FILED

MAR 30 2021

SUSAN M. SPRAUL, CLERK

U.S. BKCY. APP. PANEL

OF THE NINTH CIRCUIT

NOT FOR PUBLICATION

UNITED STATES BANKRUPTCY APPELLATE PANEL

OF THE NINTH CIRCUIT

In re:

CHRISTINA STACEYMARIE HILLYER,

Debtor.

BAP No. NV-20-1238-TLB

Bk. No. 2:20-bk-10318-BTB

Adv. No. 2:20-ap-01041-BTB

MEMORANDUM*

SSA ARCHITECTURE; SMALL STUDIO

ASSOCIATES, LLC; KEN SMALL,

Appellants,

v.

CHRISTINA STACEYMARIE HILLYER,

Appellee.

Appeal from the United States Bankruptcy Court

for the District of Nevada

Bruce T. Beesley, Bankruptcy Judge, Presiding

Before: TAYLOR, LAFFERTY, and BRAND, Bankruptcy Judges.

* This disposition is not appropriate for publication. Although it may be cited for 

whatever persuasive value it may have, see Fed. R. App. P. 32.1, it has no precedential 

value, see 9th Cir. BAP Rule 8024-1.
2

I. INTRODUCTION

SSA Architecture, Small Studio Associates, LLC, and Ken Small 

(collectively, “SSA”) appeal from the bankruptcy court’s order dismissing 

their adversary proceeding against chapter 71 debtor Christina Staceymarie 

Hillyer for SSA’s failure to effect service of the summons and complaint.

We AFFIRM.

II. FACTS2

A. The bankruptcy case and adversary proceeding

In January of 2020, Hillyer filed a petition for chapter 13 relief. The

case was subsequently converted to chapter 7.

The first § 341(a) meeting of creditors in the converted case was 

scheduled for April 1, 2020, making June 1, 2020 the last day for creditors to 

file a §§ 523(a)(2), (4), or (6) complaint by operation of Rules 1019(2)(A),

4007(c), and 9006(a)(1)(C). The bankruptcy court also set May 14, 2020, as 

the deadline for general creditors to file a proof of claim.

On March 19, 2020, SSA filed its only adversary complaint against

Hillyer. It alleged causes of action based on contract, tort, and Civil RICO 

pursuant to the Nevada Civil RICO Acts. It prayed for injunctive relief to 

1 Unless specified otherwise, all chapter and section references are to the 

Bankruptcy Code, 11 U.S.C. §§ 101-1532, all “Rule” references are to the Federal Rules 

of Bankruptcy Procedure, and all “Civil Rule” references are to the Federal Rules of 

Civil Procedure

2 We exercise our discretion to take judicial notice of documents electronically 

filed in the bankruptcy court’s dockets. See Atwood v. Chase Manhattan Mortg. Co. (In re 

Atwood), 293 B.R. 227, 233 n.9 (9th Cir. BAP 2003).
3

prevent Hillyer from competing with it, various damages, and attorney’s 

fees and costs. But the complaint did not include a cause of action under 

§ 523, and its prayer for relief did not seek a determination of 

nondischargeability.

SSA did not file a proof of claim by the claims bar date.

The chapter 7 trustee filed a report of no distribution on May 7, 2020,

and the bankruptcy court entered an order of discharge on June 22, 2020. 

B. Hillyer’s motion to dismiss the adversary proceeding for insufficient 

service of process

On March 20, 2020, the bankruptcy court issued a summons in the 

adversary proceeding. The ninety-day period under Civil Rule 4(m), made

applicable by Rule 7004(a)(1), in which SSA was required to effect service 

of the summons and complaint, expired on June 18, 2020.

On June 22, 2020, Hillyer filed a motion to dismiss the complaint for 

insufficient service of process under Civil Rule 12(b)(5), made applicable by 

Rule 7012(b) (“Motion”).

SSA opposed the Motion. It contended that it had served the

summons and complaint on Hillyer. In support of this contention, 

however, it attached a declaration in which its counsel’s employee stated

that she had served the complaint on Hillyer’s counsel by first class mail on 

April 30, 2020. The declaration made no mention of any service of the 

summons on Hillyer’s counsel. Nor did it mention any service of the

summons or complaint on Hillyer.
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SSA also argued that good cause existed to extend the deadline to 

serve the summons and complaint because it believed that it effectuated 

service when it mailed the complaint to Hillyer’s counsel. It further argued 

that there was no prejudice to Hillyer for any failure to serve the summons 

and complaint because, it alleged, her counsel received actual notice of the 

complaint long before the time for service elapsed. According to SSA, 

Hillyer’s counsel referenced the complaint during a session of the § 341(a)

meeting of creditors.

