# Ecological Soil Screening Levels for Lead

Interim Final

OSWER Directive 9285.7-70

U.S. Environmental Protection Agency Office of Solid Waste and Emergency Response 1200 Pennsylvania Avenue, N.W. Washington, DC 20460

March 2005

### This page intentionally left blank

### i TABLE OF CONTENTS

1.0 INTRODUCTION

....................................................... 1

2.0 SUMMARY OF ECO-SSLs FOR LEAD . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1

3.0 ECO-SSL FOR TERRESTRIAL PLANTS . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 4

4.0 ECO-SSL FOR SOIL INVERTEBRATES . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 4

5.0 ECO-SSL FOR AVIAN WILDLIFE . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 4 5.1 Avian TRV

........................................................ 4 5.2 Estimation of Dose and Calculation of the Eco-SSL

........................ 9

6.0 ECO-SSL FOR MAMMALIAN WILDLIFE . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 11 6.1 Mammalian TRV

.................................................. 11 6.2 Estimation of Dose and Calculation of the Eco-SSL

....................... 11

7.0 REFERENCES

......................................................... 20 7.1 General Lead References

............................................ 20 7.2 References for Plants and Soil Invertebrates

............................. 20 7.3 References Rejected for Use in Deriving Plant and Soil Invertebrate Eco-SSLs . 22 7.4 References Used in Deriving Wildlife TRVs

............................ 56 7.5 References Rejected for Use in Derivation of Wildlife TRV

................ 72ii 

### LIST OF TABLES

Table 2.1 Lead Eco-SSLs (mg/kg dry weight in soil)

.............................. 3

Table 3.1 Plant Toxicity Data - Lead

........................................... 5

Table 4.1 Invertebrate Toxicity Data - Lead

..................................... 6

Table 5.1 Avian Toxicity Data Extracted for Wildlife Toxicity Reference Value (TRV) . . 7

Table 5.2 Calculation of the Avian Eco-SSLs for Lead

............................ 9

Table 6.1 Mammalian Toxicity Data Used to Derive TRV - Lead

................... 12

Table 6.2 Calculation of the Mammalian Eco-SSLs for Lead

....................... 19

LIST OF FIGURES

Figure 2.1 Typical Background Concentrations of Lead in U.S. Soils

.................. 3

Figure 5.1 Avian TRV Derivation for Lead

..................................... 10

Figure 6.1 Mammalian TRV Derivation for Lead

................................ 18

LIST OF APPENDICES

Appendix 5-1 Avian Toxicity Data Extracted and Reviewed for Wildlife Toxicity Reference Value (TRV) - Lead

Appendix 6-1 Mammalian Toxicity Data Extracted and Reviewed for Wildlife Toxicity Reference Value (TRV) - Lead

### Eco-SSL for Lead March 2005 1 

### 1.0 INTRODUCTION

Ecological Soil Screening Levels (Eco-SSLs) are concentrations of contaminants in soil that are protective of ecological receptors that commonly come into contact with soil or ingest biota that live in or on soil. Eco-SSLs are derived separately for four groups of ecological receptors: plants, soil invertebrates, birds, and mammals. As such, these values are presumed to provide adequate protection of terrestrial ecosystems. Eco-SSLs for wildlife are derived to be protective of the representative of the conservative end of the distribution in order to make estimates for local populations. The Eco-SSLs are conservative and are intended to be applied at the screening stage of an ecological risk assessment. These screening levels should be used to identify the contaminants of potential concern (C OPCs) that require further evaluation in the site-specific baseline ecological risk assessment that is completed according to specific guidance (U.S. EPA, 1997, 1998, and 1999). The Eco-SSLs are not designed to be used as cleanup levels and United States (U.S.) Environmental Protec tion Agency (EPA) emphasizes that it would be inappropriate to adopt or modify these Eco-SSLs as cleanup standards.

The detailed procedures used to derive Eco-SSL values are described in separate documentation (U.S. EPA, 2003). The derivation procedures represent the collaborative effort of a multi-stakeholder team consisting of federal, state, consulting, industry, and academic participants led by the U.S. EPA, Office of Solid Waste and Emergency Response.

This document provides the Eco-SSL values for lead and the documentation for their derivation. This document provides guidance and is designed to communicate national policy on identifying lead concentrations in soil that may present an unacceptable ecological risk to terrestrial receptors. The document does not, however, substitute for EPA's statutes or regulations, nor is it a regulation itself. Thus, it does not impose legally-binding requirements on EPA, states, or the regulated community, and may not apply to a particular situation based upon the circumstances of the site. EPA may change this guidance in the future, as appropriate. EPA and state personnel may use and accept other technically sound approaches, either on their own initiative, or at the suggestion of potentially responsible parties, or other interested parties. Therefore, interested parties are free to raise questions and objections about the substance of this document and the appropriateness of the application of this document to a particular situation. EPA welcomes public comments on this document at any time and may consider such comments in future revisions of this document.

2.0 SUMMARY OF ECO-SSLs FOR LEAD

Lead is a naturally occurring element which can be found in all environmental media: air, soil, sediment, and water. The extent of occurrence of lead in the earth's crust is about 15 g/ton, or 0.002%. Lead occurs chiefly as a sulfide in galena. Other lead minerals include anglesite (PbSO 4 

### ), cerussite (PbCO 3 

### ), mimetite (PbCl 2 

### C 

### 3Pb 3 

### (AsO 4 

### ) 2 

### ), and pyromorphite [PbCl 2 

### C



### 3Pb 3 

### (PO 4 

### ) 2 

### )] (Budavari, 1996). Lead is released to the environment from coal-fired power

### Eco-SSL for Lead March 2005 2 

### plants, ceramic manufacturing, mining, ore pro cessing, smelting of lead ores, refining, the production and use of lead alloys and compounds, recycling, combustion processes, industrial processes, and from disposal. Lead may also be deposited on land as slag, dust, sludge, and water treatment residues from manufacturing and waste treatment processes (NRCC, 1978, U.S. EPA, 1979).

Lead in soil is relatively immobile and persistent whether added to the soil as halides, hydroxides, oxides, carbonates, or sulfates (U.S. EPA, 1979). When released to soil, lead is normally converted from soluble lead compounds to relatively insoluble sulfate or phosphate derivatives. It also forms complexes with organic matter and clay minerals which limits its mobility. The efficient fixation of lead in soils limits the transfer of lead to aquatic systems. However, leaching of lead can be relatively rapid from some soils, especially at highly contaminated sites or landfills (Kayser et al., 1982). Lead is most available from acidic sandy soils which contain little material capable of bi nding lead (NRCC, 1978). Concentrations of lead in soil solution reach a minimum between pH 5 and 6 because metal-organic complexes form inthis pH range. Only a small fraction of lead in lead-contaminated soil appears to be in watersoluble form (0.2-1%) ( http://toxnet.nlm.nih.gov ). The uptake of lead by plants also depends on other factors including cation exchange capacity, soil composition (e.g., organic matter content, calcium content), metal concentrations, precip itation, light, and temperature. Lead uptake by plants is favored at lower pH values and in soils with low organic carbon content (DeMayo et al, 1982).

Lead may also be found in soils as stable organic compounds or metallic lead or lead alloys from the use of lead shot or fishing weights. The Ec o-SSLs are derived for the inorganic forms of lead found in soils and are not derived for either organic lead compounds or metallic lead shot. If these waste sources are suspected to be present or are present, then a site-specific evaluation of risks associated with these forms of lead will be required outside of the use of the Eco-SSL values.

Lead is not considered to be an essential element for plant growth and development. Lead inhibits growth, reduces photosynthesis (by inhibiting enzymes unique to photosynthesis), interferes with cell division and respiration, reduces water absorption and transpiration, accelerates abscission or defoliation and pigmentation, and reduces chlorophyll and ATP synthesis (U.S. EPA, 1979).

Lead is also not considered an essential element for birds or mammals. Clinical signs of lead toxicity in domestic animals are manifested diffe rently for different species, but the overall signs are of encephalopathy preceded and accompanied by gastrointestinal malfunction (Booth and MacDonald, 1982). Behavorial signs of poisoning include anxiety, apprehension, hyperexcitability, vocalization, rolling of eyes, apparent fear or terror, possible belligerence, pressing of the head against a wall or post, attempts to climb a wall, sudden jumping into the air, frenzied or manical behavior (Booth and MacD onald, 1982). Locomotor disturbances of lead poisoning range from a stiff, stilted gait with ataxia and incoordination to rigidity of all postural muscles, swaying, and posterior weakness to compulsive hypermotility (circling, pacing, running). (Booth and MacDonald, 1982).

### Eco-SSL for Lead March 2005 3 0 20 40 60 80 100 120

East WestConc (mg/kg dw)



### Figure 2.1 Typical Background Concentrations of Lead in U.S. Soils Maximum

95th

25th 50th 75th

5th Percentile 

### Lead can interfere with the synthesis of heme, thereby altering the urinary or blood concentration of enzymes and intermediates in heme synthesis or their derivatives. Thus, lead poisoning can lead to accumulation of non-heme iron and protoporphyrin-IX in red cells, an increase in delta-aminolevulinic acid (ALA) in blood and urine, an increase in urinary coproporphyrin, proporphyrin, and porphobilinogen, inhibition of blood ALA-dehydratase (ALA-D), and an increased proportion of immature red cells in the blood (reticulocytes and basophilic stippled cells (NIOSH, 1978). One of the characteristic ce llular metabolic reactions in lead intoxication is the formation of intranuclear inclusion bodies, a discrete, dense-staining mass found in the liver parenchyma and in the tubular lining cells of the kidney (Clayton and Clayton, 1994). The intranuclear inclusion bodies are a lead protein complex that may have adaptive function in excessive lead exposure (NIOSH, 1978). Other signs of lead poisoning in domestic animals include rapid labored breathing, anorexia, wei ght loss, decreased milk production, dehydration, emaciation, fetal death with either resorption or abortion of the fetus, general weakness (Booth and MacDonald, 1982), paraplegia (WHO, 1977), mortality and impaired postnatal growth (Rattner et al., 1975), reduced pregnancy rate (Kennedy et al., 1975), and interference with resistance to infectious disease (Gainer, 1974) ( http://toxnet.nlm.nih.gov ).

The Eco-SSL values derived to date for lead are summarized in Table 2.1.

Table 2.1 Lead Eco-SSLs (mg/kg dry weight in soil)

Plants Soil Invertebrates Wildlife

Avian Mammalian

120 1,700 11 56



### Eco-SSL values for lead were derived for all receptor groups. The Eco-SSLs range from 11 mg/kg dry weight (dw) for avian wildlife to 1,700 mg/kg dw for soil invertebrates. The Eco-SSL values for lead for plants, soil invertebrates, and mammalian wildlife are higher than the 95 th 

### percentiles of reported background concentrations for both eastern and western U.S. soils (Figure 2.1) (at 38 and 32mg/kg, respectively. The EcoSSL value for lead for avian wildlife is, however, lower than the 50 th 

### percentile for reported background concentrations in eastern and western U.S. soils (Figure 2.1). Background concentrations reported for many metals in U.S. soils are described in Attachment 1-4 of the Eco-SSL guidance (U.S. EPA, 2003).

### Eco-SSL for Lead March 2005 4 

### 3.0 ECO-SSL FOR TERRESTRIAL PLANTS

Of the papers identified from the literature search process, 439 were selected for acquisition for further review. Of those papers acquired, 28 met all 11 Study Acceptance Criteria (U.S. EPA, 2003; Attachment 3-1). Each of these papers were reviewed and the studies were scored according to the Eco-SSL guidance (U.S. EPA, 2003; Attachment 3-2). Thirty studies received an Evaluation Score greater than ten. These studies are listed in Table 3.1.

The data in Table 3.1 are sorted by bioavailability score. There are eleven studies eligible for Eco-SSL derivation. There are four studies eligible for Eco-SSL derivation with a bioavailability score of 2 and all were used to derive the plant Eco-SSL for lead (U.S. EPA, 2003; Attachment 3-2). The Eco-SSL is the geometric mean of the maximum acceptable toxicant concentration (MATC) values for four test species under three different test conditions (pH and % organic matter (OM)) and is equal to 120 mg/kg dw.

4.0 ECO-SSL FOR SOIL INVERTEBRATES

Of the papers identified from the literature search process, 179 were selected for acquisition for further review. Of those papers acquired, 13 met all 11 Study Acceptance Criteria (U.S. EPA, 2003; Attachment 3-1). Each of these papers were reviewed and the studies were scored according to the Eco-SSL guidance (U.S. EPA, 2003; Attachment 3-2). Eighteen studies received an Evaluation Score greater than ten. These studies are listed in Table 4.1.
The data in Table 4.1 are sorted by bioavailability score. There are four studies eligible for EcoSSL derivation and all were used to derive the soil invertebrate Eco-SSL for lead (U.S. EPA, 2003; Attachment 3-2). The Eco-SSL is the geometric mean of the MATC values for one test species under three different test conditions (pH) and is equal to 1,700 mg/kg dw.

5.0 ECO-SSL FOR AVIAN WILDLIFE

The derivation of the Eco-SSL for avian wildlife wa s completed as two parts. First, the toxicity reference values (TRV) was derived according to the Eco-SSL guidance (U.S. EPA, 2003; Attachment 4-5)

. Second, the Eco-SSL (soil concentration) was back-calculated for each of three surrogate species based on the wildlife exposure model and the TRV (U.S. EPA, 2003).

5.1 Avian TRV

The literature search completed according to the Eco-SSL guidance (U.S. EPA, 2003; Attachment 4-2) identified 2,429 papers with possible toxicity data for lead for either avian or mammalian species. Of these papers, 2,157 were rejected for use as described in Section 7.5. Of the remaining papers, 54 contained data for avian test species. These papers were reviewed and the data were extracted and scored according to the Eco-SSL guidance (U.S. EPA, 2003; Attachment 4-3 and 4-4). The results of the data extraction and review are summarized in Table 5.1. The complete results are included as Appendix 5-1.Table 3.1 Plant Toxicity Data - LeadReference Study ID Soil pH OM %BioavailabilityScoreEREToxParameterTox Value(Soil Conc.mg/kg dw)TotalEvaluationScoreEligible forEco-SSLDerivation?Used forEco-SSL?Davis and Barnes, 1973 aLoblolly pinePinus taeda4 2.5 2 GRO MATC 144 12 Y YDavis and Barnes, 1973 bRed mapleAcer rubrum4 2.5 2 GRO MATC 144 12 Y YMarques Dos Santos et al., 1993 bBerseem cloverTrifolium alexandrium6.3 0.94 2 GRO MATC 316 14 Y YMarques Dos Santos et al., 1993 aBerseem cloverTrifolium alexandrium6.7 3.11 1 GRO MATC 141 13 Y NSingh and Jeng, 1993 RyegrassLolium rigidum5.6 0.1 2 GRO MATC 22 14 Y Y115Chappelka et al., 1991Loblolly pinePinus taeda5.5 3.4 2 GRO NOAEC 480 12 N NDixon, 1988Red OakQuerus rubras6 1.5 2 GRO LOAEC 100 19 N NGaweda, 1991 aSpinachSpinacia oleracea6.7 0.0 2 GRO NOAEC 600 14 N NTaylor, 1974AlfalfaMedicago sativa6.4 1.0 2 GRO NOAEC 250 11 N NTaylor and Allinson, 1981 hAlfalfaMedicago sativa6.9 1.7 2 GRO NOAEC 250 15 N NTaylor and Allinson, 1981 IAlfalfaMedicago sativa6.9 1.7 2 GRO NOAEC 250 15 N NZaman and Zereen, 1998 a RadishRaphanus sativus6.9 1.0 2 GRO, BIO LOAEC 500 14 N NZaman and Zereen, 1998 b RadishRaphanus sativus6.9 1.0 2 GRO LOAEC 100 14 N NZaman and Zereen, 1998 c RadishRaphanus sativus6.9 1.0 2 GRO LOAEC 100 14 N NBalba et al., 1991 bTomatoLycopersicum esculentum7.73 1.70 1 REP MATC 71 15 Y NBalba et al., 1991 cTomatoLycopersicum esculentum8.20 0.86 1 REP MATC 71 15 Y NDang et al., 1990 gFenugreekTrigonella foenum8.3 0.5 1 GRO MATC 283 11 Y NGaweda, 1991 bSpinachSpinacia oleracea6.7 3.0 1 GRO MATC 424 13 Y NHassett et al., 1976CornZea mays6.5 2.1 1 GRO MATC 158 15 Y NXiong, 1997Sow thistleSonchous oleraceusL.7.23 1.6 1 GRO MATC 2263 14 Y NDang et al., 1990 dOnionAllium cepa8.3 0.5 1 GRO LOAEC 50 11 N NGaweda and Capecka, 1995 a RadishRaphanus sativus5.1 8.0 1 GRO NOAEC 600 13 N NKadar and Morvai, 1998 aCarrotDaucus carota7.0 0.6 1 GRO NOAEC 85 11 N NKadar and Morvai, 1998 bPeasPisum sativum7.0 0.6 1 GRO NOAEC 85 11 N NPatel et al., 1977BarleyHordeum vulgare6.0 2.5 1 GRO NOAEC 1000 12 N NTaylor and Allinson, 1981 gAlfalfaMedicago sativa6.9 4.8 1 GRO NOAEC 250 14 N NBalba et al., 1991 aTomatoLycopersicum esculentum7.45 2.06 0 REP MATC 35 14 N NGaweda, 1991 cSpinachSpinacia oleracea6.7 8.0 0 GRO NOAEC 600 12 N NGaweda and Capecka, 1995 b RadishRaphanus sativus6.2 8.0 0 GRO NOAEC 600 13 N NGaweda and Capecka, 1995 c RadishRaphanus sativus7.1 8.0 0 GRO NOAEC 600 13 N NBIO = BiomassERE = Ecologically relevant endpointNOAEC = No observed adverse effect concentrationGRO = GrowthOM = Organic matter contentLOAEC = Lowest observed adverse effect concentration Y = YesMATC = Maximum acceptable toxicant concentration. Geometric mean of NOAEC and LOAEC.Bioavailability Score described inGuidance for Developing Eco-SSLs(U.S. EPA, 2003)N = NoTotal Evaluation Score described inGuidance for Developing Eco-SSLs(U.S. EPA, 2003)REP = ReproductionTest OrganismGeometric MeanData Not Used to Derive Eco-SSLEco-SSL for Lead5March 2005Table 4.1 Invertebrate Toxicity Data - LeadReferenceStudyIDSoil pH OM %Bio-availabilityScoreEREToxParameterTox Value(Soil Conc.mg/kg dw)TotalEvaluationScoreEligible forEco-SSLDerivation?Used forEco-SSL?Sandifer and Hopkin, 1996 a CollembolaFolsomia candida6.0 10.0 1 REP MATC 3162 16 Y YSandifer and Hopkin, 1996 c CollembolaFolsomia candida4.5 10.0 1 REP MATC 3162 16 Y YSandifer and Hopkin, 1996 b CollembolaFolsomia candida5.0 10.0 1 REP MATC 894 15 Y YSandifer and Hopkin, 1997 CollembolaFolsomia candida6.0 10.0 1 REP MATC 894 15 Y Y1682Peredney and Williams, 2000b sNematodeCaenorhabditis elegans4 1.14 2 MORLC50285 13 N NPeredney and Williams, 2000b tNematodeCaenorhabditis elegans4 1.14 2 MORLC50297 13 N NPeredney and Williams, 2000b uNematodeCaenorhabditis elegans4 4.2 2 MORLC50847 13 N NPeredney and Williams, 2000b vNematodeCaenorhabditis elegans4 4.2 2 MORLC501341 13 N NDonkin and Dusenbery, 1994 aNematodeCaenorhabditis elegans6.2 1.7 2 MORLC501554 14 N NDonkin and Dusenbery, 1994 bNematodeCaenorhabditis elegans5.1 3.0 2 MORLC50891 14 N NSpurgeon et al., 1994EarthwormEisenia fetida6.3 10.0 1 REPEC501940 15 N NSpurgeon and Hopkin, 1995EarthwormEisenia fetida6.1 10.0 1 REPEC501629 15 N NNeuhauser et al., 1985a; 1985b bEarthwormEisenia fetida6.0 10.0 1 MORLC503716 13 N NConder and Lanno, 2000 EarthwormEisenia fetida6.5 10.0 1 MOR ILL 1.16 16 N NPeredney and Williams, 2000a; 2000b w NematodeCaenorhabditis elegans4 10 1 MORLC501434 12 N NPeredney and Williams, 2000b x NematodeCaenorhabditis elegans4 10 1 MOR NOAEC 2235 12 N NDonkin and Dusenbery, 1994 cNematodeCaenorhabditis elegans6.1 3.4 1 MORLC5013.9 13 N NDonkin and Dusenbery, 1994 dNematodeCaenorhabditis elegans6.2 2.2 1 MORLC5011.6 13 N NEC50= Effect concentration for 50% of test populationERE = Ecologically relevant endpointILL = Incipient lethal levelLC50= Concentration lethal to 50% of test populationLOAEC = Lowest observed adverse effect concentrationOM = Organic matter contentREP = ReproductionMATC = Maximum acceptable toxicant concentration = geometric mean of NOAEC and LOAECMOR = MortalityN = NoNOAEC = No observed adverse effect concentrationY = YesBioavailability Score described inGuidance for Developing Eco-SSLs(USEPA, 2003)Total Evaluation Score described inGuidance for Developing Eco-SSLs(USEPA, 2003)Test OrganismGeometric MeanData Not Used to Derive Eco-SSLEco-SSL for Lead6 March 2005Table 5.1 Avian Toxicity Data Extracted for Wildlife Toxicity Reference Value (TRV) Lead Page 1 of 2Result #

Reference Ref No. Test Organism# of Conc/ DosesMethod of AnalysesRoute of ExposureExposure DurationDuration UnitsAgeAge UnitsLifestageSexEffect TypeEffect MeasureResponse SiteNOAEL Dose(mg/kg bw/day)LOAEL Dose(mg/kg bw/day)Data Evaluation Score

1 Scheuhammer, 1987 2860 Zebra finch ( Poephila guttata ) 7 U FD 35 d NR NR AD M ENZ ALAD BL 0.0584 0.292 69 2 Edens and Garlich, 1983 2608 Japanese quail ( Coturnix japonica ) 4 U FD 5 w 6 w JV F CHM CALC BL 0.194 1.94 68 3 Edens and Garlich, 1983 2608 Japanese quail ( Coturnix japonica ) 4 U FD 5 w 6 d JV F CHM CALC BL 0.194 1.94 70 4 Finley et al., 1976 2624 Mallard ( Anas platyrhynchos ) 4 M FD 12 w 1 yr AD M ENZ ALAD BL 0.201 0.586 78 5 Edens and Garlich, 1983 2608 Chicken ( Gallus domesticus ) 5 U FD 2 w NR NR AD F CHM CALC BL 6.24 12.5 72 6 Morgan et al., 1975 2779 Japanese quail ( Coturnix japonica ) 5 U FD 5 w 6 d JV NR CHM HMGL BL 12.6 126 69 7 Morgan et al., 1975 2779 Japanese quail ( Coturnix japonica ) 5 U FD 5 w 1 d JV NR CHM HMGL BL 13.5 67.4 69 8 Stone et al., 1981 6463 Japanese quail ( Coturnix japonica ) 5 U FD 14 d 1 d JV B CHM HMGL BL 34.5 69 9 Edens et al., 1976 2606 Japanese quail ( Coturnix japonica ) 5 U FD 12 w 0 d JV F CHM CALC BL 0.111 67 10 Franson et al., 1983 2636 American kestrel ( Falco sparverius ) 3 M FD 6 mo 1-6 yr AD B ENZ ALAD BL 2.52 71 11 Kendall and Scanlon, 1982 14770 Ringed Turtle Dove ( Streptopelia risoria ) 4 U GV 7 d NR NR AD M ENZ ALAD BL 25.0 68 12 Hoffman et al, 1985 11651 American kestrel ( Falco sparverius ) 4 U GV 10 d 1 d JV NR CHM HMGL BL 26.3 77 13 Edens and Melvin, 1989 2609 Japanese quail ( Coturnix japonica ) 2 U FD 7 w 14 w JV F CHM CALC PL 93.1 66

14 Finley et al., 1976 2624 Mallard ( Anas platyrhynchos ) 4 M FD 12 w 1 yr AD M FDB FCNS WO 2.47 66 15 Edens and Garlich, 1983 2608 Chicken ( Gallus domesticus ) 5 U FD 10 w NR NR AD F FDB FCNS WO 3.26 6.52 75 16 Damron et al, 1969 14768 Chicken ( Gallus domesticus ) 4 U FD 4 w 4 w JV NR FDB FEFF WO 7.10 71.0 72 17 Pattec 1984 2809 American kestrel ( Falco sparverius ) 3 M FD 6 mo 1 - 6 yr AD B FDB FCNS WO 12.0 75 18 Damron et al, 1969 14768 Chicken ( Gallus domesticus ) 4 U FD 4 w 4 w JV NR FDB FEFF WO 61.4 123 74 19 Donaldson and McGowan, 1989 1285 Chicken ( Gallus domesticus ) 5 U FD 20 d 1 d JV M FDB FEFF WO 163 68 20 Bafundo et al. 1984 2517 Chicken ( Gallus domesticus ) 4 U FD 14 d 8 d JV M BEH FEFF WO 304 456 73 21 Edens and Garlich, 1983 2608 Japanese quail ( Coturnix japonica ) 4 U FD 5 w 1 d JV F FDB FCNS WO 1.94 19.4 71 22 Barthalmus et al., 1977 2526 Pigeon ( Columba livia ) 4 U GV 17 d NR NR AD M BEH NMVM WO 6.25 71 23 Stone and Soares, 1976 2898 Japanese quail ( Coturnix japonica ) 3 U FD 32 d NR NR AD F FDB FCNS WO 64.3 68 24 Edens and Melvin, 1989 2609 Japanese quail ( Coturnix japonica ) 2 U FD 7 w 14 w JV F FDB FCNS WO 93.1 69 25 Bafundo et al. 1984 2517 Chicken ( Gallus domesticus ) 4 U FD 14 d 8 d JV M BEH FEFF WO 456 67

26 Edens and Garlich, 1983 2608 Chicken ( Gallus domesticus ) 5 U FD 10 w NR NR AD F PHY SKIR FE 6.24 12.5 75

27 Finley et al., 1976 2624 Mallard ( Anas platyrhynchos ) 4 M FD 12 w 1 yr AD M GRS BDWT WO 2.33 66 28 Stone and Fox, 1984 6291 Japanese quail ( Coturnix japonica ) 3 U FD 14 d 1 d JV B ORW ORWT LI 2.77 68 29 Stone et al., 1977 2897 Japanese quail ( Coturnix japonica ) 2 U FD 2 w 1 d JV NR ORW SMIX KI 4.64 66 30 Edens and Garlich, 1983 2608 Chicken ( Gallus domesticus ) 5 U FD 10 w NR NR AD F GRS BDWT WO 6.24 12.5 75 31 Edens et al., 1976 2606 Japanese quail ( Coturnix japonica ) 5 U FD 12 w 0 d JV M ORW ORWT LI 11.89 119 75 32 Pattec 1984 2809 American kestrel ( Falco sparverius ) 3 M FD 6 mo 1 - 6 yr AD B GRS BDWT WO 12.0 84 33 Franson et al., 1983 2636 American kestrel ( Falco sparverius ) 3 M FD 6 mo 1-6 yr AD B ORW SMIX MT 14.1 70 34 Barthalmus et al., 1977 2526 Pigeon ( Columba livia ) 4 U GV 55 d NR NR AD M GRS BDWT WO 12.5 25.0 77 35 Cory-Slechta et al., 1980 2576 Pigeon ( Columba livia ) 4 U GV 35 d NR NR NR M ITX GITX WO 18.0 53.0 77 36 Hoffman et al., 1985 2696 American kestrel ( Falco sparverius ) 4 U GV 10 d 1 d JV NR ORW ORWT BR 25.0 125 84 37 Morgan et al., 1975 2779 Japanese quail ( Coturnix japonica ) 5 U FD 5 w 1 d JV M ORW SMIX AR 67.4 135 74 38 Kendall and Scanlon, 1982 14770 Ringed Turtle Dove ( Streptopelia risoria ) 4 U GV 7 d NR NR AD M GRS BDWT WO 75.0 69 39 Edens and Melvin, 1989 2609 Japanese quail ( Coturnix japonica ) 2 U FD 7 w 14 w JV F ORW SMIX FM 93.1 67 40 Edens, 1985 2605 Japanese quail ( Coturnix japonica ) 5 U FD 12 w 1 w JV F ORW SMIX BR 118 68 41 Vengris and Mare, 1974 14384 Chicken ( Gallus domesticus ) 7 U GV 35 d 6 w JV B ITX ANR WO 160 320 81 42 Rao et al., 1989 818 Duck ( Anas platyrhynchos ) 2 U FD 12 w 7 mo JV F HIS GLBM KI 1.71 67 43 Rao et al. 1989 817 Duck ( Anas platyrhynchos ) 2 U FD 13 w 7 mo JV F HIS GHIS KI 2.46 67 44 Anders et al., 1982 2513 Pigeon ( Columba livia ) 2 U GV 5 w NR NR AD M HIS GHIS KI 6.25 68 45 Donaldson and McGowan, 1989 1285 Chicken ( Gallus domesticus ) 5 U FD 20 d 1 d JV M ORW ORWT LI 38.2 67 46 Stone and Soares, 1976 2898 Japanese quail ( Coturnix japonica ) 3 U FD 32 d NR NR AD F ORW SMIX LI 64.3 68 47 Cupo and Donaldson, 1987 2579 Chicken ( Gallus domesticus ) 2 U FD 21 d 1 d JV M ORW ORWT AR 194 68 48 Johnsen and Damron 1982 2724 Goose ( Anser cygnides ) 5 U FD 12 w 26 w JV NR HIS GHIS LI 196 68 49 Stone and Soares, 1976 2898 Japanese quail ( Coturnix japonica ) 2 U FD 27 d NR NR AD F ORW SMIX TB 377 68

50 Edens and Garlich, 1983 2608 Japanese quail ( Coturnix japonica ) 4 U FD 5 w 6 w LB F REP PROG WO 0.194 1.94 77 51 Edens and Garlich, 1983 2608 Chicken ( Gallus domesticus ) 3 U FD 4 w NR NR LB F REP PROG WO 1.63 3.26 79 52 Meluzzi et al., 1996 2771 Chicken ( Gallus domesticus ) 4 U FD 30 d 22 w LB F EGG ALWT EG 2.69 4.04 81 53 Haegele et al. 1974 2668 Mallard ( Anas platyrhynchos ) 2 U FD 76 d NR NR SM F EGG ESTH EG 5.63 71 54 Pattec 1984 2809 American kestrel ( Falco sparverius ) 3 M FD 6 mo 1-6 yr AD F REP RSUC WO 12.0 90 55 Morgan et al., 1975 2779 Japanese quail ( Coturnix japonica ) 5 U FD 5 w 6 d JV M REP TEWT TE 12.6 126 78 56 Morgan et al., 1975 2779 Japanese quail ( Coturnix japonica ) 5 U FD 5 w 1 d JV M REP TEWT TE 67.4 135 80 57 Stone and Soares, 1976 2898 Japanese quail ( Coturnix japonica ) 3 U FD 32 d NR NR AD F REP PROG WO 125 67 58 Edens et al., 1976 2606 Japanese quail ( Coturnix japonica ) 5 U FD 12 w 0 d LB B REP EGPN EG 0.110 77 Reproduction Biochemical

Behavior

Pathology Physiology

Eco-SSL for Lead March 2005Table 5.1 Avian Toxicity Data Extracted for Wildlife Toxicity Reference Value (TRV) Lead Page 2 of 2Result #

Reference Ref No. Test Organism# of Conc/ DosesMethod of AnalysesRoute of ExposureExposure DurationDuration UnitsAgeAge UnitsLifestageSexEffect TypeEffect MeasureResponse SiteNOAEL Dose(mg/kg bw/day)LOAEL Dose(mg/kg bw/day)Data Evaluation Score

59 Edens and Garlich, 1983 2608 Japanese quail ( Coturnix japonica ) 4 U FD 12 w NR NR LB F REP PROG WO 0.194 75 60 Edens and Garlich, 1983 2608 Chicken ( Gallus domesticus ) 5 U FD 10 w NR NR LB F REP PROG WO 3.26 75 61 Kendall and Scanlon, 1981 2734 Ringed Turtle Dove ( Streptopelia risoria ) 2 U DR 11 w NR NR AD M REP TEWT TE 11.8 68 62 Edens and Melvin, 1989 2609 Japanese quail ( Coturnix japonica ) 2 U FD 1 w 14 w JV F REP TPRD WO 93.1 75 63 Stone and Soares, 1976 2898 Japanese quail ( Coturnix japonica ) 2 U FD 27 d NR NR AD F REP PROG WO 377 74

64 Edens and Garlich, 1983 2608 Japanese quail ( Coturnix japonica ) 3 U FD 5 w 1 d JV F GRO BDWT WO 1.56 15.6 77 65 Stone and Fox, 1984 6291 Japanese quail ( Coturnix japonica ) 3 U FD 2 w 1 d JV B GRO BDWT WO 2.77 72 66 Stone et al., 1977 2897 Japanese quail ( Coturnix japonica ) 2 U FD 2 w 1 d JV NR GRO BDWT WO 4.64 70 67 Edens and Melvin, 1989 2609 Japanese quail ( Coturnix japonica ) 3 U FD 4 w 0 d JV F GRO BDWT WO 5.93 59.3 76 68 Damron et al, 1969 14768 Chicken ( Gallus domesticus ) 4 U FD 4 w 4 w JV NR GRO BDWT WO 6.14 61.4 76 69 Damron et al, 1969 14768 Chicken ( Gallus domesticus ) 4 U FD 4 w 4 w JV NR GRO BDWT WO 7.10 71.0 76 70 Edens et al., 1976 2606 Japanese quail ( Coturnix japonica ) 5 U FD 12 w 0 d JV F GRO BDWT WO 11.1 111 79 71 Edens, 1985 2605 Japanese quail ( Coturnix japonica ) 5 U FD 12 w 1 w JV F GRO BDWT WO 11.2 112 76 72 Morgan et al., 1975 2779 Japanese quail ( Coturnix japonica ) 5 U FD 2 w 6 d JV NR GRO BDWT WO 12.6 126 76 73 Morgan et al., 1975 2779 Japanese quail ( Coturnix japonica ) 5 U FD 1 w 1 d JV NR GRO BDWT WO 13.5 67.4 76 74 Howell and Hill, 1978 1387 Chicken ( Gallus domesticus ) 2 U FD 21 d 1 d JV B GRO BDWT WO 14.2 67 75 Jeng et. al, 1979 2718 Duck ( Anas platyrhynchos ) 3 U GV 3 mo 24 w MA F GRO BDWT WO 20.0 87 76 Hoffman et al., 1985 2696 American kestrel (Falco sparverius ) 4 U GV 10 d 1 d JV NR GRO BDWT WO 25.0 125 88 77 Howell and Hill, 1978 1387 Chicken ( Gallus domesticus ) 2 U FD 20 d 1 d JV B GRO BDWT WO 28.4 67 78 Stone et al., 1981 6463 Japanese quail ( Coturnix japonica ) 5 U FD 14 d 1 d JV B GRO BDWT WO 34.5 77 79 Custer et al., 1984 2581 American kestrel ( Falco sparverius ) 4 M FD 60 d 1-2 yr AD B GRO BDWT WO 54.3 68 80 Berg et al., 1980 2534 Chicken ( Gallus domesticus ) 5 U FD 2 w 1 d JV M GRO BDWT WO 61.3 123 83 81 Frederick, 1976 2638 Mallard ( Anas platyrhynchos ) 4 U FD 8 d 9 d JV NR GRO BDWT WO 66.9 67 82 Donaldson and McGowan, 1989 1285 Chicken ( Gallus domesticus ) 5 U FD 20 d 1 d JV M GRO BDWT WO 38.2 72 83 Latta and Donaldson, 1986 2744 Chicken ( Gallus domesticus ) 2 U FD 3 w 1 d JV M GRO BDWT WO 53.1 71 84 Stone and Soares, 1976 2898 Japanese quail ( Coturnix japonica ) 3 U FD 32 d NR NR AD F GRO BDWT WO 64.3 72 85 Leeming and Donaldson, 1984 2748 Chicken ( Gallus domesticus ) 2 U FD 19 d 1 d JV M GRO BDWT WO 76.3 71 86 Berg et al., 1980 2534 Chicken ( Gallus domesticus ) 3 U FD 2 w 1 d JV M GRO BDWT WO 124 77 87 Bafundo et al. 1984 2517 Chicken ( Gallus domesticus ) 4 U FD 14 d 8 d JV M GRO BDWT WO 152 71 88 Donaldson, 1986 2600 Chicken ( Gallus domesticus ) 2 U FD 20 d 1 d JV M GRO BDWT WO 163 72 89 Khan, et al, 1993 5507 Chicken ( Gallus domesticus ) 2 U OR 4 w NR NR JV B GRO BDWT WO 200 74 90 Cupo and Donaldson, 1987 2579 Chicken ( Gallus domesticus ) 2 U FD 7 d 1 d JV M GRO BDWT WO 262 72 91 Berg et al., 1980 2534 Chicken ( Gallus domesticus ) 2 U FD 2 w 1 d JV M GRO BDWT WO 270 77 92 Franson and Custer, 1982 2635 Chicken ( Gallus domesticus ) 2 U FD 7 d 1 d IM NR GRO BDWT WO 273 72 93 Bafundo et al. 1984 2517 Chicken ( Gallus domesticus ) 2 U FD 14 d 8 d JV M GRO BDWT WO 282 71

94 Finley et al., 1976 2624 Mallard ( Anas platyrhynchos ) 4 M FD 12 w 1 yr AD M MOR MORT WO 2.47 80 95 Barthalmus et al., 1977 2526 Pigeon ( Columba livia ) 4 U GV 40 d NR NR AD M MOR MORT WO 12.5 25.0 82 96 Howell and Hill, 1978 1387 Chicken ( Gallus domesticus ) 2 U FD 21 d 1 d JV B MOR MORT WO 14.2 77 97 Howell and Hill, 1978 1387 Chicken ( Gallus domesticus ) 2 U FD 20 d 1 d JV B MOR MORT WO 28.4 77 98 Custer et al., 1984 2581 American kestrel ( Falco sparverius ) 4 M FD 60 d 1-2 yr AD B MOR MORT WO 54.3 78 99 Frederick, 1976 2638 Mallard ( Anas platyrhynchos ) 4 U FD 8 d 9 d JV NR MOR MORT WO 66.9 77 100 Hoffman et al., 1985 2696 American kestrel ( Falco sparverius ) 4 U GV 10 d 1 d JV NR MOR SURV WO 125 625 89 101 Vengris and Mare, 1974 14384 Chicken ( Gallus domesticus ) 7 U GV 35 d 6 w JV B MOR MORT WO 160 320 86 102 Donaldson and McGowan, 1989 1285 Chicken ( Gallus domesticus ) 5 U FD 20 d 1 d JV M MOR MORT WO 163 66 103 Johnsen and Damron 1982 2724 Goose ( Anser cygnides ) 5 U FD 12 w 26 w JV NR MOR MORT WO 196 73 104 Anders et al., 1982 2513 Pigeon ( Columba livia ) 2 U GV 4 w NR NR AD M MOR MORT WO 6.25 73 105 Cupo and Donaldson, 1987 2579 Chicken ( Gallus domesticus ) 2 U FD 21 d 1 d JV M MOR MORT WO 194 73 106 Khan et al, 1993 1415 Chicken ( Gallus domesticus ) 2 U GV 7 d 43 d JV F MOR MORT WO 400 80 Survival

AD = adult; ALAD = (delta) -aminolevulinic acid dehydrogenase; ALWT = albumin weight; ANR = anorexia; AR = adrenal; B = both; B EH = behavior; BDWT = body weight changes; BEH = behavior; BL = blood; BR = brain; CALC = calcium; CHM = chemical changes; d = days; DR = Drinking water; EG = egg; EGG = effects on eggs; EGPN = egg production; ENZ = enzyme changes; ESTH = eggshell thinning; F = female; FCNS = food consumption; FD = food; FDB = feeding behavior; FE = feathers ; FEFF = feed effeciency; FM = femur; GE = gestation; GHIS = general histology; GITX = general intoxication; GLBM = glomerular basement membrane; GRO = growth; GRS = gros s body weight changes (not growth); GV = gavage; HIS = histology; HMCT = hematocrit; HMGL = hemoglobin; IM = immature; INTX = intoxication; ITX = intoxication; JV = juvenile; K I = kidney; LB = laying bird; LI = liver; MA = mature; M = male; M = measured; mo = months; MOR = effects on survival; MORT = mortality; NMVM = number of movements; NR = Not reported; OR = other oral; ORW = organ wei g ht chan g es; ORWT = or g an wei g ht; PHY = p h y siolo gy ; PL = p lasma; PROG = p ro g en y counts or numbers; REP = re p roduction; RSUC = re p roductive success; SKIR = skin irritation ; SM = sexually mature; SMIX = weight relative to body weight; SURV = survival; TB = tibia; TE = testes; TEDG = testes degenerati on; TEWT = testes weight; TPRD = total production; U = unmeasured; w = weeks; WO = whole organism; yr = years. Growth

Eco-SSL for Lead March 2005

### Eco-SSL for Lead March 2005 9 

### Within the reviewed papers, there are 106 resu lts for biochemical (BIO), behavioral (BEH), physiology (PHY), pathology (PTH), reproduction (R EP), growth (GRO), and survival (MOR) effects that meet the Data Evaluation Score of > 65 for use to derive the TRV (U.S. EPA, 2003; Attachment 4-4). These data are plotted in Figure 5.1 and correspond directly with the data presented in Table 5.1. The no-observed adverse effect level (NOAEL) results for growth and reproduction are used to calculate a geometric mean NOAEL. This mean NOAEL is examined in relationship to the lowest bounded lowest-observed adverse effect level (LOAEL) for reproduction, growth, and survival to derive the TRV according to procedures in the Eco-SSL guidance (U.S. EPA, 2003; Attachment 4-5).

A geometric mean of the NOAEL values for reproduction and growth was calculated at 10.9 mg lead/kg bw/day. However, this value is higher than the lowest bounded LOAEL for reproduction, growth, or survival (Figure 5.1). Therefore, the TRV is equal to the highest bounded NOAEL, lower than the lowest bounded LOAEL for reproduction, growth, or survival, and is equal to 1.63 mg lead/kg bw/day.

5.2 Estimation of Dose and Calculation of the Eco-SSL

Three separate Eco-SSL values were calculated for avian wildlife, one each for three receptor groups representing different trophic levels. The avian Eco-SSLs were calculated according to the Eco-SSL guidance (U.S. EPA, 2003) and are summarized in Table 5.2.

Table 5.2 Calculation of the Avian Eco-SSLs for Lead

Surrogate Receptor

Group TRV for Lead (mg dw/kg

bw/d) 1 Food Ingestion Rate (FIR) 2 (kg dw/kg bw/d) Soil Ingestion as Proportion of

Diet (P
s ) 2 Concentration of Lead in Biota Type (i) 2,3 (B i ) (mg/kg dw) Eco-SSL ( mg/kg dw) 4

Avian herbivore (dove) 1.63 0.190 0.139 ln(B i ) = 0.561 * ln(Soil j ) - 1.328 where i = plants 46

Avian ground insectivore (woodcock) 1.63 0.214 0.164 ln(B i ) = 0.807 * ln(Soil j ) - 0.218 where i = earthworms 11

Avian carnivore (hawk) 1.63 0.0353 0.057 ln(B i ) = 0.4422 * ln(Soil j ) + 0.0761 where i = mammals 510

1 The process for derivation of wildlife TRVs is de scribed in Attachment 4-5 of U.S. EPA (2003).

2 Parameters (FIR, P
s , B i values, regressions) are provided in U.S. EP A (2003) Attachment 4-1 (revised February 2005).

3 B i = Concentration in biota type (i) which repres ents 100% of the diet for the respective receptor.

4 HQ = FIR * (Soil j * P
s + B i ) / TRV) solved for HQ=1 where Soil j = Eco-SSL (Equation 4-2; U.S. EPA, 2003). NA = Not ApplicableLowest-Observed Adverse Effect DoseData Evaluation ScorePaired values from same study when joined by lineNo-Observed Adverse Effect DoseWildlife TRV Derivation Process1) There are at least three results available for two test species within the growth, reproduction, and mortality effect groups. There are enough data to derive a TRV.2) There are three NOAEL results available for calculation of a geometric mean.4) The geometric mean is equal to 10.9 mg/kg bw/d but is higher than the lowest bounded LOAEL within the reproduction, growth, and survival R effect groups.5) The avian wildlife TRV for lead is equal to 1.63 mg lead/kg bw/day which is the highest bounded NOAEL below the lowest bounded LOAEL for effects on growth, reproduction, and survival.Figure 5.1 Avian TRV Derivation for Lead6968707872696969696870787269696771687766667572757468737175727473717168696775756668667575847077778474696768817575777784748167676867686868687779817190788067777981788077757568757477727076767679767676678788677768836777767676797676768883727172717771727472777271808277777877898666738289867373800.0100.1001.00010.000100.0001000.000

Dose (mg Pb/kg bw/day)BIO-NOAELBIO-LOAELBEH-NOAELBEH-LOAELPHY-NOAELPHY-LOAELPTH-NOAELPTH-LOAELREP-NOAELREP-LOAELGRO-NOAELGRO-LOAELMOR-NOAELMOR-LOAELBiochemical (BIO)Pathology (PTH)Growth (GRO)Mortality (MOR)Reproduction (REP)Behavior (BEH)Geometric Mean ofNOAELs for REP andGRO = 10.9TRV = Highest boundedNOAEL lower than lowestbounded LOAEL for REP, GROor MOR = 1.6383Eco-SSL for Lead10 March 2005

### Eco-SSL for Lead March 2005 11 

### 6.0 ECO-SSL FOR MAMMALIAN WILDLIFE

The derivation of the Eco-SSL for mammalian wildlife was completed as two parts. First, the TRV was derived according to the Eco-SSL guidance (U.S. EPA, 2003; Attachment 4-5)

. Second, the Eco-SSL (soil concentration) was back-calculated for each of three surrogate species based on the wildlife exposure model and the TRV (U.S. EPA, 2003).

6.1 Mammalian TRV

The literature search was completed according to the Eco-SSL guidance (U.S. EPA, 2003; Attachment 4-2) and identified 2,429 papers with possible toxicity data for lead for either avian or mammalian species. Of these studies, 2,157 were rejected for use as described in Section 7.5. Of the remaining papers, 219 contained data for mammalian test species. These papers were reviewed and the data were extracted and scored according to the Eco-SSL guidance (U.S. EPA, 2003; Attachment 4-3). The results of the data extraction and review are summarized in Table 6.1. The complete results are provided in Appendix 6-1.

Within the 219 papers there were 343 results for biochemical (BIO), behavioral (BEH), physiology (PHY), pathology (PTH), reproduction (R EP), growth (GRO), and survival (MOR) endpoints with a total Data Evaluation Score >65 that were used to derive the TRV (U.S. EPA, 2003; Attachment 4-4). These data are plotted in Figure 6.1 and correspond directly with the data presented in Table 6.1. The NOAEL results for growth and reproduction are used to calculate a geometric mean NOAEL. This mean NOAEL is examined in relationship to the lowest bounded LOAEL for reproduction, growth, and survival to derive the TRV according to procedures in the Eco-SSL guidance (U.S. EPA, 2003; Attachment 4-5).

A geometric mean of the NOAEL values for reproduction and growth was calculated at 40.7 mg lead/kg bw/day. However, this value is higher than the lowest bounded LOAEL for reproduction, growth or mortality results. Therefore, the TRV is equal to the highest bounded NOAEL below the lowest bounded LOAEL for reproduction, growth, or survival and is equal to 4.70 mg lead/kg bw/day.

6.2 Estimation of Dose and Calculation of the Eco-SSL

Three separate Eco-SSL values are calculated for mammalian wildlife, one each for three receptor groups representing different trophic levels. The mammalian Eco-SSLs derived for lead are calculated according to the Eco-SSL guidance (U.S. EPA 2003) and are summarized in Table 6.2.Table 6.1 Mammalian Toxicity Data Extracted for Wildlife Toxicity Reference Value (TRV) Lead Page 1 of 6Result #

Reference Ref No. Test Organism# of Conc/ DosesMethod of AnalysesRoute of ExposureExposure DurationDuration UnitsAgeAge UnitsLifestageSexEffect TypeEffect MeasureResponse SiteNOAEL Dose(mg/kg bw/day)LOAEL Dose(mg/kg bw/day)Data Evaluation Score

1 Kimmel et al., 1980 2737 Rat ( Rattus norvegicus ) 4 U DR 10 w 21 d JV F ENZ ALAD UR 0.920 4.70 71 2 Horwitt and Cowgill, 1937 3873 Dog ( Canis familiaris ) 3 M FD 7 mo NR NR JV NR CHM HMGL BL 1.18 4.45 74 3 Azar et al., 1973 3747 Rat ( Rattus norvegicus ) 5 M FD 2 yr NR NR NR B ENZ ALAD BL 1.39 4.80 73 4 Carson et al., 1973 3830 Sheep ( Ovis aries ) 3 U FD 27 w NR NR GE F CHM PCLV BL 2.30 4.50 74 5 Azar et al., 1973 3747 Dog ( Canis familiaris ) 5 M FD 2 yr NR NR NR B ENZ ALAD BL 2.45 6.66 75 6 Jessup and Shott, 1969 11831 Rat ( Rattus norvegicus ) 5 U FD 12 mo 70 d LC B ENZ G6PD BL 4.29 8.58 71 7 Hammond et al., 1989 2675 Rat ( Rattus norvegicus ) 4 U DR 23 d 22 d JV F CHM SOMC BL 5.8 29.0 66 8 Mahaffey et al., 1973 2756 Rat ( Rattus norvegicus ) 7 U DR 10 w NR NR JV M CHM HMCT BL 5.9 12.9 70 9 Gupta et al., 1995 2666 Mouse ( Mus musculus ) 4 U GV 52 d 2 mo GE F ENZ ALAD KI 13.7 27.3 71 10 Logner et al., 1984 3889 Cattle ( Bos taurus ) 4 U FD 6 w 74 d JV M CHM PCLV BL 16.0 43.0 80 11 Barratt et al., 1989 2524 Rat ( Rattus norvegicus ) 4 U GV 9 w 10 w JV M CHM PRTL LI 18.0 180 76 12 Fick et al., 1976 3704 Sheep ( Ovis aries ) 5 U FD 84 d NR NR JV M CHM HMGL BL 32.7 66 13 Agodi et al., 1990 2507 Rat ( Rattus norvegicus ) 2 U GV 28 d 2 d JV B ENZ SCDH BR 50.0 70 14 Kempinas et. al 1988 2733 Rat ( Rattus norvegicus ) 3 U DR 90 d NR NR AD M CHM HMCT BL 61.2 122 66 15 Vyskocil et al., 1995 2923 Rat ( Rattus norvegicus ) 3 U DR 1 mo 9-10 w SM F CHM GBCM UR 81.3 320 68 16 Petrusz et al., 1979 2815 Rat ( Rattus norvegicus ) 4 U GV 18 d 2 d JV F HRM Other PI 100 200 78 17 Harry et al., 1985 2680 Rat ( Rattus norvegicus ) 2 U GV 29 d 2 d JV B CHM PRTL BR 200 72 18 Vyskocil et al., 1989 2922 Rat ( Rattus norvegicus ) 4 U DR 1 mo 8 w JV M CHM B2MG UR 320 640 66 19 Holtzman et al., 1982 2697 Rat ( Rattus norvegicus ) 4 U GV 14 d 18 d JV NR CHM PCLV BL 400 800 78 20 Holtzman et al., 1982 2697 Rat ( Rattus norvegicus ) 5 U GV 14 d 14 d JV NR CHM PCLV BL 800 1600 78 21 Holtzman et al., 1982 2697 Rat ( Rattus norvegicus ) 3 U GV 14 d 20 d JV NR CHM PCLV BL 2400 3200 78 22 Lynch et al, 1975 14380 Cattle ( Bos taurus ) 4 U OR 7 w 1 w JV M ENZ ALAD BL 0.496 77 23 Singh and Ashraf, 1989 2877 Rat ( Rattus norvegicus ) 2 U GV 10 w 5 d JV B HRM NORE BR 1.00 72 24 Nehru and Kaushal, 1991 2789 Rat ( Rattus norvegicus ) 4 U GV 15 d NR NR NR F ENZ SCDH KI 1.37 72 25 Lassen and Buck, 1979 3709 Pig ( Sus scrofa ) 5 U DR 1 w 6 w JV NR ENZ ALAD BL 3.77 69 26 Lynch et al., 1976 3711 Cattle ( Bos taurus ) 3 U OR 42 d NR NR JV M ENZ ALAD BL 4.16 77 27 Lorenzo et al., 1978 2751 Rabbit ( Oryctolagus cuniculus ) 5 U GV 30 d 1 d JV F CHM Other BL 7.20 72 28 Kelliher, et al. 1973 14377 Cattle ( Bos taurus ) 2 U FD 133 d 7 mo JV M ENZ ALAD BL 15.0 69 29 Cerklewski and Forbes, 1977 2625 Rat ( Rattus norvegicus ) 2 U FD 1 w 21 d GE M ENZ ALAD UR 15.3 66 30 Mahaffey et al., 1977 14580 Rat ( Rattus norvegicus ) 2 UX FD 10 w NR NR JV M CHM RBCE BL 15.4 72 31 Rader et al., 1981 2830 Rat ( Rattus norvegicus ) 2 U OR 6 w NR NR JV M ENZ ALAD UR 15.5 67 32 Gelman and Michaelson, 1979 14821 Rat ( Rattus norvegicus ) 4 U GV 19 d 2 d JV B CHM HMCT BL 25.0 72 33 Singh et al, 1994 21095 Rat ( Rattus norvegicus ) 3 U GV 1 mo NR NR JV F CHM POTA BL 50.0 72 34 Batra et al., 1998 2528 Rat ( Rattus norvegicus ) 2 U GV 3 mo 8 w SM M ENZ ALAD TE 50.0 72 35 White, 1977 2929 Dog ( Canis familiaris ) 3 U OR 1 w <1 yr JV NR ENZ DHYD KI 50.0 77 36 Azar et al., 1973 3747 Rat ( Rattus norvegicus ) 3 M FD 2 yr NR NR NR B ENZ ALAD BL 87.5 69 37 Rudra Pal et al., 1975 2806 Rat ( Rattus norvegicus ) 2 U FD 4 w NR NR NR M CHM HMGL BL 100 69 38 Shailesh Kumar and Desiraju, 1990 2870 Rat ( Rattus norvegicus ) 3 U GV 58 d 2 d JV B HRM DOPA BR 100 72 39 Hsu et al, 1975 14376 Pig ( Sus scrofa ) 2 U FD 2 w 4 w JV NR CHM CALC SR 173 66 40 Yagminas et al., 1990 3937 Rat ( Rattus norvegicus ) 2 U GV 91 d NR NR JV M CHM BUNT BL 200 72 41 Toews et al., 1983 2911 Rat ( Rattus norvegicus ) 2 U GV 28 d 2 d JV M CHM PRTL BR 400 72 42 Holtzman et al., 1982 2697 Rat ( Rattus norvegicus ) 4 U GV 14 d 24 d JV NR CHM PCLV BL 400 72 43 Holtzman et al., 1982 2697 Rat ( Rattus norvegicus ) 4 U GV 14 d 16 d JV NR CHM PCLV BL 1600 72

44 Dilts and Ahokas, 1979 2593 Rat ( Rattus norvegicus ) 6 U DR 21 d NR NR GE F FDB FCNS WO 1.00 5.0 68 45 Sawicka-Kapusta et al., 1987 820 Bank vole ( Clethrionomys glareolus 3 M FD 20 d NR NR AD B FDB FCNS WO 1.10 34.6 80 46 Morris et al, 1938 15125 Rat ( Rattus norvegicus ) 3 U FD 339 d 26-27 d JV B FDB FCNS WO 2.50 18.3 74 47 Hammond et al., 1989 2675 Rat ( Rattus norvegicus ) 4 U DR 23 d 22 d JV F FDB WCON WO 5.80 29.0 69 48 Lynch et al., 1976 3711 Cattle ( Bos taurus ) 3 U OR 84 d NR NR JV M FDB FCNS WO 7.79 73 49 Mahaffey et al., 1977 14580 Rat ( Rattus norvegicus ) 2 UX FD 10 w NR NR JV M FDB FCNS WO 15.4 75 50 Mahaffey et al., 1973 2756 Rat ( Rattus norvegicus ) 7 U DR 10 w NR NR JV M FDB FCNS WO 24.3 67 51 Logner et al., 1984 3889 Cattle ( Bos taurus ) 4 U FD 7 w 74 d JV M FDB FCNS WO 43.0 70 52 Sourgens et al., 1987 2889 Rat ( Rattus norvegicus ) 4 U DR 30 d 52 d JV B FDB WCON WO 56.0 285 67 53 Vyskocil et al., 1995 2923 Rat ( Rattus norvegicus ) 3 U DR 2 mo 9-10 w SM F FDB WCON WO 81.3 320 71 54 Shailesh Kumar and Desiraju, 1990 2870 Rat ( Rattus norvegicus ) 3 U GV 58 d 2 d JV B FDB FCNS WO 100 400 79 55 Maker et al., 1973 2758 Mouse ( Mus musculus ) 7 U FD 28 d NR NR LC F AVO FOOD WO 101 202 73 56 Maker et al., 1973 2758 Mouse ( Mus musculus ) 7 U FD 28 d NR NR LC F AVO FOOD WO 101 202 73 57 Sokol et al., 1985 2888 Rat ( Rattus norvegicus ) 3 U DR 30 d 52 d JV M FDB WCON WO 169 508 70 Biochemical

Behavior

Eco-SSL for Lead March 2005Table 6.1 Mammalian Toxicity Data Extracted for Wildlife Toxicity Reference Value (TRV) Lead Page 2 of 6Result #

Reference Ref No. Test Organism# of Conc/ DosesMethod of AnalysesRoute of ExposureExposure DurationDuration UnitsAgeAge UnitsLifestageSexEffect TypeEffect MeasureResponse SiteNOAEL Dose(mg/kg bw/day)LOAEL Dose(mg/kg bw/day)Data Evaluation Score

58 Yagminas et al., 1990 3937 Rat ( Rattus norvegicus ) 2 U GV 91 d NR NR JV M FDB FCNS WO 200 66 59 Lockett and Leary, 1986 633 Rat ( Rattus norvegicus ) 2 UX DR 16 mo NR NR JV M BEH ACTV WO 0.577 66 60 Wolfe et al, 1996 2502 Rat ( Rattus norvegicus ) 5 M DR 1 w 94 d JV M FDB WCON WO 23 72 61 Hammond et al., 1993 2677 Rat ( Rattus norvegicus ) 2 U DR 26 d 22 d JV F FDB WCON WO 29.5 66 62 Hammond et al., 1993 2677 Rat ( Rattus norvegicus ) 2 U DR 14 d 26 d JV F FDB WCON WO 29.9 66 63 Kishi et al., 1983 12025 Rat ( Rattus norvegicus ) 4 U GV 18 d 3 d JV M BEH RRSP WO 45.0 75 64 Nation et al., 1990 617 Rat ( Rattus norvegicus ) 2 U FD 61 d 50 d JV M BEH ACTP WO 45.7 68 65 Pankakoski et al., 1994 2807 Shrew ( Sorex araneus ) 4 M FD 31 d NR NR JV B FDB FCNS WO 61.5 72 66 Wolfe et al, 1996 2502 Rat ( Rattus norvegicus ) 2 M DR 1 w 99 d JV M FDB WCON WO 194 72 67 Hallen et al., 1995 2669 Rat ( Rattus norvegicus ) 2 U DR 13 w NR NR GE F FDB WCON WO 200 67 68 Piasekand Kostial, 1987 2817 Rat ( Rattus norvegicus ) 4 U DR 18 w NR NR JV M FDB WCON WO 216 67 69 Barrett and Livesey, 1983 10239 Rat ( Rattus norvegicus ) 4 U FD 10 d NR NR LC F BEH ACTV WO 323 74 70 Piasek and Kostial 1991 2818 Rat ( Rattus norvegicus ) 2 U DR 20 w 10 w GE F FDB WCON WO 750 67 71 Gulati et al, 1985 2837 Mouse ( Mus musculus ) 4 M DR 1 w 11 w JV F FDB WCON WO 775 69 72 Michaelson and Sauerhoff, 1974 2774 Rat ( Rattus norvegicus ) 2 U FD 18 d NR NR LC F FDB FCNS WO 6170 68

73 Boscolo et al, 1992 21113 Rat ( Rattus norvegicus ) 4 U DR 14 mo NR NR JV M PHY BLPR WO 1.69 3.39 68 74 Sawicka-Kapusta et al., 1987 820 Bank vole ( Clethrionomys glareolus 3 M FD 20 d NR NR AD B PHY GPHY WO 34.6 69 75 Logner et al., 1984 3889 Cattle ( Bos taurus ) 4 U FD 7 w 74 d JV M PHY BTMP WO 43.0 75 76 Rader et. al. 1981 2829 Rat ( Rattus norvegicus ) 2 U DR 5 w NR NR JV M PHY EXCR UR 16.1 67 77 Rudra Pal et al., 1975 2806 Rat ( Rattus norvegicus ) 2 U FD 4 w NR NR JV M PHY EXCR UR 100 72

78 Horwitt and Cowgill, 1937 3873 Dog ( Canis familiaris ) 3 U FD 2 mo NR NR JV NR HIS GHIS BL 1.18 4.45 77 79 Nehru and Kaushal, 1991 2789 Rat ( Rattus norvegicus ) 4 U GV 3 mo NR NR NR F HIS GHIS KI 1.37 2.73 81 80 Morris et al, 1938 15125 Rat ( Rattus norvegicus ) 3 U FD 339 d 26-27 d JV B ORW ORWT KI 2.49 18.3 72 81 Jessup and Shott, 1969 11831 Rat ( Rattus norvegicus ) 5 U FD 92 w 3 d JV B ORW SMIX HE 3.75 7.49 74 82 Lorenzo et al., 1978 2751 Rabbit ( Oryctolagus cuniculus ) 3 U GV 30 d 1 d JV F HIS NCRO KI 6.08 28.4 79 83 Sierra and Tiffany-Castiglioni, 1992 2876 Guinea pig ( Cavia porcellus ) 3 U DR 40 d NR NR GE F ORW ORWT BR 11.0 67 84 Rader et al., 1981 2830 Rat ( Rattus norvegicus ) 2 U DR 6 w NR NR JV M ORW ORWT BR 15.1 67 85 Logner et al., 1984 3889 Cattle ( Bos taurus ) 4 U FD 32 d 74 d JV M ITX PARL WO 16.0 43.0 83 86 Rader et. al. 1981 2829 Rat ( Rattus norvegicus ) 2 U DR 7 w NR NR JV M ORW ORWT BR 16.1 72 87 Wolfe et al, 1996 2502 Rat ( Rattus norvegicus ) 5 M DR 4 w 94 d JV F ORW ORWT KI 21.3 43.0 78 88 Goyer et al., 1970 14799 Rat ( Rattus norvegicus ) 6 U DR 10 w NR NR LC M HIS IIBD KI 40.0 68.6 69 89 Agodi et al., 1990 2507 Rat ( Rattus norvegicus ) 2 U GV 28 d 2 d JV B ORW ORWT BR 50.0 75 90 Vyskocil et al., 1995 2923 Rat ( Rattus norvegicus ) 3 U DR 1 mo 9-10 w SM F ORW SMIX KI 81.3 320 71 91 Petrusz et al., 1979 2815 Rat ( Rattus norvegicus ) 4 U GV 18 d 2 d JV B ORW ORWT PI 200 66 92 Alfano and Petit, 1982 2511 Rat (Rattus norvegicus) 3 U FD 25 d NR NR LC F GRS BDWT WO 258 2580 76 93 Holtzman et al., 1982 2697 Rat ( Rattus norvegicus ) 4 U GV 14 d 16 d JV NR HIS ENCP BR 400 800 81 94 Holtzman et al., 1982 2697 Rat ( Rattus norvegicus ) 5 U GV 14 d 18 d JV NR HIS ENCP BR 400 800 81 95 Gerber et al, 1978 14822 Rat ( Rattus norvegicus ) 2 U FD 14 mo 0 d JV NR ORW ORWT BR 431 68 96 Holtzman et al., 1982 2697 Rat ( Rattus norvegicus ) 4 U GV 14 d 18 d JV NR HIS ENCP BR 2400 75 97 Holtzman et al., 1982 2697 Rat ( Rattus norvegicus ) 3 U GV 14 d 14 d JV NR HIS ENCP BR 3200 66 98 Schroeder and Mitchener, 1975 1858 Mouse ( Mus musculus ) 2 U DR 520 d 19-20 d JV F HIS EDMA WO 3.39 68 99 Nehru et al., 1997 2788 Rat ( Rattus norvegicus ) 2 U GV 8 w NR NR JV F ORW ORWT BR 10.0 67 100 Mahaffey et al., 1977 14580 Rat ( Rattus norvegicus ) 2 UX FD 10 w NR NR JV M ORW SMIX KI 15.4 75 101 Rader et al., 1981 2830 Rat ( Rattus norvegicus ) 2 U OR 6 w NR NR AD M ORW ORWT BR 15.5 70 102 Wells, et.al, 1986 14803 Cattle ( Bos taurus ) 2 U DR 8 d 3 mo JV M HIS GLSN BR 20.0 67 103 Karmakar et al., 1986 3879 Rat ( Rattus norvegicus ) 2 U GV 30 d NR NR AD B HIS GHIS MT 44.0 75 104 Al-Omar et al, 2000 20974 Mouse ( Mus musculus ) 2 M GV 5 w NR NR JV M HIS USTR SV 46.4 80 105 White, 1977 2929 Dog ( Canis familiaris ) 2 U OR 5 w <1 yr JV NR HIS GHIS LI 50.0 80 106 Pankakoski et al., 1994 2807 Shrew ( Sorex araneus ) 4 M FD 31 d NR NR JV B HIS GHIS KI 61.5 72 107 Rudra Pal et al., 1975 2806 Rat ( Rattus norvegicus ) 2 U FD 4 w NR NR JV M ORW SMIX KI 100 72 108 Shailesh Kumar and Desiraju, 1990 2870 Rat ( Rattus norvegicus ) 3 U GV 58 d 2 d JV B ORW ORWT BR 100 75 109 Brown, 1974 2548 Rabbit ( Oryctolagus cuniculus ) 2 U FD 5 mo 5 mo JV B HIS GHIS EY 153 68 110 Wolfe et al, 1996 2502 Rat ( Rattus norvegicus ) 2 M DR 4 w 99 d JV M PTH BDWT WO 171 72 111 Harry et al., 1985 2680 Rat ( Rattus norvegicus ) 2 U GV 29 d 2 d JV F ORW ORWT BR 200 75 112 Yagminas et al., 1990 3937 Rat ( Rattus norvegicus ) 2 U GV 91 d NR NR JV M ORW ORWT KI 200 75 113 Press 1975 2827 Rat ( Rattus norvegicus ) 2 U GV 7 d 1 d JV B ITX PARL WO 328 75 114 Holtzman et al., 1982 2697 Rat ( Rattus norvegicus ) 4 U GV 14 d 20 d JV NR HIS ENCP BR 400 75 115 Toews et al., 1983 2911 Rat ( Rattus norvegicus ) 2 U GV 28 d 2 d JV M ORW ORWT BR 400 75 116 Brashear et al., 1978 2546 Rat ( Rattus norvegicus ) 2 U GV 18 d 2 d JV B ORW ORWT BR 1000 80 117 Gerber et al, 1978 14822 Rat ( Rattus norvegicus ) 2 U FD 1 mo 0 d JV NR ORW ORWT BR 1220 68 Physiology

Pathology

Eco-SSL for Lead March 2005Table 6.1 Mammalian Toxicity Data Extracted for Wildlife Toxicity Reference Value (TRV) Lead Page 3 of 6Result #

Reference Ref No. Test Organism# of Conc/ DosesMethod of AnalysesRoute of ExposureExposure DurationDuration UnitsAgeAge UnitsLifestageSexEffect TypeEffect MeasureResponse SiteNOAEL Dose(mg/kg bw/day)LOAEL Dose(mg/kg bw/day)Data Evaluation Score

118 Dyck et al., 1980 2604 Rat ( Rattus norvegicus ) 2 U FD 12 w NR NR AD NR HIS GHIS NE 2730 66 119 Myers et al., 1979 2782 Rat ( Rattus norvegicus ) 2 U FD 7 w NR NR AD B HIS GHIS NE 3620 72 120 Michaelson and Sauerhoff, 1974 2774 Rat ( Rattus norvegicus ) 2 U FD 17 d NR NR LC F GRS BDWT WO 6170 68

121 Grant et al., 1980 2658 Rat ( Rattus norvegicus ) 5 U DR 62 d 21 d GE F REP PRWT WO 0.710 7.00 77 122 Dilts and Ahokas, 1979 2593 Rat ( Rattus norvegicus ) 6 U DR 21 d NR NR GE F REP PRWT WO 1.00 5.00 74 123 Gandley et al., 1999 2642 Rat ( Rattus norvegicus ) 3 U DR 35 d NR NR AD M REP RSUC WO 2.60 26.0 72 124 Grant et al., 1980 2658 Rat ( Rattus norvegicus ) 4 U DR 62 d 21 d GE B REP PRWT WO 3.00 6.0 79 125 Carson et al., 1973 3830 Sheep ( Ovis aries ) 3 U FD 27 w NR NR GE F REP RSUC WO 4.50 68 126 Dilts and Ahokas, 1980 2592 Rat ( Rattus norvegicus ) 6 U DR 21 d NR NR GE F REP PRWT WO 5.00 10.0 76 127 Sierra and Tiffany-Castiglioni, 1992 2876 Guinea pig ( Cavia porcellus ) 3 U DR 40 d NR NR GE F REP PRWT WO 5.50 73 128 Jessup and Shott, 1969 11831 Rat ( Rattus norvegicus ) 5 U FD 92 w 21 d JV M REP TEWT TE 7.50 74.9 78 129 Kimmel et al., 1980 2737 Rat ( Rattus norvegicus ) 4 U DR 23.8 d 21 d LC F REP Other WO 8.90 76 130 Kimmel et al., 1980 2737 Rat ( Rattus norvegicus ) 5 U DR 23.8 d 21 d GE F REP Other WO 9.10 45.0 73 131 McMurry et al., 1995 2770 Cotton rat ( Sigmodon hispidus ) 3 U DR 7 w NR NR AD M REP RHIS RT 12.4 170 67 132 Barratt et al., 1989 2524 Rat ( Rattus norvegicus ) 4 U GV 9 w 10 w JV M REP SPCV TE 18.0 180 85 133 Zenick et al., 1979 2943 Rat ( Rattus norvegicus ) 3 U DR 100 d 21 d GE F REP PRWT WO 25.4 68 134 Cerklewski, 1980 10607 Rat ( Rattus norvegicus ) 2 U FD 35 d 70 d LC F REP PRWT WO 27.5 66 135 Chowdhury et al., 1984 3721 Rat ( Rattus norvegicus ) 4 U DR 60 d NR NR SM M REP TEWT TE 31.6 63.2 71 136 Bull, et.. al., 1978 14812 Rat ( Rattus norvegicus ) 4 U DR 56 d 70 d LC F REP PROG WO 32.5 69 137 Winder et al., 1984 2934 Rat ( Rattus norvegicus ) 3 U DR 31 d NR d LC F REP PRWT WO 33.3 111 72 138 Miller et al., 1982 2775 Rat ( Rattus norvegicus ) 4 U GV 41 d NR NR GE F REP PRWT WO 41.0 54.6 87 139 Wolfe et al, 1996 2502 Rat ( Rattus norvegicus ) 5 U DR 1 w 94 d JV M REP SPCL SM 47.3 82.0 84 140 Sourgens et al., 1987 2889 Rat ( Rattus norvegicus ) 4 U DR 30 d NR NR SM M REP Other SV 56.0 285 73 141 Carpenter, 1982 2565 Hamster ( Mesocricetus auratus ) 2 U DR 51 d 15 w GE F REP PROG WO 64.8 69 142 Carpenter, 1982 2565 Hamster ( Mesocricetus auratus ) 2 U DR 14 d 11 w GE F REP PROG WO 64.9 67 143 Ronis et al., 1998 2847 Rat ( Rattus norvegicus ) 4 U DR 37 d NR NR GE F REP PRWT WO 90.1 270 74 144 Wardell et al., 1982 748 Rat ( Rattus norvegicus ) 5 U GV 12 d NR NR GE F REP RSEM EM 100 150 87 145 Hamilton and O'Flaherty, 1994 2670 Rat ( Rattus norvegicus ) 3 U DR 68 d 25 d GE F REP PRWT WO 115 72 146 Hamilton et al., 1994 2671 Rat ( Rattus norvegicus ) 4 U DR 77 d 25 d GE F REP PRWT WO 116 68 147 Fox et al., 1977 2633 Rat ( Rattus norvegicus ) 2 U DR 21 d NR NR LC F REP PRWT WO 120 68 148 Eyden et al, 1978 2618 Mouse ( Mus musculus ) 3 U FD 8 w 2 mo GE M REP SPCV TE 144 1440 78 149 Maker et al., 1973 2758 Mouse ( Mus musculus ) 7 U FD 30 d NR NR LC F REP PRWT WO 202 506 79 150 Maker et al., 1973 2758 Mouse ( Mus musculus ) 7 U FD 30 d NR NR LC F REP PRWT WO 202 506 79 151 Cramer et al, 1980 14816 Rat ( Rattus norvegicus ) 4 U DR 21 d NR NR GE F REP DEYO WO 276 552 74 152 Nathan et al., 1992 2785 Rat ( Rattus norvegicus ) 5 U DR 10 w NR NR AD M REP TEWT MT 294 587 71 153 Brady, et al, 1975 14795 Rat ( Rattus norvegicus ) 2 U GV 102 d 30 d GE F REP PRWT WO 441 69 154 Wenda-Rozewicka et al., 1996 2928 Rat ( Rattus norvegicus ) 2 U DR 9 mo NR NR SM M REP RHIS TE 600 66 155 Barrett and Livesey, 1983 10239 Rat ( Rattus norvegicus ) 4 U FD 4 d NR NR LC F REP PRWT WO 601 1500 86 156 Piasekand Kostial, 1987 2817 Rat ( Rattus norvegicus ) 4 U DR 13 w NR NR JV M REP FERT WO 639 66 157 Junaid et al., 1997 2725 Mouse ( Mus musculus ) 4 U GV 60 d NR NR AD F REP RPRD OV 2.00 77 158 Morris et al, 1938 15125 Rat ( Rattus norvegicus ) 3 U FD 339 d 26-27 d JV B REP PRWT WO 2.49 74 159 Schroeder and Mitchener, 1971 66 Rat ( Rattus norvegicus ) 2 U DR 9 mo 21 d JV F REP DEYO WO 2.94 67 160 Schroeder and Mitchener, 1971 66 Mouse ( Mus musculus ) 2 U DR 6 mo 21 d JV F REP DEYO WO 3.62 67 161 Gupta et al., 1995 2666 Mouse ( Mus musculus ) 4 U GV 52 d 2 mo GE F REP PROG EM 5.50 81 162 Saxena et. al. 1989 2857 Rat ( Rattus norvegicus ) 2 U DR 120 d 1 d GE M REP SPCL TE 6.76 69 163 Cernochova and Kamarad, 1992 2568 Mouse ( Mus musculus ) 2 U DR 5 w NR NR AD M REP TEDG TE 16.6 66 164 Al-Omar et al, 2000 20974 Mouse ( Mus musculus ) 2 M GV 2 w NR NR JV M REP SPCL SM 46.4 86 165 Winneke et al., 1977 3935 Rat ( Rattus norvegicus ) 2 U FD 102 d NR NR GE F REP PROG WO 49.6 78 166 Batra et al., 1998 2528 Rat ( Rattus norvegicus ) 2 U GV 3 mo 8 w SM M REP TEDG TE 50.0 81 167 Hayashi, 1983 3864 Rat ( Rattus norvegicus ) 2 U DR 18 d NR NR GE F REP PRWT WO 55.5 68 168 Kempinas et. al 1988 2733 Rat ( Rattus norvegicus ) 3 U DR 90 d NR NR AD M REP SPCL SM 61.2 69 169 Donald et al., 1981 2598 Mouse ( Mus musculus ) 2 U DR 23 d NR NR GE F REP PRWT WO 78.6 69 170 Donald et al., 1986 2599 Mouse ( Mus musculus ) 2 U DR 62 d NR NR GE F REP PRWT WO 99.8 69 171 Talcott and Koller, 1983 2906 Mouse ( Mus musculus ) 2 U DR 18 w 6-8 w LC F REP PRWT WO 137 69 172 Johansson and Wide, 1986 2723 Mouse ( Mus musculus ) 2 U DR 12 w 9 w SM M REP PRFM WO 139 74 173 Jacquet et al., 1997 2713 Mouse ( Mus musculus ) 4 U FD 18 d NR NR GE F REP PRWT WO 154 72 174 Wolfe et al, 1996 2502 Rat ( Rattus norvegicus ) 2 M DR 4 w 99 d JV M REP SPCL SM 171 78 175 Blanusa, et al, 1989 14750 Rat ( Rattus norvegicus ) 5 U DR 6 w 4 mo GE F REP RHIS WO 175 69 176 Cramer et al, 1980 14816 Rat ( Rattus norvegicus ) 2 U DR 22 d NR NR GE F REP PRWT WO 178 69 177 Sokol et al., 1985 2888 Rat ( Rattus norvegicus ) 3 U DR 30 d 52 d JV M REP GREP PG 198 71 178 Hallen et al., 1995 2669 Rat ( Rattus norvegicus ) 2 U DR 13 w NR NR GE F REP PRWT WO 200 73 Reproduction

Eco-SSL for Lead March 2005Table 6.1 Mammalian Toxicity Data Extracted for Wildlife Toxicity Reference Value (TRV) Lead Page 4 of 6Result #

Reference Ref No. Test Organism# of Conc/ DosesMethod of AnalysesRoute of ExposureExposure DurationDuration UnitsAgeAge UnitsLifestageSexEffect TypeEffect MeasureResponse SiteNOAEL Dose(mg/kg bw/day)LOAEL Dose(mg/kg bw/day)Data Evaluation Score

179 Rabe et al., 1985 13216 Rat ( Rattus norvegicus ) 2 U DR 21 d 80 d JV F REP PRWT WO 218 70 180 Mykkanen et al., 1980 2783 Rat ( Rattus norvegicus ) 4 U FD 3 w NR NR LC F REP PRWT WO 221 73 181 Hsu, 1980 2704 Rat ( Rattus norvegicus ) 2 U FD 1 w 19 w LC F REP PRWT WO 222 73 182 Mykkanen et al., 1980 2783 Rat ( Rattus norvegicus ) 4 U FD 3 w NR NR LC F REP PRWT WO 230 73 183 Alfano and Petit, 1982 2511 Rat (Rattus norvegicus) 3 U FD 25 d NR NR LC F REP PRWT WO 258 78 184 Yu et al, 1996 3939 Rat ( Rattus norvegicus ) 2 U DR 21 d NR NR LC F REP PRWT WO 330 68 185 Sokol, 1989 2887 Rat ( Rattus norvegicus ) 2 U DR 30 d 52 d JV M REP SPCL SM 354 69 186 Ronis et al., 1998 2845 Rat ( Rattus norvegicus ) 2 U DR 17 d NR NR GE F REP PRWT WO 360 68 187 Ronis et al., 1998 2845 Rat ( Rattus norvegicus ) 2 U DR 24 d NR NR LC F REP PRWT WO 360 68 188 Ronis et al., 1996 2846 Rat ( Rattus norvegicus ) 2 U DR 12 d NR NR GE F REP PRWT WO 362 69 189 Sokol, 1989 2887 Rat ( Rattus norvegicus ) 2 U DR 30 d 27 d JV M REP SPCL SM 364 69 190 Pinon-Lataillade et al., 1995 2821 Mouse ( Mus musculus ) 2 U DR 44 d NR NR GE F REP PRWT WO 381 68 191 Draski et al., 1989 3719 Mouse ( Mus musculus ) 2 U DR 14 d NR NR LC F REP PRWT WO 381 68 192 Ronis et al., 1996 2846 Rat ( Rattus norvegicus ) 2 U DR 50 d 24 d JV F REP RBEH WO 381 69 193 Rasile et. al. 1995 2836 Mouse ( Mus musculus ) 2 U DR 45 d 50-100 d GE F REP ODVP WO 404 69 194 Thoreux-Manlay et al., 1995 2909 Rat ( Rattus norvegicus ) 2 U DR 22 d NR NR GE F REP PRWT WO 420 68 195 Donald et al., 1987 2597 Mouse ( Mus musculus ) 2 U DR 48 d NR NR GE F REP PRWT WO 437 70 196 Marchlewicz et al., 1993 2760 Rat ( Rattus norvegicus ) 2 U DR 9 mo 3 mo SM M REP SPCL TE 579 69 197 Piasecka et. al. 1995 2816 Rat ( Rattus norvegicus ) 2 U DR 9 mo NR NR SM M REP TEDG TE 600 69 198 Piasek et al, 1988 14751 Rat ( Rattus norvegicus ) 2 U DR 3 w 14 w LC F REP PRWT WO 635 69 199 Jacquet, 1977 2711 Mouse ( Mus musculus ) 2 U FD 7 d NR NR GE F REP RSUC EM 646 73 200 Selvin-Testa et. al. 1997 2869 Rat ( Rattus norvegicus ) 2 U DR 126 d 1 d GE F REP PROG WO 651 66 201 Piasek and Kostial 1991 2818 Rat ( Rattus norvegicus ) 2 U DR 20 w 10 w GE F REP PRWT WO 750 73 202 Epstein, et.al. 1991 2614 Mouse ( Mus musculus ) 2 U DR 4 d NR NR LC F REP PRWT WO 762 68 203 Holtzman et al., 1981 2698 Rat ( Rattus norvegicus ) 2 U FD 2 w NR NR LC F REP PRWT WO 828 78 204 Holtzman et al, 1978 2699 Rat ( Rattus norvegicus ) 2 U FD 7 d NR NR LC F REP PRWT WO 833 78 205 Barlow et al., 1977 2523 Rat ( Rattus norvegicus ) 2 U FD 21 d NR NR LC F REP PRWT WO 991 74 206 Gulati et al, 1985 2837 Mouse ( Mus musculus ) 4 M DR 18 w 11 w JV F REP TEWT WO 1370 75 207 McConnell and Berry, 1979 2767 Rat ( Rattus norvegicus ) 2 U FD 30 d NR NR LC F REP PRWT WO 1770 73 208 Sharma and Kanwar, 1985 2871 Mouse ( Mus musculus ) 2 U DR 14 w NR NR GE B REP PROG WO 1990 70 209 Goldstein et al, 1974 14824 Rat ( Rattus norvegicus ) 2 U FD 16 d NR NR LC F REP PROG WO 2570 78 210 Holtzman et al, 1980 14827 Rat ( Rattus norvegicus ) 2 U FD 7 d NR NR LC F REP PRWT WO 2570 78 211 Krigman et al., 1974 2741 Rat ( Rattus norvegicus ) 2 U FD 25 d NR NR LC F REP PRWT WO 2570 78 212 Pentschew and Garro 1966 2811 Rat ( Rattus norvegicus ) M FD 27 d NR NR LC F C REP PROG WO 2840 78 213 Sharma and Kanwar, 1985 2871 Mouse ( Mus musculus ) 2 U DR 14 w 21 d JV B REP PROG WO 3630 70 214 Michaelson and Sauerhoff, 1974 2774 Rat ( Rattus norvegicus ) 2 U FD 17 d NR NR LC F REP PRWT WO 6170 74

215 Willoughby et al., 1972 14386 Horse ( Equus caballus ) 2 U FD 15 w 20 to 21 w JV M GRO BDWT WO 0.150 68 216 Fox et.al., 1982 2634 Rat ( Rattus norvegicus ) 2 U FD 21 d 0 d JV F GRO BDWT WO 0.500 67 217 Dilts and Ahokas, 1979 2593 Rat ( Rattus norvegicus ) 6 U DR 21 d NR NR GE F GRO BDWT WO 1.00 5.00 72 218 Kimmel et al., 1980 2737 Rat ( Rattus norvegicus ) 5 U DR 7 d 50 d AD F GRO BDWT WO 1.27 13.0 73 219 Lynch et al, 1975 14380 Cattle ( Bos taurus ) 4 U OR 7 w 1 w JV M GRO BDWT WO 1.99 75 220 Wiebe and Barr, 1988 2930 Rat ( Rattus norvegicus ) 3 U DR 14 d 21 d JV F GRO BDWT WO 2.40 72 221 Schroeder et al, 1963 14446 Rat ( Rattus norvegicus ) 2 U DR 332 d 28 d JV B GRO BDWT WO 2.98 66 222 Kimmel et al., 1980 2737 Rat ( Rattus norvegicus ) 4 U DR 7 w 21 d GE F GRO BDWT WO 4.70 8.90 80 223 Horwitt and Cowgill, 1937 3873 Dog ( Canis familiaris ) 3 M FD 7 mo NR NR JV NR GRO BDWT WO 4.71 68 224 Zheng et al., 1996 2944 Rat ( Rattus norvegicus ) 3 U DR 30 d 22-24 d JV M GRO BDWT WO 5.64 28.2 71 225 Hammond et al., 1989 2675 Rat ( Rattus norvegicus ) 4 U DR 23 d 22 d JV F GRO BDWT WO 5.80 29.0 73 226 Lynch et al., 1976 3711 Cattle ( Bos taurus ) 3 U OR 84 d NR NR JV M GRO BDWT WO 7.79 80 227 Rader et al., 1981 2830 Rat ( Rattus norvegicus ) 2 U OR 6 w NR NR AD M GRO BDWT WO 9.10 67 228 Nehru et al., 1997 2788 Rat ( Rattus norvegicus ) 2 U GV 8 w NR NR JV F GRO BDWT WO 10.0 78 229 Gruber et al., 1997 2660 Rat ( Rattus norvegicus ) 3 U DR 6 mo NR NR AD M GRO BDWT WO 10.6 532 69 230 Lorenzo et al., 1978 2751 Rabbit ( Oryctolagus cuniculus ) 3 U GV 10 d 1 d JV F GRO BDWT WO 10.7 50.4 78 231 El-Gazzar et al, 1978 21143 Rat ( Rattus norvegicus ) 2 U DR 140 d 21 d JV M GRO BDWT WO 10.7 67 232 Rader et al., 1981 2830 Rat ( Rattus norvegicus ) 2 U DR 6 w NR NR JV M GRO BDWT WO 15.1 71 233 Mahaffey et al., 1977 14580 Rat ( Rattus norvegicus ) 2 UX FD 10 w NR NR JV M GRO BDWT WO 15.4 79 234 Rader et al., 1981 2830 Rat ( Rattus norvegicus ) 2 U OR 6 w NR NR AD M GRO BDWT WO 15.5 74 235 Rader et. al. 1981 2829 Rat ( Rattus norvegicus ) 2 U DR 7 w NR NR JV M GRO BDWT WO 16.1 71 236 Gerber et al, 1978 14822 Mouse ( Mus musculus ) 3 U DR 14 d 0 d JV NR GRO BDWT WO 16.3 163 71 237 Barratt et al., 1989 2524 Rat ( Rattus norvegicus ) 4 U GV 9 w 10 w JV M GRO BDWT WO 18.0 180 83 238 Morris et al, 1938 15125 Rat ( Rattus norvegicus ) 3 U FD 339 d 26-27 d JV B GRO BDWT WO 18.3 72 239 Tafelski and Lamperti, 1975 2905 Rat ( Rattus norvegicus ) 4 U GV 29 d NR NR SM F GRO BDWT WO 18.9 71 Growth

Eco-SSL for Lead March 2005Table 6.1 Mammalian Toxicity Data Extracted for Wildlife Toxicity Reference Value (TRV) Lead Page 5 of 6Result #

Reference Ref No. Test Organism# of Conc/ DosesMethod of AnalysesRoute of ExposureExposure DurationDuration UnitsAgeAge UnitsLifestageSexEffect TypeEffect MeasureResponse SiteNOAEL Dose(mg/kg bw/day)LOAEL Dose(mg/kg bw/day)Data Evaluation Score

240 Mahaffey et al., 1973 2756 Rat ( Rattus norvegicus ) 7 U DR 10 w NR NR JV M GRO BDWT WO 24.3 71 241 Bull, et.. al., 1978 14812 Rat ( Rattus norvegicus ) 4 U DR 56 d 70 d LC F GRO BDWT WO 32.5 67 242 Fick et al., 1976 3704 Sheep ( Ovis aries ) 5 U FD 84 d NR NR JV M GRO BDWT WO 32.7 66 243 Bankowska and Hine, 1985 14852 Rat ( Rattus norvegicus ) 2 U DR 10 w NR NR JV M GRO BDWT WO 38.5 67 244 Logner et al., 1984 3889 Cattle ( Bos taurus ) 4 U FD 7 w 16 w JV M GRO BDWT WO 43.0 72 245 Agodi et al., 1990 2507 Rat ( Rattus norvegicus ) 2 U GV 28 d 2 d JV B GRO BDWT WO 50.0 79 246 Wolfe et al, 1996 2502 Rat ( Rattus norvegicus ) 5 M DR 4 w 94 d JV M GRO BDWT WO 71.5 178 82 247 Gelman and Michaelson, 1979 14821 Rat ( Rattus norvegicus ) 4 U GV 12 d 2 d JV B GRO BDWT WO 75.0 225 85 248 Rudra Pal et al., 1975 2806 Rat ( Rattus norvegicus ) 2 U FD 4 w NR NR JV M GRO BDWT WO 100 67 249 Goyer et al., 1970 14799 Rat ( Rattus norvegicus ) 6 U DR 10 w NR NR JV M GRO BDWT WO 120 383 71 250 Eyden et al, 1978 2618 Mouse ( Mus musculus ) 3 U FD 4 w 3 mo JV B GRO BDWT WO 136 1360 76 251 Talcott and Koller, 1983 2906 Mouse ( Mus musculus ) 2 U DR 18 w 6-8 w LC F GRO BDWT WO 137 67 252 Johansson and Wide, 1986 2723 Mouse ( Mus musculus ) 2 U DR 12 w NR NR GE M GRO BDWT WO 139 72 253 Sokol et al., 1985 2888 Rat ( Rattus norvegicus ) 3 U DR 30 d 52 d JV M GRO BDWT WO 169 508 74 254 Wolfe et al, 1996 2502 Rat ( Rattus norvegicus ) 2 M DR 4 w 99 d JV B GRO BDWT WO 171 76 255 Kishi et al., 1983 12025 Rat ( Rattus norvegicus ) 4 U GV 18 d 3 d JV M GRO BDWT WO 180 79 256 Wadi and Ahmad, 1999 2924 Mouse ( Mus musculus ) 3 U DR 6 w 7 w SM M GRO BDWT WO 187 373 69 257 Petrusz et al., 1979 2815 Rat ( Rattus norvegicus ) 4 U GV 18 d 2 d JV B GRO BDWT WO 200 70 258 Yagminas et al., 1990 3937 Rat ( Rattus norvegicus ) 2 U GV 91 d NR NR JV M GRO BDWT WO 200 79 259 Rabe et al., 1985 13216 Rat ( Rattus norvegicus ) 2 U DR 21 d 80 d JV F GRO BDWT WO 218 68 260 Mykkanen et al., 1980 2783 Rat ( Rattus norvegicus ) 4 U FD 1 w NR NR LC F GRO BDWT WO 230 460 77 261 Sourgens et al., 1987 2889 Rat ( Rattus norvegicus ) 4 U DR 30 d NR NR JV M GRO BDWT WO 285 67 262 Exon et al., 1979 3847 Mouse ( Mus musculus ) 5 U DR 10 w NR NR JV M GRO BDWT WO 362 67 263 Sokol, 1989 2887 Rat ( Rattus norvegicus ) 2 U DR 30 d 52 d JV M GRO BDWT WO 364 67 264 Holtzman et al., 1982 2697 Rat ( Rattus norvegicus ) 4 U GV 14 d 14 d JV NR GRO BDWT WO 400 800 85 265 Holtzman et al., 1982 2697 Rat ( Rattus norvegicus ) 5 U GV 14 d 20 d JV NR GRO BDWT WO 400 800 85 266 Gerber et al, 1978 14822 Rat ( Rattus norvegicus ) 2 U FD 14 mo 0 d JV NR GRO BDWT WO 431 70 267 Brady, et al, 1975 14795 Rat ( Rattus norvegicus ) 2 U GV 102 d 30 d LC F GRO BDWT WO 441 67 268 Stewart et al., 1998 2896 Mouse ( Mus musculus ) 4 U GV 12 d 6 d JV M GRO BDWT WO 534 79 269 Maker et al., 1973 2758 Mouse ( Mus musculus ) 7 U FD 30 d NR NR LC F GRO BDWT WO 632 1264 77 270 Selvin-Testa et. al. 1997 2869 Rat ( Rattus norvegicus ) 2 U DR 126 d 1 d GE F GRO BDWT WO 651 66 271 Piasek and Kostial 1991 2818 Rat ( Rattus norvegicus ) 2 U DR 20 w 10 w GE F GRO BDWT WO 750 71 272 Maker et al., 1973 2758 Mouse ( Mus musculus ) 7 U FD 28 d NR NR LC F GRO BDWT WO 1260 2530 77 273 Barrett and Livesey, 1983 10239 Rat ( Rattus norvegicus ) 4 U FD 18 d NR NR LC F GRO BDWT WO 1500 71 274 Schroeder et al, 1970 252 Rat ( Rattus norvegicus ) 2 U DR 9 d 21 d JV M GRO BDWT WO 3.30 72 275 Kelliher, et al. 1973 14377 Cattle ( Bos taurus ) 2 U FD 283 d 7 mo JV M GRO BDWT WO 15.0 76 276 Hamilton and O'Flaherty, 1994 2670 Rat ( Rattus norvegicus ) 3 U DR 92 d 25 d GE F MPH GMPH TB 28.7 70 277 Hamilton et al., 1994 2671 Rat ( Rattus norvegicus ) 4 U DR 7 d 25 d GE F GRO BDWT WO 29.0 66 278 Hammond and Succop, 1995 2678 Rat ( Rattus norvegicus ) 2 U DR 5 d 26 d JV F GRO BDWT WO 29.0 66 279 Hammond et al., 1993 2677 Rat ( Rattus norvegicus ) 2 U DR 26 d 22 d JV F GRO BDWT WO 29.5 70 280 Hammond et al., 1993 2677 Rat ( Rattus norvegicus ) 2 U DR 14 d 26 d JV F MPH Other TA 29.9 69 281 Minnema and Hammond, 1994 2776 Rat ( Rattus norvegicus ) 2 U DR 10 d 26 d JV F GRO BDWT WO 30.4 67 282 Al-Omar et al, 2000 20974 Mouse ( Mus musculus ) 2 M GV 3 w NR NR JV M GRO BDWT WO 46.4 84 283 White, 1977 2929 Dog ( Canis familiaris ) 2 U OR 5 w <1 yr JV NR GRO BDWT WO 50.0 84 284 Pankakoski et al., 1994 2807 Shrew ( Sorex araneus ) 4 M FD 31 d NR NR JV B GRO BDWT WO 61.5 76 285 Shailesh Kumar and Desiraju, 1990 2870 Rat ( Rattus norvegicus ) 3 U GV 58 d 2 d JV B GRO BDWT WO 100 79 286 Hsu et al, 1975 14376 Pig ( Sus scrofa ) 2 U FD 13 w 4 w JV NR GRO BDWT WO 173 73 287 Harry et al., 1985 2680 Rat ( Rattus norvegicus ) 2 U GV 29 d 2 d JV F GRO BDWT WO 200 79 288 Lessler and Wright, 1976 2750 Rat ( Rattus norvegicus ) 2 U FD 5 w NR NR MA NR GRO BDWT WO 272 72 289 Press 1975 2827 Rat ( Rattus norvegicus ) 2 U GV 6 d 1 d JV B GRO BDWT WO 328 79 290 Sokol, 1989 2887 Rat ( Rattus norvegicus ) 2 U DR 30 d 27 d JV M GRO BDWT WO 354 67 291 Ronis et al., 1996 2846 Rat ( Rattus norvegicus ) 2 U DR 50 d 24 d JV M GRO BDWT WO 371 67 292 Toews et al., 1983 2911 Rat ( Rattus norvegicus ) 2 U GV 28 d 2 d JV M GRO BDWT WO 400 79 293 Holtzman et al., 1982 2697 Rat ( Rattus norvegicus ) 4 U GV 14 d 18 d JV NR GRO BDWT WO 400 79 294 Rasile et. al. 1995 2836 Mouse ( Mus musculus ) 2 U DR 45 d 50-100 d GE F GRO BDWT WO 404 67 295 Mykkanen et al., 1980 2783 Rat ( Rattus norvegicus ) 4 U FD 1 w NR NR LC F GRO BDWT WO 442 71 296 Piasek et al, 1988 14751 Rat ( Rattus norvegicus ) 2 U DR 6 w 14 w LC F GRO BDWT WO 638 67 297 Gulati et al, 1985 2837 Mouse ( Mus musculus ) 4 M DR 10 w 11 w JV F GRO BDWT WO 748 73 298 Barlow et al., 1977 2523 Rat ( Rattus norvegicus ) 2 U FD 21 d NR NR LC F GRO BDWT WO 991 72 299 Brashear et al., 1978 2546 Rat ( Rattus norvegicus ) 2 U GV 18 d 2 d JV B GRO BDWT WO 1000 79 300 Gerber et al, 1978 14822 Rat ( Rattus norvegicus ) 2 U FD 2 w 0 d JV NR GRO BDWT WO 1430 72 301 Holtzman et al., 1982 2697 Rat ( Rattus norvegicus ) 4 U GV 14 d 24 d JV NR GRO BDWT WO 1600 79

Eco-SSL for Lead March 2005Table 6.1 Mammalian Toxicity Data Extracted for Wildlife Toxicity Reference Value (TRV) Lead Page 6 of 6Result #

Reference Ref No. Test Organism# of Conc/ DosesMethod of AnalysesRoute of ExposureExposure DurationDuration UnitsAgeAge UnitsLifestageSexEffect TypeEffect MeasureResponse SiteNOAEL Dose(mg/kg bw/day)LOAEL Dose(mg/kg bw/day)Data Evaluation Score

302 Holtzman et al., 1981 2698 Rat ( Rattus norvegicus ) 2 U FD 2 w 60-80 d JV M GRO BDWT WO 2390 69 303 Holtzman et al., 1982 2697 Rat ( Rattus norvegicus ) 3 U GV 14 d 16 d JV NR GRO BDWT WO 2400 79 304 Holtzman et al, 1980 14827 Rat ( Rattus norvegicus ) 2 U FD 14 d 60 d JV M GRO BDWT WO 2650 77

305 Schroeder and Mitchener, 1975 1858 Mouse ( Mus musculus ) 2 U DR 669 d 19-20 d JV B MOR LFSP WO 3.50 68 306 Junaid et al., 1997 2725 Mouse ( Mus musculus ) 4 U GV 60 d NR NR AD F MOR MORT WO 4.00 8.00 82 307 Lynch et al., 1976 3711 Cattle ( Bos taurus ) 3 U OR 84 d NR NR JV M MOR SURV WO 7.79 85 308 Lorenzo et al., 1978 2751 Rabbit ( Oryctolagus cuniculus ) 5 U GV 30 d 1 d JV F MOR MORT WO 10.7 50.4 84 309 Azar et al., 1973 3747 Rat ( Rattus norvegicus ) 5 M FD 2 yr NR NR NR M MOR MORT WO 10.9 42.4 81 310 Logner et al., 1984 3889 Cattle ( Bos taurus ) 4 U FD 10 d 74 d JV M MOR MORT WO 16.0 43.0 88 311 Azar et al., 1973 3747 Dog ( Canis familiaris ) 5 M FD 2 yr NR NR NR B MOR MORT WO 24.7 68 312 Jessup, 1967 2720 Rabbit ( Oryctolagus cuniculus ) 3 U FD 10 d NR NR GE F MOR MORT WO 29.2 72 313 Lassen and Buck, 1979 3709 Pig ( Sus scrofa ) 5 U DR 13 w 6 w JV NR MOR MORT WO 30.2 68 314 Bankowska and Hine, 1985 14852 Rat ( Rattus norvegicus ) 2 U DR 4 w NR NR JV M MOR MORT WO 40.3 68 315 Al-Omar et al, 2000 20974 Mouse ( Mus musculus ) 2 M GV 5 w NR NR JV M MOR MORT WO 46.4 85 316 Carpenter, 1982 2565 Hamster ( Mesocricetus auratus ) 2 U DR 51 d 15 w GE F MOR MORT WO 64.8 68 317 Carpenter, 1982 2565 Hamster ( Mesocricetus auratus ) 2 U DR 14 d 11 w GE F MOR MORT WO 64.9 68 318 Jessup and Shott, 1969 11831 Rat ( Rattus norvegicus ) 5 U FD 92 w 21 d JV M MOR SURV WO 74.9 73 319 Jessup, 1969 2721 Rat ( Rattus norvegicus ) 4 U FD 8 w NR NR GE B MOR SURV WO 78.9 73 320 Azar et al., 1973 3747 Rat ( Rattus norvegicus ) 3 M FD 2 yr NR NR NR M MOR MORT WO 87.5 163 83 321 Wolfe et al, 1996 2502 Rat ( Rattus norvegicus ) 5 U DR 24 w 94 d JV B MOR MORT WO 104 77 322 Lessler and Wright, 1976 2750 Rat ( Rattus norvegicus ) 2 U FD 24 w NR NR YO M MOR MORT WO 170 73 323 Lessler and Wright, 1976 2750 Rat ( Rattus norvegicus ) 2 U FD 8 w NR NR MA M MOR MORT WO 170 66 324 Petrusz et al., 1979 2815 Rat ( Rattus norvegicus ) 4 U GV 18 d 2 d JV B MOR MORT WO 200 80 325 Ogilvie and Martin, 1981 2799 Mouse ( Mus musculus ) 2 U DR 10 mo NR NR AD M MOR MORT WO 379 68 326 Holtzman et al., 1982 2697 Rat ( Rattus norvegicus ) 5 U GV 14 d 20 d JV NR MOR MORT WO 400 800 86 327 Holtzman et al., 1982 2697 Rat ( Rattus norvegicus ) 4 U GV 14 d 24 d JV NR MOR MORT WO 400 800 86 328 Rasile et. al. 1995 2836 Mouse ( Mus musculus ) 2 U DR 98 d 50-100 d GE F MOR MORT WO 404 68 329 Piasekand Kostial, 1987 2817 Rat ( Rattus norvegicus ) 4 U DR 18 w NR NR JV M MOR MORT WO 639 72 330 Holtzman et al., 1982 2697 Rat ( Rattus norvegicus ) 4 U GV 14 d 24 d JV NR MOR MORT WO 2000 2400 86 331 Holtzman et al., 1982 2697 Rat ( Rattus norvegicus ) 3 U GV 14 d 14 d JV NR MOR MORT WO 3200 80 332 Kanisawa and Schroeder, 1969 3701 Rat ( Rattus norvegicus ) 2 U DR 727 d 30 d JV F MOR LFSP WO 0.569 67 333 Zmudski et al., 1983 3940 Cattle ( Bos taurus ) 4 U DR 21 d 10 w JV M MOR MORT WO 2.70 72 334 Schroeder et al, 1963 14446 Rat ( Rattus norvegicus ) 2 U DR 6 mo 28 d JV B MOR SURV WO 2.87 67 335 Schroeder et al, 1964 14447 Mouse ( Mus musculus ) 2 U DR 21 mo 21 d JV M MOR SURV WO 3.10 73 336 Wells, et.al, 1986 14803 Cattle ( Bos taurus ) 2 U DR 8 d 3 mo JV M MOR MORT WO 20.0 72 337 Pankakoski et al., 1994 2807 Shrew ( Sorex araneus ) 4 M FD 31 d NR NR JV B MOR MORT WO 61.5 77 338 Press 1975 2827 Rat ( Rattus norvegicus ) 2 U GV 14 d 1 d JV B MOR MORT WO 328 80 339 Shailesh Kumar and Desiraju, 1990 2870 Rat ( Rattus norvegicus ) 2 U GV 58 d 2 d JV B MOR MORT WO 400 84 340 Holtzman et al., 1982 2697 Rat ( Rattus norvegicus ) 4 U GV 14 d 16 d JV NR MOR MORT WO 400 80 341 Eyden et al, 1978 2618 Mouse ( Mus musculus ) 6 U FD 115 d NR NR AD B MOR SURV WO 635 72 342 Gulati et al, 1985 2837 Mouse ( Mus musculus ) 4 M DR 18 w 11 w JV B MOR MORT WO 670 74 343 Lamb et al., 1997 2505 Mouse ( Mus musculus ) 4 U DR 105 d 6 w JV B MOR MORT WO 670 72

RBEH = reproductive behavior; REP = reproduction; RHIS = reproductive organ histology; RPRD = reproductive capacity; RRSP = rig hting response; RSEM = resorbed embryos; RSUC = reproductive success (general); RT = reproductive tissue; SCDH = succinate dehydrogenase; SM = sperm; SM = sexually mature; SMI X = weight relative to body weight; SOMC = somatomedin C; SPCL = sperm cell counts; SPCV = sperm cell viability; SR = serum; SURV = survival; SV = seminal vesicle; TA = tail; TB = ti bia;TE = testes; TEDG = testes degeneration; TEWT = testes weight; U = unmeasured; UR = urine; USTR = ultrastructural changes; UX = measured but values not reported; w = weeks; WCON = wa ter consumption; WO = whole organism; YO = young; y r = year. ACTP = accuracy of learned behavior; ACTV = activity level; AD = adult; ALAD =(delta) -aminolevulinic acid dehydrogenase; AVO = avoidance; B = both; B2MG = beta2-microglobulin; BL = blood; BLPR = blood pressure; BDWT = body weight changes; BEH = behavior; BR = brain; BTMP = body temperature; BUNT = blood u rea nitrogen; CALC = calcium; CHM = chemical changes;d = days; DEYO = death of young; DHYD = dehdyration; DOPA = dopamine; DR = Drinking water; EDMA = edema; EM = embryo; ENCP = encephalopathy; ENZ = enyzme level changes; EXCR = excretion; EY = eye; F = female; FCNS = food consumption; FD = food; FDB = feeding behavior; FERT = fertility; FOOD = food avoidance; G6PD = glucose-6-phosphate dehydrogenase; GBCM = general biochemical; GE = gestation; GHIS = general histology; GLSN = gross lesions; GMPH = general morph ology; GPHY = general physiology; GREP = general reproductive effect; GRO = growth; GRS = gross body weight changes; GV = gavage; HE = heart; HIS = histological changes; HMCT = hematocrit; HMGL = hemoglobin; HRM = hormone changes; IIBD = intranuclear inclusion bodies; ITX = intoxication; JV = juvenile; kg = kilograms; KI = kidney; L = liter; LC = lactation; LFSP = lifespan; LI = liver; LOAEL = lowest observed adverse effect level; mo = months; M = male; M = measured; MA = mature; MOR = effects on mortality and survival ; MORT = mortality; MT = multiple tissues/organs; NCRO = necrosis; NE = nervous tissue; NOAEL = No Observed Advese Effect Level; NORE = norephinephrine; NR = Not reported; ODVP = off spring development; OR = other oral; ORW = organ weight changes; ORWT = organ weight changes; OV = ovaries; PARL = paralysis; PCLV = packed cell volume; PG = prostate gland; PH Y = physiology; PI = pituitary gland; POTA = potassium; PRFM = sexual performance; PROG = progeny numbers/counts; PRTL = total protein; PRWT = progeny weight; PTH = patholo gy; RBCE = red blood cell count; Survival

Eco-SSL for Lead March 2005Lowest-Observed Adverse Effect DosePaired values from same study when joined by lineNo-Observed Adverse Effect DoseWildlife TRV Derivation ProcessData Evaluation Score1) There are at least three results available for two test species within the growth, reproduction, and mortality effect groups. There are enough data to derive a TRV.2) There are three NOAEL results available for calculation of a geometric mean.4) The geometric mean is equal to 40.7 mg/kg bw/d but is higher than the lowest bounded LOAEL for results within the reproduction, growth, and survival effect groups.5) The mammalian wildlife TRV for lead is equal to 4.70 mg lead/kg bw/day which is the highest bounded NOAEL below the lowestbounded LOAEL for results in the growth, reproduction, and survival effect groups.Figure 6.1 Mammalian TRV Derivation for Lead71747374757166707180766670666878726678787871747374757166707180766668786678787877727269777269667267727272776969726672727272688074697375677067717973737066688074696771797373706672666675687272676774676968686975686772778172747967678372786975717681816875667781727479837869717681816867757067758080727275687275757575758068667268777472796876737876736785686671697287847369677487726868787979747169668666777472797678736785717287847374877879797471867774676781696686788168696969697472786969717370737373786869686869696868696968706969697366736878787475737078787878707468677273757266806871738067786978677179747171837271716766677279828567717667727476796970796877676767858570677977667177717273807173697871838285717674697785857777727670666670696784847679737972796767797967716773727972796979776882858481886872686885686873738377736680688686687286808284818883868686677267737277808480727472660.1001.00010.000100.0001000.00010000.000

Dose (mg Pb/kg bw/day )BIO-NOAELBIO-LOAELBEH-NOAELBEH-LOAELPHY-NOAELPHY-LOAELPTH-NOAELPTH-LOAELREP-NOAELREP-LOAELGRO-NOAELGRO-LOAELMOR-NOAELMOR-LOAELBiochemical (BIO)Pathology (PTH)Mortality (MOR)Reproduction (REP)Behavior (BEH)Geometric Mean ofNOAELs for REP andGRO = 40.7TRV = Highest bounded NOAELlower than lowest boundedLOAEL for REP, GRO or MOR=4.70Growth (GRO)83Eco-SSL for Lead18March 2005

### Eco-SSL for Lead March 2005 19 Table 6.2 Calculation of the Mammalian Eco-SSLs for Lead

Surrogate Receptor Group TRV for Lead (mg dw/kg

bw/d) 1 Food Ingestion Rate (FIR) 2 (kg dw/kg bw/d) Soil Ingestion as Proportion of

Diet (P
s ) 2 Concentration of Lead in Biota Type (i) 2,3 (B i ) (mg/kg dw) Eco-SSL ( mg/kg dw) 4

Mammalian herbivore (vole) 4.70 0.0875 0.032 ln(B i ) = 0.561 * ln(Soil j ) - 1.328 where i = plants 1200

Mammalian ground insectivore (shrew) 4.70 0.209 0.030 ln(B i ) = 0.807 * ln(Soil j ) - 0.218 where i = earthworms 56

Mammalian carnivore (weasel) 4.70 0.130 0.043 ln(B i ) = 0.4422 * ln(Soil j ) + 0.0761 where i = mammals 460

1 The process for derivation of wildlife TRVs is de scribed in Attachment 4-5 of U.S. EPA (2003).

2 Parameters (FIR, P
s , B i values, regressions) are provided in U.S. EP A (2003) Attachment 4-1 (revised February 2005).

3 B i = Concentration in biota type (i) which repres ents 100% of the diet for the respective receptor.

4 HQ = FIR * (Soil j * P
s + B i ) / TRV) solved for HQ=1 where Soil j = Eco-SSL (Equation 4-2; U.S. EPA, 2003). NA = Not Applicable

### This Page Intentionally Left Blank

### Eco-SSL for Lead March 2005 20 

### 7.0 REFERENCES

7.1 General Lead References

Booth, N.H., L.E. McDonald (eds.). 1982. Veterinary Pharmacology and Therapeutics . 5th ed. Ames, Iowa: Iowa State University Press, 1982

Budavari, S. (ed.). 1996. The Merck Index - An Encyclopedia of Chemicals, Drugs, and Biologicals . Whitehouse Station, NJ: Merck and Co., Inc., 922

Clayton, G.D., F.E. Clayton (eds.) 1993-1994, Patty's Industrial Hygiene and Toxicology. Volumes 2A, 2B, 2C, 2D, 2E, 2F: Toxicology. 4th ed. New York, NY: John Wiley & Sons Inc., 1993-1994. 2073

Doull, J., C.D.Klassen, and M.D. Amdur (eds.). 1986. Inorganic lead compounds/ Casarett and Doull's Toxicology. 3rd ed., New York: Macmillan Co., Inc., 1986. 599

Gainer JH. 1974. Environ Health Perspect Exp 7: 113-9 (1974) as cited in U.S. EPA; Ambient Water Quality Criteria Doc: Lead p.C-71 (1980) EPA 440/5-80-057]

Kayser, R., D. Sterling, D. Viviani (eds.). 1982. Intermedia Priority Pollutant Guidance Documents . Washington, DC: U.S.Environmental Protection Agency, July 1982.

NIOSH. 1978. Criteria Document: Inorganic Lead p.III-4 (1978) DHEW Pub. NIOSH 78-158

. National Research Council of Canada (NRCC). 1978. Inorga nic lead. Effects of Lead in the Canadian Envir p.271. NRCC No.16736

United States Environmental Protec tion Agency (U.S. EPA). 2003. Guidance for Developing Ecological Soil Screening Levels (Eco-SSLs) . November. Office of Emergency and Remedial Response, Washington, DC. OSWER Directive 9285.7-55.

United States Environmental Protection Agency (U.S. EPA). 1999. Ecological Risk Assessment and Risk Management Principles for Superfund Sites . Office of Emergency and Remedial Response, Washington, DC. OSWER Directive 9285.7-28.P.

United States Environmental Protec tion Agency (U.S. EPA). 1998. Guidelines for Ecological Risk Assessment

. Risk Assessment Forum. U.S. Environmental Protec tion Agency, Washington DC. EPA/630/R-95/002F. April. May 14, 1998 Federal Register 63(93): 26846-26924.

United States Environmental Protec tion Agency (U.S. EPA). 1997. Ecological Risk Assessment Guidance for Superfund: Process for Designing and Conducting Ecological Risk Assessments. Interim Final. U.S. Environmental Protection Agency, Environmental Response Team (Edison, NJ). June 5, 1997.

World Health Organization (WHO). 1995. Environ Health Criteria: Lead p. 26.



### 7.2 References for Plants and Soil Invertebrates

Balba, A. M., El Shibiny, G., and El Khatib, S. 1991. Effect of Lead Increments on the Yield and Lead Content of Tomato Plants. Water Air Soil Pollut . 57-58, 93-99

Chappelka, A. H., Kush, J. S., Runion, G. B., Meier, S ., and Kelley, W. D. 1991. Effects of soil-applied lead on seedling growth and ectomycorrhizal colonization of loblolly pine. Environ.Pollut. 72[4], 307-316

### Eco-SSL for Lead March 2005 21 Conder, J. M. and Lanno, R. P. 2000. Evaluation of Surrogate Measures of Cadmium, Lead, and Zinc Bioavailability to Eisenia fetida. Chemosphere 41, 1659-1668

Dang, Y. P., Chhabra, R., and Verma, K. S. 1990. E ffect of Cd, Ni, Pb and Zn on Growth and Chemical Composition of Onion and Fenugreek. Commun.Soil Sci.Plant Anal . 21[9/10], 717-735

Davis, J. B. and Barnes, R. L. 1973. Effects of Soil-App lied Fluoride and Lead on Growth of Loblolly Pine and Red Maple. Environ.Pollut. 5, 35-44

Dixon, R. K. 1988. Response of Ectomycorrhizal Quercus rubra to Soil Cadmium, Nickel and Lead. Soil Biol Biochem 20[4], 555-559

Donkin, S. G. and Dusenbery, D. B. 1994. Using the Caenor habditis elegans Soil Toxicity Test to Identify Factors Affecting Toxicity to Identify Factors Affecting Toxicity of Four Metal Ions in Intact Soil. Water Air Soil Pollut. 78, 359-373

Gaweda, M. 1991. The uptake of lead by spinach sp inacia-oleracea l. And radish raphanus-raphanistrumsubvar-radicula pers. As affected by organic ma tter in soil. Acta Physiol.Plant. 13[3], 167-174

Gaweda, Maria and Capecka, Ewa. 1995. Effect of s ubstrate ph on the accumulation of lead in radish ( Raphanus sativus l. Subvar. Radicula) and spinach ( Spinacia oleracea l.). Acta Physiol.Plant. 17[4], 333-340

Hassett, J. J., Miller, J. E., and Koeppe, D. E. 1976. In teraction of Lead and Cadmium on Maize Root Growth and Uptake of Lead and Cadmium by Roots. Environ.Pollut. 11, 297-302

Kadar, I. and Morvai, B. 1998. Effect of Mi cropollutants on Soil and Crop on Calcareous Sandy Soil. Agrokem.Talajtan 47[1-4], 207-214

Kennedy G.L. et al. 1975. Food Cosmet Toxicol 13: 629-32 (1975) as cited in U.S. Dept Health & Human Services/Agency for Toxic Substances & Disease Regist ry; Toxicological Profile for Lead (Update) p.94 (1993) ATSDR/TP-92/12



### .
Marques Dos Santos, C., Neto, M. M. P., and DeVarennes, A. 1993. Some Effects of Different Levels of Lead on Berseem. In: M.A.C.Fragoso and M.L.vanBeuxichen, (Eds.), Developments in Plant and Soil Sciences, Optimization of Plant Nutrition , 517-521

Neuhauser, E. F., Loehr, R. C., and Malecki, M. R. 1985. Contact and Artificial Soil Tests Using Earthworms to Evaluate the Impact of Wastes in Soil. In: J.K.Petr os,Jr., W.J.Lacy, and R.A.C onway (Eds.), Hazardous and Industiral Solid Waste Testing: 4th Symposiu m, ASTM STP 886, Philadelphia, PA 886, 192-203

Neuhauser, E. F., Loehr, R. C., Milligan, D. L., and Mal ecki, M. R. 1985. Toxicity of Metals to the Earthworm Eisenia fetida. Biol.Fertil.Soils 1[3], 149-152

Patel, P. M., Wallace, A., and Romney, E. M. 1977. Effect of Chelating Agents on Phyt otoxicity of Lead and Lead Transport. Comm.Soil Sci.Plant Anal . 8[9], 733-740

Peredney, C. L. and Williams, P. L. 2000. Utility of Caenorhabditis elegans for Assessing Heavy Metal Contamination in Artificial Soil. Ar ch.Environ.Contam.Toxicol. 39[1], 113-118

Peredney, C. L. and Williams, P. L. 2000. Comparison of the Toxicological Effects of Nitrate Versus Chloride Metallic Salts on Caenorhabditis elegans in Soil. In: F.T.Price, K.V.Brix, and N.K.Lane (Eds.), Recent Achievements in Environmental Fate and Transport, 9th Volume, ASTM STP 1381, West Conshohocken, PA , 256-268

Sandifer, R. D. and Hopkin, S. P. 1997. Effects of Temp erature on the Relative Toxicities of Cd, Cu, Pb, and Zn to

### Eco-SSL for Lead March 2005 22 Folsomia candida (Collembola). Ecotoxicol.Environ.Saf. 37, 125-130

Sandifer, R. D. and Hopkin, S. P. 1996. Effects Of Ph On The Toxicity Of Cadmium, Copper, Lead And Zinc To Folsomia Candida Willem, 1902 (Collembola) In A St andard Laboratory Test System. Chemosphere 33[12], 2475-2486

Singh, B. R. and Jeng, A. S. 1993. Uptake of Zinc, Ca dmium, Mercury, Lead, Chromium and Nickel by Ryegrass Grown in a Sandy Soil. Norw.J.Agric.Sci . 7[2], 147-157

Spurgeon, D. J. and Hopkin, S. P. 1995. Extrapolation of the Laboratory-Ba sed OECD Earthworm Toxicity Test to Metal Contaminated Field Sites. Ecotoxicology 4[3], 190-205

Spurgeon, D. J., Hopkin, S. P., and Jones, D. T. 1994. Effects of Cadmium, Copper, Lead and Zinc on Growth, Reproduction and Survival of the Earthworm Eisenia Fe tida (Savigny): Assessing the Environmental Impact of Point-Source Metal Contamination in Terrestri al Ecosystems. Environ.Pollut. 84[2], 123-130

Taylor, R. W. 1974. Presence and Influence of Certain Heavy Metals on the Yield and Utilitzation of Medicago sativa L. M.S.Thesis, Univ.of Connecticut, Storrs, CN , -113 p.

Taylor, R. W. and D. W. Allinson. 1981. Influence of L ead, Cadmium and Nickel on the Growth of Medicago sativa (L.). Plant Soil 60, 223-236

Xiong, Z. T. 1997. Bioaccumulation and Physiological E ffects of Excess Lead in a Roadside Pioneer Species Sonchus oleraceus L . Environ.Pollut. 97[3], 275-279

Zaman, M. S. and Zereen, F. 1998. Growth Responses of Radish Plants to Soil Cadmium and Lead Contamination. Bull.Environ.Contam.Toxicol. 61[1], 44-50

Zheng, C. and Chen, H. 1996. Interaction of Pb and Cd in Soil-Water-Plant System and Its Mechanism. I. Pb-Cd Interaction in Red Soil-Plant System. Pedosphe re 6[1], 63-72 IP 13139 - Chur*g and Huaiman, 1996



### 7.3 References Rejected for Use in Deriving Plant and Soil Invertebrate Eco-SSLs

These references were reviewed and rejected for use in derivation of the Eco-SSL. The definition of the codes describing the basis for re jection is provided at the end of the reference sections.

