* After examining the briefs and appellate record, this panel has determined

unanimously that oral argument would not materially assist the determination of

this appeal. See Fed. R. App. P. 34(a)(2); 10th Cir. R. 34.1(G). The case is

therefore ordered submitted without oral argument. This order is not binding

precedent, except under the doctrines of law of the case, res judicata, and

collateral estoppel. It may be cited, however, for its persuasive value consistent

with Fed. R. App. P. 32.1 and 10th Cir. R. 32.1. 

FILED

United States Court of Appeals

Tenth Circuit

August 3, 2010

Elisabeth A. Shumaker

Clerk of Court

UNITED STATES COURT OF APPEALS

FOR THE TENTH CIRCUIT

GENE E. AVILES,

Petitioner-Appellant,

v.

LOU ARCHULETTA, Warden,

L.C.F.; ATTORNEY GENERAL OF

THE STATE OF COLORADO,

Respondents-Appellees.

No. 10-1061

(D.C. No. 1:06-CV-01329-CMA-BNB)

(D. Colo.)

ORDER DENYING CERTIFICATE OF APPEALABILITY*

Before HOLMES, Circuit Judge, BRORBY, Senior Circuit Judge, and EBEL,

Circuit Judge.

Gene E. Aviles, a pro se Colorado state prisoner convicted of first-degree

murder and a crime of violence, seeks a certificate of appealability (COA) so that

he may challenge the district court’s denial of his 28 U.S.C. § 2254 petition for a

writ of habeas corpus. He also requests leave to proceed on appeal in forma
1 Neither Aviles nor Malone is African-American.

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pauperis (IFP). Exercising jurisdiction under 28 U.S.C. §§ 1291 and 2253(a), we

conclude that Aviles has failed to make a substantial showing of the denial of a

constitutional right. Accordingly, we deny his request for a COA, and we

dismiss this appeal. We further deny his request for IFP status.

BACKGROUND

On February 22, 1997, Aviles and Chris Malone were at a mall in Jefferson

County, Colorado. Both men were wearing clothing that suggested affiliation

with the Bloods street gang. Mr. Aviles was armed with a .380 caliber handgun,

loaded with Hydra-Shok® ammunition, which causes increased expansion inside

the “target material.” Trial Tr., Vol. XII at 181.

Aviles accompanied Malone to a T-shirt shop in the mall, where Malone

designed a shirt that read, “WANTED 1 SKINNY NIGGER 4 Harley Belt Drive.” 

ROA at 148. Aviles offered input on a few design details.1

 While waiting for the

shirt to be completed, Aviles and Malone were spotted by Christopher Seekamp,

an African-American who belonged to a rival Crips gang. Seekamp, who was at

the mall with two associates, began to taunt Aviles and Malone as they left the

store and walked around the mall. There was evidence that both groups

exchanged threatening gang signs. Because of the commotion, a crowd of

onlookers began to form.
-3-

Aviles and Malone returned for the finished t-shirt while Seekamp and his

associates waited outside the store, in the hall. At some point, Malone displayed

the shirt to Seekamp and his associates, prompting one of them to respond,

“[T]hat’s a cheap shirt almost as cheap as you are.” Trial Tr., Vol. X at 104. 

After Aviles and Malone exited the store and went into the mall, one of

Seekamp’s associates told them, “[D]on’t fuck with us.” Id., Vol. XII at 55. That

associate testified that Aviles told Seekamp, “[F]uck you, nigger.” Id. at 56.

Aviles and Malone headed toward a mall exit, followed by Seekamp, his

associates, and the crowd of onlookers, which according to one witness had

grown to “15 to 20” people. Id., Vol. X at 208. According to one of Seekamp’s

associates, Aviles said, “let’s go outside,” suggesting a fight. Id., Vol. XII at 66. 

Malone broke away from Aviles and ran ahead, exiting the mall. Seekamp

followed behind Aviles and taunted him in a loud voice with his hands above his

head, asking, “[W]hat are you going to do, you’re alone now[?],” id., Vol. XI at

174-75; see also id. at 185-86.

Seekamp followed Aviles outside the mall’s main doors, but then retreated

all the way inside when Aviles displayed his gun. The crowd that had been

following the two men “scatter[ed]” inside the mall. Id., Vol. X at 191. Aviles

turned away from the mall and proceeded toward the parking lot. But then

Seekamp threw open the mall doors with his hands “stretched out in front of

him,” id., Vol. XI at 75, breaking the glass, and headed out toward Aviles at “a
-4-

normal walking pace,” id., Vol. X at 193. When Seekamp got to within fifteen or

twenty feet of Aviles, Aviles fired one shot, killing Seekamp. Aviles then ran off

through the parking lot, threw the gun into a snow bank, and hid in a dumpster. 

