Ecological Soil Screening Levels 

for

Lead

Interim Final

OSWER Directive 9285.7-70

U.S. Environmental Protection Agency

Office of Solid Waste and Emergency Response

1200 Pennsylvania Avenue, N.W.

Washington, DC 20460

March 2005
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TABLE OF CONTENTS

1.0 INTRODUCTION ....................................................... 1

2.0 SUMMARY OF ECO-SSLs FOR LEAD . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1

3.0 ECO-SSL FOR TERRESTRIAL PLANTS . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 4

4.0 ECO-SSL FOR SOIL INVERTEBRATES . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 4

5.0 ECO-SSL FOR AVIAN WILDLIFE . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 4

5.1 Avian TRV ........................................................ 4

5.2 Estimation of Dose and Calculation of the Eco-SSL ........................ 9

6.0 ECO-SSL FOR MAMMALIAN WILDLIFE . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 11

6.1 Mammalian TRV .................................................. 11

6.2 Estimation of Dose and Calculation of the Eco-SSL ....................... 11

7.0 REFERENCES ......................................................... 20

7.1 General Lead References ............................................ 20

7.2 References for Plants and Soil Invertebrates ............................. 20

7.3 References Rejected for Use in Deriving Plant and Soil Invertebrate Eco-SSLs . 22

7.4 References Used in Deriving Wildlife TRVs ............................ 56

7.5 References Rejected for Use in Derivation of Wildlife TRV ................ 72
ii

LIST OF TABLES

Table 2.1 Lead Eco-SSLs (mg/kg dry weight in soil) .............................. 3

Table 3.1 Plant Toxicity Data - Lead ........................................... 5

Table 4.1 Invertebrate Toxicity Data - Lead ..................................... 6

Table 5.1 Avian Toxicity Data Extracted for Wildlife Toxicity Reference Value (TRV) . . 7

Table 5.2 Calculation of the Avian Eco-SSLs for Lead ............................ 9

Table 6.1 Mammalian Toxicity Data Used to Derive TRV - Lead ................... 12

Table 6.2 Calculation of the Mammalian Eco-SSLs for Lead ....................... 19

LIST OF FIGURES

Figure 2.1 Typical Background Concentrations of Lead in U.S. Soils .................. 3

Figure 5.1 Avian TRV Derivation for Lead ..................................... 10

Figure 6.1 Mammalian TRV Derivation for Lead ................................ 18

LIST OF APPENDICES

Appendix 5-1 Avian Toxicity Data Extracted and Reviewed for Wildlife Toxicity

Reference Value (TRV) - Lead

Appendix 6-1 Mammalian Toxicity Data Extracted and Reviewed for Wildlife Toxicity

Reference Value (TRV) - Lead
Eco-SSL for Lead 1 March 2005

1.0 INTRODUCTION

Ecological Soil Screening Levels (Eco-SSLs) are concentrations of contaminants in soil that are

protective of ecological receptors that commonly come into contact with soil or ingest biota that

live in or on soil. Eco-SSLs are derived separately for four groups of ecological receptors: 

plants, soil invertebrates, birds, and mammals. As such, these values are presumed to provide

adequate protection of terrestrial ecosystems. Eco-SSLs for wildlife are derived to be protective

of the representative of the conservative end of the distribution in order to make estimates for

local populations. The Eco-SSLs are conservative and are intended to be applied at the

screening stage of an ecological risk assessment. These screening levels should be used to

identify the contaminants of potential concern (COPCs) that require further evaluation in the

site-specific baseline ecological risk assessment that is completed according to specific guidance

(U.S. EPA, 1997, 1998, and 1999). The Eco-SSLs are not designed to be used as cleanup levels

and United States (U.S.) Environmental Protection Agency (EPA) emphasizes that it would be

inappropriate to adopt or modify these Eco-SSLs as cleanup standards. 

The detailed procedures used to derive Eco-SSL values are described in separate documentation

(U.S. EPA, 2003). The derivation procedures represent the collaborative effort of a

multi-stakeholder team consisting of federal, state, consulting, industry, and academic

participants led by the U.S. EPA, Office of Solid Waste and Emergency Response. 

This document provides the Eco-SSL values for lead and the documentation for their derivation. 

This document provides guidance and is designed to communicate national policy on identifying

lead concentrations in soil that may present an unacceptable ecological risk to terrestrial

receptors. The document does not, however, substitute for EPA's statutes or regulations, nor is it

a regulation itself. Thus, it does not impose legally-binding requirements on EPA, states, or the

regulated community, and may not apply to a particular situation based upon the circumstances

of the site. EPA may change this guidance in the future, as appropriate. EPA and state

personnel may use and accept other technically sound approaches, either on their own initiative,

or at the suggestion of potentially responsible parties, or other interested parties. Therefore,

interested parties are free to raise questions and objections about the substance of this document

and the appropriateness of the application of this document to a particular situation. EPA

welcomes public comments on this document at any time and may consider such comments in

future revisions of this document.

2.0 SUMMARY OF ECO-SSLs FOR LEAD

Lead is a naturally occurring element which can be found in all environmental media: air, soil,

sediment, and water. The extent of occurrence of lead in the earth's crust is about 15 g/ton, or

0.002%. Lead occurs chiefly as a sulfide in galena. Other lead minerals include anglesite

(PbSO4), cerussite (PbCO3), mimetite (PbCl2C3Pb3(AsO4)2), and pyromorphite [PbCl2

C3Pb3(PO4)2)] (Budavari, 1996). Lead is released to the environment from coal-fired power
Eco-SSL for Lead 2 March 2005

plants, ceramic manufacturing, mining, ore processing, smelting of lead ores, refining, the

production and use of lead alloys and compounds, recycling, combustion processes, industrial

processes, and from disposal. Lead may also be deposited on land as slag, dust, sludge, and

water treatment residues from manufacturing and waste treatment processes (NRCC, 1978, U.S.

EPA, 1979).

Lead in soil is relatively immobile and persistent whether added to the soil as halides,

hydroxides, oxides, carbonates, or sulfates (U.S. EPA, 1979). When released to soil, lead is

normally converted from soluble lead compounds to relatively insoluble sulfate or phosphate

derivatives. It also forms complexes with organic matter and clay minerals which limits its

mobility. The efficient fixation of lead in soils limits the transfer of lead to aquatic systems. 

However, leaching of lead can be relatively rapid from some soils, especially at highly

contaminated sites or landfills (Kayser et al., 1982). Lead is most available from acidic sandy

soils which contain little material capable of binding lead (NRCC, 1978). Concentrations of lead

in soil solution reach a minimum between pH 5 and 6 because metal-organic complexes form in

this pH range. Only a small fraction of lead in lead-contaminated soil appears to be in watersoluble form (0.2-1%) (http://toxnet.nlm.nih.gov). The uptake of lead by plants also depends on

other factors including cation exchange capacity, soil composition (e.g., organic matter content,

calcium content), metal concentrations, precipitation, light, and temperature. Lead uptake by

plants is favored at lower pH values and in soils with low organic carbon content (DeMayo et al,

1982).

Lead may also be found in soils as stable organic compounds or metallic lead or lead alloys from

the use of lead shot or fishing weights. The Eco-SSLs are derived for the inorganic forms of lead

found in soils and are not derived for either organic lead compounds or metallic lead shot.

If these waste sources are suspected to be present or are present, then a site-specific evaluation of

risks associated with these forms of lead will be required outside of the use of the Eco-SSL

values.

Lead is not considered to be an essential element for plant growth and development. Lead

inhibits growth, reduces photosynthesis (by inhibiting enzymes unique to photosynthesis),

interferes with cell division and respiration, reduces water absorption and transpiration,

accelerates abscission or defoliation and pigmentation, and reduces chlorophyll and ATP

synthesis (U.S. EPA, 1979).

Lead is also not considered an essential element for birds or mammals. Clinical signs of lead

toxicity in domestic animals are manifested differently for different species, but the overall signs

are of encephalopathy preceded and accompanied by gastrointestinal malfunction (Booth and

MacDonald, 1982). Behavorial signs of poisoning include anxiety, apprehension,

hyperexcitability, vocalization, rolling of eyes, apparent fear or terror, possible belligerence,

pressing of the head against a wall or post, attempts to climb a wall, sudden jumping into the air,

frenzied or manical behavior (Booth and MacDonald, 1982). Locomotor disturbances of lead

poisoning range from a stiff, stilted gait with ataxia and incoordination to rigidity of all postural

muscles, swaying, and posterior weakness to compulsive hypermotility (circling, pacing,

running). (Booth and MacDonald, 1982). 
Eco-SSL for Lead 3 March 2005

0

20

40

60

80

100

120

East West

Conc (mg/kg dw)

Figure 2.1 Typical Background Concentrations of Lead 

in U.S. Soils

Maximum

95th

25th

50th

75th

5th Percentile

Lead can interfere with the synthesis of heme, thereby altering the urinary or blood concentration 

of enzymes and intermediates in heme synthesis or their derivatives. Thus, lead poisoning can

lead to accumulation of non-heme iron and protoporphyrin-IX in red cells, an increase in

delta-aminolevulinic acid (ALA) in blood and urine, an increase in urinary coproporphyrin,

proporphyrin, and porphobilinogen, inhibition of blood ALA-dehydratase (ALA-D), and an

increased proportion of immature red cells in the blood (reticulocytes and basophilic stippled

cells (NIOSH, 1978). One of the characteristic cellular metabolic reactions in lead intoxication

is the formation of intranuclear inclusion bodies, a discrete, dense-staining mass found in the

liver parenchyma and in the tubular lining cells of the kidney (Clayton and Clayton, 1994). The

intranuclear inclusion bodies are a lead protein complex that may have adaptive function in

excessive lead exposure (NIOSH, 1978). Other signs of lead poisoning in domestic animals

include rapid labored breathing, anorexia, weight loss, decreased milk production, dehydration,

emaciation, fetal death with either resorption or abortion of the fetus, general weakness (Booth

and MacDonald, 1982), paraplegia (WHO, 1977), mortality and impaired postnatal growth

(Rattner et al., 1975), reduced pregnancy rate (Kennedy et al., 1975), and interference with

resistance to infectious disease (Gainer, 1974) (http://toxnet.nlm.nih.gov).

The Eco-SSL values derived to date for lead are summarized in Table 2.1.

Table 2.1 Lead Eco-SSLs (mg/kg dry weight in soil)

 Plants Soil Invertebrates

Wildlife

Avian Mammalian

120 1,700 11 56

Eco-SSL values for lead were

derived for all receptor groups. 

The Eco-SSLs range from 11

mg/kg dry weight (dw) for avian

wildlife to 1,700 mg/kg dw for

soil invertebrates. The Eco-SSL

values for lead for plants, soil

invertebrates, and mammalian

wildlife are higher than the 95th

percentiles of reported

background concentrations for

both eastern and western U.S.

soils (Figure 2.1) (at 38 and 32

mg/kg, respectively. The EcoSSL value for lead for avian

wildlife is, however, lower than

the 50th percentile for reported

background concentrations in eastern and western U.S. soils (Figure 2.1). Background

concentrations reported for many metals in U.S. soils are described in Attachment 1-4 of the

Eco-SSL guidance (U.S. EPA, 2003).
Eco-SSL for Lead 4 March 2005

3.0 ECO-SSL FOR TERRESTRIAL PLANTS

Of the papers identified from the literature search process, 439 were selected for acquisition for

further review. Of those papers acquired, 28 met all 11 Study Acceptance Criteria (U.S. EPA,

2003; Attachment 3-1). Each of these papers were reviewed and the studies were scored

according to the Eco-SSL guidance (U.S. EPA, 2003; Attachment 3-2). Thirty studies received

an Evaluation Score greater than ten. These studies are listed in Table 3.1.

The data in Table 3.1 are sorted by bioavailability score. There are eleven studies eligible for

Eco-SSL derivation. There are four studies eligible for Eco-SSL derivation with a

bioavailability score of 2 and all were used to derive the plant Eco-SSL for lead (U.S. EPA,

2003; Attachment 3-2). The Eco-SSL is the geometric mean of the maximum acceptable

toxicant concentration (MATC) values for four test species under three different test conditions

(pH and % organic matter (OM)) and is equal to 120 mg/kg dw. 

4.0 ECO-SSL FOR SOIL INVERTEBRATES

Of the papers identified from the literature search process, 179 were selected for acquisition for

further review. Of those papers acquired, 13 met all 11 Study Acceptance Criteria (U.S. EPA,

2003; Attachment 3-1). Each of these papers were reviewed and the studies were scored

according to the Eco-SSL guidance (U.S. EPA, 2003; Attachment 3-2). Eighteen studies

received an Evaluation Score greater than ten. These studies are listed in Table 4.1.

The data in Table 4.1 are sorted by bioavailability score. There are four studies eligible for EcoSSL derivation and all were used to derive the soil invertebrate Eco-SSL for lead (U.S. EPA,

2003; Attachment 3-2). The Eco-SSL is the geometric mean of the MATC values for one test

species under three different test conditions (pH) and is equal to 1,700 mg/kg dw. 

5.0 ECO-SSL FOR AVIAN WILDLIFE

The derivation of the Eco-SSL for avian wildlife was completed as two parts. First, the toxicity

reference values (TRV) was derived according to the Eco-SSL guidance (U.S. EPA, 2003;

Attachment 4-5). Second, the Eco-SSL (soil concentration) was back-calculated for each of

three surrogate species based on the wildlife exposure model and the TRV (U.S. EPA, 2003).

5.1 Avian TRV

The literature search completed according to the Eco-SSL guidance (U.S. EPA, 2003;

Attachment 4-2) identified 2,429 papers with possible toxicity data for lead for either avian or

mammalian species. Of these papers, 2,157 were rejected for use as described in Section 7.5. 

Of the remaining papers, 54 contained data for avian test species. These papers were reviewed

and the data were extracted and scored according to the Eco-SSL guidance (U.S. EPA, 2003;

Attachment 4-3 and 4-4). The results of the data extraction and review are summarized in Table

5.1. The complete results are included as Appendix 5-1. 
Table 3.1 Plant Toxicity Data - Lead

Reference Study ID Soil pH OM %

Bioavailability 

Score

ERE Tox Parameter Tox Value (Soil Conc. mg/kg dw) 

Davis and Barnes, 1973 a Loblolly pine Pinus taeda 4 2.5 2 GRO MATC 144 Davis and Barnes, 1973 b Red maple Acer rubrum 4 2.5 2 GRO MATC 144 Marques Dos Santos et al., 1993 b Berseem clover Trifolium alexandrium 6.3 0.94 2 GRO MATC 316 Marques Dos Santos et al., 1993 a Berseem clover Trifolium alexandrium 6.7 3.11 1 GRO MATC 141 Singh and Jeng, 1993 Ryegrass Lolium rigidum 5.6 0.1 2 GRO MATC 22 

115

Chappelka et al., 1991 Loblolly pine Pinus taeda 5.5 3.4 2 GRO NOAEC 480 Dixon, 1988 Red Oak Querus rubras 6 1.5 2 GRO LOAEC 100 Gaweda, 1991 a Spinach Spinacia oleracea 6.7 0.0 2 GRO NOAEC 600 Taylor, 1974 Alfalfa Medicago sativa 6.4 1.0 2 GRO NOAEC 250 Taylor and Allinson, 1981 h Alfalfa Medicago sativa 6.9 1.7 2 GRO NOAEC 250 Taylor and Allinson, 1981 I Alfalfa Medicago sativa 6.9 1.7 2 GRO NOAEC 250 Zaman and Zereen, 1998 a Radish Raphanus sativus 6.9 1.0 2 GRO, BIO LOAEC 500 Zaman and Zereen, 1998 b Radish Raphanus sativus 6.9 1.0 2 GRO LOAEC 100 Zaman and Zereen, 1998 c Radish Raphanus sativus 6.9 1.0 2 GRO LOAEC 100 Balba et al., 1991 b Tomato Lycopersicum esculentum 7.73 1.70 1 REP MATC 71 

Balba et al., 1991 c Tomato Lycopersicum esculentum 8.20 0.86 1 REP MATC 71 

Dang et al., 1990 g Fenugreek Trigonella foenum 8.3 0.5 1 GRO MATC 283 Gaweda, 1991 b Spinach Spinacia oleracea 6.7 3.0 1 GRO MATC 424 Hassett et al., 1976 Corn Zea mays 6.5 2.1 1 GRO MATC 158 Xiong, 1997 Sow thistle Sonchous oleraceus L. 7.23 1.6 1 GRO MATC 2263 

Dang et al., 1990 d Onion Allium cepa 8.3 0.5 1 GRO LOAEC 50 

Gaweda and Capecka, 1995 a Radish Raphanus sativus 5.1 8.0 1 GRO NOAEC 600 Kadar and Morvai, 1998 a Carrot Daucus carota 7.0 0.6 1 GRO NOAEC 85 Kadar and Morvai, 1998 b Peas Pisum sativum 7.0 0.6 1 GRO NOAEC 85 Patel et al., 1977 Barley Hordeum vulgare 6.0 2.5 1 GRO NOAEC 1000 Taylor and Allinson, 1981 g Alfalfa Medicago sativa 6.9 4.8 1 GRO NOAEC 250 Balba et al., 1991 a Tomato Lycopersicum esculentum 7.45 2.06 0 REP MATC 35 

Gaweda, 1991 c Spinach Spinacia oleracea 6.7 8.0 0 GRO NOAEC 600 

Gaweda and Capecka, 1995 b Radish Raphanus sativus 6.2 8.0 0 GRO NOAEC 600 Gaweda and Capecka, 1995 c Radish Raphanus sativus 7.1 8.0 0 GRO NOAEC 600 BIO = BiomassERE = Ecologically relevant endpoint NOAEC = No observed adverse effect concentrationGRO = Growth OM = Organic matter contentLOAEC = Lowest observed adverse effect concentration Y = YesMATC = Maximum acceptable toxicant concentration. Geometric mean of NOAEC and LOAEC. Bioavailability Score described in Guidance for Developing Eco-SSLs (UN = No Total Evaluation Score described in Guidance for Developing Eco-SSLs (REP = Reproduction

Test Organism

Geometric Mean

Data Not Used to Derive Eco-SSL

Eco-SSL for Lead 5 
Table 4.1 Invertebrate Toxicity Data - Lead

Reference Study ID Soil pH OM % Bio- availability Score ERE Tox Parameter Tox Value (Soil Conc. mg/kg dw) 

E

Sandifer and Hopkin, 1996 a Collembola Folsomia candida 6.0 10.0 1 REP MATC 3162 

Sandifer and Hopkin, 1996 c Collembola Folsomia candida 4.5 10.0 1 REP MATC 3162 Sandifer and Hopkin, 1996 b Collembola Folsomia candida 5.0 10.0 1 REP MATC 894 Sandifer and Hopkin, 1997 Collembola Folsomia candida 6.0 10.0 1 REP MATC 894 

1682

Peredney and Williams, 2000b s Nematode Caenorhabditis elegans 4 1.14 2 MOR LC50 285 

Peredney and Williams, 2000b t Nematode Caenorhabditis elegans 4 1.14 2 MOR LC50 297 Peredney and Williams, 2000b u Nematode Caenorhabditis elegans 4 4.2 2 MOR LC50 847 Peredney and Williams, 2000b v Nematode Caenorhabditis elegans 4 4.2 2 MOR LC50 1341 Donkin and Dusenbery, 1994 a Nematode Caenorhabditis elegans 6.2 1.7 2 MOR LC50 1554 Donkin and Dusenbery, 1994 b Nematode Caenorhabditis elegans 5.1 3.0 2 MOR LC50 891 Spurgeon et al., 1994 Earthworm Eisenia fetida 6.3 10.0 1 REP EC50 1940 Spurgeon and Hopkin, 1995 Earthworm Eisenia fetida 6.1 10.0 1 REP EC50 1629 Neuhauser et al., 1985a; 1985b b Earthworm Eisenia fetida 6.0 10.0 1 MOR LC50 3716 Conder and Lanno, 2000 Earthworm Eisenia fetida 6.5 10.0 1 MOR ILL 1.16 Peredney and Williams, 2000a; 2000b w Nematode Caenorhabditis elegans 4 10 1 MOR LC50 1434 Peredney and Williams, 2000b x Nematode Caenorhabditis elegans 4 10 1 MOR NOAEC 2235 

Donkin and Dusenbery, 1994 c Nematode Caenorhabditis elegans 6.1 3.4 1 MOR LC50 13.9 

Donkin and Dusenbery, 1994 d Nematode Caenorhabditis elegans 6.2 2.2 1 MOR LC50 11.6 EC50 = Effect concentration for 50% of test population

ERE = Ecologically relevant endpointILL = Incipient lethal levelLC50 = Concentration lethal to 50% of test population

LOAEC = Lowest observed adverse effect concentrationOM = Organic matter contentREP = ReproductionMATC = Maximum acceptable toxicant concentration = geometric mean of NOAEC and LOAECMOR = MortalityN = NoNOAEC = No observed adverse effect concentrationY = YesBioavailability Score described in Guidance for Developing Eco-SSLs (USEPA, 2003)

Total Evaluation Score described in Guidance for Developing Eco-SSLs (USEPA, 2003)

Test Organism

Geometric Mean

Data Not Used to Derive Eco-SSL

Eco-SSL for Lead 6 
Table 5.1 Avian Toxicity Data Extracted for Wildlife Toxicity Reference Value (TRV)

Lead

Page 1 of 2

Result #

Reference Ref No. Test Organism

# of Conc/ DosesMethod of AnalysesRoute of ExposureExposure DurationDuration UnitsAgeAge UnitsLifestageSexEffect TypeEffect MeasureResponse SiteNOAEL Dose (mg/kg bw/day)LOAEL Dose (mg/kg bw/day)Data Evaluation Score