Score Aery, N. C. and Jagetiya, B. L. 1997. Relative T oxicity of Cadmium, Lead and Zinc on Barley. Commun.Soil Sci.Plant Anal. 28[11/12], 949-960

Score Baumhardt, G. R. and Welch, L. F. 1972. Lead Uptake and Corn Growth with Soil-Applied Lead. J.Environ.Qual. 1[1], 92-94

Score Bengtsson, G., Gunnarsson, T., and Rundgen, S. 1986. Effects of Metals Pollution on the Earthworm Dendrobaena rubida (Sav.) in Acidified Soils. Water Air Soil Pollut. 28, 361-383

No Dose Berg, M. H. 1970. Lead Absorption from Soil into Legumes. J Minn Acad Sci 36[2-3], 96

Media Bersenyi, A., Fekete, S., Hullar, I., Kadar, I., Szilagyi, M., Glavits, R., Kulcsar, M., Mezes, M., and Zoldag, L. 1999. Study of the Soil-Plant (Carrot)-Animal Cycle of Nutritive and Hazardous Minerals in a Rabbit Model. Acta Vet.Hung. 47[2], 181-190

FL Bertels, C., Ruether, P., Kahle, H., and Breck le, S. W. 1989. Root System Growth of Beech

### Eco-SSL for Lead March 2005 23 Seedlings in Cadmium and Cadmium-Lead Contaminated Soils (Die Entwicklung des Wurzelsystems von Buchenkeimlingen bei Cadmium- und Kombinierter Cadmium- /Bleibelastung). Verh.Ges.Oekol. 18, 367-371

Media Beyer, W. N. and Anderson, A. 1985. Toxicity to Woodlice of Zinc and Lead Oxides Added to Soil Litter. Ambio 14[3], 172-174

Media Bharti, N. and Singh, R. P. 1993. Growth a nd Nitrate Reduction by Sesamum indicum cv PB-I Respond Differentially to Lead. Phytochemistry 33[3], 531-534

No Dose Bhuiya, M. R. H. and Cornfield, A. H. 1972. Effects of Addition of 1000 ppm Cu, Ni, Pb and Zn on Carbon Dioxide Release During Incubation of Soil Alone and After Treatment with Straw. Environ.Pollut. 3, 173-177

No Dose Bhuiya, M. R. H. and Cornfield, A. H. 1974. Incubation Study on Effect of pH on Nitrogen Mineralisation and Nitrification in Soils Treat ed with 1000 ppm Lead and Zinc, as Oxides. Environ.Pollut. 7, 161-164

No Control Bhuiya, M. R. H. and Cornfield, A. H. 1976. Eff ect of Addition of Cu, Cr, Pb and Zn on Nitrogen Mineralisation and Nitrification During Incubati on of Sandy Soils. Bangladesh J.Biol.Sci. 5[1], 18-20

Mix Bisessar, S. 1982. Effect of Heavy Metals on Microorganisms in Soils near a Secondary Lead Smelter. Water Air Soil Pollut 17[3], 305-308

Media Bittell, J., Koeppe, D. E., and Miller, R. J. 1974. Sorption of Heavy Metals Cations by corn Mitochondria and the Effects on Elect ron and Energy Transfer Reactions. Physiol Plant 30, 226- 230

Mix Blair, C. W., Scanlon, P. F., and Hiller, A. L. 1978. Lead, Cadmium, Nickel, and Zinc Levels in Earthworms and Mammals Recovered near Highway s of Different Traffic Volumes. Va.J.Sci. 29[2], 57 (ABS)

No Dose Blaylock, Michael J., Salt, David E., Dushenkov, Slavik, Zakharova, Olga, Gussman, Christopher, Kapulnik, Yoram, Ensley, Burt D., and Raskin, Ilya. 1997. Enhanced accumulation of Pb in indian mustard by soil-applied chelating agents. Environ.Sci.Technol. 860-865

Mix Boisson, J., Ruttens, A., and Vangronsveld, J. 1999. Evaluation of Hydroxyapatite as a Metal Immobilizing Soil Additive for the Remediation of Polluted Soils. Part I. Influence of Hydroxyapatite on Metal Exchangeability in Soil, Plant Growth and Plant Metal Accumulation. Environ Pollut 104[2], 225-233

No Dur Boon, D. Y. and Soltanpour, P. N. 1992. Lead, cad mium and zinc contamination of aspen garden soils and vegetation. J Environ Qual 21[1], 82-86

No Dur Boruvka, L., Kozak, J., and Kristoufkova, S. 1997. Distribution of cadmium, lead, and zinc in plants grown on heavily polluted soils. Rostl.Vyroba 43[6], 249-256

Mix Bradshaw, A. D. 1952. Populations of Agrostis tenuis Resistant to Lead and Zinc Poisoning. Nature (London) 169, 1098-1110

Rev Breckle, S. W. and Kahle, H. 1992. Effects of Toxic Heavy Metals Cadmium Lead on Growth and Mineral Nutrition of Beech (Fagus sy lvatica L.). Vegetario 101[1], 43-53

Rev Brennan, M. A. and Shelley, M. L. 1999. A Model of the Uptake, Translocation, and

### Eco-SSL for Lead March 2005 24 Accumulation of Lead (Pb) by Maize for the Pur pose of Phytoextraction. Ecol.Eng. 12[3/4], 271- 297

Rev Brewer, R. F. 1966. Lead. In: H.D.Chapman (Ed. ), Diagnostic Criteria for Plants and Soils, University of California, Berkeley, CA , 213, 216

Media Brown, B. E. 1977. Uptake of Copper and Lead by a Metal Tolerant Isopod Asellus meridianus Rac. Freshwater Biol 7[3], 235-244

No Dur Brown, D. H. and Slingsby, D. R. 1972. The Ce llular Location of Lead and Potassium in the Lichen Cladonia rangiformis (L.) Hoffm. New Phytol 71, 297-305

Mix Brown, G. 1995. The Effects of Lead and Zinc on the Distribution of Plant Species at Former Mining Areas of Western Eur ope. Flora (Jena) 190[3], 243-249

FL Brown, Gary. 1990. Ecological study of the vege tation in the former lead-mining area near Mechernich (Eifel Mountains ). Angew.Bot. 64[5-6], 457-488

OM, pH Cadmium, Copper, and Lead. Environ Sci & Technol 7[2], 131-135

Media Buckles, V. P. 1999. Can the Pattern of the Leucage venusto Webs be Used to Indicate Environmental Contamination? Bull Environ Contam Toxicol 62[5], 563-569

Media Burzynski, M. and Jakob, M. 1983. Influence of Lead on Auxin-Induced Cell Elongation. Acta Soc.Bot.Pol. 52[3/4], 231-239

Media Burzynski, M. and Grabowski, A. 1984. Influen ce of Lead on Nitrate Uptake and Reduction in Cucumber Seedlings. Acta Soc.Bot.Pollut. 53[1], 77-86

Media Burzynski, M. 1985. Influence of Lead on the Chlorophyll Content and on Initial Steps of Its Synthesis in Greening Cucumber Seed lings. Acta Soc.Bot.Pol. 54[1], 95-105

Media Burzynski, M. 1987. The Uptake and Transpiration of Water and the Accumulation of Lead by Plants Growing on Lead Chloride Solutions. Acta Soc.Bot.Pol. 56[2], 271-280

No Dose Cancio, I., Gwynn, I., Ireland, M. P., and Cajara ville, M. P. 1995. The Effect of Sublethal Lead Exposure on the Ultrastructure and on the Di stribution of Acid Phosphatase Activity in Chloragocytes of Earthworms (Annelida, Oligochaeta). Histochem J 27[12], 965-973

Media Carlson, R. W., Bazzaz, F. A., and Rolfe, G. L. 1975. The Effect of Heavy Metals on Plants: Part II. Net Photosynthesis and Transpiration of Whol e Corn and Sunflower Plants Treated with Pb, Cd, Ni, and Ti. Environ Research 10, 113-120

OM, pH Carlson, R. W. and Bazzaz, F. A. 1977. Grow th Reduction of American Sycamore (Plantanus occidentalis L.) Caused by Pb-Cd In teraction40295. Environ Pollut 12[4], 243-253

OM, pH Carlson, R. W. and Bazzaz, F. A. 1977. Grow th Reduction in American Sycamore (Plantanus occidentalis L.) Caused by Pb-Cd In teraction 40294. Environ Pollut 12, 243-253

No ERE Carlson, R. W. and Rolfe, G. L. 1979. Growth of Rye Grass and Fescue as Affected by LeadCadmium-Fertilizer Interaction. J Environ Qual 8[3], 348-352

Species Cartwright, B. and Tiller, K. G. 1976. Heavy Me tal Contamination of Soils Around a Lead Smelter at Port Pirie, South Australia. Aust.J.Soil Res. 15, 69-81

### Eco-SSL for Lead March 2005 25 OM, pH Cast. 1976. Application of Sewage Sludge to Cropl and: Appraisal of Potential Hazards of the Heavy Metals to Plants and Animals. Rep.No .64, Counc Agric Sci Technol, Ames, IA , 63

No Dose Cataldo, D. A. and Wildung, R. E. 1978. Soil a nd Plant Factors Influencing the Accumulation of Heavy Metals by Plants. Environ.Health Perspect. 27, 149-159

FL Celardin, F. and Landry, J. C. 1988. Bioindicat ors of pollution earthworms and heavy metals in soil. ARCH SCI (GENEVA).Archives des Sc iences (Geneva).41 (2).1988.225-228. 41[2], 225- 228

No Dur Chambers, J. C. and Sidle, R. C. 1991. Fate of heavy metals in an abandoned lead zinc tailings pond I. Vegetation. J Environ Qual 20[4], 745-751

Abstract Chaney, R. and Ryan, J. 1995. Risk Based Standa rds For Arsenic, Lead And Cadmium In Urban Soils. Summary Of Information And Methods Developed To Estimate Standards For Cd, Pb And As In Urban Soils 6615. Govt-Repor ts-Announcements-&-Index-(GRA&I) [19]

Media Chaney, W. R. and Strickland, R. C. 1984. Relativ e toxicity of heavy metals to red pine pinusresinosa pollen germination and germ tube elongation. J Environ Qual 13[3], 391-394

Not Avail Chang, L. W., Meier, J. R., and Smith, M. K. 1996. Evaluation of Remediation of Lead Contaminated Soil Using Plant Toxicity and Ge notoxicity Assays 11470. Environ.Molec.Mutagen. 27[Suppl. 27], 13 (ABS)

No Dose Chang, L. W., Meier, J. R., and Smith, M. K. 1997. Application of Plant and Earthworm Bioassays to Evaluate Remediation of a Lead-Contaminat ed Soil. Arch.Environ.Contam.Toxicol. 32[2], 166- 171

Media Chen, Huaiman, Lin, Qi, and Zheng, Chunrong. 1998. Interaction of Pb and Cd in soil-water-plant system and its mechanism: II. Pb-Cd inter action in rhizosphere. Pedosphere 8[3], 237-244

No Dose Chen, J., Huang, J. W., Caspar, T., and Cummingha m, S. D. 1996. Using arabidopsis to study lead accumulation and tolerance in plants. Abstracts of Papers American Chemical Society , AGRO

No Control Chen, J., Huang, J. W., Caspar, T., and Cunningham, S. D. 1997. Arabidopsis thaliana as a Model System for Studying Lead Accumulation and Tolera nce in Plants. In: E.L.Kruger, T.A.Anderson, and J.R.Coats (Eds.), Phytoremediation of So il and Water Contaminants, Chapter 19, ACS Symp.Ser.No.664 , 264-273

No Dose Chen, Z. S. 1991. Cadmium and Lead Contaminati on of Soils Near Plastic Stabilizing Materials Producing Plants in Northern Taiwan. Int.Conf. on Metals in Soils, Waters, Plants and Animals, Orlando, FL, April 30-May 3, 1990, Water Air Soil Pollut. 57/58, 745-754

Media Cheng-nong, Y., Yi, L., Tian-zhi, W., Zhi- qun, T., Song-sheng, Q., and Ping, S. 1999. Thermochemical Studies of the Toxic Actions of Heavy Metal Ions on Rhizopus nigricans. Chemosphere 38[4], 891-898

No Dur Chernykh, N. A. 1991. Alteration of the concentra tions of certain elements in plants by heavy metals in the soil. Sov Soil Sci (Engl Transl Pochvovedenie).Soviet Soil Science (English Translation of Pochvovedenie) 23[6], 45-53

No Dur Chettri, M. K., Sawidis, T., and Karataglis , S. 1997. Lichens As A Tool For Biogeochemical Prospecting. Ecotoxicol-Environ-Saf 38[3], 322-335

Media Cheung, Y. H., Wong, M. H., and Tam, N. F. Y. 1989. Root and Shoot Elongation as an

### Eco-SSL for Lead March 2005 26 Assessment of Heavy Metal Toxicity and `Zn Equi valent Value' of Edible Crops. Hydrobiologia 188/189, 377-383

OM, pH Chisholm, D. 1972. Lead, Arsenic, and Copper Content of Crops Grown on Lead ArsenateTreated and Untreated Soils. Can J Plant Sci 52, 583-588

No ERE Chlopecka, A. and Adriano, D. C. 1997. Influen ce of Zeolite, Apatite and Fe-oxide on Cd and Pb Uptake by Crops. Sci.Total Envi ron.207(2-3):195-206 207[2-3], 195-206

No ERE Chlopecka, Anna. 1993. Forms of Trace Metals from Inorganic Sources in Soils and Amounts Found in Spring Barley. Water Air and Soil Pollution 69[1-2], 127-134

No ERE Chlopecka, Anna. 1997. Copper and lead species in soil and their uptake by plants when applied as carbonates. Dev.Plant Soil Sci. 71, 459-468

FL Chrenekova, Eva, Lahucky, Ladislav, and Vollmannova, Alena. 1991. Root absorption of lead and cadmium by spring barley. Pol'nohospodarstvo 37[2], 137-144

Mix Chukwuma, Chrysanthus. 1993. Comparison of the accumulation of cadmium, lead and zinc in cultivated and wild plant species in the derelic t Enyigba lead-zinc mine. Toxicol.Environ.Chem. 38[3-4], 167-173

No Dur Chukwuma, Chrysanthus, Sr. 1994. Evaluating Baseline Data for Lead and Cadmium in Rice, Yam, Cassava and Guinea Grass from Cultivated Soils in Nigeria (Erratum to document cited in CA122:74215). Toxicol.Environ.Chem. 46[1-2], 135

No Dur Chukwuma, Chrysanthus, Sr. 1994. Evaluating baseline data for lead (Pb) and cadmium (Cd) in rice, yam, cassava and guinea grass from cultivated soils in Nigeria. Toxicol.Environ.Chem. 45[1- 2], 45-56

Mix Chumbley, C. G. and Unwin, R. J. 1982. Cadmiu m and Lead Content of Vegetable Crops Grown on Land with a History of Sewage Sludge Application. Environ.Pollut. 4B, 231-237

Media Clark, R. B., Pier, P. A., Knudsen, D., and Maranville, J. W. 1981. Effect of Trace Element Deficiencies and Excesses on Mineral Nutrie nts in Sorghum. J.Plant Nutr. 3[1-4], 357-374

No Toxicant Clevenger, T. E. and Rao, D. 1996. Mobility of Lead in Mine Tailings Due to Landfill Leachate. Water Air Soil Pollut. 91[3/4], 197-207

Mix Cook, C. M., Sgardelis, S. P., Pantis, J. D., and Lanaras, T. 1994. Concentrations of Pb, Zn, and Cu in Taraxacum spp. in relation to urban pollu tion. Bulletin of Environmental Contamination and Toxicology 53[2], 204-210

Rev Cook, N. and Hendershot, W. H. 1996. The Probl em of Establishing Ecologically Based Soil Quality Criteria. The Case of Lead. Can J Soil Sci 76, 335-342

No Dose Cooper, E. M., Sims, J. T., Cunningham, S. D., Huang, J. W., and Berti, W. R. 1999. ChelateAssisted Phytoextraction of Lead from Cont aminated Soils. J Environ Qual 28[6], 1709-1719

No Dose Corp, N. and Morgan, A. J. 1991. Accumulation Of Heavy Metals From Polluted Soils By The Earthworm, Lumbricus Rubellus: Can Laboratory Exposure Of 'Control' Worms Reduce Biomonitoring Problems? Environ Pollut 74[1], 39-52

Media Coughtrey, P. J. and Martin, M. H. 1979. Cadmium, Lead and Zinc Interactions and Tolerance in Two Populations of Holcus lanatus L. Grown in Solution Culture. Environ.Exp.Bot. 19, 285-290

### Eco-SSL for Lead March 2005 27 No COC Cox, W. J. and Rains, D. W. 1972. Effect of Lime on Lead Uptake by Five Plant Species. J Environ Qual 1[2], 167-169

Species Crecelius, E. A., Johnson, C. J., and Hofer, G. C. 1974. Contamination of soils Near a Copper Smelter by Arsenic, Antimony, and Lead. Water Air Soil Pollut 3, 337-342

Mix Cunha Bustamante, M. Biomonitoring Of Heavy Metals Using Higher Plants Growing At Former Mining Sites. Govt-Reports-Announcem ents-&-Index-(GRA&I),-Issue-01,-1995

Mix Czuba, M. and Hutchinson, T. C. 1980. Copper and Lead Levels in Crops and Soils of the Holland Marsh Area-Ontario. J Environ Qual 9[4], 566-575

Media D'souza, T. J. and Mitry, K. B. 1970. Compar ative Uptake of Thorium-230, Radium-226, Lead210 and Polonium-210 by Plants. Radiat.Bot. 10, 293-295

Media Dallinger, R. and Wieser, W. 1984. Patterns of A ccumulation, Distribution and Liberation of Zn, Cu, Cd and Pb in Different Organs of the La nd Snail Helix pomatia, L. Comp Biochem Physiol 79C, 117-124

Mix Davies, B. E. and Roberts, L. J. 1975. Heavy Metals in Soils and Radish in a Mineralised Limestone Area of Wales, Great Br itain. Sci.Total Environ. 4, 249-261

No Dur Davies, B. E. 1992. Interrelationships between soil properties and the uptake of cadmium, copper, lead and zinc from contaminated soils by radish Raphanus-sativus L. Water Air Soil Pollut 63[3/4], 331-342

Score De Haan, S. 1985. Acceptable Levels of Heavy Metals (Cd, Cr, Cu, Ni, Pb, Zn) in Soils. Hren (Gr), The Netherlands (Rapport 9-85) (Cited in Janus and Krajnc 1989)

Mix De Pieri L.A., Buckley, W. T., and Kowalenko, C. G. 1997. Cadmium and Lead Concentrations of Commercially Grown Vegetables and of Soils in the Lower Fraser Valley of British Columbia. Can.J.Soil Sci. 77[1], 51-57

Score De Varennes, A., Torres, M. O., Coutinho, J. F., Rocha, M. M. G. S., and Neto, M. M. P. M. 1996. Effects of Heavy Metals on the Growth and Mi neral Composition of a Nickel Hyperaccumulator. J.Plant Nutr. 19[5], 669-676

No Dur De, Nava C. C. 1988. Environmental lead contam ination in Mexico. Third Chemical Congress of North America Held at the 195Th American Chemical Society Meeting, Toronto, Ontario, Canada, June 5-10, 1988.Abstr Pap Chem Congr North Am.3 (1).1988.Envr 182. 3[1], 182

No Dur Dedollph, R., Haar, G. T., Holtzman, R., and Lucas, H. 1970. Sources of Lead in Perennial Ryegrass and Radishes. Environ Sci & Technol 4[3], 217-223

Mix Denduluri, S. 1994. Ameliorative effects of ethyl enediamine tetraacetic acid and nitrilo triacetic acid on lead toxicity in okra (abelmoschus escule ntus l.) grown in sewage-irrigated soil. Bulletin of Environmental Contamination and Toxicology 52[4], 516-522

Mix Denduluri, Srinivas. 1993. Reduction of lead accu mulation by ethylenediamine tetraacetic acid and nitrilo triacetic acid on okra (Abelmoschus escule ntus l.) grown in sewage-irrigated soil. Bulletin of Environmental Contamination and Toxicology 51[1], 40-45

OM, pH Denneman, C. A. J. and Van Straalen, N. M. 1991. The Toxicity of Lead and Copper in Reproduction Toxicity Tests Using the Oribatid e Mite Platynothrus peltifer. Pedobiologia 35, 305- 311

### Eco-SSL for Lead March 2005 28 Mix Descamps, M., Fabre, M. C., Grelle, C., and Gerard, S. 1996. Cadmium and Lead Kinetics During Experimental Contamination and Decontamina tion of the Centipede Lithobius forficatus L. Arch.Environ.Contam.Toxicol. 31[3], 350-353

No Dur DeShields, B. R., Meredith, R. W., Griffin, D., Laughlin, T., and Collins, W. 1998. The Use of Field Methods to Evaluate the Toxicity of Lead to Plants at a Small Arms Firing Range. In: E.E.Little, A.J.DeLonay, B.M.Gr eenberg (Eds.), Environmental Toxicology and Risk Assessment, Volume 7, ASTM STP 1333, Philadelphia, PA , 166-183

Media Devkota, B. and Schmidt, G. H. 1999. Effects of Heavy Metals (Hg2+, Cd2+, Pb2+) During the Embryonic Development of Acridid Grasshoppers (Insecta, Caelifera). Arch.Environ.Contam.Toxicol. 36[4], 405-414

OM Diab, G. S., Emara, M. D., El Sokkary, E. H., and El Kouny, H. M. 1991. Cadmium and Lead Distribution in Oil-Water System and in Oil Plants Grown in Sandy Soils Irrigated with Cd and Pb Polluted Water. Alexandria Sci.Exch. 12[3], 557-577

OM, pH Diaz, G., Azcon-Aguilar, C., and Honrubia, M. 1996. Influence of Arbuscular Mycorrhizae on Heavy Metal (Zn and Pb) Uptake and Growth of Lygeum spartum and Anthyllis cytisoides. Plant Soil 180[2], 241-249

pH Doelman, P. and Haanstra, L. 1979. Effects of Lead on the Decomposition of Organic Matter. Soil Biol Biochem 11, 481-485

Media Doelman, P., Nieboer, G., Schroote., J., and Vi sser, M. 1984. Antagonistic and Synergistic Toxic Effects of Pb and Cd in a Simple Foodchain - Nematodes Feeding on Bacteria or Fungi. Bull Environ Contam Toxicol 32[6], 717-723

Rev Donkin, Steven G. 1997. Graphical determination of metal bioavailability to soil invertebrates utilizing the Langmuir sorption model. ASTM Spec.Tech.Publ., VSTP 1317, Environmental Toxicology and Risk Assessment: Modeling and Risk Assessment 6, 28-43

Mix Dorn, C. R., Pierce, J. O., Chase, G. R., and Phillips, P. E. 1975. Environmental Contamination by Lead, Cadmium, Zinc, and Copper in a New Lead-Producing Area. Environ Res 9, 159-172

FL Drabent, Z., Radecka, H., and Radecki, J. 1988. Effect of Fertilization on Magnesium, Manganese, and Zinc Uptake by Corn Growing on Soil Polluted by Tetraethyllead (Wplyw Skazenia Gleby Czteroetyloolowiem na Zawartosc Mg, Mn i Zn w Kukurydzy). Acta Acad.Agric.Tech.Olstenensis [46], 49-58

Mix Dragland, S. 1996. Content of Cadmium and Lead in Chamomile (Chamomilla recutita L.) and Feverfew (Tanacetum parthenium L.) Grown in Different Parts of Norway (Innhold av Kadmium og bly i Kamille (Chamomilla recutita L.) og Matrem (Tanacetum parthenium L.) Dyrket pa Ulike Steder i Norge). Norsk.Landbruksforsking 10[3/4], 181-188

Mix Dudka, S., Piotrowska, M., and Terelak, H. 1997. Transfer of cadmium, lead, and zinc from industrially contaminated soil to crop plants : a field study. Environ.Pollut. 94[2], 181-188

No Dur Dugdale, P. J. 1978. Cadmium in the Lead Smelter at Belledune: Its Association with Heavy Metals in the Ecosystem. In: Proc.1st Int.Ca dmium Conf., Cadmium 77, Jan.31-Feb.2, 1977, San Francisco, CA , 53-75

No Toxicant Dusenbery, D. B. 1988. Avoided Temperature Leads To The Surface: Computer Modeling Of Slime Mold And Nematode Thermotaxi s. Behav.Ecol.Sociobiol. 22[3], 219-223

### Eco-SSL for Lead March 2005 29 Mix Dushenko, William T., Grundy, Stephen L., and Re imer, Kenneth J. 1996. Vascular plants as sensitive indicators of lead and pcb transport from local sources in the canadian arctic. Science of the Total Environment 188[1], 29-38

Media Dushenkov, V., Kumar, P. B. A. N., Motto, H., and Raskin, I. 1995. Rhizofiltration: The Use of Plants to Remove Heavy Metals From Aque ous Streams. Environ Sci Technol 29[5], 1239-1245

FL Duwensee, H. A. 1992. Anthocyanin Coloration in Agrostis stolonifera L. on Heavy-MetalContaining Soils (Lead, Zinc) in the Harz (Zur Anthocyanfarbung bei Agrostis stonlonifera L. auf Schwermetallboden (Pb, Zn) im Harz). Florist.Rundbriefe 26[1], 48-49 (GER)

FL Dzeletovic, Zeljko, Filipovic, Radoslav, Djur djevic, Melanija, and Jakovljevic, Miodrag. 1991. Influence of elevated lead content in arable land on the uptake of specific elements and the formation of oats biomass. Arh.Poljopr.Nauke 52[187], 229-236

Media Ebert, Georg and Dimerski, Christian. 1998. Influe nce of lead application to roots and shoots of 'Elsanta' strawberry plants on growth, gas excha nge, and lead partitioning. Gesunde Pflanz. 50[6], 157-161

Meth Egorov, Yu L. and Kirillov, V. F. 1996. Ecologi c significance and hygienic regulation of lead and cadmium in various media (review of literature ). Meditsina Truda i Promyshlennaya Ekologiya 0[10], 18-25

Rev Eisler, R. 1988. Lead Hazards To Fish, Wild life, And Invertebrates: A Synoptic Review. Biological Report 85 (1.14), Govt Reports Announcements & Index (GRA&I) [14]

No Dur Eklund, Mats. 1995. Cadmium and lead deposition around a swedish battery plant as recorded in oak tree rings. Journal of Environmental Quality 24[1], 126-131

OM, pH El Demerdashe, S., Dahdoh, M. S. A., Foda, M. S. A., and El Kassas, H. 1996. Charcoal as a Controlling Material for Soil Pb Pollution. Egypt.J.Soil Sci. 36[1-4], 257-268

No Dose Elkhatib, E. A., Elshebiny, G. M., and Mohame d, A. A. 1993. Extractability and availability of lead from calcareous egyptian soils. Arid Soil Res.Rehabil. 7[2], 113-124

Media Ellender, G. and Ham, K. N. 1987. Connective-Ti ssue Responses to Some Heavy-Metals. 2. Lead - Histology and Ultrastructure. Br J Exp Pathol 68[3], 291-307

OM Eltrop, L., Brown, G., Joachim, O., and Brinkmann, K. 1991. Lead tolerance of betula and salix in the mining area of Mechernich Germany. Plant Soil 131[2], 275-286

No Dur Emerson, R. Results Of Phytotoxicology Survey , Former Sanderson-Hearld Property, Paris, 1995. Govt-Reports-Announcements-&-Index-(GRA&I),-Issue-11,-1997

Mix Emerson, R. 1997. Phytotoxicology Vegetation Assessment Survey: Tonolli Company Of Canada Ltd., Mississauga (1992). Govt-Reports-Announ cements-&-Index-(GRA&I),-Issue-18,-1997 [18]

Mix Emerson, R. N. 1993. Phytotoxicology Soil And Vegetation Lead Assessment Surveys In The Vicinity Of Highway 401, Toronto, 1972, 1979 And 1990. Govt-Reports-Announcements-&- Index-(GRA&I) [11]

Meth Emmerling, C., Krause, K., and Schroeder, D. 1997. The Use Of Earthworms In Monitoring Soil Pollution By Heavy Metals. Zeitschrift Fuer Pflanzenernaehrung Und Bodenkunde 160[1], 33-39

Media Ensley, Burt D., Blaylock, Mich ael J., Dushenkov, Slavik, Kumar, Nanda P. B. A., Kapulnik,

### Eco-SSL for Lead March 2005 30 Yoram, and Huang, Jianwei. 1997. Hyperaccumulati on of metals in plant shoots, useful for soil phytoremediation. 67

No Control Entry, J. A. and Emmingham, W. H. 1996. Accumula tion of lead and zinc in contaminated potting soil by tree seedlings. Abstracts of Pape rs American Chemical Society , AGRO

No ERE Environmental Research Branch, Whiteshell Nucl ear Research Est. Atomic Energy of Canada Limited. 1992. Effect of Soil Type on Radionuc lides in Plants. Field Study. Govt Reports Announcements & Index (GRA&I) 6, 39 p.

No Control Epstein, A. L., Gussman, C. D., Blaylock, M. J., Yermiyahu, U., Huang, J. W., Kapulnik, Y., and Orser, C. S. 1999. EDTA and Pb-EDTA Accumu lation in Brassica juncea Grown in Pb-Amended Soil. Plant Soil 208[1], 87-94

Media Fargasova, A. 1994. Effect of Pb, Cd, Hg, As, and Cr on Germination and Root Growth of Sinapis alba Seeds. Bull Environ Contam Toxicol 52, 452-456

No Dose Feng, J. and Barker, A. V. 1992. Ethylene e volution and ammonium accumulation by nutrientstressed tomatoes grown with inhibitors of ethylen e synthesis or action. Journal Of Plant Nutrition. 15[2], 155-167

Mix Ferrari, B., Radetski, C. M., Veber, A. M., and Ferard, J. F. 1999. Ecotoxicological Assessment of Solid Wastes: A Combined Liquid- and Solid-Phase Testing Approach Using a Battery of Bioassays and Biomarkers. Envi ron Toxicol Chem 18[6], 1195-1202

FL Fiussello, N. and Molinari, M. T. 1973. Effect of Lead on Plant Growth (Azione del Piombo Sull'Accrescimento dei Vegetali). Allionia 19, 89-96

Media Fleming, T. P. and Richards, K. S. 1982. Lo calization Of Adsorbed Heavy Metals On The Earthworm Body Surface And Their Retrieval By Chelation. Pedobiologia 23[6], 415-418

Media Fodor, Ferenc, Sarvari, Eva, Lang, Ferenc, Szigeti, Zoltan, and Cseh, Edit. 1996. Effects of Pb and Cd on cucumber depending on the Fe-complex in th e culture solution. J.Plant Physiol. 148[3/4], 434-439

Media Forge, T. A., Berrow, M. L., Darbyshire, J. F ., and Warren, A. 1993. Protozoan bioassays of soil amended with sewage sludge and heavy metals, using the common soil ciliate Colpoda steinii. Biol.Fertil.Soils 16, 282-286

Rev Fowler, B. A. and Mahaffey, K. R. 1978. Inte ractions Among Lead, Cadmium, and Arsenic in Relation to Porphyrin Excration Patterns. Environ Health Perspect 25, 87-90

No Dur Franson, J. C., Petersen, M. R., Meteyer, C. U., and Smith, M. R. 1995. Lead Poisoning of Spectacled Eiders (Somateria fischeri) and of a Common Eider (Somateria mollissima) in Alaska. J Wildl Dis 31[2], 268-271

No Dose Gelinas, Y. and Schmit, J. P. 1997. Extending the Use of the Stable Lead Isotope Ratios as a Tracer in Bioavailability Studies. Environ.Sci.Technol. 31[7], 1968-1972

Media Gigliotti, G., Businelli, D., and Giusquiani, P. L. 1996. Trace Metals Uptake and Distribution in Corn Plants Grown on a 6-Year Urban Waste Compost Amended Soil. Agric.Ecosyst.Environ. 58[2/3], 199-206

No Dose Gill, B. S. and Sandhu, S. S. 1992. Application of the tradescantia micronucleus assay for the genetic evaluation of chemical mixtures in so il and aqueous media. Mutation Research 270[1], 65-

### Eco-SSL for Lead March 2005 31 69

Species Gimeno-Garcia, E., Andreu, V., and Boluda, R. 1995. Distribution of heavy metals in rice farming soils. Archives of Environmental C ontamination and Toxicology 29[2], 476-483

Mix Gingell, S. M., Campbell, R., and Martin, R. 1976. The Effect of Zinc, Lead, and Cadmium Pollution on the Leaf Surface Microf lora. Environ Pollut 11[1], 25-37

Species Gintenreiter, S., Ortel, J., and Nopp, H. J. 1993. Effects of different dietary levels of cadmium, lead, copper, and zinc on the vitality of the forest pest insect Lymantria dispar L. (Lymantriidae, Lepid). Archives of Environmental Contamination and Toxicology , 62-66

Mix Gintenreiter, S., Ortel, J., and Nopp, H. J. 1993. Bioaccumulation of Cadmium, Lead, Copper, and Zinc in Successive Developmental Stages of Ly mantria dispar L. (Lymantriidae, Lepid): A Life Cycle Study. Archives of Environmental Contamination and Toxicology 25[1], 55-61

No Dur Gish, C. D. and Christensen, R. E. 1973. Cadm ium nickel lead and zinc in earthworms from roadside soil. Environ Sci Technol 7[11], 1060-1062

Media Godbold, D. L., Schlegel, H., and Hutterman, S. 1985. Heavy metals - a possible factor in spruce decline. VDI Berichte 560, 703-716

Media Godbold, D. L. and A.Huttermann. 1986. The Uptake and Toxicity of Mercury and Lead to Spruce (Picea abies Karst.) Seedlings. Water Air Soil Pollut. 31[3-4], 509-515

Media Godbold, D. L., Tischner, R., and Huttermann, A. 1987. Effects of Heavy Metals and Aluminum on the Root Physiology of Spruce (Picea abie s Karst.) Seedlings. In: T.C.Hutchinson and K.M.Meema (Eds.), Proc.of the NATO Advanced Research Workshop on Effects of Acidic Deposition on Forests, Wetlands, and Agricultural Ec osystems, Held at Toronto, Canada, May 12- 17, 1985, Springer-Verlag, NY , 387-400

Media Godbold, D. L. and Kettner, C. 1991. Use of Root Elongation Studies to Determine Aluminum and Lead Toxicity in Picea abies Seed lings. J.Plant Physiol. 138, 231-235

No Dur Goldsmith, C. D. J. 1976. Lead Concentrations in Soil and Vegetation Associated with Highways of Different Traffic Densities. Bull Environ Contam Toxicol 16, 66-70

FL Goren, A. and Wanner, H. 1971. The Absorpti on of Lead and Copper by Roots of Hordeum vulgare (Die Absorption von Blei und Kupfer durch Wurzeln von Hordeum vulgare). Ber.Schweig.Bot.Gaz. 80, 334-339 (GER) (ENG ABS)

Media Graff, S., Berkus, M., Alberti, G., and Kohler , H. R. 1997. Metal Accumulation Strategies In Saprophagous And Phytophagous Soil Invertebrates: A Quantitative Comparison. Biometals 10[1], 45-53

No Dur Gratani, L., Taglioni, S., and Cr escente, M. F. 1992. The accumulation of lead in agricultural soil and vegetation along a highway. Chemosphere 24[7], 941-949

Mix Gray, N. F. 1988. Ecology of nematophagous f ungi: effect of the soil nutrients nitrogen, phosphorus, and potassium and seven major meta ls on distribution. Plant Soil 108[2], 286-290

Media Gregory, R. P. G. and Bradshaw, A. D. 1965. H eavy Metal Tolerance in Populations of Agrostis tenuis Sibth. and Other Grasses. New Phytol 64, 131-143

No Dur Grobecker, K. 1995. Schwermetallbelastung Durch Bl ei Und Quecksilber In Zwei Terrestrischen

### Eco-SSL for Lead March 2005 32 Und Einem Aquatischen Oekosystem. (Heavy Metal Pollution Of Two Terrestrial Ecosystems And One Aquatic System Through Lead And Mercury). Govt-Reports-Announcements-&-Index- (GRA&I) [17]

FL Gu, Shuhua, Xu, Jun, Zhu, Zhongjing, Gu, Zong lian, Wang, Zuqiang, and Luo, Zongyan. 1989. Lead environmental capacity of paddy soil derive d from red earth. Huanjing Kexue Xuebao 9[1], 27-36

No Dose Guenther, A. and Greven, H. 1990. Increase Of The Number Of Epidermal Gland Cells: An Unspecific Response Of Lumbricus Terrestris L. (Lumbricidae: Oligochaeta) To Different Environmental Stressors. Zool Anz 225[5-6], 278-286

Score Gunnarsson, T. and Rundgren, S. 1986. Nematode Infestation and Hatching Failure of Lumbricid Cocoons in Acidified and Metal Polluted Soils. Pedobiologia 29[3], 165-173

FL Guo, Y., Wang, Z., Lai, Q., Zhang, Y., Xia, W., Yan, H., and Deng, J. 1995. Soil Heavy Metal Pollution And Earthworm Isozymes. Yingyong Shengtai Xuebao 6[3], 317-322

No Dose Guyette, Richard P., Cutter, Bruce E., and He nderson, Gray S. 1991. Long-term correlations between mining activity and levels of lead a nd cadmium in tree-rings of eastern red-cedar. J.Environ.Qual. 20[1], 146-150

No Control Gworek, B. 1992. Lead inactivation in soils by zeolites. Plant Soil 143[1], 71-74

No COC Gworek, Barbara. 1992. Use of synthetic zeolites of 3a and 5a type for lead immobilization in anthropogenic soils. Polish Journal of Soil Science 25[1], 35-39

FL Gworek, Barbara. 1993. Effect of zeolites on the l ead uptake by plants from soils with simulated contamination. Rocz.Glebozn. 44[1-2], 19-26

Mix Gzyl, J. 1990. Lead and Cadmium Contamination of Soil and Vegetables in the Upper Silesia Region of Poland. Sci.Total Environ. 96[1/2], 199-209

No Dur Haagvar, S. and Abrahamsen, G. 1990. Microa rthropoda And Enchytraeidae (Oligochaeta) In Naturally Lead-Contaminated Soil: A Gradient Study. Environ Entomol 19[5], 1263-1277

OM Hagemeyer, J. and Weinand, T. 1996. Radial Distribution of Pb in Stems of Young Norway Spruce Trees Grown in Pb-Contaminated Soil. Tree Physiol. 16[6], 591-594

OM Hagemeyer, J. and Hubner, C. 1999. Radial Distri butions of Pb in Stems of 6-Year-Old Spruce Trees (Pica abies (L.) Karst.) Grown for 2 Years in Pb-Contaminated Soil. Water Air Soil Pollut 111[1-4], 215-224

Media Hager, A., Moser, I., and Berthold, W. 1987. Organolead Toxicity in Plants: Triethyl Lead (Et3Pb+) Acts as a Powerful Transmembrane C l/OH Exchanger Dissipating H+Gradients at NanoMolar Levels. Z.Naturforsch.Sect C Biosci. 42, 1116-1120

No ERE Hahne, H. C. H. and Kroontje, W. 1973. Significance of pH and Chloride Concentration on Behaviour of Heavy Metal Pollutants: Merc ury (II), Cadmium (II), Zinc (II) and Lead (II) 42379. J Environ Qual 2, 444-450

Species Hahne, H. C. H. and Kroontje, W. 1973. Significance of pH and Chloride Concentration on Behaviorof Heavy Metal Pollutants: Mercur y (II), Cadmium (II), Zinc (II), and Lead (II) 42380. J Environ Qual 2[4], 444-450

### Eco-SSL for Lead March 2005 33 Media Hammett, F. S. 1928. Studies in the Biology of Me tals. I. The Localization of Lead by Growing Roots. Protoplasma 4, 183-186

Media Hampp, R., Ziegler, H., and Ziegler, I. 1973. Infl uence of Lead Ions on the Activity of Enzymes of the Reductive Pentose Phosphate Pathway. Biochem.Physiol.Pflanz (BPP) 164, 588-595

Media Hampp, R. and Lendzian, K. 1974. Effect of Lead Ions on Chlorophyll Synthesis. Naturwissenschaften 61, 218

Mix Han, D. H. and Lee, J. H. 1996. Effects of liming on uptake of lead and cadmium by Raphanus sativa. Archives Of Environmental C ontamination And Toxicology. 31[4], 488-493

Mix Hardiman, R. T., Jacoby, B., and Banin, A. 1984. Factors Affecting the Distribution of Cadmium, Copper and Lead and Thier Effect upon Yield and Zi nc Content in Bush Bean (Phaseolus vulgaris L.). Plant Soil 81, 17-27

Media Hartenstein, R., Neuhauser, E. F., and Collier, J. 1980. Accumulation of Heavy Metals in the Earthworm, Eisenia foetida42541. J Environ Qual 9[1], 23-26

Media Hasnain, S., Yasmin, S., and Yasmin, A. 1993. Th e effects of lead-resistant Pseudomonads on the growth of Triticum aestivum seedlings under l ead stress. Environmental Pollution 81[2], 179-184

No Control Hassett, J. J. and Miller, J. E. 1977. Uptake of Lead by Corn from Roadside Samples. Commun Soil Sci Plant Anal 8, 49-55

Media Hellmuth, U. and Schmidt, W. 1991. Lead Tolera nce of Annuals at Roadsides. In: G.Esser and D.Overdieck (Eds.), Modern Ecology, Else vier Science Publ., The Netherlands , 844

No Dose Hemphill, D. D., Marienfeld, C. J., Reddy, R. S ., Heidlage, W. D., and Pierce, J. O. 1973. Toxic Heavy metals in Vegetables and Forage Grasses in Missouri's Lead Belt 42664. J Assoc Off Anal Chem 56[4], 994-998

No Dose Hemphill, D. D., Marienfeld, C. J., Reddy, R. S ., Heilage, W. D., and Pierce, J. O. 1973. Toxic Heavy Metals in Vegetables and Forage Gra sses in the Missouri Lead Belt 42663. J Assoc Off Anal Chem 56, 994-998

No Control Hemphill, D. D. and Rule, J. H. 1975. Foliar Uptake and Translocation of Pb210 and Cd109 by Plants. In: Intl Conf on Heavy Metals in the Envir on, Symp.Proc., Vol.2(2), University of Toronto, Ont., Canada 2[2], 77-86

Media Herstein, U. and Jager, H. J. 1986. Tolerances of Different Populations of Three Grass Species to Cadmium and Other Metals. E nviron.Exp.Bot. 26[4], 309-319

Mix Hetrick, B. A. D., Wilson, G. W. T., and Fi gge, D. A. H. 1994. The influence of mycorrhizal symbiosis and fertilizer amendments on establishm ent of vegetation in heavy metal mine spoil. Environmental Pollution 86[2], 171-179

Media Hevesy, G. 1923. The Absorption and Translocati on of Lead by Plants. A Contribution to the Application of the Method of Radioactive Indi cators in the Investigation of the Change of Substance in Plants. Biochem.J. 17, 439-445

Media Hooper, M. C. 1937. An Investigation of the Eff ect of Lead on Plants. Ann.Appl.Biol. 24, 690-695

No Dur Hopkin, S. P. and Martin, M. H. 1982. The Di stribution of Zinc, Cadmium, Lead and Copper Within the Hepatopancreas of a Woodlouse. Tissue & Cell 14[4], 703-715

### Eco-SSL for Lead March 2005 34 No Dur Hopkin, S. P. and Martin, M. H. 1982. The Di stribution of Zinc, Cadmium, Lead and Copper Within the Woodlouse Oniscus asellus (Crustacea, Isopoda). Oecologia (Berlin) 54, 227

Mix Hopkin, S. P. and Martin, M. H. 1984. Assimila tion of Zinc, Cadmium, Lead and Copper by the Centipede, Lithobius variegatus (Chilopoda). J Appl Ecol 21, 535-546

Mix Hopkin, S. P. and Martin, M. H. 1985. Assimila tion of Zinc, Cadmium, Lead, Copper and Iron by the Spider Dysdera crocata, a Predator of Woodlice. Bull Environ Contam Toxicol 34, 183-187

No Dur Hopkin, S. P., Hardisty, G., and Martin, M. H. 1986. The Woodlouse Porcellio scaber as a Biological Indicator of Zinc, Cadmium, Lead and Copper Pollution. Environ Pollut 11, 271-290

Mix Hopkin, S. P. 1990. Species-specific differences in the net assimilation of zinc cadmium lead copper and iron by the terrestrial isopods On iscus-asellus and Porcellio-scaber. J APPL ECOL.Journal of Applied Ecology. 27[1], 460-474

Media Hopkin, S. P. and Hames, C. A. C. 1994. Zi nc, among a 'cocktail' of metal pollutants, is responsible for the absence of the terrestrial isopod Porcellio scaber from the vicinity of a primary smelting works. Ecotoxicology 3[1], 68-78

Media Hoxha, Y., Jablanavic, M., Abdullai, K., and Filipovic, R. 1985. Catalase Activity in Plant Exposed to Contamination with Heavy Metals. Acta Biol.Med.Exp. 10, 23-26

Media Hsu, Fu Hsing and Lin, H. S Ed. 1993. Studies on seed germination of miscanthus species. <Book> taichung district agricultural improvement station special publication; crop genetics, breeding, physiology and cultivation. Taichung District Agricultural Improvement Station Special Publication , 205-217

OM, pH Huang, C. Y., Bazzaz, F. A., and Vanderhoef, L. N. 1974. The Inhibition of Soybean Metabolism by Cadmium and Lead. Plant Physiol 54, 122-124

Abstract Huang, J. 1997. Mechanisms of Synthetic Chelat e Triggered Lead Hyperaccumulation in Plants. Plant Physiol.(Rockville) 114[Suppl. 3], 122-123

Media Huang, J. W., Cunningham, S. D., and Chen, J. 1996. Phytoextraction of lead from leadcontaminated soils. Abstracts of Pape rs American Chemical Society , AGRO

Media Huang, J. W. and Cunningham, S. D. 1996. Lead Phytoextraction: Species Variation in Lead Uptake and Translocation. New Phytol. 134[1], 75-84

Rev Huang, J. W., Chen, J., and Cunningham, S. D. 1997. Phytoextraction of Lead from Contaminated Soils. In: E.L.Kruger, T.A.Anders on, and J.R.Coats (Eds.), Phytoremediation of Soil and Water Contaminants, Chapter 21, ACS Symp.Ser.No.664 , 283-298

Abstract Huang, J. W., Shaff, J. E., and Kochian, L. V. 1997. Measurement of Lead Fluxes in Corn Roots Using a Lead-Selective Vibrating Microelectr ode. Plant Physiol.(Rockville) 114[Suppl. 3], 198

No Control Huber, M. C., Winter, R. E. K., and Bolla, R. I. 1989. Effect of copper sulfate and lead acetate on infection of pines with Bursaphelenchus-xylophilus. J Nematol 21[1], 1-9

Rev Humphreys, D. J. 1991. Effects of Exposure to Ex cessive Quantities of Lead on Animals. Br Vet J 147, 18-30

FL Igoshina, T. I. and Kositsin, A. V. 1990. Lead tolerance of carbonic anhydrase in Melica nutans (Poaceae). Bot.Zh. 75[8], 1144-1150

### Eco-SSL for Lead March 2005 35 FL Ikeda, A. and Imaizumi, M. 1991. Establishmen t of Diagnosis Standard for Soil Pollution by Heavy Metals: 1. Effect of Lead in Soil on Upland Crops. Res.Bull.Aichi-ken Agric.Res.Ctr. 0[23], 289-296

No Dur Ingram, E. M. and Eaton, J. M. 1991. Release Investigation Report For Underground Storage Tank 2305-U At Building 9998, Oak Ridge Y-12 Plan t, Oak Ridge, Tennessee. Govt-ReportsAnnouncements-&-Index-(GRA&I),-Issue-19,-1991 [19]

Species Ireland, M. P. 1977. Lead Retention in Toads Xenopus laevis Fed Increasing Levels of LeadContaminated Earthworms. Environ Pollution 12, 85-92

Media Ireland, M. P. 1984. Effect of Chronic and Ac ute Lead Treatment in the Slug Arion ater on calcium and Delta-Aminolaevulinic Acid Dehydratase Activity. Comp Biochem Physiol 79C, 287- 290

FL Ishchenko, G. S., Butnik, A. S., and Afanas yeva, T. F. 1992. Evaluation of simultaneous contamination of wheat crops by lead, cadmium, strontium-90, and cesium-137. Agrokhimiya [6], 99-103

FL Ishchenko, G. S., Butnik, A. S., and Afan as'eva, T. F. 1992. Evaluation of combined contamination of wheat yield by lead, cadmium, strontium-90, and cesium-137. Agrokhimiya [6], 99-103

Mix Jackson, D. R. and Watson, A. P. 1977. Disrup tion of Nutrient Pools and Transport of Heavy Metals in a Forested Watershed near a Lead Smelter. J Environ Qual 6[4], 331-338

OM, pH Jackson, D. R., Selvidge, W. J., and Ausmus, B. S. 1978. Behavior of Heavy Metals in Forest Microcosms: II. Effects on Nutrient Cycli ng Processes. Water Air Soil Pollut 10, 13-18

No Dur Janssen, H. H. 1989. Heavy Metal Analysis In Earthworms From An Abandoned Mining Area. Zool Anz 222[5-6], 306-321

Media Jaworska, M., Gorczyca, A., Sepiol, J., and To masik, P. 1997. Effect of Metal Ions on the Entomopathogenic Nematode Heterohabditis b ecteriophora poinar (Nematode: Heterohabditidae) Under Laboratory Conditions. Water Air Soil Pollut 93, 157-166

Media Jentschke, G., Schlegel, H., and Godbold, D. L. 1991. The Effect of Aluminium on Uptake and Distribution of Magnesium and Calcium in R oots of Mycorrhizal Norway Spruce Seedlings 38505. Physiol.Plant. 82, 266-270

Media Jentschke, G., Fritz, E., and Godbold, D. L. 1991. Distribution of Lead in Mycorrhizal and NonMycorrhizal Norway Spruce Seedlings. Physiol.Plant. 81, 417-422

No Dose John, M. K. and Van Laerhoven, C. 1972. Lead Up take by Lettuce and Oats as Affected by Lime, Nitrogen, and Sources of Lead . J Environ Qual 1[2], 169-171

Species John, M. K., VanLaerhoven, C. J., and Bjerring, J. H. 1976. Effect of a Smelter Complex on the Regional Distribution of Cadmium, Lead, and Zinc in Litters and Soil Horizons. Arch.Environ.Contam.Toxicol. 4[4], 456-468

No Toxicant Johnson, C. E., Siccama, T. G., Driscoll, C. T., Li kens, G. E., and Moeller, R. E. 1995. Changes in lead biogeochemistry in response to decreasing atmospheric inputs. Ecological Applications : A Publication Of The Ecological So ciety Of America. 5[3], 813-822

No ERE Johnson, M. S., McNeilly, T., and Putwain, P. O. 1977. Revegetation of Metalliferous Mine Spoil

### Eco-SSL for Lead March 2005 36 Contaminated by Lead and Zinc. Environ Pollut 12[4], 261-277

Mix Johnson, W. R. and Proctor, J. 1977. A Compara tive Study of Metal Levels in Plants from Two Contrasting Lead-Mine Sites. Plant Soil 46, 251-257

Mix Jones, J. S. and Hatch, M. B. 1945. Spray Re sidues and Crop Assimilation of Arsenic and Lead. Soil Sci 60, 277-288

Media Jones, L. H. P. and Clement, C. R. 1972. Lead Uptake by Plants and Its Significance for Animals. In: P.Hepple (Ed.), Lead in the Environment, A pplied Science Publ.Ltd., Barking, England , 29-33

OM, pH Jones, L. H. P., Clement, C. R., and Hopper, M. J. 1973. Lead Uptake from Solution by Perennial Ryegrass and Its Transport from Roots to Shoots. Plant Soil 38[2], 403-414

No Control Jones, L. H. P., Jarvis, S. C., and Cowling, D. W. 1973. Lead Uptake from Soils by Perennial Ryegrass and Its Relation to the to the Supply of an Essential Element (Sulphur). Plant Soil 38[3], 605-619

Media Joosse, E. N. G. and Buker, J. B. 1979. Up take and Excretion of Lead by Litter-Dwelling Collembola. Environ Pollut 18, 235-240

Media Joosse, E. N. G. and Verhoef, S. C. 1983. L ead Tolerance in Collembola. Pedobiologia 25, 11-18 OM Jopony, M. and Young, S. 1993. Assessment of Lead Availability in Soils Contaminated by Mine Spoil. Plant Soil 151[2], 273-278

No Dur Kabata-Pendias, A. and Dudka, S. Baseline data for cadmium and lead in soils and some cereals of poland. International Conference on Metals in Soils, Waters, Plants and Animals, Orlando, Florida, Usa, April 30-May 3, 1990.Wa ter Air Soil Pollut.57-58 (0).1991.723-732.

Rev Kagi, J. H. R. and Hapke, H. J. 1984. Biochemical Interactions of Mercury, Cadmium, and Lead. In: J.O.Nriagu (Ed.), Changing Metal Cycles a nd Human Health, Dahlem Konferenzen, Berlin , 237-250

Mix Kahle, H. and Breckle, S. W. 1989. Single and Combined Effects of Lead and Cadmium on Young Beech Trees (Fagus silvatica L.). In: J.B.Bucher and I.Bucher-Wallin (Eds.), Proc.14th Int.JUFRO Meeting for Specialists in Air Pollution Effects on Forest Ecosystems, Oct.2-8, 1988, Birmensdorf, Switzerland , 442-444

No Control Kalbasi, M., Peryea, F. J., Lindsay, W. L., and Drake, S. R. 1995. Measurement of Divalent Lead Activity in Lead Arsenate Contaminated Soils. Soil Sci.Soc.Am.J. 59[5], 1274-1280

Mix Kanabo, I. A. K. and Gilkes, R. J. 1992. Lo w-contaminant jarosite waste as a fertilizer amendment. Journal of Environmental Quality 21[4], 679-684

Media Kannan, S. and Keppel, H. 1976. Absorption and Transport of Pb2+ in Young Pea Seedlings. Z Naturforsch Teil C Biochem Biophys Biol 31, 393-396

No Control Karamanos, R. E., Bettany, J. R., and Stewart, J. W. B. 1976. The Uptake of Native and Applied Lead by Alfalfa and Bromegrass from Soil. Can.J.Soil Sci. 56, 485-494

FL Kastori, R., Petrovic, N., Gasic, O., and Janjat ovic, V. 1991. Effect of Lead on the Accumulation and Distribution of Mineral Substances in S oybean (Glycine max. (L.) Merr.). Zb.Matice Srp.Prir.Nauke (SER) (ENG ABS) 80, 55-65

OM, pH Keaton, C. M. 1937. The Influence of Lead Com pounds on the Growth of Barley. Soil Sci. 43[6],

### Eco-SSL for Lead March 2005 37 401-411

OM Khan, D. H. and Frankland, B. 1983. Effects of Cadmium and Lead on Radish Plants with Particular Reference to Movement of Metals Through Soil Profile and Plant. Plant Soil 70, 335- 345

pH Khan, S. and Khan, N. 1983. Influence of Lead and Cadmium on the Growth and Nutrient Concentration of Tomato (Lycopersicum esculent um) and Egg-Plant (Solanum melangena). Plant Soil 74, 387-394

Dup Khan, S. and Khan, N. N. 1983. Influence of Lead and Cadmium on the Growth and Nutrient Concentration of Tomato (Lycopersicum escu lentum) and Egg-Plant (Solanum melongena) 38390. Plant Soil 74, 387-394

No Dose Kim, N. D. and Fergusson, J. E. 1994. Seasonal variations in the concentrations of cadmium, copper, lead and zinc in leaves of the horse ch estnut (Aesculus hippocastanum L.). Environmental Pollution. 86[1], 89-97

Rev Kiss, Tibor and Osipenko, Oleg. 1994. Metal ion- induced permeability changes in cell membranes: a minireview. Cellular and Molecular Neurobiology 14[6], 781-789

FL Klose, S. and Machulla, G. 1993. Influence of Ca dmium and Lead on Selected Parameters of SoilMicrobial Activity. Mengen- Spur enelem., Arbeitstag., 13th , 43-51

No Dose Kock, M., Sixl, W., and Mose, J. R. 1989. L ead, Cadmium, Mercury and Insecticide Residue Control of Fresh Vegetables. Geogr.Med.Suppl. 2, 91-100

OM, pH Koehler, H. and Triebskorn, R. 1998. Assessment Of The Cytotoxic Impact Of Heavy Metals On Soil Invertebrates Using A Protocol Integrating Qualitative And Quantitative Components. Biomarkers 3[2], 109-127

Media Koehler, H. R., Storch, V., and Alberti, G. 1992. The Impact Of Lead On The Assimilation Efficiency Of Laboratory-Held Diplopoda (Arthropoda) Preconditioned In Different Environmental Situations. Oecologia 90[1], 113-119

Media Koehler, H. R., Triebskorn, R., Stoecker, W., Kloetzel, P. M., and Alberti, G. 1992. The 70 Kd Heat Shock Protein (Hsp 70) In Soil Invertebrate s: A Possible Tool For Monitoring Environmental Toxicants. Arch.Environ.C ontam.Toxicol. 22[3], 334-338

Rev Koeppe, D. E. 1977. The Uptake, Distribution, and Effect of Cadmium and Lead in Plants. Sci.Total Environ. 7[3/4], 197-206

Rev Koeppe, D. E., Bazzaz, F. A., Boggess, S., Carlson, R., Hassett, J. J., Koeppe, D. E., Cole, M., Rolfe, G. L., and Stevenson, F. J. 1977. Envi ronmental Contamination by Lead and Other Heavy Metals. Volume IV: Soil-Water-Air-Plant Studies 49569. In: G.L.Krolfe and K.A.Reinbold (Eds.), Final Rep.National Science Foundation R ANN Program, Inst.Environ.Stud., University of Illinois at Urbana-Champaign, Urbana, IL , 143 p.

Rev Koeppe, D. E. 1981. Lead: Understanding the Minima l Toxicity of Lead in Plants. In: N.W.Lepp (Ed.), Effects of Heavy Metal Pollution on Plants , Volume 1, Effects of Trace Metals on Plant Function, Applied Science Publ., NJ , 55-76

No Dose Kong, L. S., Gao, P., Ren, T. X., and Hong, H. J. Characteristics of plant communities and element contents in plants at mengentaoligai silver lead zinc mine area in inner mongolia. Acta Bot.Sin.

### Eco-SSL for Lead March 2005 38 No Toxicant Kort, H. S., Schober, G., Koren, L. G., and Scharringa, J. 1997. Mould-Devouring Mites Differ In Guanine Excretion From Dust-Eating Acari, A Po ssible Error Source In Mite Allergen Exposure Studies. Clin-Exp-Allergy; VOL 27, ISS 8, 1997, P921-5 27[8], 921-925

Mix Kowalska Pylka, H., Kot, A., Wiercinski, J., Kursa, K., Walkuska, G., and Cybulski, W. 1995. Lead, Cadmium, Copper and Zinc Content in Ve getables, Gooseberry Fruits and Soils from Gardening Plots of Lublin (Zawartosc Olow iu, Kadmu, Miedzi i Cynku w Warzywch, Owocach Agrestu Oraz Glebie Ogrodow Dzialkowych Lub lina). Rocz.Panstw.Zakl.Hig. 46[1], 3-12 (CZE) (ENG ABS)

Mix Kralovec, J. and Slavik, L. 1997. Transfer of l ead, cadmium, and mercury in the system soil-plantanimal. Rostl.Vyroba 43[6], 257-262

Mix Kronshage, J. 1993. Freiland- Und Laborunt ersuchungen Zur Wirkung Von Bleiverbindungen, Saeuren Und Kalk Auf Collembolen. (Investigati ons In The Field And Laboratory On The Effect Of Lead Compounds, Acids And Lime On Collembola). Govt-Reports-Announcements-&-Index- (GRA&I) [19]

Mix Krupinska, I. 1976. Influence of Lead Tetraethyl on the Growth of Funaria hygrometrica L. and Marchantia polymorpha L. Ac ta Soc.Bot.Pol. 45[4], 421-428

FL Kryukov, V. I., Shishkin, V. A., and Sokolenko, S. F. 1996. Chorinical Influence of Radiation and Lead on Mutation Rates in Plants of Arabidopsis thaliana (L.) hyenh. Radiat.Biol.Radioecol. 36[2], 209-218 (RUS)

FL Kulich, J. 1987. Basic Nutrition and Phytotoxic ity Caused by Arsenic and Lead. Part II 38890. Agriculture 33[10], 907-919 (RUS)

FL Kulich, Jozef. 1988. The response of cereals to arsenic and lead. Rostl.Vyroba 34[5], 491-498

Score Kulich, J. and Kulichova, R. 1984. Comparison of the Phytotoxicity of Arsenic and Lead (Porovnanie Fytotoxicity Arzenu a Olova). Agriculture 30[2], 109-117 (RUS)

Media Kumar, G., Singh, R. P., and Sushila. 1993. Nitrate Assimilation and Biomass Production in Sesamum indicum L. Seedlings in a Lead Enrich ed Environment. Water Air Soil Pollut. 66[1/2], 163-171

No Dose Kumar, P. B. A. N., Dushenkov, Viatcheslav, Motto, Harry, and Raskin, Ilya. 1995. Phytoextraction: the use of plants to remove heavy metals from soils. Environ.Sci.Technol. 1232- 1238

pH Kundu, Sharmila, Singh, Arvind, and De, S. K. 1998. Effects of chlorides of Cd, Pb and Hg on true and crude proteins in wheat seeds (Tritic um aestivum L.). Indian J.Agric.Chem. 31[2], 106- 110

No Dur Kunguru, K. and Tole, P. M. 1994. Contaminati on of Soils, Maize, Wheat and Milk with Lead from Motor Vehicle Emissions in Uasin Gis hu District, Kenya. Discov.Innov. 6[3], 261-264 FL Labii, Yu. 1989. The effect of plants on lead mi gration in soil. Biol.Nauki (Moscow) [9], 86-88

Media Labrot, F., Narbonne, J. F., Ville, P., Saint Se nis, M., and Ribera, D. 1999. Acute Toxicity, Toxicokinetics, and Tissue Target of Lead and Uranium in the Clam Corbicula fluminea and the Worm Eisenia fetida: Comparison with the Fish Brachydanio rerio. Arch.Environ.Contam.Toxicol. 36[2], 167-178

Media Labrot, F., Narbonne, J. F., Ville, P., Saint De nis, M., and Ribera, D. 1999. Acute Toxicity,

### Eco-SSL for Lead March 2005 39 Toxicokinetics, and Tissue Target of Lead and Ur anium in the Clam corbicula flumionea and the Worm Eisenia fetida: Comparison with the Fish Brachydanio rerio 43973. Arch.Environ.Contam.Toxicol. 36[2], 167-178

No Dur Lagerwerff, J. V. and Specht, A. W. 1970. Cont amination of Roadside Soil and Vegetation with Cadmium, Copper, Lead, and Zinc in Soil and Vege tation in the Proximity of a Smelter. Environ Sci & Technol 4[7], 583-586

OM Lagerwerff, J. V. 1971. Uptake of Cadmium, Lead and Zinc by Radish from Soil and Air. Soil Sci 111, 129-133

Rev Lagerwerff, J. V. 1972. Lead, Mercury, a nd Cadmium as Environmental Contaminants. Micronutrients in Agriculture 23, 593, 628-593, 636

No Control Lagerwerff, J. V., Armiger, W. H., and Specht, A. W. 1973. Uptake of Lead by Alfalfa and Corn from Soil and Air. Soil Sci. 115[6], 455-460

FL Lahner, Gabriele and Streit, Bruno. 1989. Varia tion of lead concentration and accumulation in earthworms. Verh.Ges.Oekol. 18, 415-418

Media Lamersdorf, N. P., Godbold, D. L., and Knoche, D. Risk assessment of some heavy metals for the growth of norway spruce 44005. INTERNATIONAL CONFERENCE ON META LS IN SOILS, WATERS, PLANTS AND ANIMALS, ORLANDO, FLORIDA, USA, APRIL 30-MAY 3, 1990.WATER AIR SOIL POLLUT.57-58 (0).1991.535-544.

Media Lamersdorf, N. P., Godbold, D. L., and Knoche, D. 1991. Risk Assessment of Some Heavy Metals for the Growth of Norway Spruce 44006. Water Air Soil Pollut 57/58, 535-543

Mix Lamersdorf, Norbert P. 1989. The behavior of lead and cadmium in the intensive rooting zone of acid spruce forest soils. Toxi col.Environ.Chem. 18[4], 239-247

Mix Lan, C. Y., Shu, W. S., and Wong, M. H. 1997. Revegetation of Lead/Zinc Mine Tailings at Shaoguan, Guangdong Province, China: Phytotoxic ity of the Tailings. Global Environ.Biotechnol. 119-130

Media Lane, I. and Puckett, K. J. 1979. Responses of the Phosphatase Activity of the Lichen Cladina rangiferina to Various Environmental Fact ors Including Metals. Can.J.Bot. 57, 1534-1540

Media Lane, S. D., Martin, E. S., and Garrod, J. P. 1978. Lead Toxicity Effect on Indole-3-Ylacetic AcidInduced Cell Elongation. Planta 144, 79-84

Media Lane, S. D. and Martin, E. S. 1980. An Evaluati on of the Effect of L ead on the Gross Morphology of Raphanus sativus. Z.Pfla nzenphysiol.Bodenkd. 98, 437-452

Mix Laperche, Valerie, Logan, Terry J., Gaddam, Pr anitha, and Traina, Samuel J. 1997. Effect of apatite amendments on plant uptake of lead fro m contaminated soil. Environ.Sci.Technol. 2745- 2753

Species Laskowski, R. and Hopkin, S. P. 1996. Accumulation of Zn, Cu, Pb, and Cd in the Garden Snail (Helix aspersa): Implications for Predators. Environ Pollut 91[3], 289-297

Media Lee, C. R., Sturgis, T. C., and Landin, M. C. 1976. A Hydroponic Study of Heavy Metal Uptake by Selected Marsh Plant Species. U.S.Army E ng Waterways Exp Stn Tech Rep.No.D-76-5 , 63

### Eco-SSL for Lead March 2005 40 Media Lee, K. C., Cunningham, B. A., Chung, K. H., Paul sen, G. M., and Liang, G. H. 1976. Lead Effect on Several Enzymes and Nitrogenous Compounds in Soybean Leaf. J.Envi ron.Qual. 5[4], 357-359

Media Lee, K. C., Cunningham, B. A., Chung, K. H., Paul sen, G. M., and Liang, G. H. 1976. Effect of Cadmium on the Root and Nodule Ultrastructure of Alnus rubra. J E nviron Qual 5[4], 357-359

FL Lee, Yahn Chir and Wang, Yin Po. 1997. Relations hips between extraction ratio of lead and concentrations in crops in contaminated soils. Huanjing Baohu (Taipei) (CHI) 20[2], 78-91

Media Lemaistre, V. 1985. Influence of Automobile E xhaust and Lead on the Oxygen Exchange of Two Lichens Measured by a New Oxygen Electrode Met hod. In: D.H.Brown (Ed.), Lichen Physiology and Cell Biology, Plenum Press, NY , 173-183

No Dur Little, P. and Martin, M. H. 1972. A Survey of Zinc, Lead, and Cadmium in Soil and Natural Vegetation Around a Smelting Complex. Environ Pollut 3, 241-243

Media Liu, D., Jiang, W., Wang, W., Zhao, F., and Lu , C. 1994. Effects of Lead on Root Growth, Cell Division, and Nucleolus of Allium cepa. Environ Pollut 86, 1-4

Media Lui, Donghua, Jiang, Wusheng, Wang, Wei, and Zh ai, Lin. 1995. Evaluation of metal ion toxicity on root tip cells by the allium test. Israel Journal of Plant Sciences 43, 125-133

Mix Lutynski, R. 1996. The Role Of Lead As An E nvironmental Pollutant In The Period Of Growing Ecological Consciousness. Przegl-Lek 53[4], 371-374

No Toxicant Luwe, Michael W. F., Nilsson, L. O., Huttl, R. F., and Johansson, U. T Eds. 1995. Distribution of nutrients and phytotoxic metal ions in the soil a nd in two forest floor plant species of a beech (fagus sylvatica l.) Stand. <Book> developments in plant and soil sciences; nutrient uptake and cycling in forest ecosystems. Developments in Plant and Soil Sciences 168-169, 195-202

Mix Ma, W., Edelman, T., Beersum, I., and Van and, Jans. 1983. Uptake of Cadmium, Zinc, Lead, and Copper by Earthworms near a Zinc-Smelting Complex: Influence of Soil pH and Organic Matter. Bull Environ Contam Toxicol 30[4], 424-427

Score Ma, W. C. 1982. The Influence of Soil Properties and Worm-Related Factors on the Concentrations of Heavy Metals in Earthworms. Pedobiologia 24, 109-119

Media Maboeta, M. S., Reinecke, A. J., and Reinecke, S. A. 1999. Effects of Low Levels of Lead on Growth and Reproduction of the Asian Earthworm Perionyx excavatus (Oligochaeta). Ecotoxicol Environ Saf 44[3], 236-240

No Dose Macpherson, S. A. and Martin, M. H. 1994. Eff ects of phosphate additions to soil on lead and phosphate concentrations of holcus lanatus gr own on lead amended soil. Chemosphere 29[12], 2571-2581

Rev Mahaffey, K. R. 1984. Toxicity of Lead, Cadm ium, and Mercury: Considerations for Total Parenteral Nutritional Support. Bull NY Acad Med 60[2], 196-209

FL Maier, R. 1978. Studies on the Effect of Lead on Acid Phosphatase in Zea mays L. (Untersuchungen zur Wirkung von Blei auf die Saure Phosphatase in Zea mays L.). Z.Pflanzenphysiol. 87, 347-354

Mix Majdi, Hooshang and Persson, Hans. 1989. Effect s of road-traffic pollutants (lead and cadmium) on tree fine-roots along a motor road. Plant Soil 119[1], 1-5

### Eco-SSL for Lead March 2005 41 No Dose Majid, A., Sparks, B. D., Khan, A. A., and Xu, J. G. 1999. Treatment of Used Diesel Invert Drilling Mud to Remove Hydrocarbons, Fix Lead, and Leach Brine. J.Soil Contam. 8[2], 255-283

OM, pH Malecki, M. R., Neuhauser, E. F., and Lehr, R. C. 1982. The Effect Of Metals On The Growth And Reproduction Of Eisenia Foetida (Oligoch aeta, Lumbricidae) 44578. Pedobiologia 24[3], 129-137

No Data Malone, C., Koeppe, D. E., and Miller, R. J. 1974. Localization of Lead Accumulated by Corn Plants. Plant Physiol 53, 388-394

Species Marigomez, J. A., Angulo, E., and Saez, V. 1986. Feeding and Growth Responses to Copper, Zinc, Mercury and Lead in the Terrestrial Gastropod Arion ater (Linne). J Mollusc Stud 52, 68-78

No Dur Marino, F., Ligero, A., and Diaz Cosin, D. J. 1994. Heavy Metals In Several Earthworm Species Living In Serpentine Soils. Nova-Act a-Cient.-Compostel.-(Biol.) 5, 245-250

No Dur Marino, F., Ligero, A., and Diaz, C. 1996. Heavy Metals In Earthworms And Soils Around To A Thermic Power Station At As Pontes (La Cor una, Nw Spain). Boletin De La Real Sociedad Espanola De Historia Natura l Seccion Biologica 92[1-4], 65-73

No ERE Marinussen, M. P. J. C. and Van der Zee, S. E. A. T. 1996. Conceptual Approach To Estimating The Effect Of Home-Range Size On The Exposur e Of Organisms To Spatially Variable Soil Contamination. Ecol.-Model. 87[1-3], 83-89

Mix Marinussen, M. P. J. C., Van der Zee, S. E. A. T., De Haan, F. A. M., Bouwman, L. M., and Hefting, M. M. 1997. Heavy Metal (Copper, Lead , and Zinc) Accumulation and Excretion by the Earthworm, Dendrobaena veneta. J Environ Qual 26[1], 278-284

No Control Marinussen, M. P. J. C., Van der Zee, S. E. A. T ., and De Haan, F. A. M. 1997. Effect of Cd or Pb Addition to Cu-Contaminated Soil on Tissue Cu Accumulation in the Earthworm, Dendrobaena veneta. Ecotoxicol Environ Saf 38[3], 309-315

No Toxicant Marr, K., Fyles, H., and Hendershot, W. 1999. Tr ace Metals in Montreal Urban Soils and the Leaves of Taraxacum officinale. Can.J.Soil Sci. 79[2], 385-387

Media Marschner, P., Godbold, D. L., and Jentschke , G. 1996. Dynamics of Lead Accumulation in Mycorrhizal and Non-Mycorrhizal Norway Spruce (Picea abies (L.) Karst). Plant Soil 178[2], 239- 245

Media Marschner, P., Jentschke, G., and Godbold, D. L. 1998. Cation exchange capacity and lead sorption in ectomycorrhizal fungi. Plant Soil 205[1], 93-98

Media Marschner, P., Klam, A., Jentschke, G., and Godbold, D. L. 1999. Aluminium and Lead Tolerance in Ectomycorrhizal Fungi. J.Plant Nutr.So il Sci./Z.Pflanzenernahr.Bodenkd. 162[3], 281-286

OM, pH Marten, G. C. and Hammond, P. B. 1966. Lead Uptake by Bromegrass from Contaminated Soils. Agron.J. 58, 553-554

Media McCreight, J. D. and Schroeder, D. B. 1982. Inhi bition of Growth of Nine Ectomycorrhizal Fungi by Cadmium, Lead, and Nickel In V itro. Environ.Exp.Bot. 22[1], 1-7

NO OM McKenzie, R. M. 1978. The Effect of Two Manga nese Dioxides on the Uptake of Lead, Cobalt, Nickel, Copper and Zinc by Subterranean Clover. Aust.J.Soil Res. 16[2], 209-214

OM, pH Mclean, H. C., Weber, A. L., and Joffe, J. S. 1944. Arsenic Content of Vegetables Grown in Soils

### Eco-SSL for Lead March 2005 42 Treated with Lead Arsenate. J Econ Entomol 37[3], 315-316

No Dur Merry, R. H. and Tiller, K. G. Distribution a nd budget of cadmium and lead in an agricultural region near adelaide south australia. Internati onal Conference on Metals in Soils, Waters, Plants and Animals, Orlando, Florida, Usa, Ap ril 30-May 3, 1990.Water Air Soil Pollut.57-58 (0).1991.171-180.

Mix Merry, R. H., Tiller, K. G., and Alston, A. M. 1986. the Effects of Soil Contamination with Copper, Lead and Arsenic on the Growth and Co mposition of Plants. II. Effects of Source of Contamination, Varying soil pH, and Prior Waterlogging. Plant Soil 95, 255-269

No Control Merry, R. H., Tiller, K. G., and Alston, A. M. 1986. The Effects of Contamination of Soil with Copper, Lead and Arsenic on the Growth and Composition of Plants. I. Effects of Season, Genotype, Soil Temperature and Fertilizers. Plant Soil 91, 115-128

Mix Merwin, I., Pruyne, P. T., Ebel, J. G. J., Man zell, K. L., and Lisk, D. J. 1994. Persistence, phytotoxicity, and management of arsenic, lead a nd mercury residues in old orchard soils of New York state. Chemosphere 29[6], 1361-1367

Media Migula, P., Kafel, A., Kedziorski, M., and Makoni eczny, M. 1989. Combined and Separate Effects of Cadmium, Lead and Zinc on Growth and Feeding in the House Cricket (Acheta domesticus). Biologia (Bratisl) 44[10], 911-921

OM, pH Mikula, W. and Indeka, L. 1997. Heavy metals in allotment gardens close to an oil refinery in plock. Water Air Soil Pollut. 96[1/4], 61-71

No Dose Miles, L. J. and Parker, G. R. 1979. Hea vy Metal Interaction for Andropogon scoparius and Rudbeckia hirta Grown on Soil from Urban and Rural Sites with Heavy Metals Additions. J Environ Qual 8[4], 443-449

OM Miller, J. E., Hassett, J. J., and Koeppe, D. E. 1975. The Effect of Soil Properties and Extractable Lead Levels on Lead Uptake by Soybeans. Commun Soil Sci Plant Anal 6[4], 339-347

OM Miller, J. E., Hassett, J. J., and Koeppe, D. E. 1975. The Effect of Soil Lead Soil Capacity on the Uptake of Lead by. Commun Soil Sci Plant Anal 6[4], 349-358

OM Miller, J. E., Hassett, J. J., and Koeppe, D. E. 1977. Interactions of Lead and Cadmium on Metal Uptake and Growth of Corn Pl ants. J Environ Qual 6[1], 18-20

No Control Miller, J. E., Hassett, J. J., and Koeppe, D. E. 1977. Interactions of Lead and Cadmium on Metal Uptake and Growth of Corn Plan ts 45056. J Environ Qual 6[1], 18-20

OM, pH Miller, R. J. and Koeppe, D. E. 1970. Accumulation and Physiological Effects of Lead in Corn. In: D.D.Hemphill (Ed.), 4th Annu.Conf.on the Proc.o f Trace Substances in Environmental Health - IV, University of Missouri, Columbia, MO , 186-193

OM Miller, R. L., Bassett, I. P., and Yothers, W. W. 1933. Effect of Lead Arsenate Insecticides on Orange Trees in Florida. U.S.Dep of Agricu lture Technical Bulletin 350, Washington, DC: U.S.Dep of Agriculture , 20

Media Mishra, A. and Choudhuri, M. A. 1999. Monitoring of Phytotoxicity of Lead and Mercury from Germination and Early Seedling Growth Indices in Two Rice Cultivars. Water Air Soil Pollut 114[3/4], 339-346

FL Misra, S. G. and Misra, Uma Shanker. 1996. Effect of adding soluble form of heavy metals on the

### Eco-SSL for Lead March 2005 43 numbers of earthworms at different depths. V ijnana Parishad Anusandhan Patrika 39[2], 79-83

FL Mochizuki, Takeo, Chiba, Shigeo, Hanada, Satosh i, and Saitoh, Hiroshi. 1975. Apple orchard soils contaminated by inorganic agricultural chemicals. I. Effects of the contents of residual copper, lead, and arsenate on the soil macrofauna on an a pple orchard in the Tsugaru district of Aomori Prefecture, Japan. Nippon Dojo-Hiryogaku Zasshi 46[2], 45-50

No Dur Morgan, A. J. and Morris, B. 1982. The Accumulation And Intracellular Compartmentation Of Cadmium, Lead, Zinc And Calcium In 2 Earthworm Species (Dendrobaena rubida And Lumbricus rubellus) Living In Highly Contaminat ed Soil. Histochemistry 75[2], 269-286

Mix Morgan, J. E. and Morgan, A. J. 1988. Earthwor ms As Biological Monitors Of Cadmium Copper Lead And Zinc In Metalliferous Soils. Environ Pollut 54[2], 123-138

OM Morgan, J. E. and Morgan, A. J. 1988. Calcium- Lead Interactions Involving Earthworms. Part 1: The Effect of Exogenous Calcium on Lead A ccumulation by Earthworms Under Field and Laboratory Conditions. Environ.Pollut 54[1], 41-53

Media Morgan, J. E. and Morgan, A. J. 1988. Calcium- Lead Interactions Involving Earthworms. II. The Effect of Accumulated Lead on Endogenous Calciu m in Lumbricus rubellus. Environ Pollut 55[1], 41-54

No Dur Morgan, J. E. and Morgan, A. J. 1989. The Eff ect Of Lead Incorporation On The Elemental Composition Of Earthworm (Annelida, Oligoch aeta) Chloragosome Granules. Histochemistry 92[3], 237-241

No Dur Morgan, J. E. and Morgan, A. J. 1990. The Dist ribution Of Cadmium, Copper, Lead, Zinc And Calcium In The Tissues Of The Earthworm Lumbricus Rubellus Sampled From One Uncontaminated And Four Polluted Soils. Oecologia 84[4], 559-566

Mix Morgan, J. E. and Morgan, A. J. 1993. Seasonal Changes In The Tissue-Metal (Cadmium, Zinc,And Lead) Concentrations In Two Ecophysiologically Dissimilar Earthworm Species: PollutionMonitoring Implications. Environ Pollut 82[1], 1-7

No Dur Morris, B. and Morgan, A. J. 1986. Calcium-Lead Interactions In Earthworms Observations On Lumbricus-Terrestris Sampled From A Calcare ous Abandoned Lead Mine Site. Bull Environ Contam Toxicol 37[2], 226-233

No Control Mosbaek, Hans, Tjell, J. C., and Hovmand, Mads F. 1989. Atmospheric lead input to agricultural crops in Denmark. Chemosphere 19[10/11], 1787-1799

No Dose Motto, H. L., Daines, R. H., Chilko, D. M., and Motto, C. K. 1970. Lead in Soils and Plants: Its Relationship to Traffic Volume and Proximity to Highways. Environ Sci & Technol 4, 231-238

Media Mukherji, S. and Maitra, P. 1976. Toxic Effects of Lead on Growth & Metabolism of Germinating Rice (Oryza sativa L.) Seeds & on Mitosis of Onion (Allium cepa L.) Root Tip Cells. Ind.J.Exp.Biol. 14, 519-521

Mix Mungur, A. S., Shutes, R. B. E., Revitt, D. M., House, M. A., and Haberl, R. 1997. An Assessment Of Metal Removal By A Laboratory Scale Wetland. 35[5], 125-133

No Dur Muskett, C. J. and Jones, M. P. 1980. The di spersal of lead cadmium and nickel from motor vehicles and effects on roadside invertebrate m acro fauna. Environ Pollut Ser A Ecol Biol 23[3], 231-242

### Eco-SSL for Lead March 2005 44 Mix Nakos, G. 1979. Lead Pollution: Fate of Lead in the Soil and Its Effect on Pinus halepensis. Plant Soil 53, 427-443

Mix Nan, Z. R., Zhao, C. Y., Li, J. J., Chen, F. H., and Liu, Y. 1999. Field survey of cd and pb contents in spring wheat (triticum aestivum l.) Grain grown in baiyin city, gansu province, people's republic of china. Bulletin of Environmental Contamination & Toxicology 63[4], 546-552

Rev Natural Research Council of Canada. 1973. L ead in the Canadian Environment. NRCC 13682, Ottawa, Ontario, Canada , 116

Rev Neathery, M. W. and Miller, W. J. 1975. Metabo lism and Toxicity of Cadmium, Mercury, and Lead in Animals: A Review. J Dairy Sci 58[12], 1767-1781

FL Neite, H., Wittig, R., and Kuttler (Ed.), W. 1989. L ead and Zinc Contents in Soil and Plants of Beech Forests from North Rhine-westphalia (Ble i-und Zinkgehalte in Boden und Pflanzen einiger Buchenwalder Nordrhein-Westfalens). Verh.Ges.Oekol. 18, 425-429

Media Neto, M. M. P. M. and DeVarennes, A. 1993. De termination of Lead in White Lupin by Anodic Stripping Voltammetry. In: M.A.C. Fragoso and M.L.Van Beusichem (Eds.), Optimization of Plant Nutrition, Kluwer Acad.Publ., Netherlands , 19-23

Media Neuhauser, E. F., Malecki, M. R., and Loehr, R. C. 1983. Methods Using Earthworms for the Evalution of Potentially toxic Materials in Si ols. In: R.A.Conway and W.P.Gulledge (Eds.), Hazardous and Industrial Solid Waste Testing, Vo lume 2, ASTM STP 805, Philadelphia, PA , 313-320

OM, pH Neuhauser, E. F., Malecki, M. R., and Loehr, R. C. 1984. Growth and Reproduction of the Earthworm Eisenia fetida After Exposure to Subl ethal Concentrations of Metals. Pedobiologia 27, 89-97

Media Ngu, M., Moya, E., and Magan, N. 1998. Tolera nce and uptake of cadmium, arsenic and lead by Fusarium pathogens of cereals. Internationa l Biodeterioration & Biodegradation 42[1], 55-62

Score Nicholas, D. J. D. 1950. Some Effects of Meta ls in Excess on Crop Plants Grown in Soil Culture. I. Effects of Copper, Zinc, Lead, Cobalt, Ni ckel and Manganese on Tomato Grown in an Acid Soil. Bristol Agric.Hortic.Res.Stn.Annu.Rep.1950 , 96-108

OM Nicklow, C. W., Comaws-Haezelbrouck, P. H., and Feder, W. A. 1983. Influence of Varying Soil Lead Levels on Lead Uptake by Leafy and Root Vegetables. J.Am.Soc.Hortic.Sci. 108[2], 193-195

FL Noack, Gritli and Breckle, Siegmar Walter. 1989. Eff ect of lead on the root development of beech seedlings in a Rhizotron. Verh.- Ges.Oekol. 17, 563-566

OM, pH Noweir, K. H. 1990. Study Of The Role Of Ai rborne Lead In Food Chain Of Crops Grown Around A Main Highway In Egypt. J-E gypt-Public-Health-Assoc; 65[3/4], 427-435

FL Nuess, D. 1993. Outdoor Experiments With Mon itor-Systems: Effects Of Acid Rain, Liming And Heavy Metals On Decomposition And Collembola. Zoologische Beitraege 35[2], 121-183

FL Nustorova, M. and Plugchieva, M. 1991. The in fluence of lead upon the development of soil microflora. Nauka Gorata 28[2], 46-50

Mix Nwosu, J. U., Harding, A. K., and Linder, G. 1995. Cadmium and lead uptake by edible crops grown in a silt loam soil. Bulletin Of Envir onmental Contamination And Toxicology. 54[4], 570- 578

### Eco-SSL for Lead March 2005 45 pH Nyarai-Horvath, F., Szalai , T., Kadar, I., and Csatho, P. 1997. Germination characteristics of pea seeds originating from a field trial treated with different levels of harmful elements. Acta Agron.Hung. 452[147-154]

Media Odendaal, J. P. and Reinecke, A. J. 1999. The Toxi city of Sublethal Lead Concentrations for the Woodlouse, Porcellio laevis (Crustacea, Isopoda). Biol.Fert.Soils 29[2], 146-151

Media Okamoto, K., Suzuki, M., Fukanim, M., Toda, S., and Fuwa, K. 1977. Heavy Metal Tolerance of Penicillium Ochro-Chloron II. Uptake of Hea vy Metals by Copper Tolerant Fungus Penicillium Ochro-Chloron. Agric.Biol.Chem. 41, 17-22

OM Osuji, G. O., Haby, V. A., Beyene, A., Madu, W. C., and Mangaroo, A. S. 1998. The Isomerization of Glutamate Dehydrogenase in Res ponse to Lead Toxicity in Maize. Biol.Plant. 40[3], 389-398

Mix Ozores-Hampton, M., Hanlon, E., Bryan, H., a nd Schaffer, B. 1997. Cadmium, Copper, Lead, Nickel and Zinc Concentrations in Tomato and Squash Grown in MSW Compost-Amended Calcareous Soil. Compost Sci.Util. 5[4], 40-45

Media Paivoke, A. 1983. Anatomical Response of the Roots of Pea Seedlings to Lead and Arsenate Ions. Ann.Bot.Fenn. 20, 307-315

No Dur Pandit, B. R., Prasannakumar, P. G., and Jana, Ch andran Kumar. 1997. Seasonal variations in lead content in dangs forest, gujarat. Adv.Plant Sci. 10[2], 145-148

Species Pankakoski, E., Koivisto, I., Hyvaerinen, H., Terh ivuo, J., and Taehkae, K. M. 1994. Experimental Accumulation Of Lead From Soil Through Earthworms To Common Shrews. Chemosphere 29[8], 1639-1649

Media Pawert, M., Triebskorn, R., Graff, S., Berkus, M., Schulz, J., and Koehler, H. 1996. Cellular Alterations In Collembolan Midgut Cells As A Ma rker Of Heavy Metal Exposure: Ultrastructure And Intracellular Metal Distribution. Science of the Total Environment 181[3], 187-200

No Dose Peles, J. D., Brewer, S. R., and Barrett, G. W. 1996. Metal uptake by agricultural plant species grown in sludge-amended soil following ecosystem restoration practices. Bulletin of Environmental Contamination and Toxicology 57[6], 917-923

Mix Peraemaeki, P., Itaemies, J., Karttunen, V., Lajune n, L. H. J., and Pulliainen, E. 1992. Influence Of pH On The Accumulation Of Cadmium And Lead In Earthworms (Aporrectodea Caliginosa ) Under Controlled Conditions. Ann.Zool.Fenn. 29[2], 105-111

Species Peryea, F. J. 1991. Phosphate-induced release of arsenic from soils contaminated with lead arsenate. Soil Sci Soc Am J 55[5], 1301-1306

Rev Petering, H. G. 1978. Some Observations on the Interaction of Zinc, Copper, and Iron Metabolism in Lead and Cadmium Toxicity. Environ Health Perspect 25, 141-145

No Dose Peters, M. S. and Afton, A. D. 1993. Effects of Deep Tillage on Redistribution of Lead Shot and Chufa Flatsedge at Catahoula Lake, L ouisiana. Wildl.Soc.Bull. 21[4], 471-479

Media Phuong, D. Dao Thi, Tatar, E., Varga, I., Zara y, G., Cseh, E., and Fodor, F. 1995. Accumulation and translocation of lead in cucumber plants monitored by graphite furnace atomic absorption spectrometry. Microchemical Journal 51[1/2], 145-150

No Dur Pierzynski, Gary M. and Schwab, A. Paul. 1993. Bioavailability of zinc, cadmium, and lead in a

### Eco-SSL for Lead March 2005 46 metal-contaminated alluvial soil. Jour nal of Environmental Quality 22[2], 247-254

Mix Piha, M. I., Vallack, H. W., Reeler, B. M., and Michael, N. 1995. A low input approach to vegetation establishment on mine and coal ash wast es in semi-arid regions. I. Tin mine tailings in Zimbabwe. Journal of Applied Ecology , 372-381

Mix Pilgrim, W. 1995. Lead, Cadmium, Arsenic, And Zinc In The Ecosystem Surrounding The Belledune Lead Smelter. Govt-Repor ts-Announcements-&-Index-(GRA&I) [24]

No Dur Piotrowska, M., Dudka, S., Ponce-Hernandez, R., and Witek, T. 1994. The Spatial Distribution of Lead Concentrations in the Agricultural Soils a nd Main Crop Plants in Poland. Sci.Total Environ. 158[1-3], 147-155

FL Piotrowska, Maria, Dudka, Stanislaw, and Bolibrz uch, Edward. 1992. Effect of different doses of trace metals on yields and concentrations of these elements in corn (Zea mays L.). Part II. Copper and lead. Arch.Ochr.Srodowiska [2], 145-152

No Control Pizl, V. and Sterzynska, M. 1991. The Influence Of Urbanization On The Earthworm Infection By Monocystid Gregarines. Fragm Faun (Warsaw) 35[9-14], 203-212

OM, pH Polivka, J. B. 1951. Effect of Insecticides on Earthworm Populations. Ohio J Sci 51, 195-196

Media Popham, J. D. and Webster, J. M. 1976. Compar ative toxicity of heavy metals with special reference to cadmium on caenorhabditis-elegans . Proc Int Colloq Invertebr Pathol , 372-373

Species Pouyat, Richard V., Mcdonnell, Mark J., and Picke tt, S. T. A. 1995. Soil characteristics of oak stands along an urban-rural land-use gradient. Journal of Environmental Quality 24[3], 516-526

Media Prasad, D. D. K. and Prasad, A. R. K. 1987. E ffect of Lead and Mercury on Chlorophyll Synthesis in Mung Bean Seedlings. Phytochemistry 26[4], 881-883

Media Puckett, K. J., Nieboer, E., Gorzynski, M. J., a nd Richardson, D. H. S. 1973. The Uptake of Metal Ions by Lichens: A Modified Ion-Exch ange Process. New Phytol 72, 329-342

Media Puckett, K. J. 1976. The Effect of Heavy Metals on Some Aspects of Lichen Physiology. Can J Bot 54, 2695-2703

Media Qureshi, J. A., Hardwick, K., and Collin, H. A. 1986. Intracellular Localization of Lead in a Lead Tolerant and Sensitive Clone of Anthoxant hum odoratum. J.Plant Physiol. 122, 357-364

No Control Rabinowitz, M. 1972. Plant Uptake of Soil and Atmospheric Lead in Southern California. Chemosphere 4, 175-180

No Dur Rabitsch, W. B. 1995. Metal Accumulation In Arthropods Near A Lead/Zinc Smelter In Arnoldstein, Austria. I. Environ Pollut 90[2], 221-237

Mix Rabitsch, W. B. 1995. Metal Accumulation in Arthropods near a Lead/Zinc Smelter in Arnoldstein, Austria. II. Formicidae. Environ Pollut 90[2], 239-247

No Dur Rabitsch, W. B. 1995. Metal Accumulation in Arthropods near a Lead/Zinc Smelter in Arnoldstein, Austrial. III. Arachnida. Environ Pollut 90[2], 249-257

No Dose Rains, D. W. 1971. Lead Accumulation by Wild Oats (Avena fatua) in a Contaminated Area. Nature 233, 210-211

### Eco-SSL for Lead March 2005 47 FL Rauta, C., Ionescu, Ariana, Carstea, S., and Neata, Gabriela. 1988. Effects on crops of soil pollution by lead. An.Inst.Cercet.Pedol.Agroc him., Acad.Stiinte Agric.Silvice 48, 257-267

No Dur Rebele, F. 1989. The Lead Contents in Goldenrod Leaves (Solidago canadensis L.) in the Vicinity of the Sonnenschein Lead Battery Factor y in Berlin-Mariendorf (Der Bleigehalt von Goldrutenblattern (Solidago canadensis L.) in der Umgebung der Akkumulatorenfabrik Sonnenschein in Berlin-Mariendorf). Verh.Ges.Oekol. 18, 437-442

No Control Reboredo, F., Ferreira, F., Ferreira, A., Simoes , M. C., Astruc, M., and Lester, John Norman. 1988. Accumulation of copper and lead by Halimi one portulacoides (L) Aellen: a seasonal study. Heavy Met.Hydrol.Cycle , 173-180

No Dose Reboredo, F. 1997. Some Observations on the E ffects of Iron on the Leaf Ultrastructure of Halimione portulacoides. J Plant Physiol 115, 581-589

Media Reinecke, A. J. and Reinecke, S. A. 1996. The Influence Of Heavy Metals On The Growth And Reproduction Of The Compost Worm Eisenia fetida (Oligochaeta). Pedobiologia 40[5], 439-448

Media Reinecke, A. J., Maboeta, M. S., and Reinecke, S. A. 1997. Stimulating Effects Of Low Lead Concentrations On Growth And Cocoon Production Of Eisenia fetida (Oligochaeta). S.Afr.J.Zool. 32[3], 72-75

Media Reinecke, S. A. and Reinecke, A. J. 1997. The in fluence of lead and manganese on spermatozoa of Eisenia fetida (Oligochaeta). Soil Biology & Biochemistry 29[3/4], 737-742

Mix Richards, K. S. and Ireland, M. P. 1978. Gl ycogen-Lead Relationship in the Earthworm Dendrobaena rubida from a Heavy Metal Site. Histochemie 56, 55-64

Mix Rida, A. and Bouche, M. B. 1997. Heavy Metal Linkages With Mineral, Organic And Living Soil Compartments. Soil Biol Biochem 29[3-4], 649-655

No Dur Roberts, R. D., Johnson, M. S., and Hutton, M. 1978. Lead contamination of small mammals from abandoned metalliferous mines. Environ Pollut 15[1], 61-70

Mix Robinson, B. H., Leblanc, M., Petit, D., Brooks, R. R., Kirkman, J. H., and Gregg, P. E. H. 1998. The potential of Thlaspi caerulescens for phytorem ediation of contaminated soils. Plant Soil 203[1], 47-56

OM Roeder, U. and Breckle, S. W. 1989. Effect of Lead and Cadmium on the Growth and Cation Content of Beech Seedlings on Forest Soil. Verh.- Ges.Oekol. 17, 557-562

OM, pH Rolfe, G. L. and Bazzaz, F. A. 1975. Effect of Lead Contamination on Transpiration and Photosynthesis of Loblolly Pine and Autumn Olive. For.Sci. 21[1], 33-35

Score Sadana, U. S. and Singh, B. 1987. Yield and Upta ke of Cadmium, Lead and Zinc by Wheat Grown in a Soil Polluted with Heavy Metals. J.Plant Sci.Res. 3, 11-17

Mix Sadiq, M. 1985. Uptake of Cadmium, Lead, and Nickel by Corn Grown in Contaminated Soils. Water Air Soil Pollut 26, 185-190

FL Salama, F. S. A., Abuzid, M. M., and Obukhov, A. I. 1993. Effect of Organic Fertilizers on the Lead Mobility in Soils and on Its Uptake by Pl ants. Vestn.Mosk.Univ.Ser.17 Pochvoved. 45-51

OM, pH Salim, R., Hagemeyer, J., Al Subu, M. M., Ata llah, A., and Chenavier, L. 1992. Effects, on Growth and Uptake Distribution, of Root and Foliar Treatments of Marrow Plants with Cadmium

### Eco-SSL for Lead March 2005 48 and Lead Solutions. J.Environ.Sci.Health 27A[8], 2173-2190

OM, pH Salim, R., Al-Subu, M. M., Douleh, A., Chenavier, L., and Hagemeyer, J. 1992. Effects of Root and Foliar Treatments of Carrot Plants with Lead and Cadmium on the Growth Uptake and the Distribution of Uptake of Metals in Treated Plan ts. J.Environ.Sci.Health Part A Environ.Sci.Eng. 27[7], 1739-1758

pH Salim, R., Isa, M., Al Subu, M. M., Sayrafi, S. A., and Sayrafi, O. 1995. Effect of Irrigation With Lead and Cadmium on the Growth and on the Metal Up take of Cauliflower, Spinach and Parsley. J Environ Sci Health Part A A30[4], 831-849

Mix Sanchez, A. G., Moyano, A., and Munez, C. 1999. Forms of Cadmium, Lead, and Zinc in Polluted Mining Soils and Uptake by Plants (Soria pr ovince, Spain). Commun.Soil Sci.Plant Anal. 30[9/10], 1385-1402

Species Sanok, William J., Ebel, Joseph G. J., Manzell, Kerry L., Gutenmann, Walterh, and Lisk, Donald J. 1995. Residues of arsenic and lead in potat o soils on Long Island. Chemosphere 30[4], 803-806

No Dur Santos, P. L., Gouvea, R. C., and Dutra, I. R. 1993. Lead-210 in Vegetables and Soils from an Area of High Natural Radioactivity in Br azil. Sci.Total Environ. 138[1-3], 37-46

OM Scaps, P., Grelle, C., and Descamps, M. 1997. Cadmium And Lead Accumulation In The Earthworm Eisenia fetida (Savigny) And Its Imp act On Cholinesterase And Metabolic Pathway Enzyme Activity. Comp Biochem Physiol 116C[3], 233-238 Mix Schaefer, J., Hannker, D., Eckhardt, J. D., and St ueben, D. 1998. Uptake of traffic-related heavy metals and platinum group elements (PGE) by plan ts. Science of the Total Environment 215[1/2], 59-67

Media Schaeffer, H. J. and Walton, J. D. 1990. Alum inum Ions Induce Oat Protoplasts to Produce an Extracellular (1 Leads to 3) Beta-d-Glucan. Plant Physiology. 94[1], 13-19

Rev Scheuhammer, A. M. 1991. Acidification-Rela ted Changes in the Biogeochemistry and Ecotoxicology of Mercury, Cadmium, Lead a nd Aluminum: Overview. Environ Pollut 71, 87-90

FL Schlote, F. 1990. Beteiligung Von Schwermetallen, Bes. Cadmium Und Blei, An Der Entstehung Der 'neuartigen' Waldschaeden. (Are Immitted H eavy Metals, Is Lead Another Reason For Forest Decline - Investigations By Means Of Multiele ment Analysis). Govt-Reports-Announcements-&- Index-(GRA&I) [24]

Media Schmidt, G. H., N.M.M.Ibrahim, and Abdallah, M. D. 1992. Long-Term Effects of Heavy Metals in Food on Developmental Stages of Aiolopus thalassinus (Saltatoria: Acrididae). Arch.Environ.Contam.Toxicol. 23[3], 375-382

Media Schulman, R. N., Salt, D. E., and Raskin, I. 1999. Isolation and Partial Characterization of a LeadAccumulating Brassica juncea Mutant . Theor.Appl.Genet. 99[3/4], 398-404

Media Schwab, A. P., Tomecek, M. B., and Ohlenbusch, P. D. 1991. Plant availability of lead, cadmium and boron in amended coal ash. Water Air Soil Pollut. 57-58, 297-306

Score Seiler, J. R. and Paganelli, D. 1987. Photos ynthesis and Growth Response of Red Spruce and Loblolly Pine to Soil-Applied Lead and Simulated Acid Rain. For Sci 33[3], 668-675

OM, pH Sharaf, Abd El-Monem. 1996. Effects of Cadmiu m and Lead on Cabbage Plants Grown in Soils Treated with Cyanobacteria. Al -Azhar Bull.Sci. 7[1], 423-433

### Eco-SSL for Lead March 2005 49 No Dur Sheppard, S. C. and Sheppard, M. I. Lead in bor eal soils and food plants. International Conference on Metals in Soils, Waters, Plants and Anim als, Orlando, Florida, Usa, April 30-May 3, 1990.Water Air Soil Pollut.57-58 (0).1991.79-92.

Mix Shetty, K. G., Hetrick, B. A. D., Figge, D. A. H., and Schwab, A. P. 1994. Effects of mycorrhizae and other soil microbes on revegetation of heavy me tal contaminated mine spoil. Environmental Pollution 86[2], 181-188

In Vit Siegel, S. M. 1977. The Cytotoxic Response of Ni cotiana Protoplast to Metal Ions: A Survey of the Chemical Elements. Water Air Soil Pollut 8[1-4], 293-304

Media Siepel, H. 1995. Are Some Mites More Ecologi cally Exposed To Pollution With Lead Than Others? Exp Appl Acarol 19[7], 391-398

Media Simon, E. 1977. Cadmium Tolerance in Populations of Agrostis tenuis and Festuca ovina. Nature 265, 328-330

No Control Simon, S. L. and Fraley, L., Jr. 1986. Uptake by Sagebrush orf Uranium Progeny Injected In Situ. J Environ Qual 15[4], 345-350

No Conc Singh, S. K. and Singh, V. 1993. Influence of Soil Pb on Yield and Pb Accumulation by Radish and Wheat. Model., Meas.Control 37[4], 59-64

No Conc Singh, S. K. and Singh, R. S. 1992. Effect of Soil Pb on Yield and Pb Content in Carrot ( Daucus
carota L. Sativa) and Barley (Hordeum vulgare L.). Model., Meas.Control 33[1], 55-63

OM, pH Singh, B. R. and Steinnes, E. 1976. Uptake of Tr ace Elements by Barley in Zinc-Polluted Soils: 2. Lead, Cadmium, Mercury, Selenium, Arsenic, Chromium, and Vanadium in Barley. Soil Sci. 121[1], 38-43

Mix Singh, N., Pandey, V., Misra, J., Yunus, M., a nd Ahmad, K. J. 1997. Atmospheric lead pollution from vehicular emissions. Measurements in pl ants, soil and milk samples. Environmental Monitoring and Assessment 45[1], 9-19

Media Singh, R. P., Maheshwari, R., and Sinha, S. K. 1994. Recovery of Lead Caused Decrease in Biomass Accumulation of Mungbean (Vigna radiat a L.) Seedlings of K2HPO4 and CaCl2. Indian J.Exp.Biol. 32, 507-510

Media Singh, R. P., Bharti, N., and Kumar, G. 1994. Di fferential Toxicity of Heavy Metals to Growth and Nitrate Reductase Activity of Sesamum i ndicum Seedlings. Phytochemistry 35[5], 1153-1156

Rev Singh, R. P., Tripathi, R. D., Maheshwari, R., and Srivastava, H. S. 1997. Response of Higher Plants to Lead Contaminated Envi ronment 9961. Chemosphere 34[11], 2467-2493

Media Singh, Rana P., Dabas, Sushila, and Choudhary, An il. 1996. Recovery of Pb2+ caused inhibition of chlorophyll biosynthesis in leaves of Vigna radiata (L.) Wilczek by inorganic salts. Indian J.Exp.Biol. 34[11], 1129-1132

Media Singh, S. K., Singh, R. P., and Singh, V. 1993. Influence of Exchangeable Pb on Yield and Pb Accumulation by Cabbage and Spinach. Model., Meas.Control 36[1], 13-18

Media Sinha, S. K., Srivastava, H. S., and Mishra, S. N. 1988. Nitrate Assimilation in Intact and Excised Maize Leaves in the Presence of Lead. Bull.Environ.Contam.Toxicol. 41[3], 419-426

Media Sinha, S. K., Srivastava, H. S., and Mishra, S. N. 1988. Effect of Lead on Nitrate Reductase

### Eco-SSL for Lead March 2005 50 Activity and Nitrate Assimilation in Pea Leaves. Acta Soc.Bot.Pol. 57[4], 457-463

Media Sinha, S. K., Srivastava, H. S., and Tripathi, R. D. 1993. Influence of some growth regulators and cations on inhibition of chlorophyll biosynthesis by lead in maize. Bulletin of Environmental Contamination and Toxicology 51[2], 241-246

Media Sinha, S. K., Srivastava, H. S., and Tripathi, R. D. 1994. Influence of Some Growth Regulators Divalent Cations on the Inhibition of Nitrate Reductase Activity by Lead in Maize Leaves. Chemosphere 29[8], 1775-1782

No Toxicant Sloof, J. E., Woittiez, J. R. W., and Woroniecka, U. 1996. Determination of Lead in Phosphate Ore and Phosphogypsum. Fresenius' J.Anal.Chem. 354[1], 16-20

Species Smith, C. J., Hopmans, P., and Cook, F. J. 1996. Accumulation of Cr, Pb, Cu, Ni, Zn and Cd in soil following irrigation with treated urban effluent in Australia. Environmental Pollution 94[3], 317-323

Media Sobotik, M., Ivanov, V. B., Obroucheva, N. V., Sere gin, I. V., Martin, M. L., Antipova, O. V., and Bergmann, H. 1998. Barrier Role of Root System in Lead-Exposed Plants. Angew.Bot. 72[3/4], 144-147

OM, pH Spittler, T. M. and Feder, W. A. 1979. A Study of Soil Contamination and Plant Lead Uptake in Boston Urban Gardens. Commun.Soil Sci.Plant Anal. 10[9], 1195-1210

Mix Stefanov, K., Seizova, K., Yanishlieva, N., Marinova, E., and Popov, S. 1995. Accumulation of lead, zinc and cadmium in plant seeds growi ng in metalliferous habitats in bulgaria. Food Chemistry 54[3], 311-313

Species Stevenson, F. J. and Welch, L. F. 1979. Migratin of Applied Lead in a Field Soil. Environ Sci & Technol 13[10], 1255-1259

No Dur Stijve, T. and Besson, R. 1976. Mercury, Cadm ium, Lead and Selenium Content of Mushroom Species Belonging to the Genus Agaricus. Chemosphere 5[2], 151-158

OM Sudhakar, C., Syamalabai, L., and Veeranjaneyul u, K. 1992. Lead Tolerance of Certain Legume Species Grown on Lead Ore Tailings. Ag ric.Ecosyst.Environ. 41[3/4], 253-261

Species Tao, Shu. 1995. Spatial structures of copper, l ead and mercury contents in surface soil in the shenzhen area. Water Air and Soil Pollution 82[3-4], 583-591

FL Tasev, Hr, Georgieva, V., and Sengalevich, G. 1997. Effect of single and combined soil pollution with lead, zinc and cadmium on the productivity and their content in some cultivated plants. II. Zinc. Pochvozn., Agrokhim.Ekol., V32, N1, P20-28

FL Tasev, Hr, Georgieva, V., and Sengalevich, G. 1997. Effect of single and combined soil pollution with lead, zinc and cadmium on the productivity and their content in some cultivated plants. I. Lead. Pochvozn., Agrokhim.Ekol., V32, N1, P3-11

FL Teissedre, P. L., Cabanis, M. T., Champagnol, F., and Cabanis, J. C. 1993. Study of the Lead Content of Leaves and Some Organs of Vine Plant (Etude de la Teneur en Plomb des Feuilles et de Quelques Organes du cep de Vigne). Bull.O.I.V. 66, 843-854

Media Ter Haar, G. 1970. Air as a Source of Lead in Edible Crops. Environ Sci & Technol 4[3], 226-229

No Dose Ter Haar, G. L., Dedolph, R. R., Holtzman, R. B., and Lucas, H. F. 1969. The Lead Uptake by

### Eco-SSL for Lead March 2005 51 Perennial Ryegrass and Radishes from Air, Water and Soil. Environ.Res. 2, 267-271

No Dose Terhivuo, J., Pankakoski, E., Hyvaerinen, H., a nd Koivisto, I. 1994. Pb Uptake By Ecologically Dissimilar Earthworm (Lumbricidae) Species Near A Lead Smelter In South Finland. Environ Pollut 85[1], 87-96

Not Avail Thapa, D., Srivastava, H. S., and Ormrod, D. P. 1988. Physiological and Biochemical Effect of Lead on Higher Plants 49593. Vegetas 1, 107-109

No ERE Thomson, W. 1972. The Problem of Lead. Nurs Times , 104-105

Media Titov, A. F., Talanova, V. V., Boeba, N. P., Min aeva, S. V., and Soldatov, S. E. 1995. The effect of lead ions on the growth of wheat, ba rley, and cucumber seedlings. Russ.J.Plant Physiol.(Transl.of Fiziol .Rast.(Moscow)) 42[3], 403-407

Mix Tlustos, P., Balik, J., Pavlikova, D., and Szakova , J. 1997. The uptake of cadmium, zinc, arsenic and lead by chosen crops. Rostl.Vyroba 43[10], 487-494

Media Toker, M. Cihat. 1988. Uptake of lead by barley (Hordeum distichon L.) roots and its relation to potassium. Doga: Turk Biyol.Derg 12[2], 128-133

Mix Tolle, Duane A., Arthur, Mickey F., Chesson, Jean, and Van Voris, Peter. 1985. Comparison of pots versus microcosms for predicting agroecosystem effects due to waste amendment. Environ.Toxicol.Chem. 4[4], 501-509

OM Triebskorn, R. and Kohler, H. R. 1996. The imp act of heavy metals on the grey garden slug, Deroceras reticulatum (Muller): metal storage, cellular effects and semi-quantitative evaluation of metal toxicity 48094. Environmental Pollution. 93[3], 327-343

No COC Tsao, R., Lee, S., Rice, P. J., Jensen, C., and Coats, J. R. Monoterpenoids and Their Synthetic Derivatives as Lead for New Insect Control Ag ents. To be Published in: ACS Symp.Ser.No.584, Synthesis and Chemistry of Agrochemicals, Chapter 28 , 15

Media Tso, T. C., Sorokin, T. P., and Engelhaupt , M. E. 1973. Effects of Some Rare Elements on Nicotine Content of the Tobacco Plant. Plant Physiol 51, 805-806

Media Tung, G. and Temple, P. J. 1996. Histochemi cal Detection of Lead in Plant Tissues. Environmental Toxicology and Chemistry 15[6], 906-914

Mix Turcsanyi, Gabor and Fangmeier, Andreas. 1990. Lead and cadmium content of beech (Fagus silvatica) roots in the stem and interste m areas. Z.Pflanzenernahr.Bodenkd. 153[3], 197-200

Media Turner, A. P., Dickinson, N. M., and Lepp, N. W. Indices of metal tolerance in trees. International Conference on Metals in Soils, Waters, Plants a nd Animals, Orlando, Florida, Usa, April 30-May 3, 1990.Water Air Soil Pollut.57-58 (0).1991.617-626.

FL Uccelli, Raffaella, Angelone, Massimo, Cima, Ma ria Grazia, Ferrandi, Luigi, Pompei, Franco, Stronati, Laura, and Triolo, Lucio. 1992. Air pollution on the territory of the Tarquinia Agricultural University. Concentrations of nick el, chromium, lead, and cadmium in soil and in some plant and animal species. Inquinamento 34[10], 64-74

Media Urquhart, C. 1971. Genetics of Lead Tolera nce in Festuca ovina. Heredity 26, 19-33

FL Uzunova, A., Angelov, M., Tungarov, G., and Plugc hieva, M. 1988. Leaf photosynthetic rate and pigment content in lime trees (Tilia argentea) on soil with enhanced lead content.

### Eco-SSL for Lead March 2005 52 Fiziol.Rast.(Sofia) 14[3], 3-8

Rev Vallee, B. L. and Ulmer, D. D. 1972. Biochemi cal Effects of Mercury, Cadmium, and Lead. Ann.Rev.Biochem. 41, 91-128

No Toxicant Van Beek, T. A., Blaakmeer, A., Griepink, F., Van L oon, J. J. A., Visser, J. H., De Groot, A. E., and Briggs, G. G. 1994. Chemical Ecology as a Lead for the Development of Environmentally Safe Insect Control Agents. Royal Society of Ch emistry Special Publication, Advances in the Chemistry of Insect Control III , 52-69

Mix Van Hook, R. I. 1974. Cadmium, Lead, and Zinc Distrribution Between Earthworms and Soils: Potentials for Biological Accumulation. Bull Environ Contam Toxicol 12[4], 509-512

No Dur Van Saan, Beatrice, Krause, Katrin, and Emmerli ng, Christoph. 1995. Ferns, earthworms, and soils as indicators for heavy metals under varying distances to the lead smelter in Braubach, Germany. Verh.Ges.Oekol. 24, 653-656

Media Van Straalen, N. M., Burghouts, T. B. A., and Doornhof, M. J. 1985. Dynamics of Heavy Metals in Populations of Collembola in a Contaminated Pi ne Forest Soil. Int Conf on Heavy Metals in the Environment, Athens, Volume 1, CEP Consultants, Edinburgh , 613-615

Media Van Straalen, N. M. and Van Meerendonk, J. H. 1987. Biological Half-Lives of Lead in Orchesella cincta (L.) (Collembola) . Bull Environ Contam Toxicol 38, 213-219

Rev Van Straalen, N. M. and Bergema, W. F. 1995. Ecological Risks Of Increased Bioavailability Of Metals Under Soil Acidification. Pedobiologia 39[1], 1-9

Media Van, Straalen Nm, Burghouts, T. Ba, Doornhof, M. J., Groot, G. M., Janssen, M. Pm, Joosse, E. Ng, Van, Meerendonk Jh, Theeuwen, J. P. J., Ver hoef, H. A., and Zoomer, H. R. 1987. Efficiency Of Lead And Cadmium Excretion In Populations Of Orchesella-Cincta Collembola From Various Contaminated Forest Soils. J Appl Ecol 24[3], 953-968

Mix Vandecaveye, S. C., Horner, G. M., and Keaton, C. M. 1936. Unproductiveness of certain orchard soils as related to lead arsenate spray accumulations. Soil Sci 42, 203-213

Media Vandenbulcke, F., Grelle, C., Fabre, M. C., and Descamps, M. 1998. Implication of the Midgut of the Centepede Lithobius forficatus in the Heavy Metal Detoxification Process. Ecotoxicol Environ Saf 41[3], 258-268

No Control Veavington, F. 1975. Heavy Metal Contamination of Vegetables and Soil in Domestic Gardens Around a Smelting Complex. Environ Pollut 9[3], 211-217

Mix Versluijs, C. W., Aalbers, T. G., Adema, D. Mm, Assink, J. W., Van, Gestel C. A., and Anthonissen, I. H. 1988. Comparison Of Leaching Behavior And Bioavailability Of Heavy Metals In Contaminated Soils And Soils Cleaned Up With Several Extractive And Thermal Methods. Wolf, K., W.J.Van Den Brink And F.J.Colon (Ed. ).Contaminated Soil '88 Second International Netherlands Organization For Applied Scientific Research/Federal Minist ry Of Research And Technology Conference, Hamburg, West Germ any, April 11-15, 1988. Xxxvi+1009p.(Vol. 1); Xxv+683p.(Vol. 2). Kluwer Academic Publishers: Dordrecht,[0], 11-22

OM Vodnik, D., Bozic, M., Gogala, N., and Gabrovsek, K. 1996. Growth Response of Ectomycorrhizal Norway Spruce Seedlings Transp lanted on Lead-Polluted Soil. Phyton. 36[3], 77- 80

FL Vogel, W. R. 1988. Lead and cadmium burden in ar thropods from forest areas with different levels

### Eco-SSL for Lead March 2005 53 of exposure to airborne pollution. Mitt Schweiz Entomol Ges 61[3-4], 205-216

FL Von Scharrer, K. and Schropp, W. 1936. The E ffect of Lead Upon Plant Growth (Uber die Wirkung des Bleis aud das Pflanzenwachstum.) . Z.Pflanzenernaehr.Dung.Bodenkd. 43, 34-43

Mix Wadge, A. and Hutton, M. 1986. The Uptake of Cadmium, Lead and Selenium by Barley and Cabbage Grown on Soils Amended with Refuse Incinerator Fly Ash. Plant Soil 96, 407-412

OM Walker, W. M., Miller, J. E., and Hassett, J. J. 1977. Effect of Lead and Cadmium upon the Calcium, Magnesium, Potassium, and Phosphorus Concentration in Young Corn Plants. Soil Sci 124[3], 145-151

No ERE Walker, W. M., Miller, J. E., and Hassett, J. J. 1977. Effect of Lead and Cadmium upon the Boron, Copper, Manganese, and Zinc Concentration of Young Corn Plants. Comm.Soil Sci.Plant Anal. 8[1], 57-66

No Control Wallace, A., Romney, E. M., and Patel, P. M. 1978. Role of Synthetic Chelating Agents in Trace Metal Uptake by Plants. In: D.C.Adriano and I.L. Brisbin,Jr.(Eds.), Environmental Cemistry and Cycling Processes, Proc.Symp.Held at Augusta, Georgia, April 18-May 1, 1976, Tech.Info.Center, U.S.Dep of Energy (U.S.NTIS CONF-760429) , 645-657

Media Wang, W. 1994. Rice Seed Toxicity Tests for Organic and Inorganic Substances. Environ.Monit.Assess. 29, 101-107

FL Wang, Y. P. and Chao, C. C. 1992. Effects of vesicular-arbuscular mycorrhizae and heavy metals on the growth of soybean and phosphate and heavy metal uptake by soybean in major soil groups of taiwan. J AGRIC ASSOC CHINA NEW SER [157], 6-20

Mix Wang, Zhenzhong, Zhang, Youmei, Hu, Juelian, Zheng, Yunyou, Hu, Zhaoyang, Guo, Yongcan, Lai, Qing, Yan, Hengmei, and Deng, Jifu. 1994. Effect of heavy metals in soil on earthworms (Opisthopora). Huanjing Kexue Xuebao 14[2], 236-243

Species Ward, N. I., Roberts, E., and Brooks, R. R. 1979. Seasonal Variation in the Lead Content of Soils and Pasture Species Adjacent to a New Zealand Hi ghway Carrying Medium Density Traffic. N Z J Exp Agric 7, 347-351

No Control Warren, H. V. and Delavault, R. E. 1962. Lead in Some Food Crops and Trees. J.Sci.Food Agric. 13, 96-98

No Dur Watmough, S. A. and Dickinson, N. M. 1995. Disper sal and mobility of heavy metals in relation to tree survival in an aerially contaminated w oodland soil. Environmental Pollution. 90[2], 135-142

No Dose Weatherford, Jason, Hammond, Angie, and Ratli ff, Judy. 1997. Investigation of the ability of plants found in western kentucky to hyperaccumulate lead and aluminum from soils. Microchemical Journal 56[1], 93-102

No Dur Weisenfeld, P. 1988. Cadmium And Lead In Earthworms (Lumbricidae) From Allotment Gardens And Similar Sites Influenced By Industrial Immi ssions In Berlin (West) (West Germany). Zool Beitr 32[2], 301-320

FL Weisenfeld, P. 1989. Cadmium And Lead Content Of Earthworms In Cultivated Soils Of Industrial Areas Of Berlin West. Kuttler, W. (Ed.).Verhandlungen Gesellschaft Fuer Oekologie, Band 18 (Proceedings Of The Society For Ecol ogy, Vol. 18); Meeting, Essen, Germany, September 25-October 1, 1988. 920p. Gesellschaft Fuer Oekologie: Goettingen, Germany.; 0[0], 285-287

### Eco-SSL for Lead March 2005 54 Mix Weltje, L. 1998. Mixture Toxicity and Tissue Inter actions of Cd, Cu, Pb and Zn in Earthworms (Oligochaeta) in Laboratory and Field Soils: A Critical Evaluation of Data. Chemosphere 36[12], 2643-2660

Media Wettlaufer, S. H., Osmeloski, J., and Weinstein, L. H. 1991. Response of polyamines to heavy metal stress in oat seedlings. Environ Toxicol Chem 10[8], 1083-1088

Media Wetzel, A. and Werner, D. 1995. Ecotoxicological Evaluation of Contaminated Soil Using the Legume Root Nodule Symbiosis as Effect Parame ter. Environ.Toxicol.Water Qual. 10[2], 127-133

FL Wieler, A. 1938. The Action of Lead and Zinc Compounds on the Growth and Development of Plant Cultures (Ueber die Einwirkung von Blei- und Zinkverbindungen auf Wachstum und Entwicklung von Kulturpflanzen). Mitt.Fors twirtsch.Forstwiss.(Hanover) 9, 175-191

No Data Wielgus-Scratinska, E. 1979. Influence of Lead Poisoning and Ultrastructural Changes int he Body Wall of Eisenia foetida (Savigny). Oligochaeta. 1. Short Action of Different Concentrations of Lead and Ultrastructural Changes in the Cells of the body Wall. Folia Histochem Cytochem 17[2], 181-188

Media Wielgus-Serafinska, E. and Kawka, E. 1976. Accu mulation and Localization of Lead in Eisenia foetida (Oligochaeta) Tissues. Folia Histochem Cytochem 14, 315-320

Mix Wiersma, D., Van Goor, B. J., and Van der Veen, N. G. 1986. Cadmium, Lead, Mercury, and Arsenic Concentrations in Crops and Corres ponding Soils in The Netherlands. J.Agric.Food Chem. 34, 1067-1074

Media Wierzbicka, M. 1987. Lead Accumulation and Its Translocation Barriers in Roots of Allium cepa L. -Autoradiographic and Ultrastructura l Studies. Plant Cell Environ. 10, 17-26

Media Wierzbicka, M. and Antosiewicz, D. 1993. How lead can easily enter the food chain - a study of plant roots. Sci.Total Environ. NSuppl[1], 423-429

Media Wierzbicka, M. 1999. Comparison of Lead Tolera nce in Allium cepa with Other Plant Species. Environ Pollut 104[1], 41-52

Mix Wijn, M., Duives, P., Herber, R., and Brunekreef , B. 1983. Lead Uptake from Vegetables Grown Along Highways. Int.Arch.Occup.Environ.Health 52, 263-270

Media Wilkins, D. A. 1957. A Technique for the Meas urement of Lead Tolerance in Plants. Nature 180[4575], 37-38

Media Wilkins, D. A. 1960. The Measurement and Geneti cal Analysis of Lead Tolerance in Festuca ovina. Rep.Scott.Plant Breed.Stn. 85-98

Mix Williamson, P. 1980. Variables Affecting Body Burden of Lead, Zinc, and Cadmium in a Roadside Population of the Snail, Cep aea hortensis Muller. Oecologia 44, 213-220

Species Willoughby, R. A. and Thawley, D. G. 1975. L ead, Cadmium, Zinc, Calcium and Vitamin D Interactions in Animals. In: Proc.Int.Conf.on Heavy Metals in the Environment, Oct.27-31, 1975, Toronto, Canada , 143-154

Mix Winters, C. and Morgan, A. J. 1988. Quantitativ e Electron Probe X-Ray Microanalysis Of LeadSequestering Organelles In Earthworms Techni cal Appraisal Of Air-Dried Smears And FreezeDried Cryosections. Scanning Microsc. 2[2], 947-958

### Eco-SSL for Lead March 2005 55 Media Wong, M. H. and Bradshaw, A. D. 1982. A Compar ison of the Toxicity of Heavy Metals, Using Root Elongation of Rye Grass, Lolium perenne. New Phytol. 91, 255-261

Media Wong, M. H. and Lau, W. M. 1985. Root Growth of Cynodon and Eleusine indica Collected from Motorways at Different Concentrati ons of Lead. Environ Res 36[2], 257-267

No Dose Wu, J., Hsu, F. C., and Cunningham, S. D. 1999. Chelate-assisted pb phytoextraction: pb availability, uptake, and translocation cons traints. Environ.Sci.Technol. 33[11], 1898-1904

Media Wu, L. and Antonovics, J. 1976. Experimental Ecol ogical Genetics in Plantago II. Lead Tolerance in Plantago lanceolata and Cynodon dactylon from a Roadside. Ecology 57[3], 205-208

FL Xi, Yuying, Guo, Dongsheng, Cheng, Jie, and S ong, Yuxian. 1994. Effect of calcium and zinc on the contents of cadmium and lead in corn seed ling. Shanxi Daxue Xuebao, Ziran Kexueban 17[1], 101-103

Mix Xian, X. 1989. Response of kidney bean to concen tration and chemical form of cadmium, zinc, and lead in polluted soils. Environmental Pollution. 57[2], 127-137

Mix Xian, X. 1989. Effect of Chemical Forms of Cadm ium, Zinc, and Lead in Polluted Soils on Their Uptake by Cabbage Plants. Plant Soil 113, 257-264

Media Xiong, Z. T. 1998. Lead Uptake and Effects on Seed Germination and Plant Growth in a Pb Hyperaccumulator Brassica pekinensis Rupr . Bull Environ Contam Toxicol 60, 285-291

FL Yagodin, B. A., Govorina, V. V., Vinogradova, S. B., Zamaraev, A. G., and Chapovskaya, G. V. 1995. Accumulation of Cadmium and Lead by Some Farm Crops on Soddy-Podzolic Soils with Different Levels of Cultivation. Izv.Timiryazevsk.S-kh.Akad. [2], 85-100

OM, pH Yan, C., Shunzhen, F., Xianke, Y., Zhong, Z., and Chen, R. 1997. Effects of Pb and Hg on Antioxidation Enzymes in Tobacco Leaves. Acra Scie ntiae Circumstantiae (Huanjing Kexue Xuebao) 17[4], 469-473

No Control Zawadzka, T., Mazur, H., Wojciechowska Mazurek, M., Starska, K., Brulinska Ostrowska, E., Cwiek, K., Uminska, R., and Bichniewicz, A. 1990. [Content Of Metals In Vegetables From Various Regions Of Poland In The Years 1986-1988. I. Content Of Lead, Cadmium And Mercury]. Rocz-Panstw-Zakl-Hig 41[3-4], 111-131

Rev Zimdahl, R. L. and Arvik, J. H. 1973. Lead in Soils and Plants: A Literature Review. CRC Crit.Rev.Environ.Control 3[2], 213-224

No Control Zimdahl, R. L. and Foster, J. M. 1976. The Infl uence of Applied Phosphorus, Manure, or Lime on Uptake of Lead from Soil. J.Environ.Qual. 5[1], 31-34

FL Zommer Urbanska, S., Bojarowicz, H., and Kucz ynska, I. 1994. [Fluorine And Lead Content In Selected Vegetables Grown Within The Range Of Emission Of Compounds Containing These Elements By The Glass Plant'Irena' In Wr oclaw]. Rocz-Panstw-Zakl-Hig 45[1-2], 13-18

Mix Zullini, A. and Peretii, E. 1986. Lead Pollutoin and Moss-Inihabiting Nematodes of an Industrial Area. Water Air Soil Pollut 27[3/4], 403-410

No Dose Zupan, M., Hudnik, V., Lobnik, F., and Kadunc , V. 1997. Accumulation of lead, cadmium and zinc from contaminated soil in various plants and evaluation of soil remediation with indicator plant (Plantago lanceolata L.). Colloq.- Inst .Natl.Rech.Agron., Contaminated Soils, 85, 325-335

### Eco-SSL for Lead March 2005 56 

### 7.4 References Used in Deriving Wildlife TRVs

Agodi, A., Viola, M., Alberghina, M., and Stella, A. M. G. 1990. Effect of Low-dose Lead Acetate Exposure on the Metabolism of Nucleic Acids and Lipids in Cerebellum a nd Hippocampus of Rat During Postnatal Development. J. Neurosci. Res. 25(1): 131-138. Ref ID: 2507

Alfano, D. P., Leboutillier, J. C., and Petit, T. L. 1982. Hippocampal Mossy Fiber Pathway Development in Normal and Postnatally Lead-exposed Rats. Exp. Neurol. 75(2): 308-319. Ref ID: 2510

Alfano, D. P. and Petit, T. L. 1982. Neo Natal Lead Exposure Alters the Dendritic Development of Hippocampal Dentate Granule Cells. Exp Neurol. 75(2): 275-288. Ref ID: 2511

Alfano, D. P., Petit, T. L., and Leboutillier, J. C. 1983. Development and Plasticity of the Hippocampal-cholinergic System in Normal and Early Lead Exposed Rats. Brain Res. 312(1): 117-124. Ref ID: 2512

Anders, E., Dietz, D. D., Bagnell Jr., C. R., Gaynor, J., Krigman, M. R., Ross, D. W., Leander, J. D., and Mushak, P. 1982. Morphological, Pharmacokinetic and Hematol ogical Studies of Lead-exposed Pigeons. Environ. Res. 28(2): 344-363. Ref ID: 2513

Azar, A., Trochimowicz, H. J., and Maxwell, M. E. 1973. Review of Lead Studies in Animals Carried out at Haskell Laboratory: Two-year Feeding Study and Response to Hemorrhage Study. 199-210. Ref ID: 3747

Bafundo, K. W., Baker, D. H., and Fitzgerald, P. R. 1984. Lead Toxicity in the Chick as Affected by Excess Copper and Zinc and by Eimeria Acervulina Infection. Poult. Sci. 63(8): 1594-1603. Ref ID: 2517 Baksi, S. N. and Kenny, A. D. 1979. Vitamin D Meta bolism in Japanese Quail: E ffects of Lead Exposure and Dietary Calcium. Toxicol. Appl. Pharmacol. 51(3): 489-496. Ref ID: 2521

Bankowska, J and Hine, C. 1985. Retention of Lead in the Rat. Arch. Environ. Contam. Toxicol. 14: 621-9. Ref ID: 14852

Barlow, J. J., Baruah, J. K., and Davison, A. N. 1977. Delta-aminolaevulinic Acid Dehydratase Activity and Focal Brain Haemorrhages in Lead-treated Rats. Acta Neuropathol. (Berl). 39(3): 219-23. Ref ID: 2523

Barratt, C. L., Davies, A. G., Bansal, M. R., and Williams , M. E. 1989. The Effects of Lead on the Male Rat Reproductive System. Andrologia. 21(2): 161-166. Ref ID: 2524

Barrett, J. and Livesey, P. J. 1982. The Acetic Acid Component of Lead Acetate: its Effect on Rat Weight and Activity. Neurobehav. Toxicol. Teratol. 4(1): 105-108. Ref ID: 2525

Barrett, J. and Livesey, P. J. 1983. Lead Induced Alte rations in Maternal Behavior and Offspring Development in the Rat. Neurobehav Toxicol Teratol. 5(5): 557-63. Ref ID: 10239

Barthalmus, G. T., Leander, J. D., Mcmillan, D. E., Mushak , P., and Krigman, M. R. 1977. Chronic Effects of Lead on Schedule-controlled Pigeon Behavior. Toxicol. Appl. Pharmacol. 42(2): 271-284. Ref ID: 2526

Bataineh, H., Al-hamood, M. H., and Elbetieha, A. M. 1998. Assessment of Aggression, Sexual Behavior and Fertility in Adult Male Rat Following Long-term I ngestion of Four Industrial Metals Salts. Hum Exp Toxicol. 17(10): 570-6. Ref ID: 1717

Batra, N., Nehru, B., and Bansal, M. P. 1998. The Effect of Zinc Supplementation on th e Effects of Lead on the Rat Testis. Reprod. Toxicol. 12(5): 535-540. Ref ID: 2528

Berg, L. R., Nordstrom, J. O., and Ousterhout, L. E. 1980. The Prevention of Chick Growth Depression Due to Dietary Lead by Increased Dietary Ca lcium and Phosphorus Levels. Poult. Sci. 59(8): 1860-1863. Ref ID: 2534

### Eco-SSL for Lead March 2005 57 Blakley, Br, Sisodia, Cs, and Mukkur, Tk. 1980. The Effect of Methylmercury, Tetraethyl Lead, and Sodium Arsenite on the Humoral Immune Response in Mice. Toxicol. Appl. Pharmacol. 52(2): 245-254. Ref ID: 14598

Blanusa, M, Piasek, M, and Kostial, K. 1989. Interacti on of Lead with Some Essential Elements in Rat's Kidney in Relation to Age. Biological Trace Element Research. 21: 189-93. Ref ID: 14750

Boscolo, P., Carmignani, M., Sacche ttoni-logroscino, G., Rannelletti, F. O., Artese, L., and Preziosi, P. 1988. Ultrastructure of the Testis in Rats with Blood H ypertension Induced by Long-term Lead Exposure. Toxicol Lett. 41(2): 129-137. Ref ID: 3821

Boscolo, Paolo, Carmignani, Marco, Carelli, Giovanni, Fine lli, Vincent N., and Giuliano, Giovanni. 1992. Zinc and Copper in Tissues of rats with Blood Hype rtension Induced by Long-term Lead Exposure. Toxicol. Lett. 63(2): 135-9 . Ref ID: 21113

Bourjeily, N. and Suszkiw, J. B. 1997. Developmenta l Cholinotoxicity of Lead: Loss of Septal Cholinergic Neurons and Long-term Changes in Cholinergic Innervation of the Hippocampus in Perinatally Lead-exposed Rats. Brain Res. 771(2): 319-328. Ref ID: 2545

Brady, K, Herrera, Y, and Zenick, H. 1975. Influen ce of Parental Lead Exposur e on Subsequent Learning Ability of Offspring. Pharmacol. Biochem. Behav. 3: 561-5. Ref ID: 14795

Brashear, C. W., Kopp, V. J., and Krigman, M. R. 1978. Effect of Lead on the Developing Peripheral Nervous System. J. Neuropathol. Exp. Neurol. 37(4): 414-425. Ref ID: 2546

Brown, D. V. 1974. Reaction of the Rabbit Retinal Pigment Ipithelium to Systemic Lead Poisoning. Trans. Am. Ophthalmol. Soc. 72: 404-447. Ref ID: 2548

Bull, R. J. 1983. Delayed Metabolic Maturation of the Cerebral Cortex of Rat Pups Derived from Lead-treated Dams. J Toxicol Environ Health. 11(2): 211-226. Ref ID: 3826

Bull, Rj, Lutkenhoff, Sd, Mccarty, Ge, and Miller, Rg. 1979. Delays in the Postnatal Increase of Cerebral Cytochrome Concentrations in Lead-exposed Rats. Neuropharmacology. 18: 83-92. Ref ID: 14812

Camoratto, A. M., White, L. M., Lau, Y. S., Ware, G. O ., Berry, W. D., and Moriarty, C. M. 1993. Effect of Exposure to Low Level Lead on Growth and Growth Hormone Release in Rats. Toxicology. 83(1-3): 101-114. Ref ID: 2563

Carpenter, S. J. 1982. Enhanced Teratogenicity of Ora lly Administered Lead in Hamsters Fed Diets Deficient in Calcium or Iron. Toxicology. 24(3-4): 259-271. Ref ID: 2565

Carroll, Pt, Silbergeld, Ek, and Goldberg, Am. 1977. A lteration of Central Cholinergic Function by Chronic Lead Acetate Exposure. Biochem. Pharmac. 26: 397-402. Ref ID: 14813

Carson, T. L., Van Gelder, G. A., Buck, W. B., Hoffman, L. J., Mick, D. L., and Long, K. R. 1973. Effects of Low Level Lead Ingestion in Sheep. Clin.toxicol. 6(3): 389-403. Ref ID: 3830

Cerklewski, F. L. 1980. Reduction in Neonatal Lead Exposure by Supplemental Dietary Iron During Gestation and Lactation in the Rat. J Nutr. 110(7): 1453-7. Ref ID: 10607

Cernochova, D. and Kamarad, V. 1992. Toxic Effect of Lead on Mice Testicles after its Administration with Drinking Water. Acta Universitatis Palackianae Olomucensis Facultatis Medicae. 133: 9-13. Ref ID: 2568

Chowdhury, A. R., Dewan, A., and Gandhi, D. N. 1984. Toxic Effect of Lead on th e Testes of Rat. Biomed. Biochim. Acta. 43(1): 95-100. Ref ID: 3721

### Eco-SSL for Lead March 2005 58 Clayton, LB, Kitchen, I, and Winder, C. 1983. Ontoge netic Differences in Striatal Enkephalin Levels in Rats Exposed to Low Levels of Lead. Br. J. Pharmac. 79: 199p. Ref ID: 14814

Connor, E. E., Scanlon, P. F., and Kir kpatrick, R. L. 1994. Bioavailability of Lead from Contaminated Sediment in Northern Bobwhites, Colinus Virginianus. Arch Environ. Contam. Toxicol. 27(1): 60-63. Ref ID: 2573

Cookman, G. R., King, W., and Regan, C. M. 1987. Chronic Low-level Lead Exposure Impairs Embryonic to Adult Conversion of the Neural Cell Adhesion Molecule. J. Neurochem. 49(2): 399-403. Ref ID: 2574

Corpas, I., Gaspar, I., Martinez, S., Codesal, J., Candelas, S., and Antonio, M. T. 1995. Testicular Alterations in Rats Due to Gestational and Early Lactational Administration of Lead. Reprod. Toxicol. 9(3): 307-313. Ref ID: 2575

Cory-slechta, D. A., Bissen, S. T., Young, A. M., and Thompson, T. 1981. Chronic Postweaning Lead Exposure and Response Duration Performance. Toxicol Appl Pharmacol. 60(1): 78-84. Ref ID: 3838

Cory-slechta, D. A., Garman, R. H., and Seidman, D. 1980. Lead Induced Crop Dysfunction in the Pigeon. Toxicol. Appl. Pharmacol. 52(3): 462-467. Ref ID: 2576

Cory-Slechta, D. A. and Thompson, T. 1979. Behavioral Toxicity of Chronic Postw eaning Lead Exposure in the Rat. Toxicol. Appl. Pharmacol. 47(1): 151-159. Ref ID: 2577

Cramer, MB, Johnson, TD, and Clarke, DE. 1980. Low- level Lead Exposure During Growth and Development: Absence of Behavioral and Choliner gic Neuromuscular Toxicity. Res. Comm. Subst. Abuse. 1: 111-124. Ref ID: 14816

Cupo, M. A. and Donaldson, W. E. 1988. Effect of Lead and Niacin on Growth and Serotonin Metabolism in Chicks. J. Nutr. 118(1): 107-113. Ref ID: 2579

Custer, T. W., Franson, J. C., and Pattee, O. H. 1984. Tissue Lead Distribution and Hematologic Effects in American Kestrels (Falco Sparverius L.) Fed Biologically Incorporated Lead. J. Wildl. Dis. 20(1): 39-43. Ref ID: 2581

Damron, Bl, Simpson, Cf, and Harms, Rh. 1969. The Eff ect of Feeding Various Levels of Lead on the Performance of Broilers. Poult. Sci. 48: 1507-1509. Ref ID: 14768

Dauwe, T. L. Bervoets R. Blust M. Eens. 2002. Tissue Levels of Lead in Experimentally Exposed Zebra Finches (Taeniopygia Guttata) with Particular Attention on the Use of Feathers as Biomonitors. Arch. Environ. Contam. Toxicol. 42(1): 88-92. Ref ID: 25894

Dietz, D. D., Mcmillan, D. E., and Mushak, P. 1979. Effects of Chronic Lead Administration on Acquisition and Performance of Serial Position Sequences by Pigeons. Toxicol. Appl. Pharmacol. 47(2): 377-384. Ref ID: 2591

Dilts Jr., P. V. and Ahokas, R. A. 1980. Effects of Dietary Lead and Zinc on Fetal Organ Growth. Am. J. Obstet. Gynecol. 136(7): 889-896. Ref ID: 2592

Dilts Jr., P. V. and Ahokas, R. A. 1979. Effect s of Dietary Lead and Zinc on Pregnancy. Am. J. Obstet. Gynecol. 135(7): 940-946. Ref ID: 2593

Dobryszycka, W., Zawirska, B., Owczarek, H., Grzebie luch, M., and Dzik, T. 1984. Morphological and Biochemical Effects of Chronic Low-level Cadmium and Lead Feeding to Rats. Acta Pol. Pharm. 41(1): 111-115. Ref ID: 707

### Eco-SSL for Lead March 2005 59 Donald, J. M., Cutler, M. G., and Moore, M. R. 1987. Effects of Lead in the Labor atory Mouse. Development and Social Behaviour after Lifelong Exposure to 12 Microm Lead in Drinking Fluid. Neuropharmacology. 26(4): 391-399. Ref ID: 2597

Donald, J. M., Cutler, M. G., Moore, M. R., and Bradle y, M. 1981. Development and Social Behaviour in Mice after Prenatal and Postnatal Administration of Low Levels of Lead Acetate. Neuropharmacology. 20(11): 1097- 1104. Ref ID: 2598

Donald, J. M., Cutler, M. G., Moore, M. R., and Bradley, M. 1986. Effects of Lead in the Laboratory Mouse--2. Development and Social Behaviour after Lifelong Administ ration of a Small Dose of Lead Acetate in Drinking Fluid. Neuropharmacology. 25(2): 151-160. Ref ID: 2599

Donaldson, W. E. 1985. Effects of Dietary Lead, Cadmium, Mercury, and Selenium on Fatty Acid Composition of Blood Serum and Erythrocyte Membranes from Chicks. Biol. Trace Elem. Res. 7(4): P255-62. Ref ID: 429

Donaldson, W. E. 1986. Interaction of Lead Toxicity and Riboflavin Status in Chicks (Gallus Domesticus). Comp. Biochem. Physiol. C. 85(1): 1-3. Ref ID: 2600

Donaldson, W. E. and Mcgowan, C. 1989. Lead Toxicity in Chickens. Interaction with Toxic Dietary Levels of Selenium. Biol Trace Elem Res. 20(1-2): 127-33. Ref ID: 1285

Donovick, P. J. and Burright, R. G. 1986. Short Term Lead Exposure, Age and Food Deprivation: Interactive Effects on Wheel Running Behavior of Adult Male Mice. Exp. Aging Res. 12(3): 163-168. Ref ID: 3718

Draski, L. J., Burright, R. G., and Donovick, P. J. 1989. The Influence of Prenatal And/or Postnatal Exposure to Lead on Behavior of Preweanling Mice. Physiol. Behav. 45(4): 711-715. Ref ID: 3719

Dyck, P. J., Windebank, A. J., Low, P. A., and Baumann, W. J. 1980. Blood Nerve Barrier in Rat and Cellular Mechanisms of Lead-induced Segmental Demyelination. J. Neuropathol. Exp. Neurol. 39(6): 700-709. Ref ID: 2604

Edens, F. W. 1985. Whole Brain Acetylcholinestera se Activity in Lead-exposed Japanese Quail. Poult. Sci. 64(7): 1391-1393. Ref ID: 2605

Edens, F. W., Benton, E., Bursian, S. J., and Morgan , G. W. 1976. Effect of Dietary Lead on Reproductive Performance in Japanese Quail, Coturnix Coturnix Japonica. Toxicol. Appl. Pharmacol. 38(2): 307-314. Ref ID: 2606

Edens, F. W. and Garlich, J. D. 1983. Lead-indu ced Egg Production Decrease in Leghorn and Japanese Quail Hens. Poult. Sci. 62(9): 1757-1763. Ref ID: 2608

Edens, F. W. and Melvin, V. K. 1989. Lead Influe nces on Physiological and Growth Responses in Coturnix Coturnix Japonica Selected for Large Body Weights. Environ. Res. 50(1): 140-156. Ref ID: 2609

El-gazzar, R. M., Finelli, V. N., Boiano, J., and Petering, H. G. 1978. Influence of Dietary Zinc on Lead Toxicity in rats. Toxicol. Lett. 1(4): 227-34 . Ref ID: 21143

Epstein, H. T., Fenton, K., and Shimpach, S. 1991. L ead Acetate Delays Rapid Postnatal Mouse Brain and Body Growth. Life Sci. 49(16): 1169-1172. Ref ID: 2614

Epstein, H. T., Newton, J. T., and Fenton, K. 1999. Lead Effects on Offspring Depend on When Mouse Mothers Were Exposed to Lead. Biol. Neonate. 75(4): 272-278. Ref ID: 2615

### Eco-SSL for Lead March 2005 60 Escribano, A., Revilla, M., Hernandez, E. R., Seco, C., Gon zalez-riola, J., Villa, L. F., and Rico, H. 1997. Effect of Lead on Bone Development and Bone Mass: a Morphom etric, Densitometric, and Histomorphometric Study in Growing Rats. Calcif. Tissue Int. 60 (2): 200-203. Ref ID: 2616

Ewers, U and Erbe, R. 1980. Effects of Lead, Cadm ium, and Mercury on Brain Adenylate Cyclase. Toxicology. 16: 227-237. Ref ID: 14818

Exon, J. H., Koller, L. D., and Kerkvliet, N. I. 1979. Lead-cadmium Interaction: Effects on Viral-induced Mortality and Tissue Residues in Mice. Arch.environ Health. 34(6): 469-475. Ref ID: 3847

Eyden, B. P., Maisin, J. R., and Mattelin, G. 1978. L ong-term Effects of Dietary L ead Acetate on Survival, Body Weight and Seminal Cytology in Mice. Bull. Environ. Contam. Toxicol. 19(3): 266-272. Ref ID: 2618

Fick, K. R., Ammerman, C. B., Miller, S. M., Simpson, C. F., and Loggins, P. E. 1976. Effect of Dietary Lead on Performance, Tissue Mineral Composition and Lead Absorption in Sheep. J. Anim. Sci. 42(2): 515-523. Ref ID: 3704

Finley, M. T., Dieter, M. P., and Locke, L. N. 1976. Sublethal Effects of Chronic Lead Ingestion in Mallard Ducks. J. Toxicol. Environ. Health. 1(6): 929-937. Ref ID: 2624

Forbes, R. M. and Cerklewski, F. L. 1977. Influence of Dietary Copper on Lead Toxicity in the Young Male Rat. J. Nutr. 107(1): 143. Ref ID: 2625

