# Patent

## Title
Heat transfer compositions

## Abstract

A heat transfer composition comprising trans-1,3,3,3-tetrafluoropropene (R-1234ze(E)), difluoromethane (R-32) and 1,1-difluoroethane (R-152a).

## Background
RELATED APPLICATIONS
The present application claims priority to Great Britain Application No. 1002625.0, filed on Feb. 16, 2010.
BACKGROUND OF THE INVENTION
The invention relates to heat transfer compositions, and in particular to heat transfer compositions which may be suitable as replacements for existing refrigerants such as R-134a, R-152a, R-1234yf, R-22, R-410A, R-407A, R-407B, R-407C, R507 and R-404a.
The listing or discussion of a prior-published document or any background in the specification should not necessarily be taken as an acknowledgement that a document or background is part of the state of the art or is common general knowledge.
Mechanical refrigeration systems and related heat transfer devices such as heat pumps and air-conditioning systems are well known. In such systems, a refrigerant liquid evaporates at low pressure taking heat from the surrounding zone. The resulting vapor is then compressed and passed to a condenser where it condenses and gives off heat to a second zone, the condensate being returned through an expansion valve to the evaporator, so completing the cycle. Mechanical energy required for compressing the vapor and pumping the liquid is provided by, for example, an electric motor or an internal combustion engine.
In addition to having a suitable boiling point and a high latent heat of vaporization, the properties preferred in a refrigerant include low toxicity, non-flammability/non-corrosivity, high stability and freedom from objectionable odor. Other desirable properties are ready compressibility at pressures below 25 bars, low discharge temperature on compression, high refrigeration capacity, high efficiency (high coefficient of performance) and an evaporator pressure in excess of 1 bar at the desired evaporation temperature.
Dichlorodifluoromethane (refrigerant R-12) possesses a suitable combination of properties and was for many years the most widely used refrigerant. Due to international concern that fully and partially halogenated chlorofluorocarbons were damaging the earth's protective ozone layer, there was general agreement that their manufacture and use should be severely restricted and eventually phased out completely. The use of dichlorodifluoromethane was phased out in the 1990's.
Chlorodifluoromethane (R-22) was introduced as a replacement for R-12 because of its lower ozone depletion potential. Following concerns that R-22 is a potent greenhouse gas, its use is also being phased out.
Whilst heat transfer devices of the type to which the present invention relates are essentially closed systems, loss of refrigerant to the atmosphere can occur due to leakage during operation of the equipment or during maintenance procedures. It is important, therefore, to replace fully and partially halogenated chlorofluorocarbon refrigerants by materials having zero ozone depletion potentials.
In addition to the possibility of ozone depletion, it has been suggested that significant concentrations of halocarbon refrigerants in the atmosphere might contribute to global warming (the so-called greenhouse effect). It is desirable, therefore, to use refrigerants which have relatively short atmospheric lifetimes as a result of their ability to react with other atmospheric constituents such as hydroxyl radicals, or as a result of ready degradation through photolytic processes.
R-410A and R-407 refrigerants (including R-407A, R-407B and R-407C) have been introduced as a replacement refrigerant for R-22. However, R-22, R-410A and the R-407 refrigerants all have a high global warming potential (GWP, also known as greenhouse warming potential).
1,1,1,2-tetrafluoroethane (refrigerant R-134a) was introduced as a replacement refrigerant for R-12. However, despite having no significant ozone depletion potential, R-134a has a GWP of 1300. It would be desirable to find replacements for R-134a that have a lower GWP.
R-152a (1,1-difluoroethane) has been identified as an alternative to R-134a. It is somewhat more efficient than R-134a and has a greenhouse warming potential of 120. However the flammability of R-152a is judged too high, for example to permit its safe use in mobile air conditioning systems. In particular it is believed that its lower flammable limit in air is too low, its flame speeds are too high, and its ignition energy is too low.
Thus there is a need to provide alternative refrigerants having improved properties such as low flammability. Fluorocarbon combustion chemistry is complex and unpredictable. It is not always the case that mixing a non-flammable fluorocarbon with a flammable fluorocarbon reduces the flammability of the fluid or reduces the range of flammable compositions in air. For example, the inventors have found that if non-flammable R-134a is mixed with flammable R-152a, the lower flammable limit of the mixture alters in a manner which is not predictable. The situation is rendered even more complex and less predictable if ternary or quaternary compositions are considered.
There is also a need to provide alternative refrigerants that may be used in existing devices such as refrigeration devices with little or no modification.
R-1234yf (2,3,3,3-tetrafluoropropene) has been identified as a candidate alternative refrigerant to replace R-134a in certain applications, notably in mobile air conditioning or heat pumping applications. Its GWP is about 4. R-1234yf is flammable but its flammability characteristics are generally regarded as acceptable for some applications including mobile air conditioning or heat pumping. In particular, when compared with R-152a, its lower flammable limit is higher, its minimum ignition energy is higher and the flame speed in air is significantly lower than that of R-152a.
The environmental impact of operating an air conditioning or refrigeration system, in terms of the emissions of greenhouse gases, should be considered with reference not only to the so-called “direct” GWP of the refrigerant, but also with reference to the so-called “indirect” emissions, meaning those emissions of carbon dioxide resulting from consumption of electricity or fuel to operate the system. Several metrics of this total GWP impact have been developed, including those known as Total Equivalent Warming Impact (TEWI) analysis, or Life-Cycle Carbon Production (LCCP) analysis. Both of these measures include estimation of the effect of refrigerant GWP and energy efficiency on overall warming impact.
The energy efficiency and refrigeration capacity of R-1234yf have been found to be significantly lower than those of R-134a and in addition the fluid has been found to exhibit increased pressure drop in system pipework and heat exchangers. A consequence of this is that to use R-1234yf and achieve energy efficiency and cooling performance equivalent to R-134a, increased complexity of equipment and increased size of pipework is required, leading to an increase in indirect emissions associated with equipment. Furthermore, the production of R-1234yf is thought to be more complex and less efficient in its use of raw materials (fluorinated and chlorinated) than R-134a. So the adoption of R-1234yf to replace R-134a will consume more raw materials and result in more indirect emissions of greenhouse gases than does R-134a.
Some existing technologies designed for R-134a may not be able to accept even the reduced flammability of some heat transfer compositions (any composition having a GWP of less than 150 is believed to be flammable to some extent).
SUMMARY OF THE INVENTION
A principal object of the present invention is therefore to provide a heat transfer composition which is usable in its own right or suitable as a replacement for existing refrigeration usages which should have a reduced GWP, yet have a capacity and energy efficiency (which may be conveniently expressed as the “Coefficient of Performance”) ideally within 10% of the values, for example of those attained using existing refrigerants (e.g. R-134a, R-152a, R-1234yf, R-22, R-410A, R-407A, R-407B, R-407C, R507 and R-404a), and preferably within less than 10% (e.g. about 5%) of these values. It is known in the art that differences of this order between fluids are usually resolvable by redesign of equipment and system operational features. The composition should also ideally have reduced toxicity and acceptable flammability.
The subject invention addresses the above deficiencies by the provision of a heat transfer composition comprising trans-1,3,3,3-tetrafluoropropene (R-1234ze(E)), difluoromethane (R-32), and 1,1-difluoroethane (R-152a). This will be referred to hereinafter as the composition of the invention, unless otherwise stated.



BRIEF DESCRIPTION OF THE DRAWINGS
FIG. 1 is a flammability diagram for compositions of R-32, R-152a, and R-1234ze(E), with R-32 and R-152a having a 1:3 ratio.
FIG. 2 is a flammability diagram for compositions of R-32, R-152a, and R-1234ze(E), with R-32 and R-152a having a 1:2 ratio.
FIG. 3 is a flammability diagram for compositions of R-32, R-152a, and R-1234ze(E), with R-32 and R-152a having a 1:1 ratio.
FIG. 4 is a flammability diagram for composition of R-32, R-152a, R-134a, and R-1234ze(E), with R-32 and R-152a having a 1:1 ration and R-134a and R-1234ze(E) having a 1:2 ratio.
FIG. 5 is a flammability diagram of R-152a and R-134a.



DESCRIPTION OF THE PREFERRED EMBODIMENT
Although the disclosure hereof is detailed and exact to enable those skilled in the art to practice the invention, the physical embodiments herein disclosed merely exemplify the invention which may be embodied in other specific structures. While the preferred embodiment has been described, the details may be changed without departing from the invention, which is defined by the claims.
All of the chemicals herein described are commercially available. For example, the fluorochemicals may be obtained from Apollo Scientific (UK).
Typically, the compositions of the invention contain up to about 25% by weight R-32.
Conveniently, the compositions of the invention contain up to about 45% by weight R-152a.
In a preferred embodiment, the compositions of the invention contain from about 2 to about 25% by weight R-32, from about 5 to about 45% by weight R-152a, and from about 60 to about 95% by weight (e.g. from about 70 to about 93%) R-1234ze(E).
Advantageously, the compositions of the invention contain from about 4 to about 12% by weight R-32, from about 5 to about 10% by weight R-152a, and from about 78 to about 91% by weight R-1234ze(E).
In a preferred aspect, the compositions of the invention contain from about 8 to about 12% by weight R-32, from about 5 to about 10% by weight R-152a, and from about 78 to about 87% by weight R-1234ze(E). Examples of such compositions are ternary blends containing:
about 10% R-32, about 5% R-152a and about 85% R-1234ze(E);
about 11% R-32, about 6% R-152a and about 83% R-1234ze(E);
about 9% R-32, about 6% R-152a and about 85% R-1234ze(E);
about 8% R-32, about 5% R-152a and about 87% R-1234ze(E); or
about 8% R-32, about 6% R-152a and about 86% R-1234ze(E).
Conveniently, the compositions of the invention contain from about 8 to about 12% by weight R-32, from about 3 to about 7% by weight R-152a, and from about 81 to about 89% by weight R-1234ze(E).
In one aspect of the invention, the compositions of the invention contain from about 5 to about 12% by weight R-32, from about 10 to about 45% by weight of R-152a, and from about 43 to about 85% by weight R-1234ze(E).
In a further preferred aspect, the compositions of the invention contain from about 5 to about 12% by weight R-32, from about 10 to about 40% by weight of R-152a, and from about 48 to about 85% by weight R-1234ze(E).
In one embodiment, the compositions of the invention contain from about 5 to about 11% by weight R-32, from about 10 to about 35% by weight of R-152a, and from about 54 to about 85% by weight R-1234ze(E).
Advantageously, the compositions of the invention contain from about 5 to about 10% by weight R-32, from about 15 to about 30% by weight R-152a, and from about 60 to about 80% by weight R-1234ze(E).
As used herein, all % amounts mentioned in compositions herein, including in the claims, are by weight based on the total weight of the compositions, unless otherwise stated.
For the avoidance of doubt, it is to be understood that the stated upper and lower values for ranges of amounts of components in the compositions of the invention may be interchanged in any way, provided that the resulting ranges fall within the broadest scope of the invention. For example, a composition of the invention may comprise from about 5 to about 12% by weight R-32, from about 5 or 10 to about 35% by weight of R-152a, and from about 53 to about 85 or 90% by weight R-1234ze(E).
The compositions of the invention containing R-1234ze(E), R-32, and R-152a may consist essentially of (or consist of) these components.
By the term “consist essentially of”, we mean that the compositions of the invention contain substantially no other components, particularly no further (hydro)(fluoro)compounds (e.g. (hydro)(fluoro)alkanes or (hydro)(fluoro)alkenes) known to be used in heat transfer compositions. We include the term “consist of” within the meaning of “consist essentially of”. Thus, the compositions of the invention preferably are ternary blends of R-1234ze(E), R-32, and R-152a.
For the avoidance of doubt, any of the compositions of the invention described herein, including those with specifically defined amounts of components, may consist essentially of (or consist of) the components defined in those compositions.
In a further aspect, the compositions of the invention containing R-1234ze(E), R-32, and R-152a may additionally comprise 1,1,1,2-tetrafluoroethane (R-134a). The R-134a typically is included to reduce the flammability of the compositions of the invention.
If R-134a is present, then the resulting compositions typically contain up to about 50% by weight R-134a, preferably from about 25% to about 45% by weight R-134a. The remainder of the composition will contain R32, R152a and R-1234ze(E), suitably in similar preferred proportions as described hereinbefore.
Suitable blends of R32, R152a, R-1234ze(E) and R-134a contain from about 2 to about 15% by weight R-32, from about 5 to about 45% by weight R-152a, from about 25 to about 50% R-134a, and from about 5 to about 70% by weight R-1234ze(E).
For example, the composition of the invention may contain from about 4 to about 12% by weight R-32, from about 5 to about 35% by weight R-152a, from about 25 to about 45% R-134a, and the balance R-1234ze(E).
If the proportion of R-134a in the composition is about 25% by weight, then the remainder of the composition typically contains from about 3 to about 12% (preferably from about 4 to about 10%) by weight R-32, from about 5 to about 45% (preferably from about 5 to about 40%) by weight R-152a, and from about 20 to about 70% (preferably from about 25 to about 65%) by weight R-1234ze(E).
If the proportion of R-134a in the composition is about 35% by weight, then the remainder of the composition typically contains from about 3 to about 11% (preferably from about 4 to about 10%) by weight R-32, from about 5 to about 45% (preferably from about 5 to about 40%) by weight R-152a, and from about 10 to about 60% (preferably from about 15 to about 55%) by weight R-1234ze(E).
If the proportion of R-134a in the composition is about 45% by weight, then the remainder of the composition typically contains from about 3 to about 10% (preferably from about 3 to about 8%) by weight R-32, from about 5 to about 45% (preferably from about 5 to about 40%) by weight R-152a, and from about 5 to about 50% (preferably from about 15 to about 45%) by weight R-1234ze(E).
Preferably, the compositions of the invention which contain R-134a are non-flammable at a test temperature of 60° C. using the ASHRAE 34 methodology. Advantageously, the mixtures of vapor that exist in equilibrium with the compositions of the invention at any temperature between about −20° C. and 60° C. are also non-flammable.
Compositions according to the invention conveniently comprise substantially no R-1225 (pentafluoropropene), conveniently substantially no R-1225ye (1,2,3,3,3-pentafluoropropene) or R-1225zc (1,1,3,3,3-pentafluoropropene), which compounds may have associated toxicity issues.
By “substantially no”, we include the meaning that the compositions of the invention contain 0.5% by weight or less of the stated component, preferably 0.1% or less, based on the total weight of the composition.
The compositions of the invention may contain substantially no:

    (i) 2,3,3,3-tetrafluoropropene (R-1234yf),
    (ii) cis-1,3,3,3-tetrafluoropropene (R-1234ze(Z)), and/or
    (iii) 3,3,3-trifluoropropene (R-1243zf).


The compositions of the invention have zero ozone depletion potential.
Preferably, the compositions of the invention (e.g. those that are suitable refrigerant replacements for R-134a, R-1234yf or R-152a) have a GWP that is less than 1300, preferably less than 1000, more preferably less than 500, 400, 300 or 200, especially less than 150 or 100, even less than 50 in some cases. Unless otherwise stated, IPCC (Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change) TAR (Third Assessment Report) values of GWP have been used herein.
Advantageously, the compositions are of reduced flammability hazard when compared to the individual flammable components of the compositions, e.g. R-32 or R-152a. Preferably, the compositions are of reduced flammability hazard when compared to R-1234yf.
In one aspect, the compositions have one or more of (a) a higher lower flammable limit; (b) a higher ignition energy; or (c) a lower burning velocity compared to R-32, R-152a or R-1234yf. In a preferred embodiment, the compositions of the invention are non-flammable. Advantageously, the mixtures of vapor that exist in equilibrium with the compositions of the invention at any temperature between about −20° C. and 60° C. are also non-flammable.
Flammability may be determined in accordance with ASHRAE Standard 34 incorporating the ASTM Standard E-681 with test methodology as per Addendum 34p dated 2004, the entire content of which is incorporated herein by reference.
In some applications it may not be necessary for the formulation to be classed as non-flammable by the ASHRAE 34 methodology; it is possible to develop fluids whose flammability limits will be sufficiently reduced in air to render them safe for use in the application, for example if it is physically not possible to make a flammable mixture by leaking the refrigeration equipment charge into the surrounds. We have found that the effect of adding further refrigerants R-32 and R-1234ze(E) to flammable refrigerant R-152a is to modify the flammability in mixtures with air in this manner.
It is known that the flammability of mixtures of hydrofluorocarbons, (HFCs) or hydrofluorocarbons plus hydrofluoro-olefins, is related to the proportion of carbon-fluorine bonds relative to carbon-hydrogen bonds.
This can be expressed as the ratio R=F/(F+H) where, on a molar basis, F represents the total number of fluorine atoms and H represents the total number of hydrogen atoms in the composition. This is referred to herein as the fluorine ratio, unless otherwise stated.
For example, Takizawa et al, Reaction Stoichiometry for Combustion of Fluoroethane Blends, ASHRAE Transactions 112(2) 2006 (which is incorporated herein by reference), shows there exists a near-linear relationship between this ratio and the flame speed of mixtures comprising R-152a, with increasing fluorine ratio resulting in lower flame speeds. The data in this reference teach that the fluorine ratio needs to be greater than about 0.65 for the flame speed to drop to zero, in other words, for the mixture to be non-flammable.
Similarly, Minor et al (Du Pont Patent Application WO2007/053697) provide teaching on the flammability of many hydrofluoroolefins, showing that such compounds could be expected to be non-flammable if the fluorine ratio is greater than about 0.7.
It may be expected on the basis of the art, therefore, that mixtures comprising R-32 (fluorine ratio 0.5), R-152a (fluorine ratio 0.33) and R-1234ze(E) (fluorine ratio 0.67) would be flammable except for limited compositional ranges comprising almost 100% R-1234ze(E), since any amount of R-152a added to the olefin would reduce the fluorine ratio of the mixture below 0.67.
Surprisingly, we have found this not to be the case. In particular, we have found that mixtures comprising R-32, R-152a and R-1234ze(E) having a fluorine ratio of less than 0.7 exist that are non-flammable at 23° C. As shown in the examples hereinafter, certain mixtures of R-32, R-152a and R-1234ze(E) are non-flammable even down to fluorine ratios of about 0.57.
Moreover, again as demonstrated in the examples hereinafter, we have further identified mixtures of R-32, R-152a and R-1234ze(E) having a lower flammable limit in air of 7% v/v or higher (thereby making them safe to use in many applications), and having a fluorine ratio as low as about 0.46. This is especially surprising given that flammable 2,3,3,3-tetrafluoropropene (R-1234yf) has a fluorine ratio of 0.67 and a measured lower flammable limit in air at 23° C. of 6 to 6.5% v/v.
In one embodiment, the compositions of the invention have a fluorine ratio of from about 0.42 to about 0.7, such as from about 0.44 to about 0.67, for example from about 0.57 to about 0.65. For the avoidance of doubt, it is to be understood that the upper and lower values of these fluorine ratio ranges may be interchanged in any way, provided that the resulting ranges fall within the broadest scope of the invention.
By producing low- or non-flammable R-32/R-152a/R-1234ze(E) blends containing unexpectedly low amounts of R-1234ze(E), the amounts of R-32 and/or R-152a in such compositions are increased. This is believed to result in heat transfer compositions exhibiting increased cooling capacity, decreased temperature glide and/or decreased pressure drop, compared to equivalent compositions containing higher amounts (e.g. almost 100%) R-1234ze(E).
Thus, the compositions of the invention exhibit a completely unexpected combination of low-/non-flammability, low GWP and improved refrigeration performance properties. Some of these refrigeration performance properties are explained in more detail below.
Temperature glide, which can be thought of as the difference between bubble point and dew point temperatures of a zeotropic (non-azeotropic) mixture at constant pressure, is a characteristic of a refrigerant; if it is desired to replace a fluid with a mixture then it is often preferable to have similar or reduced glide in the alternative fluid. In an embodiment, the compositions of the invention are zeotropic.
In the evaporator of a vapor-compression cycle the effective temperature glide is less than the difference between dew and bubble point temperatures, since the working fluid enters the evaporator as a two-phase mixture of liquid and vapor intermediate between the bubble and dew points.
Conveniently, the temperature glide (in the evaporator) of the compositions of the invention is less than about 10K, preferably less than about 5K.
Advantageously, the volumetric refrigeration capacity of the compositions of the invention is at least 85% of the existing refrigerant fluid it is replacing, preferably at least 90% or even at least 95%.
The compositions of the invention typically have a volumetric refrigeration capacity that is at least 90% of that of R-1234yf. Preferably, the compositions of the invention have a volumetric refrigeration capacity that is at least 95% of that of R-1234yf, for example from about 95% to about 120% of that of R-1234yf.
In one embodiment, the cycle efficiency (Coefficient of Performance, COP) of the compositions of the invention is within about 5% or even better than the existing refrigerant fluid it is replacing
Conveniently, the compressor discharge temperature of the compositions of the invention is within about 15K of the existing refrigerant fluid it is replacing, preferably about 10K or even about 5K.
The compositions of the invention preferably have energy efficiency at least 95% (preferably at least 98%) of R-134a under equivalent conditions, while having reduced or equivalent pressure drop characteristics and cooling capacity at 95% or higher of R-134a values. Advantageously the compositions have higher energy efficiency and lower pressure drop characteristics than R-134a under equivalent conditions. The compositions also advantageously have better energy efficiency and pressure drop characteristics than R-1234yf alone.
The heat transfer compositions of the invention are suitable for use in existing designs of equipment, and are compatible with all classes of lubricant currently used with established HFC refrigerants. They may be optionally stabilized or compatibilized with mineral oils by the use of appropriate additives.
Preferably, when used in heat transfer equipment, the composition of the invention is combined with a lubricant.
Conveniently, the lubricant is selected from the group consisting of mineral oil, silicone oil, polyalkyl benzenes (PABs), polyol esters (POEs), polyalkylene glycols (PAGs), polyalkylene glycol esters (PAG esters), polyvinyl ethers (PVEs), poly (alpha-olefins) and combinations thereof.
Advantageously, the lubricant further comprises a stabilizer.
Preferably, the stabilizer is selected from the group consisting of diene-based compounds, phosphates, phenol compounds and epoxides, and mixtures thereof.
Conveniently, the composition of the invention may be combined with a flame retardant.
Advantageously, the flame retardant is selected from the group consisting of tri-(2-chloroethyl)-phosphate, (chloropropyl) phosphate, tri-(2,3-dibromopropyl)-phosphate, tri-(1,3-dichloropropyl)-phosphate, diammonium phosphate, various halogenated aromatic compounds, antimony oxide, aluminum trihydrate, polyvinyl chloride, a fluorinated iodocarbon, a fluorinated bromocarbon, trifluoro iodomethane, perfluoroalkyl amines, bromo-fluoroalkyl amines and mixtures thereof.
Preferably, the heat transfer composition is a refrigerant composition.
In one embodiment, the invention provides a heat transfer device comprising a composition of the invention.
Preferably, the heat transfer device is a refrigeration device.
Conveniently, the heat transfer device is selected from group consisting of automotive air conditioning systems, residential air conditioning systems, commercial air conditioning systems, residential refrigerator systems, residential freezer systems, commercial refrigerator systems, commercial freezer systems, chiller air conditioning systems, chiller refrigeration systems, and commercial or residential heat pump systems. Preferably, the heat transfer device is a refrigeration device or an air-conditioning system.
Advantageously, the heat transfer device contains a centrifugal-type compressor.
The invention also provides the use of a composition of the invention in a heat transfer device as herein described.
According to a further aspect of the invention, there is provided a blowing agent comprising a composition of the invention.
According to another aspect of the invention; there is provided a foamable composition comprising one or more components capable of forming foam and a composition of the invention.
Preferably, the one or more components capable of forming foam are selected from polyurethanes, thermoplastic polymers and resins, such as polystyrene, and epoxy resins.
According to a further aspect of the invention, there is provided a foam obtainable from the foamable composition of the invention.
Preferably the foam comprises a composition of the invention.
According to another aspect of the invention, there is provided a sprayable composition comprising a material to be sprayed and a propellant comprising a composition of the invention.
According to a further aspect of the invention, there is provided a method for cooling an article which comprises condensing a composition of the invention and thereafter evaporating said composition in the vicinity of the article to be cooled.
According to another aspect of the invention, there is provided a method for heating an article which comprises condensing a composition of the invention in the vicinity of the article to be heated and thereafter evaporating said composition.
According to a further aspect of the invention, there is provided a method for extracting a substance from biomass comprising contacting the biomass with a solvent comprising a composition of the invention, and separating the substance from the solvent.
According to another aspect of the invention, there is provided a method of cleaning an article comprising contacting the article with a solvent comprising a composition of the invention.
According to a further aspect of the invention, there is provided a method for extracting a material from an aqueous solution comprising contacting the aqueous solution with a solvent comprising a composition of the invention, and separating the material from the solvent.
According to another aspect of the invention, there is provided a method for extracting a material from a particulate solid matrix comprising contacting the particulate solid matrix with a solvent comprising a composition of the invention, and separating the material from the solvent.
According to a further aspect of the invention, there is provided a mechanical power generation device containing a composition of the invention.
Preferably, the mechanical power generation device is adapted to use a Rankine Cycle or modification thereof to generate work from heat.
According to another aspect of the invention, there is provided a method of retrofitting a heat transfer device comprising the step of removing an existing heat transfer fluid, and introducing a composition of the invention. Preferably, the heat transfer device is a refrigeration device or (a static) air conditioning system. Advantageously, the method further comprises the step of obtaining an allocation of greenhouse gas (e.g. carbon dioxide) emission credit.
In accordance with the retrofitting method described above, an existing heat transfer fluid can be fully removed from the heat transfer device before introducing a composition of the invention. An existing heat transfer fluid can also be partially removed from a heat transfer device, followed by introducing a composition of the invention.
In another embodiment wherein the existing heat transfer fluid is R-134a, and the composition of the invention contains R134a, R-1234ze(E), R-32, and R-152a (and optional components such as a lubricant, a stabilizer or an additional flame retardant), R-1234ze(E), R-32, and R-152a, etc, can be added to the R-134a in the heat transfer device, thereby forming the compositions of the invention, and the heat transfer device of the invention, in situ. Some of the existing R-134a may be removed from the heat transfer device prior to adding the R-1234ze(E), R-32, R-152a, etc, to facilitate providing the components of the compositions of the invention in the desired proportions.
Thus, the invention provides a method for preparing a composition and/or heat transfer device of the invention comprising introducing R-1234ze(E), R-32, and R-152a, and optional components such as a lubricant, a stabilizer or an additional flame retardant, into a heat transfer device containing an existing heat transfer fluid which is R-134a. Optionally, at least some of the R-134a is removed from the heat transfer device before introducing the R-1234ze(E), R-32, R-152a, etc.
Of course, the compositions of the invention may also be prepared simply by mixing the R-1234ze(E), R-32, R-152a, optionally R-134a (and optional components such as a lubricant, a stabilizer or an additional flame retardant) in the desired proportions. The compositions can then be added to a heat transfer device (or used in any other way as defined herein) that does not contain R-134a or any other existing heat transfer fluid, such as a device from which R-134a or any other existing heat transfer fluid have been removed.
In a further aspect of the invention, there is provided a method for reducing the environmental impact arising from operation of a product comprising an existing compound or composition, the method comprising replacing at least partially the existing compound or composition with a composition of the invention. Preferably, this method comprises the step of obtaining an allocation of greenhouse gas emission credit.
By environmental impact we include the generation and emission of greenhouse warming gases through operation of the product.
As mentioned above, this environmental impact can be considered as including not only those emissions of compounds or compositions having a significant environmental impact from leakage or other losses, but also including the emission of carbon dioxide arising from the energy consumed by the device over its working life. Such environmental impact may be quantified by the measure known as Total Equivalent Warming Impact (TEWI). This measure has been used in quantification of the environmental impact of certain stationary refrigeration and air conditioning equipment, including for example supermarket refrigeration systems (see, for example, http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Total equivalent warming imp act).
The environmental impact may further be considered as including the emissions of greenhouse gases arising from the synthesis and manufacture of the compounds or compositions. In this case the manufacturing emissions are added to the energy consumption and direct loss effects to yield the measure known as Life-Cycle Carbon Production (LCCP, see for example http://www.sae.org/events/aars/presentations/2007papasavv a.pdf). The use of LCCP is common in assessing environmental impact of automotive air conditioning systems.
Emission credit(s) are awarded for reducing pollutant emissions that contribute to global warming and may, for example, be banked, traded or sold. They are conventionally expressed in the equivalent amount of carbon dioxide. Thus if the emission of 1 kg of R-134a is avoided then an emission credit of 1×1300=1300 kg CO2 equivalent may be awarded.
In another embodiment of the invention, there is provided a method for generating greenhouse gas emission credit(s) comprising (i) replacing an existing compound or composition with a composition of the invention, wherein the composition of the invention has a lower GWP than the existing compound or composition; and (ii) obtaining greenhouse gas emission credit for said replacing step.
In a preferred embodiment, the use of the composition of the invention results in the equipment having a lower Total Equivalent Warming Impact, and/or a lower Life-Cycle Carbon Production than that which would be attained by use of the existing compound or composition.
These methods may be carried out on any suitable product, for example in the fields of air-conditioning, refrigeration (e.g. low and medium temperature refrigeration), heat transfer, blowing agents, aerosols or sprayable propellants, gaseous dielectrics, cryosurgery, veterinary procedures, dental procedures, fire extinguishing, flame suppression, solvents (e.g. carriers for flavorings and fragrances), cleaners, air horns, pellet guns, topical anesthetics, and expansion applications. Preferably, the field is air-conditioning or refrigeration.
Examples of suitable products include a heat transfer devices, blowing agents, foamable compositions, sprayable compositions, solvents and mechanical power generation devices. In a preferred embodiment, the product is a heat transfer device, such as a refrigeration device or an air-conditioning unit.
The existing compound or composition has an environmental impact as measured by GWP and/or TEWI and/or LCCP that is higher than the composition of the invention which replaces it. The existing compound or composition may comprise a fluorocarbon compound, such as a perfluoro-, hydrofluoro-, chlorofluoro- or hydrochlorofluoro-carbon compound or it may comprise a fluorinated olefin.
Preferably, the existing compound or composition is a heat transfer compound or composition such as a refrigerant. Examples of refrigerants that may be replaced include R-134a, R-152a, R-1234yf, R-410A, R-407A, R-407B, R-407C, R507, R-22 and R-404A. The compositions of the invention are particularly suited as replacements for R-134a, R-152a or R-1234yf.
Any amount of the existing compound or composition may be replaced so as to reduce the environmental impact. This may depend on the environmental impact of the existing compound or composition being replaced and the environmental impact of the replacement composition of the invention. Preferably, the existing compound or composition in the product is fully replaced by the composition of the invention.
The invention is illustrated by the following non-limiting examples.
EXAMPLES
Flammability
The flammability of certain compositions of the invention in air at atmospheric pressure and controlled humidity was studied in a test flask apparatus as described by the methodology of ASHRAE standard 34. The test temperature used was 23° C.; the humidity was controlled to be 50% relative to a standard temperature of 77° F. (25° C.). The diluent used was R-1234ze(E), which was found to be non flammable under these test conditions. The fuels used were mixtures of R-32 and R-152a. Three fuel compositions were tested and the molar proportion of R32 to R-152a was varied in each fuel. The three molar ratios of R32 to R-152a used were 1:1; 1:2 and 1:3. The fuel and diluent gases were subjected to vacuum purging of the cylinder to remove dissolved air or other inert gases prior to testing. The results of these tests are shown in FIGS. 1 to 3. In these triangular charts the vertices represent pure fuel, air and diluent. The flammable region was identified by varying the relative proportions of fuel, air and diluent and is plotted as the hatched line in each chart.
Using the above methodology we have found the following compositions to be non-flammable at 23° C. (associated fluorine ratios are also shown).