1 Scheuhammer, 1987 2860 Zebra finch (Poephila guttata ) 7 U FD 35 d NR NR AD M ENZ ALAD BL 0.0584 0.292 69

2 Edens and Garlich, 1983 2608 Japanese quail (Coturnix japonica ) 4 U FD 5 w 6 w JV F CHM CALC BL 0.194 1.94 68

3 Edens and Garlich, 1983 2608 Japanese quail (Coturnix japonica ) 4 U FD 5 w 6 d JV F CHM CALC BL 0.194 1.94 70

4 Finley et al., 1976 2624 Mallard (Anas platyrhynchos) 4 M FD 12 w 1 yr AD M ENZ ALAD BL 0.201 0.586 78

5 Edens and Garlich, 1983 2608 Chicken (Gallus domesticus) 5 U FD 2 w NR NR AD F CHM CALC BL 6.24 12.5 72

6 Morgan et al., 1975 2779 Japanese quail (Coturnix japonica ) 5 U FD 5 w 6 d JV NR CHM HMGL BL 12.6 126 69

7 Morgan et al., 1975 2779 Japanese quail (Coturnix japonica ) 5 U FD 5 w 1 d JV NR CHM HMGL BL 13.5 67.4 69

8 Stone et al., 1981 6463 Japanese quail (Coturnix japonica ) 5 U FD 14 d 1 d JV B CHM HMGL BL 34.5 69

9 Edens et al., 1976 2606 Japanese quail (Coturnix japonica ) 5 U FD 12 w 0 d JV F CHM CALC BL 0.111 67

10 Franson et al., 1983 2636 American kestrel (Falco sparverius) 3 M FD 6 mo 1-6 yr AD B ENZ ALAD BL 2.52 71

11 Kendall and Scanlon, 1982 14770 Ringed Turtle Dove (Streptopelia risoria ) 4 U GV 7 d NR NR AD M ENZ ALAD BL 25.0 68

12 Hoffman et al, 1985 11651 American kestrel (Falco sparverius) 4 U GV 10 d 1 d JV NR CHM HMGL BL 26.3 77

13 Edens and Melvin, 1989 2609 Japanese quail (Coturnix japonica ) 2 U FD 7 w 14 w JV F CHM CALC PL 93.1 66

14 Finley et al., 1976 2624 Mallard (Anas platyrhynchos) 4 M FD 12 w 1 yr AD M FDB FCNS WO 2.47 66

15 Edens and Garlich, 1983 2608 Chicken (Gallus domesticus) 5 U FD 10 w NR NR AD F FDB FCNS WO 3.26 6.52 75

16 Damron et al, 1969 14768 Chicken (Gallus domesticus) 4 U FD 4 w 4 w JV NR FDB FEFF WO 7.10 71.0 72

17 Pattec 1984 2809 American kestrel (Falco sparverius) 3 M FD 6 mo 1 - 6 yr AD B FDB FCNS WO 12.0 75

18 Damron et al, 1969 14768 Chicken (Gallus domesticus) 4 U FD 4 w 4 w JV NR FDB FEFF WO 61.4 123 74

19 Donaldson and McGowan, 1989 1285 Chicken (Gallus domesticus) 5 U FD 20 d 1 d JV M FDB FEFF WO 163 68

20 Bafundo et al. 1984 2517 Chicken (Gallus domesticus) 4 U FD 14 d 8 d JV M BEH FEFF WO 304 456 73

21 Edens and Garlich, 1983 2608 Japanese quail (Coturnix japonica ) 4 U FD 5 w 1 d JV F FDB FCNS WO 1.94 19.4 71

22 Barthalmus et al., 1977 2526 Pigeon (Columba livia ) 4 U GV 17 d NR NR AD M BEH NMVM WO 6.25 71

23 Stone and Soares, 1976 2898 Japanese quail (Coturnix japonica ) 3 U FD 32 d NR NR AD F FDB FCNS WO 64.3 68

24 Edens and Melvin, 1989 2609 Japanese quail (Coturnix japonica ) 2 U FD 7 w 14 w JV F FDB FCNS WO 93.1 69

25 Bafundo et al. 1984 2517 Chicken (Gallus domesticus) 4 U FD 14 d 8 d JV M BEH FEFF WO 456 67

26 Edens and Garlich, 1983 2608 Chicken (Gallus domesticus) 5 U FD 10 w NR NR AD F PHY SKIR FE 6.24 12.5 75

27 Finley et al., 1976 2624 Mallard (Anas platyrhynchos) 4 M FD 12 w 1 yr AD M GRS BDWT WO 2.33 66

28 Stone and Fox, 1984 6291 Japanese quail (Coturnix japonica ) 3 U FD 14 d 1 d JV B ORW ORWT LI 2.77 68

29 Stone et al., 1977 2897 Japanese quail (Coturnix japonica ) 2 U FD 2 w 1 d JV NR ORW SMIX KI 4.64 66

30 Edens and Garlich, 1983 2608 Chicken (Gallus domesticus) 5 U FD 10 w NR NR AD F GRS BDWT WO 6.24 12.5 75

31 Edens et al., 1976 2606 Japanese quail (Coturnix japonica ) 5 U FD 12 w 0 d JV M ORW ORWT LI 11.89 119 75

32 Pattec 1984 2809 American kestrel (Falco sparverius) 3 M FD 6 mo 1 - 6 yr AD B GRS BDWT WO 12.0 84

33 Franson et al., 1983 2636 American kestrel (Falco sparverius) 3 M FD 6 mo 1-6 yr AD B ORW SMIX MT 14.1 70

34 Barthalmus et al., 1977 2526 Pigeon (Columba livia ) 4 U GV 55 d NR NR AD M GRS BDWT WO 12.5 25.0 77

35 Cory-Slechta et al., 1980 2576 Pigeon (Columba livia ) 4 U GV 35 d NR NR NR M ITX GITX WO 18.0 53.0 77

36 Hoffman et al., 1985 2696 American kestrel (Falco sparverius) 4 U GV 10 d 1 d JV NR ORW ORWT BR 25.0 125 84

37 Morgan et al., 1975 2779 Japanese quail (Coturnix japonica ) 5 U FD 5 w 1 d JV M ORW SMIX AR 67.4 135 74

38 Kendall and Scanlon, 1982 14770 Ringed Turtle Dove (Streptopelia risoria ) 4 U GV 7 d NR NR AD M GRS BDWT WO 75.0 69

39 Edens and Melvin, 1989 2609 Japanese quail (Coturnix japonica ) 2 U FD 7 w 14 w JV F ORW SMIX FM 93.1 67

40 Edens, 1985 2605 Japanese quail (Coturnix japonica ) 5 U FD 12 w 1 w JV F ORW SMIX BR 118 68

41 Vengris and Mare, 1974 14384 Chicken (Gallus domesticus) 7 U GV 35 d 6 w JV B ITX ANR WO 160 320 81

42 Rao et al., 1989 818 Duck (Anas platyrhynchos) 2 U FD 12 w 7 mo JV F HIS GLBM KI 1.71 67

43 Rao et al. 1989 817 Duck (Anas platyrhynchos) 2 U FD 13 w 7 mo JV F HIS GHIS KI 2.46 67

44 Anders et al., 1982 2513 Pigeon (Columba livia ) 2 U GV 5 w NR NR AD M HIS GHIS KI 6.25 68

45 Donaldson and McGowan, 1989 1285 Chicken (Gallus domesticus) 5 U FD 20 d 1 d JV M ORW ORWT LI 38.2 67

46 Stone and Soares, 1976 2898 Japanese quail (Coturnix japonica ) 3 U FD 32 d NR NR AD F ORW SMIX LI 64.3 68

47 Cupo and Donaldson, 1987 2579 Chicken (Gallus domesticus) 2 U FD 21 d 1 d JV M ORW ORWT AR 194 68

48 Johnsen and Damron 1982 2724 Goose (Anser cygnides) 5 U FD 12 w 26 w JV NR HIS GHIS LI 196 68

49 Stone and Soares, 1976 2898 Japanese quail (Coturnix japonica ) 2 U FD 27 d NR NR AD F ORW SMIX TB 377 68

50 Edens and Garlich, 1983 2608 Japanese quail (Coturnix japonica ) 4 U FD 5 w 6 w LB F REP PROG WO 0.194 1.94 77

51 Edens and Garlich, 1983 2608 Chicken (Gallus domesticus) 3 U FD 4 w NR NR LB F REP PROG WO 1.63 3.26 79

52 Meluzzi et al., 1996 2771 Chicken (Gallus domesticus) 4 U FD 30 d 22 w LB F EGG ALWT EG 2.69 4.04 81

53 Haegele et al. 1974 2668 Mallard (Anas platyrhynchos) 2 U FD 76 d NR NR SM F EGG ESTH EG 5.63 71

54 Pattec 1984 2809 American kestrel (Falco sparverius) 3 M FD 6 mo 1-6 yr AD F REP RSUC WO 12.0 90

55 Morgan et al., 1975 2779 Japanese quail (Coturnix japonica ) 5 U FD 5 w 6 d JV M REP TEWT TE 12.6 126 78

56 Morgan et al., 1975 2779 Japanese quail (Coturnix japonica ) 5 U FD 5 w 1 d JV M REP TEWT TE 67.4 135 80

57 Stone and Soares, 1976 2898 Japanese quail (Coturnix japonica ) 3 U FD 32 d NR NR AD F REP PROG WO 125 67

58 Edens et al., 1976 2606 Japanese quail (Coturnix japonica ) 5 U FD 12 w 0 d LB B REP EGPN EG 0.110 77

Reproduction

Biochemical

Behavior

Pathology

Physiology

Eco-SSL for Lead March 2005
Table 5.1 Avian Toxicity Data Extracted for Wildlife Toxicity Reference Value (TRV)

Lead

Page 2 of 2

Result #

Reference Ref No. Test Organism

# of Conc/ DosesMethod of AnalysesRoute of ExposureExposure DurationDuration UnitsAgeAge UnitsLifestageSexEffect TypeEffect MeasureResponse SiteNOAEL Dose (mg/kg bw/day)LOAEL Dose (mg/kg bw/day)Data Evaluation Score

59 Edens and Garlich, 1983 2608 Japanese quail (Coturnix japonica ) 4 U FD 12 w NR NR LB F REP PROG WO 0.194 75

60 Edens and Garlich, 1983 2608 Chicken (Gallus domesticus) 5 U FD 10 w NR NR LB F REP PROG WO 3.26 75

61 Kendall and Scanlon, 1981 2734 Ringed Turtle Dove (Streptopelia risoria ) 2 U DR 11 w NR NR AD M REP TEWT TE 11.8 68

62 Edens and Melvin, 1989 2609 Japanese quail (Coturnix japonica ) 2 U FD 1 w 14 w JV F REP TPRD WO 93.1 75

63 Stone and Soares, 1976 2898 Japanese quail (Coturnix japonica ) 2 U FD 27 d NR NR AD F REP PROG WO 377 74

64 Edens and Garlich, 1983 2608 Japanese quail (Coturnix japonica ) 3 U FD 5 w 1 d JV F GRO BDWT WO 1.56 15.6 77

65 Stone and Fox, 1984 6291 Japanese quail (Coturnix japonica ) 3 U FD 2 w 1 d JV B GRO BDWT WO 2.77 72

66 Stone et al., 1977 2897 Japanese quail (Coturnix japonica ) 2 U FD 2 w 1 d JV NR GRO BDWT WO 4.64 70

67 Edens and Melvin, 1989 2609 Japanese quail (Coturnix japonica ) 3 U FD 4 w 0 d JV F GRO BDWT WO 5.93 59.3 76

68 Damron et al, 1969 14768 Chicken (Gallus domesticus) 4 U FD 4 w 4 w JV NR GRO BDWT WO 6.14 61.4 76

69 Damron et al, 1969 14768 Chicken (Gallus domesticus) 4 U FD 4 w 4 w JV NR GRO BDWT WO 7.10 71.0 76

70 Edens et al., 1976 2606 Japanese quail (Coturnix japonica ) 5 U FD 12 w 0 d JV F GRO BDWT WO 11.1 111 79

71 Edens, 1985 2605 Japanese quail (Coturnix japonica ) 5 U FD 12 w 1 w JV F GRO BDWT WO 11.2 112 76

72 Morgan et al., 1975 2779 Japanese quail (Coturnix japonica ) 5 U FD 2 w 6 d JV NR GRO BDWT WO 12.6 126 76

73 Morgan et al., 1975 2779 Japanese quail (Coturnix japonica ) 5 U FD 1 w 1 d JV NR GRO BDWT WO 13.5 67.4 76

74 Howell and Hill, 1978 1387 Chicken (Gallus domesticus) 2 U FD 21 d 1 d JV B GRO BDWT WO 14.2 67

75 Jeng et. al, 1979 2718 Duck (Anas platyrhynchos) 3 U GV 3 mo 24 w MA F GRO BDWT WO 20.0 87

76 Hoffman et al., 1985 2696 American kestrel (Falco sparverius) 4 U GV 10 d 1 d JV NR GRO BDWT WO 25.0 125 88

77 Howell and Hill, 1978 1387 Chicken (Gallus domesticus) 2 U FD 20 d 1 d JV B GRO BDWT WO 28.4 67

78 Stone et al., 1981 6463 Japanese quail (Coturnix japonica ) 5 U FD 14 d 1 d JV B GRO BDWT WO 34.5 77

79 Custer et al., 1984 2581 American kestrel (Falco sparverius) 4 M FD 60 d 1-2 yr AD B GRO BDWT WO 54.3 68

80 Berg et al., 1980 2534 Chicken (Gallus domesticus) 5 U FD 2 w 1 d JV M GRO BDWT WO 61.3 123 83

81 Frederick, 1976 2638 Mallard (Anas platyrhynchos) 4 U FD 8 d 9 d JV NR GRO BDWT WO 66.9 67

82 Donaldson and McGowan, 1989 1285 Chicken (Gallus domesticus) 5 U FD 20 d 1 d JV M GRO BDWT WO 38.2 72

83 Latta and Donaldson, 1986 2744 Chicken (Gallus domesticus) 2 U FD 3 w 1 d JV M GRO BDWT WO 53.1 71

84 Stone and Soares, 1976 2898 Japanese quail (Coturnix japonica ) 3 U FD 32 d NR NR AD F GRO BDWT WO 64.3 72

85 Leeming and Donaldson, 1984 2748 Chicken (Gallus domesticus) 2 U FD 19 d 1 d JV M GRO BDWT WO 76.3 71

86 Berg et al., 1980 2534 Chicken (Gallus domesticus) 3 U FD 2 w 1 d JV M GRO BDWT WO 124 77

87 Bafundo et al. 1984 2517 Chicken (Gallus domesticus) 4 U FD 14 d 8 d JV M GRO BDWT WO 152 71

88 Donaldson, 1986 2600 Chicken (Gallus domesticus) 2 U FD 20 d 1 d JV M GRO BDWT WO 163 72

89 Khan, et al, 1993 5507 Chicken (Gallus domesticus) 2 U OR 4 w NR NR JV B GRO BDWT WO 200 74

90 Cupo and Donaldson, 1987 2579 Chicken (Gallus domesticus) 2 U FD 7 d 1 d JV M GRO BDWT WO 262 72

91 Berg et al., 1980 2534 Chicken (Gallus domesticus) 2 U FD 2 w 1 d JV M GRO BDWT WO 270 77

92 Franson and Custer, 1982 2635 Chicken (Gallus domesticus) 2 U FD 7 d 1 d IM NR GRO BDWT WO 273 72

93 Bafundo et al. 1984 2517 Chicken (Gallus domesticus) 2 U FD 14 d 8 d JV M GRO BDWT WO 282 71

94 Finley et al., 1976 2624 Mallard (Anas platyrhynchos) 4 M FD 12 w 1 yr AD M MOR MORT WO 2.47 80

95 Barthalmus et al., 1977 2526 Pigeon (Columba livia ) 4 U GV 40 d NR NR AD M MOR MORT WO 12.5 25.0 82

96 Howell and Hill, 1978 1387 Chicken (Gallus domesticus) 2 U FD 21 d 1 d JV B MOR MORT WO 14.2 77

97 Howell and Hill, 1978 1387 Chicken (Gallus domesticus) 2 U FD 20 d 1 d JV B MOR MORT WO 28.4 77

98 Custer et al., 1984 2581 American kestrel (Falco sparverius) 4 M FD 60 d 1-2 yr AD B MOR MORT WO 54.3 78

99 Frederick, 1976 2638 Mallard (Anas platyrhynchos) 4 U FD 8 d 9 d JV NR MOR MORT WO 66.9 77

100 Hoffman et al., 1985 2696 American kestrel (Falco sparverius) 4 U GV 10 d 1 d JV NR MOR SURV WO 125 625 89

101 Vengris and Mare, 1974 14384 Chicken (Gallus domesticus) 7 U GV 35 d 6 w JV B MOR MORT WO 160 320 86

102 Donaldson and McGowan, 1989 1285 Chicken (Gallus domesticus) 5 U FD 20 d 1 d JV M MOR MORT WO 163 66

103 Johnsen and Damron 1982 2724 Goose (Anser cygnides) 5 U FD 12 w 26 w JV NR MOR MORT WO 196 73

104 Anders et al., 1982 2513 Pigeon (Columba livia ) 2 U GV 4 w NR NR AD M MOR MORT WO 6.25 73

105 Cupo and Donaldson, 1987 2579 Chicken (Gallus domesticus) 2 U FD 21 d 1 d JV M MOR MORT WO 194 73

106 Khan et al, 1993 1415 Chicken (Gallus domesticus) 2 U GV 7 d 43 d JV F MOR MORT WO 400 80

 Survival

AD = adult; ALAD = (delta) -aminolevulinic acid dehydrogenase; ALWT = albumin weight; ANR = anorexia; AR = adrenal; B = both; BEH = behavior; BDWT = body weight changes; 

BEH = behavior; BL = blood; BR = brain; CALC = calcium; CHM = chemical changes; d = days; DR = Drinking water; EG = egg; EGG = effects on eggs; EGPN = egg production; ENZ = 

enzyme changes; ESTH = eggshell thinning; F = female; FCNS = food consumption; FD = food; FDB = feeding behavior; FE = feathers; FEFF = feed effeciency; FM = femur; GE = 

gestation; GHIS = general histology; GITX = general intoxication; GLBM = glomerular basement membrane; GRO = growth; GRS = gross body weight changes (not growth); GV = gavage; 

HIS = histology; HMCT = hematocrit; HMGL = hemoglobin; IM = immature; INTX = intoxication; ITX = intoxication; JV = juvenile; KI = kidney; LB = laying bird; LI = liver; MA = 

mature; M = male; M = measured; mo = months; MOR = effects on survival; MORT = mortality; NMVM = number of movements; NR = Not reported; OR = other oral; ORW = organ 

weight changes; ORWT = organ weight; PHY = physiology; PL = plasma; PROG = progeny counts or numbers; REP = reproduction; RSUC = reproductive success; SKIR = skin irritation;

SM = sexually mature; SMIX = weight relative to body weight; SURV = survival; TB = tibia; TE = testes; TEDG = testes degeneration; TEWT = testes weight; TPRD = total production; U = 

unmeasured; w = weeks; WO = whole organism; yr = years.

Growth

Eco-SSL for Lead March 2005
Eco-SSL for Lead 9 March 2005

Within the reviewed papers, there are 106 results for biochemical (BIO), behavioral (BEH),

physiology (PHY), pathology (PTH), reproduction (REP), growth (GRO), and survival (MOR)

effects that meet the Data Evaluation Score of > 65 for use to derive the TRV (U.S. EPA, 2003;

Attachment 4-4). These data are plotted in Figure 5.1 and correspond directly with the data

presented in Table 5.1. The no-observed adverse effect level (NOAEL) results for growth and

reproduction are used to calculate a geometric mean NOAEL. This mean NOAEL is examined

in relationship to the lowest bounded lowest-observed adverse effect level (LOAEL) for

reproduction, growth, and survival to derive the TRV according to procedures in the Eco-SSL

guidance (U.S. EPA, 2003; Attachment 4-5). 

A geometric mean of the NOAEL values for reproduction and growth was calculated at 10.9 mg

lead/kg bw/day. However, this value is higher than the lowest bounded LOAEL for

reproduction, growth, or survival (Figure 5.1). Therefore, the TRV is equal to the highest

bounded NOAEL, lower than the lowest bounded LOAEL for reproduction, growth, or survival,

and is equal to 1.63 mg lead/kg bw/day.

5.2 Estimation of Dose and Calculation of the Eco-SSL

Three separate Eco-SSL values were calculated for avian wildlife, one each for three receptor

groups representing different trophic levels. The avian Eco-SSLs were calculated according to

the Eco-SSL guidance (U.S. EPA, 2003) and are summarized in Table 5.2.

Table 5.2 Calculation of the Avian Eco-SSLs for Lead

Surrogate

Receptor

Group

TRV for Lead

(mg dw/kg

bw/d) 1

Food Ingestion

Rate (FIR)2

(kg dw/kg bw/d)

Soil Ingestion as

Proportion of

Diet (Ps)

2

Concentration of

Lead in Biota Type

(i)2,3

(Bi)

(mg/kg dw)

Eco-SSL

(mg/kg dw)4

Avian herbivore

(dove) 1.63 0.190 0.139

ln(Bi

) = 0.561 *

ln(Soilj

) - 1.328 

where i = plants

46

Avian ground

insectivore

(woodcock)

1.63 0.214 0.164

ln(Bi

) = 0.807 *

ln(Soilj

) - 0.218

where i = earthworms

11

Avian carnivore 

(hawk) 1.63 0.0353 0.057

ln(Bi

) = 0.4422 *

ln(Soilj

) + 0.0761

where i = mammals

510

1 The process for derivation of wildlife TRVs is described in Attachment 4-5 of U.S. EPA (2003). 2 Parameters (FIR, Ps, Bi

 values, regressions) are provided in U.S. EPA (2003) Attachment 4-1 (revised February 2005). 3

 Bi = Concentration in biota type (i) which represents 100% of the diet for the respective receptor. 4

 HQ = FIR * (Soilj * Ps + Bi) / TRV) solved for HQ=1 where Soilj = Eco-SSL (Equation 4-2; U.S. EPA, 2003). 

 NA = Not Applicable 
Lowest-Observed Adverse Effect Dose

Data Evaluation Score

Paired values from same study when joined by No-Observed Adverse Effect Dose

Wildlife TRV Derivation Process1) There are at least three results available for two test species within the growth, reproduction, and mortality effect groups. There are enough data to derive a TRV.2) There are three NOAEL results available for calculation of a geometric mean. 4) The geometric mean is equal to 10.9 mg/kg bw/d but is higher than the lowest bounded LOAEL within the reproduction, growth, and survival R effect groups.5) The avian wildlife TRV for lead is equal to 1.63 mg lead/kg bw/day which is the highest bounded NOAEL below the lowest bounded LOAEL for effects on grow

Figure 5.1 Avian TRV Derivation for Lead

69

687078

72

6969

69

69

6870

78

72

69

69

67

71

6877

66

66

75

72

75

74

68

73

71

75

72

74

73

71

71

68

69

67

75

75

66

68

66

75

75847077

77

84

7469

67

68

81

75

75

77

77

8474

81

67

67

68

67

68

6868

68

77

79

81

71

9078

80

67

77

79

81

7880

77

75

75

68

75

74

77

72

70

767676

7976767667

87

8867

77

688367

77

767676

797676

76

88 83

72

71

7271

77

7172

74

72777

0.0100.1001.000

10.000

100.000

1000.000

Dose (mg Pb/kg bw/day)

BIO-NOAEL BIO-LOAEL BEH-NOAEL BEH-LOAEL PHY-NOAEL PHY-LOAEL PTH-NOAEL PTH-LOAEL REP-NOAEL REP-LOAEL GRO-NOAEL GRO-LOAEL 

Biochemical (BIO) Behavior (BEH) Pathology (PTH) Reproduction (REP) Growth (GRO) 

Geometric Mean of 

NOAELs for REP and 

GRO = 10.9

TRV = Highest bounded 

NOAEL lower than lowest 

bounded LOAEL for REP, GRO 

or MOR = 1.63

83

Eco-SSL for Lead 10 
Eco-SSL for Lead 11 March 2005

6.0 ECO-SSL FOR MAMMALIAN WILDLIFE

The derivation of the Eco-SSL for mammalian wildlife was completed as two parts. First, the

TRV was derived according to the Eco-SSL guidance (U.S. EPA, 2003; Attachment 4-5).

Second, the Eco-SSL (soil concentration) was back-calculated for each of three surrogate

species based on the wildlife exposure model and the TRV (U.S. EPA, 2003).

