Systems.” The criteria used to 

identify such systems included: A list of safety-critical systems, the corresponding CFR 

requirement(s) and Advisory Circulars as found in Table 2.1 below. 

a. There should be as little overlap as possible between systems; 

b. Systems can be clearly defined; 

c. Systems are under the control of the airport authority; and 

d. There is a direct relationship with 14 CFR Part 139 requirements. 
SMS Safety Manual September 2009 

Safety Management System Talladega Municipal Airport 16Safety Management System (SMS) Pilot Study Participant’s Guide, April 6, 2007. System Sub-Systems CFR 143 Part 139 Reference Advisory Circular Personnel Staffing levels resources 139.303 Maintenance of paved areas 139.305 150/5380-6B Safety areas Provision and maintenance 139.309 Provision and maintenance of markings, signs and lighting 

Markings, Signs, Lighting interference 

139.311 139.323 

150/5340-1J 150/5340-26A 150/5340-18D 150/5345-27D 150/5340-5C 

Emergency planning ARFF 

Emergency plan, Operational requirements, Index determination, Equipment and agents 

139.325 139.319 139.315 139.317 

150/5210-6D 150/5220-10D 150/5200-31A 150/5210-7C 150/5210-14A 150/5210-17A 150/5220-4B 

Fueling operations oversight 139.321 150/5230-4A Self-inspection program 139.327 150/5200-18C Access airside 

Training of personnel, Control of pedestrian and ground vehicles, Fencing, Entry to the movement area 

139.303 139.329 139.335 139.335 

150/5210-20 
SMS Safety Manual September 2009 

Safety Management System Talladega Municipal Airport 17System Sub-Systems CFR 143 Part 139 Reference Advisory Circular Control of obstacles 

Obstacle control within airport boundaries, Monitoring building heights in OCZ, Protection of NAVAIDs, Identifying, marking and lighting construction and other unserviceable areas 

139.331 139.333 139.341 

AC70/7460-1K 

Public protection Protection from jet blast 139.335 Reporting 139.339 139.343 150/5200-28D Low visibility procedures Safety Movement Control Guidance Systems (SMGCS) 150/120-57A Airport planning 150/5300-13 Construction project management 150/5370-2E Control of Debris (FOD) 150/5380-5B It should be noted that certain aspects of the Part 139, 139.301 (Records) and 139.303 (Personnel), are not singled out as safety-critical 

systems. Furthermore, some critical systems are not directly related to Part 139 paragraphs. 
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Records and personnel are not singled out as a system because they are a vital part of each 

safety-critical system and represented as components of each. 

Three of the safety-critical systems were included because of their significance in managing 

high-risk areas although they are not related to a specific Part 139 requirement. They are also 

identifiable as well-defined systems subject to specific advisory circulars. These are: 

a. Low-visibility procedures; 

b. Control of debris (FOD); and 

c. Planning and construction. 

While not all aspects of the non-movement areas are included in the safety-critical systems 

identified, TMA will continue to enforce a number of airfield operations standard operating 

procedures to ensure the remaining apron activities are conducted in a safe manner. 

The identification of safety-critical systems will facilitate the determination of the scope of 

processes that will be subjected to risk management, as well as the assignment of specific 

responsibilities to managers. 

(SMS will be phased in gradually beginning with airfield operations. At a later stage in the 

implementation plan, other systems may be integrated into the TMA SMS.) 

2.2 References to Written Procedures 

Written procedures are required at two levels: To describe how the TMA manages its SMS and 

to document the operational procedures applicable to safety-critical systems. The SMS is based 

on and directed towards Part 139 while the procedures are founded on what Part 139 covers. 

Table 2.2, found below, lists the procedures applicable to the management of the TMA SMS, the 

entities responsible for developing and monitoring the procedure, and where the procedure is 

described. 

Table 2.2: Procedures to Manage SMS 

Procedure Description Responsible Entities Reference 

Conducting policy review Airport Management 

Airport Board Safety Manual 

Setting management 

responsibilities HR/Airport Manager Safety Manual Job Descriptions 

Risk management procedures Airport Manager Safety Manual 

Reporting systems Airport Manager Safety Manual 

Training HR/Airport Manager Training Plans 

Auditing of safety-critical systems Airport Management Safety Manual 

Auditing of SMS Airport Management Safety Manual 

Documentation and data control Airport Management Safety Manual 
SMS Safety Manual September 2009 

Safety Management System Talladega Municipal Airport 19Table 2.3 lists the procedures applicable to safety-critical systems or sub-systems, the entities responsible for developing and 

monitoring the procedure, and where the procedure is described. Procedures not presently available are identified as To Be Developed (TBD). 

Table 2.3: Safety-Critical System Procedures Safety-Critical System Sub-System Responsible Entity Reference 

Resource, qualifications, equipment 

Airfield Board Airport Manager ACM Personnel 

Training, training records Airport Manager Talladega Speedway ACM 

Maintenance of paved areas Maintenance, repair and cleaning Airport Staff ACM 

Provision Airport Staff ACM Safety areas Maintenance Airport Staff ACM Markings Airport Staff ACM Signs Airport Staff ACM Lighting Airport Staff ACM 

Provision and maintenance of markings, signs and lighting 

Lighting interference Airport Staff ACM Index determination Fire Chief ACM Equipment and agents Fire Chief ACM Operational requirements Fire Chief ACM Emergency planning ARFF Emergency Plan Fire Chief 

ACM TMA Emergency Plan 

Fuelling operations oversight Fueling surveillance Fire Chief ACM Self-inspection program Inspection procedures Airport Staff ACM - TBD 
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Table 2.3: Safety-Critical System Procedures Safety-Critical System Sub-System Responsible Entity Reference 

Inspection records Airport Staff Management ACM - TBD Training of personnel Airport Manager Airport Staff ACM - TBD Control of pedestrian and ground vehicles Airport Staff ACM - TBD Access to safety and movement area Airport Staff ACM – TBD Non-compliance Airport manager Airport Staff ACM - TBD 

Access airside 

Airport condition reporting Airport Manager Airport Staff ACM 

Reporting Noncompliant Airport Manager ACM - TBD Low-visibility procedures Report Airport manager ACM - TBD Control of debris (FOD) Inspection procedures Airport Staff ACM - TBD 
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Each procedure must identify who has authority over its contents (development, amendments) 

and who is responsible for ensuring it is carried out consistently. 

2.3 Documentation

The TMA safety-related documentation is composed of the following: 

1. Safety manual and SMS implementation plan; 

2. Reporting system(s) documentation; 

3. Hazard identification and risk management documentation; 

4. Quality assurance documentation; 

5. FAA requirements and Airport Certification Manual (ACM); 

6. Airfield Operations documentation, including standard operating procedures (SOPs); and 

7. Training records. 

As part of the annual audit of TMA’s SMS program, there will be a review of the SMS 

documentation to ensure its continuing suitability, adequacy, and effectiveness. The audit will 

also verify that all approved changes to TMA’s safety documentation have been implemented. 

As a rule, all documented record management procedures shall ensure the generation and 

retention of all records necessary for documenting and supporting operational requirements, and 

shall be in accordance with applicable regulatory requirements. They shall also provide the 

control processes necessary to ensure appropriate identification, legibility, storage, protection, 

archiving, retrieval, retention time, and disposition of records. 

A widely accepted definition of SMS is that it is an organized approach to managing safety, 

including the necessary organizational structures, accountabilities, policies, and procedures. SMS 

implementation will call for the establishment of processes requiring action to be taken, reports 

to be prepared, and other activities to be carried out throughout different departments and levels 

of the organization. 

Records should be documented and kept for a period of five years, with the exception of reports 

from the proactive and non-punitive reporting systems that should be kept for an indefinite 

period of time. At a minimum, electronic media records should be kept of: 

a. All activities related to identification of hazards and risk assessments; 

b. Results of all investigation of accidents and incidents; 

c. Mitigation action taken and tracking assessments; 

d. Findings of internal audits, assessments, and program review; and 

e. Communication strategies and publications. 