Non flammable
Fluorine




mixture composition
ratio R =
Composition on a



(volumetric basis)
F/(F + H)
weight/weight basis









R-32 20%, R-152a
0.571
R-32 11% R-152a 14% R-



20%, R-1234ze (E)

1234ze (E) 75%



60%





R-32 11.7%, R-152a
0.572
R-32 6% R-152a 16% R-



23.3%, R-1234ze (E)

1234ze (E) 78%



65%





R-32 8.3%, R-152a
0.572
R-32 4% R-152a 17% R-



24.8%, R-1234ze (E)

1234ze (E) 79%



67%





R-32 10%, R-152a
0.586
R-32 5% R-152a 13% R-



20%, R-1234ze (E)

1234ze (E) 82%



70%





R-32 8%, R-152a
0.600
R-32 4% R-152a 11% R-



17%, R-1234ze (E)

1234ze (E) 85%



75%





R-32 17.5%, R-152a
0.584
R-32 10% R-152a 12% R-



17.5%, R-1234ze (E)

1234ze (E) 78%



65%





R-32 15%, R-152a
0.596
R-32 8% R-152a 10% R-



15%, R-1234ze (E)

1234ze (E) 82%



70%





R-32 10%, R-152a 
0.621
R-32 5% R-152a 6% R-



10%, R-1234ze (E)

1234ze (E) 89%



80%





R-32 7.5%, R-152a
0.581
R-32 4% R-152a 15% R-



22.5%, R-1234ze (E)

1234ze (E) 81%



70%










It can be seen that non flammable mixtures comprising R-32, R-152a and R-1234ze(E) can be created if the fluorine ratio of the mixture is greater than about 0.57.
We have further identified the following mixtures of R-32, R-152a and R-1234ze(E) having a lower flammable limit in air of 7% v/v.















Mixture having LFL
Fluorine




of 7% v/v
ratio R =
Composition on a



(volumetric basis)
F/(F + H)
weight/weight basis









R-32 47.5%, R-152a
0.416
R-32 40%, R-152a 51%,



47.5%, R-1234ze (E)

R-1234ze (E) 9%



5%





R-32 28%, R-152a
0.426
R-32 21% R-152a 53% 



56%, R-1234ze (E)

R-1234ze (E) 26%



16%





R-32 19%, R-152a
0.441
R-32 13% R-152a 50% 



57%, R-1234ze (E)

R-1234ze (E) 37%



24%










The above table shows that we have found that it is possible to generate mixtures comprising R-32, R-152a and R-1234ze(E) having an LFL of 7% v/v or higher if the fluorine ratio of the mixture is greater than about 0.41.
By way of comparison, the lower flammable limit of R-1234yf in air in the same test apparatus and at the same temperature was found to be variously between 6.0 and 6.5% v/v in several repeated tests.
A similar flammability experiment was then carried out in which the fuel used was an equimolar mixture of R-32 and R-152a and the diluent was a mixture of R-134a and R-1234ze(E) in the molar proportions 1:2. The ASTM flammability apparatus was used to determine the flammable region, which is included as FIG. 4.
The minimum proportion of diluent required to ensure that mixtures of fuel+diluent with air are non flammable was found to be about 59% v/v. The non flammable composition of 59% v/v diluent and 41% v/v fuel corresponds to an overall composition of R-32 20.5%; R-152a 20.5%; R-134a 19.7% and R-1234ze(E) 39.3% (all volumetric). This composition has a fluorine ratio of 0.569, consistent with the findings of the previous experiments for determination of a non-flammable composition.
It was concluded that quaternary mixtures of these fluids could be expected to be non-flammable at 23° C. if the fluorine ratio was greater than 0.57. Furthermore, it was found that any combination of the R-134a/R-1234ze(E) diluent and the R-32/R-152a fuel mix would have a lower flammable limit of at least 7% v/v, corresponding to a fluorine ratio of 0.4 or greater.
A further flammability experiment was carried out in which the fuel used was R-152a and the diluent was R-134a. The ASTM flammability apparatus was used to determine the flammable region, which is included as FIG. 5. This figure shows a completely different shape and unexpectedly broad region of flammability, indicating the unpredictable nature of such flammability tests.
The flammability of certain compositions of the invention in air at atmospheric pressure and controlled humidity was studied in a flame tube test as follows.
The test vessel was an upright glass cylinder having a diameter of 2 inches. The ignition electrodes were placed 60 mm above the bottom of the cylinder. The cylinder was fitted with a pressure-release opening. The apparatus was shielded to restrict any explosion damage. A standing induction spark of 0.5 second duration was used as the ignition source.
The test was performed at 23° C. (see below). A known concentration of fuel in air was introduced into the glass cylinder. A spark was passed through the mixture and it was observed whether or not a flame detached itself from the ignition source and propagated independently. The gas concentration was increased in steps of 1% vol. until ignition occurred (if at all). The results are shown below (all compositions are v/v basis unless otherwise stated).













Fuel
Temp (° C.)
Humidity
Results







R32/R152a/R1234ze
23
50% RH/23° C. 
LFL 10% UFL


42/7/51


19%


(about 26/5/69 w/w)





R32/R152a/R1234ze
23
50% RH/23° C. 
LFL 9% UFL


19/9/72


16%


(about 10/6/84 w/w)









Again, the LFL of the tested compositions was found to be considerably higher (i.e. less flammable) than R-1234yf under the same conditions (R1234yf was tested in the same apparatus and found to exhibit lower flammable limit of 6% v/v and upper flammable limit of 15% v/v).
Performance of R-32/R-152a/R-1234ze(E) Blends
The performance of selected ternary compositions of the invention was estimated using a thermodynamic property model in conjunction with an idealised vapour compression cycle. The thermodynamic model used the Peng Robinson equation of state to represent vapour phase properties and vapour-liquid equilibrium of the mixtures, together with a polynomial correlation of the variation of ideal gas enthalpy of each component of the mixtures with temperature. The principles behind use of this equation of state to model thermodynamic properties and vapour liquid equilibrium are explained more fully in The Properties of Gases and Liquids (5th edition) by B E Poling, J M Prausnitz and J M O'Connell pub. McGraw Hill 2000, in particular Chapters 4 and 8 (which is incorporated herein by reference).
The basic property data required to use this model were: critical temperature and critical pressure; vapour pressure and the related property of Pitzer acentric factor; ideal gas enthalpy, and measured vapour liquid equilibrium data for the binary systems R-32/R-152a; R-152a/R-1234ze(E) and R-32/R1234ze(E).
The basic property data (critical properties, acentric factor, vapour pressure and ideal gas enthalpy) for R-32 and R-152a were taken from the NIST REFPROP Version 8.0 software, which is incorporated herein by reference. The critical point and vapour pressure for R-1234ze(E) were measured experimentally. The ideal gas enthalpy for R-1234ze(E) over a range of temperatures was estimated using the molecular modelling software Hyperchem 7.5, which is incorporated herein by reference.
Vapour liquid equilibrium data for the binary mixtures was regressed to the Peng Robinson equation using a binary interaction constant incorporated into van der Waal's mixing rules as follows. For the R-32 with R-152a binary pair, data was taken from Lee et al. J. Chem. Eng Data 1999 (44) 190-192 (incorporated herein by reference). Vapour liquid equilibrium data for R-152a with R-1234ze(E) were taken from WO2006/094303 page 69 (incorporated herein by reference) and the interaction constant was fitted to represent the azeotropic composition implied by these data at −25° C. No vapour liquid equilibrium data were available for R-32 with R-1234ze(E) so the interaction constant for this pair was set to zero.
The refrigeration performance of selected ternary compositions of the invention was modelled using the following cycle conditions.
















Condensing temperature (° C.)
60



Evaporating temperature (° C.)
0



Subcool (K)
5



Superheat (K)
5



Suction temperature (° C.)
15



Isentropic efficiency
65%



Clearance ratio
 4%



Duty (kW)
6



Suction line diameter (mm)
16.2










The refrigeration performance data of these compositions are set out in Tables 1 to 10, which are found in the attached Appendix.
The data shows that compositions exhibiting reduced flammability (or non-flammability) when compared to R-1234yf could be prepared having close or superior cooling capacity, significantly enhanced energy efficiency and reduced pressure drop. The energy efficiency gain implied in use of the compositions of the invention as compared to R-1234yf will result in the air conditioning system exhibiting a lower overall total equivalent warming impact (or equivalently lower LCCP) as well as reduced power consumption, even though the direct GWP of the compositions is somewhat higher than for R-1234yf.
In addition it was found that where compositions exhibited equivalent cooling capacity to R-1234yf, the estimated suction line pressure drop was significantly lower than for R-1234yf and close to the values that would be expected if using R-134a. This is significant for automotive air conditioning systems, where the suction gas line represents a significant point of efficiency loss. It is known that R-1234yf requires a larger diameter suction hose in an automotive system than does R-134a, which is inconvenient for layout of the system. The compositions of the invention offer the opportunity to use a smaller suction line size in such systems or alternatively to realise further gains in system energy efficiency if the same line size is used.
Performance of R-32/R-152a/R-1234ze(E)/R134a Blends
The refrigeration performance of selected quaternary compositions of the invention was modelled using the same model and cycle conditions as set out above in relation to the ternary compositions of the invention. The refrigeration performance data of these compositions are set out in tables 11 to 37, which are found in the attached Appendix.
Wholly non-flammable fluids having performance close to R134a are especially desired, the data shows that it is possible to have capacity, COP and pressure drop close to those of R134a whilst achieving significant reduction in GWP (of the order of 50% reduction or more compared to pure R134a) by use of combinations of R-32, R152a, R-134a and R-1234ze(E).
The performance of a composition containing 10% by weight R-32, 5% by weight R-152a and 85% by weight R-1234ze(E) was tested in an automotive air conditioning system suitable for use with R-134a. This composition is denoted by “Blend” in the results shown below.
The test conditions used were as described in SAE Standard J2765, which is incorporated herein by reference. These conditions are summarized below.
Ambient air condition 35° C. and 40% relative humidity (RH)

    
    
        Air off temperature from evaporator controlled to 3° C.
        Compressor displacement variable 0-175 cc per stroke
        Conventional R-134a expansion valve was replaced with an electronic expansion valve to allow for ease of superheat adjustment
        System used without internal heat exchanger and with equivalent superheat at evaporator exit for all fluids
    
    


The results are shown below, in which I, L, M and H refer to idle, low, medium and high speed, and wherein 35 and 45 refer to the ambient temperature in ° C.















Relative to



Measured cooling capacity (kW)
R-134a












Test point
R134a
Blend
Blend







I35
4.67
4.65
100%



L35
5.86
5.79
 99%



M35
6.43
6.18
 96%



H35
6.65
6.55
 98%



I45
3.81
3.76
 99%



L45
4.76
4.75
100%



M45
5.2 
5.17
 99%



H45
5.41
5.41
100%










The Blend composition of the invention represents a good match of capacity and efficiency for R-134a in an R-134a air-conditioning system across a range of conditions.
















Measured


COP



Energy
(expressed

relative



Efficiency
as COP)

to R-134a



Test point
R134a
Blend
Blend









I35
2.87
2.85 
 99%



L35
1.98
1.98 
100%



M35
1.79
1.75 
 98%



H35
1.4 
1.37 
 98%



I45
2.3 
2.32 
101%



L45
1.64
1.69 
103%



M45
1.48
1.5 
101%



H45
1.18
1.19 
101%










Miscibility Data

The miscibility of a composition of the invention containing about 10% by weight R-32, about 5% by weight R-152a and about 85% by weight R-1234ze(E) (referred to below as Blend) was tested with the polyalkylene glycol (PAG) lubricants ND8 and YN12. The results of these experiments were compared to the miscibility of pure R-1234yf with the same PAGs. The results are shown below.










Miscibility Results for Blend with 32H









Lubricant Concentration


Temp
wt %













deg C.
4
7
10
20
30
50
















−20
miscible
miscible
miscible
miscible
miscible
miscible


−10
miscible
miscible
miscible
miscible
miscible
miscible


0
miscible
miscible
miscible
miscible
miscible
miscible


10
miscible
miscible
miscible
miscible
miscible
miscible


20
miscible
miscible
miscible
miscible
miscible
miscible


30
miscible
miscible
miscible
miscible
miscible
miscible


40
miscible
miscible
miscible
miscible
miscible
miscible


50
miscible
miscible
miscible
miscible
miscible
miscible


60
miscible
miscible
miscible
miscible
miscible
miscible


70
miscible
miscible
miscible
miscible
miscible
miscible


80
miscible
miscible
miscible
miscible
miscible
miscible



















Miscibility Results for 1234yf with 32H








Temp
Lubricant Concentration wt %













deg C.
4
7
10
20
30
50
















−20
miscible
miscible
miscible
miscible
miscible
miscible


−10
miscible
miscible
miscible
miscible
miscible
miscible


0
miscible
miscible
miscible
miscible
miscible
miscible


10
slightly
slightly
miscible
miscible
miscible
miscible



opaque
opaque






20
slightly
slightly
miscible
miscible
miscible
miscible



opaque
opaque






30
slightly
slightly
miscible
miscible
miscible
miscible



opaque
opaque






40
slightly
slightly
miscible
miscible
miscible
miscible



opaque
opaque






50
slightly
slightly
miscible
miscible
slightly
slightly



opaque
opaque


opaque
opaque


60
slightly
slightly
miscible
miscible
slightly
slightly



opaque
opaque


opaque
opaque


70
slightly
slightly
miscible
miscible
slightly
slightly



opaque
opaque


opaque
opaque


80
Miscible
slightly
miscible
Opaque 2
Opaque 2
Opaque




opaque

layers
layers



















Miscibility Results for Blend with YN12








Temp



deg
Lubricant Concentration wt %













C.
4
7
10
20
30
50
















−20
Opaque
Opaque
Opaque
Opaque
Opaque
Opaque


−10
Opaque
Opaque
Opaque
Opaque
Opaque
Opaque


0
Slightly
Slightly
Slightly
Slightly
Slightly
Slightly



opaque
opaque
opaque
opaque
opaque
opaque


10
Slightly
Slightly
Slightly
Slightly
very
very



opaque
opaque
opaque
opaque
Slightly
Slightly







opaque
opaque


20
Slightly
Slightly
Slightly
Slightly
very
very



opaque
opaque
opaque
opaque
Slightly
Slightly







opaque
opaque


25
Slightly
Slightly
Slightly
Slightly
very
very



opaque
opaque
opaque
opaque
Slightly
Slightly







opaque
opaque


30
Slightly
Slightly
Slightly
Slightly
very
very



opaque
opaque
opaque
opaque
Slightly
Slightly







opaque
opaque


35
Slightly
Slightly
Slightly
Slightly
very
very



opaque
opaque
opaque
opaque
Slightly
Slightly







opaque
opaque


40
Slightly
Slightly
Slightly
Slightly
very
very



opaque
opaque
opaque
opaque
Slightly
Slightly







opaque
opaque


45
Slightly
Slightly
Slightly
Slightly
very
very



opaque
opaque
opaque
opaque
Slightly
Slightly







opaque
opaque


50
Miscible
Miscible
Miscible
Miscible
very
very







Slightly
Slightly







opaque
opaque


60
Miscible
Miscible
Miscible
Miscible
very
very







Slightly
Slightly







opaque
opaque


70
Miscible
Miscible
Miscible
opaque 2
very
very






layers
Slightly
Slightly







opaque
opaque


80
2 layers
2 layers
2 layers
2 layers
2 layers
very








Slightly








opaque



















Miscibility Results for 1234yf with YN12








Temperature
Lubricant Concentration wt %













deg C.
4
7
10
20
30
50
















−20
opaque
opaque
2 layers
opaque
2 layers
2








layers


−10
slightly
slightly
2 layers
opaque
2 layers
2



opaque
opaque



layers


0
slightly
opaque
2 layers
opaque
opaque
opaque



opaque







10
slightly
opaque
2 layers
2
2 layers
2



opaque

opaque
layers
opaque
layers






opaque

opaque


20
opaque
slightly
2 layers
2
2 layers
2




opaque 2
opaque
layers
opaque
layers




layers



opaque


30
opaque
opaque
2 layers
2
2 layers
2





opaque
layers
opaque
layers








opaque


40
clear 2
clear 2
2 layers
2
2 layers
2



layers
layers
clear
layers
clear
layers








clear


50
clear 2
clear 2
2 layers
2
2 layers
2



layers
layers
clear
layers
clear
layers








clear


60
clear 2
clear 2
2 layers
2
2 layers
2



layers
layers
clear
layers
clear
layers








clear


70
clear 2
clear 2
2 layers
2
2 layers
2



layers
layers
clear
layers
clear
layers








clear


80
clear 2
clear 2
2 layers
2
2 layers
2



layers
layers
clear
layers
clear
layers








clear









The results show that the compositions of the invention have improved miscibility with lubricants compared to the pure fluid R-1234yf.
In summary, the invention provides new compositions that exhibit a surprising combination of advantageous properties including good refrigeration performance, low flammability, low GWP, and/or miscibility with lubricants compared to existing refrigerants such as R-134a and the proposed refrigerant R-1234yf.
The foregoing is considered as illustrative only of the principles of the invention. Furthermore, since numerous modifications and changes will readily occur to those skilled in the art, it is not desired to limit the invention to the exact construction and operation shown and described. While the preferred embodiment has been described, the details may be changed without departing from the invention, which is defined by the claims.