6.1 Mammalian TRV

The literature search was completed according to the Eco-SSL guidance (U.S. EPA, 2003;

Attachment 4-2) and identified 2,429 papers with possible toxicity data for lead for either avian

or mammalian species. Of these studies, 2,157 were rejected for use as described in Section 7.5. 

Of the remaining papers, 219 contained data for mammalian test species. These papers were

reviewed and the data were extracted and scored according to the Eco-SSL guidance (U.S. EPA,

2003; Attachment 4-3). The results of the data extraction and review are summarized in Table

6.1. The complete results are provided in Appendix 6-1.

Within the 219 papers there were 343 results for biochemical (BIO), behavioral (BEH),

physiology (PHY), pathology (PTH), reproduction (REP), growth (GRO), and survival (MOR)

endpoints with a total Data Evaluation Score >65 that were used to derive the TRV (U.S. EPA,

2003; Attachment 4-4). These data are plotted in Figure 6.1 and correspond directly with the

data presented in Table 6.1. The NOAEL results for growth and reproduction are used to

calculate a geometric mean NOAEL. This mean NOAEL is examined in relationship to the

lowest bounded LOAEL for reproduction, growth, and survival to derive the TRV according to

procedures in the Eco-SSL guidance (U.S. EPA, 2003; Attachment 4-5). 

A geometric mean of the NOAEL values for reproduction and growth was calculated at 40.7 mg

lead/kg bw/day. However, this value is higher than the lowest bounded LOAEL for

reproduction, growth or mortality results. Therefore, the TRV is equal to the highest bounded

NOAEL below the lowest bounded LOAEL for reproduction, growth, or survival and is equal to

4.70 mg lead/kg bw/day.

6.2 Estimation of Dose and Calculation of the Eco-SSL

Three separate Eco-SSL values are calculated for mammalian wildlife, one each for three

receptor groups representing different trophic levels. The mammalian Eco-SSLs derived for lead

are calculated according to the Eco-SSL guidance (U.S. EPA 2003) and are summarized in Table

6.2.
Table 6.1 Mammalian Toxicity Data Extracted for Wildlife Toxicity Reference Value (TRV)

Lead

Page 1 of 6

Result #

Reference Ref No. Test Organism

# of Conc/ DosesMethod of AnalysesRoute of ExposureExposure DurationDuration UnitsAgeAge UnitsLifestageSexEffect TypeEffect MeasureResponse SiteNOAEL Dose (mg/kg bw/day)LOAEL Dose (mg/kg bw/day)Data Evaluation Score

1 Kimmel et al., 1980 2737 Rat (Rattus norvegicus) 4 U DR 10 w 21 d JV F ENZ ALAD UR 0.920 4.70 71

2 Horwitt and Cowgill, 1937 3873 Dog (Canis familiaris) 3 M FD 7 mo NR NR JV NR CHM HMGL BL 1.18 4.45 74

3 Azar et al., 1973 3747 Rat (Rattus norvegicus) 5 M FD 2 yr NR NR NR B ENZ ALAD BL 1.39 4.80 73

4 Carson et al., 1973 3830 Sheep (Ovis aries) 3 U FD 27 w NR NR GE F CHM PCLV BL 2.30 4.50 74

5 Azar et al., 1973 3747 Dog (Canis familiaris) 5 M FD 2 yr NR NR NR B ENZ ALAD BL 2.45 6.66 75

6 Jessup and Shott, 1969 11831 Rat (Rattus norvegicus) 5 U FD 12 mo 70 d LC B ENZ G6PD BL 4.29 8.58 71

7 Hammond et al., 1989 2675 Rat (Rattus norvegicus) 4 U DR 23 d 22 d JV F CHM SOMC BL 5.8 29.0 66

8 Mahaffey et al., 1973 2756 Rat (Rattus norvegicus) 7 U DR 10 w NR NR JV M CHM HMCT BL 5.9 12.9 70

9 Gupta et al., 1995 2666 Mouse (Mus musculus) 4 U GV 52 d 2 mo GE F ENZ ALAD KI 13.7 27.3 71

10 Logner et al., 1984 3889 Cattle (Bos taurus) 4 U FD 6 w 74 d JV M CHM PCLV BL 16.0 43.0 80

11 Barratt et al., 1989 2524 Rat (Rattus norvegicus) 4 U GV 9 w 10 w JV M CHM PRTL LI 18.0 180 76

12 Fick et al., 1976 3704 Sheep (Ovis aries) 5 U FD 84 d NR NR JV M CHM HMGL BL 32.7 66

13 Agodi et al., 1990 2507 Rat (Rattus norvegicus) 2 U GV 28 d 2 d JV B ENZ SCDH BR 50.0 70

14 Kempinas et. al 1988 2733 Rat (Rattus norvegicus) 3 U DR 90 d NR NR AD M CHM HMCT BL 61.2 122 66

15 Vyskocil et al., 1995 2923 Rat (Rattus norvegicus) 3 U DR 1 mo 9-10 w SM F CHM GBCM UR 81.3 320 68

16 Petrusz et al., 1979 2815 Rat (Rattus norvegicus) 4 U GV 18 d 2 d JV F HRM Other PI 100 200 78

17 Harry et al., 1985 2680 Rat (Rattus norvegicus) 2 U GV 29 d 2 d JV B CHM PRTL BR 200 72

18 Vyskocil et al., 1989 2922 Rat (Rattus norvegicus) 4 U DR 1 mo 8 w JV M CHM B2MG UR 320 640 66

19 Holtzman et al., 1982 2697 Rat (Rattus norvegicus) 4 U GV 14 d 18 d JV NR CHM PCLV BL 400 800 78

20 Holtzman et al., 1982 2697 Rat (Rattus norvegicus) 5 U GV 14 d 14 d JV NR CHM PCLV BL 800 1600 78

21 Holtzman et al., 1982 2697 Rat (Rattus norvegicus) 3 U GV 14 d 20 d JV NR CHM PCLV BL 2400 3200 78

22 Lynch et al, 1975 14380 Cattle (Bos taurus) 4 U OR 7 w 1 w JV M ENZ ALAD BL 0.496 77

23 Singh and Ashraf, 1989 2877 Rat (Rattus norvegicus) 2 U GV 10 w 5 d JV B HRM NORE BR 1.00 72

24 Nehru and Kaushal, 1991 2789 Rat (Rattus norvegicus) 4 U GV 15 d NR NR NR F ENZ SCDH KI 1.37 72

25 Lassen and Buck, 1979 3709 Pig (Sus scrofa ) 5 U DR 1 w 6 w JV NR ENZ ALAD BL 3.77 69

26 Lynch et al., 1976 3711 Cattle (Bos taurus) 3 U OR 42 d NR NR JV M ENZ ALAD BL 4.16 77

27 Lorenzo et al., 1978 2751 Rabbit (Oryctolagus cuniculus) 5 U GV 30 d 1 d JV F CHM Other BL 7.20 72

28 Kelliher, et al. 1973 14377 Cattle (Bos taurus) 2 U FD 133 d 7 mo JV M ENZ ALAD BL 15.0 69

29 Cerklewski and Forbes, 1977 2625 Rat (Rattus norvegicus) 2 U FD 1 w 21 d GE M ENZ ALAD UR 15.3 66

30 Mahaffey et al., 1977 14580 Rat (Rattus norvegicus) 2 UX FD 10 w NR NR JV M CHM RBCE BL 15.4 72

31 Rader et al., 1981 2830 Rat (Rattus norvegicus) 2 U OR 6 w NR NR JV M ENZ ALAD UR 15.5 67

32 Gelman and Michaelson, 1979 14821 Rat (Rattus norvegicus) 4 U GV 19 d 2 d JV B CHM HMCT BL 25.0 72

33 Singh et al, 1994 21095 Rat (Rattus norvegicus) 3 U GV 1 mo NR NR JV F CHM POTA BL 50.0 72

34 Batra et al., 1998 2528 Rat (Rattus norvegicus) 2 U GV 3 mo 8 w SM M ENZ ALAD TE 50.0 72

35 White, 1977 2929 Dog (Canis familiaris) 3 U OR 1 w <1 yr JV NR ENZ DHYD KI 50.0 77

36 Azar et al., 1973 3747 Rat (Rattus norvegicus) 3 M FD 2 yr NR NR NR B ENZ ALAD BL 87.5 69

37 Rudra Pal et al., 1975 2806 Rat (Rattus norvegicus) 2 U FD 4 w NR NR NR M CHM HMGL BL 100 69

38 Shailesh Kumar and Desiraju, 1990 2870 Rat (Rattus norvegicus) 3 U GV 58 d 2 d JV B HRM DOPA BR 100 72

39 Hsu et al, 1975 14376 Pig (Sus scrofa ) 2 U FD 2 w 4 w JV NR CHM CALC SR 173 66

40 Yagminas et al., 1990 3937 Rat (Rattus norvegicus) 2 U GV 91 d NR NR JV M CHM BUNT BL 200 72

41 Toews et al., 1983 2911 Rat (Rattus norvegicus) 2 U GV 28 d 2 d JV M CHM PRTL BR 400 72

42 Holtzman et al., 1982 2697 Rat (Rattus norvegicus) 4 U GV 14 d 24 d JV NR CHM PCLV BL 400 72

43 Holtzman et al., 1982 2697 Rat (Rattus norvegicus) 4 U GV 14 d 16 d JV NR CHM PCLV BL 1600 72

44 Dilts and Ahokas, 1979 2593 Rat (Rattus norvegicus) 6 U DR 21 d NR NR GE F FDB FCNS WO 1.00 5.0 68

45 Sawicka-Kapusta et al., 1987 820 Bank vole (Clethrionomys glareolus 3 M FD 20 d NR NR AD B FDB FCNS WO 1.10 34.6 80

46 Morris et al, 1938 15125 Rat (Rattus norvegicus) 3 U FD 339 d 26-27 d JV B FDB FCNS WO 2.50 18.3 74

47 Hammond et al., 1989 2675 Rat (Rattus norvegicus) 4 U DR 23 d 22 d JV F FDB WCON WO 5.80 29.0 69

48 Lynch et al., 1976 3711 Cattle (Bos taurus) 3 U OR 84 d NR NR JV M FDB FCNS WO 7.79 73

49 Mahaffey et al., 1977 14580 Rat (Rattus norvegicus) 2 UX FD 10 w NR NR JV M FDB FCNS WO 15.4 75

50 Mahaffey et al., 1973 2756 Rat (Rattus norvegicus) 7 U DR 10 w NR NR JV M FDB FCNS WO 24.3 67

51 Logner et al., 1984 3889 Cattle (Bos taurus) 4 U FD 7 w 74 d JV M FDB FCNS WO 43.0 70

52 Sourgens et al., 1987 2889 Rat (Rattus norvegicus) 4 U DR 30 d 52 d JV B FDB WCON WO 56.0 285 67

53 Vyskocil et al., 1995 2923 Rat (Rattus norvegicus) 3 U DR 2 mo 9-10 w SM F FDB WCON WO 81.3 320 71

54 Shailesh Kumar and Desiraju, 1990 2870 Rat (Rattus norvegicus) 3 U GV 58 d 2 d JV B FDB FCNS WO 100 400 79

55 Maker et al., 1973 2758 Mouse (Mus musculus) 7 U FD 28 d NR NR LC F AVO FOOD WO 101 202 73

56 Maker et al., 1973 2758 Mouse (Mus musculus) 7 U FD 28 d NR NR LC F AVO FOOD WO 101 202 73

57 Sokol et al., 1985 2888 Rat (Rattus norvegicus) 3 U DR 30 d 52 d JV M FDB WCON WO 169 508 70

Biochemical

Behavior

Eco-SSL for Lead March 2005
Table 6.1 Mammalian Toxicity Data Extracted for Wildlife Toxicity Reference Value (TRV)

Lead

Page 2 of 6

Result #

Reference Ref No. Test Organism

# of Conc/ DosesMethod of AnalysesRoute of ExposureExposure DurationDuration UnitsAgeAge UnitsLifestageSexEffect TypeEffect MeasureResponse SiteNOAEL Dose (mg/kg bw/day)LOAEL Dose (mg/kg bw/day)Data Evaluation Score

58 Yagminas et al., 1990 3937 Rat (Rattus norvegicus) 2 U GV 91 d NR NR JV M FDB FCNS WO 200 66

59 Lockett and Leary, 1986 633 Rat (Rattus norvegicus) 2 UX DR 16 mo NR NR JV M BEH ACTV WO 0.577 66

60 Wolfe et al, 1996 2502 Rat (Rattus norvegicus) 5 M DR 1 w 94 d JV M FDB WCON WO 23 72

61 Hammond et al., 1993 2677 Rat (Rattus norvegicus) 2 U DR 26 d 22 d JV F FDB WCON WO 29.5 66

62 Hammond et al., 1993 2677 Rat (Rattus norvegicus) 2 U DR 14 d 26 d JV F FDB WCON WO 29.9 66

63 Kishi et al., 1983 12025 Rat (Rattus norvegicus) 4 U GV 18 d 3 d JV M BEH RRSP WO 45.0 75

64 Nation et al., 1990 617 Rat (Rattus norvegicus) 2 U FD 61 d 50 d JV M BEH ACTP WO 45.7 68

65 Pankakoski et al., 1994 2807 Shrew (Sorex araneus) 4 M FD 31 d NR NR JV B FDB FCNS WO 61.5 72

66 Wolfe et al, 1996 2502 Rat (Rattus norvegicus) 2 M DR 1 w 99 d JV M FDB WCON WO 194 72

67 Hallen et al., 1995 2669 Rat (Rattus norvegicus) 2 U DR 13 w NR NR GE F FDB WCON WO 200 67

68 Piasekand Kostial, 1987 2817 Rat (Rattus norvegicus) 4 U DR 18 w NR NR JV M FDB WCON WO 216 67

69 Barrett and Livesey, 1983 10239 Rat (Rattus norvegicus) 4 U FD 10 d NR NR LC F BEH ACTV WO 323 74

70 Piasek and Kostial 1991 2818 Rat (Rattus norvegicus) 2 U DR 20 w 10 w GE F FDB WCON WO 750 67

71 Gulati et al, 1985 2837 Mouse (Mus musculus) 4 M DR 1 w 11 w JV F FDB WCON WO 775 69

72 Michaelson and Sauerhoff, 1974 2774 Rat (Rattus norvegicus) 2 U FD 18 d NR NR LC F FDB FCNS WO 6170 68

73 Boscolo et al, 1992 21113 Rat (Rattus norvegicus) 4 U DR 14 mo NR NR JV M PHY BLPR WO 1.69 3.39 68

74 Sawicka-Kapusta et al., 1987 820 Bank vole (Clethrionomys glareolus 3 M FD 20 d NR NR AD B PHY GPHY WO 34.6 69

75 Logner et al., 1984 3889 Cattle (Bos taurus) 4 U FD 7 w 74 d JV M PHY BTMP WO 43.0 75

76 Rader et. al. 1981 2829 Rat (Rattus norvegicus) 2 U DR 5 w NR NR JV M PHY EXCR UR 16.1 67

77 Rudra Pal et al., 1975 2806 Rat (Rattus norvegicus) 2 U FD 4 w NR NR JV M PHY EXCR UR 100 72

78 Horwitt and Cowgill, 1937 3873 Dog (Canis familiaris) 3 U FD 2 mo NR NR JV NR HIS GHIS BL 1.18 4.45 77

79 Nehru and Kaushal, 1991 2789 Rat (Rattus norvegicus) 4 U GV 3 mo NR NR NR F HIS GHIS KI 1.37 2.73 81

80 Morris et al, 1938 15125 Rat (Rattus norvegicus) 3 U FD 339 d 26-27 d JV B ORW ORWT KI 2.49 18.3 72

81 Jessup and Shott, 1969 11831 Rat (Rattus norvegicus) 5 U FD 92 w 3 d JV B ORW SMIX HE 3.75 7.49 74

82 Lorenzo et al., 1978 2751 Rabbit (Oryctolagus cuniculus) 3 U GV 30 d 1 d JV F HIS NCRO KI 6.08 28.4 79

83 Sierra and Tiffany-Castiglioni, 1992 2876 Guinea pig (Cavia porcellus) 3 U DR 40 d NR NR GE F ORW ORWT BR 11.0 67

84 Rader et al., 1981 2830 Rat (Rattus norvegicus) 2 U DR 6 w NR NR JV M ORW ORWT BR 15.1 67

85 Logner et al., 1984 3889 Cattle (Bos taurus) 4 U FD 32 d 74 d JV M ITX PARL WO 16.0 43.0 83

86 Rader et. al. 1981 2829 Rat (Rattus norvegicus) 2 U DR 7 w NR NR JV M ORW ORWT BR 16.1 72

87 Wolfe et al, 1996 2502 Rat (Rattus norvegicus) 5 M DR 4 w 94 d JV F ORW ORWT KI 21.3 43.0 78

88 Goyer et al., 1970 14799 Rat (Rattus norvegicus) 6 U DR 10 w NR NR LC M HIS IIBD KI 40.0 68.6 69

89 Agodi et al., 1990 2507 Rat (Rattus norvegicus) 2 U GV 28 d 2 d JV B ORW ORWT BR 50.0 75

90 Vyskocil et al., 1995 2923 Rat (Rattus norvegicus) 3 U DR 1 mo 9-10 w SM F ORW SMIX KI 81.3 320 71

91 Petrusz et al., 1979 2815 Rat (Rattus norvegicus) 4 U GV 18 d 2 d JV B ORW ORWT PI 200 66

92 Alfano and Petit, 1982 2511 Rat (Rattus norvegicus) 3 U FD 25 d NR NR LC F GRS BDWT WO 258 2580 76

93 Holtzman et al., 1982 2697 Rat (Rattus norvegicus) 4 U GV 14 d 16 d JV NR HIS ENCP BR 400 800 81

94 Holtzman et al., 1982 2697 Rat (Rattus norvegicus) 5 U GV 14 d 18 d JV NR HIS ENCP BR 400 800 81

95 Gerber et al, 1978 14822 Rat (Rattus norvegicus) 2 U FD 14 mo 0 d JV NR ORW ORWT BR 431 68

96 Holtzman et al., 1982 2697 Rat (Rattus norvegicus) 4 U GV 14 d 18 d JV NR HIS ENCP BR 2400 75

97 Holtzman et al., 1982 2697 Rat (Rattus norvegicus) 3 U GV 14 d 14 d JV NR HIS ENCP BR 3200 66

98 Schroeder and Mitchener, 1975 1858 Mouse (Mus musculus) 2 U DR 520 d 19-20 d JV F HIS EDMA WO 3.39 68

99 Nehru et al., 1997 2788 Rat (Rattus norvegicus) 2 U GV 8 w NR NR JV F ORW ORWT BR 10.0 67

100 Mahaffey et al., 1977 14580 Rat (Rattus norvegicus) 2 UX FD 10 w NR NR JV M ORW SMIX KI 15.4 75

101 Rader et al., 1981 2830 Rat (Rattus norvegicus) 2 U OR 6 w NR NR AD M ORW ORWT BR 15.5 70

102 Wells, et.al, 1986 14803 Cattle (Bos taurus) 2 U DR 8 d 3 mo JV M HIS GLSN BR 20.0 67

103 Karmakar et al., 1986 3879 Rat (Rattus norvegicus) 2 U GV 30 d NR NR AD B HIS GHIS MT 44.0 75

104 Al-Omar et al, 2000 20974 Mouse (Mus musculus) 2 M GV 5 w NR NR JV M HIS USTR SV 46.4 80

105 White, 1977 2929 Dog (Canis familiaris) 2 U OR 5 w <1 yr JV NR HIS GHIS LI 50.0 80

106 Pankakoski et al., 1994 2807 Shrew (Sorex araneus) 4 M FD 31 d NR NR JV B HIS GHIS KI 61.5 72

107 Rudra Pal et al., 1975 2806 Rat (Rattus norvegicus) 2 U FD 4 w NR NR JV M ORW SMIX KI 100 72

108 Shailesh Kumar and Desiraju, 1990 2870 Rat (Rattus norvegicus) 3 U GV 58 d 2 d JV B ORW ORWT BR 100 75

109 Brown, 1974 2548 Rabbit (Oryctolagus cuniculus) 2 U FD 5 mo 5 mo JV B HIS GHIS EY 153 68

110 Wolfe et al, 1996 2502 Rat (Rattus norvegicus) 2 M DR 4 w 99 d JV M PTH BDWT WO 171 72

111 Harry et al., 1985 2680 Rat (Rattus norvegicus) 2 U GV 29 d 2 d JV F ORW ORWT BR 200 75

112 Yagminas et al., 1990 3937 Rat (Rattus norvegicus) 2 U GV 91 d NR NR JV M ORW ORWT KI 200 75

113 Press 1975 2827 Rat (Rattus norvegicus) 2 U GV 7 d 1 d JV B ITX PARL WO 328 75

114 Holtzman et al., 1982 2697 Rat (Rattus norvegicus) 4 U GV 14 d 20 d JV NR HIS ENCP BR 400 75

115 Toews et al., 1983 2911 Rat (Rattus norvegicus) 2 U GV 28 d 2 d JV M ORW ORWT BR 400 75

116 Brashear et al., 1978 2546 Rat (Rattus norvegicus) 2 U GV 18 d 2 d JV B ORW ORWT BR 1000 80

117 Gerber et al, 1978 14822 Rat (Rattus norvegicus) 2 U FD 1 mo 0 d JV NR ORW ORWT BR 1220 68

Physiology

Pathology 

Eco-SSL for Lead March 2005
Table 6.1 Mammalian Toxicity Data Extracted for Wildlife Toxicity Reference Value (TRV)

Lead

Page 3 of 6

Result #

Reference Ref No. Test Organism

# of Conc/ DosesMethod of AnalysesRoute of ExposureExposure DurationDuration UnitsAgeAge UnitsLifestageSexEffect TypeEffect MeasureResponse SiteNOAEL Dose (mg/kg bw/day)LOAEL Dose (mg/kg bw/day)Data Evaluation Score