The consolidated documentation should be readily accessible by persons who need the 

information. 
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2.3.1 Safety Manual and SMS Implementation Plan 

The Airport Manager is responsible for the maintenance, review, and revision of the safety 

manual, which describes the SMS and the interrelationship among all of its elements. 

The Airport Manager is also responsible for the maintenance of the SMS implementation plan. 

Once the implementation plan has been completed, the Airport Manager is responsible for the 

tracking of all corrective actions resulting from audits of TMA’s SMS. 

The safety manual and SMS implementation plan will contain distribution lists of document 

holders deemed appropriate by the Airport Manager. 

Amendments to the safety manual and SMS implementation plan will be recommended by the 

Airport Manager for coordination/approval by the NATC Director and Airport Board. The 

Airport Manager is responsible for ensuring amendments are inserted and implemented. 

2.3.2 Reporting System(s) Documentation 

All reports from the proactive non-punitive reporting system and the accident/incident reporting 

system will be recorded in an electronic database maintained by the Airport Manager. 

Due to the potentially sensitive nature of this information, the SMS Committee will determine 

who will have access to the database. Release of any information to outside organizations will 

have to be approved by the Accountable Executive, who may then consult with the TMA legal 

department. 

Since reporting documentation will be required for long-term trend analysis, it will be preserved 

indefinitely. 

The procedures developed by the Airport Manager for this purpose will be documented and 

inserted into the safety manual. 

2.3.3 Hazard Identification and Risk Management Documentation 

The hazard identification and risk management documentation consists of all records generated 

as a result of the risk management process described in Chapter 4 of this safety manual. 

This documentation will be preserved by whomever is responsible for carrying out the risk 

management process and will be made available upon request to the Airport Manager. 

The archiving or destruction of any hazard identification and risk management documentation 

will be authorized by the Airport Manager. Release of any information to outside organizations 

must be approved by the Accountable Executive, who may then consult with the TMA legal 

department. 

The procedures developed for this purpose will be documented by the Airport Manager and 

inserted into the safety manual. 
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2.3.4 FAA Requirements and ACM 

FAA Part 139 requirements consist of all regulatory material applicable to TMA operations 

(FAR, Advisory Circulars, letters of correction, exemptions, etc.) and are reflected in the ACM. 

While copies of documents may be distributed as determined by the Airport Manager in 

consultation with Airport Board and other related agencies, a reference library of all regulatory 

material will be held in a document center managed by the Airport Administration. The reference 

library will keep master copies up to date by inserting all necessary amendments and distributing 

such amendments to all document holders as per a master distribution list. The reference library 

manager will ensure all amendments are duly received and inserted by document holders. 

Airport Staff will ensure it receives all FAA notices of proposed regulations and forwards them 

to the appropriate division(s) for review and comments. Consolidated TMA representation to the 

FAA will be coordinated by the Airport Manager. 

The procedures developed by Airport Staff for this purpose will be documented and inserted into 

the SMS Manual. 

2.3.5 Quality Assurance Documentation 

The Quality Assurance (QA) documentation consists of all documents produced as a result of: 

a. Safety surveys; 

b. Internal and external safety audits; 

c. Safety trend analysis; and 

d. Tracking of corrective and preventive action(s); 

The Airport Manager will retain records of all the above activities. These records consist of at 

least the following documents: 

a. Safety survey questionnaires and results; 

b. Internal and external audit plans; 

c. Audit findings and supporting documentation; 

d. Final audit reports; 

e. Action plans to implement recommendations and tracking thereof; and 

f. Results and recommendations from trend analysis. 

2.3.6 Airfield Operations Documentation 

The Airport Staff shall transmit information, instructions, guidelines, and policies and procedures 

through the use of manuals, memoranda, and other forms of correspondence. 
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2.3.7 Training Records 

Training records consist of records required by Part 139 section 139.301 and records of SMS 

training to enable the implementation of the safety manual (hazard identification, risk 

management, SMS, etc.). 

Training records required by Part 139.301 will be maintained by the appropriate airport staffs 

that are responsible for ensuring staff meets regulatory requirements. 

SMS training records will be maintained by the Airport manager in a filing system accessible to 

airport staffs. 

The implementation plan will require an evaluation of current training record management 

practices by the TMA to make recommendations for streamlining and use of suitable digital 

processes to maximize efficiency and effectiveness. The resulting documented procedure will be 

inserted into the safety manual. 
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3. SAFETY RISK MANAGEMENT 

3.1 Introduction 

Aviation is an activity that faces numerous risk on a daily basis. It is impossible to completely 

eliminate all risk; however risk can be reduced to an acceptable level through the Safety Risk 

Management (SRM). SRM is the core activity that supports the management of safety and 

contributes to others, indirectly relating to airport operations. The risks and costs inherent in 

aviation require a rational process for decision-making. The term of safety risk management, it is 

meant to convey the notion that the management of safety does not aim directly at the 

management of financial risk, legal risk, economic risk and so forth, but it restricts itself 

primarily to the management of safety risk. 

Decisions are made in daily in real time, weighing the probability and severity of any adverse 

consequences implied by the risk against the expected gain of taking the risk. This process is 

known as “risk management”. 

Risk management is considered the ongoing identification, analysis and elimination (and/or 

mitigation to an acceptable or tolerable level) of those hazards, as well as the subsequent risks, 

that threaten airport operations. 

Safety Risk Management (SRM) is important because it can: 

• Control the risk of an accident before any harm is done; 

• Supply useful information for the development and implementation of measures to control 

safety and minimize the possibility of accidents; 

• Determine if existing or planned safety measure are adequate; and 

• Provide TMA management with valuable information about potential hazards and dangers 

that may be under estimated or overlooked in daily operations. 

In other words, risk management facilitates the balancing act between assessed risks and viable 

risk mitigation. SRM encompasses the assessment and mitigation of the safety risks of the 

consequences of hazards that threaten the capabilities of an organization, to a level as low as 

reasonably practicable (ALARP). Risk management is an integral component of safety 

management and a balance of allocation of resources that involves a logical process of objective 

analysis, particularly in the evaluation of the risks. Actively analyzes the work and worksite, to 

anticipate and prevent harmful occurrences.

Thus a Safety Risk Assessment (SRA) process is the key first step towards Risk Management. 

3.2 Application 

A formal SRA process will be conducted when: 

• There is a significant accident or incident; 

• There is a negative trend in safety-related Airport inspections, safety events or safety 

infractions; 
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• When there is concern that established practices and procedures, equipment or facilities are 

not as safe as they could be; 

• Major changes are planned, including changes to equipment, runways and taxiways, airfield 

systems, key personnel, ground operations, air traffic control operations, staffing levels, etc; 

• The Airport is undergoing significant change such as increases in air services or contraction 

in services; 

• When new equipment or systems are being installed; and 

• When new facilities are going to be constructed. 

Safety risks assessed initially falls in the intolerable and are unacceptable under any 

circumstances. The probability and/or severity of the consequence of the hazards are of such a 

magnitude, the damaging potential of the hazard poses such as a threat to the viability of the 

airport, that immediate mitigation action is required. In general, we like to bring the safety risks 

to the tolerable or acceptable level by the allocation of resources to reduce the exposure to and/or 

the magnitude of the damaging potential of the consequences of the hazards, or if mitigation is 

not possible, cancellation of the operation. 

Safety risks assessed that fall in the tolerable and are acceptable, provide mitigation strategies 

already in place guarantee that, to the foreseeable extent, the probability and/or severity of the 

consequences of the hazard are kept under organizational controls. 

The same control criteria apply to safety risks initially falling in the intolerable can be mitigated 

to the tolerable acceptable risk. Both must remained protected by mitigation strategies that 

guarantee its control and both cases a cost-benefit analysis is required. Questions that come to 

mind are: 1) Is there a return in the investment underlying the allocation of resources to bring the 

probability and/or severity of the consequences of the hazard under airport management’s 

control; 2) Or is the allocation of resources required pose a greater threat to the viability of the 

airport than bringing the probability and/or severity of the situation or hazard under the airports 

control. ALARP describes a risk as being reduced to a reasonable level of control for appropriate 

risk elimination, reduction or acceptable control. 