TABLE 1





Theoretical Performance Data of Selected R-32/R-152a/R-1234ze(E) Blends Containing 2% R32

























R32

2
2
2
2
2
2
2
2
2


R152a

5
10
15
20
25
30
35
40
45


R1234ze(E)

93
88
83
78
73
68
63
58
53





















Comparative











Calculation
data

2/10/
2/15/
2/20/
2/25/
2/30/
2/35/
2/40/
2/45/


















results
134a
R1234yf
2/5/93
88
83
78
73
68
63
58
53





Pressure ratio
5.79
5.24
5.76
5.73
5.71
5.69
5.67
5.65
5.64
5.63
5.63


Volumetric
83.6%
84.7%
83.0%
83.2%
83.5%
83.7%
83.9%
84.1%
84.3%
84.5%
84.6%


efficiency


Condenser glide
0.0
0.0
1.8
1.8
1.7
1.6
1.5
1.4
1.3
1.1
1.0


(K)


Evaporator glide
0.0
0.0
0.8
0.9
0.9
0.9
0.8
0.8
0.7
0.6
0.5


(K)


Evaporator inlet T
0.0
0.0
−0.4
−0.5
−0.5
−0.4
−0.4
−0.4
−0.3
−0.3
−0.3


(° C.)


Condenser exit T
55.0
55.0
54.1
54.1
54.1
54.2
54.2
54.3
54.4
54.4
54.5


(° C.)


Condenser P (bar)
16.88
16.46
13.45
13.79
14.09
14.35
14.58
14.78
14.95
15.10
15.22


Evaporator P
2.92
3.14
2.33
2.40
2.47
2.52
2.57
2.62
2.65
2.68
2.70


(bar)


Refrigeration
123.76
94.99
116.5
120.9
125.4
129.9
134.6
139.4
144.3
149.3
154.4


effect (kJ/kg)


COP
2.03
1.91
2.03
2.04
2.05
2.06
2.06
2.07
2.08
2.09
2.10


Discharge T
99.15
92.88
90.5
92.1
93.7
95.2
96.7
98.2
99.7
101.2
102.7


(° C.)


Mass flow rate
174.53
227.39
185.4
178.6
172.3
166.2
160.5
155.0
149.7
144.7
139.9


(kg/hr)


Volumetric flow
13.16
14.03
16.7
16.1
15.6
15.2
14.8
14.5
14.3
14.0
13.8


rate (m3/hr)


Volumetric
1641
1540
1297
1342
1383
1421
1456
1487
1516
1541
1564


capacity (m3/hr)


Pressure drop
953
1239
1262
1186
1120
1061
1009
962
920
882
847


(kPa/m)


GWP


23
28
34
40
45
51
57
62
68


(TAR basis)


Fluorine ratio R =


0.634
0.609
0.585
0.563
0.542
0.522
0.503
0.486
0.469


F/(F + H)


Capacity relative
106.6%
100.0%
84.2%
87.1%
89.8%
92.3%
94.5%
96.6%
98.4%
100.1%
101.6%


to 1234yf


Relative COP
106.0%
100.0%
106.1%
106.6%
107.1%
107.5%
107.9%
108.4%
108.8%
109.2%
109.6%


Relative pressure
76.9%
100.0%
101.9%
95.8%
90.4%
85.7%
81.4%
77.7%
74.3%
71.2%
68.4%


drop
















TABLE 2





Theoretical Performance Data of Selected R-32/R-152a/R-1234ze(E) Blends


Containing 4% R32

























R32

4
4
4
4
4
4
4
4
4


R152a

5
10
15
20
25
30
35
40
45


R1234ze(E)

91
86
81
76
71
66
61
56
51






Comparative



data


















Calculation results
134a
R1234yf
4/5/91
4/10/86
4/15/81
4/20/76
4/25/71
4/30/66
4/35/61
4/40/56
4/45/51





Pressure ratio
5.79
5.24
5.79
5.75
5.72
5.70
5.68
5.66
5.65
5.64
5.64


Volumetric
 83.6%
 84.7%
 83.0%
 83.3%
 83.5%
 83.8%
 84.0%
 84.2%
 84.4%
 84.6%
 84.7%


efficiency


Condenser glide (K)
0.0
0.0
3.0
2.9
2.8
2.6
2.4
2.2
2.0
1.9
1.7


Evaporator glide
0.0
0.0
1.4
1.5
1.5
1.4
1.3
1.2
1.1
1.0
0.9


(K)


Evaporator inlet T
0.0
0.0
−0.7
−0.7
−0.7
−0.7
−0.7
−0.6
−0.5
−0.5
−0.5


(° C.)


Condenser exit T
55.0
55.0
53.5
53.5
53.6
53.7
53.8
53.9
54.0
54.1
54.1


(° C.)


Condenser P (bar)
16.88
16.46
14.10
14.42
14.70
14.94
15.15
15.33
15.48
15.61
15.71


Evaporator P (bar)
2.92
3.14
2.44
2.51
2.57
2.62
2.67
2.71
2.74
2.77
2.79


Refrigeration
123.76
94.99
119.7
124.1
128.5
133.0
137.7
142.4
147.3
152.3
157.5


effect (kJ/kg)


COP
2.03
1.91
2.03
2.04
2.05
2.06
2.07
2.07
2.08
2.09
2.10


Discharge T (° C.)
99.15
92.88
92.5
94.0
95.6
97.0
98.5
100.0
101.5
102.9
104.4


Mass flow rate
174.53
227.39
180.4
174.1
168.1
162.4
156.9
151.6
146.6
141.8
137.1


(kg/hr)


Volumetric flow
13.16
14.03
15.8
15.4
14.9
14.6
14.3
14.0
13.7
13.5
13.3


rate (m3/hr)


Volumetric capacity
1641
1540
1363
1407
1446
1483
1516
1546
1573
1597
1619


(m3/hr)


Pressure drop
953
1239
1177
1110
1052
999
953
911
873
838
806


(kPa/m)


GWP (TAR basis)


33
39
45
51
56
62
68
73
79


Fluorine ratio R =


0.630
0.605
0.581
0.559
0.539
0.519
0.501
0.483
0.467


F/(F + H)


Capacity relative
106.6%
100.0%
 88.5%
 91.3%
 93.9%
 96.3%
 98.4%
100.4%
102.2%
103.7%
105.2%


to 1234yf


Relative COP
106.0%
100.0%
106.4%
106.8%
107.2%
107.7%
108.1%
108.5%
108.9%
109.3%
109.7%


Relative pressure
 76.9%
100.0%
 95.0%
 89.6%
 84.9%
 80.7%
 76.9%
 73.5%
 70.4%
 67.6%
 65.1%


drop
















TABLE 3





Theoretical Performance Data of Selected R-32/R-152a/R-1234ze(E) Blends Containing 5% R32

























R32

5
5
5
5
5
5
5
5
5


R152a

5
10
15
20
25
30
35
40
45


R1234ze(E)

90
85
80
75
70
65
60
55
50






Comparative



data


















Calculation results
134a
R1234yf
5/5/90
5/10/85
5/15/80
5/20/75
5/25/70
5/30/65
5/35/60
5/40/55
5/45/50





Pressure ratio
5.79
5.24
5.79
5.76
5.73
5.70
5.68
5.66
5.65
5.64
5.64


Volumetric
 83.6%
 84.7%
 83.0%
 83.3%
 83.6%
 83.8%
 84.1%
 84.3%
 84.4%
 84.6%
 84.8%


efficiency


Condenser glide (K)
0.0
0.0
3.6
3.4
3.2
3.0
2.8
2.6
2.4
2.2
2.1


Evaporator glide
0.0
0.0
1.7
1.8
1.7
1.6
1.5
1.4
1.3
1.2
1.1


(K)


Evaporator inlet T
0.0
0.0
−0.9
−0.9
−0.9
−0.8
−0.8
−0.7
−0.6
−0.6
−0.6


(° C.)


Condenser exit T
55.0
55.0
53.2
53.3
53.4
53.5
53.6
53.7
53.8
53.9
54.0


(° C.)


Condenser P (bar)
16.88
16.46
14.43
14.73
15.00
15.23
15.43
15.60
15.75
15.87
15.96


Evaporator P (bar)
2.92
3.14
2.49
2.56
2.62
2.67
2.72
2.76
2.79
2.81
2.83


Refrigeration
123.76
94.99
121.3
125.6
130.0
134.5
139.2
143.9
148.8
153.9
159.0


effect (kJ/kg)


COP
2.03
1.91
2.04
2.04
2.05
2.06
2.07
2.07
2.08
2.09
2.10


Discharge T (° C.)
99.15
92.88
93.5
95.0
96.5
97.9
99.4
100.9
102.3
103.8
105.2


Mass flow rate
174.53
227.39
178.1
171.9
166.1
160.5
155.2
150.1
145.1
140.4
135.8


(kg/hr)


Volumetric flow
13.16
14.03
15.5
15.0
14.6
14.3
14.0
13.7
13.5
13.3
13.1


rate (m3/hr)


Volumetric capacity
1641
1540
1396
1439
1478
1514
1546
1575
1602
1625
1646


(m3/hr)


Pressure drop
953
1239
1137
1075
1020
971
927
887
851
818
787


(kPa/m)


GWP (TAR basis)


39
45
50
56
62
67
73
79
85


Fluorine ratio R =


0.628
0.603
0.580
0.558
0.537
0.518
0.499
0.482
0.466


F/(F + H)


Capacity relative
106.6%
100.0%
 90.7%
 93.4%
 96.0%
 98.3%
100.4%
102.3%
104.0%
105.6%
106.9%


to 1234yf


Relative COP
106.0%
100.0%
106.5%
106.9%
107.3%
107.7%
108.1%
108.5%
108.9%
109.3%
109.7%


Relative pressure
 76.9%
100.0%
 91.8%
 86.8%
 82.3%
 78.4%
 74.8%
 71.6%
 68.7%
 66.0%
 63.5%


drop
















TABLE 4





Theoretical Performance Data of Selected R-32/R-152a/R-1234ze(E) Blends Containing 6% R32

























R32

6
6
6
6
6
6
6
6
6


R152a

5
10
15
20
25
30
35
40
45


R1234ze(E)

89
84
79
74
69
64
59
54
49






Comparative



data


















Calculation results
134a
R1234yf
6/5/89
6/10/84
6/15/79
6/20/74
6/25/69
6/30/64
6/35/59
6/40/54
6/45/49





Pressure ratio
5.79
5.24
5.80
5.76
5.73
5.70
5.68
5.66
5.65
5.64
5.64


Volumetric
 83.6%
 84.7%
 83.1%
 83.4%
 83.6%
 83.9%
 84.1%
 84.3%
 84.5%
 84.7%
 84.8%


efficiency


Condenser glide (K)
0.0
0.0
4.1
3.9
3.6
3.4
3.2
2.9
2.7
2.5
2.4


Evaporator glide
0.0
0.0
2.0
2.0
2.0
1.9
1.7
1.6
1.5
1.4
1.3


(K)


Evaporator inlet T
0.0
0.0
−1.0
−1.0
−1.0
−0.9
−0.9
−0.8
−0.7
−0.7
−0.6


(° C.)


Condenser exit T
55.0
55.0
52.9
53.1
53.2
53.3
53.4
53.5
53.6
53.7
53.8


(° C.)


Condenser P (bar)
16.88
16.46
14.75
15.04
15.30
15.52
15.71
15.87
16.01
16.12
16.21


Evaporator P (bar)
2.92
3.14
2.54
2.61
2.67
2.72
2.77
2.80
2.83
2.86
2.87


Refrigeration
123.76
94.99
122.8
127.1
131.5
136.0
140.7
145.4
150.3
155.4
160.5


effect (kJ/kg)


COP
2.03
1.91
2.04
2.05
2.05
2.06
2.07
2.08
2.08
2.09
2.10


Discharge T (° C.)
99.15
92.88
94.4
95.9
97.4
98.8
100.3
101.7
103.2
104.6
106.1


Mass flow rate
174.53
227.39
175.8
169.9
164.2
158.8
153.6
148.5
143.7
139.0
134.6


(kg/hr)


Volumetric flow
13.16
14.03
15.1
14.7
14.3
14.0
13.7
13.5
13.3
13.1
12.9


rate (m3/hr)


Volumetric capacity
1641
1540
1429
1471
1510
1544
1576
1604
1630
1653
1673


(m3/hr)


Pressure drop
953
1239
1101
1042
990
944
902
864
829
798
769


(kPa/m)


GWP (TAR basis)


44
50
56
61
67
73
79
84
90


Fluorine ratio R =


0.626
0.601
0.578
0.556
0.536
0.516
0.498
0.481
0.465


F/(F + H)


Capacity relative
106.6%
100.0%
 92.8%
 95.6%
 98.0%
100.3%
102.4%
104.2%
105.9%
107.4%
108.7%


to 1234yf


Relative COP
106.0%
100.0%
106.6%
107.0%
107.4%
107.8%
108.2%
108.6%
108.9%
109.3%
109.7%


Relative pressure
 76.9%
100.0%
 88.8%
 84.1%
 79.9%
 76.2%
 72.8%
 69.7%
 66.9%
 64.4%
 62.1%


drop
















TABLE 5





Theoretical Performance Data of Selected R-32/R-152a/R-1234ze(E) Blends Containing 7% R32

























R32

7
7
7
7
7
7
7
7
7


R152a

5
10
15
20
25
30
35
40
45


R1234ze(E)

88
83
78
73
68
63
58
53
48






Comparative



data


















Calculation results
134a
R1234yf
7/5/88
7/10/83
7/15/78
7/20/73
7/25/68
7/30/63
7/35/58
7/40/53
7/45/48





Pressure ratio
5.79
5.24
5.80
5.76
5.73
5.70
5.68
5.66
5.65
5.64
5.64


Volumetric
 83.6%
 84.7%
 83.1%
 83.4%
 83.7%
 83.9%
 84.2%
 84.4%
 84.5%
 84.7%
 84.9%


efficiency


Condenser glide (K)
0.0
0.0
4.6
4.3
4.0
3.8
3.5
3.3
3.0
2.8
2.7


Evaporator glide
0.0
0.0
2.3
2.3
2.2
2.1
2.0
1.8
1.7
1.6
1.5


(K)


Evaporator inlet T
0.0
0.0
−1.2
−1.1
−1.1
−1.0
−1.0
−0.9
−0.8
−0.8
−0.7


(° C.)


Condenser exit T
55.0
55.0
52.7
52.8
53.0
53.1
53.3
53.4
53.5
53.6
53.7


(° C.)


Condenser P (bar)
16.88
16.46
15.06
15.35
15.59
15.80
15.99
16.14
16.27
16.37
16.45


Evaporator P (bar)
2.92
3.14
2.60
2.66
2.72
2.77
2.82
2.85
2.88
2.90
2.92


Refrigeration
123.76
94.99
124.3
128.6
133.0
137.5
142.1
146.9
151.8
156.8
162.0


effect (kJ/kg)


COP
2.03
1.91
2.04
2.05
2.05
2.06
2.07
2.08
2.08
2.09
2.10


Discharge T (° C.)
99.15
92.88
95.3
96.8
98.2
99.7
101.1
102.6
104.0
105.4
106.9


Mass flow rate
174.53
227.39
173.7
167.9
162.4
157.1
152.0
147.1
142.3
137.7
133.3


(kg/hr)


Volumetric flow
13.16
14.03
14.8
14.4
14.0
13.7
13.4
13.2
13.0
12.8
12.7


rate (m3/hr)


Volumetric capacity
1641
1540
1463
1504
1541
1575
1606
1634
1659
1681
1701


(m3/hr)


Pressure drop
953
1239
1066
1011
962
918
878
842
809
779
752


(kPa/m)


GWP (TAR basis)


50
55
61
67
73
78
84
90
95


Fluorine ratio R =


0.624
0.599
0.576
0.554
0.534
0.515
0.497
0.480
0.464


F/(F + H)


Capacity relative
106.6%
100.0%
 95.0%
 97.7%
100.1%
102.3%
104.3%
106.1%
107.7%
109.2%
110.5%


to 1234yf


Relative COP
106.0%
100.0%
106.7%
107.1%
107.5%
107.8%
108.2%
108.6%
109.0%
109.4%
109.8%


Relative pressure
 76.9%
100.0%
 86.0%
 81.6%
 77.6%
 74.1%
 70.9%
 68.0%
 65.3%
 62.9%
 60.7%


drop
















TABLE 6





Theoretical Performance Data of Selected R-32/R-152a/R-1234ze(E) Blends Containing 8% R32

























R32

8
8
8
8
8
8
8
8
8


R152a

5
10
15
20
25
30
35
40
45


R1234ze(E)

87
82
77
72
67
62
57
52
47






Comparative



data


















Calculation results
134a
R1234yf
8/5/87
8/10/82
8/15/77
8/20/72
8/25/67
8/30/62
8/35/57
8/40/52
8/45/47





Pressure ratio
5.79
5.24
5.80
5.76
5.73
5.70
5.68
5.66
5.65
5.64
5.64


Volumetric
 83.6%
 84.7%
 83.2%
 83.5%
 83.8%
 84.0%
 84.2%
 84.4%
 84.6%
 84.8%
 84.9%


efficiency


Condenser glide (K)
0.0
0.0
5.0
4.7
4.4
4.1
3.8
3.6
3.3
3.1
3.0


Evaporator glide
0.0
0.0
2.6
2.5
2.4
2.3
2.2
2.0
1.9
1.8
1.7


(K)


Evaporator inlet T
0.0
0.0
−1.3
−1.3
−1.2
−1.2
−1.1
−1.0
−0.9
−0.9
−0.8


(° C.)


Condenser exit T
55.0
55.0
52.5
52.6
52.8
53.0
53.1
53.2
53.3
53.4
53.5


(° C.)


Condenser P (bar)
16.88
16.46
15.38
15.65
15.89
16.09
16.26
16.41
16.53
16.62
16.70


Evaporator P (bar)
2.92
3.14
2.65
2.72
2.77
2.82
2.86
2.90
2.93
2.95
2.96


Refrigeration
123.76
94.99
125.8
130.1
134.4
138.9
143.6
148.3
153.2
158.3
163.5


effect (kJ/kg)


COP
2.03
1.91
2.04
2.05
2.06
2.06
2.07
2.08
2.08
2.09
2.10


Discharge T (° C.)
99.15
92.88
96.2
97.7
99.1
100.5
102.0
103.4
104.8
106.3
107.7


Mass flow rate
174.53
227.39
171.7
166.1
160.7
155.5
150.5
145.6
141.0
136.4
132.1


(kg/hr)


Volumetric flow
13.16
14.03
14.4
14.1
13.7
13.4
13.2
13.0
12.8
12.6
12.5


rate (m3/hr)


Volumetric capacity
1641
1540
1496
1536
1573
1606
1636
1663
1687
1709
1728


(m3/hr)


Pressure drop
953
1239
1033
981
935
893
855
821
790
761
735


(kPa/m)


GWP (TAR basis)


55
61
67
72
78
84
89
95
101


Fluorine ratio R =


0.622
0.597
0.574
0.553
0.533
0.514
0.496
0.479
0.462


F/(F + H)


Capacity relative
106.6%
100.0%
 97.1%
 99.8%
102.1%
104.3%
106.3%
108.0%
109.6%
111.0%
112.2%


to 1234yf


Relative COP
106.0%
100.0%
106.8%
107.1%
107.5%
107.9%
108.2%
108.6%
109.0%
109.4%
109.8%


Relative pressure
 76.9%
100.0%
 83.4%
 79.2%
 75.4%
 72.1%
 69.0%
 66.3%
 63.7%
 61.4%
 59.3%


drop
















TABLE 7





Theoretical Performance Data of Selected R-32/R-152a/R-1234ze(E) Blends Containing 9% R32

























R32

9
9
9
9
9
9
9
9
9


R152a

5
10
15
20
25
30
35
40
45


R1234ze(E)

86
81
76
71
66
61
56
51
46






Comparative



data


















Calculation results
134a
R1234yf
9/5/86
9/10/81
9/15/76
9/20/71
9/25/66
9/30/61
9/35/56
9/40/51
9/45/46





Pressure ratio
5.79
5.24
5.80
5.76
5.73
5.70
5.68
5.66
5.65
5.64
5.64


Volumetric
 83.6%
 84.7%
 83.3%
 83.6%
 83.8%
 84.1%
 84.3%
 84.5%
 84.7%
 84.8%
 85.0%


efficiency


Condenser glide (K)
0.0
0.0
5.4
5.1
4.7
4.4
4.1
3.8
3.6
3.4
3.2


Evaporator glide
0.0
0.0
2.9
2.8
2.7
2.5
2.4
2.2
2.1
1.9
1.8


(K)


Evaporator inlet T
0.0
0.0
−1.4
−1.4
−1.3
−1.3
−1.2
−1.1
−1.0
−1.0
−0.9


(° C.)


Condenser exit T
55.0
55.0
52.3
52.5
52.6
52.8
52.9
53.1
53.2
53.3
53.4


(° C.)


Condenser P (bar)
16.88
16.46
15.69
15.95
16.18
16.37
16.54
16.67
16.78
16.87
16.94


Evaporator P (bar)
2.92
3.14
2.71
2.77
2.83
2.87
2.91
2.95
2.97
2.99
3.00


Refrigeration
123.76
94.99
127.3
131.5
135.9
140.4
145.0
149.8
154.7
159.8
165.0


effect (kJ/kg)


COP
2.03
1.91
2.04
2.05
2.06
2.06
2.07
2.08
2.08
2.09
2.10


Discharge T (° C.)
99.15
92.88
97.1
98.6
100.0
101.4
102.8
104.2
105.6
107.1
108.5


Mass flow rate
174.53
227.39
169.7
164.3
159.0
153.9
149.0
144.2
139.6
135.2
130.9


(kg/hr)


Volumetric flow
13.16
14.03
14.1
13.8
13.5
13.2
13.0
12.8
12.6
12.4
12.3


rate (m3/hr)


Volumetric capacity
1641
1540
1529
1569
1604
1637
1666
1692
1716
1737
1755


(m3/hr)


Pressure drop
953
1239
1002
953
909
870
834
801
771
744
719


(kPa/m)


GWP (TAR basis)


61
66
72
78
83
89
95
101
106


Fluorine ratio R =


0.620
0.595
0.573
0.551
0.531
0.512
0.494
0.477
0.461


F/(F + H)


Capacity relative
106.6%
100.0%
 99.3%
101.9%
104.2%
106.3%
108.2%
109.9%
111.4%
112.8%
114.0%


to 1234yf


Relative COP
106.0%
100.0%
106.9%
107.2%
107.6%
107.9%
108.3%
108.6%
109.0%
109.4%
109.8%


Relative pressure
 76.9%
100.0%
 80.9%
 76.9%
 73.4%
 70.2%
 67.3%
 64.7%
 62.2%
 60.0%
 58.0%


drop
















TABLE 8





Theoretical Performance Data of Selected R-32/R-152a/R-1234ze(E) Blends Containing 10% R32

























R32

10
10
10
10
10
10
10
10
10


R152a

5
10
15
20
25
30
35
40
45


R1234ze(E)

85
80
75
70
65
60
55
50
45






Comparative



data
10/
10/
10/15/
10/20/
10/25/
10/30/
10/35/
10/40/
10/45/


















Calculation results
134a
R1234yf
5/85
10/80
75
70
65
60
55
50
45





Pressure ratio
5.79
5.24
5.80
5.76
5.72
5.69
5.67
5.66
5.65
5.64
5.64


Volumetric
 83.6%
 84.7%
 83.3%
 83.6%
 83.9%
 84.1%
 84.4%
 84.6%
 84.7%
 84.9%
 85.0%


efficiency


Condenser glide (K)
0.0
0.0
5.8
5.4
5.0
4.7
4.4
4.1
3.8
3.6
3.4


Evaporator glide
0.0
0.0
3.1
3.0
2.9
2.7
2.5
2.4
2.2
2.1
2.0


(K)


Evaporator inlet T
0.0
0.0
−1.6
−1.5
−1.4
−1.4
−1.3
−1.2
−1.1
−1.0
−1.0


(° C.)