118 Dyck et al., 1980 2604 Rat (Rattus norvegicus) 2 U FD 12 w NR NR AD NR HIS GHIS NE 2730 66

119 Myers et al., 1979 2782 Rat (Rattus norvegicus) 2 U FD 7 w NR NR AD B HIS GHIS NE 3620 72

120 Michaelson and Sauerhoff, 1974 2774 Rat (Rattus norvegicus) 2 U FD 17 d NR NR LC F GRS BDWT WO 6170 68

121 Grant et al., 1980 2658 Rat (Rattus norvegicus) 5 U DR 62 d 21 d GE F REP PRWT WO 0.710 7.00 77

122 Dilts and Ahokas, 1979 2593 Rat (Rattus norvegicus) 6 U DR 21 d NR NR GE F REP PRWT WO 1.00 5.00 74

123 Gandley et al., 1999 2642 Rat (Rattus norvegicus) 3 U DR 35 d NR NR AD M REP RSUC WO 2.60 26.0 72

124 Grant et al., 1980 2658 Rat (Rattus norvegicus) 4 U DR 62 d 21 d GE B REP PRWT WO 3.00 6.0 79

125 Carson et al., 1973 3830 Sheep (Ovis aries) 3 U FD 27 w NR NR GE F REP RSUC WO 4.50 68

126 Dilts and Ahokas, 1980 2592 Rat (Rattus norvegicus) 6 U DR 21 d NR NR GE F REP PRWT WO 5.00 10.0 76

127 Sierra and Tiffany-Castiglioni, 1992 2876 Guinea pig (Cavia porcellus) 3 U DR 40 d NR NR GE F REP PRWT WO 5.50 73

128 Jessup and Shott, 1969 11831 Rat (Rattus norvegicus) 5 U FD 92 w 21 d JV M REP TEWT TE 7.50 74.9 78

129 Kimmel et al., 1980 2737 Rat (Rattus norvegicus) 4 U DR 23.8 d 21 d LC F REP Other WO 8.90 76

130 Kimmel et al., 1980 2737 Rat (Rattus norvegicus) 5 U DR 23.8 d 21 d GE F REP Other WO 9.10 45.0 73

131 McMurry et al., 1995 2770 Cotton rat (Sigmodon hispidus ) 3 U DR 7 w NR NR AD M REP RHIS RT 12.4 170 67

132 Barratt et al., 1989 2524 Rat (Rattus norvegicus) 4 U GV 9 w 10 w JV M REP SPCV TE 18.0 180 85

133 Zenick et al., 1979 2943 Rat (Rattus norvegicus) 3 U DR 100 d 21 d GE F REP PRWT WO 25.4 68

134 Cerklewski, 1980 10607 Rat (Rattus norvegicus) 2 U FD 35 d 70 d LC F REP PRWT WO 27.5 66

135 Chowdhury et al., 1984 3721 Rat (Rattus norvegicus) 4 U DR 60 d NR NR SM M REP TEWT TE 31.6 63.2 71

136 Bull, et.. al., 1978 14812 Rat (Rattus norvegicus) 4 U DR 56 d 70 d LC F REP PROG WO 32.5 69

137 Winder et al., 1984 2934 Rat (Rattus norvegicus) 3 U DR 31 d NR d LC F REP PRWT WO 33.3 111 72

138 Miller et al., 1982 2775 Rat (Rattus norvegicus) 4 U GV 41 d NR NR GE F REP PRWT WO 41.0 54.6 87

139 Wolfe et al, 1996 2502 Rat (Rattus norvegicus) 5 U DR 1 w 94 d JV M REP SPCL SM 47.3 82.0 84

140 Sourgens et al., 1987 2889 Rat (Rattus norvegicus) 4 U DR 30 d NR NR SM M REP Other SV 56.0 285 73

141 Carpenter, 1982 2565 Hamster (Mesocricetus auratus) 2 U DR 51 d 15 w GE F REP PROG WO 64.8 69

142 Carpenter, 1982 2565 Hamster (Mesocricetus auratus) 2 U DR 14 d 11 w GE F REP PROG WO 64.9 67

143 Ronis et al., 1998 2847 Rat (Rattus norvegicus) 4 U DR 37 d NR NR GE F REP PRWT WO 90.1 270 74

144 Wardell et al., 1982 748 Rat (Rattus norvegicus) 5 U GV 12 d NR NR GE F REP RSEM EM 100 150 87

145 Hamilton and O'Flaherty, 1994 2670 Rat (Rattus norvegicus) 3 U DR 68 d 25 d GE F REP PRWT WO 115 72

146 Hamilton et al., 1994 2671 Rat (Rattus norvegicus) 4 U DR 77 d 25 d GE F REP PRWT WO 116 68

147 Fox et al., 1977 2633 Rat (Rattus norvegicus) 2 U DR 21 d NR NR LC F REP PRWT WO 120 68

148 Eyden et al, 1978 2618 Mouse (Mus musculus) 3 U FD 8 w 2 mo GE M REP SPCV TE 144 1440 78

149 Maker et al., 1973 2758 Mouse (Mus musculus) 7 U FD 30 d NR NR LC F REP PRWT WO 202 506 79

150 Maker et al., 1973 2758 Mouse (Mus musculus) 7 U FD 30 d NR NR LC F REP PRWT WO 202 506 79

151 Cramer et al, 1980 14816 Rat (Rattus norvegicus) 4 U DR 21 d NR NR GE F REP DEYO WO 276 552 74

152 Nathan et al., 1992 2785 Rat (Rattus norvegicus) 5 U DR 10 w NR NR AD M REP TEWT MT 294 587 71

153 Brady, et al, 1975 14795 Rat (Rattus norvegicus) 2 U GV 102 d 30 d GE F REP PRWT WO 441 69

154 Wenda-Rozewicka et al., 1996 2928 Rat (Rattus norvegicus) 2 U DR 9 mo NR NR SM M REP RHIS TE 600 66

155 Barrett and Livesey, 1983 10239 Rat (Rattus norvegicus) 4 U FD 4 d NR NR LC F REP PRWT WO 601 1500 86

156 Piasekand Kostial, 1987 2817 Rat (Rattus norvegicus) 4 U DR 13 w NR NR JV M REP FERT WO 639 66

157 Junaid et al., 1997 2725 Mouse (Mus musculus) 4 U GV 60 d NR NR AD F REP RPRD OV 2.00 77

158 Morris et al, 1938 15125 Rat (Rattus norvegicus) 3 U FD 339 d 26-27 d JV B REP PRWT WO 2.49 74

159 Schroeder and Mitchener, 1971 66 Rat (Rattus norvegicus) 2 U DR 9 mo 21 d JV F REP DEYO WO 2.94 67

160 Schroeder and Mitchener, 1971 66 Mouse (Mus musculus) 2 U DR 6 mo 21 d JV F REP DEYO WO 3.62 67

161 Gupta et al., 1995 2666 Mouse (Mus musculus) 4 U GV 52 d 2 mo GE F REP PROG EM 5.50 81

162 Saxena et. al. 1989 2857 Rat (Rattus norvegicus) 2 U DR 120 d 1 d GE M REP SPCL TE 6.76 69

163 Cernochova and Kamarad, 1992 2568 Mouse (Mus musculus) 2 U DR 5 w NR NR AD M REP TEDG TE 16.6 66

164 Al-Omar et al, 2000 20974 Mouse (Mus musculus) 2 M GV 2 w NR NR JV M REP SPCL SM 46.4 86

165 Winneke et al., 1977 3935 Rat (Rattus norvegicus) 2 U FD 102 d NR NR GE F REP PROG WO 49.6 78

166 Batra et al., 1998 2528 Rat (Rattus norvegicus) 2 U GV 3 mo 8 w SM M REP TEDG TE 50.0 81

167 Hayashi, 1983 3864 Rat (Rattus norvegicus) 2 U DR 18 d NR NR GE F REP PRWT WO 55.5 68

168 Kempinas et. al 1988 2733 Rat (Rattus norvegicus) 3 U DR 90 d NR NR AD M REP SPCL SM 61.2 69

169 Donald et al., 1981 2598 Mouse (Mus musculus) 2 U DR 23 d NR NR GE F REP PRWT WO 78.6 69

170 Donald et al., 1986 2599 Mouse (Mus musculus) 2 U DR 62 d NR NR GE F REP PRWT WO 99.8 69

171 Talcott and Koller, 1983 2906 Mouse (Mus musculus) 2 U DR 18 w 6-8 w LC F REP PRWT WO 137 69

172 Johansson and Wide, 1986 2723 Mouse (Mus musculus) 2 U DR 12 w 9 w SM M REP PRFM WO 139 74

173 Jacquet et al., 1997 2713 Mouse (Mus musculus) 4 U FD 18 d NR NR GE F REP PRWT WO 154 72

174 Wolfe et al, 1996 2502 Rat (Rattus norvegicus) 2 M DR 4 w 99 d JV M REP SPCL SM 171 78

175 Blanusa, et al, 1989 14750 Rat (Rattus norvegicus) 5 U DR 6 w 4 mo GE F REP RHIS WO 175 69

176 Cramer et al, 1980 14816 Rat (Rattus norvegicus) 2 U DR 22 d NR NR GE F REP PRWT WO 178 69

177 Sokol et al., 1985 2888 Rat (Rattus norvegicus) 3 U DR 30 d 52 d JV M REP GREP PG 198 71

178 Hallen et al., 1995 2669 Rat (Rattus norvegicus) 2 U DR 13 w NR NR GE F REP PRWT WO 200 73

Reproduction

Eco-SSL for Lead March 2005
Table 6.1 Mammalian Toxicity Data Extracted for Wildlife Toxicity Reference Value (TRV)

Lead

Page 4 of 6

Result #

Reference Ref No. Test Organism

# of Conc/ DosesMethod of AnalysesRoute of ExposureExposure DurationDuration UnitsAgeAge UnitsLifestageSexEffect TypeEffect MeasureResponse SiteNOAEL Dose (mg/kg bw/day)LOAEL Dose (mg/kg bw/day)Data Evaluation Score

179 Rabe et al., 1985 13216 Rat (Rattus norvegicus) 2 U DR 21 d 80 d JV F REP PRWT WO 218 70

180 Mykkanen et al., 1980 2783 Rat (Rattus norvegicus) 4 U FD 3 w NR NR LC F REP PRWT WO 221 73

181 Hsu, 1980 2704 Rat (Rattus norvegicus) 2 U FD 1 w 19 w LC F REP PRWT WO 222 73

182 Mykkanen et al., 1980 2783 Rat (Rattus norvegicus) 4 U FD 3 w NR NR LC F REP PRWT WO 230 73

183 Alfano and Petit, 1982 2511 Rat (Rattus norvegicus) 3 U FD 25 d NR NR LC F REP PRWT WO 258 78

184 Yu et al, 1996 3939 Rat (Rattus norvegicus) 2 U DR 21 d NR NR LC F REP PRWT WO 330 68

185 Sokol, 1989 2887 Rat (Rattus norvegicus) 2 U DR 30 d 52 d JV M REP SPCL SM 354 69

186 Ronis et al., 1998 2845 Rat (Rattus norvegicus) 2 U DR 17 d NR NR GE F REP PRWT WO 360 68

187 Ronis et al., 1998 2845 Rat (Rattus norvegicus) 2 U DR 24 d NR NR LC F REP PRWT WO 360 68

188 Ronis et al., 1996 2846 Rat (Rattus norvegicus) 2 U DR 12 d NR NR GE F REP PRWT WO 362 69

189 Sokol, 1989 2887 Rat (Rattus norvegicus) 2 U DR 30 d 27 d JV M REP SPCL SM 364 69

190 Pinon-Lataillade et al., 1995 2821 Mouse (Mus musculus) 2 U DR 44 d NR NR GE F REP PRWT WO 381 68

191 Draski et al., 1989 3719 Mouse (Mus musculus) 2 U DR 14 d NR NR LC F REP PRWT WO 381 68

192 Ronis et al., 1996 2846 Rat (Rattus norvegicus) 2 U DR 50 d 24 d JV F REP RBEH WO 381 69

193 Rasile et. al. 1995 2836 Mouse (Mus musculus) 2 U DR 45 d 50-100 d GE F REP ODVP WO 404 69

194 Thoreux-Manlay et al., 1995 2909 Rat (Rattus norvegicus) 2 U DR 22 d NR NR GE F REP PRWT WO 420 68

195 Donald et al., 1987 2597 Mouse (Mus musculus) 2 U DR 48 d NR NR GE F REP PRWT WO 437 70

196 Marchlewicz et al., 1993 2760 Rat (Rattus norvegicus) 2 U DR 9 mo 3 mo SM M REP SPCL TE 579 69

197 Piasecka et. al. 1995 2816 Rat (Rattus norvegicus) 2 U DR 9 mo NR NR SM M REP TEDG TE 600 69

198 Piasek et al, 1988 14751 Rat (Rattus norvegicus) 2 U DR 3 w 14 w LC F REP PRWT WO 635 69

199 Jacquet, 1977 2711 Mouse (Mus musculus) 2 U FD 7 d NR NR GE F REP RSUC EM 646 73

200 Selvin-Testa et. al. 1997 2869 Rat (Rattus norvegicus) 2 U DR 126 d 1 d GE F REP PROG WO 651 66

201 Piasek and Kostial 1991 2818 Rat (Rattus norvegicus) 2 U DR 20 w 10 w GE F REP PRWT WO 750 73

202 Epstein, et.al. 1991 2614 Mouse (Mus musculus) 2 U DR 4 d NR NR LC F REP PRWT WO 762 68

203 Holtzman et al., 1981 2698 Rat (Rattus norvegicus) 2 U FD 2 w NR NR LC F REP PRWT WO 828 78

204 Holtzman et al, 1978 2699 Rat (Rattus norvegicus) 2 U FD 7 d NR NR LC F REP PRWT WO 833 78

205 Barlow et al., 1977 2523 Rat (Rattus norvegicus) 2 U FD 21 d NR NR LC F REP PRWT WO 991 74

206 Gulati et al, 1985 2837 Mouse (Mus musculus) 4 M DR 18 w 11 w JV F REP TEWT WO 1370 75

207 McConnell and Berry, 1979 2767 Rat (Rattus norvegicus) 2 U FD 30 d NR NR LC F REP PRWT WO 1770 73

208 Sharma and Kanwar, 1985 2871 Mouse (Mus musculus) 2 U DR 14 w NR NR GE B REP PROG WO 1990 70

209 Goldstein et al, 1974 14824 Rat (Rattus norvegicus) 2 U FD 16 d NR NR LC F REP PROG WO 2570 78

210 Holtzman et al, 1980 14827 Rat (Rattus norvegicus) 2 U FD 7 d NR NR LC F REP PRWT WO 2570 78

211 Krigman et al., 1974 2741 Rat (Rattus norvegicus) 2 U FD 25 d NR NR LC F REP PRWT WO 2570 78

212 Pentschew and Garro 1966 2811 Rat (Rattus norvegicus) M FD 27 d NR NR LC F C REP PROG WO 2840 78

213 Sharma and Kanwar, 1985 2871 Mouse (Mus musculus) 2 U DR 14 w 21 d JV B REP PROG WO 3630 70

214 Michaelson and Sauerhoff, 1974 2774 Rat (Rattus norvegicus) 2 U FD 17 d NR NR LC F REP PRWT WO 6170 74

215 Willoughby et al., 1972 14386 Horse (Equus caballus ) 2 U FD 15 w 20 to 21 w JV M GRO BDWT WO 0.150 68

216 Fox et.al., 1982 2634 Rat (Rattus norvegicus) 2 U FD 21 d 0 d JV F GRO BDWT WO 0.500 67

217 Dilts and Ahokas, 1979 2593 Rat (Rattus norvegicus) 6 U DR 21 d NR NR GE F GRO BDWT WO 1.00 5.00 72

218 Kimmel et al., 1980 2737 Rat (Rattus norvegicus) 5 U DR 7 d 50 d AD F GRO BDWT WO 1.27 13.0 73

219 Lynch et al, 1975 14380 Cattle (Bos taurus) 4 U OR 7 w 1 w JV M GRO BDWT WO 1.99 75

220 Wiebe and Barr, 1988 2930 Rat (Rattus norvegicus) 3 U DR 14 d 21 d JV F GRO BDWT WO 2.40 72

221 Schroeder et al, 1963 14446 Rat (Rattus norvegicus) 2 U DR 332 d 28 d JV B GRO BDWT WO 2.98 66

222 Kimmel et al., 1980 2737 Rat (Rattus norvegicus) 4 U DR 7 w 21 d GE F GRO BDWT WO 4.70 8.90 80

223 Horwitt and Cowgill, 1937 3873 Dog (Canis familiaris) 3 M FD 7 mo NR NR JV NR GRO BDWT WO 4.71 68

224 Zheng et al., 1996 2944 Rat (Rattus norvegicus) 3 U DR 30 d 22-24 d JV M GRO BDWT WO 5.64 28.2 71

225 Hammond et al., 1989 2675 Rat (Rattus norvegicus) 4 U DR 23 d 22 d JV F GRO BDWT WO 5.80 29.0 73

226 Lynch et al., 1976 3711 Cattle (Bos taurus) 3 U OR 84 d NR NR JV M GRO BDWT WO 7.79 80

227 Rader et al., 1981 2830 Rat (Rattus norvegicus) 2 U OR 6 w NR NR AD M GRO BDWT WO 9.10 67

228 Nehru et al., 1997 2788 Rat (Rattus norvegicus) 2 U GV 8 w NR NR JV F GRO BDWT WO 10.0 78

229 Gruber et al., 1997 2660 Rat (Rattus norvegicus) 3 U DR 6 mo NR NR AD M GRO BDWT WO 10.6 532 69

230 Lorenzo et al., 1978 2751 Rabbit (Oryctolagus cuniculus) 3 U GV 10 d 1 d JV F GRO BDWT WO 10.7 50.4 78

231 El-Gazzar et al, 1978 21143 Rat (Rattus norvegicus) 2 U DR 140 d 21 d JV M GRO BDWT WO 10.7 67

232 Rader et al., 1981 2830 Rat (Rattus norvegicus) 2 U DR 6 w NR NR JV M GRO BDWT WO 15.1 71

233 Mahaffey et al., 1977 14580 Rat (Rattus norvegicus) 2 UX FD 10 w NR NR JV M GRO BDWT WO 15.4 79

234 Rader et al., 1981 2830 Rat (Rattus norvegicus) 2 U OR 6 w NR NR AD M GRO BDWT WO 15.5 74

235 Rader et. al. 1981 2829 Rat (Rattus norvegicus) 2 U DR 7 w NR NR JV M GRO BDWT WO 16.1 71

236 Gerber et al, 1978 14822 Mouse (Mus musculus) 3 U DR 14 d 0 d JV NR GRO BDWT WO 16.3 163 71

237 Barratt et al., 1989 2524 Rat (Rattus norvegicus) 4 U GV 9 w 10 w JV M GRO BDWT WO 18.0 180 83

238 Morris et al, 1938 15125 Rat (Rattus norvegicus) 3 U FD 339 d 26-27 d JV B GRO BDWT WO 18.3 72

239 Tafelski and Lamperti, 1975 2905 Rat (Rattus norvegicus) 4 U GV 29 d NR NR SM F GRO BDWT WO 18.9 71

Growth

Eco-SSL for Lead March 2005
Table 6.1 Mammalian Toxicity Data Extracted for Wildlife Toxicity Reference Value (TRV)

Lead

Page 5 of 6

Result #

Reference Ref No. Test Organism

# of Conc/ DosesMethod of AnalysesRoute of ExposureExposure DurationDuration UnitsAgeAge UnitsLifestageSexEffect TypeEffect MeasureResponse SiteNOAEL Dose (mg/kg bw/day)LOAEL Dose (mg/kg bw/day)Data Evaluation Score