Fox, D. A., Lewkowski, J. P., and Cooper, G. P. 1977. Acute and Chronic Effects of Neonatal Lead Exposure on Development of the Visual Evoked Response in Rats. Toxicol. Appl. Pharmacol. 40(3): 449-461. Ref ID: 2633

Fox, D. A., Wright, A. A., and Costa, L. G. 1982. Visual Acuity Deficits Following Neonatal Lead Exposure: Cholinergic Interactions. Neurobehav. Toxicol. Teratol. 4(6): 689-693. Ref ID: 2634

Franson, J. C. and Custer, T. W. 1982. Toxic ity of Dietary Lead in Young Cockerels. Vet. Hum. Toxicol. 24(6): 421-423. Ref ID: 2635

Franson, J. C., Sileo, L., Pattee, O. H., and Moore, J. F. 1983. Effects of Chr onic Dietary Lead in American Kestrels (Falco Sparverius). J. Wildl. Dis. 19(2): 110-113. Ref ID: 2636

Frederick, R. B. 1976. Effects of Lead Nitrate on Open-field Beha vior of Mallard Ducklings. Bull. Environ. Contam. Toxicol. 16(6): 739-742. Ref ID: 2638

Freundt, K. J. and Ibrahim, H. A. 1990. Growth of Ra ts During a Subchronic Intake of the Heavy Metals Pb, Cd, Zn, Mn, Cu, Hg, and Be. Pol. J. Occup. Med. 3(2): 227-232. Ref ID: 2640

Gandley, R., Anderson, L., and Silbergeld, E. K. 1999. Lead : Male-mediated Effects on Reproduction and Development in the Rat. Environ. Res. 80(4): 355-363. Ref ID: 2642

Gelman, Bg and Michaelson, Ia. 1979. Neonatal Lead Toxic ity and in Vitro Lipid Peroxidation of Rat Brain. J. Toxic. Environ. Health. 5: 671-682. Ref ID: 14821

Gerber, Gb, Maes, J, Gilliavod, N, and Casale, G. 1978. Brain Biochemistry of Infant Mice and Rats Exposed to Lead. Toxic. Lett. 2: 51-63. Ref ID: 14822

Gershbein, L. L., Gershbein, J. D., and French, R. 1983. Be havior of Male Rats Fed Low Levels of Metallic Salts. Res Commun Chem Pathol Pharmacol. 39(3): 507-510. Ref ID: 136

Goldman, D, Hejtmancik, Mr, Williams, Bj, and Zeigler, Mg. 1980. Altered Noradrenergic Systems in the Leadexposed Neonatal Rat. Neurobehav. Toxic. 2: 337-343. Ref ID: 14823

### Eco-SSL for Lead March 2005 61 Goldstein, Gw, Asbury, Ak, and Diamond, I. 1974. Pat hogenesis of Lead Encephalopathy. Uptake of Lead and Reaction of Brain Capillaries. Archs. Neurol. 31: 382-9. Ref ID: 14824

Gonzalez-riola, J., Hernandez, E. R., Escribano, A., Revilla , M., Seco, C. A., Villa, L. F ., and Rico, H. 1997. Effect of Lead on Bone and Cartilage in Sexually Mature Rats: a Morphometric and Histomorphometry Study. Environ. Res. 74(1): 91-93. Ref ID: 2654

Govoni, S, Memo, M, Lucchi, L, Spano, Pf, and Trabucchi, M. 1980. Brain Neurotransmitter Systems and Chronic Lead Intoxication. Pharmac. Res. Commun. 12: 447-460. Ref ID: 14825

Goyer, Ra, Leonard, Dl, Moore, Jf, Rhyne, B, and Krig man, Mr. 1970. Lead Dosage and the Role of the Intranuclear Inclusion Body: an Experimental Study. Arch. Environ. Htlh. 20: 705-11. Ref ID: 14799

Grant, L. D., Kimmel, C. A., West, G. L., Martinez-vargas, C. M., and Howa rd, J. L. 1980 . Chronic Low Level Lead Toxicity in the Rat. 2. Effects on Post Natal Physical a nd Behavioral Development. Toxicol. Appl. Pharmacol. 56(1): 42-58. Ref ID: 2658

Gruber, H. E., Gonick, H. C., Khalil-manesh, F., Sanchez, T. V., Motsinger, S., Meyer, M., and Sharp, C. F. 1997. Osteopenia Induced by Long-term, Low- and High-le vel Exposure of the Adult Rat to Lead. Miner. Electrolyte Metab. 23(2): 65-73. Ref ID: 2660

Gupta, G. S., Singh, J., and Parkash, P. 1995. Renal Toxi city after Oral Administration of Lead Acetate During Preand Post-implantation Periods: Effects on Trace Metal Composition, Metallo-enzymes and Glutathione. Pharmacol. Toxicol. 76(3): 206-211. Ref ID: 2666

Haegele, M. A., Tucker, R. K., and Hudson, R. H. 1974. Effects of Dietary Me rcury and Lead on Eggshell Thickness in Mallards. Bull. Environ. Contam. Toxicol. 11(1): 5-11. Ref ID: 2668

Hallen, I. P., Jorhem, L., and Oskarsson, A. 1995. Placen tal and Lactational Transfer of Lead in Rats: a Study on the Lactational Process and Effects on Offspring. Arch. Toxicol. 69(9): 596-602. Ref ID: 2669

Hamilton, J. D. and O'flaherty, E. J. 1994 . Effects of Lead Exposure on Skeletal Development in Rats. Fundam. Appl. Toxicol. 22(4): 594-604. Ref ID: 2670

Hamilton, J. D., O'flaherty, E. J., Ross, R., Shukla, R., a nd Gartside, P. S. 1994. Structural Equation Modeling and Nested Anova: Effects of Lead Exposure on Ma ternal and Fetal Growth in Rats. Environ. Res. 64(1): 53-64. Ref ID: 2671 Hamir, A. N. B. Lehman N. Raju J. G Ebel K. L. Man zell C. E. Rupprecht. 1999. E xperimental Lead Toxicosis of Raccoons (Procyon Lotor). J. Comp. Pathol. 120(2): 147-154. Ref ID: 25886

Hammond, P. B., Chernausek, S. D., Succop, P. A., Shukla, R., and Bornschein, R. L. 1989. Mechanisms by Which Lead Depresses Linear and Ponderal Growth in Weanling Rats. Toxicol. Appl. Pharmacol. 99(3): 474-486. Ref ID: 2675

Hammond, P. B., Minnema, D. J., and Succop, P. A. 1993. Reversibility of Lead-induced Depression of Growth. Toxicol. Appl. Pharmacol. 123(1): 9-15. Ref ID: 2677

Hammond, P. B. and Succop, P. A. 1995. Effects of Supplemental Nutrition of Lead-induced Depression of Growth and Food Consumption in Weanling Rats. Toxicol. Appl. Pharmacol. 131(1): 80-84. Ref ID: 2678

Harry, G. J., Toews, A. D., Krigman, M. R., and More ll, P. 1985. The Effect of Lead Toxicity and Milk Deprivation of Myelination in the Rat. Toxicol. Appl. Pharmacol. 77(3): 458-464. Ref ID: 2680

### Eco-SSL for Lead March 2005 62 Hasan, F., Cookman, G. R., Keane, G. J., Bannigan, J. G., King, W. B., and Regan, C. M. 1989. The Effect of Low Level Lead Exposure on the Postnatal Structuring of the Rat Cerebellum. Neurotoxicol. Teratol. 11(5): 433-440. Ref ID: 2682

Hayashi, M. 1983. Lead Toxicity in the Pregnant Rat. I. the Effect of High-level Lead on Delta-aminolevulinic Acid Dehydratase Activity in Maternal and Fetal Blood or Tissues. Environ Res. 30(1): 152-160. Ref ID: 3864

Heinz, G. H., Hoffman, D. J., Sileo, L., Audet, D. J., a nd Lecaptain, L. J. 1999. Toxicity of Lead-contaminated Sediment to Mallards. Arch. Environ. Contam. Toxicol. 36(3): 323-333. Ref ID: 2683

Hejtmancik, Mr, Dawson, Eb, and Williams, Bj. 1982. Tissu e Distribution of Lead in Rat Pups Nourished by Leadpoisoned Mothers. J. Toxicol. Environ. Health. 9: 77-86. Ref ID: 14802

Hilderbrand, D. C., Der, R., Griffin, W. T., and Fahim, M. S. 1973. Effect of Lead Acetate on Reproduction. Am. J. Obstet. Gynecol. 115(8): 1058-1065. Ref ID: 2694

Hoffman, D. J., Franson, J. C., Pattee, O. H., Bunck, C. M., and Anderson, A. 1985. Survival Growth and Accumulation of Ingested Lead in Nestling American Kestrels Falco-sparverius. Arch. Environ. Contam. Toxicol. 14(1): 89-94. Ref ID: 2696

Holtzman, D., De Vries, C., Nguyen, H., Jameson, N., Olson, J., Carrithers, M., and Bensch, K. 1982. Development of Resistance to Lead Encephalopa thy During Maturation in the Rat Pup. J. Neuropathol. Exp. Neurol. 41(6): 652-663. Ref ID: 2697

Holtzman, D, Herman, Mm, Hsu, Js, and Mortell, P. 1980. The Pathogenesis of Lead Encephalopathy: Effects of Lead Carbonate Feedings on Morphology, Lead Content, and Mitochondrial Respir ation in Brains of Immature and Adult Rats. Virchows Arch. Path. Anat. Physiol. 387: 147-164. Ref ID: 14827

Holtzman, D., Hsu, J. S., and Desautel, M. 1981. Absen ce of Effects of Lead Feedi ngs and Growth-retardation on Mitochondrial and Microsomal Cytochromes in the Developing Brain. Toxico. Appl. Pharmacol. 58(1): 48-56. Ref ID: 2698

Holtzman, D., Hsu, J. S., and Mortell, P. 1978. The Pat hogenesis of Lead Encephalopat hy in the Rat Pup: Effects of Maternal Lead Carbonate Feedings from Birth. Pediatr. Res. 12(11): 1077-1082. Ref ID: 2699

Horwitt, M. K. and Cowgill, G. R. Effects of Minute Amounts of Lead in the Diet of the Dog. 744-746. Ref ID: 3873

Howell, G. O. and Hill, C. H. 1978. Biological Interac tion of Selenium with Other Trace Elements in Chicks. Environ Health Perspect. 25: 147-50. Ref ID: 1387

Hsu, Fs, Krook, L, Pond, Wg, and Duncan, Jr. 1975. Inte ractions of Dietary Calcium with Toxic Levels of Lead and Zinc in Pigs. J. Nutr. 105: 112. Ref ID: 14376

Hsu, J. M. 1981. Lead Toxicity as Related to Glutathione Metabolism. J. Nutr. 111(1): 26-33. Ref ID: 2704 Hubermont, G., Buchet, J. P., Roels, H., and Lauwerys, R. 1976. Effect of Short-term Administration of Lead to Pregnant Rats. Toxicology. 5(3): 379-384. Ref ID: 2705

Jacquet, P. 1977. Early Embryonic Development in Lead-intoxicated Mice. Arch. Pathol. Lab. Med. 101(12): 641-643. Ref ID: 2711

Jacquet, P., Gerber, G. B., and Maes, J. 1977. Biochemi cal Studies in Embryos after Exposure of Pregnant Mice to Dietary Lead. Bull. Environ. Contam. Toxicol. 18(3): 271-277. Ref ID: 2713

### Eco-SSL for Lead March 2005 63 Jadhav, A. L. and Ramesh, G. T. 1997. Pb-induced Altera tions in Tyrosine Hydroxylase Activity in Rat Brain. Mol. Cell. Biochem. 175(1-2): 137-141. Ref ID: 2716

Jeng, S. L., Lee, S. J., Liu, Y. F., Yang, S. C., and Liou, P. P. 1997. Effect of Lead Ingestion on Concentrations of Lead in Tissues and Eggs of Laying Tsaiya Ducks in Taiwan. Poult. Sci. 76(1): 13-16. Ref ID: 2718

Jessup, D. C. 1967. Lead Acetate, Teratology Study - Rabbits Final rept: 18. PB-201139/XAB. Ref ID: 2720

Jessup, D. C. 1969. Lead Acetate, Three-Generation Reproduction Study - Rats. Final rept. 30 pp. Ref ID: 2721

Jessup, D. C. and Shott, L. D. 1969. lead Acetate, 22 Month Chronic Toxicity Study - Rats: Final Rept . PB201138/XAB

. Ref ID: 11831

Johansson, L. and Wide, M. 1986. Long-term Exposure of the Male Mouse to Lead: Effects on Fertility. Environ. Res. 41(2): 481-487. Ref ID: 2723

Johnson, W. L. and Damron, B. L. 1982. Influence of Lead Acetate or Lead Shot Ingestion upon White Chinese Geese. Bull. Environ. Contam. Toxicol. 29(2): 177(7). Ref ID: 2724

Jordan, S. A. and Bhatnagar, M. K. 1990. Hepa tic Enzyme Activity after Combined Administration of Methylmercury, Lead and Cadmium in the Pekin Duck. Bull. Environ. Contam. Toxicol. 44(4): 623-628. Ref ID: 3736

Junaid, M., Chowdhuri, D. K., Narayan, R., Shanker, R., and Saxena, D. K. 1997. Lead-induced Changes in Ovarian Follicular Development and Maturation in Mice. J. Toxicol. Environ. Health. 50(1): 31-40 . Ref ID: 2725

Kanisawa, M. and Schroeder, H. A. 1969. Life Term Studies on the Effect of Trace Elements on Spontaneous Tumors in Mice and Rats. Cancer Res. 29(4): 892-895. Ref ID: 3701

Kanisawa, M. and Schroeder, H. A. 1969. Renal Arte riolar Changes in Hypertensive Rats Given Cadmium in Drinking Water. Experimental and Molecular Pathology 10(1): 81-98. Ref ID: 15061

Karmakar, N., Saxena, R., and Anand, S. 1986. Histopa thological Changes Induced in Rat Tissues by Oral Intake of Lead Acetate . Environ Res. 41(1): 23-28. Ref ID: 3879

Kawamoto, J. C., Overmann, S. R., Woolley, D. E., and V ijayan, V. K. 1984. Morphom etric Effects of Preweaning Lead Exposure on the Hippocampal Formation of Adult Rats. Neurotoxicology. 5(3): 125-148. Ref ID: 2729

Kelliher, DJ, Hilliard, HP, Poole, DBR, and Collins, JD. 1973. Chronic Lead Intoxication in Cattle: Preliminary Observations on its Effect on the Erythr ocyte and on Porphyrin Metabolism. Irish J. Agric. Res. 12: 61. Ref ID: 14377

Kempinas, W. G., Lamano-carvalho, T. L., Petenusci, S. O ., Favaretto, A. L., Lopes, R. A., and Azoubel, R. 1988. Functional Disturbance of Rat Sexual Accessory Glands in an Early Phase of Lead Intoxication. Gegenbaurs Morphol. Jahrb. 134(5): 791-798. Ref ID: 2732

Kempinas, W. G., Lamano-carvhalho, T. L., Petenusci, S. O., Lopes, R. A., and Azoubel, R. 1988. Morphometric and Stereological Analysis of Rat Testis and Epid idymis in an Early Phase of Saturnism. Exp. Biol. 48(1): 51-56. Ref ID: 2733

Kendall, R. J. and Scanlon, P. F. 1981. Effects of Chronic Lead Ingestion on Reproductive Characteristics of Ringed Turtle Doves Streptopelia Risoria and on Tissue L ead Concentrations of Adults and Their Progeny. Environ. Pollut., Ser. A Ecol. Biol. 26(3): 203-214. Ref ID: 2734

### Eco-SSL for Lead March 2005 64 Kendall, RJ and Scanlon, PF. 1982. The Toxicology of Ingested Lead Acetate in Ringed Turtle Doves. Environ. Pollut. 27: 255-262. Ref ID: 14770

Khan, M. Z., Szarek, J., and Markiewicz, K. 1993. Effects of Oral Administ ration of Toxic Levels of Lead and Selenium upon Concentration of Different Elements in the Liver of Broiler Chicks. Zentralbl Veterinarmed [A]. 40(9-10): 652-64. Ref ID: 1415

Khan, M. Z., Szarek, J., Markiewicz, K ., and Markiewicz, E. 1993. Effects of Concurrent Oral Administration of Toxic Levels of Monensin and Lead on Concentration of Di fferent Elements in the Liver of Broiler Chicks. J. Vet. Med. Ser. A 40(6): 466-7. Ref ID: 5507

Kimmel, C. A., Grant, L. D., Sloan, C. S., and Gladen, B. C. 1980. Chronic Low Level Lead Toxicity in the Rat. 1. Maternal Toxicity and Peri Natal Effects. Toxicol. Appl. Pharmacol. 56(1): 28-41. Ref ID: 2737

Kishi, R., Ikeda, T., Miyake, H., Uchino, E., Tsuzuki, T ., and Inoue, K. 1983. Eff ects of Low Lead Exposure on Neuro-behavioral Function in the Rat. Arch Environ Health. 38(1): 25-33. Ref ID: 12025

Koller, L. D. and Roan, J. G. 1977. Effects of Lead and Cadmium on Mouse Peritoneal Macrophages. J.reticuloendothel.soc. 21(1): 7-12. Ref ID: 814

Krigman, M. R., Druse, M. J., Traylor, T. D., Wilson, M. H., Newell, L. R., and Hogan, E. L. 1974. Lead Encephalopathy in the Developing Rat: E ffect on Cortical Ontogenesis. J. Neuropathol. Exp. Neurol. 33(5): 671- 686. Ref ID: 2740

Krigman, M. R., Druse, M. J., Traylor, T. D., Wilson, M. H., Newell, L. R., and Hogan, E. L. 1974. Lead Encephalopathy in the Developing Rat: Effect upon Myelination. J. Neuropathol. Exp. Neurol. 33(1): 58-73. Ref ID: 2741

Kristensen, P., Eilertsen, E., Einarsdo ttir, E., Haugen, A., Skaug, V., and Ovrebo, S. 1995. Fertility in Mice after Prenatal Exposure to Benzo[a]pyr ene and Inorganic Lead. Environ. Health Perspect. 103(6): 588-590. Ref ID: 2743

Lamb, J. P. Gulati H. Choudhury R. Chambers and K. B. Poonacha. 1997. Lead Acetate Trihydrate. Environ. Health Perspect. 105 (Suppl 1): 317-318. Ref ID: 2505

Lassen, E. D. and Buck, W. B. 1979. Expe rimental Lead Toxicosis in Swine. Am. J. Vet. Res. 40(10): 1359- 1364. Ref ID: 3709

Latta, D. M. and Donaldson, W. E. 1986. Lead Toxicity in Chicks Interactions with Dietary Methionine and Choline. J. Nutr. 116(8): 1561-1568. Ref ID: 2744

Ledet, Ae, Duncan, Jr, Buck, Wb, and Ramsey, Fk. 1973. Clinical, Toxicological, Adn Pathological Aspects of Arsanilic Acid Poisoning in Swine. Clin. Toxicol. 6: 439. Ref ID: 14412

Leeming, T. K. and Donaldson, W. K. 1984. Effect of Dietary Methionine and Lysine on the Toxicity of Ingested Lead Acetate in the Chick. J. Nutr. 114(11): 2155-2159. Ref ID: 2748

Lessler, M. A. and Wright, G. L. 1976. Effects of Lead on the Growth of the Laboratory Rat. Prog. Biometeorol., Div. B. 1(2): 227-233, 292-293. Ref ID: 2750

Lockett, C. J. and Leary, W. P. 1986. Neurobehavioural Effects in Rats Fed Low Doses of Cadmium and Lead to Induce Hypertension. S Afr Med J. 69(3): 190-192. Ref ID: 633

### Eco-SSL for Lead March 2005 65 Logner, K. R., Neathery, M. W., Miller, W. J., Gentry, R. P., Blackmon, D. M., and White, F. D. 1984. Lead Toxicity and Metabolism from Lead Sulfate Fed to Holstein Calves. J Dairy Sci. 67(5): 1007-1013. Ref ID: 3889

Lorenzo, A. V., Gewirtz, M., and Averill, D. 1978. Cns Lead Toxicity in Rabbit Offspring. Environ. Res. 17(1): 131-150 . Ref ID: 2751

Lynch, G. P., Smith, D. F., Fisher, M., Pike, T. L., and Weinland, B. T. 1976. Physiological Responses of Calves to Cadmium and Lead. J. Anim. Sci. 42(2): 410-421. Ref ID: 3711

Lynch, Gp, Jackson, Ed, Kiddy, Ca, and Smith, Df. 1976. Responses of Young Calves to Low Doses of Lead. J. Dairy Sci. 59: 1490. Ref ID: 14380

Mahaffey, K. R., Capar, S. G., Gladen, B. C., and Fowl er, B. A. 1981. Concurrent Exposure to Lead, Cadmium, and Arsenic. Effects on Toxicity and Tissue Metal Concentrations in the Rat. J Lab Clin Med. 98(4): 463-481. Ref ID: 665

Mahaffey, K. R., Goyer, R., and Haseman, J. K. 1973. Dose-response to Lead Ingestion in Rats Fed Low Dietary Calcium. J. Lab. Clin. Med. 82(1): 92-100. Ref ID: 2756

Mahaffey, Kr and Fowler, Ba. 1977. Effects of Concurrent Administration of Lead, Cadmium, Arsenic in the Rat. Environ. Health Perspect. 19: 165-171. Ref ID: 14580

Majumdar, S. R., Sarkar, S., and Sarkar, A. K. 1995. Th e Effect of Dietary Lead on the Stomach and Intestine of Passer Domesticus Indicus - a Biochemical Study. Pollution Research. 14(3): 351-355. Ref ID: 2757

Maker, H. S., Lehrer, G. M., Silides, D ., Weissbarth, S., and Weiss, C. 1973. The Effect of Dietary Lead on Mouse Brain Development. Trans. Am. Neurol. Assoc. 98: 281-284. Ref ID: 2758

Maljkovic, T, Piasek, M, and Kostial, K. 1988. Hemopoie tic Response to Lead in Perinatally Exposed Rats. 217-222. Ref ID: 14749

Marchlewicz, M., Protasowicki, M., Rozewicka, L., Piaseck a, M., and Laszczynska, M. 1993. Effect of Long-term Exposure to Lead on Testis and Epididymis in Rats. Folia Histochem. Cytobiol. 31(2): 55-62. Ref ID: 2760

Maxfield, M. E., Stopps, G. J., Barnes, J. R., Snee, R. D ., Finan, M., and Azar, A. 1975. Recovery of Blood Lead Concentration and of Red Cell 8-aminolevulinic Acid Dehydrase Activity in Dogs Following Return to Normal Diets after 75 Weeks of Lead Feeding. Am. Ind. Hyg. Assoc. J. 36(3): 193-206. Ref ID: 2763

Mazliah, J., Barron, S., Bental, E., and Reznik, I. 1989. The Effect of Chronic Lead Intoxication in Mature Chickens. Avian Dis. 33(3): 566-570. Ref ID: 2764

Mccauley, P. T., Bull, R. J., and Lutkenhoff, S. D. 1979. Association of Alterations in Energy Metabolism with Lead-induced Delays in Rat Cerebr al Cortical Development. Neuropharmacology. 18(1): 93-101. Ref ID: 12587

Mccauley, P. T., Bull, R. J., Tonti, A. P., Lutkenhoff, S. D ., Meister, M. V., Doerger, J. U., and Stober, J. A. 1982. The Effect of Prenatal and Postnata l Lead Exposure on Neocotical Synaptoge nesis in Rat Cerebral Cortex. J. Toxicol. Environ. Health. 10(4-5): 639-651. Ref ID: 2765

Mcconnell, P. and Berry, M. 1979. The Effects of Postnatal Lead Exposure on Purkinje Cell Dendritic Development in the Rat. Neuropathol. Appl. Neurobiol. 5(2): 115-132. Ref ID: 2767

Mcgivern, R. F., Sokol, R. Z., and Berman, N. G. 1991. Prenatal Lead Exposure in the Rat During the Third Week of Gestation : Long-term Behavioral, Physiological, a nd Anatomical Effects Assocaited with Reproduction. Toxicol. Appl. Pharmacol. 110(2): 206-215. Ref ID: 2768

### Eco-SSL for Lead March 2005 66 Mcmurry, S. T., Lochmiller, R. L., Chandra, S. A., and Qualls Jr., C. W. 1995. Sensitivity of Selected Immunological, Hematological, and Reproductive Parameters in the Cotton Rat (Sigmodon Hispidus) to Subchronic Lead Exposure. J. Wildl. Dis. 31(2): 193-204. Ref ID: 2770

Meluzzi, A., Simoncini, F., Sirri, F., Vandi, L., and Giordani, G. 1996. Feeding Hens Diets Supplemented with Heavy Metals (Chromium, Nickel and Lead). Archiv Fuer Gefluegelkunde . 60(3): 119-125. Ref ID: 2771

Meyerovitch, Joseph, Farfel, Zvi, Sack, Joseph, and Sh echter, Yoram. 1987. Oral Administration of Vanadate Normalizes Blood Glucose Levels in Streptozotocin-treated rats . Characterization and Mode of Action. J. Biol. Chem. 262(14): 6658-62 . Ref ID: 17283

Michaelson, I. A. and Sauerhoff, M. W. 1974. An Improved Model of Lead-induced Brain Dysfunction in the Suckling Rat. Toxicol. Appl. Pharmacol. 28(1): 88-96. Ref ID: 2774

Miller, C. D., Buck, W. B., Hembrough, F. B., and Cunningha m, W. L. 1982. Fetal Rat Development as Influenced by Maternal Lead Exposure. Vet. Hum. Toxicol. 24(3): 163-166. Ref ID: 2775

Minnema, D. J. and Hammond, P. B. 1994. Effect of Lead Exposure on Patterns of Food Intake in Weanling Rats. Neurotoxicol. Teratol. 16(6): 623-629. Ref ID: 2776

Morgan, G. W., Edens, F. W., Thaxton, P ., and Parkhurst, C. R. 1975. Toxicity of Dietary Lead in Japanese Quail. Poult. Sci. 54(5): 1636-1646. Ref ID: 2779

Morris, H. P., Laug, E. P., Morris, H. J., and Grant, R. L. Growth and Reproduction of Rats Fed Diets Containing Lead Acetate and Arsenic Trioxide and the Lead and Arsenic Content of Newborn and Suckling Rats. J Pharmacol Exp Ther 64:420-445,1938 Ref ID: 15125

Murphy, K. J., Fox, G. B., Kelly, J., and Regan, C. M. 1995. Influence of Toxicants on Neural Cell Adhesion Molecule-mediated Neuroplasticity in the Developing and A dult Animal: Persistent Effects of Chronic Perinatal Low-level Lead Exposure. Toxicol. Lett. 82-83(spec. Issue): 271-276. Ref ID: 2780

Murthy, R. C., Saxena, D. K., Gupta, S. K., and Chandra, S. V. 1991. Lead Induced Ultrastructural Changes in the Testis of Rats. Exp. Pathol. 42(2): 95-100. Ref ID: 2781

Myers, R. R., Powell, H. C., Shapiro, H. M., Costello, M. L., and Lampert, P. W. 1980. Changes in Endoneurial Fluid Pressure, Permeability, and Peripheral Nerve Ultras tructure in Experimental Lead Neuropathy. Ann. Neurol. 8(4): 392-401. Ref ID: 2782

Mykkanen, H. M., Dickerson, J. W., and Lancaster, M. 1980. Strain Differences in Lead Intoxication in Rats. Toxicol. Appl. Pharmacol. 52(3): 414-421. Ref ID: 2783

Nathan, E., Huang, H. F., P ogach, L., Giglio, W., Bogden, J. D., and S eebode, J. 1992. Lead Acetate Does Not Impair Secretion of Sertoli Cell Function Marker Pr oteins in the Adult Sprague Dawley Rat. Arch. Environ. Health. 47(5): 370-375. Ref ID: 2785

Nation, J. R., Grover, C. A., Bratton, G. R., and Salinas , J. A. 1990. Behavioral Antagonism Between Lead and Cadmium. Neurotoxicol Teratol. 12(2): 99-104. Ref ID: 617

Nehru, B., Dua, R., and Iyer, A. 1997. Effect of Se lenium on Lead-induced Alterations in Rat Brain. Biol. Trace Elem. Res. 57(3): 251-258. Ref ID: 2788

Nehru, B. and Kaushal, S. 1991. Biochemical a nd Histological Alterations Following Experimental Lead Poisoning. J. Trace Elem. Exp. Med. 4(4): 203-210. Ref ID: 2789

### Eco-SSL for Lead March 2005 67 Ogilvie, D. M. 1976. Sublethal Effects of Lead Acetate on the Y- maze Performance of Albino Mice (Mus Musculus L.). Can. J. Zoology. 55: 771-775. Ref ID: 3749

Ogilvie, D. M. and Martin, A. H. 1981. Splenomeg aly and Adrenal Weight Changes in Isolated Adult Micechronically Exposed to Lead. Bull. Environ. Contam. Toxicol. 26(5): 647-651. Ref ID: 2799

Paisek, M, Kostial , K, Blanusa, M, and Bunarevic, A. 1988. Influence of Age on Lead Effect on Kidney in Rats. 223-30. Ref ID: 14751

Pal, D. R., Chatterjee, J., and Chatterjee, G. C. 1975. Influence of Lead Administration on L-ascorbic Acid Metabolism in Rats:effect of L-ascorbic Acid Supplementation. International Journal for Vitamin and Nutrition Research. 45(4): 429-437. Ref ID: 2806

Pankakoski, E., Koivisto, I., Hyvarinen, H., Terhivuo, J ., and Tahka, K. M. 1994. Experimental Accumulation of Lead from Soil Through Earthworms to Common Shrews. Chemosphere. 29(8): 1639-1649. Ref ID: 2807

Pattee, O. H. 1984. Eggshell Thickness and Reproduction in American Kestrels Exposed to Chronic Dietary Lead. Arch. Environ. Contam. Toxicol. 13(1): 29-34. Ref ID: 2809

Pentschew, A. and Garro, F. 1966. Lead Encephalo-mye lopathy of the Suckling Rat and its Implications on the Porphyrinopathic Nervous Diseases. With Special Referen ce to the Permeability Disorders of the Nervous System's Capillaries. Acta Neuropathol. (Berl). 6(3): 266-278. Ref ID: 2811

Petit, T. L. and Leboutillier, J. C. 1979. Effects of Lead Exposure During Development on Neocortical Dendritic and Synaptic Structure. Exp. Neurol. 64(3): 482-492. Ref ID: 2814

Petrusz, P., Weaver, C. M., Grant, L. D., Mushak, P., and Krigman, M. R. 1979. Lead Poisoning and Reproduction Effects on Pituitary and Serum Gonadotropins in Neo Natal Rats. Environ. Res. 19(2): 383-391. Ref ID: 2815

Piasecka, M., Rozewicka, L., Laszczynska, M., and Marchlew icz, M. 1995. Electron-dense Deposits in Epididymal Cells of Rats Chronically Treated with Lead Acetate (Pb(ii)). Folia Histochemica et Cytobiologica. 33(2): 89-94. Ref ID: 2816

Piasek, M. and Kostial, K. 1987. Effect of E xposure to Lead on Reproduction in Male Rats. Bull. Environ. Contam. Toxicol. 39(3): 448-452. Ref ID: 2817

Piasek, M and Kostial, K. 1990. Exposure to Lead and Blood Pressure in Adult and Perinatally Exposed Rats. Environmental Geochemistry and Health. 12(suppl): 239-45. Ref ID: 14752

Piasek, M. and Kostial, K. 1991. Reversibility of th e Effects of Lead on the Reproductive Performance of Female Rats. Reprod. Toxicol. 5(1): 45-51. Ref ID: 2818

Pinon-lataillade, G., Thoreux-manlay, A., Coffigny, H., Masse, R., and Soufir, J. C. 1995. Reproductive Toxicity of Chronic Lead Exposure in Male and Female Mice. Hum. Exp. Toxicol. 14(11): 872-878. Ref ID: 2821

Pinon-lataillade, G, Thoreux-manlay, A, Coffigny, H, Monc haux, G, Masse, R, and Soufir, Jc. 1993. Effect of Ingestion and Inhalation of Lead on the Reproductive System and Fertility of Adult Male Rats and Their Progeny. Hum. Exp. Toxicol. 12: 165-172. Ref ID: 14797

Powell, H. C., Myers, R. R., and Lampert, P. W. 1982. Changes in Schwann Cells and Vessels in Lead Neuropathy.

Am. J. Pathol. 109(2): 193-205. Ref ID: 2825

Prasada Rao, P. P. V. , Jordan, S. A., and Bhatnagar, M. K. 1989. Ultrastructure of Kidney of Ducks Exposed to Methylmercury, Lead and Cadmium in Combination. J.environ.pathol Toxicol.oncol. 9(1): 19-44. Ref ID: 818

### Eco-SSL for Lead March 2005 68 Prasada Rao, P. V. V. , Jordan, S. A., and Bhatnagar, M. K. 1989. Combined Nephrotoxicity of Methylmercury, Lead, and Cadmium in Pekin Ducks: Metallothione in, Metal Interactions, and Histopathology. J. Toxicol. Environ. Health. 26: 327-348. Ref ID: 817

Press, M. F. 1977. Lead Encephalopathy in Neonatal Long-evans Rats: Morphologic Studies. J. Neuropathol. Exp. Neurol. 36(1): 169-193. Ref ID: 2827

Rabe, A., French, J. H., Sinha, B., and Fersko, R. 1985. Functional Consequences of Pr enatal Exposure to Lead in Immature Rats. Neurotoxicology. 6(1): 43-53. Ref ID: 13216

Rader, J. I., Celesk, E. M., Peeler, J. T., and Mahaffey, K. R. 1981. Comparative Toxicity to Weanling and Adult Rats of Lead Acetate in Water. Trace Subst. Environ. Health. 15: 131-143. Ref ID: 2829

Rader, J. I., Peeler, J. T., and Mahaffey, K. R. 1981. Comparative Toxicity and Tissue Distribution of Lead Acetate in Weanling and Adult Rats. Environ. Health Perspect. 42: 187-195. Ref ID: 2830

Rasile, D. A., Stewart, P. W., Burright, R. G., and D onovick, P. J. 1995. Cross Generation Lead Ingestion: Behavioral and Physiological Effects in Mice. Brain Res. Bull. 36(5): 473-482. Ref ID: 2836

Rastogi, S. C., Clausen, J., and Srivastava, K. C. 1976. Selenium and Lead: Mutual Detoxifying Effects. Toxicology. 6(3): 377-88. Ref ID: 1523

Redig, P. T., Lawler, E. M., Schwartz, S., Dunnette, J. L., Stephenson, B., and Duke, G. E. 1991. Effects of Chronic Exposure to Sublethal Concentr ations of Lead Acetate on Heme S ynthesis and Immune Function in Redtailed Hawks. Arch Environ Contam Toxicol. 21(1): 72-7. Ref ID: 14638

Reel, J. R., Wolkowski-Tyl, R., and Lawton, A. D. 1984. Lead Acetatereproduction and Fertility Assessment in Cd-1 Mice When Administered in the Drinking Water . NNTP-84-108; Order No. PB84-208016. NTIS. 213 pp. Ref ID: 2837

Reinecke, A. J. S. A. Reinecke D. E. Musilbono A. Chapma n. 2000. The Transfer of Lead (Pb) from Earthworms to Shrews (Myosorex Varius). Arch. Environ. Contam. Toxicol. 39(3): 392-397. Ref ID: 25888

Reiter, L. W., Anderson, G. E., Laskey, J. W., and Cahill, D. F. 1975. Developmental and Behavioral Changes in the Rat During Chronic Exposure to Lead. Environ Health Perspect. 12: 119-23. Ref ID: 13268

Ronis, M. J., Badger, T. M., Shema, S. J., Roberson, P. K., and Shaikh, F. 1998. Effects on Pubertal Growth and Reproduction in Rats Exposed to Lead Perinatally or Continuously Throughout Development. J. Toxicol. Environ. Health. 53(4): 327-341. Ref ID: 2845

Ronis, M. J., Badger, T. M., Shema, S. J., Roberson, P. K., and Shaikh, F. 1996. Reproductive Toxicity and Growth Effects in Rats Exposed to Lead at Di fferent Periods During Development. Toxicol. Appl. Pharmacol. 136(2): 361-371. Ref ID: 2846

Ronis, M. J., Badger, T. M., Shema, S. J., Roberson, P. K., Templer, L., Ringer, D., and Thomas, P. E. 1998. Endocrine Mechanisms Underlying the Growth Effects of Developmental Lead Exposure in the Rat. J. Toxicol. Environ. Health. 54(2): 101-120. Ref ID: 2847

Sawicka-kapusta. 1987. Effect of Metabolic Rate on the Rate of Elimination of High and Low Concentrations of Cadmium and Lead in the Bank Vole. Ekologia Polska. 35(2): 399-430. Ref ID: 820

Saxena, D. K., Murthy, R. C., Singh, C., and Chandra, S. V. 1989. Zinc Protects Testicular Injury Induced by Concurrent Exposure to Cadmium and Lead in Rats. Res. Commun. Chem. Pathol. Pharmacol. 64(2): 317-329. Ref ID: 2857

### Eco-SSL for Lead March 2005 69 Scheuhammer, A. M. 1987. Erythrocyte Delta Aminolevulin ic Acid Dehydratase in Birds. 2. The Effects of Lead Exposure In-vivo. Toxicology. 45(2): 165-176. Ref ID: 2860

Schroeder, H. A. and Mitchener, M. 1975. Life-term Effects of Mercur y, Methyl Mercury, and Nine Other Tracemetals on Mice. Journal of Nutrition. 105(4): 452-458. Ref ID: 1858

Schroeder, H. A. and Mitchener, M. 1971. Toxic Effects of Trace Elements on the Reproduction of Mice and Rats. Arch.environ.health. 23: 102-106. Ref ID: 66

Schroeder, H. A., Mitchener, M., and Nason, A. P. 1970. Zirconium, Niobium, Antimony, Vanadium and Lead in Rats: Life Term Studies. J Nutr. 100(1): 59-68. Ref ID: 252

Schroeder, H. Aa, Balassa, JJ, and Vinton, WH Jr. 1964. Chromium, Lead, Cadmium, Nickel and Titanium in Mice: Effect on Mortality, Tumors and Tissue Levels. J. Nutr. 83: 239. Ref ID: 14447

Schroeder, H. A, Vinton, WH Jr., and Balassa, JJj. 1963. Effects of Chromium, Cadmium and Lead on the Growth and Survival of Rats. J. Nutr. 80: 48. Ref ID: 14446

Schroeder, Henry A. 1968. Serum Cholesterol Levels in rats Fed Thirteen Trace Elements. J. Nutr. 94(4): 475-80 . Ref ID: 15506

Selvin-testa, A., Capani, F., Loidl, C. F., Lopez, E. M., and Pecci-saavedra, J. 1997. Prenatal and Postnatal Lead Exposure Induces 70 Kda Heat Shock Protein in Young Rat Br ain Prior to Changes in Astrocyte Cytoskeleton. Neurotoxicology. 18(3): 805-817. Ref ID: 2869

Shafiq, Ur Rehman, Khushnood, Ur Rehman, Kabir, Ud Din, and Chandra, O. 1986. Differential Effects of Chronic Lead Intoxication on Circadian Rhythm of Ambulatory Activity and on Regional Brain Norepinephrine Levels in Rats. Bull.environ Contam Toxicol. 36(1): 81-91. Ref ID: 3914

Shailesh Kumar, M. V. And Desiraju, T. 1990. Regional Alterations of Brain Biogenic Amines and Gaba/glutamate Levels in Rats Following Chronic Lead Exposure During Neonatal Development. Arch. Toxicol. 64(4): 305-314. Ref ID: 2870

Sharma, S. and Kanwar, K. C. 1985. Reproductive Pe rformance in Mice Following Lead Administration. Res. Bull. Panjab Univ. Sci. 36(3-4): 389-394. Ref ID: 2871

Sierra, E. M. and Tiffany-castiglioni, E. 1992. Effect s of Low-level Lead Exposure on Hypothalamic Hormones and Serum Progesterone Levels in Pregnant Guinea Pigs. Toxicology. 72(1): 89-97. Ref ID: 2876

Simpson, Cf, Damron, Bl, and Harms, Rh. 1970. Abnor malties of Erythrocytes and Renal Tubules of Chicks Poisoned with Lead. Am. J. Vet. Res. 31: 515. Ref ID: 14383

Singh, A. K. and Ashraf, M. 1989. Neurotoxicity in Rats Sub-chronically Exposed to Low Levels of Lead. Vet. Hum. Toxicol. 31(1): 21-25. Ref ID: 2877

Singh, B., Dhawan, D., Mangal, P. C., Chang, B., Singh, N., and Trehan, P. N. Combined Action of Lead and Lithium on Essential and Nonessential Elements in rat Blood. Biol. Trace Elem. Res. (1994) 46(1-2): 15-28 .

Singh, U. S., Saxena, D. K., Singh, C., Murthy, R. C., a nd Chandra, S. V. 1991. Lead-induced Fetal Nephrotoxicity in Iron-deficient Rats. Reprod. Toxicol. 5(3): 211-217. Ref ID: 2879

Slomianka, L., Rungby, J., West, M. J., Danscher, G., and Andersen, A. H. 1989. Dose-dependent Bimodal Effect of Low-level Lead Exposure on the Developing Hippo campal Region of the Rat: a Volumetric Study. Neurotoxicology. 10(2): 177-190. Ref ID: 2882

### Eco-SSL for Lead March 2005 70 Sokol, R. Z. 1987. Hormonal Effects of Lead Acet ate in the Male Rat: Mechanism of Action. Biol. Reprod. 37(5): 1135-1138. Ref ID: 2886

Sokol, R. Z. 1989. Reversibility of the Toxic E ffect of Lead on the Male Reproductive Axis. Reprod. Toxicol. 3(3): 175-180. Ref ID: 2887

Sokol, R. Z., Madding, C. E., and Swerdloff, R. S. 1985. Lead Toxicity and the Hypothalamic-pituitary-testicular Axis. Biol. Reprod. 33(3): 722-728. Ref ID: 2888

Sokol, R. Z. S. Wang Y. J. Wan R. Z. Stanczyk E. Ge ntzschein R. E. Chapin. 2002. Long-term, Low-dose Lead Exposure Alter the Gonadotropin-releasing Hormone System in the Male Rat. Environ. Health Perspect. 110(9): 871-874. Ref ID: 25903

Sourgens, H., Klages, K., Bertram, H. P., and Mueller, C. 1987. Gonadal and Thyroid Function after Experimental Lead Exposure. Trace Elem. Med. 4(1): 8-12. Ref ID: 2889

Stewart, P. W., Delbagno, V., Ng, J., Burright, R., and Donovick, P. 1998. Subacute Pb Exposure During Development and Unbaited Tunnel Maze Performance in Mice. Pharmacol. Biochem. Behav. 59(1): 183-189. Ref ID: 2896

Stone, C. L., Fox, M. R., Jones, A. L., and Mahaffey, K. R. 1977. Delta-aminolevulinic Acid Dehydratase--a Sensitive Indicator of Lead Expos ure in Japanese Quail. Poult. Sci. 56(3 Pt2): 174-181. Ref ID: 2897

Stone, C. L. and Fox, M. R. Spivey. Effects of Low Levels of dietary Lead and Ir on on Hepatic Rna, Protein, and Minerals in Young japanese quail. Environ. Res. (1984) 33(2): 322-32 Coden: Envral; Issn: 0013-9351. Ref ID: 6291

Stone, C. L. and Soares Jr., J. H. 1976. The Effect of Dietary Selenium Level on Lead Toxicity in the Japanese Quail. Poult Sci. 55(1): 341-349. Ref ID: 2898

Stone, Charles L., Fox, Mattie Rae Spivey, and Hogye, Kath erine S. Bioavailability of Lead in Oysters Fed to Young japanese quail. Environ. Res. (1981) 26(2): 409-21 Coden: Envral; Issn: 0013-9351. Ref ID: 6463

Tafelski, T. J. and Lamperti, A. A. 1975. Failure of Lead Acetate to Alter the Reproductive Cycle of Female Rats. Ircs J. Med. Sci. 3(9): 449. Ref ID: 2905

Talcott, P. A. and Koller, L. D. 1983. The Effect of Inorganic Lead And/or a Polychlorinated Biphenyl on the Developing Immune System of Mice. J. Toxicol. Environ. Health. 12(2-3): 337-352. Ref ID: 2906

Thoreux-manlay, A., Pinon-lataillade, G., Coffigny, H., Soufir, J. C., and Masse, R. 1995. Prenatal or Lactational Exposure of Male Rats to Lead Acetat e. Effect on Reproductive Function. Bull. Environ. Contam. Toxicol. 54(2): 266-272. Ref ID: 2909

Tian, X., Bourjeily, N., Bielarczyk, H., and Suszkiw, J. B. 1995. Reduced Densities of Sodium-dependent [3h] Hemicholinium-3 Binding Sites in Hippocampus of Deve lopmental Rats Following Perinatal Low-level Lead Exposure. Brain. Res. Dev. Brain Res. 86(1-2): 268-274. Ref ID: 2910

Toews, A. D., Blaker, W. D., Thomas, D. J., Gaynor, J. J., Krigman, M. R., Mushak, P., and Morell, P. 1983. Myelin Deficits Produced by Early Postnatal Exposure to Inorganic Lead or Triethyltin Are Persistent. J. Neurochem. 41(3): 816-822. Ref ID: 2911

Torra, M., Rodamilans, M., Tofigueras, J., Hornos, I ., and Corbella, J. 1989. Delta-aminolevulinic-acid Dehydratase and Ferrochelatase Activities Duri ng Chronic Lead-exposure in Mice. Bulletin of Environmental Contamination and Toxicology 42(4): 476-481. Ref ID: 7350

### Eco-SSL for Lead March 2005 71 Usepa and Herman Z et Al. 1980. Chronic Toxicity of Lead and Cadmium I. Changes in the Central Nervous System of the Parental Generation of Rats after Chronic Intoxication with Lead and Cadmium. EPA-600/1-80-012. Ref ID: 14697

Vengris, Ve and Mare, Cj. 1974. Lead Poisoning in Chic kens and the Effect of Lead on Interferon and Antibody Production. Can. J. Comp. Med. 38: 328. Ref ID: 14384

Verlangieri, A. J., Meyer, J. J., and Kapeghian, J. C. 1983. Effect of Dietary Protein on Locomotor Activity During Chronic Lead Exposure in Male and Female Rats. Bull. Environ. Contam. Toxicol. 30(2): 158-164. Ref ID: 2918

Vyskocil, A., Pancl, J., Tusl, M., Ettlerova, E., Semecky, V., Kasparova, L., Lauwerys, R., and Bernard, A. 1989. Dose-related Proximal Tubular Dysfunction in Male Rats Chronically Exposed to Lead. J. Appl. Toxicol. 9(6): 395-399. Ref ID: 2922

Vyskocil, A., Semecky, V., Fiala, Z., Cuzkova, M., and Viau , C. 1995. Renal Alterations in Female Rats Following Subchronic Lead Exposure. J. Appl. Toxicol. 15(4): 257(6). Ref ID: 2923 Wadi, S. A. and Ahmad, G. 1999. Effects of L ead on the Male Reproductive System in Mice. J. Toxicol. Environ. Health. 56(7): 513-521. Ref ID: 2924

Wardell, R. E., Seegmiller, R. E., and Bradshaw, W. S. 1982. Induction of Pre-natal Toxicity in the Rat by Diethyl Stilbestrol Zeranol 3 4 3' 4' Tetra Ch loro Bi-phenyl Cadmium and Lead. Teratology. 26(3): 229-238. Ref ID: 748

Wells, Gah, Mchowell, J, and Gopinath, C. 1976. E xperimental Lead Encephalopathy in Calves. Histological Observations on the Nature and Distributions of Lesions. Neuropathol. Appl. Neurobiol. 2: 605-616. Ref ID: 14803

Wenda-rozewicka, L., Marchlewicz, M., Barcew-wiszniewska , B., and Piasecka, M. 1996. The Ultrastructure of the Testis in Rats after Long-term Treatment with Lead Acetate. Andrologia. 28(2): 97-102. Ref ID: 2928

White, D. J. 1977. Histochemical and Histological Eff ects of Lead on the Liver and Kidney of the Dog. Br. J. Exp. Pathol. 58(1): 101-112. Ref ID: 2929

Wiebe, J. P. and Barr, K. J. 1988. Effect of Prenatal and Neonatal Exposure to Lead on the Affinity and Number of Estradiol Receptors in the Uterus. J. Toxicol. Environ. Health. 24(4): 451-460. Ref ID: 2930

Willoughby, Ra, Thirapatsakum, T, and Mcsherry, Bj. 1972. Influence of Rations Low in Calcium and Phosphorus on Blood and Tissue Lead Concentrations in the Horse. Am. J. Vet. Res. 33: 1165. Ref ID: 14386

Winder, C., Kitchen, I., Clayton, L. B., Gardiner, S. M ., Wilson, J. M., and Lewis, P. D. 1984. The Effect of Perinatal Lead Administration on the Ontogeny of Striatal Enkephalin Levels in the Rat. Toxicol. Appl. Pharmacol. 73(1): 30-34. Ref ID: 2934

Winneke, G., Brockhaus, A., and Baltissen, R. 1977. Ne urobehavioral and Systemic Effects of Longterm Blood Lead-elevation in Rats. I. Discrimination Learning and Open Field-behavior . Arch.toxicol. 37(4): 247-263. Ref ID: 3935 Wiszniewska, B., Marchlewicz, M., Piasecka, M., Wenda-rozewicka, L., and Swider-al-amawi, M. 1998. Phospholipid Content and Lamellar Structures in the Epidi dymal Epithelial Cells of Rats Treated Chronically with Lead Acetate (Pb(ii)). Folia Biologica (Cracow). 46(3-4): 215-224. Ref ID: 2938

Yagminas, A. P., Franklin, C. A., Villeneuve, D. C., Gilman, A. P. , Little, P. B., and Valli, V. E. 1990. Subchronic Oral Toxicity of Triethyl Lead in the Male W eanling Rat. Clinical, Biochemical, Hematological, and Histopathological Effects. Fundam Appl Toxicol. 15(3): 580-596. Ref ID: 3937

### Eco-SSL for Lead March 2005 72 Yu, S. Y., Mizinga, K. M., Nonavinakere, V. K., and So liman, K. F. 1996. Decreased Endurance to Cold Water Swimming and Delayed Sexual Maturity in the Rat Following Neonatal Lead Exposure. Toxicol Lett. 85(3): 135- 141. Ref ID: 3939

Zenick, H., Pecorraro, F., Price, D ., Saez, K., and Ward, J. 1979. Ma ternal Behavior During Chronic Lead Exposure and Measures of Offspring Development. Neurobehav. Toxicol. 1(1): 65-71. Ref ID: 2943

Zheng, W., Shen, H., Blaner, W. S., Zh ao, Q., Ren, X., and Graziano, J. H. 1996. Chronic Lead Exposure Alters Transthyretin Concentration in Rat Cerebrospinal Fluid: the Role of the Choroid Plexus [See Comments]. Toxicol. Appl. Pharmacol. 139(2): 445-450. Ref ID: 2944

Zirkin, B, Gross, R, and Ewing L. 1985. Effects of Lead Acetate on Male Ra t Reproduction. 13-145. Ref ID: 14709

Zmudski, J., Bratton, G. R., Womac, C., and Rowe, L. 1983. Lead Poisoning in Cattle: Reassessment of the Minimum Toxic Oral Dose. Bull.environ Contam Toxicol. 30(4): 435-441. Ref ID: 3940



### 7.5 References Rejected for Use in Derivation of Wildlife TRV

These references were reviewed and rejected for use in derivation of the Eco-SSL. The definition of the codes describing the basis for re jection is provided at the end of the reference sections.

Unrel 1988 Annual Report on Alaska's Mineral Resour ces. USGS Circular 1023. (65)

Unrel Addition of calcium ions for enhancing the safety of metal-ligand chelates as magnetic resonance imaging agents and x-ray contrast agents. PCT Int. Appl. 10 pp.

Anat Analysis of the variation of the oxygen isotopic composition of mammalian bone phosphate (paleoclimate, climate change, castor canadensi s, casteroides ohioensis, teotihuacan, mexico, immigration). 01534453 ORDER NO: AADNN-13683

Unrel 1976. Annual report of studies in animal nutrition and allied sciences. Volume 32. Rowett Research Institute. 125pp.

Diss Appearances suggesting reconstruction in the ra t brain after well-defined lesions. 1052950

Diss Biochemical and genetic characterization of the n-acetyltransferase polymorphism in c57bl/6j and a/j mice. 954931 ORDER NO: AAD87-12169

Diss The byzantine lead seals with family names from the collection of the numismatic museum of athens (numismatic museum) original title: die byzantinischen bleisiegel mit sammlung des numismatischen museums athen. 01285432

Diss Cellular development and differentiation in human cerebral cortical dysplasic. 01363469 ORDER NOAAD94-18881.

No Control Buck, WB, James, LF, and Binns, W. 1961. Cha nges in serum transaminase activities associated with plant and mineral toxicity in sheep and cattle. Cornell Vet . 51: 568.

Diss The chromatin patterns of seven vertebrate species (banding, birds. cat). 0996732

### Eco-SSL for Lead March 2005 73 Unrel 1985. Cominco alaska begins development of red dog lead-zinc-silver deposit. E&Mj-Engineering And Mining Journal . 186 (4) : 25

Diss Content and evolution of cadmium, cobalt, chro mium, copper, nickel, lead, and zinc in soils of l'horta and ribera baixa regions (Valencia) (S pain) Original title: contenido y evolucion de cadmio, cobalto, cromo, cobre, niquel, plomo, cinc en suelos de las comarcas de l'horta y la baixa (valencia). 01269400

Diss Development and distribution of neuroepithe lial bodies in the fetal hamster lung. 833519 ORDER NO: AAD84-01837

Diss Development and evaluation of monoclonal antibodies to acanthamoeba spp. (Dot-immunobinding assay. 880026 ORDER NO: AAD85-08639

Diss The development of order in the rat trigeminal system. 1052958 ORDER NO: AAD82-07023

Nut def 1971. Dietary calcium and lead toxicity. Nutr. Rev . 29(6): 145-147.

Diss Ecophysiology of the common cockle (cerastoderma edule l.) In Southampton Water, with Particular Reference to Pollution (England). 1092481 ORDER NO: AADDX-87466

Rev 1980. Effects of dietary lead and zinc on pregnancy in the rat. Nutr. Rev . 38(3): 129-130.

Diss Electrochemical synthesis and st ructural characterization of zin tl anion clusters produced via the cathodic dissolution of telluride elect rodes. 01378472 ORDER NO: AAD94-29162

Unrel 1996. Environmental Cleanup: Progress in Resolving Long-Standing Issues at the Rocky Mountain Arsenal. GAO/NSI AD-96-32; NTIS AD-A308 706/1.

Drug 1974. Ethanol and lead toxicity. Nutr Rev. 32(11): 347-8.

Diss Geologic models of sediment-buffered hydrothe rmal vents: a case study of the red dog zn-pb-ag orebody, western brooks range, alaska (red dog orebody, zinc-lead-silver). 01629666 ORDER NO: AAD98-22586

Diss Heavy metal bioaccumulation in great basin submersed aquatic macrophytes. 01363274 ORDER NO: AAD94-18488

Diss Hepatic effects of combined heavy metal administration in the pekin duck ( Anas platyrynchos ) (methylmercury, lead, cadmium)|. 01347768 ORDER NO: AADNN-65241

Diss Hereditary striatonigral and cerebello-olivary degeneration of the kerry blue terrier. 765972 ORDER NO: AAD81-28912

Diss Immunotherapy for phencyclidine abuse (drug abuse, pcp). 01432793 ORDER NO: AADAAI9532080

Rev 1989. Lead - environmental aspects. No. 85. 106 pp. World Health Organization. Geneva, Switzerland.

Diss Lead poisoning in swans cygnus olor. 01268158 ORDER NO: AADDX-93538

Abstract 1976. Lead toxicity (experiments on sheep and rats; influence of sulphur). In: Annual Report of Studies in Animal Nutrition and Allied Sciences, Volume 31, 1975. 43-44.

### Eco-SSL for Lead March 2005 74 No Oral Letter from smelter environmental research association to U.S. EPA submitting two research reports on arsenic compounds, cadmium compounds and calcium sulfate with attachments. EPA/OTS; Doc #88-7800150.

Food 1980. Market milk technology and equipment; milk products microbiology,physico-chemical properties and analysis. <Document Title>India, National Dairy Research Institute: Annualreport 1979. 211-219

Unrel Multielement Geochemical Exploration Data for the Cove Known Geothermal Resource Area, Beaver and Millard Counties, Utah.

No COC News About Chemicals. IRPTC Bull. (1): 17.

Diss The occurrence and toxicology of heavy metals in Chesapeake Bay Waterfowl (Duck, Clangula, Melanitta, Hyemalis, Deglandi, Anas, Platyrhynchos, Rubripes, Strepera, Maryland, Virginia) . 856378 ORDER NO: AAD83-12307

Diss Therapeutic management of avian lead in toxication (columba LIVIA). 01400165 ORDER NO: AAD95-05799

Unrel Aastrup, M., Iverfeldt, A., Bringmark, L., Kv arnaes, H., Thunholm, B., Hultberg, H., Grennfelt Peringe, E. D., Rodhe Henning, E. D., Thoerneloef Eva, E. D., and Wisniewski Joe, E. D. 1995. Monitoring of heavy metals in protected forest catchments in Sweden. Water, air and soil pollution. 85(2): 755-760.

FL Abd El-Fadil Ibrahim Hassan, H. 1988.Influence of the heavy metals lead, cadmium, zinc, manganese, copper, mercury and beryllium on the gl utathione S-transferases in the rat liver. <Original> Einfluss der Schwermetalle Pb, Cd , Zn, Mn, Cu, Hg und Be Blei, Cadmium, Zink, Mangan, Kupfer, Quecksilber und Beryllium auf di e Glutathion-S-Transferasen der Rattenleber

Surv Abel, B. and Grossman, I. 1992. Observa tions of a lead poisoned trumpeter swan. Passenger Pigeon . 54(3): 215-219.

Diss Abreu, M. E. 1983. Effect of Postnatal Lead Exposure on the Development of Sympathetic Innervation of the Heart. The University of Texas Grad. Sc h. Of Biomed. Sci. At Galveston

Bio Acc Adaudi, A. O., Gbodi, T. A., and Aliu, Y. O. 1990. The lead content of plants and animals as indicators of environmentalcontamination. Veterinary and Human Toxicology . 32(5): 454-456.

Abstract Abplanalp, H., Lowry, D., Ali, N. M., Krueger, W. F., Fanguy, R. C., Bradley, J. W., Andrews, L. D., Morrow, D., Becker, W. A., Spencer, J. V., Vers trate, J. A., Mirosh, L. W., Bernier, P. E., Arscott, G. H., Dorminey, R. W., Alaiya, Y. A., Fatokun, G. O., Parker, J. E., Birrenkott, G. P., McGibbon, W. H., Burke, W. H., Wentworth, B. C., Briggs, D. M., Williams, C. M., Briles, W. E., Schelling, E. P., Brown, K. I., Bacon, W. L ., Nestor, K. E., Musser, M. A., Long, D. W., Buss, E. G., Carson, J. R., Berry, J., Adams, R. L., Choudhury, H., Srivastava, L., Murthy, L., Petering, H., Christensen, V. L., Johnston, N. P., Classen, H. L., Smyth, J. R. Jr. , Coleman, M. A., McDaniel, G. R., Neely, W. C., Ivey, W. D., Cole man, T. H., Ringer, R. K., Chang, T. S., Dodson, D. L., Crawford, R. D., Doerr, D. C., Law, G. R. J., Quarles, C. L., Edens, F. W., Benton, E., Morgan, G. W. , Bursian, S. J., Thaxton, P., E nos, H. L., Monsi, A., Moreng, R. E., Garwood, V. A., Lowe, P. C., Gavora, J. S., Gleaves, E. Q., Mather, F. B., Ahmad, M. M., Goldrosen, A., Buckland, R. B., Gyles, N. R., Test, P., and Patters on, L. T. 1975. Abstracts of papers presented at the 64th annual meeting of the Pou ltryScience Association, Inc. Poultry Science 54(5): 1724-1831.

Acu Adler, M. W. and Adler, C. H. 1977. Toxic ity to heavy metals and relationship to seizure

### Eco-SSL for Lead March 2005 75 thresholds. Clin Pharmacol Ther . 22(5 Pt 2): 774-9.

Surv Aguirre A A , Cook R S, McLean R G, Quan T J, and Spraker T R. 1991. Occurrence of potential pathogens in wild Caribbean flamingos (Phoenic opterus ruber ruber) during a lead poisoning die off in Yucatan, Mexico. Journal of Zoo and Wildlife Medicine . 22(4): 470-475.

No Dose Ahrens, F. A. and Vistica, D. T. 1977. Microvasc ular effects of lead in the neonatal rat. I. Histochemical and light microscopic studies. Exp. Mol. Pathol. 26(1): 129-138.

Surv Aikawa, H., Shigeta, S., Momotani, H., and Su zuki, K. 1986. [A comparative study of lead concentration in the rat blood and brain by two di fferent methods of oral administration]. Sangyo Igaku. 28(6): 470-1.

Diss Akins, Jonathan Mcghee. 1995. Porphyrin prof iles in the nestling european starling (sturnus vulgaris): a biomarker of field contaminant exposure ( Protonotaria citrea ). Clemson University.:

Mix al-Hakkak, Z. S., Zahid, Z. R., Ibrahim, D. K., al-Jumaily, I. S., and Bazzaz, A. A. 1988. Effects of ingestion of lead monoxide alloy on male mouse reproduction. Arch. Toxicol . 62(1): 97-100.

In Vit Albano, E., Bellomo, G., Benedetti, A., Carini, R ., Fulceri, R., Gamberucci, A., Parola, M., and Comporti, M. 1994. Alterations of hepatocyte Ca2+ homeostasis by triethylated lead (Et3Pb+): are they correlated with cytotoxicity? Chem Biol Interact . 90(1): 59-72.

Pb Behav Alber, S. A. a and Strupp, B. J a. 1996. An in-d epth analysis of lead effects in a delayed spatial alternation task: assessment of mnemonic effects, side bias, and proactive interference. Neurotoxicology and Teratology 18(1): 3-15.

Species Albers, P. H. and M.B. Camardese. 1993. Effects of acidification on metal accumulation by aquatic plants and invertebrates: 1. Constructe d wetlands. Environ Toxicol Chem. 12(6): 959- 967.

Aquatic Albers, P. H. and M.B. Camardese. 1993. Effects of acidification on metal accumulation by aquatic plants and invertebrates. 2. Wetlands, ponds, and small lakes 12. Environ. Toxicol. Chem. (6): 969-7.

Anat Albert, E. N. 1972. Developing elastic tissue. An electron microscopic study. American Journal of Pathology . 69 (1): 89-102.

Not Avail Alfano, D. P. and Petit, T. L. 1981. Behavior al effects of post natal lead exposure possible relationship to hippocampal dys Function. Behav Neural Biol . 32(3): 319-33.

No Dose Alfano, D. P. and Petit, T. L. 1985. Postnata l lead exposure and the cholinergic system. Physiol Behav . 34(3): 449-55.

Not Avail Ali, Usama A. 1996. Effect of lead exposur e on some selected biochemical and hematological variables with special reference to reproductive t oxicity in female rabbits. Zagazig J. Pharm. Sci. 5(2): 125-133.

In Vit Alkondon, M., Costa, A. C. S., Radhakrishnan, V., Aronstam, R. S., and Albuquerque, E. X. 1990. Selective blockade of NMDA-activated ch annel currents may be implicated in learning deficits caused by lead. Febs Lett. 261(1): 124-130.

No Control Allcroft, R. 1950. Lead as a nutritional hazard to farm livestock. IV. Distribution of lead in the tissues of bovines after ingestion of various lead compounds. J. Comp. Pathol. 60: 190.

### Eco-SSL for Lead March 2005 76 No Control Allcroft, R. 1950. Lead as a Nutritional Hazard to Farm Livestock. IV. Distribution of lead in tissues of bovines after ingestion of various lead compounds. J. Comp. Pathol . 60: 190-208.

Rev Allcroft, R. 1951. Lead poisoning in cattle and sheep. Vet. Rec . 63: 583.

Rev Allcroft, R and Blaxter, KL. Lead as a nutritional hazard to farm livestock. V. The toxicity of lead to cattle and sheep and an evaluation of the lead hazard under farm conditions. J. Comp. Pathol. Ther . 60: 209.

Mix Allen, W. M. and Sansom, B. F. 1989. Acci dental contamination of the public water supply at Lowermoor,Camelford: an assessment of the possible veterinary consequences. Veterinary Record. 124(18): 479-482.

In Vit Altmann, L., Gutowski, M., and Wiegand, H. 1994. Effects of maternal lead exposure on functional plasticity in the visual cortex and hippocampus of immature rats. Brain Res Dev Brain Res . 81(1): 50-6.

Pb Behav Altmann, L., Weinsberg, F., Sveinsson, K., L ilienthal, H., Wiegand, H., and Winneke, G. 1993. Impairment of long-term potentiation and lear ning following chronic lead exposure. Toxicol Lett

. 66(1): 105-12.

Unrel Alva, A. K. 1994. Possible utilization of flue-g as desulfurization gypsum and fly ash for citrus production: evaluation of crop growth response. Waste Manage. (N. Y.) 14(7): 621-7. Diss Amann, R. P. Reproductive toxicology of chemi cal mixtures. Crisp Data Base National Institutes Of Health

FL Ambrosi, L., Vimercati, F., Di Nunno, C., and De Stasio, G. 1969. [Histological aspects of the juxtaglomerular apparatus in experimental saturn ism]: <Original> Aspetti istologici dell'apparato iuxtaglomerulare nel saturnismo sperimentale. Med Lav . 60(2): 118-28.

Surv 1991. Exposure to trace elements of flamingos liv ing in a biosphere reserve, the Camargue (France) Environ. Pollut. 69 (2-3) : 193-20.

Drug Amin, R. J. , Venkatakrishna-Bhatt, H., and Panchal, G. M. 1993. Effect of lead on anorexia and body weight in albino rats. Indian J Physiol Pharmacol . 37(2): 115-20.

FL Amo, H. 1973. Effects of oral administrati on of cyanide and heavy metals in long term on breeding and chromosome analyses of mice. Nagoya Shiritsu Daigaku Igakkai Zasshi . 24(1): 48-66.

FL Anca, Z. and Gabor, S. 1984. Toxic effects of lead on the brain of adult and young rats. Stud. Cercet. Biochim . 27(1): 3-7.

FL 1985. Arsenic and lead interaction with gluc ose metabolism and acetylcholinesterase activity in the rat brain. Stud. Cercet. Biochim . 28 (1): 3-8.

Nut Andersen, Ole and Nielsen, Jesper Bo. 1994. Effects of simultaneous low-level dietary supplementation with inorganic and organic sele nium on whole-body, blood, and organ levels of toxic metals in mice. Environ. Health Perspect. Suppl . 102(SUPPL. 3): 321-4 .

Alt Anderson, C. and Danylchuk, K. D. 1980. Ha versian bone-remodelling rates in the beagle after cessation of exposure to chronic low doses of lead. J Environ Pathol Toxicol. 3(5-6): 413-22.

Alt Anderson, D. K., Saunders, R. D., Demediuk, P., Dugan, L. L., Braughler, J. M., Hall, E. D., Means, E. D., and Horrocks, L. A. 1985. Lipid hydrolysis and peroxidation in injured spinal cord:

### Eco-SSL for Lead March 2005 77 partial protection with methylprednisolone or vitamin E and selenium. Cent Nerv Syst Trauma

. 2(4): 257-67.

Lead Shot Anderson W L and Havera S P. 1989. Lead poi soning in Illinois waterfowl (1977-1988) and the implementation of nontoxic shot regulations. Illinois Natural History Survey Biological Notes No.133.: 1-37.

Anat Andrade, J. P. //Castanheira-Vale, A. J. //Paz-Dias , P. G. //Madeira, M. D. //Paula-Barbosa, M. M. 1996. The dendritic trees of neurons from the hippo campal formation of protein-deprived adult rats. A quantitative Golgi study. Experimental brain research. Experimentelle Hirnforschung.

Surv Andreu Perez, Vicente. 1991. Content and evolution of cadmium, cobalt, chromium, copper, nickel, lead, and zinc in soils of l'horta and ri bera baixa regions (valencia) (spain): <Original> contenido y evolucion de cadmio, cobalto, cromo, cobre, niquel, plomo, cinc en suelos de las comarcas de l'horta y la ribera baixa (valencia).

Surv Andrews, S. M., Johnson, M. S., and Cooke, J. A. 1989. Distribution of trace element pollutants in a contaminated grassland ecosystem establishe d on metalliferous fluorspar tailings 1. Lead. Environ Pollut. 58(1): 73-85.

FL Andrushaite, R. E. 1984. Reduction of lead t oxicity in chickens with thiamin.: <Document Title>Transportnye i obmennye protsessy v kishechnikezhivotnykh. 7-14.

FL Andrushaite, R. E., Bauman, V. K., Valinietse, M. Yu., and Kostyukova, B. P. 1982. Effect of dietary calcium, phosphorus and vitamin D on lead depositionin tissues of chickens.: <Document Title>Biokhimiya vsasyvaniya pitatel'nykh veshchestv uzhivotnykh. 18-28.

Surv Andrushaite, R. E. and Gailite, B. E. 1987. Char acteristic action of vitamin D on lead metabolism in animals. Doklady Vsesoyuznoi Ak ademii Sel'skokhozyaistvennykh Nauk.(10): 35-37.

No Oral Andrzejewska, A., Szynaka, B., Stokowska, W., and Szynaka, P. 1995. Does lead acetate intoxication damage acinar cell nuclei in the rat pancreas? Materia Medica Polona . 27(2): 43- 46.

Pb Behav Angell, N. F. 1978. Operant Behavior of Rats Exposed Before or after Weaning to Low Levels of Lead . NUR-3490-1533. 130 pp. Technical Report.

Pb Behav Angell, N. F. and Weiss, B. 1982. Operant beha vior of rats exposed to lead before or after weaning. Toxicol Appl Pharmacol . 63(1): 62-71.

Surv Anke, M., Groppel, B., Guertler, H., and Gruen, M. 1991. [Macro and trace elements]: <Original> Mengen- und Spurenelemente. Inves tigations on the effect of increasing lead and cadmium supplements to the diet on accumulation and residue formation in different tissues of fattening pigs: <Original> Untersuchungen ueber den Einfluss steigender Blei- und Cadmiumzulagen im Futter auf die Kumulierung und auf die Rueckstandsbildung in verschiedenen Geweben von Mastschweinen: 382-389.

Rev Anke, M., Groppel, B., Kronemann, H., and Grun, M. 1984. Nickel--an essential element. IARC scientific publications (53): 339-65.

CP 1980. The Influence of Nickel-deficiency on Growth , Reproduction , Longevity and Different Biochemical Parameters of Goats : 3-10. Editor(s): Anke, Manfred; Schneider, Hans-Joachim; Brueckner, Chr. Publisher: Friedrich-Schiller- Un iv. Jena Abt. Wiss. Publ., Jena, Ger. Dem. Rep.

### Eco-SSL for Lead March 2005 78 Org Met Annau, Z. 1988. Organometals and brain development. Prog Brain Res . 73: 295-303.

Surv Anthony, RG and Kozlowski, R. 1982. Heavy metals in tissues of small mammals inhabiting waste-water-irrigated habitats. J. Environ. Qual . 11: 20-2.

Surv Antonio, G. M T and Corpas, V. I. 1988. Eff ects of atmospheric lead upon the liver and kidneys of pigeons from the city of madrid spain. Environ Technol Lett. 9(3): 227-238.

Mix Antonio, M. T., Corpas, I., and Leret, M. L. 1999. Neurochemical changes in newborn rat's brain after gestational cadmium and lead exposure. Toxicol. Lett . 104(1-2): 1-9.

No Oral Anwer, J., Ali, S., and Mehrota, N. K. Antagonistic effect of zinc in lead treated developing chick embryos. Drug Chem Toxicol . 11 (1). 1988. 85-95.

No Oral Anwer, J., Ali, S., and Mehrotra, N. K. 1987. Pr otective role of calcium in lead toxicity during development of chick embryo. Drug Chem. Toxicol . 10(3-4): 357-368.

In Vit Aono Tadashi. 1996. Histopathological and ultr astructural studies on pulp response and dentin bridge formation by the treatment of exposed pulp with alpha-tricalcium phosphate solid. Shikwa Gakuho . 96(8): 811-835.

Surv Arenal, C. A. and Halbrook, R. S. 1997. P CB and heavy metal contamination and effects in european starlings. Bull. Environ. Contam. Toxicol . 58(2): 254-259.

CP Arkhipova, O. G., Demokidova, N. K., Medved, T. Ya., and Rudomino, M. V. 1972. Biological Action of Organophosphorus Complexons . Khim. Primen. Fosfororg. Soedin. Tr. Vses. Konf., 3rd : Meeting Date 1965, 497-502. Editor(s): Ka bachnik, M. I. Publisher: "Nauka", Moscow, USSR.

Mix Arnold, R. L., Olson, O. E., and Carlson, C. W. 1973. Dietary selenium and arsenic additions and their effects on tissue and egg selenium. Poultry Sci . 52: 847-854.

Rev Aronson, A. L. 1972. Outbreaks of plumbism in animals associated with industrial lead operations. Clin.Toxicol. 5(2): 169-173.

Rev Aronson, AL. 1972. Lead poisoning in cattle and horses following long-term exposure. Amer. J. Vet. Res . 33: 627.

Nut def Ashraf, M. H. and Fosmire, G. J. 1985. Effect s of marginal zinc deficiency on subclinical lead toxicity in the rat neonate. J Nutr . 115(3): 334-46.

Unrel Atkinson N K. 1987. The mute swan story - with special reference to Angus. Tay Ringing Group Report 1984-1986.: 23-25.

Rev ATSDR. 1993. Lead. Toxicological Profile for Lead: Update

.

Bio Acc 19970000. Study on metallic content of the yellow- legged gull Larus cachinnans michahellis and its eggs collected on the coastline of the Bouche s-du-Rhone (France) VOL. 63, NO. 1-4 : pp. 83- 96

Surv Augspurger, T., J. C. Franson, K.A. Converse, P. R. Spitzer, and E. A. Miller. 1998. An epizootic of common loons in coastal waters of North Caro lina: concentrations of elemental contaminants and results of necropsies. Environ. Toxicol. Chem. (1998)17 (2) : 205-209.

### Eco-SSL for Lead March 2005 79 Rev Averill, DM and Needleman, HL. 1980. Neonatal lead exposure retards cortical synaptogenesis in the rat. In: Low Level Lead Exposure: the Clinical Implications of Current Research . 201-10. New York, Raven Press.

Org Met Avery, D. D., Cross, H. A., and Schroeder, T. 1974. Effects of tetraethyl lead on behavior in the
rat. Pharmacol., Biochem. Behav. 2(4): 473-9.

No Dose Aviv, A., John, E., Bernstein, J., Goldsmith, D. I ., and Spitzer, A. 1980. Lead intoxication during development: its late effects on kidney function and blood pressure. Kidney Int . 17(4): 430-437.

Surv Avram, N., Medrea, N., Serdaru, M., and Tanase scu, V. 1996. Industrial pollution with heavy metals and animal health. Revista Romana de Medicina Veterinara. 6(4): 489-495.

Food Awad, Els. T., Ibrahim, Janett M., and Ahmed, R. M. 1994. The effect of modulation of prolactin secretion in hens on cholesterol, phospholipid s and mineral elements of egg yolk. Bull. Natl. Res. Cent. (Egypt) . 19(3): 165-76.

No COC Awad, E. T., J.M. Ibrahim, and R. M. Ah med. 1996. Spectroscopic study and the effect of modulation of prolactin on cholesterol, phospholipids and certain mineral elements in hen's egg yolk. Pak. J. Biochem. Mol. Biol . 29(1-2): 6-13.

Bio Acc Ayas, Z. Accumulation of Some Heavy Meta ls in Various Environments and Organisms. Bull Environ Contam Toxicol . 56 (1): 65.

HHE Azar, A., Henry, N. W. 3d, Griffith, F. D., Sarv er, J. W., and Snee, R. D. 1976. Experiments on the effect of carbon monoxide on aminol evulinic acid dehydrase (ALAD). Environ Qual Saf. 5: 97-105.

Surv Baars, A. J., Van Beek H, Spierenburg, T. J., B eeftink, W. G., Nieuwenhuize, J., Pekelder, J. J., and Boom, J. 1988. Environmental contaminati on by heavy metals and fluoride in the Saeftinge salt marsh the Netherlands and its effect on sheep. VET Q . 10(2): 90-98.

FL Baars, AJ, van Beek H, Visser, IJR, Vos, G, van Delft, W, Fennema, G, Lieben, GW, and LAutenbag, K et al. 1990. Lead intoxication in cattle in the northern part of the Netherlands (In Dutch). Tijdschr. Diergeneeskd . 115: 882-890.

Mix Babish, J. G.//Stoewsand, G. S.//Furr, A. K. //Parkinson, T. F.//Bache, C. A.//Gutenmann, W. H.//Wszolek, P. C.//Lisk, D. J. 1979. Elementa l and polychlorinated biphenyl content of tissues andintestinal aryl hydrocarbon hydroxylase activity of guinea pigs fedcabbage grown on municipal sewage sludge. Journal of Agricultural and Food Chemistry 27 (2) : 399-402.

Diss Bachowski, S. 1995. Investigation into the Role of Oxidati ve Stress in the Mechanism of Dieldrin Hepatotoxicity in the B6c3f1 Mouse. Indiana University. 244 pp.

Diss Bafundo, K. W. 1985. Trace Element Interrelationships and Zinc Status of the Chicken Asaffected by Eimeria Acervulina Infection. Dissertation Abstracts International, B. 45(7): 2066.

Mix Bag, Shomesubra//Vora, Tasnim//Ghatak, Runa//Nilufer, Irani//D'M ello, Denness//Pereira, Leon//Pereira, James//Cutinho, Christine//Rao, Va man. 1999. A study of toxic effects of heavy metal contaminants from sludge-supplemented diets on male Wistar rats. Ecotoxicol. Environ. Saf. 42 (2) : 163-170.

### Eco-SSL for Lead March 2005 80 Phys Bailey, C. and Kitchen, I. 1985. Ontogenesis of proenkephalin products in rat striatum and the inhibitory effects of low-level lead exposure. Brain Res . 354(1): 75-9.

No Dose Bailey, C. C. and Kitchen, I. 1986. Ontoge ny of catecholamine and GABA levels in rat brain: lack of effect of perinatal lead exposure. Toxicol Lett . 30(1): 97-102.

No Control Bakalli, R. I., Pesti, G. M., and Ragland, W. L. 1995. The magnitude of lead toxicity in broiler chickens. Veterinary and Human Toxicology . 37(1): 15-19.

Surv Baker, F. D., Tumasonis, C. F., Stone, W. B., a nd Bush, B. 1976. Levels of PCB and trace metals in waterfowl in New York state. N. Y. Fish Game J. 23(1): 82-91.

Surv Bakre, P. P. and Sharma, A. 1995. Lead c oncentrations in house sparrow (Passer domesticus) collected from urban area of Jaipur. J. Environ. Biol . 16(1): 15-17.

Org Met Baksi, S. N. and Hughes, M. J. 1983. Effect s of chronic lead ingestion by the weanling rat on adrenal catecholamine levels. J. Auton. Nerv. Syst . 8(3): 287-289.

Phys Baksi, S. N. and Hughes, M. J. 1982. Regi onal alterations of brain catecholamines by lead ingestion in adult rats. Influence of dietary calcium. Arch Toxicol . 50(1): 11-8.

CP Balatincz, J. , Ajtony, Z., and Tamasy, V. 1997. Prenatal protein-energy malnutrition: its effects on mineral concentrations in rats ' brain. Mengen- Spurenelem. Arbeitstag., 17th : 525-535. Editor(s): Anke, Manfred. Publisher: Verl ag Harald Schubert, Leipzig, Germany.

HHE Baloh, RW. 1974. Laboratory diagnosis of increased lead absorption. Arch. Environ. Hlth. 28: 198-208.

Mix Bang, J. S. and Rhee, S. J. 1991. Effect of dietary selenium on delta -aminolevulinic acid dehydrataseactivity in lead poisoned rats. Korean Journal of Nutrition . 24(6): 526-533.

Fate Bansal, M. P., Ip, C., and Medina, D. 1991. Le vels and 75Se-labeling of specific proteins as a consequence of dietary selenium concentration in mice and rats. Proc Soc Exp Biol Med. 196(2): 147-54.

Unrel Banuelos, G. S, Cardon, G., Mackey, B., Ben-As her, J., Wu, L., Beuselinck, P., Akohoue, S., and Zambrzuski, S. 1993. Boron and selenium remova l in boron-laden soils by four sprinkler irrigated plant Species. Journal of Environmental Quality . 22(4): 786-792.

Unrel Baozhen, Wang. 1987. The development of ecological wastewater treatment and utilization systems (EWTUS) in China. Water Sci. Technol . (1987) 19(1-2, Water Pollut. Res. Control, Rio de Janeiro, 1986, Pt. 1): 51-63 .

Phys Baraldi, M., Zanoli, P., Rossi, T., and Facchine tti, F. 1988. Alteration of opioid peptide and receptor ontogeny in the brain of pre- and pos tnatally low-level lead-exposed rats. Neurotoxicol Teratol. 10(5): 453-9.

CP Barataud, C. and Truchet, M. 1990. Divers ity and limits of cellular responses against experimental metal Exposure. Thirtieth Annual Colloquium of the Societe Francaise De Microscopie Electronique (French Society of Electron Microscopy) Biol Cell . 69(2): 27A.

Drug Barnes, E. M., Impey, C. S., and Stevens, B. J. H. Factors affecting the incidence and anti salmonella-typhimurium activity of the an aerobic cecal flora of the young chick.. Journal of Hygiene. 82 (2). 1979. 263-284.

### Eco-SSL for Lead March 2005 81 HHE Barocas, R Weiss B. 1974. Behavior al assessment of lead intoxication. Environ. Health Perspect . 1: 47-52.

Surv Baron, L. A., Ashwood, T. L., Sample, B. E., and Welsh, C. 1997. Monitoring bioaccumulation of contaminants in the belted kingfisher (Ceryle alcyon). Environmental Monitoring and Assessment. 47(2): 153-165.

HHE Baron, P. and F. Schweinsberg. 1989. A literature -review on concentrations of arsenic, cadmium, lead and mercury in human-body fluids and tissues to localize normal levels and to detect expositions .4. Lead, summary of medium levels for As, Cd, Hg, Pb and references. Zentralblatt Fur Hygiene Und Umweltmedizin . 188 (3-4) : 195-239

Pb Behav Barrett, J. and Livesey, P. J. 1985. Low le vel lead effects on activity under varying stress conditions in the developing rat. Pharmacol Biochem Behav 22(1): 107-18.

Lead shot Bartlett E. 1983. Swan deaths. Breconshire Naturalist No.37.: 41.

Meth Basketter, D. A., Lea, L. J., Cooper, K., Stocks , J., Dickens, A., Pate, I., Dearman, R. J., and Kimber, I. 2000. Threshold for classification as a skin sensitizer in the local lymph node assay: a statistical evaluation. Food Chem. Toxicol . Volume Date 1999, 37(12): 1167-1174 .

In Vit Batarseh, L. I. 1986. On the Mechanism of Toxicity of Lead in the Male Reproductive System

. The University of Michigan. 204 pp.

Herp Baudo, Renato. 1976. Heavy metals concentrati ons (chromium, copper, manganese, and lead) in tadpoles and adults of Rana esculenta L. Mem. Ist. Ital. Idrobiol. Dott. Marco de Marchi. 33: 325-44.

Not Avail Bauman, V. K., Andrushaite, R. E., Valinietse, M. Yu, and Gailite, B. E. 1988. Peculiarities of lead distribution in eggs and tissues of laying hens given lead acetate supplement to the ration. Skh Biol . 0(6): 84-87.

Imm Baykov, B., Gugova, M., Stoyanov, M., Neychev, H., Stefanova, T., and Nicolova, N. 1996. Designing an artificial ecological mesocosm for the study of Cd and Pb impact on the immune system of experimental animals. Toxicol Lett . 89(1): 5-10.

Mix Baykov, B. D., Stoyanov, M. P., and Gugova, M. L. 1996. Lead and Cadmium Bioaccumulation in Fowl Eggs Depending on Different. Toxicol Environ Chem . 54(1-4): p149(6).

Mix Baykov, Bayko D. and Stoyanov, Michail P. 1997. Influence of high lead and cadmium concentrations in broiler rations upon ecological efficiency. Toxicol. Environ. Chem . 59(1-4): p1-5.

Lead shot Bayle, P., Dhermain, F., and Keck, G. 1986. Three cases of lead poisoning in the greater flamingo phoenicopterus-ruber in the marseille region France. Bull Soc Linn Provence . 38(0): 95-98.

Bio Acc Beardsley, A., Vagg, M. J., Beckett, P. HT, and Sansom, B. F. 1978. Use of the field vole (m. Agrestis) for monitoring potentially harmful elements in the environment. Environ Pollut. 16(1): 65-72.

Mix Beaudouin, J., R. L. Shirley, and D. L. Hammell. 1980. Effect of sewage sludge diets fed (to) swine on nutrient digestibility,reproduction, growth and minerals in tissues. Journal of Animal

### Eco-SSL for Lead March 2005 82 Science . 50(4): 572-580.

Fate Bebe, F. N. and Panemangalore, M. 1996. M odulation of tissue trace metal concentrations in weanling rats fed different levels of zinc and exposed to oral lead and cadmium. Nutrition Research . 16(8): 1369-1380.

Lead shot Bech Danielsen A and Ravn J. 1984. [Lead in the food Chain.]. Fugle. 4(1): 11.

Unrel 1982. Analytical Studies for the H-Coal Proce ss. Final Report. DOE/ET/10112-T1; FE-2676-8



### Bio Acc Becker, P. H. and Sperveslage, H. 1989. Organochlorines and heavy metals in herring gull larusargentatus eggs and chicks from the same clutch. Bull Environ Contam Toxicol . 42(5): p721- 727.

Species Bedwal, R. S. and Bahuguna, A. 1994. Zinc, copper and selenium in reproduction. Experientia

. 50(7): 626-40.

Nut Beker, V. F., Urtane, M. S., Vasil'eva, S. V., Krauze, R. Yu., Apsite, M. R., and Kalntsiema, V. Kh. 1984. Composition and biological value of biomass from mycelium of the fungusPolyporus squamosus A-42. <. Document T itle>Transportnye i obmennye protsessy v kishechnikezhivotnykh. 183-194.

FL Belansky, P., Juraskova, A, and Kantikova, M. 1998. Cadmium, mercury and lead contents in the otter excrements in the Studeny potok and Orava streams [Slovak Republic]: <Original> Obsah kadmia, ortuti a olova v truse vydry riecnej na tokoch Studeny potok a Orava. Slovensky Veterinarsky Casopis: Slovak Veterinary Journal. 23(2): 86-90.

Rev Bell, J. U. and Thomas, J. A. 1980. Effects of lead on mammalian reproduction. In: Singhal., R. L. and J. A. Thomas. Ed., Ed. Lead Toxicity . 169-186.

Bio Acc Bell, M. C., Bacon, J. A., Bratton, G. R., and W ilkinson, J. E. 1978. Effects of dietary selenium and lead on selected tissues of chic ks. In: Kirchgessner, M., Ed. Trace Element Metabolism in Man and Animals-3. 604-607.

Fate Bell, R. R. and Spickett, J. T. 1981. The influe nce of milk in the diet on the toxity of orally ingested lead in rats. Food Cosmet. Toxicol . 19(4): 429-36.

FL Belyaeva, N. N., Gasimova, Z. M., and Klimova, D. M. 1994. Effects of lead poisoning on the course of viral infection. Gigiena i Sanitariya . 0(1): 32-35.

No Oral Bencko, V., D. Arbetova, and V. Skupenova. 1981. Use of domesticated rabbit tissues for monitoring of environmental pollution by toxic metals (Mn, Pb, Cr, Cd, Ni). Journal of Hygiene, Epidemiology, Microbiology, and Immunology . 25 (2)

No Control Bencko, V., Benes, B., Jechova, S., and Symon, K. 1980. The effect of a milk diet on the retention of arsenic-74 in mice. J. Hyg. Epidemiol., Microbiol., Immunol . 24(4): 389-95.

Bio Acc Bendell-Young, L. I(a) and Bendell, J. F. 1999. Grit ingestion as a source of metal exposure in the spruce grouse, dendragapus canadensis. Environmental Pollution . 106(3): 405-412.

Mix Benjamin, S. A., Constan, A. A., Yang, R. S. H., Tessari, J. D., Baker, D. C., and Chubb, L. 1995. Lack of correlation between liver cell proliferati on and preneoplastic foci in rats exposed to a mixture of groundwater contaminants. Toxicologic Pathology 23(6): 756.

### Eco-SSL for Lead March 2005 83 Mix Bennett, DG Jr and Schwartz, TE. 1971. Cumulativ e toxicity of lead arsenate in phenothiazine given to sheep. Am J Vet Res . 32(5): 727-730.

No COC Benson, K. A. And S. McBride. 1997. A.Uraniu m levels in the fetus and placenta of female rats implanted with depleted uranium pellets prior to breeding. Toxicologist 1997 Mar;36(1 Pt 2)258

Surv Benson, W. W., Brock, D. W., Gabica, J., and Loomis, M. 1976. Swan mortality due to certain heavy metals in the Mission Lake area, Idaho. Bull. Environ. Contam. Toxicol . 15(2): 171-174.

Surv Benson, W. W., Pharaoh, B., and Miller, P. 1974. Lead poisoning in a bird of prey. Bull. Environ. Contam. Toxicol . 11(2): 105-108.

Herp Beresford, W. A., Donovan, M. P., Henninger, J. M ., and Waalkes, M. P. 1981. Lead in the Bone and Soft Tissues of Box Turtles Caught Near Smelters. Bull. Environ. Contam. Toxicol. 27(3): 349-352.

FL Berezina, O. V. and Goev, A. A. 1982. Evalua ting the toxicity of certain heavy metals by the behavioral toxicity method. Gig Sanit . 0(1 ): 42-46.

CP Berglund, O. , G. Hallmans, C. Nygren, and I. B. Taljedal. 1985. Effects of a diet poor in fiber on the frequency of intestinal cells stained with s ilver or lead-hematoxylin in Mice. Xii Congress of the International Diabetes Federa tion, Madrid, Spain, Sept. 23-28, 1985. Diabetes Res Clin Pract . 0 (Suppl. 1). 1985. S44. :

FL Berndt, S., Nakagawa, A., and Schwabe, U. 1967. The storage of p,p'-ddt and o,p'-DDT in the adrenals and its significance in the metabolism of corticosterone and cortisol. Arch. Pharmacol. Exp. Pathol . 256(3): 383-96.

Rev Bernier, J., Brousseau, P., Krzystyniak, K., Tryphonas, H., and Fournier, M. 1995. Immunotoxicity of heavy metals in relation to Great Lakes. Environmental Health Perspectives

. 103(Suppl. 9): p23-34.

In Vit Berteloot, A. and Hugon, J. S. 1975. Effect of glutaraldehyde and lead on the activity of hepatic glucose-6-phosphatase. A biochemical and cytochemical study. Histochemistry. 43(3): 197- 214.

No Oral Berzin', N. I.//Andrushaite, R. E.//Galvanovskii, Yu. Ya. 1986. Rapid stimulatory action of 1 alpha -hydroxycholecalciferol onpermeability of the small intestinal epithelia of chickens for minerals. 22-23

Lead shot Best, T. L., Garrison, T. E., and Schmitt, C. G. 1992. Ingestion of lead pellets by scaled quail ( Callipepla squamata ) and northern bobwhite ( Colinus virginianus ) in southeastern New Mexico. Tex J Sci. 44(1): 99-107.

FL Betz, B. 1988. [New aspects of the roentg en ordinance]: <Original> Neue Aspekte der Rontgenverordnung. Rontgenpraxis . 41(7): 234-7.

Surv Beyer, W. N., Audet, D. J., Morton, A., Campbell, J. K., and Lecaptain, l. 1998. Lead exposure of waterfowl ingesting Coeur D'Alene River basin Sediments. J Environ Qual . 27(6): 1533- 1538.

Surv Beyer, W. N., Blus, L. J., Henny, C. J., and Aude t, D. 1997. The role of sediment ingestion in exposing wood ducks to lead. Ecotoxicology. 6(3): 181-186.

### Eco-SSL for Lead March 2005 84 Surv Beyer, W. N., Day, D., Morton, A., and Pachep sky, Y. 1998. Relation of lead exposure to sediment ingestion in mute swans on the Chesapeake Bay, USA. Environmental Toxicology and Chemistry . 17(11): 2298-2301.

No Dose Beyer, W. N., Pattee, O. H., Sileo, L., Hoffm an, D. J., and Mulhern, B. M. 1985. Metal contamination in wildlife living near 2 zinc smelters. Environ Pollut Ser a Ecol Biol . 38(1): p63-86.

Surv Beyer, W. N., Spann, J. W., Sileo, L., and Fran son, J. C. 1988. Lead poisoning in six captive avian species. Arch Environ. Contam. Toxicol . 17(1): 121-130.

Rev Beyer, W. N. J. Spann and D. Day. 1999. Me tal and sediment ingestion by dabbling ducks. The Science of the Total Environment . 231: 235-239.

Surv Beyer, W. N. , G. Miller, and J. W. Simmers. 1990. Trace elements in soil and biota in confined disposal facilities for dredged material. Environ. Pollut . (1990) 65 (1) : 19-32

Mix Beyer, W. Nelson(A), Day Daniel, Melancon Mark J, and Sileo Louis. 2000. Toxicity of anacostia river, washington, dc, usa, sediment fed to mute swans ( Cygnus olor)

. Environmental Toxicology and Chemistry . 19(3): 731-735.

FL Bezel', V. S. And Bel'skii, E. A. 1994. The reproductive parameters of the hole-nesting birds by industrial contamination of the environment. Doklady Akademii Nauk . 338(4).

FL Bezel', V. S. and Mukhacheva, S. V. 1995. Character of reproductive losses in bank vole populations under the conditions of toxic environmental pollution. Doklady Akademii Nauk

. 345(1): 135-137.

FL Bezel, V. S., Sadykov, O. F., Testov, B. V., a nd Mokronosov, A. A. 1984. Lead accumulation in natural populations of mouse-like rodents. Ekologiya (Sverdlovsk). (6): 25-31.

Lead shot Bezzel, E. and Fuenfstueck, H-J. 1995. Lead poisoning as a threat to golden eagles aquila chrysaetos in the northern Alps? Journal fuer Ornithologie . 136(3): 294-296.

Surv Bhattacharyya, M. H. 1983. Bioavailability of orally administered cadmium and lead to the mother, fetus, and neonate during pregnancy and lactation: an overview. Sci Total Environ . 28: 327-42.

Rev Bhattacharyya, M. H. 1984. Metabolism and toxi city of cadmium and lead during pregnancy and lactation. NTIS DE84003673.

Phys Bielarczyk, H., Tian, X., and Suszkiw, J. B. 1996. Cholinergic denervation-like changes in rat hippocampus following developmental lead exposure. Brain Res. 708(1-2): 108-15.

Phys Bielarczyk, H., Tomsig, J. L., and Suszkiw, J. B. 1994. Perinatal low-level lead exposure and the septo-hippocampal cholinergic system: selec tive reduction of muscarinic receptors and cholineacetyltransferase in the rat septum. Brain Res . 643(1-2): 211-7.

Surv Bierei, G. R. 1974. Population Response and Heavy Metal Concentrations in Cottontail Rabbits and Small Mammals in Wastewater Irrigated Habitat W77-09097; OWRT-B-059-PA(4); NTIS PB-269 186/3/XAB

Bact Bincoletto, C. and Queiroz, M. L. 1996. The e ffect of lead on the bone marrow stem cells of mice

### Eco-SSL for Lead March 2005 85 infected with Listeria monocytogenes. Vet. Hum. Toxicol. 38(3): 186-190.

FL Bires, J. 1989. Interactions between copper, iron, zinc, arsenic, cadmium, and lead in the liver of sheep after experimental poisoning with copper oxide. Veterinarni Medicina . 34(11): 665-674.

Bio Acc Bires, J. and Vrzgula, L. 1990. Wool as an indicator of sheep exposure to copper iron zinc molybdenum arsenic lead cadmium and selenium from the industrial emission source. Ekologiacssr . 9(4): 419-428.

FL Bires, J., Vrzgula, L., and Mudron, P. 1990. The influence of experimental and spontaneous copper intoxication on the contents of copper, ir on, zinc, cadmium, arsenic and lead in the liver and kidneys of ewes and their foetuses. Zivocisna Vyroba - UVTIZ. 35(2): 159-168.

FL 1990. The influence of experimental and spont aneous copper intoxication on the contents of copper, iron, zinc, cadmium, arsenic and lead in th e liver and kidneys of ewes and their foetuses. <Original> Vplyv experimentalnej a spontannej intoxikacie medou na obsah medi, zeleza, zinku, kadmia, arzenu a olova v peceni a oblickach bahnic a ich plodov. Zivocisna Vyroba - UVTIZ. v. 35(2) p. 159- 

### 168.

Herp Birge, W. J., Black, J. A., and Westerman, A. G. 1985. Short-term fish and amphibian embryolarval tests for determining the effects of toxican t stress on early life stages and estimating chronic values for single compounds and complex effluents. Environ Toxicol Chem . 4: 807-821.

No Oral Birge, W. J. and Just, J. J. Sensitivity of verteb rate embryos to heavy metals as a criterion of water quality. NTIS PB REPORT (PB-226 850):20 PP,1973

Herp Birge, W. J.//Just, J. J. 1975. Sensitivity of Vertebrate Embryos to Heavy Metals as a Criterion of Water Quality. Phase II. Bioassay Procedures Us ing Developmental Stages as Test Organisms. <NOTE> Research rept. RR-84; W75-06352; OWRT-B-039-KY(1)

No Oral Birge, W. J. and Roberts, O. W. 1976. Toxicity of metals to chick embryos. Bull. Environ. Contam. Toxicol. 16: 319-324.

Lead shot Birkhead, M. 1982. Causes of mortality in the mute swan Cygnus olor on the River Thames. J. Zool . 198(1): 15-25.

Surv Birkhead, M. 1983. Lead levels in the blood of Mute swans Cygnus olor on the River Thames. Journal of Zoology 199(1): 59-73.

Lead shot Birkhead M. 1982. Lead poisoning in the mute sw an. In: Metals in animals.: 16-24. Osborn, D. [Ed.]

Surv Birkhead, M. E. and Perrins, C. 1985. The br eeding biology of the mute swan Cygnus olor on the River Thames with special reference to lead poisoning. Biol. Conserv . 32(1): 1-12.

No COC Birnboim, H. C. 1985. DNA clastogeni c activity of diethylstilbestrol. Biochemical pharmacology 34(18): 3251-7.

No Oral Bishayee, Anupam//Roy, Shyamal//Chatterjee, Ma lay. 1999. Characterization of selective induction and alteration of xenobiotic biotransforming enzymes by vanadium during diethylnitrosamine-induced chemical rat liver carcinogenesis. Oncol. Res . (1999) 11 (1) : 41-53

### Eco-SSL for Lead March 2005 86 Mix Bishop, Christine A., Boermans, Herman J., Ng, Peggy, Campbell, G. Douglas, and Struger, John. Health of tree swallows (Tachycineta bico lor) nesting in pesticide-sprayed apple orchards in Ontario, Canada. I. Immunological parameters. J. Toxicol. Environ. Health Part A (1998): 55(8), 531-559.

Surv Bishop, C. A., H. Boermans, P. Ng, Peggy//Cam pbell, G. Douglas//Struger, John. 1998. Health of tree swallows ( Tachycineta bicolor ) nesting in pesticide-sprayed apple orchards in Ontario, Canada. II. Sex and thyroid hormone concentrations and testes development Part A (1998) : 55(8) , 561-581.

No Org Bishop Philip Keith(A), Lerner David Nicholas , Jakobsen Rasmus, Gosk Edmund, Burston Mark William, and Chen Tong. 1993. Investigation of a solvent polluted industrial site on a deep sandstone-mudstone sequence in the uk: part 2. Contaminant sources, distributions, transport and retardation. Journal of Hydrology (Amsterdam) 149(1-4): 231-256.

Alt Bjoerklund, Haakan, Lind, Birger, Piscator, Magnus , Hoffer, Barry, and Olson, Lars. 1981. Lead, zinc, and copper levels in intraocular brain tissue gr afts, brain, and blood of lead-exposed rats. Toxicol. Appl. Pharmacol . 60(3): 424-30 .

Rev Blaxter, KL. 1950. Lead as a nutritional h azard to farm livestock. II. The absorption and excretion of lead by sheep and rabbits. J. Comp. Pathol. Ther. 60: 140.

Rev Blaxter, KL. 1950. Lead as a nutritional hazard to farm livestock. III. Factors influencing the distribution of lead in the tissues. J. Comp. Pathol. Ther . 60: 177.

Bio Acc Blomqvist, Sven, Frank, Adrian, and Petersson, La rs R. Metals in liver and kidney tissues of autumn-migrating dunlin Calidris alpina and curlew sandpiper Calidris ferruginea staging at the Baltic Sea. Mar. Ecol.: Prog. Ser . (1987) 35(1-2): 1-13 .

Lead shot Blus, L. J. 1994. A review of lead poisoning in swans. Comp Biochem Physiol C Comp Pharmacol Toxicol . 108(3): 259-267.

Surv Blus, L. J., Henny, C. J., Anderson, A., and F itzner, R. E. 1985. Reproduction mortality and heavy metal concentrations in great blue herons ardea-herodias from three colonies in Washington and Idaho USA. Colon Waterbirds . 8(2): p110-116.

Surv Blus, L. J., Henny, C. J., Hoffman, D. J., and Grove, R. A. 1993. Accumulation and effects of lead and cadmium on wood ducks near a mining and smelting complex in Idaho. Ecotoxicology. 2(2): 139-154.

Surv Blus, L. J., Henny, C. J., Hoffman, D. J., and Grove, R. A. 1995. Accumulation in and effects of lead and cadmium on waterfowl and passerines in northern Idaho. Environmental Pollution

. 89(3): p311-318.

Surv Blus, L. J., Henny, C. J., Hoffman, D. J., and Grove , R. A. 1991. Lead toxicosis in tundra swans near a mining and smelting complex in northern Idaho. Arch Environ. Contam. Toxicol . 21(4): 549-555.

Dead Blus, L. J., Stroud, R. K., Reiswig, B., and Mceneaney, T. 1989. Lead poisoning and other mortality factors in Trumpeter Swans. Environ Toxicol Chem . 8(3): p263-271.

Surv Blus, Lawrence J., Belisle, Andre A., and Prouty, Richard M. 1974. Relations of the brown pelican to certain environmental pollutants. Pestic. Monit. J. 7(3/4): 181-94.

### Eco-SSL for Lead March 2005 87 Chem Meth Boerma, D. O., E.P. Smit, and N. Roosnek. 1989. PIXE trace-element determination and its accuracy in the analysis of bile B36. Nucl. Instrum. Methods Phys. Res. Sect . B (1) : 60-73

Nut def Bogden, J. D., Gertner, S. B., Kemp, F. W., McLe od, R., Bruening, K. S., and Chung, H. R. 1991. Dietary lead and calcium: effects on blood pre ssure and renal neoplasia in Wistar rats. J Nutr

. 121(5): 718-28.

Mix Bogden, J. D., Kemp, F. W., Han, S., Murphy, M., Fraiman, M., Czerniach, D., Flynn, C. J., Banua, M. L., Scimone, A., and Castrovilly, L. 1995. Dietary calcium and lead interact to modify maternal blood pressure, erythropoiesis, and fetal and neonatal growth in rats during pregnancy and lactation. J. Nutr . 125(4): 990-1002.

FL Bolotnikov, I. A., Malazhaev, E. D., Nikol'skii, V. M., and Smirnova, T. I. 1988. Use of complex of trace elements and iminodisuccinic acid in poultryhusbandry. <Document Title>3 Vsesoyuznoe soveshchenie po khimii i primeneniyukompleksonov i kompleksonatov metodov. Tezisy dokladov. 258-259.

Drug Bompart, G. and Orfila, C. 1990. Cisplatin ne phrotoxicity in lead-pretreated rats: enzymatic and morphological studies. Toxicol Lett . 50(2-3): 237-47.

Drug Bondarev, G. I., Anisova, A. A., and Alekseeva, T. E. 1977. [Influence of calcium on the manifestations of lead poisoning (review of th e literature)]: <Original> Vliianie kal'tsiia na proiavleniia svintsovoi intoksikatsii (obzor literatury). Vopr Pitan .(1): 58-61.

In Vit Bondy, S. C. and Agrawal, A. K. 1980. The i nhibition of cerebral high affinity receptor sites by lead and mercury compounds. Arch Toxicol . 46(3-4): 249-56.

Unrel 1998. Induction of the lung myofibroblast PDGF receptor system by urban ambient particles from Mexico City. Am. J. Respir. Cell Mol. Biol . (1998)19(4): 672-680.

Unrel_ Bono, G. Del. 1973. (Role of factories and motorways on the development of lead poisoningdistricts. Effects on animal husbandry). Atti della Societa Italiana di Buiatria . 5: 224- 230.

Lead shot Bono, G. del. and Braca, G. 1973. Lead poisoning in domestic and wild ducks. Avian Pathology. 2(No.3): 195-209.

FL Bono, G. del, Rindi, S., Braca, G., and Sivieri-Buggi ani, S. 1975. Importance of dietary factors in experimental lead poisoning of young ducks. Atti della Societa Italiana delle Scienze Veterinarie. 29: 526-529.

Fate Bonsignore, D., Calissano, P., and Cartasegna, C. 1965. [Behavior of delta-aminolevulinic dehydratase in experimental lead poisoning] : <Original> Comportamento della deltaaminolevulinico-deidratasi nell'intossicazione sperimentale da piombo. Boll Soc Ital Biol Sper

. 41(9): 443-6.

Unrel Bonucci, E. 1981. New knowledge on the origin, function and fate of osteoclasts. Clin Orthop .(158): 252-69.

No Dose Bonucci, E., Barckhaus, R. H., Silvestrini, G., Balla nti, P., and Di Lorenzo, G. 1983. Osteoclast changes induced by lead poisoning (saturnism) . Appl Pathol . 1(5): 241-50.

Org Met Booze, R. M. and Mactutus, C. F. 1990. Developmental exposure to organic lead causes

### Eco-SSL for Lead March 2005 88 permanent hippocampal damage in Fischer-344 rats. Experientia . 46(3): 292-7.

Acu Booze, R. M. and Mactutus, C. F. 1985. E xperimental design considerations: a determinant of acute neonatal toxicity. Teratology. 31(2): 187-91.

Org Met Booze, R. M.. 1984. Preferential Vulnerability of the Immature Hippocampus to Triethyl Lead: a Probe of Behavioral and Neural Development. The Johns Hopkins University

No Dose Borch-Iohnsen, Berit a, Nilssen, Kjell J, and No rheim, Gunnar. 1996. Influence of season and diet on liver and kidney content of essential elemen ts and heavy metals in Svalbard reindeer. Biological Trace Element Research . 51(3): 235-247.

Mix Bordas, E., Bretter, E., Ghelberg, N. W., and Cos tin, I. 1980. Experimental studies on the toxic effects of a complex of heavy metals including cadmium, lead, zinc, copper and iron from a surface water Source. Rev Ig Bacteriol Virusol Parazitol Epidemiol Pneumoftiziol Ser Ig. 29(1): 17-22.

Bio Acc Bornschein, RL, Fox, DA, and Michaelson, IA. 1977. Estimation of daily exposure in neonatal rats receiving lead via dams milk. Toxicol. Appl. Pharmacol . 40: 577-587.

Rev Bornschein, RL Michaelson IA Fox DA Loch R. 1977. Evaluation of animal models used to study effects of lead on neurochemistry and behavior. In: Biochemical Effects of Environmental Pollutants . 441-460.

FL Boscolo, P. , M. Carmignani, G. Porcelli, N. L’abbate, G Ripanti.. 1980. Cardiovascular function and urinary kallikrein excretion in rats chronically exposed to mercury, arsenic, lead, cadmium or cadmium and lead. Acta Med Rom ; 18 (2). 1980 (RECD. 1981). 211-217.

FL Botschafter, W. D. 1992.Effects of prenatal zinc and magnesium deficiency with additional lead exposition on postnatal development and behaviour in the rat: <Original> Auswirkungen von praenatalem Zink- und Magnesiummangel in Verbindung mit Blei-Exposition auf postnatale Entwicklung und Verhalten der Ratte

Rev Bouldin, T. W., Mushak, P., O'Tuama, L. A., and Krigman, M. R. 1975. Blood-brain barrier dysfunction in acute lead encephalopathy: a reappraisal. Environ Health Perspect . 12: 81-8.

Surv Bourne, W. R. P. The mass mortality of common murres in the irish sea in 1969. J. Wildl. Manage . 40(4): 789-792 1976 (35 References)

Unrel Bowen, M. A. An infection inhibiting urinar y catheter material. Crisp Data Base National Institutes Of Health .

Mix Boyadzhiev, V., Khalacheva, L., and Nikolova, P. 1966. Changes in the content of some amino acids in the blood and liver of albino rats fed protei n diets during experimental lead intoxication. Khig. Zdraveopaz . 9(5): 503-9.

No Org Boyer, Kenneth W. and Capar, Stephen G. 1977. Fo rtification variability in rat diets fortified with arsenic, cadmium, and lead. J. Toxicol. Environ. Health 3(4): 745-53 .

In Vit Bragadin, M., Marton, D., Murgia, M., Rizzoli, V., Scutari, G., and Deana, R. 1998. Interactions of trialkyllead compounds with rat liver mitochondria. J Inorg Biochem . 69(4): 259-62.

Bio Acc Brams, E. , Anthony, W., and Weatherspoon, L. 1989. Biological monitoring of an agricultural food chain soil cadmium and lead in ruminant tissues. J Environ Qual . 18(3): 317-323.

### Eco-SSL for Lead March 2005 89 Phys 1991. Chronic stability of bipolar epicardial plunge electrodes in dogs. Journal of Investigative Surgery. 4 (2): 153-9.

In Vitro Breen, K. C. and Regan, C. M. 1988. Lead stim ulates Golgi sialyltransferase at times coincident with the embryonic to adult conversion of the neural cell adhesion molecule (N-CAM). Toxicology . 49(1): 71-6.

FL Breitschwerdt, G. and Schmidt, K. H. 1987. Biomonitoring results help to understand population dynamics in great tits parus-major. J ORNITHOL. 128(1): p111-113.

Unrel Briones, A. V., W. Ambal, E.C. Monroyo, T. S. Bonifacio, and F. M. Sison. 1997. Seaweed tablet: a natural source of iodine. Philipp. J. Sci . (1997) 126 (3) : 221-232.

Drug Brivet, I., Chomard, P., Dumas, P., Lallemant, A. M., and Thevenin, M. 1990. Ethanol -lead interaction in the Sprague-Dawley rat . Food Addit Contam. 7 Suppl 1: S150-1.

Diss Brooks, R. E. 1972. Ultrastructural histopat hology of lungs of laboratory rats exposed to environmental agents. Oreg. State Un iv. Environ. Health Sci. Cen.: 83-84.

No Oral Brown, D. R. 1975. Neonatal lead exposure in th e rat: decreased learning as a function of age and blood lead concentrations. Toxicol. Appl. Pharmacol . 32(3): 628-637.

Surv Brown, M. J., Linton, E., and Rees, E. C. 1992. Causes of mortality among wild swans in Britain. Wildfowl. 43: 70-79.

Pb Behav Brown, S., Dragann, N., and Vogel, W. H. 1971. Effects of lead acetate on learning and memory in rats. Arch. Environ. Health. 22(3): 370-2.

Bio Acc Brueske, C. C. and Barrett, G. W. 1991. Diet ary heavy metal uptake by the least shrew cryptotisparva. Bull Environ Contam Toxicol . 47(6): 845-849.

Unrel Brzozowski, J., Kolataj, Z., Ziolkowska-Slupczyns ka, and Pachucka, E. 1966 . [Behavior of the Middlebrook-Dubos reaction under the effect of acute lead poisoning in rats]. Ann Univ Mariae Curie Sklodowska [Med]. 21: 367-73.

Prim Buchheim, K., Noack, S., Stoltenburg, G., Lilientha l, H., and Winneke, G. 1994. Developmental delay of astrocytes in hippocampus of rhesus m onkeys reflects the effect of pre- and postnatal chronic low level lead exposure. Neurotoxicology. 15(3): 665-9.

Prim Buchheim, K., Stoltenburg-Didinger, G., Lilientha l, H., and Winneke, G. 1998. Myopathy: a possible effect of chronic lo w level lead exposure. Neurotoxicology. 19(4-5): 539-545.

Phys Buchwalow, I. B., Unger, E., Schulze, W., Schon, R., and Raikhlin, N. R. 1975. Histochemistry. 44(1): 1-11.

Rev Buck, WB. 1970. Lead and organic pesticide poisoning in cattle. J. Amer. Vet. Med. Ass. 156: 1468.

Surv Buck, WB. 1975. Toxic materials and neurologic disease in cattle. J. Am. Vet Med Assoc . 166: 222-6.

Lead Shot Buerger, T. T., Mirarchi, R. W., and Lisano, M. E. 1986. Effects of lead shot ingestion on captive mourning dove zenaida-macroura survivability and reproduction. J Wildl Manage ; 50 (1). 1986. 1-8. 50(1): 1-8.

### Eco-SSL for Lead March 2005 90 FL Bukovjan, K., Hallmannova, A., Karpenko, A., and Sebesta, J. 1993. A study of heavy metals in placentae, foetuses and organs of European hare females. Biopharm (Jilove). 3(3-4): 111-116.

Surv Bukovjan, K., Wittlingerova, Z., and Cerna, E. 1997. Chemical elements in tissues and histological changes in tissues ofhares ( L. europaeus Pall .). Scientia Agriculturae Bohemica

. 28(3): 215-226.

Surv Bull, K. R. , Every, W. J., Freestone, P., Hall, J. R., Osborn, D., Cooke, A. S., and Stowe, T. 1983. Alkyl lead pollution and bird mortalities on the mersey estuary, uk, 1979-1981. Environ Pollut Ser A Ecol Biol . 31(4): 239-260.

Not Prim Bull, R. J., McCauley, P. T., Taylor, D. H., and Cr often, K. M. 1983. The effects of lead on the developing central nervous system of the rat. Neurotoxicology . 4(1): 1-17.

Chem Meth Burchiel, S. W., Hadley, W. M., Cameron, C. L ., Fincher, R. H., Lim, T. W., Elias, L., and Stewart, C. 1987. Analysis of heavy metal immunotoxicity by multiparameter flow cytometry correlation of flow cytometry and immune function data in b6cf1 mice. Int J Immunopharmacol

. 9(5): 597-610.

No Oral Burchiel, Scott W., Hadley, William M., Cameron, Carol L., Fincher, Robert H., Lim, Tae Wha,and Stewart, Carleton C. 1986. Flow cytometry Coulter volume analysis of lead- and cadmiuminduced cellular alterations in bone marrow obtained from young adult and aged Balb/c mice. Toxicol. Lett. 34(1): 89-94.

Diss Burdette, L. J. 1983. The Effects of Asymptomatic Lead Exposure During Different Developmental Stages in Rats: Behavior and Electrophysiology . 286pp.

Alt Burdette, L. J. and Goldstein, R. 1986. Long- term behavioral and electrophysiological changes associated with lead exposure at different st ages of brain development in the rat. Brain Res 394(1): 101-10.

Bio Acc Burger, J. 1996. Heavy metal and selenium levels in feathers of Franklin's gulls in interior North America. Auk . 113(2): 399-407.

Bio Acc Burger, J. 1997. Heavy metals and selenium in herring gulls (larus argentatus) nesting in colonies from eastern Long Island to Virginia. Environmental Monitoring and Assessment . 48(3): p285- 296.

Surv Burger, J. 1994. Heavy metals in av ian eggshells: another excretion Method. Journal of Toxicology and Environmental Health 41(2): 207-220.

Surv Burger, J. 1993. Metals in feathers of brown noddy (anous stolidus): evidence for bioaccumulation or exposure levels? Environ Monit Assess . 24(2): 181-187.

Herp Burger, J. and Gibbons, J. W. 1998. Trace elemen ts in egg contents and egg shells of slider turtles ( Trachemys scripta) from the Savannah River Site. Arch.Environ Contam Toxicol . 34(4): 382-386.

Bio Acc Burger, J. and Gochfeld, M. 1997. Age differences in metals in the blood of herring gull ( Larus Argentatus ) and Franklin's ( Larus Pipixcan ) gulls. Arch Environ Contamin Toxicol . 33(4): 436- 440.

Surv Burger, J. and Gochfeld, M. 1997. Age differences in metals in the blood of herring (larus argentatus) and franklin's (larus pipixcan) gulls. Archives of Environmental Contamination and Toxicology 33(4): 436-440.

### Eco-SSL for Lead March 2005 91 CP Burger, J. and Gochfeld, M. 1994. An avian model for investigating critical periods for lead exposure on neurobehavioral development. H azardous Waste and Public Health: International Congress on the Health Effects of Hazardous Waste : 598-605.

Bio Acc Burger, J. and Gochfeld, M. 1995. Biomonitori ng of heavy metals in the Pacific Basin using avian feathers. Environ Toxicol Chem . 14(7): p1233-1239.

Surv Burger, J. and Gochfeld, M. 1991. Cadmium a nd lead in common terns (aves: sterna hirundo): relationship between levels in parents and Eggs. Environ Monit Assess. 16(3): 253-258.

Bio Acc Burger, J. and Gochfeld, M. 1995. Correc tion of previews 98416034. Biomonitoring of heavy metals in the pacific basin using avian feathers. Addition and deletion of keyword. Environmental Toxicology and Chemistry 14(7): 1233-1239.

No Oral Burger, J. and Gochfeld, M. 1985. Early postnat al lead exposure: behavioral effects in common tern chicks ( Sterna hirundo ). J. Toxicol. Environ. Health . 16(6): 869-886.

Bio Acc Burger, J. and Gochfeld, M. 1995. Heavy metal and selenium concentrations in eggs of herring gulls (larus argentatus): temporal differences from 1989 to 1994. Arch Environ Contamin Toxicol. 29(2): p192-197.

Bio Acc Burger, J. and Gochfeld, M. 1997. Heavy metal a nd selenium concentrations in feathers of Egrets from Bali. Arch Environ Contam Toxicol . 32(2): p217(5).

Bio Acc Burger, J. and Gochfeld, M. 1996. Heavy metal and selenium levels in Franklin's gull (larus pipixcan) parents and their eggs. Arch Environ Contamin Toxicol . 30(4): p487-491

. Surv Burger, J. and Gochfeld, M. 1993 . Lead and cadmium accumulation in eggs and fledgling seabirds in the new york bight. Environ Toxicol Chem . 12(2): 261-267.

No Oral Burger, J. and Gochfeld, M. 1997. Lead and ne urobehavioral development in gulls: a model for understanding effects in the laboratory and the field. Neurotoxicology . 18(2): 495-506.

Surv Burger, J. and Gochfeld, M. 1988-1989. Metals in tern eggs in a New Jersey estuary usa a decade of change. Environ Monit Assess . 11(2): 127-136.

Surv Burger, J. and Gochfeld, M. 1992. Trace elemen t distribution in growing feathers: additional excretion in feather sheaths. Archives of Environmental Contamination and Toxicology . 23(1): 105-108.

Surv Burger, J., Lavery, M. H., and Gochfeld, M. 1994. Temporal changes in lead levels in common tern feathers in new york and relationship of field levels to adverse effects in the laboratory. Environm. Toxicol. Chem . 13(4): 581-586.

Surv Burger, J., Marquez, M., and Gochfeld, M. 1994. Heavy metals in the hair of opossum from Palo Verde, Costa Rica. Arch Environ Contam Toxicol . 27(4): 472-6.

Bio Acc Burger, J. , Parsons, K., Benson, T., Shukla, T., Rothstein, D., and Gochfeld, M. 1992. Heavy metal and selenium levels in young cattle egrets from nesting colonies in the northeastern United States, Puerto Rico, and Egypt. Arch Environ Contam Toxicol . 23(4): 435-9.

Bio Acc Burger, J., Reilly, S. M., and Gochfeld, M. 1992. Comparison of lead levels in bone, feathers, and liver of herring gull chicks (larus Argentatus). Pharmacol Biochem Behav ; 41 (2). 1992. 289-293.

### Eco-SSL for Lead March 2005 92 Bio Acc Burger, J. , Rodgers, J. A. Jr, and Gochfeld, M. 1993. Heavy metal and selenium levels in endangered wood storks Mycteria americana from ne sting colonies in Florida and Costa Rica. Arch Environ Contam Toxicol . 24(4): 417-20.

Surv Burger, J., Shukla, T., Benson, T ., and Gochfeld, M. 1997. Lead levels in exposed herring gulls: differences in the field and laboratory. Toxicol Ind Health . 13(2-3): 193-202.

Bio Acc Burger, J., Woolfenden, G. E., and Gochfeld, M. 1999. Metal concentrations in the eggs of endangered florida scrub-jays from central florida. Archives of Environmental Contamination and Toxicology 37(3): 385-388.

No Oral Burger, J. and M. Gochfield. 2003. Lead in young herring gullls: paradoxical effects of exercise on tissue concentrations. Journal of Toxicology and Environmental Health Part A. 66: 181-197.

Bio Acc Burger, J. Rutgers University Piscataway NJ and Gochfeld, M. Environmental and Occupational Health Sciences Institute Piscataway NJ. Hea vy Metal and Selenium Levels in Franklin's Gull ( Larus pipixcan ). Arch Environ Contam Toxicol . 30(4): 487.

No Oral Burkhanov, A. I. and Bazeliuk, L. T. 1985. [B iological action of the dust from lead-barite ore]: <Original> Biologicheskoe deistvie pyli svintsovo-ba ritovoi rudy. Gig Tr Prof Zabol.(4): 30-3.

Pb Behav Burright, R. G., Engellenner, W. J., and Donovick , P. J. 1983. Lead exposure and agonistic behavior of adult mice of two ages. Physiol Behav 30(2): 285-8.

No Dose Burright, R. G., Engellenner, W. J., and Donovick, P. J. 1989. Postpartum aggression and plasma prolactin levels in mice exposed to lead. Physiol Behav . 46(5): 889-93.

Mix Burrows, G and Borchard R. 1982. Experimental lead toxicosis in ponies: comparison of the effects of smelter effluent-contaminated hay and lead acetate. American Journal of Veterinary Research . 43: 2129-2133.

Prim Bushnell, P. J. and Bowman, R. E. 1979. Pe rsistence of impaired reversal learning in young monkeys exposed to low levels of dietary lead. J. Toxicol. Environ. Health . 5(6): 1015-23.

Prim Bushnell, P. J. and Bowman, R. E. 1979. Reve rsal learning deficits in young monkeys exposed to lead. Pharmacol Biochem Behav. 10(5): 733-42.

Drug Bushnell, P. J. and Levin, E. D. 1983. Effects of zinc deficiency on lead toxicity in rats. Neurobehav. Toxicol. Teratol. 5(3): 283-288.

Lead Shot Butler, D. 1990. The incidence of lead shot ingestion by waterfowl in ireland. IR NAT J . 23(8): 309-313.

Surv Butler, JE, Nisbet, DI, and Robertson, JM. 1957. Osteoporosis in lambs in a lead mining area. I. A study of the naturally occurring disease. J. Comp. Pathol . 67: 378.

No Oral Butt, E. M., Pearson, H. E., and Simonsen , D. G. 1952. Production of meningoceles and cranioschisis in chick embryos with lead nitrate. Proc Soc Exp Biol Med. 79: 247-249.

Gene Buxton, Paul G, Kostakopoulou, Konstadina, Br ickell, Paul, Thorogood, Pe ter, Ferretti, Patrizia (A). 1997. Expression of the transcription fact or slug correlates with growth of the limb bud and is regulated by fgf-4 and retinoic acid. International Journal of Developmental Biology . 41 (4) : 559-568

No COC Byron, K. , Young, G. A., Khazan, N. And Hong, O. 1985. Suppression of PCP-induced

### Eco-SSL for Lead March 2005 93 behavioral arousal in the rat by yohimbine pretreatment. European Journal of Pharmacology. 117 (2) : 271-3

Species Caballero-Cordoba, Glenys M., Pacheco, Maria Tere sa B., and Sgarbieri, Valdemiro C. 1997. Chemical composition of yeast biomass (Saccharomy ces sp.) and protein nutritive value of integral or mechanically ruptured cells. Cienc. Tecnol. Aliment . 17(2): 102-106 .

Bio Acc Cahill, T. M., Anderson, D. W., Elbert, R. A., Pe rley, B. P., and Johnson, D. R. 1998. Elemental profiles in feather samples from a mercury-cont aminated lake in central California. Arch. Environ. Contam. Toxicol . 35(1): 75-81 .

Lead Shot Caithness, T. A. 1974. Lead poisoning in waterfowl. Wildl Rev N Z Wildl Serv . 5: 16-19.

HHE Calabrese, E. J. 1979. Does exposure to el evated levels of lead enhance sodium induced hypertension? Med Hypotheses. 5(7): 817-24.

No Control Calvery, H. O. E. P. Laug and H. J. Morris. 1938. The chronic effects on dogs of feeding diets containing lead acetate, lead arsenate and arseni c trioxide in varying concentrations. J. Pharmacol. Exp. Ther . 64: 364-387.

No Dose Campbell, J. B., Woolley, D. E., Vijayan, V. K., and Overmann, S. R. 1982. Morphometric effects of postnatal lead exposure on hippocampa l development of the 15-day-old rat. Brain Res. 255(4): 595-612.

Diss Campbell, Jerrolynn Beth. 1981. Morphometric Alterations of the Hippocampal Formation in 15- and 90-day-old Rats Following Early Postnatal Exposure to Low Levels of Lead . 162.

Org Met Cannon, HL and Bowles, JM. 1962. Contamin ation of vegetables by tetraethyl lead. Science. 137: 765.

Mix Capar, Stephen G. and Boyer, Kenneth W. 1977. Fortification variability in rat diet fortified with arsenic, cadmium, and lead. Journal of Toxicology and Environmental Health . 3(4 ): 745.

Lead Shot Carlson, B. L. and Nielsen, S. W. 1985. Infl uence of dietary calcium on lead poisoning in mallard ducks ( Anas platyrynchos ). Am J Vet Res. 46(1): 276-82.

Model Carmichael, NG, Winder, C, and Lewis, PD. 1981. Dose response relationships during perinatal lead administration in the rat: A model for the study of lead effects on brain development. Toxicology. 21: 117-128.

No Oral Carpenter, S. J. and Ferm, V. H. 1977. Em bryopathic effects of lead in the hamster: a morphologic analysis. Lab. Invest . 37(4): 369-385.

Lead Shot Carrington, M. E. and Mirarchi, R. E. 1991. I ngested lead shot may affect survival of wild mourning doves. Highlights of Agricultural Research - Alabama Agricultural Experiment Station. 38(3): 15.

No Dose Carson, T. L., Van Gelder, G. A., Karas, G. C., and Buck, W. B. 1974. Slowed learning in lambs prenatally exposed to lead. Arch.Environ Health . 29(3): 154-156.

Drug Carter, R. B. and Leander, J. D. 1980. Chr onic Low-Level Lead Exposure: Effects on ScheduleControlled Responding Revealed by Drug Challenge. Neurobehav. Toxicol . 2(4): 345-353.

Surv Casati, R. M., Vazhapilly, P., Cappa, V., and Tonna , M. 1988. Effect of supplementing the diet

### Eco-SSL for Lead March 2005 94 with heavy metals on the mineral content of rabbits . Annali della Facolta di Agraria, Universita Cattolica del Sacro Cuore Milano . 28(2): 241-269.

Mix Casati, Rodoleo Mario, Vazhapilly, Paul, Cappa, Vittorio, Tonna, Mauro. 1988. Effects of heavy metal-supplemented diets on the mineral contents in rabbits. Ann. Fac. Agrar. (Univ. Cattol. Sacro Cuore) (1988). 28 (2) : 241-69

Lead Shot Castrale, J. 1989. Availability of spent lead s hot in fields managed for mourning dove hunting. Wildl Soc Bull. 17(2): 184-188.

Unrel Catalano, P. J., McDaniel, K. L., and Moser, V. C. 1997. The IPCS Collaborative Study on Neurobehavioral Screening Methods: VI. Ag reement and reliability of the data. Neurotoxicology. 18(4): 1057-64.

Nut Def Cerklewski, F. L. 1983. Influence of maternal magnesium deficiency on tissue lead content of
rats. J Nutr . 113(7): 1443-7.

Mix Cerklewski, F. L. and Forbes, R. M. 1976. Influen ce of dietary zinc on lead toxicity in the rat. J. Nutr . 106(5 ): 689.

Mix Cerklewski, Florian L. and Forbes, Richard M. 1977. Infuence of dietary copper on lead toxicity in the young male rat. J. Nutr. 107(1): 143-6.

Unrel Cerradelo S and Guitart R. 1990. Intoxicacion por plomo en aves acuaticas. Quercus. 57: 12- 14.

Lead Shot Cerradelo S, Munoz E, To Figueras J, Mateo R, and Guitart R. 1992. Intoxicacion for ingestion de perdigones de plomo en dos aguilas Reales. Donana Acta Vertebrata . 19(1-2): 122-127.

FL Ceska, V. 1986. Food stress and poisons form th e limits of maximum stress of an organism. Beitr Naturkd Wetterau . 6(2): 195-198.

Abstract Chah, C. C., Britton, W. M., and Jensen, L. S. Effects of dietary lead on broiler performance and development of perosis and hypertension.. Poultry Science . 55 (5). 1976 2017-2018

Abstract Chah, C. C., Britton, W. M., and Jensen, L. S. 1976. Effects of dietary lead on broiler performance and development of perosis and hyptertension. Poultry Science . 55(5): 2017-2018.

FL Chaika, P. A. 1968. [Effect of cobalt and coppe r salts on the toxic action of lead on the animal organism]: <Original> O vliianii solei kobal'ta i medi pri toksicheskom vozdeistvii svintsa na organizm zhivotnykh. Vopr Pitan . 27(6): 29-33.

No Oral Chang, C. C. , H. J. Tatum, and F.A. Kincl. 1970. Effect of intrauterine copper and other metals on implantation in rats and hamsters. Fertil Steril 21274-278.

Mix Chapin, Robert E., Phelps, Jerry L., Schwetz, Bernard A., and Yang, Raymond S. H. Toxicology studies of a chemical mixture of 25 groundwater contaminants. III. Male reproduction study in B6C3F1 mice. Fundam. Appl. Toxicol . (1989) 13(3): 388-98 .

Unrel Charyev, O. G., Krasovsky, G. N., and Lamentova, T. G. 1979. Problem of atherogenic action of lead. Gigiena I Sanitariya . 2: 9-12.

Lead Shot Chasko, G. G., Hoehn, T. R., and Howell-Heller P. 1984. Toxicity of Lead Shot to Wild Black Ducks and Mallards Fed Natural. Bull Environ Contam Toxicol . 32(4): 417(12).

### Eco-SSL for Lead March 2005 95 Species Che R.G.O. and Cheung S.G. 1998. Heavy metals in Metapenaeus ensis, Eriocheir sinensis and sediment from the Mai Po marshes, Hong Kong. Sci. Total Environ 214(1-3): pp. 87-97.

Drug Cheadle, W. G., Ausobsky, J. R., Trachtenberg, L. S., Lamont, P., and Polk, H. C. Jr. 1986. Effects of muramyl dipeptide and lead acetate on carbon clearance and endotoxin-induced mortality in mice. Am Surg . 52(11): 613-7.

No Dose Chen, H. H., Ma, T., and Ho, I. K. 1999. Protein kinase C in rat brain is altered by developmental lead exposure. Neurochem Res . 24(3): 415-21 .

Pb Behav Chen, H. H., Ma, T., Paul, I. A., Spencer, J. L., and Ho, I. K. 1997. Developmental lead exposure and two-way active avoidance training alter the dist ribution of protein kinase C activity in the rat hippocampus. Neurochem Res 22(9): 1119-25.

No Org Chen, M, Ma, LQ, and Harris, WG. 1999. Baseline Concentrations of 15 Trace Elements in Florida Surface Soils. J. Environ. Quality . 28: 1173-1181.

Abstract Chen, R. W., Whanger, P. D., and Weswig, P. H. Rat liver metallo thionein relationship to metal metabolism. Federation Proceedings . 34 (3). 1975 927

No Oral Chen, S. S., Dziuk, P. J., and Francis, B. M. 1994. Effect of four environmental toxicants on plasma Ca and estradiol 17beta and hepatic P450 in laying hens. Environ Toxicol Chem . 135: 789-796.

No Oral Chen, S. W., Dziuk, P. J., and Francis, B. M. 1994. Effect of four environmental toxicants on plasma Ca and estradiol. Environ. Toxicol. Chem . 13(5): 789(8).

Drug Chen, Suping, Golemboski, Karen A., Sanders, Forrest S., and Dietert, Rodney R. 1999. Persistent Effect of In Utero Meso-2,3-dimercap tosuccinic Acid (DMSA). Toxicol. 132(1): 67(13).

No Dose Chen, Hh and Chan, Mh. 2002. Developmental Lead Exposure Differentially Alters the Susceptibility to Chemoconvulsants in Rats. Toxicology. 173: 249-257. Ref ID: 20969

Bio Acc Cheney, M. A., Hacker, C. S., and Schroder, G. D. 1981. Bioaccumulation of lead and cadmium in the Louisiana heron ( Hydranassa tricolor ) and the cattle egret ( Bubulcus ibis ). Ecotoxicol Environ Saf. 5(2): 211-24.