When police found him some time later and removed him, he said, “I give up”

and that “[I]t was self-defense.” Id., Vol. XII at 147-48, 152.

A jury found Aviles guilty of first-degree murder and a crime of violence,

and in doing so, rejected his trial theory of self-defense. The court sentenced

Aviles to life imprisonment without the possibility of parole.

In the Colorado Court of Appeals, Aviles argued that (1) the trial court

erred in admitting the t-shirt as res gestae evidence; (2) the trial court erred in

excluding his statement about self-defense when apprehended by police, erred in

excluding evidence that Malone attempted to buy an identical t-shirt one month

after the shooting, and erred in precluding witness testimony about the intent of

the crowd of onlookers, which Aviles characterized as malicious; (3) the trial

court gave erroneous jury instructions; and (4) the evidence was insufficient to

convict. The Court of Appeals affirmed, and the Colorado Supreme Court denied

certiorari.

Proceeding pro se, Aviles then moved for state post-conviction relief,

arguing that his trial counsel was ineffective in not having the t-shirt excluded

and in not calling an expert witness to testify about gangs. The trial court denied
2 The dissenting judge thought that the case should be remanded for

appointment of counsel to explore whether an expert witness on gang psychology

should have been called to testify about why Seekamp re-emerged from the mall

after Aviles displayed his weapon.

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the motion, and the Colorado Court of Appeals affirmed in a 2-1 decision.2 The

Colorado Supreme Court denied certiorari.

Aviles then filed a second state post-conviction motion, arguing that his

appellate counsel was ineffective for not raising certain federal constitutional

claims. The Colorado courts again denied all relief.

Finally, Aviles petitioned the federal district court for habeas relief,

repeating some of the arguments he made on direct appeal and during the state

post-conviction proceedings. He also complained that he was not appointed

counsel and given an evidentiary hearing during the state post-conviction

proceedings. A magistrate judge recommended denying the petition. The district

court adopted that recommendation, denied Aviles’s petition, and denied his

requests for a COA and for IFP status.

In this court, Aviles seeks a COA to raise (1) the exclusions of his

statement, “[I]t was self defense,” evidence that Malone attempted to buy an

identical shirt after the killing, and evidence about the crowd’s intent; (2) his trial

counsel’s failure to call an expert witness on gangs; (3) the sufficiency of the

evidence; and (4) the lack of counsel during the state post-conviction

proceedings.
-6-

DISCUSSION

I. Standards of Review

Unless an applicant obtains a COA, we lack jurisdiction to consider the

merits of a habeas appeal. 28 U.S.C. § 2253(c)(1)(A). We may issue a COA

“only if the applicant has made a substantial showing of the denial of a

constitutional right.” Id. § 2253(c)(2). “This standard requires an applicant to

show that reasonable jurists could debate whether (or, for that matter, agree that)

the petition should have been resolved in a different manner or that the issues

presented were adequate to deserve encouragement to proceed further.” Yang v.

Archuleta, 525 F.3d 925, 928 (10th Cir. 2008).

Further, where the state courts have addressed the merits of the applicant’s

claims, we must incorporate the Anti-Terrorism and Effective Death Penalty Act’s

(AEDPA’s) deferential treatment of state court decisions into our consideration of

the COA request. Dockins v. Hines, 374 F.3d 935, 938 (10th Cir. 2004). Under

AEDPA, habeas relief is available if the state court’s decision “was contrary to,

or involved an unreasonable application of, clearly established Federal law, as

determined by the Supreme Court of the United States,” or “was based on an

unreasonable determination of the facts in light of the evidence presented in the

State court proceeding.” 28 U.S.C. § 2254(d)(1)-(2).
-7-

II. Exclusion of Evidence

Ordinarily, a state court’s evidentiary rulings cannot be challenged in a

federal habeas petition because they do not involve clearly established federal

law. See Smallwood v. Gibson, 191 F.3d 1257, 1275 (10th Cir. 1999). But “if the

alleged error was so grossly prejudicial that it fatally infected the trial and denied

the fundamental fairness that is the essence of due process,” habeas relief is

available. Bullock v. Carver, 297 F.3d 1036, 1055 (10th Cir. 2002) (quotations

and brackets omitted); see also Holmes v. South Carolina, 547 U.S. 319, 324

(2006) (observing that “the Constitution guarantees criminal defendants a

meaningful opportunity to present a complete defense” (quotations omitted)).

The Colorado Court of Appeals determined that any error in excluding

Aviles’s hearsay statement, “[I]t was self defense,” was harmless because

Aviles’s “theory at trial was self-defense, the jury was instructed on that theory,

and defense counsel argued self-defense during closing argument.” ROA at 184. 