240 Mahaffey et al., 1973 2756 Rat (Rattus norvegicus) 7 U DR 10 w NR NR JV M GRO BDWT WO 24.3 71

241 Bull, et.. al., 1978 14812 Rat (Rattus norvegicus) 4 U DR 56 d 70 d LC F GRO BDWT WO 32.5 67

242 Fick et al., 1976 3704 Sheep (Ovis aries) 5 U FD 84 d NR NR JV M GRO BDWT WO 32.7 66

243 Bankowska and Hine, 1985 14852 Rat (Rattus norvegicus) 2 U DR 10 w NR NR JV M GRO BDWT WO 38.5 67

244 Logner et al., 1984 3889 Cattle (Bos taurus) 4 U FD 7 w 16 w JV M GRO BDWT WO 43.0 72

245 Agodi et al., 1990 2507 Rat (Rattus norvegicus) 2 U GV 28 d 2 d JV B GRO BDWT WO 50.0 79

246 Wolfe et al, 1996 2502 Rat (Rattus norvegicus) 5 M DR 4 w 94 d JV M GRO BDWT WO 71.5 178 82

247 Gelman and Michaelson, 1979 14821 Rat (Rattus norvegicus) 4 U GV 12 d 2 d JV B GRO BDWT WO 75.0 225 85

248 Rudra Pal et al., 1975 2806 Rat (Rattus norvegicus) 2 U FD 4 w NR NR JV M GRO BDWT WO 100 67

249 Goyer et al., 1970 14799 Rat (Rattus norvegicus) 6 U DR 10 w NR NR JV M GRO BDWT WO 120 383 71

250 Eyden et al, 1978 2618 Mouse (Mus musculus) 3 U FD 4 w 3 mo JV B GRO BDWT WO 136 1360 76

251 Talcott and Koller, 1983 2906 Mouse (Mus musculus) 2 U DR 18 w 6-8 w LC F GRO BDWT WO 137 67

252 Johansson and Wide, 1986 2723 Mouse (Mus musculus) 2 U DR 12 w NR NR GE M GRO BDWT WO 139 72

253 Sokol et al., 1985 2888 Rat (Rattus norvegicus) 3 U DR 30 d 52 d JV M GRO BDWT WO 169 508 74

254 Wolfe et al, 1996 2502 Rat (Rattus norvegicus) 2 M DR 4 w 99 d JV B GRO BDWT WO 171 76

255 Kishi et al., 1983 12025 Rat (Rattus norvegicus) 4 U GV 18 d 3 d JV M GRO BDWT WO 180 79

256 Wadi and Ahmad, 1999 2924 Mouse (Mus musculus) 3 U DR 6 w 7 w SM M GRO BDWT WO 187 373 69

257 Petrusz et al., 1979 2815 Rat (Rattus norvegicus) 4 U GV 18 d 2 d JV B GRO BDWT WO 200 70

258 Yagminas et al., 1990 3937 Rat (Rattus norvegicus) 2 U GV 91 d NR NR JV M GRO BDWT WO 200 79

259 Rabe et al., 1985 13216 Rat (Rattus norvegicus) 2 U DR 21 d 80 d JV F GRO BDWT WO 218 68

260 Mykkanen et al., 1980 2783 Rat (Rattus norvegicus) 4 U FD 1 w NR NR LC F GRO BDWT WO 230 460 77

261 Sourgens et al., 1987 2889 Rat (Rattus norvegicus) 4 U DR 30 d NR NR JV M GRO BDWT WO 285 67

262 Exon et al., 1979 3847 Mouse (Mus musculus) 5 U DR 10 w NR NR JV M GRO BDWT WO 362 67

263 Sokol, 1989 2887 Rat (Rattus norvegicus) 2 U DR 30 d 52 d JV M GRO BDWT WO 364 67

264 Holtzman et al., 1982 2697 Rat (Rattus norvegicus) 4 U GV 14 d 14 d JV NR GRO BDWT WO 400 800 85

265 Holtzman et al., 1982 2697 Rat (Rattus norvegicus) 5 U GV 14 d 20 d JV NR GRO BDWT WO 400 800 85

266 Gerber et al, 1978 14822 Rat (Rattus norvegicus) 2 U FD 14 mo 0 d JV NR GRO BDWT WO 431 70

267 Brady, et al, 1975 14795 Rat (Rattus norvegicus) 2 U GV 102 d 30 d LC F GRO BDWT WO 441 67

268 Stewart et al., 1998 2896 Mouse (Mus musculus) 4 U GV 12 d 6 d JV M GRO BDWT WO 534 79

269 Maker et al., 1973 2758 Mouse (Mus musculus) 7 U FD 30 d NR NR LC F GRO BDWT WO 632 1264 77

270 Selvin-Testa et. al. 1997 2869 Rat (Rattus norvegicus) 2 U DR 126 d 1 d GE F GRO BDWT WO 651 66

271 Piasek and Kostial 1991 2818 Rat (Rattus norvegicus) 2 U DR 20 w 10 w GE F GRO BDWT WO 750 71

272 Maker et al., 1973 2758 Mouse (Mus musculus) 7 U FD 28 d NR NR LC F GRO BDWT WO 1260 2530 77

273 Barrett and Livesey, 1983 10239 Rat (Rattus norvegicus) 4 U FD 18 d NR NR LC F GRO BDWT WO 1500 71

274 Schroeder et al, 1970 252 Rat (Rattus norvegicus) 2 U DR 9 d 21 d JV M GRO BDWT WO 3.30 72

275 Kelliher, et al. 1973 14377 Cattle (Bos taurus) 2 U FD 283 d 7 mo JV M GRO BDWT WO 15.0 76

276 Hamilton and O'Flaherty, 1994 2670 Rat (Rattus norvegicus) 3 U DR 92 d 25 d GE F MPH GMPH TB 28.7 70

277 Hamilton et al., 1994 2671 Rat (Rattus norvegicus) 4 U DR 7 d 25 d GE F GRO BDWT WO 29.0 66

278 Hammond and Succop, 1995 2678 Rat (Rattus norvegicus) 2 U DR 5 d 26 d JV F GRO BDWT WO 29.0 66

279 Hammond et al., 1993 2677 Rat (Rattus norvegicus) 2 U DR 26 d 22 d JV F GRO BDWT WO 29.5 70

280 Hammond et al., 1993 2677 Rat (Rattus norvegicus) 2 U DR 14 d 26 d JV F MPH Other TA 29.9 69

281 Minnema and Hammond, 1994 2776 Rat (Rattus norvegicus) 2 U DR 10 d 26 d JV F GRO BDWT WO 30.4 67

282 Al-Omar et al, 2000 20974 Mouse (Mus musculus) 2 M GV 3 w NR NR JV M GRO BDWT WO 46.4 84

283 White, 1977 2929 Dog (Canis familiaris) 2 U OR 5 w <1 yr JV NR GRO BDWT WO 50.0 84

284 Pankakoski et al., 1994 2807 Shrew (Sorex araneus) 4 M FD 31 d NR NR JV B GRO BDWT WO 61.5 76

285 Shailesh Kumar and Desiraju, 1990 2870 Rat (Rattus norvegicus) 3 U GV 58 d 2 d JV B GRO BDWT WO 100 79

286 Hsu et al, 1975 14376 Pig (Sus scrofa ) 2 U FD 13 w 4 w JV NR GRO BDWT WO 173 73

287 Harry et al., 1985 2680 Rat (Rattus norvegicus) 2 U GV 29 d 2 d JV F GRO BDWT WO 200 79

288 Lessler and Wright, 1976 2750 Rat (Rattus norvegicus) 2 U FD 5 w NR NR MA NR GRO BDWT WO 272 72

289 Press 1975 2827 Rat (Rattus norvegicus) 2 U GV 6 d 1 d JV B GRO BDWT WO 328 79

290 Sokol, 1989 2887 Rat (Rattus norvegicus) 2 U DR 30 d 27 d JV M GRO BDWT WO 354 67

291 Ronis et al., 1996 2846 Rat (Rattus norvegicus) 2 U DR 50 d 24 d JV M GRO BDWT WO 371 67

292 Toews et al., 1983 2911 Rat (Rattus norvegicus) 2 U GV 28 d 2 d JV M GRO BDWT WO 400 79

293 Holtzman et al., 1982 2697 Rat (Rattus norvegicus) 4 U GV 14 d 18 d JV NR GRO BDWT WO 400 79

294 Rasile et. al. 1995 2836 Mouse (Mus musculus) 2 U DR 45 d 50-100 d GE F GRO BDWT WO 404 67

295 Mykkanen et al., 1980 2783 Rat (Rattus norvegicus) 4 U FD 1 w NR NR LC F GRO BDWT WO 442 71

296 Piasek et al, 1988 14751 Rat (Rattus norvegicus) 2 U DR 6 w 14 w LC F GRO BDWT WO 638 67

297 Gulati et al, 1985 2837 Mouse (Mus musculus) 4 M DR 10 w 11 w JV F GRO BDWT WO 748 73

298 Barlow et al., 1977 2523 Rat (Rattus norvegicus) 2 U FD 21 d NR NR LC F GRO BDWT WO 991 72

299 Brashear et al., 1978 2546 Rat (Rattus norvegicus) 2 U GV 18 d 2 d JV B GRO BDWT WO 1000 79

300 Gerber et al, 1978 14822 Rat (Rattus norvegicus) 2 U FD 2 w 0 d JV NR GRO BDWT WO 1430 72

301 Holtzman et al., 1982 2697 Rat (Rattus norvegicus) 4 U GV 14 d 24 d JV NR GRO BDWT WO 1600 79

Eco-SSL for Lead March 2005
Table 6.1 Mammalian Toxicity Data Extracted for Wildlife Toxicity Reference Value (TRV)

Lead

Page 6 of 6

Result #

Reference Ref No. Test Organism

# of Conc/ DosesMethod of AnalysesRoute of ExposureExposure DurationDuration UnitsAgeAge UnitsLifestageSexEffect TypeEffect MeasureResponse SiteNOAEL Dose (mg/kg bw/day)LOAEL Dose (mg/kg bw/day)Data Evaluation Score

302 Holtzman et al., 1981 2698 Rat (Rattus norvegicus) 2 U FD 2 w 60-80 d JV M GRO BDWT WO 2390 69

303 Holtzman et al., 1982 2697 Rat (Rattus norvegicus) 3 U GV 14 d 16 d JV NR GRO BDWT WO 2400 79

304 Holtzman et al, 1980 14827 Rat (Rattus norvegicus) 2 U FD 14 d 60 d JV M GRO BDWT WO 2650 77

305 Schroeder and Mitchener, 1975 1858 Mouse (Mus musculus) 2 U DR 669 d 19-20 d JV B MOR LFSP WO 3.50 68

306 Junaid et al., 1997 2725 Mouse (Mus musculus) 4 U GV 60 d NR NR AD F MOR MORT WO 4.00 8.00 82

307 Lynch et al., 1976 3711 Cattle (Bos taurus) 3 U OR 84 d NR NR JV M MOR SURV WO 7.79 85

308 Lorenzo et al., 1978 2751 Rabbit (Oryctolagus cuniculus) 5 U GV 30 d 1 d JV F MOR MORT WO 10.7 50.4 84

309 Azar et al., 1973 3747 Rat (Rattus norvegicus) 5 M FD 2 yr NR NR NR M MOR MORT WO 10.9 42.4 81

310 Logner et al., 1984 3889 Cattle (Bos taurus) 4 U FD 10 d 74 d JV M MOR MORT WO 16.0 43.0 88

311 Azar et al., 1973 3747 Dog (Canis familiaris) 5 M FD 2 yr NR NR NR B MOR MORT WO 24.7 68

312 Jessup, 1967 2720 Rabbit (Oryctolagus cuniculus) 3 U FD 10 d NR NR GE F MOR MORT WO 29.2 72

313 Lassen and Buck, 1979 3709 Pig (Sus scrofa ) 5 U DR 13 w 6 w JV NR MOR MORT WO 30.2 68

314 Bankowska and Hine, 1985 14852 Rat (Rattus norvegicus) 2 U DR 4 w NR NR JV M MOR MORT WO 40.3 68

315 Al-Omar et al, 2000 20974 Mouse (Mus musculus) 2 M GV 5 w NR NR JV M MOR MORT WO 46.4 85

316 Carpenter, 1982 2565 Hamster (Mesocricetus auratus) 2 U DR 51 d 15 w GE F MOR MORT WO 64.8 68

317 Carpenter, 1982 2565 Hamster (Mesocricetus auratus) 2 U DR 14 d 11 w GE F MOR MORT WO 64.9 68

318 Jessup and Shott, 1969 11831 Rat (Rattus norvegicus) 5 U FD 92 w 21 d JV M MOR SURV WO 74.9 73

319 Jessup, 1969 2721 Rat (Rattus norvegicus) 4 U FD 8 w NR NR GE B MOR SURV WO 78.9 73

320 Azar et al., 1973 3747 Rat (Rattus norvegicus) 3 M FD 2 yr NR NR NR M MOR MORT WO 87.5 163 83

321 Wolfe et al, 1996 2502 Rat (Rattus norvegicus) 5 U DR 24 w 94 d JV B MOR MORT WO 104 77

322 Lessler and Wright, 1976 2750 Rat (Rattus norvegicus) 2 U FD 24 w NR NR YO M MOR MORT WO 170 73

323 Lessler and Wright, 1976 2750 Rat (Rattus norvegicus) 2 U FD 8 w NR NR MA M MOR MORT WO 170 66

324 Petrusz et al., 1979 2815 Rat (Rattus norvegicus) 4 U GV 18 d 2 d JV B MOR MORT WO 200 80

325 Ogilvie and Martin, 1981 2799 Mouse (Mus musculus) 2 U DR 10 mo NR NR AD M MOR MORT WO 379 68

326 Holtzman et al., 1982 2697 Rat (Rattus norvegicus) 5 U GV 14 d 20 d JV NR MOR MORT WO 400 800 86

327 Holtzman et al., 1982 2697 Rat (Rattus norvegicus) 4 U GV 14 d 24 d JV NR MOR MORT WO 400 800 86

328 Rasile et. al. 1995 2836 Mouse (Mus musculus) 2 U DR 98 d 50-100 d GE F MOR MORT WO 404 68

329 Piasekand Kostial, 1987 2817 Rat (Rattus norvegicus) 4 U DR 18 w NR NR JV M MOR MORT WO 639 72

330 Holtzman et al., 1982 2697 Rat (Rattus norvegicus) 4 U GV 14 d 24 d JV NR MOR MORT WO 2000 2400 86

331 Holtzman et al., 1982 2697 Rat (Rattus norvegicus) 3 U GV 14 d 14 d JV NR MOR MORT WO 3200 80

332 Kanisawa and Schroeder, 1969 3701 Rat (Rattus norvegicus) 2 U DR 727 d 30 d JV F MOR LFSP WO 0.569 67

333 Zmudski et al., 1983 3940 Cattle (Bos taurus) 4 U DR 21 d 10 w JV M MOR MORT WO 2.70 72

334 Schroeder et al, 1963 14446 Rat (Rattus norvegicus) 2 U DR 6 mo 28 d JV B MOR SURV WO 2.87 67

335 Schroeder et al, 1964 14447 Mouse (Mus musculus) 2 U DR 21 mo 21 d JV M MOR SURV WO 3.10 73

336 Wells, et.al, 1986 14803 Cattle (Bos taurus) 2 U DR 8 d 3 mo JV M MOR MORT WO 20.0 72

337 Pankakoski et al., 1994 2807 Shrew (Sorex araneus) 4 M FD 31 d NR NR JV B MOR MORT WO 61.5 77

338 Press 1975 2827 Rat (Rattus norvegicus) 2 U GV 14 d 1 d JV B MOR MORT WO 328 80

339 Shailesh Kumar and Desiraju, 1990 2870 Rat (Rattus norvegicus) 2 U GV 58 d 2 d JV B MOR MORT WO 400 84

340 Holtzman et al., 1982 2697 Rat (Rattus norvegicus) 4 U GV 14 d 16 d JV NR MOR MORT WO 400 80

341 Eyden et al, 1978 2618 Mouse (Mus musculus) 6 U FD 115 d NR NR AD B MOR SURV WO 635 72

342 Gulati et al, 1985 2837 Mouse (Mus musculus) 4 M DR 18 w 11 w JV B MOR MORT WO 670 74

343 Lamb et al., 1997 2505 Mouse (Mus musculus) 4 U DR 105 d 6 w JV B MOR MORT WO 670 72

RBEH = reproductive behavior; REP = reproduction; RHIS = reproductive organ histology; RPRD = reproductive capacity; RRSP = righting response; RSEM = resorbed embryos; RSUC = 

reproductive success (general); RT = reproductive tissue; SCDH = succinate dehydrogenase; SM = sperm; SM = sexually mature; SMIX = weight relative to body weight; SOMC = somatomedin 

C; SPCL = sperm cell counts; SPCV = sperm cell viability; SR = serum; SURV = survival; SV = seminal vesicle; TA = tail; TB = tibia;TE = testes; TEDG = testes degeneration; TEWT = testes 

weight; U = unmeasured; UR = urine; USTR = ultrastructural changes; UX = measured but values not reported; w = weeks; WCON = water consumption; WO = whole organism; YO = young; yr

= year.

ACTP = accuracy of learned behavior; ACTV = activity level; AD = adult; ALAD =(delta) -aminolevulinic acid dehydrogenase; AVO = avoidance; B = both; B2MG = beta2-microglobulin; BL 

= blood; BLPR = blood pressure; BDWT = body weight changes; BEH = behavior; BR = brain; BTMP = body temperature; BUNT = blood urea nitrogen; CALC = calcium; CHM = chemical 

changes;d = days; DEYO = death of young; DHYD = dehdyration; DOPA = dopamine; DR = Drinking water; EDMA = edema; EM = embryo; ENCP = encephalopathy; ENZ = enyzme level 

changes; EXCR = excretion; EY = eye; F = female; FCNS = food consumption; FD = food; FDB = feeding behavior; FERT = fertility; FOOD = food avoidance; G6PD = glucose-6-phosphate 

dehydrogenase; GBCM = general biochemical; GE = gestation; GHIS = general histology; GLSN = gross lesions; GMPH = general morphology; GPHY = general physiology; GREP = general 

reproductive effect; GRO = growth; GRS = gross body weight changes; GV = gavage; HE = heart; HIS = histological changes; HMCT = hematocrit; HMGL = hemoglobin; 

HRM = hormone changes; IIBD = intranuclear inclusion bodies; ITX = intoxication; JV = juvenile; kg = kilograms; KI = kidney; L = liter; LC = lactation; LFSP = lifespan; LI = liver; LOAEL =

lowest observed adverse effect level; mo = months; M = male; M = measured; MA = mature; MOR = effects on mortality and survival; MORT = mortality; MT = multiple tissues/organs; NCRO 

= necrosis; NE = nervous tissue; NOAEL = No Observed Advese Effect Level; NORE = norephinephrine; NR = Not reported; ODVP = offspring development; OR = other oral; ORW = organ 

weight changes; ORWT = organ weight changes; OV = ovaries; PARL = paralysis; PCLV = packed cell volume; PG = prostate gland; PHY = physiology; PI = pituitary gland; POTA = 

potassium; PRFM = sexual performance; PROG = progeny numbers/counts; PRTL = total protein; PRWT = progeny weight; PTH = pathology; RBCE = red blood cell count; 

Survival

Eco-SSL for Lead March 2005
Lowest-Observed Adverse Effect Dose

Paired values from same study when joined by lNo-Observed Adverse Effect Dose

Wildlife TRV Derivation Process Data Evaluation Score1) There are at least three results available for two test species within the growth, reproduction, and mortality effect groups. There are enough data to derive a TRV.2) There are three NOAEL results available for calculation of a geometric mean. 4) The geometric mean is equal to 40.7 mg/kg bw/d but is higher than the lowest bounded LOAEL for results within the reproduction, growth, and survival effect groups.5) The mammalian wildlife TRV for lead is equal to 4.70 mg lead/kg bw/day which is the highest bounded NOAEL below the lowest bounded LOAEL for results in the grow

Figure 6.1 Mammalian TRV Derivation for Lead

71

7473

7475

71

6670

718076

66

70

66

68

78

72

66

78

78

78

71747374

75

71

66

70

71

80

76

66

68

78

66

78

78

78

77

72

72

6977

72

69667267

72

727277

696972

6672

7272

72

6880

74

69

73

75

67

70

67

71

797373

7066

68

80

74

69

6771

79

7373

70

66

72

6666

7568

72

726767

74

6769

68

68

69

75

68

67

72

7781

72

74

79

67

678372

78

69

75

71

76

818168

75

66

77

81

72

74

79

8378

69

71

76

8181

68

67

7570

67

758080

72

7275

68727575

75

7575

80

68

66

72

68

77

74

7279

687673

787673

67

85

6866716972

8784736967

7487726868

78

7979

7471

69

668666

77

74

72

79

76

78

73

6785

71

72

87

84

7374

87

78

79797471

86

77

7467

67

81

69

66

8678816869

69

69

69747278696971737073737378

686968686969686869696870

696969736673687878

74

75

7370

78787878

70

74

68

67

72

73

75

72

66

8068

7173

806778697867

7179747171837271

71

6766677279

8285

67

71766772

7476796970796877

67

676785857067

79776671

77

71

72

73

80

7173

69

78

7183 82

85

71

76

74

69

77

8585

77

77

72

76

7066667

6

66

0.1001.000

10.000

100.000

1000.000

10000.000

Dose (mg Pb/kg bw/day)

BIO-NOAEL BIO-LOAEL BEH-NOAEL BEH-LOAEL PHY-NOAEL PHY-LOAEL PTH-NOAEL PTH-LOAEL REP-NOAEL REP-LOAEL GRO-NOAEL GRO-LOAEL 

Biochemical (BIO) Behavior (BEH) Pathology (PTH) Reproduction (REP) 

Geometric Mean of 

NOAELs for REP and 

GRO = 40.7

TRV = Highest bound

lower than lowest 

LOAEL for REP, GR

4.70

Growth (GRO)

83

Eco-SSL for Lead 18 
Eco-SSL for Lead 19 March 2005

Table 6.2 Calculation of the Mammalian Eco-SSLs for Lead

Surrogate

Receptor Group

TRV for

Lead

(mg dw/kg

bw/d) 1

Food Ingestion

Rate (FIR)2

(kg dw/kg bw/d)

Soil Ingestion as

Proportion of

Diet (Ps)

2

Concentration of

Lead in Biota Type

(i)2,3

(Bi)

(mg/kg dw)

Eco-SSL

(mg/kg dw)4

Mammalian

herbivore (vole) 4.70 0.0875 0.032

ln(Bi

) = 0.561 *

ln(Soilj

) - 1.328 

where i = plants

1200

Mammalian ground

insectivore (shrew) 4.70 0.209 0.030

ln(Bi

) = 0.807 *

ln(Soilj

) - 0.218

where i = earthworms

56

Mammalian

carnivore (weasel) 4.70 0.130 0.043

ln(Bi

) = 0.4422 *

ln(Soilj

) + 0.0761

where i = mammals

460

1 The process for derivation of wildlife TRVs is described in Attachment 4-5 of U.S. EPA (2003). 2 Parameters (FIR, Ps, Bi

 values, regressions) are provided in U.S. EPA (2003) Attachment 4-1 (revised February 2005). 3

 Bi = Concentration in biota type (i) which represents 100% of the diet for the respective receptor. 4

 HQ = FIR * (Soilj * Ps + Bi) / TRV) solved for HQ=1 where Soilj = Eco-SSL (Equation 4-2; U.S. EPA, 2003). 

 NA = Not Applicable 
This Page Intentionally Left Blank
Eco-SSL for Lead 20 March 2005

7.0 REFERENCES

7.1 General Lead References

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State University Press, 1982

Budavari, S. (ed.). 1996. The Merck Index - An Encyclopedia of Chemicals, Drugs, and Biologicals. Whitehouse

Station, NJ: Merck and Co., Inc., 922

Clayton, G.D., F.E. Clayton (eds.) 1993-1994, Patty's Industrial Hygiene and Toxicology. Volumes 2A, 2B, 2C, 2D,

2E, 2F: Toxicology. 4th ed. New York, NY: John Wiley & Sons Inc., 1993-1994. 2073

Doull, J., C.D.Klassen, and M.D. Amdur (eds.). 1986. Inorganic lead compounds/ Casarett and Doull's Toxicology.

3rd ed., New York: Macmillan Co., Inc., 1986. 599

Gainer JH. 1974. Environ Health Perspect Exp 7: 113-9 (1974) as cited in U.S. EPA; Ambient Water Quality

Criteria Doc: Lead p.C-71 (1980) EPA 440/5-80-057]

Kayser, R., D. Sterling, D. Viviani (eds.). 1982. Intermedia Priority Pollutant Guidance Documents. Washington,

DC: U.S.Environmental Protection Agency, July 1982.

NIOSH. 1978. Criteria Document: Inorganic Lead p.III-4 (1978) DHEW Pub. NIOSH 78-158.

National Research Council of Canada (NRCC). 1978. Inorganic lead. Effects of Lead in the Canadian Envir 

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Screening Levels (Eco-SSLs). November. Office of Emergency and Remedial Response, Washington, DC. 

OSWER Directive 9285.7-55. 

United States Environmental Protection Agency (U.S. EPA). 1999. Ecological Risk Assessment and Risk

Management Principles for Superfund Sites. Office of Emergency and Remedial Response, Washington, DC.

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United States Environmental Protection Agency (U.S. EPA). 1998. Guidelines for Ecological Risk Assessment. 

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United States Environmental Protection Agency (U.S. EPA). 1997. Ecological Risk Assessment Guidance for

Superfund: Process for Designing and Conducting Ecological Risk Assessments. Interim Final. U.S.

Environmental Protection Agency, Environmental Response Team (Edison, NJ). June 5, 1997.

World Health Organization (WHO). 1995. Environ Health Criteria: Lead p. 26.

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Balba, A. M., El Shibiny, G., and El Khatib, S. 1991. Effect of Lead Increments on the Yield and Lead Content of

Tomato Plants. Water Air Soil Pollut. 57-58, 93-99

Chappelka, A. H., Kush, J. S., Runion, G. B., Meier, S., and Kelley, W. D. 1991. Effects of soil-applied lead on

seedling growth and ectomycorrhizal colonization of loblolly pine. Environ.Pollut. 72[4], 307-316
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Conder, J. M. and Lanno, R. P. 2000. Evaluation of Surrogate Measures of Cadmium, Lead, and Zinc Bioavailability

to Eisenia fetida. Chemosphere 41, 1659-1668

Dang, Y. P., Chhabra, R., and Verma, K. S. 1990. Effect of Cd, Ni, Pb and Zn on Growth and Chemical

Composition of Onion and Fenugreek. Commun.Soil Sci.Plant Anal. 21[9/10], 717-735

Davis, J. B. and Barnes, R. L. 1973. Effects of Soil-Applied Fluoride and Lead on Growth of Loblolly Pine and Red

Maple. Environ.Pollut. 5, 35-44

Dixon, R. K. 1988. Response of Ectomycorrhizal Quercus rubra to Soil Cadmium, Nickel and Lead. Soil Biol

Biochem 20[4], 555-559

Donkin, S. G. and Dusenbery, D. B. 1994. Using the Caenorhabditis elegans Soil Toxicity Test to Identify Factors

Affecting Toxicity to Identify Factors Affecting Toxicity of Four Metal Ions in Intact Soil. Water Air Soil Pollut. 78,

359-373

Gaweda, M. 1991. The uptake of lead by spinach spinacia-oleracea l. And radish raphanus-raphanistrumsubvar-radicula pers. As affected by organic matter in soil. Acta Physiol.Plant. 13[3], 167-174

Gaweda, Maria and Capecka, Ewa. 1995. Effect of substrate ph on the accumulation of lead in radish (Raphanus

sativus l. Subvar. Radicula) and spinach (Spinacia oleracea l.). Acta Physiol.Plant. 17[4], 333-340

Hassett, J. J., Miller, J. E., and Koeppe, D. E. 1976. Interaction of Lead and Cadmium on Maize Root Growth and

Uptake of Lead and Cadmium by Roots. Environ.Pollut. 11, 297-302

Kadar, I. and Morvai, B. 1998. Effect of Micropollutants on Soil and Crop on Calcareous Sandy Soil.