3.3 The Safety Risk Management (SRM) Process 

Safety is the state in which the risk of harm to persons or property damage is reduced to, and 

maintained below, an acceptable level through a continuing process of hazard identification and 

risk management.

A good task analysis is the critical foundation for a sound risk analysis. It is a proactive method 

of hazard identification. It is important that the people conducting the risk analysis are a 

diversified team of experts, who will be involved, in different capacities, throughout the risk 

analysis process. 

The Airport manager will take the lead role in conducting formal Safety Risk Assessment (SRA) 

activities. The manager will use the airport staff experience and knowledge to provide advice in 

SRA. The responsible senior manager will also consider enlisting other staff within his, or her, 

own department, other operating agencies (public safety departments), selected tenants and Air 
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Traffic Control tower agency representative to provide a wide perspective and expertise in the 

SRA process were warranted. The result is a SRA team led by the Airport manager. 

SRM Process is summarized schematically in Exhibit 3.1 and described below. 

Identify or List Your Tasks 

Especially as they apply to Part 139 

implementation and controls

3.3.1 Identify the Hazard 

(Hazard Identification) 

An event, condition, or situation that could 

cause an incident 

3.3.2 Describe Existing Controls 

(Control Selection) 

Procedures, rules, equipment, systems

3.3.3 Determine and Evaluate The Risk 

Consequences of an accident. 

Likelihood of the accident 

(Residual Risk Acceptable?) 

3.3.4 Determine Action and 

Implement 

Track 

Yes 

No

Exhibit 3-1. Safety Risk Management Process

3.3.6 Risk Management 

Validate Control 

Implementation 

Inspect, Test, and Observe 

Measure Success or Failure 3.3.7 Risk Reduction 

Continually Improve Risks via Hierarchy of 

Controls, Defense in Depth, etc. 
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3.3.1 Identify and Hazard 

The First step in SRM is to identify hazards that is faced in both operational and maintenance 

environments. Hazards are associated with either the tasks performed, or supposed to be 

performed. Many of the tasks as an Airport are regulated by FAA Part 139; therefore the 

performance and quality of performing these tasks directly impact the overall airport 

performance. Part 139, however, does not regulate all potential activities at an airport, therefore 

departments should determine and list the tasks they perform, and perform the risk assessment on 

these tasks. 

A hazard is an event, condition or situation that could result in an incident involving aircraft, 

equipment and people. Hazard may involve any situation or condition that has the potential to 

cause adverse consequences. 

• Hazard. Any existing or potential condition that can lead to an accident or incident and 

results in injury, illness, or death to people; damage to, or loss of, a system (hardware or 

software), equipment or property; and/or damage to an operating environment.

Hazards are caused by man, machines, materials, the physical environment and the methods 

developed by management to organize and get the tasks completed. Collectively these are known 

as Causal Factors. TMA require all hazards to be documented and analyzed to determine what 

action is required to eliminate or reduce the safety risk associated with the hazards. 

The AOA of any airport can have numerous hazards that may bring about accidents or incidents 

if not properly mitigated or prevented. Procedures exist to ensure the review of processes and the 

identification and control of related hazards. Acceptable techniques include, but are not limited 

to Job Hazard Analysis, Failure Modes and Effects Analysis and Process Hazard Analysis. 

There are three basic causes of incidents that are used in a Risk Assessment process: 

• Physical 

◦ Facility, Equipment, Materials 

• Organizational (Management Policies and Decisions) 

◦ Policies, decisions, behavior, experience, personal, mental, motivational and attitudinal 

• Environmental 

◦ Weather, surroundings, etc. 

The Risk Assessment Process evaluates the physical and environmental hazards, and the SMS 

philosophy tends to use the organization to influence and isolate as much as reasonable the 

potential energy for frequent and serious risk factors. Thus, Physical and Environmental Factors 

typically include the following questions: 

• Design factors, including equipment and task design; 

• Procedures and operating practices, including their documentation and checklists, and their 

validation under actual operating conditions; 

• Communications, including the medium, terminology and language; 

• Personnel factors, such as policies for recruitment, training and remuneration; 
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• Organizational factors, such as the compatibility of operational and safety goals, the 

allocation of resources, operating pressures and the corporate safety culture; 

• Work environment factors, such as ambient noise and vibration, temperature, and lighting; 

• Regulatory oversight factors, including the applicability and enforceability of regulations; 

the certification of equipment, personnel and procedures; and the adequacy of surveillance 

audits; and 

• Defenses, including such factors as the provision of adequate detection and warning systems, 

the error tolerance of equipment and the extent to which the equipment is hardened against 

failures. 

A major component of any Risk Management system is the defenses (controls). See 3.3.2.1 for 

Hierarchy of Control. 

Exhibit 3-2 provides examples of typical potential airside scenarios. This exhibit should not be 

considered as a complete list of potential hazards but only as examples of some of the hazards 

that may occur. 
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Safety Management System Talladega Municipal Airport 30

Exhibit 3-2. Potential Airside Hazard Causal Factors and Related Events (Scenarios) 

EQUIPMENT 

(Aircraft/Vehicle/Facilities) 

• Apron congestion 

• Lack of protective pylons 

around aircraft 

• Lack of chocks when aircraft 

parks 

• Poor apron condition • Mechanical condition • Lack of hazard lights • Lack of reverse alarms 

ORGANIZATION 

CONTROLS 

• Lack of or weakness in Planning 

or Design 

• Lack of or weakness in 

Implementing a program or procedure 

• Lack of or weakness in Control • Lack of or weakness in 

Management Action 

ACTIONS OF INDIVIDUALS 

(Employees, Tenants, Public, etc.) 

• Erratic driving 

• Driving too fast • Improper parking • Running on ramp • Improper marshalling • Blocking fuel truck when 

fueling 

• Leaving engine running in an 

unattended vehicle 

• Riding in rear of pick-up trucks • Lack of coordination between 

vehicles during aircraft servicing 

• Ignorance of meaning of apron 

markings 

• Smoking on ramp • Failure to yield right of way to 

aircraft and pedestrians 

• Use of cell phone within 50 feet 

of a refueling operation 

• Throwing trash and/or 

equipment on apron 

• Failure to use FOD bins • Under the influence of drugs or 

alcohol 

• Individuals on airside without 

authority 

MATERIALS AND TOOLS 

• Fuel Spills • Fuel in hydrant pits • Dangerous goods spills • FOD • Lack of safety protective 

equipment 

• Lack of radios or 

communication equipment 

• Condition of brakes, tires • Oil spills on apron and/or in • passenger walkways • Disposal of grooming waste • Poor runway condition • Failure of one or all runway 

lights 

• Failure of approach lights • Lack of FOD bins • Lack of fire extinguishers • Poor apron marking visibility • Lack of appropriate equipment 

for fuel/aircraft fires 

• Lack of vehicle maintenance • Improper Storage of hazardous 

materials 

MATERIALS AND TOOLS 

(Continued...) 

• Improper storage of equipment 

and supplies 

• Lack of visibility of runway 

ends 

• Lack of visibility for taxiway 

entrances to runway

ENVIRONMENTAL 

CONDITIONS 

• Wildlife • Adverse weather • Marking of natural hazards • Lighting strikes 
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Although the Airport Manager is responsible for conducting an SRA, the identification of 

hazards is not just the responsibility of any one person or organization. At TMA, there are formal 

procedures in place to identify hazards, such as the airport self-inspection program. Furthermore, 

all those working on the airside are encouraged to identify events or situations that could 

compromise safety. The SMS includes an employee reporting system described in Section 5. In 

addition, hazards are identified by the use of a task analysis and operational data trend analysis. 

3.3.2 Describe Existing Controls 

The identification of a hazard also identifies the controls that are currently in place associated 

with a hazard (e.g., driver training programs, airport self-inspections, airport markings and 

signage, redundant systems) to assist in determining the risks of the hazard and action strategies 

to reduce the risk. 

3.3.2.1 Hierarchy of Control. 

The process is intended to provide a systematic approach to eliminate, reduce, or control the 

risks of different hazards. Each step (see Table 3.1 below) is considered less effective than the 

one before it. It is not unusual to combine several steps to achieve an acceptable risk (defense in 

depth). The Severity of Risk should all be considered in determining methods of hazard 

elimination or control. 

