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State Vaccination Requirements Selected References										Related Pages
										General epidemiology of exemptions
Wang E, Clymer J, Davis-Hayes C, Buttenheim A. Nonmedical exemptions from school immunization requirements: a systematic review. AJPH. Nov 2014;104:e62-e84.Impact of state laws on preventing disease and achieving high coverage
Kevin M. Malone & Alan R. Hinman, Vaccination Mandates: The Public Health Imperative and Individual Rights,pdf icon in LAW IN PUBLIC HEALTH PRACTICE (Richard A. Goodman et al. eds.). New York: Oxford University Press. 2003: 262-284.
Orenstein W, Hinman A. The immunization system in the United States: the role of school immunization laws. Vaccine 1999;17(Suppl 3):S19–24.Clustering
Lieu T et al. Geographic clusters in underimmunization and vaccine refusal. PEDIATRICS 2015;135:280-289.
Omer SB, Enger KS, Moulton LH, Halsey NA, Stokley S, Salmon DA. Geographic clustering of nonmedical exemptions to school immunization requirements and associations with geographic clustering of pertussis. Am J Epidemiol. 2008;168:1389-96.
May T, Silverman RD. “Clustering of exemption” as a collective action threat to herd immunity. Vaccine. 2003;21:1048-51.
Wang E, Clymer J, Davis-Hayes C, Buttenheim A. Nonmedical Exemptions from school immunization requirements: A systematic review. AJPH. Nov 2014;104:e62-e84.Association of levels of exemptions and disease
Feikin DR, Lezotte DC, Hamman RF, Salmon DA, Chen RT, Hoffman RE. Individual and community risks of measles and pertussis associated with personal exemptions to immunization. JAMA. 2000;284:3145-50.
Omer SB, Enger KS, Moulton LH, Halsey NA, Stokley S, Salmon DA. Geographic clustering of nonmedical exemptions to school immunization requirements and associations with geographic clustering of pertussis. Am J Epidemiol. 2008;168:1389-96.
Omer SB et al. Nonmedical exemptions to school immunization requirements: Secular trends and association of state policies with pertussis incidence. JAMA 2006;296:1757-1763.Ease of obtaining a medical exemption and higher medical exemption rates
Stadlin S, Bednarczyk RA, Omer SB. Medical exemptions to school immunization requirements in the United States — association of state policies with medical exemption rates (2014-2011). JID 2012;206:989-992.Changing the ease of exemption requirements to decrease VPDs
Yang YT, Silverman RD. Legislative prescriptions for controlling nonmedical vaccine exemptions. JAMA Viewpoint. 2015;313:247-248.
Gostin LO. Law, ethics, and public health in the vaccination debates. Politics of the measles outbreak. JAMA 2015;313:1099-1100.
Stadlin S, Bednarczyk RA, Omer SB. Medical exemptions to school immunization requirements in the United States – association of state policies with medical exemption rates (2014-2011). JID 2012;206:989-992.Other
Opel DJ, Omer SB. Measles, mandates, and making vaccination the default option. JAMA Pediatrics. 2015;16(4):303-4.Back to State Vaccination Requirements
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