Agrokem.Talajtan 47[1-4], 207-214

Kennedy G.L. et al. 1975. Food Cosmet Toxicol 13: 629-32 (1975) as cited in U.S. Dept Health & Human

Services/Agency for Toxic Substances & Disease Registry; Toxicological Profile for Lead (Update) p.94 (1993)

ATSDR/TP-92/12.

Marques Dos Santos, C., Neto, M. M. P., and DeVarennes, A. 1993. Some Effects of Different Levels of Lead on

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Evaluate the Impact of Wastes in Soil. In: J.K.Petros,Jr., W.J.Lacy, and R.A.Conway (Eds.), Hazardous and

Industiral Solid Waste Testing: 4th Symposium, ASTM STP 886, Philadelphia, PA 886, 192-203

Neuhauser, E. F., Loehr, R. C., Milligan, D. L., and Malecki, M. R. 1985. Toxicity of Metals to the Earthworm

Eisenia fetida. Biol.Fertil.Soils 1[3], 149-152

Patel, P. M., Wallace, A., and Romney, E. M. 1977. Effect of Chelating Agents on Phytotoxicity of Lead and Lead

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Peredney, C. L. and Williams, P. L. 2000. Utility of Caenorhabditis elegans for Assessing Heavy Metal

Contamination in Artificial Soil. Arch.Environ.Contam.Toxicol. 39[1], 113-118

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Achievements in Environmental Fate and Transport, 9th Volume, ASTM STP 1381, West Conshohocken, PA ,

256-268

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Folsomia candida (Collembola). Ecotoxicol.Environ.Saf. 37, 125-130

Sandifer, R. D. and Hopkin, S. P. 1996. Effects Of Ph On The Toxicity Of Cadmium, Copper, Lead And Zinc To

Folsomia Candida Willem, 1902 (Collembola) In A Standard Laboratory Test System. Chemosphere 33[12],

2475-2486

Singh, B. R. and Jeng, A. S. 1993. Uptake of Zinc, Cadmium, Mercury, Lead, Chromium and Nickel by Ryegrass

Grown in a Sandy Soil. Norw.J.Agric.Sci. 7[2], 147-157

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Point-Source Metal Contamination in Terrestrial Ecosystems. Environ.Pollut. 84[2], 123-130

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(L.). Plant Soil 60, 223-236

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Zheng, C. and Chen, H. 1996. Interaction of Pb and Cd in Soil-Water-Plant System and Its Mechanism. I. Pb-Cd

Interaction in Red Soil-Plant System. Pedosphere 6[1], 63-72 IP 13139 - Chur*g and Huaiman, 1996

7.3 References Rejected for Use in Deriving Plant and Soil Invertebrate Eco-SSLs

These references were reviewed and rejected for use in derivation of the Eco-SSL. The

definition of the codes describing the basis for rejection is provided at the end of the reference

sections.

Score Aery, N. C. and Jagetiya, B. L. 1997. Relative Toxicity of Cadmium, Lead and Zinc on Barley. 

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Score Baumhardt, G. R. and Welch, L. F. 1972. Lead Uptake and Corn Growth with Soil-Applied Lead.

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Score Bengtsson, G., Gunnarsson, T., and Rundgen, S. 1986. Effects of Metals Pollution on the

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No Dose Berg, M. H. 1970. Lead Absorption from Soil into Legumes. J Minn Acad Sci 36[2-3], 96

Media Bersenyi, A., Fekete, S., Hullar, I., Kadar, I., Szilagyi, M., Glavits, R., Kulcsar, M., Mezes, M.,

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FL Bertels, C., Ruether, P., Kahle, H., and Breckle, S. W. 1989. Root System Growth of Beech
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Seedlings in Cadmium and Cadmium-Lead Contaminated Soils (Die Entwicklung des

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No Dose Bhuiya, M. R. H. and Cornfield, A. H. 1974. Incubation Study on Effect of pH on Nitrogen

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Environ.Pollut. 7, 161-164

No Control Bhuiya, M. R. H. and Cornfield, A. H. 1976. Effect of Addition of Cu, Cr, Pb and Zn on Nitrogen

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18-20

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230

Mix Blair, C. W., Scanlon, P. F., and Hiller, A. L. 1978. Lead, Cadmium, Nickel, and Zinc Levels in

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No Dose Blaylock, Michael J., Salt, David E., Dushenkov, Slavik, Zakharova, Olga, Gussman, Christopher,

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Mix Boisson, J., Ruttens, A., and Vangronsveld, J. 1999. Evaluation of Hydroxyapatite as a Metal

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OM, pH Carlson, R. W. and Bazzaz, F. A. 1977. Growth Reduction of American Sycamore (Plantanus

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OM, pH Carlson, R. W. and Bazzaz, F. A. 1977. Growth Reduction in American Sycamore (Plantanus

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Media Cheung, Y. H., Wong, M. H., and Tam, N. F. Y. 1989. Root and Shoot Elongation as an
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FL Chrenekova, Eva, Lahucky, Ladislav, and Vollmannova, Alena. 1991. Root absorption of lead and

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pH Doelman, P. and Haanstra, L. 1979. Effects of Lead on the Decomposition of Organic Matter. Soil

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FL Dzeletovic, Zeljko, Filipovic, Radoslav, Djurdjevic, Melanija, and Jakovljevic, Miodrag. 1991.

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7.5 References Rejected for Use in Derivation of Wildlife TRV

These references were reviewed and rejected for use in derivation of the Eco-SSL. The

definition of the codes describing the basis for rejection is provided at the end of the reference

sections.

Unrel 1988 Annual Report on Alaska's Mineral Resources. USGS Circular 1023. (65) 

Unrel Addition of calcium ions for enhancing the safety of metal-ligand chelates as magnetic resonance

imaging agents and x-ray contrast agents. PCT Int. Appl. 10 pp.

Anat Analysis of the variation of the oxygen isotopic composition of mammalian bone phosphate

(paleoclimate, climate change, castor canadensis, casteroides ohioensis, teotihuacan, mexico,

immigration). 01534453 ORDER NO: AADNN-13683 

Unrel 1976. Annual report of studies in animal nutrition and allied sciences. Volume 32. Rowett

Research Institute. 125pp.

Diss Appearances suggesting reconstruction in the rat brain after well-defined lesions. 1052950 

Diss Biochemical and genetic characterization of the n-acetyltransferase polymorphism in c57bl/6j and

a/j mice. 954931 ORDER NO: AAD87-12169 

Diss The byzantine lead seals with family names from the collection of the numismatic museum of

athens (numismatic museum) original title: die byzantinischen bleisiegel mit sammlung des

numismatischen museums athen. 01285432

Diss Cellular development and differentiation in human cerebral cortical dysplasic. 01363469 ORDER

NOAAD94-18881. 

No Control Buck, WB, James, LF, and Binns, W. 1961. Changes in serum transaminase activities associated

with plant and mineral toxicity in sheep and cattle. Cornell Vet. 51: 568.

Diss The chromatin patterns of seven vertebrate species (banding, birds. cat). 0996732 
Eco-SSL for Lead 73 March 2005

Unrel 1985. Cominco alaska begins development of red dog lead-zinc-silver deposit. E&Mj-Engineering

And Mining Journal. 186 (4) : 25 

Diss Content and evolution of cadmium, cobalt, chromium, copper, nickel, lead, and zinc in soils of

l'horta and ribera baixa regions (Valencia) (Spain) Original title: contenido y evolucion de

cadmio, cobalto, cromo, cobre, niquel, plomo, cinc en suelos de las comarcas de l'horta y la baixa

(valencia). 01269400 

Diss Development and distribution of neuroepithelial bodies in the fetal hamster lung. 833519 

ORDER NO: AAD84-01837 

Diss Development and evaluation of monoclonal antibodies to acanthamoeba spp. (Dot-immunobinding

assay. 880026 ORDER NO: AAD85-08639 

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5; 7646-85-7; 62-73-7; 7487-94-7; 13510-49-1; 13473-90-0; 7447-39-4; 10099-74-8; 10108-64-

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Org Met Yagminas, A. P., Little, P. B., Rousseaux, C. G., Franklin, C. A., and Villeneuve, D. C. 1992. 

Neuropathologic Findings in Young Male Rats in a Subchronic Oral Toxicity Study Using Triethyl

Lead. Fundam Appl Toxicol. 19(3): 380-387.

Diss Yamamoto, B. K. 1981. Chronic Dietary Lead Administration During Different Developmental

Stages: Activity Changes and Neurochemical Correlates 

Drug Yamamoto, B. K. and Kutscher, C. L. 1981. Drug and Food-deprivation Modulation of Activity

in Rats Given Chronic Dietary Lead: Significance of Type of Activity Measure. Pharmacol

Biochem Behav. 15(3): 505-12.

Meth Yamamoto, B. K. and Kutscher, C. L. 1980. Using Profiles of Saccharin and Water Drinking to

Detect and Discriminate Actions of Drugs and Toxicants. Pharmacol Biochem Behav. 13(4): 

507-12.

No Oral Yamamoto, T., Yamaguchi, M., and Suketa, Y. 1974. Calcium Accumulation in Liver and

Calcium Mobilization in Bone of Lead-poisoned Rats. Toxicol. Appl. Pharmacol. 27(1): 204-

205.

Bio Acc Yang, Zhixiao, Wang, Hongcun, and Yu, Min. Manufacture and Trace Element Analysis in Trace

Element-rich Nutrient Powder. Shipin Kexue (Beijing) (1991) : 137, 34-5.

FL Yata S, Hara H, Kitano H, and Arai S. 1993. A Case of Lead Poisoning in Wild Mallard. 

Journal of the Japan Veterinary Medical Association. 46(3): 257-260.

Acu Yoshikawa, Hiroshi. Preventive Effect of Pretreatment with Low Dose of Metals on the Acute

Toxicity of Metals in Mice. Ind. Health (1970) 8(4): 184-91.

In Vit Young, R. J A, Bodt, B. A., and Heitkamp, D. H. 1995. Action of Metallic Ions on the Precocious

Development by Rabbit Sperm of Motion Patterns That Are Characteristic of Hyperactivated

Motility. Molecular Reproduction and Development. 41(2): 239-248.

Mix Young, R. W., Furr, A. K., Stoewsand, G. S., Bache, C. A., and Lisk, D. J. 1978. Lead and Other

Elements in Tissues of Guinea Pigs Fed Crown Vetch Grown Adjacent to a Highway. Cornell

Veterinarian 68(4): 521-9.

Surv Young, R. W., Ridgely, S. L., Blue, J. T., Bache, C. A., and Lisk, D. J. 1986. Lead in Tissues of

Woodchucks Fed Crown Vetch Growing Adjacent to a Highway. J. Toxicol. Environ. Health.

19(1): 91-96.
Eco-SSL for Lead 209 March 2005

Imm Youssef, S. A., El-sanousi, A. A., Afifi, N. A., and El Brawy, A. M. 1996. Effect of Subclinical

Lead Toxicity on the Immune Response of Chickens to Newcastle Disease Virus Vaccine. Res.

Vet. Sci. 60(1): 13-16.

Unrel Yu, Ping, Yan, Jinling, and Huang, Meng. Extraction of the Active Constituents of Fugus Ovary

and Their Properties. Tianran Chanwu Yanjiu Yu Kaifa (1999) 11(5): 51-54.

FL Yuan, Hongbing and Zhang, Gong. Combined Effects of Lead, Cadmium and Arsenic on Renal

Trace Element Levels in Mice. Gongye Weisheng Yu Zhiyebing (1991) 17(2): 70-2 .

No Dose Yuhl, D. E., Burright, R. G., Donovick, P. J., and Cypess, R. H. 1985. Behavioral Effects of

Early Lead Exposure and Subsequent Toxocariasis in Mice. J Toxicol Environ Health 16(2): 

315-21.

Diss Zaiser, A. E. 1997.the Effects of Prenatal and Postnatal Exposure to Inorganic Lead on Longterm Potentiation in Vivo and Spatial Learning in the Rat (Memory Recall) 

No Dose Zaiser, A. E. and Miletic, V. 1997. Prenatal and Postnatal Chronic Exposure to Low Levels of

Inorganic Lead Attenuates Long-term Potentiation in the Adult Rat Hippocampus in Vivo. 

Neurosci Lett. 239(2-3): 128-30.

No Control Zajac, C. S. and Abel, E. L. 1990. Lack of Lead Effects on Fetal Development and Offspring

Learning When Combined with Alcohol in the Long-evans Rat. Teratology. 41(1): 33-41.

Bio Acc Zakrzewska, M. 1988. Effect of Lead on Postnatal Development of the Bank Vole

(Clethrionomys glareolus). Arch. Environ. Contam. Toxicol. 17(3): 365-371.

Unrel Zaopska-downar, B. Silver-absorptive Cells in the Liver Parenchyma I. Histological and

Ultrastructural Studies. Folia Morphologica (Prague). 37 (2). 1989. 126-141. 

Unrel Zapolska-downar, B. 1989. Silver-absorptive Cells in Liver Parenchyma. I. Histological and

Ultrastructural Studies. Folia Morphologica 37(2): 136-41.

Acute Zareba, G. and Chmielnicka, J. 1992. Disturbances in heme biosynthesis in rabbits after

administration per os of low doses of tin or lead. Biol Trace Elem Res 34(2): 115-22.

Drug Zargham Khan, M., Szarek, J., and Rotkiewicz, T. 1994. Monensin Toxicosis in Broiler Chicks

Concurrently Fed Selenium or Lead:light and Ultrastructural Alterations. Pakistan Veterinary

Journal. 14(2): 67-72.

Bio Acc Zatta, P., Cervellin, D., Favarato, M., Gerotto, M., and Mattiello, G. Microelemental

Concentration in the Ontogenesis of Rat Brain. Trace Elem. Electrolytes (1994) 11(3): 143-

7.

In Vit Zawia, N. H., Evers, L. B., and Harry, G. J. 1994. Developmental Profiles of Ornithine

Decarboxylase Activity in the Hippocampus, Neocortex and Cerebellum: Modulation Following

Lead Exposure. Int J Dev Neurosci. 12(1): 25-30.

No Dose Zawia, N. H., Evers, L. B., Kodavanti, P. R., and Harry, G. J. 1994. Modulation of

Developmental Cerebellar Ornithine Decarboxylase Activity by Lead-acetate. Neurotoxicology. 

15(4): 903-11.

FL Zechalko, A. 1979 . Effect of Nutritional Deficiencies on the Toxicity of Lead and Cadmium in

Experimental Rats. Part Iii. Enzymic Studies on Blood Serum. Bromatol. Chem. Toksykol.

12(2): 161-167.
Eco-SSL for Lead 210 March 2005

Surv Zechalko, A. 1979. Effect of Nutritional Deficiencies on the Toxicity of Lead and Cadmium in

Experimental Rats. Part Iv. Metal Content in Animal Tissues. Bromatol. Chem. Toksykol.

12(3): 211-223.

Mix Zechalko, A. 1979. Effect of Nutritional Deficiency on the Toxicity of Lead and Cadmium

Inexperimental Rats. 1. General Studies. Bromatologia I Chemia Tokskologiczna. 12(1): 43-51.

FL Zechalko, A., Biernat, J., and Szymczak, J. 1985. Effect of Calcium Deficiency on Hematological

Indices and Serum and Liver Enzymes Activities in Rats Intoxicated with Lead Cadmium Mercury

and with Lead plus Cadmium plus Mercury. Bromatol Chem Toksykol: Bromatologia I Chemia

Toksykologiczna. 18(3): 165-172.

Surv Zechalko, A., Biernat, J., and Szymczak, J. 1987. Effect of Calcium Deficiency on Metal

Cumulation in Tissues of Rats Intoxicated with Lead, Cadmium, or Mercury or with All These

Elements Concomitantly. Bromatol. Chem. Toksykol. 20(3-4): 196-202.

FL Zechalko, A. and Madej, J. A. 1979. Effect of Nutritional Deficiencies on Lead and Cadmium

Toxicity in Laboratory Rats. Part Vi. Histopathological Study and Brain Lead Levels. 

Bromatol. Chem. Toksykol. 12(4): 371-6.

FL Zechalko, A., Madej, J. A., and Szymczak, J. 1983. Effect of Lead and the Kind of Fat in the Diet

on Morphological Changesin the Liver and Kidneys of Rats. Bromatologia I Chemia

Toksykologiczna. 16(2): 95-98.

Acu Zegarska, Z., Kilkowska, K., and Romankiewicz-wozniczko, G. 1974. Developmental Defects in

White Rats Caused by Acute Lead Poisoning. Folia Morphol (Warsz). 33(1): 23-8.

Acu Zegarska, Z. and Zegarski, W. 1968. The Behavior of Some Enzymes in the Liver in the Course

of Subacute Experimental Lead Poisoning. Acta Med Pol. 9(1): 119-27.

Drug Zenick, H. and Goldsmith, M. 1981. Drug Discrimination Learning in Lead-exposed Rats. 

Science. 212(4494): 569-71.

Abstract Zenick, H, Lasley, S, Greenland, R, and Michaelson, Ia. 1981. Brain Levels and Attenuated

Response to D-amphetamine in Lead Exposed Rats. Fedn. Proc. 40: 700.

No Dose Zenick, H, Rodriquez, W, Ward, J, and Elkington, B. 1979. Deficits in Fixed Interval

Performance Following Prenatal and Postnatal Lead Exposure. Dv. Psychobiol. 12: 509-514.

Pb Behav Zenick, H., Ward, J., Rodriquez, W., Aragon, P., and Scrivseth, R. 1979. Offspring Open Field

Performance Following Maternal Lead Exposure: a Question of Dosage and Nutritional Status. 

Pharmacol Biochem Behav 11 Suppl: 35-8.

FL Zhitnikov, A. I. and Mazhuga, P. M. 1986. [Changes in the Metabolism of Chondrocytes after

Chronic Intake of Phenol and Lead]: <Original> Izmeneniia Metabolizma Khondrotsitov Pri

Khronicheskom Postuplenii V Organizm Fenola I Svintsa. Arkh Anat Gistol Embriol. 90(1): 72-

6.

FL Zhitnikov, A. I. and Mazhuga, P. M. 1988. [Chondrocyte Metabolism in Growing and Definitive

Cartilage Exposed to Lead Acetate]. Tsitol Genet. 22(2): 3-7.

HHE Zimmermann, W., Schweisfurth, C., and Gerdes-gotz, T. 1970. [Injuriousness to Health of

Drinking Water Polluted with Mineral Oil Products or Lead Compounds]: <Original>

Untersuchungen Zur Frage Der Gesundheitsschadlichkeit von Trinkwasser, Das Mit
Eco-SSL for Lead 211 March 2005

Mineralolprodukten Bzw. Bleiverbindungen Verunreinigt Ist. Arch Hyg Bakteriol. 154(1): 8-13.

No Control Zmudzki, J., Bratton, G. R., Womac, C., and Rowe, L. D. 1984. The Influence of Milk Diet,

Grain Diet, and Method of Dosing on Lead Toxicity in Young Calves. Toxicology and

Applied.pharmacology. 76(3)

No Control Zmudzki, J., Bratton, G. R., Womac, C., and Rowe, L. D. Jr. 1985. Low Dose Lead Effects in

Calves Fed a Whole Milk Diet. Bull.environ Contam Toxicol. 35(5): 612-619.

No Control Zmudzki, J., Bratton, G. R., Womac, C. W., Rowe, L. D. Jr., and Wagner, B. 1986. Lactose and

Milk Replacer Influence on Lead Absorption and Lead Toxicity in Calves. Bull.environ Contam

Toxicol. 36(3): 356-363.

FL Zmudzki, J. and Szkoda, J. Trace Elements Content of Hen Eggs in Poland. Bromatologia I

Chemia Toksykologiczna; 29 (1). 1996. 55-57. 

Prim Zook, B. C., London, W. T., Dimaggio, J. F., Rothblat, L. A., Sauer, R. M., and Sever, J. L. 1980. 

Experimental Lead Paint Poisoning in Nonhuman Primates. Ii. Clinical Pathologic Findings and

Behavioral Effects. J Med Primatol. 9(5): 286-303.

Prim Zook, B. C., London, W. T., Wilpizeski, C. R., and Sever, J. L. 1980. Experimental Lead Paint

Poisoning in Nonhuman Primates. Iii. Pathologic Findings. J Med Primatol. 9(6): 343-60.

No Dose Zook, Bc, Carpenter, Jl, and Leeds, Eb. 1969. Lead Poisoning in Dogs. J. Amer. Vet. Med. Ass.

155: 1329-42.

Model Zuch, C. L., O'mara, D. J., and Cory-slechta, D. A. 1998 . Low-level Lead Exposure Selectively

Enhances Dopamine Overflow in Nucleus Accumbens: an in Vivo Electrochemistry Time Course

Assessment. Toxicol Appl Pharmacol. 150(1): 174-85.

Unrel Zuri I and Terkel J. 1996. Locomotor Patterns, Territory, and Tunnel Utilization in the Mole-rat

Spalax Ehrenbergi. Journal of Zoology. 240(1): 123-140.

Lead Shot Zwank P J, Wright V L, Shealy P M, and Newsom J D. 1985. Lead Toxicosis in Waterfowl on

Two Major Wintering Areas in Louisiana. Wildlife Society Bulletin. 13(1): 17-26.
Literature Rejection Categories

Rejection Criteria Description Receptor

ABSTRACT

(Abstract)

Abstracts of journal publications or conference

presentations.

Wildlife

Plants and Soil Invertebrates

ACUTE STUDIES

(Acu) Single oral dose or exposure duration of three days or less. Wildlife

AIR POLLUTION

(Air P) Studies describing the results for air pollution studies. WildlifePlants and Soil Invertebrates

ALTERED RECEPTOR

(Alt)

Studies that describe the effects of the contaminant on

surgically-altered or chemically-modified receptors (e.g.,

right nephrectomy, left renal artery ligature, hormone

implant, etc.).

Wildlife

AQUATIC STUDIES

(Aquatic) Studies that investigate toxicity in aquatic organisms. WildlifePlants and Soil Invertebrates

ANATOMICAL STUDIES

(Anat)

Studies of anatomy. Instance where the contaminant is

used in physical studies (e.g., silver nitrate staining for

histology).

Wildlife

BACTERIA

(Bact) Studies on bacteria or susceptibility to bacterial infection. WildlifePlants and Soil Invertebrates

BIOACCUMULATION

SURVEY 

(Bio Acc)

Studies reporting the measurement of the concentration of

the contaminant in tissues.

Wildlife

Plants and Soil Invertebrates

BIOLOGICAL PRODUCT

(BioP)

Studies of biological toxicants, including venoms, fungal

toxins, Bacillus thuringiensis, other plant, animal, or

microbial extracts or toxins. 

Wildlife

Plants and Soil Invertebrates

BIOMARKER

(Biom)

Studies reporting results for a biomarker having no

reported association with an adverse effect and an

exposure dose (or concentration).