Condenser exit T
55.0
55.0
52.1
52.3
52.5
52.7
52.8
53.0
53.1
53.2
53.3


(° C.)


Condenser P (bar)
16.88
16.46
16.00
16.25
16.47
16.66
16.81
16.94
17.04
17.12
17.18


Evaporator P (bar)
2.92
3.14
2.76
2.82
2.88
2.92
2.96
2.99
3.02
3.04
3.05


Refrigeration
123.76
94.99
128.7
132.9
137.3
141.8
146.4
151.2
156.1
161.2
166.4


effect (kJ/kg)


COP
2.03
1.91
2.04
2.05
2.06
2.06
2.07
2.08
2.08
2.09
2.10


Discharge T (° C.)
99.15
92.88
98.0
99.4
100.8
102.2
103.6
105.0
106.4
107.9
109.3


Mass flow rate
174.53
227.39
167.9
162.5
157.4
152.4
147.6
142.9
138.4
134.0
129.8


(kg/hr)


Volumetric flow
13.16
14.03
13.8
13.5
13.2
13.0
12.7
12.5
12.4
12.2
12.1


rate (m3/hr)


Volumetric capacity
1641
1540
1562
1601
1636
1668
1696
1722
1744
1765
1782


(m3/hr)


Pressure drop
953
1239
972
926
885
847
813
782
753
727
703


(kPa/m)


GWP (TAR basis)


66
72
78
83
89
95
100
106
112


Fluorine ratio R =


0.618
0.593
0.571
0.550
0.530
0.511
0.493
0.476
0.460


F/(F + H)


Capacity relative
106.6%
100.0%
101.5%
104.0%
106.3%
108.3%
110.2%
111.8%
113.3%
114.6%
115.7%


to 1234yf


Relative COP
106.0%
100.0%
106.9%
107.3%
107.6%
107.9%
108.3%
108.7%
109.0%
109.4%
109.8%


Relative pressure
 76.9%
100.0%
 78.5%
 74.8%
 71.4%
 68.4%
 65.6%
 63.1%
 60.8%
 58.7%
 56.7%


drop
















TABLE 9





Theoretical Performance Data of Selected R-32/R-152a/R-1234ze(E) Blends Containing 11% R32

























R32

11
11
11
11
11
11
11
11
11


R152a

5
10
15
20
25
30
35
40
45


R1234ze(E)

84
79
74
69
64
59
54
49
44






Comparative



data
11/5/
11/10/
11/15/
11/20/
11/25/
11/30/
11/35/
11/40/
11/45


















Calculation results
134a
R1234yf
84
79
74
69
64
59
54
49
44





Pressure ratio
5.79
5.24
5.79
5.75
5.72
5.69
5.67
5.65
5.64
5.64
5.63


Volumetric
 83.6%
 84.7%
 83.4%
 83.7%
 84.0%
 84.2%
 84.4%
 84.6%
 84.8%
 85.0%
 85.1%


efficiency


Condenser glide (K)
0.0
0.0
6.1
5.7
5.3
5.0
4.6
4.3
4.1
3.9
3.7


Evaporator glide
0.0
0.0
3.4
3.3
3.1
2.9
2.7
2.6
2.4
2.3
2.2


(K)


Evaporator inlet T
0.0
0.0
−1.7
−1.6
−1.6
−1.5
−1.4
−1.3
−1.2
−1.1
−1.1


(° C.)


Condenser exit T
55.0
55.0
51.9
52.1
52.3
52.5
52.7
52.8
53.0
53.1
53.2


(° C.)


Condenser P (bar)
16.88
16.46
16.31
16.55
16.76
16.94
17.08
17.20
17.30
17.37
17.42


Evaporator P (bar)
2.92
3.14
2.82
2.88
2.93
2.98
3.01
3.04
3.07
3.08
3.09


Refrigeration
123.76
94.99
130.1
134.3
138.6
143.1
147.8
152.6
157.5
162.6
167.9


effect (kJ/kg)


COP
2.03
1.91
2.05
2.05
2.06
2.06
2.07
2.08
2.08
2.09
2.10


Discharge T (° C.)
99.15
92.88
98.9
100.3
101.7
103.1
104.4
105.8
107.2
108.7
110.1


Mass flow rate
174.53
227.39
166.1
160.8
155.8
150.9
146.2
141.6
137.1
132.8
128.7


(kg/hr)


Volumetric flow
13.16
14.03
13.5
13.2
13.0
12.7
12.5
12.3
12.2
12.1
11.9


rate (m3/hr)


Volumetric capacity
1641
1540
1596
1633
1668
1698
1726
1751
1773
1792
1809


(m3/hr)


Pressure drop
953
1239
945
901
861
826
793
764
736
711
688


(kPa/m)


GWP (TAR basis)


72
77
83
89
94
100
106
111
117


Fluorine ratio R =


0.616
0.592
0.569
0.548
0.528
0.509
0.492
0.475
0.459


F/(F + H)


Capacity relative
106.6%
100.0%
103.6%
106.1%
108.3%
110.3%
112.1%
113.7%
115.1%
116.4%
117.5%


to 1234yf


Relative COP
106.0%
100.0%
107.0%
107.3%
107.6%
108.0%
108.3%
108.7%
109.0%
109.4%
109.8%


Relative pressure
 76.9%
100.0%
 76.2%
 72.7%
 69.5%
 66.7%
 64.0%
 61.6%
 59.4%
 57.4%
 55.5%


drop
















TABLE 10





Theoretical Performance Data of Selected R-32/R-152a/R-1234ze(E) Blends Containing 12% R32

























R32

12
12
12
12
12
12
12
12
12


R152a

5
10
15
20
25
30
35
38
45


R1234ze(E)

83
78
73
68
63
58
53
50
43






Comparative



data
12/5/
12/10/
12/15/
12/20/
12/25/
12/30/
12/35/
12/38/
12/45/


















Calculation results
134a
R1234yf
83
78
73
68
63
58
53
50
43





Pressure ratio
5.79
5.24
5.79
5.75
5.72
5.69
5.67
5.65
5.64
5.64
5.64


Volumetric
 83.6%
 84.7%
 83.5%
 83.8%
 84.0%
 84.3%
 84.5%
 84.7%
 84.8%
 84.9%
 85.1%


efficiency


Condenser glide (K)
0.0
0.0
6.5
6.1
5.8
5.5
5.2
4.9
4.7
4.6
4.3


Evaporator glide
0.0
0.0
3.7
3.6
3.4
3.3
3.1
2.9
2.8
2.7
2.6


(K)


Evaporator inlet T
0.0
0.0
−1.8
−1.8
−1.7
−1.6
−1.6
−1.5
−1.4
−1.4
−1.3


(° C.)


Condenser exit T
55.0
55.0
51.8
51.9
52.1
52.3
52.4
52.5
52.7
52.7
52.8


(° C.)


Condenser P (bar)
16.88
16.46
16.65
16.91
17.13
17.32
17.48
17.61
17.71
17.76
17.85


Evaporator P (bar)
2.92
3.14
2.88
2.94
3.00
3.04
3.08
3.11
3.14
3.15
3.17


Refrigeration
123.76
94.99
131.4
135.6
139.9
144.4
149.0
153.7
158.6
161.6
168.9


effect (kJ/kg)


COP
2.03
1.91
2.05
2.05
2.06
2.06
2.07
2.08
2.08
2.09
2.10


Discharge T (° C.)
99.15
92.88
99.8
101.2
102.6
103.9
105.3
106.7
108.1
109.0
110.9


Mass flow rate
174.53
227.39
164.4
159.3
154.4
149.6
145.0
140.5
136.2
133.6
127.9


(kg/hr)


Volumetric flow
13.16
14.03
13.2
12.9
12.7
12.4
12.2
12.1
11.9
11.8
11.7


rate (m3/hr)


Volumetric capacity
1641
1540
1631
1670
1705
1737
1766
1791
1814
1827
1852


(m3/hr)


Pressure drop
953
1239
917
875
837
802
771
742
716
701
669


(kPa/m)


GWP (TAR basis)


77
83
88
94
100
105
111
115
123


Fluorine ratio R =


0.614
0.590
0.567
0.546
0.527
0.508
0.491
0.480
0.458


F/(F + H)


Capacity relative
106.6%
100.0%
105.9%
108.5%
110.8%
112.8%
114.7%
116.3%
117.8%
118.6%
120.3%


to 1234yf


Relative COP
106.0%
100.0%
107.0%
107.3%
107.6%
107.9%
108.2%
108.5%
108.9%
109.1%
109.6%


Relative pressure
 76.9%
100.0%
 74.0%
 70.6%
 67.5%
 64.8%
 62.2%
 59.9%
 57.8%
 56.6%
 54.0%


drop
















TABLE 11





Theoretical Performance Data of Selected R-32/R-152a/R-1234ze(E)/R-134a Blends Containing 4% R32 and


25% R134a


























R-32 (% b/w)


4
4
4
4
4
4
4
4
4


R-134a (% b/w)


25
25
25
25
25
25
25
25
25


R-152a (% b/w)


5
10
15
20
25
30
35
40
45


R-1234ze(E)


66
61
56
51
46
41
36
31
26


(% b/w)





Calculation

COMPARATIVE



















results

R134a
R1234yf





Pressure ratio

5.79
5.24
5.72
5.70
5.69
5.69
5.68
5.68
5.68
5.69
5.70


Volumetric

 83.6%
 84.7%
 83.4%
 83.6%
 83.8%
 84.0%
 84.2%
 84.4%
 84.5%
 84.7%
 84.8%


efficiency


condenser glide
K
0.0
0.0
2.8
2.6
2.4
2.3
2.1
2.0
1.9
1.8
1.8


Evaporator
K
0.0
0.0
1.5
1.4
1.3
1.2
1.1
1.1
1.0
1.0
0.9


glide


Evaporator
° C.
0.0
0.0
−0.8
−0.7
−0.7
−0.6
−0.6
−0.5
−0.5
−0.5
−0.5


inlet T


Condenser exit T
° C.
55.0
55.0
53.6
53.7
53.8
53.9
53.9
54.0
54.0
54.1
54.1


Condenser
bar
16.88
16.46
15.52
15.70
15.85
15.98
16.09
16.17
16.24
16.30
16.34


pressure


Evaporator
bar
2.92
3.14
2.71
2.75
2.78
2.81
2.83
2.85
2.86
2.87
2.87


pressure


Refrigeration
kJ/kg
123.76
94.99
121.58
126.41
131.35
136.41
141.57
146.85
152.23
157.71
163.29


effect


COP

2.03
1.91
2.03
2.04
2.05
2.06
2.07
2.08
2.09
2.10
2.10


Discharge T
° C.
99.15
92.88
95.12
96.71
98.30
99.87
101.44
103.00
104.55
106.09
107.63


Mass flow rate
kg/hr
174.53
227.39
177.67
170.87
164.44
158.35
152.57
147.09
141.89
136.96
132.28


Volumetric flow
m3/hr
13.16
14.03
14.35
14.05
13.79
13.56
13.36
13.18
13.03
12.90
12.78


rate


Volumetric
kJ/m3
1641
1540
1505
1537
1566
1593
1617
1638
1658
1675
1690


capacity


Pressure drop
kPa/m
953
1239
1054
1002
955
913
875
840
808
779
752


GWP (TAR basis)



357
363
368
374
380
385
391
397
403


F/(F + H)



0.631
0.607
0.584
0.562
0.542
0.523
0.504
0.487
0.471


Capacity

106.6%
100.0%
 97.7%
 99.8%
101.7%
103.4%
105.0%
106.4%
107.7%
108.8%
109.8%


relative to


1234yf


Relative COP

106.0%
100.0%
106.0%
106.6%
107.1%
107.6%
108.1%
108.6%
109.1%
109.6%
110.1%


Relative

 76.9%
100.0%
 85.0%
 80.9%
 77.1%
 73.7%
 70.6%
 67.8%
 65.2%
 62.8%
 60.7%


pressure drop
















TABLE 12





Theoretical Performance Data of Selected R-32/R-152a/R-1234ze(E)/R-134a Blends Containing 6% R32 and


25% R134a



























R-32 (% b/w)



6
6
6
6
6
6
6
6
6


R-134a (% b/w)



25
25
25
25
25
25
25
25
25


R-152a (% b/w)



5
10
15
20
25
30
35
40
45


R-1234ze(E)



64
59
54
49
44
39
34
29
24


(% b/w)












COMPARATIVE DATA



















Calculation



6/25/
6/25/
6/25/
6/25/
6/25/
6/25/
6/25/
6/25/
6/25/


results

134a
R1234yf
5/64
10/59
15/54
20/49
25/44
30/39
35/34
40/29
45/24





Pressure ratio

5.79
5.24
5.72
5.71
5.69
5.69
5.68
5.68
5.69
5.69
5.70


Volumetric

 83.6%
 84.7%
 83.5%
 83.8%
 84.0%
 84.2%
 84.3%
 84.5%
 84.6%
 84.8%
 84.9%


efficiency


condenser glide
K
0.0
0.0
3.6
3.4
3.2
3.0
2.8
2.7
2.6
2.5
2.4


Evaporator glide
K
0.0
0.0
2.0
1.9
1.7
1.6
1.5
1.5
1.4
1.4
1.3


Evaporator inlet T
° C.
0.0
0.0
−1.0
−0.9
−0.9
−0.8
−0.8
−0.7
−0.7
−0.7
−0.7


Condenser exit T
° C.
55.0
55.0
53.2
53.3
53.4
53.5
53.6
53.7
53.7
53.8
53.8


Condenser
bar
16.88
16.46
16.15
16.31
16.45
16.56
16.66
16.73
16.79
16.83
16.86


pressure


Evaporator
bar
2.92
3.14
2.82
2.86
2.89
2.91
2.93
2.94
2.95
2.96
2.96


pressure


Refrigeration
kJ/kg
123.76
94.99
124.46
129.29
134.24
139.30
144.48
149.77
155.17
160.67
166.27


effect


COP

2.03
1.91
2.03
2.04
2.05
2.06
2.07
2.08
2.09
2.10
2.10


Discharge T
° C.
99.15
92.88
96.94
98.51
100.07
101.63
103.17
104.72
106.25
107.78
109.31


Mass flow rate
kg/hr
174.53
227.39
173.55
167.07
160.91
155.06
149.51
144.22
139.20
134.44
129.91


Volumetric flow
m3/hr
13.16
14.03
13.75
13.49
13.25
13.05
12.87
12.72
12.58
12.47
12.36


rate


Volumetric
kJ/m3
1641
1540
1571
1602
1630
1655
1678
1698
1716
1733
1747


capacity


Pressure drop
kPa/m
953
1239
992
945
903
865
830
798
769
742
718


GWP (TAR BASIS)



368
374
379
385
391
396
402
408
413


F/(F + H)



0.627
0.603
0.580
0.559
0.539
0.520
0.502
0.485
0.469


Capacity relative to

106.6%
100.0%
102.0%
104.0%
105.8%
107.5%
109.0%
110.3%
111.5%
112.5%
113.5%


1234yf


Relative COP

106.0%
100.0%
106.1%
106.7%
107.2%
107.7%
108.2%
108.7%
109.1%
109.6%
110.0%


Relative

 76.9%
100.0%
 80.0%
 76.3%
 72.9%
 69.8%
 67.0%
 64.4%
 62.1%
 59.9%
 57.9%


pressure drop
















TABLE 13





Theoretical Performance Data of Selected R-32/R-152a/R-1234ze(E)/R-134a Blends Containing 8% R32 and


25% R134a


























R-32 (% b/w)


8
8
8
8
8
8
8
8
8


R-134a (% b/w)


25
25
25
25
25
25
25
25
25


R-152a (% b/w)


5
10
15
20
25
30
35
40
45


R-1234ze(E)


62
57
52
47
42
37
32
27
22


(% b/w)







COMPARATIVE


Calculation

DATA
8/25/
8/25/
8/25/
8/25/
8/25/
8/25/
8/25/
8/25/
8/25/



















results

134a
R1234yf
5/62
10/57
15/52
20/47
25/42
30/37
35/32
40/27
45/22





Pressure ratio

5.79
5.24
5.72
5.70
5.69
5.68
5.68
5.68
5.68
5.69
5.70


Volumetric

 83.6%
 84.7%
 83.7%
 83.9%
 84.1%
 84.3%
 84.5%
 84.6%
 84.7%
 84.9%
 85.0%


efficiency


condenser glide
K
0.0
0.0
4.2
4.0
3.8
3.6
3.4
3.3
3.2
3.1
3.0


Evaporator glide
K
0.0
0.0
2.4
2.3
2.1
2.0
1.9
1.9
1.8
1.8
1.7


Evaporator inlet T
° C.
0.0
0.0
−1.2
−1.1
−1.1
−1.0
−1.0
−0.9
−0.9
−0.9
−0.9


Condenser exit T
° C.
55.0
55.0
52.9
53.0
53.1
53.2
53.3
53.4
53.4
53.5
53.5


Condenser
bar
16.88
16.46
16.77
16.92
17.04
17.14
17.22
17.28
17.32
17.35
17.37


pressure


Evaporator
bar
2.92
3.14
2.93
2.97
2.99
3.02
3.03
3.04
3.05
3.05
3.05


pressure


Refrigeration
kJ/kg
123.76
94.99
127.25
132.08
137.03
142.11
147.30
152.61
158.03
163.56
169.18


effect


COP

2.03
1.91
2.03
2.04
2.05
2.06
2.07
2.08
2.09
2.10
2.10


Discharge T
° C.
99.15
92.88
98.72
100.26
101.80
103.34
104.87
106.40
107.92
109.44
110.95


Mass flow rate
kg/hr
174.53
227.39
169.74
163.54
157.63
152.00
146.64
141.54
136.68
132.06
127.67


Volumetric flow
m3/hr
13.16
14.03
13.19
12.96
12.76
12.58
12.42
12.29
12.17
12.07
11.98


rate


Volumetric
kJ/m3
1641
1540
1637
1667
1693
1717
1739
1758
1775
1790
1803


capacity


Pressure drop
kPa/m
953
1239
936
894
856
821
790
760
734
709
686


GWP (TAR BASIS)



379
384
390
396
402
407
413
419
424


F/(F + H)



0.623
0.599
0.577
0.556
0.536
0.517
0.499
0.483
0.467


Capacity relative to

106.6%
100.0%
106.3%
108.2%
110.0%
111.5%
112.9%
114.2%
115.3%
116.3%
117.1%


1234yf


Relative COP

106.0%
100.0%
106.2%
106.7%
107.2%
107.7%
108.2%
108.7%
109.1%
109.6%
110.0%


Relative

 76.9%
100.0%
 75.5%
 72.2%
 69.1%
 66.3%
 63.7%
 61.4%
 59.2%
 57.2%
 55.4%


pressure drop
















TABLE 14





Theoretical Performance Data of Selected R-32/R-152a/R-1234ze(E)/R-134a Blends Containing 10% R32 and


25% R134a
























R-32
10
10
10
10
10
10
10
10
10


(% b/w)


R-134a
25
25
25
25
25
25
25
25
25


(% b/w)


R-152a
5
10
15
20
25
30
35
40
45


(% b/w)


R-1234ze(E)
60
55
50
45
40
35
30
25
20


(% b/w)













COMPARATIVE DATA




















Calculation



10/25/
10/25/
10/25/
10/25/
10/25/
10/25/
10/25/
10/25/
10/25/


results

134a
R1234yf
5/60
10/55
15/50
20/45
25/40
30/35
35/30
40/25
45/20





Pressure

5.79
5.24
5.71
5.69
5.68
5.68
5.67
5.68
5.68
5.69
5.69


ratio


Volumetric

 83.6%
84.7%
83.8%
84.1%
84.3%
84.4%
84.6%
84.7%
84.9%
85.0%
85.1%


efficiency


condenser
K
0.0
0.0
4.8
4.5
4.3
4.1
3.9
3.8
3.7
3.6
3.5


glide


Evaporator
K
0.0
0.0
2.8
2.7
2.5
2.4
2.3
2.2
2.2
2.1
2.1


glide


Evaporator
° C.
0.0
0.0
−1.4
−1.3
−1.3
−1.2
−1.2
−1.1
−1.1
−1.1
−1.1


inlet T


Condenser
° C.
55.0
55.0
52.6
52.7
52.9
53.0
53.0
53.1
53.2
53.2
53.2


exit T


Condenser
bar
16.88
16.46
17.39
17.52
17.63
17.71
17.78
17.83
17.86
17.87
17.88


pressure


Evaporator
bar
2.92
3.14
3.05
3.08
3.10
3.12
3.13
3.14
3.14
3.14
3.14


pressure


Refrigeration
kJ/kg
123.76
94.99
129.95
134.79
139.75
144.84
150.05
155.38
160.83
166.38
172.04


effect


COP

2.03
1.91
2.03
2.04
2.05
2.06
2.07
2.08
2.09
2.09
2.10


Discharge T
° C.
99.15
92.88
100.45
101.97
103.49
105.01
106.53
108.05
109.56
111.07
112.57


Mass flow
kg/hr
174.53
227.39
166.21
160.25
154.56
149.13
143.95
139.01
134.30
129.82
125.56


rate


Volumetric
m3/hr
13.16
14.03
12.68
12.48
12.30
12.14
12.00
11.88
11.78
11.69
11.62


flow rate


Volumetric
kJ/
1641
1540
1703
1731
1757
1779
1800
1818
1834
1847
1860


capacity
m3


Pressure
kPa/
953
1239
886
848
813
781
752
726
701
678
657


drop
m


GWP (TAR)



390
395
401
407
412
418
424
430
435


F/(F + H)



0.619
0.595
0.573
0.552
0.533
0.514
0.497
0.480
0.465


Capacity

106.6%
100.0%
110.6%
112.4%
114.1%
115.6%
116.9%
118.1%
119.1%
120.0%
120.8%


relative to


1234yf


Relative

106.0%
100.0%
106.3%
106.8%
107.2%
107.7%
108.2%
108.6%
109.1%
109.5%
110.0%


COP


Relative

 76.9%
100.0%
71.5%
68.4%
65.6%
63.1%
60.7%
58.6%
56.6%
54.7%
53.0%


pressure


drop
















TABLE 14A





Theoretical Performance Data of Selected R-32/R-152a/R-1234ze(E)/R-134a Blends Containing 12% R32 and


25% R134a
























R-32
12
12
12
12
12
12
12
12
12


(% b/w)


R-134a
25
25
25
25
25
25
25
25
25


(% b/w)