In reply to the opposition to the Motion, Hillyer pointed out that the 

declaration filed in support of the opposition only evidenced service of the 

complaint on her counsel. She argued that even if her counsel had actual 

knowledge of the adversary proceeding, such knowledge could not be 

imputed to her and would not excuse compliance with Rule 7004 and Civil 

Rule 4(m).

The bankruptcy court held a hearing on the Motion, which SSA did 

not attend. Thereafter, the bankruptcy court entered an order: (1) finding 

that the summons and complaint had not been served on Hillyer; 

(2) finding that SSA had not demonstrated cause to extend the service 

deadline; and (3) granting the Motion. This appeal followed.

III. JURISDICTION

The bankruptcy court had jurisdiction under 28 U.S.C. §§ 1334 and 
5

157(b)(2)(B). We have jurisdiction under 28 U.S.C. § 158.3

IV. ISSUE

Did the bankruptcy court abuse its discretion in dismissing the 

adversary proceeding for insufficient service of process?

V. STANDARD OF REVIEW

We review the bankruptcy court’s order dismissing the adversary 

proceeding for failure to properly serve the summons and complaint for an 

abuse of discretion. Oyama v. Sheehan (In re Sheehan), 253 F.3d 507, 511 

(9th Cir. 2001). The bankruptcy court abuses its discretion if it applies the 

wrong legal standard or its findings are illogical, implausible, or without 

support in the record. See TrafficSchool.com, Inc. v. Edriver Inc., 653 F.3d 820, 

832 (9th Cir. 2011).

We may affirm on any ground fairly supported by the record.

3 The order on appeal, which dismissed the adversary proceeding without 

prejudice, was a final order, not an interlocutory order. An order granting dismissal is 

final and appealable “if it (1) is a full adjudication of the issues, and (2) clearly evidences

the judge’s intention that it be the court’s final act in the matter.” Nat’l Distrib. Agency v. 

Nationwide Mut. Ins. Co., 117 F.3d 432, 433 (9th Cir. 1997) (internal citation and quotation

marks omitted). On the face of the complaint and as characterized by SSA in briefing 

and during oral argument, the complaint strictly sought monetary damages and 

injunctive relief under state law claims. As explained infra, SSA’s continued pursuit of

damages against the estate is now barred by the bankruptcy discharge and SSA’s failure 

to file a proof of claim. And the injunctive relief SSA sought against Hillyer can and 

should be resolved in state court. Therefore, the dismissal was, in effect, “with 

prejudice.” See Montes v. United States, 37 F.3d 1347, 1350 (9th Cir. 1994) (“[T]he effect of 

a dismissal without prejudice may be to end the litigation in the court involved, but not 

to act as an adjudication on the merits or to bar the filing of a similar action in another 

court. In such a case, the dismissal would be final and appealable.” (internal citation

and quotation marks omitted)).
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Leavitt v. Soto (In re Leavitt), 171 F.3d 1219, 1223 (9th Cir. 1999).

VI. DISCUSSION

Rule 7004 sets forth the procedure for serving a summons in an 

adversary proceeding. If jurisdiction is consistent with the Constitution and 

laws of the United States, personal jurisdiction over a defendant may be 

obtained by serving a summons or filing a waiver of service in accordance 

with Rule 7004 and the subdivisions of Civil Rule 4 made applicable to 

adversary proceedings. Rule 7004(f). When the defendant is a debtor in an 

open bankruptcy case, service of the summons may be made through first 

class mail postage prepaid “by mailing a copy of the summons and 

complaint to the debtor at the address shown in the petition or to such 

other address as the debtor may designate in a filed writing.” Rule 

7004(b)(9). In addition, if the debtor is represented by an attorney, then

service must also be made on the debtor’s attorney by means authorized 

under Civil Rule 5(b). Rule 7004(g).

Rule 7004(a) incorporates Civil Rule (4)(m), which provides in 

pertinent part that:

[i]f a defendant is not served within 90 days after the complaint 

is filed, the court--on motion or on its own after notice to the

plaintiff--must dismiss the action without prejudice against that 

defendant or order that service be made within a specified time. 

But if the plaintiff shows good cause for the failure, the court 

must extend the time for service for an appropriate period.