Wildlife

CARCINOGENICITY

STUDIES

(Carcin)

Studies that report data only for carcinogenic endpoints

such as tumor induction. Papers that report systemic

toxicity data are retained for coding of appropriate

endpoints.

Wildlife

Plants and Soil Invertebrates

CHEMICAL METHODS

(Chem Meth)

Studies reporting methods for determination of

contaminants, purification of chemicals, etc. Studies

describing the preparation and analysis of the contaminant

in the tissues of the receptor.

Wildlife

Plants and Soil Invertebrates

CONFERENCE

PROCEEDINGS

(CP)

Studies reported in conference and symposium

proceedings.

Wildlife

Plants and Soil Invertebrates

DEAD

(Dead)

Studies reporting results for dead organisms. Studies

reporting field mortalities with necropsy data where it is

not possible to establish the dose to the organism.

Wildlife

Plants and Soil Invertebrates

DISSERTATIONS

(Diss)

Dissertations are excluded. However, dissertations are

flagged for possible future use. Wildlife

DRUG

(Drug)

Studies reporting results for testing of drug and therapeutic

effects and side-effects. Therapeutic drugs include

vitamins and minerals. Studies of some minerals may be

included if there is potential for adverse effects.

Wildlife

Plants and Soil Invertebrates

DUPLICATE DATA

(Dup)

Studies reporting results that are duplicated in a separate

publication. The publication with the earlier year is used.

Wildlife

Plants and Soil Invertebrates
Literature Rejection Categories

Rejection Criteria Description Receptor

ECOLOGICAL

INTERACTIONS

(Ecol)

Studies of ecological processes that do not investigate

effects of contaminant exposure (e.g., studies of “silver”

fox natural history; studies on ferrets identified in iron

search).

Wildlife

Plants and Soil Invertebrates

EFFLUENT 

(Effl)

Studies reporting effects of effluent, sewage, or polluted

runoff. 

Wildlife

Plants and Soil Invertebrates

ECOLOGICALLY

RELEVANT ENDPOINT

(ERE)

Studies reporting a result for endpoints considered as

ecologically relevant but is not used for deriving Eco-SSLs

(e.g., behavior, mortality).

Plants and Soil Invertebrates

CONTAMINANT 

FATE/METABOLISM

(Fate)

Studies reporting what happens to the contaminant, rather

than what happens to the organism. Studies describing the

intermediary metabolism of the contaminant (e.g.,

radioactive tracer studies) without description of adverse

effects.

Wildlife

Plants and Soil Invertebrates

FOREIGN LANGUAGE

(FL) Studies in languages other than English. WildlifePlants and Soil Invertebrates

FOOD STUDIES

(Food)

Food science studies conducted to improve production of

food for human consumption. Wildlife

FUNGUS

(Fungus) Studies on fungus. WildlifePlants and Soil Invertebrates

GENE

(Gene)

Studies of genotoxicity (chromosomal aberrations and

mutagenicity).

Wildlife

Plants and Soil Invertebrates

HUMAN HEALTH 

(HHE) Studies with human subjects. WildlifePlants and Soil Invertebrates

IMMUNOLOGY

(IMM)

Studies on the effects of contaminants on immunological

endpoints.

Wildlife

Plants and Soil Invertebrates

INVERTEBRATE

(Invert)

Studies that investigate the effects of contaminants on

terrestrial invertebrates are excluded. Wildlife

IN VITRO

(In Vit)

In vitro studies, including exposure of cell cultures,

excised tissues and/or excised organs. 

Wildlife

Plants and Soil Invertebrates

LEAD SHOT

(Lead shot)

Studies administering lead shot as the exposure form. 

These studies are labeled separately for possible later

retrieval and review.

Wildlife

MEDIA

(Media)

Authors must report that the study was conducted using

natural or artificial soil. Studies conducted in pore water or

any other aqueous phase (e.g., hydroponic solution), filter

paper, petri dishes, manure, organic or histosoils (e.g., peat

muck, humus), are not considered suitable for use in

defining soil screening levels.

Plants and Soil Invertebrates

METHODS

(Meth) Studies reporting methods or methods development

without usable toxicity test results for specific endpoints. 

Wildlife

Plants and Soil Invertebrates

MINERAL REQUIREMENTS

(Mineral)

Studies examining the minerals required for better

production of animals for human consumption, unless

there is potential for adverse effects. 

Wildlife

MIXTURE

(Mix)

Studies that report data for combinations of single

toxicants (e.g. cadmium and copper) are excluded.

Exposure in a field setting from contaminated natural soils

or waste application to soil may be coded as Field Survey.

Wildlife

Plants and Soil Invertebrates
Literature Rejection Categories

Rejection Criteria Description Receptor

MODELING

(Model)

Studies reporting the use of existing data for modeling,

i.e., no new organism toxicity data are reported. Studies

which extrapolate effects based on known relationships

between parameters and adverse effects.

Wildlife

Plants and Soil Invertebrates

NO CONTAMINANT OF

CONCERN

(No COC)

Studies that do not examine the toxicity of Eco-SSL

contaminants of concern.

Wildlife

Plants and Soil Invertebrates

NO CONTROL

(No Control)

Studies which lack a control or which have a control that is

classified as invalid for derivation of TRVs.

Wildlife

Plants and Soil Invertebrates

NO DATA

(No Data)

Studies for which results are stated in text but no data is

provided. Also refers to studies with insufficient data

where results are reported for only one organism per

exposure concentration or dose (wildlife). 

Wildlife

Plants and Soil Invertebrates

NO DOSE or CONC

(No Dose)

Studies with no usable dose or concentration reported, or

an insufficient number of doses/concentrations are used

based on Eco-SSL SOPs. These are usually identified

after examination of full paper. This includes studies

which examine effects after exposure to contaminant

ceases. This also includes studies where offspring are

exposed in utero and/or lactation by doses to parents and

then after weaning to similar concentrations as their

parents. Dose cannot be determined. 

Wildlife

Plants and Soil Invertebrates

NO DURATION

(No Dur)

Studies with no exposure duration. These are usually

identified after examination of full paper. 

Wildlife

Plants and Soil Invertebrates

NO EFFECT

(No Efct)

Studies with no relevant effect evaluated in a biological

test species or data not reported for effect discussed.

Wildlife

Plants and Soil Invertebrates

NO ORAL

(No Oral)

Studies using non-oral routes of contaminant

administration including intraperitoneal injection, other

injection, inhalation, and dermal exposures.

Wildlife

NO ORGANISM

(No Org) or NO SPECIES

Studies that do not examine or test a viable organism (also

see in vitro rejection category).

Wildlife

Plants and Soil Invertebrates

NOT AVAILABLE

(Not Avail)

Papers that could not be located. Citation from electronic

searches may be incorrect or the source is not readily

available.

Wildlife

Plants and Soil Invertebrates

NOT PRIMARY

(Not Prim)

Papers that are not the original compilation and/or

publication of the experimental data. 

Wildlife

Plants and Soil Invertebrates

NO TOXICANT

(No Tox)

No toxicant used. Publications often report responses to

changes in water or soil chemistry variables, e.g., pH or

temperature. Such publications are not included.

Wildlife

Plants and Soil Invertebrates

NO TOX DATA

(No Tox Data)

Studies where toxicant used but no results reported that

had a negative impact (plants and soil invertebrates). Plants and Soil Invertebrates

NUTRIENT

(Nutrient)

Nutrition studies reporting no concentration related

negative impact. Plants and Soil Invertebrates

NUTRIENT DEFICIENCY

(Nut def)

Studies of the effects of nutrient deficiencies. Nutritional

deficient diet is identified by the author. If reviewer is

uncertain then the administrator should be consulted. 

Effects associated with added nutrients are coded.

Wildlife

NUTRITION

(Nut)

Studies examining the best or minimum level of a

chemical in the diet for improvement of health or

maintenance of animals in captivity.

Wildlife

OTHER AMBIENT

CONDITIONS

(OAC)

Studies which examine other ambient conditions: pH,

salinity, DO, UV, radiation, etc.

Wildlife

Plants and Soil Invertebrates
Literature Rejection Categories

Rejection Criteria Description Receptor

OIL

(Oil)

Studies which examine the effects of oil and petroleum

products. 

Wildlife

Plants and Soil Invertebrates

OM, pH

(OM, pH)

Organic matter content of the test soil must be reported by

the authors, but may be presented in one of the following

ways; total organic carbon (TOC), particulate organic

carbon (POC), organic carbon (OC), coarse particulate

organic matter (CPOM), particulate organic matter (POM),

ash free dry weight of soil, ash free dry mass of soil,

percent organic matter, percent peat, loss on ignition

(LOI), organic matter content (OMC).

With the exception of studies on non-ionizing substances,

the study must report the pH of the soil, and the soil pH

should be within the range of 4 and 8.5. Studies that

do not report pH or report pH outside this range are

rejected.

Plants and Soil Invertebrates

ORGANIC METAL

(Org Met)

Studies which examine the effects of organic metals. This

includes tetraethyl lead, triethyl lead, chromium

picolinate, phenylarsonic acid, roxarsone, 3-nitro-4-

phenylarsonic acid,, zinc phosphide, monomethylarsonic

acid (MMA), dimethylarsinic acid (DMA), trimethylarsine

oxide (TMAO), or arsenobetaine (AsBe) and other organo

metallic fungicides. Metal acetates and methionines are

not rejected and are evaluated.

Wildlife

LEAD BEHAVIOR OR HIGH

DOSE MODELS

(Pb Behav)

There are a high number of studies in the literature that

expose rats or mice to high concentrations of lead in

drinking water (0.1, 1 to 2% solutions) and then observe

behavior in offspring, and/or pathology changes in the

brain of the exposed dam and/or the progeny. Only a

representative subset of these studies were coded. 

Behavior studies examining complex behavior (learned

tasks) were also not coded.

Wildlife

PHYSIOLOGY STUDIES

(Phys)

Physiology studies where adverse effects are not

associated with exposure to contaminants of concern. Wildlife

PLANT

(Plant) Studies of terrestrial plants are excluded. Wildlife

PRIMATE

(Prim) Primate studies are excluded. Wildlife

PUBL AS

(Publ as)

The author states that the information in this report has

been published in another source. Data are recorded from

only one source. The secondary citation is noted as Publ

As.

Wildlife

Plants and Soil Invertebrates

QSAR

(QSAR)

Derivation of Quantitative Structure-Activity

Relationships (QSAR) is a form of modeling. QSAR

publications are rejected if raw toxicity data are not

reported or if the toxicity data are published elsewhere as

original data.

Wildlife

Plants and Soil Invertebrates

REGULATIONS

(Reg)

Regulations and related publications that are not a primary

source of data.

Wildlife

Plants and Soil Invertebrates

REVIEW

(Rev)

Studies in which the data reported in the article are not

primary data from research conducted by the author. The

publication is a compilation of data published elsewhere. 

These publications are reviewed manually to identify other

relevant literature.

Wildlife

Plants and Soil Invertebrates
Literature Rejection Categories

Rejection Criteria Description Receptor

SEDIMENT CONC

(Sed)

Studies in which the only exposure concentration/dose

reported is for the level of a toxicant in sediment.

Wildlife

Plants and Soil Invertebrates

SCORE

(Score)

Papers in which all studies had data evaluation scores at or

lower then the acceptable cut-off (10 of 18) for plants

and soil invertebrates).

Plants and Soil Invertebrates

SEDIMENT CONC

(Sed)

Studies in which the only exposure concentration/dose

reported is for the level of a toxicant in sediment.

Wildlife

Plants and Soil Invertebrates

SLUDGE Studies on the effects of ingestion of soils amended with

sewage sludge.

Wildlife

Plants and Soil Invertebrates

SOIL CONC

(Soil)

Studies in which the only exposure concentration/dose

reported is for the level of a toxicant in soil. Wildlife

SPECIES Studies in which the species of concern was not a

terrestrial invertebrate or plant or mammal or bird.

Plants and Soil Invertebrates

Wildlife

STRESSOR

(QAC)

Studies examining the interaction of a stressor (e.g.,

radiation, heat, etc.) and the contaminant, where the effect

of the contaminant alone cannot be isolated.

Wildlife

Plants and Soil Invertebrates

SURVEY

(Surv)

Studies reporting the toxicity of a contaminant in the field

over a period of time. Often neither a duration nor an

exposure concentration is reported. 

Wildlife

Plants and Soil Invertebrates

REPTILE OR AMPHIBIAN

(Herp)

Studies on reptiles and amphibians. These papers flagged 

for possible later review.

Wildlife

Plants and Soil Invertebrates

UNRELATED

(Unrel)

Studies that are unrelated to contaminant exposure and

response and/or the receptor groups of interest. Wildlife

WATER QUALITY STUDY

(Wqual) Studies of water quality. Wildlife

Plants and Soil Invertebrates

YEAST

(Yeast) Studies of yeast. Wildlife

Plants and Soil Invertebrates
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Appendix 5-1

Avian Toxicity Data Extracted and Reviewed for Wildlife Toxicity

Reference Value (TRV) - Lead

March 2005
This page intentionally left blank
Appendix 5.1 Avian Toxicity Data Extracted for Wildlife Toxicity Reference V

Lead

Page 1 of 3

Result #

Ref N.

Chemical Form

MW%

Test Species

# of Conc/ Doses

Conc/ Doses

Conc/Dose Units

Wet Weight Reported?

Percent Moisture

Application Frequency

Method of Analyses

Route of Exposure

Exposure Duration

Duration Units

Age

Age Units

Lifestage

Sex

Control Type

Test Location

Biochemical

1 2860 Scheuhammer, 1987 Lead nitrate 100 Zebra finch (Poephila guttata ) 7 0/1/5/10/30/50/100 ug/g diet N ADL U FD 35 d NR NR AD M C Lab E

2 2608 Edens and Garlich, 1983 Lead acetate 100 Japanese quail (Coturnix japonica ) 4 0/1/10/100 mg/kg diet N ADL U FD 5 w 6 w JV F C Lab C

3 2608 Edens and Garlich, 1983 Lead acetate 100 Japanese quail (Coturnix japonica ) 4 0/1/10/100 mg/kg diet N ADL U FD 5 w 6 d JV F C Lab C

4 2624 Finley et al., 1976 Lead nitrate 100 Mallard (Anas platyrhynchos) 4 0/1.76/5.13/21.63 mg/kg diet Y 10.4 ADL M FD 12 w 1 yr AD M C Lab E

5 2608 Edens and Garlich, 1983 Lead acetate 100 Chicken (Gallus domesticus) 5 0/50/100/200/400 mg/kg diet N ADL U FD 2 w NR NR AD F C Lab C

6 2779 Morgan et al., 1975 Lead acetate 100 Japanese quail (Coturnix japonica ) 5 0/1/10/100/1000 mg/kg diet N ADL U FD 5 w 6 d JV NR C Lab C

7 2779 Morgan et al., 1975 Lead acetate 100 Japanese quail (Coturnix japonica ) 5 0/10/100/500/1000 mg/kg diet N ADL U FD 5 w 1 d JV NR C Lab C

8 6463 Stone et al., 1981 Lead acetate 100 Japanese quail (Coturnix japonica ) 5 0/25/50/100/200 mg/kg diet N NR U FD 14 d 1 d JV B C Lab C

9 2606 Edens et al., 1976 Lead acetate 100 Japanese quail (Coturnix japonica ) 5 0/1/10/100/1000 ug/g diet N ADL U FD 12 w 0 d JV F C Lab C

10 2636 Franson et al., 1983 Lead metallic 100 American kestrel (Falco sparverius) 3 0/9.67/54.0 mg/kg diet Y 56.7 DLY M FD 6 mo 1-6 yr AD B C FieldA E11 14770 Kendall and Scanlon, 1982 Lead acetate 100 Ringed Turtle Dove (Streptopelia risoria ) 4 0.0/25.0/50.0/75.0 mg/kg bw/d N 1 per d U GV 7 d NR NR AD M V Lab E

12 11651 Hoffman et al, 1985 Metallic lead powder 100 American kestrel (Falco sparverius) 4 0/25/125/625 mg/kg bw/d Y DLY U GV 10 d 1 d JV NR V Lab C13 2609 Edens and Melvin, 1989 Lead acetate 100 Japanese quail (Coturnix japonica ) 2 0/500 mg/kg diet N ADL U FD 7 w 14 w JV F C Lab C

Behavior

14 2624 Finley et al., 1976 Lead nitrate 100 Mallard (Anas platyrhynchos) 4 0/1.76/5.13/21.63 mg/kg diet Y 10.4 ADL M FD 12 w 1 yr AD M C Lab F

15 2608 Edens and Garlich, 1983 Lead acetate 100 Chicken (Gallus domesticus) 5 0/50/100/200/400 mg/kg diet N ADL U FD 10 w NR NR AD F C Lab F

16 14768 Damron et al, 1969 Lead acetate 100 Chicken (Gallus domesticus) 4 0/10/100/1000 mg/kg diet N DLY U FD 4 w 4 w JV NR C Lab F

17 2809 Pattec 1984 Metallic lead 100 American kestrel (Falco sparverius) 3 0/19.80/104.40 mg/kg diet N DLY M FD 6 mo 1-6 yr AD B C FieldA F18 14768 Damron et al, 1969 Lead acetate 100 Chicken (Gallus domesticus) 4 0/100/1000/2000 mg/kg diet N DLY U FD 4 w 4 w JV NR C Lab F

19 1285 Donaldson and McGowan, 1989 Lead acetate 100 Chicken (Gallus domesticus) 5 0/500/1000/1500/2000 mg/kg diet N NR U FD 20 d 1 d JV M C Lab F

20 2517 Bafundo et al. Lead acetate trihydrate 100 Chicken (Gallus domesticus) 4 0/1100/2200/3300 mg/kg diet N ADL U FD 14 d 8 d JV M C Lab B

21 2608 Edens and Garlich, 1983 Lead acetate 100 Japanese quail (Coturnix japonica ) 4 0/1/10/100 mg/kg diet N ADL U FD 5 w 1 d JV F C Lab F

22 2526 Barthalmus et al., 1977 Lead acetate 100 Pigeon (Columba livia ) 4 0/6.25/12.5/25.0 mg/kg bw/d N DLY U GV 17 d NR NR AD M C Lab B

23 2898 Stone and Soares, 1976 Lead acetate 100 Japanese quail (Coturnix japonica ) 3 0/500/1000 mg/kg diet N ADL U FD 32 d NR NR AD F C Lab F

24 2609 Edens and Melvin, 1989 Lead acetate 100 Japanese quail (Coturnix japonica ) 2 0/500 mg/kg diet N ADL U FD 7 w 14 w JV F C Lab F

25 2517 Bafundo et al. Lead acetate trihydrate 100 Chicken (Gallus domesticus) 2 0/3300 mg/kg diet N ADL U FD 14 d 8 d JV M C Lab B

Physiology

26 2608 Edens and Garlich, 1983 Lead acetate 100 Chicken (Gallus domesticus) 5 0/50/100/200/400 mg/kg diet N ADL U FD 10 w NR NR AD F C Lab P

Pathology

27 2624 Finley et al., 1976 Lead nitrate 100 Mallard (Anas platyrhynchos) 4 0/1.76/5.13/21.63 mg/kg diet Y 10.4 ADL M FD 12 w 1 yr AD M C Lab G

28 6291 Stone and Fox, 1984 Lead acetate 100 Japanese quail (Coturnix japonica ) 3 0/5.4/16.2 mg/kg diet N ADL U FD 14 d 1 d JV B C Lab O

29 2897 Stone et al., 1977 Lead acetate 100 Japanese quail (Coturnix japonica ) 2 0/25 mg/kg diet N ADL U FD 2 w 1 d JV NR C Lab O

30 2608 Edens and Garlich, 1983 Lead acetate 100 Chicken (Gallus domesticus) 5 0/50/100/200/400 mg/kg diet N ADL U FD 10 w NR NR AD F C Lab G

31 2606 Edens et al., 1976 Lead acetate 100 Japanese quail (Coturnix japonica ) 5 0/1/10/100/1000 ug/g diet N ADL U FD 12 w 0 d JV M C Lab O

32 2809 Pattec 1984 Metallic lead 100 American kestrel (Falco sparverius) 3 0/19.80/104.40 mg/kg diet N DLY M FD 6 mo 1-6 yr AD B C FieldA G33 2526 Barthalmus et al., 1977 Lead acetate 100 Pigeon (Columba livia ) 4 0/6.25/12.5/25.0 mg/kg bw/d N DLY U GV 55 d NR NR AD M C Lab G

34 2636 Franson et al., 1983 Lead metallic 100 American kestrel (Falco sparverius) 3 0/9.67/54.0 mg/kg diet Y 56.7 DLY M FD 6 mo 1-6 yr AD B C FieldA O35 2576 Cory-Slechta et al., 1980 Lead acetate 100 Pigeon (Columba livia ) 4 0/18/53/107 mg/kg bw/d N 1 per d U GV 35 d NR NR NR M C Lab I

36 2696 Hoffman et al., 1985 Lead powder 100 American kestrel (Falco sparverius) 4 0/25/125/625 mg/kg bw N DLY U GV 10 d 1 d JV NR V FieldA O37 2779 Morgan et al., 1975 Lead acetate 100 Japanese quail (Coturnix japonica ) 5 0/10/100/500/1000 mg/kg diet N ADL U FD 5 w 1 d JV M C Lab O

38 14770 Kendall and Scanlon, 1982 Lead acetate 100 Ringed Turtle Dove (Streptopelia risoria ) 4 0.0/25.0/50.0/75.0 mg/kg bw/d N 1 per d U GV 7 d NR NR AD M V Lab G

39 2609 Edens and Melvin, 1989 Lead acetate 100 Japanese quail (Coturnix japonica ) 2 0/500 mg/kg diet N ADL U FD 7 w 14 w JV F C Lab O

40 2605 Edens, 1985 Lead acetate 100 Japanese quail (Coturnix japonica ) 5 0/1/10/100/1000 mg/kg diet N NR U FD 12 w 1 w JV F C NR O

41 14384 Vengris and Mare, 1974 Lead acetate 100 Chicken (Gallus domesticus) 7 0/20/40/80/160/320/640 mg/kg bw N DLY U GV 35 d 6 w JV B C Lab I

42 818 Rao et al., 1989 Lead acetate 54.61 Duck (Anas platyrhynchos) 2 0/80 mg/kg diet N ADL U FD 12 w 7 mo JV F C Lab H

43 817 Rao et al. 1989 Lead acetate 54.61 Duck (Anas platyrhynchos) 2 0/80 mg/kg diet N NR U FD 13 w 7 mo JV F C NR H

44 2513 Anders et al., 1982 Lead acetate 100 Pigeon (Columba livia ) 2 0/6.25 mg/kg bw/d N DLY U GV 5 w NR NR AD M C Lab H

45 1285 Donaldson and McGowan, 1989 Lead acetate 100 Chicken (Gallus domesticus) 5 0/500/1000/1500/2000 mg/kg diet N NR U FD 20 d 1 d JV M C Lab O

46 2898 Stone and Soares, 1976 Lead acetate 100 Japanese quail (Coturnix japonica ) 3 0/500/1000 mg/kg diet N ADL U FD 32 d NR NR AD F C Lab O

47 2579 Cupo and Donaldson, 1987 Lead acetate 100 Chicken (Gallus domesticus) 2 0/2000 mg/kg diet N ADL U FD 21 d 1 d JV M C Lab O

48 2724 Johnsen and Damron 1982 Lead acetate 100 Goose (Anser cygnides) 5 0/500/1000/1500/2000 mg/kg diet N ADL U FD 12 w 26 w JV NR C FieldA H49 2898 Stone and Soares, 1976 Lead acetate 100 Japanese quail (Coturnix japonica ) 2 0/3000 mg/kg diet N ADL U FD 27 d NR NR AD F C Lab O

Reproduction

50 2608 Edens and Garlich, 1983 Lead acetate 100 Japanese quail (Coturnix japonica ) 4 0/1/10/100 mg/kg diet N ADL U FD 5 w 6 w LB F C Lab R

Ref Exposure 

Eco-SSL for Lead 
Appendix 5.1 Avian Toxicity Data Extracted for Wildlife Toxicity Reference V

Lead

Page 2 of 3

Result #

Ref N.