The federal district court concluded that the state appellate court’s determination

was neither contrary to, nor an unreasonable application, of federal law, and we

agree. There could have been no doubt at trial that Aviles was claiming that he

killed Seekamp in self-defense. Indeed, both the prosecutor and defense attorney

made that point in opening (not just in closing) statements. Further, that Aviles

claimed self defense when apprehended does little to prove whether his claim was

reasonable—which was the ultimate issue before the jury. Because Aviles was
-8-

fully able to pursue his self-defense theory at trial, we conclude that the exclusion

of his statement, even if erroneous, was not fundamentally unfair.

The trial court’s additional exclusion of Malone’s attempt to buy another

t-shirt one month after the killing likewise did not make the trial fundamentally

unfair. While the evidence about the subsequent t-shirt purchase attempt may

have been indicative of Malone’s racial views, it says little about Aviles or the

circumstances surrounding his killing of Seekamp. Moreover, the evidence at

trial indicated that Aviles’s participation in designing the original t-shirt was only

minor. In short, the constitutional right to present a complete defense is not

abridged by the exclusion of “evidence that is repetitive, only marginally relevant

or [that] poses an undue risk of harassment, prejudice, or confusion of the issues.” 

Holmes, 547 U.S. at 326-27 (quotations, brackets, and ellipsis omitted).

Regarding the exclusion of a lay witness’s testimony about the crowd

following Seekamp and Aviles, the Colorado Court of Appeals noted that defense

counsel was asking the witness to predict the crowd’s intent based on its

behavior, even though the witness had seen the crowd only in its final stages. 

Consequently, there was no foundational basis for the proposed testimony. The

court also noted that other witnesses had described the crowd’s behavior. Like

the federal district court, we conclude that Aviles was not denied a fundamentally

fair trial by the (appropriate) exclusion of the witness’s testimony. “The accused

does not have an unfettered right to offer testimony that is incompetent,
-9-

privileged, or otherwise inadmissible under standard rules of evidence.” Taylor v.

Illinois, 484 U.S. 400, 410 (1988). Moreover, the jury was able to consider other

witnesses’ testimony about the crowd’s behavior when determining the

reasonableness of Aviles’s use of deadly force against Seekamp.

We conclude that jurists of reason could not disagree with the district

court’s denial of habeas relief in regard to Aviles’s exclusion-of-evidence

arguments.

III. Expert Testimony

Aviles contends that his trial counsel was ineffective for not presenting

expert testimony on gangs. To prevail on an ineffective assistance of counsel

claim, a petitioner must show that “counsel’s performance was deficient” and that

“the deficient performance prejudiced the defense.” Strickland v. Washington,

466 U.S. 668, 687 (1984). In light of AEDPA, “[t]he question is not whether a

federal court believes the state court’s determination under the Strickland

standard was incorrect but whether that determination was unreasonable—a

substantially higher threshold.” Knowles v. Mirzayance, 129 S. Ct. 1411, 1420

(2009) (quotations omitted). And because Strickland provides only a general

legal standard, the state court must be given “even more latitude” as to the

reasonableness of its decision. Id.

During the state post-conviction proceedings, Aviles argued that an expert

should have been called to testify that his clothing did not necessarily indicate
-10-

that he was a rival gang member, that he may have antagonized Seekamp by

walking away, that Seekamp’s associates and/or the crowd may have encouraged

him to re-emerge from the mall after Aviles displayed his gun, and that his

awareness of Seekamp as a gang member instilled fear in him. The Colorado

Court of Appeals held that trial counsel was not ineffective because the

hypothetical expert testimony would not have shed light on the reasonableness of

Aviles’s belief that deadly force was necessary. “At most it would have shown

[Seekamp’s] private motivations in continuing to approach [Aviles] after [his]

display of the pistol and [Seekamp’s] perceptions or misperception of [Aviles] as

a rival gang member.” ROA at 42. The court also noted that the prosecution did

not present expert gang testimony and that there was no indication that an expert

existed who was willing to testify as Aviles proposed. The federal district court

found that Strickland was reasonably applied.

We conclude that the reasonableness of the state court’s decision is not

debatable. Seekamp’s motivations were not relevant. It was clear that he planned

to fight Aviles. But what motivated Seekamp’s desire to fight does not help

explain whether an “objectively reasonable individual” would have used lethal

force to stop him. See cf. People v. Vasquez, 148 P.3d 326, 330 (Colo. App.