Achieving feasible risk reduction is based upon the following preferred order of controls: 

Table 3.1 Control Selection 

Controls Examples 

Elimination 

Eliminate human interaction 

Eliminate pinch point (increase clearance) 

Automated materials handling (robots, conveyors, etc.) 

Eliminate tool, material, step, or process. 

Substitution Replace with less toxic compound 

Replace, reduce a step, etc 

Engineering 

Controls 

Barriers, interlocks, machine guards 

Presence Sensing Devices (light curtain, safety mat, etc) 

Platforms and guard railing 

Lift tables, conveyors, and balancers 

Two hand Controls 
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Table 3.1 Control Selection 

Controls Examples 

Warnings 

Signs 

Backup alarms 

Beepers 

Horns 

Labels 

Administrative 

Controls 

Safe work procedures 

Safety inspections 

Training 

Warnings such as Lights, beacons, and strobes 

Computer warnings 

Worker rotation 

Signs and labels 

Beepers, horns and sirens, etc 

Personal 

Protective 

Equipment 

Ear plugs, gloves, respirators 

Safety glasses, face shields 

Safety harness and lanyards 

Protective clothing 

3.3.2.2 Defense in Depth. 

The need for a series of defenses rather than just a single defense layer arises for the possibility 

that the defenses themselves may not always work perfectly. For an incident to occur in a welldesigned system, gaps must develop in all the defensive layers of the system at the critical time 

when that defense should have been capable of detecting the earlier error or failure. 

Developing a safe and error-tolerant system requires that the system contain multiple defenses to 

ensure that, as much as possible, no single failure or error will result that will result in an 

accident, and that when a failure or error occurs, it will be recognized and remedial action taken 

before a sequence of events leading to an incident can develop. 

3.3.2.3 Determine the Risk 

The Safety Risk Assessment Team (SRAT) will determine the risks of the hazard. 

Likelihood is the chance (great or small) that people or aircraft will be harmed or damaged by a 

hazard; i.e., likelihood that an incident will happen. Likelihood is also the potential for an 

incident to happen, often expressed as exposure. 

1. Exposure is contact with or proximity to a hazard, including duration and intensity. 

Severity (consequences) 
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Risk is measured in terms of possible consequences of the incident (the severity of the incident) 

and the likelihood (probability) that the incident could happen. 

2. Risk is the composite of the predicted likelihood (or probability) and the severity of each 

possible consequence. An estimate of the combination of likelihood of occurrence, or 

exposure and severity. 

Risk Factor – Severity (Consequence of the potential incident) 

In determining a risk, the consequences of a potential incident are assessed. The consequences 

used in this rating are presented below along with a guide to their application. 

Table 3.2 Severity Rating 

EXAMPLES (one or more resulting conditions) 

Minor 

No, or very, limited financial loss. Very limited, or no, damage to 

aircraft, vehicles or equipment. Minor operational delays. First aid 

treatment may be required. 

Moderate 

Repairs to damaged aircraft, equipment or vehicles. Operational delays. 

Medical treatment required in hospital or emergency clinic. Significant 

cost to individuals involved. Some media attention. 

Major 

Extensive repairs or replacement of aircraft, equipment or vehicles. Major 

operational delays. Extensive injuries to a number of people. Possible 

death of 1 or 2 individuals. Strong media attention, loss of public 

confidence. 

Catastrophic Aircraft destroyed. Multiple deaths, extensive injuries. High profile media 

attention. Severe loss of public confidence. 

Risk Factor - Risk Likelihood (Probability) 

The second consideration in risk assessment is the probability of the hazard causing an incident. 

There essentially is no meaningful quantitative data for conducting SRA at an airport using 

numerical methods. Thus, a qualitative approach using exposure potential is required. This 

provides a formalized and consistent approach to assessing safety risks. 
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The relative rankings of the probability for use in SRA analysis are given below 

Table 3.3 Likelihood Rating 

 Examples 

Rare 

Incident not expected to happen under most normal circumstances. 

Improbable or remote, very unlikely. Frequency of exposure limited to a few 

people, not every day. 

Possible 

Might or could occur at some time in the future. Multiple daily exposures by 

either a number of personnel in one department, or across multiple 

departments. 

Likely Will probably occur with some certainty in the future. Multiple hourly 

exposure, or performed across multiple departments. 

3.3.3 Evaluate the Risk 

There will always be risks involved in aviation operations. Some risks can be accepted, some can 

be eliminated, while others can be reduced to acceptable levels. 

Once the probability and the consequences of an incident have been determined, the SRAT 

evaluates the relative rating of the risk by using the following matrix. 

Table 3.4 Risk Estimate Matrix 

Severity (Potential Consequences) 

Minor Moderate Major Catastrophic 

Rare 

Low Low Medium High 

Possible 

Low Medium High High 

Likelihood (Probability) 

Likely 

Medium Medium High High 
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The risk ratings used in the matrix are defined as follows: 

High risk: A high risk is unacceptable risk. If identified, Management needs to take immediate

action to mitigate or eliminate the hazard for an existing condition. For planned changes to 

equipment, systems, operations, management, etc., the change cannot be implemented unless the 

potential hazards are further mitigated to medium or low levels. Substitution or Engineering 

controls are preferred prior to assigning administrative or PPE type controls. 

Medium risk: Management will react to mitigate or eliminate the hazard as expeditiously as 

possible within existing resource constraints. In the short term, the risk is tolerable, but may be 

subject to interim controls. Again, Substitution and Engineering controls are preferable; 

however, PPE or administrative controls are typically acceptable, especially in the interim. 

Low risk: This level of risk is considered acceptable and no further action is required unless the 

risk can be reduced further, or eliminated, at little or no effort. PPE or administrative controls are 

likely to be adequate. 

The above Risk matrix is a guide. The Airport Manager will provide further guidance to the 

SMAT in the use of this Matrix. Professional judgment, as well as historical information and 

published data, will be used in determining which frequency or severity category is chosen. 

Factors that may be considered when evaluating risk, particularly whether a risk is acceptable are 

as follows: 

• Managerial. Is the risk consistent with TMA’s safety policy and objectives? 

• Affordability. Does the risk defy cost-effective resolution? 

• Legal. Does the risk conform to current FAA and other regulatory requirements? 

• Cultural. How will the Airport’s employees and other stakeholders view this risk? 

• Market. Will TMA’s competitiveness relative to other airports be compromised? 

• Political. Will there be a political price to pay for not reducing or eliminating the risk? 

• Public. What will be the reaction of the media or special interest groups regarding the risk? 

In undertaking the evaluation of risk, the Risk Evaluation Guide provided in Appendix 2 should 

be used. A risk assessment must be completed for any formal assessment of risks and hazards as 

required in Section 3.2 above as well as to assess any reported safety hazards that are reported to 

the Airport Staff. 

3.3.4 Determine Action and Implement 

If the SRAT has determined that the risk is acceptable then no further action is required other 

than documenting the previous SRA steps. 

If a risk is deemed high or medium, or if additional controls are identified, the accountable 

Airport Manager will be responsible for taking action or developing recommendations to 

mitigate or eliminate the hazard. The Airport Manager should consider a range of options 

depending upon the outcome of the risk evaluation. The responsible Manager may want to seek 
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advice from the SRAT if appropriate. The potential solutions should again be based on the 

hierarchy of controls, as well as: 

• Restrictions on an individual’s right and ability to work on the airside; 

• Changes or modifications to equipment or maintenance programs; 

• An infrastructure solution including such options as rehabilitation, reconstruction, or new 

facilities; 

• Provision of safety information and the provision of specific safety brochures, posters, etc.; 

• The issuance of Airport safety directives that could include changes to operating procedures 

and/or new procedures, limiting exposure to the risk, increased surveillance of the hazard or 

activities associated with it, improved supervision, targeted safety advice etc.; and 

• Safety training which could include the provision of new on-site training programs and/or 

modifications to existing safety training programs. 