Drug Cheshmedjieva, S. and Stanchev, H. 1996. Infl uence of dietary cadmium and lead on the liver lipid composition ingrowing lambs. Bulgarian Journal of Agricultural Science . 2(4): 513-517.

Surv Chmiel, K. M. and Harrison, R. M. 1981. Lead content of small mammals at a roadside site in relation to the pathways of exposure. Sci. Total Environ . 17(2): 145-154.

No Oral Chmielnicka, J., Zareba, G., and Nasiadek, M. 1994. Combined Effect of Tin and Lead on Heme Biosynthesis in Rats. Ecotoxicol Environ Saf . 29(2): 165(9).

Surv Cho, T. H., Chung, G. S., Son, S. W., Park, K. S ., and Park, J.M. 1985. Residue of harmful heavy metals in feedstuff for broiler chicken. Res Rep Rural Dev Adm (Suweon) . 27

Lead Shot Choi, J. S., Jung, W. H., Youn, K. S., and Lee, D. P. 1994. Heavy metal concentrations of some game species captured in kyeongsangnam-do, korea. Journal of Korean Forestry Society. 83(1): 6-11.

### Eco-SSL for Lead March 2005 96 No Oral Chowdhury, A. R. and Ravella, V. 1986. Altera tion of male reproductive organs of rats exposed to lead. Arch. Biol . 97(4): 475-483.

FL Chudik, I. and Mankovska, B. 1989. Industrial air pollution and Wildlife. Lesnictvi (Prague). 35(1): 65-76.

Lead Shot Cibulka, J., Trefny, D., Sova, Z., Mader, P., Muzikar, V., Podhorsky, M., and Lavicka, M. 1987. [Experimental modification of the resorption process and lead deposition in the body of the domestic duck]: <Original> Studium der experime ntellen Beeinflussung des Resorptionsprozesses und der Bleideposition im Organismus der Hausenten. Tierarztl Prax. 15(2): 155-9.

Mix Cikrt, Miroslav//Blaha, Karel//Nerudova, Jana //Bittnerova, Daniela//Jehlickova, Helena. 1992. Distribution and excretion of cadmium and nickel after simultaneous exposure and the effect of Nbenzyl-D-glucamine dithiocarbamate on their biliary and urinary excretion . J. Toxicol. Environ. Health . 35(4): 211-20.

Bio Acc Clark, D. R. Jr. 1979. Lead Concentrations: Ba ts vs Terrestrial Small Mammals collected Near a Major Highway. Environ Sci Tech . 13(3): 338-341.

Surv Clark, D. R. Jr. 1992. Organochlorines and heavy metals in 17-year cicadas pose no apparent dietary threat to Birds. Environ Monit Assess . 20(1): 47-54.

Surv Clark Jr, DR, Foerster, KS, Marn, CM, and Ho them, RL. 1992. Uptake of environmental contaminants by small mammals in pickleweed habitats at San Francisco Bay, CA. Arch. Environ Contam Toxicol . 22: 389-396.

Rev Clarkson, T. W. 1977. Factors involved in heavy metal poisoning. Fed Proc . 36(5): 1634- 1639.

Rev Clarkson, TW, Nordberg, GF, and Sager, PR. 1985. Reproductive and developmental toxicity of metals. Scandinavian Journal of Work Environmenta and Health . 11: 145-54.

Prim Clasen, R. A., Hartmann, J. F., Coogan, P. S., Pandolfi, S., Laing, I., and Becker, R. A. 1974. Experimental acute lead encephalopathy in the juvenile rhesus monkey. Environ Health Perspect . 7: 175-85.

No Dose Clasen, R. A., Hartmann, J. F., Starr, A. J., Cooga n, P. S., Pandolfi, S., La ing, I., Becker, R., and Hass, G. M. 1974. Electron microscopic and chem ical studies of the vascular changes and edema of lead encephalopathy. A comparative study of the human and experimental disease. Am.J Pathol . 74(2): 215-240.

Lead Shot Clausen, B. and Wolstrup, C. 1979. Lead pois oning in game from Denmark [mallard, mute swan, waterfowl, lead shot, pellets, Denm ark, gizzard]. Monograph. 11(2)

Rev Clegg, D. J. JR. 1971. Embryotoxicity of chemical contaminants of foods. Food Cosmet. Toxicol . 9(12): 195-205.

No Dose Clegg, FG and Rylands, JM. 1966. Osteopor osis and hydronephrosis of young lambs following the ingestion of lead. J. Comp. Pathol. Ther . 76: 15.

Lead Shot Clemens, E. T., Krook, L., Aronson, A. L., and Stevens, C. E. 1975. Pathogenesis of lead shot poisoning in the mallard duck. Cornell Vet . 65(2): 248-85.

Surv Cloutier, N. R., Clulow, F. V., Lim, T. P., and Dave, N. K. 1985. Metal copper nickel iron cobalt

### Eco-SSL for Lead March 2005 97 zinc lead and radium-226 levels in meadow vol es Microtus-pennsylvanicus living on nickel and uranium mine tailings in Ontario Canada environmental and tissue levels. Environ Pollut Ser B Chem Phys . 10(1): 19-46.

Surv Cloutier, N. R., Clulow, F. V., Lim, T. P., and Dave, N. K. 1986. Metal copper nickel iron cobalt zinc lead and radium-226 levels in tissues of meadow voles Microtus-pennsylvanicus living on nickel and uranium mine tailings in Ontario Canada site sex age and season effects with calculation of average skeletal radiation dose. Environ Pollut Ser a Ecol Biol . 41(4): 295-314.

Diss Cobo, J. M., Valdez, J. G., and Gurley, L. R. 1994.Inhibition of mitotic-specific histone phophorylation by sodium arsenite. LA-UR-94-3210; CONF-9409234-1

No Control Coburn, DR, Metzler, DW, and Treichler, R. 1951. A study of absorption and retention of lead in wild water fowl in relation to clinical evidence of lead poisoning. J. Wild. Manage . 15: 186.

CP Cohen, A. H., Khalil-manesh, F., Gonick, H. C ., Alinovi, R. , Bergamaschi, E., and Mutti, A. 1991. Lead nephropathy sequential observations on development of structural alterations and correlation with function. 24th Annual Meeti ng of the American Society of Nephrology (Asn) November 17-20, 1991 J Am Soc Nephrol . 2(3): 660.

Rev Cohen, MD, Bowser, DH, and Costa, M. 1996. Chapter 16: Carcinogenicity and genotoxicity of Lead, Beryllium, and Other Metals. In: Chang, Louis W., Ed. Toxicology of Metals . 253-284.

Drug Cohn, J. and Cory-Slechta, D. A. 1994. Assessmen t of the role of dopaminergic systems in leadinduced learning impairments using a repeated acquisition and performance baseline. Neurotoxicology. 15(4): 913-26.

Drug Cohn, J. and Cory-Slechta, D. A. 1994. L ead exposure potentiates the effects of NMDA on repeated learning. Neurotoxicol Teratol . 16(5): 455-65.

Drug Cohn, J. and Cory-Slechta, D. A. 1993. Subs ensitivity of lead-exposed rats to the accuracyimpairing and rate-altering effects of MK-801 on a multiple schedule of repeated learning and performance. Brain Res . 600(2): 208-18.

Pb Behav Cohn, J., Cox, C., and Cory-Slechta, D. A. 1993. The effects of lead exposure on learning in a multiple repeated acquisition and performance schedule. Neurotoxicology 14(2-3): 329-46.

Lead Shot Cohn, J. P. 1985. Lead shot poisons bald eagles. Bioscience . 35(8): 474-476.

Mineral Coldwell, J. R.//Gensler, E. C. 1994. Minerals Yearbook. 17 pp.

CP Cole, LJ and Bachhuber, LJ. 1914. Proc. Soc. Exp. Biol. Med. 12: 24.

Diss Coleman, James Curt. 1984. Effects of Maternal Lead Exposure on Central Nervous System Maturation in Postnatal Rats. 73pp. Univ. Utah, Salt Lake City, UT Prim Colle, A., Grimaud, J. A., Boucherat, M., and Manuel, Y. 1980. Lead poisoning in monkeys: functional and histopathological alterations of the kidneys. Toxicology. 18(2): 145-58.

Bio Acc Collins, C. T. 1992. Metals in eggs of the ca lifornia least tern in southern california. Bull South Calif Acad Sci. 91 (2): 49-54.

No Dose Collins, M. F., Hrdina, P. D., Whittle, E., and Singha l, R. L. 1984. The effects of low-level lead exposure in developing rats: changes in circadian locomotor activity and hippocampal noradrenaline turnover. Can J Physiol Pharmacol 62(4): 430-5.

### Eco-SSL for Lead March 2005 98 Bio Acc Collins, MF, Hrdina, PD, Whittle, E, and Singal, RL. 1982. Lead in blood and brain regions of rats chronically exposed to low levels of the metal. Toxicol. Appl. Pharmacol . 65: 314-22.

Unrel Comp, P. C., Jacocks, R. M., Ferrell, G. L., and Esm on, C. T. Activation of protein c in-vivo. J Journal of Clinical Investigation . 70 (1). 1982. 127-134.

CP Conradi, N. G., Kalimo, H., and Sourander, P. 1990. Cerebellar capillarization in lead-exposed suckling Rats. Third Northern Lights Neuros cience Symposium on Virus and the Brain Held at the 14th Annual Meeting of the Scandinavian Society of Neuropathology. Acta Neurol Scand. 81(3): 256.

Mix Constan, A. A., Benjamin, S. A., Tessari, J. D., Baker, D. C., and Yang, R. S. 1996. 1995 STP Young Investigator Award recipient. Increased ra te of apoptosis correlates with hepatocellular proliferation in Fischer-344 rats following l ong-term exposure to a mixture of groundwater contaminants. Toxicologic pathology 24(3): 315-22.

Mix Constan, A. A., Yang, R. S., Baker, D. C., and Benjamin, S. A. 1995. A unique pattern of hepatocyte proliferation in F344 rats following l ong-term exposures to low levels of a chemical mixture of groundwater contaminants. Carcinogenesis 16(2): 303-10.

Mix Constan, A. A(A), Benjamin, S. A., Yang, R. S. H., Tessari, J. D., and Baker, D. C. 1995. Increased rate of apoptosis correlates with hepato cellular proliferation in fischer-344 rats following long-term, low-level exposure to a mixt ure of groundwater contaminants. Toxicologic Pathology 23(6): 755-756.

Mix Constan Alexander A(A), Benjamin Stephen A, Tessari John D, Baker Dalec. , and Yang Raymond S H. 1996. Increased rate of apoptosis correlates with hepatocellular proliferation in fischer-344 rats following long-term exposure to a mixture of groundwater contaminants. Toxicologic Pathology 24(3): 315-322.

Bio Acc Cooke, J. A., Andrews, S. M., and Johnson, M. S. 1990. The Accumulation of Lead, Zinc, Cadmium and Fluoride in the Wood Mouse. Water Air Soil Pollut. 51(1-2): p 55(9).

Bio Acc Cooke, J. A., Andrews, S. M., and Johnson, M. S. 1990. The accumulation of lead, zinc, cadmium and fluoride in the wood mouse ( Apodemus sylvaticus L .). Water Air, Soil Pollut

. 51(1-2): 55-63 .

Bio Acc Cooke, J. A., Andrews, S. M., and Johnson, M. S. 1990. Lead zinc cadmium and fluoride in small mammals from contaminated grassland established on fluorspar Tailings. Water Air Soil Pollut

. 51(1-2): 43-54.

CP Cooper, G. P., Fox, D. A., Howell, W. E., Laurie , R. D., Tsang, W., Lewkowski, J. P., <EDITOR> Merigan, William H. Ed, and Weiss, Bernard Ed. 1980. Visual evoked responses in rats exposed to heavy metals. Neurotoxic. Visual Sy st., (Rochester Int. Conf. Environ. Toxic.)

Alt Cooper, GP and Steinberg, D. 1977. Effects of cadmium and lead on adrenergic transmission in the rabbit. Am. J. Physiol . 232: C128-C131.

No Org Corder, C. N. , H. Pathak, A. Kumar and A. Wells. 1984. The effects of sodium o vanadate noradrenaline and angiotensin ii on isolated perfuse d rat kidney glomerular tuft diameter. Indian Journal of Physiology and Pharmacology. 27 (3). 1983 (Recd. 1984). 193-199.

Mix Corpas, I. and Antonio, M. T. 1998. Study of alterations produced by cadmium and cadmium/lead administration during gestational a nd early lactation periods in the reproductive organs of the rat. Ecotoxicol Environ Saf. 41(2): 180-8.

### Eco-SSL for Lead March 2005 99 FL Corpas, I., Benito, M. J., and Antonio, M. T. 1996. Hepatic and renal alterations in newborn rats induced by prenatal and early lactational exposure to lead and/or cadmium. Rev. Toxicol

. 13(2/3): 76-82.

Org Met Corsi, G. and Saia, B. 1969. Behavior of serot onin in the brain of rabbits poisoned with tetraethyl lead. Med. Lav . 60(6-7): 458-64.

Surv Cory-Slechta, D. A. 1990. Alterations in tissu e Pb distribution and hematopoietic indices during advanced age. Arch Toxicol. 64(1): 31-7.

Pb Behav Cory-Slechta, D. A. 1988. Chronic low-level l ead exposure: behavioral consequences, biological exposure indices and reversibility. Sci Total Environ . 71(3): 433-40.

Pb Behav Cory-Slechta, D. A. 1990. Exposure duration modi fies the effects of low level lead of fixedinterval performance. Neurotoxicology 11(3): 427-41.

Surv Cory-Slechta, D. A. 1990. Lead exposure duri ng advanced age: alterations in kinetics and biochemical effects. Toxicol Appl Pharmacol . 104(1): 67-78.

Drug Cory-Slechta, D. A. 1995. MK-801 subsens itivity following postweaning lead exposure. Neurotoxicology. 16(1): 83-95.

Drug Cory-Slechta, D. A. 1997. Postnatal lead exposure and MK-801 sensitivity. Neurotoxicology. 18(1): 209-20.

Pb Behav Cory-Slechta, D. A. 1986. Prolonged lead exposure and fixed ratio performance. Neurobehav Toxicol Teratol 8(3): 237-44.

Drug Cory-Slechta, D. A. 1997. Relationships betw een Pb-induced changes in neurotransmitter system function and behavioral toxicity. Neurotoxicology. 18(3): 673-88.

Drug Cory-Slechta, D. A., Flaugher, C. L., Evans, S. B., Pokora, M. J., and Greenamyre, J. T. 1997. Susceptibility of adult rats to lead-induced changes in NMDA receptor complex function. Neurotoxicol Teratol . 19(6): 517-30.

In Vit Cory-Slechta, D. A., Garcia-Osuna, M., and Green amyre, J. T. 1997. Lead-induced changes in NMDA receptor complex binding: correlations with learning accuracy and with sensitivity to learning impairments caused by MK-801 and NMDA administration. Behav Brain Res . 85(2): 161-74.

Drug Cory-Slechta, D. A., O'Mara, D. J., and Brocke l, B. J. 1998. Nucleus accumbens dopaminergic medication of fixed interval schedule-controlle d behavior and its modulation by low-level lead
exposure. J Pharmacol Exp Ther . 286(2): 794-805.

Alt Cory-Slechta, D. A. and Pokora, M. J. 1991. Behavioral manifestations of prolonged lead exposure initiated at different stages of the lif e cycle: I. Schedule-controlled responding. Neurotoxicology 12(4): 745-60.

Phys Cory Slechta, D. A. and Pokora, M. J. 1995. Lead-induced changes in muscarinic cholinergic sensitivity. Neurotoxicology . 16(2): 337-348.

Phys Cory-Slechta, D. A., Pokora, M. J., Fox, R. A. V., and O'mara, D. J. 1996. Lead-induced changes in dopamine D SUB 1 sensitivity : Modulation by drug discrimination training. Neurotoxicology : (Park Forest South). 17(2): 445-457.

### Eco-SSL for Lead March 2005 100 Mix Cory Slechta, D. A., Pokora, M. J., and Preston, R. A. 1996. The effects of dopamine agonists on fixed interval schedule-controlled behavior are se lectively altered by low-level lead exposure. Neurotoxicol. Teratol. 18(5): 565-575.

Pb Behav Cory-Slechta, D. A., Pokora, M. J., and Widzowsk i, D. V. 1991. Behavioral manifestations of prolonged lead exposure initiated at different st ages of the life cycle: II. Delayed spatial alternation. Neurotoxicology 12(4): 761-76.

Pb Behav Cory-Slechta, D. A., Weiss, B., and Cox, C. 1983. Delayed behavioral toxicity of lead with increasing exposure concentration. Toxicol Appl Pharmacol . 71(3): 342-52.

Pb Behav Cory-Slechta, D. A., Weiss, B., and Cox, C. 1985. Performance and exposure indices of rats exposed to low concentrations of lead. Toxicol Appl Pharmacol . 78(2): 291-9.

Surv Cory-Slechta, D. A., Weiss, B., and Cox, C. 1989. Tissue distribution of Pb in adult vs. old rats: a pilot study. Toxicology. 59(2): 139-50.

Drug Cory-Slechta, D. A. and Widzowski, D. V. 1991. Low level lead exposure increases sensitivity to the stimulus properties of dopamine D1 and D2 agonists. Brain Res . 553(1): 65-74.

Phys Cory Slechta, D. A., Widzowski, D. V., and P okora, M. J. 1993. Functional alterations in dopamine systems assessed using drug discrimination procedures. Neurotoxicology. 14(2-3): 105-114.

Mix Cory-Slechta, D. A. a, Pokora, M. J., and J ohnson, J. L. 1996. Postweaning lead exposure enhances the stimulus properties of n-methyl-d -aspartate: possible dopaminergic involvement? Neurotoxicology (Little Rock) . 17(2): 509-521.

Model Costa, L. G. and Fox, D. A. 1983. A selective decrease of cholinergic muscarinic receptors in the visual cortex of adult rats following developmental lead exposure. Brain Res 276(2): 259-66.

Species Cottenie, A. 1972. Effect of soil enrichment w ith mineral elements and fertilizers onsurface water and plants. Qualitas Plantarum et Materiae Vegetabiles. 22 (1) : 37-53

Org Met Cragg, B. and Rees, S. 1984. Increased body:br ain weight ratio in developing rats after low exposure to organic lead. Exp Neurol . 86(1): 113-21.

Bio Acc Craig, T. H., Connelly, J. W., Craig, E. H., a nd Parker, T. L. 1990. Lead concentrations in Golden and Bald eagles. Wilson Bulletin. 102(1): 130-133.

Unrel Cremer, Michel, Weber, Olivier, and Jouanneau , Jean-Marie. 1999. Sedimentology of box cores from the Cap- Ferret Canyon area (Bay of Biscay). Deep-Sea Res . Part II 46(10): 2221-2247

FL Creteanu, Emilia, Creteanu, H., Ionut, Carmen, a nd Vlad, Mariana. 1997. Calcium, magnesium, copper and zinc modifications in rats exposed to lead with supplemental dietary fiber intake. Clujul Med. 70(3): 425-430 .

No Dose Crofton, K. M., Taylor, D. H., Bull, R. J., Sivulka, D. J., and Lutkenhoff, S. D. 1980. Developmental delays in exploration and locomotor activity in male rats exposed to low level lead.

Life Sci 26(10): 823-31.

Prim Crossland, W. J. //Hu, X. J. //Rafols, J. A. 1994. Morphological study of the rostral interstitial nucleus of the medial longitudinal fasciculus in the monkey, Macaca mulatta, by Nissl, Golgi, and computer reconstruction and rotation methods. Journal of Comparative Neurology. 347 (1) : 47-

### Eco-SSL for Lead March 2005 101 63.

Bio Acc Cruwys, E. , K. Robinson, and N. R. Davis. 1994. Microprobe analysis of trace metals in seal teeth from svalbard greenland and south georgia Polar Record. 30 (172): 49-52.

Prim Cullen, C., Singh, A., Dykeman, A., Rice, D., and Foster, W. 1993. Chronic lead exposure induces ultrastructural alterations in the monkey seminal vesicle. J Submicrosc Cytol Pathol. 25(1): 127-35.

Fate Cupo, M. A. and Donaldson, W. E. 1988. Eff ects of lead and niacin on tryptophan and serotonin metabolism. Drug-Nutr Interact . 5(4 ): 297-308.

No Dose Currie, D. and Valkama, J. 1998. Limited effects of heavy metal pollution on foraging and breeding success in the Curlew ( Numenius Arquata ). Environmental Pollution . 101(2): 253- 261.

Surv Custer, T. W. and Mitchell, C. A. 1993. Trace elements and organochlorines in the shoalgrass community of the lower laguna madre, texas. Environ Monit Assess 25(3): 235-246.

Surv Custer, Thomas W. and Hohman, William L. 1994. Trace elements in canvasbacks (Aythya valisineria) wintering in Louisiana, USA, 1987-1988. Environ. Pollut . 84(3): 253-9 .

HHE Cutler, M. G. 1977. Effects of exposure to lead on social behaviour in the laboratory mouse. Psychopharmacology (Berl). 52(3): 279-82.

Species Cyriac, P. J., Antony, A., and Nambisan, P. N. K. 1989. Hemoglobin and hematocrit values in the fish oreochromis-mossambicus peters after shor t term exposure to copper and mercury. Bull Environ Contam Toxicol . 43(2): 315-320.

Org Met Czech, D. A. and Hoium, E. 1984. Some aspects of feeding and locomotor activity in adult rats exposed to tetraethyllead. Neurobehav. Toxicol. Teratol . 6(5): 357-61.

Bio Acc Dacre, J. C. and Ter Haar, G. L. 1977. Lead leve ls in tissues from rats fed soils containing lead. Arch . Environ. Contam. Toxicol . 6(1): 111-119.

No Dose Dalldorf, G and Williams, RR. 1945. Science. 102: 668.

Lead Shot Damron, B. L. and Wilson, H. R. 1975. Lead toxicity of bobwhite quail. Bull Environ Contam Toxicol . 14(4): 489-9.

Unrel Danscher, G. and J. O. Rytter Norgaard. 1985. Ultrastructural autometallography: a method for silver amplification of catalytic metals. Journal of Histochemistry and Cytochemistry. 33 (7): 706-10

Not Avail Dantzer, R. and Camguilhem, R. 1979. Behavior al alterations induced by post-natal exposure to lead in rats. C. R. Seances Soc. Biol. Ses Fil . 173(3): 592-9.

Plant Darmody, Robert G., Green, William P., and Dreher , Gary B. 1998. Coal slurry solids/coal fluidized bed combustion byproduct mixtures as plant growth media. Int. J. Surf. Min. (Reclam. Environ. ): 12(3), 111-115.

FL Darolova, A., Reichrtova, E., and Pavelka, J. 1989. Bioaccumulation of metals from nickel works waste in the gull (larus ridibundus l., 1766). Biologia (Bratisl ). 44(6): p567-574.

No Oral Datnow, M. M. 1928. Experimental inves tigation concerning toxic abortion produced by

### Eco-SSL for Lead March 2005 102 chemical Agents. J Obstet Gynaecol Br Commonw . 35: 693-724 .

Lead Shot Daury, R. W., Schwab, F. E., and Bateman, M. C. 1994. Prevalence of ingested lead shot in american black duck, anas rubripes, and ring- necked duck, aythya collaris, gizzards from nova scotia and prince edward island. Canadian Field-naturalist . 108(1): 26-30.

Bio Acc Dauwe, T. , L. Pervoets, R. Blust, R. Pinxten ,and M Eens. 1999. Are eggshells and egg contents of great and blue tits suitable as indicators of heavy metal pollution? Belgian Journal of Zoology

. 129 (2): 439-447.

Rev Davis, JM. 1990. Risk assessment of the developmental neurotoxicity of lead. Neurotoxicology (Little Rock). 11: 285-291.

Unrel Davis, S. D. D.F. Gibbons, R. L. Martin, S. R. Levitt, J. Smith, and R. V. Harrington. 1972. Biocompatibility of ceramic implants in soft Tissue. J Biomed Mater Res. 6 (5). 1972 425-449

Alt Davis, S. F., Nation, J. R., and Mayleben, M. A. 1993. The effects of chronic lead exposure on reactivity to frustrative nonreward in rats . Toxicol Lett (AMST). 66(3): 237-246.

Rev Davis, S. F a, Armstrong, S. L. W., and Huss, M. T. 1993. Shock-elicited aggression is influenced by lead and/or alcohol exposure. Bulletin of the Psychonomic Society . 31(5): 451- 453.

No Oral De Franciscis, P. and F. Boccalatte. 1962. L ead acetate and development of chick embryo. Nature (London) . 193: 989-990.

Rev De Franciso, N. J. D. Ruiz Troya and E. I. Ague ra. 2003. Lead and lead toxicity in domestic and free living birds. Avian Pathology . 32: 3-13.

No Oral De Gennaro, L. D. 1987. The effects of lead n itrate on the central nervous system of the chick embryo. ii. Electron microscopy and histochemistry peroxisomes. Growth. 51(2): 213-223.

FL de Kroon G H J. 1986. [Another case of lead poi soning, even in the water rail (Rallus aquaticus L.).]. Vogeljaar . 34(3): 112-114.

Diss De Rossett, S. E. 1981. Effects of Lead on Spontaneous Alter nation, Reactivity, and Intracranial Self-stimulation. University of Kentucky.

FL Dehant, P. 1995. Decline of the little owl is chemical contamination still suspected? Aves

. 31(6): p219-220.

FL Del Bono, G., Braca, G., Rindi, S., Sivieri Buggian i, S., and Romboli, I. 1978-1979. Further investigations on experimental lead poisoni ng of domestic ducks. Effects on fecundity and fertility.: Ulteriori indagini sull'intossicazione sp erimentale da piombo in anitre domestiche. Effetti sulla fecondita e fertilita. Pubblicazioni - Univer sita Degli Studi Di Perugia, Facolta Di Medicina Veterinaria.perugia. ; Universita. ; Facolta Di Medicina Veterinaria . 14 : 115-128.

Lead Shot Del Bono, G., Braca, G., Rindi, S., and Sivieri, S. 1972. (Experimental lead poisoning in domestic and wild ducks). Annali della Facolta di Medicina Veterinaria di Pisa . 24: 79-158.

No Dose Delaquerriere-Richardson, L., Anderson, C., Jorc h, U. M., and Cook, M. 1982. Radiographic studies on bone in beagles subjected to lo w levels of dietary lead since birth. Vet. Hum. Toxicol

. 24(6): 401-405.

FL Delgado Gonzalez, R A., Fortoul van der Goes, T. I., and Rosiles Martinez, R. 1994. Lead,

### Eco-SSL for Lead March 2005 103 chromium and cadmium concentrations and their relationship to tissue morphological alterations in pigeons (Columba livia) from the valley of Mexico City and Ixtlahuaca in the State of Mexico. Veterinaria-Mexico. 25(2): 109-115.

Alt DeLuca, J., Donovick, P. J., and Burright, R. G. 1989. Lead exposure, environmental temperature, nesting and consummatory behavior of adult male mice of two ages. Neurotoxicol Teratol 11(1): 7-11.

Phys Delverdier, M., P. Cabanie, N. Roome, F. Enjalbert, and G. Van Haverbeke. 1991. Critical analysis of the histomorphometry of rat thyroid after treatment with thyroxin and propylthiouracil. Annales de recherches veterinaires . 22 (4) : 373-8.

Rev Demayo A, Taylor M, Taylor K, and Hodson P. 1982. Toxic effects of lead and lead compunds on human health, aquatic life, wildlife plants, and livestock. CRC Crtit. Rev. Environ. Control

. 12: 257-305.

Dead DeMent, S. H., Chisolm, J. J. Jr., Barber, J. C ., and Strandberg, J. D. 1986. Lead exposure in an 'urban' peregrine falcon and its avian prey. Journal of Wildlife Diseases . 22(2): 238-244 .

Lead Shot Dement, S. H., Chisolm, J. J Jr, Eckhaus, M. A., and Strandberg, J. D. 1987. Toxic lead exposure in the urban rock dove. J Wildl Dis . 23(2): 273-278.

CP Den, Tonkelaar E M, Kroes, R. Van, Logten M J. 1977. Comparative toxicity studies of lead arsenate and lead acetate in Rats. Int Union Ph armacol. Proceedings of the International Congress of Pharmacology, 6th. Abstract. Helsinki, Fi nland, 1975. 632p. Illus. Pergamon Pressoxford, Engl.; New York, N.y., Usa. Isbn 0-08-021308-1.

In Vit Denizeau, F. and M. Marion. 1989. Genotoxic e ffects of heavy metals in rat hepatocytes. Cell Biology and Toxicology. 5 (1) : 15-25

FL Denneman, W. D. 1990. Insectivore food chains as biological monitors in polluted ecosystems. Lutra. 33(1): 80-82.

Bio Acc Denneman, W. D. and Douben, P. E. T. 1993. Tr ace metals in primary feathers of the barn owl ( Tyto alba guttatus ) in The Netherlands. Environ. Pollut . 82(3): 301-10 .

No Oral Der, R., Fahim, Z., Hilderbrand, D., and Fahim, M. 1974. Combined effect of lead and low protein diet on growth, sexual development, and metabolism in female rats. Res. Commun. Chem. Pathol. Pharmacol . 9(4): 723-738.

Mix Der, R, Fahim, Z, Yousef, M, and Fahim, M. 1976. Environmental interaction of lead and cadmium on reproduction and metabolism of male rats. Res. Comm. Chem. Path. Pharmacol

. 14: 689.

No Oral Der, R., Fahim, Z., Yousef, M., and Fahim, Mostaf a. 1976. Environmental interaction of lead and cadmium on reproduction and metabolism of male rats. Trace Subst. Environ. Health . 10: 505- 517.

CP Der, R., Hilderbrand, D., Fahim, Z., Griffin, W. T., and Fahim, M. S. 1974. Combined effect of lead and low protein diet on growth, sexual development and metabolism in male rats. Trace substances in evnvironmental health. 8. Pro ceedings of Univ. of Missouri's 8th Annual Conference on trace substances in environmental health. 417-431.

Unrel Desclin, J. C. And J. Escubi. 1975. An add itional silver impregnation method for demonstration of degenerating nerve cells and proce sses in the central nervous system. Brain research. 93 (1) :

### Eco-SSL for Lead March 2005 104 25-39

Imm Descotes, J. R. Tedone, and J. C. Evreux. 1985. Immunotoxicity screening of drugs and chemicals: value of contact hypersensitivity to picryl chloride in the mouse. Methods and Findings in Experimental and Clinical Pharmacology . 7(6):

Aquatic Quebec City, Quebec, Canada, October 17-21, 1993. Canadian Technical Report of Fisheries and Aquatic Sciences. 0 (1989). 1994. 22-23. Outline of an exotoxicological surveillance network for fauna of the saint lawrence the role of the canadian wildlife service

Dead DeSloovere, J., M. Debackere, amd J. Hooren s. 1971. Poisoning of domestic animals. Vlaams Diergeneesk. Tijdschr . 40(1)8-29; 1971(REF18)

In Vit Dessi, S., Batetta, B., Carrucciu, A., Pulisci, D., Lac oni, S., Fadda, A. M., Anchisi, C., and Pani, P. 1989. Variations of serum lipoproteins during cell pr oliferation induced by lead nitrate. Exp Mol Pathol. 51(2): 97-102.

Lead Shot Destefano, S., Brand, C. J., Rusch, D. H., Fi nley, D. L., and Gillespie, M. M. 1991. Lead exposure in Canada geese of the eastern prairie population. Wildl Soc Bull . 19(1): 23-32.

Lead Shot Destefano, S., Brand, C. J., and Samuel, M. D. 1995. Seasonal ingestion of toxic and nontoxic shot by canada Geese. Wildlife Society Bulletin . 23(3): 502-506.

Lead Shot Destefano, Stephen. 1989. Ecological Relationships of Lead Exposure in Canada Geese of the Eastern Prairie Population. University of Idaho

Lead Shot Deuel, B. 1985. Experimental lead dos ing of northern pintails in California. Calif. Fish Game

. 71(2): 125-128.

No COC Deutsch, S. I. , J. Mastropaolo and R. B. Ro sse. 1998. Neurodevelopmental consequences of early exposure to phencyclidine and related drugs. Clinical Neuropharmacology. 21 (6): 320-32

No Oral Dey, P. M. J. Burger M. Gochfeld K. R. Re uhl. 2000. Developmental lead exposure disturbs expression of synaptic neural cell adhesion molecu les in herring gull brains. Toxicology. 146: 137-147.

Diss Di Giulio, R. T. 1982. The occurrence and toxicology of heavy metals in Chesapeake Bay waterfowl (duck, Clangula hyemalis
, Melanitta deglandi
, Anas-platyrhynchos, rubripes, strepera
, Maryland, Virginia)

Bio Acc Di, Giulio R T and Scanlon, P. F. 1984. E ffects of cadmium and lead ingestion on tissue concentrations of cadmium lead copper and zinc in mallard ducks anas-platyrhynchos. Sci Total Environ . 39(1-2): p103-110.

Anat DiAugustine, R. P. //Sonstegard, K. S. 1984. Ne uroendocrinelike (small granule) epithelial cells of the lung. Environmental Health Perspectives . 55: 271-95.

FL Dicheva, L. and Ctanchev, K. H. 1988. Eff ect of lead on the duodenum, liver and kidneys of chickens. Zhivotnov'dni Nauki . 25(8): 99-105.

Surv Dickinson, N. M., Watmough, S. A., and Turner, A. P. 1996. Ecological impact of 100 years of metal processing at Prescot, Northwest England. Environmental Reviews . 4(1): 8-24.

Species Dickman, M. 1995. An isolated population of fourhorn sculpins ( Myoxocephalus quadricornis
, family cottidae) in a hypersaline high arctic canadian lake. Hydrobiologia. 312 (1): 27-35.

### Eco-SSL for Lead March 2005 105 Lead Shot Dieter, M. P. and Finley, M. T. 1979. Delta -aminolevulinic acid dehydratase enzyme activity in blood, brain and liver of lead-dosed ducks. Environ Res . 19(1): 127-135.

Bio Acc Dieter, M. P., Matthews, H. B., Jeffcoat, R. A ., and Moseman, R. F. 1993. Comparison of lead bioavailability in F344 rats fed lead acetate, lead oxide, lead sulfide, or lead ore concentrate from Skagway, Alaska. J. Toxicol. Environ. Health . 39(1): 79-93.

Surv Dieter, MP, Perry, MC, and Mulhern, BM. Lead and PCBs in canvasback ducks: relationship between enzyme levels and residues in blood. Arch. Environ. Contam. Toxicol . 5: 1-13.

Unrel Difrancesco, D. , D. Noble, J. C. Denye a nd D. Difrancesco. 1991. The contribution of the pacemaker current i-f to generation of spontane ous activity in rabbit sino-atrial node myocytes. J Physiol (Camb ). 434 (0). 1991. 23-40.

Aquatic Dillon, C. R., Maurice, D. V., and Jones, J. E. 1988. Composition of Egeria densa. J. Aquat. Plant Manage. 26, 44-5 .

Mix Dinius, D. A., Brinsfield, T. H., and Williams, E. E. 1973. Effect of subclinical lead intake on calves. J. Anim. Sci. 37(1): 169-173.

FL Dinu, I., Boghianu, L., Botescu, E., and Sporn, A. 1972. Eff ect of some metals on carbohydrate metabolism. Igiena . 21(8): 469-476.

Surv Diters, R and Nielsen S. 1978. Lead poisoning of raccoons in Connecticut. Journal of Wildl. Dis. 14: 187-192.

Unrel Dixit, V. P. and Lohiya, N. K. 1975. Inhi bition of thyroid function and thyrotrophic activity following the administration of methallibure (ICI-33 828). Endokrinologie. 65(1): 66-71.

Rev Dixon, R. L., Sherins, R. J., and Lee, I. P. 1979. Assessment of environmental factors affecting male Fertility. Environ Health Perspect . 30: 53-68 .

Bio Acc Dmowski, K. 1993. Lead and cadmium contamina tion of passerine birds (starlings) during their migration through a zinc smelter area. Acta Ornithologica (Warsaw). 28(1): p1-9.

Bio Acc Dmowski, K., Gast, F., Muller, P., and Wagner, G. 1984. Variability of cadmium and lead concentrations in bird feathers. Naturwissenschaften . 71(12): 639-640.

Surv Dmowski, K., Kozakiewicz, M., Kozakiewicz, A., a nd Tarkowski, A. K. 1995. Ecological effects of heavy metal pollution (Pb, Cd, Zn) on small mammal populations and communities. Bull. Pol. Acad. Sci.: Biol. Sci . 43(1): 1-10.

Fate Dobbins, A., Johnson, D. R., and Nathan, P. 1978. Effect of exposure to lead on maturation of intestinal iron absorption of rats. J Toxicol Environ Health . 4(4): 541-50.

Bio Acc Dobos, Robert Z., Painter, D. Scott, and Mudr och, Alena. 1991. Contaminants in wildlife utilizing confined disposal facilities. Int. J. Environ. Pollut . (1991) 1(1-2): 73-86 .

Number Dollahite, Jw, Rowe, Ld, and Reagor, Jc. 1975. Experimental Lead Poisoning in Horses and Spanish Goats. Southwest Vet. 28: 40. Ref ID: 14374

Pb Behav Dolinsky, Z. S., Burright, R. G., and Donovick, P. J. 1983. Behavioral changes in mice following lead administration during several stages of development. Physiol Behav 30(4): 583-9.

### Eco-SSL for Lead March 2005 106 Bact Dolinsky, Z. S., Burright, R. G., Donovick, P. J ., Glickman, L. T., Babish, J., Summers, B., and Cypess, R. H. 1981. Behavioral effects of lead and Toxocara canis in mice. Science. 213(4512): 1142-1144.

Pb Behav Dolinsky, Zelig, Fink, Elizabeth, Burright, Richar d G., and Donovick, Peter J. 1981. The effects of lead, d-amphetamine, and time of day on activity levels in the mouse. Pharmacol., Biochem. Behav. 14(6): 877-80.

No Dose Dollahite, J, Younger R, Crookshank, H, Jones, L, and Petersen H. 1978. Chronic lead poisoning in horses. American Journal of Veterinarian Research . 39: 961-964.

In Vit Dolzhanskaya, N., E. Goncharova, and T. G. Ro ssman, 1998. Isolation and properties of leadresistant variants of rat glioma cells. Biol. Trace Elem. Res . 65 (1) : 31-43

Abstract Domingo, J. L., Llobet, J. M., Ortega, A., Paternain, J. L., and Corbella, J. 1990. Effects of meso2,3-dimercaptosuccinic acid (dmsa) in the pregnant rat: teratogenicity and tissue trace elements. Teratology. 42(2): 23A.

No COC 1990. Oral meso-2,3-dimercaptosuccinic acid in pr egnant Sprague-Dawley rats: teratogenicity and alterations in mineral metabolism. I. Teratological evaluation . 30 (3) : 181-90

No COC 1995. Prevention by chelating agents of metal-induced developmental toxicity. 9 (2) : 105-113

No Oral Dominiczak, K., Mikulski, T., Exon, J. H., Koller, L. D., and Kerkvliet, N. I. 1977-1979. [Effect of chronic action of cadmium sulfate on various biochemical indices of blood serum and on the histological picture of rat liver and kidneys ]: <Original> WpLyw przewlekLego dziaLania siarczanu kadmu na niektore wskazniki biochemi czne surowicy krwi oraz na obraz histologiczny watroby i nerek szczurow.: Lead-cadmium interac tion: effects on viral-induced mortality and tissue residues in mice. Med Pr: Arch Environ Health. 28. 34(3. 6 ): 179-87-469-75.

Pb Behav Donald, J. M., Bradley, M., O'Grady, J. E., Cutle r, M. G., and Moore, M. R. 1988. Effects of low-level lead exposure on 24 h activity patterns in the mouse. Toxicol Lett. 42(2): 137-47.

Pb Behav Donald, J. M., Cutler, M. G., and Moore, M. R. 1986. Effects of 1.2 microM lead in the laboratory mouse: developmental and behaviour al consequences of chronic treatment. Neuropharmacology 25(12): 1395-401.

Food Donaldson, W. E. 1993. Effects of dietary lead, fish oil, and ethoxyquin on hepatic fatty acid composition in chicks. Biol Trace Elem Res 36(3): 319-326.

No Control Donaldson, W. E. 1991. Interactions of dietary l ead with fish oil and antioxidant in chicks. Biol Trace Elem Res 31(3): 215-222.

Food Donaldson, W. E. and Leeming, T. K. 1984. Dietary lead: effects on hepatic fatty acid composition in chicks. Toxicology and Applied Pharmacology 73(1): 119-123.

In Vit Dong, K. L. and Ing, K. H. 1998. Responses to n-methyl-d-aspartate and kainic acid in cerebellar granule cells of lead-exposed rat pups. Neurotoxicology : (Park Forest South). 19(1): 49-55.

Mix Donovick, P. J., Dolinsky, Z. S., Perdue, V. P., Burright, R. G., Summers, B., and Cypess, R. H. 1981. Toxocara canis and lead alter consummatory behavior in mice. Brain Res. Bull. 7(3): 317-323.

### Eco-SSL for Lead March 2005 107 No Oral Dostal, Lori A., Hopfer, Sidney M., Lin, Shan Meei, and Sunderman, F. William Jr. Effects of nickel chloride on lactating rats and their su ckling pups, and the transfer of nickel through rat milk. Toxicol. Appl. Pharmacol. (1989) 101(2): 220-31.

Rev Doyle, J. J. 1979. Toxic and essential elements in bone. a review. J. Anim. Sci. 49(2): 482-497

.

Rev Doyle, J. J. and Spaulding, J. E. 1978. Toxic and essential trace elements in meat - a review. Journal of Animal Science. 47(2): 398-419.

In Vit Draper, Alison J. and Hammock, Bruce D. 1999. Inhibition of soluble and microsomal epoxide hydrolase by zinc and other metals. Toxicol. Sci. 52(1): 26-32.

No Oral Drasch, G. A., Walser, D., and Koesters, J. 1987. The urban pigeon ( Columba Livia , forma urbana): a biomonitor for the lead burden of the environment. Environ. Monit. Assess. 9(3): 223-232.

BioX Dreskin Stephen C. 1995. ATP-dependent ac tivation of phospholipase c by antigen, neca, na3vo-4, and gtp-gamma-s in permeabilized rbl cell ghosts: differential augmentation by atp, phosphoenolpyruvate and phosphocreatine. Molecular and Cellular Biochemistry 146(2): 165- 170.

Drug Drew, W. G., Kostas, J., McFarland, D. J., and De Rossett, S. E. 1979. Effects of neonatal lead exposure on apomorphine-induced aggression and stereotypy in the rat. Pharmacology. 18(5): 257-62.

No Dose Driscoll, J. W. and Stegner, S. E. 1976. Behavi oral effects of chronic l ead ingestion on laboratory
rats. Pharmacol Biochem Behav 4(4): 411-7.

Pb Behav Driscoll, J. W. and Stegner, S. E. 1978. Lead -produced changes in the relative rate of open field activity of laboratory rats. Pharmacol., Biochem. Behav. 8(6): 743-7.

No Dose Drozd, U. V., Bondarenko, S. V., Yasnetsov, V. V., Batrakov, S. G., Sakandelidze, O. G., and Shashkov, V. S. Composition from laminaria saccharina increases the survival time of mice at low temperatures. Byull. Eksp. Biol. Med. (1991) (4): 383-4.

No Dose Dubas, T. C. and Hrdina, P. D. 1978. behavior al and neuro chemical consequences of neo natal exposure to lead in rats. J ENVIRON PATHOL TOXICOL. 2(2): 473-84.

Fate Dubas, T. C., Stevenson, A., Singhal, R. L., and Hr dina, P. D. 1978. Regional alterations of brain biogenic amines in young rats following chronic lead exposure. Toxicology 9(1-2): 185-90.

Unrel Dube, Benoit, Dunning, Greg, and Lauziere, Kathleen. Geology of the hope brook mine, newfoundland, canada: a preserved late proteroz oic high-sulfidation epithermal gold deposit and its implications for exploration. Econ. Geol. (1998) 93(4): 405-436 .

Unrel Dubrovol'skii, V. V. biogeochemistry of atolls. Tr. Biogeokhim. Lab. Akad. Nauk SSSR (1990): 21, 5-34 .

Fate Dudka, J., Szczepaniak, S., Dawidek- Pietryka, K., and Kusmierzak, E. 1998. Effect of lead and nitrites on the activity of some enzymes indirec tly affecting methemoglobin reduction processes in
rats. Bromatologia i Chemia Toksykologiczna. 31(3): 233-237.

### Eco-SSL for Lead March 2005 108 FL Dumas, P., Gueldry, D., Loireau, A., Chomard, P., Buthieau, A. M., and Autissier, N. 1985. [Effects of lead poisoning on properties of brain mitochondria in young rats]. C R Seances Soc Biol Fil. 179(2): 175-83.

Species Dusenbery, D. B. 1989. Screening test for ne urotoxins using caenorhabditis elegans. Report (1987) Order No. PB89-130025, Avail.: NTIS From : Gov. Rep. Announce. Index U. S.) 1989,. 89(6. Abstr. No. 914,213. 6 pp.

Species Dusenbery, D. B. 1987. Screening Test for Neurotoxins Using 'Caenorhabditis Elegans'. <NOTE> Final Rept. <CAS REG. NO.> 7440-50-8; 7440-41-7; 7439-97-6; 7439-92-1; 121-75- 5; 7646-85-7; 62-73-7; 7487-94-7; 13510-49- 1; 13473-90-0; 7447-39-4; 10099-74-8; 10108-64- 2; 10043-76-9

Fate Duvenkamp, A. 1984. Karyokinetic reactions in rat kidney proximal convoluted segment epithelium on long-term lead supply with drinking water. Acta Anat (Basel) 119(2): 121-3.

FL Dyck, J., Kraul, I., and Grandjean, P. 1988. Environmental pollutants in and eggshell thinning of remnants of danish white-tailed eagle Eggs. Dan Ornithol Foren Tidsskr. 82(1-2): 53-55.

FL Eberle, J., Diebold, J., Reichlmayr-Lais, A. M., and Kirchgessner, M. 1996. [Bone marrow morphology and various hemolytic markers in growing rats with alimentary lead deficiency]: <original> untersuchungen zur knochenmarksmorphologie und zu verschiedenen hamolysemarkern bei wachsenden ratten im alimentaren bleimangel. Z Ernahrungswiss. 35(4): 332-40.

Fate Eberle, J., Reichlmayr-Lais, A. M., and Kirchge ssner, M. 1995. Determination of free cytosolic ca-2--content in mammary gland cells of rats fed a diet with different lead content using the fluoresence indicator fura-2. Journal of Animal Physiology and Animal Nutrition. 73(2): 96- 103.

FL Eberle, J., Reichlmayr-Lais, A. M., and Ki rchgessner, M. 1996. [Hematologic changes in alimentary pb deficiency in growing rats]: <original> hamatologische veranderungen bei alimentarem pb-mangel wachsender ratten. Z Ernahrungswiss. 35(3): 292-301.

Alt Edelstein, S., Fullmer, C. S., and Wasserman, R. H. 1984. Gastrointestinal absorption of lead in chicks: involvement of the cholecalciferol endocrine system. J Nutr. 114(4): 692-700.

Abstract Edens, F. W., Benton, E., Morgan, G. W., Bursian, S. J., and Thaxton, P. 1975. Effect of lead acetate on reproductive performance in japanese quail. Poult. Sci. 54(5): 1756.

In Vit Eder, K., Reichlmayr-Lais, A. M., and Kirchgessn er, M. 1990. Activity of na-k-atpase and camg-atpase in red blood cell membranes of lead-depleted rats. J Trace Elem Electrolytes Health Dis. 4(1): 21-4.

Unrel Edgerton, David. 1997. Reconstruction of the red dog Zn - Pb - Ba orebody, Alaska: implications for the vent environment during the mineralizing event. Can. J. Earth Sci. (1997) 34(12): 1581-1602.

CP Edwards, M., Kulas, J. E., Weakley, J. O., Kuit, W. J., Bloom, N. S., and Wallschlager, D. 1999. Aquatic selenium at cominco's red dog mine: sources, speciation, distribution, and control. Tailings Mine Waste '99 Proc. Int. Conf., 6th : 535-542 Publisher: Balkema, Rotterdam, Neth.

Surv Edwards, W and Clay, B. 1977. Reclamation of rangeland following a lead posioning incident in livestock from industrial airborne contamination of forage. Vet. Human. Toxicol. 19: 247-249.

### Eco-SSL for Lead March 2005 109 Bio Acc Eens, Marcel, Pinxten, Rianne, Verheyen, Rudolf F., Blust, Ronny, and Bervoets, Lieven. Great and blue tits as indicators of heavy metal c ontamination in terrestrial ecosystems. Ecotoxicol. Environ. Saf. (1999) 44(1): 81-85.

Surv Eeva, T. and Lehikoinen, E. 1995. Egg shell quality, clutch size and hatching success of the great tit ( Parus major ) and the pied flycatcher ( Ficedula hypoleuca ) in an air pollution gradient. Oecologia . 102(3): 312-23.

Surv Eeva, T. and Lehikoinen, E. 1996. Grow th and mortality of nestling great tits ( Parus major ) and pied flycatchers (ficedula hypoleuca) in a heavy metal pollution Gradient. Oecologia (Berlin). 108(4): 631-639.

Air P Eeva, T. and Lehikoinen, E. 1998. Local survival rates of the pied flycatchers ( Fijcedula hypoleuca ) and the great tits (parus major) in an air pollution gradient. Ecoscience. 5(1): 46-50.

Unrel Eeva, T., Lehikoinen, E., and Nurmi, J. 1994. Effects of ectoparasites on breeding success of great tits (parus major) and pied flycatchers ( Ficedula hypoleuca ) in an air pollution gradient. Canadian Journal of Zoology. 72(4): 624-635.

Surv Eeva, T., Lehikoinen, E., and Ronka, M. 1998. Air pollution fades the plumage of the great tit. Functional Ecology. 12(4): 607-612.

FL Efthymiou, M. L., Cristofini, P ., Pierron, E., and Djezzar, S. 1995. Diagnosis of toxic or drug induced Pancreatitis. Therapie (Paris). 50(5): 467-468.

Surv Egan, DA and O'Cuill, T. 1970. cumulative lead poisoning in horses in a mining area contaminated with galena. Vet. Rec. 86: 736-8.

Unrel Egan, H. 1972. pesticides and toxic chemicals. Proc. Nutr. Soc.. 31(1): p23-32.

Fate Egle, P. M. and Shelton, K. R. 1986. chroni c lead intoxication cause s a brain-specific nuclear protein to accumulate in the nuclei of cells lining kidney tubules. J Biol Chem. 261(5): 2294-8.

Rev Eisler, R. 1988 .

Phys El Azazi, M., Kristensson, K., Malm, G., and W achtmeister, L. 1987. The effect of postnatal exposure to lead on the electroretinogram in young rats. Acta Ophthalmol (Copenh) 65(3): 334-43.

Phys El Azazi, M., Kristensson, K., Malm, G., and W achtmeister, L. 1985. Studies on developmental alterations in the electroretinogram in rats after postnatal exposure to lead. Acta Ophthalmol. 63(5): 574-80.

CP El-Sabai, A., Abaza, M., Barna, J., and Szalay, I. 1994. effect of feeding diet contaminated with lead or cadmium on semenchar acteristics of cockerels. Proceedings, 9th European Poultry Conference, 7-12 August 1994 1: 304-305.

Diss El-Saieed, E. M. 1988. Influence of Subchronic Lead Toxicity on Fertility of Chickens [Egypt]

Diss El-Toukhy, N. M. K. A. 1993. Effect of Lead Toxicant on Some Physiological Parameters in Male Rabbits

### Eco-SSL for Lead March 2005 110 Mix Elgerwi, A. Al-Fateh and Bires, J. 1999. Dist ribution of minerals in organs of sheep after intoxication with copper from industrial emissions. Czech Journal of Animal Science. V. 44(11) P. 487-495

Unrel Ellender, G. and Ham, K. N. 1988. Cationic ra dioisotope delivery to loose connective tissue in vivo using ion-exchange resin beads. Nuclear Medicine Communications 9(6): 403-9.

Surv Elliott, J. E., Butler, R. W., Norstrom, R. J ., and Whitehead, P. E. 1989. Environmental contaminants and reproductive success of great blue herons Ardea-herodias in British Columbia canada 1986-1987. Environ Pollut. 59(2): p91-114.

CP Elsenhans, B., Schuemann, K., Schaefer, S., and Fo rth, W. Interactions among cadmium arsenic lead nickel and essential trace elements in rat tissue after dietary exposure. Second Joint Meeting of the Nederlandse Vereniging Voor Toxicologie (Toxicological Society of the Netherlands) and the British Toxicology Society, Leyden, Netherlands, May 17-19, 1987. Hum Toxicol. 7 (1). 1988. 78.

Acu Elsenhans, B a, Hunder, G., Strugala, G., and Schuemann, K. 1999. Longitudinal pattern of enzymatic and absorptive functions in the small intestine of rats after short-term exposure to dietary cadmium chloride. Arch Environ Contamin Toxicol. 36(3): 341-346.

Pb Behav Engellenner, W. J., Burright, R. G., and Donovick, P. J. 1986. Lead, age and aggression in male mice. Physiol Behav 36(5): 823-8.

CP Eriksson, O., Frank, A., Nordkvist, M., and Peterss on, L. R. 1990. Heavy metals in reindeer and their forage plants. Proceedings of the Fifth International Reindeer/Caribou Sumposium, Arvidsjaur, Sweden, August 18-22, 1988. Rangifer. (Special Issue No. 3): 315-331.

FL Esashi, Takatoshi, Suzuki, Kazuo, Yokota, Fumi , and Suzue, Ryokuro. 1979. Effect of calcium on the physical development and toxic symptons in rats poisoned with lead. Eiyogaku Zasshi. 37(4): 181-7.

No Dose Eweis, E. A. and Ibrahim, N. M. 1996. Lead toxicity in mice. Veterinary Medical Journal. 44(4): 671-678.

FL Ewers, U., Weisser, L., and Wegner, A. 1980. [Influence of chronic l ead exposure on resistence to bacterial infection (author's transl)]: <origina l> einfluss einer chronischen bleibelastung auf die infektionsresistenz. Zentralbl Bakteriol [B]. 170(5-6): 379-87.

No Oral Fahim, M. S. and Khare, N. K. 1980. Eff ects of subtoxic levels of lead and cadmium on urogenital organs of male rats. Arch. Androl. 4(4): 357-362.

Imm Faith, R. E., Luster, M. I., and Kimmel, C. A. 1979. Effect of chronic developmental lead exposure on cell-mediated immune functions. Clin. Exp. Immunol. 35(3): 413-420.

No Oral Falandysz, J. 1986. Metals and organochlorines in adult and immature males of white-tailed eagle haliaeetus-albicilla. Environ Conserv. 13(1): p69-70.

HHE Falandysz, J., Centkowska, D., Falandysz, J., a nd Lorenc-Biala, H. 1986. trace metals and organochlorine pesticides content in duck goose and rabbit tissues. Bromatol Chem Toksykol. 19(3): 151-155.

Bio Acc Falandysz, J., Jakuczun, B., and Mizera, T. 1988. metals and organochlorines in four female white-tailed eagles. Mar Pollut Bull. 19(10): 521-526.

### Eco-SSL for Lead March 2005 111 FL Falandysz, J., Krol, W., and Jakuczun, B. 1987. Metals and polychlorinated compounds in tissues and eggs of white-tailed eagle haliaeetus-albicilla l. and in eggs of lesser spotted eagle aquilapomarina brehm. Bromatol Chem Toksykol. 20(3-4): p233-239.

Bio Acc Fasola, M., Movalli, P. A., and Gandini, C. 1998. Heavy metal, organochlorine pesticide, and pcb residues in eggs and feathers of he rons breeding in northern italy. Arch Environ Contam Toxicol. 34(1): 87-93.

Lead Shot Feierabend J S. 1983. Steel shot and lead poi soning in waterfowl. an annotated bibliography of research 1976-1983. National Wildlife Federation Scientific and Technical Series No.8.

Rev Feldman, B. F. and Kruckenberg, S. M. Clinical toxicities of domestic and wild caged birds. Vet. Clin. N. Am. 5(4): 653-673; 1975.(40 References).

Bio Acc Fendick, E. A., Stevens, G. L., Brown, R. J., a nd Jordan, W. P. 1989. Element content in tissues of four rodent species sampled in the geyser s geothermal steamfield california usa. Environ Pollut. 58(2-3): 155-178.

Mix Fendick, E. A., Stevens, G. L., Brown, R. J., a nd Jordan, W. P. 1989. Element content in tissues of four rodent species sampled in th e geysers geothermal steamfield. Environ. Pollut. (1989) 58(2-3): 155-78 .

Surv Fenstermacher, R, Pomeroy, BS, Roepke, MH, and Boyd, WL. 1946. Lead poisoning of cattle. J. Am. Vet. Med. Assoc. 108: 1-12.

Drug Ferguson, S. A. and Bowman, R. E. 1992. Effects of arecoline and scopolamine on open field behavior of adult monkeys treated with l ead during the first year postpartum. Neurotoxicol Teratol. 14(1): 73-80.

Prim Ferguson, S. A. and Bowman, R. E. 1990. E ffects of postnatal lead exposure on open field behavior in monkeys. Neurotoxicol Teratol. 12(2): 91-97.

No Dose Ferguson, S. A., Holson, R. R., Gazzara, R. A., and Siitonen, P. H. 1998. Minimal behavioral effects from moderate postnatal lead treatment in rats. Neurotoxicol Teratol. 20(6): 637-43.

Prim Ferguson, S. A., Kraemer, G. W., Bowman, R. E., Schmidt, D. E., and Ebert, M. H. 1993. Lack of effect of chronic developmental lead treat ment on biogenic amines and metabolites in monkey cerebrospinal fluid. Neurotoxicol Teratol. 15(4): 229-35.

Prim Ferguson, S. A., Medina, R. O., and Bowman, R. E. 1993. Home cage behavior and lead treatment in rhesus monkeys: a comparison with open-field behavior. Neurotoxicol Teratol. 15(2): 145-9.

Prim Ferguson, Sherry Ann. 1990. The Effects of Early Postnatal or Chronic Lead Exposure on Learning and Open Field Behaviors in Rhesus Monkeys : 181.

No Oral Ferm, V. H. and Carpenter, S. J. 1967. Developmental malformations resulting from the administration of lead salts. Exp. Mol. Pathol. 7(2): 208-213.

Gene Fesus, L., Thomazy, V., and Falus, A. 1987. Induction and activation of tissue transglutaminase during programmed cell death. FEBS Lett. 224(1): 104-8.

Diss Figgs, Larry Winston. 1983. The Fecundity of F1 Male Mice Exposed to Lead Acetate in Utero (152)

### Eco-SSL for Lead March 2005 112 Stain Figueiredo, B. C., Skup, M., Bedard, A. M., Tetz laff, W., and Cuello, A. C. 1995. Differential expression of p140trk, p75ngfr and growth-associated phosphoprotein-43 genes in nucleus basalis magnocellularis, thalamus and adjacent cortex following neocortical infarction and nerve growth factor treatment. Neuroscience 68(1): 29-45.

No Oral Filkins, J. P. and Buchanan, B. J. 1973. Effects of lead acetate on sensitivity to shock, intravascular carbon and endotoxin clearances, a nd hepatic endotoxin detoxification. PROC. SOC. EXPER. BIOL. MED . 142(2): 471-475.

Lead Shot Fimreite N. 1984. Effects of lead shot ingestion in willow grouse. Bulletin of Environmental Contamination and Toxicology. 33(1): 121-126.

No Oral Fine, B. P., Jortner, B. S., Ty, A., Gause, D., and Lyons, M. 1979. The effects of body burdens of lead on the growing rat kidney. Environ Res. 19(2): 215-220.

Surv Finelli, V. N. 1977. Lead, zinc, a nd d-aminolevulinate dehydratase. Biochemical Effects of Environmental Pollutants, Edited by S. D. Lee and B. Peirano : 351-363.

Nut def Finelli, V. N. and El-Gazzar, R. M. 1977. in teraction of lead and zinc on the prothrombin activity in rats. Toxicol Lett 1(1): 33-37.

Lead Shot Finley, M. T. and Dieter, M. P. 1978. Toxicity of experimental lead iron shot versus commercial lead shot in mallards. J WILDL MANAGE. 42(1): 32-39.

Lead Shot Finley, M. T., Dieter, M. P., and Locke, L. N. 1976. Lead in tissues of mallard ducks dosed with two types of lead shot. Bull Environ Contam Toxicol. 16(3): 261-9.

Lead Shot Finley, Mack T. and Dieter, Michael P. Toxicity of experimental lead-iron shot versus commercial lead shot in mallards. J. Wildl. Manage. (1978) 42(1): 32-9.

Lead Shot Finley, Mack T., Dieter, Mi chael P., and Locke, Louis N. Lead in tissues of mallard ducks dosed with two types of lead shot. Bull. Environ. Contam. Toxicol. (1976) 16(3): 261-9.

Lead shot Finley, MT and Dieter, MP. 1978. Influence of laying on lead accumulation in bone of mallard ducks . J. Toxicol. Environ. Hlth. 4: 123-9.

FL Fjeldsa, J. Some behavior patterns of 4 cl osely related grebes podiceps-nigricollis podicepsgallardoi podiceps-occipitalis and podiceps-taczanowskii with reflections on phylogeny and adaptive aspects of the evolution of displays. Dan Ornithol Foren Tidsskr. Dansk Ornithologisk Forenings Tidsskrift. 76 (1-2). 1982 (Recd. 1983). 37-68.

Rev Fjerdingstad, E. J., Danscher, G., and Fjer dingstad, E. 1974. Hippocampus: selective concentration of lead in the normal rat brain. Brain Res. 80(2): 350-4.

Alt Fleischer, N., Mouw, R., and Vander, A. J. 1980. Chronic effects of lead on renin and renal sodium excretion. J Lab Clin Med. 95(5): 759-70.

Surv Flint, P. L. and Grand, J. B. 1997. Surviv al of spectacled eider adult females and ducklings during brood rearing. Journal of Wildlife Management. 61(1): 217-221.

Surv Flint, P. L., Petersen, M. R., and Grand, J. B. 1997. Exposure of spectacled eiders and other diving ducks to lead in western alaska. Canadian Journal of Zoology. 75(3): 439-443.

### Eco-SSL for Lead March 2005 113 Mix Flora, S. J., Coulombe, R. A. Jr, Sharma, R. P ., and Tandon, S. K. 1989. Influence of dietary protein deficiency on lead-copper interaction in rats. Ecotoxicol Environ Saf. 18(1): 75-82.

Drug Flora, S. J. and Tandon, S. K. 1987. Effect of combined exposure to lead and ethanol on some biochemical indices in the rat. Biochem Pharmacol. 36(4): 537-41.

Drug Flora, S. J. and Tandon, S. K. 1987. Influence oe calcium disodium edetate on the toxic effects of lead administration in pregnant rats. Indian J Physiol Pharmacol. 31(4): 267-72.

Drug Flora, S. J. S. and Sharma, R. P. 1986. Infl uence of dietary supplementation with thiamin on lead intoxication in rats. Biol. Trace Elem. Res., V10, N2, P137-44. 10(2): 137-44.

Alt Flora, S. J. S. and Tandon, S. K. 1987. Influe nce of dietary deficiency of nicotinamide on lead toxicity in young rats. Biol. Trace Elem. Res. 14(1-2): 43-51.

Surv Flores, E. M. D. and Martins, A. F. 1997. H eavy metals in the environment: distribution of the trace elements in egg samples collect ed near coal power plants. Journal of Environmental Quality. 26(3): 744-748.

No Oral Flynn, A. and Franzmann, A. W. 1974. Seasonal va riations in hair mineral levels of the alaskan moose. 444-447.

Pb Behav Flynn, J. C., Flynn, E. R., and Patton, J. H. 1979. Effects of pre- and pos tnatal lead on affective behavior and learning in the rat . Neurobehav. Toxicol. 1(Suppl. 1): 93-103.

Surv Focardi, S., Fossi, C., Lambertini, M., Leonzio, C ., and Massi, A. 1988. Long term monitoring of pollutants in eggs of yellow-legged herring gull from capraia island tuscan archipelago. Environ Monit Assess. 10(1): 43-50.

Rev Forbes, R and Sanderson G. 1978. Lead toxicity in domestic animals and wildlife. 225-227.

Mix Forbes, R. M. and Cerklewski, F. L. 1976. Influe nce of dietary selenium on lead toxicity in the
rat. J. Nutr. 106(6 ): 778.

CP Forrester, T. M. and Kasarskis, E. J. 1990. Metal interactions of lead with zinc in the postnatally lead exposed rat. Meeting on Methods in Behavioral Toxicology and Teratology . Neurotoxicol Teratol. 12(5): 562.

Org Met Forsyth, D. S., Marshall, W. D., and Colleette, M. C. 1985. Interaction of alkyllead salts with avian eggs. J Environ Sci Health Part a Environ Sci Eng. 20(2): 177-192.

Prim Foster, W. G. 1992. Reproductive toxicity of chronic lead exposure in the female cynomolgus monkey . Reproductive Toxicology. 6(2): 123-131.

Prim Foster, W. G., McMahon, A., YoungLai, E. V., Hughes, E. G., and Rice, D. C. 1993. Reproductive endocrine effects of chronic lead exposure in the male cynomolgus monkey. Reprod Toxicol. 7(3): 203-9.

Gene Foteva, Svetla, Stanchev, Khristo, Malinova, Kras imira, and Bojchev, Krasimir. 1997. Effect of lead and cadmium accumulation in the organism of broiler chickens on their karyotype. Zhivotnov'Dni Nauki. 34(5-6): 75-78.

In Vit Fowler, B. A. Ultrastructural and biochemical alterations of cellular organelles by prenatal exposure to toxic trace metals. Reprod Dev Toxic Met(proc Jt Meet 1982) :437-451,1983

### Eco-SSL for Lead March 2005 114 No Dose Fowler, B. A., Kimmel, C. A., Woods, J. S., McC onnel, E. E., and Grant, L. D. 1980. Chronic low-level lead toxicity in the rat. iv. an inte grated assessment of long-term toxicity with special reference to the kidney. Toxicol. Appl. Pharmacol. 56(1): 59-77.

No Dose Fowler, B. A., Kimmel, C. A., Woods, J. S., McC onnell, E. E., and Grant, L. D. 1980. Chronic low-level lead toxicity in the rat. iii. an inte grated assessmentof long-term toxicity with special reference to the kidney. Toxicol. Appl. Pharmacol. 56(1): 59-77.

Rev Fowler, B. A. and Mahaffey, K. R. 1978. Interactions among lead, cadmium, and arsenic in relation to porphyrin excretion patterns. Environ Health Perspect. 25: 87-90.

No Dose Fox, D. A. 1979. Physiological and neurobeha vioral alterations during development in lead exposed rats. Neurobehav. Toxicol. 1 ((Suppl 1)): 193-206.

No Dose Fox, D. A., Campbell, M. L., and Blocker, Y. S. 1997. Functional alterations and apoptotic cell death in the retina following developmental or adult lead exposure. Neurotoxicology. 18(3): 645-664.

No Dose Fox, D. A. and Chu, L. W. 1988. Rods are selectively altered by lead: ii. ultrastructure and quantitative histology. Exp. Eye Res. 46(4): 613-625.

Fate Fox, D. A. and Farber, D. B. 1988. Rods are selectively altered by lead: i. electrophysiology and biochemistry. Exp Eye Res. 46(4): 597-611.

No Oral Fox, D. A., He, L., Poblenz, A. T ., Medrano, C. J., Blocker, Y. S., and Srivastava, D. 1998. Leadinduced alterations in retinal cgmp phosphodieste rase trigger calcium overload, mitochondrial dysfunction and rod photoreceptor apoptosis. Toxicol Lett. 102-103: 359-61.

Phys Fox, D. A. and Rubinstein, S. D. 1989. Ag e-related changes in retinal sensitivity, rhodopsin content and rod outer segment length in hooded rats following low-level lead exposure during development. Exp Eye Res. 48(2): 237-49.

In Vit Fox, D. A., Rubinstein, S. D., and Hsu, P. 1991. Developmental lead exposure inhibits adult rat retinal, but not kidney, na+,k(+)-atpase. Toxicol Appl Pharmacol. 109(3): 482-93.

In Vit Fox, D. A. and Srivastava, D. 1995. Molecula r mechanism of the lead-induced inhibition of rod cgmp phosphodiesterase. Toxicol Lett. 82-83: 263-70.

No Dose Fox, D. A., Srivastava, D., and Hurwitz, R. L. 1994. Lead-induced alterations in rod-mediated visual functions and cgmp metabolism: new insights. Neurotoxicology 15(3): 503-12.

No Dose Fox, DF, Lewkowski, JP, and Cooper, GP. 1979. Persistent visual cortex excitability alterations produced by neonatal lead exposure. Neurobehav. Toxic. 1: 101-6.

Surv Franson, J., Christian, I., Schmutz, J. A., Creekmore, L. H., and Fowler, A. C. 1999. Concentrations of selenium, mercury, a nd lead in blood of emperor geese. Environ. Toxicol. Chem. 18(5): 965(5).

Rev Franson J C. 1996. Interpretation of tissue lead residues in birds other than waterfowl.

. Environmental Contaminants in Wildlife: Interpreting Tissue Concentrations. 265-279.

Surv Franson J.C., Augspurger T.P., Converse K.A., Sp itzer P.R., Miller E.A., Bachmann R.W., Jones J.R., Peters R.H., and Soballe, D. M. (eds.). 1995. Necropsy results and concentrations of

### Eco-SSL for Lead March 2005 115 mercury, lead, arsenic, and selenium in emaciated loons from the coast of north carolina in 1993. Lake Reserv. Manage Vol. 11, NO. 2: p. 139^.

Unrel Franson, J. C. A, Thomas, N. J. a, Smith, M. R. a, Robbins, A. H., Newman, S., and McCartin, P. C. 1996. A retrospective study of postmor tem findings in red-tailed hawks. Journal of Raptor Research. 30(1): 7-14.

Bio Acc Franson, J. Christian, Koehl, Philip S., Derksen, Dirk V., Rothe, Thomas C., Bunck, Christine M., and Moore, John F. 1995. Heavy metals in s eaducks and mussels from misty fjords national monument in southeast alaska. Environ. Monit. Assess. 36(2): 149-67 .

Herp Freda, Joseph Miami Univ Oxford O. H. 1991. The effects of aluminum and other metals on amphibians. Environ Pollut. 71(2-4): 305-329.

Bio Acc Freeman, G. B., Dill, J. A., Johnson, J. D., Kurtz, P. J., Parham, F., and Matthews, H. B. 1996. Comparative absorption of lead from contaminated soil and lead salts by weanling Fischer 344
rats. Fundam. Appl. Toxicol. 33(1): 109-119.

Bio Acc Freeman, G. B., Johnson, J. D., Killinger, J. M., Liao, S. C., Feder, P. I., Davis, A. O., Ruby, M. V., Chaney, R. L., Lovre, S. C., and Bergstrom, P. D. 1992. Relative bioavailability of lead from mining waste soil in rats. Fundam. Appl. Toxicol. 19(3): 388-398.

Lead Shot French M C. 1982. Lead poisoning in mute swans - an east anglian survey. Metals in Animals. 25-29.

Lead Shot French, M. C. 1990. Lead Poisoning in Swans Cygnus Olor

Diss Frenzel, R. W. 1985. Environmental Contaminants and Ecology of Bald Eagles in Southcentral Oregon (Pesticides, Organochlorines, Heavy Metals

Unrel Freund, T. F. and Magloczky, Z. 1993. Ea rly degeneration of calretinin-containing neurons in the rat hippocampus after ischemia. Neuroscience 56(3): 581-96.

Unrel Friend, M. 1985. Interpretation of Criteria Commonly Used to Determine Lead Poisoning Problem Areas

Lead Shot Friend, M. 1987. Lead poisoning (field guide to wildlife diseases). FWS Resour Publ 167. 1: 175(15).

Unrel Frierson, M., Ibrahim, K., Boles, M., Bote, H., a nd Ganey, T. 1994. Distraction osteogenesis. a comparison of corticotomy techniques. Clinical Orthopaedics and Related Research (301): 19- 24.

In Vit Fujita, H., Orii, Y., and Sano, S. 1981. Eviden ce of increased synthesis of delta-aminolevulinic acid dehydratase in experimental lead-poisoned rats. Biochim Biophys Acta. 678(1): 39-50.

In Vit Fujiwara, Y., Kaji, T., Sakurai, S., Sakamoto, M., a nd Kozuka, H. Inhibitory effect of lead on the repair of wounded monolayers of cultured vascular endothelial cells. Toxicology. 117 (2-3). 1997. 193-198.

In Vit Fujiwara Yasuyuki, Kaji Toshiyuki(A), Yamamoto Chika, Sakamoto Michiko, and Kozuka Hiroshi. 1995. Stimulatory effect of lead on the proliferation of cultured vascular smooth-muscle cells. Toxicology 98(1-3): 105-110.

### Eco-SSL for Lead March 2005 116 Mix Fullmer, C. S. 1995. Dietary calcium levels and treatment interval determine the effects of lead ingestion on plasma 1,25-dihydroxyvitamin d concentration in chicks. J. Nutr. 125(5): 1328- 1333.

Fate Fullmer, C. S. 1991. Intestinal calcium and lead absorption effects of dietary lead and calcium. Environ Res. 54(2): 159-169.

Surv Fullmer, C. S. 1997. Lead-calcium interacti ons: involvement of 1,25-dihydroxyvitamin d. Environmental Research. 72(1): 45-55.

Fate Fullmer, C. S. and Rosen, J. F. 1990. Effect of dietary calcium and lead status on intestinal calcium absorption. Environ Res. 51(1): 91-90.

In Vit Furuno, Koji, Suetsugu, Tatsuya, and Sugihara, Narumi. 1996. Effects of metal ions on lipid peroxidation in cultured rat hepatocyte s loaded with .alpha.-linolenic acid. J. Toxicol. Environ. Health (1996) 48(2): 121-129 .

Lead Shot Gabor, S., Magda, H. M., and Vladov, S. 1987. Lead poisoning of mallards anas platyrhynchos caused by lead Shot. Magy Allatorv Lapja. 42(10): 621-626.

No Dose Gabrashanska, M. and Daskalova, A. compara tive studies on the levels of the trace-elements selenium and zinc in poultry experimentally infested with the nematode Ascaridia-galli.

. Khelmintologiya. 20 (0). 1985 (Recd. 1986). 15-23.

FL Gabrashanskii, P., Koichev, K. B., and Troev, T. Some diseases in fallow deer in northeast bulgaria and their prevention. Veterinarno Meditsinski Nauki. 23 (10). 1986 (Recd. 1987). 83-88.

Phys Gainer, J. H. 1973. Activation of the rauscher leukemia virus by metals. J. Nat. Cancer Inst. (1973) 51(2): 609-13.

Acu Gainer, J. H. 1977. Effects of interferon of heavy metal excess and zinc Deficiency. Am J Vet Res. 38(6): 863-867.

In Vit Gainer, J. H. 1977. Effects on interferon of heavy metal excess and zinc deficiency. American Journal of Veterinary Research 38(6): 863-7.

Surv Gale, Nord L., Wixson, Bobby G., Hardie, Michael G., and Jennett, J. Charles. 1973. Aquatic organisms and heavy metals in missouri's new lead belt. Water Resour. Bull. 9(4): 673-88.

No Oral Gale, T. F. 1978. A variable embryotoxic response to lead in different strains of hamsters. Environ Res. 17(3): 325-333.

Fate Galvanovskii, Yu. Ya., Andrushaite, R. E., and Baum an, V. K. 1986. Effect of vitamin d on lead transport in the small intestine ofchickens and the role of calcium-binding protein in that process.: <document title>assimilyatsiya pitatel'nykh veshchestv v organizmezhivotnykh. 26-37.

Surv Gandhi, D. N. 1990. The influence of diet on the t oxicity of orally ingested lead in rats. Indian Journal of Nutrition and Dietetics. 27(6): 186-189.

Diss Gandley, R. E. 1993. Paternal Effects of Lead in the F(1) and F(2) Generations of Rats: Hippocampal Morphology and Embryofetal Protein Synthesis

No Oral Garber, B. and Wei, E. 1973. Lead toxicity inmice with genetically different levels of deltaaminolevulinic acid dehydratase. Bull. Environ. Contam. Toxicol. 9(2): 80-83.

### Eco-SSL for Lead March 2005 117 Surv Garcia-Fernandez, A. J., Motas-Guzman, M., Nava s, I., Maria-Mojica, P., Luna, A., and SanchezGarcia, J. A. 1997. Environmental exposure and di stribution of lead in f our species of raptors in southeastern spain. Arch. Environ. Contam. Toxicol. 33(1): 76-82.

Bio Acc Garcia Fernandez A J, Sanchez Garcia J A, Jime nez Montalban P, and Luna A. 1995. Lead and cadmium in wild birds in southeastern spain. Environ Toxicol Chem. 14(12): 2049-2058.

In Vit Garrett, N. E., Campbell, J. A., Stack, H. F., Wa ters, M. D., and Lewtas, J. 1983. Utilization of the rabbit alveolar macrophage and chinese hamster ovary cell for evaluation of the toxicity of particulate materials. 1. model compounds and metal-coated fly ash. Govt Reports Announcements & Index (GRA&I)

No Dose Gatzke, HD. 1980. The influence of lead on the protein metabolism of the brain. Anat. Anz. (Jena). 148: 309-22.

Unrel Gayet, Jean Charles, Haouz, Ahmed, Geloso-Meyer, Annette, and Burstein, Claude. 1993. Detection of heavy metal salts with biosensors built with an oxygen electrode coupled to various immobilized oxidases and dehydrogenases. Biosens. Bioelectron. 8(3-4): 177-83 .

No Dose Geist, C. R., Balko, S. W., Morgan, M. E., a nd Angiak, R. 1985. Behavioral effects following rehabilitation from postnatal exposure to lead acetate. Percept Mot Skills. 60(2): 527-36.

Pb Behav Geist, C. R. and Mattes, B. R. 1979. Behavi oral effects of postnatal lead acetate exposure in developing laboratory rats. Physiol. Psychol. 7(4): 399-402.

No Dose Geist, C. R. and Praed, J. E. 1982. Chronic lead exposure of rats: open-field performance. Percept Mot Skills. 55(2): 487-90.

Fate Gelman, B. B., Michaelson, I. A., and Bornschein, R. L. 1979. Brain lipofuscin concentration and oxidant defense enzymes in lead-poisoned neonatal rats. J Toxicol Environ Health 5(4): 683- 98.

FL Genot, J. C., Lecci, D., Bonnet, J., Keck, G., and Venant, A. 1995. Data on the chemical contamination in the little owl athena nocut a (scop.) and it's eggs, in france. Alauda. 63(2): p105-110.

Diss Genova, T. F. 1982. Lead Induced Modifications of Immune Responses in Aging Male and Female Mice

Surv George, J. C., March, G. L., and McKeown, B. A. 1983. Effects of environmental lead poisoning on the breast muscle of the canada goose: an ultrastructural study. Cytobios. 36(143-144): 201- 216.

Alt Gerber, G., Maes, J., and Deroo, J. 1978. Eff ect of dietary lead on placental blood flow and on fetal uptake of alpha-amino isobutyrate. Arch Toxicol 41(2): 125-31.

Fate Gerber, G. B. and Maes, J. 1978. Heme synt hesis in the lead-intoxicated mouse embryo. Toxicology. 9(1-2): 173-9.

Mix Germolec, Dori R., Yang, Raymond S. H., Ackermann, Michael F., Rosenthal, Gary J., Boorman, Gary A., Blair, Patricia, and Luster, Michael I. 1989. Toxicology studies of a chemical mixture of 25 groundwater contaminants. ii. immunosuppression in b6c3f1 mice. Fundam. Appl. Toxicol. (1989) 13(3): 377-87.

### Eco-SSL for Lead March 2005 118 Surv Getz, L. L., Best, L. B., and Prather, M. 1977. Lead in urban and rural song birds. Environ. Pollut. 12(3): 235-238.

Surv Getz, L. L., Verner, L., and Prather, M. 1977. Lead concentrations in small mammals living near highways. Environ Pollut. 13(2)

Fate Ghosh, S., Chatterjee, A. K., and Gupta, M. 1992. Impact of lead toxicity on brain metabolisms of nucleic acid and catecholamine in protein malnourished rats. J Nutr Sci Vitaminol (Tokyo). 38(5): 451-62.

No Oral Giavini, E., Prati, M., and Vismara, C. 1980. Effects of cadmium,lead and copper on rat preimplantation Embryos. Bull Environ Contam Toxicol . 25: 702-705.

CP Gibbs, P. J. 1992-31820. Heavy metal and organoc hlorine concentrations in tissues of the little penguin Eudyptula minor

.

Pb Behav Gietzen, D. W. and Woolley, D. E. 1984. Acet ylcholinesterase activity in the brain of rat pups and dams after exposure to lead via the maternal water supply. Neurotoxicology 5(3): 235-46.

Unrel Gift, A. G. 1993. Informed consent and vulnerable subjects. Clin Nurse Spec. 7(4): 183.

No Oral Gilani, S. H. 1973. Congenital anomalies in lead poisoning. Obstet. Gynecol. 41(265-269)

No Dose Gilbert, M. E., Mack, C. M., and Lasley, S. M. 1999. The influence of developmental period of lead exposure on long-term potentiation in the adult rat dentate gyrus in vivo. Neurotoxicology 20(1): 57-69.

Surv Gill, J. M. and Darby, J. T. 1993. Deaths in yellow-eyed penguins (megadyptes antipodes) on the otagopeninsula during the summer of 1990. New Zealand Veterinary Journal. 41(1): 39-42.

Mix Gilmartin, JE, Alo, DK, Richmond, ME, Bache, CA, and Lisk, DJ. 1985. Lead in tissues of cats fed pine voles from lead arse nate-treated orchards. Bull. Environ. Contam. Toxicol. 34(2): 291- 294.

Unrel Giraud, A. S., Yeomans, N. D., and St. John, D. J. 1979. Ultrastructure and cytochemistry of the gastric mucosa of a reptile , Tiliqua scincoides

. Cell Tissue Res. 197(2): 281-94.

Lead Shot Gjerstad, K. O. and Hanssen, I. 1984. Experi mental lead poisoning in willow ptarmigan lagopuslagopus. J Wildl Manage. 48(3): 1018-1022.

Diss Gloeckner, Reinhild, Jaehne, Frank, and Schwarz, Steffi. 1990 . Prenatal treatment with lead - influence on reproductive performance of f1 and f2 female rats with and without additional exposure to chronic stress. Wiss. Beitr. - Martin-Luther-Un iv. Halle-Wittenberg, N19, Beitr. Toxikol. Forsch. : 19-26.

Bio Acc Gochfeld, M. 1997. Spatial patterns in a bioindi cator: heavy metal and selenium concentration in eggs of herring gulls ( Larus argentatus ) in the New York bight. Arch Environ Contamin Toxicol

. 33(1): 63-70.

Bio Acc Gochfeld, M., Belant, J. L., Shukla, T., Benson, T., and Burger, J. 1996. Heavy metals in laughing gulls: gender, age and tissue differences. Environ. Toxicol. Chem. 15(12): 2275-2283.

No Oral Gochfeld, M. and Burger, J. 1988. Effects of lead on growth and feeding behavior of young common terns ( Sterna hirundo ). Arch. Environ. Contam. Toxicol. 17(4): 513-517.

### Eco-SSL for Lead March 2005 119 Surv Gochfeld, M. and Burger, J. 1998. Temporal tre nds in metal levels in eggs of the endangered roseate tern ( Sterna dougallii ) in New York. Environmental Research . 77(1): 36-42.

Bio Acc Gochfeld, M. Umdnj- . Spatial patterns in a bioindicator: heavy metal and selenium. Arch Environ Contam Toxicol. V33, N1, P63(8)

Bio Acc Goede, A. A. and M. DeBruin. 1986. the use of bird feathers for indicating heavy metal pollution. Environ. Monit. Asses. : pp. 249-256.

Pb Behav Goji, Idris Adamu. 1988. The Effects of Lead Exposure on Motor Activity and Brain Monoamine Oxidase Activity in Mouse : 223.

CP Goldbe, A. 1968. experimental porphyria. Biochem Soc Symp. 28: 35-43.

Aquatic Goldberg, E. D. 1972. Baseline Studies of Pollutants in the Marine Environment and Research Recommendations. NSF/IDOE-74-26

Acu Goldman, M., Bubak, P., and Meiberger, H. 1972. comparative effects of environmental pollutants: mercury, lead, and ddt on thyroid uptak e of radioiodine and thyroid secretion rate in male sprague-dawley rats. Proc. S. Dak. Acad. Sci. 51: 263.

Lead shot Goldman, M. and Dillon, R. D. 1982. interac tion of selenium and lead on several aspects of thyroid function in pekin ducklings. Res Commun Chem Pathol Pharmacol. 37(3): 487-90.

Rev Goldstein, G. W. 1984. brain capillaries: a target for inorganic lead poisoning. Neurotoxicology. 5(3): 167-75.

Phys Goldstein, G. W. and Diamond, I. 1974. me tabolic basis of lead encephalopathy. Res Publ Assoc Res Nerv Ment Dis. 53: 293-304.

Rev Golter, M. and Michaelson, I. A. 1974. grow th behavior and brain catecholamines in lead exposed neo natal rats a reappraisal. Science. 187(4174): 359-361.

Unrel Gona, O. and Fu, S. C. 1982. effect of prolactin on galactose-induced cataractogenesis in the rat. Proc Soc Exp Biol Med. 171(3): 285-8.

Drug Gong, Z. 1996. Dmsa (Succimer) Reduces the Neurotoxicity of Lead (Lead)

Surv Gonzalez, J., Hernandez, L. M., Rico, C., and Baluja, G. 1984. residues of organochlorine pesticides, polychlorinated biphenyls and heavy me tals in the eggs of predatory birds from donana national park (spain), 1980-1983. J Environ Sci Health Part B Pestic Food Contam Agric Wastes. 19(8-9): 759-772.

Lead Shot Goode D A. 1981. Lead Poisoning in Swans. 1-44.

Acu Gordon, C. J., Mohler, F. S., Watkinson, W. P., and Rezvani, A. H. 1988. temperature regulation in laboratory mammals following acute toxic insult. Toxicology 53(2-3): 161-78.

FL Gorobets, A. I. 1991. retention of fat-soluble vitamins in broiler chickens and theirproductivity when given trace element chelates. Sel'Skokhozyaistvennaya Biologiya (6): 82-84.

Phys Gottschall, E. B., Fernyak, S., Wuertemberger, G., and Voelkel, N. F. almitrine mimics hypoxic vasoconstriction in isolated rat lungs. American Journal of Physiology. 263 (2 Part 2). 1992. H383-H391.

### Eco-SSL for Lead March 2005 120 Fate Govoni, S., Memo, M., Spano, P. F., and Tra bucchi, M. 1979. chronic lead treatment differentially affects dopamine synthesis in various rat brain areas. Toxicology 12(3): 343-9.

Fate Govoni, S., Montefusco, O., Spano, P. F., and Tr abucchi, M. 1978. effect of chronic lead treatment on brain dopamine synthesis and serumprolactin release in the rat. Toxicology Letters 2(6): 333-337.

Not Avail Goyal, P. K., Singh, N., Gajawat, S., and Pareek , T. K. 1998. Protective role of vitamins on postnatal survival of mice against. Indian. J. Environ. Sci. 2(1): 39-45.

HHE Goyer, R. A. 1976. toxicology of lead on kidney and other organs. Health Effects of Occupational Lead and Arsenic Exposure: a Symposium; Carnow B.W., Ed.

Rev Goyer, R. A. and Rhyne, B. C. 1973. Pathological effects of lead. Int. Rev. Exp. Pathol. 12: 1- 77.

No Oral Gozdzik-Zolnierkiewicz, T. and Moszynski, B. 1969. Eight nerve in experimental lead poisoning. Acta Otolaryngol. (Stockh). 68(1): 85-89.

FL Grajeta, H. 1998. Effect of lead and Oenothera paradoxa oil on serum and liver lipids metabolism and enzyme activities in rats. part ii. blood serum and liver enzyme activities. Bromatologia i Chemia Toksykologiczna. 31(3): 245-249.

FL Grajeta, H. 1998. Effect of lead and Oenothera paradoxa oil on serum and liver lipids metabolism and enzyme activities in rats part 1: blood serum and liver lipids. Bromatologia i Chemia Toksykologiczna. 31(2): 159-166.

CP Granahan, P. and Huber, A. M. 1978. Effect of ingested lead on prenatal development and trace elementdeposition in the rat. Federation Proceedings. 37(3): 895.

Surv Grand, J. B., Flint, P. L., Petersen, M. R., and Moran, C. L. 1998. Effect of lead poisoning on spectacled eider survival rates. Journal of Wildlife Management. 62(3): 1103-1109.

Surv Grant G S. 1987. Paint chips and albatross Chicks. Sea Frontiers. 33(4): 270-272.

Abstract Grant, LD, Kimmel, CA, Martinez-Vargas, CM, and West, GL. 1976. Assessment of developmental toxicity associated with chronic lead exposure. Environ. Health Persp. 17: 290.

Rev Graveland, J. 1990. Effects of acid pr ecipitation on reproduction in birds. Experientia . 46(9): 962-970.

Drug Graziano, J. H., Cuccia, D., and Friedheim, E. 1978. The pharmacology of 2,3- dimercaptosuccinic acid and its potential use in arsenic poisoning. Journal of Pharmacology and Experimental Therapeutics 207(3): 1051-5.

BioX Griem, P., Panthel, K., Kalbacher, H., and Gleich mann, E. 1996. Alteration of a model antigen by au(iii) leads to t cell sensitization to cryptic peptides. Vol. 26, No. 2, Pp. 279-287 Eur. J. Immunol.

Bio Acc Grodzinska, K., Grodzinski, W., and Zeveloff, S. I. 1983. Contamination of roe deer forage in a polluted forest of southern polland. Environmental Pollution. 30(4): 257-276.

### Eco-SSL for Lead March 2005 121 FL Gross-Selbeck, E. 1983. Behavioral analysis in rats as sensitive indicator intoxicologydemonstration with reference to the envir onmental chemicalsparathion and lead. Fortschritte Der Veterinarmedizin. (37): 348-352.

No Dose Gross-Selbeck, E. and Gross-Selbeck, M. 1981. Ch anges in operant behavior of rats exposed to lead at the accepted no-effect level. Clin Toxicol. 18(11): 1247-56.

Mix Groten, J. P., Schoen, E. D., and Feron, V. J. 1996. Use of factorial designs in combination toxicity studies. Food Chem Toxicol. 34(11-12): 1083-9.

Diss Grover, C. A. 1992. The Effects of Chronic and Acute Lead Treatment on Activity and EthanolRelated Behaviors

Mix Grover, C. A., Nation, J. R., Burkey, R. T., McClure, M. C., and Bratton, G. R. 1993. Lead/ethanol interactions. i: rate-depressant effects. Alcohol. 10(5): 355-61.

Surv Grue, C. E., Hoffman, D. J., Beyer, W. N., and Fr anson, L. P. 1986. Lead concentrations and reproductive success in european starlings (stur nus vulgaris) nesting within highway roadside verges. Environ. Pollut., Ser. A Ecol. Biol. 42(2): 157-182.

Surv Grue, C. E., O'Shea, T. J., and Hoffman, D. J. 1984. Lead concentrations and reproduction in highway-nesting barn swallows. Condor. 86(4): 383-389.

Mix Gry, J., Bille, N., Kristiansen, E., Madsen, C., Meye r, O., Olsen, P., Roswa ll, K., Thorup, I., and Wurtzen, G. Thermally oxidized soya bean oil in teracted with mono- and diglycerides of food fatty acids (esters of glycerol and thermally oxidi zed soybean fatty acids): a long-term study in
rats. Publ. - Levnedsmiddelstyr. (Den.) (1988) : 172, 154 pp.

Meth Grzybek, H., Sliwa-Tomczok, W., and Tomczok, J. 1990. Application on timm sulphide silver method for electron microscope localization of lead ions in blood cells. Folia Haematologica; Internationales Magazin Fur Klinische Und

FL Gufler, H., Tataruch, F., and Onderscheka, K. 1997. Investigation of the lead, cadmium, and mercury contents in the organs and muscles of roe deer and chamois in southern tyrol. Zeitschrift Fuer Jagdwissenschaft. 43(4): 240-250.

In Vitro Guilarte, T. R. 1997. Glutamatergic system and developmental lead neurotoxicity. Neurotoxicology. 18(3): 665-672.

In Vit Guilarte, T. R. 1997. Pb2+ inhibits nmda receptor function at high and low affinity sites: developmental and regional brain expression. Neurotoxicology. 18(1): 43-51.

In Vit Guilarte, T. R., Miceli, R. C., Altmann, L., We insberg, F., Winneke, G., and Wiegand, H. 1993. Chronic prenatal and postnatal pb2+ exposure increases [3h]mk801 binding sites in adult rat forebrain. Eur J Pharmacol. 248(3): 273-5.

Drug Guilarte, T. R., Miceli, R. C., and Jett, D. A. 1995. Biochemical evidence of an interaction of lead at the zinc allosteric sites of the nmda r eceptor complex: effects of neuronal development. Neurotoxicology. 16(1 ): 63-71.

No Dose Guilarte, T. R. a, Miceli, R. C., and Jett, D. A. 1994. Neurochemical aspects of hippocampal and cortical pb-2+ neurotoxicity. Neurotoxicology (Little Rock). 15(3): 459-466.

### Eco-SSL for Lead March 2005 122 Surv Guitart, R., To Figueras, J., Mateo, R., Bertol ero, A., Cerradelo, S., and Martinez Vilalta, A. 1994. Lead poisoning in waterfowl from the ebro delta, spain: calculation of lead exposure thresholds for mallards. Arch. Environ. Contam. Toxicol. 27(3): 289-293.

Surv Guitart, R., Torra, M., Cerradelo, S., Puig-Casado, P., Mateo, R., and To-Figueras, J. 1994. Pb, Cd, As, and Se concentrations in livers of dead wild birds from the Ebro Delta, Spain. Bull. Environ. Contam. Toxicol. 52(4): 523-529.

FL Gulvik, M. E. 1989. [spermatogenesis and maturation of spermatozoa in rats exposed to lead]: <original> spermatogeneza i dojrzewanie plemnikow szczurow poddawanych dzialaniu olowiu. Ann Acad Med Stetin. 35: 73-87.

No Org Gunshin, Hiromi, Mackenzie, Bryan, Berger, Ur s V., Gunshin, Yoshimi, Romero, Michael F., Boron, Walter F., Nussberger, Stephan, Gollan, John L., and Hediger, Matthias A. Cloning and characterization of a mammalian proton-c oupled metal-ion transporter. Nature (London) (1997) 388(6641): 482-488.

Phys Gupta, A. and Shukla, G. S. 1997. Enzymatic antioxidants in erythrocytes following heavy metal exposure possible role in early diagnosis of poisoning. Bull Environ Contam Toxicol . 58(2): 198-205.

Surv Guthova, Z. 1993. Reproduction disorders in black-headed gull ( Larus ridibundus ) from a suburban colony near Ceske Budejovice, Southern Bohemia. Folia Zoologica. 42(4): 95-302.

No Dose Gutowski, M., Altmann, L., Sveinsson, K., and Wiegand, H. 1997. Postnatal development of synaptic plasticity in the ca3 hippocampal region of control and lead-exposed wistar rats. Brain Res Dev Brain Res. 98(1): 82-90.

FL Hacker, G. W., Springall, D. R., Van Noorden, S., Bishop, A. E., Grimelius, L., and Polak, J. M. 1985. The immunogold-silver staining method. a powerful tool in histopathology. Virchows Archiv 406(4): 449-61.

Rev Hackett, P. L. and Kelman, B. J. 1983. Availab ility of toxic trace metals to the conceptus. The Science of the Total Environment. 28: 433-442.

No Dose Haddad, D. S., al-Alousi, L. A., and Kantarjian, A. H. 1991. The effect of copper loading on pregnant rats and their offspring. Funct Dev Morphol. 1(3): 17-22.

Acu Haegele, M. A. and Tucker, R. K. 1974. Effects of 15 common environmental pollutants on eggshell thickness in mallards and coturnix. Bull Environ Contam Toxicol. 11(1): 98-102.

CP Hahn, E., Ostapczuk, P., Ellenberg, H., and St oeppler, M. 1985. Environmental monitoring of heavy metals with birds as pollution integrating biomonitors. ii. cadmium, lead and copper in magpie (pica pica) feathers from a heavily polluted and a control area. Heavy Met. Environ. Int. Conf., 5th . 1: p721-3.

Bio Acc Hahn, Edmund, Hahn, Karin, and Ellenberg, Herm ann. Heavy metal load in the feathers of magpies. Verh. - Ges. Oekol. (1989) : Volume Date 1988, 18, 317-24 .

No Dose Hahn, M. E., Burright, R. G., and Donovick, P. J. 1991. Lead effects on food competition and predatory aggression in binghamton het mice. Physiol Behav 50(4): 757-64.

### Eco-SSL for Lead March 2005 123 Lead Shot Hall, S. L and Fisher, F. M. Jr. 1985. Lead con centrations in tissues of marsh birds: relationship of feeding habits and grit preferen ce to spent shot ingestion. Bull Environ Contam Toxicol 35(1): 1-8.

FL Hambach, A., Stiller-Winkler, R., Oberbarnscheidt, J., and Ewers, U. 1983. [Are suppressor tcells the primary target cells of lead immunot oxicity?]: <original> sind suppressor-t-zellen die primaren zielzellen der immunotoxischen wirkungen von blei? Zentralbl Bakteriol Mikrobiol Hyg [B]. 178(4): 316-28.

Surv Hamir, A. N., Sullivan, N. D., and Handson, P. D. 1982. The effects of age and diet on the absorption of lead from the gastrointestinal tract of dogs. Aust Vet J. 58(6): 266-8.

Nut def Hamir, A. N., Sullivan, N. D., and Handson, P. D. 1984. Neuropathological lesions in experimental lead toxicosis of dogs. J. Comp. Pathol. 94(2): 215-231.

Nut Hamir, A. N., Sullivan, N. D., and Handson, P. D. 1988. Tissue lead distribution and pathological findings in lead exposed dogs maintained on fat and calcium modified diets. Br. Vet. J. 144(3): 240-245.

Surv Hamir, A. N., Sullivan, N. D., Handson, P. D., a nd Barr, S. 1985. An outbreak of lead poisoning in dogs. Aust Vet J. 62(1): 21-3.

Mix Hamir, A. N., Sullivan, N. D., Handson, P. D., Wilk inson, J. S., and Lavelle, R. B. 1981. Clinical signs, radiology and tissue lead distribution of dogs administered a mixture of lead chloride, lead bromide and lead sulphate. Aust. Vet. J. 57(9): 401-406.

Food Hammond, P. B., Minnema, D. J., and Shulka, R. 1990. Lead exposure lowers the set point for food consumption and growth in weanling rats. Toxicol. Appl. Pharmacol. 106(1): 80-87.

Rev Hammond, PB and Aronson, AL. 1964. Lead poisoni ng in cattle and horses in the vicinity of a smelter. Ann. NY ACad. Sci. 111: 595.

No Dose Han, Shenggao, Li, Wenjie, Jamil, Uzma, Dargan, Kyle, Orefice, Michelle, Kemp, Francis W., and Bogden, John D. 1999. Effects of weight loss and exercise on the distribution of lead and essential trace elements in rats with prior lead exposure. Environ. Health Perspect. 107(8): 657-662 .

CP Han, Shenggao, Qiao, Xianwen, Kemp, Francis W., and Bogden, John D. 1996. age at lead exposure influences lead retention in bone. Ther. Uses Trace Elem. [Proc. Int. Congr. Trace Elem. Med. Biol.], 5th : 303-307. Editor(s): Neve, Jean; Chappuis, Philippe; Lamand, Michel. Publisher: Plenum, New York, N. Y.

No Dose Han, Shenggao, Qiao, Xianwen, Kemp, Francis W ., and Bogden, John D. 1997. Lead exposure at an early age substantially increases lead retention in the rat. Environ. Health Perspect. 105(4): 412-417 .

Surv Haneef, S. S., Swarup, D., Kalicharan, and Dwivedi , S. K. 1995. The effect of concurrent lead and cadmium exposure on the cell-mediated immune response in goats. Veterinary and Human Toxicology. 37(5): 428-429.

Mix Haneef, S. S. D. Swarup S. K. Dwivedi and P. K. Dash. 1998. Effects of concurrent exposure to lead and cadmium on renal function in goats. Small Ruminant Research . 28: 257-261.

### Eco-SSL for Lead March 2005 124 Abstract Hanna, L., Peters, J. M., Wiley, L. M., Clegg, M. S., and Keen, C. L. 1996. Comparative effects of essential and nonessential metals on prei mplantation mouse embryo development. Experimental Biology 96

Lead shot Hanssen, I. and Gjerstad, K. O. 1984. Experi mental lead poisoning in willow ptarmigan. Journal of Wildlife Management. 48(3): 1018.

Phys Harada, K. and Miura, H. 1983. Biosynthesis of heme and iron turnover in experimentally lead poisonedrabbits. Japan. J. Indust. Health. 25(3): 161-174.

Lead Shot Harper, M. J. and Hindmarsh, M. 1990. Lead poisoning in magpie geese Anseranas semipalmata from ingested lead pellet at bool lagoon game reserve (South Australia). Aust Wildl Res. 17(2): 141-146.

Ecol Harri, M. and Rekila, T. 1997. From Siberia to Finland. silver foxes from Novosibirsk show trust in humans. Finsk Palstidskrift 31(4): 80-82.

Surv Harrison, P and Dyer M. 1984. Lead in mule deer forage in rocky mountain national park, colorado. J. Wildl. Manage. 48: 510-517.

Gene Harry, G. J., Schmitt, T. J., Gong, Z., Brown, H ., Zawia, N., and Evans, H. L. 1996. Leadinduced alterations of glial fibrillary acidic prot ein (GFAP) in the developing rat brain. Toxicol Appl Pharmacol. 139(1): 84-93.

CP Hartner, L., Hueber, N., and Schreiber, H. 1992. suitability of bird feathers as bioindicators. (Hohenheim Environmental Meeting, 24. Bioindicators for Environmental Pollution: New Aspects and Developments); Meeting, Hohenheim, Germany, January 31, 1992. ISBN 3-8236-1213-1. 75-91.

Wqual Hartung, R. 1973. biological effects of heavy metal pollutants in water. Adv Exp Med Biol. 40: 161-72.

HHE Harvey, I. R. 1994. halogen-assisted metal migr ation: an infant mortality mechanism for adjacent-finger shorting in an hpppga package. ISTFA '94 Proc. Int. Symp. Test. Failure Anal., 20th : 245-54 Publisher: ASM, Materials Park, Ohio.

Surv Hashmi, N. S., Kachru, D. N., Khandelwal, S., and Tandon, S. K. 1989. interrelationship between iron deficiency and lead intoxication (part 2). Biol Trace Elem Res. 22(3): 299-307.

Nut def Hashmi, N. S., Kachru, D. N., and Tandon, S. K. 1989. interrelationship between iron deficiency and lead intoxication (part 1). Biol Trace Elem Res 22(3): 287-97.

Pb Behav Hastings, L., Cooper, G. P., Bornschein, R. L., and Michaelson, I. A. 1979. behavioral deficits in adult rats following neonatal lead exposure. Neurobehav Toxicol 1(3): 227-31.

Pb Behav Hastings, L., Cooper, G. P., Bornschein, R. L., a nd Michaelson, I. A. 1977. behavioral effects of low level neo natal lead exposure. Pharmacol Biochem Behav 7(1): 37-42.

No Dose Hastings, L., Zenick, H., Succop, P., Sun, T. J., and Sekeres, R. 1984. relationship between hematopoietic parameters and behavioral measures in lead-exposed rats. Toxicol Appl Pharmacol. 73(3): 416-22.

No Oral Hatano, A. and Ashida, K. 1975. effects of sea water pollution on chicken Fetus. J Indian Chem Soc. 52: 77-79.

### Eco-SSL for Lead March 2005 125 No Oral Haust, H. L., Inwood, M., Spence, J. D., Poon, H. C., and Peter, F. 1989. intramuscular administration of iron during long-term chelation- therapy with 2,3-dimercaptosuccinic acid in a man with severe lead-poisoning. Clinical Biochemistry 22(3): 189-196.

Lead Shot Havera, S. P., Anderson, W. L., and Wood, S. G. 1989. use of blood from dead mallards to monitor lead poisoning. Wildl Soc Bull. 17(3): 241-244.

Lead Shot Havera, S. P., Wood, S. G., and Georgi, M. M. 1992. blood and tissue parameters in wild mallards redosed with lead shot. Bull Environ Contam Toxicol. 49 (2). 1992. 238-245. 49(2): 238-245.

Lead Shot Havera, S. P a and Anderson, W. L. 1999. f ood contents of mallard gizzards with and without ingested lead or steel shot. Transactions of the Illinois State Academy of Science. 92(1-2): 89- 94.

FL Hayakawa, T., Takano, Y., Suzue, R., and Ueno, Y. 1978. effect of dietary protein on growth of lead poisoned rats. Eiyo To Shokuryo. 31(2): 177-81.

FL Hayashi, M., Okada, I., Tate, H., Miura, Y. , and Ohhira, S. 1981 . variations of .delta.- aminolevulinic acid dehydratase activities and lead concentrations in blood of fetuses and neonates from the same litter. Dokkyo J. Med. Sci. 8(1): 10-13.

Surv Hayashi, Masatoshi. 1982. lead, cadmium, and zinc in the teeth of pet dogs and experimental beagles. Igaku to Seibutsugaku. 105(3 ): 235-8.

CP Hayes F A and Davidson W R. 1978. waterfowl Diseases. International Waterfowl Symposium 3. : 45-58.

Nut Heath, J. S. and Donaldson, W. E. 1984. Di etary manipulation of membrane fatty-acid content and erythrocyte fragility in chicks. Nutr Rep Int. 29(5): 1061-1070.

Mix Heffron, C. L., Reid, J. T., Furr, A. K. , Parkins on, T. F., King, J., Bache, C. A., St. John, L. E. Jr., Gutenmann, W. H., and Lisk, D. J. 1977. Lead and other elements in sheep fed colored magazines and newsprint. Journal of Agricultural and Food Chemistry 25(3): 657-660.

Mix Heindel, J. J., George, J. D., and Fail, P. A. 1990. Final report on the reproductive toxicity of a chemical mixture in cd-1-swiss mice: volume 2, laboratory supplement. NTIS Technical Report (NTIS/PB91-158451) 1990 Nov;:189 Pp.

Mix Heindel, Jerold J., Chapin, Robert E., George, Julia , Gulati, Dushyant K., Fail, Patricia A., Barnes, Leta H., and Yang, Raymond S. H. 1995. Assessment of the reproductive toxicity of a complex mixture of 25 groundwater contaminants in mice and rats. Fundam. Appl. Toxicol. 25(1): 9- 19.

Lead Shot Heitmeyer, M. E., Fredrickson, L. H., and Hum burg, D. D. 1993. Further evidence of biases associated with hunter-killed mallards. Journal of Wildlife Management. 57(4): 733-740.

Alt Hejtmancik, M. Jr. and Williams, B. J. 1979. time and level of peri natal lead exposure for development of norepinephrine cardio toxicity. Res Commun Chem Pathol Pharmacol. 24(2): 367-76.

Diss Hejtmancik, M. R. Jr. 1979. Effect of Neonatal Lead Exposure on the Development of Some Cardiovascular Responses to Norepinephrine in the Rat : 160.

### Eco-SSL for Lead March 2005 126 HHE Hemberg, S., Nikkanen, J, Mellin, G., and He lsinki, H. L. 1970. Aminolevulinic acid dehydrogenase as a measure of land exposure. Arch. Environ. Health. 21: 140.

Bact Hemphill, F. E., Kaeberle, M. L., and Buck, W. B. 1971. Lead suppression of mouse resistance to salmonella typhimurium. Science. 172(987): 1031-1032.

Bio Acc Hendriks, A. J., Ma, W. C., Brouns, J. J., de Ruiter-Dijkman, E. M., and Gast, R. 1995. Modelling and monitoring organochlorine and heavy metal accumulation in soils, earthworms, and shrews in rhine-delta floodplains. Arch Environ Contam Toxicol. 29(1): 115-27.

CP Hennig, V. 1992. element analysis on feathers of raven corvus-corax and peregrine falcon falcoperegrinus-peregrinus possibilities and trends in Biomonitoring. (Hohenheim Environmental Meeting, 24. Bioindicators for Environmental Pollution: New Aspects and Developments); Meeting, Hohenheim, Germany, January 31, 1992. ISBN 3-8236-1213-1. 93-110.

Surv Henny, C. J., Blus, L. J., and Grove, R. 1990. A. western grebe, aechmophorus occidentalis, wintering biology and contaminant accumulation in commencement bay, puget sound, washington (Usa). Can Field-nat; 104 (3). 1990. 460-472.

Surv Henny, C. J., Blus, L. J., Hoffman, D. J., and Grove , R. A. 1994. lead in hawks, falcons and owls downstream from a mining site on the coeur d'alene river, idaho. Environmental Monitoring and Assessment. 29(3): 267-288.

Surv Henny, C. J., Blus, L. J., Hoffman, D. J., Grove, R. A., and Hatfield, J. S. lead accumulation and osprey production near a mining site on the Coeur d'alene river, idaho. Arch Environ Contam Toxicol 1991 Sep;21(3):415-24

Surv Henny, C. J., Blus, L. J., Hoffman, D. J., Grove, R. A., and Hatfield, J. S. 1991. Lead accumulation and osprey production near a mining site on the coeur. Arch Environ Contam Toxicol. 21(3): 415-424.

Surv Henny, C. J. L. J. Blus D. J. Hoffman L. Sile o D. J. Audet and M. R. Snyder. 2000. Field evaluation of lead effects on canada gees and malla rds in the coeur d'alene basin, idaho. Archives Environ. Contam. Toxicol. 39: 07-112.

Gene Heo, Y. 1997. Lead, an Environmental Toxicant, Alters the Activation and Development of t Cells Resulting in Aberrant Generation of Cytokines

Imm Heo, Y., Lee, W. T., and Lawrence, D. A. 1997. In vivo the environmental pollutants lead and mercury induce oligoclonal t cell responses skewed toward type-2 reactivities. Cell Immunol. 179(2): 185-95.

Unrel Herendeen Patrick S(A), Crepet William L, and Nixon Kevin C. 1993. Chloranthus-like stamens from the upper cretaceous of new jersey. American Journal of Botany 80(8): 865-871.

No Dose Herman, Z. S., Kmieciak-Kolada, K., Szkilnik, R., Felinska, W., and Slominska, J. 1982.: 22.

Abstract Hermayer, K. L., Stake, P. E., and Shippe, R. L. 1977. Evaluation of dietary zinc, cadmium, tin, lead, bismuth and arsenictoxicity in hens. Poult. Sci. 56(5): 1721-1722.

Surv Hernandez, L. M., Gonzalez, M. J., and Fernand ez, M. A. 1988. Organochlorines and metals in spanish imperial eagle eggs 1986-87. Environ Conserv. 15(4): 363-364.

### Eco-SSL for Lead March 2005 127 Bio Acc Hernandez, L. M., Gonzalez, M. J., Rico, M. C., Fernandez, M. A., and Aranda, A. 1988. organochlorine and heavy metal residues in Falc oniform and Ciconiform eggs Spain. Bull Environ Contam Toxicol. 40(1): p86-93.

Bio Acc Hernandez, L. M., Rico, M. C., Gonzalez, M. J ., Hernan, M. A., and Fernandez, M. A. 1986. presence and time trends of organochlorine pollutant s and heavy metals in eggs of predatory birds of Spain. J Field Ornithol. 57(4): 270-282.

Surv Hernandez, L. M., Rico, M. C., Gonzalez, M. J ., Montero, M. C., and Fernandez, M. A. 1987. Residues of organochlorine chemicals and concentra tions of heavy metals in ciconiiform eggs in relation to diet and Habitat. J Environ Sci Health Part B Pestic Food Contam Agric Wastes. 22(2): 245-258.

Sludge Hernandez, T., Moreno, J. I., and Costa, F. 1991. Influence of sewage sludge application on crop yields and heavy metal Availability. Soil Sci Plant Nutr. 37 (2). 1991. 201-210.

Lead Shot Herredsvela H. 1988. [Lead poisoning in aquatic birds in norway.]. Var Fuglefauna. 11(2): 265-286.

Fate Hietanen, Eino, Aitio, Antero, Koivusaari, Ulla , Kilpio, Jukka, Nevalainen, Timo, Narhi, Matti, Savolainen, Heikki, and Vainio, Harri. 1982. Tissu e concentrations and interaction of zinc with lead toxicity in rabbits. Toxicology 25(2-3): 113-27 .

No Oral Hilbelink, D. R. and Kaplan, S. 1986. Sirenom elia: analysis in the cadmium- and lead-treated golden hamster. Teratog., Carcinog., Mutagen. 6(5): 31-40.

CP Hill, C. H. 1981. the effect of iron and zinc on metal toxicities in the Chick. 65th Annual Meeting of the Federation of American Societies for Experimental Biology, Atlanta, Ga., Usa, April 12-17, 1981. Fed Proc. 40 (3 Part 1) 715.

CP HILL, C. H. 1985. Interactions of copper a nd mercury with vanadate in the chick. 69th Annual Meeting of the Federation of American Societies for Experimental Biology

Rev Hill, C. H. 1980. Interactions of vitamin c with lead and mercury. Annals of the New York Academy of Sciences 355: 262-6.

CP Hill, C. H., Gonzalez, L. M., Hiraldo, F., L ee, D. P., Honda, K., and Tatsukawa, R. 1988. interactions among trace elements: organochlorine and heavy metal contamination in the eggs of the Spanish imperial eagle Aquila-adalberti and accompanying changes in eggshell morphology and chemistry: comparison of tissue distributions of heavy metals in birds in Japan and Korea. Current Topics in Nutrition and Disease, Vol. 18. Essential and Toxic Trace Elements in Human Health and Disease; First International Meeting of the International Society for Trace Element Research in Humans, Palm Springs, California, Usa, December 8-12, 1986. ILLUS. ISBN 0-8451- 1617-7. 491-500 .

Abstract Hill, C. H. and Qureshi, M. A. 1998. Effect of high dietary levels of vanadium, lead, mercury, cadmium, and chromium on immunological responses of chicks. FASEB Journal 12(5): A874.

Mix Hilliard, E. P. and Pearce, G. R. Limitations of guidelines governing rates of application of pig manure to land. . Agriculture and Environment. 4 (1). 1978 65-76.

No Dose Hilliard, E. P. and Pearce, G. R. 1936. Vari ability in the composition of commercial pig diets with particularreference to minerals. Australian Journal of Experimental Agriculture and Animal Husbandry

### Eco-SSL for Lead March 2005 128 Surv Hillis, T. L. and Parker, G. H(A). 1993. Age and proximity to local ore-smelters as determinants of tissue metal levels in beaver ( Castor canadensis ) of the Sudbury (Ontario) area. Environmental Pollution 80(1): 67-72.

Lead Shot Hirai, M., Kawamoto, T., and Kodama, Y. 1991. Toxic effects of ingested lead shots in domestic fowls. Biol Trace Elem Res. 30(3): 291-307.

No Oral Hirano, A. and Kochen, J. A. 1973. Neurotoxic effects of lead in the chick embryo: morphologic studies. Lab Invest. 29: 659-668.

Unrel Hirano, S. a and Suzuki, K. T. 1996. Exposure, metabolism, and toxicity of rare earths and related compounds. Environmental Health Perspectives. 104(SUPPL. 1): 85-95.

Rev Hirano Seishiro(A) and Suzuki Kazuo T. 1996. E xposure, metabolism, and toxicity of rare earths and related compounds. Environmental Health Perspectives 104(SUPPL. 1): 85-95.

FL Hirota, M. 1971. Influences of cadmium on the bone salt metabolism. Acta Sch Med Univ Gifu. 19(1): 82-115.

Diss Hodel, M. 1994. Untersuchungen Zur Festlegung Und Mobilisierung Der Elemente As, Cd, Ni Und Pb an Ausgewaehlten Festphasen Unter Besonderer Beruecksichtiguung Des Einflusses Von Huminstoffen. (Investigation into the Immobilization and Mobilization of the Elements As, Cd, Ni and Pb at Selected Solid Phases With Speci al Regard to the Influence of Humic Matter). <NOTE> Diss. (Dr.Rer.Nat.)

Surv Hoernfeldt, Birger and Nyholm, N. Erik I. 1996. Breeding performance of Tengmalm's owl in a heavy metal pollution gradient. J. Appl. Ecol. 33(2): 377-386 .

Alt Hoffer, B. J., Olson, L., and Palmer, M. R. 1987. Toxic effects of lead in the developing nervous system: in oculo experimental models. Environ Health Perspect. 74: 169-75.

Rev Hoffman, D. J. 1990. Embryotoxicity and teratoge nicity of environmental contaminants to bird eggs. Reviews of Environmental Contamination and Toxicology . 115: 39-90.

Rev Hoffman, D. J. 1994. Measurements of toxicity and critical stages of development. In: Wildlife Toxicology and Population Modeling Integrated Studies of Agroecosystems (SETAC Special Publications series)

. 47-7.

Rev Hoffman, D. J. Measurements of toxicity a nd critical stages of development. In : Wildlife Toxicology and Population Modeling: In tegrated Studies of Agroecosystems

. (SETAC Special Publications Series) 1994;:47-7

No Oral Hoffman, D. J. and Eastin, W. C. JR. 1981. Effects of industrial effluents, heavy metals,and organic solvents on mallard embryo development. 9:35-40,1981 Toxicol Lett . 9: 35-40.

Surv Hoffman, D. J. G. H. Heinz L. Sileo D. J. Audet J. K. Campbell L. J. LeCaptain and H. Obrecht. Developmental toxicity of lead-contaminated sediment in Canada gees ( Branta canadensis ). Journal of Toxicology and Environmental Health Part A. 39: 235-252.

FL Hogl, O. 1975. Molybdenum as a toxic f actor in a swiss alpine valley. Mitteilungen Aus Dem Gebiete Der Lebensmitteluntersuchung Und Hygiene 66(4): 485-495.

### Eco-SSL for Lead March 2005 129 HHE Hogstedt, C, Hane, M, Agrell, A, and Bodin, L. 1983. Neuropsychological test results and symptoms amoung workers with well-defined long-term exposure to lead. Br. J. Ind. Med. 40: 99-105.

Lead Shot Hohman, W. L., Moore, J. L., and Franson, J. C. Winter survival of immature canvasbacks in inland Louisiana. Journal of Wildlife Management. : 2.

Lead Shot Hohman, W. L., Pritchert, R. D., Pace, R. M Iii, Woolington, D. W., and Helm, R. 1990. Influence of ingested lead on body ma ss of wintering canvasbacks. J Wildl Manage. 54(2): 211- 215.

No Dose Holgren, GGS, Meyer, MW, Chaney, RL, and Dani els, RB. 1993. Cadmium, lead, zinc, copper, nickel in agricultural soils of th e united states of america. J. Environ. Qual. 22: 335-348.

No Dose Holloway, W. R. Jr and Thor, D. H. 1987. Low level lead exposure during lactation increases rough and tumble play fighting of juvenile rats. Neurotoxicol Teratol. 9(1): 51-7.

Rev Holtzman, D., DeVries, C., Nguyen, H., Olson, J., Bensch, K., Woolley, D. E., and Cranmer, J. M. eds. 1984. Maturation of resistance to lead en cephalopathy: cellular and subcelluar mechanisms.: neurotoxicology of lead: reviews and recent advances. Neurotoxicology. 5(3): 97-124.

In Vit Holtzman, D. and Hsu, J. S. 1976. Early e ffects of inorganic lead on immature rat brain mitochondrial respiration. Pediatr Res. 10(1): 70-5.

Bio Acc Honda, K., Ichihashi, H., and Tatsukawa, R. 1987. Tissue distribution of heavy metals and their variations with age sex and habitat in ja panese serows capricornis-crispus. Arch Environ Contam Toxicol. 16(5): 551-562.

Surv Honda, K., Lee, D. P., and Tatsukawa, R. 1990. Lead poisoning in swans in japan. Environ. Pollut. 65(3): 209-218.

Bio Acc Honda, K., Min, B. Y., and Tatsukawa, R. 1986. Distribution of heavy metals and their agerelated changes in the eastern great white egret, Egretta alba modesta , in Korea. Arch Environ Contam Toxicol. 15(2): p185-198.

Bio Acc Honda, K., Min, B. Y., and Tatsukawa, R. 1985. Heavy metal distribution in organs and tissues of the eastern great white egret Egretta-alba-modesta

. Bull Environ Contam Toxicol. 35(6): 781-789.

Bio Acc Honda, Katsuhisa Ehime Univ Japan, Min, B yung Yoon, and Tatsukawa, Ryo. Heavy metal distribution in organs and tissues of the eastern great. Bull Environ Contam Toxicol. V35, N6, P781(9)

Mix Hong, H. L., Yang, R. S. H., and Boorman, G. A. 1992. Alterations in hematopoietic responses in b6c3f1 mice caused by drinking a mixture of 25 groundwater contaminants. J. Environ. Pathol. Toxicol. Oncol. 11(2): 65-74 .

Mix Hong, H. L., Yang, R. S. H., and Boorman, G. A. 1993. Enhancement of myelotoxicity induced by repeated irradiation in mice exposed to a mixture of groundwater contaminants. Arch. Toxicol. 67(5): 358-64.

Mix Hong, H. L., Yang, R. S. H., and Boorman, G. A. Residual damage to hematopoietic system in mice exposed to a mixture of groundwater contaminants. Toxicol. Lett. (1991) 57(1): 101-11 .

### Eco-SSL for Lead March 2005 130 Pb Behav Hong, J. S., Tilson, H. A., Hudson, P., Ali, S. F., Wilson, W. E., and Hunter, V. 1983. Correlation of neurochemical and behavioral eff ects of triethyllead chloride in rats. Toxicol. Appl. Pharmacol. 69(3): 471-9.

Prim Hopper, D. L., Kernan, W. J., and Lloyd, W. E. 1986. The behavioral effects of prenatal and early postnatal lead exposure in the primate Macaca fascicularis

. Toxicol. Ind. Health, V2, N1, P1-16. 2(1): 1-16.

Unrel Hopsu-Havu, V. K., Arstila, A. U., Helminen, H. J., and Kalimo, H. O. 1967. Improvements in the method for the electron microscopic locali zation of arylsulphatase activity. Histochemie 8(1): 54-64.

No COC Hori Yusuke(A), Takeda Hiroshi, Tsuji Minoru, and Matsumiya Teruhiko. 1998. Differentiation of the inhibitory effects of calcium antagonists on abnormal behaviors induced by methamphetamine or phencyclidine. Pharmacology (Basel) 56(4): 165-174.

Surv Hornfeldt, B. and Nyholm, N. EI. 1996. Breeding performance of tengmalm's owl in a heavy metal pollution gradient. Journal of Applied Ecology. 33(2): 377-386.

No Org Horstmann, Uwe E. and Haelbich, Ingo W. Chemical composition of banded iron-formations of the griqualand west sequence, northern cape provi nce, south africa, in comparison with other precambrian iron formations . Precambrian Res. (1995) 72(1-2): 109-45 .

Stain Hoshina, K., Tanabe, H., Yamazaki, N., Yamamoto , M., Ohba, T., Takeshita, T., and Naruchi, T. 1987. Effect of 3-[p-(trans-4-aminom ethylcyclohexylcarbonyl)phenyl] propionic acid hydrochloride on gastric mucosa directly from the lumen. Arzneimittel-Forschung 37(11): 1289-95.

No Oral Hoshishima, K. 1983. 'Play' behavior and trace dose of metal(s) in mice. Dev. Toxicol. Environ. Sci. 11: 525-528.

Rev Howell, J. M., <Editors> Masters, D. G., and White , C. L. 1996. Toxicities and excessive intakes of minerals. Detection and Treatment of Mineral Nutrition Problems in Grazingsheep . 95-117.

Rev Howell, J. M., Masters, D. G., and White, C. L. 1996. Toxicities and excessive intakes of minerals. Detection and Treatment of Mineral Nutrition Problems in Grazing Sheep. 95-117.

Pb Behav Hrdina, P. D. and Dubas, T. C. 1978. Behavi oural and neurochemical consequences of neonatal exposure to leadin rats. Journal of Environmental Pathology and Toxicology. 2(2): 473-484.

Rev Hrdina, PD, Hanin, I, and Dubas, TC. 1980. Neur ochemical correlates of lead toxicity. 273- 300.

Aquatic HSIEH, C. F. and HSU, K. N. an experiment of the organic farming of sweet corn and Vegetable Soybean. Bulletin of Taichung District Agricultural Improvement Station. 0 (39). 1993. 29-39.

FL Huber, H. C. and Huber, W. 1987. The effect of low level lead exposure on immune response and delta aminolevulinic acid dehydratase ala-d in mice. Z Gesamte Hyg Grenzgeb. 33(4): 194-196.

FL Huber, H. C. and Huber, W. 1984. Effects of low-level long-term loading with environmental chemicals on the immune system and Methemoglobinemia. Z Gesamte Hyg Grenzgeb. 30(12): 713-716.

### Eco-SSL for Lead March 2005 131 Surv Hudec, K., Kredl, F., Pellantova, J., Svobodni k, J., and Svobodova, R. 1988. Residues of chlorinated pesticides pcb and heavy metals in the eggs of water birds in southern Moravia Czechoslovakia. Folia Zool. 37(2): p157-166.

Mix Hudgens, R. E. and Hallford, D. M. 1984. F eedlot performance, carcass characteristics, serum constituents andtissue minerals in lambs produced by ewes fed sewage solids through two lambing

seasons. Nutrition Reports International 29(1): 11-21.

Acu Hudson, R, Tucker, R, and Haegele M. 1984. Ha ndbook of toxicity of pesticides to wildlife. US Fish and Wildlife Service Resource Publication. 153. : 90.

Abstract Hughes, W. 1923. Lead poisoning in horses and cattle. Vet. J. 79: 270-1.

Bio Acc Hui, A., Takekawa, J. Y., Baranyuk, V. V., and L itvin, K. V. 1998. Trace element concentrations in two subpopulations of lesser snow geese from Wrangel Island, Russia. Arch Environ Contamin Toxicol . 34(2): 197-203.

Bio Acc Hui, C. A. 1998. Elemental contaminants in th e livers and ingesta of four subpopulations of the American coot ( Fulica americana ): an herbivorous winter migrant in San Francisco bay. Environmental Pollution . 101(3): p321-329.

No Dose Hui, Clifford A. and Beyer, W. Nelson. Sedime nt ingestion of two sympatric shorebird species. Sci Total Environ. V224, N1-3, P227(7)

Bio Acc Hulse, Michael, Mahoney, John S., Schroder, Gene D., Hacker, Carl S., and Pier, Stanley M. 1980. Environmentally acquired lead, cadmium, and manganese in the cattle egret, Bubulcus ibis
, and the laughing gull, Larus atricilla

. Arch. Environ. Contam. Toxicol. 9(1): 65-77.

Unrel Hultman, Per, Johansson, Uno, Turley, Shannon J ., Lindh, Ulf, Enestroem, Sverker, and Pollard, K. Michael. 1994. Adverse immunological effect s and autoimmunity induced by dental amalgam and alloy in mice. FASEB J. 8(14): 1183-90 .

Lead Shot Hunt, A. E. and Hardman, J. 1980. Mute swan investigations. BTO NEWS No.110. : 1-2.

Lead shot Hunt, A. E., Simpson, V. R., and French, M. C. 1979. Chronic lead poisoning in a herd of mute

swans. Environmental Pollution. 18(3): 187-202.

Unrel Hurtrel, M. 1974. (Topographical identification of c cells of the thyroid gland of thecat). Recueil De Medicine Veterinaire 150(No.3): 221-226.

Surv Hutton, M. Accumulation of heavy metals and selenium in 3 seabird species from the uk. Environ Pollut Ser a Ecol Biol. : 2.

Bio Acc Hutton, M. Accumulation of heavy metals and sele nium in three sea bird species from the united kingdom. Environ. Pollut. Ser. A (1981): 26(2), 129-45.

Surv Hutton, M. 1982. The role of wildlife species in the assessment of biological impact from chronic exposure to persistent chemicals. Ecotoxicol Environ Saf. 6(5): 471-8.

Bio Acc Ikebe, Katsuhiko, Nishimune, Takahiro, and Sueki, Ke nji. 1994. Behavior of several elements in foods. vii. contents of 17 metal elements in food determined by inductively coupled plasma atomic emission spectrometry. meat and meat products. Shokuhin Eiseigaku Zasshi 35(3): 323-7.

### Eco-SSL for Lead March 2005 132 FL Inouye, M. 1989. Teratology of heavy meta ls: mercury and other contaminants. Senten Ijo 1989;29:333-44 29: 333-344.

Surv Inskip, M. J., Franklin, C. A., Subramanian, K. S., Blenkinsop, J., and Wandelmaier, F. 1992. Sampling of cortical and trabecular bone for lead analysis: method development in a study of lead mobilization during pregnancy. Neurotoxicology. 13(4): 825-34 .

Rev Int Task Group Metal Interact. 1978. Factors in fluencing metabolism and toxicity of metals a consensus report. Environ Health Perspect. (25). 1978 3-41

Phys Ip, C. and Lisk, D. J. 1994. Characterizati on of tissue selenium profiles and anticarcinogenic responses in rats fed natural sources of selenium-rich products. Carcinogenesis. 15(4): 573-6.

Herp Ireland, M. P. 1977. Lead retention in toad s xenopus laevis fed increasing levels of leadcontaminated earthworms. Environ Pollut. 12(2)

Diss Irwin, J. C. 1978. The influence of diet on th e pathogenesis of lead poisoning in waterfowl. Dissertation Abstracts International. 39B(1): 109-110.

Surv Irwin, J. C. 1975. Mortality factors in whis tling swans at lake st. clair, ontario. J Wildl Dis. 11(1): 8-12.

Lead Shot Irwin, J. C., Dennis, D., and Perret, N. G. 1974. Lead iron shot a possible solution to the lead poisoning problem in waterfowl further toxicity Information. Trans Northeast Sect Wildl Soc. 31: 159-171.

Lead Shot Irwin, J. C. and Karstad, L. H. 1972. The toxi city for ducks of disintegrated lead shot in a simulated-marshenvironment. Journal of Wildlife Diseases. 8(2): 149-54 .

In Vit Ishihara, K., Alkondon, M., Montes, J. G., and Al buquerque, E. X. 1995. Ontogenically related properties of n-methyl-d-aspartate receptors in rat hippocampal neurons and the age-specific sensitivity of developing neurons to Lead. Journal of Pharmacology and Experimental Therapeutics. 273(3): 1459-1470.

Fate Ito, Y., Kurita, H., Araya, Y., Nakamura, M., Ito, M., and Shima, S. 1985. Behavior of lead in rats given lead and vanadium. Fujita Gakuen Igakkaishi. 9(1): 179-82.

Drug Ito, Yoshinori and Hiiya, Yoshihide. 1989. Effect of lead administration on rats fed diet containing .beta.-carotene. Igaku to Seibutsugaku. 119(3): 153-6.

No Oral Ito, Yoshinori, Kurita, Hideki, Araya, Yoshihid e, Nakamura, Masamichi, Ito, Maru, and Shima, Shogo. Behavior of lead in rats given lead and vanadium. Fujita Gakuen Igakkaishi (1985) 9(1): 179-82.

No Oral Ito, Yoshinori, Niiya, Yoshihide, Kurita, Hideki , and Shima, Shogo. 1985. The effect of vitamin intakes on blood and liver lead levels in rats s ubcutaneously injected with lead and vanadium. Igaku to Seibutsugaku. 110(4): 193-6.

FL Ivanitskii, A. M., Stasenkova, K. P., Sokolov, A. B., Konyshev, V. A., and Maganova, N. B. 1985. [Characteristics of the toxic effect of l ead ingested with food in model experiments]: <original> issledovanie osobennostei toksicheskogo deistviia svintsa pri postuplenii ego s pishchei v model'nom eksperimente. Vopr Pitan. (2): 63-6.

### Eco-SSL for Lead March 2005 133 FL Ivanova-Chemishanska, L., Antov, G., Khinkova, L., and Khristeva, V. 1984. [Experimental assessment of the risk for offspring in lead e xposure]: <original> eksperimentalno otseniavane na riska za pokoleniiata pri ekspozitsiia na olovo. Probl Khig. 9: 79-87.

FL Ivanova-Chemishanska, L., Antov, G., Khinkova, L., Vulcheva, V., and Khristeva, V. 1980. Effect of lead acetate on reproduc tion in male albino rats. Khig. Zdraveopaz., V23, N4, P304-8. 23(4): 304-8.

Unrel Ivanovich, E., Antov, G., and Kazakova, B. 1981. Liver changes under combined effect of working environmental factors. Int Arch Occup Environ Health. 48(1): 41-7.

Drug Jackson, H. C. and Kitchen, I. 1990. Lack of effect of perinatal lead exposure on kappa-opioid receptor function. Toxicol Lett. 50(1): 17-23.

Drug Jackson, H. C. and Kitchen, I. 1989. Perina tal lead exposure impairs opioid but not non-opioid stress-induced antinociception in developing rats. Br J Pharmacol. 97(4): 1338-42.

In Vit Jacobs, J. M., Sinclair, P. R., Sinclair, J. F., Go rman, N., Walton, H. S., Wood, S. G., and Nichols, C. Formation of zinc protoporphyrin in cultured hepatocytes: effects of ferrochelatase inhibition, iron chelation or lead. Toxicology. 125 (2-3). 1998. 95-105.

Prim Jacobson, J. L. and Snowdon, C. T. 1976. Increased lead ingestion in calcium-deficient monkeys. Nature. 262(5563): 51-2.

FL Jacquet, P. 1978. [Effect of exogenous progest erone and estradiol on the process of embryonic implantation in lead intoxicated female mice]: <original> influence de la progesterone et de l'estradiol exogenes sur le processus de l'im plantation embryonnaire, chez la souris femelle intoxiquee par le plomb. C R Seances Soc Biol Fil. 172(5): 1037-40.