R-152a
5
10
15
20
25
30
35
40
45


(% b/w)


R-1234ze(E)
58
53
48
43
38
33
28
23
18


(% b/w)













COMPARATIVE DATA




















Calculation



12/25/
12/25/
12/25/
12/25/
12/25/
12/25/
12/25/
12/25/
12/25/


results

134a
R1234yf
5/58
10/53
15/48
20/43
25/38
30/33
35/28
40/23
45/18





Pressure

5.79
5.24
5.70
5.68
5.67
5.67
5.67
5.67
5.67
5.68
5.69


ratio


Volumetric

 83.6%
84.7%
84.0%
84.2%
84.4%
84.6%
84.7%
84.9%
85.0%
85.1%
85.2%


efficiency


condenser
K
0.0
0.0
5.2
5.0
4.7
4.5
4.3
4.2
4.1
4.0
4.0


glide


Evaporator
K
0.0
0.0
3.2
3.0
2.9
2.7
2.6
2.6
2.5
2.5
2.5


glide


Evaporator
° C.
0.0
0.0
−1.6
−1.5
−1.4
−1.4
−1.3
−1.3
−1.3
−1.2
−1.2


inlet T


Condenser
° C.
55.0
55.0
52.4
52.5
52.6
52.7
52.8
52.9
52.9
53.0
53.0


exit T


Condenser
bar
16.88
16.46
18.00
18.12
18.21
18.28
18.33
18.36
18.38
18.39
18.38


pressure


Evaporator
bar
2.92
3.14
3.16
3.19
3.21
3.23
3.24
3.24
3.24
3.24
3.23


pressure


Refrigeration
kJ/kg
123.76
94.99
132.58
137.42
142.40
147.51
152.74
158.10
163.57
169.15
174.83


effect


COP

2.03
1.91
2.03
2.04
2.05
2.06
2.07
2.08
2.09
2.09
2.10


Discharge
° C.
99.15
92.88
102.14
103.64
105.15
106.65
108.16
109.66
111.16
112.66
114.15


temperature


Mass flow
kg/hr
174.53
227.39
162.92
157.18
151.69
146.44
141.42
136.63
132.05
127.70
123.55


rate


Volumetric
m3/hr
13.16
14.03
12.21
12.03
11.87
11.73
11.61
11.51
11.42
11.34
11.28


flow rate


Volumetric
kJ/
1641
1540
1769
1796
1820
1841
1860
1877
1892
1905
1916


capacity
m3


Pressure
kPa/
953
1239
840
805
774
745
718
694
671
650
630


drop
m


GWP (TAR



400
406
412
418
423
429
435
440
446


BASIS)


F/(F + H)



0.615
0.592
0.570
0.549
0.530
0.512
0.494
0.478
0.462


Capacity

106.6%
100.0%
114.9%
116.6%
118.2%
119.6%
120.8%
121.9%
122.9%
123.7%
124.4%


relative to


1234yf


Relative

106.0%
100.0%
106.3%
106.8%
107.2%
107.7%
108.2%
108.6%
109.0%
109.5%
109.9%


COP


Relative

 76.9%
100.0%
67.8%
65.0%
62.5%
60.1%
58.0%
56.0%
54.1%
52.4%
50.9%


pressure


drop
















TABLE 15





Theoretical Performance Data of Selected R-32/R-152a/R-1234ze(E)/R-134a Blends Containing 15% R32 and


25% R134a
























R-32
15
15
15
15
15
15
15
15
15


(% b/w)


R-134a
25
25
25
25
25
25
25
25
25


(% b/w)


R-152a
5
10
15
20
25
30
35
40
45


(% b/w)


R-1234ze(E)
55
50
45
40
35
30
25
20
15


(% b/w)





















COMPARATIVE











Calculation
DATA
15/25/
15/25/
15/25/
15/25/
15/25/
15/25/
15/25/
15/25/
15/25/



















results

134a
R1234yf
5/55
10/50
15/45
20/40
25/35
30/30
35/25
40/20
45/15





Pressure

5.79
5.24
5.67
5.66
5.65
5.65
5.65
5.65
5.66
5.67
5.68


ratio


Volumetric

 83.6%
84.7%
84.3%
84.5%
84.7%
84.8%
85.0%
85.1%
85.2%
85.3%
85.4%


efficiency


condenser
K
0.0
0.0
5.8
5.5
5.2
5.0
4.9
4.7
4.6
4.6
4.5


glide


Evaporator
K
0.0
0.0
3.7
3.5
3.4
3.2
3.1
3.0
3.0
3.0
3.0


glide


Evaporator
° C.
0.0
0.0
−1.8
−1.8
−1.7
−1.6
−1.6
−1.5
−1.5
−1.5
−1.5


inlet T


Condenser
° C.
55.0
55.0
52.1
52.3
52.4
52.5
52.6
52.6
52.7
52.7
52.7


exit T


Condenser
bar
16.88
16.46
18.90
19.00
19.07
19.12
19.15
19.16
19.16
19.15
19.12


pressure


Evaporator
bar
2.92
3.14
3.33
3.36
3.37
3.38
3.39
3.39
3.39
3.38
3.37


pressure


Refrigeration
kJ/kg
123.76
94.99
136.38
141.24
146.25
151.39
156.66
162.06
167.58
173.20
178.93


effect


COP

2.03
1.91
2.03
2.04
2.05
2.06
2.07
2.07
2.08
2.09
2.10


Discharge
° C.
99.15
92.88
104.61
106.09
107.58
109.06
110.55
112.04
113.53
115.01
116.49


temperature


Mass flow
kg/hr
174.53
227.39
158.38
152.93
147.69
142.68
137.88
133.28
128.90
124.71
120.72


rate


Volumetric
m3/hr
13.16
14.03
11.57
11.42
11.29
11.17
11.07
10.99
10.92
10.86
10.80


flow rate


Volumetric
kJ/
1641
1540
1867
1892
1914
1934
1951
1966
1979
1990
1999


capacity
m3


Pressure
kPa/
953
1239
779
749
721
696
672
650
630
611
593


drop
m


GWP (TAR



417
423
428
434
440
445
451
457
462


BASIS)


F/(F + H)



0.609
0.586
0.565
0.545
0.526
0.508
0.491
0.475
0.459


Capacity

106.6%
100.0%
121.2%
122.9%
124.3%
125.6%
126.7%
127.7%
128.5%
129.2%
129.8%


relative to


1234yf


Relative

106.0%
100.0%
106.3%
106.8%
107.2%
107.6%
108.1%
108.5%
108.9%
109.4%
109.8%


COP


Relative

 76.9%
100.0%
62.9%
60.4%
58.2%
56.1%
54.2%
52.5%
50.8%
49.3%
47.9%


pressure


drop
















TABLE 16





Theoretical Performance Data of Selected R-32/R-152a/R-1234ze(E)/R-134a Blends Containing 4% R32 and


30% R134a
























R-32
4
4
4
4
4
4
4
4
4


(% b/w)


R-134a
30
30
30
30
30
30
30
30
30


(% b/w)


R-152a
5
10
15
20
25
30
35
40
45


(% b/w)


R-1234ze(E)
61
56
51
46
41
36
31
26
21


(% b/w)













COMPARATIVE DATA




















Calculation



4/30/
4/30/
4/30/
4/30/
4/30/
4/30/
4/30/
4/30/
4/30/


results

134a
R1234yf
5/61
10/56
15/51
20/46
25/41
30/36
35/31
40/26
45/21





Pressure

5.79
5.24
5.71
5.70
5.69
5.68
5.68
5.68
5.69
5.70
5.70


ratio


Volumetric

 83.6%
84.7%
83.5%
83.7%
83.9%
84.1%
84.3%
84.4%
84.6%
84.7%
84.8%


efficiency


condenser
K
0.0
0.0
2.7
2.5
2.3
2.2
2.0
1.9
1.8
1.8
1.7


glide


Evaporator
K
0.0
0.0
1.5
1.3
1.2
1.1
1.1
1.0
1.0
0.9
0.9


glide


Evaporator
° C.
0.0
0.0
−0.7
−0.7
−0.6
−0.6
−0.5
−0.5
−0.5
−0.5
−0.5


inlet T


Condenser
° C.
55.0
55.0
53.7
53.8
53.8
53.9
54.0
54.0
54.1
54.1
54.1


exit T


Condenser
bar
16.88
16.46
15.78
15.94
16.07
16.18
16.27
16.34
16.40
16.44
16.46


pressure


Evaporator
bar
2.92
3.14
2.76
2.80
2.83
2.85
2.86
2.88
2.88
2.89
2.89


pressure


Refrigeration
kJ/kg
123.76
94.99
121.98
126.90
131.92
137.07
142.33
147.69
153.16
158.73
164.40


effect


COP

2.03
1.91
2.03
2.04
2.05
2.06
2.07
2.08
2.09
2.10
2.11


Discharge T
° C.
99.15
92.88
95.65
97.25
98.85
100.43
102.01
103.59
105.15
106.71
108.26


Mass flow
kg/hr
174.53
227.39
177.07
170.22
163.73
157.59
151.76
146.25
141.02
136.08
131.39


rate


Volumetric
m3/hr
13.16
14.03
14.11
13.83
13.59
13.38
13.20
13.04
12.90
12.78
12.67


flow rate


Volumetric
kJ/
1641
1540
1531
1562
1589
1614
1637
1657
1675
1691
1705


capacity
m3


Pressure
kPa/
953
1239
1033
983
938
898
861
827
796
768
742


drop
m


Capacity

106.6%
100.0%
99.4%
101.4%
103.2%
104.8%
106.3%
107.6%
108.8%
109.8%
110.7%


relative to


1234yf


Relative

106.0%
100.0%
105.9%
106.5%
107.1%
107.6%
108.1%
108.7%
109.2%
109.7%
110.1%


COP


Relative

 76.9%
100.0%
83.4%
79.3%
75.7%
72.5%
69.5%
66.7%
64.3%
62.0%
59.9%


pressure


drop
















TABLE 17





Theoretical Performance Data of Selected R-32/R-152a/R-1234ze(E)/R-134a Blends Containing 6% R32 and


30% R134a
























R-32
6
6
6
6
6
6
6
6
6


(% b/w)


R-134a
30
30
30
30
30
30
30
30
30


(% b/w)


R-152a
5
10
15
20
25
30
35
40
45


(% b/w)


R-1234ze(E)
59
54
49
44
39
34
29
24
19


(% b/w)













COMPARATIVE DATA




















Calculation



6/30/
6/30/
6/30/
6/30/
6/30/
6/30/
6/30/
6/30/
6/30/


results

134a
R1234yf
5/59
10/54
15/49
20/44
25/39
30/34
35/29
40/24
45/19





Pressure

5.79
5.24
5.71
5.70
5.69
5.68
5.68
5.69
5.69
5.70
5.71


ratio


Volumetric

 83.6%
84.7%
83.6%
83.8%
84.0%
84.2%
84.4%
84.5%
84.7%
84.8%
84.9%


efficiency


condenser
K
0.0
0.0
3.4
3.2
3.0
2.8
2.7
2.6
2.5
2.4
2.4


glide


Evaporator
K
0.0
0.0
1.9
1.8
1.7
1.6
1.5
1.4
1.4
1.3
1.3


glide


Evaporator
° C.
0.0
0.0
−0.9
−0.9
−0.8
−0.8
−0.7
−0.7
−0.7
−0.7
−0.7


inlet T


Condenser
° C.
55.0
55.0
53.3
53.4
53.5
53.6
53.7
53.7
53.8
53.8
53.8


exit T


Condenser
bar
16.88
16.46
16.41
16.55
16.67
16.76
16.84
16.90
16.94
16.96
16.98


pressure


Evaporator
bar
2.92
3.14
2.87
2.90
2.93
2.95
2.96
2.97
2.98
2.98
2.97


pressure


Refrigeration
kJ/kg
123.76
94.99
124.84
129.76
134.80
139.95
145.23
150.61
156.11
161.70
167.39


effect


COP

2.03
1.91
2.03
2.04
2.05
2.06
2.07
2.08
2.09
2.10
2.11


Discharge
° C.
99.15
92.88
97.46
99.04
100.62
102.19
103.75
105.31
106.86
108.40
109.94


temperature


Mass flow
kg/hr
174.53
227.39
173.02
166.46
160.24
154.34
148.73
143.41
138.37
133.58
129.04


rate


Volumetric
m3/hr
13.16
14.03
13.52
13.28
13.07
12.89
12.72
12.58
12.46
12.36
12.27


flow rate


Volumetric
kJ/
1641
1540
1597
1626
1653
1676
1697
1716
1733
1748
1761


capacity
m3


Pressure
kPa/
953
1239
973
928
888
851
817
787
758
732
708


drop
m


Capacity

106.6%
100.0%
103.7%
105.6%
107.3%
108.9%
110.2%
111.5%
112.6%
113.5%
114.4%


relative to


1234yf


Relative

106.0%
100.0%
106.0%
106.6%
107.1%
107.6%
108.2%
108.7%
109.2%
109.6%
110.1%


COP


Relative

 76.9%
100.0%
78.5%
74.9%
71.7%
68.7%
66.0%
63.5%
61.2%
59.1%
57.2%


pressure


drop
















TABLE 18





Theoretical Performance Data of Selected R-32/R-152a/R-1234ze(E)/R-134a Blends Containing 8% R32 and 30% R134a
























R-32 (% b/w)
8
8
8
8
8
8
8
8
8


R-134a (% b/w)
30
30
30
30
30
30
30
30
30


R-152a (% b/w)
5
10
15
20
25
30
35
40
45


R-1234ze (E)
57
52
47
42
37
32
27
22
17


(% b/w)













COMPARATIVE


















Calculation
DATA
8/30/
8/30/
8/30/
8/30/
8/30/
8/30/
8/30/
8/30/
8/30/



















results

134a
R1234yf
5/57
10/52
15/47
20/42
25/37
30/32
35/27
40/22
45/17





Pressure ratio

5.79
5.24
5.71
5.69
5.68
5.68
5.68
5.68
5.69
5.70
5.71


Volumetric

 83.6%
 84.7%
 83.8%
 84.0%
 84.2%
 84.3%
 84.5%
 84.7%
 84.8%
 84.9%
 85.0%


efficiency


condenser glide
K
0.0
0.0
4.0
3.8
3.6
3.4
3.3
3.1
3.0
3.0
2.9


Evaporator glide
K
0.0
0.0
2.3
2.2
2.0
1.9
1.9
1.8
1.7
1.7
1.7


Evaporator inlet T
° C.
0.0
0.0
−1.2
−1.1
−1.0
−1.0
−0.9
−0.9
−0.9
−0.9
−0.9


Condenser exit T
° C.
55.0
55.0
53.0
53.1
53.2
53.3
53.4
53.4
53.5
53.5
53.5


Condenser
bar
16.88
16.46
17.03
17.15
17.26
17.34
17.40
17.44
17.47
17.48
17.49


pressure


Evaporator
bar
2.92
3.14
2.98
3.01
3.04
3.05
3.06
3.07
3.07
3.07
3.06


pressure


Refrigeration
kJ/kg
123.76
94.99
127.62
132.54
137.59
142.76
148.05
153.46
158.98
164.60
170.32


effect


COP

2.03
1.91
2.03
2.04
2.05
2.06
2.07
2.08
2.09
2.10
2.10


Discharge
° C.
99.15
92.88
99.23
100.79
102.34
103.90
105.45
106.99
108.53
110.06
111.59


temperature


Mass flow rate
kg/hr
174.53
227.39
169.26
162.97
156.99
151.30
145.89
140.75
135.87
131.23
126.82


Volumetric flow
m3/hr
13.16
14.03
12.99
12.78
12.59
12.43
12.29
12.16
12.06
11.97
11.89


rate


Volumetric
kJ/m3
1641
1540
1663
1691
1716
1738
1758
1776
1792
1805
1817


capacity


Pressure drop
kPa/m
953
1239
919
879
842
809
778
750
724
700
678


Capacity relative to

106.6%
100.0%
108.0%
109.8%
111.4%
112.9%
114.2%
115.3%
116.4%
117.2%
118.0%


1234yf


Relative COP

106.0%
100.0%
106.1%
106.6%
107.2%
107.7%
108.2%
108.7%
109.1%
109.6%
110.1%


Relative

 76.9%
100.0%
 74.2%
 70.9%
 68.0%
 65.3%
 62.8%
 60.5%
 58.4%
 56.5%
 54.7%


pressure drop
















TABLE 19





Theoretical Performance Data of Selected R-32/R-152a/R-1234ze(E)/R-134a Blends Containing 10% R32 and 30% R134a
























R-32
10
10
10
10
10
10
10
10
10


(% b/w)


R-134a
30
30
30
30
30
30
30
30
30


(% b/w)


R-152a
5
10
15
20
25
30
35
40
45


(% b/w)


R-1234ze
55
50
45
40
35
30
25
20
15


(E) (% b/w)













COMPARATIVE DATA




















Calculation



10/30/
10/30/
10/30/
10/30/
10/30/
10/30/
10/30/
10/30/
10/30/


results

134a
R1234yf
5/55
10/50
15/45
20/40
25/35
30/30
35/25
40/20
45/15





Pressure

5.79
5.24
5.70
5.68
5.68
5.67
5.67
5.68
5.68
5.69
5.70


ratio


Volumetric

 83.6%
84.7%
83.9%
84.1%
84.3%
84.5%
84.6%
84.8%
84.9%
85.0%
85.1%


efficiency


condenser
K
0.0
0.0
4.5
4.3
4.1
3.9
3.8
3.6
3.5
3.5
3.4


glide


Evaporator
K
0.0
0.0
2.7
2.5
2.4
2.3
2.2
2.2
2.1
2.1
2.1


glide


Evaporator
° C.
0.0
0.0
−1.3
−1.3
−1.2
−1.2
−1.1
−1.1
−1.1
−1.0
−1.0


inlet T


Condenser
° C.
55.0
55.0
52.7
52.9
53.0
53.0
53.1
53.2
53.2
53.3
53.3


exit T


Condenser
bar
16.88
16.46
17.64
17.75
17.84
17.91
17.95
17.98
18.00
18.00
17.99


pressure


Evaporator
bar
2.92
3.14
3.10
3.12
3.14
3.16
3.16
3.17
3.17
3.16
3.15


pressure


Refrigeration
kJ/kg
123.76
94.99
130.30
135.24
140.30
145.49
150.81
156.24
161.79
167.44
173.18


effect


COP

2.03
1.91
2.03
2.04
2.05
2.06
2.07
2.08
2.09
2.09
2.10


Discharge
° C.
99.15
92.88
100.95
102.49
104.03
105.57
107.11
108.64
110.17
111.69
113.21


temperature


Mass flow
kg/hr
174.53
227.39
165.77
159.72
153.95
148.46
143.23
138.24
133.51
129.00
124.72


rate


Volumetric
m3/hr
13.16
14.03
12.50
12.31
12.14
12.00
11.88
11.77
11.68
11.60
11.53


flow rate


Volumetric
kJ/
1641
1540
1729
1755
1779
1800
1819
1835
1850
1862
1873


capacity
m3


Pressure
kPa/
953
1239
871
834
800
770
742
716
692
670
649


drop
m


GWP (TAR)



454
460
466
471
477
483
489
494
500


F/(F + H)



0.619
0.596
0.574
0.553
0.533
0.515
0.498
0.481
0.465


Capacity

106.6%
100.0%
112.3%
114.0%
115.5%
116.9%
118.1%
119.2%
120.1%
120.9%
121.6%


relative to


1234yf


Relative

106.0%
100.0%
106.2%
106.7%
107.2%
107.7%
108.2%
108.6%
109.1%
109.6%
110.0%


COP


Relative

 76.9%
100.0%
70.3%
67.3%
64.6%
62.1%
59.9%
57.8%
55.8%
54.0%
52.4%


pressure


drop
















TABLE 20





Theoretical Performance Data of Selected R-32/R-152a/R-1234ze(E)/R-134a Blends Containing 12% R32 and 30% R134a
























R-32 (% b/w)
12
12
12
12
12
12
12
12
12


R-134a
30
30
30
30
30
30
30
30
30


(% b/w)


R-152a
5
10
15
20
25
30
35
40
45


(% b/w)


R-1234ze
53
48
43
38
33
28
23
18
13


(E) (% b/w)













COMPARATIVE DATA




















Calculation



12/30/
12/30/
12/30/
12/30/
12/30/
12/30/
12/30/
12/30/
12/30/


results

134a
R1234yf
5/53
10/48
15/43
20/38
25/33
30/28
35/23
40/18
45/13





Pressure

5.79
5.24
5.68
5.67
5.67
5.66
5.67
5.67
5.68
5.69
5.70


ratio


Volumetric

 83.6%
84.7%
84.1%
84.3%
84.5%
84.6%
84.8%
84.9%
85.0%
85.2%
85.3%


efficiency


condenser
K
0.0
0.0
5.0
4.7
4.5
4.3
4.2
4.1
4.0
3.9
3.9


glide


Evaporator
K
0.0
0.0
3.0
2.9
2.7
2.6
2.6
2.5
2.5
2.4
2.4


glide


Evaporator
° C.
0.0
0.0
−1.5
−1.4
−1.4
−1.3
−1.3
−1.2
−1.2
−1.2
−1.2


inlet T


Condenser
° C.
55.0
55.0
52.5
52.6
52.7
52.8
52.9
53.0
53.0
53.0
53.1


exit T


Condenser
bar
16.88
16.46
18.25
18.34
18.42
18.47
18.50
18.52
18.52
18.51
18.49


pressure


Evaporator
bar
2.92
3.14
3.21
3.23
3.25
3.26
3.27
3.27
3.26
3.25
3.24


pressure


Refrigeration
kJ/kg
123.76
94.99
132.92
137.87
142.95
148.17
153.51
158.97
164.54
170.22
176.00


effect


COP

2.03
1.91
2.03
2.04
2.05
2.06
2.07
2.08
2.09
2.09
2.10


Discharge
° C.
99.15
92.88
102.64
104.17
105.69
107.22
108.74
110.26
111.78
113.30
114.80


temperature


Mass flow
kg/hr
174.53
227.39
162.50
156.67
151.10
145.78
140.71
135.87
131.27
126.89
122.73


rate


Volumetric
m3/hr
13.16
14.03
12.04
11.87
11.73
11.60
11.49
11.40
11.32
11.26
11.20


flow rate


Volumetric
kJ/
1641
1540
1794
1819
1842
1862
1879
1894
1908
1919
1929


capacity
m3


Pressure
kPa/
953
1239
826
793
762
734
708
684
662
642
623


drop
m


GWP (TAR)



465
471
477
482
488
494
499
505
511


F/(F + H)



0.615
0.592
0.570
0.550
0.531
0.512
0.495
0.479
0.463


Capacity

106.6%
100.0%
116.5%
118.2%
119.6%
120.9%
122.0%
123.0%
123.9%
124.6%
125.3%


relative to


1234yf


Relative

106.0%
100.0%
106.2%
106.7%
107.2%
107.7%
108.1%
108.6%
109.1%
109.5%
109.9%


COP


Relative

 76.9%
100.0%
66.7%
64.0%
61.5%
59.3%
57.2%
55.2%
53.5%
51.8%
50.3%


pressure


drop
















TABLE 20A





Theoretical Performance Data of Selected R-32/R-152a/R-1234ze(E)/R-134a Blends Containing 15% R32 and 30% R134a
























R-32
15
15
15
15
15
15
15
15
15


(% b/w)


R-134a
30
30
30
30
30
30
30
30
30


(% b/w)


R-152a
30
30
30
30
30
30
30
30
30


(% b/w)


R-1234ze
50
45
40
35
30
25
20
15
10


(E) (% b/w)