When required, the Airport Manager will prepare a safety action plan outlining planned risk 

reduction measures, with specific target dates and responsibilities of key participants. If required 

and time allows, final approval of the plan shall be given by the Airport Board. The Airport 

Manager will be responsible for ensuring that the safety action plan is implemented 

Where the action plan involves expenditures beyond the authority of the Airport Manager, the 

recommendations will be forwarded to the TMA Airport Board for consideration and action. 

If a hazard and its associated risks are primarily the responsibility of a tenant, the tenant will be 

responsible for developing their own safety action plan when requested by the Airport Manager 

or the Airport Board; for example, as the result of an audit. 

The Staff will monitor implementation and provide regular (at least quarterly) written updates on 

the status of safety action plans to the Airport Manager and the Airport Board. Formal 

documentation and tracking of corrective actions (who, what, when) helps ensure prompt closure 

for all inspections, investigations, and evaluations. 

3.3.5 Documenting 

The activities conducted during the SRA including any resulting safety action plans will be 

documented by the TMA Manager. The documentation will be maintained by the Airport Staff. 

3.3.6 Safety Risk Management 

Risk Management is the process of taking the information from a Risk Assessment and applying 

management systems principles of integration and continuous improvement. From an integration 

standpoint, Risk Management verifies that controls are in place and effective by integrating them 

into the inspection process, tracking and accountability of safety issues, and management of 

change. 

In addition, Risk Management is the process where continuous improvement results in further 

risk reductions and abatement, based on incident analysis, developments in control technologies, 
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etc. As a result, there are two further components of Risk Management: Control Verification and 

Ongoing Risk Reduction. 

Control Verification includes evaluation of worksite conditions through the written records of 

inspection reports of hazards, employee reports of hazards, and accident/incident investigations. 

The Control Verification items on the organizational inspection checklists are intended to be 

targeted on the controls the committee personnel feel may NOT be consistently implemented. It 

is intended that the controls on the checklists may change, and that if controls are not 

consistently in place that the committee will report these to the Business Leads and record their 

corrective actions to help improve the overall performance of the control implementation. Once 

controls are consistently reported at over 95%, that control can remain on the checklist, but 

additional high risk controls should be added. 

Risk reduction efforts should be measured periodically, to include: 

1. Implementation of Elimination/Substitution controls; 

2. The number of Risk Assessments performed; and 

3. Trending the number of controls in place/practiced versus not implemented. 

Metrics are intended to help the organizations and site communicate the status of their safety and 

health responsibilities, goals, and targets. Long term, it is expected that the metrics will change 

every year, and become more progressively aligned with leading metrics, risk reduction targets, 

etc. For example, action plan status resulting from any category not achieving green could be an 

additional metric (objective or target). The following are possible metrics: 

1. ID Risk Reduction Targets: Ensure targets have been established and documented in meeting 

minutes for either Prioritized Risk activities or Hazard Categories based on a Risk 

Assessment. Typically this is based on the highest numbers on the "Prioritization" of the risk 

assessment. 

2. Concurrence on Targets: Leadership endorses the targets and communicated this 

endorsement to the general workforce. 

3. Target (Objective) Status: Targets are those identified by the risk assessment for risk 

reduction or and/or Injury and Illness statistics, or other safety data. This data is typically 

monitored as part of committee minutes. 

4. Critical Control Verification Rate: Safety is notified and performs Risk Assessments for 

changes in facilities, process, tools, and equipment and safe work procedures are developed 

prior to operation. 

Leading metrics are developed to measure the volume that critical safety programs are used to 

identify hazards and fixes. Metrics are collected to measure the closure rate of the hazard fixes 

and controls. All critical programs are including in each of the above metrics, such as: employee 

reports of hazards, inspections, investigations, hazard analysis, special surveys, etc. 
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3.3.7 Risk Reduction Efforts.

Although the absence of safety-related events (accidents and incidents) does not necessarily 

indicate a “safe” operation, some operations are considered to be “safer” than others. Risk 

reduction in an ongoing and continuous process of implementing more aggressive hierarchies of 

controls to reduce both severity and likelihood. As an organization undergoes changes, they 

continue to add defenses. However, lessons learned from incident analysis yield additional 

opportunities to refine and abate risk controls and risks, respectively. 
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4. SAFETY ASSURANCE 

4.1 Introduction 

SMS Safety Assurance augments existing TMA practices and procedures including: 

• The Airport’s self-inspection program; 

• Storage and handling of fuel; 

• The airport emergency plan; 

• Airport condition reporting including the issuance of NOTAMS; 

• Accident and incident reporting, as part of pedestrian and ground vehicle control programs; 

and 

• Construction Safety Plans. 

The following sections of the SMS address non-punitive employee reporting, systematic safety 

reviews, safety oversight, and auditing. 

4.2 Employee SMS Reporting System 

To further enhance TMA safety by identifying safety hazards, all TMA employees working on 

the AOA are encouraged to report any accidents, incidents, potential hazards, or safety concerns 

that they observe or in which they are involved.. Examples include: a driver not stopping for 

passengers, FOD receptacles not emptied, vehicles left unattended on the apron, confusing signs, 

poor lighting, etc. 

TMA employees are encouraged to prepare a written Employee Safety Report using the form 

provided in Appendix 2. The form is available from the Airport Administrative Office. The 

employee should submit the Employee Safety Report to the Airport Management. An employee 

may also make a verbal report to Airport Management who will assist in preparing the written 

Safety Report. 

The Airport staff will investigate the concern or hazard and provide a response to the initiator of 

the report. If necessary, an SRM assessment will be conducted. 

Tenants at the Airport are encouraged to use the TMA non-punitive reporting systems whereby 

tenant employees can report any accidents, incidents, or potential hazards to TMA and their 

management. 

TMA Non-Punitive Reporting Policy 

The purpose of any investigation of an accident, incident, or safety hazard is to establish the facts 

and root cause, and, where necessary, take measures to prevent further occurrences. TMA 

believes that free and full reporting of incidents and accidents is a primary aim and that every 

effort will be made to avoid action that may inhibit reporting. 
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TMA Management will not take any disciplinary action against an employee reporting a safety 

incident or accident even if a reported incident or accident indicates an unintentional mistake by 

the employee. 

This reporting policy does not apply to criminal acts, deliberate violations of safety regulations 

and safe operating procedures, or gross negligence. 

If requested by the employee, the Employee Safety Report will be treated in confidence. In this 

case, the Airport Manager will not disclose the name of the person submitting a safety report 

unless required to do so by law. The Manager will de-identify the Employee Safety Report 

before initiating any investigation or action. All personnel and organizational names will be 

removed from the report. Dates, times, and related information which could be used to infer an 

identity will be either generalized or eliminated. 

4.3 Airfield Incident Reporting 

The Airport Staff is usually the first responder to incidents and accidents at the Airport. Airport 

Staff prepare an Incident Report whenever a dispatch call to the Airport Administrative office, 

the Police Department, ARFF, or within Operations is warranted. These reports are prepared and 

distributed electronically. 

The Incident Report is also used for reporting accidents and major incidents such as near misses 

or incursions. Appendix 2 provides a copy of the Incident Report. 

The Incident Reports are an important source of identifying potential safety hazards and 

concerns that may require further investigation and possible application of the SRM process. 

All accidents and major incidents require investigation. On behalf of TMA, the Staff will 

undertake an investigation of all accidents or occurrences using the Accident and Incident 

Analysis Form contained in Appendix 2. The Staff will enlist whatever technical expertise that is 

required within TMA. If necessary, the Talladega County Police Department will participate in 

the investigation. 

TMA’s investigation does not negate any regulatory requirements for accident investigation 

required by FAA, federal, state, or local regulations. 

4.4 Systematic Reviews 

Systematic reviews allow for assessing adherence to TMA’s safety policy and achievement of 

safety objectives. Systematic reviews are the responsibility of the Airport Manager in 

consultation and coordination with the other TMA departments. Systematic reviews include the 

following activities: 

• On-going trend analysis of accidents, incidents, self-inspection reports, NOTAMs, and 

condition reports through information provided by the Airport Staff, Employee Safety 

Reports, and investigation of accidents and major incidents; 

• Periodic assessments of the achievement of safety objectives with data provided quarterly by 

the Airport Staff; 

• Review of the proceedings of the SRM assessments and safety audits; and 
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• Preparation of an annual safety report that includes a review of the safety policy and 

objectives, results of safety trend analysis, SRM assessments, and audits. 