Dup. Jacquet, P., Gerber, G. B., Leonard, A., and Maes, J. 1977. Plasma hormone levels in normal and lead-treated pregnant mice. Experientia. 33(10): 1375-1377.

Acu Jacquet, P., Leonard, A., and Gerber, G. B. 1976. Action of lead on early divisions of the mouse embryo. Toxicology. 6(1): 129-132.

Gene Jacquet, P., Leonard, A., and Gerber, G. B. 1977. Cytogenetic investigations on mice treated with lead. J Toxicol Environ Health. 2(3): 619-24.

No Oral Jacquet, P., Leonard, A., and Gerber, G. B. 1975. Embryonic death in mouse due to lead
exposure. Experientia. 31(11): 1312-1313.

FL Jaczewski, S., Dynarowicz, I., and Monkiewicz, J. 1977. The effect of long-term administration of copper and lead-containingsubstances to rabbits on semen characters. Medycyna Weterynaryjna. 33(7): 410-412.

CP Jaczewski, S. and Monkiewicz, J. 1983. Effect of heavy metals on the health and reproduction of rabbits. Bioindyk. Skazen Przem. Roln., Mater. Pokonf. 421-7.

No Control James, L. F., Lazar, V. A., and Binns, W. 1966. Effects of sublethal doses of certain minerals on pregnant ewes and fetal development. Am J Vet Res. 27(116): 132-135.

Stain Jandal, J. M. 1995. Some factors affecting lipase activity in goat milk. Small Ruminant Research 16(1): 87-91.

### Eco-SSL for Lead March 2005 134 HHE Janghorbani, M. and Young, V. R. 1982. Advances in the use of stable isotopes of minerals in human studies. Federation Proceedings 41(10): 2702-8.

Bio Acc Janiga M, Mankovska M, Bobal'ova M, and Durcova G. 1990. Significance of concentrations of lead, cadmium, and iron in the plumage of the feral pigeon. Arch Environ Contamin Toxicol. 19(6): 892-897.

Surv Janiga, M. and Zemberyova, M. 1998. Lead concentration in the bones of the feral pigeons (Columba livia ): sources of variation relating to body condition and death. Arch. Environ. Contam. Toxicol. 35(1): 70-74.

Surv Japenga, J., Zschuppe, K. H., De Groot, A J., and Salomons, W. 1990. Heavy metals and organic micropollutants in floodplains of the river waal (Netherlands) a distributary of the river rhine, (Netherlands), 1958-1981. Neth J Agric Sci. 38(3A): 381-397.

Unrel Jarman, W. M. a, Hobson, K. A., Sydeman, W. J, Bacon, C. E., and McLaren, E. B. 1996. Influence of trophic position and feeding location on contaminant levels in the Gulf of the Farallones food web revealed by stable isotope analysis. Environmental Science & Technology. 30(2): 654-660.

FL Jarosz, S. and Barabasz, B. 1983. Effect of industrial environment on reproductive performance in mink. Zeszyty Problemowe Postepow Nauk Rolniczych. (302): 53-61.

Abstract Jason, K and Kellogg, C. 1977. Lead effects on behavioral and neurochemical development in
rats. Federation Proc. 36: 1008.

Diss Jason, K. M. 1978. Effects of Neonatal Exposure to Lead on Behavioral and Neurochemical Development in the Rat : 112.

Mix Jason, K. M. and Kellogg, C. K. 1981. Ne o natal lead exposure effects on development of behavior and striatal dopamine neurons. Pharmacol Biochem Behav. 15(4): 641-50.

Unrel Jehle, Andreas W., Forgo, Judith, Biber, J., Ledere r, Eleanor, Krapf, Reto, and Murer, Heini. igf-i and vanadate stimulate na/pi-cotransport in ok cells by increasing type ii na/pi-cotransporter protein stability. Pfluegers Arch. (1998) 437(1): 149-154.

HHE Jelovsek, Frederick R., Mattison, Donald R., and Ch en, James J. Prediction of risk for human developmental toxicity: how important are animal studies for hazard identification? Obstet. Gynecol. (N. Y.) (1989) 74(4): 624-36 .

Food Jensen, L. S., Maurice, D. V., and Chang, C. H. Re lation of mineral content of drinking water to liver lipid accumulation in laying hens. Poult. Sci. (1977) 56(1): 260-6.

No Dose Jessup, D. C. 1968. .Lead Acetate, Electron Microscopy Studies Final rept . PB-201144

Prim Jessup, D. C. 1968. Lead Acetate Rat Behavior Study - Monkey Behavior Study: Final Rept

No Dose Jessup, D. C. 1968. Lead Acetate, Tissue Enzyme Studies Final rept

Prim Jessup, D. C. and Busey, W. M. 1970. Lead Acetate, 22-Month Chronic Toxicity Study - Monkeys: <NOTE> Final Rept

### Eco-SSL for Lead March 2005 135 No Dose Jett, D. A. and Guilarte, T. R. 1995. Developmen tal lead exposure alters n-methyl-d-aspartate and muscarinic cholinergic receptors in the ra t hippocampus: an autoradiographic study. Neurotoxicology 16(1): 7-18.

No Dose Johnson, D. R. and Kleinman, L. I. 1979. E ffects of lead exposure on renal function in young
rats. Toxicol Appl Pharmacol. 48(3): 361-367.

Surv Johnson, E. V., Mack, G. L., and Thompson, D. Q. 1976. Effects of orchard pesticide applications on breeding Robins. Wilson Bull . 88: 16-35.

Unrel Johnson, L a, Blanchard, T. L., Varner, D. D., a nd Scrutchfield, W. L. 1997. Factors affecting spermatogenesis in the stallion. Theriogenology. 48(7): 1199-1216.

FL Jonek, J., Kosmider, S., Jonek, T., and Kaiser, J. 1965. [Histochemical studies on the behavior of alkaline phosphatase, adenosine triphosphatase, dpnh diaphroase and acid phosphatase in mouth mucosa and salivary glands in experimental acu te lead poisoning]: <original> histochemische untersuchnungen uber das verhalten der alkalis chen phosphatase, adenosintriphosphatase, dpnhdiaphorase und sauren phosphatase in der mundschleimhaut und den speicheldrusen bei experimenteller akuter bleivergiftung. Z Mikrosk Anat Forsch. 74(1): 21-32.

Unrel Jones, D. R., Hutson, K. A., and Morest, D. K. 1992. Growth cones and structural variation of synaptic end-bulbs in the cochlear nuc leus of the adult cat brain. Synapse 10(4): 291-309.

Chem Meth Jones, K. W., Bockman, R. S., and Bronner, F. 1992. Microdistribution of lead in bone: a new approach. Neurotoxicology. 13(4): 835-41.

Stain Jones, L., Fischer, I., and Levitt, P. 1996. N onuniform alteration of dendritic development in the cerebral cortex following prenatal cocaine exposure. Cerebral Cortex 6(3): 431-45.

Acu Jones, M. M., Schoenheit, J. E., and Weaver, A. D. 1979. Pretreatment and heavy metal ld50 values. Toxicology and Applied Pharmacology 49(1): 41-4.

Diss Jonsson, C.-J. 1994. Activation and Toxicity of Adrenocorticolytic DDT-Metabolites in Mammals and Birds

Mix Jordan, S. A., Bhatnagar, M. K., and Bettger, W. J. 1990. Combined effects of methylmercury, lead, and cadmium on hepatic metallothionein and metal concentrations in the Pekin duck. Arch. Environ. Contam. Toxicol. 19: 886-891.

Diss Jordan, Scott Andrew. 1990. Hepatic Effects of Combined Heavy Metal Administration in the Pekin Duck (Anas Platyrynchos) (Methylmercury, Lead, Cadmium ).

Rev Jugo, S. 1977. Metabolism of toxic heavy me tals in growing organisms: a review. Environ. Res. 13: 36-46.

Stain Jung, Jee-Chang, Lee, Moon-Ho, Chang, Sung-G oo, and Rho, Young-Soo. Antitumor activity and nephrotoxicity of a novel platinum(ii) coordination complex. Korean J. Pharmacol. (1995) 31(1): 103-14.

Mix Kaalaas, John Atle, Ringsby, Thor Harald, and Lierha gen, Syverin. Metals and selenium in wild animals from norwegian areas close to russian nickel smelters. Environ. Monit. Assess. (1995) Volume Date 1995, 36(3): 251-70.

### Eco-SSL for Lead March 2005 136 Bio Acc Kaiser, T. E., Reichel, W. L., Locke, L. N., Cromartie, E., Krynitsky, A. J., Lamont, T. G., Mulhern, B. M., Prouty, R. M., Stafford, C. J ., and Swineford, D. M. 1980. Organochlorine pesticide, pcb, and pbb residues and necropsy da ta for bald eagles from 29 states--1975-77. Pestic Monit J. 13(4): 145-9.

FL KALAS, J. A. and MYKLEBUST, I. 1994. Mon itoring terrestrial ecosystems: accumulation of metals in cervids. NINA UTREDNING. 58: 1-45.

Surv Kalisinksa, E. and Szuberla, U. 1996. Heavy metals in the brain of long-tailed duck (clangula hyemalis) wintering in the pomeranian bay, poland. Biological Trace Element Research . 55(1- 2): p191-197.

Bio Acc KALISINSKA, E. and SZUBERLA, U. Heavy meta ls in the brain of long-tailed duck (clangula hyemalis) wintering in the pomeranian bay, poland. BIOLOGICAL TRACE ELEMENT RESEARCH; 55 (1-2). 1996. 191-197.

Unrel Kalra, R. A. Pesticides residues - their impli cations and the job of a residue analyst. Pesticides 11(10): 13-17 1977 (17 References).

Stain Kameda, Y. 1971. The occurrence and distributi on of the parafollicular cells in the thyroid, parathyroid iv and thymus iv in some mammals. Archivum Histologicum Japonicum 33(4): 283-99.

FL Kaminski, K. and Pawlica, E. 1983. Changes of monoamine oxidase activity in rat liver after chronic exposure to lead and cadmium. Med. Pr. 34(3): 205-10.

Surv Kaminski, P. 1998. The impact of ca and heavy metals upon the nest development of sparrows. Polish J Environ Stud. 7(2): 53-65.

Rev Kaminski, P. 1998. The impact of ca and heavy metals upon the nest development of sparrows (passer spp.) and other synanthropic birds . Polish J Environ Stud. 7(2): 53-65.

Surv Kaminski, P., Choinski, A., and Wolosiuk, B. 1993. Dynamics of the content of selected elements in the nestling development of the house martin delichon urbica in a rural landscape. ACTA ORNITHOLOGICA (WARSAW). 28(1): 23-37.

Bio Acc Kaminski, P. and Matus, A. 1998. The imp act of urban environments on the growth and histopathological. Polish J Environ Stud. 7(3): 131-151.

Surv Kaminski, P. and Matus, A. 1998. The imp act of urban environments on the growth and histopathological changes of tree sparrow (passer montanus) nestlings. Polish J Environ Stud. 7(3): 131-151.

Unrel Kamo, S. L., Wasteneys, H., Gower, C. F., and Krogh, T. E. u-Pb geochronology of labradorian and later events in the Grenville province, Eastern Labrador. Precambrian Res. (1996) 80(3-4): 239-260.

In Vit Kanti, A. and Smith, M. A. 1997. effects of heavy metals on chondrogenic differentiation of embryonic chick limb cells. In Vitro Toxicology. 10( 3): 329-338.

Fate Kao, R. L. and Forbes, R. M. 1973. lead and vitamin effects on heme synthesis. Arch Environ Health. 27(1): 31-5.

### Eco-SSL for Lead March 2005 137 Herp Kaplan, H. M., Arnholt, T. J., and Payne, J. E. 1967. Toxicity of lead nitrate solutions for frogs ( Rana pipiens ). Lab Anim Care. 17(2): 240-246.

No Oral Karnofsky, D. A. and Ridgway, L. P. 1952. Produc tion of injury to the central nervous system of the chick embryo by lead Salts. J Pharmacol Exp Ther . 104: 176-186.

Mix Karunski, A. I., Kryuchkova, E. F., and Niki' burskii, N. I. 1993. Wastes from sugarbeet production in the feeding of pigs and chickens. Zootekhniya. (9): 15-18.

No Oral Kato, Takayasu, Sone, Iseki, Hattori, Akio, and Yo shikawa, Hiroshi. PAprotective effect of iron against acute metal toxicity in mice. Igaku to Seibutsugaku (1989) 118(2): 89-91.

Surv Kaur S. 1989. Accumulation of lead, zinc a nd cadmium in the nestling feathers of hoopoe upupa Epops. Journal of the Bombay Natural History Society. 86(2): 244-245, illustr.

No Dose Kaur, S. 1989. Lead and cadmium in maternal blood, umbilical cord blood, amniotic fluid and placenta of cows and buffaloes after foetal d eath (abortion) and after normal parturition. Sci. Total Environ. 79(3): 287-290.

No Dose Kawamoto, J. C., Vijayan, V. K., and Woolley, D. E. 1984. Morphometric effects of exposure to lead during the preweaning period on the hippocampal formation of aging rats. Neurobiol. Aging. 5(4): 297-307.

No Dose Kayamori, T., Yamada, J., Yamashita, T., and Misu , M. Ontogeny of the endocrine cells in the pyloric region of the Japanese quail Coturnix-coturnix-japonica. Research Bulletin of Obihiro University Series I. 11 (1). 1978 (Recd. 1979). 1-12.

CP Keefer, Robert F., Singh, Rabindar N., Bennett, Orus L., and Horvath, Donald J. 1983. Chemical composition of plants and soils from revegetated mine soils. Univ. Ky. Off. Eng. Serv., [Bull.] UKY BU 133, Symp. Surf. Min. Hydrol. Sedimentol. Reclam., 155-61 .

Abstract Keller, C. A. and Doherty, R. A. 1980. Co rrelation between lead retention and intestinal pinocytosis in the suckling mouse. Am. J. Physiol. V239, N2, PG114-G122. 239(2): 114-122.

Unrel Kelley, Timothy R., Pancorbo, Oscar C., Merk a, William C., Thompson, Sidney A., Cabrera, Miguel L., and Barnhart, Harold M. 1998. Accumu lation of elements in fractionated broiler litter during re-utilization. J. Appl. Poult. Res. 7(1): 27-34 .

Acu Kello, D and Kostial K. 1973. The effect of milk diet on lead metabolism in rats. Environ. Res. 6: 355-60.

Lead shot Kelly, M. E., Fitzgerald, S. D., Aulerich, R. J., Balander, R. J., Powell, D. C., Stickle, R. L., Stevens, W., Cray, C., Tempelman, R. J., and Burs ian, S. J. 1998. Acute effects of lead, steel, tungsten-iron, and tungsten-polymer shot ad ministered to game-farm mallards. Journal of Wildlife Diseases 34(4): 673-87.

No Oral Kempinas, W. G., Favaretto, A. L., Melo, V. R., Carvalho, T. L., Petenusci, S. O., and OliveiraFilho, R. M. 1994. Time-dependent effect s of lead on rat reproductive functions. J. Appl. Toxicol. 14(6): 427-433.

Lead Shot Kendall, R. J., Lacher, T. E. Jr., Bunck, C., Da niel, B., Driver, C., Grue, C. E., Leighton, F., Stansley, W., Watanabe, P. G., and Whitworth, M. 1996. An ecological risk assessment of lead shot exposure in non-waterfowl avian species: upland game birds and raptors. Environmental Toxicology and Chemistry. 15(1): 4-20.

### Eco-SSL for Lead March 2005 138 Lead Shot Kendall, R. J. and Scanlon, P. F. 1985. Hist ology and ultrastructure of kidney tissue from ringed turtle doves that ingested lead. J. Environ. Pathol. Toxicol. Oncol. 6(1): 85-96.

Lead shot Kendall, Ronald James. 1980. The Toxicology of Lead Shot and Environmental Lead Ingestion in Avian Species With Emphasis on the Biological Significance in Mourning Dove Populations

Gene Kennedy, G. L., Arnold, D. W., and Calandra, J. C. 1975. Teratogenic evaluation of lead compounds in mice and rats. Food Cosmet. Toxicol. 13(6): 629-632.

In Vit Kennedy, J. L. 1983. Cell-Free Protein Synthesis in Rat Brain Following Neonatal Exposure to Lead

Fate Kennedy, J. L., Girgis, G. R., Rakhra, G. S., and Nicholls, D. M. 1983. Protein synthesis in rat brain following neo natal exposure to lead. J Neurol Sci. 59(1): 57-68.

FL Kessler, J. 1993. heavy metals in animal production. Landwirtschaft Schweiz. 6(5): 273-277.

Lead Shot Keymer I F and Stebbings R S J. 1987. Lead poisoning in a partridge (perdix perdix) after ingestion of gunshot. Veterinary Record. 120(12): 276-277.

Alt Khalil-Manesh, F., Gonick, H. C., Weiler, E. W., Pr ins, B., Weber, M. A., and Purdy, R. E. 1993. Lead-induced hypertension: possible ro le of endothelial factors. Am J Hypertens. 6(9): 723-9.

Mix Khan, M. Z. and Szarek, J. 1994. Effects of concurrent oral ad ministration of lead, selenium or monensin on hepatic porphyrin levels in broile r chickens during sub-acute toxicosis. Zentralbl Veterinarmed [B]. 41(2): 77-82.

Mix Khan, M. Z., Szarek, J., Krasnode bska-Depta, A., and Koncicki, A. 1993. Effects of concurrent administration of lead and selenium on some haem atological and biochemical parameters of broiler chickens. Acta Vet Hung. 41(1-2): 123-37.

Aquatic Khangarot, B. S., Ray, P. K., and Chandra, H. Daphnia magna as a model to assess heavy metal toxicity: comparative assessment with mouse system. Acta Hydrochim. Hydrobiol. (1987) 15(4): 427-32.

FL Khotimchenko, S. A., Kodentsova, V. M., Alekseeva, I. A., Vlaskina, S. G., Brzhesinskaya, O. A., Sokol'nikov, A. A., Kharitonchik, L. A., Aleshko- Ozhevskii Yu P, and Shevyakova, L. V. 1997. The influence of lead on the metabolism of vitamin b group at the alimentary iron deficit in rats. Voprosy Meditsinskoi Khimii. 43(3): 158-164.

Mix Kienholz, E. W., Ward, G. M., Johnson, D. E., Baxter, J., Braude, G., and Stern, G. 1979. Metropolitan denver colorado usa sewage sludge fed to feedlot steers. Journal of Animal Science. 48 (4): 735-741.

Mix Kiesow, L. A., Shapiro, S., Lindsley, B. F., and Bless, J. W. 1977. Oxygen induced consumptive coagulopathy and its enhancement by lead acetate. Thromb Haemostasis. 37(1): 170-176.

Drug Kim, J. S., Crichlow, E. C., Blakley, B. R., and Rousseaux, C. G. 1990. The effects of thiamin on the neurophysiological alterations induced by lead. Vet Hum Toxicol. 32(2): 101-5.

FL Kim, M. K. and Baek, S. M. 1996. Effect of dietary calcium level on cadmium and lead toxicity in rats. The Korean Journal of Nutrition 29(9): 958-970.

### Eco-SSL for Lead March 2005 139 FL Kim, O. K., Suh, J. S., and Lee, M. W. 1986. Influence of dietary protein source and level on lead accumulation in rat. Korean J Nutr. 19(4): 211-223.

Imm Kimber, I., Jackson, J. A., and Stonard, M. D. 1986. Failure of inorganic lead exposure to impair natural killer (nk) cell and t lymphocyte function in rats. Toxicol Lett. 31(3): 211-8.

Abstract Kimmel, CA, Grant, LD, and Sloan, CS. 1976. Teratol. 13: 27A.

No Oral King, D. W., Chen, D. C., and Hsu, J. L. 1978. Effects of cadmium on chick embryogenesis and some comparisons with Lead. Proc Natl Sci Council R O c . 2: p269-274.

No Oral King, D. W., Chen, D. C., Wung, A. W., Hsu, J. L., Lai, J. M., Chiang, H., and lu, G. R. 1980. Interrelationships of zinc,cadmium and lead in chick embryogenesis. Proc Natl Sci Council R O

c . 4: 55-64.

Mix King, L. D. Effect of swine manure lagoon sludge and municipal sewage sludge on growth nitrogen recovery and heavy metal content of fescue grass Festuca-arundinacea

. . Journal of Environmental Quality. 10 (4). 1981. 465-472.

Lead Shot Kirby, J., Delany, S., and Quinn, J. 1994. Mute swans in great britain: a review, current status and long-term Trends. Hydrobiologia; 279-280 (0). 1994. 467-482. 279-280: 467-482.

CP Kirchgessner, M. and Paulicks, B. R. 1994. Se lf-selection of various nutrients. <. Document Title>Proceedings 9th European Poultry Conferen ce, Glasgow,UK, 7-12 August 1994: Volume 2. 215-218.

Fate Kirchgessner, M. and Reichlmayr-Lais, A. M. 1982. Concentration of different metabolites resulting from experimental lead deficiency. Ann Nutr Metab. 26(1): 50-5.

Surv Kirchgessner, M., Reichlmayr-Lais, A. M., and Stoc kl, K. N. 1988. Retention of lead in growing rats with varying dietary lead supplements. J Trace Elem Electrolytes Health Dis. 2(3): 149-52.

FL Kirchgessner, M., Wittmann, M., and Roth, F. X. 1994. Self-selection of lead supplemented diets by broilers. 3. effect ofage. Archiv Fur Geflugelkunde. 58(4): 151-155.

FL Kirkeby, S. esterase activity in the guinea- pig thyroid under normal and pathological conditions vitamin a deficiency with special re gard to cyst-like structures. Virchows Archiv B Cell Pathology. 23 (2). 1977 129-136.

FL Kishi, R., Harabuchi, I., Ikeda, T., and Miyake, H. 1985. The effects of triethyllead on behavior in rats. Sangyo Igaku. 27(2): 97-104.

FL Kishi, R., Ikeda, T., and Miyake, H. 1979. The effect of low level of lead exposure on behavior of rats. Igaku No Ayumi. 111(2): 83-5.

Diss Kishikawa, H. 1996. Effects of the Heavy Metal Lead on Endotoxemia and Listeriosis

Drug Kishikawa, H., Song, R., and Lawrence, D. A. 1997. Interleukin-12 promotes enhanced resistance to listeria monocytogenes infection of lead-exposed mice. Toxicol Appl Pharmacol. 147(2): 180-9.

Acu Kitagawa, H., Saito, H., Sugimoto, T., Yanaura, S., Kitagawa, H., Hosokawa, T., and Sakamoto, K. 1982. Effects of diiospropyl-1,3-dithiol- 2-ylidene malonate (nkk-105) on acute toxicity of various drugs and heavy metals. Journal of Toxicological Sciences 7(2): 123-34.

### Eco-SSL for Lead March 2005 140 Drug Kitchen, I. and McDowell, J. 1985. Impairment of ketocyclazocine antinociception in rats by perinatal lead exposure. Toxicol Lett. 26(2-3): 101-5.

Rev Klaassen, C. D. and Liu, Jie. 1997. Role of metallothionein in cadmium-induced hepatotoxicity and nephrotoxicity: new horizons in chemical-induced liver injury. Drug Metab. Rev. 29(1-2): 79-102.

Drug Klakow F-J, Mueller, M., and Jonas, K. Use of magnesium chloride brine in drinking water for prophylaxis against grass tetany of cattle. Monatshefte Fuer Veterinaermedizin. 41 (15). 1986. 505-509.

Rev Klauder, D. S. and Petering, H. G. 1977. Anemia of lead intoxication: a role for copper. J Nutr. 107(10): 1779-85.

Drug Klauder, D. S. and Petering, H. G. 1975. Prot ective value of dietary copper and iron against some toxic effects of lead in rats. Environ Health Perspect. 12: 77-80.

Diss Klauder, D. S. IV. 1975. The Effects of Dietary Copper, Iron, and Zinc on the Toxicity of Lead in Male Rats : 251.

Surv Klimowicz Zbigniew, Melke Jerzy, and Uziak Stan islaw. 1997. Peat soils in the bellsund region, spitsbergen. Polish Polar Research 18(1): 25-39.

Chem Meth Klingenberg, Andreas and Seubert, Andreas. Comparison of silica-based and polymer-based cation exchangers for the ion chromatographic separation of transition metals. J. Chromatogr. (1993) 640(1-2): 167-78

FL Klingler, K., Hauser, E., and Hiestand, H. 1981. [Environmental pollution by lead. lead determination in bones of hares in the canton of bern. development of a new incineration method for lead determination in bones]: <original> die umweltverschmutzung mit blei. bleigehaltsbestimmungen in knochen von feldhasen aus dem kanton bern. entwicklung einer neuen veraschungsmethode zur bleibestimmung im knochen. Schweiz Arch Tierheilkd. 123(6): 311- 21.

IMM Klinz, S. G., Schachner, M., and Maness, P. F. 1995. l1 and n-cam antibodies trigger protein phosphatase activity in growth cone-enriched membranes. Journal of Neurochemistry 65(1): 84-95.

Unrel Klocking, R. 1980. [Intoxication and detoxicati on of heavy metals by humic acids]. <original> giftung und entgiftung von schwermetallen durch huminsauren. Archiv Fur Experimentelle Veterinarmedizin 34(3): 389-93.

CP Kluge-Berge, S., <Editors> Ingkaninun, P., and Poomvises, P. 1993. Residues of potentially harmful substances in norwegian slaughteranimals. Proceedings, 11th International Symposium of the WorldAssociation of Veterinary Food Hy gienists, 24-29 October 1993, Bangkok,Thailand. 471-474.

Surv Knight, HD and Burau, RG. 1973. Chr onic lead poisoning in horses. J. Am. Vet. Med. Assoc. 162: 781.

In Vit Knowles, S. O. and Donaldson, W. E. 1996. Dietary lead alters fatty acid composition and membrane peroxidation in chick liver microsomes. Poult Sci. 75(12): 1498-500.

### Eco-SSL for Lead March 2005 141 Fate Knowles, S. O. and Donaldson, W. E. 1990. Di etary modification of lead toxicity: effects on fatty acid and eicosanoid metabolism in Chicks. Comp Biochem Physiol C Comp Pharmacol Toxicol 95(1): 99-104.

Imm Knowles, S. O. and Donaldson, W. E. 1997. Lead disrupts eicosanoid metabolism, macrophage function, and disease resistance in birds. Biol. Trace Elem. Res. 60(1-2): 13-26.

Stain Ko, J. S. Soon Chun Hyang Medical Coll. Asan Korea R. Dept. of Anatomy and Park, S. Y. Sungkyunkwan Univ. Seoul Korea R. Dept. of Biol ogy. 1980. Comparative histological study on the parafollicular of mammals. Korean Journal of Zoology. V. 23(2) P. 89-108

Meth Kobayashi, Yoshinori. Development of an x-ray fluorescence element mapping spectrometer and its application to biological samples. Kagaku Gijutsu Kenkyusho Hokoku (1989) 84(12): 643- 54.

CP Kochen, J. A., Greener, Y., and Hirano, A. 1977. Micro vascular injury in chick embryo lead Encephalopathy. Lewis, David H. (Ed.). Bibliotheca Anatomica, No. 15. Recent Advances in Basic Microcirculatory Research. Part 1 of Ninth European Conference on Microcirculation, Antwerp, Belgium, July 5-9, 1976. Xxv+572p. Illus. S. Karger: Basel, Switzerland; New York, N.y., Usa. Isbn 3-8055-2757-8. 1977 (Recd 1978) 199-201

Lead Shot Koh T S and Harper M J. 1988. Lead-poisoning in black swans, Cygnus atratus , exposed to spent lead shot at Bool Lagoon game reserve, South Australia. Australian Wildlife Research. 15(4): 395-403.

Prim Kohler, K., Lilienthal, H., Guenth er, E., Winneke, G., and Zrenner, E. 1997. Persistent decrease of the dopamine-synthesizing enzyme tyrosine hydroxylase in the rhesus monkey retina after chronic lead exposure. Neurotoxicology. 18(3): 623-32.

Bio Acc Kolczak, T. 1988. The content of heavy metals in the bone decoction of hens from a polluted district. Med Weter 44(5): 303-304.

CP Koller, Loren D. 1979. Immune response alte red by lead and cadmium in cba/j mice. Anim. Monit. Environ. Pollut., (Symp. Pathobiol. En viron. Pollut.: Anim. Models Wildl. Monit.) : 209- 219.

In Vitro Komulainen, H and Tuomisto, J. 1981. Effect of heavy metals on dopamine, noradrenaline, and serotonin uptake and release in rat brain synaptosomes. Acta. Pharmac. Toxic. 48: 199-204.

Org Met Konat, G. and Clausen, J. 1976. Tri ethyl l ead induced hypo myelination in the developing rat fore brain. Exp Neurol. 50(1): 124-133.

FL Kooiker, G. 1986. Recommendations for analytical methods of heavy metals in bird eggs and feathers with atomic-absorption spectrophotometry. J Ornithol; 127 (1). 1986. 9-24.

FL Kopczewski, A. and Kopczewska, T. 1995. con centration of lead and cadmium in liver and kidneys in foxes. Medycyna Weterynaryjna. 51(9 ): 546-548.

Unrel Kopp, S. J., Barany, M., Erlanger, M., Perry, E. F., and Perry, H. M JR. 1980. Influence of chronic low-level cadmium and/or lead f eeding on myocardial contractility related to phosphorylation of cardiac myofibrillar Proteins. Toxicol Appl Pharmacol. 54(1): 48-56.

### Eco-SSL for Lead March 2005 142 Unrel Kopp, S. J., Glonek, T., Erlanger, M., Perry, E. F., Barany, M., and Perry, H. M. Jr. 1980. Altered metabolism and function of rat heart following chronic low level cadmium/lead feeding. J Mol Cell Cardiol. 12(12): 1407-1425.

Unrel Kopp, S. J., Perry, H. M. Jr., Feliksik, J. M., Erlanger, M., and Perry, E. F. 1983. In vivo assessment of cardiac contractility following chr onic dietary cadmium or cadmium plus lead ingestion in the rat. Trace Subst. Environ. Health. 17: 165-173.

Unrel Kopp, S. J., Perry, H. M. Jr, Perry, E. F., and Er langer, M. 1983. Cardiac physiologic and tissue metabolic changes following chronic low-level cadmium and cadmium plus lead ingestion in the
rat. Toxicol Appl Pharmacol. 69(1): 149-60.

Lead shot Koranda, J., Moore, K., Stuart, M., and Conrado, C. 1979. Dietary Effects on Lead Uptake and Trace Element Distribution in Mallard Ducks Dosed With Lead Shot : 41p.

Surv Korsrud, G. O. and Meldrum, J. B. 1988. Effect of diet on the response in rats to lead acetate given orally or in the drinking water. Biol Trace Elem Res. 17: 167-73.

FL Kosaka, M., Tilson, H. A., Mactutus, C. F. , McLa mb, R. L., and Burne, T. A. 1983. Effects of lead, other metals and diphenylthiocarbazone on conditioned avoidance behavior in rats: characterization of triethyllead chlori de neurotoxicity in adult rats. Nichidai Igaku Zasshi. 42(5): 537-46.

FL Kosaka, Michio. 1983. Effects of lead, othe r metals and diphenylthiocarbazone on conditioned avoidance behavior in rats. Nichidai Igaku Zasshi. 42(5): 537-546.

Drug Kostas, J. 1977. Effects of Psychotropic Agents on Spontaneous Alternation in Rats Neonatally Exposed to Lead-Acetate : 119.

Drug Kostas, J., McFarland, D. J., and Drew, W. G. 1978. Lead-induced behavioral disorders in the rat: effects of amphetamine. Pharmacology. 16(4): 226-36.

Surv Kostelecka-Myrcha, A., Zukowski, J., and Oksiejcz uk, E. 1997. Changes in the red blood indices during nestling development of thetree sparrow pa sser montanus in an urban environment. Ibis (London). 139(1): 92-96.

Phys Kostial, K., Clarkson, T. W., Nordberg, G. F., a nd Sager, P. R. eds. 1983. Specific features of metal Absorption in Suckling Animals. Reproductive AND DEVELOPMENTAL TOXICITY OF METALS. 727-744.

Acu Kostial, K., Kello, D., Jugo, S., Rabar, I., a nd Maljkovic, T. 1978. Iinfluence of age on metal metabolism and toxicity . Environ Health Perspect. 25: 81-86.

No Oral Kostial, K., Maljkovic, T., and Jugo, S. 1974. Lead acetate toxicity in rats in relation to age and

sex. Arch. Toxicol. 31(3): 265-269.

Alt Kostial, K, Simonvic, I, and Pisonic, M. 1971. Lead absorption from the intestine of newborn
rats. Nature (London). 233: 564-5.

No Dose Kostial, K and vouk, VB. 1957. Lead ions and synaptic transmission in the superior cervical ganglion of the cat. Br. J. Pharmac. 12: 219-222.

### Eco-SSL for Lead March 2005 143 Unrel Kostrzewa, T., KozioL, A., MijaL, K., Pankow, T ., PLuzek, Z., and Wilk, Z. 1982. [Attempted suicide in the city of Cracow (Comparative studies )]: <original> samobojstwa usilowane na terenie miasta krakowa (Praca porownawcza ). Psychiatr Pol. 16(3): 167-74.

No Oral Kotsaki-Kovatsi, V. P., Lekkas, S., and Kovatsis , A. 1983. Comparative studies on the liver and kidney lesions in rabbits poisonedby organic or inorganic lead compounds. Hellenike Kteniatrike (Hellenic Veterinary Medicine). 26(4): 465-477.

FL Koval'chuk L A and Mikshevich N V. 1988. [The behavioural characteristics of mercury, zinc, cadmium and lead sources on the ecosystem.]. [Voprosy Dinamiki Populyatsii Mlekopitayushchikh.] [Problems of Mammal Population Dynamics.] . : 1-80.

Unrel Kovar, J., Studnickova, M., Maly, M., and Klukanova , H. Effect of modification and denaturation of glutamate dehydrogenase on its polarographic behavior. Bioelectrochemistry and Bioenergetics. 12 (5-6). 1984 (Recd. 1985). 431-442.

No Dose Kowalski, S., Parker, G. H., and Persinger, M. A. 1982. Interactions of 2-ppm lead in the water supply with food deprivation upon maze -swimming behavior of mice. Percept Mot Skills. 55(2): 515-9.

In Vit Kowolenko, M., Tracy, L., and Lawrence, D. 1991. Early effects of lead on bone marrow cell responsiveness in mice challenged with listeria monocytogenes. Fundam Appl Toxicol. 17(1): 75-82.

Abstract Krall, AR, Pesavento, C, Harmon, SJ, and Pack er III, RM. 1972. Elevation of norepinephrine levels and inhibition of mitochondrial oxidative phosphorylation in cerebellum of lead-intoxicated suckling rats. Fedn. Proc. 31: 665.

Bio Acc Krantz, W. C., Mulhern, B. M., Bagley, G. E., Spr unt, A., Ligas, F. J., and Robertson, W. B. Jr. 1970. Organochlorine and heavy metal residues in bald eagle eggs. Pestic Monit J. 4(3): 136- 40.

No Dose Krasovskii, G. N., Vasukovich, L. Y., and Chariev, O. G. 1979. Experimental study of biological effects of leads and aluminum fo llowing oral administration. Environ Health Perspect. 30: 47- 51.

FL Krass, B., Winneke, G., and Kramer, U. 1980. [Neurobehavioral and systemic effects in leadexposed rats after an exposure-free interval of f our months duration (author's transl)]: <original> neuropsychologische und systemische wirkungen an bleiexponierten ratten nach viermonatigem, expositionsfreien intervall. Zentralbl Bakteriol [B]. 170(5-6): 353-67.

No Control Krehbiel, D., Davis, G. A., LeRoy, L. M., and Bowman, R. E. 1976. Absence of hyperactivity in lead-exposed developing rats. Environ Health Perspect. 18: 147-157.

In Vit Kreis Patricia, Degen Gisela H, and Andrae Ul rich(A). 1998. Sulfotransferase-mediated genotoxicity of propane 2-nitronate in cultured ovine seminal vesicle cells. Mutation Research 413(1): 69-81.

Absract Krigman, M. R. Quantitative morphologic analys is of the effect of lead intoxication and undernourishment on the postnatal cortical development of the rat. Environmental Health Perspectives. : 98.

Mix Krigman, M. R. and Hogan, E. L. 1974. Effect of lead intoxication on the post natal growth of the rat nervous system. Environ. Health Perspect. 7: 187-199.

### Eco-SSL for Lead March 2005 144 Abstract Krigman, MR, Butts, SA, Hogan, EL, and Shi nkman, PG. 1972. Morphological, neurochemical, and behavior correlates of lead intoxication and undernourishment in developing rats. Fedn. Proc. 31: 665.

FL Krinitskaya, N. A. and Boyarchenko, E. K. 1983. Biological action of different forms of lead contained in the rat diet. Vopr Pitan. 0(5): 62-5.

Dead Kruuk, H. and Conroy, J. WH. 1991. Mortality of otters ( Lutra lutra ) in Shetland (Scotland, UK). J Appl Ecol. 28(1): 83-94.

In Vit Ku, W. W. and Piper, W. N. 1990. Pteridin e modulation of lead inhibition of uroporphyrinogen synthesis in erythroid precursor cells. Toxicol Lett (Amst). 51(1): 91-98.

In Vit Ku, W. W., Slowiejko, D. M., and Piper, W. N. 1991. Lead inhibition of uroporphyrinogen synthesis in erythroid precursor cells indirect effect through porphob ilinogen substrate depletion. In Vitro Toxicol. 4(1): 67-72.

Pb Behav Kuhlmann, A. C., McGlothan, J. L., and Guilart e, T. R. 1997. Developmental lead exposure causes spatial learning deficits in adult rats. Neurosci Lett 233(2-3): 101-4.

Pb Behav Kumar, M. V. and Desiraju, T. 1992. EEG spect ral power reduction and learning disability in rats exposed to lead through postnatal developing age. Indian J Physiol Pharmacol. 36(1): 15-20.

Surv Kumar, S. and Rana, S. VS. 1987. Hemochromato sis in the liver of rat after exposure to few xenobiotics a histochemical study. Proc Indian Natl Sci Acad Part B Biol Sci. 53(3): 221-226.

Unrel Kutscher, C. L. and Yamamoto, B. K. 1979. A ltered saccharin preferen ce during chronic dietary administration of lead in adult rats. Neurobehav Toxicol. 1(4): 259-62.

Surv Kwatra, M, Gill B, Singh R, and Singh M. 1986. L ead toxicosis in buffaloes and cattle in punjab. Indian Journal of Animal Science. 56: 412-413.

FL Lacatusu, R., Rauta, C., Mihailescu, A., Neda, C., Medrea, N., Kovacsovics, B., and Lungu, M. 1988. Research on the soil-plant-animal system in the influence zone of the turnu magurele, romania factory processing the pyrite ashes. An Inst Cercet Pedol Agrochim. 48: 281-292.

Surv LaDelfe, C. M. 1981. Detailed Geochemical Survey Data Release for the San Andres-Oscura Mountains Special Study Area, Ne w Mexico. GJBX-215-81; LA-8016-MS

Unrel Lag, J. 1994. Geomedically interesting dis eases in domestic animals in odda, norway. Norsk Landbruksforsking. 8(3-4): 277-281.

Lead shot Lagerquist, J. E., Davison, M., and Foreyt, W. J. 1994. Lead poisoning and other causes of mortality in trumpeter ( Cygnus buccinator ) and tundra ( C. columbianus ) swans in western Washington. Journal of Wildlife Diseases. 30(1): 60-64.

Plant Lagerwerff, JV and Specht, AW. 1970. Contam ination of roadside soil and vegetation with cadmium, nickel, lead and zinc. Environ. Sci. Technol. 4: 583.

Rev Lagunowich, L. A. 1994. Concepts on cell a dhesion molecules and their possible roles in neurotoxicity.: <book> neurological disease and therapy; principles of neurotoxicology. Neurological Disease and Therapy. 26: 699-711.

### Eco-SSL for Lead March 2005 145 No Dose Lagunowich, L. A., Stein, A. P., and Reuhl, K. R. 1994. N-cadherin in normal and abnormal brain development. Neurotoxicology (Little Rock). 15 (1): 123-132.

Org Met Lapadula, D. M., Tilson, H. A., Campbell, G., a nd Abou-Donia, M. B. 1987. Neurotoxic effects of combined treatment of 2,5-hexanedi one and triethyllead chloride. J Toxicol Environ Health. 21(4): 483-92.

Surv Larson, J. M., Karasov, W. H., Sileo, L., Strombor g, K. L., Hanbidge, B. A., Giesy, J. P., Jones, P. D., Tillitt, D. E., and Verbruggie D. A. 196. Reproductive success, developmental anomalies, and environmental contaminants in double-crested cormorants ( Phalacrocorax auritus ). Environm Toxicol Chem. 15(4): 553-559.

Species Lasenby, David C. and Veinott, Geoff. Ingestion of trace metals by the opossum shrimp, mysis relicta, determined by laser ablation sampling - inductively coupled plasma mass spectrometry. Can. J. Zool. (1998) 76(8): 1605-1610.

Drug Lasley, S. M., Greenland, R. D., Minnema, D. J ., and Michaelson, I. A. 1985. Altered central monoamine response to d-amphetamine in rats chronically exposed to inorganic lead. Neurochem Res. 10(7): 933-44.

Fate Lasley, S. M., Greenland, R. D., Minnema, D. J ., and Michaelson, I. A. 1984. Influence of chronic inorganic lead exposure on regional dopa mine and 5 hydroxytryptamine turnover in rat brain. Neurochem Res. 9(12): 1675-88.

No Dose Lasley, S. M. and Lane, J. D. 1988. Dimini shed regulation of mesolimbic dopaminergic activity in rat after chronic inorganic lead exposure. Toxicol Appl Pharmacol. 95(3): 474-83.

Alt Lasley, S. M., Polan-Curtain, J., and Armstr ong, D. L. 1993. Chronic exposure to environmental levels of lead impairs in vivo induction of long-term potentiation in rat hippocampal dentate. Brain Res. 614(1-2): 347-51.

Mix Latta, D. M. and Donaldson, W. E. 1986. The effects of dietary methionine and glycine on lead toxicity incholine-deficient chicks. Biological Trace Element Research. 10(2): 129-136.

Mix Latta, D. M. and Donaldson, W. E. 1986. Modifi cation of lead toxicity and organ distribution by dietary sulfur amino acids in chicks (gallus domesticus). Comp. Biochem. Physiol. C. 84(1): 101-104.

In Vit Lau, Y. S., Camoratto, A. M., White, L. M., and Mo riarty, C. M. 1991. E ffect of lead on trh and grf binding in rat anterior pituitary membranes. Toxicology. 68(2): 169-79.

CP Lau, Y. S., Camoratto, A. M., White, L. M. , and Moriarty, C. M. 1990. Lead inhibits the binding of growth hormone releasing factor to receptors in rat anterior pituitary. 74th Annual Meeting of the Federation of American Societies for Experimental Biology Part I, . Faseb (Fed Am Soc Exp Biol) j. 4(3): A318.

Prim Laughlin, N. K., Bowman, R. E., Franks, P. A., and Dierschke, D. J. 1987. Altered menstrual cycles in rhesus monkeys induced by lead. Fundam Appl Toxicol. 9(4): 722-9.

Lead Shot Lavery, H. J. 1971. Lead poisoning as a possi ble cause of death in waterfowl in northern queensland. EMU. 71(3): 138-139.

Nut Lawton, L. J. and Donaldson, W. E. 1991. lead-induced tissue fatty acid alterations and lipid peroxidation. Biol Trace Elem Res 28(2): 83-98.

### Eco-SSL for Lead March 2005 146 No Dose Lazareno, S and Nahorski, SR. 1982. Selective la belling of dopamine (d2) receptors in ra striatum by 3h-domperidone but not by 3h-spiperone. Eur. J. Pharmac. 81: 273-285.

No COC Le Vay, S. JR, Meier, C. JR, and Glees, P. JR . Effects of tri-ortho- cresyl-phosphate on spinal ganglia and peripheral nerves of chicken. Acta Neuropathol.; 17(2): 103-13 1971; (REF:17)

No Dose Leary, SL, Buck, WB, Lloyd, WE, and Osweiler, GD. 1973. Epidemiology of lead poisoning in cattle. Iowa State Univ Vet. 32: 112-7.

FL Lebedeva, N. V. 1996. Population ecotoxicology of Birds. Doklady Akademii Nauk. 351(3): 425-429.

FL Lee, D. P., Honda, K., and Tatsukawa, R. 1987. Comparison of tissue distributions of heavy metals in birds in japan and Korea. J Yamashina Inst Ornithol. 19(2): 103-116.

Surv Lee, D. P., Honda, K., Tatsukawa, R., and Won, P. O. 1989. Distribution and residue level of mercury, cadmium and lead in korean birds. Bull. Environ. Contam. Toxicol. 43(4): 550-555.

Rev Lee, IP. 1983. Effects of environmental metals on male reproduction. 253-279.

In Vit Lee, J. J. and Battles, A. H. 1994. Lead toxi city via arachidonate signal transduction to growth responses in the splenic macrophage. Environ Res. 67(2): 209-19.

FL Lee, J. S. and Cho, S. Y. 1991. Effects of dietary protein and calcium levels on hematological properties and renal functions of the pb-administered rats. Journal of The Korean Society of Food and Nutrition 20(4): 337-345.

FL Lee, J. S., Cho, S. Y., and Kim, Y. R. 1994. Effects of dietary iron supplementation on sigmaaminolevulinic acid dehydratase activity and det oxification of the pb-administered rats. Journal of The Korean Society of Food and Nutrition 23(1): 7-12.

HHE Leeming, RJ and Blair, JA. 1980. The effects of pathological and normal physiological processes on biopterin derivative levels in man. Clinca Chim. Acta. 108: 103-111.

Fate Leeming, T. K. and Donaldson, W. E. 1985. Alteration by dietary lead of the nutritional requirement of the chick for methionine. Nutr Rep Int. 32(3): 643-648.

No Oral Lefauconnier, J. M., Lavielle, E., Terrien, N., Be rnard, G., and Fournier, E. 1980. Effect of various lead doses on some cerebral capillary functions in the suckling rat. Toxicol. Appl. Pharmacol. 55(3): 467-476.

HHE Leffler, P. and Nordstroem, S. 1984. Metals in Maternal and Fetal Blood. Investigation of Possible Variations of the Placental Barrier Function.

Surv Leighton, F. A. 1989. Pollution and wild birds north america in the 1980's. CAN VET J. 30(10): 783-785.

Drug Lenox, R. H., Kant, G. J., Meyerhoff, J. L., Frazi er, J. M., Annau, Z., Bezel, V. S., Sadykov, O. F., Testov, B. V., and Mokronosov, A. A. 1984. Regional brain and pituitary cyclic nucleotide response following central cholinergic stimulation ( 82) in rats chronically exposed to lead: lead accumulation in natural populations of mouse-like rodents. Neurotoxicology. 5(3): 213-25.

Mix Leonard, A., Deknudt, Gh., and Debackere, M. 1974. Cytogenetic investigations on leucocytes of cattle intoxicated withheavy metals. Toxicology 2(No.3): 269-273.

### Eco-SSL for Lead March 2005 147 CP Leonard, A., Gerber, G. B., and Jacquet, P. 1980. Studies into the Toxic Action of Lead in Biochemistry of the Developing Organism and on the Cytogenetics of the Post Meiotic Germ Cells. (Project 2) : 157-61.

Surv Leonzio, C., Fossi, C., and Focardi, S. 1986. Hea vy metals and selenium variation in a migratory bird wintering in a mercury-polluted lagoon. Bull Environ Contam Toxicol. 37(2): 219-225.

Surv Leonzio, C., Fossi, C., and Focardi, S. 1986. Lead, mercury, cadmium and selenium in two species of gull feeding on inland dumps, and in marine areas. Sci. Total Environ. 57: p121-127.

Bio Acc Leonzio, C. and Massi, Alberto. 1989. Metal biom onitoring in bird eggs: a critical experiment. Bull Environ Contam Toxicol. 43(3): p402(5).

Stain Lepri, A., Benelli, U., Bernardini, N., Bianchi, F., Lupetti, M., Danesi, R., Del Tacca M, and Nardi, M. 1994. Effect of low molecular wei ght heparan sulphate on angiogenesis in the rat cornea after chemical cauterization. Journal of Ocular Pharmacology 10(1): 273-80.

Mix Levander, L. C. OAArgrett. 308-1914. Effects of arsenic, mercury, thallium and lead on selenium metabolism in rats. Toxicol. Appl. Pharmacol.; 14(2)

Drug Levander, O. A., Ferretti, R. J., and Morris, V. C. 1977. Osmotic and peroxidative fragilities of erythrocytes from vitamin e-deficient lead-poisoned rats. J Nutr. 107(3): 373-7.

Drug Levander, O. A., Morris, V. C., and Ferretti, R. J. 1977. Comparative effects of selenium and vitamin e in lead-poisoned rats. J Nutr. 107(3): 378-2.

Alt Levander, O. A., Morris, V. C., Higgs, D. J., and Ferretti, R. J. 1975. Lead poisoning in vitamin e-deficient rats. J Nutr. 105(11): 1481-5.

Mix Levander, Orville A. and Argrett, L. C. Eff ects of arsenic, mercury, thallium, and lead on selenium metabolism in rats. Toxicol. Appl. Pharmacol. (1969) 14(2): 308-14.

Prim Levay, S., Wiesel, T. N., and Hubel, D. H. The development of ocular dominance columns in normal and visually deprived monkeys. . Journal of Comparative Neurology. 191 (1). 1980. 1-52.

Lead Shot Levengood, J. M., Sanderson, G. C., Anderson, W. L., Foley, G. L., Skowron, L. M., Brown, P. W., and Seets, J. W. 1999. Acute toxicity of ingested zinc shot to game-farm mallards. Illinois Natural History Survey Bulletin 36(1): 0-36 pp.

Prim Levin, E. D. 1984. The Long-Term Effects of Developmental Lead Exposure on Learning and Memory in Monkeys : 197.

Prim Levin, E. D. and Bowman, R. E. 1983. The eff ect of pre- or postnatal lead exposure on hamilton search task in monkeys. Neurobehav Toxicol Teratol. 5(3): 391-4.

Prim Levin, E. D. and Bowman, R. E. 1986. Long-te rm lead effects on the hamilton search task and delayed alternation in monkeys. Neurobehav Toxicol Teratol. 8(3): 219-24 .

Drug Levin, E. D. and Bowman, R. E. 1986. Scopol amine effects on hamilton search task performance in monkeys. Pharmacol Biochem Behav. 24(4): 819-21.

Prim Levin, E. D., Bowman, R. E., Wegert, S., and Vuchetich, J. 1987. Psychopharmacological investigations of a lead-induced long-term cognitive deficit in monkeys. Psychopharmacology (Berl). 91(3): 334-41.

### Eco-SSL for Lead March 2005 148 Prim Levin, E. D., Schneider, M. L., Ferguson, S. A., Schantz, S. L., and Bowman, R. E. 1988. Behavioral effects of developmental l ead exposure in rhesus monkeys. Dev Psychobiol. 21(4): 371-82.

No Dose Levkutova, M., Revajova, V., Levkut, M. Univ. Vet. Med. Kosice Slovak Republic Dep. of Pathological Anatomy, and Leng, L. Inst. of Anim. Physiology Kosice Slovak Republic. 1998. Subpopulations of lymphocytes in cattle naturally infected with papillomavirus. Acta Veterinaria Hungarica. V. 46(1) P. 13-18

CP Lewis, G., Anderson, P. H., and Suttle, N. F. 1983. The nature of trace element problems: delineating the field problem. (Occasional Publication No. 7): 11-16.

No Oral Lewis, S. C. Acute lethality of selected hea vy metals in spontaneously hypertensive rats. Toxicology and Applied Pharmacology. 33 (1). 1975 128

FL Li, Pingjian, Zhu, Shiya, and Goyer, Robert A. 1998. Effect of experimental lead poisoning on zinc and calcium levels in rats body. Guangdong Weiliang Yuansu Kexue 5(4): 34-38 .

FL Li, Pingjian, Zhu, Shiya, and Goyer, Robert A. Effect of experimental lead poisoning to zinc and calcium levels in rats body. Zhongguo Gonggong Weisheng Xuebao (1997) 16(5): 296-298 .

FL Li, W. F., Liu, Z. P., Ma, Z., and Wang, Y. P. 1995. Influences of heavy metal pollution of the environment on the health of sheep. Chinese Journal of Veterinary Science and Technology. 25(10): 15-17.

Prim Lilienthal, H., Lenaerts, C., Winneke, G., and Hennekes, R. 1988. Alteration of the visual evoked potential and the electroretinogram in lead-treated monkeys. Neurotoxicol Teratol. 10(5): 417-22.

Prim Lilienthal, H. and Winneke, G. 1996. Lead eff ects on the brain stem auditory evoked potential in monkeys. Neurotoxicol Teratol. 18(1): 17(16).

CP Lilienthal, H. and Winneke, G. 1991. Long-lasti ng increases in baep latencies after lead exposure in rhesus monkeys. Third Winter Meeting of the German Society of Pharmacology and Toxicology . Naunyn-schmiedeberg's Arch Pharmacol. 344(Suppl.2): R118.

Prim Lilienthal, H., Winneke, G., Brockhaus, A., and Mo lik, B. 1986. Pre- and postnatal lead-exposure in monkeys: effects on activity and learning set formation. Neurobehav Toxicol Teratol. 8(3): 265-72.

Unrel Lindeman, R. C. 1975. Diverting the paralyzed larynx: a reversible procedure for intractable aspiration. Laryngoscope 85(1): 157-80.

Lead Shot Linden H, Bjorklund A, Krogell C, Osara M, Soveri T, and Vikberg P. 1992 . Finnish review of lead poisoning in waterfowl. Suomen Riista No.38. : 60-68.

CP Linder, G., Bollman, M., Callahan, C., Gillete, C., Nebeker, A., and Wilborn, D. 1998. Bioaccumulation and food-chain analysis for eval uating ecological risksin terrestrial and wetland habitats: availability-transfer factors(atfs) in 'soil right arrow soil macroinvertebrate right arrowamphibian ' food chains. Superfund Risk Assessment in Soil Contamination Studies: Thirdvolume. Papers Presented at the Sym posium on Superfund Risk Assessment,Held at San Diego, California, USA on 11-16 January 1998. 51-65.

### Eco-SSL for Lead March 2005 149 Rev Linder, G., Bollman, M., Callahan, C., Gillete, C., Nebeker, A., Wilborn, D., and <Editors>. 1998. Bioaccumulation and food-chain analysis for evaluating ecological risks in terrestrial and wetland habitats: availability-transfe r factors(atfs) in 'soil soil macroinvertebrate amphibian' food chains. Superfund Risk Assessment in Soil Contamination Studies: Third Volume. Papers Presented at the Symposium on Superfund Risk Assessment,Held at San Diego, California, USA on 11-16 January 1998. 51-65 .

Species Lineres, M., Fayolle, L., Tauzin, J., and Juste, C. Accumulation of heavy metals in eiseniafoetida-andrei oligochaeta lumbricidae grown in garbage. Agronomie (Paris). 5 (9). 1985. 779- 784.

No Dose Link, LP and Pensinger, RR. 1966. Lead toxicosis in swine. Am. J. Vet. Res. 27: 759.

FL Litvinov, N. N., Lamentova, T. G., and Kazachkov, V. I. 1991. Structural-functional changes in the Liver of Pregnant Rats and Their Fetuses in Exposure to Cadmium Benzene and Lead Nitrate. Gig Sanit. 0(5): 19-23.

Unrel LIU, W. K. and WONG, M. H. Ultrastructu ral changes in gills of sarotherodon-mossambicus treated with chicken Manure. Environ Res. 40 (1). 1986. 164-171.

Alt Liu, Z., Yang, Y., Silveira, D. C., Sarkisian, M. R., Tandon, P., Huang L-T, Stafstrom, C. E., and Holmes, G. L(A). 1999. Consequences of recurrent seizures during early brain development. Neuroscience 92(4): 1443-1454.

No Dose Livesey, D. J., Dawson, R. G., Livesey, P. J., Barre tt, J., and Spickett, T. J. 1986. Lead retention in blood and brain after preweaning low-level lead exposure in the rat. Pharmacol Biochem Behav 25(5): 1089-94.

Bio Acc Llacuna, S., Gorriz, A., Sanpera, C., and Nadal, J. 1995. Metal accumulation in three species of passerine birds (emberiza cia, parus major, and turdus merula) subjected to air pollution from a coal-fired power plant. Arch Environ Contamin Toxicol . 28(3): 298-303.

Bio Acc Lock, J. W., Thompson, D. R., Furness, R. W., and Bartle, J. A. Metal concentrations in seabirds of the new zealand region. Environ. Pollut. (1991) Volume Date 1992, 75(3): 289-300.

Lead Shot Locke L N and Friend M. 1992. Lead poisoning of avian species other than waterfowl. IWRB Special Publication No. 16. : 19-22.

Lead Shot Locke L N, Kerr S M, and Zoromski D. 1982. Lead poisoning in common loons ( Gavia immer ). Avian Diseases. 26(2): 392-396.

Prim Logdberg, B., Berlin, M., and Schutz, A. 1987. Effects of lead exposure on pregnancy outcome and the fetal brain of squirrel monkeys. Scand J Work Environ Health. 13(2): 135-45.

Prim Logdberg, B., Brun, A., Berlin, M., and Schutz, A. 1988. Congenital lead encephalopathy in monkeys. Acta Neuropathol (Berl). 77(2): 120-7.

Lead shot Longcore, J. R., Andrews, R., Locke, L. N., Bagl ey, G. E., and Young, L. T. 1974. Toxicity of lead and proposed substitute shot to mallards. U. S. Fish Wildl. Serv., Spec. Sci. Rep.: Wildl. 183: 23 pp.

Lead Shot Longcore J R, Corr P O, and Spencer H E Jr. 1982. Lead shot incidence in sediments and waterfowl gizzards from merrymeeting bay, maine. Wildlife Society Bulletin. 10(1): 3-10.

### Eco-SSL for Lead March 2005 150 Lead Shot Longcore, J. R., Locke, L. N., Ba gley, G. E., and Andrews, R. 1974. Significance of Lead Residues in Mallard Tissues. iv+24pp.

Meth Lopez, C. E., Castro, J. M., Gonzalez, V., Pe rez, J., Seco, H. M., and Fernandez, J. M. Determination of metal ions in algal solution samples by capillary electrophoresis. J. Chromatogr. Sci. (1998) 36(7): 352-356.

Phys Lorenzo, A. V. and Gewirtz, M. 1977. Inhibiti on of (14c)tryptophan transport into brain of lead exposed neonatal rabbits. Brain Res. 132(2): 386-92.

Diss Lorton, D. 1984. The Effects of Lead Intoxication on the Developing CNS and Blood Vasculature of the Rat : 321.

No Oral Louis-Ferdinand, R. T., Brown, D. R., Fiddler, S. F., Daughtrey, W. C., and Klein, A. W. 1978. Morphometric and enzymatic effects of neonata l lead exposure in the rat brain. Toxicol Appl Pharmacol. 43(2): 351-60.

CP Lu, Junxuan and Combs, G. F. Jr. Inhibition of pancreatic exocrine function by high levels of dietary zinc. Proc. - Cornell Nutr. Conf. Feed Manuf. (1986) 52-6.

Pb Behav Lucchi, L., Memo, M., Airaghi, M. L., Spano, P. F., and Trabucchi, M. 1981. Chronic lead treatment induces in rat a specific and differentia l effect on dopamine receptors in different brain

areas. Brain Res. 213(2): 397-404.

Rev Lumeij, JT. 1985. Clinicopathologic aspects of lead poisoning in birds: a review. Vet. Quart. 7: 133-8.

In Vit Lundholm, C. E. 1991. Influence of chlorina ted hydrocarbons, hg2+ and methyl-hg+ on steroid hormone receptors from eggshell gland mucosa of domestic fowls and ducks. Arch Toxicol. 65(3): 220-7.

In Vit Lundholm, C. E. and Mathson, K. 1986. Effect of some metal compounds on the calcium binding and calcium-magnesium atpase activity of e ggshell gland mucosa homogenate from the domestic fowl. Acta Pharmacol Toxicol 59 (5): 410-415.

Phys Luo, Z. 1993. Coordinate Regulation of Dihydropyridi ne Receptors and Acetylcholinesterase: the Influence of Lead

In Vit LUO, Z. D. and BERMAN, H. A. 1997. The influence of Pb2+ on expression of acetylcholinesterase and the acetylcholine receptor. Toxicology and Applied Pharmacology. 145(2): 237-245.

Drug Luthman, J., Olson, L., Bjorklund, H., Hensch en, A., Hoffer, B., and Oskarsson, A. 1991. Combined lead acetate and disulfiram treatment-indu ced alterations of glial fibrillary acidic protein (gfa) immunoreactive astrocytes in brain smears. Toxicology. 65(3): 333-46.

FL Lutz, W. 1993. [Preliminary studies of the eff ect of diseases and environmental pollution on the population dynamics of wild rabbits (oryctolagus cuniculus linnaeus, 1758) in the federal state of north rhine-westphalia (germany)]: <original> etude s preliminaires du role des maladies et de la pollution de l'environnement sur la dynamique des populations de lapins de garenne (oryctolagus cuniculus linnaeus, 1758) dans l'etat federe de rhenanie-westphalie (allemagne). Rev Sci Tech. 12(1): 27-34.

### Eco-SSL for Lead March 2005 151 FL Lutz, W. and <Editors> S.A. de Crombrugghe. 1985. Invesitgation of heavy metal contamination in north rhine-westphalia. Transactions of the XVIIth Congress of the International Union of Game Biologists, Brussels, September 17-21, 1985. Part 2. 849-856.

FL Lutz, W., Mayr, A., Mahnel, H., Winkelmann, J., Riess, P., and Lammers, H. J. 1990. First results of an investigation on the decline of rabbits Oryctolagus-cuniculus l. in consideration of the occurrence of myxomatosis in north Rhine-Westphalia West Germany. Zeitschrift Fuer Jagdwissenschaft. 36(2): 110-125.

FL Lutz, W. and Slamecka, J. 1997. Comparisons of lead and cadmium concentrations in brown hares (Lepus europaeus pallas) in agricultural and industrial areas of Germany and Slovakia. Zeitschrift Fuer Jagdwissenschaft. 43(3): 176-185.

No Dose Ma, T., Chen, H. H., and Ho, I. K. 1999. Effects of chronic lead (pb) exposure on neurobehavioral function and dopaminergic ne urotransmitter receptors in rats. Toxicol Lett. 105(2): 111-21.

No Oral Ma, Tangeng, Chen, Hwei Hsien, Lim, Dong K., Hu me, A. S., and Ho, Ing K. 1997. Effects of subacute lead exposure on [ super(3)h]mk-801 binding in hippocampus and cerebral cortex in the adult rat. Brain Res. 760(1-2): 187-192.

Rev Ma, W. 1996. Lead in mammals. 281-296.

Lead Shot Ma, W. C. 1989. Effect of soil pollution with metallic lead pellets on lead bioaccumulation and organ/body weight alterations in small mammals. Arch.Environ Contam Toxicol. 18(4): 617- 622.

Bio Acc Ma, W. C., Denneman, W., and Faber, J. 1991. Hazardous exposure of ground-living small mammals to cadmium and lead in contaminated terrestrial ecosystems. Arch Environ Contam Toxicol. 20(2): 266-70.

Surv Ma, WC. 1987. Heavy metal accumulation in the mole, Talpa europea , and earthworms as an indicator of metal bioavailability in terrestrial environments. Bull. Environ. Contam. Toxicol. 39: 933-8.

Rev Ma, WC. 1993. Methodological principles of using small mammals for ecological hazard assessment of chemical soil pollution, with examples on cadmium and lead. 357-371.

No Dose Ma, WC, van Wezel, H, and van den Ham, D. 1992.: 67 pp.

Lead Shot Macdonald, J. W., LiGoater, R., Atkinson, N. K., and Small, J. 1990. Further causes of death in scottish swans (cygnus spp.). State Veterinary Journal. 44(124): 81-93.

No Dur Macdonald, J. W., Randall, C. J., Ross, H. M., Moon, G. M., and Ruthven, A. D. 1983. Lead poisoning in captive birds of prey. Veterinary Record. 113(3): 65-66.

Surv MacNeil, J. D., Patterson, J. R., Salisbury, C. D. C., and Tessaro, S. V. 1990. An investigation of the trace element status of bison in Wood Buffalo National Park and of ranch-raised bison in Saskatchewan, Canada. International Journal of Environmental Analytical Chemistry. 41(3 + 4): 99-104.

FL Madej, J. A. and Zechalko, A. 1979. Effect of nutritional deficiences on lead and cadmium toxicity in laboratory rats. part v. hi stopathological study of liver and kidneys. Bromatol. Chem. Toksykol. 12(4): 363-9.

### Eco-SSL for Lead March 2005 152 Surv Maedgen, J. L, Hacker, C. S., Schroder, G. D ., and Weir, F. W. 1982. Bioaccumulation of lead and cadmium in the royal tern and sandwich tern. Arch Environ Contam Toxicol. 11(1): 99(4).

FL Maehashi, Hiroshi. Toxicology of metals w ith a special emphasis on the biotransformation of arsenic and metal chelating agents, dmsa and dmps. Matsumoto Shigaku (1997) 23(3): 145- 153.

Surv Maes, J. and Gerber, G. B. 1978. Increased ala dehydratase activity and spleen weight in leadintoxicated rats . a consequence of increased blood cell destruction. Experientia. 34(3): 381- 382.

Lead Shot Maestrini, N. 1970. (A lead poisoning case at a duck Farm.). Nuova Vet. 46(3): 163-171.

Unrel Mahadevaiah, S., Mittwoch, U., and Moses, M. J. 1984. Pachytene chromosomes in male and female mice heterozygous for the is(7;1)40h insertion. Chromosoma 90(3): 163-9.

Unrel Mahaffey, K. R. 1977. Mineral concentrations in animal tissues certain aspects of federal drug administration regulatory role. Journal of Animal Science 44 (3): 509-515.

Rev Mahaffey, K. R. 1974. Nutritional factors and susceptibility to lead toxicity. Environ Health Perspect. 7: 107-12.

Drug Mahaffey, K. R., Goyer, R. A., and Wilson, M. H. 1974. Influence of ethanol ingestion on lead toxicity in rats fed isocaloric diets. Arch Environ Health. 28(4): 217-22.

Rev Mahaffey, KR. 1978. environmental exposure to lead. In: the Biogeochemistry of Lead in the Environment . Elsevier/North-Holland Biomedical Press.

Phys Maher, P. A. stimulation of endothelial cell pro liferation by vanadate is specific for microvascular endothelial cells. J CELL PHYSIOL. Journal of Cellular Physiology. 151 (3). 1992. 549-554.

Fate Mailman, R. B. and Lewis, M. H. 1987. Neur otoxicants and central catecholamine systems. Neurotoxicology. 8(1): 123-39.

FL Maisin, J. R., Lambiet-Collier, M., and de Sain t-Georges, L. 1978. Llead toxicity in mice embryos]. C R Seances Soc Biol Fil. 172(5): 1041-3.

Fate Malinowska, A. 1986. The level of manganese chromium and lead in chosen internal organs of sows and their fetuses during Pregnancy. Med Weter. 42(7): 399-402.

FL Malinowska, A. 1988. Synergistic and antagoni stic effect of some macroelements and trace elements on Pigs. Med Weter. 44(4): 242-245.

Rev Malins, D. C. 1979. Environmental Assessment of the Alaskan Continental Shelf. Volume 5. Biological Studies: Assessment of Available Literature on Effects of Oil Pollution on Biota in Arctic and Subarctic Waters. <NOTE> Final Rept. 1 Jul 75-30 Sep 76

Diss Malpas, P. B. 1996. The Effect of Soil Parameters on the Bioavailability and Retention of Lead in Rats (Lime, Phosphate)

Effl Maly, M. S. 1984. Survivorship of meadow vol es, microtus pennsylvanicus, from sewage sludgetreated fields. Bull Environ Contam Toxicol. 32(6): 724-732.

### Eco-SSL for Lead March 2005 153 FL Mamyrbaeva, Z. Z. h., Shalakhmetova, T. M., Kudr iavtseva, M. V., and Kudriavtsev, B. N. 1998. [Effect of cadmium sulfate and strontium chloride on the glycogen content in hepatocytes of rats of various ages]: <original> vliianie sul'fata ka dmiia i khlorida strontsiia na soderzhanie glikogena v gepatotsitakh krys raznogo vozrasta. Tsitologiia. 40(5): 432-44.

Unrel Mantovani, A. 1993. Reproductive risks from contaminants in drinking water. Ann Ist Super Sanita . 29(2): 317-26.

FL Maracek, I., Lazar, L., Korenekova, B., Choma, J., and David, V. 1998. Residues of heavy metals and the prevalence of diseases in the reproductive or gans of cows near a metallurgical works. Slovensky Veterinarsky Casopis. 23(3): 159-163.

Surv March, G. L., John, T. M., McKeown, B. A., Sele o, L., and George, J. C. 1976. The effects of lead poisoning on various plasma constituents in the canada goose. J. Wildl. Dis. 12(1): 14-19.

Lead shot Marcstrom, V., Danell, K., and Andersson, A. 1977. Lead shot pellets dispersed by hunters-- ingested by ducks. AMBIO/A Journal of the Human Environment. VI(4): 235.

No Oral Markovich, Daniel a and Knight, David. 1998. Re nal na-s|i cotransporter nasi- is inhibited by heavy metals. American Journal of Physiology. 274(2 Part 2): F283-F289.

Unrel Markovits, Andres, Conejeros, Raul, Lopez, Luis, and Lutz, Mariane. 1992. Evaluation of marine microalga nannochloropsis sp. as a potential dietary supplement. chemical, nutritional and short term toxicological evaluation in rats. Nutr. Res. (N. Y.) (1992) 12(10): 1273-84.

Bio Acc Marn, C. M., Mirarchi, R. E., and Lisano, M. E. 1988. Diet affects lead retention in mourning doves. Highlights of Agricultural Research - Alabama Agricultural Experiment Station. 35(4): 5.

Lead Shot Marn, C. M., Mirarchi, R. E., and Lisano, M. E. 1988. Effects of diet and cold exposure on captive female mourning doves dosed with lead shot. Arch Environ Contam Toxicol. 17(5): 589-94.

Mix Marshall, SP, Hayward, FW, and Meagher, WR. 1963. Effects of feeding arsenic and lead upon their secretion in milk. J. Dairy Sci. 46: 580.

Unrel Martin John H, Fitzwater Steve E, Gordon, R. Mi chael, Hunter Craig N, and Tanner Sara J. 1993. Iron, primary production and carbon-nitrogen flux st udies during the jgofs north atlantic bloom experiment. Deep-Sea Research Part II Topical Studies in Oceanography 40(1-2): 115-134.

No Oral Mas, A. and Arola, L. 1985. Cadmium and lead toxicity effects on zinc copper nickel and iron distribution in the developing chick embryo. Comp. Biochem. Physiol. C, Pharmacol. Toxicol. 80(1): 185-188.

Surv Mashima, Ted Y., Fleming, W. James, and Stoskopf, Michael K. 1998. Metal concentrations in oldsquaw ( Clangula hyemalis ) during an outbreak. Ecotoxicol. 7( 2): p107(5).

Bio Acc Mason, C. F. 1988. Concentrations of organoc hlorine residues and metals in tissues of otters lutra-lutra from the British isles UK 1985-1986. Lutra. 31(1): 62-67.

Bio Acc Mason, C. F., Last, N. I., and Macdonald, S. M. 1986. mercury, cadmium, and lead in british
otters. Bul Environ Contamin Toxicol. 37(6): 844-849.

### Eco-SSL for Lead March 2005 154 No Dose Massaro, E. J. and Massaro, T. F. 1986. the effects of lead exposure during development on higher order cognitive functioning in the rat. Neurotoxicology 7(2): 515-26.

Bio Acc Massaro, E. J., Miller, G. D., Massaro, T. F., Woolley, D. E., and Cranmer, J. M. eds. 1984. multiple dose exposure effects on the tissue dist ribution of lead in the preweanling rat.: neurotoxicology of lead: reviews and recent advances. Neurotoxicology. 5(3): 333-352.

No Dose Massaro, T. F., Miller, G. D., and Massaro, E. J. 1986. low-level lead exposure affects latent learning in the rat. Neurobehav Toxicol Teratol. 8(2): 109-13.

FL Massi, A., Marsili, L., Focardi, S., Leonzio, C ., and Cortone, P. 1990. trace metals and chlorinated hydrocarbons in tissues of e gyptian vulture, neophron percnopterus. Riv Ital Ornitol. 60(1-2): p29-36.

Stain Massmann, J., Schubert, I., Trimper, B., and Bucsky, P. 1988. immune complex induced hematogenic cell infiltration of the aortic lumina l border layer in rabbits. light microscopic studies of surface preparations. Experimental Pathology 33(2): 123-31.

CP Matarazzo, W. J., Carbone, M. T., and Gray, I. 1979. murine lymphocyte activation by cadmium ii lead ii or chromium ii in drinking Water. 13th Annual Conference, Columbia, Mo., Usa, June 4-7, 1979. Proc Univ Mo Annu Conf Trace Subst Environ Health. 13: 382-388.

Lead shot Mateo, R., Belliure, J., Dolz, J. C., Serrano, J. M. A., and Guitart, R. 1998. high prevalences of lead poisoning in wintering waterfowl in spain. Archives of Environmental Contamination and Toxicology. 35(2): pp. 342-347.

Lead Shot Mateo R, Carles Dolz J, Aguilar Serrano J M, Be lliure J, and Guitart R. 1997. an epizootic of Lead Poisoning in Greater Flamingos ( Phoenicopterus Ruber Roseus ) in Spain. Journal of Wildlife Diseases. 33(1): 131-134.

Lead Shot Mateo, R., Estrada, J., Paquet, J. Y., Riera, X., Dominguez, L., Guitart, R., and Martinez-vilalta, A. 1999. Lead shot ingestion by marsh harriers Circus aeruginosus from the Ebro delta, Spain. Environmental Pollution. 104(3): 435-440.

Lead Shot Mateo, R., Martinez-vilalta, A., and Guitart, R. 1997. Lead shot pellets in the ebro delta, spain: densities in sediments and prevalence of exposure in waterfowl. Environmental Pollution. 96(3): 335-341.

Lead Shot Mateo, R., Molina, R., Grifols, J., and Guitart, R. 1997. Lead poisoning in a free ranging griffon vulture (gyps fulvus). Veterinary Record. 140(2): 47-48.

Surv Mathews, R. C Jr, Davis, M. W., Morgan, E. L., and Mathews, T. J. 1975. Impact of anakeesta formation leachate mineralized components and ph on the shovel-nosed salamander leurognathusmarmoratus of the great smoky mountains national park. ASB (ASSOC SOUTHEAST BIOL) BULL. 22(2): 68.

Unrel Mathiasson, S. 1993. Mute swans, cygnus olor, killed from collision with electrical wires, a study of two situations in sweden. Environ Pollut. 80(3): 239-246.

FL Matsui, Tomoko, Matsumoto, Kazuya, and Kawa mori, Masao. 1984. Acute intoxication by tetraethyllead. ii. effects on the operant behavior in rats. Kyorin Igakkai Zasshi. 14(2): 129-35.

FL Matsuoka, S. 1978. [Process in neurological dist urbances of neuropathy (author's transl)]. Rinsho Shinkeigaku. 18(12): 773-8.

### Eco-SSL for Lead March 2005 155 No Org Matt, KJ. 1971. Lead contamination of some agricultural soils in western canada. Environ. Sci. Technol. 5: 1199.

HHE Mattsson, P., Albanus, L., and Frank, A. 1981. Cadmium and some other metals in liver and kidney from elk. basis fordietary recommendations. Var Foda. 33(8/9): 335-345.

Nut Maurice, D. V., Jones, J. E., Dillon, C. R ., and Weber, J. M. Chemical composition and nutritional value of Brazilian elodea ( Egeria densa ) for the chick. Poult. Sci. (1984) 63(2): 317-23 .

Lead Shot Mautino, M. and Bell, J. U. 1986. Experimental lead toxicity in the ring-necked duck. Environ Res. 41(2): 538-45.

Lead Shot Mautino, M. and Bell, J. U. 1987. Hematological evaluation of lead intoxication in mallards. Bull Environ Contam Toxicol. 38(1): 78-85.

FL Mazhuga, P. M. 1992. [pathological changes i nduced by environmental chemical pollutants in tissues of the locomotor system]: <original> patologicheskie izmeneniia v tkaniakh lokomotornogo apparata pod vliianiem khimicheskikh zagriaznitelei prirodnoi sredy. Vestn Ross Akad Med Nauk. (5): 20-6.

In Vit McBride, W. G. 1975. effects of suspected teratogens on fetal nerve cells. Tests Teratogenicity in Vitro. : 465-471.

No Dose McCarren, M. and Eccles, C. U. 1983. neonatal lead exposure in rats: i. effects on activity and brain metals. Neurobehav Toxicol Teratol 5(5): 527-31.

Alt McCarren, M. and Eccles, C. U. 1983. Neona tal lead exposure in rats: ii. effects on the hippocampal afterdischarge. Neurobehav Toxicol Teratol. 5(5): 533-40.

No Oral McClain, R. M. and Becker, B. A. 1972. E ffects of organolead compounds on rat embryonic and fetal development. Toxicol Appl Pharmacol. 21(2): 265-274.

No Oral McClain, R. M. and Becker, B. A. 1975. Terat ogenicity, fetal toxicity, and placental transfer of lead nitrate in rats. Toxicol. Appl. Pharmacol. 31(1): 72-82.

In Vit McCuaig, L. 1976. Interference by divalent metals in the preparation of soluble intestinal alkaline phosphatase with n-butanal. Preparative Biochemistry 06(04): 295-306.

Unrel McDowell, E. M. 1974. Unbuffered osmium staini ng in pars recta of the proximal tubule from rat kidney studied by thin and semi-thin section cytochemistry. Histochemistry 39(4): 335-44.

Fate McDowell, J. and Kitchen, I. 1988. Perinatal lead exposure alters the development of delta- but not mu-opioid receptors in rat brain. Br J Pharmacol. 94(3): 933-7.

Diss McFarland, D. J. 1978. Effects of Neonatal Lead Exposure on Learning and Performance in the Rat : 83.

No Oral McGee, Beth L., Fisher, Daniel J., Yonkos, Lan ce T., Ziegler, Gregory P., and Turley, Steve. 1999. Assessment of sediment contamination, acute toxicity, and population viability of the estuarine amphipod Leptocheirus plumulosus in Baltimore harbor, Maryland, USA. Environ. Toxicol. Chem. 18(10): 2151-2160.

### Eco-SSL for Lead March 2005 156 No Oral McGowan, C. 1989. Influence of vitamin B6 st atus on aspects of lead poisoning in rats. Toxicol Lett. 47(1): 87-93.

Fate Mcgowan, C. and Donaldson, W. E. 1987. Effect of lead toxicity on the organ concentration of glutathione and glutathione-related free amino acids in the chick. Toxicol Lett (Amst). 38(3): 265-270.

Mix McGowan, C. and Donaldson, W. E. 1987. Lead effects in the chick during selenium deficiency. Comp. Biochem. Physiol. C. 88(1): 23-25.

Rev Mcintosh, M. J. 1986. Investigations into the Neurochemical Aberrations Associated With Lead Exposure

Abstract McIntosh, MJ, Moore, MR, Blair, JA, Milbur n, ME, and Leeming, RJ. 1982. lead and tetrahydrobiopterin metabolism in man and animals. Med. Res. Soc. Abstr. Clin. Sci. 63: 44.

Pb Behav McLean, K., Parker, G. H., and Persinger, M. A. 1982. Lead in the water supply alters swimming-maze behavior in adult mice. Percept Mot Skills 55(2): 507-12.

Diss McMurry, S. T. 1993. Development of an in Situ Mammalian Biomonitor to Assess the Effect of Environmental Contaminants on Population and Community Health (Lead, Benzene, Population Dynamics)

Unrel Mcnamara, A. and Williams, D. F. Enzyme histochemistry of the tissue response to pure metal implants. Journal of Biomedical Materials Research. 18 (2). 1984. 185-206.

No Oral McNamara, A. and Williams, D. F. 1981. The re sponse to the intramuscular implantation of pure metals. Biomaterials 2(1): 33-40.

FL Medras, K. and Zawirska, B. 1968. [Anatomopa thological changes in various forms of porphyrin metabolic disorders]: <original> zmiany anat omopatologiczne w ro.ang.znych postaciach zaburzen metabolizmu porfiryn. Postepy Hig Med Dosw. 22(4): 557-98.

Surv Medrea, N., Avram, N., Serdaru, M., and Mehedint u, C. 1996. Heavy metals pollution effects on reproductive parameters of cattle inthe i ndustrial area Copsa mica (Romania). Studies and Researches in Veterinary Medicine. 4: 67-72.

FL Medrea, N., Avram, N., Serdaru, M., and Mehedi ntu, C. 1996. Studies on the effects of some heavy metal pollutants (lead, cadmium, zinc, molybdenum, iron, chromium) on reproductive functions of cattle. Revista Romana De Medicina Veterinara. 6(2): 135-144.

Drug Mehler, E. L., Habicht, J., and Brune, K. 1982. Quantum chemical analysis of structure-activity relationships in nonsteroidal anti-inflammatory drugs. Mol Pharmacol. 22(3): 525-8.

FL Mel'nikov, N. N. 1990. Pesticides and the environment. Agrokhimiya. . (12): 71-94.

Prim Mele, P. C., Bushnell, P. J., and Bowman, R. E. 1984. Prolonged behavioral effects of early postnatal lead exposure in rhesus monkeys: fi xed-interval responding and interactions with scopolamine and pentobarbital. Neurobehav Toxicol Teratol. 6(2): 129-35.

No Dose Mellanby, K. 1971. Sea pollution. Chem. and Ind. (London) ; 40): 1120-1122

### Eco-SSL for Lead March 2005 157 No Dose Mello, C. F., Kraemer, C. K., Fili ppin, A., Morsch, V. M., Rodrigue s, A. L., Martins, A. F., and Rubin, M. A. 1998. Effect of lead acetate on neurobehavioral development of rats. Braz J Med Biol Res. 31(7): 943-50.

No Oral Mello, L. E. and Covolan, L. 1996. Spontaneous se izures preferentially injure interneurons in the pilocarpine model of chronic spontaneous seizures. Epilepsy Research 26(1): 123-9.

No Dose Memo, M., Lucchi, L., Spano, P. F., and Trabu cchi, M. 1981. Dose-dependent and reversible effects of lead on rat dopaminergic system. Life Sci 28(7): 795-9.

No Dose Memo, M, Lucchi, L, Spano, PF, and Trabucchi, M. 1980. Effect of lead treatment on gabaergic receptor function in rat brain. Toxic. Lett. 6: 427-432.

No Dose Memo, M, Lucchi, L, Spano, PF, and Trabucch i, M. 1980. Lack of a correlation between neurochemical and behavioral effects induced by dam phetamine in chronically lead-treated rats. Neuropharmacology. 19: 795-99.

FL Mengert, U., Fehlhaber, K., and Arwana, A. A. 1998. Investigating stress-induced endogenous microbial contamination ofmuscovy ducks in c onnection with feeding zinc-bacitracin. Archiv Fur Geflugelkunde 62(2): 49-54.

No Dur Merchant, M. E., Shukla, S. S., and Akers, H. A. 1991. Lead concentrations in wing bones of the mottled duck. Environ. Toxicol. Chem. 10(11): 1503-1507.

Fate Meredith, P. A., McIntosh, M. J., Petty, M. A., a nd Reid, J. L. 1988. Effects of lead exposure on rat brain catecholaminergic neurochemistry. Comp Biochem Physiol C. 89(2): 215-9.

Unrel Merry, R. H. and Tiller, K. G. 1986. The effect s of contamination of soil with copper, lead and arsenic on the growth and composition of plants. I Effects of season, genotype, soil temperature, and fertilizers. Plant and Soil . 91: 115-128.

FL Mertin, D., Suevegova, K., Oravcova, E., Nitra, a nd Sviatko, P. 1994. Concentrations of some mineral elements in the mink body in the period of fur maturity: <original> koncentracia niektorych mineranlych prvkov v tele noriek v obdobi kozusinovej zrelosti. Zivocisna Vyroba - UZPI. 39(2): 121-`27.

FL Mestek, O., Deyl, Z., Miksik, I., Novotna, J., Pfeifer, I., and Herget, J. 1998. Accumulation of lead in tissues after its administration in drinki ng water to laboratory rats. Physiol. Res. (Prague) 47(3): 197-202 .

HHE Meyer, I., Heinrich, J. , Trepka M.J., Krause , C., Schulz, C., Meyer, E., and Lippold, U. 19980100. The effect of lead in tap water on blood lead in children in a smelter town. Sci. Total Environ VOL. 209, NO. 2-3: pp. 255-271.

Abstract Michaelsom, IA, Greenland, RD, and Roth, W. 1974. Increased brain norepinephrine turnover in lead exposed rats. Pharmacologist. 16: 250.

Gene Michaelson, I. A. 1973. Effects of inorgani c lead on rna, dna and protein content in the developing neonatal rat brain. Toxicol Appl Pharmacol. 26(4): 539-48.

No Dose Michaelson, I. A. and Bradbury, M. 1982. Effect of early inorganic lead exposure on rat bloodbrain barrier permeability to tyrosine or choline. Biochem Pharmacol. 31(10): 1881-5.

### Eco-SSL for Lead March 2005 158 CP Michaelson, I. A., Greenland, R. D., and Sauerhoff, M. W. 1975. Studies of Lead Encephalopathy in the Developing Rat . Comm. Eur. Communities, (Rep.) EUR, NEUR 5360, Proc. Int. Symp. Recent Adv. Assess. H ealth Eff. Environ. Pollut., Vol. 2805-15.

No Dose Michaelson, I. A., Rafales, L. S., Bornschein , R. L., and Loch, R. K. 1978. Lead and hyperactivity in animals. Psychopharmacol. Bull. 14(3): 48-50.

Surv Mierau, GW and Favara, BE. 1975. Lead poisoni ng in roadside populations of deer mice. Environ. Pollut. 8: 55-64.

FL Mikaelian, I., Gauthier, F., Fitzgerald, G., Hi ggins, R., Claveau, R., and Martineau, D. 1997. Conditions observed at necropsy in quebec wild birds. Medecin Veterinaire Du Quebec. 27(3): 94-102.

Surv Mikkelsen, R. L., Page, A. L., and Bingham, F. T. Geochemistry and health in California: recent experiences with selenium. Trace Subst. Environ. Health (1986) : 20, 413-23 .

FL Milanov, Z. 1995. Biological indication of the heavy metal pollution with the help of the hare ( Lepus europaeus pall .). Nauka Za Gorata. 32(2): 59-65.

FL Milanov, Z., Bonchev, S., Vasilev, S., Angelov, L., and Tsachev, K. 1992. lead and cadmium concentrations in the internal organs of the gray rabbit (lepus europaeus pall.) in some regions of the upper thracian plain: <original> kontsentratsii na olovo i kadmij v'v v'treshnite organi na siviya zaek (lepus europaeus pall.) ot nyakoi rajoni na gornotrakijskata nizina. Zhivotnov'Dni Nauki: <Subtitle>Animal Science. 29(1-2): 82-87.

Pb Behav Milar, Katharine S., Krigman, Martin R., and Gr ant, Lester D. 1981. effects of neonatal lead Exposure on Memory in Rats. Neurobehav. Toxicol. Teratol. 3(3): 369-73.

No COC Miller, C. R., Zhu, S. Y., Victery, W., and Goye r, R. A. 1986. partitioning of renal zinc between metallothionein and EDTA after treatment of rats with calcium disodium EDTA. Toxicol Appl Pharmacol. 84 (3): 584-592.

Diss Miller, G. D. 1986. The Effects of Low-Level Lead Exposure on the Development of the Preweanling Rat. Pennsylvania State Univ., University Park, PA. 134 pp.

Surv Miller, J. and Boswell, F. C. 1981. Cadmium, l ead and zinc in growing rats fed corn leaf tissue grown on soil amended with sewage sludge or heavy metal salts. Environ Health Perspect. 42: 197-202.

Unrel Miller, J. J. a, Read, B. J., Wentz, D. J., and Heaney, D. J. 1996. Major and trace element content of shallow groundwater associated with dryla nd saline soils in southern alberta. Water Quality Research Journal of Canada. 31(1): 101-117.

CP Miller, J. K. and Madsen, F. C. 1994. Trans ition metals, oxidative status, and animal health: do alterationsin plasma fast-acting antioxida nts lead to disease in livestock? Biotechnology in the Feed Industry: Proceedings of Alltech's Tenth Annual Sumposium : 283-301.

Aquatic Mills Edward L, Roseman Edward F, Rutzke Michael, Gutenmann Walter H, and Lisk Donald J(A). 1993. Contaminant and nutrient element leve ls in soft tissues of zebra and quagga mussels from waters of southern Lake Ontario. Chemosphere 27(8): 1465-1473.

Surv Milne H and Ramsay N F. 1986. Poisoning of whooper swans (cygnus cygnus) by ingested lead in ne scotland. Nature Conservancy Council Csd Report No.673 : 1-48.

### Eco-SSL for Lead March 2005 159 Surv Milton, Adrian and Johnson, Michael. 1999. Biomonitoring of contaminated mine tailings through age accumulation of trace metals in the bank vole ( Clethrionomys glareolus ). J. Environ. Monit. 1(3): 219-225.

No Oral Minsker, D. H., Moskalski, N., Peter, C. P., Robertson, R. T., and Bokelman, D. L. 1982. Exposure of rats to lead nitrate in utero or post partum effects on morphology and behavior. Biol. Neonate. 41(3-4): 193-203.

CP Miura, K., Nimura, E., and Imura, N. 1986. E ffects of methylmercury on nerve fiber outgrowth of cultured chick dorsal root ganglia. Fourth International Congress of Toxicology

No Oral Mizejewski, G. J., Antelman, D. E ., Keenan, J. F., and Preiss, I. L. 1990. Effects of heavy metals on alpha-fetoprotein in maternal sera and amniotic fluid of pregnant mice. Toxicology. 64 (1). 1990. 19-32.

Fate Modak, A. T., Purdy, R. H., and Stavinoha, W. B. 1978. Changes in acetylcholine concentration in mouse brain following ingestion of lead acetate in drinking water. Drug Chem Toxicol. 1(4): 373-89.

Pb Behav Modak, A. T. and Stavinoha, W. B. 1979. C holinergic system of mice during hypokinesis caused by chronic lead ingestion. Neurobehav. Toxicol. 1(2): 107-11.

No Dose Modak, AT, Weintraub, ST, and Stavinhoa, WB. 1975. Effect of chronic ingestion of lead on the central cholinergic system in rat brain regions. Toxic. Appl. Pharmac. 34: 340-47.

Phys Mohamed, Moustafa Moustafa. Drect introducti on of microvolume samples into a rotating arc plasma jet. Indian J. Pure Appl. Phys. (1997) 35(10): 624-635.

No Oral Momcilovic, B and Kostial, K. 1974. Kinetics of lead retention and distribution in suckling and adult rats. Environ. Res. 8: 214-220 .

FL Monkiewicz, J. 1988. Analysis of the Influence of the Legnica-Glogow Copper District on the Organism and Production of Cows : 74p.

FL Monkiewicz, J., Dynarowicz, I., Jaczewski, S., and Madej, J. A. 1977. Effects on rabbits of the prolonged administration of heavy metals. Medycyna Weterynaryjna. 33(8): 471-475.

Surv Monkiewicz, J., Jaczewski, S., and Dynarowicz, I. 1975. Heavy metal content of the semen of bulls from various environments. Medycyna Weterynaryjna. 31(11): 684-686.

FL Monkiewicz, J., Jaczewski, S., Pawlina, E. , and Andrzejak, R. 1984. The influence of intoxication of female rabbits with pb and cu ions on their reproduction.: <original title> wplyw zatruwania krolic jonami pb i cu na ich rozrodczosc. Med. Weter. 40(5): 292-295.

FL Monkiewicz, J., Jaczewski, S., Pawlina, E. , and Andrzejak, R. Akademia Rolnicza wroclaw Poland Katedra Genetyki i Hodowli Ogolnej Zwierzat. 1984. effect of intoxication with pb and cu ions on the reproduction of rabbits disorders; pollutants: <original> wplyw zatruwania krolic jonami pb i cu na ich rozrodczosc. Medycyna Weterynaryjna. 40(5): 292-295.

In Vit Monsees, T. K., Winterstein, U., Hayatpour, J., Sc hill, W. B., and Miska, W. Effect of heavy metals on the secretory function of testicular cells in culture. Journal of Trace and Microprobe Techniques. 16 (4). 1998. 427-435.

### Eco-SSL for Lead March 2005 160 Lead Shot Moore, J. L., Hohman, W. L., Stark, T. M., and Weisbrich, G. A. 1998. Shot prevalences and diets of diving ducks five years after ban on use of lead shotshells at catahoula lake, louisiana. Journal of Wildlife Management. 62(2): 564-569.

Lead Shot Moore K. 1977. Investigations of wate rfowl lead poisoning in california. CAL-NEVA Wildlife. : 19-26.

Alt Moore, M. R., Meredith, P. A., Goldberg, A., Carr, K. E., Toner, P. G., and Lawrie, T. D. 1975. Cardiac effects of lead in drinking water of rats. Clin Sci Mol Med. 49(4): 337-41.

Rev Moore, MR, Meredith, PA, and Goldberg, A. 1980. Lead and heme biosynthesis. 79-117.

Fate Moorhouse, S. R., Carden, S., Drewitt, P. N., Eley, B. P., Hargreaves, R. J., and Pelling, D. 1988. The effect of chronic low level lead exposure on blood-brain barrier function in the developing rat. Biochem Pharmacol 37(23): 4539-47.

Surv Mora, M. A., Lee, M. C., Jenny, J. P., Schultz, T. W., Sericano, J. L., and Clum, N. J. 1997. Potential effects of environmental contaminants on recovery of the Aplomado falcon in South Texas. J Wildl Manag. 61(4): 1288-1296.

FL Morava, E., Gergely, A., Czegledi, P., Sulle, K., and Monostori, J. 1976. Effect of lead on the bone system of young rats. Egeszsegtudomany. 20(2): 175-80.

FL Morawiec, M., Kryska, M., and Brzozowska, A. 1991. Effect of copper on protein metabolism in rats intoxicated with lead.: <original title> wplyw miedzi na metabolism bialka u szczurow zatruwanych olowiem. Bromatol. Chem. Toksykol. 24(3-4): 305-308.

Surv Morera, M., Sanpera, C., Crespo, S., Jover, L ., and Ruiz, X. 1997. Inter- and intraclutch variability in heavy metals and selenium levels in audouin's gull eggs from the Ebro Delta, Spain. Arch. Environ. Contam. Toxicol. 33(1): 71-75.

Bio Acc Morera, M. Universitat Automona de Barcelona Bellaterra Spain, Sanpera, C., Crespo, S., Jover, L., and Ruiz, X. Inter- and intraclutch variability in heavy metals and selenium levels. Arch Environ Contam Toxicol. V33, N1, P71(5)

In Vit Moresco, R. M., Dall'Olio, R., Gandolfi, O., Govoni , S., Di Giovine, S., and Trabucchi, M. 1988. Lead neurotoxicity: a role for dopamine receptors. Toxicology. 53(2-3): 315-22.

Surv Morgan, Hilary and Simms, Dennis L. [Cadmium c ontamination at shipham, england]. discussion and conclusions. Sci. Total Environ. (1988) 75(1): 135-43.

Abstract Morimoto, Hiroshi, Noro, Harunobu, Otaki, Hiroyasu, and Takagi, Hisao. Influence of dietary minerals on their distribution in broilers. Nippon Kakin Gakkaishi (1978) 15(6): 296-301.

In Vit Mornjakovic, Z., Nesic, L., and Kadic, M. 1995. [Effect of lead acetate on qualitative and quantitative characteristics of mammary mast cells in lactating rats]: <original> uticaj olovnog acetata na neke kvalitativne i kvantitativne karakter istike mamarnih mastocita kod pacova dojilja. Med Arh. 49(3-4): 71-4.

No Dose Morris, HP, Lang, EP, Morris, HJ, and Grant, RL. 1938. J. Pharmacol. Exp. Ther. 64: 420.

No Dose Morrison, J. H., Olton, D. S., Goldberg, A. M ., and Silbergeld, E. K. 1975. Alterations in consummatory behavior of mice produced by dietary exposure to inorganic lead. Dev Psychobiol. 8(5): 389-96.

### Eco-SSL for Lead March 2005 161 Rev Morrissey, R. E., Lamb, J. C., Morris, R. W., Chapin , R. E., Gulati, D. K., and Heindel, J. J. 1989. Results and evaluations of 48 continuous breed ing reproduction studies conducted in mice. Fundam. Appl. Toxicol. 13(4): 747-777.

No Dose Morrissey, R. E., Lamb, J. C., Schwetz, B. A., Teague, J. L., and Morris, R. W. 1988. Association of sperm, vaginal cytology, and reproductive organ weight data with results of continuous breeding reproduction studies in swiss (cd-1) mice. Fundam Appl Toxicol. 11(2): 359-371.

Prim Morse, P. A., Molfese, D., Laughlin, N. K., Linnville, S., and Wetzel, F. 1987. Categorical perception for voicing contrasts in normal and l ead-treated rhesus monkeys: electrophysiological indices. Brain and Language. 30: 63-80.

Unrel Moser, V. C., Becking, G. C., Cuomo, V., Frantik, E., Kulig, B. M., MacPhail, R. C., Tilson, H. A., Winneke, G., Brightwell, W. S., De Salvia, M. A., Gill, M. W., Haggerty, G. C., Hornychova, M., Lammers, J., Larsen, J. J., McDaniel, K. L., Nelson, B. K., and Ostergaard, G. 1997. The ipcs collaborative study on neurobehavioral screening met hods: v. results of chemical testing. steering group. Neurotoxicology. 18(4): 969-1055.

Unrel Moser, V. C., Tilson, H. A., MacPhail, R. C., Becking, G. C., Cuomo, V., Frantik, E., Kulig, B. M., and Winneke, G. 1997. The IPCS collabora tive study on neurobehavioral screening methods: ii. protocol design and testing procedures. Neurotoxicology. 18(4): 929-38.

In Vitro Moses, H. A. 1978. Effect of Lead on Gamma Amino Butyric Acid Synthesis. EPA/600/1-78/009

. Aquatic Motas, C. pesticides. their effects on animals and man. water pollution aspects. Ocrotirea Nat.; 14(1): 21-33; 1970 ; (REF:41)

Pb Behav Motiff, James P., Penzien, Donald B. , and Sco tt, Duncan R. C. 1982. the effects of lead toxication on learning in rats. Archives of Environmental Health. 37(2 ): 85.

Lead Shot Mudge, G. P. 1983. the incidence and significan ce of ingested lead pellet poisoning in british wildfowl. Biol. Conserv. 27(4): 333-372.

Lead Shot Mudge, G. P. 1980. progress with i ngested lead poisoning studies. Wagbi Magazine. (Autumn): 11-12.

Plant Mueller, PK and Stanley, RL. 1970. Origin of Lead in Surface Vegetation . State of CA Dept. of Public Health, Air and Industrial Hygiene Laboratory, Berkley. AIHL Report No. 87

Mix Mueller W-U and Streffer, C. risk to preimpla ntation mouse embryos of combinations of heavy metals and Radiation. European Late E ffects Project (Eulep) Symposium on Effects after Combined Exposure to Ionizing Radiation and Chem ical Substances Held in Connection with the Annual Meeting of the European Society for Ra diation Biology, Pisa, Italy, September 19, 1986. Int J Radiat Biol Relat Stud Phys Chem Med. 51 (6). 1987. 997-1006.

In Vit Mueller, W.-U., Streffer, C., Streffer, C., and Pa trick, G. eds. 1984. Combined effects after exposure during the preimplantation Period. Effects of Prenatal Irradiation with Special Emphasis on Late Effects. 49-60.

Bio Acc Mulhern, B. M., Reichel, W. L., Locke, L. N., Lamont, T. G., Belisle, A., Cromartie, E., Bagley, G. E., and Prouty, R. M. 1970. Organochlorin e residues and autopsy data from bald eagles 1966- 68. Pestic Monit J. 4(3): 141-4 .

### Eco-SSL for Lead March 2005 162 No Dose Munoz, C., Garbe, K., Lilienthal, H., and Winneke , G. 1989. Neuronal depletion of the amygdala resembles the learning deficits induced by low leve l lead exposure in rats. 11(3): 257-64.

Pb Behav Munoz, C., Garbe, K., Lilienthal, H., and Winneke, G. 1986. Persistence of retention deficit in rats after neonatal lead exposure. Neurotoxicology 7(2): 569-80.

No Dose Munoz, C., Garbe, K., Lilienthal, H., and Winneke, G. 1988. Significance of hippocampal dysfunction in low level lead exposure of rats. Neurotoxicol Teratol 10(3): 245-53.

CP Munshower, Frank F. and Neuman, Dennis R. 1979. Pathways and distribution of some heavy metals in a grassland ecosystem. Manage. Control Heavy Met. Environ. Int. Conf. 206-9 Publisher: CEP Consultants Ltd., Edinburgh, Scot.

Stain Murata, F., Momose, Y., and Nagata, T. 1977. Demonstration of intracytoplasmic glycogen of megakaryocytes and blood platelets by mean s of the periodic acid-thiocarbohydrazide-silver proteinate method. Histochemistry 52(4): 307-16.

Stain Murata, F., Suganuma, T., Tsuyama, S., and Ihida, K. Mucous neck cells proposal that mucous neck cells are the precursor cells of the chief ce lls studies based on glycoconjugate cytochemistry. Acta Anatomica Nipponica. 63 (1). 1988. 12-19.

No Dose Murphy, K. J. and Regan, C. M. 1999. Low-le vel lead exposure in the early postnatal period results in persisting neuroplastic deficits a ssociated with memory consolidation. J Neurochem. 72(5): 2099-104.

Nut def Murthy, L., Highhouse, S., Levin, L., Menden, E. E., and Petering, H. G. 1975. A study of the combined toxic effects of oral cadmium and lead in rats. Trace Subst. Environ. Health : 9, 395- 401.

No Dose Myers, R. R., Heckman, H. M., and Powell, H. C. 1983. Endoneurial fluid is hypertonic results of micro analysis and its significance in neuropathy. J Neuropathol Exp Neurol. 42(3): 217-24.

No Dose Mykkanen, HM, Lancaster, MC, and Dickerson, JWT. 1982. Concentrations of lead in the soft tisses of male rats during long-term dietary exposure. Environ. Res. 28: 147-153.

CP Mylroie, A. A. Effect of ingest ed lead on tissue levels of copper, iron, zinc and manganese in rats. Trace Substances In Environmental Health; ; Pr oceedings Of University Of Missouri's ... Annual Conference. 1980. 1980. (14th) p. 195-202.

Rev Mylroie, A. A., Boseman, A., and Kyle, J. 1986. Metabolic interactions between lead and copper in rats ingesting lead acetate. Biol. Trace Elem. Res. 9(4): 221-232.

Fate Mylroie, A. A., Collins, H., Umbles, C., and Kyle , J. 1986. Erythrocyte superoxide dismutase activity and other parameters of copper stat us in rats ingesting lead acetate. Toxicol Appl Pharmacol. 82(3): 512-20.

Surv Mylroie, A. A., Hickmon, T., and Hill, G. 1981. Effects of supplemental magnesium on blood and tissue lead levels andtoxicity of ingested lead in the Rat. Trace Substances in Environ. HEALTH-XV : 178-183.

Rev Mylroie, A. A., Moore, L., and Erogbogbo, U. 1977. Influence of dietary factors on blood and tissue lead concentrations and lead toxicity. Toxicol Appl Pharmacol. 41(2): 361-7 .

### Eco-SSL for Lead March 2005 163 Alt Mylroie, A. A., Moore, L., Olyai, B., and A nderson, M. 1978. Increased susceptibility to lead toxicity in rats fed semipurified diets. Environ Res. 15(1): 57-64.

Phys Mylroie, A. A., Umbles, C., and Kyle, J. 1984. Effects of dietary copper supplementation on erythrocyte superoxide dismutase activity, ceruloplas min and related parameters in rats ingesting lead acetate. Trace Subst. Environ. Health. 18: 497-505.

Mix Mylroie, Augusta A, Ariyo, Fatayi, and Kyle, Jose ph. 1987. Effect of lead ingestion and copper supplementation in rats on copper. Trace Subst in Environ Health 19th Conf, Columbia, Jun 3-6, 1985 : 317-319.

Drug Nadeem, Ayesha, Khanna, T., and Vohora, S. B. 1999. Silver preparations used in indian systems of medicine: neuropsychobehavioural effects. Indian J. Pharmacol. 31(3): 214-221 .

FL Nadeenko, V. G., Borzunova, E. A., and Petrova, N. N. 1990. Accumulation in the body of metals ingested with drinking water. Gigiena i Sanitariya. (6): 24-26.

FL Nadeenko, V. G., Borzunova, E. A., and Petrova, N. N. Accumulation of metals administered with drinking water in animals. Gig. Sanit. (1990) 6: 24-6.

Fate Naegle, S. R., Yousef, M. K., and Barton, J. T. Biokinetics of arsenic-74, cadmium-109, and lead203: effects of age, ambient temper ature and previous exposure. Trace Subst. Environ. Health (1983) : 17, 344-9.

Unrel Nafe, L. A. 1988. Selected neurotoxins. Vet Clin North Am Small Anim Pract. 18(3): 593-604.

Mix Nagymajtenyi, L., Schulz, H., Papp, A., and Desi , I. 1998. Developmental neurotoxicological effects of lead and dimethoate in animal experiments. Neurotoxicology. 19(4-5): 617-22.

Unrel Nakano, H., Saito, K., Ogashiwa, M., and Suzuki, K. 1993. Referential derivation of epidural electroencephalogram in el mice. Journal of Veterinary Medical Science 55(1): 39-43.

Phys Nakashima Yasuharu(A), Hayashi Kazuo, Inadome Tatsurou, Uenoyama Kazuhide, Hara Toshihiko, Kanemaru Takaaki, Sugioka Yoichi , and Noda Iwao. 1997. Hydroxyapatite-coating on titanium arc sprayed titanium implants. Journal of Biomedical Materials Research 35(3): 287-298.

Lead Shot Nall J. 1979. Swans in Trouble. Newsletter Dorset Naturalists' Trust .

No Oral Narbaitz, R., Marino, I., and Sarkar, K. 1985. L ead-induced early lesions in the brain of the chick embryo. Teratology. 32(3): 389-396.

Rev NAS, Subcommittee on Mineral Toxicity Committee on Animal Nutrition. 1980.: 588.

Surv Nasolodin, V. V., Dvorkin, V. A., and Kurkova, S. D. 1994. Bioavailability of trace elements and their interactions in the course of metabolism in the Body. Gigiena I Sanitariya. 0(9): 12-15.

Alt Nation, J. R., Bourgeois, A. E., and Clark, D. E. 1983. Behavioral effects of chronic lead exposure in the adult rat. Pharmacol Biochem Behav 18(6): 833-40.

Pb Behav Nation, J. R., Clark, D. E., B ourgeois, A. E., and Rogers, J. K. 1982. Conditioned suppression in the adult rat following chronic exposure to lead. Toxicol Lett. 14(1-2): 63-7.

### Eco-SSL for Lead March 2005 164 Drug Nation, J. R., Dugger, L. M., Dwyer, K. K., Bratt on, G. R., and Grover, C. A. 1991. The effects of dietary lead on ethanol-reinforced responding. Alcohol Alcohol. 26(4): 473-80.

Pb Behav Nation, J. R., Frye, G. D., Von Stultz, J., and Bra tton, G. R. 1989. Effects of combined lead and cadmium exposure: changes in schedule-contro lled responding and in dopamine, serotonin, and their metabolites. Behav Neurosci. 103(5): 1108-14.

Drug Nation, J. R., Grover, C. A., and Bratton, G. R. 1991. Lead attenuates the antipunishment effects of ethanol. Alcohol. 8(1): 1-5.

Rev Neathery, M. W. and Miller, W. J. 1975. Meta bolism and toxicity of cadmium, mercury, and lead in animals: are view. Journal of Dairy Science. 58(12): 1767-1781.

Surv Negro, J. J., Donazar, J. A., Hiraldo, F., Hern andez, L. M., and Fernandez, M. A. 1993. Organochlorine and heavy metal contamination in non-viable eggs and its relation to breeding success in a spanish population of lesser kestrels ( Falco naumanni ). ENVIRON POLLUT. 82(2): p201-205.

Mix Nehru, B. and Dua, R. 1997. The effect of dietary selenium on lead neurotoxicity. J Environ Pathol Toxicol Oncol. 16(1): 47-50.

Rev Nelson, B. K., Moorman, W. J., and Schrader, S. M. 1996. Review of experimental malemediated behavioral and neurochemical disorders. Neurotoxicol. Teratol. 18(6): 611-616.

No Oral Nelson, B. K., Moorman, W. J., Schrader, S. M., Shaw, P. B., and Krieg Jr., E. F. 1997. Paternal exposure of rabbits to lead: behavioral deficits in offspring. Neurotoxicol. Teratol. 19(3): 191- 198.

Abstract Nelson, HA. 1971. Lead poisoning. J. Amer. Vet. Med. Assoc. 158: 258.

Lead Shot Nelson, T. A., Mitchell, C., and Abbott, C. 1989. Lead-shot ingestion by bald eagles in western arkansas USA. Southwest Nat. 34(2): 245-249.

Model Nelson Y.M., Thampy R.J., Motelin G.K., Raini J.A., DiSante C.J., and Lion L.W.*. 1998. Model for trace metal exposure in filter-feeding flam ingos at Alkaline Rift Valley Lake, Kenya. Environmental Toxicology and Chemistry 17(11): pp. 2302-2309.

Pb Behav Newland, M. C., Yezhou, S., Logdberg, B., and Be rlin, M. 1996. In utero lead exposure in squirrel monkeys : motor effects seen with schedule-controlled behavior. Neurotoxicol Teratol. 18(1): 33-40.

Prim Newland, M. C., Yezhou, S., Logdberg, B., and Be rlin, M. 1994. Prolonged behavioral effects of in utero exposure to lead or methyl mercury: reduced sensitivity to changes in reinforcement contingencies during behavioral tran sitions and in steady state. Toxicol Appl Pharmacol. 126(1): 6-15.

FL Nezel, K. 1980. The carry-over behaviour of lead, cadmium and mercury in poultry. Muhle + Mischfuttertechnik. 117(3): 30-32.

In Vit Ng, T. B. and Liu, W. K. 1990. Toxic effect of heavy metals on cells isolated from the rat adrenal and testis. In Vitro Cellular & Developmental Biology 26(1): 24-8.

### Eco-SSL for Lead March 2005 165 Unrel Ngu Mary, Moya Elena, and Magan Naresh(A). 1998. Tolerance and uptake of cadmium, arsenic and lead by fusarium pathogens of cereals. International Biodeterioration & Biodegradation 42(1): 55-62.

Unrel Nicholls, D. M., Angelow, R., Teichert-Kuliszewsk a, T., and Girgin, G. 1986. Effect of lead, cadmium and mercury on the tissue of young fish and rats: development of a bioindicator. Technology Transfer Conference. Part B: Water Quality Research. : 138-164.

Nut def Nicol, D. C. and Smith, L. D. 1981. Responses to cobalt therapy in weaner cattle in southeast Queensland Australia. Aust J Exp Agric Anim Husb. 21( 108): 27-31.

Stain Nikov, S. 1972. (Methods for the diagnosis of liver diseases in cattle.). (Book) : 179pp.

In Vit Nitisewojo, P. 1977. Mercury and Other Heavy Metal Toxicity and Mitocheondral Dysfunction. Part of a Coordinated Programme of Isotopic Tra cer-Aided Studies of the Biological Side-Effects of Foreign Chemical Residues in Food and Agriculture. Final Report for the Period 1 July 1974 - 30 June 1977

Prim Noack, S., Lilienthal, H., Winneke, G ., and Stoltenburg-Didinger, G. 1996. Immunohistochemical localization of neuronal a nd glial calcium-binding proteins in hippocampus of chronically low level lead exposed rhesus monkeys. Neurotoxicology. 17(3-4): 679-84.

FL Nogawa, K. 1969. [Experimental study of chr onic lead poisoning with reference to fanconi syndrom]. Nippon Eiseigaku Zasshi. 24(3): 343-58.

FL Nohara, M. 1986. Effects of stimulation to th e hematopoietic organ on the blood picture of the rabbit having the experience of organic chlorinated compound Poisoning. Tokyo Jikeikai Med J. 101(2): 341-351.

HHE Nomiyama, K. and Nomiyama, H. 1986. Modified trace element metabolism in cadmium-induced renal Dysfunctions. Acta Pharmacol Toxicol . 59(7): 427-430.

Acu Nomiyama, K., Nomiyama, H., Kikuchi, T., and Yo toriyama, M. 1987. Tissue metal shifts by a single exposure to metals in rats. Sangyo Ika Daigaku Zasshi 9 Suppl: 95-110.

No Oral Nomiyama, Kazuo, Nomiyama, Hiroko, Kikuchi, Toru, and Yotoriyama, Mamoru. Tissue metal shifts by a single exposure to metals in rats. J. UOEH (1987) 9(Suppl.): 95-110.

Prim Nomiyama, Kazuo, Nomiyama, Hiroko, Nomura, Yasuo, and Tsukiji, Haruhisa. 1985 . Health effects of potassium dichromate in dri nking water in monkeys. Heavy Met. Environ. Int. Conf., 5th : Volume 2, 125-7. Editor(s): Lekkas, Th emistokles D. Publisher: CEP Consult., Edinburgh, UK.

Surv Norheim, G., Skaare, J. U., and Wiig, O. 1992. Some heavy metals, essential elements, and chlorinated hydrocarbons in polar bear ( Ursus maritimus) at Svalbard. Environ Pollut. 77(1): 51-57.

Surv Norman, F. I., Garnham, J. S., and Lowe, K. W. 1993. Further notes on lead concentrations in tissues of waterfowl in Victoria. Wildl. Res. 20(5): 621-624.

Unrel Nouaigui, H., Antoine, J. L., Masmoudi, M. L., Va n Neste, D. J., and Lachapelle, J. M. 1989. [Invasive and non-invasive studies of the prot ective action of a silicon-containing cream and its excipient in skin irritation induced by sodium la urylsulfate]. <original> etudes invasive et non invasive du pouvoir protecteur d'une creme siliconee et de son excipient vis-a-vis de l'irritation

### Eco-SSL for Lead March 2005 166 cutanee induite par le laurylsulfate de sodium. Annales De Dermatologie Et De Venereologie 116(5): 389-98.

Alt Novak, Jacqueline and Banks, Robert O. Lead and nickel alter the cardiorenal actions of endothelin in the rat. Proc. Soc. Exp. Biol. Med. (1995) 208(2): 191-8.

FL Novakova, S., Nikolchev, G., Mautner, G., Ange lieva, R., and Dinoeva, S. 1983. [Effect of several microelements contained in drinking wa ter on the development of atherosclerosis]. <original> prouchvane vliianieto na niakoi mikr oelementi, sudurzhashti se v piteinite vodi, vurkhu razvitieto na aterosklerozata. Problemi Na Khigienata 8: 121-31.

FL Novakova, S. D. and Angelieva, R. S. 1980. Changes in some trace elements in the blood and organs of animals withexperimental atherosclerosis. Gigiena i Sanitariya (7): 64-65.

FL Novikov, Yu. V., Plitman, S. I., Levin, A. I., S hniger, N. Kh., Ershova, T. N., Kagirov, V. N., Tsareva, L. G., Kochetkova, T. A., Lastochkina, K. O., Tyuleneva, I. S., and Noarov, Yu. A. 1980. Health status of the population in relation to use of soft drinkingwater low in minerals. Gigiena i Sanitariya (12): 3-6.

Anat Novotny, G. E., Heuer, T., Schottelndreier, A., and Fleisgarten, C. 1994. Plasticity of innervation of the medulla of axillary lymph nodes in the rat after antigenic stimulation. Anatomical Record 238(2): 213-24.

No Oral NRC. 1972. Lead: Airborne Lead in Perspective. National Academy of Science. Washington, DC.

Rev NRCC. 1973. Lead in the Canadian Environment . Natl. Res. Coun. Canada Publ. 116.

Surv Nygard, T., Jordhoy, P., and Skare, J. U. 1994. Environmental pollutants in merlin in Norway. Nina Forskningsrapport. : 33p.

Surv Nyholm, Erik. 1986. uptake and effects of metals on birds and mammals in heavy metal contaminated areas. Inst. Vatten- Luftvaardsforsk. [Publ.] B IVL B 820, 50 pp.

Mix Nyholm, N. E. I. Umea University Umea Sweden. Influence of heavy metal exposure during different phases of the. Arch Environ Contam Toxicol. V35, N4, P632(6)

Surv Nyholm, N. EI. 1998. Iinfluence of heavy meta l exposure during different phases of the ontogeny on the development of pied flycatchers, Ficedula hypoleuca , in natural populations. Arch Environ Contamin Toxicol . 35(4): p632-637.

Surv Nyholm, N. EI, Sawicka-Kapusta, K., Swiergos z, R., and Laczewska, B. 1995. Effects of environmental pollution on breeding populations of birds in southern poland. Water Air and Soil Pollution . 85(2): 829-834.

Rev O'Flaherty, E. J., Adams, W. D., Hammond, P. B ., and Taylor, E. 1986. Resistance of the rat to development of lead-induced renal functional deficits. J Toxicol Environ Health. 18(1): 61-75.

Lead Shot O'Halloran J. 1989. Swan songs. lethal lead and swan mortality. IWC NEWS No.58. : 4.

Surv O'Halloran, J. and Duggan, P. F. 1984. Lead levels in mute swans in cork. Irish Birds. 2(4): 501-514.

### Eco-SSL for Lead March 2005 167 Lead Shot O'Halloran J and Myers A A. 1987. Lead poisoning in mute swans and fishing practice in Ireland. Biological Indicators of Pollution. 183-191 .

Dead O'Halloran, J., Myers, A. A., and Duggan, P. F. 1991. Lead poisoning in mute swans cygnus olor in Ireland: a review. Wildfowl Supplement. : 389-395.

Lead Shot O'Halloran, J., Myers, A. A., and Duggan, P. F. 1988. Lead poisoning in swans and sources of contamination in Ireland. J. Zool. 216(2): 211-223.

Surv O'halloran, J., Myers, A. A., and Duggan, P. F. 1989. Some sub-lethal effects of lead on mute

swan Cygnus-olor

. J. Zool. 218(4): 627-632.

Nut def Oberley, T. D., Friedman, A. L., Moser, R., and Si egel, F. L. 1995. Effect s of lead administration on developing rat kidney. ii. functional, mor phologic, and immunohistochemical studies. Toxicol Appl Pharmacol. 131(1): 94-107.

Lead Shot Ochiai, K., Jin, K., Goryo, M., Tsuzuki, T., and Itakura, C. 1993. Pathomorphologic findings of lead poisoning in white-fronted geese ( Anser albifrons ). Vet Pathol. 30(6): 522-8.

Lead Shot Ochiai, K., Jin, K., Itakura, C., Goryo, M., Ya mashita, K., Mizuno, N., Fujinaga, T., and Tsuzuki, T. 1992. Pathological study of lead poisoning in whooper swans ( Cygnus cygnus ) in japan. AVIAN DIS; 36 (2). 1992. 313-323. 36(2): 313-323.

No Oral Odenbro, A., Kihlstroem, I., and Kihlstroem, J. E. 1988. Perinatal growth retardation caused by triethyllead chloride treatment of mice during late gestation. Pharmacol. Toxicol. 63(4): 253- 256.

Org Met Odenbro, A. and Kihlstrom, J. E. 1977. Freque ncy of pregnancy and ova implantation in triethyl lead-treated mice. Toxicol Appl Pharmacol. 39(3): 359-363.

No Oral Ogilvie, D. M. 1978. Effect of l ead acetate on memory in mice. Bulletin of Environmental Contamination and Toxicology. 19(2): 143-146.

Pb Behav Ogilvie, D. M. and Martin, A. H. 1982. Aggre ssion and open-field activity of lead-exposed mice. Arch Environ Contam Toxicol. 11(2): 249-52.

Surv Ogilvie, M. A. 1986. The mute swan cygnus olor in britain 1983. Bird Study. 33(2): 121-137.

Unrel Ogilvie, M. A. 1981. The mute swan (cygnus olor) in britain, uk, 1978. Bird Study. 28(2): 87- 105.

Surv Ogle, M. C., Scanlon, P. F., Kirkpatrick, R. L., and Gwynn, J. V. 1985. Heavy metal concentrations in tissues of mink in Virginia. Bull.Environ Contam Toxicol. 35(1): 29-37.

Dead Ogle, M. C., Scanlon, P. F., Kirkpatrick, R. L., and Gwynn, J. V. 1985. Heavy metal concentrations in tissues of mink Mustela-vison in Virginia USA. BULL ENVIRON CONTAM TOXICOL. 35(1): 29-27.

FL Ohi, G., Seki, H., Maeda, H., Kano, T. , Akiyam a, K., and Yagyu, H. 1970. Behavior of various parameters of lead poisoning in rabbits. Tokyo Toritsu Eisei Kenkyusho Kenkyu Nempo. 22: 193-8.

### Eco-SSL for Lead March 2005 168 Surv Ohlendorf, Harry M., Hothem, Roger L., Aldrich, Thomas W., and Krynitsky, Alexander J. 1987. Selenium contamination of the grasslands , a major California waterfowl area. Sci. Total Environ. 66, 169-83.

Pb Behav Ohnishi, A., Schilling, K., Brimijoin, W. S., Lamb ert, E. H., Fairbanks, V. F., and Dyck, P. J. 1977. Lead neuropathy. 1) morphometry, ne rve conduction, and choline acetyltransferase transport: new finding of endoneurial edema associated with segmental demyelination. J Neuropathol Exp Neurol 36(3): 499-518.

Anat Okamoto, T., Sugimura, M., and Kudo, N. 1976. Distribution of endocrine cells in duck digestive
tracts. Journal of the Faculty of Fisheries and Animal Husbandry, Hiroshima University 15(2): 127-134.

Gene Okhanashvili, T. S. 1988. Mutagenic effect in bone-marrow cell chromosomes of white mice and their progeny induced by chronic exposure to lead nitrate and cadmium chloride. Soobshch Akad Nauk Gruz SSR. 129(3): 601-604.

Food Oller, W. L., Kendall, D. C., and Greenman, D. L. 1989. Variability of selected nutrients and contaminants monitored in rodent diets: a 6-year study. J. Toxicol. Environ. Health. 27(1): 47- 56.

Unrel Olson, L., Bjorklund, H., Ebendal, T., Hedlund K-O, and Hoffer, B. 1980. Factors regulating growth of catecholamine containing nerves as rev ealed by transplantation and explantation studies. Elliott, K. and G. Lawrenson (Ed. ). Ciba Foundation Symposium, Vol. 83. Development of the Autonomic Nervous System; London, England, Oct. 21-23, X+389p. Pitman Books Ltd.: London, England (Dist. In North America by Ciba Pharmaceu tical Company: Summit, N.j.). Illus. ISBN 0- 272-79619-0. 0 (0). 1981. P213-231.

Unrel Onizuka, K., Fukuda, A., Kunimatsu, M., Kumazaki, M., Sasaki, M., Takaku, A., and Nishino, H. 1996. Early cytopathic features in rat ischemia model and reconstruction by neural graft. Experimental Neurology 137(2): 324-32.

In Vit Opanashuk, L. A. and Finkelstein, J. N. 1995. Relationship of lead-induced proteins to stress response proteins in astroglial cells. Journal of Neuroscience Research 42(5): 623-32.

Bio Acc Ophus, E. M., Fagerland, G., and Gullvag, B. M. A fine structural study and energy-dispersive xray spectrometrical analysis of the metals pres ent in ovarian and other tissues of normal leadpoisoned quail (corturnix coturnix Japonica). Acta Zool (Stockh). 56 (3). 1975 177-188

Org Met Osborn, D., Every, W. J., and Bull, K. R. 1983. Th e toxicity of trialkyl lead compounds to birds. Environ. Pollut. Ser. A, Ecol. Biol. 31(4): 261-276.

CP Osborn, D. and Young, Wendy. 1985. Bird mort alities on the river mersey: laboratory studies of the toxicity and effects on essential metals of triethyl- and trimethyllead. Trace Elem. Man Anim. -- TEMA 5 Proc. Int. Symp., 5th : Meeting Date 1984, 870-1. Edito r(s): Mills, C. F.; Bremner, I.; Chesters, J. K. Publisher: CAB, Farnham Royal, Slough, UK.

Surv Osborn, Daniel. 1985. Mass bird mortalities on th e mersey estuary uk - incident, investigation, resolution and follow-up. NATO Conf. Ser., 1 Ecoaccidents. 11: 59-93.

Rev Oskarsson, A. and Fowler, B. A. 1987. Alte rations in renal heme biosynthesis during metal nephrotoxicity. Ann.N.Y.Acad.Sci. 514: 268-277.

### Eco-SSL for Lead March 2005 169 No COC Oskarsson, A., Ljungberg, T., Stahle, L., Tossman, U., and Ungerstedt, U. 1986. Behavioral and neurochemical effects after combined perinatal tr eatment of rats with lead and disulfiram. Neurobehav Toxicol Teratol. 8(5): 591-9.

Drug Oskarsson, A., Olson, L., Palmer, M. R., Lind, B., Bjorklund, H., and Hoffer, B. 1986. Increased lead concentration in brain and potentiation of lead-induced neuronal depression in rats after combined treatment with lead and disulfiram. Environ Res. 41(2): 623-32.

Bio Acc Osowski, S. L., Brewer, L. W., Baker, O. E., and Cobb, G. P. 1995. The decline of mink in georgia, north carolina, and south caro lina: the role of contaminants. Arch Environ Contam Toxicol. 29(3): 418-23.

Unrel Ostrowski, S. R., Schilling, R., Farrar, J. A., Fike s, J., Beasley, V. R., and Hudson, R. F. 1990. Blood lead values in dogs from a rural area (Champaign, IL in 1987). Vet Hum Toxicol. 32(1): 40-2.

Rev Osweiler G and VanGelder G. 1978. Epidemiology of lead posioning in animals. 143-177.

No Org Otero, Perez XL. 1998. effects of nesting yellow-legged gulls (Larus cachinnans pallas ) on the heavy metal content of soils in the Cies islands (Galicia, north-west Spain). Marine Pollution Bulletin . 36(4): p267-272.

FL Ouweneel G. 1987. [Lead poisoning in Geese.]. Vogeljaar. 35(2): 84-87.

Diss Overmann, S. R. 1976. Behavioral Effects of Asymptomatic Developmental Plumbism in Rats : 136.

No Dose Overmann, S. R. 1977. Behavioral effects of asymptomatic lead exposure during neo natal development in rats. Toxicol Appl Pharmacol. 41(3): 459-72.

Pb Behav Overmann, S. R., Fox, D. A., and Woolley, D. E. 1979. Neurobehavioral ontogeny of neonatally lead-exposed rats. I. reflex development and somatic indexes. Neurotoxicology 1(1): 125-47.

Unrel Ovtscharoff, W., Eusterschulte, B., Zienecker, R ., Reisert, I., and Pilgrim, C. 1992. Sex differences in densities of dopaminergic fibers and ga baergic neurons in the prenatal rat striatum. Journal of Comparative Neurology 323(2): 299-304.

FL Ozols, A. Ya., Sheshukova, T. A., Gutmane, L. A., Basova, N. A., Apsite, M. R., and Antonyuk, Z. F. 1991. Functional state of the digestive syst em of chickens fed with a diettreated with the fungicide tilt. Sel'Skokhozyaistvennaya Biologiya (No.4): 53-56.

Surv Pace III, R. M., Hohman, W. L., and Custer, T. W. 1999. Lead effects on body composition and organ size of wintering canvasbacks, Aythya valisineria , in Louisiana. Wildl. Biol. 5(1): 3-10.

Pb Behav Padich, R. and Zenick, H. 1977. The effects of developmental and-or direct lead exposure on fixed ratio behavior in the rat. Pharmacol Biochem Behav. 6(4): 371-75.

Plant Page, AL, Ganje, TJ, and Joshi, MS. 1971. L ead quantities in plants, soil, and air near some major highways in southern CA. Hilgardia. 41: 1.

Lead Shot Pain D. 1992. Lead Poisoning in Birds: a Southern European Perspective. Iwrb Special PUBLICATION No.20. : 109-114.

### Eco-SSL for Lead March 2005 170 Surv Pain, D. J. 1989. Hematological parameters as predictors of blood lead and indicators of lead poisoning in the black duck ( Anas rubripes ). Environ. Pollut. 60(1-2): 67-81.

Diss Pain, D. J. 1987. Lead Poisoning in Waterfowl: an Investigation of Sources and Screening Techniques

Lead Shot Pain D J. 1992. lead poisoning of waterfowl: a review. IWRB Special Publication No.16. : 7-13.

Lead Shot Pain, D. J. and Amiard-triquet, C. 1993. lead poisoning of raptors in France and elsewhere. Ecotoxicol Environ Saf. 25(2): 183-192.

Lead Shot Pain, D. J., Amiard Triquet, C., Bavoux, C., Bu rneleau, G., Eon, L., and Nicolau Guillaumet, P. 1993. lead poisoning in populations of marsh harriers Circus aeruginosus in the Camargue and Charente-maritime, France. Ibis. 135(4): 379-386.

Lead Shot Pain, D. J., Amiard-Triquet, C., and Sylvestre, C. 1992. tissue lead concentrations and shot ingestion in nine species of waterbir ds from the Camargue (France). Ecotoxicol Environ Saf. 24(2): 217-33.

Surv Pain, D. J., Burneleau, G., Bavoux, C., and Wyatt, C. 1999. levels of polychlorinated biphenyls, organochlorine pesticides, mercury and lead in relation to shell thickness in marsh harrier ( Circus aeruginosus ) eggs from Charente-maritime, France. Environ. Poll. 104(1): 61-68.

Chem Meth Pain, D. J., Metayer, C., and Amiard, J. C. 1993. Lead determination in avian blood : application to a study of lead contamination in raptors from France. International Journal of Environmental Analytical Chemistry 53(1): 29-35.

Lead Shot Pain, D. J. and Rattner, B. A. 1988. Mortality and hematology associated with the ingestion of one number four lead shot in black ducks, Anas rubripes

. Bull Environ Contam Toxicol. 40(2): 159-64.

Surv Pain, D. J., Sears, J., and Newton, I. 1995. Lead concentrations in birds of prey in britain. Environ. Poll. 87(2): 173-180.

Nut Pais, I., El-Sabai, A., Abaza, M., Radnai, G., <Editors> Anke, M., and Meissner, D. 1994. Nutritional application of trace element-enriched yeasts. <Document Title>Mengen- Und Spurenelemente. 14. Arbeitstagung, Jena25./26. November 1994. 573-576.

FL Pakarinen R, Nyberg M, and Alanko T. 1989. A brood of the white-backed woodpecker died of lead intoxication. Lintumies. 24(5): 216-218.

Alt Palmer, M. R., Bjorklund, H., Taylor, D. A., Se iger, A., Olson, L., and Hoffer, B. J. 1984. Chronic lead exposure of the developing brain: electrophysiological abnormalities of cerebellar purkinje neurons. Neurotoxicology. 5(3): 149-66.

Mix Panemangalore, M. and Bebe, F. N. 1996. Eff ects of low oral lead and cadmium exposure and zinc status of heme metabolites in weanling rats. Int J Occup Med Environ Health. 9(2): 141- 51.

Mix Panigrahi, S., Plumb, V. E., and Machin, D. H. 1989. Effects of dietary cottonseed meal with and without iron treatment on laying hens. British Poultry Science. 30 (3): 641-652. 641-652.

Bio Acc Pankakoski, E., Hyvarinen, H., Jalkanen, M., a nd Koivisto, I. 1993. Accumulation of heavy metals in the mole in Finland. Environ Pollut. 80(1): 9-16.

### Eco-SSL for Lead March 2005 171 Unrel Pankakoski Erkki(A), Hyvarinen Heikki, Jalkan en Marita(A), and Koivisto Ilkka. 1993. accumulation of heavy metals in the mole in Finland. Environmental Pollution 80(1): 9-16.

Bio Acc Pankakoski Erkki(A), Koivisto Ilkka, Hyvarinen Heikki, and Terhivuo Juhani. 1994. Shrews as indicators of heavy metal pollution. Carnegie Museum of Natural History Special Publication 0(18): 137-149.

HHE Papp, J. P., Gay, P. C., Dodson, V. N., a nd Pollard, H. M. 119-1923. Potassium chloride treatment in thallotoxicosis. Ann. Internal Med.; 71(1)

FL Park, J. H. and Kim, C. S. 1984. effects of ove r-dosed lead and its interaction with iron, copper, zinc or protein supplement in chicks. Korean Journal of Veterinary Research. V. 24(1) P. 24-30

FL Park, J. H. Korea Advanced Inst. of Science and Technology Seoul Korea R. and Kim, C. S. . 1985. Nickel toxicity and its interaction with zinc, copper and lead in growing chicks. Korean Journal of Veterinary Research. V. 25(2) P. 145-148

No Oral Parker, D. and Turk, J. L. Delay in the devel opment of the allergic response to metals following intratracheal instillation. Int Arch Allergy Appl Immunol. 57 (4). 1978 289-293

Unrel Parnell, J. F., Ainley, D. G., Blokpoel, H., Cain, B ., Custer, T. W., Dusi, J. L., Kress, S., Kushlan, J. A., Southern, W. E., Stenzel, L. E. and others . 1988. Colonial waterbird management in North America. Colon Waterbirds. 11(2): 129-169.

Bio Acc Parslow, J. L. F., Thomas, G. J., and Williams , T. D. 1982. Heavy metals in the livers of waterfowl from the ouse washes, England. Environ. Pollut. Ser. A 29(4): 317-27.