COMPARATIVE


















Calculation
DATA
15/30/
15/30/
15/30/
15/30/
15/30/
15/30/
15/30/
15/30/
15/30/



















results

134a
R1234yf
5/50
10/45
15/40
20/35
25/30
30/25
35/20
40/15
45/10





Pressure

5.79
5.24
5.66
5.65
5.65
5.65
5.65
5.65
5.66
5.67
5.69


ratio


Volumetric

 83.6%
84.7%
84.4%
84.6%
84.7%
84.9%
85.0%
85.1%
85.3%
85.4%
85.5%


efficiency


condenser
K
0.0
0.0
5.5
5.2
5.0
4.8
4.7
4.6
4.5
4.5
4.4


glide


Evaporator
K
0.0
0.0
3.5
3.3
3.2
3.1
3.0
3.0
2.9
2.9
2.9


glide


Evaporator
° C.
0.0
0.0
−1.8
−1.7
−1.6
−1.5
−1.5
−1.5
−1.5
−1.5
−1.5


inlet


temperature


Condenser
° C.
55.0
55.0
52.3
52.4
52.5
52.6
52.7
52.7
52.7
52.8
52.8


exit


temperature


Condenser
bar
16.88
16.46
19.15
19.22
19.27
19.30
19.31
19.31
19.29
19.27
19.23


pressure


Evaporator
bar
2.92
3.14
3.38
3.40
3.41
3.42
3.42
3.42
3.41
3.40
3.38


pressure


Refrigeration
kJ/kg
123.76
94.99
136.71
141.69
146.81
152.06
157.45
162.96
168.58
174.31
180.13


effect


COP

2.03
1.91
2.03
2.04
2.05
2.06
2.07
2.07
2.08
2.09
2.10


Discharge
° C.
99.15
92.88
105.12
106.62
108.12
109.63
111.14
112.65
114.15
115.65
117.15


temperature


Mass flow
kg/hr
174.53
227.39
157.99
152.44
147.13
142.05
137.19
132.55
128.13
123.92
119.91


rate


Volumetric
m3/hr
13.16
14.03
11.42
11.28
11.16
11.06
10.97
10.89
10.83
10.78
10.74


flow rate


Volumetric
kJ/
1641
1540
1892
1915
1935
1953
1969
1983
1994
2004
2012


capacity
m3


Pressure
kPa/
953
1239
767
738
711
686
663
642
622
604
587


drop
m


GWP (TAR



482
487
493
499
504
510
516
521
527


BASIS)


F/(F + H)



0.609
0.587
0.565
0.545
0.526
0.508
0.492
0.475
0.460


Capacity

106.6%
100.0%
122.9%
124.4%
125.7%
126.9%
127.9%
128.8%
129.5%
130.1%
130.7%


relative to


1234yf


Relative

106.0%
100.0%
106.2%
106.7%
107.1%
107.6%
108.1%
108.5%
109.0%
109.4%
109.8%


COP


Relative

 76.9%
100.0%
61.9%
59.6%
57.4%
55.4%
53.5%
51.8%
50.2%
48.7%
47.4%


pressure


drop
















TABLE 21





Theoretical Performance Data of Selected R-32/R-152a/R-1234ze(E)/R-134a Blends Containing 4% R32 and 35% R134a
























R-32
4
4
4
4
4
4
4
4
4


(% b/w)


R-134a
35
35
35
35
35
35
35
35
35


(% b/w)


R-152a
5
10
15
20
25
30
35
40
45


(% b/w)


R-1234ze
56
51
46
41
36
31
26
21
16


(E) (% b/w)













COMPARATIVE DATA




















Calculation



4/35/
4/35/
4/35/
4/35/
4/35/
4/35/
4/35/
4/35/
4/35/


results

134a
R1234yf
5/56
10/51
15/46
20/41
25/36
30/31
35/26
40/21
45/16





Pressure

5.79
5.24
5.70
5.69
5.68
5.68
5.68
5.69
5.70
5.70
5.72


ratio


Volumetric

 83.6%
84.7%
83.6%
83.8%
84.0%
84.1%
84.3%
84.5%
84.6%
84.7%
84.8%


efficiency


condenser
K
0.0
0.0
2.5
2.4
2.2
2.0
1.9
1.8
1.8
1.7
1.7


glide


Evaporator
K
0.0
0.0
1.4
1.3
1.2
1.1
1.0
1.0
0.9
0.9
0.9


glide


Evaporator
° C.
0.0
0.0
−0.7
−0.6
−0.6
−0.5
−0.5
−0.5
−0.5
−0.5
−0.5


inlet T


Condenser
° C.
55.0
55.0
53.7
53.8
53.9
54.0
54.0
54.1
54.1
54.1
54.2


exit T


Condenser
bar
16.88
16.46
16.03
16.17
16.28
16.37
16.44
16.50
16.54
16.56
16.57


pressure


Evaporator
bar
2.92
3.14
2.81
2.84
2.86
2.88
2.89
2.90
2.90
2.90
2.90


pressure


Refrigeration
kJ/kg
123.76
94.99
122.44
127.44
132.56
137.80
143.15
148.61
154.18
159.83
165.58


effect


COP

2.03
1.91
2.02
2.04
2.05
2.06
2.07
2.08
2.09
2.10
2.11


Discharge
° C.
99.15
92.88
96.18
97.80
99.41
101.01
102.61
104.19
105.77
107.34
108.90


temperature


Mass flow
kg/hr
174.53
227.39
176.41
169.49
162.94
156.75
150.89
145.34
140.10
135.14
130.45


rate


Volumetric
m3/hr
13.16
14.03
13.88
13.63
13.41
13.21
13.05
12.90
12.78
12.67
12.57


flow rate


Volumetric
kJ/
1641
1540
1557
1585
1611
1635
1656
1674
1691
1705
1718


capacity
m3


Pressure
kPa/
953
1239
1013
965
922
883
847
815
785
757
732


drop
m


GWP (TAR)



486
492
498
503
509
515
521
526
532


F/(F + H)



0.632
0.607
0.584
0.563
0.543
0.524
0.506
0.489
0.473


Capacity

106.6%
100.0%
101.1%
103.0%
104.6%
106.2%
107.5%
108.7%
109.8%
110.8%
111.6%


relative to


1234yf


Relative

106.0%
100.0%
105.9%
106.4%
107.0%
107.6%
108.1%
108.7%
109.2%
109.7%
110.2%


COP


Relative

 76.9%
100.0%
81.8%
77.9%
74.4%
71.3%
68.4%
65.7%
63.3%
61.1%
59.1%


pressure


drop
















TABLE 22





Theoretical Performance Data of Selected R-32/R-152a/R-1234ze(E)/R-134a Blends Containing 6% R32 and 35% R134a
























R-32
6
6
6
6
6
6
6
6
6


(% b/w)


R-134a
35
35
35
35
35
35
35
35
35


(% b/w)


R-152a
5
10
15
20
25
30
35
40
45


(% b/w)


R-1234ze
54
49
44
39
34
29
24
19
14


(E) (% b/w)













COMPARATIVE DATA




















Calculation



6/35/
6/35/
6/35/
6/35/
6/35/
6/35/
6/35/
6/35/
6/35/


results

134a
R1234yf
5/54
10/49
15/44
20/39
25/34
30/29
35/24
40/19
45/14





Pressure

5.79
5.24
5.70
5.69
5.68
5.68
5.69
5.69
5.70
5.71
5.72


ratio


Volumetric

 83.6%
84.7%
83.7%
83.9%
84.1%
84.3%
84.4%
84.6%
84.7%
84.8%
84.9%


efficiency


condenser
K
0.0
0.0
3.2
3.0
2.8
2.7
2.6
2.5
2.4
2.3
2.3


glide


Evaporator
K
0.0
0.0
1.8
1.7
1.6
1.5
1.4
1.4
1.3
1.3
1.3


glide


Evaporator
° C.
0.0
0.0
−0.9
−0.8
−0.8
−0.7
−0.7
−0.7
−0.7
−0.7
−0.7


inlet T


Condenser
° C.
55.0
55.0
53.4
53.5
53.6
53.7
53.7
53.8
53.8
53.8
53.8


exit T


Condenser
bar
16.88
16.46
16.65
16.78
16.87
16.95
17.01
17.05
17.07
17.09
17.09


pressure


Evaporator
bar
2.92
3.14
2.92
2.95
2.97
2.98
2.99
3.00
3.00
2.99
2.99


pressure


Refrigeration
kJ/kg
123.76
94.99
125.29
130.29
135.43
140.68
146.06
151.54
157.13
162.81
168.59


effect


COP

2.03
1.91
2.03
2.04
2.05
2.06
2.07
2.08
2.09
2.10
2.11


Discharge
° C.
99.15
92.88
97.99
99.59
101.18
102.76
104.34
105.92
107.48
109.04
110.59


temperature


Mass flow
kg/hr
174.53
227.39
172.41
165.78
159.49
153.54
147.89
142.54
137.47
132.67
128.12


rate


Volumetric
m3/hr
13.16
14.03
13.31
13.09
12.90
12.73
12.59
12.46
12.35
12.26
12.18


flow rate


Volumetric
kJ/
1641
1540
1622
1650
1674
1696
1716
1734
1749
1762
1774


capacity
m3


Pressure
kPa/
953
1239
955
912
873
838
805
775
748
723
699


drop
m


GWP (TAR)



497
503
509
514
520
526
531
537
543


F/(F + H)



0.627
0.603
0.581
0.560
0.540
0.521
0.503
0.487
0.471


Capacity

106.6%
100.0%
105.4%
107.1%
108.7%
110.2%
111.5%
112.6%
113.6%
114.5%
115.2%


relative to


1234yf


Relative

106.0%
100.0%
106.0%
106.5%
107.1%
107.6%
108.2%
108.7%
109.2%
109.7%
110.2%


COP


Relative

 76.9%
100.0%
77.1%
73.6%
70.5%
67.6%
65.0%
62.6%
60.4%
58.3%
56.4%


pressure


drop
















TABLE 23





Theoretical Performance Data of Selected R-32/R-152a/R-1234ze(E)/R-134a Blends Containing 8% R32 and 35% R134a
























R-32
8
8
8
8
8
8
8
8
8


(% b/w)


R-134a
35
35
35
35
35
35
35
35
35


(% b/w)


R-152a
5
10
15
20
25
30
35
40
45


(% b/w)


R-1234ze
52
47
42
37
32
27
22
17
12


(E) (% b/w)













COMPARATIVE


















Calculation
DATA
8/35/
8/35/
8/35/
8/35/
8/35/
8/35/
8/35/
8/35/
8/35/



















results

134a
R1234yf
5/52
10/47
15/42
20/37
25/32
30/27
35/22
40/17
45/12





Pressure

5.79
5.24
5.69
5.69
5.68
5.68
5.68
5.69
5.70
5.71
5.72


ratio


Volumetric

 83.6%
84.7%
83.8%
84.0%
84.2%
84.4%
84.5%
84.7%
84.8%
84.9%
85.0%


efficiency


condenser
K
0.0
0.0
3.8
3.6
3.4
3.3
3.1
3.0
3.0
2.9
2.9


glide


Evaporator
K
0.0
0.0
2.2
2.1
1.9
1.9
1.8
1.7
1.7
1.7
1.7


glide


Evaporator
° C.
0.0
0.0
−1.1
−1.0
−1.0
−0.9
−0.9
−0.9
−0.9
−0.8
−0.8


inlet T


Condenser
° C.
55.0
55.0
53.1
53.2
53.3
53.4
53.4
53.5
53.5
53.5
53.6


exit T


Condenser
bar
16.88
16.46
17.27
17.38
17.46
17.52
17.57
17.59
17.61
17.60
17.59


pressure


Evaporator
bar
2.92
3.14
3.03
3.06
3.07
3.08
3.09
3.09
3.09
3.08
3.08


pressure


Refrigeration
kJ/kg
123.76
94.99
128.04
133.07
138.22
143.49
148.89
154.40
160.01
165.73
171.53


effect


COP

2.03
1.91
2.03
2.04
2.05
2.06
2.07
2.08
2.09
2.10
2.11


Discharge
° C.
99.15
92.88
99.75
101.33
102.90
104.47
106.04
107.60
109.16
110.71
112.25


temperature


Mass flow
kg/hr
174.53
227.39
168.69
162.33
156.28
150.53
145.07
139.90
134.99
130.33
125.92


rate


Volumetric
m3/hr
13.16
14.03
12.80
12.60
12.43
12.29
12.16
12.05
11.95
11.87
11.80


flow rate


Volumetric
kJ/
1641
1540
1688
1714
1737
1758
1777
1793
1807
1819
1830


capacity
m3


Pressure
kPa/
953
1239
903
864
829
796
767
739
714
691
669


drop
m


GWP (TAR



508
514
520
525
531
537
542
548
554


BASIS)


F/(F + H)



0.623
0.600
0.578
0.557
0.537
0.518
0.501
0.484
0.468


Capacity

106.6%
100.0%
109.6%
111.3%
112.8%
114.2%
115.4%
116.4%
117.4%
118.2%
118.8%


relative to


1234yf


Relative

106.0%
100.0%
106.0%
106.6%
107.1%
107.7%
108.2%
108.7%
109.2%
109.7%
110.1%


COP


Relative

 76.9%
100.0%
72.9%
69.8%
66.9%
64.3%
61.9%
59.7%
57.6%
55.8%
54.0%


pressure


drop
















TABLE 24





Theoretical Performance Data of Selected R-32/R-152a/R-1234ze(E)/R-134a Blends Containing 10% R32 and 35% R134a
























R-32
10
10
10
10
10
10
10
10
10


(% b/w)


R-134a
35
35
35
35
35
35
35
35
35


(% b/w)


R-152a
5
10
15
20
25
30
35
40
45


(% b/w)


R-1234ze
50
45
40
35
30
25
20
15
10


(E) (% b/w)













COMPARATIVE DATA




















Calculation



10/35/
10/35/
10/35/
10/35/
10/35/
10/35/
10/35/
10/35/
10/35/


results

134a
R1234yf
5/50
10/45
15/40
20/35
25/30
30/25
35/20
40/15
45/10





Pressure

5.79
5.24
5.69
5.68
5.67
5.67
5.68
5.68
5.69
5.70
5.72


ratio


Volumetric

 83.6%
84.7%
84.0%
84.2%
84.4%
84.5%
84.7%
84.8%
84.9%
85.0%
85.1%


efficiency


condenser
K
0.0
0.0
4.3
4.1
3.9
3.7
3.6
3.5
3.4
3.4
3.4


glide


Evaporator
K
0.0
0.0
2.6
2.4
2.3
2.2
2.1
2.1
2.1
2.1
2.1


glide


Evaporator
° C.
0.0
0.0
−1.3
−1.2
−1.1
−1.1
−1.1
−1.0
−1.0
−1.0
−1.0


inlet T


Condenser
° C.
55.0
55.0
52.8
53.0
53.1
53.1
53.2
53.2
53.3
53.3
53.3


exit T


Condenser
bar
16.88
16.46
17.88
17.97
18.04
18.09
18.12
18.13
18.13
18.12
18.09


pressure


Evaporator
bar
2.92
3.14
3.14
3.17
3.18
3.19
3.19
3.19
3.18
3.18
3.17


pressure


Refrigeration
kJ/kg
123.76
94.99
130.73
135.76
140.93
146.24
151.66
157.20
162.84
168.58
174.42


effect


COP

2.03
1.91
2.03
2.04
2.05
2.06
2.07
2.08
2.09
2.10
2.10


Discharge
° C.
99.15
92.88
101.48
103.04
104.59
106.15
107.71
109.26
110.80
112.34
113.87


temperature


Mass flow
kg/hr
174.53
227.39
165.23
159.10
153.26
147.71
142.43
137.41
132.65
128.13
123.84


rate


Volumetric
m3/hr
13.16
14.03
12.32
12.15
12.00
11.87
11.76
11.66
11.58
11.51
11.46


flow rate


Volumetric
kJ/
1641
1540
1753
1778
1800
1820
1837
1852
1865
1876
1885


capacity
m3


Pressure
kPa/
953
1239
856
821
788
759
731
706
683
661
641


drop
m


GWP (TAR)



519
525
530
536
542
548
553
559
565


F/(F + H)



0.619
0.596
0.574
0.554
0.534
0.516
0.498
0.482
0.466


Capacity

106.6%
100.0%
113.9%
115.5%
116.9%
118.2%
119.3%
120.3%
121.1%
121.8%
122.5%


relative to


1234yf


Relative

106.0%
100.0%
106.1%
106.6%
107.1%
107.7%
108.2%
108.7%
109.1%
109.6%
110.1%


COP


Relative

 76.9%
100.0%
69.1%
66.2%
63.6%
61.2%
59.0%
57.0%
55.1%
53.4%
51.8%


pressure


drop
















TABLE 25





Theoretical Performance Data of Selected R-32/R-152a/R-1234ze(E)/R-134a Blends Containing 12% R32 and 35% R134a
























R-32
12
12
12
12
12
12
12
12
12


(% b/w)


R-134a
35
35
35
35
35
35
35
35
35


(% b/w)


R-152a
5
10
15
20
25
30
35
40
45


(% b/w)


R-1234ze
48
43
38
33
28
23
18
13
8


(E) (% b/w)













COMPARATIVE DATA




















Calculation



12/35/
12/35/
12/35/
12/35/
12/35/
12/35/
12/35/
12/35/
12/35/


results

134a
R1234yf
5/48
10/43
15/38
20/33
25/28
30/23
35/18
40/13
45/8





Pressure

5.79
5.24
5.67
5.67
5.66
5.66
5.67
5.68
5.69
5.70
5.71


ratio


Volumetric

 83.6%
84.7%
84.2%
84.4%
84.5%
84.7%
84.8%
85.0%
85.1%
85.2%
85.3%


efficiency


condenser
K
0.0
0.0
4.7
4.5
4.3
4.1
4.0
3.9
3.9
3.8
3.8


glide


Evaporator
K
0.0
0.0
2.9
2.7
2.6
2.5
2.5
2.4
2.4
2.4
2.4


glide


Evaporator
° C.
0.0
0.0
−1.4
−1.4
−1.3
−1.3
−1.2
−1.2
−1.2
−1.2
−1.2


inlet T


Condenser
° C.
55.0
55.0
52.6
52.8
52.9
52.9
53.0
53.0
53.1
53.1
53.1


exit T


Condenser
bar
16.88
16.46
18.48
18.56
18.61
18.65
18.66
18.66
18.65
18.62
18.59


pressure


Evaporator
bar
2.92
3.14
3.26
3.28
3.29
3.29
3.29
3.29
3.28
3.27
3.25


pressure


Refrigeration
kJ/kg
123.76
94.99
133.34
138.39
143.59
148.92
154.37
159.94
165.61
171.39
177.25


effect


COP

2.03
1.91
2.03
2.04
2.05
2.06
2.07
2.08
2.09
2.09
2.10


Discharge
° C.
99.15
92.88
103.16
104.71
106.25
107.80
109.34
110.88
112.42
113.95
115.47


temperature


Mass flow
kg/hr
174.53
227.39
162.00
156.08
150.43
145.05
139.93
135.05
130.43
126.03
121.86


rate


Volumetric
m3/hr
13.16
14.03
11.88
11.73
11.60
11.48
11.39
11.31
11.24
11.18
11.13


flow rate


Volumetric
kJ/
1641
1540
1818
1842
1863
1881
1897
1911
1922
1932
1941


capacity
m3


Pressure
kPa/
953
1239
814
781
751
724
699
675
654
634
616


drop
m


GWP (TAR)



530
536
541
547
553
558
564
570
575


F/(F + H)



0.615
0.592
0.571
0.550
0.531
0.513
0.496
0.480
0.464


Capacity

106.6%
100.0%
118.1%
119.6%
121.0%
122.2%
123.2%
124.1%
124.9%
125.5%
126.0%


relative to


1234yf


Relative

106.0%
100.0%
106.1%
106.6%
107.1%
107.6%
108.1%
108.6%
109.1%
109.6%
110.0%


COP


Relative

 76.9%
100.0%
65.7%
63.0%
60.6%
58.4%
56.4%
54.5%
52.8%
51.2%
49.7%


pressure


drop
















TABLE 26





Theoretical Performance Data of Selected R-32/R-152a/R-1234ze(E)/R-134a Blends Containing 15% R32 and 35% R134a
























R-32
15
15
15
15
15
15
15
15
15


(% b/w)


R-134a
35
35
35
35
35
35
35
35
35


(% b/w)


R-152a
5
10
15
20
25
30
35
40
45


(% b/w)


R-1234ze
45
40
35
30
25
20
15
10
5


(E) (% b/w)













COMPARATIVE


















Calculation
DATA
15/35/
15/35/
15/35/
15/35/
15/35/
15/35/
15/35/
15/35/
15/35/



















results

134a
R1234yf
5/45
10/40
15/35
20/30
25/25
30/20
35/15
40/10
45/5





Pressure

5.79
5.24
5.65
5.65
5.64
5.65
5.65
5.66
5.67
5.69
5.70


ratio


Volumetric

 83.6%
84.7%
84.4%
84.6%
84.8%
84.9%
85.1%
85.2%
85.3%
85.4%
85.5%


efficiency


condenser
K
0.0
0.0
5.2
5.0
4.8
4.6
4.5
4.5
4.4
4.4
4.4


glide


Evaporator
K
0.0
0.0
3.3
3.2
3.1
3.0
2.9
2.9
2.9
2.9
2.9


glide


Evaporator
° C.
0.0
0.0
−1.7
−1.6
−1.5
−1.5
−1.5
−1.5
−1.4
−1.5
−1.5


inlet T


Condenser
° C.
55.0
55.0
52.4
52.5
52.6
52.7
52.7
52.8
52.8
52.8
52.8


exit T


Condenser
bar
16.88
16.46
19.38
19.43
19.46
19.47
19.47
19.45
19.42
19.37
19.32


pressure


Evaporator
bar
2.92
3.14
3.43
3.44
3.45
3.45
3.44
3.44
3.42
3.41
3.39


pressure


Refrigeration
kJ/kg
123.76
94.99
137.13
142.23
147.46
152.83
158.33
163.95
169.68
175.50
181.42


effect


COP

2.03
1.91
2.03
2.04
2.05
2.06
2.07
2.08
2.08
2.09
2.10


Discharge
° C.
99.15
92.88
105.64
107.17
108.69
110.22
111.75
113.28
114.80
116.32
117.83


temperature


Mass flow
kg/hr
174.53
227.39
157.51
151.87
146.48
141.33
136.42
131.75
127.30
123.07
119.06


rate


Volumetric
m3/hr
13.16
14.03
11.28
11.15
11.04
10.95
10.87
10.81
10.75
10.71
10.68


flow rate


Volumetric
kJ/
1641
1540
1916
1937
1956
1972
1986
1998
2008
2017
2023


capacity
m3


Pressure
kPa/
953
1239
756
728
701
677
655
634
615
597
580


drop
m


GWP (TAR



546
552
558
563
569
575
580
586
592


BASIS)


F/(F + H)



0.610
0.587
0.566
0.546
0.527
0.509
0.492
0.476
0.461


Capacity

106.6%
100.0%
124.4%
125.8%
127.0%
128.1%
129.0%
129.8%
130.4%
131.0%
131.4%


relative to


1234yf


Relative

106.0%
100.0%
106.1%
106.6%
107.1%
107.6%
108.0%
108.5%
109.0%
109.5%
109.9%


COP


Relative

 76.9%
100.0%
61.0%
58.7%
56.6%
54.6%
52.8%
51.2%
49.6%
48.2%
46.8%


pressure


drop
















TABLE 27





Theoretical Performance Data of Selected R-32/R-152a/R-1234ze(E)/R-134a Blends Containing 4% R32 and 40% R134a
























R-32
4
4
4
4
4
4
4
4
4


(% b/w)


R-134a
40
40
40
40
40
40
40
40
40


(% b/w)


R-152a
5
10
15
20
25
30
35
40
45


(% b/w)


R-1234ze
51
46
41
36
31
26
21
16
11


(E) (% b/w)