Civil Rule (4)(m).
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SSA asserts that the bankruptcy court erred in determining that SSA

failed to serve Hillyer with the summons and complaint. But the only 

evidence before the bankruptcy court and on appeal establishes the 

contrary. SSA neither argued nor presented any evidence that it timely 

mailed a copy of the summons and complaint to Hillyer as required by

Rule 7004(b) and Civil Rule 4(m). Nor did it present any evidence that it

mailed a copy of the summons to Hillyer’s counsel in compliance with Rule 

7004(g). Thus, there is no merit to SSA’s argument that the bankruptcy

court improperly determined that SSA failed to timely serve Hillyer.

While not challenged on appeal, we note that the bankruptcy court

also properly determined that SSA did not demonstrate that good cause 

existed for its noncompliance with Rule 7004 and Civil Rule 4(m). SSA’s

ignorance of service rules “and half-hearted attempts to serve the 

defendant do not constitute good cause[.]” Cartage Pac., Inc. v. Waldner (In 

re Waldner), 183 B.R. 879, 882 (9th Cir. BAP 1995).

Though good cause had not been shown, the bankruptcy court had

broad discretion to extend the period for service. Efaw v. Williams, 473 F.3d 

1038, 1041 (9th Cir. 2007); In re Sheehan, 253 F.3d at 513. There is no specific 

test for a bankruptcy court to employ in determining whether to exercise

its discretion. Among other things, it “may consider factors ‘like a statute of 

limitations bar, prejudice to the defendant, actual notice of a lawsuit, and 

eventual service.’” Efaw, 473 F.3d at 1041 (quoting Troxell v. Fedders of N. 

Am., Inc., 160 F.3d 381, 383 (7th Cir. 1998)). Admittedly, the record does not 
8

indicate that Hillyer suffered meaningful prejudice by SSA’s delay in 

service. Nevertheless, and contrary to SSA’s urging, the facts of this case 

clearly did not require the exercise of discretion to extend the service 

period under Civil Rule 4(m).

SSA did not articulate any cognizable prejudice before the 

bankruptcy court or us. Had the bankruptcy court granted SSA an 

extension of time to serve Hillyer, Hillyer’s discharge would have

nevertheless enjoined SSA from continuing to seek damages against her.

See § 524(a)(2). In addition, SSA would not be entitled to a distribution 

from the bankruptcy estate on its claims because it failed to file a proof of 

claim and because the chapter 7 trustee issued a report of no distribution. 

Thus, SSA would be limited to its pursuit of injunctive relief.

And as to injunctive relief claims, the majority of courts hold that

these claims survive discharge; Hillyer does not dispute that SSA can refile, 

presumably in the state court, to seek such relief. See Kennedy v. Medicap 

Pharmacies, Inc., 267 F3d 493, 497-98 (6th Cir. 2001); In re Udell, 18 F.3d 403, 

408-09 (7th Cir. 1994); Dent Wizard Int’l Corp. v. Brown (In re Brown), 

237 B.R. 740, 745 (Bankr. C.D. Cal. 1999).

We also note that SSA did not assert that its claims would be barred 

by a statute of limitations following a dismissal of the adversary 

proceeding. But even in such a case, the requirements of “[Civil] Rule 4(m) 

are not altered by the intervention of a time bar that precludes refiling,”

such that the bankruptcy court’s authority to dismiss the complaint would 
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be eliminated. Herrero v. Guzman (In re Guzman), No. CC-10-1013-HDMk, 

2010 WL 6259994, at *5 (9th Cir. BAP Sept. 20, 2010); see also Guerrero v. 

Baca, No. 03-57203, 154 F. App’x 601 (9th Cir. 2005); Deluxe Mktg., Inc. v.

Deluxemarketingincscam.wordpress.com, No. CV-13-02144-PHX-SPL, 2014 WL 

4162270, at *5 (D. Ariz. Aug. 20, 2014). SSA has waived any such prejudice 

argument, and it would not be dispositive if raised.

Finally, we disagree with SSA that it established that Hillyer received

a copy of the complaint or otherwise received actual notice of the 

adversary proceeding. Hillyer stated in a declaration that she never

received service of the complaint, and SSA only submitted evidence that it 

mailed the complaint to Hillyer’s counsel. A defendant “could not be

presumed to have actual notice merely because the complaint was served 

on his attorney.” In re Sheehan, 253 F.3d at 512 n.5. And notice or awareness 

is only part of the equation; it is beyond doubt that the bankruptcy court

never acquired jurisdiction over Hillyer in the adversary proceeding

because SSA never served the summons. Indeed, SSA did not serve Hillyer 

even after it became aware of the defects in its service attempt. 

Based on the foregoing, we discern no abuse of discretion in the 

bankruptcy court’s dismissal of the adversary proceeding for failure to 

properly serve the summons and complaint.

VII. CONCLUSION

Accordingly, we AFFIRM.