Phys Patel, A. J., Michaelson, I. A., Cremer, J. E., and Balazs, R. 1974. Metabolism of carbon-14- labeled glucose by the brains of suckling ra ts intoxicated with inorganic lead. J. Neurochem. 22(4): 581-90.

No COC Paternain, J. L. Univ of Barcelona Reus Spain, Ortega, A., Domingo, J. L., Llobet, J. M., and Corbella, J. Oral meso-2,3-dimercaptosuccini c acid in pregnant sprague-dawley rats. J Toxicol Environ Health. 30(3): 191-7.

IMM Patra, R. C. and D. Swarup. 2000. Effect of lead on erythrocytic antioxidant defence, lipid peroxide level and thiol groups in calves. Research in Veterinary Science 68(1): 71-74.

Diss Patrick, G. W. 1980. Lead-Induced Changes in the Neuronal Development of the Cat and the Rat.

Unrel Patriquin David G, Blaikie Holly, Patriquin Maria J, and Yang Chengzhi. 1993. On-farm measurements of pH, electrical conductivity and nitrate in soil extracts for monitoring coupling and decoupling of nutrient cycles. Biological Agriculture & Horticulture 9(3): 231-272.

Lead Shot Pattee, O. H., Wiemeyer, S. N., Mulhern, B. M., Sileo, L., and Carpenter, J. W. 1981. Experimental lead-shot poisoning in bald eagles. J. Wildl. Manage. 45(3): 806-810.

Surv Patterson, C. and Settle, D. 1993. New mechanisms in lead biodynamics at ultra-low levels. Neurotoxicology. 14(2-3): 291-9.

Bio Acc Peles, J. D. and Barrett, G. W. 1997. Assessment of metal uptake and genetic damage in small mammals. Bull Environ Contam Toxicol. 59(2): 279(6).

### Eco-SSL for Lead March 2005 172 Surv Peles, J. D. and Barrett, G. W. Assessment of metal uptake and genetic damage in small mammals. Bull Environ Contam Toxicol. 59(2): 279.

Surv Pellantova, J., Hudec, K., Kredl, F., Svobodnik, J., and Svobodova, R. 1989. Organochlorine pesticides PCB and heavy metals residues in eggs of the black-headed gull Larus-ridibundus in czechoslovakia. FOLIA ZOOL. 38(1): 79-86.

Lead Shot Pennycott, T. W. 1998. Lead poisoning and para sitism in a flock of mute swans (Cygnus olor) in Scotland. Vet. Rec. 142(1): 13-17.

Not Avail Pentschew, A., Garro, F., and Schweda, P. 1965. Systematized Dysoric Encephalopathy in the Suckling Rat Produced by Lead . AD-644 779/XAB

Lead Shot Perco F, Leonzio C, Focardi S, Fossi C, and Renzoni A. 1983. Intossicazione da piombo in due cigni reali della laguna de marano (Nord-est Italia). Avocetta. 7(2-3): 105-116.

Phys Perry, H. M. Jr, Erlanger, M. W., and Perry, E. F. 1988. Increase in the blood pressure of rats chronically fed low levels of lead. Environ Health Perspect 78: 107-11.

CP Petering, H. G. 1974. the effect of cadmium and lead on copper and zinc metabolism. 1973. Trace Element Metabolism in Animals, No. 2. Proceedings of the Second International Symposium. Madison, Wis., USA.. June 18-22, 1973. 311-325.

Mix Petering, H. G. 1980. The influence of dietar y zinc and copper on the biologic effects of orally ingested lead in the rat. Ann. NY Acad. Sci. 355: 298-308.

Fate Petering, H. G. 1978. Some observations on the interaction of zinc, copper, and iron metabolism in lead and cadmium toxicity. Environ Health Perspect. 25: 141-5.

Surv Petering, H. G., Murthy, L., and Cerklewski, F. L. 1977. Role of nutrition in heavy metal toxicity. Biochemical Effects of Environmental Pollu tants, Edited by S. D. Lee and B. Peirano : pp. 365- 376.

Gene Peters, B., Stoltenburg, G., Hummel, M., Herbst, H ., Altmann, L., and Wiegand, H. 1994. Effects of chronic low level lead exposure on the expressi on of GFAP and vimentin mrna in the rat brain hippocampus analysed by in situ hybridization. Neurotoxicology. 15(3): 685-93.

Lead Shot PETERS, M. S. and AFTON, A. D. 1993. Effect s of deep tillage on redistribution of lead shot and chufa flatsedge at Cathahoula lake, Louisiana. Wildlife Society Bulletin. 21(4): 471-479.

Pb Behav Petit, T. L and Alfano, D. P. 1979. Diffe rential experience following developmental lead exposure: effects on brain and behavior. Pharmacol. Biochem. Behav. 11(2): 165-171.

Drug Petit, T. L., LeBoutillier, J. C., and Brooks, W. J. 1992. Altered sensitivity to NMDA following developmental lead exposure in rats. Physiol Behav. 52( 4): 687-93.

In Vit Pfeifer, F. and Schacht, S. Development and validation of genotoxicological and ecotoxicological tests for evaluating soil retention. Forschungsverbund: Biol. Verfahren Bodensanierung (1998) : A76-A85 Publisher: Umweltbundesamt, Berlin, Germany.

FL Piasecka, M. 1993. Influence of protractedly a pplied lead ions (II) on the rats spermatozoa. Roczniki Pomorskiej Akademii Medycznej w Szczecinie. 39(0): 39-56.

### Eco-SSL for Lead March 2005 173 CP Piasek, M and Kostial, K. 1985. Duration of exposure to lead and reproductive performance in rats. International Conference Heavy Metals in the Environment, Vol. 1. 463-5. Edinburgh. CEP Consultants.

CP Piasek, M and Kostial, K. 1990. Reproductive perform ance in rats perinatally exposed to lead. 496-8. Environmental Contamination, 4th Inte rnational Conference, Barcelona, Spain, 1990. Edinburgh. CEP Consultants.

Rev Piasek, M., Kostial, K., and Laskey, J. W. 1996. Experimental studies on reproductive and perinatal effects of lead and cadmium. Environ. Manage. Health. 7(4): 29-32.

FL Piasek, M., Schonwald, N., Blanusa, M., Kostial, K., and Laskey, J. W. 1996. Biomarkers of heavy metal reproductive effects and interaction with essential elements in experimental studies on female rats. Arh. Hig. Rada. Toksikol. 47(3): 245-259.

Unrel Piatt, J. F. and Van Pelt, T. I. 1997. Mass-mortality of guillemots ( Uria aalge ) in the gulf of Alaska in 1993. Marine Pollution Bulletin. 34(8): 656-662.

Abstract Piepho, RW, Ryan, CF, and Lacz, JP. 1976. Th e effects of chronic lead intoxication on the gamma-aminobutyric acid content of the rat CNS. Pharmacologist. 18: 125.

Bio Acc Pilastro, A., Congiu, L., Tallandini, L., and Turchetto , M. 1993. The use of bird feathers for the monitoring of cadmium pollution. Arch Environ Contam Toxicol. 24(3): p355(4).

Surv Pinowski, J., Barkowska, M., Kruszewica, A. H., and Kruszewica, A. G. 1994. The causes of the mortality of eggs and nestlings of Passer spp. Journal of Biosciences (Bangalore). 19(4): 441- 451.

Surv Pinowski, J., Romanowski, J., Barkowska, M., Sawicka-Kapusta, K., Kaminski, P., and Kruszewicz, A. G. 1993. Lead and cadmium in relation to body weight and mortality of the house
sparrow Passer domesticus and tree sparrow Passer montanus nestlings. Acta Ornithologica (Warsaw). 28(1): 63-68.

HHE Piomelli, S. 1980. Effects of low level lead exposure on heme metabolism. In: Low Level Lead Exposurethe Clinical Implications of Current Research. 67-74. Raven Press, New York.

Abstract Piomelli, S., Seaman, C., and Kapoor, S. 1987. Lead-induced abnormalities of porphyrin metabolism - the relationship with iron-deficiency. Annals Of The New York Academy Of Sciences V514, Dec, P278-288

Surv Pisa, J. and Cibulka, J. 1989. Cadmium, lead, mercury, copper and zinc content in hair and cervical mucus in cattle kept in i ndustrial area in czechoslovakia. EKOLOGIA-CSSR. 8(4): 421- 432.

HHE Pitkin, RM. 1979. Discussion of effects of dietary lead and zinc in pregnancy. Am. J. Obstet. Gynecol. 135: 945.

Unrel Pittman, T. L. 1988. Minerals Yearbook, 1988: Alaska

Mineral Pittman, T. L. 1992. Minerals Yearbook, 1990: Alaska. <NOTE> Annual Rept

Surv Platt, S. R., Helmick, K. E., Graham, J., Bennett, R. A., Phillips, L., Chrisman, C. L., and Ginn, P. E. 1999. Peripheral neuropathy in a turkey vulture with lead toxicosis. J. Am. Vet. Med. Assoc. 214(8): 1218-1220 .

### Eco-SSL for Lead March 2005 174 No COC Plus, R. 1992. A review of in-vivo studi es of porphyrins and unexpected fluorescences an interpretation of the results. Medical Hypotheses. 37 (1): 49-57.

Unrel Poeggel, G. and Bernstein, H. G. 1981. Towards a specific histochemical localization of adenylate cyclase in the rat hippocampus. I. methodical aspects. Acta Histochemica 69(2): 171- 5.

Lead Shot Pokras, M. A. and Chafel, R. 1992. Lead toxicosis from ingested fishing sinkers in adult common loons. J Zoo Wildl Med. 23(1): 92(6).

FL Ponomareva, T. V. and Merkushev, G. N. 1978. Effects of Some Nonradioactive and Radioactive Chemical Compounds on Spleen Structure. Arkhiv Anatomii Gistologii I Embriologii. 74(4): 47-52.

Unrel Pospisilova, V., Kapeller, K., and Vranakova, V. The Rat Superior Cervical Ganglion During Prenatal Development. Folia Morphologica (Prague). 32 (3). 1984. 213-217.

Unrel Prall, R. C. The Physician's Role in Preven tion of Mental and Emotional Disorders. Pa. Med.; 75: 71-78; 1972 ; (Ref:40)

Mix Press, M. F. 1985. Lead-induced Permeability Ch anges in Immature Vessels of the Developing Cerebellar Microcirculation. Acta Neuropathol (Berl). 67(1-2): 86-95.

Dup Press, M. F. 1977. Neuronal Development in th e Cerebellum of Lead Poisoned Neonatal Rats. Acta Neuropathol. 40(3): 259-268.

Bio Acc Prestrud P(a), Norheim, G., Sivertsen, T., and Daae, H. L. 1994. Levels of Toxic and Essential Elements in Arctic Fox in Svalbard. Polar Biology 14(3): 155-159.

Bio Acc Price, Pw, Rathcke, Bj, and Gentry, Da. 1974. Lead in Terrestrial Arthropods: Evidence for Biological Concentration . Envir. Ent. 3: 370-372.

Bio Acc Prouty, R. M., Pattee, O. H., and Schmeling, S. K. 1982. Ddt Poisoning in a Cooper's Hawk Collected in 1980. Vol. 28, No. 3, Pp. 319-321 Bull. Environ. Contam. Toxicol.

Bio Acc Prpic-majic, D, Karacic, V, and Skender, L. 1990. A Follow-up Study of Lead Absorption in Cows as an Indicator of Envi ronmental Lead Pollution. Bull. Environ. Contam. Toxicol. 45: 19- 24.

Acu Pryor, G. T., Uyeno, E. T., Tilson, H. A., and Mitchell, C. L. 1983. Assessment of Chemicals Using a Battery of Neurobehavioral Tests: a Comparative Study. Neurobehavioral Toxicology and Teratology 5(1): 91-117.

Bio Acc Pulliainen, E., Lajunen, L. H. J., Itamies, J., a nd Anttila, R. 1984. Lead and Cadmium in the Liver and Muscles of the Mountain Hare Lepus-timidus in Northern Finland. Ann Zool Fenn. 21(2): 149-152.

Prim Purser, D. A., Berrill, K. R., and Majeed, S. K. 1983. Effects of Lead Exposure on Peripheral Nerve in the Cynomolgus Monkey. Br J Ind Med. 40(4): 402-12.

Plant Qian, Jin-hong, Zayed, Adel, Zhu, Yong-liang, Yu , Mei, and Terry, Norman. Phytoaccumulation of Trace Elements by Wetland Plants: Iii. Uptake and Accumulation of Ten Trace Elements by Twelve Plant Species. J. Environ. Qual. (1999) 28(5): 1448-1455.

### Eco-SSL for Lead March 2005 175 Nut Def Rader, J. I., Celesk, E. M., Peeler, J. T., and Ma haffey, K. R. 1982. Effect of Lead Acetate on Rats Fed Diets Containing Low Levels of Folic Acid. Drug Nutr Interact. 1(2): 131-42.

FL Radzanowska, G. 1989. Effect of Lead , Copper and Selenium on Haematological and Biochemical Indices of Hen's Blood. Zeszyty Naukowe Akademii Rolniczej We Wroclawiu, Zootechnika. (31): 5-27.

FL Radzanowska, G. Akademia Rolnicza Wroclaw Poland Katedra Genetyki I Ogolnej Hodowli Zwierzat. 1989. Effect of Lead, Copper and Selenium Feeding on Haematological and Biochemical Indices of Hen Blood. <Original> Wplyw Podawania Olowiu, Miedzi I Selenu Na Wskazniki Hematologiczne I Biochemiczne Krwi Kur. Zeszyty Naukowe Akademii Rolniczej We Wroclawiu. Zootechnika. (No. 179) P. 5-27

No Dose Rafales, Ls, Greenland, Rd, Zenick, H, Goldsmith , M, and Michaelson, Ia. 1981. Responsiveness to D-amphetamine in Lead Exposed Rats as M easured by Steady State Levels of Catecholamines and Locomotor Acitivity. Neurobehav. Toxic. Teratol. 3: 363-67.

FL Ragland, W. L., Bakalli, R. I., Pesti, G. M., Maz ija, H., Domi, X., Novak, R., and Konjufca, V. H. 1994. Immune Modulation of Chickens by Dietary Calcium and Lead. Krmiva. 36(1): 19-23.

Drug Raj, P., Husain, I., and Singhal, K. 1994. Synthesis and Biological Studies on Some Organo-tin and Lead Halo and Mixed Halo-pseudohalo Anionic Complexes. Arzneimittelforschung. 44(2): 178-81.

CP Rambeck, W. A., Bruckner, C., Meier, S., Zu cker, H., Kollmer, W. E. and Others. 1988. Cadmium Bioavailability and the Influence of Feed Components in Chickens . Trace Elem. Anal. Chem. Med. Biol., Proc. Int. Workshop, 5th. : P418-22.

In Vit Ramin, S., Kedzierski, W., and Porter, J. 1992. Neurotoxic Effects of Lead on Hypothalamic Dopaminergic Neurons. Am J Obstet Gynecol 166(1pt 2): 352.

Lead Shot Ramo C, Sanchez C, and Hernandez Saint Aubin L. 1992. Lead Poisoning of Greater Flamingos Phoenicopterus Ruber. Wildfowl. 43: 220-222.

Bio Acc Rana, S. V. 1975. On the Distribution of Heavy Metals in the Ovary of Common Ground Squirrel, Funambulus Pennanti: a Histochemical Study. Acta Histochem. 54(2): 290-294.

No Dose Rana, S. V. and Kumar, A. 1977. Some Observa tions on the Intake of Inorganic Lead and Animal Growth. Bull. Environ. Contam. Toxicol. 17(6): 759-763.

Phys Rana, S. V. S., Prakash, R., Kumar, A., and Sharma, C. B. 1985. A Study of Glycogen in the Liver of Metal-fed Rats. Toxicol Lett . 29(1): 1-4.

Chem Meth Rao, D. Muralidhar, Ramaiah, E. Kondanda, a nd Ram, Kashi. 1995. Chemical Equilibrium Studies on Some Bivalent Metal Chelates of Substituted 2-(Phenylhydrazono) Propanoic Acids. Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. India, Sect. A 65(4): 403-407.

Chem Meth Rao, D. Muralidhar, Reddy, G. Nivedita, Ramaiah, E. Kodanda, and Ram, Kashi. 1995. Complex Formation of Some Bivalent Metal Ions with P- Tolylhydrazonopropanoic Acid in Ethanol-water Medium. Acta Cienc. Indica Chem. 21(3): 111-114 .

Mix Rao, Ghanta N. and Knapka, Joseph J. Contam inant and Nutrient Concentrations of Natural Ingredient Rat and Mouse Diet Used in Chemical Toxicology Studies. Fundam. Appl. Toxicol. (1987) 9(2): 329-38.

### Eco-SSL for Lead March 2005 176 CP Rasile, D. A., Donovick, P. J., and Burright, R. G. 1990. The Effects of Low-level Lead Exposure During Different Developmental Periods on Growth, Behavioral Activity, and Spatial Discrimination in Male Binghamton Heterogeneous Stock Mice . Abstr Soc Neurosci 16(1): 445.

Unrel Raskin, Y., Zajdel, L., and Priel, I. E. 1994. [Cat Scratch Disease]. Harefuah 126(12): 710-4, 763.

Stain Rastogi, N., Frehel, C., Ryter, A., and Davi d, H. L. Comparative Ultrastructure of Mycobacterium-leprae and Mycobacterium-aviu m Grown in Experimental Hosts. Ann Microbiol (Paris). Annales De Microbiologie (Paris). 133 (1). 1982. 109-128.

Lead Shot Rattner, B. A., Fleming, W. J., and Bunck, C. M. 1989. Comparative Toxicity of Lead Shot in Black Ducks (Anas rubripes) and Mallards ( Anas platyrhynchos ). J Wildl Dis. 25(2): 175-83.

Diss Read, H. J. 1987. the Effects of Heavy Metal Pollution on Woodland Leaf Litter Faunal Communities : Page 2547.

FL Rebsdorf, A. 1973 . Lethality in Danish Wild Ducks Due to Lead Poisoning. Nord. Veterinaermed. 25(3): 168-9.

Rev Regan, C. M. 1989. Lead-impaired Neurodevelopm ent. Mechanisms and Threshold Values in the Rodent. Neurotoxicol. Teratol. 11(6): 533-537.

Rev Regan, C. M. 1993. Neural Cell Adhesion Mol ecules, Neuronal Development and Lead Toxicity. Neurotoxicology. 14(2-3): 69-74.

Pb Behav Regan, C. M. and Keegan, K. 1991. Neuroter atological Consequences of Chronic Low-level Lead Exposure. Dev. Pharmacol. Ther. 15(3-4): 189-195.

FL Regiusne, M. A., Anke, M., and Szenthihalyi, S. 1985. Examination of Mineral Supply of Horses. Allattenyesz Takarmanyozas. 34(1): 83-90.

Surv Reichel, W. L., Schmeling, S. K., Cromartie, E., Ka iser, T. E., Krynitsky, A. I., Lamont, T. G., and Mulhern, B. M. 1984. Pesticide, Pcb, and Lead Residues and Necropsy Data for Bald Eagles. Environ. Monitor. Assess. 4(4): 395(9).

No Oral Reichertova, E., Micek, J., Panakova, E., Koncekova , Z., and Cizmar, J. 1981. Effect of Dust from Magnesite Works on Avian Embryo. Folia Morphol(prague) 29:280-283 29(280-283)

FL Reichlmayr-lais, A. M. and Kirchgessner, M. 1981. [Activity Changes of Different Enzymes in Dietary Lead Deficiency]: <Original> Aktiv itats-veranderungen Verschiedener Enzyme Im Alimentaren Blei-mangel. Z Tierphysiol Tierernahr Futtermittelkd. 46(3): 145-50.

Fate Reichlmayr-lais, A. M. and Kirchgessner, M. 1986. Activity of the Enzymes Lipase Alpha Amylase and Carboxypeptidase a in Pancreas of Rats in Lead Deficiency. J Anim Physiol Anim Nutr. 56(2): 123-7.

Surv Reichlmayr-lais, A. M. and Kirchgessner, M. 1981. Contents of Iron Copper and Zinc in New Borns and in Liver and Spleen of Growing Rats in Nutritional Lead Deficiency. Z Tierphysiol Tierernaehr Futtermittelkd. 46(1): 8-14.

FL Reichlmayr-lais, A. M. and Kirchgessner, M. 1981. Depletion Studies on the Essentiality of Lead for Growing Rats. Archiv Fur Tierernahrung. 31(11/12): 731-737.

### Eco-SSL for Lead March 2005 177 Nut Def Reichlmayr-lais, A. M. and Kirchgessner, M. 1986. Effects of Lead Deficiency on Lipid Metabolism. Z Ernahrungswiss. 25(3): 165-70 .

FL Reichlmayr-lais, A. M. and Kirchgessner, M. 1981. [Essentiality of Lead for Growth and Metabolism]. Z Tierphysiol Tierernahr Futtermittelkd. 46(1-2): 1-8.

FL Reichlmayr-lais, A. M. and Kirchgessner, M. 1981. [Hematologic Changes in Nutritional Lead Deficiency]: <Original> Hamatologische Ve randerungen Bei Alimentarem Bleimangel. Ann Nutr Metab. 25(5): 281-8.

FL Reichlmayr-lais, A. M and Kirchgessner, M. 1993. Lead Deficiency in Lead-depleted Rats and in Their Offspring. Journal of Animal Physiology and Animal Nutrition. 70(4-5): 246-252.

FL Reichlmayr-lais, A. M. and Kirchgessner, M. 1981. Lead Depletion Studies with Rats to the Essentiality of Lead. Arch Tierernaehr. 31(11-12): 731-38.

FL Reichrtova, E., Takac, L., Kahanec, J., Su licova, L., and Kovacikova, Z. Bioindication of Magnesite Emissions on the F1 Generation of Rabb its . Iii. Bioaccumulation of Contaminating Metals. Cesk. Hyg. (1987) 32(6): 350-4.

CP Reiser M H and Temple S A. 1981. Effects of Chronic Lead Ingestion on Birds of Prey. Recent Advances in the Study of Raptor Diseases. Proceedings of the International Symposium on Diseases of Birds of Prey. 21-25.

Surv Renzoni, A., Focardi, S., Fossi, C., Leonzio , C., and Mayol, J. Comparison Between Concentrations of Mercury and Other Contaminan ts in Eggs and Tissues of Cory's Shearwater Calonectris-diomedea Collected on Atlantic and Mediterranean Islands. Environ Pollut Ser a Ecol Biol; 40 (1). 1986. 17-36.

Prim Reuhl, K. R., Rice, D. C., Gilbert, S. G., and Ma llett, J. 1989. Effects of Chronic Developmental Lead Exposure on Monkey Neuroanatomy: Visual System. Toxicol Appl Pharmacol. 99(3): 501-9.

FL Reyners, H., De Reyners, E. G., Van Der Parren, J., and Maisin, J. R. 1978. [Development of Equilibrium of Glial Populations in the Cerebral Cortex of Lead Intoxicated Rats]: <Original> Evolution De L'equilibre Des Populations Gliale s Dans Le Cortex Cerebral du Rat Intoxique Au Plomb. C R Seances Soc Biol Fil 172(5): 998-1002.

CP Reyners, H., Gianfelici De Reyners, E., Maisin, J. R., Winneke, G., and Csicsaky, M. 1981. Effects of Different Heavy Metals (Cadmium, Th allium, Zinc, and Lead) in the Central Nervous System: a Morphological Assay. Heavy Met. Environ. Int. Conf., 3rd : 495-7 Publisher: Cep Consult. Ltd., Edinburgh, Uk.

FL Rhee, S. J., Park, G. Y., and Kim, K. Y. 1993. Effects of Dietary Vitamin E and Selenium on Hematopoiesis and Antioxidative Detoxification Mechanism in Lead Poisoned Rats. Journal of the Korean Society of Food and Nutrition 22(6): 651-657.

Acu Rhoads, K. and Sanders, C. L. 1985. Lung Cl earance, Translocation, and Acute Toxicity of Arsenic, Beryllium, Cadmium, Cobalt, Lead, Selenium, Vanadium, and Ytterbium Oxides Following Deposition in Rat Lung. Environmental Research 36(2): 359-378.

Unrel Ricaurte, G. A. Mdma Neurotoxic ity--permanent or Transient. Crisp Data Base National Institutes of Health

### Eco-SSL for Lead March 2005 178 Prim Rice, D. C. 1984. Behavioral Deficit (Delay ed Matching to Sample) in Monkeys Exposed from Birth to Low Levels of Lead. Toxicol Appl Pharmacol. 75(2): 337-45.

Prim Rice, D. C. 1985. Chronic Low-lead Exposure from Birth Produces Deficits in Discrimination Reversal in Monkeys. Toxicol. Appl. Pharmacol. 77(2): 201-10.

Prim Rice, D. C. 1988. Chronic Low-level Lead Exposure in Monkeys Does Not Affect Simple Reaction Time. Neurotoxicology. 9(1): 105-7.

Prim Rice, D. C. 1985. Effect of Lead on Sc hedule-controlled Behavior in Monkeys. Neurol. Neurobiol. 13: 473-86.

Prim Rice, D. C. 1992. Lead Exposure During Diffe rent Developmental Periods Produces Different Effects on Fi Performance in Monkeys Tested as Juveniles and Adults. Neurotoxicology. 13(4): 757-70.

Prim Rice, D. C. 1990. Lead-induced Behavioral Impairment on a Spatial Discrimination Reversal Task in Monkeys Exposed During Different Periods of Development. Toxicol. Appl. Pharmacol. 106(2): 327-33.

Prim Rice, D. C. 1993. Lead-induced Changes in L earning: Evidence for Behavioral Mechanisms from Experimental Animal Studies. Neurotoxicology. 14(2-3): 167-178.

Prim Rice, D. C. 1986. Techniques for Assessing Behavioral Toxicology and Teratology in the Monkey. Adv. Behav. Pharmacol. 5: 135-50.

Prim Rice, D. C. and Gilbert, S. G. 1995. Eff ects of Developmental Methylmercury Exposure or Lifetime Lead Exposure on Vibration Sensitivity Function in Monkeys. Toxicol Appl Pharmacol. 134(1): 161-9.

Prim Rice, D. C. and Gilbert, S. G. 1990. L ack of Sensitive Period for Lead-induced Behavior Impairment on a Spatial Delayed Alternation Task in Monkeys. Toxicol. Appl. Pharmacol. 103(2): 364-73.

Prim Rice, D. C. and Gilbert, S. G. 1985. Low Lead Exposure from Birth Produces Behavioral Toxicity (Drl) in Monkeys. Toxicol. Appl. Pharmacol. 80(3): 421-6.

Prim Rice, D. C., Gilbert, S. G., and Willes, R. F. 1979. Neo Natal Low Level Lead Exposure in Monkeys Loco Motor Activity Schedule Controlled Behavior and the Effects of Amphetamine. Toxicol Appl Pharmacol. 51(3): 503-514.

Prim Rice, D. C. and Karpinski, K. F. 1988. Life time Low-level Lead Exposure Produces Deficits in Delayed Alternation in Adult Monkeys. Neurotoxicology and Teratology. 10(3): 207-214.

Prim Rice, D. C. and Willes, R. F. 1979. Neona tal Low-level Lead Exposure in Monkeys (Macaca Fascicularis): Effect on Two-choice Non-spatial Form Discrimination. J. Environ. Pathol. Toxicol. 2(4): 1195-203.

Alt Richer, C. A. 1984. classical Conditioning, Fuller Brain Weight Mice, and Low-level Neonatal Lead Exposure (Development, Learning)

Surv Rickard, W. H. and Fitzner, R. E. 1985. Mi neral Content of Canada Goose Branta-canadensismoffiti Eggs and Implications for Environmental Surveillance along the Columbia River, Washington, Usa. Northwest Sci. 59(1): 28-32.

### Eco-SSL for Lead March 2005 179 No Oral Ridgway, L. P. and Karnofsky, D. A. 1952. The Effects of Metals on the Chick Embryo: Toxicity and Production of Abnormalities in Development. Ann N Y Acad Sci. 55: 203-215.

Unrel Rieber Mary Strasberg and Rieber Manuel(a). 1994. Uv Radiation Induces Dna Fragmentation and Cell Death in B16 Melanoma Sensitized by Bromodeoxyuridine: Impaired C-jun Induction and Defective Tyrosine Phosphorylation Signalling. Biochemical and Biophysical Research Communications 203(3): 1629-1637.

Surv Riera De Martinez Villa, N., Torres De Mercau, G., Ma rtinez Riera, N., Soria, D. E. Santos N, and Vitalone, H. 1993. [Lead: Histopathological Findings in Experimental Contamination]: <Original> Plomo: Hallazgos Histopatologi cos En Contaminacion Experimental. Acta Gastroenterol Latinoam. 23(3): 159-63.

Surv Roberts, R. D., Johnson, M. S., and Hutton, M. 1978. Lead Contamination of Small Mammals from Abandoned Metalliferous Mines. Environ. Poll. 15(1): 61-69.

Rev Robinson, J. 1973. Industrial and Agricu ltural Pollution and the Environment. Roy. Soc. Health J.93(2): 62-68,106

Surv Rocke, T. E. 1995. Quarterly Wildlife Mortality Report. J. Wild. Dis. 31(3 Suppl.): None.

Lead Shot Rocke T E, Brand C J, and Mensik J G. 1997. Site-specific Lead Exposure from Lead Pellet Ingestion in Sentinel Mallards. Journal of Wildlife Management. 61(1): 228-234.

Lead Shot Rocke, T. E. and Samuel, M. D. 1991. Effects of Lead Shot Ingestion on Selected Cells of the Mallard Immune System. J Wildl Dis. 27(1): 1-9.

Fate Rodolfo-sioson, S. A. and Ahrens, F. A. 1980. The Effects of Lead on Collagen Biosynthesis in Neonatal Rats. Res. Commun. Chem. Pathol. Pharmacol. 29(2): 17-28.

Pb Behav Rodrigues, A. L., Rocha, J. B., Mello, C. F., a nd Souza, D. O. 1996. Effect of Perinatal Lead Exposure on Rat Behaviour in Open-field and Two-way Avoidance Tasks. Pharmacol Toxicol 79(3): 150-6.

No Dose Rodrigues, A. L., Rubin, M. A., Souza, D. O ., and De Mello, C. F. 1993. Lead Exposure and Latent Learning Ability of Adult Female Rats. Behav Neural Biol. 60(3): 274-9.

Lead Shot Rogers J P. Status of Proposal for Use of Iron Shot in Waterfowl Hunting. International Waterfowl Symposium 1 1975. 117: 176-179.

Rev Rom, Wn. 1976. Effects of Lead on the Female and Reproduction: a Review. Mt. Sinai J. Med. 43: 544-552.

Dup Ronis, M. J., Gandy, J., and Badger, T. 1998. Endocrine Mechanisms Underlying Reproductive Toxicity in the Developing Rat Chroni cally Exposed to Dietary Lead. J. Toxicol. Environ. Health. 54(2): 77-99.

Dup Ronis, Martin J. J., Badger, T. M., Shema, S. J ., Roberson, P. K., and Shaikh, F. 1998. Effects of Pubertal Growth and Reproduction in Rats E xposed to Lead Perinatally or Continuously Throughout Development. J. Toxicol. Environ. Health. 53(4 ): 327.

Meth Ronkko, S. 1992. Purification and Characterizati on of Phospholipase A-2 from Bovine Prostate. International Journal of Andrology 15(5): 394-406.

### Eco-SSL for Lead March 2005 180 Aquatic Roper, J. M., Cherry, D. S., Simmers, J. W., and Tatem, H. E. 1997. Bioaccumulation of Toxicants in the Zebra Mussel, Dreissena polymorpha , at the Times Beach Confined Disposal Facility, Buffalo, New York. Environ. Pollut. 94(2): 117-129 .

Aquatic Roper, J. M(a), Cherry, D. S., Simmers, J. W., and Tatem, H. E. 1996. Bioaccumulation of Toxicants in the Zebra Mussel, Dreissena polymorpha , at the Times Beach Confined Disposal Facility, Buffalo, New York. Environmental Pollution 94(2): 117-129.

Gene Ros Maria A, Sefton Mark, and Nieto, M. Angela(a ). 1997. Slug, a Zinc Finger Gene Previously Implicated in the Early Patterning of the Mesode rm and the Neural Crest, Is Also Involved in Chick Limb Development. Development (Cambridge) 124(9): 1821-1829.

Diss Roscoe, D. E. 1978. Pathology of Plumbism in Waterfowl and Development of a Simplediagnostic Blood Test. Dissertation Abstracts International. 39b(2): 458.

Lead Shot Roscoe, D. E., Widjeskog, L., and Stansley, W. 1989. Lead Poisoning of Northern Pintail Ducks Feeding in a Tidal Meadow Contaminated w ith Shot from a Trap and Skeet Range. Bull Environ Contam Toxicol. 42(2): 226-233.

No Oral Rosen, J. B., Berman, R. F., Beuthin, F. C., and L ouis-ferdinand, R. T. 1985. Age of Testing as a Factor in the Behavioral Effects of Early Lead Exposure in Rats. Pharmacol Biochem Behav. 23(1): 49-54.

No Dose Rosenblum, W. I. and Johnson, M. G. 1968. Neuropathologic Changes Produced in Suckling Mice by Adding Lead to the Maternal Diet. Arch. Pathol. 85(6): 640-648.

Unrel Rossouw, J., Offermeier, J., and Van Rooyen, J. M. 1987. Apparent Central Neurotransmitter Receptor Changes Induced by Low-level Lead E xposure During Different Developmental Phases in the Rat. Toxicol Appl Pharmacol. 91(1): 132-9.

FL Rothuizen, J. and Van Den Ingh, T. S. 1998. [H epatitis in Dogs; a Review]. <Original> Hepatitis Bij De Hond; Een Overzicht. Tijdschrift Voor Diergeneeskunde 123(8): 246-52.

HHE Roush, W. 1995. Protein Studies Try to Puzzl e out Alzheimer's Tangles [News] [See Comments]. Science. 267(5199): 793-4.

Unrel Roux, D. J., Badenhorst, J. E., du Preez, H. H., a nd Steyn, G. J. 1994. Note on the Occurrence of Selected Trace Metals and Organic Compounds in Water, Sediment and Biota of the Crocodile River, Eastern Transvaal, South Africa. Water S A. 20(4): 333-340.

CP Rowles, T. K., Blaker, W. D., and Tiffany-castigli oni, E. 1989. Neurochemical Effects of Prenatal Lead Exposure in Guinea Pigs . Abstr Soc Neurosci 15(2): 1022.

Aquatic Rowney A.C., Droste R.l., and Macrae C.r. 1986. Sediment and Ecosystem Characteristics of a Detention Lake Receiving Urban Runoff. Water Pollut. Res. J. Can Vol. 21, No. 4: Pp. 460- 473.

Unrel Ruan, D. Y., Chen, J. T., Zhao, C., Xu, Y. Z., Wang, M., and Zhao, W. F. 1998. Impairment of Long-term Potentiation and Paired-pulse Facilitation in Rat Hippocampal Dentate Gyrus Following Developmental Lead Exposure in Vivo. Brain Res. 806(2): 196-201.

FL Ruan, D. Y., Tang, L. X., Zhao, C., and Guo, Y. J. 1994. Effects of Lead on Temporal Response Properties of Retinal Ganglion Cells in Developing Rats. Sci China B. 37(5): 538-46.

### Eco-SSL for Lead March 2005 181 No Dose Ruan, D. Y., Tang, L. X., Zhao, C., and Guo, Y. J. 1994. Effects of Low-level Lead on Retinal Ganglion Sustained and Transient Cells in Developing Rats. Neurotoxicol Teratol. 16(1): 47- 53.

FL Ruan, S., Gu, Z., and Ma, G. 1998. [Effects of Lead on Ne urone Cells and Distribution of Calcium in Rat Brain]. Chung Hua Yu Fang I Hsueh Tsa Chih. 32(3): 150-2.

Unrel Ruff, M. D., <Editors> Mcdougald, L. R., Joyner, L. P., and Long, P. L. 1986. Reasons for Inadequate Nutrient Utilization During Avian Coccidiosis: Areview. 169-185.

No Dose Ruhr, Lp. 1984. Blood Lead, Delta-aminolevulinic Dehydratase, and Free Erythrocyte Porphyrins in Normal Cattle. Vet. Hum. Toxicol. 26: 105-7.

Alt Ryden, Eva Birgitta. 1986. the Effect of Lead on Cholinergic Contractile Function in the Forestomach, Ileum and Colon of the Male Wistar Rat (Colic)

FL Ryu, J. M. and Kim, M. K. 1996. Effect of Dietary Cysteine Level on Cadmium and Lead Toxicity in Rats. The Korean Journal of Nutrition 29(6): 597-607.

In Vit Sabbioni, E., Pozzi, G., Devos, S., Pintar, A., Casella, L., and Fischbach, M. 1993. The Intensity of Vanadium(v)-induced Cytotoxicity and Mor phological Transformation in Balb/3t3 Cells Is Dependent on Glutathione-mediated Bioreduction to Vanadium(iv). Carcinogenesis 14(12): 2565-8.

Phys Safronova, L. D(a). 1999. Electron Microscopic Analysis of Synaptonemal Complexes in Male Hybrids. Ontogenez 30(4): 255-266.

Surv Sahoo, G., Sahoo, R. K., and Mohanty-hejmadi, P. 1996. Distribution of Heavy Metals in the Eggs and Hatchlings of Olive Ridley Sea Tu rtle , Lepidochelys Olivacea, from Gahirmatha, Orissa. Indian Journal of Marine Sciences. 25(4): 371-372.

FL Sakar, D. 1984. [Microsomal Chicken Embryo Liver Monooxidase as Metabolic Compound for the Investigation of Xenobiotic Toxity]: <Ori ginal> Mikrosomalne Monooksidaze Jetre Pilecih Embrija Kao Metabolicki Sustav Za Ispitivanje Toksicnosti Ksenobiotika

FL Salahi, A. 1982. fast Transport Facility for Activation A nalysis with High-energy Neutrons. <Note> Thesis (Dr. Techn.). Inis-mf-8945

Unrel Salapina, O. A., Zhukotskii, A. V., Gribkov, E. N., Gutorov, E. I., Smolyaninov, V. V., and Mironov, A. A. The Changes of the Organizati on of Tissue Mosaic of Rat Arterial Endothelium During Postnatal Ontogenesis. Ontogenez. Ontogenez. 23 (1). 1992. 58-66.

Surv Salisbury, C. D. C., Chan, W., and Saschenbrecker , P. W. 1991. Multi-element Concentrations in Liver and Kidney Tissues from Five Species of Canadian Slaughter Animals. J Assoc off Anal Chem. 74(4): 587-591.

HHE Saltman, P. 1983. Trace Elements and Blood Pressure. Ann Intern Med. 98(5 Pt 2): 823-7.

Surv Samuel, M. D., Bowers, E. F., and Franson, J. C. 1992. Lead Exposure and Recovery Rates of Black Ducks Banded in Tennessee. J. Wildl. Dis. 28(4): 555-561.

Lead Shot Sanderson G C. Lead Poisoning Mortality. Iwrb Special Publication No.16. 1992: 14-18.

### Eco-SSL for Lead March 2005 182 Lead Shot Sanderson, G. C., Anderson, W. L., Foley, G. L., Duncan, K. L., Skowron, L. M., Brawn, J. D., and Seets, J. W. Toxicity of Ingested Bismut h Alloy Shot in Game-farm Mallards: Chronic Health Effects and Effects on Reproduction. Illinois Natural History Survey Bulletin; 35 (3-4). 1997. 215-252.

Lead Shot Sanderson, G. C., Anderson, W. L., Foley, G. L., S kowron, L. M., Brawn, J. D., and Seets, J. W. Acute Toxicity of Ingested Bismuth A lloy Shot in Game-farm Mallards. Illinois Natural History Survey Bulletin; 35 (3-4). 1997. 183-215.

Lead Shot Sanderson, G. C., Norton, H. W., and Hurley, S. S. 1981. Effects of Inge sted Lead-iron Shot on Mallards. Ill. Nat. Hist. Surv. Bull. 116: 1-13.

No Oral Sanderson, Glen C., Anderson, William L., Fole y, George L., Havera, Stephen P., Skowron, Loretta M., Brawn, Jeffrey W., Taylor, Gale D., a nd Seets, James W. Eff ects of Lead, Iron, and Bismuth Alloy Shot Embedded in the Breast Muscles of Game-farm Mallards. J. Wildl. Dis. (1998) 34(4): 688-697.

Drug Sanner, C., Elliott, J. L., and Snider, W. D. 1994. Upregulation of Nmdari Mrna Induced by Mk801 Is Associated with Massive Death of A xotomized Motor Neurones in Adult Rats. Neurobiology of Disease 1(3): 121-9.

Unrel Santella, M. L. and Mcdonald, R. 1996. Development of Ni(sub 3)al Alloys for Use as Transfer Rolls in Hot Processing of Steels. Crada Final Report. <Note> Progress Rept. Ornl/m-5113

No Control Santos Anderson, R. M., Tso, M. O. , Valdes , J. J., and Annau, Z. 1984. Chronic Lead Administration in Neonatal Rats: Electron Microscopy of the Retina. J. Neuropathol. Exp. Neurol. 43(2): 175-187.

No Oral Satija, N. K. and Seth, T. D. 1978. Dopamine and Noradrenaline Levels in the Brains of Lead and Zincpoisoned Rats. Toxicology. 10(1): 13-16.

Fate Sato, S. M., Frazier, J. M., and Goldberg, A. M. 1984. Perturbation of a Hippocampal Zincbinding Pool after Postnatal Lead Exposure in Rats. Exp Neurol. 85(3): 620-30.

In Vit Sauer, Glenn R., Adkisson, H. D., Genge, B. R ., and Wuthier, R. E. Regulatory Effect of Endogenous Zinc and Inhibitory Action of Toxic Metal Ions in Calcium Accumulation by Matrix Vesicles in Vitro. Bone Miner. (1989) 7(3): 233-44.

No Dose Sauerhoff, M. W. and Michaelson, I. A. 1973. Hyperactivity and Brain Catecholamines in Leadexposed Developing Rats. Science. 182(116): 1022-1024.

Chem Meth Savage, I. and Haswell, S. J(a) . 1998. The Development of Analytical Methodology for Simultaneous Trace Elemental Analysis of Blood Plasma Samples Using Total Reflection X-ray FLuorescence Spectrometry. Journal of Analytical Atomic Spectrometry 13(10): 1119-1122.

No Dose Sawicka-kapusta, K. 1979. Roe Deer Capreo lus-capreolus Antlers as Bio Indicators of Environmental Pollution in Southern Poland. Environ Pollut. 19( 4): 283-294.

No Dur Sawicka-Kapusta, K. and Zakrzewska, M. 1994. Effect of Cadmium and Lead on Postnatal Development and Mortality of Rodents. Polish Ecological Studies. 20(1-2): 43-50.

Mix Saxena, D. K., Lal, B., and Chandra, S. V. 1987. Effect of Lead on Fetal Development in Rats Fed with 8% Casein Diet. Bull. Environ. Contam. Toxicol. 39(4): 641-646.

### Eco-SSL for Lead March 2005 183 Nut Def Saxena, D. K., Murthy, R. C., Lal, B., and Ch andra, S. V. 1989. Lead Induced Testicular Changes in Protein Malnourished Rats. Folia Histochem. Cytobiol. 27(1): 57-61.

Surv Scanlon, P. F., Kendall, R. J., Lochmiller, R. L. Ii, and Kirkpatrick, R. L. 1983. Lead Concentrations in Pine Voles (Microtus Pinetorum) from 2 Virginia (Usa) Orchards. Environ Pollut.ser.b Chem.phys. 6(2): 157-160.

FL Schaeffer, N., Mertel, A., and Rost, R. 1991. Breeding Density, Breeding Success and Egg and Nestling Losses in the Tengmalm's Owl Aegolius Funereus in Northeast Bavaria. Vogelwelt. 112(6): P216-225.

Rev Scheuhammer, A. M. 1989.: 3-15.

Rev Scheuhammer, A. M. 1987. The Chronic Toxic ity of Aluminum Cadmium Mercury and Lead in Birds a Review. Environ Pollut. 46(4): P263-296.

Mix Scheuhammer, A. M. 1996. Influence of Reduced Dietary Calcium on the Accumulation and Effects of Lead, Cadmium, a nd Aluminum in Birds. Environmental Pollution. 94(3): 337-343.

Unrel Scheuhammer, A. M. and Dickson, K. M. 1996. Patterns of Environmental Lead Exposure in Waterfowl in Eastern Canada. Ambio. 25(1): 14-20.

Lead Shot Scheuhammer, A. M. and Norris, S. L. 1996. Th e Ecotoxicology of Lead Shot and Lead Fishing Weights. Ecotoxicology 5(5): 279-295.

Surv Scheuhammer, A. M., Rogers, C. A., and Bond, D. 1999. Elevated L ead Exposure in American Woodcock ( Scolopax minor ) in Eastern Canada. Arch Environ. Contam. Toxicol. 36(3): 334- 340.

Surv Schlesinger W and Potter G. 1974. Lead, C opper, and Cadmium Concentrations in Small Mammals in the Hubbard Brook Experimental Forest. Oikos. 25: 148-152.

No Oral Schlick E, Mengel K, and Friedberg, K. 1983. The Effect of Low Lead Doses in Vitro and in Vivo on the D -Ala D Acitivity of Erythrocytes, B one Marrow Cell, Liver and Brain of the Mouse.

Arch. Toxicol. 53: 193-205.

CP Schlipkoeter, H. W. and Winneke, G. 1980. behavioral Studies on the Effects of Ingested Lead on the Developing Central Nervous System of Rats

FL Schmidt, Heinz, Klein, Jochen, and Kotter, L udwig. 1986. Analysis of Hares and Free Living Rabbits to Compile a Geographical Register for the Effects of Toxic Metals. Fleischwirtschaft. 66(10): 1526-9.

Org Met Schmidt, J. C. and Czech, D. A. 1977. Effect of Tetraethyl Lead and Restricted Food Intake on Locomotor Activity in the Rat. Pharmacol., Biochem. Behav. 7(6): 489-92.

Surv Schmitt, N, Brown, G, Devlin, El, Larsen, Aa, Mccausland, Ed, and Saville, Jm. 1971. Lead Poisoning in Horses: an Environmental Health Hazard. Arch. Environ. Health. 23: 185-195.

Gene Schmitt, T. J., Zawia, N., and Harry, G. J. 1996. Gap-43 Mrna Expression in the Developing Rat Brain: Alterations Following Lead-acetate Exposure. Neurotoxicology. 17(2): 407-14.

Surv Schmitz R A, Aguirre a A, Cook R S, and Balda ssarre G A. 1990. Lead Poisoning of Caribbean Flamingos in Yucatan, Mexico. Wildlife Society Bulletin. 18(4): 399-404.

### Eco-SSL for Lead March 2005 184 Unrel Schoemaker, N. J., Lumeij, J. T., Dorrestein, G. M., and Beynen, A. C. 1999. Diet-related Problems in Pet Birds. Tijdschrift Voor Diergeneeskunde 124(2): 39-43.

FL Schoemaker, N. J., Lumeij, J. T., Dorrestein, G. M., and Beynen, A. C. 1999. [Nutrition-related Problems in Pet Birds]. <Original> Voedingsge relateerde Problemen Bij Gezelschapsvogels. Tijdschrift Voor Diergeneeskunde 124(2): 39-43.

Bio Acc Schoof, R. A., Butcher, M. K., Sellstone, C., Ball, R. W., Fricke, J. R., Keller, V., and Keehn, B. 1995. An Assessment of Lead Absorption from Soil Affected by Smelter Emissions. Environmental Geochemistry.and Health. 17(4): 189-199.

FL Schraishuhn, J. 1989. [Light and Eletron Microscopic Examinations of Calf Kidneys after Loading with Subtoxic Amounts of Lead and Cadmium]: <Original> Licht- Und Elektronenmikroskopische Untersuchungen von Kaelbernieren Nach Belastung Mit Subtoxischen Blei- Und Cadmiummengen

No COC Schroeder, H. A., Nason, A. P., and Balassa, J. J. 1967. Trace Metals in Rat Tissues as Influenced by Calcium in Water. Journal of Nutrition 93(3): 331-6.

Org Met Schroeder, T., Avery, D. D., and Cross, H. A. 1972. Tetraethyl Lead Dose Response Curve for Mortality in Laboratory Rats. Experientia. 28(8): 923-4.

Dup Schroeder, HA, Balassa, JJ, and Vinton, WH Jr. 1965. Chromium, cadmium and lead in rats: Effects on life span, tumors and tissue levels. J. Nutr. 86: 51.

Rev Schubert, J. 1973. Heavy Metals--toxicity and Environmental Pollution. Adv Exp Med Biol. 40: 239-97.

CP Schumacher, C. P. and Windebank, A. J. 1994. Growth Factor Role in Prevention of Metalinduced Neurotoxicity. 46th Annual Meeting of the American Academy of Neurology

Diss Schumann, A. M. 1977. the Effects of Inorganic Lead on the Central Catecholaminergic System of the Rodent with Emphasis on Postnatally Exposed Rats and Mice : 163.

Lead Shot Schwab, D. Sr. and Padgett, T. M. 1988. Lead Poisoning in a Free Ranging Pekin Duck ( Anas platyrhynchos ) from Chesapeake, Virginia. Va. J. Sci. 39(4): 412-413.

HHE Schwartz, J. and Otto, D. 1991. Lead and Minor Hearing Impairment. Arch.environ Health. 46(5): 300-305.

Chem Meth Schweisthal, M. R., Frost, C. C., and Brinn, J. E. 1975. Stains for A, B, and D Cells in Fetal Rat Islets. Stain Technology 50(3): 161-70.

Bio Acc Sears, J. 1988. Assessment of Body Condition in Live Birds Measurements of Protein and Fat Reserves in the Mute Swan Cygnus-olor. J Zool (Lond). 216(2): 295-308.

Ecol Sears, J. 1986. Mute Swans in the Thames Valley. Runnymede Ringing Group Report. 36-37.

Lead Shot Sears, J. 1989. A Review of Lead Poisoni ng among the River Thames England Uk Mute Swan Cygnus-olor Population. Wildfowl. 0(40): 151-152.

Dead Sears, J. and Hunt, A. 1991. Lead Poisoning in Mute Swans, Cygnus Olor, in England. Wildfowl Supplement. : 383-388.

### Eco-SSL for Lead March 2005 185 Org Met Seawright, A. A., Brown, A. W., Aldridge, W. N ., Verschoyle, R. D., and Street, B. W. 1980. Neuropathological Changes Caused by Trialkyllead Compounds in the Rat. Dev Toxicol Environ Sci. 8: 71-4.

Unrel Sefton, M., Sanchez, S., and Nieto, M. A. 1998. Conserved and Divergent Roles for Members of the Snail Family of Transcription Factors in the Chick and Mouse Embryo. Development 125(16): 3111-21.

Org Met Seidman, B. C. and Verity, M. A. 1987. Selective Inhibition of Synaptosomal Gamma Aminobutyric Acid Uptake by Triethyllead Role of Energy Transduction and Chloride Ion. J Neurochem. 48(4): 1142-49.

In Vit Seigel, Gj, Fogt, Sk, and Hurley, Mj. 1977. L ead Actions on Sodium plus Potassium Adenine Triphosphatase from Electroplax, Rat Brain, and Rat Kidney. 465-493.

No Oral Seki, H., Kano, T., Akiyama, K., Maeda, H., and Yagyu, H. 1971. Behavior of Various Indices of Lead Poisoning in Rabbits. Rinsho Byori. 19(suppl): 186.

FL Seki, H., Maeda, H., Ohi, G., and Yagyu, H. 1974. Effect of Lead Acetate on Learning and Memory in Rats. Tokyo Toritsu Eisei Kenkyusho Kenkyu Nempo. 25: 381-4.

Rev Selby, L. A., Case, A. A., Dorn, C. R., and Wagstaff, D. J. 1974. Public Health Hazards Associated with Arsenic Poisoning in Cattle. Journal of the American Veterinary Medical Association 165(no.11): 1010-1014.

No Dose Selvin-testa, A. 1991. Chronic Lead Exposure Induces Alterations on Local Circuit Neurons. Microsc. Electron. Biol. Cellular. 15(1): 25-39.

FL Selvin-testa, A., Palacios-pru, E., Colina, R ., and Diaz, M. 1984. [Chronic Poisoning by Low Doses of Lead: its Effects on the Cerebral Cort ex of Rats]: <Original> Intoxicacion Cronica Por Plomo a Dosis Bajas: Sus Efectos En La Corteza Cerebral De Rata. Acta Cient Venez. 35(2): 131-5.

Phys Shackelford, M. E. 1984. effects of Dietary Lead Treatment on Vitamin D Metabolism in Nonpregnant Rats, Lactating Rats, and Suckling Pups : 245.

Pb Behav Shafiq-ur-rehman. 1991. Effects of Lead on th e Behavioral Complex Stereotypes and Regional Brain Dopamine Levels in Rats. Arch Environ Contam Toxicol. 20(4): 527-30.

Pb Behav Shafiq-ur-rehman(a). 1999. Circadian Rhythm of Stereotyped Complex Behaviours in Rats in Environmental Lead Exposure. Progress in Neuro-psychopharmacology & Biological Psychiatry 23(1): 149-159.

Surv Shahin, Usama, Yi, Seung-muk, Paode, Rajendr a D., and Holsen, Thomas M. Long-term Elemental Dry Deposition Fluxes Measured Around Lake Michigan with an Automated Dry Deposition Sampler. Environ. Sci. Technol. (2000) 34(10): 1887-1892 .

HHE Shaltout, A. A., Guthrie, R., Moussa, M., Kandil, H., Hassan, M. F., Dosari, L., Hunt, M. C. J., and Fernando, N. P. 1989. Erythrocyte Prot oporphyrin Screening for Lead-poisoning in Bedouin Children - a Study from Kuwait. Journal of Tropical Pediatrics 35(2): 87-91.

Rev Shapiro, M. M., Tritschler, J. M., and Ulm, R. A. 1973. Lead Contamination. Chronic and Acute Behavioral Effects in the Albino Rat. Bull. Psychon. Soc. 2(2): 94-6.

### Eco-SSL for Lead March 2005 186 Bio Acc Sharma, Rp, Street, Jc, Shupe, Jl, and Bourei er, Dr. 1982. Accumulation and Depletion of Cadmium and Lead in Tissues and Milk Lactating Cows Fed Small Amounts of the Metals. J. Dairy Sci. 65: 972-9.

Rev Shellenberger, M. K. 1984. Effects of Early Lead Exposure on Neurotransmitter Systems in the Brain. A Review with Commentary. Neurotoxicology. 5(3): 177-212.

Fate Sheppard, S. C., Evenden, W. G., and Schwartz , W. J. 1995. Ingested Soil: Bioavailability of Sorbed Lead, Cadmium, Cesium, Iodine, and Mercury. Journal of Environmental Quality. 24(3): 498-505.

FL Shi, S., Chen, Z., and Liang, Y. 1995. [Effect s of Lead on Neurobehavior and Neurochemistry in Rats]. Chung Hua Yu Fang I Hsueh Tsa Chih. 29(2): 80-2.

FL Shigeta, S., Aikawa, H., Misawa, T., Yoshida, T ., Momotani, H., and Suzuki, K. 1986. Strain Difference in Learning Impairment in Rats Following Lead Administration During Brain Development. Tokai J Exp Clin Med. 11(4): 241-7.

FL Shigeta, S., Misawa, T., Aikawa, H., Hirase, F ., and Nagata, M. 1979. [Effects of Lead on Sidman Avoidance Behavior by Lever Pressing in Rats (Author's Transl)]. Nippon Eiseigaku Zasshi. 34(5): 677-82.

FL Shigeta, S., Misawa, T., Aikawa, H., and Yokoyama , M. 1980. [Effects of Learning Schedules on Operant Behavior in Lead Administer ed Rats (Author's Transl)]. Nippon Eiseigaku Zasshi. 35(5): 752-60.

FL Shigeta, S., Miyake, K., and Misawa, T. 1989. Critical Period of Brain Development in Learning Caused by Lead Exposure in Rats. Tokai J Exp Clin Med. 14(2): 147-52.

FL Shih Borling and Hsu Ali. 1998. Effects of Di etary Lead Levels on Performance, Lead Retention Andexcretion in Country Chickens. Journal of Taiwan Livestock Research. 31(3): 279-287.

Gene Shimanuki, Mizuki, Goebl, Mark, Yanagida, Mits uhiro, and Toda, Takashi. Fission Yeast Sts1+ Gene Encodes a Protein Similar to the Chicken Lamin B Receptor and Is Implicated in Pleiotropic Drug-sensitivity, Divalent Cati on-sensitivity, and Osmoregulation. Mol. Biol. Cell (1992) 3(3): 263-73.

FL Shimojo, N., Asano, N., and Yamaguchi, S. 1983. [Lead Absorption after Low Level Lead Exposure and Behavioral Effects of Su ch Exposure in Neonatal Rats]. Nippon Eiseigaku Zasshi. 38(4): 797-805.

Unrel Shimoshima, Chizuko, Nishioka, Chihiro, Taki yama, Kazuyoshi, Yuge, Osamu, and Katayama, Yoshiho. Influences of Protein Malnutriti on on Amino Acid Composition, Trace Metal Elements and Tensile Strength of Rat Hairs. J. Nutr. Sci. Vitaminol. (1988) 34(1): 67-78.

Rev Shore, R. F. and Douben, P. E. 1994. Pred icting Ecotoxicological Impacts of Environmental Contaminants on Terrestrial Small Mammals. Rev. Environ. Contam. Toxicol. 134: 49-89.

FL Shtabskii, B. M. and Shatinskaia, I. G. 1985. [Evaluation of the Cumulative Properties of Harmful Substances by the Subchronic Toxicity Test]: <Original> Ob Otsenke Kumuliativnykh Svoistv Vrednykh Veshchestv Po Test u Subkhronicheskoi Toksichnosti. Gig Sanit. (3): 57-60.

Meth Shtabskiy, B. M. and Shatinskaya, I. G. 1985. Subchronic Toxicity Test for Evaluation of Cumulative Characteristics of Noxious Substances. Gig. Sanit. 3: 57-60.

### Eco-SSL for Lead March 2005 187 FL Shtannikov, E. V., Stepanova, N. Y., Il'in, I. E ., and Eliseev, Y. Y. 1980. Long-term Effects of the Influence of Transformation Products of Pesticides and Surfactants. Gig Sanit. (6): 14-16.

Rev Shukla, G. S. and Singhal, R. L. 1984. The Pres ent Status of Biological Effects of Toxic Metals in the Environment: Lead, Cadmium, and Manganese. Can J Physiol Pharmacol. 62(8): 1015- 31.

Diss Shulman, L. M. 1998. the Effects of Dopamine on Rod Photoreceptor Na(+),K(+)-atpase Activity and the Effects of Lead on the Retinal Dopaminergic System (Sodium,potassium-atpase)

No Control Shupe, Jl, Binns, W, James, Lf, and Keeler, Rf. 1967. j. Am. Vet. Med. Assoc. 151: 198.

Rev Silbergeld, E. K. 1983. Indirectly Acting Neurotoxins. Acta Psychiatr Scand Suppl. 303: 16- 25.

HHE Silbergeld, E. K. 1975. Low Level Lead Toxicity. Recent Advances in the Assessment of the Health Effectsof Environmental Pollution. Vol. Ii. Luxembourg:commission of the European Communities, Directorategeneral Scientific and Technical Information Andinformation Management : 793-803.

HHE Silbergeld, E. K. 1976. Neurochemical and Ph armacological Studies of Central Nervous System Lead Toxicology. Health Effects of Occupational Lead and Arsenic Exposure: a Symposium; Carnow, B.w., Ed.

Pb Behav Silbergeld, E. K. and Goldberg, A. M. 1973. A Lead-induced Behavioral Disorder. Life Sci. 13(9): 1275-1283.

No Oral Silbergeld, E. K., Hruska, R. E., Bradley, D., Lamon, J. M., and Frykholm, B. C. 1982. Neurotoxic Aspects of Porphyrinopath ies: Lead and Succinylacetone. Environ Res. 29(2): 459- 471.

Fate Silbergeld, E. K. and Lamon, J. M. 1982. Effects of Altered Porphyrin Synthesis on Brain Neurochemistry. Neurobehav Toxicol Teratol. 4(6): 635-42.

Not Prim Silbergeld, Ek and Chisholm Jr, Jj. 1976. L ead Poisoning: Altered Urinary Catecholamine Metabolites as Indicators of Intoxication in Mice and Children. Science. 192: 153-55.

Rev Silbergeld, Ek Goldberg Am. 1975. Pharmacologi cal and Neurochemical Investigations of Leadinduced Hyperactivity. Neuropharmacology. 14: 431-444.

Lead Shot Sileo, L., Jones, R. N., and Hatch, R. C. 1973. The Effect of Inge sted Lead Shot on the Electrocardiogram of Canada Geese. Avian Diseases. 17(no.2): 308-313.

No COC Silva, A. J., Fleshman, D. G., and Shore, B. 1973. The Effects of Penicillamine on the Body Burdens of Several Heavy Metals. Health Physics 24(5): 535-9.

FL Simek, M., Dvorak, R., Zendulka, I., Musil, V., and Krasa, A. 1990. Effect of Supplementary Dolomite on Rumen Fermentation and Metabolicindicators in Cattle During Fattening. Sbornik Vedeckych Praci Vyzkumneho Ustavu Vyzivy Zvirat Pohorelice (23): 27-31.

Mix Simmons, Jane Ellen, Yang, Raymond S. H., Sv endsgaard, David J., Thompson, Morrow B., Seely, John C., and Mcdonald, Anthony. 1994. T oxicology Studies of a Chemical Mixture of 25 Groundwater Contaminants: Hepatic and Renal Assessment, Response to Carbon Tetrachloride

### Eco-SSL for Lead March 2005 188 Challenge, and Influence of Treatment-induced Water Restriction. J. Toxicol. Environ. Health 43(3): 305-25.

Anat Simon, H. 1981. [Dopaminergic A10 Neurons and Frontal System (Author's Transl)]. <Original> Neurones Dopaminergiques A10 et Systeme Frontal. Journal De Physiologie 77(1): 81-95.

CP Simon, N., Siklosi, C., and Koszo, F. 1978. Influence of Environmental Factors on Porphyrin Metabolism. Diagn. Ther. Porphyrias Lead Intox. Int. Symp. Clin. Biochem. Meeting Date 1977, 145-50. Editor(s): Doss, Manfred. Pub lisher: Springer, Berlin, Fed. Rep. Ger.

FL Simonik, I. 1991. Chemical Contamination of Ce rvical Mucus in Cows in Relation to Conception and Age: <Original> Kontaminace Cervikalniho Hlenu Krav Chemickymi Prvky Ve Vztahu Ke Koncepci a Veku. Veterinarni Medicina - Uvtiz. 36(4): 193-202.

FL Simonik, I. A, Pavelka, J., and Kudlac, E. 1991. Chemical Contamination of Cervical Mucus in Cows in Relation to Conception and Age. Veterinarni Medicina - Uvtiz. 36(4): 193-202.

Imm Sin, Y. M. and Woo, P. T. K. 1992. Inflamma tory Response and Resistance in Lead-treated Mice. Bull Environ Contam Toxicol. 48(4): 502-507.

Prim Singh, A., Cullen, C., Dykeman, A., Rice, D., and Foster, W. 1993. Chronic Lead Exposure Induces Ultrastructural Alterations in the Monkey Testis. J Submicrosc Cytol Pathol. 25(4): 479-86.

In Vit Singh, A. K. 1994. Age-dependent Neurotoxicity in Rats Chronically Exposed to Low Level Lead Ingestion: Phospholipid Metabolism in Synaptosomes and Microvessels. Toxicol Ind Health. 10(1-2): 89-101.

In Vit Singh, A. K. 1993. Age-dependent Neurotoxicity in Rats Chronically Exposed to Low Levels of Lead: Calcium Homeostasis in Central Neurons. Neurotoxicology. 14(4): 417-27.

Gene Singh, A. K. 1993. Effects of Chronic Low- level Lead Exposure on Mrna Expression, Adpribosylation and Photoaffinity Labeling w ith [Alpha-32p]guanine Triphosphate-gammaazidoanilide of Gtp-binding Proteins in Neurons Isolated from the Brain of Neonatal and Adult Rats. Biochem Pharmacol. 45(5): 1107-14.

Phys Singh, A. K. and Jiang, Y. 1997. Compara tive Effects of Age and Chronic Low-level Lead Exposure on Calcium Mobilization from Intracellula r Calcium Stores in Brain Samples Obtained from the Neonatal and the Adult Rats. Comparative Biochemistry and Physiology C Pharmacology Toxicology & Endocrinology. 117(1): 89-98.

Surv Singh, J., Parkash, P., and Gupta, G. S(a). 1999. State of Pregnancy Modifies Lead Toxicity in Mice. Biological Trace Element Research. 67(3): 205-213.

No Dose Singh, C., Saxena, D. K., Murthy, R. C., and Ch andra, S. V. 1993. Embryo-fetal Development Influenced by Lead Exposure in Iron-deficient Rats. Hum. Exp. Toxicol. 12(1): 25-28. Ref ID: 2878

Drug Six, K. M. and Goyer, R. A. 1970. Experiment al Enhancement of Lead Toxicity by Low Dietary Calcium. J. Lab. Clin. Med. 76(6): 933-942.

Drug Six, K. M. and Goyer, R. A. 1972. The In fluence of Iron Deficiency on Tissue Content and Toxicity of Ingested Lead in the Rat. J. Lab. Clin. Med. 79(1): 128-136.

### Eco-SSL for Lead March 2005 189 FL Skal'nyi, A. V., Slavin, F. I., Myasoedov, S. P., S hvarts, I. A., and Drozdov, E. S. Hair Content of Lead, Antimony, Chromium, Cadmium, Titanium, Nickel and Strontium under Chronic Alcohol Intoxication. Gig. Sanit. (1990) (5): 80-2.

FL Skare, J. U. 1995. Environmental Toxicology Research at a Veterinary College-veterinary Institute. Norsk Veterinaertidsskrift. 107(4): 363-376.

Lead Shot Smeller, J. M., Slickers, K., and Bush, M. 1978. Effect of Feeding on Plasma Uric Acid Levels in Snakes. American Journal of Veterinary Research. 39( 9): 1556-1557.

Lead Shot Smit, T., Bakhuizen, T., and Moraal, L. G. 1988. Metallic Lead as a Source of Lead Intoxication in the Netherlands. Limosa. 61(3-4): 175-178.

Fate Smith, C. M., Deluca, H. F., Tanaka, Y., and Mahaffe y, K. R. 1981. Effect of Lead Ingestion on Functions of Vitamin D and its Metabolites. J Nutr. 111(8): 1321-9.

No Oral Smith, D. F. 1978. Learned Aversion and Reari ng Movement in Rats Given Lithium Chloride, Lead(ii) Chloride or Sodium Chloride. Experientia 34(9): 1200-1.

Lead Shot Smith, O. L., Goede, A., and Blackhall, S. A. 1995. Lead Contamination of Waterfowl in Tasmania by Ingestion of Shotgun Pellets from Duck Shooting. Wildlife Research. 22(5): 611- 623.

Alt Smith, S. D. and Winter, W. G. 1980. studies of Rat Limb Peripheral Nerve Regeneration. <Note> Annual Rept. 1 Apr 79-1 Jan 80. Tr-1

Unrel Smith, W. 1986. Regional Reports. Midwest. Eyas. 9(2): 12-14.

Phys Smokovitis, A., Kokolis, N., Alexaki, E., and Tsafar is, F. 1990. Transplacental Effect of Lead Compounds on Tissue Plasminogen Activator Activity, Plasminogen Activator Inhibition and Plasmin Inhibition. Biology of the Neonate 58(1): 41-49.

Unrel Snowdon, C. T. 1977. A Nutritional Basis for Lead Pica. Physiol Behav. 18(5): 885-93.

Surv Snyder, N. F. R., Snyder, H., Lincer, J. L., a nd Reynolds, R. T. 1973. Organochlorines, Heavy Metals, and the Biology of North American Accipiters. Bioscience. 23(5): 300-305.

Pb Behav Sobotka, T. J., Brodie, R. E., and Cook, M. P. 1975. Psychophysiologic Effects of Early Lead Exposure. Toxicology 5(2): 175-91.

No Dose Sobotka, T. J. and Cook, M. P. 1974. Post natal Lead Acetate Exposure in Rats: Possible Relationship to Minimal Brain Dysfunction. Am. J. Ment. Defic. 79(1): 5-9.

No Dose Sokol, R. Z. 1990. The Effect of Duration of Exposure on the Expression of Lead Toxicity on the Male Reproductive Axis. J. Androl. 11(6): 521-526. Ref ID: 2885

FL Soliman, M. and Attia, M. 1980. Histological and Histochemical Changes in the Oral and Paraoral Structures of Experimental Plumbism. Egypt Dent J. 26(1): 1-14.

Lead Shot Soveri T, Lindgren E, Oksanen A, and Hirvi T. 1992. Lead Poisoning in Swans. Suomen Riista No.38. : 56-59.

### Eco-SSL for Lead March 2005 190 Diss Spahn, S. A. 1997. C olonial Wading Birds as Bioindicators of Food Chain Contamination by Heavy Metals and Organohalogens: Relationship am ong Tissue Concentration, Growth Rates, and Reproduction (Ibis, non Sacrificial Sampling)

Surv Spalding, M. G., Steible, C. K., Sundlof, S. F., and Forrester, D. J. 1997. Metal and Organochlorine Contaminants in Tissue of Ne stling Wading Birds of (Ciconiiformes) from Southern Florida. Florida Field Naturalist. 25(2): 42-50.

No Org Sparks, B. D. and Meadus, F. W. The Deve lopment of an Infiltrated Lead/iron Composite Material for Use as a Non-toxic Bird Shot. Composites (1978) 9(1): 37-9.

Abstract Sparling, Dw. 1988. Dietary Eff ects of Al, Ca, and Pb on Black Duck and Mallard Ducklings. Abstr. Soc. Envir. Toxic. Chem. : 9-36.

Nut Def Speich, M., Metayer, C., Arnaud, P., Nguyen, V. G., Bousquet, B., and Boiteau, H. L. 1983. Low Lead Doses and Atherogenic Diet in Rabb its: Biochemical Results in Blood. Ann Nutr Metab 27(6): 521-30.

Phys Speich, M., Metayer, C., Bousquet, B., Arnaud, P., Van Goc Nguyen, and Boiteau, H. L. 1982. Low-level Lead Exposure, Atherogenic Diet a nd Their Combined Effect: Results in Rabbits Concerning Plasma Calcium and Magnesium and Erythrocyte Magnesium. Magnesium-bull. 4(1): 28-32.

No Dur Spence, I., Chen, H., Drew, C., and Johnston, G. A. 1987. Effect of Ch ronic Lead Treatment on the Development of Neuromuscular Connections in the Rat. Neurotoxicology. 8(3): 403-410.

Mix Spickett, J. T. and Bell, R. R. 1983. The Influe nce of Dietary Phosphate on the Toxicity of Orally Ingested Lead in Rats. Food Chem Toxicol. 21(2): 157-61.

FL Sporn, A., Dinu, I., Boghianu, L ., Ozeranschi, L., and Botescu, E. 1971. Effect of Small Lead Doses on the Growth of the White Rat and the Activity of Certain Liver and Serum Enzymes. Nahrung. 15(4): 373-80.

Acu Sporn, Alfred and Cirstea, Adriana. Determina tion of the Concomitant Action of Arsenic, Copper, Zinc, Lead, and Tin; Acute Toxicity. Igiena (1969) 18(2): 81-90.

FL Sporn, Alfred, Dinu, Ileana, and Stoenescu, Liana. Toxicity of Zinc, Copper, Lead, and Arsenic. Igiena (1968) 17(12): 717-24.

Mix Sporn Dinnistoenescul, A. 1965-1973. Influen ce of Concomitant Administration of Arsenic, Lead, Copper and Zinc on the Activity of Some Hepatic Enzymes and on the ( Sic ) Oxidative Phosphorylation. Rev. Roumaine Biochim.; 6(1)

Lead Shot Spray, C. J. and Milne, H. 1988. The In cidence of Lead Poisoning among Whooper and Mute Swans Cygnus-cygnus and Cygnus-olor in Scotland Uk. Biol Conserv. 44(4): 265-282.

FL Srebocan, E. 1985. [On Lead Distribution and Histologic Changes in Organs of Chickens Experimentally Poisoned with Lead Acetate]: <Original> O Raspodjeli Olova I Histoloskim Promjenama U Parenhimskim Organima Pilica Ek sperimentalno Trovanim Olovnim Acetatom

Lead Shot Srebocan, E. and Rattner, B. A. 1988. Heat Exposure and the Toxicity of One Number Four Lead Shot in Mallards, Anas Platyrhynchos. Bull Environ Contam Toxicol. 40(2): 165-9.

### Eco-SSL for Lead March 2005 191 Unrel Srivastav, A. K. and Swarup, K. 1982. Mor phology and Distribution of Calcitonin Cells in the House Shrew, Suncus Murinus. Archives D'anatomie Microscopique et De Morphologie Experimentale; 71

In Vit Srivastava, D., Hurwitz, R. L., and Fox, D. A. 1995. Lead- and Calcium-mediated Inhibition of Bovine Rod Cgmp Phosphodiesterase: Interactions with Magnesium. Toxicol Appl Pharmacol. 134(1): 43-52.

Abstract Srivastava, U and Thakur, Ml. 1981. Effect of Lead Exposure on the Cellular Growth of the Brain in the Rat Progeny. 191.

FL Sroczynski, J., Zajusz, K., Kossmann, S., and We giel, A. 1967. Effect of Experimental Lead Poisoning on the Development of Athero Sclerosis Rat Rabbit. Pol Arch Med Wewn. 38(5): 641-646.

Drug Sroczynski, J., Zajusz, K., Kossmann, S., and Wegi el, A. 1968. The Effect of Experimental Lead Poisoning on the Development of Atherosclerosis. Pol Med J. 7(1): 196-201.

Unrel St. John, P. 1993. Yodelers of the North. Am Birds. 47(2): 202-209.

Herp Stansley, W. and Roscoe, D. E. 1996. The Upta ke and Effects of Lead in Small Mammals and Frogs at a Trap and Skeet Range. Arch.environ Contam Toxicol. 30(2): 220-226.

Unrel Stanton, N. V., Gunter, E. W., Parsons, P. J., and Field, P. H. 1989. Empirically Determined Lead-poisoning Screening Cutoff for the Protofluor-z Hematofluorometer. Clinical Chemistry 35(10): 2104-2107.

Unrel Steffek, A. J. and Mujwid, D. K. 1976. scanning Electron Microscopy of Vertebrate Craniofacial Development. (A Morphological Analysis of Neural Crest Cell Migration and Facial Fusion). <Note> Final Rept. 30 Apr 73-29 Apr 75

Surv Steidl, R. J., Griffin, C. R., and Niles, L. J. 1991. Contaminant Levels of Osprey Eggs and Prey Reflect Regional Differences in Reproductive Success. J. Wildl. Manage. 55(4): 601-608.

No Dose Steiss, J. E., Braund, K. G., and Clark, E. G. 1985. Inability to Experimentally Produce a Polyneuropathy in Dogs Given Chronic Oral Low Level Lead. Can. J. Comp. Med. 49(4): 401- 404.

FL Stekar, J. M. A., Berisha, B., Demaj, A., Baka lli, R., and Rozhaja, D. 1994. The Influence of Lead on Some Physiological Parameteres in Hens. Zbornik Biotehniske Fakultete Univerze V Ljubljani: Kmetijstvo (Zootehnika). 64: 111-119.

FL Stenberg, A. I., Zaeva, G. N., Rysina, T. Z., Krinitskaya, N. A., Bogatykh, T. A., and Safronova, A. M. 1980. Study of the Effect of Food C ontaminants on Rat Embryogenesis and Progeny. Vopr. Pitan. (6): 51-5.

Lead Shot Stendell, R. C. 1980. Dietary E xposure of Kestrels to Lead. Journal of Wildlife Management. 44(2): 527-530.

Mix Stendell, R. C., Beyer, W. N., and Stehn, R. A. 1989. Accumulation of Lead and Organochlorine Residues in Captive American Kestrels Fe d Pine Voles from Apple Orchards. J Wildl Dis. 25(3): 388-391.

### Eco-SSL for Lead March 2005 192 Surv Stendell, R. C., Smith, R. I., Burnham, K. P., and Christensen, R. E. 1979. Exposure of Waterfowl to Lead a Nationwide Survey of Residues in Wing Bones of Seven Species, 1972-73. U. S., Fish Wildl. Serv., Spec. Sci. Rep.223

Fate Stephens, M. C. and Gerber, G. B. 1981. Deve lopment of Glycolipids and Gangliosides in Lead Treated Neonatal Rats. Toxicol Lett. 7(4-5): 373-8.

No Efct Sterling, Gh, O'neill, Kj, Mccafferty, Mr, and O'neill, Jj. 1982. Effect of Chronic Lead Ingestion by Rats on Glucose Metabolism and Acetylcholine Synthesis in Cerebral Cortex Slices. J. Neurochem. 39: 592-6.

Surv Stevens, J. B. 1991. Disposition of Toxic Metals in the Agricultural Food Chain: 1. Steady-state Bovine Milk Biotransfer Factors. Environ Sci Technol. 25( 7): 1289-1294.

Fate Stevenson, A. J., Kacew, S., and Singhal, R. L. 1977. Influence of Lead on Hepatic, Renal and Pulmonary Nucleic Acid, Polyamine, and Cyclic Adenosine 3',5'-monophosphate Metabolism in Neonatal Rats. Toxicol. Appl. Pharmacol. 40(1): 161-70.

HHE Stickl, H. A. 1991. [Injury to the Immune System by Food Contaminated by Environmental Toxins]: <Original> Schadigung Des Immuns ystems Uber Kontaminierte Nahrung Durch Umweltgifte. Zentralbl Hyg Umweltmed. 191(2-3 ): 232-40.

Unrel Stoll, U., Barth, B., Scheerer, N., Schneider, E ., and Kiefer, J. 1996. Hprt Mutations in V79 Chinese Hamster Cells Induced by Accelerated Ni, Au and Pb Ions. International Journal of Radiation Biology 70(1): 15-22.

In Vit Stoll, U., Schneider, E., and Kiefer, J. Mutation Induction to 6tg-resistance in Chinese Hamster V79 Cells after Heavy Ion Exposure. Gsi-rep. (1991) Gsi 91-1, 223

Gene Stoltenburg-didinger, G., Punder, I., Peters, B., Marcinkowski, M., Herbst, H., Winneke, G., and Wiegand, H. 1996. Glial Fibrillary Acidic Protein and Rna Expression in Adult Rat Hippocampus Following Low-level Lead Exposure During Development. Histochem Cell Biol. 105(6): 431- 42.

Abstract Stone, C. and Soares, J. H. 1974. Studies on the Metabolism of Lead in the Japanese Quail. Poultry Sci. 53: 1982.

Surv Stone, C. L., Mahaffey, K. R., and Fox, M. R. 1979. A Rapid Bioassay System for Lead Using Young Japanese Quail. J Environ Pathol Toxicol. 2(3): 767-79.

Surv Storelli, M. M., Ceci, E., and Marcotrigiano, G. O. 1998. Distribution of Heavy Metal Residues in Some Tissues of Caretta caretta (Linnaeus) Specimen Beached al ong the Adriatic Sea (Italy). Bull. Environ. Contam. Toxicol. 60(4): 546-552.

Surv Stout, I. J. and Cornwell, G. W. 1976. Nonhunting Mortality of Fledged North American Waterfowl. J. Wildl. Manage. 40(4): 681-693.

No Dose Stowe, H. D. and Goyer, R. A. 1971. Reproduc tive Ability and Progeny of F 1 Lead-toxic Rats. Fertil. Steril. 22(11): 755-760.

Nut Def Stowe, H. D., Goyer, R. A., Krigman, M., Wils on, M., and Cates, M. 1973. Experimental Oral Lead Toxicity in Young Dogs. Clini cal and Morphologic Effects. Arch.pathol. 95(2): 106-116.

### Eco-SSL for Lead March 2005 193 No Control Stowe, H. D. and Vandevelde, M. 1979. L ead-induced Encephalopathy in Dogs Fed High Fat, Low Calcium Diets. J. Neuropathol. Exp. Neurol. 38(5): 463-474.

FL Stoyanov, M., Bajkov, B., Nikolov, I., Gugova, M., Nestorova, Y., and Khristov, M. 1997. Study on the Effect of Heavy Metals on Ram Reproduction. Zhivotnov'dni Nauki. 34(5-6): 134-136.

FL Stoyanov, M., Baykov, B., and Gugova, M. 1994. Mathematical Model for Chemical Elements Contents Assessment in Egg-production Ecotechnical Systems. Dokladi Na B"lgarskata Akademiya Na Naukite 47(5): 115-118.

Bio Acc Struger, J., Elliott, J. E., and Weseloh, D. V. 1987. Metals and Essential Elements in Herring Gulls from the Great Lakes 1983 Usa Canada. J Great.lakes.res. 13(1): 43-55.

Aquatic Stuijfzand S.c., Kraak M.h.s., Wink Y.a., and Davids , C. 1995. Short-term Effects of Nickel on the Filtration Rate of the Zebra Mussel Dreissena Polymorpha. Bull. Environ. Contam. Toxicol Vol. 54, No. 3: Pp. 376-381.

Unrel Su, Xiu-rong, Li, Tai-wu, Ding, Ming-jin, and Ch ien, Paul K. Evaluation on Nutritive Value of Portunus Trituberculatus. Chin. J. Oceanol. Limnol. (1997) 15(2): 168-172 .

Aquatic Su, Xiurong, Li, Taiwu, Ouyang, Fen, and Li u, Ping. Study on the Nutritive Compositions of Portunus Trituberculatus. Yingyang Xuebao (1996) 18(3): 342-346 .

FL Su, Y. C., Yang, C. L., Lu, J. J., Lin, P. H., a nd Lo, D. Y. 1998. The Physiological Response and Carcass Hygiene of Dairy Goats at Different L ead Acetate and Copper Sulfate Levels. Journal of the Chinese Society of Veterinary Science. 24(4): 214-226.

No COC Subramanyam, C., Mallamo, J. P., Dority, J. A. Jr , Earley, W. G., Kumar, V., Aimone, L. D., Ault, B., Miller, M. S., Luttinger, D. A., and Dehaven- hudkins, D. L. 1995. Discovery of 6,11-ethano12,12-diaryl-6,11-dihydrobenzo[b]quinolizinium Cati ons, a Novel Class of N-methyl-d-aspartate Antagonists. Journal of Medicinal Chemistry 38(1): 21-7.

Surv Sudip Dey, Stafford, R., Roy, M. K. D., Bhattach arjee, C. R., Khathing, D. T., Bhattacharjee, P. C., and Dkhar, P. S. 1999. Metal Toxicity and Trace Element Deficiency in Some Wild Animal Speciesfrom North-east India, as Revealed by Cellu lar, Bio-inorganic and Behavioural Studies. Current Science. 77(2): 276-280.

FL Sugizaki, M. and Bastos-ramos, W. P. 1984. Lead Incorporation of Chick Embryo. Rev Cienc Biomed; 5 (0). 1984 (Recd. 1985). 1-6. 5(0): 1-6.

Surv Sukhanov, B. P., Korolev, A. A., Marninc huk, A. N., and Merzliakova, N. M. 1990. [Experimental Study of the Protective Role of Calcium in Lead Poisoning]. Gig Sanit. (12): 47-9.

Phys Sun, Ye-ming, Favre, Isabelle, Schild, Laurent, and Moczydlowski, Edward. On the Structural Basis for Size-selective Permeation of Orga nic Cations Through the Voltage-gated Sodium Channel: Effect of Alanine Mutations at the De ka Locus on Selectivity, Inhibition by Ca2+ and H+, and Molecular Sieving. J. Gen. Physiol. (1997) 110(6): 693-715.

Chem Meth Sunde, Torbjorn Asbjornsson. 1992. Nuclear Microscopy: Technology and Applications in Biology : Page 124.

No Oral Sundstroem, R. and Karlsson, B. 1987. Myelin Basic Protein in Brains of Rats with Low Dose Lead Encephalopathy. Arch. Toxicol. 59(5): 341-345.

### Eco-SSL for Lead March 2005 194 No Oral Sundstrom, R., Conradi, N. G., and Sourander, P. 1984. Vulnerability to Lead in Protein-deprived Suckling Rats. Acta Neuropathol (Berl). 62(4): 276-83.

FL Surcel, Didi, Gabor, Silvia, Anca, Zoe, and Ci ugudeanu, Maria. 1981. Interactions Between Lead, Arsenic and Selenium on Some Immunological Parameters. Rev. Ig. Bacteriol., Virusol., Parazitol., Epidemiol., Pneumoftiziol., Ig. 30(2): 123-30.

Unrel Sutherland, D. R., Stewart, A. K., and Keating, A. 1993. Cd34 Antigen: Molecular Features and Potential Clinical Applications. Stem Cells (Dayt). 11( Suppl 3): 50-7.

In Vit Suzuki, Keiji, Kawaharada, Umeko, Tamura, Yu ji, and Nakajima, Katsuyuki. 1991. Effects of Metals on Rat Glioma Cells (C6). Biomed. Res. Trace Elem 2(2): 111-12 .

Drug Suzuki, T. and Yoshida, A. 1979. Effect of Dietary Supplementation of Iron and Ascorbic Acid on Lead Toxicity in Rats. J Nutr. 109(6): 983-8.

Drug Suzuki, T. and Yoshida, A. 1979. Effectiven ess of Dietary Iron and Ascorbic Acid in the Prevention and Cure of Moderately Long- term Lead Toxicity in Rats. J Nutr. 109(11): 1974-8.

In Vit Suzuki, Y., Morita, I., Yamane, Y., and Murota , S. Preventive Effects of Zinc on Cadmiuminduced Inhibition of Alkaline Phosphatase Activity and Mineralization Activity in Osteoblast-like Cells Mc-3t3-e1. J Pharmacobio-dyn; 12 (2). 1989. 94-99.

Org Met Swartzwelder, H. S. 1985. Central Neurotoxic ity after Exposure to Organic Lead: Susceptibility to Seizures. Neurosci Lett. 58(2): 225-8.

Bio Acc Swiergosz, R., Sawicka-kapusta, K., Nyholm, N. Ei , Zwolinska, A., and Orkisz, A. 1998. Effects of Environmental Metal Pollution on Breeding Popul ations of Pied and Collared Flycatchers in Niepolomice Forest, Southern Poland. Environmental Pollution . 102(2-3): 213-220.

Drug Szarek, J. and Khan, M. Z. 1993. Concurrent Exposure to Lead, Selenium or Monensin Effects on Hepaticporphyrin Levels in Broiler Chickens During Acute Toxicosis. Scandinavian Journal of Laboratory Animal Science. 20(4): 231-234.

Bio Acc Szefer, P. and Falandysz, J. 1987. Trace Me tals in the Soft Tissues of Scaup Ducks (Aythya marila L .) Wintering in Gdansk Bay, Baltic Sea . Sci Total Environ. 65: 203-213.

Nut Def Szymczak, J., Zechalko, A., and Biernat, J. 1983. Effect of Fodder Fat Type on Blood Plasma Lipids in Rats Intoxicated with Lead. Bromatol. Chem. Toksykol. 16(2): 89-94.

Nut Szymczak, J., Zechalko, A., and Biernat, J. 1983. Effect of the Kind of Dietary Fat on Serum Lipids in Rats Intoxicatedwith Lead. Bromatologia I Chemia Toksykologiczna. 16(2): 89-93.

Surv Szymczak, M. R. and Adrian, W. J. 1978. L ead Poisoning in Canada Geese in Southeast Colorado. J. Wildl. Manage. 42(2): 299-306.

FL Tachampa, S. 1976. effect of Chronic Lead Contamination on the Development of Experimentalacute Hepatosis, Nephr osis and Diabetes Mellitus in Rats.

FL Talaeva, I. U. G., Chugunikhina, N. V., Takhir ov, M. T., and Khasanova, M. I. 1991. [The Elaboration of a Complex of Indices for the Intens iveness of an Experimental Infectious Process to Be Used in Hygienic Research]. <Original> Razrabotka Kompleksa Pokazatelei Intensivnosti Eksperimental'nogo Infektsionnogo Protsessa Pri Ispol'zovanii Ego V Gigienicheskikh Issledovaniiakh. Gigiena I Sanitariia (11): 53-6.

### Eco-SSL for Lead March 2005 195 Unrel Tallon, J. L., Loram, J. W., Williams, G. V. M., Cooper, J. R., Fisher, I. R., Johnson, J. D., Staines, M. P., and Bernhard, C. Critical Doping in Overdoped High-TC Superconductors. A Quantum Critical Point? Phys. Status Solidi B (1999) 215(1): 531-540.

Rev Talmage, S. S. and Walton, B. T. 1991. Small Mammals as Monitors of Environmental Contaminants. Rev Environ Contam Toxicol. 119: 47-145.

Alt Talsma, Daniel M. 1985. A Study of the Effects of Lead and Light on the Retina (Peroxidation)

Fate Tandon, S. K., Flora, S. J. S., and Singh, S. 1984. Influence of Vitamin B-complex Deficiency on Lead Intoxication in Young Rats. Indian J Med Res. 80(oct.): 444-48.

Nut Def Tandon, S. K., Khandelwal, S., Jain, V. K., and Mathur, N. Influence of Dietary Iron Deficiency on Acute Metal Intoxication. Biometals (1993) 6(2): 133-8.

Nut Def Tandon, S. K., Khandelwal, S., Jain, V. K., and Mathur, N. Influence of Dietary Iron Deficiency on Nickel, Lead and Cadmium Intoxication. Sci. Total Environ. (1994) 148(2-3): 167-73.

FL Tang, H. W., Liang, Y. X., and Hu, X. H. 1994. Effects of Low Level Lead Exposure on Behavior of Young Rats. Chung Kuo Yao Li Hsueh Pao. 15(4): 316-9.

Rev Task Group Metal Interact, Int. 1978. Factors In fluencing Metabolism and Toxicity of Metals a Consensus Report. Environ Health Perspect. 25: 3-41.

No Dose Taylor, D, Nathanson, J, Hoffer, B, Olson, L, and Seiger, A. 1978. Lead Blockade of Norepinephrine-induced Inhibition of Cerebellar Purkinje Neurons. J. Pharmac. Exp. Ther. 206: 371-381.

Pb Behav Taylor, D. H., Noland, E. A., Brubaker, C. M., Cr ofton, K. M., and Bull, R. J. 1982. Low Level Lead (Pb) Exposure Produces Learning Deficits in Young Rat Pups. Neurobehav Toxicol Teratol 4(3): 311-4.

Unrel Taylor, J. D., Gibson, J. A., and Yeates, C. E. F. 1991. Furazolidone Toxicity in Dairy Calves. Australian Veterinary Journal 68(5): 182-183.

In Vit Tchernitchin, A. N., Villagra, R., and Tchernitchin, N. N. 1997. Effect of Chronic Exposure to Lead on Immature Rat Leucocytes. Medical Science Research. 25(5): 355-357 .

No Oral Tchernitchin, N. N., Tchernitchin, A. N., Mena, M. A., Villarroel, L., Guzman, C., and Poloni, P. 1998. Effect of Subacute Exposur e to Lead on Responses to Estrogen in the Immature Rat Uterus. Bull.environ Contam Toxicol. 60(5): 759-765.

Acu Tchernitchin, N. N., Villagra, A., and Tchernitchin, A. N. 1998. Antiestrogenic Activity of Lead. Environmental Toxicology and Water Quality. 13(1): 43.

Model Tennekoon, G., Aitchison, C. S., Frangia, J., Pri ce, D. L., and Goldberg, A. M. 1979. Chronic Lead Intoxication: Effects on Developing Optic Nerve. Ann Neurol 5(6): 558-64.

Phys Tessitore, L., Perletti, G. P., Sesca, E., Pani, P., Dianzani, M. U., and Piccinini, F. 1994. Protein Kinase C Isozyme Pattern in Liver Hyperplasia. Biochem Biophys Res Commun. 205(1): 208- 14.

### Eco-SSL for Lead March 2005 196 Mix Thawley, D. G., Willoughby, R. A., Mcsherry, B. J., Macleod, G. K., Mackay, K. H., and Michell, W. R. 1977. Toxic Interactions among Pb, Zn, and Cd with Varying Levels of Dietary ca and Vitamin D: Hematological System. Environ Res. 14(3): 463-75.

Fate Thawley, David G. 1975. Toxic Interactions among Lead, Zinc, and Cadmium with Varying Levels of Dietary Calcium and Vitamin D in Rats. Dissertation.

Bio Acc Theis, M and Gregory, D. 1994. Residues of L ead, Cadmium, and Arsenic in Livers of Mexican Free-tailed Bats. Bull. Environ. Contam. Toxicol. 52(5): 641-648.

Bact Thind, I. S. and Khan, M. Y. 1978. Potentiati on of the Neurovirulence of Langat Virus Infection by Lead Intoxication in Mice. Exp. Mol. Pathol. 29(3): 342-347.

Bact Thind, I. S. and Singh, N. P. 1977. Potentiati on of Langat Virus Infection by Lead Intoxication-- influence on Host Defenses. Acta Virol. 21(4): 317-325.

Lead Shot Thomas G. 1982. Anglers - Watch Your Weights. Birds. 9(1): 35-36.

Lead Shot Thomas, Vernon G. 1997. Attitudes and Issues Preventing Bans on Toxic Lead Shot and Sinkers in North America and Europe. Environmental Values. 6(2 ): 185.

Rev Thompson, L. J., Hall, J. O., and Meerdink, G. L. 1991. Toxic Effects of Trace Element Excess. Veterinary Clinics of North America, Food Animal Practice. 7( 1): 277-306.

Unrel Thorp, B. H. and Duff, S. R. I. 1988. E ffect of Unilateral Weight-bearing on Pelvic Limb Development Inbroiler Fowls: Vascular Studies. Research in Veterinary Science 44(2): 164- 174.

Unrel Threadgold, L. T. and Arme, C. 1974. Hymenol epis Diminuta: an Electron Microscope Study of Ion Absorption. Experimental Parasitology 35(3): 475-91.

Fate Thrivikraman, K. V., Agrawal, R., and Randhava, R. 1978. Effect of Lead Toxicity on Ascorbic Acid Content of Liver and Brain in Albino Rats Fed Low and High Protein Diets. Indian J. Nutr. Diet. 15(6): 200-4.

Prim Tigges, M., Hendrickson, A. E., and Tigges, J. 1984. Anatomical Consequences of Long-term Monocular Eyelid Closure on Lateral Geniculate Nu cleus and Striate Cortex in Squirrel Monkey. Journal of Comparative Neurology 227(1): 1-13.

Org Met Tilson, H. A., Mactutus, C. F., Mclamb, R. L ., and Burne, T. A. 1982. Characterization of Triethyllead Chloride Neurotoxicity in Adult Rats. Neurobehav. Toxicol. Teratol. 4(6): 671-81.

Unrel Tippett, F. E., Padgett, G. A., Eyster, G., Blanchar d, G., and Bell, T. 1987. Primary Hypertension in a Colony of Dogs. Hypertension. 9(1): 49-58.

Lead Shot Tirelli, E., Maestrini, N., Govoni, S., Catelli, E., and Serra, R. 1996. Lead Contamination in the Mallard Anas Platyrhynchos in Italy. Bulletin of Environmental Contamination and Toxicology. 56(5): 729-733.

No Dose Toews, A. D., Kolber, A., Hayward, J., Krigman, M. R., and Morell, P. 1978. Experimental Lead Encephalopathy in the Suckling Rat: Concentration of Lead in Cellular Fractions Enriched in Brain Capillaries. Brain Res. 147(1): 131-8.

### Eco-SSL for Lead March 2005 197 Fate Toews, A. D., Krigman, M. R., Thomas, D. J., and Morell, P. 1980. Effect of Inorganic Lead Exposure on Myelination in the Rat. Neurochem Res 5(6): 605-16.

Fate Tokarski, E. and Reio, L. 1978. Effect of L ead Poisoning on the Thiamine Status and Function in Liver and Blood of Rats. Acta Chem Scand [B]. 32(5): 375-9.

Anat Tomczok, J., Grzybek, H., Sliwa, W., and Panz, B. 1988. Ultrastructural Aspects of the Small Intestinal Lead Toxicology. Part Ii. The Sma ll Intestine Goblet Cells of Rats During Lead Poisoning. Experimental Pathology 35(2): 93-100.

Meth Tomczok, J., Sliwa-tomczok, W., and Grzybek, H. 1991. The Small Intestinal Enterocytes of Rats During Lead Poisoning: the Application of the Timm Sulphide Silver Method and an Ultrastructural Study. Experimental Pathology 42(2): 107-13.

FL Toncheva, E. and Stanchev, K. 1987. A St udy on the Effect of Lead on Some Biochemical Parameters of Broiler Chick Liver and Jejunum Enterocytes. Zhivotnov'd Nauki. 24(10): 79-82.

FL Toncheva, E. and Stanchev, Kh. 1988. Effect of Lead and Cadmium on the Activity of Some Zinc-containing Enzymes in the Kidneys of Broiler Chickens. Zhivotnov'dni Nauki. 25(2): 74- 77.

No Oral Torre, C. and De Giorgis, P. L. 1982. Effects of Tetraethyllead (Tel) on the Embryonic Development. Studi Sassar Sez . 2(60): 14-17.

Lead Shot Townsend P. 1984. white Spirit, Fly Free. One Man's Fight to Save Britain's Swans.

No Oral Tripathi, Neelima, Kannan, G. M., Pant, B. P., Jaiswa l, D. K., Malhotra, P. R., and Flora, S. J. S. Arsenic-induced Changes in Certain Neurotrans mitter Levels and Their Recoveries Following Chelation in Rat Whole Brain. Toxicol. Lett. (1997) 92(3): 201-208 .

Food Troeger, K., Reuter, G., and Schneider, D. 1983. Use of Dried Chicken Manure in Cattle Feeding, from the Aspects of Meathygiene and F eed Technology. I. Microorganisms, Nutrients and Residuesin Battery-hen Manure and Maize Silage Used as Basal Feed. Berliner Und Munchener Tierarztliche Wochenschrift 96(11): 388-397.

Lead Shot Trost, R. E. 1981. Dynamics of Grit Sel ection and Retention in Captive Mallards (Anas Platyrhynchos). J Wildl Manage. 45(1): 64-73.

Lead Shot Trost, Robert Edward. 1984. ecological Aspects of Canada Geese and Other Waterfowl in the Mississippi Flyway

No Oral Tsuchiya, H., Shima, S., Kurita, H., Ito, T., Kato , Y., Kato, Y., and Tachikawa, S. 1987. Effects of Maternal Exposure to Six Heavy Metals on Fetal Development. Bull Environ Contam Toxicol. 38(4): 580-7.

No Oral Tsujii, H. and Hoshishima, K. 1979. Effect of the Administration of Trace Amounts of Metals to Pregnant Mice upon the Behavior and L earning of Their Offspring. Shinshu Daigaku Nogakubu Kiyo(j Fac Agric Shinshu Univ) . 16: 13-28.

Rev Tsung-ming, S. and Hanin, I. 1978. Chronic L ead Exposure in Immature Animals Neurochemical Correlates. Life Sci. 23(9): 877-888.

### Eco-SSL for Lead March 2005 198 Bio Acc Tsuzuki, Toshihumi, Kotani, Reiko, Hattori, Ke isaku, and Inoue, Katsuhiro. Environmental Pollution and Wild Birds in Hokkaido. Vi. Hokkaidoritsu Eisei Kenkyusho Ho (1976) : 26, 125-6.

Lead Shot Tudge, C. 1992. Birds of Prey Fly Again. New Sci. 135(1835): 22(5).

Bio Acc Tull-singleton, S., Kimball, S., and Mcbee, K. 1994. Correlative Analysis of Heavy Metal Bioconcentration and Genetic Damage in Wh ite-footed Mice Peromyscus Leucopus from a Hazardous Waste Site. Bul Environ Contamin Toxicol . 52(5): 667-672.

Phys Turk, G. C. and Kingston, H. M. Laser-e nhanced Ionization Spectrometry Following Matrix Modification by Automated Chelation Chromatography for the Analysis of Biological and Environmental Reference Materials. Journal of Analytical Atomic Spectrometry. 5 (7). 1990. 595-602.

FL Turnbull, J. and Brodeur, J. 1984. Effect of Growth Retardation on the Permeability of the Bloodbrain Barrier in Young Rats Exposed to Lead. Can. J. Physiol. Pharmacol. 62(1): 142-5.

Surv Turner, J. C., Solly, S. R. B., Mol-krijnen, J. C. M., and Shanks, V. 1978. Organochlorine, Fluorine, and Heavy-metal Levels in Some Birds from Newzealand Estuaries. New Zealand Journal of Science 21(1): 99-102.

Lead Shot Twiss, M. P., Thomas, V. G., Bachmann, R. W., Jones, J. R., Peters, R. H., and Soballe, D. M. Eds. 1995. Lead Toxicosis in Canadian Loons : the Problem and Legislative Solutions. Lake Reserv. Manage. 11(2): 198.

Acu Ueng, T. H., Ueng, Y. F., Chen, T. L., and Al vares, A. P. 1991. The Relationship Between Induction of Metallothionein and Inhibition of Monooxygenases by Cadmium and Lead. J Chin Biochem Soc. 20(2): 87-98.

FL Umurzakov, T. 1984. The Use of Wool Growth Rate in Selection of Grey Karakul Sheep. Doklady Vsesoyuznoi Akademii Sel'skokhozyaistvennykh Nauk (4): 22-23.

Rev Underwood, E. J. 1981. The Mineral Nutrition of Livestock . Commonwealth Agricultural Bureaux, 180pp. Farnham Royal, Slough UK.

No Org Upreti, R. K. 1995. Membrane-vanadium Inte raction: A Toxicokinetic Evaluation. Molecular and Cellular Biochemistry. 153(1/2): 167-171.

No Dose Uriu-hare, Janet Y., Swan, Shanna H., Bui, Linh M., Neutra, Raymond R., and Keen, Carl L. Drinking Water Source and Reproductive Outcomes in Sprague-Dawley Rats. Reprod. Toxicol. (1995) 9(6): 549-61.

Unrel Uryu, K., Hirunagi, K., Sakai, H., and Fujioka, T. 1990. Ultrastructural and Cytochemical Studies of the Subcommissural Organ in the Domestic Chicken with Special Reference to the Apical Secretion. Okajimas Folia Anatomica Japonica 67(2-3): 141-51.

Anat Ushiki, T. and Fujita, T. 1986. Backscattered Electron Imaging. Its Application to Biological Specimens Stained with Heavy Metals. Archivum Histologicum Japonicum 49(1): 139-54.

Nut Def Uthus, E. O. and Nielsen, F. H. 1988. Effect s in Rats of Iron on Lead Deprivation. Biol Trace Elem Res. 16(2): 155-64.

### Eco-SSL for Lead March 2005 199 Bio Acc Uzieblo, L., Ligocki, M., Hapanowicz, B., and Ro maniszyn, K. 1993. Heavy Metals and Fluorine Content of Hen's Eggs Derived from Different Place of Origin. Vol. 26, No. 2, Pp. 91-96 Bromatol. Chem. Toksykol.

Bio Acc Vadhanavikit, S., Ip, C., and Ganther, H. E. Metabolites of Sodium Selenite and Methylated Selenium Compounds Administered at Cancer Ch emoprevention Levels in the Rat. Xenobiotica (1993) 23(7): 731-45.

FL Vadkovskaya, I. K., Vadkovskii, V. B., and Kaga n, L. M. Peculiarities of Microelement Composition of Game Birds. Ekologiya (Sverdlovsk) (1988) (4): 78-80 .

Bio Acc Van Barneveld, Aa and Van Den Hamer, Cja. 1985. Influence of ca and Mg on the Uptake and Deposition of Pb and Cd in Mice. Toxicol. Appl. Pharmacol. 79: 1-10.

No Oral Van Den Berg, K. J., Lammers, J. H., Hoogendijk, E. M., and Kulig, B. M. 1996. Changes in Regional Brain Gfap Levels and Behavioral Functioning Following Subchronic Lead Acetate Exposure in Adult Rats. Neurotoxicology 17(3-4): 725-34.

Dead Van Den Brink, N. W. and Ma, W. C. 1998. Spatial and Temporal Trends in Levels of Trace Metals and Pcbs in the European Badger Meles Meles (L., 1758) in the Netherlands: Implications for Reproduction. Sci Total Environ. 222(1-2): 107-18.

Surv Van Der Veen, N. G. and Vreman, K. 1986. Tr ansfer of Cadmium Lead Mercury and Arsenic from Feed into Various Organs and Tissues of Fattening Lambs. Neth J Agric Sci. 34(2): 145- 154.

Surv Van Eeden, P. H. and Schoonbee, H. J. 1996. Me tal Concentrations in Liver, Kidney, Bone and Blood of Three Species of Birds from a Metal-polluted Wetland. Water S a (Pretoria). 22(4): P351-372.

Species Van Eeden Ph and Schoonbee, H. J. 1993. Me tal Concentrations in Sediments and Some Organisms from a Polluted Wetland. S Afr J Wildl Res 23(1): 12-16.

Abstract Van Gelder, G. A., Buck, W. B., Osweiler, G. D., and Stahr, H. M. 1972. Research Activities of a Veterinary Toxicology Laboratory. Clinical Toxicology 5(2): 271-81.

Meth Van Gelder, G. A., Carson, T. L., Smith, R. M., Buck, W. B., and Karas, G. G. 1973. Neurophysiologic and Behavioral Toxicologic Testing to Detect Subclinical Neurologic Alterations Induced by Environmental Toxicants. J Am Vet Med Assoc. 163(9): 1033-5.

FL Van Hoof, a Km, Wallis, D. E. Vries Mf, and Bokda m, J. 1994. The Risk of Lead and Cadmium Contamination for Cattle on Heathland. Levende Natuur. 95(2): 43-50.

Mix Van Vleet, J. F. 1982. Amounts of Twelve Elements Required to Induce Selenium Vitamin E Deficiency in Ducklings. Am. J. Vet. Res. 43(5): 851-857.

In Vitro Vandeputte, D. F., Jacob, W. A., and Van Grieke n Re. Influence of Fixation Procedures on the Microanalysis of Lead-induced Intranucl ear Inclusions in Rat Kidney. J Histochem Cytochem; 38 (3). 1990. 331-338.

Dead Vanulsen, F. W. One Hundred Poisoned Dogs. Tijdschr. Diergeneesk. 99(18): 947-948; 1974.(2 References)

### Eco-SSL for Lead March 2005 200 No Dose Varma, M. M., Joshi, S. R., Adeyemi, A. O., Sudi p, D., Bhattacharjee, C. R., Arjun, J., Das, M., and Choudhury, S. 1974. Mutagenicity and In fertility Following Administration of Leadsubacetate to Swiss Male Mice. Abnormalities in Surface Ultrastructural Features and Infraredabsorption Characteristics of the Lens of Albino Mice Born to Femalesreceiving Oral Doses of Lead During Pregnancy. Experientia. 30(5): 486-487.

Surv Vassileva, L., Vassilev, M., Angelov, L., Ange lova, L., Anke, M., Groppel, B., Guertler, H., Gruen, M., Lombeck, I., and Schneider, H. J. 1991. Investigations on the Effect of Increasing Lead and Cadmium Supplements to the Diet on Accumulation and Residue Formation in Different Tissues of Fattening Pigs: <Original> Unters uchungen Ueber Den Einfluss Steigender Blei- Und Cadmiumzulagen Im Futter Auf Die Kumulierung Und Auf Die Rueckstandsbildung in Verschiedenen Geweben von Mastschweinen. [Macro and Trace Elements]: <Original> Mengen- Und Spurenelemente : 382-389.

Mix Veen, N. G. Van Der and Vreman, K. 1986. Tr ansfer of Cadmium, Lead, Mercury and Arsenic from Feed into Variousorgans and Tissues of Fattening Lambs. Netherlands Journal of Agricultural Science 34(2): 145-153.

Mix Veeramachaneni, D. N. R. and Amann, J. S. Palmer and R P. 1995. Sexual Dysfunction and Abnormal Acrosomes in Rabbits Following Infa ntile Exposure to a Mixture of Chemical Contaminants in Drinking Water. Biology of Reproduction 52(suppl. 1): 171.

Lead Shot Veit, H. P., Kendall, R. J., and Scanlon, P. F. 1983. The Effect of Lead Shot Ingestion on the Testes of Adult Ringed Turtledoves Streptopelia-risoria. Avian Dis. 27(2): 442-452.

Pb Behav Venkatakrishna-bhatt, H. 1984. Influence of Oral Lead Acetate on Cognitive Functions and Learning in Rats. Water, Air, Soil Pollut. 23(4): 375-80.

Rev Venugopal, B. and Luckey, T. D. 1978. Metal Toxicity in Mammals 2

No Dose Verlangieri, A. J. 1979. Prenatal and Post natal Chronic Lead Intoxication and Running Wheel Activity in the Rat. Pharmacol Biochem Behav. 11(1): 95-8.

Surv Verma, M. P., Sharma, R. P., and Street, J. C. 1978. Hepatic and Renal Metallothionein Concentrations in Cows, Swine, and Chicke ns Given Cadmium and Lead in Feed. Am J Vet Res. 39(12): 1911-5.

Pb Behav Vickers, C. and Paterson, A. T. 1986. Two T ypes of Chronic Lead Tr eatment in C-57bl-6 Mice Interaction with Behavior Determinants of Pain. Life Sci 40(1): 47-54.

Rev Victery, W. 1988. Evidence for Effects of Chronic Lead Exposure on Blood Pressure in Experimental Animals: an Overview. Environ Health Perspect. 78: 71-6.

No Dose Victery, W., Vander, A. J., Shulak, J. M., Schoe ps, P., and Julius, S. 1982. Lead, Hypertension, and the Renin-angiotensin System in Rats. J Lab Clin Med. 99(3): 354-62.

No Oral Villagra, R., Tchernitchin, N. N., and Tchernitchin, A. N. 1997. Effect of Subacute Exposure to Lead and Estrogen on Immature Pre- Weaning Rat Leukocytes. Bull.environ Contam Toxicol. 58(2): 190-197.

In Vit Villanueva, R., Albaladejo, R., Ortega, P., Astasio, P., Gil, A., Calle, M. E., and Dominguez-rojas, V. 1997. Chemotaxis of Mouse Peritoneal Macrophages Following Exposure to Lead. Bull Environ Contam Toxicol. 59(1): 159-63.

### Eco-SSL for Lead March 2005 201 FL Vimercati, F., Ambrosi, L., Di Nunno, C., and De Stasio, G. 1970. [Histochemical Behavior of Lactate Dehydrogenase, Succinate Dehydrogenase and Alkaline Phosphatase of the Kidney in Experimental Saturnism]: <Original> Comporta mento Istochimico Della Lattico-deidrogenasi, Della Succino-deidrogenasi E Della Fosfatasi Alcalina Del Rene in Corso Di Saturnismo Sperimentale. Med Lav. 61(3): 154-61.

Rev Vincent, A. L., Rodrick, G. E., and Sodeman, W. A. Jr. 1979. The Pathology of the Mongolian Gerbil ( Meriones Unguiculatus ): a Review. Lab Anim Sci. 29(5): 645-51.

Rev Vistica, D. T. and Ahrens, F. A. 1977. Microvasc ular Effects of Lead in the Neonatal Rat. Part 2. An Ultrastructural Study. Exp. Mol. Pathol. 26(1): 139-154.

FL Viuf, B. T. 1992. Report, 4: Department of Chemical Analyses (Additives and Undesirable Substances). <Original> 4: Meddelelser Fra Kemisk Afdeling. Plantedirektoratets Beretning. Foder, Goedning, Voksemedier, Ef-s toetteordninger. (No.1) P. 59-79

Mix Vodela, J. K., Lenz, S. D., Renden, J. A., and Kemppainen, B. W. Reproductive Performance Altered by Chemical Mixture. Toxicologist 1996 Mar;30(1 Pt 2):192

Mix Vodela, J. K., Lenz, S. D., Renden, J. A., Mcelhenney, W. H., and Kemppainen, B. W. 1997. Drinking Water Contaminants (Arsenic, Cadmium, Lead, Benzene, and Trichloroethylene): 2. Effects on Reproductive Performance, Egg Quality, a nd Embryo Toxicity in Broiler Breeders. Poultry Science. 76(11): 1493-1500.

Mix Vodela, J. K., Renden, J. A., Lenz, S. D., Mcelhenney, W. H., and Kemppainen, B. W. 1997. Drinking Water Contaminants (Arsenic, Cadmium, Lead, Benzene, and Trichloroethylene): 1. Interaction of Contaminants with Nutritional St atus on General Performance and Immune Function in Broiler Chickens. Poultry Science. 76(11): 1474-1492.

FL Vodichenska, T. S. 1992. [The Effect of Chr onic Combined Exposure to Nickel and Lead on the Enzymatic Indices in Body Uptake with the Drinking Water]. <Original> Vliianie Na Khronichnoto Kombinirano Vuzdeistvie S Nikel I Olovo Vurkhu Niakoi Enzimni Pokazateli Pri Postupvaneto Im V Organizm S Piteinite Vodi. Problemi Na Khigienata 17: 48-56.

FL Vodichenska, T. S. 1991. [Experimental Data on the Biological Effect of Nickel and Lead Contained in the Drinking Water Acting in Combination]. <Original> Eksperimentalni Danni Za Biologichniia Efekt Na Nikela I Olovoto, Sudur zhashti Se V Piteinite Vodi, Pri Kombinirano Deistvie. Problemi Na Khigienata 16: 24-33.

FL Vodichenska, T. S. 1986. [Toxic Action of Nickel When Taken up by the Body from the Drinking Water]. <Original> Vurkhu Niakoi St rani Ot Toksichnoto Deistvie Na Nikela Pri Postupvaneto Mu V Organizma S Piteinite Vody. Problemi Na Khigienata 11: 14-24.

FL Vodichenska, T. S. and Budeva, B. 1993. [An Experimental Study of the Atherogenic Effect of the Vanadium and Nickel Contained in Drinking Water When Combined]. <Original> Eksperimentalno Prouchvane Vurkhu Aterogenniia Ef ekt Na Vanadiia I Nikela, Sudurzhashti Se V Piteinite Vodi, Pri Kombinirano Deistvie. Problemi Na Khigienata 18: 50-62.

FL Vodichenska, T. S. S. and Dinoeva, S. K. 1980. [Lead Content in the Water Reservoirs and its Effect on the Development of Experimental Arteri osclerosis]: <Original> Soderzhanie Svintsa V Vodoistochnikakh I Ego Vliianie Na Razvitie Eksperimental'nogo Ateroskleroza. Gig Sanit. (11): 69-72.

### Eco-SSL for Lead March 2005 202 FL Vogt, H. and Nezel, K. 1976. The Effect of Various Levels of Lead in Broiler- and Layingrations on the Performance of the Birds and on Residues in Tissues and Eggs. Communication I. The Effect of Various Levels of Lead on the Performance of the Birds. Arch. Gefluegelkd. 40(4): 124-30.

Abstract Vogt, H., Nezel, K., and Matthes, S. 1976. The E ffect of Various Levels of Lead and Cadmium in Broiler and Laying Rations on the Performance of the Birds and on the Residues in Tissues and Eggs. Nutr Metab. 20(3): 205.

FL Volmer, K., Doell, G., and Herzog, A. Determinati on of Various Elements in the Foot Horn of the Mouflon Ovis-ammon-musimon with Healthy and Fully-grown Feet. Zeitschrift Fuer Jagdwissenschaft. 31 (3). 1985. 140-146.

FL Votyakov, A. V. and Krasovskii, G. N. Activity of .Beta.-galactosidase in Seminal Fluid and Gonad Tissue as a Biochemical Criterion of Gona dotoxic Effects of Chemi cal Substances. Gig. Sanit. (1989) (3): 62-3.

Abstract Vreman, K. and De Ruig W G. Supplementati on of Diet with Arsenic Lead Cadmium and Mercury in Lactating Dairy Cows and Young Fattening Bulls Appearance of Various Heavy Metals in Various Edible Tissues. 34th Convention of the Society for the Nutritional Physiology of Domestic Animals, Goettingen, West Germ any, March 12-14, 1980. Z Tierphysiol Tierernaehr Futtermittelk. 44 (1). 1980. 10-11.

FL Vreman, K. and Ruig, W. G. De. 1980. Supplem ents of Arsenic, Lead, Cadmium and Mercury for Lactating Dairycows and Young Fattening Bu lls. The Transfer (Of the Heavy Metals) Todifferent Edible Tissues. Zeitschrift Fur Tierphysiologie, Tierernahrung Und Futtermittelkunde 44(1): 10-11.

Mix Vreman, K., Van Der Veen, N. G., Van Der Molen, E. J., and De Ruig, W. G. 1986. Transfer of Cadmium Lead Mercury and Arsenic from Feed in to Milk and Various Tissues of Dairy Cows Chemical and Pathological Data. Neth J Agric Sci. 34(2): 129-144.

Diss Vreman, K. and Veen, N. G. Van Der. 1981. Carry-over of Lead, Cadmium, Mercury and Arsenic from Animal Feed Toedible Products of Fattening Lambs. <Document Title>rapport, Instituut Voor Veevoedingsonderzoek "Hoorn". (136): 17 Pp.

Mix Vyaizenen, G. and Budyanu, I. 1995. Sa propel During Finishing (Of Pigs). Svinovodstvo (Moskva) (5): 5-7.

Mix Vyaizenen, G., Savin, V., Tokar', A., Gulyaev, V., Zinkevich, V., Kuznetsova, I., Chugunova, Yu., Nikitina, Yu., Fedotov, A., and Marinets, R. 1997. Reduction of the Concentration of Heavy Metals in Pork. Svinovodstvo (Moskva) (1): 18-22.

Unrel Vyaizenen, G. N., Tokar', A. I., Gulyaev, V. A, Marinets, R. M., and Struchkov, A. A. 1998. Conifer Extract for Obtaining Ecologically Clean Product. Kormoproizvodstvo (1): 28-29.

Lead Shot Vyas, N. B., Spann, J. W., and et Al. Lead Po isoning of Passerines at a Trap and Skeet Range. Environmental Pollution. 107: 159-166.

No Dose Vyskocil, A., Cizkova, M., and Tejnorova, I. 1995. Effect of Prenatal and Postnatal Exposure to Lead on Kidney Function in Male and Female Rats. J. Appl. Toxicol. 15(4): 327-328.

### Eco-SSL for Lead March 2005 203 FL Vyskocil, A., Fiala, Z., Tejnorova, I., and Tusl , M. 1991. Stress Reaction in Developing Rats Exposed to 1% Lead Acetate. Sb. Ved. Pr. Lek. Fak. Karlovy Univerzity Hradci Kralove. 34(3): 287-295.

No Oral Waalkes, M. P. and Klaassen, C. D. 1985. Con centration of Metallothionein in Major Organs of Rats after Administration of Various Metals. Fundam Appl Toxicol; 5 (3). 473-477.

Fate Wagstaff, D. J. 1979. Effects of Dietary Lead Acetate on Hepatic Detoxication Enzyme Activity. Bull Environ Contam Toxicol. 23(6): 753-8.

Mix Wakefield, R. C. and Sawyer, C. D. 1986. use of Composted Sewage Sludge on Roadside Vegetation. <Note> Research Rept. Contrib-2353; Fhwa/ri/rd-86/01b

Model Walsh, C. T. and Ryden, E. B. 1984. The Effect of Chronic Ingestion of Lead on Gastrointestinal Transit in Rats. Toxicol Appl Pharmacol. 75(3): 485-95.

Org Met Walsh, T. J. and Tilson, H. A. 1984. Neur obehavioral Toxicology of the Organoleads. Neurotoxicology. 5(3): 67-86.

In Vit Wang, T. S., Kuo, C. F., Jan, K. Y., and Hua ng, H. Arsenite Induces Apoptosis in Chinese Hamster Ovary Cells by Generation of Reactive Oxygen Species. Journal of Cellular Physiology; 169 (2). 1996. 256-268.

Model Wapnir, R. A., Exeni, R. A., Mcvicar, M., and Li pshitz, F. 1977. Experimental Lead Poisoning and Intestinal Transport of Glucose, Amino Acids, and Sodium. Pediatr Res 11(3 Pt 1): 153-7.

In Vit Wapnir, R. A., Goldstein, L., and Moak, S. A. 1984. Effects of Lead on Gamma-glutamyl Transpeptidase and (Na+ -K+)-adenosine Triphospha tase of the Small Intestinal Mucosa. J Environ Pathol Toxicol Oncol. 5(4-5): 101-7.

Alt Wapnir, R. A., Moak, S. A., and Lifshitz, F. 1980. Malnutrition During Development: Effects on Later Susceptibility to Lead Poisoning. Am J Clin Nutr. 33(5): 1071-6.

Drug Wapnir, R. A., Moak, S. A., and Lifshitz, F. 1980. Reduction of Lead Toxicity on the Kidney and the Small Intestinal Mucosa by Kaolin and Pectin in the Diet. Am J Clin Nutr. 33(11): 2303-10.

Surv Warren, R. J., Wallace, B. M., Bush, P. B., Madej, J. A., and Radzanowska, G. 1990. Trace Elements in Migrating Blue-winged Teal: Seasonal- , Sex- and Age-class Variations.: the Effect of Copper and Selenium Administration on Histopathological Picture of Organs and Accumulation of Metals in Hens. Environ Toxicol Chem. 9(4): 521-528.

Surv Warren, Robert J., Wallace, Billy M., and Bush, Parshall B. 1990. Trace Elements in Migrating Blue-winged Teal: Seasonal-, Sex- and Age-class Variations. Environ. Toxicol. Chem. 9(4): P521-8.

In Vit Wasserman, R. H. 1979. molecular Mechanisms of the Epithelial Transport of Toxic Metal Ions, Particularly Mercury, Cadmium, Lead, Arseni c, Zinc, and Copper. Progress Report, January 1, 1979-december 31, 1979

In Vit Wasserman, R. H. and Fullmer, C. S. 1986. molecular Mechanisms of the Epithelial Transport of Toxic Metal Ions. Final Report, September 1, 1975-december 31, 1985. Doe/ev/02792-12

Diss Waterman, S. 1995. immune Mechanisms in Lead Induced Neurotoxicity (Autoantibodies)

### Eco-SSL for Lead March 2005 204 Lead Shot Wayland, M. and Bollinger, T. 1999. Lead E xposure and Poisoning in Bald Eagles and Golden Eagles in the Canadian Prairie Provinces. Environmental Pollution 104(3): 341-350.

Pb Behav Weerasuriya, A., Curran, G. L., and Poduslo, J. F. 1990. Physiological Changes in the Sciatic Nerve Endoneurium of Lead-intoxicated Rats: a Model of Endoneurial Homeostasis. Brain Res 517(1-2): 1-6.

CP Weinreich, K., Stelte, W., and Bitsch, I. 1977. Effect of Lead A cetate on the Spontaneous Activity of Young Rats. Nutr. Metab., V21, Nsuppl. 1, P201-3. 21(suppl. 1): 201-3.

Rev Weiss, B. 1978. The Behavioral Toxicology of Metals. Fed Proc. 37(1): 22-27.

No COC Weiss, B. 1995. Neurobehavior al Toxicity of Metals. Chronic Aif3 Administration: 2. Selected Historical Observations.

Surv Weseloh, D. V. C., Rodrigue, J., Blokpoel, H., and Ewins, P. J. 1997. Contaminant Concentrations in Eggs of Black Terns ( Chlidonias niger ) from Southern Ontario and Southern Quebec, 1989-1996. Colonial Waterbirds. 20(3): 604-616.

Mix Westing, T. W., Fontenot, J. P., and Webb, K. E. Jr. 1985. Characterization of Mineral Element Profiles in Animal Waste and Tissues from Cattle Fe d Waste. 2. Steers Fed Cattle Feedlot Waste. Journal of Animal Science. 61(3): 682-691.

Meth Weston, Andrea, Brown, Phyllis R., Heckenberg, Allan L., Jandik, Petr, and Jones, William R. Effect of Electrolyte Composition on the Separati on of Inorganic Metal Cations by Capillary Ion Electrophoresis. J. Chromatogr. (1992) 602(1-2): 249-56.

Bio Acc Weyers, B., Gluck, E., and Stoeppler, M. 1988. Investigation of the Significance of Heavy Metal Contents of Blackbird Feathers. Sci Total Environ. 77(1): 61-7.

Mix Wheeler, W. E. and Oltjen, R. R. 1979. Cement Kiln Dust in Complete Diets for Finishing Steers and Growing Lambs. J Anim Sci: Journal of Animal Science: 48 (3). . 48(3): 658-665.

CP Whisenhunt, J. E. and Maurice, D. V. The Re sponse of Egg Shell Quality to Dietary Manganese and Lead. Meeting of the Southern Poultry Science Society. Poult Sci. 60 (7). 1981. 1609.

Surv White, D. H. and Cromartie, E. 1985. Bird Us e and Heavy Metal Accumulation in Waterbirds at Dredge Disposal Impoundments, Corpus Christi, Texas. Bull Environ Contam Toxicol. 34(2): 295-300.

Surv White, D. H. and Geitner, J. G. H. 1996. E nvironmental Contaminants and Productivity in an Extinct Heronry at Charleston Harbor , South Carolina, U.SA. 1984. Environmental Monitoring and Assessment. 40(2): 137-141.

Surv White, D. H., King, K. A., and Prouty, R. M. 1980. Significance of Organo Chlorine and Heavy Metal Residues in Wintering Shore Birds at Corpus-christi Texas Usa 1976-1977. Pestic Monit J. 14(2): 58-63.

Surv White, D. H., King, K. A., and Prouty, R. M. 1980. Significance of Organochlorine and Heavy Metal Residues in Wintering Shorebirds at Corpus Christi, Texas, 1976-77. Pestic. Monit. J. 14(2): 58-63.

### Eco-SSL for Lead March 2005 205 No COC White, J. M. and Holtzman, S. G. Further Char acterization of the 3 Choice Morphine Cyclazocine and Saline Discrimination Paradigm Opioids with Agonist and Antagonist Properties. Journal of Pharmacology and Experimental Therapeutics. 224 (1). 1983. 95-99.

Acu White, Wb, Clifford, Pa, and Calvery, Ho. 1943. The Lethal Dose of Lead for the Cow. The Elimination of Ingested Lead Through the Milk. J. Amer. Vet. Med. Ass. 102: 292.

Lead Shot Whitehead, P. J. and Tschirner, K. 1991. L ead Shot Ingestion and Lead Poisoning of Magpie Geese Anseranas Semipalmata Foraging in a Northern Australian Hunting Reserve. Biol Conserv. 58(1): 99-118.

Rev Who. 1977. Environmental Health Criteria. 3. Lead.

No Oral Wide, M. and Nilsson, O. 1977. Differentia l Susceptibility of the Embryo to Inorganic Lead During Periimplantation in the Mouse. Teratology. 16(3): 273-6.

Unrel Wideman, R. F. Jr, Kirby, Y. K., Owen, R. L., and French, H. 1997. Chronic Unilateral Occlusion of an Extrapulmonary Primary Br onchus Induces Pulmonary Hypertension Syndrome (Ascites) in Male and Female Broilers. Poultry Science 76(2): 400-4.

Fate Widmer, H. R., Butikofer, E. E., Schlumpf, M., and Lichtensteiger, W. 1991. Pre- and Postnatal Lead Exposure Affects the Serotonergic Sy stem in the Immature Rat Brain. Experientia. 47(5): 463-6.

Pb Behav Widmer, H. R., Vedder, H., Schlumpf, M., and Lichtensteiger, W. 1992. Concurrent Changes in Regional Cholinergic Parameters and Nest Odor Preference in the Early Postnatal Rat after Lead Exposure. Neurotoxicology 13(3): 615-24.

Fate Widzowski, D. V., Finkelstein, J. N., Pokora, M. J., and Cory-slechta, D. A. 1994. Time Course of Postnatal Lead-induced Changes in Dopamine Receptors and Their Relationship to Changes in Dopamine Sensitivity. Neurotoxicology 15(4): 853-65.

Surv Wiemeyer, S. N., Frenzel, R. W., Anthony, R. G ., Mcclelland, B. R., and Knight, R. L. 1989. Environmental Contaminants in Blood of Western Bald Eagles. J Raptor Res. 23(4): 140-146.

Surv Wiemeyer, S. N., Jurek, R. M., and Moore, J. F. 1986. Environmental Contaminants in Surrogates Foods and Feathers of Califor nia Condors Gymnogyps-californianus. Environ Monit Assess. 6(1): P91-111.

Surv Wiemeyer, S. N., Lamont, T. G., and Locke, L. N. 1980. Residues of Environmental Pollutants and Necropsy Data for Eastern Usa Ospreys (Pandion Haliaetus), 1964-1973. Estuaries. 3(3): 155-167.

Surv Wiemeyer, Stanley N., Schmeling, Sheila K., and Anderson, Allen. 1987. Environmental Pollutant and Necropsy Data for Ospreys from the Eastern United States, 1975-1982. J. Wildl. Dis. 23(2): 279-91 .

No Oral Wight, P. A. L., Dewar, W. A., Saunderson, C. L ., Wiemeyer, S. N., Jurek, R. M., and Moore, J. F. 1986. Zinc Toxicity in the Fowl Ultrastr uctural Pathology and Relationship to Selenium Lead and Copper: Environmental Contaminants in Surr ogates Foods and Feathers of California Condors Gymnogyps-californianus. Avian Pathol. 15(1): 23-38.

### Eco-SSL for Lead March 2005 206 Species Williams, Phillip L. and Dusenbery, David B. 1988. Using the Nematode Caenorhabditis Elegans to Predict Mammalian Acute Lethality to Metallic Salts. Toxicol. Ind. Health (1988) 4(4): 469-78 .

Rev Williams, S. N. and Mcdowell, L. R. 1985. Newly Discovered and Toxic Elements. Animal Feeding and Nutrition: Nutrition of Grazing Ruminants in Warm Climates. 317-338.

No Dose Willoughby, Ra, Macdonald, Ae, Mcsherry, Bj, and Brown, G. 1972. Lead and Zinc Poisoning and the Interaction Between Pb and Zn Poisoning in the Foal. Can. J. Comp. Med. 36: 348.

No Dose Willoughby, Ra, Macdonald, E, Mcsherry, Bj, and Br own, G. 1972. The Interaction of Toxic Amounts of Lead and Zinc Fed to Young Growing Horses . Vet. Rec. 91: 382.

No Dose Willoughby, Ra, Thirapatsokun, T, and Mcsherry, Bj. 1972. Influence of Rations Low in Calcium and Phosphorus on Blood and Tissue Lead Concentrations in the Horse. Amer. J. Vet. Res. 33: 1165.

Surv Wilson, K. W., Head, P. C., and Jones, P. D. 1986. Mersey Estuary Uk Bird Mortalities Causes Consequences and Correctives. Water Sci Technol; International Association on Water Pollution Research and Control/natural Environm ent Research Council Specialized Conference on Estuarine and Coastal Pollution: Detection. 18(4-5): 171-180.

Lead Shot Wilson, L. K., Elliott, J. E., Langelier, K. M., Scheuhammer, A. M., and Bowes, V. 1998. Lead Poisoning of Trumpeter Swans, Cygnus Bucci nator, in British Columbia, 1976-1994. Canadian Field-naturalist. 112(2): 204-211.

Fate Windebank, A. J., Mccall, J. T., Hunder, H. G., and Dyck, P. J. 1980. The Endoneurial Content of Lead Related to the Onset and Severity of Segmental Demyelination. J Neuropathol Exp Neurol. 39(6): 692-9.

Rev Winder, C. and Carmichael, N. G. 1985. The E xperimental Administration of Lead to Rats in Neuropathological and Behavioural Studies. J. Appl. Toxicol. 5(3): 140-147.

Rev Winder, C. and Kitchen, I. 1984. Lead Neurotoxicity: a Review of the Biochemical, Neurochemical and Drug Induced Behavioural Evidence. Prog. Neurobiol. 22(1): 59-87.

Dead Windingstad, R. M. 1988. Nonhunting Mortality in Sandhill Cranes. J. Wildl. Manage. 52(2): 260-263.

Surv Windingstad, R. M., Duncan, R. M., and Thronburg, D. 1983. Outbreak of Avian Cholera on the Wintering Grounds of the Mississippi Valley Canada Goose Flock. J. Wildl. Dis. 19(2): 95-97.

Lead Shot Windingstad, R. M. and Hinds, L. S. Iii. 1987. Lead Poisoning in Canada Geese on Plum Island Massachusetts Usa. J Wildl Dis. 23(3): 438-442.

Dead Windingstad, R. M., Kerr, S. M., and Locke, L. N. 1984. Lead Poisoning of Sandhill Cranes (Grus Canadensis). Prarie Naturalist. 16(1): 21-24.

Sed Winger, P. V., Lasier, P. J., White, D. H., and Se ginak, J. T. 2000. Effects of Contaminants in Dredge Material from the Lower Savannah River . Arch. Environ. Contam. Toxicol. 38(1): 128-136 .

### Eco-SSL for Lead March 2005 207 Surv Winger, P. V(a), Lasier, P. J., White, D. H., and Se ginak, J. T. 2000. Effects of Contaminants in Dredge Material from the Lower Savannah River. Archives of Environmental Contamination and Toxicology 38(1): 128-136.

Pb Behav Winneke, G., Lilienthal, H., and Werner, W. 1982. Task-dependent Neurobehavioral Effects of Lead in Rats. Arch. Toxicol., Suppl. 5: 84-93.

FL Winter, R. and Piskorska, D. 1984. Effects of Low Doses of Lead and Cadmium on the Activities of Glyoxalase I and Glyoxalase Ii in Liver and Brain of Rats. Med Pr; 35 (3). 35(3): 177-183.

Drug Wise, A. 1981. Protective Action of Calcium Phyt ate Against Acute Lead Toxicity in Mice. Bull. Environ. Contam. Toxicol. 27(5): 630-633.