COMPARATIVE DATA




















Calculation



4/40/
4/40/
4/40/
4/40/
4/40/
4/40/
4/40/
4/40/
4/40/


results

134a
R1234yf
5/51
10/46
15/41
20/36
25/31
30/26
35/21
40/16
45/11





Pressure

5.79
5.24
5.69
5.69
5.68
5.68
5.69
5.70
5.70
5.72
5.73


ratio


Volumetric

 83.6%
84.7%
83.6%
83.8%
84.0%
84.2%
84.3%
84.5%
84.6%
84.7%
84.8%


efficiency


condenser
K
0.0
0.0
2.4
2.2
2.1
1.9
1.8
1.8
1.7
1.7
1.6


glide


Evaporator
K
0.0
0.0
1.3
1.2
1.1
1.0
1.0
0.9
0.9
0.9
0.9


glide


Evaporator
° C.
0.0
0.0
−0.6
−0.6
−0.5
−0.5
−0.5
−0.5
−0.5
−0.4
−0.4


inlet T


Condenser
° C.
55.0
55.0
53.8
53.9
54.0
54.0
54.1
54.1
54.2
54.2
54.2


exit T


Condenser
bar
16.88
16.46
16.27
16.38
16.48
16.55
16.61
16.64
16.67
16.68
16.68


pressure


Evaporator
bar
2.92
3.14
2.86
2.88
2.90
2.91
2.92
2.92
2.92
2.92
2.91


pressure


Refrigeration
kJ/kg
123.76
94.99
122.96
128.06
133.27
138.61
144.06
149.61
155.27
161.01
166.84


effect


COP

2.03
1.91
2.02
2.03
2.05
2.06
2.07
2.08
2.09
2.10
2.11


Discharge
° C.
99.15
92.88
96.73
98.36
99.99
101.60
103.22
104.82
106.41
108.00
109.57


temperature


Mass flow
kg/hr
174.53
227.39
175.67
168.68
162.07
155.83
149.94
144.37
139.11
134.15
129.46


rate


Volumetric
m3/hr
13.16
14.03
13.66
13.43
13.23
13.06
12.91
12.78
12.66
12.57
12.48


flow rate


Volumetric
kJ/
1641
1540
1581
1608
1632
1654
1673
1691
1706
1719
1730


capacity
m3


Pressure
kPa/
953
1239
994
948
907
869
834
803
774
747
723


drop
m


GWP (TAR)



551
557
562
568
574
580
585
591
597


F/(F + H)



0.632
0.608
0.585
0.564
0.543
0.525
0.507
0.490
0.474


Capacity

106.6%
100.0%
102.7%
104.4%
106.0%
107.4%
108.7%
109.8%
110.8%
111.6%
112.4%


relative to


1234yf


Relative

106.0%
100.0%
105.8%
106.4%
107.0%
107.6%
108.2%
108.7%
109.3%
109.8%
110.3%


COP


Relative

 76.9%
100.0%
80.3%
76.5%
73.2%
70.1%
67.3%
64.8%
62.4%
60.3%
58.3%


pressure


drop
















TABLE 28





Theoretical Performance Data of Selected R-32/R-152a/R-1234ze(E)/R-134a Blends Containing


6% R32 and 40% R134a
























R-32 (% b/w)
6
6
6
6
6
6
6
6
6


R-134a (% b/w)
40
40
40
40
40
40
40
40
40


R-152a (% b/w)
5
10
15
20
25
30
35
40
45


R-1234ze(E)
49
44
39
34
29
24
19
14
9


(% b/w)






















COMPARATIVE












DATA



















Calculation



6/40/
6/40/
6/40/
6/40/
6/40/
6/40/
6/40/
6/40/
6/40/


results

134a
R1234yf
5/49
10/44
15/39
20/34
25/29
30/24
35/19
40/14
45/9





Pressure ratio

5.79
5.24
5.69
5.69
5.68
5.69
5.69
5.70
5.71
5.72
5.73


Volumetric

 83.6%
 84.7%
 83.8%
 84.0%
 84.1%
 84.3%
 84.5%
 84.6%
 84.7%
 84.8%
 84.9%


efficiency


condenser glide
K
0.0
0.0
3.0
2.9
2.7
2.6
2.5
2.4
2.3
2.3
2.3


Evaporator glide
K
0.0
0.0
1.7
1.6
1.5
1.4
1.4
1.3
1.3
1.3
1.3


Evaporator inlet T
° C.
0.0
0.0
−0.8
−0.8
−0.7
−0.7
−0.7
−0.7
−0.7
−0.7
−0.7


Condenser exit T
° C.
55.0
55.0
53.5
53.6
53.7
53.7
53.8
53.8
53.8
53.9
53.9


Condenser
bar
16.88
16.46
16.89
16.99
17.07
17.13
17.17
17.19
17.20
17.20
17.19


pressure


Evaporator
bar
2.92
3.14
2.97
2.99
3.00
3.01
3.02
3.02
3.01
3.01
3.00


pressure


Refrigeration
kJ/kg
123.76
94.99
125.79
130.90
136.14
141.50
146.97
152.55
158.23
164.01
169.87


effect


COP

2.03
1.91
2.02
2.04
2.05
2.06
2.07
2.08
2.09
2.10
2.11


Discharge
° C.
99.15
92.88
98.54
100.15
101.75
103.36
104.95
106.54
108.13
109.70
111.26


temperature


Mass flow rate
kg/hr
174.53
227.39
171.71
165.01
158.66
152.65
146.97
141.59
136.51
131.70
127.16


Volumetric flow
m3/hr
13.16
14.03
13.12
12.92
12.74
12.59
12.46
12.35
12.25
12.16
12.09


rate


Volumetric
kJ/m3
1641
1540
1646
1672
1695
1716
1734
1750
1764
1776
1786


capacity


Pressure drop
kPa/m
953
1239
939
897
859
825
793
764
738
713
691


GWP (TAR)



562
568
573
579
585
590
596
602
608


F/(F + H)



0.628
0.604
0.581
0.560
0.540
0.522
0.504
0.487
0.471


Capacity relative to

106.6%
100.0%
106.9%
108.6%
110.1%
111.4%
112.6%
113.6%
114.5%
115.3%
116.0%


1234yf


Relative COP

106.0%
100.0%
105.9%
106.5%
107.1%
107.6%
108.2%
108.7%
109.3%
109.8%
110.3%


Relative

 76.9%
100.0%
 75.8%
 72.4%
 69.3%
 66.6%
 64.0%
 61.7%
 59.5%
 57.6%
 55.7%


pressure drop
















TABLE 29





Theoretical Performance Data of Selected R-32/R-152a/R-1234ze(E)/R-134a Blends Containing


8% R32 and 40% R134a
























R-32 (% b/w)
8
8
8
8
8
8
8
8
8


R-134a (% b/w)
40
40
40
40
40
40
40
40
40


R-152a (% b/w)
5
10
15
20
25
30
35
40
45


R-1234ze(E)
47
42
37
32
27
22
17
12
7


(% b/w)























COMPARATIVE











Calculation

DATA
8/40/
8/40/
8/40/
8/40/
8/40/
8/40/
8/40/
8/40/
8/40/



















results

134a
R1234yf
5/47
10/42
15/37
20/32
25/27
30/22
35/17
40/12
45/7





Pressure ratio

5.79
5.24
5.69
5.68
5.68
5.68
5.69
5.70
5.71
5.72
5.73


Volumetric

 83.6%
 84.7%
 83.9%
 84.1%
 84.3%
 84.4%
 84.6%
 84.7%
 84.8%
 84.9%
 85.0%


efficiency


condenser glide
K
0.0
0.0
3.6
3.4
3.2
3.1
3.0
2.9
2.9
2.8
2.8


Evaporator glide
K
0.0
0.0
2.1
1.9
1.9
1.8
1.7
1.7
1.7
1.7
1.7


Evaporator inlet T
° C.
0.0
0.0
−1.0
−1.0
−0.9
−0.9
−0.9
−0.9
−0.8
−0.8
−0.8


Condenser exit T
° C.
55.0
55.0
53.2
53.3
53.4
53.4
53.5
53.5
53.6
53.6
53.6


Condenser
bar
16.88
16.46
17.50
17.59
17.65
17.69
17.72
17.73
17.73
17.71
17.69


pressure


Evaporator
bar
2.92
3.14
3.08
3.10
3.11
3.11
3.12
3.11
3.11
3.10
3.09


pressure


Refrigeration
kJ/kg
123.76
94.99
128.55
133.67
138.93
144.31
149.81
155.42
161.14
166.94
172.83


effect


COP

2.03
1.91
2.03
2.04
2.05
2.06
2.07
2.08
2.09
2.10
2.11


Discharge
° C.
99.15
92.88
100.30
101.89
103.48
105.07
106.65
108.23
109.81
111.37
112.92


temperature


Mass flow rate
kg/hr
174.53
227.39
168.03
161.59
155.47
149.67
144.18
138.97
134.05
129.39
124.98


Volumetric flow
m3/hr
13.16
14.03
12.62
12.44
12.29
12.16
12.04
11.94
11.86
11.79
11.73


rate


Volumetric
kJ/m3
1641
1540
1712
1736
1758
1777
1794
1809
1821
1832
1841


capacity


Pressure drop
kPa/m
953
1239
888
850
816
785
756
729
705
682
661


GWP (TAR BASIS)



573
579
584
590
596
601
607
613
618


F/(F + H)



0.624
0.600
0.578
0.557
0.538
0.519
0.502
0.485
0.469


Capacity relative to

106.6%
100.0%
111.2%
112.8%
114.2%
115.4%
116.5%
117.5%
118.3%
119.0%
119.6%


1234yf


Relative COP

106.0%
100.0%
106.0%
106.5%
107.1%
107.7%
108.2%
108.7%
109.2%
109.7%
110.2%


Relative

 76.9%
100.0%
 71.7%
 68.6%
 65.9%
 63.3%
 61.0%
 58.8%
 56.9%
 55.1%
 53.4%


pressure drop
















TABLE 30





Theoretical Performance Data of Selected R-32/R-152a/R-1234ze(E)/R-134a Blends Containing


10% R32 and 40% R134a
























R-32
10
10
10
10
10
10
10
10
10


(% b/w)


R-134a
40
40
40
40
40
40
40
40
40


(% b/w)


R-152a
5
10
15
20
25
30
35
40
45


(% b/w)


R-1234ze
45
40
35
30
25
20
15
10
5


(E)


(% b/w)













COMPARATIVE




DATA



















Calculation



10/40/
10/40/
10/40/
10/40/
10/40/
10/40/
10/40/
10/40/
10/40/


results

134a
R1234yf
5/45
10/40
15/35
20/30
25/25
30/20
35/15
40/10
45/5





Pressure

5.79
5.24
5.68
5.67
5.67
5.68
5.68
5.69
5.70
5.72
5.73


ratio


Volumetric

 83.6%
84.7%
84.1%
84.3%
84.4%
84.6%
84.7%
84.8%
85.0%
85.1%
85.2%


efficiency


condenser
K
0.0
0.0
4.1
3.9
3.7
3.6
3.5
3.4
3.4
3.3
3.3


glide


Evaporator
K
0.0
0.0
2.4
2.3
2.2
2.1
2.1
2.1
2.0
2.1
2.1


glide


Evaporator
° C.
0.0
0.0
−1.2
−1.1
−1.1
−1.1
−1.0
−1.0
−1.0
−1.0
−1.0


inlet T


Condenser
° C.
55.0
55.0
53.0
53.1
53.1
53.2
53.3
53.3
53.3
53.3
53.3


exit T


Condenser
bar
16.88
16.46
18.11
18.18
18.23
18.26
18.27
18.27
18.25
18.22
18.19


pressure


Evaporator
bar
2.92
3.14
3.19
3.20
3.21
3.22
3.21
3.21
3.20
3.19
3.17


pressure


Refrigeration
kJ/kg
123.76
94.99
131.23
136.37
141.66
147.07
152.60
158.24
163.98
169.82
175.74


effect


COP

2.03
1.91
2.03
2.04
2.05
2.06
2.07
2.08
2.09
2.10
2.11


Discharge
° C.
99.15
92.88
102.02
103.60
105.17
106.75
108.32
109.89
111.46
113.01
114.55


temperature


Mass
kg/hr
174.53
227.39
164.60
158.39
152.48
146.87
141.55
136.50
131.72
127.20
122.91


flow rate


Volumetric
m3/hr
13.16
14.03
12.16
12.00
11.87
11.75
11.65
11.57
11.50
11.44
11.39


flow rate


Volumetric
kJ/
1641
1540
1777
1800
1820
1838
1854
1867
1879
1889
1897


capacity
m3


Pressure
kPa/
953
1239
843
808
777
748
721
697
674
653
634


drop


GWP (TAR)
m


584
589
595
601
607
612
618
624
629


F/(F + H)



0.620
0.596
0.575
0.554
0.535
0.516
0.499
0.483
0.467


Capacity

106.6%
100.0%
115.4%
116.9%
118.2%
119.4%
120.4%
121.3%
122.0%
122.7%
123.2%


relative to


1234yf


Relative

106.0%
100.0%
106.0%
106.6%
107.1%
107.7%
108.2%
108.7%
109.2%
109.7%
110.2%


COP


Relative

 76.9%
100.0%
68.0%
65.2%
62.7%
60.3%
58.2%
56.2%
54.4%
52.7%
51.2%


pressure


drop
















TABLE 31





Theoretical Performance Data of Selected R-32/R-152a/R-1234ze(E)/R-134a Blends Containing


12% R32 and 40% R134a
























R-32
12
12
12
12
12
12
12
12
12


(% b/w)


R-134a
40
40
40
40
40
40
40
40
40


(% b/w)


R-152a
5
10
15
20
25
30
35
40
45


(% b/w)


R-1234ze
43
38
33
28
23
18
13
8
3


(E)


(% b/w)













COMPARATIVE




DATA



















Calculation



12/40/
12/40/
12/40/
12/40/
12/40/
12/40/
12/40/
12/40/
12/40/


results

134a
R1234yf
5/43
10/38
15/33
20/28
25/23
30/18
35/13
40/8
45/3





Pressure

5.79
5.24
5.67
5.66
5.66
5.67
5.67
5.68
5.70
5.71
5.72


ratio


Volumetric

 83.6%
84.7%
84.2%
84.4%
84.6%
84.7%
84.9%
85.0%
85.1%
85.2%
85.3%


efficiency


condenser
K
0.0
0.0
4.5
4.3
4.1
4.0
3.9
3.8
3.8
3.8
3.8


glide


Evaporator
K
0.0
0.0
2.7
2.6
2.5
2.5
2.4
2.4
2.4
2.4
2.4


glide


Evaporator
° C.
0.0
0.0
−1.4
−1.3
−1.3
−1.2
−1.2
−1.2
−1.2
−1.2
−1.2


inlet T


Condenser
° C.
55.0
55.0
52.8
52.9
53.0
53.0
53.1
53.1
53.1
53.1
53.1


exit T


Condenser
bar
16.88
16.46
18.71
18.76
18.80
18.81
18.81
18.79
18.76
18.73
18.68


pressure


Evaporator
bar
2.92
3.14
3.30
3.31
3.32
3.32
3.31
3.31
3.29
3.28
3.26


pressure


Refrigeration
kJ/kg
123.76
94.99
133.84
139.01
144.32
149.76
155.32
161.00
166.77
172.64
178.60


effect


COP

2.03
1.91
2.03
2.04
2.05
2.06
2.07
2.08
2.09
2.10
2.11


Discharge
° C.
99.15
92.88
103.71
105.27
106.84
108.40
109.97
111.53
113.08
114.62
116.16


temperature


Mass
kg/hr
174.53
227.39
161.39
155.38
149.66
144.23
139.06
134.16
129.52
125.11
120.94


flow rate


Volumetric
m3/hr
13.16
14.03
11.73
11.59
11.47
11.37
11.29
11.22
11.16
11.11
11.07


flow rate


Volumetric
kJ/
1641
1540
1842
1863
1882
1899
1913
1926
1936
1945
1952


capacity
m3


Pressure
kPa/
953
1239
801
769
741
714
689
667
646
627
609


drop
m


GWP (TAR)



595
600
606
612
617
623
629
634
640


F/(F + H)



0.616
0.593
0.571
0.551
0.532
0.514
0.497
0.480
0.465


Capacity

106.6%
100.0%
119.6%
121.0%
122.3%
123.3%
124.3%
125.1%
125.7%
126.3%
126.8%


relative to


1234yf


Relative

106.0%
100.0%
106.0%
106.6%
107.1%
107.6%
108.1%
108.7%
109.1%
109.6%
110.1%


COP


Relative

 76.9%
100.0%
64.6%
62.1%
59.8%
57.6%
55.6%
53.8%
52.1%
50.6%
49.1%


pressure


drop
















TABLE 32





Theoretical Performance Data of Selected R-32/R-152a/R-1234ze(E)/R-134a Blends Containing


15% R32 and 40% R134a
























R-32
15
15
15
15
15
15
15
15
15


(% b/w)


R-134a
40
40
40
40
40
40
40
40
40


(% b/w)


R-152a
5
10
15
20
25
30
35
40
45


(% b/w)


R-1234ze
40
35
30
25
20
15
10
5
0


(E)


(% b/w)























COMPARATIVE











Calculation

DATA
15/40/
15/40/
15/40/
15/40/
15/40/
15/40/
15/40/
15/40/
15/40/



















results

134a
R1234yf
5/40
10/35
15/30
20/25
25/20
30/15
35/10
40/5
45/0





Pressure

5.79
5.24
5.64
5.64
5.65
5.65
5.66
5.67
5.68
5.70
5.71


ratio


Volumetric

 83.6%
84.7%
84.5%
84.7%
84.8%
85.0%
85.1%
85.2%
85.3%
85.4%
85.5%


efficiency


condenser
K
0.0
0.0
4.9
4.7
4.6
4.5
4.4
4.3
4.3
4.3
4.3


glide


Evaporator
K
0.0
0.0
3.2
3.0
3.0
2.9
2.9
2.9
2.9
2.9
2.9


glide


Evaporator
° C.
0.0
0.0
−1.6
−1.5
−1.5
−1.4
−1.4
−1.4
−1.4
−1.4
−1.5


inlet T


Condenser
° C.
55.0
55.0
52.5
52.6
52.7
52.8
52.8
52.8
52.8
52.8
52.8


exit T


Condenser
bar
16.88
16.46
19.60
19.63
19.64
19.63
19.61
19.57
19.53
19.47
19.40


pressure


Evaporator
bar
2.92
3.14
3.47
3.48
3.48
3.47
3.46
3.45
3.44
3.42
3.40


pressure


Refrigeration
kJ/kg
123.76
94.99
137.65
142.86
148.22
153.71
159.32
165.04
170.87
176.79
182.80


effect


COP

2.03
1.91
2.03
2.04
2.05
2.06
2.07
2.08
2.09
2.09
2.10


Discharge
° C.
99.15
92.88
106.19
107.73
109.28
110.84
112.39
113.93
115.47
117.01
118.53


temperature


Mass
kg/hr
174.53
227.39
156.92
151.20
145.73
140.53
135.58
130.87
126.41
122.18
118.16


flow rate


Volumetric
m3/hr
13.16
14.03
11.14
11.03
10.94
10.85
10.79
10.73
10.69
10.65
10.62


flow rate


Volumetric
kJ/
1641
1540
1938
1958
1975
1990
2002
2013
2022
2028
2034


capacity
m3


Pressure
kPa/
953
1239
745
717
692
668
646
626
608
590
574


drop


GWP (TAR)
m


611
617
622
628
634
639
645
651
657


F/(F + H)



0.610
0.588
0.566
0.546
0.528
0.510
0.493
0.477
0.462


Capacity

106.6%
100.0%
125.9%
127.2%
128.3%
129.2%
130.1%
130.7%
131.3%
131.7%
132.1%


relative to


1234yf


Relative

106.0%
100.0%
106.0%
106.5%
107.0%
107.6%
108.1%
108.6%
109.0%
109.5%
110.0%


COP


Relative

 76.9%
100.0%
60.1%
57.9%
55.8%
53.9%
52.2%
50.5%
49.0%
47.6%
46.3%


pressure


drop
















TABLE 33





Theoretical Performance Data of Selected R-32/R-152a/R-1234ze(E)/R-134a Blends Containing


4% R32 and 45% R134a
























R-32
4
4
4
4
4
4
4
4
4


(% b/w)


R-134a
45
45
45
45
45
45
45
45
45


(% b/w)


R-152a
5
10
15
20
25
30
35
40
45


(% b/w)


R-1234ze
46
41
36
31
26
21
16
11
6


(E)


(% b/w)













COMPARATIVE




DATA



















Calculation



4/45/
4/45/
4/45/
4/45/
4/45/
4/45/
4/45/
4/45/
4/45/


results

134a
R1234yf
5/46
10/41
15/36
20/31
25/26
30/21
35/16
40/11
45/6





Pressure

5.79
5.24
5.69
5.68
5.68
5.69
5.70
5.71
5.72
5.73
5.74


ratio


Volumetric

 83.6%
84.7%
83.7%
83.9%
84.1%
84.2%
84.4%
84.5%
84.6%
84.7%
84.8%


efficiency


condenser
K
0.0
0.0
2.2
2.1
1.9
1.8
1.7
1.7
1.6
1.6
1.6


glide


Evaporator
K
0.0
0.0
1.2
1.1
1.0
1.0
0.9
0.9
0.9
0.9
0.9


glide


Evaporator
° C.
0.0
0.0
−0.6
−0.6
−0.5
−0.5
−0.5
−0.5
−0.4
−0.4
−0.4


inlet T


Condenser
° C.
55.0
55.0
53.9
54.0
54.0
54.1
54.1
54.2
54.2
54.2
54.2


exit T


Condenser
bar
16.88
16.46
16.49
16.59
16.66
16.72
16.76
16.78
16.79
16.78
16.77


pressure


Evaporator
bar
2.92
3.14
2.90
2.92
2.93
2.94
2.94
2.94
2.94
2.93
2.92


pressure


Refrigeration
kJ/kg
123.76
94.99
123.55
128.75
134.06
139.50
145.05
150.70
156.44
162.27
168.18


effect


COP

2.03
1.91
2.02
2.03
2.05
2.06
2.07
2.08
2.09
2.10
2.11


Discharge
° C.
99.15
92.88
97.30
98.94
100.58
102.22
103.84
105.46
107.07
108.66
110.25


temperature


Mass
kg/hr
174.53
227.39
174.83
167.77
161.12
154.84
148.92
143.33
138.07
133.11
128.43


flow rate


Volumetric
m3/hr
13.16
14.03
13.47
13.26
13.07
12.92
12.78
12.66
12.56
12.48
12.40


flow rate


Volumetric
kJ/
1641
1540
1604
1629
1652
1672
1690
1706
1720
1731
1742


capacity
m3


Pressure
kPa/
953
1239
976
932
892
855
822
791
763
737
714


drop
m


GWP (TAR)



616
621
627
633
639
644
650
656
661


F/(F + H)



0.632
0.608
0.585
0.564
0.544
0.525
0.507
0.490
0.474


Capacity

106.6%
100.0%
104.2%
105.8%
107.3%
108.6%
109.8%
110.8%
111.7%
112.5%
113.1%


relative to


1234yf


Relative

106.0%
100.0%
105.8%
106.4%
107.0%
107.6%
108.2%
108.8%
109.4%
109.9%
110.4%


COP


Relative

 76.9%
100.0%
78.8%
75.2%
72.0%
69.0%
66.3%
63.9%
61.6%
59.5%
57.6%


pressure


drop
















TABLE 34







Theoretical Performance Data of Selected R-32/R-152a/R-1234ze(E)/R-134a Blends Containing


6% R32 and 45% R134a



















R-32
6
6
6
6
6
6
6
6
6


(% b/w)


R-134a
45
45
45
45
45
45
45
45
45


(% b/w)


R-152a
5
10
15
20
25
30
35
40
45


(% b/w)


R-1234ze
44
39
34
29
24
19
14
9
4


(E)


(% b/w)













