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Violence Against Children and Youth Survey Resources										Related Pages
										Open All Close AllPublications**Fact Sheet:**
Violence Against Children Survey (VACS) [349 KB, 2 Pages]
This document provides an overview of VACS with a data snapshot and summarizes evidence-based prevention programs that countries can use after completing VACS.
**Reports:**
The Power of Data to Action: Country experiences and lessons following Violence Against Children and Youth Surveys – Together For Girls
This report provides evidence that the VACS and the “Data to Action” model contributes to policy change to end violence.
Critical Elements of Interviewer Training for Engaging Children and Adolescents in Global Violence Research: Best Practices and Lessons Learned from the Violence Against Children Survey [3 MB, 22 Pages]
This white paper describes strategies for interviewer recruitment and training for population-based studies on violence with child research participants. These strategies help ensure the quality of the data while maintaining respondent safety and encouraging disclosure of violence.
INSPIRE: Seven Strategies for Ending Violence Against Children*INSPIRE: Seven strategies for ending violence against children*identifies a select group of strategies that have shown success in reducing violence against children.
INSPIRE: Guide to Adaptation and Scale Up
The guide serves as a resource on the adaptation and scale up of violence against children prevention programs to ensure that they are as much as possible aligned to existing evidence, and are part of each country’s national action plan.
INSPIRE Handbook: action for implementing the seven strategies for ending violence against children
The *INSPIRE handbook: action for implementing the seven strategies for ending violence against children* explains in detail how to choose and implement interventions that will fit your needs and context.
INSPIRE Indicator Guidance and Results Framework
The *INSPIRE Indicator Guidance and Results Framework* is designed to help governments and non-governmental organizations monitor progress and track change over time as they implement INSPIRE strategies to prevent and respond to violence against children.
Linking Violence Against Children and Youth Surveys to Coordinated and Effective Action: CDC and the Together for Girls Partnership
This report outlines the implementation steps, from the earliest stages in planning VACS and building stakeholder support to national programming using data to inform action.Journal Articles by Topic Area**Articles and Research Briefs**
**Violence Against Children and Youth Survey Methodology:**
Nguyen KH, Kress H, Villaveces A, Massetti GM. Sampling design and methodology of the Violence Against Children and Youth Surveys. *Inj Prev*2018;0:1-7. Epub ahead of print.
Chiang LF, Kress H, Sumner SA, Gleckel J, Kawemama P, Gordon R. Violence Against Children Surveys (VACS): Towards a global surveillance system. *Injury Prevention*2016; 22: i17-i22. Research Brief
Mercy JA, Saul J, Hills S. The importance of integrating efforts to prevent violence against women and children. Unicef.
**Violence Against Children and Youth and HIV Risk:**
Chiang L, Howard A, Stoebenau K, Massetti GM, Apondi R, Hegle J, Stamatakis C (2021). Sexual risk behaviors, mental health outcomes and attitudes supportive of wife-beating associated with childhood transactional sex among adolescent girls and young women: Findings from the Uganda Violence Against Children Survey. *PLOS One, 16,*e0249064.
Stamatakis C, Howard A, Chiang L, Massetti GM, Apondi R, Stoebenau K, Hegle J, Wasula L, Patel P (2021). Regional heterogeneity in violence and individual characteristics associated with recent transactional sex among Ugandan girls and young women: A national and regional analysis of data from the Violence Against Children and Youth Survey. *PLoS ONE, 16,*e027030*.*
VanderEnde K, Chiang L, Mercy J, et al. Adverse childhood experiences and HIV sexual risk-taking behaviors among young adults in Malawi. *Journal of Interpersonal Violence* 2018; 33(11): 1710-1730. Research Brief
Chiang L, Chen J, Gladden MR, et al. HIV and Childhood Sexual Violence: Implications for Sexual Risk Behaviors and HIV Testing in Tanzania. *AIDS Education and Prevention*2015: Vol. 27, No. 5, pp. 474-487.
Sommarin C, Kilbane T, Mercy JA, et al. Preventing Sexual Violence and HIV in Children*. Journal of Acquired Immune Deficiency Syndromes* 2014; 66: p S217-S223
**Health Consequences of Violence:**
Stamatakis CE, Sumner SA, Massetti G, et al. Sexual Violence Prevalence and Related Pregnancy Among Girls and Young Women: A Multicountry Analysis. *Journal of interpersonal violence* 2020.