2006) (observing that the “defense of self-defense . . . ultimately requires that a

reasonable person would have believed and acted as the defendant did”). Expert
3 To the extent Aviles argues that there should have been expert testimony to

show he reasonably feared Seekamp, it is unclear whether the Colorado Court of

Appeals decided this aspect of his ineffective-assistance claim. If not, AEDPA’s

deferential standards would not inform our decision whether to grant a COA. See

Williams v. Jones, 571 F.3d 1086, 1090 (10th Cir. 2009). But even reviewing this

claim outside the confines of AEDPA, we conclude that it does not warrant a

COA. “[C]ounsel is strongly presumed to have rendered adequate assistance and

made all significant decisions in the exercise of reasonable professional

judgment.” Strickland, 466 U.S. at 690. There was considerable evidence at trial

about Seekamp’s aggressive nature, his gang membership, and his large physical

stature. Defense counsel could have reasonably determined that Aviles’s fear was

adequately demonstrated by that evidence and that expert testimony would have

been merely duplicative.

-11-

witness testimony is not admissible unless it “will assist the trier of fact to

understand the evidence or to determine a fact in issue.” Colo. R. Evid. 702.3

Granted, a dissenting state appellate judge thought that Aviles’s

post-conviction case should be remanded for appointment of counsel to explore

whether an expert witness on gang psychology should have been called to testify

about why Seekamp re-emerged from the mall after seeing Aviles with a gun. But

again, we do not see how speculation concerning Seekamp’s private motivations

would have been helpful to determine whether Aviles acted in an objectively

reasonable manner. Given the doubtful value of the proposed expert testimony, as

well as the fact that Aviles neither identified a proposed expert nor faced contrary

expert witness testimony, we conclude that jurists of reason could not disagree

with the resolution of Aviles’s ineffective-assistance-of-counsel claim.
4 Colo. Rev. Stat. § 18-3-102(1)(a) (1997) provides that “[a] person commits

the crime of murder in the first degree if . . . [a]fter deliberation and with the

intent to cause the death of a person other than himself, he causes the death of

that person or of another person[.]”

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III. Sufficiency of the Evidence

Under the due process clause, evidence is sufficient to support a conviction

if, “after viewing the evidence in the light most favorable to the prosecution, any

rational trier of fact could have found the essential elements of the crime beyond

a reasonable doubt.” Jackson v. Virginia, 443 U.S. 307, 319 (1979). “[O]ur

review under this standard is sharply limited, and a court faced with a record of

historical facts that supports conflicting inferences must presume—even if it does

not affirmatively appear in the record—that the trier of fact resolved any such

conflicts in favor of the prosecution, and must defer to that resolution.” Brown v.

Sirmons, 515 F.3d 1072, 1089 (10th Cir. 2008) (quotations and brackets omitted).

The Colorado Court of Appeals recited the Jackson standard, noted the

statutory elements of first-degree murder,4

 and recounted the following evidence:

[Aviles] exited the mall and was followed by [Seekamp]. [Aviles] then

pulled out a gun and brandished it in plain view of [Seekamp], at which

time [he] retreated. [Seekamp], undaunted, again pursued [Aviles], at

which time [Aviles] turned and shot [Seekamp], killing him in view of

more than fifteen witnesses.

ROA at 193. The district court found this to be a reasonable application of Jackson.

We agree, and point out evidence that the jury could have used to reject Aviles’s
5 Colo. Rev. Stat. § 18-1-704(2)(a) (1997) provides that “[d]eadly physical

force may be used only if a person reasonably believes a lesser degree of force is

inadequate” and that he or she is in imminent danger of suffering great bodily

injury or death. But self-defense is generally not available if the defendant

provokes the victim, if the defendant “is the initial aggressor” and has not

withdrawn from the encounter, or if the defendant and victim agreed to mutual

combat. Id. § 18-1-704(3).

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self-defense theory:5 Aviles went to the mall armed with a handgun that was loaded

with particularly lethal ammunition, called Seekamp a racial slur after participating

(albeit minimally) in the design of a racially offensive t-shirt, made threatening

verbal and hand gestures toward Seekamp, invited him to fight, and shot Seekamp

despite having a potential escape route thru the parking lot.

We conclude that the district court’s resolution of Aviles’s sufficiency-of-the

evidence claim is not debatable.

IV. Post-Conviction Counsel

Aviles argues that he was denied the right to counsel in the state

post-conviction proceedings. But “there is no federal constitutional right to

post-conviction representation.” Yang, 525 F.3d at 927 n.2.

CONCLUSION

Because Aviles has not demonstrated that reasonable jurists could debate

whether his federal habeas petition should have been resolved differently, or that the

issues he presented deserve encouragement to proceed further, we DENY his

application for a COA and DISMISS this appeal. Finally, we DENY his motion to

proceed IFP on appeal. See McIntosh v. U.S. Parole Com’n, 115 F.3d 809, 812-13
-14-

(10th Cir. 1997) (indicating that leave to proceed IFP requires both “a financial

inability to pay the required fees and the existence of a reasoned, nonfrivolous

argument on the law and facts in support of the issues raised”).

Entered for the Court

David M. Ebel

Circuit Judge