COMPARATIVE




DATA



















Calculation



6/45/
6/45/
6/45/
6/45/
6/45/
6/45/
6/45/
6/45/
6/45/


results

134a
R1234yf
5/44
10/39
15/34
20/29
25/24
30/19
35/14
40/9
45/4





Pressure

5.79
5.24
5.69
5.68
5.69
5.69
5.70
5.71
5.72
5.73
5.75


ratio


Volumetric

 83.6%
84.7%
83.8%
84.0%
84.2%
84.3%
84.5%
84.6%
84.7%
84.8%
84.9%


efficiency


condenser
K
0.0
0.0
2.9
2.7
2.6
2.4
2.4
2.3
2.3
2.2
2.2


glide


Evaporator
K
0.0
0.0
1.6
1.5
1.4
1.4
1.3
1.3
1.3
1.3
1.3


glide


Evaporator
° C.
0.0
0.0
−0.8
−0.7
−0.7
−0.7
−0.7
−0.6
−0.6
−0.6
−0.7


inlet T


Condenser
° C.
55.0
55.0
53.6
53.7
53.7
53.8
53.8
53.8
53.9
53.9
53.9


exit T


Condenser
bar
16.88
16.46
17.11
17.19
17.25
17.29
17.31
17.32
17.32
17.30
17.27


pressure


Evaporator
bar
2.92
3.14
3.01
3.02
3.03
3.04
3.04
3.03
3.03
3.02
3.01


pressure


Refrigeration
kJ/kg
123.76
94.99
126.38
131.59
136.94
142.40
147.97
153.65
159.42
165.28
171.22


effect


COP

2.03
1.91
2.02
2.04
2.05
2.06
2.07
2.08
2.09
2.10
2.11


Discharge
° C.
99.15
92.88
99.10
100.73
102.35
103.97
105.58
107.19
108.79
110.37
111.94


temperature


Mass
kg/hr
174.53
227.39
170.92
164.14
157.74
151.69
145.97
140.58
135.49
130.68
126.15


flow rate


Volumetric
m3/hr
13.16
14.03
12.94
12.76
12.60
12.46
12.34
12.24
12.15
12.08
12.02


flow rate


Volumetric
kJ/
1641
1540
1669
1693
1715
1734
1750
1765
1777
1788
1797


capacity
m3


Pressure
kPa/
953
1239
923
882
846
812
782
754
728
704
682


drop
m


GWP (TAR)



627
632
638
644
649
655
661
667
672


F/(F + H)



0.628
0.604
0.582
0.561
0.541
0.522
0.505
0.488
0.472


Capacity

106.6%
100.0%
108.4%
110.0%
111.4%
112.6%
113.7%
114.6%
115.4%
116.1%
116.7%


relative to


1234yf


Relative

106.0%
100.0%
105.9%
106.5%
107.1%
107.7%
108.2%
108.8%
109.3%
109.9%
110.4%


COP


Relative

 76.9%
100.0%
74.5%
71.2%
68.3%
65.6%
63.1%
60.8%
58.8%
56.8%
55.1%


pressure


drop










Theoretical Performance Data of Selected R-32/R-152a/R-1234ze(E)/R-134a Blends Containing


8% R32 and 45% R134a



















R-32
8
8
8
8
8
8
8
8
8


(% b/w)


R-134a
45
45
45
45
45
45
45
45
45


(% b/w)


R-152a
5
10
15
20
25
30
35
40
45


(% b/w)


R-1234ze
42
37
32
27
22
17
12
7
2


(E)


(% b/w)























COMPARATIVE











Calculation

DATA
8/45/
8/45/
8/45/
8/45/
8/45/
8/45/
8/45/
8/45/
8/45/



















results

134a
R1234yf
5/42
10/37
15/32
20/27
25/22
30/17
35/12
40/7
45/2





Pressure

5.79
5.24
5.68
5.68
5.68
5.69
5.70
5.71
5.72
5.73
5.75


ratio


Volumetric

 83.6%
84.7%
84.0%
84.2%
84.3%
84.5%
84.6%
84.7%
84.8%
84.9%
85.0%


efficiency


condenser
K
0.0
0.0
3.4
3.2
3.1
3.0
2.9
2.8
2.8
2.8
2.8


glide


Evaporator
K
0.0
0.0
2.0
1.8
1.8
1.7
1.7
1.7
1.7
1.7
1.7


glide


Evaporator
° C.
0.0
0.0
−1.0
−0.9
−0.9
−0.9
−0.8
−0.8
−0.8
−0.8
−0.8


inlet T


Condenser
° C.
55.0
55.0
53.3
53.4
53.5
53.5
53.5
53.6
53.6
53.6
53.6


exit T


Condenser
bar
16.88
16.46
17.72
17.78
17.83
17.85
17.86
17.86
17.84
17.81
17.77


pressure


Evaporator
bar
2.92
3.14
3.12
3.13
3.14
3.14
3.14
3.13
3.12
3.11
3.09


pressure


Refrigeration
kJ/kg
123.76
94.99
129.13
134.37
139.74
145.23
150.83
156.54
162.35
168.24
174.21


effect


COP

2.03
1.91
2.03
2.04
2.05
2.06
2.07
2.08
2.09
2.10
2.11


Discharge
° C.
99.15
92.88
100.86
102.47
104.08
105.69
107.29
108.89
110.47
112.05
113.61


temperature


Mass
kg/hr
174.53
227.39
167.27
160.75
154.58
148.73
143.21
137.98
133.05
128.39
123.99


flow rate


Volumetric
m3/hr
13.16
14.03
12.45
12.29
12.16
12.04
11.93
11.85
11.77
11.71
11.66


flow rate


Volumetric
kJ/
1641
1540
1734
1757
1777
1795
1810
1823
1834
1844
1852


capacity
m3


Pressure
kPa/
953
1239
874
837
804
773
745
719
696
674
654


drop
m


GWP (TAR)



638
643
649
655
660
666
672
677
683


F/(F + H)



0.624
0.600
0.578
0.558
0.538
0.520
0.502
0.486
0.470


Capacity

106.6%
100.0%
112.6%
114.1%
115.4%
116.6%
117.5%
118.4%
119.1%
119.8%
120.3%


relative to


1234yf


Relative

106.0%
100.0%
105.9%
106.5%
107.1%
107.7%
108.2%
108.8%
109.3%
109.8%
110.3%


COP


Relative

 76.9%
100.0%
70.5%
67.6%
64.9%
62.4%
60.1%
58.1%
56.2%
54.4%
52.7%


pressure


drop
















TABLE 35





Theoretical Performance Data of Selected R-32/R-152a/R-1234ze(E)/R-134a Blends Containing


10% R32 and 45% R134a
























R-32
10
10
10
10
10
10
10
10
10


(% b/w)


R-134a
45
45
45
45
45
45
45
45
45


(% b/w)


R-152a
5
10
15
20
25
30
35
40
45


(% b/w)


R-1234ze
40
35
30
25
20
15
10
5
0


(E)


(% b/w)













COMPARATIVE




DATA























10/45/
10/45/
10/45/
10/45/
10/45/
10/45/
10/45/
10/45/
10/45/




134a
R1234yf
5/40
10/35
15/30
20/25
25/20
30/15
35/10
40/5
45/0





Pressure

5.79
5.24
5.67
5.67
5.68
5.68
5.69
5.70
5.72
5.73
5.75


ratio


Volumetric

 83.6%
84.7%
84.1%
84.3%
84.5%
84.6%
84.8%
84.9%
85.0%
85.1%
85.2%


efficiency


condenser
K
0.0
0.0
3.8
3.7
3.5
3.4
3.4
3.3
3.3
3.3
3.3


glide


Evaporator
K
0.0
0.0
2.3
2.2
2.1
2.1
2.0
2.0
2.0
2.0
2.1


glide


Evaporator
° C.
0.0
0.0
−1.1
−1.1
−1.1
−1.0
−1.0
−1.0
−1.0
−1.0
−1.0


inlet T


Condenser
° C.
55.0
55.0
53.1
53.2
53.2
53.3
53.3
53.3
53.4
53.4
53.4


exit T


Condenser
bar
16.88
16.46
18.32
18.37
18.40
18.41
18.41
18.39
18.36
18.32
18.27


pressure


Evaporator
bar
2.92
3.14
3.23
3.24
3.24
3.24
3.23
3.22
3.21
3.20
3.18


pressure


Refrigeration
kJ/kg
123.76
94.99
131.81
137.08
142.47
147.99
153.63
159.37
165.21
171.14
177.14


effect


COP

2.03
1.91
2.03
2.04
2.05
2.06
2.07
2.08
2.09
2.10
2.11


Discharge
° C.
99.15
92.88
102.58
104.18
105.78
107.37
108.97
110.55
112.13
113.70
115.25


temperature


Mass
kg/hr
174.53
227.39
163.87
157.58
151.61
145.95
140.60
135.53
130.74
126.21
121.94


flow rate


Volumetric
m3/hr
13.16
14.03
12.01
11.87
11.74
11.64
11.55
11.48
11.42
11.37
11.33


flow rate


Volumetric
kJ/
1641
1540
1799
1820
1839
1855
1869
1882
1892
1900
1907


capacity
m3


Pressure
kPa/
953
1239
829
796
765
737
712
688
666
646
627


drop
m


GWP (TAR)



648
654
660
666
671
677
683
688
694


F/(F + H)



0.620
0.597
0.575
0.555
0.535
0.517
0.500
0.483
0.468


Capacity

106.6%
100.0%
116.8%
118.2%
119.4%
120.5%
121.4%
122.2%
122.9%
123.4%
123.9%


relative to


1234yf


Relative

106.0%
100.0%
105.9%
106.5%
107.1%
107.7%
108.2%
108.8%
109.3%
109.8%
110.3%


COP


Relative

 76.9%
100.0%
66.9%
64.2%
61.8%
59.5%
57.4%
55.5%
53.7%
52.1%
50.6%


pressure


drop
















TABLE 36





Theoretical Performance Data of Selected R-32/R-152a/R-1234ze(E)/R-134a Blends Containing


12% R32 and 45% R134a
























R-32
12
12
12
12
12
12
12
12
12


(% b/w)


R-134a
45
45
45
45
45
45
45
45
45


(% b/w)


R-152a
5
10
15
20
25
30
35
40
45


(% b/w)


R-1234ze
38
33
28
23
18
13
8
3
−2


(E)


(% b/w)













COMPARATIVE




DATA



















Calculation



12/45/
12/45/
12/45/
12/45/
12/45/
12/45/
12/45/
12/45/
12/45


results

134a
R1234yf
5/38
10/33
15/28
20/23
25/18
30/13
35/8
40/3
45/−2





Pressure

5.79
5.24
5.66
5.66
5.67
5.67
5.68
5.70
5.71
5.72
5.74


ratio


Volumetric

 83.6%
84.7%
84.3%
84.5%
84.6%
84.8%
84.9%
85.0%
85.1%
85.2%
85.3%


efficiency


condenser
K
0.0
0.0
4.2
4.1
3.9
3.8
3.8
3.7
3.7
3.7
3.7


glide


Evaporator
K
0.0
0.0
2.6
2.5
2.4
2.4
2.4
2.4
2.4
2.4
2.4


glide


Evaporator
° C.
0.0
0.0
−1.3
−1.2
−1.2
−1.2
−1.2
−1.2
−1.2
−1.2
−1.2


inlet T


Condenser
° C.
55.0
55.0
52.9
53.0
53.0
53.1
53.1
53.1
53.1
53.1
53.1


exit T


Condenser
bar
16.88
16.46
18.92
18.95
18.97
18.96
18.94
18.91
18.87
18.82
18.75


pressure


Evaporator
bar
2.92
3.14
3.34
3.35
3.35
3.34
3.33
3.32
3.30
3.29
3.27


pressure


Refrigeration
kJ/kg
123.76
94.99
134.43
139.73
145.15
150.71
156.38
162.15
168.03
173.99
180.03


effect


COP

2.03
1.91
2.03
2.04
2.05
2.06
2.07
2.08
2.09
2.10
2.11


Discharge
° C.
99.15
92.88
104.27
105.86
107.45
109.03
110.62
112.19
113.76
115.32
116.87


temperature


Mass
kg/hr
174.53
227.39
160.68
154.59
148.81
143.32
138.13
133.21
128.55
124.15
119.98


flow rate


Volumetric
m3/hr
13.16
14.03
11.59
11.47
11.36
11.27
11.20
11.14
11.08
11.04
11.01


flow rate


Volumetric
kJ/
1641
1540
1864
1884
1901
1916
1929
1940
1949
1956
1962


capacity
m3


Pressure
kPa/
953
1239
789
758
730
704
681
659
638
619
602


drop
m


GWP (TAR)



659
665
671
676
682
688
693
699
705


F/(F + H)



0.616
0.593
0.572
0.552
0.532
0.514
0.497
0.481
0.466


Capacity

106.6%
100.0%
121.0%
122.3%
123.5%
124.4%
125.3%
126.0%
126.6%
127.0%
127.4%


relative to


1234yf


Relative

106.0%
100.0%
106.0%
106.5%
107.1%
107.6%
108.2%
108.7%
109.2%
109.7%
110.2%


COP


Relative

 76.9%
100.0%
63.7%
61.2%
58.9%
56.8%
54.9%
53.2%
51.5%
50.0%
48.6%


pressure


drop
















TABLE 37





Theoretical Performance Data of Selected R-32/R-152a/R-1234ze(E)/R-134a Blends Containing


15% R32 and 45% R134a






















R-32 (% b/w)
15
15
15
15
15
15
15


R-134a (% b/w)
45
45
45
45
45
45
45


R-152a (% b/w)
5
10
15
20
25
30
35


R-1234ze (E)
35
30
25
20
15
10
5


(% b/w)





















COMPARATIVE









Calculation

DATA
15/45/
15/45/
15/45/
15/45/
15/45/
15/45/
15/45/

















results

134a
R1234yf
5/35
10/30
15/25
20/20
25/15
30/10
35/5





Pressure ratio

5.79
5.24
5.64
5.64
5.65
5.66
5.67
5.68
5.70


Volumetric

 83.6%
84.7%
84.6%
84.7%
84.9%
85.0%
85.1%
85.2%
85.3%


efficiency


condenser glide
K
0.0
0.0
4.6
4.5
4.4
4.3
4.3
4.3
4.3


Evaporator glide
K
0.0
0.0
3.0
2.9
2.9
2.8
2.8
2.8
2.9


Evaporator inlet T
° C.
0.0
0.0
−1.5
−1.5
−1.4
−1.4
−1.4
−1.4
−1.4


Condenser exit T
° C.
55.0
55.0
52.7
52.7
52.8
52.8
52.9
52.9
52.9


Condenser
bar
16.88
16.46
19.80
19.81
19.80
19.78
19.74
19.69
19.62


pressure


Evaporator
bar
2.92
3.14
3.51
3.51
3.51
3.50
3.48
3.46
3.44


pressure


Refrigeration
kJ/kg
123.76
94.99
138.26
143.60
149.08
154.68
160.41
166.24
172.17


effect


COP

2.03
1.91
2.03
2.04
2.05
2.06
2.07
2.08
2.09


Discharge
° C.
99.15
92.88
106.76
108.33
109.90
111.48
113.05
114.61
116.17


temperature


Mass flow rate
kg/hr
174.53
227.39
156.23
150.42
144.89
139.64
134.66
129.93
125.46


Volumetric flow
m3/hr
13.16
14.03
11.02
10.92
10.84
10.77
10.71
10.66
10.62


rate


Volumetric
kJ/m3
1641
1540
1960
1978
1993
2006
2017
2026
2033


capacity


Pressure drop
kPa/m
953
1239
735
707
683
660
638
619
601


GWP (TAR)



676
681
687
693
698
704
710


F/(F + H)



0.610
0.588
0.567
0.547
0.528
0.511
0.494


Capacity relative to

106.6%
100.0%
127.3%
128.5%
129.5%
130.3%
131.0%
131.6%
132.1%


1234yf


Relative COP

106.0%
100.0%
105.9%
106.5%
107.0%
107.6%
108.1%
108.6%
109.1%


Relative

 76.9%
100.0%
59.3%
57.1%
55.1%
53.2%
51.5%
49.9%
48.5%


pressure drop

## Claims

1. A heat transfer composition comprising from about 5-89 wt % trans-1,3,3,3-tetrafluoropropene (R-1234ze(E)), from about 4-40 wt % difluoromethane (R-32) and from about 5-53 wt % 1,1-difluoroethane (R-152a).

2. A composition according to claim 1 comprising up to about 25% by weight R-32.

3. A composition according to claim 1 comprising up to about 45% by weight R-152a.

4. A composition according to claim 1 comprising from about 5 to about 12% by weight R-32, from about 10 to about 45% by weight of R-152a and from about 43 to about 85% by weight R-1234ze(E).

5. A composition according to claim 1 comprising from about 8 to about 12% by weight R-32, from about 5 to about 10% by weight R-152a, and from about 78 to about 87% by weight R-1234ze(E).

6. A composition according to claim 1 consisting essentially of R-32, R-152a and R-1234ze(E).

7. A composition according to claim 1 further comprising 1,1,1,2-tetrafluoroethane (R-134a).

8. A composition according to claim 7 comprising up to about 50% by weight of R-134a.

9. A composition according to claim 8 comprising from about 2 to about 15% by weight R-32, from about 5 to about 45% by weight R-152a, from about 25 to about 50% R-134a, and from about 5 to about 70% by weight R-1234ze(E).

10. A composition according to claim 7, consisting essentially of R-32, R-152a, R-1234ze(E) and R-134a.

11. A composition according to claim 1, wherein the composition has a GWP of less than 1000, preferably less than 150.

12. A composition according claim 1, wherein the temperature glide is less than about 10K, preferably less than about 5K.

13. A composition according claim 1, wherein the composition has a volumetric refrigeration capacity within about 15%, preferably within about 10% of the existing refrigerant that it is intended to replace.

14. A composition according to claim 1, wherein the composition is less flammable than R-32 alone, R-152a alone or R-1234yf alone.

15. A composition according to claim 14 wherein the composition has:
(a) a higher flammable limit;
(b) a higher ignition energy; and/or
(c) a lower flame velocity compared to R-32 alone, R-152a alone or R-1234yf alone.

16. A composition according to claim 1 which has a fluorine ratio (F/(F+H)) of from about 0.42 to about 0.7, preferably from about 0.44 to about 0.67.

17. A composition according to claim 1 which is non-flammable.

18. A composition according to claim 1, wherein the composition has a cycle efficiency within about 5% of the existing refrigerant that it is intended to replace.

19. A composition according to claim 1, wherein the composition has a compressor discharge temperature within about 15K, preferably within about 10K, of the existing refrigerant that it is intended to replace.

20. A composition comprising a lubricant and a composition according to claim 1.

21. A composition according to claim 20, wherein the lubricant is selected from mineral oil, silicone oil, polyalkyl benzenes (PABs), polyol esters (POEs), polyalkylene glycols (PAGs), polyalkylene glycol esters (PAG esters), polyvinyl ethers (PVEs), poly (alpha-olefins) and combinations thereof.

22. A composition according to claim 20 further comprising a stabilizer.

23. A composition according to claim 22, wherein the stabilizer is selected from diene-based compounds, phosphates, phenol compounds and epoxides, and mixtures thereof.

24. A composition comprising a flame retardant and a composition according to claim 1.

25. A composition according to claim 24, wherein the flame retardant is selected from the group consisting of tri-(2-chloroethyl)-phosphate, (chloropropyl) phosphate, tri-(2,3-dibromopropyl)-phosphate, tri-(1,3-dichloropropyl)-phosphate, diammonium phosphate, various halogenated aromatic compounds, antimony oxide, aluminum trihydrate, polyvinyl chloride, a fluorinated iodocarbon, a fluorinated bromocarbon, trifluoro iodomethane, perfluoroalkyl amines, bromo-fluoroalkyl amines and mixtures thereof.

26. A composition according to claim 1 which is a refrigerant composition.

27. A heat transfer device containing a composition as defined in claim 1.

28. A method for generating greenhouse gas emission credit comprising (i) replacing an existing compound or composition with a composition as defined in claim 1, wherein the composition as defined in claim 1 has a lower GWP than the existing compound or composition; and (ii) obtaining greenhouse gas emission credit for said replacing step.

29. A heat transfer device according to claim 27 which is a refrigeration device.

30. A heat transfer device according to claim 29 which is selected from group consisting of automotive air conditioning systems, residential air conditioning systems, commercial air conditioning systems, residential refrigerator systems, residential freezer systems, commercial refrigerator systems, commercial freezer systems, chiller air conditioning systems, chiller refrigeration systems, and commercial or residential heat pump systems.

31. A heat transfer device according to claim 29 which contains a compressor.

32. A blowing agent comprising a composition as defined in claim 1.

33. A foamable composition comprising one or more components capable of forming foam and a composition as defined in claim 1, wherein the one or more components capable of forming foam are selected from polyurethanes, thermoplastic polymers and resins, such as polystyrene, and epoxy resins, and mixtures thereof.

34. A foam obtainable from the foamable composition as defined in claim 33.

35. A method according to claim 28 wherein the existing compound or composition is a heat transfer composition.

36. A sprayable composition comprising material to be sprayed and a propellant comprising a composition as defined in claim 1.

37. A method for cooling an article which comprises condensing a composition as defined in claim 1 and thereafter evaporating the composition in the vicinity of the article to be cooled.

38. A method for heating an article which comprises condensing a composition as defined in claim 1 in the vicinity of the article to be heated and thereafter evaporating the composition.

39. A method for extracting a substance from biomass comprising contacting biomass with a solvent comprising a composition as defined in claim 1, and separating the substance from the solvent.

40. A method of cleaning an article comprising contacting the article with a solvent comprising a composition as defined in claim 1.

41. A method of extracting a material from an aqueous solution comprising contacting the aqueous solution with a solvent comprising a composition as defined in claim 1, and separating the substance from the solvent.

42. A method for extracting a material from a particulate solid matrix comprising contacting the particulate solid matrix with a solvent comprising a composition as defined in claim 1, and separating the material from the solvent.

43. A mechanical power generation device containing a composition as defined in claim 1.

44. A mechanical power generating device according to claim 43 which is adapted to use a Rankine Cycle or modification thereof to generate work from heat.

45. A method of retrofitting a heat transfer device comprising the step of removing an existing heat transfer fluid, and introducing a composition as defined in claim 1.

46. A method of claim 45 wherein the heat transfer device is a refrigeration device.

47. A method according to claim 46 wherein the heat transfer device is an air conditioning system.

48. A method for reducing the environmental impact arising from the operation of a product comprising an existing compound or composition, the method comprising replacing at least partially the existing compound or composition with a composition as defined in claim 1.

49. A method for preparing a composition as defined in claim 1, the method comprising introducing R-1243ze(E), R-32, and R-152a, and optionally a lubricant, a stabilizer and/or a flame retardant, into a heat transfer device containing an existing heat transfer fluid which is R-134a.

50. A method according to claim 49 comprising the step of removing at least some of the existing R-134a from the heat transfer device before introducing the R-1243ze(E), R-32, and R-152a, and optionally the lubricant, the stabilizer and/or the flame retardant.

51. A method according to claim 35 wherein the heat transfer composition is a refrigerant selected from R-134a, R-1234yf and R-152a.

52. A method of claim 28 wherein the use of the composition of the invention results in a lower Total Equivalent Warming Impact, and/or a lower Life-Cycle Carbon Production than is be attained by use of the existing compound or composition.

53. A method of claim 28 carried out on a product from the fields of air-conditioning, refrigeration, heat transfer, blowing agents, aerosols or sprayable propellants, gaseous dielectrics, cryosurgery, veterinary procedures, dental procedures, fire extinguishing, flame suppression, solvents, cleaners, air horns, pellet guns, topical anesthetics, and expansion applications.

54. A method according to claim 53 wherein the product is selected from a heat transfer device, a blowing agent, a foamable composition, a sprayable composition, a solvent or a mechanical power generation device.

55. A method according to claim 54 wherein the product is a heat transfer device.