Nguyen KH, Kegler SR, Chiang L, Kress H. Effects of Poly-Victimization Before Age 18 on Health Outcomes in Young Kenyan Adults: Violence Against Children Survey. *Violence Vict*. 2019;34(2):229–242.
Swedo E, Sumner S, Msungama W, et al. Childhood Violence Is Associated with Forced Sexual Initiation Among Girls and Young Women in Malawi: A Cross-Sectional Survey. *J Pediatr* 2019; 208: 265-272.e1.
Chiang L, Howard A, Gleckel J, et al.Cycle of Violence among young Kenyan women: The link between childhood violence and adult physical intimate partner violence in a population-based survey. *Child Abuse and Neglect 2018*; 84: 45-52. Research Brief
VanderEnde K, Mercy J, Shawa M, et al. Violence experiences in childhood are associated with men’s perpetration of intimate partner violence as a young adult: A multistage cluster survey in Malawi. *Annals of Epidemiology 2016; 26,*723-728. Research Brief
Breiding MJ, Mercy JA, Gulaid J, et al. A national survey of childhood physical abuse among females in Swaziland. *Journal of Epidemiology and Global Health*2013; 3: 73-81. Research Brief
Reza A, Breiding MJ, Gulaid J, et al. Sexual violence and its health consequences for female children in Swaziland: A cluster survey study. *Lancet* 2009; 373: 1966-1972. Research Brief
**Risk and Protective Factors for Violence Against Children and Youth:**
Annor FB, Gilbert LK, Davila EP, et al. Emotional violence in childhood and health conditions, risk-taking behaviors, and violence perpetration among young adults in Nigeria. *Child Abuse Negl*. 2020;106:104510.
Cerna-Turoff I, Kane JC, Devries K, Mercy J, Massetti G, Baiocchi M. Did internal displacement from the 2010 earthquake in Haiti lead to long-term violence against children? A matched pairs study design. *Child Abuse Negl*. 2020;102:104393.
Lai BS, Osborne MC, De Veauuse-Brown N, Swedo EA, et al. Violence victimization and negative health correlates of youth in post-earthquake Haiti: Findings from the cross-sectional violence against children survey. *J Affect Disord*. 2020;270:59-64.
Stark, L., Seff, I., Hoover, A., Gordon, R., Ligiero, D., Massetti, G.M. Sex and age effects in past-year experiences of violence amongst adolescents in five countries. PLoS ONE 14(7):e0219073.
Devries K, Knight L, Petzold M, et al. Who perpetrates violence against children? A systematic analysis of age-specific and sex-specific data. BMJ Paediatrics Open 2018;2(1):1-15.
Miller GF, Chiang L, Hollis N. Economics and violence against children, findings from the Violence Against Children Survey in Nigeria. *Child Abuse and Neglect 2018*; 85: 9-16. Research Brief
Gilbert L, Reza A, Mercy JA, et al. The experience of violence against children in domestic servitude in Haiti: Results from the Violence Against Children Survey, Haiti 2012. *Child Abuse & Neglect* 2018; 76: 184-193. Research Brief
Vagi KJ, Brookmeyer KA, Gladden RM, et al. Sexual violence against female and male children in the United Republic of Tanzania. *Violence Against Women*2016; 22: 1-20. Research Brief
Sumner SA, Marcelin LH, Cela T, et al. Sentinel events predicting later unwanted sex among girls: A national survey in Haiti, 2012. *Child Abuse and Neglect*2015; 50: 49-55. Research Brief
Breiding MJ, Reza A, Gulaid J, et al. Risk factors associated with sexual violence towards girls in Swaziland. *Bulletin of the World Health Organization* 2011; 89: 203-210. Research Brief
**Burden and Prevalence of Violence Against Children and Youth:**
Annor FB, Chiang LF, Oluoch P, Mang’oli V, Mogaka M, Mwangi M, Ngunjiri A, Onyango F, Achia T, Patel P, Massetti GM, Dahlberg LD, Simon TR, Mercy JA (2021). Changes in violence among children and youth in Kenya – comparison of 2010 and 2019 Violence Against Children and Youth Surveys. *The Lancet.*
Kappel RH, Livingston MD, Patel SN, Villaveces A, Massetti, GM. Prevalence of Adverse Childhood Experiences (ACEs) and associated health risks and risk behaviors among young women and men in Honduras. *Child Abuse & Neglect*2021. https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/33611130/