FL Wittmann, M. 1992 . Investigations on the Selective Feed Intake of Broilers Dependent on Varying Lead Supply]: <Original> Untersuchungen Zur Selektiven Futteraufnahme von Broilern Bei Unterschiedlicher Bleibelastung

FL Wittmann, M., Kirchgessner, M., and Roth, F. X. 1994. Self-selection of Lead Supplemented Diets by Broilers. 2. Effects Ofdiffe rent Dietary Lead Contents. Archiv Fur Geflugelkunde. 58(2): 54-61.

FL Wittmann, M., Kirchgessner, M., and Roth, F. X. 1994. Self-selection of Lead Supplemented Diets by Broilers. 4. Importance Ofexperien ce on Subsequent Feed Selection. Archiv Fur Geflugelkunde. 58(4): 156-161.

FL Wittmann, M., Roth, F. X., and Kirchgessner, M. 1994. Self-selection of Lead Supplemented Diets by Broilers. 1. Effects Oflead on Performance of Broilers. Archiv Fur Geflugelkunde. 58(1): 38-45.

FL Wittmann, M., Roth, F. X., and Kirchgessner, M. 1994. Self-selection of Lead Supplemented Diets by Chicks. 1. Effects of L ead on Performance of Chicks. Arch. Gefluegelkd. 58(1): 38- 45 .

FL Wojcik, A., Borzecki, Z., Tyszko, U., and Burek, G. 1987. [Effect of Long-term Administration of Lead Acetate on the Behavior of Experime ntal Animals]: <Original> Wplyw Przewleklego Dzialania Zwiazku Olowiu Na Zachowanie Sie Zwierzat Doswiadczalnych. Ann Univ Mariae Curie Sklodowska [Med]. 42: 29-34.

FL Wojcik, A. and Kubajka, J. 1990. [Experiment al Study of Heavy Metal Interactions in Mice]: <Original> Eksperymentalne Badania Intera kcji Metali Cie.ang.zkich U Myszy. Ann Univ Mariae Curie Sklodowska [Med]. 45: 21-6.

Stain Womble, M. D. 1986. The Clustering of Acetylcholine Receptors and Formation of Neuromuscular Junctions in Regenerating Mammalian Muscle Grafts. American Journal of Anatomy 176(2): 191-205.

Species Wong, M. H., Chan, K. M., and Liu, W. K. Tr ace Metal Concentrations in Tilapia Fed with Pig and Chicken Manure. Conserv. Recycl. (1984) 7(2-4): 351-60.

Surv Wood, P. B., Viverette, C., Goodrich, L., Pokr as, M., and Tibbott, C. 1996. Environmental Contaminant Levels in Sharp-shinned Hawks from the Eastern United States. Journal of Raptor Research. 30(3): 136-144.

### Eco-SSL for Lead March 2005 208 CP Woolley, D. E. and Woolley-efigenio, N. D. 1983. Specific Dietary Components Alter the Toxicity of Lead Exposure in the Postweaning Rat. Proc West Pharmacol Soc. 26: 179-83.

Dead Wren, C. D. 1984. Distribution of Metals in Tissues of Beaver, Raccoon and Otter from Ontario, Canada. Sci Total Environ. 34(1-2): 177-184.

Unrel Xu, Xiuju, Xiao, Menglan, Li, Feng, Wang, Xia oning, and Li, Meixian. Nutritional and Safety Evaluation of Delipidized Castor Bean Proteins. Shipin Kexue (Beijing) (1990) : 122, 8-9.

No Dose Xu, Y. Z., Ruan, D. Y., Wu, Y., Jiang, Y. B., Ch en, S. Y., Chen, J., and Shi, P. 1998. Nitric Oxide Affects Ltp in Area Ca1 and Ca3 of Hippo campus in Low-level Lead-exposed Rat. Neurotoxicol Teratol. 20(1): 69-73.

Org Met Yagminas, A. P., Little, P. B., Rousseaux, C. G., Franklin, C. A., and Villeneuve, D. C. 1992. Neuropathologic Findings in Young Male Rats in a Subchronic Oral Toxicity Study Using Triethyl Lead. Fundam Appl Toxicol. 19(3): 380-387.

Diss Yamamoto, B. K. 1981. Chronic Dietary Lead Administration During Different Developmental Stages: Activity Changes and Neurochemical Correlates

Drug Yamamoto, B. K. and Kutscher, C. L. 1981. Drug and Food-deprivation Modulation of Activity in Rats Given Chronic Dietary Lead: Signifi cance of Type of Activity Measure. Pharmacol Biochem Behav. 15(3): 505-12.

Meth Yamamoto, B. K. and Kutscher, C. L. 1980. Using Profiles of Saccharin and Water Drinking to Detect and Discriminate Actions of Drugs and Toxicants. Pharmacol Biochem Behav. 13(4): 507-12.

No Oral Yamamoto, T., Yamaguchi, M., and Suketa, Y. 1974. Calcium Accumulation in Liver and Calcium Mobilization in Bone of Lead-poisoned Rats. Toxicol. Appl. Pharmacol. 27(1): 204- 205.

Bio Acc Yang, Zhixiao, Wang, Hongcun, and Yu, Min. Manufacture and Trace Element Analysis in Trace Element-rich Nutrient Powder. Shipin Kexue (Beijing) (1991) : 137, 34-5.

FL Yata S, Hara H, Kitano H, and Arai S. 1993. A Case of Lead Poisoning in Wild Mallard. Journal of the Japan Veterinary Medical Association. 46(3): 257-260.

Acu Yoshikawa, Hiroshi. Preventive Effect of Pret reatment with Low Dose of Metals on the Acute Toxicity of Metals in Mice. Ind. Health (1970) 8(4): 184-91.

In Vit Young, R. J A, Bodt, B. A., and Heitkamp, D. H. 1995. Action of Metallic Ions on the Precocious Development by Rabbit Sperm of Motion Patterns That Are Characteristic of Hyperactivated Motility. Molecular Reproduction and Development. 41(2): 239-248.

Mix Young, R. W., Furr, A. K., Stoewsand, G. S., Bache, C. A., and Lisk, D. J. 1978. Lead and Other Elements in Tissues of Guinea Pigs Fed Cr own Vetch Grown Adjacent to a Highway. Cornell Veterinarian 68(4): 521-9.

Surv Young, R. W., Ridgely, S. L., Blue, J. T., Bache, C. A., and Lisk, D. J. 1986. Lead in Tissues of Woodchucks Fed Crown Vetch Growing Adjacent to a Highway. J. Toxicol. Environ. Health. 19(1): 91-96.

### Eco-SSL for Lead March 2005 209 Imm Youssef, S. A., El-sanousi, A. A., Afifi, N. A., and El Brawy, A. M. 1996. Effect of Subclinical Lead Toxicity on the Immune Response of Chicke ns to Newcastle Disease Virus Vaccine. Res. Vet. Sci. 60(1): 13-16.

Unrel Yu, Ping, Yan, Jinling, and Huang, Meng. Extr action of the Active Constituents of Fugus Ovary and Their Properties. Tianran Chanwu Yanjiu Yu Kaifa (1999) 11(5): 51-54.

FL Yuan, Hongbing and Zhang, Gong. Combined E ffects of Lead, Cadmium and Arsenic on Renal Trace Element Levels in Mice. Gongye Weisheng Yu Zhiyebing (1991) 17(2): 70-2 .

No Dose Yuhl, D. E., Burright, R. G., Donovick, P. J., a nd Cypess, R. H. 1985. Behavioral Effects of Early Lead Exposure and Subseque nt Toxocariasis in Mice. J Toxicol Environ Health 16(2): 315-21.

Diss Zaiser, A. E. 1997. the Effects of Prenatal and Postnatal Exposure to Inorganic Lead on Longterm Potentiation in Vivo and Spatial Learning in the Rat (Memory Recall)

No Dose Zaiser, A. E. and Miletic, V. 1997. Prenatal and Postnatal Chronic Exposure to Low Levels of Inorganic Lead Attenuates Long-term Potentiation in the Adult Rat Hippocampus in Vivo. Neurosci Lett. 239(2-3): 128-30.

No Control Zajac, C. S. and Abel, E. L. 1990. Lack of Lead Effects on Fetal Development and Offspring Learning When Combined with Alc ohol in the Long-evans Rat. Teratology. 41(1): 33-41.

Bio Acc Zakrzewska, M. 1988. Effect of Lead on Postnatal Development of the Bank Vole ( Clethrionomys glareolus ). Arch. Environ. Contam. Toxicol. 17(3): 365-371.

Unrel Zaopska-downar, B. Silver-absorptive Cells in the Liver Parenchyma I. Histological and Ultrastructural Studies. Folia Morphologica (Prague). 37 (2). 1989. 126-141.

Unrel Zapolska-downar, B. 1989. Silver-absorptive Ce lls in Liver Parenchyma. I. Histological and Ultrastructural Studies. Folia Morphologica 37(2): 136-41.

Acute Zareba, G. and Chmielnicka, J. 1992. Distur bances in heme biosynthesis in rabbits after administration per os of low doses of tin or lead. Biol Trace Elem Res 34(2): 115-22.

Drug Zargham Khan, M., Szarek, J., and Rotkiewicz, T. 1994. Monensin Toxicosis in Broiler Chicks Concurrently Fed Selenium or Lead:light and Ultrastructural Alterations. Pakistan Veterinary Journal. 14(2): 67-72. Bio Acc Zatta, P., Cervellin, D., Favarato, M., Gerotto, M., and Mattiello, G. Microelemental Concentration in the Ontogenesis of Rat Brain. Trace Elem. Electrolytes (1994) 11(3): 143- 7. In Vit Zawia, N. H., Evers, L. B., and Harry, G. J. 1994. Developmental Profiles of Ornithine Decarboxylase Activity in the Hippocampus, Neocortex and Cerebellum: Modulation Following Lead Exposure. Int J Dev Neurosci. 12(1): 25-30.

No Dose Zawia, N. H., Evers, L. B., Kodavanti, P. R., and Harry, G. J. 1994. Modulation of Developmental Cerebellar Ornithine Decarboxylase Activity by Lead-acetate. Neurotoxicology. 15(4): 903-11.

FL Zechalko, A. 1979 . Effect of Nutritional Defici encies on the Toxicity of Lead and Cadmium in Experimental Rats. Part Iii. Enzymic Studies on Blood Serum. Bromatol. Chem. Toksykol. 12(2): 161-167.

### Eco-SSL for Lead March 2005 210 Surv Zechalko, A. 1979. Effect of Nutritional Defici encies on the Toxicity of Lead and Cadmium in Experimental Rats. Part Iv. Metal Content in Animal Tissues. Bromatol. Chem. Toksykol. 12(3): 211-223.

Mix Zechalko, A. 1979. Effect of Nutritional Defi ciency on the Toxicity of Lead and Cadmium Inexperimental Rats. 1. General Studies. Bromatologia I Chemia Tokskologiczna. 12(1): 43-51.

FL Zechalko, A., Biernat, J., and Szymczak, J. 1985. Effect of Calcium Deficiency on Hematological Indices and Serum and Liver Enzymes Activities in Rats Intoxicated with Lead Cadmium Mercury and with Lead plus Cadmium plus Mercury. Bromatol Chem Toksykol: Bromatologia I Chemia Toksykologiczna. 18(3): 165-172.

Surv Zechalko, A., Biernat, J., and Szymczak, J. 1987. Effect of Calcium Deficiency on Metal Cumulation in Tissues of Rats Intoxicated with Lead, Cadmium, or Mercury or with All These Elements Concomitantly. Bromatol. Chem. Toksykol. 20(3-4): 196-202.

FL Zechalko, A. and Madej, J. A. 1979. Effect of Nutritional Deficiencies on Lead and Cadmium Toxicity in Laboratory Rats. Part Vi. Hi stopathological Study and Brain Lead Levels. Bromatol. Chem. Toksykol. 12(4): 371-6.

FL Zechalko, A., Madej, J. A., and Szymczak, J. 1983. Effect of Lead and the Kind of Fat in the Diet on Morphological Changesin the Liver and Kidneys of Rats. Bromatologia I Chemia Toksykologiczna. 16(2): 95-98.

Acu Zegarska, Z., Kilkowska, K., and Romankiewicz-wo zniczko, G. 1974. Developmental Defects in White Rats Caused by Acute Lead Poisoning. Folia Morphol (Warsz). 33(1): 23-8.

Acu Zegarska, Z. and Zegarski, W. 1968. The Behavior of Some Enzymes in the Liver in the Course of Subacute Experimental Lead Poisoning. Acta Med Pol. 9(1): 119-27.

Drug Zenick, H. and Goldsmith, M. 1981. Drug Disc rimination Learning in Lead-exposed Rats. Science. 212(4494): 569-71.

Abstract Zenick, H, Lasley, S, Greenland, R, and Michael son, Ia. 1981. Brain Levels and Attenuated Response to D-amphetamine in Lead Exposed Rats. Fedn. Proc. 40: 700.

No Dose Zenick, H, Rodriquez, W, Ward, J, and Elki ngton, B. 1979. Deficits in Fixed Interval Performance Following Prenatal and Postnatal Lead Exposure. Dv. Psychobiol. 12: 509-514.

Pb Behav Zenick, H., Ward, J., Rodriquez, W., Aragon, P., and Scrivseth, R. 1979. Offspring Open Field Performance Following Maternal Lead Exposure: a Question of Dosage and Nutritional Status. Pharmacol Biochem Behav 11 Suppl: 35-8.

FL Zhitnikov, A. I. and Mazhuga, P. M. 1986. [C hanges in the Metabolism of Chondrocytes after Chronic Intake of Phenol and Lead]: <Origi nal> Izmeneniia Metabolizma Khondrotsitov Pri Khronicheskom Postuplenii V Organizm Fenola I Svintsa. Arkh Anat Gistol Embriol. 90(1): 72- 6.

FL Zhitnikov, A. I. and Mazhuga, P. M. 1988. [Chondrocyte Metabolism in Growing and Definitive Cartilage Exposed to Lead Acetate]. Tsitol Genet. 22(2): 3-7.

HHE Zimmermann, W., Schweisfurth, C., and Gerdes- gotz, T. 1970. [Injuriousness to Health of Drinking Water Polluted with Mineral Oil Products or Lead Compounds]: <Original> Untersuchungen Zur Frage Der Gesundheitssc hadlichkeit von Trinkwasser, Das Mit

### Eco-SSL for Lead March 2005 211 Mineralolprodukten Bzw. Bleiverbindungen Verunreinigt Ist. Arch Hyg Bakteriol. 154(1): 8-13.

No Control Zmudzki, J., Bratton, G. R., Womac, C., and Rowe , L. D. 1984. The Influence of Milk Diet, Grain Diet, and Method of Dosing on L ead Toxicity in Young Calves. Toxicology and Applied.pharmacology. 76(3)

No Control Zmudzki, J., Bratton, G. R., Womac, C., and Rowe , L. D. Jr. 1985. Low Dose Lead Effects in Calves Fed a Whole Milk Diet. Bull.environ Contam Toxicol. 35(5): 612-619.

No Control Zmudzki, J., Bratton, G. R., Womac, C. W., Rowe, L. D. Jr., and Wagner, B. 1986. Lactose and Milk Replacer Influence on Lead Absorpti on and Lead Toxicity in Calves. Bull.environ Contam Toxicol. 36(3): 356-363.

FL Zmudzki, J. and Szkoda, J. Trace Elements Content of Hen Eggs in Poland. Bromatologia I Chemia Toksykologiczna; 29 (1). 1996. 55-57.

Prim Zook, B. C., London, W. T., Dimaggio, J. F., Rothblat, L. A., Sauer, R. M., and Sever, J. L. 1980. Experimental Lead Paint Poisoning in Nonhuman Primates. Ii. Clinical Pathologic Findings and Behavioral Effects. J Med Primatol. 9(5): 286-303.

Prim Zook, B. C., London, W. T., Wilpizeski, C. R., and Sever, J. L. 1980. Experimental Lead Paint Poisoning in Nonhuman Primates. Iii. Pathologic Findings. J Med Primatol. 9(6): 343-60. No Dose Zook, Bc, Carpenter, Jl, and Leeds, Eb . 1969. Lead Poisoning in Dogs. J. Amer. Vet. Med. Ass. 155: 1329-42.

Model Zuch, C. L., O'mara, D. J., and Cory-slechta, D. A. 1998 . Low-level Lead Exposure Selectively Enhances Dopamine Overflow in Nucleus Accumb ens: an in Vivo Electrochemistry Time Course Assessment. Toxicol Appl Pharmacol. 150(1): 174-85.

Unrel Zuri I and Terkel J. 1996. Locomotor Patterns, Territory, and Tunnel Utilization in the Mole-rat Spalax Ehrenbergi. Journal of Zoology. 240(1): 123-140.

Lead Shot Zwank P J, Wright V L, Shealy P M, and Newsom J D. 1985. Lead Toxicosis in Waterfowl on Two Major Wintering Areas in Louisiana. Wildlife Society Bulletin. 13(1): 17-26.Literature Rejection Categories Rejection Criteria Description Receptor
ABSTRACT (Abstract) Abstracts of journal publications or conference presentations. Wildlife Plants and Soil Invertebrates

ACUTE STUDIES (Acu) Single oral dose or exposure duration of three days or less. Wildlife

AIR POLLUTION (Air P) Studies describing the results for air pollution studies. Wildlife Plants and Soil Invertebrates

ALTERED RECEPTOR (Alt) Studies that describe the effects of the contaminant on surgically-altered or chemically-modified receptors (e.g., right nephrectomy, left renal artery ligature, hormone implant, etc.). Wildlife

AQUATIC STUDIES (Aquatic) Studies that investigate toxicity in aquatic organisms. Wildlife Plants and Soil Invertebrates

ANATOMICAL STUDIES (Anat) Studies of anatomy. Instance where the contaminant is used in physical studies (e.g., silver nitrate staining for histology). Wildlife

BACTERIA (Bact) Studies on bacteria or suscep tibility to bacterial infection. Wildlife Plants and Soil Invertebrates
BIOACCUMULATION SURVEY (Bio Acc) Studies reporting the measurem ent of the concentration of the contaminant in tissues. Wildlife Plants and Soil Invertebrates

BIOLOGICAL PRODUCT (BioP) Studies of biological toxicants, including venoms, fungal toxins, Bacillus thuringiensis , other plant, animal, or microbial extracts or toxins. Wildlife Plants and Soil Invertebrates

BIOMARKER (Biom) Studies reporting results for a biomarker having no reported association with an adverse effect and an exposure dose (or concentration). Wildlife

CARCINOGENICITY STUDIES (Carcin) Studies that report data only for carcinogenic endpoints such as tumor induction. Papers that report systemic toxicity data are retained for coding of appropriate endpoints. Wildlife Plants and Soil Invertebrates

CHEMICAL METHODS (Chem Meth) Studies reporting methods for determination of contaminants, purification of chemicals, etc. Studies describing the preparation and analysis of the contaminant in the tissues of the receptor. Wildlife Plants and Soil Invertebrates

CONFERENCE PROCEEDINGS (CP) Studies reported in conference and symposium proceedings. Wildlife Plants and Soil Invertebrates

DEAD (Dead) Studies reporting results for dead organisms. Studies reporting field mortalities with necropsy data where it is not possible to establish the dose to the organism. Wildlife Plants and Soil Invertebrates

DISSERTATIONS (Diss) Dissertations are excluded. However, dissertations are flagged for possible future use. Wildlife

DRUG (Drug) Studies reporting results for testing of drug and therapeutic effects and side-effects. Therapeutic drugs include vitamins and minerals. Studi es of some minerals may be included if there is potential for adverse effects. Wildlife Plants and Soil Invertebrates

DUPLICATE DATA (Dup) Studies reporting results that are duplicated in a separate publication. The publication w ith the earlier year is used. Wildlife Plants and Soil InvertebratesLiterature Rejection Categories Rejection Criteria Description Receptor

ECOLOGICAL INTERACTIONS (Ecol) Studies of ecological processes that do not investigate effects of contaminant exposur e (e.g., studies of “silver” fox natural history; studies on ferrets identified in iron search). Wildlife Plants and Soil Invertebrates

EFFLUENT (Effl) Studies reporting effects of e ffluent, sewage, or polluted runoff. Wildlife Plants and Soil Invertebrates

ECOLOGICALLY RELEVANT ENDPOINT (ERE) Studies reporting a result for endpoints considered as ecologically relevant but is not used for deriving Eco-SSLs (e.g., behavior, mortality). Plants and Soil Invertebrates

CONTAMINANT FATE/METABOLISM (Fate) Studies reporting what happens to the contaminant, rather than what happens to the organism. Studies describing the intermediary metabolism of the contaminant (e.g., radioactive tracer studies) without description of adverse effects. Wildlife Plants and Soil Invertebrates

FOREIGN LANGUAGE (FL) Studies in languages other than English. Wildlife Plants and Soil Invertebrates
FOOD STUDIES (Food) Food science studies conducted to improve production of food for human consumption. Wildlife

FUNGUS (Fungus) Studies on fungus. Wildlife Plants and Soil Invertebrates
GENE (Gene) Studies of genotoxicity (c hromosomal aberrations and mutagenicity). Wildlife Plants and Soil Invertebrates
HUMAN HEALTH (HHE) Studies with human subjects. Wildlife Plants and Soil Invertebrates
IMMUNOLOGY (IMM) Studies on the effects of contaminants on immunological endpoints. Wildlife Plants and Soil Invertebrates
INVERTEBRATE (Invert) Studies that investigate the effects of contaminants on terrestrial invertebrates are excluded. Wildlife

IN VITRO (In Vit) In vitro studies, including exposure of cell cultures, excised tissues and/or excised organs. Wildlife Plants and Soil Invertebrates

LEAD SHOT (Lead shot) Studies administering lead shot as the exposure form. These studies are labeled separately for possible later retrieval and review. Wildlife

MEDIA (Media) Authors must report that the study was conducted using natural or artificial soil. Studies conducted in pore water or any other aqueous phase (e.g., hydroponic solution), filter paper, petri dishes, manure, or ganic or histosoils (e.g., peat muck, humus), are not cons idered suitable for use in defining soil screening levels. Plants and Soil Invertebrates

METHODS (Meth) Studies reporting methods or methods development without usable toxicity test results for specific endpoints. Wildlife Plants and Soil Invertebrates

MINERAL REQUIREMENTS (Mineral) Studies examining the minerals required for better production of animals for hum an consumption, unless there is potential for adverse effects. Wildlife

MIXTURE (Mix) Studies that report data for combinations of single toxicants (e.g. cadmium and copper) are excluded. Exposure in a field setting from contaminated natural soils or waste application to soil may be coded as Field Survey. Wildlife Plants and Soil InvertebratesLiterature Rejection Categories Rejection Criteria Description Receptor

MODELING (Model) Studies reporting the use of existing data for modeling, i.e., no new organism toxicity data are reported. Studies which extrapolate effects based on known relationships between parameters and adverse effects. Wildlife Plants and Soil Invertebrates

NO CONTAMINANT OF CONCERN (No COC) Studies that do not examine the toxicity of Eco-SSL contaminants of concern. Wildlife Plants and Soil Invertebrates

NO CONTROL (No Control) Studies which lack a control or which have a control that is classified as invalid for derivation of TRVs. Wildlife Plants and Soil Invertebrates

NO DATA (No Data) Studies for which results are stated in text but no data is provided. Also refers to studies with insufficient data where results are reported for only one organism per exposure concentration or dose (wildlife). Wildlife Plants and Soil Invertebrates

NO DOSE or CONC (No Dose) Studies with no usable dose or concentration reported, or an insufficient number of doses/concentrations are used based on Eco-SSL SOPs. These are usually identified after examination of full paper. This includes studies which examine effects afte r exposure to contaminant ceases. This also includes studies where offspring are exposed in utero and/or lactation by doses to parents and then after weaning to simila r concentrations as their parents. Dose cannot be determined. Wildlife Plants and Soil Invertebrates

NO DURATION (No Dur) Studies with no exposure dur ation. These are usually identified after examination of full paper. Wildlife Plants and Soil Invertebrates
NO EFFECT (No Efct) Studies with no relevant effect evaluated in a biological test species or data not reported for effect discussed. Wildlife Plants and Soil Invertebrates

NO ORAL (No Oral) Studies using non-oral routes of contaminant administration including intraperitoneal injection, other injection, inhalation, and dermal exposures. Wildlife

NO ORGANISM (No Org) or NO SPECIES Studies that do not examine or test a viable organism (also see in vitro rejection category). Wildlife Plants and Soil Invertebrates

NOT AVAILABLE (Not Avail) Papers that could not be located. Citation from electronic searches may be incorrect or the source is not readily available. Wildlife Plants and Soil Invertebrates

NOT PRIMARY (Not Prim) Papers that are not the original compilation and/or publication of the experimental data. Wildlife Plants and Soil Invertebrates

NO TOXICANT (No Tox) No toxicant used. Publicati ons often report responses to changes in water or soil chemistry variables, e.g., pH or temperature. Such publications are not included. Wildlife Plants and Soil Invertebrates

NO TOX DATA (No Tox Data) Studies where toxicant used but no results reported that had a negative impact (plants and soil invertebrates). Plants and Soil Invertebrates

NUTRIENT (Nutrient) Nutrition studies reporting no concentration related negative impact. Plants and Soil Invertebrates

NUTRIENT DEFICIENCY (Nut def) Studies of the effects of nutrient deficiencies. Nutritional deficient diet is identified by the author. If reviewer is uncertain then the administrator should be consulted. Effects associated with added nutrients are coded. Wildlife

NUTRITION (Nut) Studies examining the best or minimum level of a chemical in the diet for improvement of health or maintenance of animals in captivity. Wildlife

OTHER AMBIENT CONDITIONS (OAC) Studies which examine othe r ambient conditions: pH, salinity, DO, UV, radiation, etc. Wildlife Plants and Soil InvertebratesLiterature Rejection Categories Rejection Criteria Description Receptor

OIL (Oil) Studies which examine the effects of oil and petroleum products. Wildlife Plants and Soil Invertebrates

OM, pH (OM, pH) Organic matter content of the test soil must be reported by the authors, but may be presented in one of the following ways; total organic carbon (TOC), particulate organic carbon (POC), organic carbon (OC), coarse particulate organic matter (CPOM), partic ulate organic matter (POM), ash free dry weight of soil, ash free dry mass of soil, percent organic matter, percent peat, loss on ignition (LOI), organic matter content (OMC).

With the exception of studies on non-ionizing substances, the study must report the pH of the soil, and the soil pH should be within the range of  4 and

 8.5. Studies that do not report pH or report pH outside this range are rejected. Plants and Soil Invertebrates

ORGANIC METAL (Org Met) Studies which examine the effects of organic metals. This includes tetraethyl lead, triethyl lead, chromium picolinate, phenylarsonic acid, roxarsone, 3-nitro-4- phenylarsonic acid,, zinc phosphide, monomethylarsonic acid (MMA), dimethylarsinic acid (DMA), trimethylarsine oxide (TMAO), or arsenobetaine (AsBe) and other organo metallic fungicides. Metal acetates and methionines are not rejected and are evaluated. Wildlife

LEAD BEHAVIOR OR HIGH DOSE MODELS (Pb Behav) There are a high number of studies in the literature that expose rats or mice to high concentrations of lead in drinking water (0.1, 1 to 2% solutions) and then observe behavior in offspring, and/or pathology changes in the brain of the exposed dam and/or the progeny. Only a representative subset of th ese studies were coded. Behavior studies examining complex behavior (learned tasks) were also not coded. Wildlife

PHYSIOLOGY STUDIES (Phys) Physiology studies where adverse effects are not associated with exposure to contaminants of concern. Wildlife

PLANT (Plant) Studies of terrestrial plants are excluded. Wildlife

PRIMATE (Prim) Primate studies are excluded. Wildlife

PUBL AS (Publ as) The author states that the information in this report has been published in another sour ce. Data are recorded from only one source. The secondary citation is noted as Publ As. Wildlife Plants and Soil Invertebrates

QSAR (QSAR) Derivation of Quantitative Structure-Activity Relationships (QSAR) is a form of modeling. QSAR publications are rejected if raw toxicity data are not reported or if the toxicity data are published elsewhere as original data. Wildlife Plants and Soil Invertebrates

REGULATIONS (Reg) Regulations and related publications that are not a primary source of data. Wildlife Plants and Soil Invertebrates

REVIEW (Rev) Studies in which the data reported in the article are not primary data from research conducted by the author. The publication is a compilation of data published elsewhere. These publications are reviewed manually to identify other relevant literature. Wildlife Plants and Soil InvertebratesLiterature Rejection Categories Rejection Criteria Description Receptor

SEDIMENT CONC (Sed) Studies in which the only exposure concentration/dose reported is for the level of a toxicant in sediment. Wildlife Plants and Soil Invertebrates

SCORE (Score) Papers in which all studies ha d data evaluation scores at or lower then the acceptable cut-off (

 10 of 18) for plants and soil invertebrates). Plants and Soil Invertebrates

SEDIMENT CONC (Sed) Studies in which the only exposure concentration/dose reported is for the level of a toxicant in sediment. Wildlife Plants and Soil Invertebrates

SLUDGE Studies on the effects of inge stion of soils amended with sewage sludge. Wildlife Plants and Soil Invertebrates
SOIL CONC (Soil) Studies in which the only exposure concentration/dose reported is for the level of a toxicant in soil. Wildlife

SPECIES Studies in which the species of concern was not a terrestrial invertebrate or plant or mammal or bird. Plants and Soil Invertebrates Wildlife

STRESSOR (QAC) Studies examining the interaction of a stressor (e.g., radiation, heat, etc.) and the contaminant, where the effect of the contaminant alone cannot be isolated. Wildlife Plants and Soil Invertebrates

SURVEY (Surv) Studies reporting the toxicity of a contaminant in the field over a period of time. Often neither a duration nor an exposure concentration is reported. Wildlife Plants and Soil Invertebrates

REPTILE OR AMPHIBIAN (Herp) Studies on reptiles and amphibian s. These papers flagged for possible later review. Wildlife Plants and Soil Invertebrates
UNRELATED (Unrel) Studies that are unrelated to contaminant exposure and response and/or the receptor groups of interest. Wildlife

WATER QUALITY STUDY (Wqual) Studies of water quality. Wildlife Plants and Soil Invertebrates
YEAST (Yeast) Studies of yeast. Wildlife Plants and Soil Invertebrates

### This Page Intentionally Left Blank

# Appendix 5-1

Avian Toxicity Data Extracted and Reviewed for Wildlife Toxicity Reference Value (TRV) - Lead

March 2005

### This page intentionally left blankAppendix 5.1 Avian Toxicity Data Extracted for Wildlife Toxicity Reference Value (TRV)LeadPage 1 of 3

Result # Ref N. Chemical Form MW% Test Species # of Conc/ Doses Conc/ Doses Conc/Dose Units Wet Weight Reported? Percent Moisture Application Frequency Method of Analyses Route of Exposure Exposure Duration Duration Units Age Age Units Lifestage Sex Control Type Test Location Effect Type Effect Measure Response Site Study NOAEL Study LOAEL Body Weight Reported? Body Weight in kg Ingestion Rate Reported? Ingestion Rate in kg/day or L/day NOAEL Dose (mg/kg/day) LOAEL Dose (mg/kg/day) Data Source Dose Route Test Concentrations Chemical form Dose Quantification Endpoint Dose Range Statistical Power Exposure Duration Test Conditions TotalBiochemical1 2860 Scheuhammer, 1987 Lead nitrate 100Zebra finch (Poephila guttata)7 0/1/5/10/30/50/100 ug/g diet N ADL U FD 35 d NR NR AD M C Lab ENZ ALAD BL 1.0 5.0 N 0.99 N 0.0578 0.0584 0.292 10 10 5 10 5 1 8 10 6 4 692 2608 Edens and Garlich, 1983 Lead acetate 100Japanese quail (Coturnix japonica)4 0/1/10/100 mg/kg diet N ADL U FD 5 w 6 w JV F C Lab CHM CALC BL 1.0 10.0 N 0.155 Y 0.030 0.194 1.94 10 10 5 5 5 1 8 10 10 4 683 2608 Edens and Garlich, 1983 Lead acetate 100Japanese quail (Coturnix japonica)4 0/1/10/100 mg/kg diet N ADL U FD 5 w 6 d JV F C Lab CHM CALC BL 1.0 10.0 Y 0.155 Y 0.030 0.194 1.94 10 10 5 5 7 1 8 10 10 4 704 2624 Finley et al., 1976 Lead nitrate 100Mallard (Anas platyrhynchos)4 0/1.76/5.13/21.63 mg/kg diet Y 10.4 ADL M FD 12 w 1 yr AD M C Lab ENZ ALAD BL 1.76 5.13 Y 1.162 Y 0.119 0.201 0.586 10 10 10 10 7 1 10 10 6 4 785 2608 Edens and Garlich, 1983 Lead acetate 100Chicken (Gallus domesticus)5 0/50/100/200/400 mg/kg diet N ADL U FD 2 w NR NR AD F C Lab CHM CALC BL 100 200 Y 1.78 Y 0.111 6.24 12.5 10 10 5 5 7 1 10 10 10 4 726 2779 Morgan et al., 1975 Lead acetate 100Japanese quail (Coturnix japonica)5 0/1/10/100/1000 mg/kg diet N ADL U FD 5 w 6 d JV NR C Lab CHM HMGL BL 100 1000 Y 0.11 N 0.0138 12.6 126 10 10 5 5 6 1 8 10 10 4 697 2779 Morgan et al., 1975 Lead acetate 100Japanese quail (Coturnix japonica)5 0/10/100/500/1000 mg/kg diet N ADL U FD 5 w 1 d JV NR C Lab CHM HMGL BL 100 500 Y 0.09 N 0.0121 13.5 67.4 10 10 5 5 6 1 8 10 10 4 698 6463 Stone et al., 1981 Lead acetate 100Japanese quail (Coturnix japonica)5 0/25/50/100/200 mg/kg diet N NR U FD 14 d 1 d JV B C Lab CHM HMGL BL 200 N 0.0444 N 0.0077 34.5 10 10 5 10 5 1 4 10 10 4 699 2606 Edens et al., 1976 Lead acetate 100Japanese quail (Coturnix japonica)5 0/1/10/100/1000 ug/g diet N ADL U FD 12 w 0 d JV F C Lab CHM CALC BL 1.0 N 0.159 N 0.0152 0.111 10 10 5 5 5 1 4 10 10 7 6710 2636 Franson et al., 1983 Lead metallic 100American kestrel (Falco sparverius)3 0/9.67/54.0 mg/kg diet Y 56.7 DLY M FD 6 mo 1-6 yr AD B C FieldA ENZ ALAD BL 9.67 Y 0.1505 N 0.0170 2.52 10 10 10 10 6 1 4 10 6 4 7111 14770 Kendall and Scanlon, 1982 Lead acetate 100Ringed Turtle Dove (Streptopelia risoria)4 0.0/25.0/50.0/75.0 mg/kg bw/d N 1 per d U GV 7 d NR NR AD M V Lab ENZ ALAD BL 25.0 Y 0.1392 N 0.0161 25.0 10 8 10 5 10 1 4 10 6 4 6812 11651 Hoffman et al, 1985 Metallic lead powder 100American kestrel (Falco sparverius)4 0/25/125/625 mg/kg bw/d Y DLY U GV 10 d 1 d JV NR V Lab CHM HMGL BL 25.0 N 0.0753 N 0.0108 26.3 10 8 10 10 10 1 4 10 10 4 7713 2609 Edens and Melvin, 1989 Lead acetate 100Japanese quail (Coturnix japonica)2 0/500 mg/kg diet N ADL U FD 7 w 14 w JV F C Lab CHM CALC PL 500 Y 0.145 Y 0.027 93.1 10 10 5 5 7 1 4 10 10 4 66Behavior14 2624 Finley et al., 1976 Lead nitrate 100Mallard (Anas platyrhynchos)4 0/1.76/5.13/21.63 mg/kg diet Y 10.4 ADL M FD 12 w 1 yr AD M C Lab FDB FCNS WO 21.6 Y 1.162 Y 0.119 2.47 10 10 10 10 7 4 4 1 6 4 6615 2608 Edens and Garlich, 1983 Lead acetate 100Chicken (Gallus domesticus)5 0/50/100/200/400 mg/kg diet N ADL U FD 10 w NR NR AD F C Lab FDB FCNS WO 50.0 100 Y 1.81 Y 0.118 3.26 6.52 10 10 5 5 7 4 10 10 10 4 7516 14768 Damron et al, 1969 Lead acetate 100Chicken (Gallus domesticus)4 0/10/100/1000 mg/kg diet N DLY U FD 4 w 4 w JV NR C Lab FDB FEFF WO 100 1000 N 1.042 Y 0.0740 7.10 71.0 10 10 5 5 6 4 8 10 10 4 7217 2809 Pattec 1984 Metallic lead 100American kestrel (Falco sparverius)3 0/19.80/104.40 mg/kg diet N DLY M FD 6 mo 1-6 yr AD B C FieldA FDB FCNS WO 104 Y 0.1439 N 0.0165 12.0 10 10 10 10 6 4 4 1 10 10 7518 14768 Damron et al, 1969 Lead acetate 100Chicken (Gallus domesticus)4 0/100/1000/2000 mg/kg diet N DLY U FD 4 w 4 w JV NR C Lab FDB FEFF WO 1000 2000 N 1.042 Y 0.0640 61.4 123 10 10 5 5 6 4 10 10 10 4 7419 1285 Donaldson and McGowan, 1989 Lead acetate 100Chicken (Gallus domesticus)5 0/500/1000/1500/2000 mg/kg diet N NR U FD 20 d 1 d JV M C Lab FDB FEFF WO 2000 Y 0.378 N 0.0309 163 10 10 5 5 6 4 4 10 10 4 6820 2517 Bafundo et al. Lead acetate trihydrate 100Chicken (Gallus domesticus)4 0/1100/2200/3300 mg/kg diet N ADL U FD 14 d 8 d JV M C Lab BEH FEFF WO 2200 3300 N 0.084 N 0.0116 304 456 10 10 5 5 5 4 10 10 10 4 7321 2608 Edens and Garlich, 1983 Lead acetate 100Japanese quail (Coturnix japonica)4 0/1/10/100 mg/kg diet N ADL U FD 5 w 1 d JV F C Lab FDB FCNS WO 10.0 100 Y 0.155 Y 0.0300 1.94 19.4 10 10 5 5 7 4 8 10 10 4 7122 2526 Barthalmus et al., 1977 Lead acetate 100Pigeon (Columba livia)4 0/6.25/12.5/25.0 mg/kg bw/d N DLY U GV 17 d NR NR AD M C Lab BEH NMVM WO 6.25 Y 0.48 N 0.0361 6.25 10 8 10 5 10 4 4 10 6 4 7123 2898 Stone and Soares, 1976 Lead acetate 100Japanese quail (Coturnix japonica)3 0/500/1000 mg/kg diet N ADL U FD 32 d NR NR AD F C Lab FDB FCNS WO 500 Y 0.103 N 0.0133 64.3 10 10 5 5 6 4 4 10 10 4 6824 2609 Edens and Melvin, 1989 Lead acetate 100Japanese quail (Coturnix japonica)2 0/500 mg/kg diet N ADL U FD 7 w 14 w JV F C Lab FDB FCNS WO 500 Y 0.145 Y 0.027 93.1 10 10 5 5 7 4 4 10 10 4 6925 2517 Bafundo et al. Lead acetate trihydrate 100Chicken (Gallus domesticus)2 0/3300 mg/kg diet N ADL U FD 14 d 8 d JV M C Lab BEH FEFF WO 3300 N 0.084 N 0.0116 456 10 10 5 5 5 4 4 10 10 4 67Physiology26 2608 Edens and Garlich, 1983 Lead acetate 100Chicken (Gallus domesticus)5 0/50/100/200/400 mg/kg diet N ADL U FD 10 w NR NR AD F C Lab PHY SKIR FE 100 200 Y 1.78 Y 0.111 6.24 12.5 10 10 5 5 7 4 10 10 10 4 75Pathology27 2624 Finley et al., 1976 Lead nitrate 100Mallard (Anas platyrhynchos)4 0/1.76/5.13/21.63 mg/kg diet Y 10.4 ADL M FD 12 w 1 yr AD M C Lab GRS BDWT WO 21.6 Y 1.162 Y 0.119 2.33 10 10 10 10 7 4 4 1 6 4 6628 6291 Stone and Fox, 1984 Lead acetate 100Japanese quail (Coturnix japonica)3 0/5.4/16.2 mg/kg diet N ADL U FD 14 d 1 d JV B C Lab ORW ORWT LI 16.2 Y 0.0455 N 0.007786 2.77 10 10 5 5 6 4 4 10 10 4 6829 2897 Stone et al., 1977 Lead acetate 100Japanese quail (Coturnix japonica)2 0/25 mg/kg diet N ADL U FD 2 w 1 d JV NR C Lab ORW SMIX KI 25.0 Y 0.036 N 0.006685 4.64 10 10 5 5 6 4 4 8 10 4 6630 2608 Edens and Garlich, 1983 Lead acetate 100Chicken (Gallus domesticus)5 0/50/100/200/400 mg/kg diet N ADL U FD 10 w NR NR AD F C Lab GRS BDWT WO 100 200 Y 1.78 Y 0.111 6.24 12.5 10 10 5 5 7 4 10 10 10 4 7531 2606 Edens et al., 1976 Lead acetate 100Japanese quail (Coturnix japonica)5 0/1/10/100/1000 ug/g diet N ADL U FD 12 w 0 d JV M C Lab ORW ORWT LI 100 1000 Y 0.127 N 0.0153 11.9 119 10 10 5 5 6 4 8 10 10 7 7532 2809 Pattec 1984 Metallic lead 100American kestrel (Falco sparverius)3 0/19.80/104.40 mg/kg diet N DLY M FD 6 mo 1-6 yr AD B C FieldA GRS BDWT WO 104 Y 0.1439 N 0.0165 12.0 10 10 10 10 6 4 4 10 10 10 8433 2526 Barthalmus et al., 1977 Lead acetate 100Pigeon (Columba livia)4 0/6.25/12.5/25.0 mg/kg bw/d N DLY U GV 55 d NR NR AD M C Lab GRS BDWT WO 12.5 25.0 N 0.48 N 0.0361 12.5 25.0 10 8 10 5 10 4 10 10 6 4 7734 2636 Franson et al., 1983 Lead metallic 100American kestrel (Falco sparverius)3 0/9.67/54.0 mg/kg diet Y 56.7 DLY M FD 6 mo 1-6 yr AD B C FieldA ORW SMIX MT 54.0 Y 0.1505 N 0.0170 14.1 10 10 10 10 6 4 4 6 6 4 7035 2576 Cory-Slechta et al., 1980 Lead acetate 100Pigeon (Columba livia)4 0/18/53/107 mg/kg bw/d N 1 per d U GV 35 d NR NR NR M C Lab ITX GITX WO 18.0 53.0 Y 0.676 N 0.045104 18.0 53.0 10 8 10 5 10 4 10 10 6 4 7736 2696 Hoffman et al., 1985 Lead powder 100 American kestrel (Falco sparverius) 4 0/25/125/625 mg/kg bw N DLY U GV 10 d 1 d JV NR V FieldA ORW ORWT BR 25.0 125 Y 0.0753 N 0.0108 25.0 125 10 8 10 10 10 4 8 10 10 4 8437 2779 Morgan et al., 1975 Lead acetate 100Japanese quail (Coturnix japonica)5 0/10/100/500/1000 mg/kg diet N ADL U FD 5 w 1 d JV M C Lab ORW SMIX AR 500 1000 Y 0.09 N 0.0121 67.4 135 10 10 5 5 6 4 10 10 10 4 7438 14770 Kendall and Scanlon, 1982 Lead acetate 100Ringed Turtle Dove (Streptopelia risoria)4 0.0/25.0/50.0/75.0 mg/kg bw/d N 1 per d U GV 7 d NR NR AD M V Lab GRS BDWT WO 75.0 Y 0.1253 N 0.0151 75.0 10 8 10 5 10 4 4 8 6 4 6939 2609 Edens and Melvin, 1989 Lead acetate 100Japanese quail (Coturnix japonica)2 0/500 mg/kg diet N ADL U FD 7 w 14 w JV F C Lab ORW SMIX FM 500 Y 0.145 Y 0.027 93.1 10 10 5 5 7 4 4 8 10 4 6740 2605 Edens, 1985 Lead acetate 100Japanese quail (Coturnix japonica)5 0/1/10/100/1000 mg/kg diet N NR U FD 12 w 1 w JV F C NR ORW SMIX BR 1000 Y 0.131 N 0.015498 118 10 10 5 5 6 4 4 10 10 4 6841 14384 Vengris and Mare, 1974 Lead acetate 100Chicken (Gallus domesticus)7 0/20/40/80/160/320/640 mg/kg bw N DLY U GV 35 d 6 w JV B C Lab ITX ANR WO 160 320 N 0.0016 N 0.00088 160 320 10 8 10 5 10 4 10 10 10 4 8142 818 Rao et al., 1989 Lead acetate 54.61Duck(Anas platyrhynchos)2 0/80 mg/kg diet N ADL U FD 12 w 7 mo JV F C Lab HIS GLBM KI 80.0 N 3.12 N 0.122 1.71 10 10 5 5 5 4 4 10 10 4 6743 817 Rao et al. 1989 Lead acetate 54.61Duck(Anas platyrhynchos)2 0/80 mg/kg diet N NR U FD 13 w 7 mo JV F C NR HIS GHIS KI 80.0 N 1.1 N 0.0619 2.46 10 10 5 5 5 4 4 10 10 4 6744 2513 Anders et al., 1982 Lead acetate 100Pigeon (Columba livia)2 0/6.25 mg/kg bw/d N DLY U GV 5 w NR NR AD M C Lab HIS GHIS KI 6.25 Y 0.605 N 0.0420 6.25 10 8 10 5 10 4 4 10 3 4 6845 1285 Donaldson and McGowan, 1989 Lead acetate 100Chicken (Gallus domesticus)5 0/500/1000/1500/2000 mg/kg diet N NR U FD 20 d 1 d JV M C Lab ORW ORWT LI 500 N 0.46 N 0.0351 38.2 10 10 5 5 5 4 4 10 10 4 6746 2898 Stone and Soares, 1976 Lead acetate 100Japanese quail (Coturnix japonica)3 0/500/1000 mg/kg diet N ADL U FD 32 d NR NR AD F C Lab ORW SMIX LI 500 Y 0.103 N 0.0133 64.3 10 10 5 5 6 4 4 10 10 4 6847 2579 Cupo and Donaldson, 1987 Lead acetate 100Chicken (Gallus domesticus)2 0/2000 mg/kg diet N ADL U FD 21 d 1 d JV M C Lab ORW ORWT AR 2000 Y 0.233 N 0.0225 194 10 10 5 5 6 4 4 10 10 4 6848 2724 Johnsen and Damron 1982 Lead acetate 100Goose (Anser cygnides)5 0/500/1000/1500/2000 mg/kg diet N ADL U FD 12 w 26 w JV NR C FieldA HIS GHIS LI 2000 N 2.27 Y 0.222 196 10 10 5 5 6 4 4 10 10 4 6849 2898 Stone and Soares, 1976 Lead acetate 100Japanese quail (Coturnix japonica)2 0/3000 mg/kg diet N ADL U FD 27 d NR NR AD F C Lab ORW SMIX TB 3000 Y 0.11 N 0.0138 377 10 10 5 5 6 4 4 10 10 4 68Reproduction50 2608 Edens and Garlich, 1983 Lead acetate 100Japanese quail (Coturnix japonica)4 0/1/10/100 mg/kg diet N ADL U FD 5 w 6 w LB F C Lab REP PROG WO 1.0 10.0 N 0.155 Y 0.030 0.194 1.94 10 10 5 5 5 10 8 10 10 4 77Result Data Evaluation ScoreRefExposureEffects Conversion to mg/kg bw/dayEco-SSL for LeadMarch 2005Appendix 5.1 Avian Toxicity Data Extracted for Wildlife Toxicity Reference Value (TRV)LeadPage 2 of 3

Result # Ref N. Chemical Form MW% Test Species # of Conc/ Doses Conc/ Doses Conc/Dose Units Wet Weight Reported? Percent Moisture Application Frequency Method of Analyses Route of Exposure Exposure Duration Duration Units Age Age Units Lifestage Sex Control Type Test Location Effect Type Effect Measure Response Site Study NOAEL Study LOAEL Body Weight Reported? Body Weight in kg Ingestion Rate Reported? Ingestion Rate in kg/day or L/day NOAEL Dose (mg/kg/day) LOAEL Dose (mg/kg/day) Data Source Dose Route Test Concentrations Chemical form Dose Quantification Endpoint Dose Range Statistical Power Exposure Duration Test Conditions TotalResult Data Evaluation ScoreRefExposureEffects Conversion to mg/kg bw/day51 2608 Edens and Garlich, 1983 Lead acetate 100Chicken (Gallus domesticus)3 0/25/50 mg/kg diet N ADL U FD 4 w NR NR LB F C Lab REP PROG WO 25.0 50.0 N 1.81 Y 0.118 1.63 3.26 10 10 5 5 5 10 10 10 10 4 7952 2771 Meluzzi et al., 1996 Lead oxide 100Chicken (Gallus domesticus)4 0/20/30/100 mg/kg diet N NR U FD 30 d 22 w LB F C Lab EGG ALWT EG 20.0 30.0 N 1.042 Y 0.1403 2.69 4.04 10 10 5 10 6 10 10 10 6 4 8153 2668 Haegele et al. 1974 Lead mixture 100Mallard (Anas platyrhynchos)2 0/100 mg/kg diet N ADL U FD 76 d NR NR AD F C FieldA EGG ESTH EG 100 N 1.1 N 0.0619 5.63 10 10 5 10 5 10 4 10 3 4 7154 2809 Pattec 1984 Metallic lead 100American kestrel (Falco sparverius)3 0/19.80/104.40 mg/kg diet N DLY M FD 6 mo 1-6 yr AD F C FieldA REP RSUC WO 104 Y 0.1439 N 0.0165 12.0 10 10 10 10 6 10 4 10 10 10 9055 2779 Morgan et al., 1975 Lead acetate 100Japanese quail (Coturnix japonica)5 0/1/10/100/1000 mg/kg diet N ADL U FD 5 w 6 d JV M C Lab REP TEWT TE 100 1000 Y 0.11 N 0.0138 12.6 126 10 10 5 5 6 10 8 10 10 4 7856 2779 Morgan et al., 1975 Lead acetate 100Japanese quail (Coturnix japonica)5 0/10/100/500/1000 mg/kg diet N ADL U FD 5 w 1 d JV M C Lab REP TEWT TE 500 1000 Y 0.09 N 0.0121 67.4 135 10 10 5 5 6 10 10 10 10 4 8057 2898 Stone and Soares, 1976 Lead acetate 100Japanese quail (Coturnix japonica)3 0/500/1000 mg/kg diet N ADL U FD 32 d NR NR AD F C Lab REP PROG WO 1000 Y 0.113 N 0.0141 125 10 10 5 5 6 10 4 3 10 4 6758 2606 Edens et al., 1976 Lead acetate 100Japanese quail (Coturnix japonica)5 0/1/10/100/1000 ug/g diet N ADL U FD 12 w 0 d LB B C Lab REP EGPN EG 1.0 Y 0.159 N 0.0175 0.111 10 10 5 5 6 10 4 10 10 7 7759 2608 Edens and Garlich, 1983 Lead acetate 100Japanese quail (Coturnix japonica)4 0/1/10/100 mg/kg diet N ADL U FD 12 w NR NR LB F C Lab REP PROG WO 1.0 Y 0.155 Y 0.030 0.194 10 10 5 5 7 10 4 10 10 4 7560 2608 Edens and Garlich, 1983 Lead acetate 100Chicken (Gallus domesticus)5 0/50/100/200/400 mg/kg diet N ADL U FD 10 w NR NR LB F C Lab REP PROG WO 50.0 Y 1.81 Y 0.118 3.26 10 10 5 5 7 10 4 10 10 4 7561 2734 Kendall and Scanlon, 1981 Lead acetate 100Ringed Turtle Dove (Streptopelia risoria)2 0/100 mg/L N ADL U DR 11 w NR NR AD M C Lab REP TEWT TE 100 N 0.123 N 0.014491 11.8 10 5 5 5 5 10 4 10 10 4 6862 2609 Edens and Melvin, 1989 Lead acetate 100Japanese quail (Coturnix japonica)2 0/500 mg/kg diet N ADL U FD 1 w 14 w JV F C Lab REP TPRD WO 500 Y 0.145 Y 0.027 93.1 10 10 5 5 7 10 4 10 10 4 7563 2898 Stone and Soares, 1976 Lead acetate 100Japanese quail (Coturnix japonica)2 0/3000 mg/kg diet N ADL U FD 27 d NR NR AD F C Lab REP PROG WO 3000 Y 0.11 N 0.0138 377 10 10 5 5 6 10 4 10 10 4 74Growth64 2608 Edens and Garlich, 1983 Lead acetate 100Japanese quail (Coturnix japonica)4 0/1/10/100 mg/kg diet N ADL U FD 5 w 1 d JV F C Lab GRO BDWT WO 10.0 100 Y 0.147 Y 0.0230 1.56 15.6 10 10 5 5 7 8 8 10 10 4 7765 6291 Stone and Fox, 1984 Lead acetate 100Japanese quail (Coturnix japonica)3 0/5.4/16.2 mg/kg diet N ADL U FD 2 w 1 d JV B C Lab GRO BDWT WO 16.2 Y 0.0455 N 0.007786 2.77 10 10 5 5 6 8 4 10 10 4 7266 2897 Stone et al., 1977 Lead acetate 100Japanese quail (Coturnix japonica)2 0/25 mg/kg diet N ADL U FD 2 w 1 d JV NR C Lab GRO BDWT WO 25.0 Y 0.036 N 0.006685 4.64 10 10 5 5 6 8 4 8 10 4 7067 2609 Edens and Melvin, 1989 Lead acetate 100Japanese quail (Coturnix japonica)3 0/50/500 mg/kg diet N ADL U FD 4 w 0 d JV F C Lab GRO BDWT WO 50.0 500 Y 0.13 N 0.0154 5.93 59.3 10 10 5 5 6 8 8 10 10 4 7668 14768 Damron et al, 1969 Lead acetate 100Chicken (Gallus domesticus)4 0/100/1000/2000 mg/kg diet N DLY U FD 4 w 4 w JV NR C Lab GRO BDWT WO 100 1000 N 1.042 Y 0.0640 6.1 61.4 10 10 5 5 6 8 8 10 10 4 7669 14768 Damron et al, 1969 Lead acetate 100Chicken (Gallus domesticus)4 0/10/100/1000 mg/kg diet N DLY U FD 4 w 4 w JV NR C Lab GRO BDWT WO 100 1000 N 1.042 Y 0.0740 7.1 71.0 10 10 5 5 6 8 8 10 10 4 7670 2606 Edens et al., 1976 Lead acetate 100Japanese quail (Coturnix japonica)5 0/1/10/100/1000 ug/g diet N ADL U FD 12 w 0 d JV F C Lab GRO BDWT WO 100 1000 Y 0.157 N 0.0174 11.1 111 10 10 5 5 6 8 8 10 10 7 7971 2605 Edens, 1985 Lead acetate 100Japanese quail (Coturnix japonica)5 0/1/10/100/1000 mg/kg diet N NR U FD 12 w 1 w JV F C NR GRO BDWT WO 100 1000 Y 0.154 N 0.0172 11.2 112 10 10 5 5 6 8 8 10 10 4 7672 2779 Morgan et al., 1975 Lead acetate 100Japanese quail (Coturnix japonica)5 0/1/10/100/1000 mg/kg diet N ADL U FD 2 w 6 d JV NR C Lab GRO BDWT WO 100 1000 Y 0.11 N 0.0138 12.6 126 10 10 5 5 6 8 8 10 10 4 7673 2779 Morgan et al., 1975 Lead acetate 100Japanese quail (Coturnix japonica)5 0/10/100/500/1000 mg/kg diet N ADL U FD 1 w 1 d JV NR C Lab GRO BDWT WO 100 500 Y 0.09 N 0.0121 13.5 67.4 10 10 5 5 6 8 8 10 10 4 7674 1387 Howell and Hill, 1978 Lead dichloride 100Chicken (Gallus domesticus)2 0/200 mg/kg diet N ADL U FD 21 d 1 d JV B C Lab GRO BDWT WO 200 N 0.564 N 0.0401 14.2 10 10 5 10 5 8 4 1 10 4 6775 2718 Jeng et. al, 1979 Lead nitrate 100Duck (Anas platyrhynchos)3 0/10/20 mg/kg bw/d N DLY U GV 3 mo 24 w MA F C Lab GRO BDWT WO 20.0 Y 1.4 N 0.0725 20.0 10 8 10 10 10 8 4 10 10 7 8776 2696 Hoffman et al., 1985 Lead powder 100American kestrel (Falco sparverius)4 0/25/125/625 mg/kg bw N DLY U GV 10 d 1 d JV NR V FieldA GRO BDWT WO 25.0 125 Y 0.0753 N 0.0108 25.0 125 10 8 10 10 10 8 8 10 10 4 8877 1387 Howell and Hill, 1978 Lead dichloride 100Chicken (Gallus domesticus)2 0/400 mg/kg diet N ADL U FD 20 d 1 d JV B C Lab GRO BDWT WO 400 N 0.564 N 0.0401 28.4 10 10 5 10 5 8 4 1 10 4 6778 6463 Stone et al., 1981 Lead acetate 100Japanese quail (Coturnix japonica)5 0/25/50/100/200 mg/kg diet N NR U FD 14 d 1 d JV B C Lab GRO BDWT WO 200 Y 0.0444 N 0.007662 34.5 10 10 5 10 6 8 4 10 10 4 7779 2581 Custer et al., 1984 Lead acetate 100American kestrel (Falco sparverius)4 0/119.7/212.05/448.3 mg/kg diet N 68.2 7 per w M FD 60 d 1-2 yr AD B C Lab GRO BDWT WO 448 Y 0.1224 N 0.0148 54.3 10 10 10 5 6 8 4 1 10 4 68802534 Berg et al., 1980 Lead carbonate 100 Chicken (Gallus domesticus) 5 0/500/1000/1500/2000 mg/kg diet N ADL U FD 2 w 1 d JV M C Lab GRO BDWT WO 500 1000 Y 0.118 N 0.0145 61.3 123 10 10 5 10 6 8 10 10 10 4 8381 2638 Frederick, 1976 Lead nitrate 100Mallard (Anas platyrhynchos)4 0/5/50/500 mg/kg diet N ADL U FD 8 d 9 d JV NR V FieldA GRO BDWT WO 500 N 0.092 N 0.0123 66.9 10 10 5 10 5 8 4 1 10 4 6782 1285 Donaldson and McGowan, 1989 Lead acetate 100Chicken (Gallus domesticus)5 0/500/1000/1500/2000 mg/kg diet N NR U FD 20 d 1 d JV M C Lab GRO BDWT WO 500 Y 0.46 N 0.0351 38.2 10 10 5 5 6 8 4 10 10 4 7283 2744 Latta and Donaldson, 1986 Lead acetate 100Chicken (Gallus domesticus)2 0/1000 mg/kg diet N ADL U FD 3 w 1 d JV M C Lab GRO BDWT WO 1000 N 1.3 N 0.0690 53.1 10 10 5 5 5 8 4 10 10 4 7184 2898 Stone and Soares, 1976 Lead acetate 100Japanese quail (Coturnix japonica)3 0/500/1000 mg/kg diet N ADL U FD 32 d NR NR AD F C Lab GRO BDWT WO 500 Y 0.103 N 0.0133 64.3 10 10 5 5 6 8 4 10 10 4 7285 2748 Leeming and Donaldson, 1984 Lead acetate 100Chicken (Gallus domesticus)2 0/1000 mg/kg diet N ADL U FD 19 d 1 d JV M C Lab GRO BDWT WO 1000 N 0.46 N 0.0351 76.3 10 10 5 5 5 8 4 10 10 4 7186 2534 Berg et al., 1980 Lead carbonate 100Chicken (Gallus domesticus)3 0/1000/2000 mg/kg diet N ADL U FD 2 w 1 d JV M C Lab GRO BDWT WO 1000 Y 0.114 N 0.0142 124 10 10 5 10 6 8 4 10 10 4 7787 2517 Bafundo et al. Lead acetate trihydrate 100Chicken (Gallus domesticus)4 0/1100/2200/3300 mg/kg diet N ADL U FD 14 d 8 d JV M C Lab GRO BDWT WO 1100 N 0.084 N 0.0116 152 10 10 5 5 5 8 4 10 10 4 7188 2600 Donaldson, 1986 Lead acetate 100Chicken (Gallus domesticus)2 0/2000 mg/kg diet N NR U FD 20 d 1 d JV M C Lab GRO BDWT WO 2000 Y 0.384 N 0.0312 163 10 10 5 5 6 8 4 10 10 4 7289 5507 Khan, et al, 1993 Lead acetate 100Chicken (Gallus domesticus)2 0/200 mg/kg bw/d N EOD U OR 4 w NR NR JV B C Lab GRO BDWT WO 200 Y 1.865 N 0.0873 200 10 8 5 5 10 8 4 10 10 4 7490 2579 Cupo and Donaldson, 1987 Lead acetate 100Chicken (Gallus domesticus)2 0/2000 mg/kg diet N ADL U FD 7 d 1 d JV M C Lab GRO BDWT WO 2000 Y 0.098 N 0.0128 262 10 10 5 5 6 8 4 10 10 4 7291 2534 Berg et al., 1980 Lead carbonate 100Chicken (Gallus domesticus)2 0/2000 mg/kg diet N ADL U FD 2 w 1 d JV M C Lab GRO BDWT WO 2000 Y 0.09 N 0.0121 270 10 10 5 10 6 8 4 10 10 4 7792 2635 Franson and Custer, 1982 Lead acetate 100Chicken (Gallus domesticus)2 0/1850 mg/kg diet N ADL U FD 7 d 1 d IM NR C Lab GRO BDWT WO 1850 Y 0.0692 N 0.0102 273 10 10 5 5 6 8 4 10 10 4 7293 2517 Bafundo et al. Lead acetate trihydrate 100Chicken (Gallus domesticus)2 0/3300 mg/kg diet N ADL U FD 14 d 8 d JV M C Lab GRO BDWT WO 3300 N 0.084 N 0.0116 282 10 10 5 5 5 8 4 10 10 4 71Survival94 2624 Finley et al., 1976 Lead nitrate 100Mallard (Anas platyrhynchos)4 0/1.76/5.13/21.63 mg/kg diet Y 10.4 ADL M FD 12 w 1 yr AD M C Lab MOR MORT WO 21.6 Y 1.162 Y 0.119 2.47 10 10 10 10 7 9 4 10 6 4 8095 2526 Barthalmus et al., 1977 Lead acetate 100Pigeon (Columba livia)4 0/6.25/12.5/25.0 mg/kg bw/d N DLY U GV 40 d NR NR AD M C Lab MOR MORT WO 12.5 25.0 N 0.48 N 0.0361 12.5 25.0 10 8 10 5 10 9 10 10 6 4 8296 1387 Howell and Hill, 1978 Lead dichloride 100Chicken (Gallus domesticus)2 0/200 mg/kg diet N ADL U FD 21 d 1 d JV B C Lab MOR MORT WO 200 N 0.564 N 0.0401 14.2 10 10 5 10 5 9 4 10 10 4 7797 1387 Howell and Hill, 1978 Lead dichloride 100Chicken (Gallus domesticus)2 0/400 mg/kg diet N ADL U FD 20 d 1 d JV B C Lab MOR MORT WO 400 N 0.564 N 0.0401 28.4 10 10 5 10 5 9 4 10 10 4 7798 2581 Custer et al., 1984 Lead acetate 100American kestrel (Falco sparverius)4 0/119.7/212.05/448.3 mg/kg diet N 6 per w M FD 60 d 1-2 yr AD B C Lab MOR MORT WO 448 Y 0.1224 N 0.0148 54.3 10 10 10 5 6 9 4 10 10 4 7899 2638 Frederick, 1976 Lead nitrate 100Mallard (Anas platyrhynchos)4 0/5/50/500 mg/kg diet N ADL U FD 8 d 9 d JV NR V FieldA MOR MORT WO 500 N 0.092 N 0.0123 66.9 10 10 5 10 5 9 4 10 10 4 77100 2696 Hoffman et al., 1985 Lead powder 100American kestrel (Falco sparverius)4 0/25/125/625 mg/kg bw N DLY U GV 10 d 1 d JV NR V FieldA MOR SURV WO 125 625 Y 0.0668 N 0.0100 125 625 10 8 10 10 10 9 8 10 10 4 89101 14384 Vengris and Mare, 1974 lead acetate 100Chicken (Gallus domesticus)7 0/20/40/80/160/320/640 mg/kg bw N DLY U GV 35 d 6 w JV B C Lab MOR MORT WO 160 320 N 1.6 N 0.0790 160 320 10 8 10 5 10 9 10 10 10 4 86102 1285 Donaldson and McGowan, 1989 Lead acetate 100Chicken (Gallus domesticus)5 0/500/1000/1500/2000 mg/kg diet N NR U FD 20 d 1 d JV M C Lab MOR MORT WO 2000 Y 0.378 N 0.0309 163 10 10 5 5 6 9 4 3 10 4 66103 2724 Johnsen and Damron 1982 Lead acetate 100 Goose (Anser cygnides) 5 0/500/1000/1500/2000 mg/kg diet N ADL U FD 12 w 26 w JV NR C FieldA MOR MORT WO 2000 N 2.27 Y 0.222 196 10 10 5 5 6 9 4 10 10 4 73Eco-SSL for LeadMarch 2005Appendix 5.1 Avian Toxicity Data Extracted for Wildlife Toxicity Reference Value (TRV)LeadPage 3 of 3

Result # Ref N. Chemical Form MW% Test Species # of Conc/ Doses Conc/ Doses Conc/Dose Units Wet Weight Reported? Percent Moisture Application Frequency Method of Analyses Route of Exposure Exposure Duration Duration Units Age Age Units Lifestage Sex Control Type Test Location Effect Type Effect Measure Response Site Study NOAEL Study LOAEL Body Weight Reported? Body Weight in kg Ingestion Rate Reported? Ingestion Rate in kg/day or L/day NOAEL Dose (mg/kg/day) LOAEL Dose (mg/kg/day) Data Source Dose Route Test Concentrations Chemical form Dose Quantification Endpoint Dose Range Statistical Power Exposure Duration Test Conditions TotalResult Data Evaluation ScoreRefExposureEffects Conversion to mg/kg bw/day104 2513 Anders et al., 1982 Lead acetate 100Pigeon (Columba livia)2 0/6.25 mg/kg bw/d N DLY U GV 4 w NR NR AD M C Lab MOR MORT WO 6.25 Y 0.605 N 0.0420 6.3 10 8 10 5 10 9 4 10 3 4 73105 2579 Cupo and Donaldson, 1987 Lead acetate 100Chicken (Gallus domesticus)2 0/2000 mg/kg diet N ADL U FD 21 d 1 d JV M C Lab MOR MORT WO 2000 Y 0.233 N 0.0225 194 10 10 5 5 6 9 4 10 10 4 73106 1415 Khan et al, 1993 Lead acetate 100Chicken (Gallus domesticus)2 0/400 mg/kg bw N EOD U GV 7 d 43 d JV F C Lab MOR MORT WO 400 N 1.6 N 0.0790 400 10 8 10 5 10 9 4 10 10 4 80Data Not Used to Derive Wildlife Toxicity Reference Value107 14638 Redig et al., 1991 Lead acetate 100Red-tailed hawk (Buteo jamaicensis)2 0/0.82 mg/kg bw/d N DLY U GV 24 d NR NR AD B C Lab ITX INTX WO 0.820 N 1 N na 0.820 10 8 5 5 10 4 4 1 3 4 54108 3736 Jordan and Bhatnagar, 1990 Lead acetate 54.61Duck (Anas platyrhynchos)2 0/80 mg/kg diet N ADL U FD 12 w 7 mo JV F C Lab ENZ GSTR LI 80.0 N 1.1 N 0.0619 1.71 10 10 5 5 5 1 4 6 10 4 60109 2764 Mazliah et al., 1989 Lead acetate 54.61Chicken (Gallus domesticus)2 0/5 mg/kg bw/d N DLY U GV 25 w 1 d JV B V Lab CHM CALC EG 5.0 Y 2 N 0.0914 2.73 10 8 10 5 10 1 4 1 3 4 56110 2764 Mazliah et al., 1989 Lead acetate 54.61Chicken (Gallus domesticus)2 0/5 mg/kg bw/d N DLY U GV 25 w 42 w JV B V Lab GRO BDWT WO 5.0 Y 2 N 0.0914 2.73 10 8 10 5 10 8 4 1 3 4 63111 2764 Mazliah et al., 1989 Lead acetate 54.61Chicken (Gallus domesticus)2 0/5 mg/kg bw/d N DLY U GV 25 w 1 d JV F V Lab REP PROG WO 5.0 Y 2 N 0.0914 2.73 10 8 10 5 10 10 4 1 3 4 65112 6291 Stone and Fox, 1984 lead acetate 100Japanese quail (Coturnix japonica)3 0/5.4/16.2 mg/kg diet N ADL U FD 14 d NR NR AD B C Lab CHM HMGL BL 16.2 Y 0.0455 N 0.0078 2.77 10 10 5 5 6 1 4 10 10 4 65113 2608 Edens and Garlich, 1983 Lead acetate 100Chicken (Gallus domesticus)3 0/25/50 mg/kg diet N ADL U FD 4 w NR NR NR F C Lab CHM CALC BL 50.0 N 1.81 Y 0.118 3.26 10 10 5 5 5 1 4 8 10 4 62114 2521 Baksi and Kenny, 1979 Lead acetate 100Japanese quail (Coturnix japonica)5 0/0.032/0.32/3.2/16.0 mg/ml N NR U DR 15 d 1 w JV F C NR CHM VTD3 KI 0.032 0.32 Y 0.08 N 0.0109 4.34 43.4 10 5 5 5 6 1 8 10 10 4 64115 2668 Haegele et al. 1974 Lead mixture 100Mallard (Anas platyrhynchos)2 0/100 mg/kg diet N ADL U FD 85 d NR NR SM F C FieldA ITX INTX WO 100 N 1.2 N 0.0655 5.46 10 10 5 10 5 4 4 1 6 4 59116 2668 Haegele et al. 1974 Lead mixture 100Mallard (Anas platyrhynchos)2 0/100 mg/kg diet N ADL U FD 85 d NR NR SM F C FieldA MOR MORT WO 100 N 1.1 N 0.0619 5.63 10 10 5 10 5 9 4 1 3 4 61117 2771 Meluzzi et al., 1996 Lead oxide 100Chicken (Gallus domesticus)4 0/20/30/100 mg/kg diet N NR U FD 75 d 22 w JV F C Lab FDB FCNS WO 100 N 1.6 Y 0.1403 8.77 10 10 5 10 6 4 4 1 6 4 60118 2591 Dietz et al., 1979 Lead acetate 100Pigeon (Columba livia)2 0/6.25 mg/org N 7 per w U GV 6 d NR NR AD M V Lab MOR MORT WO 6.25 Y 0.48 N 0.0361 13.0 10 8 5 5 6 9 4 10 3 4 64119 25894 Dauwe, et al. 2002 Lead acetate 100Zebra finch (Poephila guttata)3 0/25/100 mg/L N ADL U DR 10 d NR NR AD M C Lab MOR MORT WO 25.0 100 N 0.001 N 0.00058 14.4 57.7 10 5 5 5 5 9 8 10 3 4 64120 2573 ConNr et al., 1994 Lead 100 Nrthern Bobwhites 2 0/360 mg/kg diet N ADL U FD 21 d 17 w JV M C Lab FDB FCNS WO 360 N 0.16 Y 0.0110 24.8 10 10 5 4 6 4 4 1 3 4 51121 2573 ConNr et al., 1994 Lead 100 Nrthern Bobwhites 2 0/360 mg/kg diet N ADL U FD 21 d 17 w JV M C Lab GRO BDWT WO 360 N 0.16 Y 0.0110 24.8 10 10 5 4 6 8 4 1 3 4 55122 2744 Latta and Donaldson, 1986 Lead acetate 100Chicken (Gallus domesticus)2 0/1000 mg/kg diet N ADL U FD 3 w 1 d JV M C Lab MOR SURV WO 1000 N 1.3 N 0.0690 53.1 10 10 5 5 5 9 4 1 10 4 63123 2638 Frederick, 1976 Lead nitrate 100Mallard (Anas platyrhynchos)4 0/5/50/500 mg/kg diet N ADL U FD 8 d 9 d JV NR V FieldA BEH NMVM WO 500 N 0.092 N 0.0123 66.9 10 10 5 10 5 4 4 1 10 4 63124 2609 Edens and Melvin, 1989 Lead acetate 100Japanese quail (Coturnix japonica)2 0/500 mg/kg diet N ADL U FD 7 w 14 w JV F C Lab GRO BDWT WO 500 Y 0.145 Y 0.027 93.1 10 10 5 5 7 8 4 1 10 4 64125 2779 Morgan et al., 1975 Lead acetate 100Japanese quail (Coturnix japonica)5 0/1/10/100/1000 mg/kg diet N ADL U FD 5 w 6 d JV M C Lab ORW SMIX AR 1000 Y 0.11 N 0.0138 126 10 10 5 5 6 4 4 3 10 4 61126 2724 Johnsen and Damron 1982 Lead acetate 100Goose (Anser cygnides)5 0/500/1000/1500/2000 mg/kg diet N ADL U FD 12 w 26 w JV NR C FieldA FDB FCNS WO 2000 N 2.27 Y 0.2220 196 10 10 5 5 6 4 4 1 10 4 59127 2724 Johnsen and Damron 1982 Lead acetate 100 Goose (Anser cygNides) 5 0/500/1000/1500/2000 mg/kg diet N ADL U FD 12 w 26 w JV NR C FieldA GRO BDWT WO 2000 N 2.27 Y 0.2220 196 10 10 5 5 6 8 4 1 10 4 63128 2635 Franson and Custer, 1982 Lead acetate 100Chicken (Gallus domesticus)2 0/1850 mg/kg diet N ADL U FD 28 d 1 d JV NR C Lab MOR MORT WO 1850 Y 0.1614 N 0.0178 203 10 10 5 5 6 9 4 1 10 4 64129 2898 Stone and Soares, 1976 Lead acetate 100Japanese quail (Coturnix japonica)2 0/3000 mg/kg diet N ADL U FD 27 d NR NR AD F C Lab GRO BDWT WO 3000 Y 0.11 N 0.0138 377 10 10 5 5 6 8 4 3 10 4 65130 14383 Simpson et al, 1970 Lead acetate 100Chicken (Gallus domesticus)3 0/5000/10000 mg/kg diet N DLY U FD 3 w 4 w JV M C Lab CHM PCLV BL 10000 N 1.042 N 0.0598 574 10 10 5 5 5 1 4 1 10 4 55131 2605 Edens, 1985 Lead acetate 100Japanese quail (Coturnix japonica)5 0/1/10/100/1000 mg/kg diet N NR U FD 12 w 1 w JV F C NR ENZ ACHE BR 1.0 Y 0.157 N 0.0174 0.111 10 10 5 5 6 1 4 10 10 4 65132 14638 Redig et al., 1991 Lead acetate 100Red-tailed hawk (Buteo jamaicensis)2 0/0.82 mg/kg bw/d N DLY U GV 24 d NR NR AD B C Lab CHM PORP BL 0.82 N 1 N na 0.820 10 8 5 5 10 1 4 10 3 4 60133 2757 Majumdar et al., 1995 Lead nitrate 62.56House sparrow (Passer domesticus)2 0/50 ug/org/d N 6 U GV 6 d 0 w SM B C Lab CHM Other IN 50.0 Y 0.025 Y na 1.25 10 8 5 10 7 1 4 10 3 4 62134 2897 Stone et al., 1977 Lead acetate 100Japanese quail (Coturnix japonica)2 0/25 mg/kg diet N ADL U FD 2 w 1 d JV NR C Lab ENZ ALAD BL 25.0 Y 0.036 N 0.00668 4.64 10 10 5 5 6 1 4 10 10 4 65135 2513 Anders et al., 1982 Lead acetate 100Pigeon (Columba livia)2 0/6.25 mg/kg bw/d N DLY U GV 2 w NR NR AD M C Lab CHM RBCE BL 6.25 Y 0.605 N 0.0420 6.25 10 8 10 5 10 1 4 10 3 4 65136 2734 Kendall and Scanlon, 1981 Lead acetate 100Ringed Turtle Dove (Streptopelia risoria)2 0/100 mg/L N ADL U DR 1 w NR NR AD F C Lab GRS BDWT WO 100 N 0.123 N 0.0145 11.8 10 5 5 5 5 4 4 10 10 4 62137 2591 Dietz et al., 1979 Lead acetate 100Pigeon (Columba livia)2 0/6.25 mg/org N 7 per w U GV 67 d NR NR AD M V Lab BEH ACTP WO 6.25 Y 0.48 N 0.0361 13.0 10 8 5 5 6 4 4 10 3 4 64138 2591 Dietz et al., 1979 Lead acetate 100Pigeon (Columba livia)2 0/6.25 mg/org N 7 per w U GV 56 d NR NR AD M V Lab HIS EDMA CR 6.25 Y 0.48 N 0.0361 13.0 10 8 5 5 6 4 4 10 3 4 64139 2744 Latta and Donaldson, 1986 Lead acetate 100Chicken (Gallus domesticus)2 0/1000 mg/kg diet N ADL U FD 3 w 1 d JV M C Lab CHM NPSH LI 1000 N 1.3 N 0.0690 53.1 10 10 5 5 5 1 4 10 10 4 64140 2576 Cory-Slechta et al., 1980 Lead acetate 100Pigeon (Columba livia)3 0/1000/3000 mg/L N DLY U DR 15 d NR NR NR M C Lab GRO BDWT WO 1000 Y 0.628 Y 0.0400 63.7 10 5 5 5 7 8 4 10 6 4 64141 2576 Cory-Slechta et al., 1980 Lead acetate 100Pigeon (Columba livia)3 0/1000/3000 mg/L N DLY U DR 61 d NR NR NR M C Lab ITX GITX WO 1000 Y 0.628 Y 0.0400 63.7 10 5 5 5 7 4 4 10 3 4 57142 2898 Stone and Soares, 1976 Lead acetate 100Japanese quail (Coturnix japonica)3 0/500/1000 mg/kg diet N ADL U FD 32 d NR NR AD F C Lab ENZ ALAD BL 500 Y 0.103 N 0.0133 64.3 10 10 5 5 6 1 4 10 10 4 65143 2748 Leeming and Donaldson, 1984 Lead acetate 100Chicken (Gallus domesticus)2 0/1000 mg/kg diet N ADL U FD 19 d 1 d JV M C Lab CHM GLTH LI 1000 N 0.46 N 0.0351 76.3 10 10 5 5 5 1 4 10 10 4 64144 429 Donaldson, 1985 Lead acetate 100Chicken (Gallus domesticus)2 0/1000 mg/kg diet N ADL U FD 3 w 22 w JV M C Lab CHM NEFA BL 1000 Y 0.458 N 0.0350 76.4 10 10 5 5 6 1 4 10 10 4 65145 2600 Donaldson, 1986 Lead acetate 100Chicken (Gallus domesticus)2 0/2000 mg/kg diet N NR U FD 20 d 1 d JV M C Lab CHM NPSH LI 2000 Y 0.384 N 0.0312 163 10 10 5 5 6 1 4 10 10 4 65146 429 Donaldson, 1985 Lead acetate 100Chicken (Gallus domesticus)2 0/2000 mg/kg diet N ADL U FD 3 w 1 d JV M C Lab CHM NEFA BL 2000 Y 0.297 N 0.0264 178 10 10 5 5 6 1 4 10 10 4 65147 2579 Cupo and Donaldson, 1987 Lead acetate 100Chicken (Gallus domesticus)2 0/2000 mg/kg diet N ADL U FD 21 d 1 d JV M C Lab CHM TRYP BL 2000 Y 0.233 N 0.0225 194 10 10 5 5 6 1 4 10 10 4 65148 2635 Franson and Custer, 1982 Lead acetate 100Chicken (Gallus domesticus)2 0/1850 mg/kg diet N ADL U FD 7 d 1 d JV NR C Lab CHM HMGL BL 1850 Y 0.0692 N 0.0102 273 10 10 5 5 6 1 4 10 10 4 65149 2898 Stone and Soares, 1976 Lead acetate 100Japanese quail (Coturnix japonica)2 0/3000 mg/kg diet N ADL U FD 27 d NR NR AD F C Lab ENZ ALAD BL 3000 Y 0.11 N 0.0138 377 10 10 5 5 6 1 4 10 10 4 65The abbreviations and definitions used in coding data are provided in Attachment 4-3 of the Eco-SSL Guidance (U.S.EPA, 2003).Eco-SSL for LeadMarch 2005

# Appendix 6-1

Mammalian Toxicity Data Extracted and Reviewed for Wildlife Toxicity Reference Value (TRV) - Lead

March 2005

### This page intentionally left blankAppendix 6.1 Mammalian Toxicity Data Extracted for Wildlife Toxicity Reference Value (TRV)LeadPage 1 of 12

Result # Ref N. Chemical Form MW% Test Species # of Conc/ Doses Conc/ Doses Conc/Dose Units Wet Weight Reported? Percent Moisture Application Frequency Method of Analyses Route of Exposure Exposure Duration Duration Units Age Age Units Lifestage Sex Control Type Effect Type Effect Measure Response Site Study NOAEL Study LOAEL Body Weight Reported? Body Weight in kg Ingestion Rate Reported? Ingestion Rate in kg or L/day NOAEL Dose (mg/kg/day) LOAEL Dose (mg/kg/day) Data Source Dose Route Test Concentrations Chemical form Dose Quantification Endpoint Dose Range Statistical Power Exposure Duration Test Conditions TotalBiochemical1 2737 Kimmel et al., 1980 Lead acetate 100Rat (Rattus norvegicus)4 0/0.92/4.7/8.9 mg/kg bw/d N ADL U DR 10 w 21 d JV F V ENZ ALAD UR 0.920 4.70 Y 0.3 N 0.0335 0.920 4.70 10 5 5 5 10 1 8 10 10 7 712 3873 Horwitt and Cowgill, 1937 Lead acetate 100Dog (Canis familiaris)3 0/27/102 mg/kg diet N DLY M FD 7 mo NR NR JV NR C CHM HMGL BL 27.0 102 Y 12.8 N 0.5586 1.18 4.45 10 10 105 6 1 8 10 10 4 743 3747 Azar et al., 1973 lead acetate 100Rat (Rattus norvegicus)5 0/18/62/141/548 mg/kg diet N NR M FD 2 yr NR NR NR B C ENZ ALAD BL 18.0 62.0 N 0.51 N 0.0395 1.39 4.80 10 10 105 5 1 8 10 10 4 734 3830 Carson et al., 1973 Lead 100Sheep (Ovis aries)3 0/2.3/4.5 mg/kg bw/d N DLY U FD 27 w NR NR GE F C CHM PCLV BL 2.30 4.5 N na Y 0.227 2.30 4.50 10 10 5 4 10 1 10 10 10 4 745 3747 Azar et al., 1973 lead acetate 100Dog (Canis familiaris)5 0/16/57/155/576 mg/kg diet N NR M FD 2 yr NR NR NR B C ENZ ALAD BL 57.0 155 N 14 N 0.60128 2.45 6.66 10 10 10 5 5 1 10 10 10 4 756 11831 Jessup and Shott, 1969 Lead acetate 100Rat (Rattus norvegicus)5 0/10/50/100/1000 mg/kg diet N ADL U FD 12 mo 70 d LC B C ENZ G6PD BL 50.0 100 Y 0.286 N 0.02455 4.29 8.58 10 105 5 6 1 10 10 10 4 717 2675 Hammond et al., 1989 Lead acetate 100Rat (Rattus norvegicus)4 0/50/250/500 mg/L N ADL U DR 23 d 22 d JV F C CHM SOMC BL 50.0 250 N 0.204 N 0.02368 5.80 29.0 105 5 5 5 1 8 10 10 7 668 2756 Mahaffey et al., 1973 Lead acetate 100Rat (Rattus norvegicus)7 0/0.19/0.70/2.8/5.9/12.9/24.3 mg/kg bw/d N NR U DR 10 w NR NR JV M C CHM HMCT BL 5.90 12.95 Y 0.337 N 0.0372 5.90 12.9 10 5 5 5 10 1 10 10 10 4 709 2666 Gupta et al., 1995 Lead acetate 54.61Mouse (Mus musculus)4 0/10/25/50 mg/kg bw N DLY U GV 52 d 2 mo GE F C ENZ ALAD KI 25.0 50.0 Y 0.025 N 0.00331 13.7 27.3 10 8 10 5 10 1 10 10 3 4 7110 3889 Logner et al., 1984 Lead sulfate 100Cattle (Bos taurus)4 0/16/43/305 mg/kg bw/d N DLY U FD 6 w 74 d JV M C CHM PCLV BL 16.0 43.0 Y 129.94 Y 3.64 16.0 43.0 10 10 5 10 10 1 10 10 10 4 8011 2524 Barratt et al., 1989 Lead acetate 54.61Rat (Rattus norvegicus)4 0/0.3/33/300 mg/kg bw N DLY U GV 9 w 10 w JV M C CHM PRTL LI 33.0 330 N 0.217 N 0.01957 18.0 180 10 8 10 5 10 1 8 10 10 4 7612 3704 Fick et al., 1976 Lead acetate 100Sheep (Ovis aries)5 0/10/100/500/1000 mg/kg diet N DLY U FD 84 d NR NR JV M C CHM HMGL BL 1000 Y 37 Y 1.21 32.7 10 105 5 7 1 4 10 10 4 6613 2507 Agodi et al., 1990 Lead acetate 100Rat (Rattus norvegicus)2 0/50 mg/kg bw N DLY U GV 28 d 2 d JV B V ENZ SCDH BR 50.0 Y 0.0531 N 0.00615 50.0 10 8 10 5 10 1 4 8 10 4 7014 2733 Kempinas et. al 1988 Lead acetate 100Rat (Rattus norvegicus)3 0/0.5/1.0 g/L N ADL U DR 90 d NR NR AD M C CHM HMCT SM 0.5001.000 Y 0.12 N 0.01469 61.2 122 105 5 5 6 1 10 10 10 4 6615 2923 Vyskocil et al., 1995 Lead acetate 100Rat (Rattus norvegicus)3 0/81.3/320 mg/kg bw/d N ADL U DR 1 mo 9-10 w SM F C CHM GBCM UR 81.3 320 Y 0.25 N 0.02843 81.3 320 10 5 5 5 10 1 8 10 10 4 6816 2815 Petrusz et al., 1979 Lead acetate 100Rat (Rattus norvegicus)4 0/25/100/200 mg/kg bw/d N DLY U GV 18 d 2 d JV F C HRM Other PI 100 200 Y 0.037 N 0.00457 100 200 10 8 10 5 10 1 10 10 10 4 7817 2680 Harry et al., 1985 Lead acetate 100Rat (Rattus norvegicus)2 0/200 mg/kg bw N DLY U GV 29 d 2 d JV B V CHM PRTL BR 200 Y 0.065 N 0.00726 200 10 8 10 5 10 1 4 10 10 4 7218 2922 Vyskocil et al., 1989 Lead acetate 54.61Rat (Rattus norvegicus)4 0/0.5/1/2 % in water N ADL U DR 1 mo 8 w JV M C CHM B2MG UR 0.500 1.00 Y 0.2 N 0.02326 320 640 105 5 5 6 1 10 10 10 4 6619 2697 Holtzman et al., 1982 Lead acetate 100Rat (Rattus norvegicus)4 0/400/800/1600 mg/kg bw/d N DLY U GV 14 d 18 d JV NR C CHM PCLV BL 400 800 N 0.267 N 0.0232 400 800 10 8 10 5 10 1 10 10 10 4 7820 2697 Holtzman et al., 1982 Lead acetate 100Rat (Rattus norvegicus)5 0/400/800/1600/2400 mg/kg bw/d N DLY U GV 14 d 14 d JV NR C CHM PCLV BL 800 1600 N 0.267 N 0.0232 800 1600 10 8 10 5 10 1 10 10 10 4 7821 2697 Holtzman et al., 1982 Lead acetate 100Rat (Rattus norvegicus)3 0/2400/3200 mg/kg bw/d N DLY U GV 14 d 20 d JV NR C CHM PCLV BL 2400 3200 N 0.267 N 0.0232 2400 3200 10 8 10 5 10 1 10 10 10 4 7822 14380 Lynch et al, 1975 Lead carbonate 77.55Cattle (Bos taurus)4 0/0.64/1.28/2.57 mg/kg bw/d N 3 per w U OR 7 w 1 w JV M C ENZ ALAD BL 0.640 Y 67 N 2.17766 0.496 10 8 10 10 10 1 4 10 10 4 7723 2877 Singh and Ashraf, 1989 Lead acetate 100Rat (Rattus norvegicus)2 0/1.0 mg/kg bw/d N 6 per w U GV 10 w 5 d JV B C HRM NORE BR 1.00 N 0.235 N 0.02089 1.00 10 8 10 5 10 1 4 10 10 4 7224 2789 Nehru and Kaushal, 1991 Lead acetate 54.61Rat (Rattus norvegicus)4 0/2.5/5/25 mg/kg bw/d N DLY U GV 15 d NR NR NR F C ENZ SCDH KI 2.50 N 0.4 N 0.03235 1.37 10 8 10 5 10 1 4 10 10 4 7225 3709 Lassen and Buck, 1979 Lead acetate 100Pig (Sus scrofa)5 0/3.77/7.54/15.09/30.17 mg/kg bw/d N DLY U DR 1 w 6 w JV NR C ENZ ALAD BL 3.77 Y 24 N 1.72912 3.77 10 5 10 5 10 1 4 10 10 4 6926 3711 Lynch et al., 1976 Lead carbonate 100Cattle (Bos taurus)3 0/4.16/7.79 mg/kg bw/d N 3 per w U OR 42 d NR NR JV M C ENZ ALAD BL 4.16 Y 86.7 Y 0.25 4.16 10 8 10 10 10 1 4 10 10 4 7727 2751 Lorenzo et al., 1978 Lead nitrate 62.56Rabbit (Oryctolagus cuniculus)5 0/7.2/33.48 mg/kg bw/d N DLY U GV 30 d 1 d JV F C CHM Other BL 7.20 N 3.1 N 0.17412 7.20 10 8 10 10 5 1 4 10 10 4 7228 14377 Kelliher, et al. 1973 Lead acetate 100 Cattle (Bos taurus) 2 0.015 g/kg bw/d N CON U FD 133 d 7 mo JV M C ENZ ALAD BL 0.0150 Y 220 N 5.78666 15.0 10 10 5 5 10 1 4 10 10 4 6929 2625 Cerklewski and Forbes, 1977 Lead acetate 100Rat (Rattus norvegicus)2 0/200 mg/kg diet N DLY U FD 1 w 21 d GE M C ENZ ALAD UR 200 Y 0.196 Y 0.015 15.3 10 105 5 7 1 4 10 10 4 6630 14580 Mahaffey et al., 1977 lead acetate 100Rat (Rattus norvegicus)2 0/200 mg/kg diet N ADL UX FD 10 w NR NR JV M C CHM RBCE BL 200 N 0.523 N 0.04032 15.4 10 10 105 5 1 4 10 10 7 7231 2830 Rader et al., 1981 Lead acetate 100Rat (Rattus norvegicus)2 0/15.54 mg/kg bw/d N 1 per w U OR 6 w NR NR JV M C ENZ ALAD UR 15.5 Y 0.475 N 0.03726 15.5 10 8 5 5 10 1 4 10 10 4 6732 14821 Gelman and Michaelson, 1979 Lead acetate 100Rat (Rattus norvegicus)4 0/25/75/225 mg/kg bw/d N 1 per d U GV 19 d 2 d JV B C CHM HMCT BL 25.0 Y 0.3 N 0.02554 25.0 10 8 10 5 10 1 4 10 10 4 7233 21095 Singh et al, 1994 Lead acetate 100Rat (Rattus norvegicus)3 0/50/100 mg/kg bw/d N DLY U GV 1 mo NR NR JV F C CHM POTA BL 50.0 Y 0.15 N 0.01444 50.0 10 8 10 5 10 1 4 10 10 4 7234 2528 Batra et al., 1998 Lead acetate 100Rat (Rattus norvegicus)2 0/50 mg/kg bw/d N DLY U GV 3 mo 8 w SM M C ENZ ALAD TE 50.0 Y 0.15 N 0.01444 50.0 10 8 10 5 10 1 4 10 10 4 7235 2929 White, 1977 Lead carbonate 100Dog (Canis familiaris)3 0/50/100 mg/kg bw N DLY U OR 1 w <1 yr JV NR C ENZ DHYD KI 50.0 N 10.45 N 0.4728 50.0 10 8 10 10 10 1 4 10 10 4 7736 3747 Azar et al., 1973 lead acetate 100Rat (Rattus norvegicus)3 0/1130/2102 mg/kg diet N NR M FD 2 yr NR NR NR B C ENZ ALAD BL 1130 N 0.51 N 0.0395 87.5 10 10 105 5 1 4 10 10 4 6937 2806 Rudra Pal et al., 1975 Lead acetate 100Rat (Rattus norvegicus)2 0/100 mg/kg bw/d N NR U FD 4 w NR NR NR M C CHM HMGL BL 100 Y 0.11 N 0.01119 100 10 10 5 5 10 1 4 10 10 4 6938 2870 Shailesh Kumar and Desiraju, 1990 Lead acetate 100Rat (Rattus norvegicus)3 0/100/400 mg/kg bw N 6 per w U GV 58 d 2 d JV B C HRM DOPA BR 100 Y 0.075 N 0.00817 100 10 8 10 5 10 1 4 10 10 4 7239 14376 Hsu et al, 1975 Lead acetate 100Pig (Sus scrofa)2 0/1000 mg/kg diet N ADL U FD 2 w 4 w JV NR NR CHM CALC SR 1000 Y 7.5 Y 1.296 173 10 105 5 7 1 4 10 10 4 6640 3937 Yagminas et al., 1990 Lead acetate 100Rat (Rattus norvegicus)2 0/200 mg/kg bw/d N 5 per w U GV 91 d NR NR JV M C CHM BUNT BL 200 Y 0.454 N 0.0359 200 10 8 10 5 10 1 4 10 10 4 7241 2911 Toews et al., 1983 Lead acetate 100Rat (Rattus norvegicus)2 0/400 mg/kg bw/d N 6 per w U GV 28 d 2 d JV M C CHM PRTL BR 400 Y 0.075 N 0.00817 400 10 8 10 5 10 1 4 10 10 4 7242 2697 Holtzman et al., 1982 Lead acetate 100Rat (Rattus norvegicus)4 0/400/800/1200 mg/kg bw/d N DLY U GV 14 d 24 d JV NR C CHM PCLV BL 400 N 0.267 N 0.0232 400 10 8 10 5 10 1 4 10 10 4 7243 2697 Holtzman et al., 1982 Lead acetate 100Rat (Rattus norvegicus)4 0/1600/2000/2400 mg/kg bw/d N DLY U GV 14 d 16 d JV NR C CHM PCLV BL 1600 N 0.267 N 0.0232 1600 10 8 10 5 10 1 4 10 10 4 72Behavior44 2593 Dilts and Ahokas, 1979 Lead acetate 100Rat (Rattus norvegicus)6 0/10/50/100/200/500 mg/L N ADL U DR 21 d NR NR GE F C FDB FCNS WO 10.0 50.0 Y 0.370 Y 0.037 1.00 5.00 105 5 5 7 4 8 10 10 4 6845 820 Sawicka-Kapusta et al., 1987 Lead nitrate 100Bank vole (Clethrionomys glareolu3 0/1.1/34.6 mg/kg bw/d N DLY M FD 20 d NR NR AD B C FDB FCNS WO 1.10 34.6 Y 0.0195 N Variable 1.10 34.6 10 10 10 10 7 4 10 10 6 4 8046 15125 Morris et al, 1938 Lead acetate 100Rat (Rattus norvegicus)3 0/1269/9307.8 ug/org/d N ADL U FD 339 d 26-27 d JV B C FDB FCNS WO 1269 9308 Y 0.509 N 0.03943 2.49 18.3 10 105 5 6 4 8 10 10 4 7447 2675 Hammond et al., 1989 Lead acetate 100Rat (Rattus norvegicus)4 0/50/250/500 mg/L N ADL U DR 23 d 22 d JV F C FDB WCON WO 50.0 250 N 0.204 N 0.02368 5.80 29.0 105 5 5 5 4 8 10 10 7 6948 3711 Lynch et al., 1976 Lead carbonate 100Cattle (Bos taurus)3 0/4.16/7.79 mg/kg bw/d N 3 per w U OR 84 d NR NR JV M C FDB FCNS WO 7.79 Y 80.2 Y 0.157 7.79 10 8 10 10 10 4 4 3 10 4 7349 14580 Mahaffey et al., 1977 lead acetate 100Rat (Rattus norvegicus)2 0/200 mg/kg diet N ADL UX FD 10 w NR NR JV M C FDB FCNS WO 200 N 0.523 N 0.04032 15.4 10 10 105 5 4 4 10 10 7 7550 2756 Mahaffey et al., 1973 Lead acetate 100Rat (Rattus norvegicus)7 0/0.19/0.70/2.8/5.9/12.9/24.3 mg/kg bw/d N NR U DR 10 w NR NR JV M C FDB FCNS WO 24.3 Y 0.31 N 0.0345 24.3 10 5 5 5 10 4 4 10 10 4 6751 3889 Logner et al., 1984 Lead sulfate 100Cattle (Bos taurus)4 0/16/43/305 mg/kg bw/d N DLY U FD 7 w 74 d JV M C FDB FCNS WO 43.0 Y 137.43 Y 3.64 43.0 10 10 5 10 10 4 4 3 10 4 70Result Data Evaluation ScoreRefExposureEffects Conversion to mg/kg bw/dayEco-SSL for LeadMarch 2005Appendix 6.1 Mammalian Toxicity Data Extracted for Wildlife Toxicity Reference Value (TRV)LeadPage 2 of 12

Result # Ref N. Chemical Form MW% Test Species # of Conc/ Doses Conc/ Doses Conc/Dose Units Wet Weight Reported? Percent Moisture Application Frequency Method of Analyses Route of Exposure Exposure Duration Duration Units Age Age Units Lifestage Sex Control Type Effect Type Effect Measure Response Site Study NOAEL Study LOAEL Body Weight Reported? Body Weight in kg Ingestion Rate Reported? Ingestion Rate in kg or L/day NOAEL Dose (mg/kg/day) LOAEL Dose (mg/kg/day) Data Source Dose Route Test Concentrations Chemical form Dose Quantification Endpoint Dose Range Statistical Power Exposure Duration Test Conditions TotalResult Data Evaluation ScoreRefExposureEffects Conversion to mg/kg bw/day52 2889 Sourgens et al., 1987 Lead acetate trihydrate 54.61Rat (Rattus norvegicus)4 0/45/900/4580 mg/L N ADL U DR 30 d NR NR JV B C FDB WCON WO 900 4580 Y 0.246 N 0.02802 56.0 285 105 5 5 6 4 8 10 10 4 6753 2923 Vyskocil et al., 1995 Lead acetate 100Rat (Rattus norvegicus)3 0/81.3/320 mg/kg bw/d N ADL U DR 2 mo 9-10 w SM F C FDB WCON WO 81.3 320 Y 0.25 N 0.02843 81.3 320 10 5 5 5 10 4 8 10 10 4 7154 2870 Shailesh Kumar and Desiraju, 1990 Lead acetate 100Rat (Rattus norvegicus)3 0/100/400 mg/kg bw N 6 per w U GV 58 d 2 d JV B C FDB FCNS WO 100 400 Y 0.075 N 0.00817 100 400 10 8 10 5 10 4 8 10 10 4 7955 2758 Maker et al., 1973 Lead carbonate 100Mouse (Mus musculus)7 0/0.08/0.16/0.4/0.5/1.0/2.0 % in diet N NR U FD 28 d NR NR LC F C AVO FOOD WO 0.0800 0.160 N 0.0325 N 0.00411 101 202 10 105 5 5 4 10 10 10 4 7356 2758 Maker et al., 1973 Lead carbonate 100Mouse (Mus musculus)7 0/0.08/0.16/0.4/0.5/1.0/2.0 % in diet N NR U FD 28 d NR NR LC F C AVO FOOD WO 0.0800 0.160 N 0.0325 N 0.00411 101 202 10 105 5 5 4 10 10 10 4 7357 2888 Sokol et al., 1985 Lead acetate 54.61Rat (Rattus norvegicus)3 0/0.1/0.3 % water N ADL U DR 30 d 52 d JV M C FDB WCON WO 0.100 0.300 N 0.33188 Y 0.103 169 508 105 5 5 7 4 10 10 10 4 7058 3937 Yagminas et al., 1990 Lead acetate 100Rat (Rattus norvegicus)2 0/200 mg/kg bw/d N 5 per w U GV 91 d NR NR JV M C FDB FCNS WO 200 Y 0.454 N 0.0359 200 10 8 10 5 10 4 4 1 10 4 6659 633 Lockett and Leary, 1986 Lead 100Rat (Rattus norvegicus)2 0/5 mg/L N ADL UX DR 16 mo NR NR JV M C BEH ACTV WO 5.00 N 0.217 N 0.02503 0.577 10 5 104 5 4 4 10 10 4 6660 2502 Wolfe et al, 1996 Lead acetate trihydrate 100Rat (Rattus norvegicus)5 0/23.03/47.26/81.96/206.52 mg/kg bw/d N ADL M DR 1 w 94 d JV M C FDB WCON WO 23.0 Y 0.40311 Y 0.0297 23.0 10 5 10 5 10 4 4 10 10 4 7261 2677 Hammond et al., 1993 Lead acetate 100Rat (Rattus norvegicus)2 0/250 mg/L N ADL U DR 26 d 22 d JV F V FDB WCON WO 250 Y 0.175 N 0.02062 29.5 105 5 5 6 4 4 10 10 7 6662 2677 Hammond et al., 1993 Lead acetate 100Rat (Rattus norvegicus)2 0/250 mg/L N ADL U DR 14 d 26 d JV F V FDB WCON WO 250 Y 0.15 N 0.01795 29.9 105 5 5 6 4 4 10 10 7 6663 12025 Kishi et al., 1983 Lead acetate 100Rat (Rattus norvegicus)4 0/45/90/180 mg/kg bw N DLY U GV 18 d 3 d JV M C BEH RRSP WO 45 Y 0.0503 N 0.00588 45.0 10 8 10 5 10 4 4 10 10 4 7564 617 Nation et al., 1990 Lead acetate 100Rat (Rattus norvegicus)2 0/500 mg/kg diet N ADL U FD 61 d 50 d JV M C BEH ACTP WO 500 Y 0.2 N 0.0183 45.7 10 105 5 6 4 4 10 10 4 6865 2807 Pankakoski et al., 1994 Lead 100Shrew (Sorex araneus)4 0/371/423/1052 mg/kg diet N ADL M FD 31 d NR NR JV B C FDB FCNS WO 371 Y 0.0071 N 0.00118 61.5 10 10 104 6 4 4 10 10 4 7266 2502 Wolfe et al, 1996 Lead acetate trihydrate 100Rat (Rattus norvegicus)2 0/0.3 mg/kg bw/d N ADL M DR 1 w 99 d JV B C FDB WCON WO 194 Y 0.455 Y 0.02179 194 10 5 10 5 10 4 4 10 10 4 7267 2669 Hallen et al., 1995 Lead acetate 100Rat (Rattus norvegicus)2 0/200 mg/kg bw N NR U DR 13 w NR NR GE F C FDB WCON WO 200 Y 0.2 N 0.02326 200 10 5 5 5 10 4 4 10 10 4 6768 2817 Piasekand Kostial, 1987 Lead acetate 100Rat (Rattus norvegicus)4 0/216/420/639.36 mg/kg bw/d N ADL U DR 18 w NR NR JV M C FDB WCON WO 216 Y 0.25 Y 0.04 216 10 5 5 5 10 4 4 10 10 4 6769 10239 Barrett and Livesey, 1983 Lead 100Rat (Rattus norvegicus)4 0/0.2/0.4/1.0 % in diet N DLY U FD 10 d NR NR LC F C BEH ACTV WO 0.200 Y 0.324 Y 0.05235 323 10 10 5 10 7 4 4 10 10 4 7470 2818 Piasek and Kostial 1991 Lead acetate 100Rat (Rattus norvegicus)2 0/750 mg/kg bw/d N NR U DR 20 w 10 w GE F C FDB WCON WO 750 Y 0.2681 N 0.03028 750 10 5 5 5 10 4 4 10 10 4 6771 2837 Gulati et al, 1985 Lead acetate trihydrate 100Mouse (Mus musculus)4 0/4.98/10.055/20.52 mg/ml Y ADL M DR 1 w 11 w JV F C FDB WCON WO 4.98 Y 0.028 Y 0.00414 775 10 5 105 7 4 4 10 10 4 6972 2774 Michaelson and Sauerhoff, 1974 Lead acetate 100Rat (Rattus norvegicus)2 0/5 % in diet N ADL U FD 18 d NR NR LC F C FDB FCNS WO 5.00 N 0.35 Y 0.0432 6170 10 105 5 6 4 4 10 10 4 68Physiology73 21113 Boscolo et al, 1992 Lead acetate 100Rat (Rattus norvegicus)4 0/15/30/60 mg/L N ADL U DR 14 mo NR NR JV M C PHY BLPR BL 15.0 30.0 N 0.267 N 0.03016 1.69 3.39 105 5 5 5 4 10 10 10 4 6874 820 Sawicka-Kapusta et al., 1987 Lead nitrate 100Bank vole (Clethrionomys glareolu3 0/1.1/34.6 mg/kg bw/d N DLY M FD 20 d NR NR AD B C PHY GPHY WO 34.6 Y 0.022 N Variable 34.6 10 10 10 10 104 4 1 6 4 6975 3889 Logner et al., 1984 Lead sulfate 100Cattle (Bos taurus)4 0/16/43/305 mg/kg bw/d N DLY U FD 7 w 74 d JV M C PHY BTMP WO 43.0 Y 137.43 Y 3.64 43.0 10 10 5 10 10 4 4 8 10 4 7576 2829 Rader et. al. 1981 Lead acetate 100Rat (Rattus norvegicus)2 0/16.1 mg/kg bw/d N NR U DR 5 w NR NR JV M C PHY EXCR UR 16.1 Y 0.341 N 0.03759 16.1 10 5 5 5 10 4 4 10 10 4 6777 2806 Rudra Pal et al., 1975 Lead acetate 100Rat (Rattus norvegicus)2 0/100 mg/kg bw/d N NR U FD 4 w NR NR JV M C PHY EXCR UR 100 Y 0.11 N 0.01119 100 10 10 5 5 10 4 4 10 10 4 72Pathology78 3873 Horwitt and Cowgill, 1937 Lead acetate 100Dog (Canis familiaris)3 0/27/102 mg/kg diet N DLY M FD 2 mo NR NR JV NR C HIS GHIS BL 27.0 102 Y 12.8 N 0.55858 1.18 4.45 10 10 105 6 4 8 10 10 4 7779 2789 Nehru and Kaushal, 1991 Lead acetate 54.61Rat (Rattus norvegicus)4 0/2.5/5/25 mg/kg bw/d N DLY U GV 3 mo NR NR NR F C HIS GHIS KI 2.50 5.00 N 0.4 N 0.03235 1.37 2.73 10 8 10 5 10 4 10 10 10 4 8180 15125 Morris et al, 1938 Lead acetate 100Rat (Rattus norvegicus)3 0/1269/9307.8 ug/org/d N ADL U FD 339 d 26-27 d JV B C ORW ORWT KI 1269 9307.8 Y 0.509 N 0.03943 2.49 18.3 10 105 5 6 4 8 10 10 4 7281 11831 Jessup and Shott, 1969 Lead acetate 100Rat (Rattus norvegicus)5 0/10/50/100/1000 mg/kg diet N ADL U FD 92 w 3 d JV B C ORW SMIX HE 50.0 100 Y 0.615 N 0.04607 3.75 7.49 10 105 5 6 4 10 10 10 4 7482 2751 Lorenzo et al., 1978 Lead nitrate 62.56Rabbit (Oryctolagus cuniculus)3 0/6.08/28.44 mg/kg bw/d N DLY U GV 30 d 1 d JV F C HIS NCRO KI 6.08 28.4 N 3.1 N 0.17412 6.08 28.4 10 8 10 10 5 4 8 10 10 4 7983 2876 Sierra and Tiffany-Castiglioni, 1992 Lead acetate 100 Guinea pig (Cavia porcellus) 3 0/5.5/11.0 mg/kg bw/d N DLY U DR 40 d NR NR GE F C ORWORWT BR 11.0 Y 1.0 N 0.099 11.0 10 5 5 5 10 4 4 10 10 4 6784 2830 Rader et al., 1981 Lead acetate 100Rat (Rattus norvegicus)2 0/15.1 mg/kg bw/d N ADL U DR 6 w NR NR JV M C ORW ORWT BR 15.1 Y 0.337 N 0.0372 15.1 10 5 5 5 10 4 4 10 10 4 6785 3889 Logner et al., 1984 Lead sulfate 100Cattle (Bos taurus)4 0/16/43/305 mg/kg bw/d N DLY U FD 32 d 74 d JV M C ITX PARL WO 16.0 43.0 Y 118.07 Y 3.64 16.0 43.0 10 10 5 10 10 4 10 10 10 4 8386 2829 Rader et. al. 1981 Lead acetate 100Rat (Rattus norvegicus)2 0/16.1 mg/kg bw/d N NR U DR 7 w NR NR JV M C ORW ORWT BR 16.1 Y 0.341 N 0.03759 16.1 10 5 5 10 10 4 4 10 10 4 7287 2502 Wolfe et al, 1996 Lead acetate trihydrate 100Rat (Rattus norvegicus)5 0/21.5/42.97/85.34/243.39 mg/kg bw/d N ADL M DR 4 w 94 d JV F C ORW ORWT KI 21.5 43.0 Y 0.305 Y 0.034 21.5 43.0 10 5 10 5 10 4 10 10 10 4 7888 14799 Goyer et al., 1970 Lead acetate 100Rat (Rattus norvegicus)6 0/2.3/7.0/12/21/67/220 mg/org/d N NR U DR 10 w NR NR JV M C HIS IIBD KI 7.00 12.0 Y 0.175 N 0.02062 40.0 68.6 105 5 5 6 4 10 10 10 4 6989 2507 Agodi et al., 1990 Lead acetate 100Rat (Rattus norvegicus)2 0/50 mg/kg bw N DLY U GV 28 d 2 d JV B V ORW ORWT BR 50.0 Y 0.0531 N 0.00615 50.0 10 8 10 5 10 4 4 10 10 4 7590 2923 Vyskocil et al., 1995 Lead acetate 100Rat (Rattus norvegicus)3 0/81.3/320 mg/kg bw/d N ADL U DR 1 mo 9-10 w SM F C ORW SMIX KI 81.3 320 Y 0.25 N 0.02843 81.3 320 10 5 5 5 10 4 8 10 10 4 7191 2815 Petrusz et al., 1979 Lead acetate 100Rat (Rattus norvegicus)4 0/25/100/200 mg/kg bw/d N DLY U GV 18 d 2 d JV B C ORW ORWT PI 200 N 0.035 N 0.00437 200 10 8 10 5 10 4 4 1 10 4 6692 2511 Alfano and Petit, 1982 Lead carbonate 77.55Rat (Rattus norvegicus)3 0/0.4/4.0 % in diet N ADL U FD 25 d NR NR LC F C GRS BDWT WO 0.400 4.00 N 0.344 N 0.0286 258 2580 10 10 5 10 5 4 8 10 10 4 7693 2697 Holtzman et al., 1982 Lead acetate 100Rat (Rattus norvegicus)4 0/400/800/1600 mg/kg bw/d N DLY U GV 14 d 16 d JV NR C HIS ENCP BR 400 800 N 0.267 N 0.0232 400 800 10 8 10 5 10 4 10 10 10 4 8194 2697 Holtzman et al., 1982 Lead acetate 100Rat (Rattus norvegicus)5 0/400/800/1600/2400 mg/kg bw/d N DLY U GV 14 d 18 d JV NR C HIS ENCP BR 400 800 N 0.267 N 0.0232 400 800 10 8 10 5 10 4 10 10 10 4 8195 14822 Gerber et al, 1978 Lead acetate 100Rat (Rattus norvegicus)2 0/0.5 % in diet N NR U FD 14 mo 0 d JV NR C ORW ORWT BR 0.500 Y 0.278 N 0.024 431 10 105 5 6 4 4 10 10 4 6896 2697 Holtzman et al., 1982 Lead acetate 100Rat (Rattus norvegicus)4 0/1600/2000/2400 mg/kg bw/d N DLY U GV 14 d 18 d JV NR C HIS ENCP BR 2400 N 0.267 N 0.0232 2400 10 8 10 5 10 4 4 10 10 4 7597 2697 Holtzman et al., 1982 Lead acetate 100Rat (Rattus norvegicus)3 0/2400/3200 mg/kg bw/d N DLY U GV 14 d 14 d JV NR C HIS ENCP BR 3200 N 0.267 N 0.0232 3200 10 8 10 5 10 4 4 1 10 4 6698 1858 Schroeder and Mitchener, 1975 Lead acetate 100Mouse (Mus musculus)2 0/25 mg/L N NR U DR 520 d 19-20 d JV F C HIS EDMA WO 25.0 Y 0.0427 N 0.00579 3.39 10 5 5 10 6 4 4 10 10 4 6899 2788 Nehru et al., 1997 Lead 100Rat (Rattus norvegicus)2 0/20 mg/kg bw N EOD U GV 8 w NR NR JV F C ORW ORWT BR 10.0 Y 0.18125 N 0.01688 10.0 10 8 10 4 10 4 4 10 3 4 67100 14580 Mahaffey et al., 1977 Lead acetate 100Rat (Rattus norvegicus)2 0/200 mg/kg diet N ADL UX FD 10 w NR NR JV M C ORW SMIX KI 200 N 0.523 N 0.04032 15.4 10 10 105 5 4 4 10 10 7 75101 2830 Rader et al., 1981 Lead acetate 100Rat (Rattus norvegicus)2 0/15.54 mg/kg bw/d N 1 per w U OR 6 w NR NR AD M C ORW ORWT BR 15.5 Y 0.475 N 0.03726 15.5 10 8 5 5 10 4 4 10 10 4 70102 14803 Wells, et.al, 1986 Lead acetate 100Cattle (Bos taurus)2 0/20 mg/kg bw/d N DLY U DR 8 d 3 mo JV M C HIS GLSN BR 20.0 N na N na 20.0 10 5 5 5 10 4 4 10 10 4 67Eco-SSL for LeadMarch 2005Appendix 6.1 Mammalian Toxicity Data Extracted for Wildlife Toxicity Reference Value (TRV)LeadPage 3 of 12

Result # Ref N. Chemical Form MW% Test Species # of Conc/ Doses Conc/ Doses Conc/Dose Units Wet Weight Reported? Percent Moisture Application Frequency Method of Analyses Route of Exposure Exposure Duration Duration Units Age Age Units Lifestage Sex Control Type Effect Type Effect Measure Response Site Study NOAEL Study LOAEL Body Weight Reported? Body Weight in kg Ingestion Rate Reported? Ingestion Rate in kg or L/day NOAEL Dose (mg/kg/day) LOAEL Dose (mg/kg/day) Data Source Dose Route Test Concentrations Chemical form Dose Quantification Endpoint Dose Range Statistical Power Exposure Duration Test Conditions TotalResult Data Evaluation ScoreRefExposureEffects Conversion to mg/kg bw/day103 3879 Karmakar et al., 1986 Lead acetate 100Rat (Rattus norvegicus)2 0/44 mg/kg bw/d N NR U GV 30 d NR NR AD B C HIS GHIS MT 44.0 Y 0.3 N 0.02554 44.0 10 8 10 5 10 4 4 10 10 4 75104 20974 Al-Omar et al, 2000 Lead oxide 92.83Mouse (Mus musculus)2 0/50 mg/kg bw/d N DLY M GV 5 w NR NR JV M V HIS USTR SV 50.0 Y 0.02063 N 0.00283 46.4 10 8 10 10 10 4 4 10 10 4 80105 2929 White, 1977 Lead carbonate 100Dog (Canis familiaris)2 0/50 mg/kg bw N DLY U OR 5 w <1 yr JV NR C HIS GHIS LI 50.0 N 10.45 N 0.4728 50.0 10 8 10 10 10 4 4 10 10 4 80106 2807 Pankakoski et al., 1994 Lead 100Shrew (Sorex araneus)4 0/371/423/1052 mg/kg diet N ADL M FD 31 d NR NR JV B C HIS GHIS KI 371 Y 0.0071 N 0.00118 61.5 10 10 104 6 4 4 10 10 4 72107 2806 Rudra Pal et al., 1975 Lead acetate 100Rat (Rattus norvegicus)2 0/100 mg/kg bw/d N NR U FD 4 w NR NR JV M C ORW SMIX KI 100 Y 0.11 N 0.01119 100 10 10 5 5 10 4 4 10 10 4 72108 2870 Shailesh Kumar and Desiraju, 1990 Lead acetate 100Rat (Rattus norvegicus)3 0/100/400 mg/kg bw N 6 per w U GV 58 d 2 d JV B C ORW ORWT BR 100 Y 0.075 N 0.00817 100 10 8 10 5 10 4 4 10 10 4 75109 2548 Brown, 1974 Lead acetate 54.61Rabbit (Oryctolagus cuniculus)2 0/5000 mg/kg diet N ADL U FD 5 mo 5 mo JV B C HIS GHIS EY 5000 Y 3.2 N 0.17873 153 10 105 5 6 4 4 10 10 4 68110 2502 Wolfe et al, 1996 Lead acetate trihydrate 100Rat (Rattus norvegicus)2 0/171.27 mg/kg bw/d N ADL M DR 4 w 99 d JV M C ORW ORWT AR 171 Y 0.51751 Y 0.02276 171 10 5 10 5 10 4 4 10 10 4 72111 2680 Harry et al., 1985 Lead acetate 100Rat (Rattus norvegicus)2 0/200 mg/kg bw N DLY U GV 29 d 2 d JV F V ORW ORWT BR 200 Y 0.065 N 0.00726 200 10 8 10 5 10 4 4 10 10 4 75112 3937 Yagminas et al., 1990 Lead acetate 100Rat (Rattus norvegicus)2 0/200 mg/kg bw/d N 5 per w U GV 91 d NR NR JV M C ORW ORWT KI 200 Y 0.454 N 0.0359 200 10 8 10 5 10 4 4 10 10 4 75113 2827 Press 1975 Lead acetate 100Rat (Rattus norvegicus)2 0/328 mg/kg bw/d N DLY U GV 7 d 1 d JV B C ITX PARL WO 328 N 0.248 N 0.02184 328 10 8 10 5 10 4 4 10 10 4 75114 2697 Holtzman et al., 1982 Lead acetate 100Rat (Rattus norvegicus)4 0/400/800/1200 mg/kg bw/d N DLY U GV 14 d 20 d JV NR C HIS ENCP BR 400 N 0.267 N 0.0232 400 10 8 10 5 10 4 4 10 10 4 75115 2911 Toews et al., 1983 Lead acetate 100Rat (Rattus norvegicus)2 0/400 mg/kg bw/d N 6 per w U GV 28 d 2 d JV M C ORW ORWT BR 400 Y 0.075 N 0.00817 400 10 8 10 5 10 4 4 10 10 4 75116 2546 Brashear et al., 1978 Lead acetate 100Rat (Rattus norvegicus)2 0/1.0 g/kg bw/d N DLY U GV 18 d 2 d JV B C ORW ORWT BR 1.00 N 0.248 N 0.02184 1000 10 8 10 10 10 4 4 10 10 4 80117 14822 Gerber et al, 1978 Lead acetate 100Rat (Rattus norvegicus)2 0/1.0 % in diet N NR U FD 1 mo 0 d JV NR C ORW ORWT BR 1.00 Y 0.0406 N 0.0049 1220 10 105 5 6 4 4 10 10 4 68118 2604 Dyck et al., 1980 Lead carbonate 77.55Rat (Rattus norvegicus)2 0/4 % in diet N NR U FD 12 w NR NR AD NR C HIS GHIS NE 4.00 Y 0.25 N 0.0220 2730 10 10 5 10 6 4 4 10 3 4 66119 2782 Myers et al., 1979 Lead carbonate 77.55Rat (Rattus norvegicus)2 0/6 % in diet N NR U FD 7 w NR NR AD B C HIS GHIS NE 6.00 N 0.5 N 0.03886 3620 10 10 5 10 5 4 4 10 10 4 72120 2774 Michaelson and Sauerhoff, 1974 Lead acetate 100Rat (Rattus norvegicus)2 0/5 % in diet N ADL U FD 17 d NR NR LC F C GRS BDWT WO 5.00 N 0.35 N 0.0432 6170 10 105 5 6 4 4 10 10 4 68Reproduction121 2658 Grant et al., 1980 Lead acetate 100Rat (Rattus norvegicus)5 0/0.07/0.71/7/38 mg/kg bw/d N ADL U DR 62 d 21 d GE F C REP PRWT WO 0.710 7.00 Y 0.325 N 0.036 0.710 7.00 10 5 5 5 10 10 8 10 10 4 77122 2593 Dilts and Ahokas, 1979 Lead acetate 100Rat (Rattus norvegicus)6 0/10/50/100/200/500 mg/L N ADL U DR 21 d NR NR GE F C REP PRWT WO 10.0 50.0 Y 0.370 Y 0.037 1.00 5.00 105 5 5 7 10 8 10 10 4 74123 2642 Gandley et al., 1999 Lead acetate 100Rat (Rattus norvegicus)3 0/25/250 mg/L N ADL U DR 35 d NR NR AD M C REP RSUC WO 25.0 250 N 0.6 N 0.06251 2.60 26.0 105 5 5 5 10 8 10 10 4 72124 2658 Grant et al., 1980 Lead acetate 100Rat (Rattus norvegicus)4 0/0.64/3/6 mg/kg bw/d N ADL U DR 62 d 21 d GE B C REP PRWT WO 3.00 6.00 Y 0.29 N 0.03249 3.00 6.00 10 5 5 5 10 10 10 10 10 4 79125 3830 Carson et al., 1973 Lead 100Sheep (Ovis aries)3 0/2.3/4.5 mg/kg bw/d N DLY U FD 27 w NR NR GE F C REP RSUC WO 4.50 N na Y 0.227 4.50 10 10 5 4 10 10 4 1 10 4 68126 2592 Dilts and Ahokas, 1980 Lead acetate 100Rat (Rattus norvegicus)6 0/10/50/100/200/500 mg/L N ADL U DR 21 d NR NR GE F C REP PRWT WO 50.0 100 Y 0.3 Y 0.03 5.00 10.0 105 5 5 7 10 10 10 10 4 76127 2876 Sierra and Tiffany-Castiglioni, 1992 Lead acetate 100Guinea pig (Cavia porcellus)3 0/5.5/11.0 mg/kg bw/d N DLY U DR 40 d NR NR GE F C REP PRWT WO 5.50 N 1.0 N 5.50 10 5 5 5 10 10 4 10 10 4 73128 11831 Jessup and Shott, 1969 Lead acetate 100Rat (Rattus norvegicus)5 0/10/50/100/1000 mg/kg diet N ADL U FD 92 w 21 d JV M C REP TEWT TE 100 1000 Y 0.615 N 0.0461 7.50 74.9 10 10 5 5 6 10 8 10 10 4 78129 2737 Kimmel et al., 1980 Lead acetate 100Rat (Rattus norvegicus)4 0/0.92/4.7/8.9 mg/kg bw/d N ADL U DR 28.3 d 21 d LC F V REP Other WO 8.90 Y 0.3 N 0.0335 8.90 10 5 5 5 10 10 4 10 10 7 76130 2737 Kimmel et al., 1980 Lead acetate 100Rat (Rattus norvegicus)5 0/0.09/0.92/9.1/45 mg/kg bw/d N ADL U DR 28.3 d 21 d GE F V REP Other WO 9.10 45.0 Y 0.325 N 0.036 9.10 45.0 10 5 5 5 10 10 4 10 10 4 73131 2770 McMurry et al., 1995 Lead acetate 100Cotton rat (Sigmodon hispidus)3 0/2.1/28.8 mg/org N ADL U DR 7 w NR NR AD M C REP RHIS RT 2.10 28.8 Y 0.1698 N na 12.4 170 105 5 5 6 10 6 10 6 4 67132 2524 Barratt et al., 1989 Lead acetate 54.61Rat (Rattus norvegicus)4 0/0.3/33/300 mg/kg bw N DLY U GV 9 w 10 w JV M C REP SPCV TE 33.0 330 N 0.217 N 0.01957 18.0 180 10 8 10 5 10 10 8 10 10 4 85133 2943 Zenick et al., 1979 Lead acetate 54.61Rat (Rattus norvegicus)3 0/200/400 mg/kg N DLY U DR 100 d 21 d GE F C REP PRWT WO 400 N 0.204 N 0.0237 25.4 105 5 5 5 10 4 10 10 4 68134 10607 Cerklewski, 1980 Lead acetate 100Rat (Rattus norvegicus)2 0/250 mg/kg diet N NR U FD 35 d 70 d LC F C REP PRWT WO 250 Y 0.363 Y 0.04 27.5 10 10 5 5 7 10 4 1 10 4 66135 3721 Chowdhury et al., 1984 Lead acetate 54.61Rat (Rattus norvegicus)4 0/0.25/0.5/1.0 g/L N ADL U DR 60 d NR NR SM M C REP TEWT TE 0.500 1.00 Y 0.21143 N 0.02445 31.6 63.2 105 5 5 6 10 10 10 6 4 71136 14812 Bull, et.. al., 1978 Lead chloride 100Rat (Rattus norvegicus)4 0/0.8/4.0/32.5 mg/kg bw/d N ADL U DR 56 d 70 d LC F C REP PROG WO 32.5 N 0.2024 N 0.02351 32.5 10 5 5 10 10 10 4 1 10 4 69137 2934 Winder et al., 1984 Lead acetate 100Rat (Rattus norvegicus)3 0/300/1000 mg/L N ADL U DR 31 d NR d LC F C REP PRWT WO 300 1000 N 0.32 N 0.0355 33.3 111 105 5 5 5 10 10 8 10 4 72138 2775 Miller et al., 1982 Lead acetate 54.61Rat (Rattus norvegicus)4 0/50/75/100 mg/kg bw N DLY U GV 41 d NR NR GE F C REP PRWT WO 75.0 100 N 0.35 N 0.02899 41.0 54.6 10 8 10 5 10 10 10 10 10 4 87139 2502 Wolfe et al, 1996 Lead acetate trihydrate 100Rat (Rattus norvegicus)5 0/23.03/47.26/81.96/206.52 mg/kg bw/d N ADL M DR 1 w 94 d JV M C REP SPCL SM 47.3 82.0 Y 0.404 Y 0.044 47.3 82.0 10 5 10 5 10 10 10 10 10 4 84140 2889 Sourgens et al., 1987 Lead acetate trihydrate 54.61Rat (Rattus norvegicus)4 0/45/900/4580 mg/L N ADL U DR 30 d NR NR SM M C REP Other SV 900 4580 Y 0.246 N 0.02802 56.0 285 105 5 5 6 10 8 10 10 4 73141 2565 Carpenter, 1982 Lead acetate 100Hamster (Mesocricetus auratus)2 0/547 mg/L N ADL U DR 51 d 15 w GE F C REP PROG WO 547 Y 0.167 N 0.0198 64.8 105 5 5 6 10 4 10 10 4 69142 2565 Carpenter, 1982 Lead acetate 100Hamster (Mesocricetus auratus)2 0/547 mg/L N ADL U DR 14 d 11 w GE F C REP PROG WO 547 Y 0.163 N 0.0193 64.9 105 5 5 6 10 4 8 10 4 67143 2847 Ronis et al., 1998 Lead acetate 54.61Rat (Rattus norvegicus)4 0/0.05/0.15/0.45 % in water N ADL U DR 37 d NR NR GE F C REP PRWT WO 0.150 0.450 N 0.35 N 0.03849 90.1 270 105 5 5 5 10 10 10 10 4 74144 748 Wardell et al., 1982 Lead acetate 100Rat (Rattus norvegicus)5 0/10/50/100/150 mg/kg bw/d N DLY U GV 12 d NR NR GE F C REP RSEM EM 100 150 Y 0.2 N 0.0183 100 150 10 8 10 5 10 10 10 10 10 4 87145 2670 Hamilton and O'Flaherty, 1994 Lead acetate 100Rat (Rattus norvegicus)3 0/250/1000 mg/L N ADL U DR 68 d 25 d GE F V REP PRWT WO 1000 Y 0.224 N 0.02575 115 105 5 5 6 10 4 10 10 7 72146 2671 Hamilton et al., 1994 Lead acetate 100Rat (Rattus norvegicus)4 0/250/500/1000 mg/L N ADL U DR 77 d 25 d GE F V REP PRWT WO 1000 N 0.202 N 0.02346 116 105 5 5 5 10 4 10 10 4 68147 2633 Fox et al., 1977 Lead acetate 100Rat (Rattus norvegicus)2 0/1092 mg/L N ADL U DR 21 d NR NR LC F C REP PRWT WO 1092 N 0.344 N 0.03789 120 105 5 5 5 10 4 10 10 4 68148 2618 Eyden et al, 1978 Lead acetate 100Mouse (Mus musculus)3 0/0.1/1.0 % in diet N ADL U FD 8 w 2 mo GE M C REP SPCV TE 0.100 1.00 Y 0.0158 N 0.00227 144 1440 10 10 5 5 6 10 8 10 10 4 78149 2758 Maker et al., 1973 Lead carbonate 100Mouse (Mus musculus)7 0/0.08/0.16/0.4/0.5/1.0/2.0 % in diet N NR U FD 30 d NR NR LC F C REP PRWT WO 0.160 0.4 N 0.0325 N 0.00411 202 506 10 10 5 5 5 10 10 10 10 4 79150 2758 Maker et al., 1973 Lead carbonate 100Mouse (Mus musculus)7 0/0.08/0.16/0.4/0.5/1.0/2.0 % in diet N NR U FD 30 d NR NR LC F C REP PRWT WO 0.160 0.4 N 0.0325 N 0.00411 202 506 10 10 5 5 5 10 10 10 10 4 79151 14816 Cramer et al, 1980 Lead acetate 100Rat (Rattus norvegicus)4 0/2.5/5.0/10 mg/g N ADL U DR 21 d NR NR GE F C REP DEYO WO 2.5 5.0 N 0.338 N 0.0373 276 552 105 5 5 5 10 10 10 10 4 74152 2785 Nathan et al., 1992 Lead acetate 54.61Rat (Rattus norvegicus)5 0/0.05/0.1/0.5/1 % in water N ADL U DR 10 w NR NR AD M C REP TEWT MT 0.500 1.00 Y 0.439 N 0.04719 294 587 105 5 5 6 10 10 10 6 4 71153 14795 Brady, et al, 1975 Lead acetate 54.61Rat (Rattus norvegicus)2 0/240 mg/org N DLY U GV 102 d 30 d GE F C REP PRWT WO 240 N 0.297 N 0.02533 441 10 8 10 5 7 10 4 1 10 4 69154 2928 Wenda-Rozewicka et al., 1996 Lead acetate 54.61Rat (Rattus norvegicus)2 0/10000 mg/L N ADL U DR 9 mo NR NR SM M C REP RHIS TE 10000 N 0.35 N 0.03849 600 105 5 5 5 10 4 8 10 4 66Eco-SSL for LeadMarch 2005Appendix 6.1 Mammalian Toxicity Data Extracted for Wildlife Toxicity Reference Value (TRV)LeadPage 4 of 12