Based on the lessons learned from these reviews, the outputs of the systematic reviews could 

include a wide range of recommendations such as: new Safety Risk Management assessments, 

revisions to SMS safety policies and objectives, SMS practices and responsibilities, and revisions 

to operational or maintenance practices, systems, facilities or equipment. The Airport Staff is 

responsible for preparing an annual safety report summarizing these systematic reviews and 

recommendations. 

Recommendations based on systematic reviews can be made whenever considered appropriate. 

4.5 Safety Oversight 

Safety oversight is the responsibility of TMA’s senior management, including the Airport 

Manager. Safety oversight includes periodic reviews of how well the SMS is working, whether 

safety policies and objectives are still relevant, if there are negative trends in safety indicators, 

etc. 

4.6 Safety Audits 

The Airport Manager will determine when safety audits are required. 

There are two types of safety audits undertaken at the Airport. The first safety audit is an internal 

audit of the Airport AOA activities and includes the safety functions undertaken by: 

• Airfield Maintenance (Facilities, equipment, and operations); 

• Aircraft Refueling Operations and Services; 

• Engineering and Construction and their sub-contractors; and 

• Airport Rescue and Firefighting. 

The other safety audits are external audits of the functions that are undertaken by the TMA 

public safety agencies such as the NATC Headquarters, Regional FAA, Environmental 

Management Department, and Fueling companies or contractors. 

The above audits may be undertaken by TMA, by a specialist external auditor appointed by 

TMA, or by another airport operator. 

Tenants may also undertake independent safety audits of their operations at the Airport. The 

Airport Manager should arrange with each of these organizations to be provided with copies of 

the audits and the relevant safety plans. 
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4.7 Record Keeping 

The following records will be kept by the Airport Staff for at least two years: 

1. The original SMS Manual and subsequent revisions; 

2. Annual reviews of the SMS policy and safety objectives conducted by Staff; 

3. Completed Safety Risk Management assessments and associated safety action plans noting 

completion of action items; 

4. Completed Accident and Incident Analysis Forms; 

5. Minutes of Safety Meetings; 

6. Safety audit reports; 

7. Safety Bulletins; 

8. Description of Training Programs, who attended and when; and 

9. Description of promotional activities. 

All mandatory incident and accident reports will be kept for at least ten years unless there is a 

legal action outstanding, or anticipated, regarding an incident or accident, and then they will be 

kept until the legal action is disposed of. 
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5.0 SAFETY PROMOTION – COMMUNICATIONS 

5.1 Safety Communication Policy 

TMA is committed to ensuring that all TMA personnel working airside at the Airport are 

informed about the safety polices and objectives, how well the Airport is meeting safety 

objectives, results of accident and incident investigations, new safety practices, and other matters 

dealing with safety. 

Safety Communication will be achieved through a number of mechanisms described below. 

5.2 The Airport Safety Committee (special event) 

As previously described in detail, the Airport Safety Committee provides an essential partnership 

between Airport Management and public safety agencies to share safety information and provide 

advice safety in AOA operations. 

5.3 SMS Manual 

The SMS Manual is available for review by all TMA employees working on the AOA in their 

supervisor’s offices. The SMS Manual will be provided to all new employees. All Airport staff 

and airside personnel are expected to read the document. 

5.4 Safety Management Bulletins and Posters 

The Staff will issue brief periodic Safety Management Bulletins. The topics of these Safety 

Management Bulletins will include, for example: 

• Announcement of the new, or revised, SMS Manual and its highlights and where copies can 

be obtained or reviewed; 

• Summaries of the Airport Safety meetings, particularly action items; 

• Results of incident and accident investigations emphasizing lessons learned and action to be 

taken to reduce potential hazards; 

• Announcement of new work practices and procedures; and 

• New safety rules that must be followed. 

The Airport Staff will issue the Safety Bulletins to each TMA employee working on the AOA. 

The Staff will as appropriate, prepare and display safety posters dealing with such topics as: 

• Voluntary and mandatory reporting; 

• Safety rules that must not be violated; and 

• Safety goals and indicators. 
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5.5 TMA Employee Recognition 

In order to promote a safety culture at the Airport, TMA will institute an employee recognition 

program to honor an individual working on the AOA that makes a significant contribution to 

safety at the Airport. The award may be based on identifying and correcting a significant airside 

hazard, working over the course of the year in a safe and efficient manner, providing safety 

leadership to other airside employees, etc. 

To be considered for this award, employees may be nominated by their peers or Airport 

Management. The employee’s direct superior will endorse the nomination and forward to the 

Staff. 

Nominations will be received by the Airport Manager throughout the year. 

The award will be presented at the first Safety Meeting of the new year. 

5.6 Annual Safety Report 

An Annual Safety Report prepared by the Airport Staff will be made available for review by all 

TMA airside employees in their supervisor’s offices. The Airport Staff will summarize relevant 

parts of the Annual Safety Report for inclusion in Safety Management Bulletins. 

5.7 Safety Meetings 

At least once per year, the Airport Manager will hold general safety meetings with all Airport 

airside personnel. The purpose of these meetings is to: 

• Report on safety performance in meeting safety objectives; 

• Summarize the initiatives and action taken, or planned, to address safety concerns and 

potential hazards; 

• Report on lessons learned and action taken as a result of any incidents and accidents; and 

• Discuss in an open forum the safety concerns that any of the participants might have. 

5.8 Race Week Safety Campaign 

The Airport will establish a safety campaign highlighted by Race Week where the Airport and 

the public safety agencies will highlight safety issues and promote reduction of the hazard as 

well as cultural changes with volunteer staff personnel. 

To augment this two week targeted safety campaign, the Airport will also sponsor several safety 

awareness days during the year highlighting specific airside hazards such as FOD, fuel spills, etc. 

The Staff will also sponsor FOD walks of the apron and other maneuvering surfaces after major 

events, such as races. Talladega Super speedway staff personnel, public safety agencies, tenants, 

and TMA contractors will be invited to take part. 
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6.0 SAFETY PROMOTION – TRAINING 

6.1 Training Policy 

TMA is committed through training to provide all of its employees with the skills and 

competencies to recognize and minimize aviation safety. 

6.2 Existing Safety Training Programs 

The Airport Manager provides a number of key training programs. 

6.2.1 Airfield Awareness Training 

All new employees of TMA, tenants and contractors who are required to drive in controlled and 

non-controlled movement areas receive Airfield Awareness Training. The training is computer 

based and was developed by AAAE. The training is not specific to TMA but does provide basic 

indoctrination about safety that is applicable to TMA. It includes: 

• Driver training on vehicle rules and regulations; 

• Physical vehicle security inspections developed; 

• Basic security awareness; and 

• Airfield safety and incursion prevention. 

The training includes a test to assess comprehension of the trainees and the effectiveness of the 

training. The test requires a 100% score to pass otherwise the employee must perform retraining. 

The training is recorded and stored at TMA. 

The TMA plans to make the Airfield Awareness Training recurrent training starting in June 

2009. 

6.2.2 TMA Airfield Driver Training 

New TMA employees that are required to drive on the airfield in addition to Airfield Awareness 

Training also receive training in airport communications, airport self-inspection, introduction to 

Part 139, lightning warning, and general employee safety and job specific employee safety (i.e.; 

electrical, confined space, excavation safety, etc.). 

The new TMA employee is provided with a paper copy of TMA’s Airfield Driver Awareness 

Training which is specific to TMA. The TMA employee is required to read this material before 

receiving a badge and starting on-the-job training (OJT). The new employee is initially 

accompanied by a fully qualified driver until the new employee demonstrates that he or she is 

driving and communicating competently in accordance with TMA procedures and standards. 