Kieselbach B, Kress H, MacMillan H, Perneger T. Prevalence of childhood exposure to intimate partner violence and associations with mental distress in Cambodia, Malawi, and Nigeria: A cross-sectional study. *Child Abuse & Neglect* 2020. https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/33243451/
Swedo EA, Sumner SA, Hillis SD, et al. Prevalence of Violence Victimization and Perpetration Among Persons Aged 13–24 Years — Four Sub-Saharan African Countries, 2013–2015. *MMWR Morb Mortal Wkly Rep* 2019; 68:350–355. Research Brief
Fan AZ, Kress H, Gupta S, Wadonda-Kabondo N, et al. Do self-report data reflect the real burden of lifetime exposure to sexual violence among females aged 13-24 years in Malawi? *Child Abuse and Neglect*2016; 58: 72-79. Research Brief
Hillis S, Mercy J, Amobi A, et al. Global prevalence of past-year violence against children: A systematic review and minimum estimates. *Pediatrics* 2016; 137(3): 1-13. Research Brief
Flynn-O’Brien KT, Rivara FP, Weiss NS, et al. Prevalence of physical violence against children in Haiti: A national population-based cross-sectional survey. *Child Abuse and Neglect*2016; 51: 154-162. Research Brief
Sumner SA, Mercy JA, Saul J, et al. Prevalence of sexual violence against children and use of social services – seven countries, 2007-2013. *MMWR*2015; 64(21): 565-569. Research Brief
Mwangi MW, Kellogg TA, Brookmeyer K et al. Perpetrators and context of child sexual abuse in Kenya. *Child Abuse and Neglect*2015; 44: 46-55. Research Brief
**Other Health and Social Issues:**
Gilbert LK, Annor FB, Kress H. Associations between endorsement of inequitable gender norms and intimate partner violence and sexual risk behaviors among youth in Nigeria: Violence Against Children Survey, 2014. *Journal of Interpersonal Violence*2020. https://journals.sagepub.com/doi/full/10.1177/0886260520978196
Boudreau CL, Kress H, Rochat RW, Yount KM. Correlates of disclosure of sexual violence among Kenyan youth. Child Abuse & Neglect 2018;79:164-172.
Nguyen K, Kress H, Atuchukwu V, et al. Disclosure of Sexual Violence Among Girls and Young Women Aged 13 to 24 Years: Results From the Violence Against Children Surveys in Nigeria and Malawi. *Journal of Interpersonal Violence*2018; 1-17. Research Brief
Fan A, Liu J, Kress H, et al. Applying Structural Equation Modeling to Measure Violence Exposure and Its Impact on Mental Health: Malawi Violence Against Children and Young Women Survey, 2013. *Journal of Interpersonal Violence* 2017: 1-19. Research Brief
Sumner SA, Mercy JA, Buluma R, et al. Childhood sexual violence against boys: A study in 3 countries. *Pediatrics*2016; 5: 1-11. Research Brief
Hillis SD, Mercy JA, Saul JR. The enduring impact of violence against children. *Psychology, Health & Medicine* 2016, 22:4, 393-405.
**Commentary:**
Mercy JA, Saul J, Hills S. The importance of integrating efforts to prevent violence against women and children. UNICEF.General ResourcesMassive Open Online Course on INSPIRE: 7 Strategies for Ending Violence Against Children
This course provides information about forms of violence against children, how societal, community, and family-level factors affect violence, and how the evidence-based INSPIRE framework and strategies can help to end violence against children.
The Violence Prevention Information System (Violence Info)
This system collates published scientific information on the main types of interpersonal violence. It also describes what countries report about their actions to address violence.
WHO Guidelines on Parenting Interventions to Prevent Maltreatment and Enhance Parent-Child Relationships with Children Aged 0-17 Years
These guidelines provide evidence-based recommendations on parenting interventions for parents and caregivers of children aged 0-17 years that are designed to reduce child maltreatment and harsh parenting, enhance the parent-child relationship, and prevent poor parent mental health and child emotional and behavioral problems.Top of Page
							
					
							Last Reviewed:  March 2, 2023						Source: 	National Center for Injury Prevention and Control, Division of Violence Prevention
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