Result # Ref N. Chemical Form MW% Test Species # of Conc/ Doses Conc/ Doses Conc/Dose Units Wet Weight Reported? Percent Moisture Application Frequency Method of Analyses Route of Exposure Exposure Duration Duration Units Age Age Units Lifestage Sex Control Type Effect Type Effect Measure Response Site Study NOAEL Study LOAEL Body Weight Reported? Body Weight in kg Ingestion Rate Reported? Ingestion Rate in kg or L/day NOAEL Dose (mg/kg/day) LOAEL Dose (mg/kg/day) Data Source Dose Route Test Concentrations Chemical form Dose Quantification Endpoint Dose Range Statistical Power Exposure Duration Test Conditions TotalResult Data Evaluation ScoreRefExposureEffects Conversion to mg/kg bw/day155 10239 Barrett and Livesey, 1983 Lead 100Rat (Rattus norvegicus)4 0/0.2/0.4/1.0 % in diet N DLY U FD 4 d NR NR LC F C REP PRWT WO 0.400 1.00 Y 0.311 Y 0.04675 601 1500 10 10 5 10 7 10 10 10 10 4 86156 2817 Piasekand Kostial, 1987 Lead acetate 100Rat (Rattus norvegicus)4 0/216/420/639.36 mg/kg bw/d N ADL U DR 13 w NR NR JV M C REP FERT WO 639 N 0.25 Y 0.04 639 10 5 5 5 10 10 4 3 10 4 66157 2725 Junaid et al., 1997 Lead acetate 100Mouse (Mus musculus)4 0/2/4/8 mg/kg bw/d N 5 per w U GV 60 d NR NR AD F V REP RPRD OV 2.00 Y 0.025 N 0.00331 2.00 10 8 10 5 10 10 4 10 6 4 77158 15125 Morris et al, 1938 Lead acetate 100Rat (Rattus norvegicus)3 0/1269/9307.8 ug/org/d N ADL U FD 339 d 26-27 d JV B C REP PRWT WO 1269 Y 0.509 N 0.03943 2.49 10 10 5 5 6 10 4 10 10 4 74159 66 Schroeder and Mitchener, 1971 Lead 100Rat (Rattus norvegicus)2 0/25 ppm in mg/L N ADL U DR 9 mo 21 d JV F C REP DEYO WO 25.0 N 0.179 N 0.02105 2.94 105 5 4 5 10 4 10 10 4 67160 66 Schroeder and Mitchener, 1971 Lead 100Mouse (Mus musculus)2 0/25 mg/L N ADL U DR 6 mo 21 d JV F C REP DEYO WO 25.0 N 0.0225 N 0.00326 3.62 105 5 4 5 10 4 10 10 4 67161 2666 Gupta et al., 1995 Lead acetate 54.61Mouse (Mus musculus)4 0/10/25/50 mg/kg bw N DLY U GV 52 d 2 mo GE F C REP PROG EM 10.0 Y 0.025 N 0.00331 5.46 10 8 10 5 10 10 4 10 10 4 81162 2857 Saxena et. al. 1989 Lead acetate 100Rat (Rattus norvegicus)2 0/1.920 mg/org/d N ADL U DR 120 d 1 d GE M C REP SPCL TE 1.92 Y 0.284 N 0.03189 6.76 105 5 5 6 10 4 10 10 4 69163 2568 Cernochova and Kamarad, 1992 Lead dinitrate 100Mouse (Mus musculus)2 0/21.75 mg/org N ADL U DR 5 w NR NR AD M C REP TEDG TE 0.614 N 0.0375 N 0.00516 16.6 10 5 5 10 5 10 4 10 3 4 66164 20974 Al-Omar et al, 2000 Lead oxide 92.83Mouse (Mus musculus)2 0/50 mg/kg bw/d N DLY M GV 2 w NR NR JV M V REP SPCL SM 50.0 Y 0.02343 N 0.00314 46.4 10 8 10 10 10 10 4 10 10 4 86165 3935 Winneke et al., 1977 Lead acetate 100Rat (Rattus norvegicus)2 0/49.6 mg/kg bw/d N NR U FD 102 d NR NR GE F C REP PROG WO 49.6 Y 0.35 N 0.02899 49.6 10 10 5 5 10 10 4 10 10 4 78166 2528 Batra et al., 1998 Lead acetate 100Rat (Rattus norvegicus)2 0/50 mg/kg bw/d N DLY U GV 3 mo 8 w SM M C REP TEDG TE 50.0 Y 0.15 N 0.01444 50.0 10 8 10 5 10 10 4 10 10 4 81167 3864 Hayashi, 1983 Lead acetate 100Rat (Rattus norvegicus)2 0/500 mg/L N ADL U DR 18 d NR NR GE F C REP PRWT WO 500 N 0.32 N 0.0355 55.5 105 5 5 5 10 4 10 10 4 68168 2733 Kempinas et. al 1988 Lead acetate 100Rat (Rattus norvegicus)3 0/0.5/1.0 g/L N ADL U DR 90 d NR NR AD M C REP SPCL SM 0.500 Y 0.12 N 0.01469 61.2 105 5 5 6 10 4 10 10 4 69169 2598 Donald et al., 1981 Lead acetate 54.61Mouse (Mus musculus)2 0/0.13 % in water N DLY U DR 23 d NR NR GE F C REP PRWT WO 0.130 Y 0.325 N 0.0360 78.6 105 5 5 6 10 4 10 10 4 69170 2599 Donald et al., 1986 Lead acetate 54.61Mouse (Mus musculus)2 0/0.13 % in water N DLY U DR 62 d NR NR GE F C REP PRWT WO 0.130 Y 0.03 N 0.00422 99.8 105 5 5 6 10 4 10 10 4 69171 2906 Talcott and Koller, 1983 Lead acetate 100Mouse (Mus musculus)2 0/1000 mg/L N NR U DR 18 w 6-8 w LC F C REP PRWT WO 1000 Y 0.03755 N 0.00516 137 105 5 5 6 10 4 10 10 4 69172 2723 Johansson and Wide, 1986 Lead chloride 100Mouse (Mus musculus)2 0/1 g/L N ADL U DR 12 w 9 w SM M C REP PRFM WO 1.00 Y 0.0334 N 0.00465 139 10 5 5 10 6 10 4 10 10 4 74173 2713 Jacquet et al., 1997 Lead 100Mouse (Mus musculus)4 0/0.125/0.25/0.5 % in diet N NR U FD 18 d NR NR GE F C REP PRWT WO 0.125 N 0.0375 N 0.00462 154 10 10 5 4 5 10 4 10 10 4 72174 2502 Wolfe et al, 1996 Lead acetate trihydrate 100Rat (Rattus norvegicus)2 0/171.27 mg/kg bw/d N ADL M DR 4 w 99 d JV M C REP SPCL SM 171 Y 0.51751 Y 0.02276 171 10 5 10 5 10 10 4 10 10 4 78175 14750 Blanusa, et al, 1989 Lead acetate 100Rat (Rattus norvegicus)5 0/1500/3500/5500/7500 mg/L N NR U DR 6 w 4 mo GE F C REP RHIS WO 1500 Y 0.19 N 0.02221 175 105 5 5 6 10 4 10 10 4 69176 14816 Cramer et al, 1980 Lead acetate 100Rat (Rattus norvegicus)2 0/60 mg/org/d N ADL U DR 22 d NR NR GE F C REP PRWT WO 60.0 N 0.338 N 0.0373 178 105 5 5 5 10 4 10 10 4 69177 2888 Sokol et al., 1985 Lead acetate 54.61Rat (Rattus norvegicus)3 0/0.1/0.3 % water N ADL U DR 30 d 52 d JV M C REP GREP PY 0.100 Y 0.37188 Y 0.135 198 105 5 5 7 10 4 10 10 4 70178 2669 Hallen et al., 1995 Lead acetate 100Rat (Rattus norvegicus)2 0/200 mg/kg bw N NR U DR 13 w NR NR GE F C REP PRWT WO 200 Y 0.2 N 0.02326 200 10 5 5 5 10 10 4 10 10 4 73179 13216 Rabe et al., 1985 Lead acetate 54.61Rat (Rattus norvegicus)2 0/0.5 % in water N ADL U DR 21 d 80 d JV F C REP PRWT WO 0.500 Y 0.351 Y 0.02808 218 105 5 5 7 10 4 10 10 4 70180 2783 Mykkanen et al., 1980 Lead acetate 54.61Rat (Rattus norvegicus)4 0/1/2 % in diet N ADL U FD 3 w NR NR LC F C REP PRWT WO 0.500 N 0.4 N 0.03235 221 10 10 5 5 5 10 4 10 10 4 73181 2704 Hsu, 1980 Lead acetate 54.61Rat (Rattus norvegicus)2 0/0.5 % in diet N ADL U FD 1 w 19 w LC F C REP PRWT WO 0.500 N 0.3846 N 0.03132 222 10 10 5 5 5 10 4 10 10 4 73182 2783 Mykkanen et al., 1980 Lead acetate 54.61Rat (Rattus norvegicus)4 0/0.5/1/2 % in diet N ADL U FD 3 w NR NR LC F C REP PRWT WO 0.500 N 0.32 N 0.02693 230 10 10 5 5 5 10 4 10 10 4 73183 2511 Alfano and Petit, 1982 Lead carbonate 77.55Rat (Rattus norvegicus)3 0/0.4/4.0 % in diet N ADL U FD 25 d NR NR LC F C REP PRWT WO 0.400 N 0.344 N 0.0286 258 10 10 5 10 5 10 4 10 10 4 78184 3939 Yu et al, 1996 Lead acetate 100Rat (Rattus norvegicus)2 0/0.3 % in water N DLY U DR 21 d NR NR LC F C REP PRWT WO 0.300 N 0.35 N 0.03849 330 105 5 5 5 10 4 10 10 4 68185 2887 Sokol, 1989 Lead acetate 54.61Rat (Rattus norvegicus)2 0/6000 mg/L N ADL U DR 30 d 52 d JV M C REP SPCL SM 6000 Y 0.412 N 0.04457 354 105 5 5 6 10 4 10 10 4 69186 2845 Ronis et al., 1998 Lead acetate 54.61Rat (Rattus norvegicus)2 0/6000 mg/L N ADL U DR 17 d NR NR GE F M REP PRWT WO 6000 N 0.35 N 0.03849 360 105 5 5 5 10 4 10 10 4 68187 2845 Ronis et al., 1998 Lead acetate 54.61Rat (Rattus norvegicus)2 0/6000 mg/L N ADL U DR 24 d NR NR LC F M REP PRWT WO 6000 N 0.35 N 0.03849 360 105 5 5 5 10 4 10 10 4 68188 2846 Ronis et al., 1996 Lead acetate 54.61Rat (Rattus norvegicus)2 0/6000 mg/L N ADL U DR 12 d NR NR GE F C REP PRWT WO 6000 Y 0.338 N 0.0373 362 105 5 5 6 10 4 10 10 4 69189 2887 Sokol, 1989 Lead acetate 54.61Rat (Rattus norvegicus)2 0/6000 mg/L N ADL U DR 30 d 27 d JV M C REP SPCL SM 6000 Y 0.32 N 0.0355 364 105 5 5 6 10 4 10 10 4 69190 2821 Pinon-Lataillade et al., 1995 Lead acetate 54.61Mouse (Mus musculus)2 0/0.5 % in water N ADL U DR 44 d NR NR GE F C REP PRWT WO 0.500 N 0.0325 N 0.00453 381 105 5 5 5 10 4 10 10 4 68191 3719 Draski et al., 1989 Lead acetate 54.61Mouse (Mus musculus)2 0/0.5 % in water N ADL U DR 14 d NR NR LC F C REP PRWT WO 0.500 N 0.0325 N 0.00453 381 105 5 5 5 10 4 10 10 4 68192 2846 Ronis et al., 1996 Lead acetate 54.61Rat (Rattus norvegicus)2 0/6000 mg/L N ADL U DR 50 d 24 d JV F C REP RBEH WO 6000 Y 0.2 N 0.02326 381 105 5 5 6 10 4 10 10 4 69193 2836 Rasile et. al. 1995 Lead acetate 54.61Mouse (Mus musculus)2 0/0.5 % in water N ADL U DR 45 d 50-100 d GE F C REP ODVP WO 0.500 Y 0.018 N 0.00266 404 105 5 5 6 10 4 10 10 4 69194 2909 Thoreux-Manlay et al., 1995 Lead acetate 54.61Rat (Rattus norvegicus)2 0/7 g/L N ADL U DR 22 d NR NR GE F C REP PRWT WO 7.00 N 0.35 N 0.03849 420 105 5 5 5 10 4 10 10 4 68195 2597 Donald et al., 1987 Lead acetate 54.61Mouse (Mus musculus)2 0/0.25 % in water N ADL U DR 48 d NR NR GE F C REP PRWT WO 0.250 Y 0.035 Y 0.0112 437 105 5 5 7 10 4 10 10 4 70196 2760 Marchlewicz et al., 1993 Lead acetate 54.61Rat (Rattus norvegicus)2 0/1 % in water N ADL U DR 9 mo 3 mo SM M M REP SPCL TE 1.00 Y 0.5 N 0.05305 579 105 5 5 6 10 4 10 10 4 69197 2816 Piasecka et. al. 1995 Lead acetate trihydrate 54.61Rat (Rattus norvegicus)2 0/1 % in water N ADL U DR 9 mo NR NR SM M C REP TEDG TE 1.00 Y 0.35 N 0.03849 600 105 5 5 6 10 4 10 10 4 69198 14751 Piasek et al, 1988 Lead acetate 100Rat (Rattus norvegicus)2 0/5500 mg/L N ADL U DR 3 w 14 w LC F C REP PRWT WO 5500 Y 0.2137 N 0.02469 635 105 5 5 6 10 4 10 10 4 69199 2711 Jacquet, 1977 Lead acetate 100Mouse (Mus musculus)2 0/0.5 % in diet N DLY U FD 7 d NR NR GE F C REP RSUC EM 0.500 N 0.02875 N 0.00371 646 10 10 5 5 5 10 4 10 10 4 73200 2869 Selvin-Testa et. al. 1997 Lead acetate 54.61Rat (Rattus norvegicus)2 0/1 % in water N ADL U DR 126 d 1 d GE F C REP PROG WO 1.00 N 0.156 N 0.0186 651 105 5 5 5 10 4 8 10 4 66201 2818 Piasek and Kostial 1991 Lead acetate 100Rat (Rattus norvegicus)2 0/750 mg/kg bw/d N NR U DR 20 w 10 w GE F C REP PRWT WO 750 Y 0.2681 N 0.03028 750 10 5 5 5 10 10 4 10 10 4 73202 2614 Epstein, et.al. 1991 Lead acetate 54.61Mouse (Mus musculus)2 0/10 mg/ml N NR U DR 4 d NR NR LC F C REP PRWT WO 10.0 N 0.0325 N 0.00453 762 105 5 5 5 10 4 10 10 4 68203 2698 Holtzman et al., 1981 Lead carbonate 77.55Rat (Rattus norvegicus)2 0/1 % in diet N ADL U FD 2 w NR NR LC F C REP PRWT WO 1.00 N 0.35 N 0.02899 828 10 10 5 10 5 10 4 10 10 4 78204 2699 Holtzman et al, 1978 Lead carbonate 100Rat (Rattus norvegicus)2 0/1 % in diet N ADL U FD 7 d NR NR LC F C REP PRWT WO 1.00 N 0.338 N 0.02817 833 10 10 5 10 5 10 4 10 10 4 78205 2523 Barlow et al., 1977 Lead acetate 54.61Rat (Rattus norvegicus)2 0/2 % in diet N ADL U FD 21 d NR NR LC F C REP PRWT WO 2.00 Y 0.21 N 0.01905 991 10 10 5 5 6 10 4 10 10 4 74206 2837 Gulati et al, 1985 Lead acetate trihydrate 100Mouse (Mus musculus)4 0/4.98/10.055/20.52 mg/ml Y ADL M DR 18 w 11 w JV F C REP PRWT WO 4.84 Y 0.0422 Y 0.0113 1370 10 5 10 5 7 10 4 10 10 4 75207 2767 McConnell and Berry, 1979 Lead acetate 54.61Rat (Rattus norvegicus)2 0/4 % in diet N ADL U FD 30 d NR NR LC F C REP PRWT WO 4.00 N 0.4 N 0.03235 1770 10 10 5 5 5 10 4 10 10 4 73Eco-SSL for LeadMarch 2005Appendix 6.1 Mammalian Toxicity Data Extracted for Wildlife Toxicity Reference Value (TRV)LeadPage 5 of 12

Result # Ref N. Chemical Form MW% Test Species # of Conc/ Doses Conc/ Doses Conc/Dose Units Wet Weight Reported? Percent Moisture Application Frequency Method of Analyses Route of Exposure Exposure Duration Duration Units Age Age Units Lifestage Sex Control Type Effect Type Effect Measure Response Site Study NOAEL Study LOAEL Body Weight Reported? Body Weight in kg Ingestion Rate Reported? Ingestion Rate in kg or L/day NOAEL Dose (mg/kg/day) LOAEL Dose (mg/kg/day) Data Source Dose Route Test Concentrations Chemical form Dose Quantification Endpoint Dose Range Statistical Power Exposure Duration Test Conditions TotalResult Data Evaluation ScoreRefExposureEffects Conversion to mg/kg bw/day208 2871 Sharma and Kanwar, 1985 Lead acetate 100Mouse (Mus musculus)2 0/61.6 mg/org N NR U DR 14 w NR NR GE B C REP PROG WO 61.6 Y 0.031 Y 0.007 1990 105 5 5 7 10 4 10 10 4 70209 14824 Goldstein et al, 1974 Lead carbonate 77.55Rat (Rattus norvegicus)2 0/4 % in diet N ADL U FD 16 d NR NR LC F C REP PROG WO 4.00 N 0.35 N 0.02899 2570 10 10 5 10 5 10 4 10 10 4 78210 14827 Holtzman et al, 1980 Lead carbonate 77.55Rat (Rattus norvegicus)2 0/4 % in diet N ADL U FD 7 d NR NR LC F C REP PRWT WO 4.00 N 0.35 N 0.02899 2570 10 10 5 10 5 10 4 10 10 4 78211 2741 Krigman et al., 1974 Lead carbonate 77.55Rat (Rattus norvegicus)2 0/4 % in diet N ADL U FD 25 d NR NR LC F C REP PRWT WO 4.00 N 0.35 N 0.02899 2570 10 10 5 10 5 10 4 10 10 4 78212 2811 Pentschew and Garro 1966 Lead carbonate 77.55Rat (Rattus norvegicus)2 0/4.0 % in diet NR NR M FD 27 d NR NR LC F C REP PROG WO 4.5 N 0.248 N 0.02184 2840 10 10 10 5 5 10 4 10 10 4 78213 2871 Sharma and Kanwar, 1985 Lead acetate 100Mouse (Mus musculus)2 0/58 mg/org N NR U DR 14 w 21 d JV B C REP PROG WO 58.0 Y 0.016 Y 0.00041 3630 105 5 5 7 10 4 10 10 4 70214 2774 Michaelson and Sauerhoff, 1974 Lead acetate 100Rat (Rattus norvegicus)2 0/5 % in diet N ADL U FD 17 d NR NR LC F C REP PRWT WO 5.00 N 0.35 N 0.0432 6170 10 10 5 5 6 10 4 10 10 4 74Growth215 14386 Willoughby et al., 1972 Lead carbonate 100Horse (Equus caballus)2 0/30 mg/kg diet N DLY U FD 15 w 20 to 21 w JV M C GRO BDWT WO 30.0 N 181.44 Y 1.151 0.150 10 10 5 106 8 4 1 10 4 68216 2634 Fox et.al., 1982 Lead acetate 100Rat (Rattus norvegicus)2 0/0.5 ug/g bw/d N ADL U FD 21 d 0 d JV F C GRO BDWT WO 0.500 N 0.179 N 0.0167 0.500 10 10 5 5 10 8 4 1 10 4 67217 2593 Dilts and Ahokas, 1979 Lead acetate 100Rat (Rattus norvegicus)6 0/10/50/100/200/500 mg/L N ADL U DR 21 d NR NR GE F C GRO BDWT WO 10.0 50.0 Y 0.370 Y 0.037 1.00 5.00 105 5 5 7 8 8 10 10 4 72218 2737 Kimmel et al., 1980 Lead acetate 100Rat (Rattus norvegicus)5 0/0.13/1.27/13/69 mg/kg bw/d N ADL U DR 7 d 50 d AD F V GRO BDWT WO 1.27 13 Y 0.325 N 0.036 1.27 13.0 10 5 5 5 10 8 6 10 10 4 73219 14380 Lynch et al, 1975 Lead carbonate 77.55Cattle (Bos taurus)4 0/0.64/1.28/2.57 mg/kg bw/d N 3 per w U OR 7 w 1 w JV M C GRO BDWT WO 2.57 Y 61 N 2.01603 1.99 10 8 10 10 10 8 4 1 10 4 75220 2930 Wiebe and Barr, 1988 Lead chloride 100Rat (Rattus norvegicus)3 0/20/200 mg/kg N NR U DR 14 d 21 d JV F C GRO BDWT WO 20.0 Y 0.1228 N 0.0150 2.40 10 5 5 10 6 8 4 10 10 4 72221 14446 Schroeder et al, 1963 Lead 100Rat (Rattus norvegicus)2 0/25 mg/L N DLY U DR 332 d 28 d JV B C GRO BDWT WO 25.0 Y 0.1575 N 0.01876 2.98 105 5 4 6 8 4 10 10 4 66222 2737 Kimmel et al., 1980 Lead acetate 100Rat (Rattus norvegicus)4 0/0.92/4.7/8.9 mg/kg bw/d N ADL U DR 7 w 21 d GE F V GRO BDWT WO 4.70 8.90 Y 0.3 N 0.0335 4.70 8.90 10 5 5 5 10 8 10 10 10 7 80223 3873 Horwitt and Cowgill, 1937 Lead acetate 100Dog (Canis familiaris)3 0/27/102 mg/kg diet N DLY M FD 7 mo NR NR JV NR C GRO BDWT WO 102 Y 9.3 N 0.42959 4.71 10 10 105 6 8 4 1 10 4 68224 2944 Zheng et al., 1996 Lead acetate 100Rat (Rattus norvegicus)3 0/50/250 mg/L N ADL U DR 30 d 22-24 d JV M C GRO BDWT WO 50.0 250 Y 0.27 N 0.0305 5.64 28.2 105 5 5 6 8 8 10 10 4 71225 2675 Hammond et al., 1989 Lead acetate 100Rat (Rattus norvegicus)4 0/50/250/500 mg/L N ADL U DR 23 d 22 d JV F C GRO BDWT WO 50.0 250 N 0.204 N 0.02368 5.80 29.0 105 5 5 5 8 8 10 10 7 73226 3711 Lynch et al., 1976 Lead carbonate 100Cattle (Bos taurus)3 0/4.16/7.79 mg/kg bw/d N 3 per w U OR 84 d NR NR JV M C GRO BDWT WO 7.79 Y 80.2 Y 0.157 7.79 10 8 10 10 10 8 4 6 10 4 80227 2830 Rader et al., 1981 Lead acetate 100Rat (Rattus norvegicus)2 0/9.1 mg/kg bw/d N 1 per w U OR 6 w NR NR AD M C GRO BDWT WO 9.10 Y 0.475 N 0.03726 9.10 10 8 5 5 10 8 4 10 3 4 67228 2788 Nehru et al., 1997 Lead 100Rat (Rattus norvegicus)2 0/20 mg/kg bw N EOD U GV 8 w NR NR JV F C GRO BDWT WO 10.0 Y 0.18125 N 0.01688 10.0 10 8 10 4 10 8 4 10 10 4 78229 2660 Gruber et al., 1997 Lead acetate 100Rat (Rattus norvegicus)3 0/100/5000 mg/L N DLY U DR 6 mo NR NR AD M C GRO BDWT WO 100 5000 Y 0.483 N 0.05143 10.6 532 105 5 5 6 8 6 10 10 4 69230 2751 Lorenzo et al., 1978 Lead nitrate 62.56Rabbit (Oryctolagus cuniculus)3 0/10.7/50.4 mg/kg bw/d N DLY U GV 10 d 1 d JV F C GRO BDWT WO 10.7 50.44 N 1 N 0.0687 10.7 50.4 10 8 5 10 5 8 8 10 10 4 78231 21143 El-Gazzar et al, 1978 Lead acetate 100Rat (Rattus norvegicus)2 0/100 mg/L N NR U DR 140 d 21 d JV M C GRO BDWT WO 100 Y 0.443 N 0.04758 10.7 105 5 5 6 8 4 10 10 4 67232 2830 Rader et al., 1981 Lead acetate 100Rat (Rattus norvegicus)2 0/15.1 mg/kg bw/d N ADL U DR 6 w NR NR JV M C GRO BDWT WO 15.1 Y 0.337 N 0.0372 15.1 10 5 5 5 10 8 4 10 10 4 71233 14580 Mahaffey et al., 1977 Lead acetate 100Rat (Rattus norvegicus)2 0/200 mg/kg diet N ADL UX FD 10 w NR NR JV M C GRO BDWT WO 200 N 0.523 N 0.04032 15.4 10 10 105 5 8 4 10 10 7 79234 2830 Rader et al., 1981 Lead acetate 100Rat (Rattus norvegicus)2 0/15.54 mg/kg bw/d N 1 per w U OR 6 w NR NR AD M C GRO BDWT WO 15.5 Y 0.475 N 0.03726 15.5 10 8 5 5 10 8 4 10 10 4 74235 2829 Rader et. al. 1981 Lead acetate 100Rat (Rattus norvegicus)2 0/16.1 mg/kg bw/d N NR U DR 7 w NR NR JV M C GRO BDWT WO 16.1 Y 0.341 N 0.03759 16.1 10 5 5 5 10 8 4 10 10 4 71236 14822 Gerber et al, 1978 Lead acetate 100Mouse (Mus musculus)3 0/0.1/1.0 mg/ml N NR U DR 14 d 0 d JV NR C GRO BDWT WO 0.100 1.00 Y 0.00692 N 0.0011 16.3 163 105 5 5 6 8 8 10 10 4 71237 2524 Barratt et al., 1989 Lead acetate 54.61Rat (Rattus norvegicus)4 0/0.3/33/300 mg/kg bw N DLY U GV 9 w 10 w JV M C GRO BDWT WO 33.0 330 N 0.217 N 0.01957 18.0 180 10 8 10 5 10 8 8 10 10 4 83238 15125 Morris et al, 1938 Lead acetate 100Rat (Rattus norvegicus)3 0/1269/9307.8 ug/org/d N ADL U FD 339 d 26-27 d JV B C GRO BDWT WO 9308 Y 0.509 N 0.03943 18.3 10 105 5 6 8 4 10 10 4 72239 2905 Tafelski and Lamperti, 1975 Lead acetate 54.61Rat (Rattus norvegicus)4 0/1/5/10 mg/org N DLY U GV 29 d NR NR SM F C GRO BDWT WO 10.0 Y 0.289 N 0.02476 18.9 10 8 105 6 8 4 10 6 4 71240 2756 Mahaffey et al., 1973 Lead acetate 100Rat (Rattus norvegicus)7 0/0.19/0.70/2.8/5.9/12.9/24.3 mg/kg bw/d N NR U DR 10 w NR NR JV M C GRO BDWT WO 24.3 Y 0.31 N 0.0345 24.3 10 5 5 5 10 8 4 10 10 4 71241 14812 Bull, et.. al., 1978 Lead chloride 100Rat (Rattus norvegicus)4 0/0.8/4.0/32.5 mg/kg bw/d N ADL U DR 56 d 70 d LC F C GRO BDWT WO 32.5 N 0.2024 N 0.02351 32.5 10 5 5 10 10 8 4 1 10 4 67242 3704 Fick et al., 1976 Lead acetate 100Sheep (Ovis aries)5 0/10/100/500/1000 mg/kg diet N DLY U FD 84 d NR NR JV M C GRO BDWT WO 1000 Y 37 Y 1.21 32.7 10 105 5 7 8 4 3 10 4 66243 14852 Bankowska and Hine, 1985 Lead acetate 100Rat (Rattus norvegicus)2 0/350 mg/L N ADL U DR 10 w NR NR JV M C GRO BDWT WO 350 Y 0.352 N 0.03868 38.5 105 5 5 6 8 4 10 10 4 67244 3889 Logner et al., 1984 Lead sulfate 100Cattle (Bos taurus)4 0/16/43/305 mg/kg bw/d N DLY U FD 7 w 16 w JV M C GRO BDWT WO 43.0 Y 137.43 Y 3.64 43.0 10 10 5 10 10 8 4 1 10 4 72245 2507 Agodi et al., 1990 Lead acetate 100Rat (Rattus norvegicus)2 0/50 mg/kg bw N DLY U GV 28 d 2 d JV B V GRO BDWT WO 50.0 Y 0.0531 N 0.00615 50.0 10 8 10 5 10 8 4 10 10 4 79246 2502 Wolfe et al, 1996 Lead acetate trihydrate 100Rat (Rattus norvegicus)5 0/18.9/38.21/71.5/178.4 mg/kg bw/d N ADL M DR 4 w 94 d JV M C GRO BDWT WO 71.5 178 Y 0.48933 Y 0.02792 71.5 178 10 5 10 5 10 8 10 10 10 4 82247 14821 Gelman and Michaelson, 1979 Lead acetate 100Rat (Rattus norvegicus)4 0/25/75/225 mg/kg bw/d N 1 per d U GV 12 d 2 d JV B C GRO BDWT WO 75.0 225 Y 0.3 N 0.02554 75.0 225 10 8 10 5 10 8 10 10 10 4 85248 2806 Rudra Pal et al., 1975 Lead acetate 100Rat (Rattus norvegicus)2 0/100 mg/kg bw/d N NR U FD 4 w NR NR JV M C GRO BDWT WO 100 Y 0.11 N 0.01119 100 10 10 5 5 10 8 4 1 10 4 67249 14799 Goyer et al., 1970 Lead acetate 100Rat (Rattus norvegicus)6 0/2.3/7.0/12/21/67/220 mg/org/d N NR U DR 10 w NR NR JV M C GRO BDWT WO 21.0 67.0 Y 0.175 N 0.02062 120 383 105 5 5 6 8 8 10 10 4 71250 2618 Eyden et al, 1978 Lead acetate 100Mouse (Mus musculus)3 0/0.1/1.0 % in diet N ADL U FD 4 w 3 mo JV B C GRO BDWT WO 0.100 1.00 Y 0.0220 N 0.00298 136 1360 10 105 5 6 8 8 10 10 4 76251 2906 Talcott and Koller, 1983 Lead acetate 100Mouse (Mus musculus)2 0/1000 mg/L N NR U DR 18 w 6-8 w LC F C GRO BDWT WO 1000 Y 0.03755 N 0.00516 137 105 5 5 6 8 4 10 10 4 67252 2723 Johansson and Wide, 1986 Lead chloride 100Mouse (Mus musculus)2 0/1 g/L N ADL U DR 12 w NR NR GE M C GRO BDWT WO 1.00 Y 0.0334 N 0.00465 139 10 5 5 10 6 8 4 10 10 4 72253 2888 Sokol et al., 1985 Lead acetate 54.61Rat (Rattus norvegicus)3 0/0.1/0.3 % water N ADL U DR 30 d 52 d JV M C GRO BDWT WO 0.100 0.300 Y 0.33188 Y 0.103 169 508 105 5 5 7 8 10 10 10 4 74254 2502 Wolfe et al, 1996 Lead acetate trihydrate 100Rat (Rattus norvegicus)2 0/171.27 mg/kg bw/d N ADL M DR 4 w 99 d JV M C GRO BDWT WO 171 Y 0.51751 Y 0.02276 171 10 5 10 5 10 8 4 10 10 4 76255 12025 Kishi et al., 1983 Lead acetate 100Rat (Rattus norvegicus)4 0/45/90/180 mg/kg bw N DLY U GV 18 d 3 d JV M C GRO BDWT WO 180 Y 0.0503 N 0.00588 180 10 8 10 5 10 8 4 10 10 4 79256 2924 Wadi and Ahmad, 1999 Lead acetate 54.61Mouse (Mus musculus)3 0/0.25/0.5 % in water N ADL U DR 6 w 7 w SM M C GRO BDWT WO 0.250 0.500 Y 0.0398 N 0.00544 187 373 105 5 5 6 8 10 10 6 4 69257 2815 Petrusz et al., 1979 Lead acetate 100Rat (Rattus norvegicus)4 0/25/100/200 mg/kg bw/d N DLY U GV 18 d 2 d JV B C GRO BDWT WO 200 N 0.035 N 0.00437 200 10 8 10 5 10 8 4 1 10 4 70258 3937 Yagminas et al., 1990 Lead acetate 100Rat (Rattus norvegicus)2 0/200 mg/kg bw/d N 5 per w U GV 91 d NR NR JV M C GRO BDWT WO 200 Y 0.454 N 0.0359 200 10 8 10 5 10 8 4 10 10 4 79259 13216 Rabe et al., 1985 Lead acetate 54.61Rat (Rattus norvegicus)2 0/0.5 % in water N ADL U DR 21 d 80 d JV F C GRO BDWT WO 0.500 Y 0.351 Y 0.02808 218 105 5 5 7 8 4 10 10 4 68Eco-SSL for LeadMarch 2005Appendix 6.1 Mammalian Toxicity Data Extracted for Wildlife Toxicity Reference Value (TRV)LeadPage 6 of 12

Result # Ref N. Chemical Form MW% Test Species # of Conc/ Doses Conc/ Doses Conc/Dose Units Wet Weight Reported? Percent Moisture Application Frequency Method of Analyses Route of Exposure Exposure Duration Duration Units Age Age Units Lifestage Sex Control Type Effect Type Effect Measure Response Site Study NOAEL Study LOAEL Body Weight Reported? Body Weight in kg Ingestion Rate Reported? Ingestion Rate in kg or L/day NOAEL Dose (mg/kg/day) LOAEL Dose (mg/kg/day) Data Source Dose Route Test Concentrations Chemical form Dose Quantification Endpoint Dose Range Statistical Power Exposure Duration Test Conditions TotalResult Data Evaluation ScoreRefExposureEffects Conversion to mg/kg bw/day260 2783 Mykkanen et al., 1980 Lead acetate 54.61Rat (Rattus norvegicus)4 0/0.5/1/2 % in diet N ADL U FD 1 w NR NR LC F C GRO BDWT WO 0.500 1.00 N 0.32 N 0.02693 230 460 10 105 5 5 8 10 10 10 4 77261 2889 Sourgens et al., 1987 Lead acetate trihydrate 54.61Rat (Rattus norvegicus)4 0/45/900/4580 mg/L N ADL U DR 30 d NR NR JV M C GRO BDWT WO 4580 Y 0.246 N 0.02802 285 105 5 5 6 8 4 10 10 4 67262 3847 Exon et al., 1979 Lead acetate 100Mouse (Mus musculus)5 0/13/130/1300/2600 mg/L N ADL U DR 10 w NR NR JV M C GRO BDWT WO 2600 Y 0.0334 N 0.00465 362 105 5 5 6 8 4 10 10 4 67263 2887 Sokol, 1989 Lead acetate 54.61Rat (Rattus norvegicus)2 0/6000 mg/L N ADL U DR 30 d 52 d JV M C GRO BDWT WO 6000 Y 0.32 N 0.0355 364 105 5 5 6 8 4 10 10 4 67264 2697 Holtzman et al., 1982 Lead acetate 100Rat (Rattus norvegicus)4 0/400/800/1600 mg/kg bw/d N DLY U GV 14 d 14 d JV NR C GRO BDWT WO 400 800 N 0.267 N 0.0232 400 800 10 8 10 5 10 8 10 10 10 4 85265 2697 Holtzman et al., 1982 Lead acetate 100Rat (Rattus norvegicus)5 0/400/800/1600/2400 mg/kg bw/d N DLY U GV 14 d 20 d JV NR C GRO BDWT WO 400 800 N 0.267 N 0.0232 400 800 10 8 10 5 10 8 10 10 10 4 85266 14822 Gerber et al, 1978 Lead acetate 100Rat (Rattus norvegicus)2 0/0.5 % in diet N NR U FD 14 mo 0 d JV NR C GRO BDWT WO 0.500 Y 0.278 N 0.0240 431 10 105 5 6 8 4 8 10 4 70267 14795 Brady, et al, 1975 Lead acetate 54.61Rat (Rattus norvegicus)2 0/240 mg/org N DLY U GV 102 d 30 d LC F C GRO BDWT WO 240 N 0.297 N 0.02533 441 10 8 105 7 8 4 1 10 4 67268 2896 Stewart et al., 1998 Lead acetate 54.61Mouse (Mus musculus)4 0/193/390/977 mg/kg bw/d N DLY U GV 12 d 6 d JV M C GRO BDWT WO 977 Y 0.00853 N 0.00137 534 10 8 10 5 10 8 4 10 10 4 79269 2758 Maker et al., 1973 Lead carbonate 100Mouse (Mus musculus)7 0/0.08/0.16/0.4/0.5/1.0/2.0 % in diet N NR U FD 30 d NR NR LC F C GRO BDWT WO 0.500 1.00 N 0.0325 N 0.00411 632 1260 10 105 5 5 8 10 10 10 4 77270 2869 Selvin-Testa et. al. 1997 Lead acetate 54.61Rat (Rattus norvegicus)2 0/1 % in water N ADL U DR 126 d 1 d GE F C GRO BDWT WO 1.00 N 0.156 N 0.0186 651 105 5 5 5 8 4 10 10 4 66271 2818 Piasek and Kostial 1991 Lead acetate 100Rat (Rattus norvegicus)2 0/750 mg/kg bw/d N NR U DR 20 w 10 w GE F C GRO BDWT WO 750 Y 0.2681 N 0.03028 750 10 5 5 5 10 8 4 10 10 4 71272 2758 Maker et al., 1973 Lead carbonate 100Mouse (Mus musculus)7 0/0.08/0.16/0.4/0.5/1.0/2.0 % in diet N NR U FD 28 d NR NR LC F C GRO BDWT WO 1.00 2.00 N 0.0325 N 0.00411 1260 2530 10 105 5 5 8 10 10 10 4 77273 10239 Barrett and Livesey, 1983 Lead 100Rat (Rattus norvegicus)4 0/0.2/0.4/1.0 % in diet N DLY U FD 18 d NR NR LC F C GRO BDWT WO 1.00 Y 0.296 Y 0.054 1500 10 10 5 107 8 4 3 10 4 71274 252 Schroeder et al, 1970 Lead nitrate 100Rat (Rattus norvegicus)2 0/25 mg/L N ADL U DR 9 d 21 d JV M C GRO BDWT WO 25.0 Y 0.0557 N 0.00736 3.3 10 5 5 10 6 8 4 10 10 4 72275 14377 Kelliher, et al. 1973 Lead acetate 100 Cattle (Bos taurus) 2 0.015 g/kg bw/d N CON U FD 283 d 7 mo JV M C GRO BDWT WO 0.0150 Y 260 N 6.63842 15.0 10 10 5 5 10 8 4 10 10 4 76276 2670 Hamilton and O'Flaherty, 1994 Lead acetate 100Rat (Rattus norvegicus)3 0/250/1000 mg/L N ADL U DR 92 d 25 d GE F V MPH GMPH TB 250 Y 0.224 N 0.02575 28.7 105 5 5 6 8 4 10 10 7 70277 2678 Hammond and Succop, 1995 Lead acetate 100Rat (Rattus norvegicus)2 0/250 mg/L N ADL U DR 5 d 26 d JV F C GRO BDWT WO 250 N 0.204 N 0.02368 29.0 105 5 5 5 8 4 10 10 4 66278 2671 Hamilton et al., 1994 Lead acetate 100Rat (Rattus norvegicus)4 0/250/500/1000 mg/L N ADL U DR 7 d 25 d GE F V GRO BDWT WO 250 N 0.202 N 0.02346 29.0 105 5 5 5 8 4 10 10 4 66279 2677 Hammond et al., 1993 Lead acetate 100Rat (Rattus norvegicus)2 0/250 mg/L N ADL U DR 26 d 22 d JV F V GRO BDWT WO 250 Y 0.175 N 0.02062 29.5 105 5 5 6 8 4 10 10 7 70280 2677 Hammond et al., 1993 Lead acetate 100Rat (Rattus norvegicus)2 0/250 mg/L N ADL U DR 14 d 26 d JV F V MPH Other TA 250 N 0.15 N 0.01795 29.9 105 5 5 5 8 4 10 10 7 69281 2776 Minnema and Hammond, 1994 Lead acetate 100Rat (Rattus norvegicus)2 0/250 mg/L N NR U DR 10 d 26 d JV F V GRO BDWT WO 250 Y 0.13 N 0.01578 30.4 105 5 5 6 8 4 10 10 4 67282 20974 Al-Omar et al, 2000 Lead oxide 92.83Mouse (Mus musculus)2 0/50 mg/kg bw/d N DLY M GV 3 w NR NR JV M V GRO BDWT WO 50.0 Y 0.02197 N 0.00298 46.4 10 8 10 10 10 8 4 10 10 4 84283 2929 White, 1977 Lead carbonate 100Dog (Canis familiaris)2 0/50 mg/kg bw N DLY U OR 5 w <1 yr JV NR C GRO BDWT WO 50 N 10.45 N 0.4728 50.0 10 8 10 10 10 8 4 10 10 4 84284 2807 Pankakoski et al., 1994 Lead 100Shrew (Sorex araneus)4 0/371/423/1052 mg/kg diet N ADL M FD 31 d NR NR JV B C GRO BDWT WO 371 Y 0.0071 N 0.00118 61.5 10 10 104 6 8 4 10 10 4 76285 2870 Shailesh Kumar and Desiraju, 1990 Lead acetate 100Rat (Rattus norvegicus)3 0/100/400 mg/kg bw N 6 per w U GV 58 d 2 d JV B C GRO BDWT WO 100 Y 0.075 N 0.00817 100 10 8 10 5 10 8 4 10 10 4 79286 14376 Hsu et al, 1975 Lead acetate 100Pig (Sus scrofa)2 0/1000 mg/L N ADL U FD 13 w 4 w JV NR NR GRO BDWT WO 1000 Y 7.5 Y 1.296 173 10 105 5 7 8 4 10 10 4 73287 2680 Harry et al., 1985 Lead acetate 100Rat (Rattus norvegicus)2 0/200 mg/kg bw N DLY U GV 29 d 2 d JV F V GRO BDWT WO 200 Y 0.065 N 0.00726 200 10 8 10 5 10 8 4 10 10 4 79288 2750 Lessler and Wright, 1976 Lead acetate 100Rat (Rattus norvegicus)2 0/68 mg/org/d N ADL U FD 5 w NR NR MA NR C GRO BDWT WO 68 Y 0.25 N 0.02198 272 10 105 5 6 8 4 10 10 4 72289 2827 Press 1975 Lead acetate 100Rat (Rattus norvegicus)2 0/328 mg/kg bw/d N DLY U GV 6 d 1 d JV B C GRO BDWT WO 328 N 0.248 N 0.02184 328 10 8 10 5 10 8 4 10 10 4 79290 2887 Sokol, 1989 Lead acetate 54.61Rat (Rattus norvegicus)2 0/6000 mg/L N ADL U DR 30 d 27 d JV M C GRO BDWT WO 6000 Y 0.412 N 0.04457 354 105 5 5 6 8 4 10 10 4 67291 2846 Ronis et al., 1996 Lead acetate 54.61Rat (Rattus norvegicus)2 0/6000 mg/L N ADL U DR 50 d 24 d JV M C GRO BDWT WO 6000 Y 0.26 N 0.02945 371 105 5 5 6 8 4 10 10 4 67292 2911 Toews et al., 1983 Lead acetate 100Rat (Rattus norvegicus)2 0/400 mg/kg bw/d N 6 per w U GV 28 d 2 d JV M C GRO BDWT WO 400 Y 0.075 N 0.00817 400 10 8 10 5 10 8 4 10 10 4 79293 2697 Holtzman et al., 1982 Lead acetate 100Rat (Rattus norvegicus)4 0/400/800/1200 mg/kg bw/d N DLY U GV 14 d 18 d JV NR C GRO BDWT WO 400 N 0.267 N 0.0232 400 10 8 10 5 10 8 4 10 10 4 79294 2836 Rasile et. al. 1995 Lead acetate 54.61Mouse (Mus musculus)2 0/0.5 % in water N ADL U DR 45 d 50-100 d GE F C GRO BDWT WO 0.500 Y 0.018 N 0.00266 404 105 5 5 6 8 4 10 10 4 67295 2783 Mykkanen et al., 1980 Lead acetate 54.61Rat (Rattus norvegicus)4 0/1/2 % in diet N ADL U FD 1 w NR NR LC F C GRO BDWT WO 1.00 N 0.4 N 0.03235 442 10 105 5 5 8 4 10 10 4 71296 14751 Piasek et al, 1988 Lead acetate 100Rat (Rattus norvegicus)2 0/5500 mg/L N ADL U DR 6 w 14 w LC F C GRO BDWT WO 5500 Y 0.2045 N 0.02373 638 105 5 5 6 8 4 10 10 4 67297 2837 Gulati et al, 1985 Lead acetate trihydrate 100Mouse (Mus musculus)4 0/4.98/10.055/20.52 mg/ml Y ADL M DR 10 w 11 w JV F C GRO BDWT WO 5.08 Y 0.04 Y 0.0056 748 10 5 105 7 8 4 10 10 4 73298 2523 Barlow et al., 1977 Lead acetate 54.61Rat (Rattus norvegicus)2 0/2 % in diet N ADL U FD 21 d NR NR LC F C GRO BDWT WO 2.00 Y 0.21 N 0.01905 991 10 105 5 6 8 4 10 10 4 72299 2546 Brashear et al., 1978 Lead acetate 100Rat (Rattus norvegicus)2 0/1.0 g/kg bw/d N DLY U GV 18 d 2 d JV B C GRO BDWT WO 1.00 N 0.248 N 0.02184 1000 10 8 10 5 10 8 4 10 10 4 79300 14822 Gerber et al, 1978 Lead acetate 100Rat (Rattus norvegicus)2 0/1.0 % in diet N NR U FD 2 w 0 d JV NR C GRO BDWT WO 1.00 Y 0.0165 N 0.0024 1430 10 105 5 6 8 4 10 10 4 72301 2697 Holtzman et al., 1982 Lead acetate 100Rat (Rattus norvegicus)4 0/1600/2000/2400 mg/kg bw/d N DLY U GV 14 d 24 d JV NR C GRO BDWT WO 1600 N 0.267 N 0.0232 1600 10 8 10 5 10 8 4 10 10 4 79302 2698 Holtzman et al., 1981 Lead carbonate 77.55Rat (Rattus norvegicus)2 0/4 % in diet N ADL U FD 2 w 60-80 d JV M C GRO BDWT WO 4.00 N 0.523 N 0.04032 2390 10 10 5 10 5 8 4 10 3 4 69303 2697 Holtzman et al., 1982 Lead acetate 100Rat (Rattus norvegicus)3 0/2400/3200 mg/kg bw/d N DLY U GV 14 d 16 d JV NR C GRO BDWT WO 2400 N 0.267 N 0.0232 2400 10 8 10 5 10 8 4 10 10 4 79304 14827 Holtzman et al, 1980 Lead carbonate 77.55Rat (Rattus norvegicus)2 0/4 % in diet N ADL U FD 14 d 60 d JV M C GRO BDWT WO 4.00 Y 0.2929 N 0.02504 2650 10 10 5 10 6 8 4 10 10 4 77Survival305 1858 Schroeder and Mitchener, 1975 Lead acetate 100Mouse (Mus musculus)2 0/25 mg/L N NR U DR 669 d 19-20 d JV B C MOR LFSP WO 25.0 Y 0.031 N 0.00434 3.50 105 5 5 6 9 4 10 10 4 68306 2725 Junaid et al., 1997 Lead acetate 100Mouse (Mus musculus)4 0/2/4/8 mg/kg bw/d N 5 per w U GV 60 d NR NR AD F V MOR MORT WO 4.00 8.00 N 0.0225 N 0.00304 4.00 8.00 10 8 10 5 10 9 10 10 6 4 82307 3711 Lynch et al., 1976 Lead carbonate 100Cattle (Bos taurus)3 0/4.16/7.79 mg/kg bw/d N 3 per w U OR 84 d NR NR JV M C MOR SURV WO 7.79 Y 80.2 Y 0.157 7.79 10 8 10 10 10 9 4 10 10 4 85308 2751 Lorenzo et al., 1978 Lead nitrate 62.56Rabbit (Oryctolagus cuniculus)5 0/10.7/50.4 mg/kg bw/d N DLY U GV 30 d 1 d JV F C MOR MORT WO 10.7 50.4 N 3.1 N 0.17412 10.7 50.4 10 8 10 10 5 9 8 10 10 4 84309 3747 Azar et al., 1973 Lead acetate 100Rat (Rattus norvegicus)5 0/18/62/141/548 mg/kg diet N NR M FD 2 yr NR NR NR M C MOR MORT WO 141 548 N 0.51 N 0.0395 10.9 42.4 10 10 105 5 9 8 10 10 4 81310 3889 Logner et al., 1984 Lead sulfate 100Cattle (Bos taurus)4 0/16/43/305 mg/kg bw/d N ADL U FD 10 d 74 d JV M C MOR MORT WO 16.0 43.0 Y 92.49 Y 3.64 16.0 43.0 10 10 5 10 10 9 10 10 10 4 88311 3747 Azar et al., 1973 Lead acetate 100Dog (Canis familiaris)5 0/16/57/155/576 mg/kg diet N NR M FD 2 yr NR NR NR B C MOR MORT WO 576 N 14 N 0.60128 24.7 10 10 105 5 9 4 1 10 4 68Eco-SSL for LeadMarch 2005Appendix 6.1 Mammalian Toxicity Data Extracted for Wildlife Toxicity Reference Value (TRV)LeadPage 7 of 12

Result # Ref N. Chemical Form MW% Test Species # of Conc/ Doses Conc/ Doses Conc/Dose Units Wet Weight Reported? Percent Moisture Application Frequency Method of Analyses Route of Exposure Exposure Duration Duration Units Age Age Units Lifestage Sex Control Type Effect Type Effect Measure Response Site Study NOAEL Study LOAEL Body Weight Reported? Body Weight in kg Ingestion Rate Reported? Ingestion Rate in kg or L/day NOAEL Dose (mg/kg/day) LOAEL Dose (mg/kg/day) Data Source Dose Route Test Concentrations Chemical form Dose Quantification Endpoint Dose Range Statistical Power Exposure Duration Test Conditions TotalResult Data Evaluation ScoreRefExposureEffects Conversion to mg/kg bw/day312 2720 Jessup, 1967 Lead acetate 100Rabbit (Oryctolagus cuniculus)3 0/54.6/546 mg/kg diet N ADL U FD 10 d NR NR GE F C MOR MORT WO 546 N 4.1 N 0.2191 29.2 10 105 5 5 9 4 10 10 4 72313 3709 Lassen and Buck, 1979 Lead acetate 100Pig (Sus scrofa)5 0/3.77/7.54/15.09/30.17 mg/kg bw/d N DLY U DR 13 w 6 w JV NR C MOR MORT WO 30.2 Y 24 N 1.72912 30.2 10 5 10 5 10 9 4 1 10 4 68314 14852 Bankowska and Hine, 1985 Lead acetate 100Rat (Rattus norvegicus)2 0/350 mg/L N ADL U DR 4 w NR NR JV M C MOR MORT WO 350 Y 0.22 N 0.02534 40.3 105 5 5 6 9 4 10 10 4 68315 20974 Al-Omar et al, 2000 Lead oxide 92.83Mouse (Mus musculus)2 0/50 mg/kg bw/d N DLY M GV 5 w NR NR JV M V MOR MORT WO 50.0 Y 0.02063 N 0.00283 46.4 10 8 10 10 10 9 4 10 10 4 85316 2565 Carpenter, 1982 Lead acetate 100Hamster (Mesocricetus auratus)2 0/547 mg/L N ADL U DR 51 d 15 w GE F C MOR MORT WO 547 Y 0.167 N 0.0198 64.8 105 5 5 6 9 4 10 10 4 68317 2565 Carpenter, 1982 Lead acetate 100Hamster (Mesocricetus auratus)2 0/547 mg/L N ADL U DR 14 d 11 w GE F C MOR MORT WO 547 Y 0.163 N 0.0193 64.9 105 5 5 6 9 4 10 10 4 68318 11831 Jessup and Shott, 1969 Lead acetate 100Rat (Rattus norvegicus)5 0/10/50/100/1000 mg/kg diet N ADL U FD 92 w 21 d JV B C MOR SURV WO 1000 Y 0.615 N 0.04607 74.9 10 105 5 6 9 4 10 10 4 73319 2721 Jessup, 1969 Lead acetate 100Rat (Rattus norvegicus)4 0/10/100/1000 mg/kg diet N ADL U FD 8 w NR NR GE B C MOR SURV WO 1000 Y 0.46 N 0.0363 78.8 10 105 5 6 9 4 10 10 4 73320 3747 Azar et al., 1973 Lead acetate 100Rat (Rattus norvegicus)3 0/1130/2102 mg/kg diet N NR M FD 2 yr NR NR NR M C MOR MORT WO 1130 2102 N 0.51 N 0.0395 87.5 163 10 10 10 5 5 9 10 10 10 4 83321 2502 Wolfe et al, 1996 Lead acetate trihydrate 100Rat (Rattus norvegicus)5 0/0.78/20.64/41.24/103.63 mg/kg bw/d N ADL M DR 24 w 94 d JV M C MOR MORT WO 104 Y 0.75394 Y 0.026 104 10 5 10 5 10 9 4 10 10 4 77322 2750 Lessler and Wright, 1976 Lead acetate 100Rat (Rattus norvegicus)2 0/68 mg/org/d N ADL U FD 24 w NR NR YO M C MOR MORT WO 68.0 Y 0.400 N 0.03235 170 10 105 5 6 9 4 10 10 4 73323 2750 Lessler and Wright, 1976 Lead acetate 100Rat (Rattus norvegicus)2 0/68 mg/org/d N ADL U FD 8 w NR NR MA M C MOR MORT WO 68.0 Y 0.4 N 0.03235 170 10 105 5 6 9 4 10 3 4 66324 2815 Petrusz et al., 1979 Lead acetate 100Rat (Rattus norvegicus)4 0/25/100/200 mg/kg bw/d N DLY U GV 18 d 2 d JV B C MOR MORT WO 200 N 0.035 N 0.00437 200 10 8 10 5 10 9 4 10 10 4 80325 2799 Ogilvie and Martin, 1981 Lead acetate 100Mouse (Mus musculus)2 0/2732 mg/L N NR U DR 10 mo NR NR AD M C MOR MORT WO 2732 Y 0.034 N 0.00472 379 105 5 5 6 9 4 10 10 4 68326 2697 Holtzman et al., 1982 Lead acetate 100Rat (Rattus norvegicus)5 0/400/800/1600/2400 mg/kg bw/d N DLY U GV 14 d 20 d JV NR C MOR MORT WO 400 800 N 0.267 N 0.0232 400 800 10 8 10 5 10 9 10 10 10 4 86327 2697 Holtzman et al., 1982 Lead acetate 100Rat (Rattus norvegicus)4 0/400/800/1600 mg/kg bw/d N DLY U GV 14 d 24 d JV NR C MOR MORT WO 400 800 N 0.267 N 0.0232 400 800 10 8 10 5 10 9 10 10 10 4 86328 2836 Rasile et. al. 1995 Lead acetate 54.61Mouse (Mus musculus)2 0/0.5 % in water N ADL U DR 98 d 50-100 d GE F C MOR MORT WO 0.500 Y 0.018 N 0.00266 404 105 5 5 6 9 4 10 10 4 68329 2817 Piasekand Kostial, 1987 Lead acetate 100Rat (Rattus norvegicus)4 0/216/420/639.36 mg/kg bw/d N ADL U DR 18 w NR NR JV M C MOR MORT WO 639 Y 0.25 Y 0.04 639 10 5 5 5 10 9 4 10 10 4 72330 2697 Holtzman et al., 1982 Lead acetate 100Rat (Rattus norvegicus)4 0/1600/2000/2400 mg/kg bw/d N DLY U GV 14 d 24 d JV NR C MOR MORT WO 2000 2400 N 0.267 N 0.0232 2000 2400 10 8 10 5 10 9 10 10 10 4 86331 2697 Holtzman et al., 1982 Lead acetate 100Rat (Rattus norvegicus)3 0/2400/3200 mg/kg bw/d N DLY U GV 14 d 14 d JV NR C MOR MORT WO 3200 N 0.267 N 0.0232 3200 10 8 10 5 10 9 4 10 10 4 80332 3701 Kanisawa and Schroeder, 1969 Lead acetate 100Rat (Rattus norvegicus)2 0/5 mg/L N DLY U DR 727 d 30 d JV F C MOR LFSP WO 5.00 N 0.248 N 0.02823 0.569 105 5 5 5 9 4 10 10 4 67333 3940 Zmudski et al., 1983 Lead acetate 100Cattle (Bos taurus)4 0/2.7/5.0/20 mg/kg bw/d N DLY U DR 21 d 10 w JV M C MOR MORT WO 2.70 Y 55 N 3.64722 2.70 10 5 5 5 10 9 4 10 10 4 72334 14446 Schroeder et al, 1963 Lead 100Rat (Rattus norvegicus)2 0/25 mg/L N DLY U DR 6 mo 28 d JV B C MOR SURV WO 25.0 Y 0.2251 N 0.02587 2.87 105 5 4 6 9 4 10 10 4 67335 14447 Schroeder et al, 1964 Divalent Lead 100Mouse (Mus musculus)2 0/25 mg/L N DLY U DR 21 mo 21 d JV M C MOR SURV WO 25.0 N 0.0375 Y 0.00465 3.10 10 5 5 10 6 9 4 10 10 4 73336 14803 Wells, et.al, 1986 Lead acetate 100Cattle (Bos taurus)2 0/20 mg/kg bw/d N DLY U DR 8 d 3 mo JV M C MOR MORT WO 20.0 N na N na 20.0 10 5 5 5 10 9 4 10 10 4 72337 2807 Pankakoski et al., 1994 Lead 100Shrew (Sorex araneus)4 0/371/423/1052 mg/kg diet N ADL M FD 31 d NR NR JV B C MOR MORT WO 371 Y 0.0071 N 0.00118 61.5 10 10 104 6 9 4 10 10 4 77338 2827 Press 1975 Lead acetate 100Rat (Rattus norvegicus)2 0/328 mg/kg bw/d N DLY U GV 14 d 1 d JV B C MOR MORT WO 328 N 0.248 N 0.02184 328 10 8 10 5 10 9 4 10 10 4 80339 2870 Shailesh Kumar and Desiraju, 1990 Lead acetate 100Rat (Rattus norvegicus)2 0/400 mg/kg bw N 6 per w U GV 58 d 2 d JV B C MOR MORT WO 400 Y 0.075 N 0.00817 400 10 8 10 5 10 9 8 10 10 4 84340 2697 Holtzman et al., 1982 Lead acetate 100Rat (Rattus norvegicus)4 0/400/800/1200 mg/kg bw/d N DLY U GV 14 d 16 d JV NR C MOR MORT WO 400 N 0.267 N 0.0232 400 10 8 10 5 10 9 4 10 10 4 80341 2618 Eyden et al, 1978 Lead acetate 100Mouse (Mus musculus)6 0/0.5/1.0/2.0/3.0/4.0 % in diet N ADL U FD 115 d NR NR AD B C MOR SURV WO 0.500 N 0.0317 N 0.00403 635 10 105 5 5 9 4 10 10 4 72342 2837 Gulati et al, 1985 Lead acetate trihydrate 100Mouse (Mus musculus)4 0/4.98/10.055/20.52 mg/ml Y ADL M DR 18 w 11 w JV B C MOR MORT WO 4.84 Y 0.0369 Y 0.00485 670 10 5 105 7 9 4 10 10 4 74343 2505 Lamb et al., 1997 Lead acetate trihydrate 100Mouse (Mus musculus)4 0/0.67/1.00/1.50 g/kg bw/d N ADL U DR 105 d 6 w JV B C MOR MORT WO 0.670 Y 0.0376 N 0.00517 670 10 5 5 5 10 9 4 10 10 4 72Data Not Used to Derive Wildlife Toxicity Reference Value344 14386 Willoughby et al., 1972 Lead carbonate 100Horse (Equus caballus)2 0/30 mg/kg diet N DLY U FD 15 d 20 to 21 w JV M C FDB FCNS WO 30.0 N 181.44 Y 1.151 0.150 10 10 5 106 4 4 1 10 4 64345 2879 Singh et al., 1991 Lead acetate 100Rat (Rattus norvegicus)5 0/250/500/1000/2000 mg/L N DLY U DR 6 d 90 d GE F C FDB FCNS WO 2000 N 0.2228 Y 0.0194 0.174 105 5 5 6 4 4 10 10 4 63346 136 Gershbein et al 1983 Lead acetate 54.61Rat (Rattus norvegicus)2 0/10 mg/kg diet N ADL U FD 80 d 44 d JV M C BEH NMVM WO 10.0 Y 0.47 N 0.03693 0.429 10 105 5 6 4 4 3 10 4 61347 136 Gershbein et al 1983 Lead acetate 54.61Rat (Rattus norvegicus)2 0/10 mg/kg diet N ADL U FD 80 d 44 d JV M C GRO BDWT WO 10.0 Y 0.47 N 0.03693 0.429 10 105 5 6 8 4 1 10 4 63348 136 Gershbein et al 1983 Lead acetate 54.61Rat (Rattus norvegicus)2 0/10 mg/kg diet N ADL U FD 80 d 44 d JV M C HIS GHIS NR 10.0 Y 0.47 N 0.03693 0.429 10 105 5 6 4 4 1 10 4 59349 2634 Fox et.al., 1982 Lead acetate 100Rat (Rattus norvegicus)2 0/0.5 ug/g bw/d N ADL U FD 21 d 0 d JV F C ORW ORWT BR 0.500 N 0.179 N 0.0167 0.500 10 10 5 5 10 4 4 1 10 4 63350 15061 Kanisawa and Schroeder, 1969 Lead acetate 100Rat (Rattus norvegicus)2 0/5 mg/L N DLY U DR 18 mo 21 d JV B C PHY BLPR BL 5.00 N 0.248 N 0.02823 0.569 105 5 5 5 4 4 1 10 4 53351 15061 Kanisawa and Schroeder, 1969 Lead acetate 100Rat (Rattus norvegicus)2 0/5 mg/L N DLY U DR 42 mo 21 d JV B C HIS GHIS KI 5.00 N 0.248 N 0.02823 0.569 105 5 5 5 4 4 1 10 4 53352 2616 Escribano et al., 1997 Lead acetate 54.61Rat (Rattus norvegicus)2 0/17 mg/kg diet N NR U FD 50 d NR NR JV F C ORW ORWT VE 17.0 Y 0.2756 N 0.02382 0.802 10 105 5 6 4 4 10 3 4 61353 2877 Singh and Ashraf, 1989 Lead acetate 100Rat (Rattus norvegicus)2 0/1.0 mg/kg bw/d N 6 per w U GV 10 w 5 w JV B C HRM NORE BR 1.00 N 0.235 N 0.02089 1.00 10 8 10 5 10 1 4 3 10 4 65354 2705 Hubermont et al., 1976 Lead nitrate 100Rat (Rattus norvegicus)4 0/0.1/1.0/10 mg/L N NR U DR 9 w 10 w GE F C ENZ ALAD BL 10.0 N 0.338 N 0.0373 1.10 10 5 5 105 1 4 1 10 4 55355 707 Dobryszycka et al., 1984 Lead acetate 100Rat (Rattus norvegicus)2 0/0.82 mg/org N DLY U GV 12 mo 3 mo JV B C ENZ LADH KI 0.820 N 0.462 N 0.03642 1.77 10 8 10 105 1 4 1 10 4 63356 252 Schroeder et al, 1970 Lead nitrate 100Rat (Rattus norvegicus)2 0/25 mg/L N ADL U DR 519 d 21 d JV M C MOR TDTH WO 25.0 Y 0.4615 N 0.0493 2.67 10 5 5 106 9 4 1 10 4 64357 2889 Sourgens et al., 1987 Lead acetate trihydrate 54.61Rat (Rattus norvegicus)4 0/45/900/4580 mg/L N ADL U DR 30 d NR NR JV F C ORW ORWT TY 45.0 900 Y 0.156 N 0.0186 2.93 58.6 105 5 5 6 4 6 10 10 4 65358 2716 Jadhav and Ramesh, 1997 Lead acetate 54.61Rat (Rattus norvegicus)2 0/50 mg/L N NR U DR 30 d 21 d JV M C FDB WCON WO 50.0 N 0.248 N 0.02823 3.11 105 5 5 5 4 4 1 10 7 56359 2716 Jadhav and Ramesh, 1997 Lead acetate 54.61Rat (Rattus norvegicus)2 0/50 mg/L N NR U DR 30 d NR NR GE M C GRO BDWT WO 50.0 N 0.248 N 0.02823 3.11 105 5 5 5 8 4 1 10 7 60360 1858 Schroeder and Mitchener, 1975 Lead acetate 100Mouse (Mus musculus)2 0/25 mg/L N NR U DR 520 d 19-20 d JV F C GRO BDWT WO 25.0 Y 0.0427 N 0.00579 3.39 105 5 5 6 8 4 8 10 4 65361 15506 Schroeder, 1968 Lead acetate 100Rat (Rattus norvegicus)2 0/3.620 mg/kg bw/d N ADL U DR 737 d NR NR AD B C CHM CHOL SR 3.62 N 0.235 N 0.02689 3.62 10 5 5 5 10 1 4 6 10 4 60362 25886 Hamir et al, 1999 Lead acetate 100Raccoon (Procyon lotor)4 0/1/2/4 mg/kg bw/d N 5 per w U FD 8 w 1 d JV B C CHM PCLV BL 4.00 Y 8.25 N 0.3893 4.00 10 10 5 5 101 4 1 3 4 53363 25886 Hamir et al, 1999 Lead acetate 100Raccoon (Procyon lotor)4 0/1/2/4 mg/kg bw/d N 5 per w U FD 8 w 5-6 mo JV B C GRS BDWT WO 4.00 Y 8.25 N 0.3893 4.00 10 10 5 5 104 4 1 3 4 56Eco-SSL for LeadMarch 2005Appendix 6.1 Mammalian Toxicity Data Extracted for Wildlife Toxicity Reference Value (TRV)LeadPage 8 of 12

Result # Ref N. Chemical Form MW% Test Species # of Conc/ Doses Conc/ Doses Conc/Dose Units Wet Weight Reported? Percent Moisture Application Frequency Method of Analyses Route of Exposure Exposure Duration Duration Units Age Age Units Lifestage Sex Control Type Effect Type Effect Measure Response Site Study NOAEL Study LOAEL Body Weight Reported? Body Weight in kg Ingestion Rate Reported? Ingestion Rate in kg or L/day NOAEL Dose (mg/kg/day) LOAEL Dose (mg/kg/day) Data Source Dose Route Test Concentrations Chemical form Dose Quantification Endpoint Dose Range Statistical Power Exposure Duration Test Conditions TotalResult Data Evaluation ScoreRefExposureEffects Conversion to mg/kg bw/day364 2640 Freundt and Ibrahim, 1990 Lead acetate 54.61Rat (Rattus norvegicus)2 0/100 mg/L N ADL U DR 91 d NR NR AD F C GRO BDWT WO 100 Y 0.295 N 0.033 6.11 105 5 5 6 8 4 1 10 4 58365 2857 Saxena et. al. 1989 Lead acetate 100Rat (Rattus norvegicus)2 0/1.920 mg/org/d N ADL U DR 120 d NR NR JV M C GRO BDWT WO 1.92 Y 0.284 N 0.03189 6.76 105 5 5 6 8 4 6 10 4 63366 3821 Boscolo et al., 1988 Lead acetate 100Rat (Rattus norvegicus)2 0/0.06 mg/ml N ADL U DR 18 mo NR NR NR M C GRO BDWT WO 0.0600 N 0.267 N 0.03016 6.78 105 5 5 5 8 4 1 10 4 57367 3821 Boscolo et al., 1988 Lead acetate 100Rat (Rattus norvegicus)2 0/0.06 mg/ml N ADL U DR 18 mo NR NR JV M C REP TEDG TE 0.0600 N 0.267 N 0.03016 6.78 105 5 5 5 10 4 1 10 4 59368 2737 Kimmel et al., 1980 Lead acetate 100Rat (Rattus norvegicus)4 0/0.92/4.7/8.9 mg/kg bw/d N ADL U DR 10 w 21 d GE F V FDB FCNS WO 8.90 Y 300 N 16.7898 8.90 10 5 5 5 10 4 4 1 10 7 61369 2830 Rader et al., 1981 Lead acetate 100Rat (Rattus norvegicus)2 0/9.3 mg/kg bw/d N ADL U DR 6 w NR NR AD M C GRO BDWT WO 9.30 Y 0.468 N 0.04999 9.30 10 5 5 5 10 8 4 10 3 4 64370 2770 McMurry et al., 1995 Lead acetate 100Cotton rat (Sigmodon hispidus)3 0/2.2/30.4 mg/org N ADL U DR 13 w NR NR AD M C CHM LMPH BL 2.20 30.4 Y 0.1698 N na 13.0 179 105 5 5 6 1 6 10 6 4 58371 2770 McMurry et al., 1995 Lead acetate 100Cotton rat (Sigmodon hispidus)3 0/2.2/30.4 mg/org N ADL U DR 13 w NR NR AD M C ORW SMIX SP 2.20 30.4 Y 0.1698 N na 13.0 179 105 5 5 6 4 6 10 6 4 61372 2563 Camoratto et al., 1993 Lead nitrate 100Rat (Rattus norvegicus)2 0/125 mg/L N ADL U DR 49 d NR NR GE F C FDB WCON WO 125 N 0.35 N 0.03849 13.7 10 5 5 105 4 4 1 10 4 58373 2563 Camoratto et al., 1993 Lead nitrate 100Rat (Rattus norvegicus)2 0/125 mg/L N ADL U DR 49 d 2 d JV F C HRM Other MT 125 N 0.35 N 0.03849 13.7 10 5 5 105 1 4 1 10 4 55374 2563 Camoratto et al., 1993 Lead nitrate 100Rat (Rattus norvegicus)2 0/125 mg/L N ADL U DR 49 d NR NR GE F C GRO BDWT WO 125 N 0.35 N 0.03849 13.7 10 5 5 105 8 4 1 10 4 62375 2563 Camoratto et al., 1993 Lead nitrate 100Rat (Rattus norvegicus)2 0/125 mg/L N ADL U DR 23 d NR NR GE F C REP PRWT WO 125 N 0.35 N 0.03849 13.7 10 5 5 10 5 10 4 1 10 4 64376 2829 Rader et. al. 1981 Lead acetate 100Rat (Rattus norvegicus)2 0/16.1 mg/kg bw/d N NR U DR 7 w NR NR AD M C GRO BDWT WO 16.1 Y 0.392 N 0.04316.1 10 5 5 5 10 8 4 10 3 4 64377 2918 Verlangieri et al., 1983 Lead acetate 100Rat (Rattus norvegicus)2 0/74.5 mg/L N ADL U DR 52 w NR NR JV B C GRO BDWT WO 74.5 Y 0.606 Y 0.13366 16.4 105 5 5 7 8 4 6 10 4 64378 14822 Gerber et al, 1978 Lead acetate 100Mouse (Mus musculus)3 0/0.1/1.0 mg/ml N NR U DR 10 d 0 d JV M C ENZ ALAD BR 0.100 1.00 Y 0.00452 N 0.0008 17.0 170 105 5 5 6 1 8 10 10 4 64379 2905 Tafelski and Lamperti, 1975 Lead acetate 54.61Rat (Rattus norvegicus)4 0/1/5/10 mg/org N DLY U GV 29 d NR NR SM F C HIS GHIS OV 10.0 Y 0.289 N 0.02476 18.9 10 8 105 6 4 4 1 6 4 58380 2905 Tafelski and Lamperti, 1975 Lead acetate 54.61Rat (Rattus norvegicus)4 0/1/5/10 mg/org N DLY U GV 29 d NR NR SM F C REP RPRD UT 10.0 Y 0.289 N 0.02476 18.9 10 8 10 5 6 104 1 6 4 64381 2575 Corpas et al , 1995 Lead acetate 100Rat (Rattus norvegicus)2 0/39.26 mg/kg bw/d N ADL U DR 3 w NR NR GE F C FDB WCON WO 39.3 N 0.32 Y 0.04248 21.4 10 5 5 5 10 4 4 3 10 4 60382 2756 Mahaffey et al., 1973 Lead acetate 100Rat (Rattus norvegicus)7 0/0.19/0.70/2.8/5.9/12.9/24.3 mg/kg bw/d N NR U DR 10 w NR NR JV M C ORW ORWT KI 24.3 Y 0.31 N 0.0345 24.3 10 5 5 5 10 4 4 8 10 4 65383 2943 Zenick et al., 1979 Lead acetate 54.61Rat (Rattus norvegicus)3 0/200/400 mg/kg N DLY U DR 121 d 21 d GE F C BEH ACTV WO 400 N 0.204 N 0.0237 25.4 105 5 5 5 4 4 1 10 4 53384 2943 Zenick et al., 1979 Lead acetate 54.61Rat (Rattus norvegicus)3 0/200/400 mg/L N DLY U DR 121 d 21 d GE F C GRO BDWT WO 400 N 0.204 N 0.0237 25.4 105 5 5 5 8 4 1 10 4 57385 10607 Cerklewski, 1980 Lead acetate 100Rat (Rattus norvegicus)2 0/250 mg/kg diet N NR U FD 20 d 70 d LC F C GRO BDWT WO 250 Y 0.363 Y 0.04 27.5 10 105 5 7 8 4 1 10 4 64386 2720 Jessup, 1967 Lead acetate 100Rabbit (Oryctolagus cuniculus)3 0/54.6/546 mg/kg diet N ADL U FD 10 d NR NR GE F C REP Other UT 546 N 4.1 N 0.2191 29.2 10 10 5 5 5 10 4 1 10 4 64387 3704 Fick et al., 1976 Lead acetate 100Sheep (Ovis aries)5 0/10/100/500/1000 mg/kg diet N DLY U FD 84 d NR NR JV M C FDB FCNS WO 1000 Y 37 Y 1.21 32.7 10 105 5 7 4 4 6 10 4 65388 2682 Hasan et al., 1989 Lead chloride 74.5Rat (Rattus norvegicus)2 0/400 mg/L N NR U DR 42 d NR NR LC F C FDB FCNS WO 400 N 0.32 N 0.0355 33.1 10 5 5 105 4 4 1 10 4 58389 2780 Murphy et al., 1995 Lead chloride 74.5Rat (Rattus norvegicus)2 0/400 mg/L N ADL U DR 30 d NR NR LC F C FDB FCNS WO 400 N 0.32 N 0.0355 33.1 10 5 5 105 4 4 1 10 4 58390 2682 Hasan et al., 1989 Lead chloride 74.5Rat (Rattus norvegicus)2 0/400 mg/L N NR U DR 42 d NR NR LC F C CHM HMGL BL 400 N 0.32 N 0.0355 33.1 10 5 5 105 1 4 1 10 4 55391 2780 Murphy et al., 1995 Lead chloride 74.5Rat (Rattus norvegicus)2 0/400 mg/L N ADL U DR 30 d NR NR LC F C GRO BDWT WO 400 N 0.32 N 0.0355 33.1 10 5 5 105 8 4 1 10 4 62392 2682 Hasan et al., 1989 Lead chloride 74.5Rat (Rattus norvegicus)2 0/400 mg/L N NR U DR 42 d NR NR LC F C GRS BDWT WO 400 N 0.32 N 0.0355 33.1 10 5 5 105 4 4 1 10 4 58393 2737 Kimmel et al., 1980 Lead acetate 100Rat (Rattus norvegicus)5 0/0.09/0.92/9.1/45 mg/kg bw/d N ADL U DR 10 w 21 d JV F V FDB FCNS WO 45.0 Y 0.29 N 0.03249 45.0 10 5 5 5 10 4 4 1 10 4 58394 617 Nation et al., 1990 Lead acetate 100Rat (Rattus norvegicus)2 0/500 mg/kg diet N ADL U FD 61 d 50 d JV M C GRO BDWT WO 500 Y 0.2 N 0.0183 45.7 10 105 5 6 8 4 1 10 4 63395 10087 Amin et al, 1993 Lead acetate 100Rat (Rattus norvegicus)3 0/0.2/0.5 mg/ml N ADL U DR 75 d NR NR AD M C FDB FCNS WO 0.500 Y 0.197 N 0.02294 58.2 105 5 5 6 4 4 6 10 4 59396 10087 Amin et al, 1993 Lead acetate 100Rat (Rattus norvegicus)3 0/0.2/0.5 mg/ml N ADL U DR 90 d 21 d JV M C GRO BDWT WO 0.500 Y 0.197 N 0.02294 58.2 10 5 5 106 8 4 3 10 4 65397 2768 McGivern et al., 1991 Lead acetate 100Rat (Rattus norvegicus)2 0/550 mg/L N ADL U DR 7 d NR NR GE F V GRS BDWT WO 550 N 0.35 N 0.03849 60.5 105 5 5 5 4 4 1 10 4 53398 2768 McGivern et al., 1991 Lead acetate 100Rat (Rattus norvegicus)2 0/550 mg/L N ADL U DR 7 d NR NR GE F V REP RSUC WO 550 N 0.35 N 0.03849 60.5 105 5 5 5 10 4 3 10 4 61399 2525 Barrett and Livesey, 1982 Lead acetate 54.61Rat (Rattus norvegicus)2 0/1 g/L N ADL U DR 16 d NR NR LC F V FDB WCON WO 1.00 N 0.297 N 0.0332 61.0 105 5 5 5 4 4 1 10 4 53400 2525 Barrett and Livesey, 1982 Lead acetate 54.61Rat (Rattus norvegicus)2 0/1 g/L N ADL U DR 16 d NR NR LC F V REP PRWT WO 1.00 N 0.297 N 0.0332 61.0 105 5 5 5 10 4 1 10 4 59401 2565 Carpenter, 1982 Lead acetate 100Hamster (Mesocricetus auratus)2 0/547 mg/L N ADL U DR 51 d 15 w GE F C GRO BDWT WO 547 Y 0.167 N 0.0198 64.8 105 5 5 6 8 4 3 10 4 60402 2565 Carpenter, 1982 Lead acetate 100Hamster (Mesocricetus auratus)2 0/547 mg/L N ADL U DR 51 d 15 w GE F C HIS GHIS KI 547 Y 0.167 N 0.0198 64.8 105 5 5 6 4 4 1 10 4 54403 2565 Carpenter, 1982 Lead acetate 100Hamster (Mesocricetus auratus)2 0/547 mg/L N ADL U DR 14 d 11 w GE F C GRO BDWT WO 547 Y 0.163 N 0.0193 64.9 10 5 5 106 8 4 3 10 4 65404 2565 Carpenter, 1982 Lead acetate 100Hamster (Mesocricetus auratus)2 0/547 mg/L N ADL U DR 14 d 11 w GE F C HIS GHIS KI 547 Y 0.163 N 0.0193 64.9 10 5 5 106 4 4 1 10 4 59405 2732 Kempings et. al 1988 Lead acetate 54.61Rat (Rattus norvegicus)3 0/0.5/1.0 g/L N ADL U DR 90 d NR NR JV M C FDB FCNS WO 1.00 Y 0.12 N 0.01469 66.8 105 5 5 6 4 4 1 10 4 54406 2732 Kempings et. al 1988 Lead acetate 54.61Rat (Rattus norvegicus)3 0/0.5/1.0 g/L N ADL U DR 90 d NR NR LC M C GRO BDWT WO 1.00 Y 0.12 N 0.01469 66.8 105 5 5 6 8 4 1 10 4 58407 2732 Kempings et. al 1988 Lead acetate 54.61Rat (Rattus norvegicus)3 0/0.5/1.0 g/L N ADL U DR 90 d NR NR JV M C ORW ORWT MT 1.00 Y 0.12 N 0.01469 66.8 105 5 5 6 4 4 1 10 4 54408 25903 Sokol, et al, 2002 Lead acetate 54.61Rat (Rattus norvegicus)5 0/0.025/0.05/0.1/0.3 % in water N ADL U DR 16 w 100 d AD M C HRM LUHO SR 0.300 Y 0.661 Y 0.02758 68.4 105 5 5 7 1 4 3 6 4 50409 25903 Sokol, et al, 2002 Lead acetate 54.61Rat (Rattus norvegicus)5 0/0.025/0.05/0.1/0.3 % in water N ADL U DR 16 w 100 d AD M C GRS BDWT WO 0.300 Y 0.661 Y 0.02758 68.4 105 5 5 7 4 4 10 6 4 60410 2577 Cory-Slecthta and Thompson, 1979 Lead acetate 54.61Rat (Rattus norvegicus)4 0/50/300/1000 mg/L N DLY U DR 125 d NR NR GE M C GRO BDWT WO 1000 Y 0.045 N 0.00607 73.7 105 5 5 6 8 4 1 10 4 58411 11831 Jessup and Shott, 1969 Lead acetate 100Rat (Rattus norvegicus)5 0/10/50/100/1000 mg/kg diet N ADL U FD 18 mo 21 d JV B C PHY GPHY BL 1000 Y 0.637 N 0.04742 74.4 10 105 5 6 4 4 1 10 4 59412 11831 Jessup and Shott, 1969 Lead acetate 100Rat (Rattus norvegicus)5 0/10/50/100/1000 mg/kg diet N ADL U FD 92 w 21 d JV B C FDB FCNS WO 1000 Y 0.615 N 0.04607 74.9 10 105 5 6 4 4 1 10 4 59413 11831 Jessup and Shott, 1969 Lead acetate 100Rat (Rattus norvegicus)5 0/10/50/100/1000 mg/kg diet N ADL U FD 92 w 21 d JV B C GRO BDWT WO 1000 Y 0.615 N 0.04607 74.9 10 105 5 6 8 4 1 10 4 63414 2598 Donald et al., 1981 Lead acetate 54.61Mouse (Mus musculus)2 0/0.13 % in water N DLY U DR 39 d NR NR GE F C FDB WCON WO 0.130 N 0.325 N 0.0360 78.6 105 5 5 5 4 4 1 10 4 53415 2598 Donald et al., 1981 Lead acetate 54.61Mouse (Mus musculus)2 0/0.13 % in water N DLY U DR 39 d NR NR GE F C GRO BDWT WO 0.130 N 0.325 N 0.0360 78.6 105 5 5 5 8 4 1 10 4 57416 2598 Donald et al., 1981 Lead acetate 54.61Mouse (Mus musculus)2 0/0.13 % in water N DLY U DR 21 d NR NR GE F C REP PROG WO 0.130 N 0.325 N 0.0360 78.6 105 5 5 5 10 4 1 10 4 59Eco-SSL for LeadMarch 2005Appendix 6.1 Mammalian Toxicity Data Extracted for Wildlife Toxicity Reference Value (TRV)LeadPage 9 of 12

Result # Ref N. Chemical Form MW% Test Species # of Conc/ Doses Conc/ Doses Conc/Dose Units Wet Weight Reported? Percent Moisture Application Frequency Method of Analyses Route of Exposure Exposure Duration Duration Units Age Age Units Lifestage Sex Control Type Effect Type Effect Measure Response Site Study NOAEL Study LOAEL Body Weight Reported? Body Weight in kg Ingestion Rate Reported? Ingestion Rate in kg or L/day NOAEL Dose (mg/kg/day) LOAEL Dose (mg/kg/day) Data Source Dose Route Test Concentrations Chemical form Dose Quantification Endpoint Dose Range Statistical Power Exposure Duration Test Conditions TotalResult Data Evaluation ScoreRefExposureEffects Conversion to mg/kg bw/day417 2721 Jessup, 1969 Lead acetate 100Rat (Rattus norvegicus)4 0/10/100/1000 mg/kg diet N ADL U FD 8 w NR NR GE B C FDB FCNS WO 1000 Y 0.46 N 0.0363 78.8 10 105 5 6 4 4 1 10 4 59418 2721 Jessup, 1969 Lead acetate 100Rat (Rattus norvegicus)4 0/10/100/1000 mg/kg diet N ADL U FD 8 w NR NR GE B C GRO BDWT WO 1000 Y 0.46 N 0.0363 78.8 10 105 5 6 8 4 1 10 4 63419 2721 Jessup, 1969 Lead acetate 100Rat (Rattus norvegicus)4 0/10/100/1000 mg/kg diet N ADL U FD 14 w NR NR GE F C REP FERT NR 1000 Y 0.255 N 0.0223 87.6 10 10 5 5 6 10 4 1 10 4 65420 2743 Kristensen et al., 1995 Lead chloride 100Mouse (Mus musculus)2 0/0.75 g/L N ADL U DR 6 w 9 w JV F C GRO BDWT WO 0.750 Y 0.0365 N 0.00503 103 10 5 5 106 8 4 1 10 4 63421 2502 Wolfe et al, 1996 Lead acetate trihydrate 100Rat (Rattus norvegicus)5 0/0.78/20.64/41.24/103.63 mg/kg bw/d N ADL M DR 24 w 94 d JV M C HRM TSTR BL 104 Y 0.75394 Y 0.026 104 10 5 10 5 10 1 4 3 10 4 62422 14709 Zirkin et al., 1985 Lead acetate 54.61Rat (Rattus norvegicus)6 0/500/1000/2000/4000/8000 mg/L N NR U DR 130 d 40 d JV M C HRM TSTR BL 2000 4000 N 0.51 N 0.05401 116 231 105 5 5 5 1 10 10 10 4 65423 2671 Hamilton et al., 1994 Lead acetate 100Rat (Rattus norvegicus)4 0/250/500/1000 mg/L N ADL U DR 77 d 25 d GE F V CHM PHOS SR 1000 N 0.202 N 0.02346 116 105 5 5 5 1 4 10 10 4 59424 2671 Hamilton et al., 1994 Lead acetate 100Rat (Rattus norvegicus)4 0/250/500/1000 mg/L N ADL U DR 77 d 25 d GE F V FDB FCNS WO 1000 N 0.202 N 0.02346 116 105 5 5 5 4 4 10 10 4 62425 14799 Goyer et al., 1970 Lead acetate 100Rat (Rattus norvegicus)6 0/2.3/7.0/12/21/67/220 mg/org/d N NR U DR 10 w NR NR JV M C CHM RETI BL 21.0 67.0 Y 0.175 N 0.02062 120 383 105 5 5 6 1 8 10 10 4 64426 14802 Hejtmancik, et. al, 1982 Lead acetate 54.61Rat (Rattus norvegicus)2 0/0.2 % in water N ADL U DR 21 d NR NR JV F C FDB WCON WO 0.200 N 0.317 N 0.0352 121 105 5 5 5 4 4 1 10 4 53427 14802 Hejtmancik, et. al, 1982 Lead acetate 54.61Rat (Rattus norvegicus)2 0/0.2 % in water N ADL U DR 21 d NR NR LC F C REP PRWT WO 0.200 N 0.317 N 0.0352 121 105 5 5 5 10 4 1 10 4 59428 2723 Johansson and Wide, 1986 Lead chloride 100Mouse (Mus musculus)2 0/1 g/L N ADL U DR 12 w 9 w SM M C HRM TSTR WO 1.00 Y 0.0334 N 0.00465 139 10 5 5 106 1 4 3 10 4 58429 14825 Govoni et al, 1980 Lead acetate 54.61Rat (Rattus norvegicus)3 0/0.04/2.5 g/L N DLY U DR 20 d 60 d JV F V REP PRWT WO 2.50 N 0.35 N 0.03849 150 105 5 5 5 10 4 6 10 4 64430 2548 Brown, 1974 Lead acetate 54.61Rabbit (Oryctolagus cuniculus)2 0/5000 mg/kg diet N ADL U FD 23 mo NR NR AD B C PHY GPHY EY 5000 Y 3.2 N 0.17873 153 10 105 5 6 4 4 6 10 4 64431 2770 McMurry et al., 1995 Lead acetate 100Cotton rat (Sigmodon hispidus)3 0/2.1/28.8 mg/org N ADL U DR 7 w NR NR AD M C FDB WCON WO 28.8 Y 0.1698 N na 170 105 5 5 6 4 4 10 6 4 59432 2770 McMurry et al., 1995 Lead acetate 100Cotton rat (Sigmodon hispidus)3 0/2.1/28.8 mg/org N ADL U DR 7 w NR NR AD M C MOR MORT WO 28.8 Y 0.1698 N na 170 105 5 5 6 9 4 10 6 4 64433 2770 McMurry et al., 1995 Lead acetate 100Cotton rat (Sigmodon hispidus)3 0/2.2/30.4 mg/org N ADL U DR 13 w NR NR AD M C FDB WCON WO 30.4 Y 0.1698 N na 179 105 5 5 6 4 4 10 6 4 59434 14376 Hsu et al, 1975 Lead acetate 100Pig (Sus scrofa)2 0/1000 mg/kg diet N ADL U FD 13 w 4 w JV NR NR FDB FCNS WO 1000 Y 7.5 Y 1.296 173 10 105 5 7 4 4 3 10 4 62435 2770 McMurry et al., 1995 Lead acetate 100Cotton rat (Sigmodon hispidus)3 0/2.2/30.4 mg/org N ADL U DR 13 w NR NR AD M C MOR MORT WO 30.4 Y 0.1698 N na 179 105 5 5 6 9 4 10 6 4 64436 2770 McMurry et al., 1995 Lead acetate 100Cotton rat (Sigmodon hispidus)3 0/2.2/30.4 mg/org N ADL U DR 13 w NR NR AD M C REP TEWT TE 30.4 Y 0.1698 N na 179 105 5 5 6 10 4 3 6 4 58437 814 Koller and Roan, 1977 Lead acetate 100Mouse (Mus musculus)4 0/13/130/1300 mg/L N NR U DR 70 d 28 d JV NR C ENZ ACPH MT 1300 Y 0.024 N 0.00345 187 105 5 5 6 1 4 1 10 4 51438 814 Koller and Roan, 1977 Lead acetate 100Mouse (Mus musculus)4 0/13/130/1300 mg/L N NR U DR 70 d 28 d JV NR C GRO BDWT WO 1300 Y 0.024 N 0.00345 187 105 5 5 6 8 4 1 10 4 58439 2924 Wadi and Ahmad, 1999 Lead acetate 54.61Mouse (Mus musculus)3 0/0.25/0.5 % in water N ADL U DR 6 w 7 w SM M C FDB FCNS WO 0.250 0.500 Y 0.0398 N 0.00544 187 373 105 5 5 6 4 10 10 6 4 65440 2886 Sokol, 1987 Lead acetate 54.61Rat (Rattus norvegicus)2 0/3000 mg/L N ADL U DR 30 d 52 d JV M C FDB WCON WO 3000 N 0.217 N 0.02503 189 105 5 5 5 4 4 1 10 4 53441 2886 Sokol, 1987 Lead acetate 54.61Rat (Rattus norvegicus)2 0/3000 mg/L N ADL U DR 30 d 52 d JV M C HRM TSTR BL 3000 N 0.217 N 0.02503 189 105 5 5 5 1 4 3 10 4 52442 2886 Sokol, 1987 Lead acetate 54.61Rat (Rattus norvegicus)2 0/3000 mg/L N ADL U DR 30 d 52 d JV M C GRO BDWT WO 3000 N 0.217 N 0.02503 189 105 5 5 5 8 4 1 10 4 57443 2669 Hallen et al., 1995 Lead acetate 100Rat (Rattus norvegicus)2 0/200 mg/kg bw N NR U DR 13 w NR NR GE F C CHM PRTL MK 200 Y 0.2 N 0.02326 200 10 5 5 5 10 1 4 10 10 4 64444 2669 Hallen et al., 1995 Lead acetate 100Rat (Rattus norvegicus)2 0/200 mg/kg bw N NR U DR 13 w NR NR GE F C GRO BDWT WO 200 Y 0.2 N 0.02326 200 10 5 5 5 10 8 4 1 10 4 62445 2848 Ronis, et. al., 1998 Lead acetate 54.61Rat (Rattus norvegicus)4 0/0.05/0.15/0.45 % in water N ADL U DR 37 d NR NR AD F C FDB FCNS WO 0.450 N 0.35 N 0.03849 270 105 5 5 5 4 4 1 10 4 53446 2785 Nathan et al., 1992 Lead acetate 54.61Rat (Rattus norvegicus)5 0/0.05/0.1/0.5/1 % in water N ADL U DR 10 w NR NR AD M C GRS BDWT WO 0.500 1.00 Y 0.439 N 0.04719 294 587 105 5 5 6 4 10 10 6 4 65447 14797 Pinon-Lataillade, et.al, 1993 Lead acetate trihydrate 100Rat (Rattus norvegicus)2 0/0.3 % in water N NR U DR 70 d 30 d LC M C HRM TSTR TE 0.300 Y 0.495 N 0.05258 319 105 5 5 6 1 4 3 3 4 46448 14797 Pinon-Lataillade, et.al, 1993 Lead acetate trihydrate 100Rat (Rattus norvegicus)2 0/0.3 % in water N NR U DR 70 d 90 d AD M C GRS BDWT WO 0.300 Y 0.495 N 0.05258 319 105 5 5 6 4 4 10 3 4 56449 14797 Pinon-Lataillade, et.al, 1993 Lead acetate trihydrate 100Rat (Rattus norvegicus)2 0/0.3 % in water N NR U DR 70 d 90 d AD M C REP SPCL TE 0.300 Y 0.495 N 0.05258 319 105 5 5 6 10 4 10 3 4 62450 2923 Vyskocil et al., 1995 Lead acetate 100Rat (Rattus norvegicus)3 0/81.3/320 mg/kg bw/d N ADL U DR 2 mo 9-10 w SM F C GRO BDWT WO 320 N 0.25 N 0.02843 320 10 5 5 5 10 8 4 1 10 4 62451 2846 Ronis et al., 1996 Lead acetate 54.61Rat (Rattus norvegicus)2 0/6000 mg/L N ADL U DR 14 d 60 d SM M C REP TEWT TE 6000 Y 0.333 N 0.0368 362 105 5 5 6 10 4 6 3 4 58452 2846 Ronis et al., 1996 Lead acetate 54.61Rat (Rattus norvegicus)2 0/6000 mg/L N ADL U DR 24 d 24 d JV F C GRO BDWT WO 6000 Y 0.24 N 0.0274 374 105 5 5 6 8 4 10 3 4 60453 3718 Donovick and Burright, 1986 Lead acetate 54.61Mouse (Mus musculus)2 0/0.5 % in water N ADL U DR 4 w 75 d JV M C BEH ACTV WO 0.500 Y 0.0369 N 0.00508 376 105 5 5 6 4 4 1 3 4 47454 3718 Donovick and Burright, 1986 Lead acetate 54.61Mouse (Mus musculus)2 0/0.5 % in water N ADL U DR 22 d 7 w SM M C GRO BDWT WO 5000 Y 0.0369 N 0.00508 376 105 5 5 6 8 4 1 3 4 51455 3718 Donovick and Burright, 1986 Lead acetate 54.61Mouse (Mus musculus)2 0/0.5 % in water N ADL U DR 4 w 220 d SM M C GRS BDWT WO 0.500 Y 0.0345 N 0.00478 379 105 5 5 6 4 4 1 3 4 47456 2799 Ogilvie and Martin, 1981 Lead acetate 100Mouse (Mus musculus)2 0/2732 mg/L N NR U DR 10 mo NR NR AD M C GRO BDWT WO 2732 Y 0.034 N 0.00472 379 105 5 5 6 8 4 1 10 4 58457 2821 Pinon-Lataillade et al., 1995 Lead acetate 54.61Mouse (Mus musculus)2 0/0.5 % in water N ADL U DR 44 d NR NR SM M C HRM TEST PL 0.500 N 0.0375 N 0.00515 381 105 5 5 5 1 4 3 10 4 52458 3718 Donovick and Burright, 1986 Lead acetate 54.61Mouse (Mus musculus)2 0/0.5 % in water N ADL U DR 22 d 220 d SM M C GRO BDWT WO 0.500 Y 0.0315 N 0.00441 382 105 5 5 6 8 4 1 10 4 58459 2924 Wadi and Ahmad, 1999 Lead acetate 54.61Mouse (Mus musculus)3 0/0.25/0.5 % in water N ADL U DR 6 w 7 w SM M C HRM TSTR PL 0.500 Y 0.03148 N 0.0044 382 105 5 5 6 1 4 10 6 4 56460 2836 Rasile et. al. 1995 Lead acetate 54.61Mouse (Mus musculus)2 0/0.5 % in water N ADL U DR 45 d 50-100 d GE F C BEH ACTV WO 0.500 Y 0.018 N 0.00266 404 105 5 5 6 4 4 1 10 4 54461 2597 Donald et al., 1987 Lead acetate 54.61Mouse (Mus musculus)2 0/0.25 % in water N ADL U DR 47 d NR NR GE F C FDB FCNS WO 0.250 Y 0.035 Y 0.0112 437 105 5 5 7 4 4 8 3 4 55462 14709 Zirkin et al., 1985 Lead acetate 54.61Rat (Rattus norvegicus)6 0/500/1000/2000/4000/8000 mg/L N NR U DR 130 d NR NR AD M C REP FERT WO 8000 N 0.51 N 0.05401 463 105 5 5 5 10 4 1 10 4 59463 14818 Ewers and Erbe, 1980 Lead acetate 54.61Rat (Rattus norvegicus)4 0/1500/4000/10000 mg/kg diet N ADL U FD 120 d 2 d JV F C CHM TOPR BR 10000 Y 0.24 N 0.02126 484 10 105 5 6 1 4 8 10 4 63464 2785 Nathan et al., 1992 Lead acetate 54.61Rat (Rattus norvegicus)5 0/0.05/0.1/0.5/1 % in water N ADL U DR 10 w NR NR AD M C HRM TSTR BL 1.00 Y 0.503 N 0.05334 579 105 5 5 6 1 4 10 6 4 56465 2760 Marchlewicz et al., 1993 Lead acetate 54.61Rat (Rattus norvegicus)2 0/1 % in water N ADL U DR 9 mo 3 mo SM M M FDB WCON WO 1.00 Y 0.5 N 0.05305 579 105 5 5 6 4 4 1 10 4 54466 2760 Marchlewicz et al., 1993 Lead acetate 54.61Rat (Rattus norvegicus)2 0/1 % in water N ADL U DR 9 mo 3 mo SM M M GRO BDWT WO 1.00 Y 0.5 N 0.05305 579 105 5 5 6 8 4 1 10 4 58467 2816 Piasecka et. al. 1995 Lead acetate trihydrate 54.61Rat (Rattus norvegicus)2 0/1 % in water N ADL U DR 9 mo NR NR SM M C FDB FCNS WO 1.00 N 0.35 N 0.03849 600 105 5 5 5 4 4 1 10 4 53468 14751 Piasek et al, 1988 Lead acetate 100Rat (Rattus norvegicus)2 0/5500 mg/L N ADL U DR 6 w 14 w LC F C PHY BLPR BL 5500 Y 0.2045 N 0.02373 638 105 5 5 6 4 4 10 10 4 63469 2817 Piasekand Kostial, 1987 Lead acetate 100Rat (Rattus norvegicus)4 0/216/420/639.36 mg/kg bw/d N ADL U DR 18 w NR NR JV M C GRO BDWT WO 639 N 0.25 Y 0.04 639 10 5 5 5 10 8 4 1 10 4 62Eco-SSL for LeadMarch 2005Appendix 6.1 Mammalian Toxicity Data Extracted for Wildlife Toxicity Reference Value (TRV)LeadPage 10 of 12

Result # Ref N. Chemical Form MW% Test Species # of Conc/ Doses Conc/ Doses Conc/Dose Units Wet Weight Reported? Percent Moisture Application Frequency Method of Analyses Route of Exposure Exposure Duration Duration Units Age Age Units Lifestage Sex Control Type Effect Type Effect Measure Response Site Study NOAEL Study LOAEL Body Weight Reported? Body Weight in kg Ingestion Rate Reported? Ingestion Rate in kg or L/day NOAEL Dose (mg/kg/day) LOAEL Dose (mg/kg/day) Data Source Dose Route Test Concentrations Chemical form Dose Quantification Endpoint Dose Range Statistical Power Exposure Duration Test Conditions TotalResult Data Evaluation ScoreRefExposureEffects Conversion to mg/kg bw/day470 14752 Piasek and Kostial, 1990 Lead acetate 100Rat (Rattus norvegicus)4 0/1500/3500/5500 mg/L N ADL U DR 6 w 15 w LC B C PHY BLPR BL 5500 Y 0.185 N 0.02168 645 105 5 5 6 4 4 10 10 4 63471 2505 Lamb et al., 1997 Lead acetate trihydrate 100Mouse (Mus musculus)2 0/0.67 g/kg bw/d N ADL U DR 105 d 6 w JV B C GRO BDWT WO 0.670 Y 0.0376 N 0.00517 670 10 5 5 5 10 8 4 1 10 4 62472 2505 Lamb et al., 1997 Lead acetate trihydrate 100Mouse (Mus musculus)2 0/0.67 g/kg bw/d N ADL U DR 105 d 6 w JV B C ORW ORWT LI 0.670 Y 0.0376 N 0.00517 670 10 5 5 5 10 4 4 1 10 4 58473 2818 Piasek and Kostial 1991 Lead acetate 100Rat (Rattus norvegicus)2 0/750 mg/kg bw/d N NR U DR 20 w 10 w GE F C MOR MORT WO 750 Y 0.2681 N 0.03028 750 10 5 5 5 10 9 4 1 10 4 63474 3749 Ogilvie, 1977 Lead acetate 54.61Mouse (Mus musculus)2 0/10 mg/ml N NR U DR 2 w NR NR AD M C MOR MORT WO 10.0 Y 0.0328 N 0.00457 761 105 5 5 6 9 4 1 3 4 52475 2523 Barlow et al., 1977 Lead acetate 54.61Rat (Rattus norvegicus)2 0/2 % in diet N ADL U FD 21 d NR NR LC F C ORW ORWT BR 2.00 N 0.21 N 0.01905 991 10 105 5 5 4 4 1 10 4 58476 2505 Lamb et al., 1997 Lead acetate trihydrate 100Mouse (Mus musculus)4 0/0.67/1.00/1.50 g/kg bw/d N ADL U DR 105 d 6 w JV B C FDB WCON WO 1.50 Y 0.0376 N 0.00517 1500 10 5 5 5 10 4 4 1 10 4 58477 2698 Holtzman et al., 1981 Lead carbonate 77.55Rat (Rattus norvegicus)2 0/4 % in diet N ADL U FD 8 w 60-80 d JV M C ITX PARL LG 4.00 N 0.523 N 0.04032 2390 10 10 5 105 4 4 1 10 4 63478 2781 Murthyet al., 1991 Lead acetate 100Rat (Rattus norvegicus)2 0/4.78 mg/org/d N ADL U DR 70 d NR NR JV M C FDB FCNS WO 250 Y 0.045 N 0.00607 5560 105 5 5 6 4 4 1 10 4 54479 2781 Murthy et al., 1991 Lead acetate 100Rat (Rattus norvegicus)2 0/4.78 mg/org/d N ADL U DR 70 d NR NR JV M C GRO BDWT WO 250 Y 0.045 Y 0.0061 5560 105 5 5 7 8 4 1 10 4 59480 2781 Murthyet al., 1991 Lead acetate 100Rat (Rattus norvegicus)2 0/4.78 mg/org/d N ADL U DR 70 d NR NR JV M C REP TEDG TE 250 Y 0.045 N 0.00607 5560 105 5 5 6 10 4 1 10 4 60481 2694 Hilderbrand et al., 1973 Lead acetate 54.61Rat (Rattus norvegicus)3 0/5/100 ug/org/d N DLY U OR 30 d NR NR SM M C BEH INST WO 5.00 Y 0.245 N 0.02162 0.0111 108 5 5 6 4 4 10 3 4 59482 2694 Hilderbrand et al., 1973 Lead acetate 54.61Rat (Rattus norvegicus)3 0/5/100 ug/org/d N DLY U OR 30 d NR NR LC M C CHM ASCA UR 5.00 Y 0.245 N 0.02162 0.0111 108 5 5 6 1 4 10 3 4 56483 2694 Hilderbrand et al., 1973 Lead acetate 54.61Rat (Rattus norvegicus)3 0/5/100 ug/org/d N DLY U OR 30 d 24 d JV M C REP TEWT PG 5.00 Y 0.245 N 0.02162 0.0111 108 5 5 6 10 4 10 3 4 65484 14697 USEPA, 1980 Lead 100Rat (Rattus norvegicus)3 0/5/50 mg/l N NR U DR 40 d 40 d JV M C BEH ACTV WO 5.00 N 0.217 N 0.02503 0.577 105 5 4 5 4 4 10 10 4 61485 14697 USEPA, 1980 Lead 100Rat (Rattus norvegicus)3 0/5/50 mg/L N NR U DR 40 d NR NR AD M C CHM 5HAA BR 5.00 N 0.217 N 0.02503 0.577 105 5 4 5 1 4 10 10 4 58486 2654 Gonzalez-Riola et al., 1997 Lead acetate 54.61Rat (Rattus norvegicus)2 0/17 mg/kg diet N ADL U FD 50 d 21 d GE F C GRO BDWT WO 17.0 Y 0.2756 N 0.02382 0.802 10 105 5 6 8 4 10 3 4 65487 2616 Escribano et al., 1997 Lead acetate 54.61Rat (Rattus norvegicus)2 0/17 mg/kg diet N NR U FD 50 d 50 d AD F C MPH GMPH WO 17.0 Y 0.2756 N 0.02382 0.802 10 105 5 6 8 4 10 3 4 65488 2905 Tafelski and Lamperti, 1975 Lead acetate 54.61Rat (Rattus norvegicus)4 0/1/5/10 mg/org N DLY U GV 29 d NR NR SM F C ENZ ALAD BL 1.00 Y 0.283 N 0.02434 1.93 10 8 105 6 1 4 10 6 4 64489 2930 Wiebe and Barr, 1988 Lead chloride 100Rat (Rattus norvegicus)3 0/20/200 mg/L N NR U DR 14 d 21 d JV F C HRM ESDL UT 20.0 Y 0.1228 N 0.0150 2.44 10 5 5 10 6 1 4 10 10 4 65490 2763 Maxfield et al., 1975 Lead acetate 100Dog (Canis familiaris)2 0/2.5 mg/kg bw/d N NR U FD 76 w <1 yr JV B C ENZ ALAD BL 2.50 N 14 N 0.60128 2.50 10 10 5 5 10 1 4 10 6 4 65491 2889 Sourgens et al., 1987 Lead acetate trihydrate 54.61Rat (Rattus norvegicus)4 0/45/900/4580 mg/L N ADL U DR 30 d NR NR JV F C HRM Other PI 45 Y 0.156 N 0.0186 2.92 105 5 5 6 1 4 10 6 4 56492 2716 Jadhav and Ramesh, 1997 Lead acetate 54.61Rat (Rattus norvegicus)2 0/50 mg/L N NR U DR 30 d 21 d JV M C CHM TYRO BR 50 N 0.248 N 0.02823 3.11 105 5 5 5 1 4 10 10 7 62493 2577 Cory-Slecthta and Thompson, 1979 Lead acetate 54.61Rat (Rattus norvegicus)4 0/50/300/1000 mg/L N DLY U DR 125 d 21 d JV M C BEH ACTP WO 50 Y 0.045 N 0.00607 3.69 105 5 5 6 4 4 10 10 4 63494 2876 Sierra and Tiffany-Castiglioni, 1992 Lead acetate 100Guinea pig (Cavia porcellus)3 0/5.5/11.0 mg/kg bw/d N DLY U DR 30 d NR NR GE F C HRM HRMN SR 5.5 Y 1.0 N 0.099 5.50 10 5 5 5 10 1 4 10 10 4 64495 2944 Zheng et al., 1996 Lead acetate 100Rat (Rattus norvegicus)3 0/50/250 mg/L N ADL U DR 30 d 22-24 d GE M C CHM PRTL BR 50 Y 0.27 N 0.03047 5.64 105 5 5 6 1 4 10 10 4 60496 2756 Mahaffey et al., 1973 Lead acetate 100Rat (Rattus norvegicus)7 0/0.19/0.70/2.8/5.9/12.9/24.3 mg/kg bw/d N NR U DR 10 w NR NR JV M C PHY EXCR UR 5.9 Y 0.337 N 0.0372 5.90 10 5 5 5 10 1 4 10 10 4 64497 3838 Cory-Slechta et al., 1981 Lead acetate 54.61Rat (Rattus norvegicus)3 0/100/300 mg/L N NR U DR 74 d NR d GE M C FDB FDNG WO 100 Y 0.32 N 0.0355 6.06 105 5 5 6 4 4 10 10 4 63498 2640 Freundt and Ibrahim, 1990 Lead acetate 54.61Rat (Rattus norvegicus)2 0/100 mg/L N ADL U DR 91 d 0 d JV F C FDB WCON WO 100 Y 0.295 N 0.033 6.11 105 5 5 6 4 4 10 10 4 63499 3821 Boscolo et al., 1988 Lead acetate 100Rat (Rattus norvegicus)2 0/0.06 mg/ml N ADL U DR 18 mo NR NR JV M C PHY BLPR HE 0.0600 N 0.267 N 0.03016 6.78 105 5 5 5 4 4 10 10 4 62500 2830 Rader et al., 1981 Lead acetate 100Rat (Rattus norvegicus)2 0/9.1 mg/kg bw/d N 1 per w U OR 6 w NR NR JV M C ENZ ALAD UR 9.10 Y 0.475 N 0.03726 9.10 10 8 5 5 10 1 4 10 3 4 60501 2830 Rader et al., 1981 Lead acetate 100Rat (Rattus norvegicus)2 0/9.1 mg/kg bw/d N 1 per w U OR 6 w NR NR AD M C ORW ORWT KI 9.10 Y 0.475 N 0.03726 9.10 10 8 5 5 10 4 4 10 3 4 63502 2830 Rader et al., 1981 Lead acetate 100Rat (Rattus norvegicus)2 0/9.3 mg/kg bw/d N ADL U DR 6 w NR NR JV M C ENZ ALAD UR 9.30 Y 0.468 N 0.04999 9.30 10 5 5 5 10 1 4 10 3 4 57503 2830 Rader et al., 1981 Lead acetate 100Rat (Rattus norvegicus)2 0/9.3 mg/kg bw/d N ADL U DR 6 w NR NR JV M C ORW ORWT KI 9.30 Y 0.468 N 0.04999 9.30 10 5 5 5 10 4 4 10 3 4 60504 2788 Nehru et al., 1997 Lead 100Rat (Rattus norvegicus)2 0/20 mg/kg bw N EOD U GV 8 w NR NR JV F C CHM PRTL BR 10.0 Y 0.18125 N 0.01688 10.0 10 8 10 4 10 1 4 10 3 4 64505 2660 Gruber et al., 1997 Lead acetate 100Rat (Rattus norvegicus)3 0/100/5000 mg/L N DLY U DR 3 mo NR NR AD M C HIS GHIS BO 100 Y 0.5555 N 0.05832 10.5 105 5 5 6 4 4 10 10 4 63506 21143 El-Gazzar et al, 1978 Lead acetate 100Rat (Rattus norvegicus)2 0/100 mg/L N NR U DR 140 d 21 d JV M C ENZ ALAD UR 100 Y 0.443 N 0.04758 10.7 105 5 5 6 1 4 10 10 4 60507 2660 Gruber et al., 1997 Lead acetate 100Rat (Rattus norvegicus)3 0/100/5000 mg/L N DLY U DR 1 mo NR NR AD M C PHY GPHY BL 100 Y 0.4045 N 0.04384 10.8 105 5 5 6 4 4 10 10 4 63508 2770 McMurry et al., 1995 Lead acetate 100Cotton rat (Sigmodon hispidus)3 0/2.1/28.8 mg/org N ADL U DR 7 w NR NR AD M C CHM NEUT BL 2.10 Y 0.1698 N na 12.4 105 5 5 6 1 4 10 6 4 56509 2770 McMurry et al., 1995 Lead acetate 100Cotton rat (Sigmodon hispidus)3 0/2.1/28.8 mg/org N ADL U DR 7 w NR NR AD M C ORW SMIX LI 2.10 Y 0.1698 N na 12.4 105 5 5 6 4 4 10 6 4 59510 25903 Sokol, et al, 2002 Lead acetate 54.61Rat (Rattus norvegicus)5 0/0.025/0.05/0.1/0.3 % in water N ADL U DR 1 w 100 d AD M C FDB WCON WO 0.0250 Y 0.403 Y 0.03712 12.6 10 5 5 10 7 4 4 10 6 4 65511 2830 Rader et al., 1981 Lead acetate 100Rat (Rattus norvegicus)2 0/15.1 mg/kg bw/d N ADL U DR 6 w NR NR JV M C ENZ ALAD UR 15.1 Y 0.337 N 0.0372 15.1 10 5 5 5 10 1 4 10 10 4 64512 25888 Reinecke et al, 2000 Lead 100Shrew (Sorex araneus)2 0/211 ug/org/d N DLY M FD 12 d NR NR JV NR C GRS BDWT WO 211 Y 0.0137 N 0.00202 15.4 10 10 104 6 4 4 10 3 4 65513 3721 Chowdhury et al., 1984 Lead acetate 54.61Rat (Rattus norvegicus)4 0/0.25/0.5/1.0 g/L N ADL U DR 60 d NR NR SM M C ENZ ALAD UR 0.250 Y 0.21357 N 0.02467 15.8 105 5 5 6 1 4 10 6 4 56514 3721 Chowdhury et al., 1984 Lead acetate 54.61Rat (Rattus norvegicus)4 0/0.25/0.5/1.0 g/L N ADL U DR 60 d NR NR SM M C GRO BDWT WO 0.250 Y 0.21357 N 0.02467 15.8 105 5 5 6 8 4 10 6 4 63515 2829 Rader et. al. 1981 Lead acetate 100Rat (Rattus norvegicus)2 0/16.1 mg/kg bw/d N NR U DR 7 w NR NR JV M C CHM FEPR BL 16.1 Y 0.341 N 0.03759 16.1 10 5 5 5 10 1 4 10 10 4 64516 2829 Rader et. al. 1981 Lead acetate 100Rat (Rattus norvegicus)2 0/16.1 mg/kg bw/d N NR U DR 7 w NR NR AD M C CHM FEPR BL 16.1 Y 0.392 N 0.04262 16.1 10 5 5 5 10 1 4 10 3 4 57517 2829 Rader et. al. 1981 Lead acetate 100Rat (Rattus norvegicus)2 0/16.1 mg/kg bw/d N NR U DR 5 w NR NR AD B C PHY EXCR UR 16.1 Y 0.392 N 0.04262 16.1 10 5 5 5 10 4 4 10 3 4 60518 2918 Verlangieri et al., 1983 Lead acetate 100Rat (Rattus norvegicus)2 0/74.5 mg/L N ADL U DR 52 w NR NR JV B C ENZ ALAD UR 74.5 Y 0.606 N 0.06308 16.4 105 5 5 7 1 4 10 10 4 61519 2918 Verlangieri et al., 1983 Lead acetate 100Rat (Rattus norvegicus)2 0/74.5 mg/L N ADL U DR 52 w NR NR JV B C BEH ACTV WO 74.5 Y 0.606 Y 0.13366 16.4 105 5 5 7 4 4 10 10 4 64520 14803 Wells, et.al, 1986 Lead acetate 100Cattle (Bos taurus)2 0/20 mg/kg bw/d N DLY U DR 273 d 3 mo JV M C CHM HEMT BL 20.0 N na N na 20.0 10 5 5 5 10 1 4 10 10 4 64521 7350 Torra et al., 1989 Lead acetate 100Mouse (Mus musculus)2 0/0.97 mg/org N NR U DR 6 mo 9 w JV NR C ENZ ALAD BL 0.970 N 0.045 N 0.00607 21.6 105 5 5 5 1 4 10 10 4 59522 2670 Hamilton and O'Flaherty, 1994 Lead acetate 100Rat (Rattus norvegicus)3 0/250/1000 mg/L N ADL U DR 92 d 25 d LC F V CHM CALC TB 250 Y 0.224 N 0.02575 28.7 105 5 5 6 1 4 10 10 7 63Eco-SSL for LeadMarch 2005Appendix 6.1 Mammalian Toxicity Data Extracted for Wildlife Toxicity Reference Value (TRV)LeadPage 11 of 12

Result # Ref N. Chemical Form MW% Test Species # of Conc/ Doses Conc/ Doses Conc/Dose Units Wet Weight Reported? Percent Moisture Application Frequency Method of Analyses Route of Exposure Exposure Duration Duration Units Age Age Units Lifestage Sex Control Type Effect Type Effect Measure Response Site Study NOAEL Study LOAEL Body Weight Reported? Body Weight in kg Ingestion Rate Reported? Ingestion Rate in kg or L/day NOAEL Dose (mg/kg/day) LOAEL Dose (mg/kg/day) Data Source Dose Route Test Concentrations Chemical form Dose Quantification Endpoint Dose Range Statistical Power Exposure Duration Test Conditions TotalResult Data Evaluation ScoreRefExposureEffects Conversion to mg/kg bw/day523 2678 Hammond and Succop, 1995 Lead acetate 100Rat (Rattus norvegicus)2 0/250 mg/L N ADL U DR 5 d 26 d JV F C FDB CAIN WO 250 N 0.204 N 0.02368 29.0 105 5 5 5 4 4 10 10 4 62524 2776 Minnema and Hammond, 1994 Lead acetate 100Rat (Rattus norvegicus)2 0/250 mg/L N NR U DR 10 d 26 d JV F V FDB WCON WO 250 Y 0.13 N 0.01578 30.4 105 5 5 6 4 4 10 10 4 63525 2776 Minnema and Hammond, 1994 Lead acetate 100Rat (Rattus norvegicus)2 0/250 mg/L N NR U DR 10 d 26 d JV F V CHM Other BL 250 Y 0.13 N 0.01578 30.4 105 5 5 6 1 4 10 10 4 60526 2732 Kempings et. al 1988 Lead acetate 54.61Rat (Rattus norvegicus)3 0/0.5/1.0 g/L N ADL U DR 90 d NR NR LC M C CHM Other BL 0.500 Y 0.12 N 0.01469 33.4 105 5 5 6 1 4 10 10 4 60527 14852 Bankowska and Hine, 1985 Lead acetate 100Rat (Rattus norvegicus)2 0/350 mg/L N ADL U DR 10 w NR NR JV M C CHM HMCT BL 350 Y 0.352 N 0.03868 38.5 105 5 5 6 1 4 10 10 4 60528 14852 Bankowska and Hine, 1985 Lead acetate 100Rat (Rattus norvegicus)2 0/350 mg/L N ADL U DR 10 w NR NR JV M C ORW SMIX BR 350 Y 0.352 N 0.03868 38.5 105 5 5 6 4 4 10 10 4 63529 3864 Hayashi, 1983 Lead acetate 100Rat (Rattus norvegicus)2 0/500 mg/L N ADL U DR 18 d NR NR GE F C ENZ ALAD BL 500 N 0.32 N 0.0355 55.5 105 5 5 5 1 4 10 10 4 59530 1717 Bataineh et al., 1998 Lead acetate 54.61Rat (Rattus norvegicus)2 0/1000 ppm in mg/L N ADL U DR 12 w 21-23 d JV M V BEH AGGT WO 1000 Y 0.34474 N 0.03796 60.1 105 5 5 6 4 4 10 3 4 56531 1717 Bataineh et al., 1998 Lead acetate 54.61Rat (Rattus norvegicus)2 0/1000 mg/L N ADL U DR 12 w NR NR AD M V GRS BDWT WO 1000 Y 0.34474 N 0.03796 60.1 105 5 5 6 4 4 10 3 4 56532 1717 Bataineh et al., 1998 Lead acetate 54.61Rat (Rattus norvegicus)2 0/1000 mg/L N ADL U DR 12 w NR NR NR M V REP TEWT TE 1000 Y 0.34474 N 0.03796 60.1 105 5 5 6 10 4 10 3 4 62533 2545 Bourjeily and Suszkiw, 1997 Lead acetate 54.61Rat (Rattus norvegicus)2 0/0.2 % in water N ADL U DR 28 d NR NR LC F C ENZ ACHE BR 0.200 N 0.35 N 0.03849 120 105 5 5 5 1 4 10 10 4 59534 2906 Talcott and Koller, 1983 Lead acetate 100Mouse (Mus musculus)2 0/1000 mg/L N NR U DR 18 w 6-8 w LC F C ORW SMIX LI 1000 Y 0.03755 N 0.00516 137 105 5 5 6 4 4 10 10 4 63535 2750 Lessler and Wright, 1976 Lead acetate 100Rat (Rattus norvegicus)2 0/68 mg/org/d N ADL U FD 4 w NR NR YO M C GRO BDWT WO 68.0 Y 0.390 N 0.03168 174 10 105 5 6 8 4 10 3 4 65536 14750 Blanusa, et al, 1989 Lead acetate 100Rat (Rattus norvegicus)5 0/1500/3500/5500/7500 mg/L N NR U DR 6 w 4 mo GE F C ORW SMIX KI 1500 Y 0.19 N 0.02221 175 105 5 5 6 4 4 10 10 4 63537 14816 Cramer et al, 1980 Lead acetate 100Rat (Rattus norvegicus)2 0/60 mg/org/d N ADL U DR 6 d NR NR GE F C FDB WCON WO 60.0 N 0.338 N 0.0373 178 105 5 5 5 4 4 10 10 4 62538 2924 Wadi and Ahmad, 1999 Lead acetate 54.61Mouse (Mus musculus)3 0/0.25/0.5 % in water N ADL U DR 6 w 7 w SM M C REP SPCL TE 0.250 Y 0.0398 N 0.00544 187 105 5 5 6 10 4 10 6 4 65539 2888 Sokol et al., 1985 Lead acetate 54.61Rat (Rattus norvegicus)3 0/0.1/0.3 % water N ADL U DR 30 d 52 d JV M C HRM GHRM BL 0.100 Y 0.37188 Y 0.135 198 105 5 5 7 1 4 10 10 4 61540 13216 Rabe et al., 1985 Lead acetate 54.61Rat (Rattus norvegicus)2 0/0.5 % in water N ADL U DR 21 d 80 d JV F C FDB WCON WO 0.500 Y 0.351 Y 0.02808 218 105 5 5 7 4 4 10 10 4 64541 2922 Vyskocil et al., 1989 Lead acetate 54.61Rat (Rattus norvegicus)4 0/0.5/1/2 % in water N ADL U DR 2 mo 8 w JV M C ORW SMIX KI 0.500 Y 0.2 N 0.02326 318 105 5 5 6 4 4 10 10 4 63542 2887 Sokol, 1989 Lead acetate 54.61Rat (Rattus norvegicus)2 0/6000 mg/L N ADL U DR 30 d 27 d JV M C HRM TSTR BL 6000 Y 0.412 N 0.04457 354 105 5 5 6 1 4 10 10 4 60543 2846 Ronis et al., 1996 Lead acetate 54.61Rat (Rattus norvegicus)2 0/6000 mg/L N ADL U DR 14 d 24 d JV M C AVO WATR WO 6000 Y 0.333 N 0.0368 362 105 5 5 6 4 4 10 3 4 56544 2846 Ronis et al., 1996 Lead acetate 54.61Rat (Rattus norvegicus)2 0/6000 mg/L N ADL U DR 14 d 60 d SM M C HRM TSTR SR 6000 Y 0.333 N 0.0368 362 105 5 5 6 1 4 10 3 4 53545 2887 Sokol, 1989 Lead acetate 54.61Rat (Rattus norvegicus)2 0/6000 mg/L N ADL U DR 30 d 52 d JV M C HRM TSTR BL 6000 Y 0.32 N 0.0355 364 105 5 5 6 1 4 10 10 4 60546 2846 Ronis et al., 1996 Lead acetate 54.61Rat (Rattus norvegicus)2 0/6000 mg/L N ADL U DR 50 d 60 d MA B C AVO WATR WO 6000 Y 0.26 N 0.02945 371 105 5 5 6 4 4 10 10 4 63547 2846 Ronis et al., 1996 Lead acetate 54.61Rat (Rattus norvegicus)2 0/6000 mg/L N ADL U DR 50 d 24 d JV M C HRM LUHO SR 6000 Y 0.26 N 0.02945 371 105 5 5 6 1 4 10 10 4 60548 2799 Ogilvie and Martin, 1981 Lead acetate 100Mouse (Mus musculus)2 0/2732 mg/L N NR U DR 2 w NR NR AD M C ORW SMIX SP 2732 Y 0.034 N 0.00472 379 105 5 5 6 4 4 10 10 4 63549 14822 Gerber et al, 1978 Lead acetate 100Rat (Rattus norvegicus)2 0/0.5 % in diet N NR U FD 14 mo 0 d JV NR C CHM GBCM BR 0.500 Y 0.278 N 0.024 431 10 105 5 6 1 4 10 10 4 65550 2938 Wiszniewska et al., 1998 Lead acetate 54.61Rat (Rattus norvegicus)2 0/1 % in water N ADL U DR 9 mo 90 d SM M C CHM PHST TE 1.00 Y 0.5 N 0.05305 579 105 5 5 6 1 4 10 10 4 60551 2938 Wiszniewska et al., 1998 Lead acetate 54.61Rat (Rattus norvegicus)2 0/1 % in water N ADL U DR 9 mo 21 d GE M C HIS GHIS TE 1.00 Y 0.5 N 0.05305 579 105 5 5 6 4 4 10 10 4 63552 2711 Jacquet, 1977 Lead acetate 100Mouse (Mus musculus)2 0/0.5 % in diet N DLY U FD 7 d NR NR GE F C HRM PROH PL 0.500 N 0.02875 N 0.00371 646 10 105 5 5 1 4 10 10 4 64553 3749 Ogilvie, 1977 Lead acetate 54.61Mouse (Mus musculus)2 0/10 mg/ml N NR U DR 2 w NR NR AD M C BEH ACTP WO 10.0 Y 0.0328 N 0.00457 761 105 5 5 6 4 4 10 3 4 56554 3749 Ogilvie, 1977 Lead acetate 54.61Mouse (Mus musculus)2 0/10 mg/ml N NR U DR 2 w NR NR LC M C GRO BDWT WO 10.0 Y 0.03205 N 0.00448 763 105 5 5 6 8 4 10 3 4 60555 14822 Gerber et al, 1978 Lead acetate 100Rat (Rattus norvegicus)2 0/1.0 % in diet N NR U FD 14 mo 0 d JV NR C CHM GBCM BR 1.00 Y 0.278 N 0.0240 863 10 105 5 6 1 4 10 10 4 65556 2523 Barlow et al., 1977 Lead acetate 54.61Rat (Rattus norvegicus)2 0/2 % in diet N ADL U FD 21 d NR NR LC F C ENZ ALAD LI 2.00 Y 0.21 N 0.01905 991 10 105 5 6 1 4 10 10 4 65557 3914 Shafig-ur-Rehman et al., 1986 Lead acetate 54.61Rat (Rattus norvegicus)2 0/2 % in water N ADL U DR 10 d NR NR AD M C BEH AMBU WO 2.00 Y 0.18 N 0.02115 1280 105 5 5 6 4 4 10 3 4 56558 2698 Holtzman et al., 1981 Lead carbonate 77.55Rat (Rattus norvegicus)2 0/4 % in diet N ADL U FD 2 w 60-80 d JV M C CHM PCLV BL 4.00 N 0.523 N 0.04032 2390 10 10 5 10 5 1 4 10 3 4 62559 14827 Holtzman et al, 1980 Lead carbonate 77.55Rat (Rattus norvegicus)2 0/4 % in diet N ADL U FD 14 d 60 d JV M C CHM PCLV BL 4.00 Y 0.2929 N 0.02504 2650 10 10 5 10 6 1 4 10 3 4 63560 2825 Powell et al, 1982 Lead carbonate 77.55Rat (Rattus norvegicus)2 0/6 % in diet N NR U FD 15 w NR NR AD NR C HIS GHIS NE 6.00 N 0.5 N 0.03886 3620 10 105 5 5 4 4 10 10 2 65Data Not Used to Derive Wildlife Toxicity Reference Value - Measurements of biochemical, behavioral or pathology changes in progeny of exposed parents561 2705 Hubermont et al., 1976 Lead nitrate 100Rat (Rattus norvegicus)4 0/0.1/1.0/10 mg/L N NR U DR 9 w 10 w GE F C REP Other PY 1.00 10.0 N 0.338 N 0.0373 0.11 1.1 10 5 5 10 5 10 8 10 10 4 77562 3826 Bull, 1983 Lead 100Rat (Rattus norvegicus)4 0/5/30/200 mg/L N ADL U DR 56 d 90-100 d LC F C REP Other PY 5.00 30.0 N 0.3846 N 0.04189 0.545 3.3 105 5 4 5 10 8 10 10 4 71563 2631 Fox et al., 1997 Lead acetate 100Rat (Rattus norvegicus)3 0/109/1090 mg/kg diet N ADL U FD 21 d 55-60 d LC F C REP Other PY 109 1090 N 0.179 N 0.0167 10.2 102 10 10 5 5 5 10 8 10 10 7 80564 14814 Clayton et al., 1981 Lead 100Rat (Rattus norvegicus)3 0/300/1000 mg/L N NR U DR 31 d NR NR GE F C REP Other PY 300 N 0.4 N 0.0434 32.5 108 105 5 4 5 10 4 10 10 4 67565 2682 Hasan et al., 1989 Lead chloride 74.5Rat (Rattus norvegicus)2 0/400 mg/L N NR U DR 42 d NR NR LC F C REP OHIS PY 400 N 0.32 N 0.0355 33.1 10 5 5 10 5 10 4 3 10 4 66566 14823 Goldman et al, 1980 Lead acetate 54.61Rat (Rattus norvegicus)4 0/0.05/0.1/0.2 % in water N DLY U DR 21 d NR NR LC F V REP OTHR PY 0.100 0.200 N 0.4 N 0.0434 59.3 119 105 5 5 5 10 10 10 10 4 74567 13268 Reiter et al., 1975 Lead acetate 100Rat (Rattus norvegicus)3 0/5/50 mg/L N NR U DR 82 d NR NR GE F C REP Other PY 5.00 N 0.35 N 0.03849 0.550 105 5 5 5 10 4 10 10 4 68568 2876 Sierra and Tiffany-Castiglioni, 1992 Lead acetate 100Guinea pig (Cavia porcellus)3 0/5.5/11.0 mg/kg bw/d N DLY U DR 30 d NR NR GE F C REP Other PY 5.50 Y 1.0 N 0.099 5.50 10 5 5 5 10 10 4 10 10 4 73569 2574 Cookman et al., 1987 Lead chloride 74.5Rat (Rattus norvegicus)3 0/200/400 mg/L N ADL U DR 20 d NR NR LC F C REP ODVP PY 200 N 0.32 N 0.0355 16.5 10 5 5 10 5 10 4 10 10 4 73570 2879 Singh et al., 1991 Lead acetate 100Rat (Rattus norvegicus)5 0/250/500/1000/2000 mg/L N DLY U DR 6 d 90 d GE F C REP Other PY 250 Y 0.2287 Y 0.0194 21.2 105 5 5 7 10 4 10 10 4 70571 2575 Corpas et al , 1995 Lead acetate 100Rat (Rattus norvegicus)2 0/39.26 mg/kg bw/d N ADL U DR 3 w NR NR GE F C REP ODVP PY 39.3 N 0.32 Y 0.04248 21.4 10 5 5 5 10 10 4 10 10 4 73572 2765 McCauley et al., 1982 Lead chloride 100Rat (Rattus norvegicus)2 0/200 mg/L N NR U DR 7 w 70 d GE F C REP Other PY 200 N 0.204 N 0.02368 23.2 10 5 5 10 5 10 4 10 10 4 73573 12587 McCauley et al , 1979 Lead chloride 100Rat (Rattus norvegicus)2 0/200 mg/L N DLY U DR 50 d 70 d GE F C REP OHIS PY 200 N 0.2024 N 0.02351 23.2 10 5 5 10 5 10 4 10 10 4 73574 2780 Murphy et al., 1995 Lead chloride 74.5Rat (Rattus norvegicus)2 0/400 mg/L N ADL U DR 30 d NR NR LC F C REP OHIS PY 400 N 0.32 N 0.0355 33.1 10 5 5 10 5 10 4 10 10 4 73Eco-SSL for LeadMarch 2005Appendix 6.1 Mammalian Toxicity Data Extracted for Wildlife Toxicity Reference Value (TRV)LeadPage 12 of 12

Result # Ref N. Chemical Form MW% Test Species # of Conc/ Doses Conc/ Doses Conc/Dose Units Wet Weight Reported? Percent Moisture Application Frequency Method of Analyses Route of Exposure Exposure Duration Duration Units Age Age Units Lifestage Sex Control Type Effect Type Effect Measure Response Site Study NOAEL Study LOAEL Body Weight Reported? Body Weight in kg Ingestion Rate Reported? Ingestion Rate in kg or L/day NOAEL Dose (mg/kg/day) LOAEL Dose (mg/kg/day) Data Source Dose Route Test Concentrations Chemical form Dose Quantification Endpoint Dose Range Statistical Power Exposure Duration Test Conditions TotalResult Data Evaluation ScoreRefExposureEffects Conversion to mg/kg bw/day575 2910 Tian et al., 1995 Lead acetate 54.61Rat (Rattus norvegicus)2 0/0.2 % in water N DLY U DR 14 d 30 d JV F C REP Other PY 0.200 N 0.35 N 0.03849 120 105 5 5 5 10 4 10 10 4 68576 2729 Kawamoto,1984 Lead acetate 100Rat (Rattus norvegicus)2 0/1090 ug/g N ADL U DR 20 d NR NR JV F C REP Other PY 1090 N 0.302 N 0.0337 122 105 5 5 5 10 4 10 10 4 68577 14749 Maljkovic et al, 1988 Lead acetate 100Rat (Rattus norvegicus)5 0/1500/3500/5500/7500 mg/L N ADL U DR 35 d NR NR LC F C REP Other PY 1500 N 0.32 N 0.0355 166 105 5 5 5 10 4 10 10 4 68578 14813 Carroll et al, 1977 Lead acetate 100Mouse (Mus musculus)4 0/2/5/10 mg/ml N DLY U DR 30 d NR NR LC F C REP Other PY 2.00 Y 0.035 N 0.0048 277 105 5 5 6 10 4 10 10 4 69579 2615 Epstein et al., 1999 Lead acetate 54.61Mouse (Mus musculus)2 0/10 mg/ml N NR U DR 5 d NR NR GE F C REP Other PY 10.0 N 0.0325 N 0.00453 762 105 5 5 5 10 4 10 10 4 68580 2615 Epstein et al., 1999 Lead acetate 54.61Mouse (Mus musculus)2 0/10 mg/ml N NR U DR 24 d NR NR GE F C REP Other PY 10.0 N 0.0325 N 0.00453 762 105 5 5 5 10 4 10 10 4 68581 2510 Alfano et al., 1982 Lead carbonate 77.55Rat (Rattus norvegicus)2 0/4.0 % in diet N NR U FD 26 d NR NR LC F C REP Other PY 4.00 N 0.35 N 0.02899 2570 10 10 5 10 5 10 4 10 10 4 78582 2512 Alfano et al., 1983 Lead carbonate 77.55 Rat (Rattus norvegicus) 2 0/4 % in diet N NR U FD 115 d NR NR LC F C REP Other PY 4.00 N 0.35 N 0.028992570 10 10 5 10 5 10 4 10 10 4 78583 2814 Petit and Le Boutillier 1979 Lead carbonate 77.55Rat (Rattus norvegicus)2 0/4 % in diet N ADL U FD 24 d NR NR LC F C REP Other PY 4.00 N 0.35 N 0.02899 2570 10 10 5 10 5 10 4 10 10 4 78584 2740 Krigman et al. 1975 Lead carbonate 77.55Rat (Rattus norvegicus)2 0/4 % in diet Y ADL U FD 25 d NR NR LC F C REP Other PY 4.00 N 0.35 N 0.02899 2700 10 10 5 10 5 10 4 10 10 4 78585 2811 Pentschew and Garro 1966 Lead carbonate 77.55Rat (Rattus norvegicus)2 0/4.0 % in diet NR NR M FD 27 d NR NR LC F C REP Other PY 4.5 N 0.248 N 0.02184 2840 10 10 10 5 5 10 4 10 10 4 78The abbreviations and definitions used in coding data are provided in Attachment 4-3 of the Eco-SSL Guidance (U.S.EPA, 2003).Eco-SSL for LeadMarch 2005