OJT for the Airport Staff lasts six months. As part of the OJT, the Airport Manager has a detailed 

training plan to ensure the new employees are trained in all aspects of their position. 
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Similar to TMA, new employees of airlines, tenants, and contractors that are required to drive on 

the airfield are provided Airfield Driver Awareness Training. It is the responsibility of TMA’s 

tenants to ensure that all vehicle operators are knowledgeable of all aspects of vehicle operations 

within their range of movement on the AOA. 

The Airfield Driver Awareness Training should include: 

• TMA Runway and Taxiway Designations; 

• TMA Motor Vehicle Rules and Regulations; 

• Runway Incursions; 

• TMA ACM Section on-Pedestrians and Ground Vehicles; 

• Phone numbers for Talladega Municipal Airport, Fire/Medical, Police, Security, 

Engineering; 

• Driving on the Airport Operations Area, Airport Vehicle Operator Safety Study Guide, FAA 

Office of Runway Safety and Office of Airport Safety and Standards; 

• Appendix 3: Enhanced Markings for Runway Holding Position, Supplement to the TMA 

Airfield Drivers Training Course, and 

• Airfield Signs & Markings Assessment, FAA Air Traffic Organization-Safety 

6.2.3 FAA Part 139 Training 

Annual 139 Training is a program that all TMA employees are required to attend to retain their 

driving privileges. The curriculum meets all Part 139 requirements and employee safety 

programs. Attendees must answer multiple choice questions and answer 80% of them correctly. 

The Part 139 training is conducted sometime during the first year of hire and annually from that 

point forward. In addition to formal Part 139 training, new hires receive OJT based on a detailed 

training plan which covers administrative procedures (includes NOTAM and communications 

procedures, office procedures, airfield layout (including signage, markings, navaids, lighting, 

apron safety, and incursions), standards for fueling, safety and response to emergencies, and 

FAA regulations. 

The Annual Part 139 TMA training modules include: 

• Airport familiarization; 

• Communications; 

• Part 139 Introduction; 

• Self Inspection Program which includes: Handling and Storing of Hazardous Substances and 

Materials, Pedestrians and Ground Vehicles, Airport Condition Reporting; and 

• Specific modules related to employee occupational health and safety. 
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6.2.4 TMA Non-Driver Employee Training 

New employees are required to read the Airport Certification Manual, take an on-line 

assessment, and pass by 80%. 

6.2.5 ARFF Training 

ARFF personnel, according to the ACM receive instruction in accordance with Part 139.319, 

Programs for Training Aircraft and Fire Fighting Personnel. 

6.3 SMS Training 

As part of the training of new TMA employees working on the AOA, the Airport Manager will 

provide a module addressing the SMS. The curriculum includes: 

• The need for SMS; 

• TMA safety policies and objectives; 

• Organization for safety – role and responsibilities; 

• Safety risk management – including human and organizational factors; 

• Safety assurance; and 

• Safety promotion. 

Recurrent SMS training will be provided as part of recurrent FAA Part 139 training. 

The Airport Manager will record that a training session has been given to an employee. This 

record will be kept by the Airport administrative staff. 
Appendix 1 – Risk Evaluation Guide 48

Safety Management System Talladega Municipal Airport 

Appendix 1: Risk Evaluation Guide 
Appendix 1 – Risk Evaluation Guide 49

Safety Management System Talladega Municipal Airport 

FORM 1 

RISK EVALUATION GUIDE 

Potential Hazard & Existing Controls A statement defining the hazard that has the potential to cause injury or death, or damage to aircraft, vehicles, equipment or systems. A description of existing controls for safety.

Potential Outcomes – Potential Accident The possible direct and intermediate outcomes of a hazard that could lead to an accident. 

Likelihood Rare Possible Likely

Consequences Minor Moderate Major Catastrophic

Risk Ratings Low Moderate High
Appendix 2 – FORMS 50

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Appendix 2: Forms 
Appendix 2 – FORMS 51

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Appendix 2 – FORM 1 – Employee Safety Report 52

Safety Management System 

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FORM 1 

TMA EMPLOYEE SAFETY REPORT 

The information supplied in this form will only be used to enhance safety. 

When you have completed your part of the form, it should be given to the Airport Manager. 

Name: ______________________________________________ 

Organization Position: ___________________________________ 

[Name and position to be removed by the Airport Staff if requested by the employee] 

PART A 

TO BE COMPLETED BY THE PERSON IDENTIFYING THE HAZARD 

Please fully describe the Hazard, Incident, or Accident 

. 

Date of occurrence: ___________________ Time: _____________ 

Location: _________________________ 

Description:____________________________________________________________________

______________________________________________________________________________

______________________________________________________________________________

______________________________________________________________________________

______________________________________________________________________________

______________________________________________________________________________

______________________________________________________________________________

_____________________ 

In your opinion, how often does this hazard exist or take place (circle one) 

Not Frequently Very Frequently 

1 2 3 4 5 
Appendix 2 – FORM 1 – Employee Safety Report 53

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1-1 PART B 

TO BE COMPLETED BY THE AIRPORT STAFF UPON 

INVESTIGATION OF THE HAZARD 

The report has been de-identified and entered into the company database 

Signature: ______________________ Date: ___________________ 

Name___________________________ 

Based on investigation of the hazard: 

Describe the hazard(s): 

How frequently does the hazard exist or occur? 

What are the possible sources of the hazard? 

What are the possible consequences (accidents) that could result from the hazard(s)? 

Minor Moderate Major Catastrophic 

Why? 

What is the likelihood of the accident that could result from the hazard(s)? 

Rare Possible Likely 

Why? 

What action is required to ELIMINATE or CONTROL the hazard and PREVENT injuries or 

damage? 

Resources Required: 

 
Appendix 2 – FORM 1 – Employee Safety Report 54

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1-1Responsibility for action: 

Referred to ______________________ for further action. 

Signature: Date: 

Forwarded to the Airport Safety Committee for review. 

Signed: Date: 

Appropriate Feedback given to staff. 

Signed Date 
 

Appendix 2 – FORM 2 – Incident Report 55

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FORM 2 

INCIDENT REPORT 

Type of incident: AOA Non- AOA Injury

Person completing this report: __________________________________ 

Position and Organization: _____________________; Telephone Number_______________ 

Date of Incident/Safety Violation: _________________; 

Time_________________________________________ 

Location: 

__________________________________________________________________________ 

Date of Report: _____________ 

Description of the Incident: Specifics of what happened-who was involved-when-where-how 

Remember that you are fact finding, not fault finding. Describe the sequence of events and Include 

any aircraft, vehicles equipment, objects, substances, or personnel that may have been involved in 

the incident: 

Description of Any Damage or Injuries:________________________________________ 

Name and telephone of witnesses (where applicable): _______________________________ 

Witness Statements: _______________________________________________________ 

Action Taken:_____________________________________________________ 
Appendix 2 – FORM 3 – Accident and Incident Analysis Form 56

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FORM 3 

ACCIDENT AND INCIDENT ANALYSIS FORM 

To be completed by the Airport Staff for all accidents and incidents which could likely seriously 

endanger people, aircraft, vehicles, or equipment. 

Name of person that completed this report: 

Organization and Position: 

Telephone number: 

Date of Accident/Incident: 

Time: 

Location: 

Date of Report: 

Names of Witnesses 

Witness 1 

Name: 

Address: 

Telephone: 

 

Witness 2 

Name: 

Address: 

Telephone: 

Witness 3 

Name: 

Address: 

Telephone: 
Appendix 2 – FORM 3 – Accident and Incident Analysis Form 57

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Details 

Details of the accident/incident: Include details of people involved, aircraft, vehicles, and 

equipment. Include details of what took place that contributed to the accident /incident 

Details of any injuries: 

Details of damage to aircraft/vehicles/equipment/facilities: 
Appendix 2 – FORM 3 – Accident and Incident Analysis Form 58

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TALLADEGA MUNICIPAL AIRPORT 

ACCIDENT/INCIDENT ANALYSIS 

DATE: 

ORIGINAL REPORT: Number_________________ 

UPDATE REPORT: Number _________________ 

ORIGINATOR: 

ADDRESS: 

PHONE: FAX: 

CELL PHONE: E-MAIL: 

PLACE OF ACCIDENT: 

TIME of ACCIDENT: 

SECT. 1 GENERAL 

Provide a short narrative description of the accident including any injuries or fatalities 

DESCRIPTION OF THE ACCIDENT OR INCIDENT: 

Include the events leading up to, during and resulting from the accident/ incident. 

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Attach Statements of those involved, witnesses and company representatives. Attach police 

report if one is prepared. 
Appendix 2 – FORM 3 – Accident and Incident Analysis Form 59

Safety Management System 

Talladega Municipal Airport 

SECT. 2 OPERATIONAL ACTIVITY AND RESULT 

RESULT OF ACCIDENT 

( ) AIRCRAFT DAMAGE 

( ) VEHICLE DAMAGE 

( ) EQUIPMENT DAMAGE 

( ) PERSONNEL INJURY 

( ) OTHER ______________________________ 

IMPACT OF ACCIDENT ON OPERATIONS 

( ) AIRCRAFT ARRIVAL DELAY 

( ) AIRCRAFT SERVICING 

( ) AIRCRAFT TURNROUND 

( ) AIRCRAFT DEPARTURE DELAY 

( ) VEHICLE OUT OF SERVICE 

( ) AIRCRAFT DELAY 

( ) EQUIPMENT OUT OF SERVICE 

( ) OTHER ______________________________ 

SECT. 3 CONTRIBUTING FACTORS CHECKLIST 

Instructions on completing this section: 

1 Tick each contributing factor. 

2 For each factor not contributing, mark ‘N/A’ 

3 Provide brief narrative for each contributing factor 

A. INFORMATION 

Provide copies of all relevant work cards; procedures; maintenance manuals; operation orders; 

instructions etc and append to this report. Determine through interviews with those involved 

and/or witnesses whether the information was: 

( ) Not understandable 

( ) Unavailable/inaccessible 

( ) Incorrect 

( ) Conflicting with other directions or information 

( ) Other 

Specify exactly what information was inadequate or led to the incident 
Appendix 2 – FORM 3 – Accident and Incident Analysis Form 60

Safety Management System 

Talladega Municipal Airport 

B. EQUIPMENT/TOOLS/PARTS 

Provide a list of equipment/tools in use at the time of the accident. Determine through interviews 

with those involved and/or witnesses whether the equipment/tools/parts were: 

( ) Unsafe 

( ) Inappropriate to task 

( ) Inaccessible 

( ) Could not be used in intended environment 

( ) Unreliable 

( ) No instructions for use 

( ) Miscalibrated 

( ) Too complicated 

( ) Unavailable 

( ) Incorrectly labeled 

( ) Other (explain) 

Specify exactly what equipment, tool, or part, failed, was inadequate or led to the incident 

C. AIRCRAFT/EQUIPMENT/VEHICLE DESIGN 

Determine through interviews with those involved and/or witnesses whether the 

aircraft/equipment/vehicle was: 

( ) Too Complex 

( ) Not accessible 

( ) Not user friendly 

( ) Was a confusing variation between models/variants 

( ) Other (explain) 

D. MAINTENANCE ERROR 

Determine through interviews with those involved and/or witnesses what procedures were 

followed and compare to written maintenance instructions. Highlight any areas where tasks 

carried out deviated from written maintenance procedures 
Appendix 2 – FORM 3 – Accident and Incident Analysis Form 61

Safety Management System 

Talladega Municipal Airport 

E. JOB/TASK/ACTIVITY 

Determine through interviews with those involved and/or witnesses the actual job/task/activity 

underway at the time of the accident. Highlight any distractions that may have been present. 

F. QUALIFICATIONS/SKILLS 

Determine from interviews with those involved and /or witnesses the qualifications of the 

individual(s) involved in the accident. Check training records for the individual involved 

G. FACTORS AFFECTING INDIVIDUAL PERFORMANCE 

Determine if any of the following factors were involved in the accident 

Aircraft ground equipment 

( ) Improper installation 

( ) Equipment not installed 

( ) Wrong part installed 

( ) Wrong orientation 

( ) Improper location 

( ) Repetitive or monotonous task 

( ) Complacency 

( ) Complex or confusing task 

( ) Inadequate planning/prioritization 

( ) New task or task change 

( ) Different from similar tasks 

( ) Boredom 

( ) Other (explain) 

Individual Qualifications 

( ) Proficiency/experience level and years of experience 

( ) Task knowledge 

( ) Process knowledge 

( ) System Knowledge 

( ) Other (explain) 
Appendix 2 – FORM 3 – Accident and Incident Analysis Form 62

Safety Management System 

Talladega Municipal Airport 

Individual Human Factors 

( ) Physical health (including sight/hearing) 

( ) Peer pressure 

( ) Fatigue 

( ) Body size/strength 

( ) Time constraints 

( ) Significant life changes 

( ) Alcohol/drugs/medication 

( ) Other 

Explain in point form how these factors lead may have lead to the 

incident:_______________________________ 

H. ENVIRONMENT AND FACILITIES 

Determine if any of the following were present during the time leading up to the accident or at 

the time of the accident: 

( ) High noise levels 

( ) Vibration 

( ) Distractions/interruptions (e.g. cell phone use) ( ) Cleanliness 

( ) Hazardous/toxic substances 

( ) Power sources 

( ) Inadequate ventilation 

( ) Dark 

( ) Unsafe work area 

( ) Hot 

( ) Cold 

( ) Humidity 

( ) Rain 

( ) Wind 

( ) Other 

Explain in point form how these factors may have lead to the 

incident:___________________________ 
Appendix 2 – FORM 3 – Accident and Incident Analysis Form 63

Safety Management System 

Talladega Municipal Airport 

I. ORGANISATIONAL ISSUES 

Determine from interviews with those involved in the accident and their supervisor(s) the 

following: 

( ) Amount of supervisory support provided 

( ) Company policy re activities underway during the accident 

( ) Morale Issues within the company 

( ) Other 

Explain in point form how these factors may have lead to the 

incident:_____________________________ 

J. SUPERVISION 

Determine from discussion with individual involved/witnesses/ and the involved employee’s 

immediate supervisor: 

( ) How planning/organization of tasks was undertaken 

( ) How tasks were prioritized 

( ) How delegation/assignment of task was undertaken 

( ) What supervisors expectations were, and if these were realistic 

( ) the amount of supervision provided 

( ) Other 

Explain point form how these factors may have lead to the 

incident:______________________________ 

K. COMMUNICATION 

Determine from interviews with those involved in the accident and their company’s supervisory 

chain of command whether the following types of communications were adequate: 

( ) Between shift and supervisor 

( ) Between people 

( ) Between supervisor and manager 

( ) Between shifts 

( ) Other 

Explain in point form how these factors may have lead to the 

accident:____________________________ 
Appendix 2 – FORM 3 – Accident and Incident Analysis Form 64

Safety Management System 

Talladega Municipal Airport 

L. ANY OTHER FACTORS 

Provide a description of any other factor not listed above that may have lead to the accident 
Appendix 2 – FORM 3 – Accident and Incident Analysis Form 65

Safety Management System 

Talladega Municipal Airport 

SECT. 4 RECOMMENDED CORRECTIVE ACTIONS 

A. CURRENT PROCEDURES /OR POLICIES: 

 

Are there any current procedures and/or policies in ASA intended to prevent the accident, but 

didn’t? 

B. RECOMMENDED CORRECTIVE ACTIONS 

List recommended corrective actions: 

( ) New or modified operational instructions. Specify: 

( ) New or modified company regulations. Specify: 

( ) New or modified inspection schedules. Specify: 

( ) New or modified engineering/maintenance/training manuals. Specify: 

( ) New or modified inter-company communications procedures. Specify: 

( ) Any other changes or proposed new instruction/regulation or policy document. Specify: 

C. OTHER CORRECTIVE ACTIONS SUGGESTED 

NOTE: This form has been adapted and amended from an example provided by the Boeing 

Airplane Company whose co-operation in granting permission to reproduce this item is hereby 

acknowledged. Boeing wishes it to be stressed that this forma, (or any adaptation of it) is not 

designed or intended to be used in isolation but as part of a wider based system for accident 

investigation and follow up. 

Signature: Date:______________________