Chemical Form

MW%

Test Species

# of Conc/ Doses

Conc/ Doses

Conc/Dose Units

Wet Weight Reported?

Percent Moisture

Application Frequency

Method of Analyses

Route of Exposure

Exposure Duration

Duration Units

Age

Age Units

Lifestage

Sex

Control Type

Test Location

Ref Exposure 

51 2608 Edens and Garlich, 1983 Lead acetate 100 Chicken (Gallus domesticus) 3 0/25/50 mg/kg diet N ADL U FD 4 w NR NR LB F C Lab R

52 2771 Meluzzi et al., 1996 Lead oxide 100 Chicken (Gallus domesticus) 4 0/20/30/100 mg/kg diet N NR U FD 30 d 22 w LB F C Lab E

53 2668 Haegele et al. 1974 Lead mixture 100 Mallard (Anas platyrhynchos) 2 0/100 mg/kg diet N ADL U FD 76 d NR NR AD F C FieldA E54 2809 Pattec 1984 Metallic lead 100 American kestrel (Falco sparverius) 3 0/19.80/104.40 mg/kg diet N DLY M FD 6 mo 1-6 yr AD F C FieldA R55 2779 Morgan et al., 1975 Lead acetate 100 Japanese quail (Coturnix japonica ) 5 0/1/10/100/1000 mg/kg diet N ADL U FD 5 w 6 d JV M C Lab R

56 2779 Morgan et al., 1975 Lead acetate 100 Japanese quail (Coturnix japonica ) 5 0/10/100/500/1000 mg/kg diet N ADL U FD 5 w 1 d JV M C Lab R

57 2898 Stone and Soares, 1976 Lead acetate 100 Japanese quail (Coturnix japonica ) 3 0/500/1000 mg/kg diet N ADL U FD 32 d NR NR AD F C Lab R

58 2606 Edens et al., 1976 Lead acetate 100 Japanese quail (Coturnix japonica ) 5 0/1/10/100/1000 ug/g diet N ADL U FD 12 w 0 d LB B C Lab R

59 2608 Edens and Garlich, 1983 Lead acetate 100 Japanese quail (Coturnix japonica ) 4 0/1/10/100 mg/kg diet N ADL U FD 12 w NR NR LB F C Lab R

60 2608 Edens and Garlich, 1983 Lead acetate 100 Chicken (Gallus domesticus) 5 0/50/100/200/400 mg/kg diet N ADL U FD 10 w NR NR LB F C Lab R

61 2734 Kendall and Scanlon, 1981 Lead acetate 100 Ringed Turtle Dove (Streptopelia risoria ) 2 0/100 mg/L N ADL U DR 11 w NR NR AD M C Lab R

62 2609 Edens and Melvin, 1989 Lead acetate 100 Japanese quail (Coturnix japonica ) 2 0/500 mg/kg diet N ADL U FD 1 w 14 w JV F C Lab R

63 2898 Stone and Soares, 1976 Lead acetate 100 Japanese quail (Coturnix japonica ) 2 0/3000 mg/kg diet N ADL U FD 27 d NR NR AD F C Lab R

Growth 

64 2608 Edens and Garlich, 1983 Lead acetate 100 Japanese quail (Coturnix japonica ) 4 0/1/10/100 mg/kg diet N ADL U FD 5 w 1 d JV F C Lab G

65 6291 Stone and Fox, 1984 Lead acetate 100 Japanese quail (Coturnix japonica ) 3 0/5.4/16.2 mg/kg diet N ADL U FD 2 w 1 d JV B C Lab G

66 2897 Stone et al., 1977 Lead acetate 100 Japanese quail (Coturnix japonica ) 2 0/25 mg/kg diet N ADL U FD 2 w 1 d JV NR C Lab G

67 2609 Edens and Melvin, 1989 Lead acetate 100 Japanese quail (Coturnix japonica ) 3 0/50/500 mg/kg diet N ADL U FD 4 w 0 d JV F C Lab G

68 14768 Damron et al, 1969 Lead acetate 100 Chicken (Gallus domesticus) 4 0/100/1000/2000 mg/kg diet N DLY U FD 4 w 4 w JV NR C Lab G

69 14768 Damron et al, 1969 Lead acetate 100 Chicken (Gallus domesticus) 4 0/10/100/1000 mg/kg diet N DLY U FD 4 w 4 w JV NR C Lab G

70 2606 Edens et al., 1976 Lead acetate 100 Japanese quail (Coturnix japonica ) 5 0/1/10/100/1000 ug/g diet N ADL U FD 12 w 0 d JV F C Lab G

71 2605 Edens, 1985 Lead acetate 100 Japanese quail (Coturnix japonica ) 5 0/1/10/100/1000 mg/kg diet N NR U FD 12 w 1 w JV F C NR G

72 2779 Morgan et al., 1975 Lead acetate 100 Japanese quail (Coturnix japonica ) 5 0/1/10/100/1000 mg/kg diet N ADL U FD 2 w 6 d JV NR C Lab G

73 2779 Morgan et al., 1975 Lead acetate 100 Japanese quail (Coturnix japonica ) 5 0/10/100/500/1000 mg/kg diet N ADL U FD 1 w 1 d JV NR C Lab G

74 1387 Howell and Hill, 1978 Lead dichloride 100 Chicken (Gallus domesticus) 2 0/200 mg/kg diet N ADL U FD 21 d 1 d JV B C Lab G

75 2718 Jeng et. al, 1979 Lead nitrate 100 Duck (Anas platyrhynchos) 3 0/10/20 mg/kg bw/d N DLY U GV 3 mo 24 w MA F C Lab G

76 2696 Hoffman et al., 1985 Lead powder 100 American kestrel (Falco sparverius) 4 0/25/125/625 mg/kg bw N DLY U GV 10 d 1 d JV NR V FieldA G77 1387 Howell and Hill, 1978 Lead dichloride 100 Chicken (Gallus domesticus) 2 0/400 mg/kg diet N ADL U FD 20 d 1 d JV B C Lab G

78 6463 Stone et al., 1981 Lead acetate 100 Japanese quail (Coturnix japonica ) 5 0/25/50/100/200 mg/kg diet N NR U FD 14 d 1 d JV B C Lab G

79 2581 Custer et al., 1984 Lead acetate 100 American kestrel (Falco sparverius) 4 0/119.7/212.05/448.3 mg/kg diet N 68.2 7 per w M FD 60 d 1-2 yr AD B C Lab G80 2534 Berg et al., 1980 Lead carbonate 100 Chicken (Gallus domesticus) 5 0/500/1000/1500/2000 mg/kg diet N ADL U FD 2 w 1 d JV M C Lab G81 2638 Frederick, 1976 Lead nitrate 100 Mallard (Anas platyrhynchos) 4 0/5/50/500 mg/kg diet N ADL U FD 8 d 9 d JV NR V FieldA G82 1285 Donaldson and McGowan, 1989 Lead acetate 100 Chicken (Gallus domesticus) 5 0/500/1000/1500/2000 mg/kg diet N NR U FD 20 d 1 d JV M C Lab G

83 2744 Latta and Donaldson, 1986 Lead acetate 100 Chicken (Gallus domesticus) 2 0/1000 mg/kg diet N ADL U FD 3 w 1 d JV M C Lab G

84 2898 Stone and Soares, 1976 Lead acetate 100 Japanese quail (Coturnix japonica ) 3 0/500/1000 mg/kg diet N ADL U FD 32 d NR NR AD F C Lab G

85 2748 Leeming and Donaldson, 1984 Lead acetate 100 Chicken (Gallus domesticus) 2 0/1000 mg/kg diet N ADL U FD 19 d 1 d JV M C Lab G

86 2534 Berg et al., 1980 Lead carbonate 100 Chicken (Gallus domesticus) 3 0/1000/2000 mg/kg diet N ADL U FD 2 w 1 d JV M C Lab G

87 2517 Bafundo et al. Lead acetate trihydrate 100 Chicken (Gallus domesticus) 4 0/1100/2200/3300 mg/kg diet N ADL U FD 14 d 8 d JV M C Lab G

88 2600 Donaldson, 1986 Lead acetate 100 Chicken (Gallus domesticus) 2 0/2000 mg/kg diet N NR U FD 20 d 1 d JV M C Lab G

89 5507 Khan, et al, 1993 Lead acetate 100 Chicken (Gallus domesticus) 2 0/200 mg/kg bw/d N EOD U OR 4 w NR NR JV B C Lab G

90 2579 Cupo and Donaldson, 1987 Lead acetate 100 Chicken (Gallus domesticus) 2 0/2000 mg/kg diet N ADL U FD 7 d 1 d JV M C Lab G

91 2534 Berg et al., 1980 Lead carbonate 100 Chicken (Gallus domesticus) 2 0/2000 mg/kg diet N ADL U FD 2 w 1 d JV M C Lab G

92 2635 Franson and Custer, 1982 Lead acetate 100 Chicken (Gallus domesticus) 2 0/1850 mg/kg diet N ADL U FD 7 d 1 d IM NR C Lab G

93 2517 Bafundo et al. Lead acetate trihydrate 100 Chicken (Gallus domesticus) 2 0/3300 mg/kg diet N ADL U FD 14 d 8 d JV M C Lab G

Survival

94 2624 Finley et al., 1976 Lead nitrate 100 Mallard (Anas platyrhynchos) 4 0/1.76/5.13/21.63 mg/kg diet Y 10.4 ADL M FD 12 w 1 yr AD M C Lab M95 2526 Barthalmus et al., 1977 Lead acetate 100 Pigeon (Columba livia ) 4 0/6.25/12.5/25.0 mg/kg bw/d N DLY U GV 40 d NR NR AD M C Lab M

96 1387 Howell and Hill, 1978 Lead dichloride 100 Chicken (Gallus domesticus) 2 0/200 mg/kg diet N ADL U FD 21 d 1 d JV B C Lab M

97 1387 Howell and Hill, 1978 Lead dichloride 100 Chicken (Gallus domesticus) 2 0/400 mg/kg diet N ADL U FD 20 d 1 d JV B C Lab M

98 2581 Custer et al., 1984 Lead acetate 100 American kestrel (Falco sparverius) 4 0/119.7/212.05/448.3 mg/kg diet N 6 per w M FD 60 d 1-2 yr AD B C Lab M99 2638 Frederick, 1976 Lead nitrate 100 Mallard (Anas platyrhynchos) 4 0/5/50/500 mg/kg diet N ADL U FD 8 d 9 d JV NR V FieldA M

100 2696 Hoffman et al., 1985 Lead powder 100 American kestrel (Falco sparverius) 4 0/25/125/625 mg/kg bw N DLY U GV 10 d 1 d JV NR V FieldA M

101 14384 Vengris and Mare, 1974 lead acetate 100 Chicken (Gallus domesticus) 7 0/20/40/80/160/320/640 mg/kg bw N DLY U GV 35 d 6 w JV B C Lab M

102 1285 Donaldson and McGowan, 1989 Lead acetate 100 Chicken (Gallus domesticus) 5 0/500/1000/1500/2000 mg/kg diet N NR U FD 20 d 1 d JV M C Lab M

103 2724 Johnsen and Damron 1982 Lead acetate 100 Goose (Anser cygnides) 5 0/500/1000/1500/2000 mg/kg diet N ADL U FD 12 w 26 w JV NR C FieldA M

Eco-SSL for Lead 
Appendix 5.1 Avian Toxicity Data Extracted for Wildlife Toxicity Reference V

Lead

Page 3 of 3

Result #

Ref N.

Chemical Form

MW%

Test Species

# of Conc/ Doses

Conc/ Doses

Conc/Dose Units

Wet Weight Reported?

Percent Moisture

Application Frequency

Method of Analyses

Route of Exposure

Exposure Duration

Duration Units

Age

Age Units

Lifestage

Sex

Control Type

Test Location

Ref Exposure 

104 2513 Anders et al., 1982 Lead acetate 100 Pigeon (Columba livia ) 2 0/6.25 mg/kg bw/d N DLY U GV 4 w NR NR AD M C Lab M

105 2579 Cupo and Donaldson, 1987 Lead acetate 100 Chicken (Gallus domesticus) 2 0/2000 mg/kg diet N ADL U FD 21 d 1 d JV M C Lab M

106 1415 Khan et al, 1993 Lead acetate 100 Chicken (Gallus domesticus) 2 0/400 mg/kg bw N EOD U GV 7 d 43 d JV F C Lab M

Data Not Used to Derive Wildlife Toxicity Reference Value

107 14638 Redig et al., 1991 Lead acetate 100 Red-tailed hawk (Buteo jamaicensis ) 2 0/0.82 mg/kg bw/d N DLY U GV 24 d NR NR AD B C Lab I

108 3736 Jordan and Bhatnagar, 1990 Lead acetate 54.61 Duck (Anas platyrhynchos) 2 0/80 mg/kg diet N ADL U FD 12 w 7 mo JV F C Lab E109 2764 Mazliah et al., 1989 Lead acetate 54.61 Chicken (Gallus domesticus) 2 0/5 mg/kg bw/d N DLY U GV 25 w 1 d JV B V Lab C

110 2764 Mazliah et al., 1989 Lead acetate 54.61 Chicken (Gallus domesticus) 2 0/5 mg/kg bw/d N DLY U GV 25 w 42 w JV B V Lab G

111 2764 Mazliah et al., 1989 Lead acetate 54.61 Chicken (Gallus domesticus) 2 0/5 mg/kg bw/d N DLY U GV 25 w 1 d JV F V Lab R

112 6291 Stone and Fox, 1984 lead acetate 100 Japanese quail (Coturnix japonica ) 3 0/5.4/16.2 mg/kg diet N ADL U FD 14 d NR NR AD B C Lab C

113 2608 Edens and Garlich, 1983 Lead acetate 100 Chicken (Gallus domesticus) 3 0/25/50 mg/kg diet N ADL U FD 4 w NR NR NR F C Lab C

114 2521 Baksi and Kenny, 1979 Lead acetate 100 Japanese quail (Coturnix japonica ) 5 0/0.032/0.32/3.2/16.0 mg/ml N NR U DR 15 d 1 w JV F C NR C

115 2668 Haegele et al. 1974 Lead mixture 100 Mallard (Anas platyrhynchos) 2 0/100 mg/kg diet N ADL U FD 85 d NR NR SM F C FieldA I116 2668 Haegele et al. 1974 Lead mixture 100 Mallard (Anas platyrhynchos) 2 0/100 mg/kg diet N ADL U FD 85 d NR NR SM F C FieldA M117 2771 Meluzzi et al., 1996 Lead oxide 100 Chicken (Gallus domesticus) 4 0/20/30/100 mg/kg diet N NR U FD 75 d 22 w JV F C Lab F

118 2591 Dietz et al., 1979 Lead acetate 100 Pigeon (Columba livia ) 2 0/6.25 mg/org N 7 per w U GV 6 d NR NR AD M V Lab M

119 25894 Dauwe, et al. 2002 Lead acetate 100 Zebra finch (Poephila guttata ) 3 0/25/100 mg/L N ADL U DR 10 d NR NR AD M C Lab M

120 2573 ConNr et al., 1994 Lead 100 Nrthern Bobwhites 2 0/360 mg/kg diet N ADL U FD 21 d 17 w JV M C Lab F121 2573 ConNr et al., 1994 Lead 100 Nrthern Bobwhites 2 0/360 mg/kg diet N ADL U FD 21 d 17 w JV M C Lab G

122 2744 Latta and Donaldson, 1986 Lead acetate 100 Chicken (Gallus domesticus) 2 0/1000 mg/kg diet N ADL U FD 3 w 1 d JV M C Lab M

123 2638 Frederick, 1976 Lead nitrate 100 Mallard (Anas platyrhynchos) 4 0/5/50/500 mg/kg diet N ADL U FD 8 d 9 d JV NR V FieldA B124 2609 Edens and Melvin, 1989 Lead acetate 100 Japanese quail (Coturnix japonica ) 2 0/500 mg/kg diet N ADL U FD 7 w 14 w JV F C Lab G

125 2779 Morgan et al., 1975 Lead acetate 100 Japanese quail (Coturnix japonica ) 5 0/1/10/100/1000 mg/kg diet N ADL U FD 5 w 6 d JV M C Lab O

126 2724 Johnsen and Damron 1982 Lead acetate 100 Goose (Anser cygnide s) 5 0/500/1000/1500/2000 mg/kg diet N ADL U FD 12 w 26 w JV NR C FieldA F127 2724 Johnsen and Damron 1982 Lead acetate 100 Goose (Anser cygNides) 5 0/500/1000/1500/2000 mg/kg diet N ADL U FD 12 w 26 w JV NR C FieldA G128 2635 Franson and Custer, 1982 Lead acetate 100 Chicken (Gallus domesticus) 2 0/1850 mg/kg diet N ADL U FD 28 d 1 d JV NR C Lab M

129 2898 Stone and Soares, 1976 Lead acetate 100 Japanese quail (Coturnix japonica ) 2 0/3000 mg/kg diet N ADL U FD 27 d NR NR AD F C Lab G

130 14383 Simpson et al, 1970 Lead acetate 100 Chicken (Gallus domesticus) 3 0/5000/10000 mg/kg diet N DLY U FD 3 w 4 w JV M C Lab C

131 2605 Edens, 1985 Lead acetate 100 Japanese quail (Coturnix japonica ) 5 0/1/10/100/1000 mg/kg diet N NR U FD 12 w 1 w JV F C NR E

132 14638 Redig et al., 1991 Lead acetate 100 Red-tailed hawk (Buteo jamaicensis ) 2 0/0.82 mg/kg bw/d N DLY U GV 24 d NR NR AD B C Lab C

133 2757 Majumdar et al., 1995 Lead nitrate 62.56 House sparrow (Passer domesticus) 2 0/50 ug/org/d N 6 U GV 6 d 0 w SM B C Lab C

134 2897 Stone et al., 1977 Lead acetate 100 Japanese quail (Coturnix japonica ) 2 0/25 mg/kg diet N ADL U FD 2 w 1 d JV NR C Lab E

135 2513 Anders et al., 1982 Lead acetate 100 Pigeon (Columba livia ) 2 0/6.25 mg/kg bw/d N DLY U GV 2 w NR NR AD M C Lab C

136 2734 Kendall and Scanlon, 1981 Lead acetate 100 Ringed Turtle Dove (Streptopelia risoria ) 2 0/100 mg/L N ADL U DR 1 w NR NR AD F C Lab G

137 2591 Dietz et al., 1979 Lead acetate 100 Pigeon (Columba livia ) 2 0/6.25 mg/org N 7 per w U GV 67 d NR NR AD M V Lab B

138 2591 Dietz et al., 1979 Lead acetate 100 Pigeon (Columba livia ) 2 0/6.25 mg/org N 7 per w U GV 56 d NR NR AD M V Lab H

139 2744 Latta and Donaldson, 1986 Lead acetate 100 Chicken (Gallus domesticus) 2 0/1000 mg/kg diet N ADL U FD 3 w 1 d JV M C Lab C

140 2576 Cory-Slechta et al., 1980 Lead acetate 100 Pigeon (Columba livia ) 3 0/1000/3000 mg/L N DLY U DR 15 d NR NR NR M C Lab G

141 2576 Cory-Slechta et al., 1980 Lead acetate 100 Pigeon (Columba livia ) 3 0/1000/3000 mg/L N DLY U DR 61 d NR NR NR M C Lab I

142 2898 Stone and Soares, 1976 Lead acetate 100 Japanese quail (Coturnix japonica ) 3 0/500/1000 mg/kg diet N ADL U FD 32 d NR NR AD F C Lab E

143 2748 Leeming and Donaldson, 1984 Lead acetate 100 Chicken (Gallus domesticus) 2 0/1000 mg/kg diet N ADL U FD 19 d 1 d JV M C Lab C

144 429 Donaldson, 1985 Lead acetate 100 Chicken (Gallus domesticus) 2 0/1000 mg/kg diet N ADL U FD 3 w 22 w JV M C Lab C

145 2600 Donaldson, 1986 Lead acetate 100 Chicken (Gallus domesticus) 2 0/2000 mg/kg diet N NR U FD 20 d 1 d JV M C Lab C

146 429 Donaldson, 1985 Lead acetate 100 Chicken (Gallus domesticus) 2 0/2000 mg/kg diet N ADL U FD 3 w 1 d JV M C Lab C

147 2579 Cupo and Donaldson, 1987 Lead acetate 100 Chicken (Gallus domesticus) 2 0/2000 mg/kg diet N ADL U FD 21 d 1 d JV M C Lab C

148 2635 Franson and Custer, 1982 Lead acetate 100 Chicken (Gallus domesticus) 2 0/1850 mg/kg diet N ADL U FD 7 d 1 d JV NR C Lab C

149 2898 Stone and Soares, 1976 Lead acetate 100 Japanese quail (Coturnix japonica ) 2 0/3000 mg/kg diet N ADL U FD 27 d NR NR AD F C Lab E

The abbreviations and definitions used in coding data are provided in Attachment 4-3 of the Eco-SSL Guidance (U.S.EPA, 2003).

Eco-SSL for Lead 
 
Appendix 6-1

Mammalian Toxicity Data Extracted and Reviewed for Wildlife

Toxicity Reference Value (TRV) - Lead

March 2005
This page intentionally left blank
Appendix 6.1 Mammalian Toxicity Data Extracted for Wildlife Toxicity Referen

Lead

Page 1 of 12

Result #

Ref N.

Chemical Form

MW%

Test Species

# of Conc/ Doses

Conc/ Doses

Conc/Dose Units

Wet Weight Reported?

Percent Moisture

Application Frequency

Method of Analyses

Route of Exposure

Exposure Duration

Duration Units

Age

Age Units

Lifestage

Sex

Control Type

Efft T

Biochemical 

1 2737 Kimmel et al., 1980 Lead acetate 100 Rat (Rattus norvegicus) 4 0/0.92/4.7/8.9 mg/kg bw/d N ADL U DR 10 w 21 d JV F V EN

2 3873 Horwitt and Cowgill, 1937 Lead acetate 100 Dog (Canis familiaris) 3 0/27/102 mg/kg diet N DLY M FD 7 mo NR NR JV NR C CH

3 3747 Azar et al., 1973 lead acetate 100 Rat (Rattus norvegicus) 5 0/18/62/141/548 mg/kg diet N NR M FD 2 yr NR NR NR B C EN

4 3830 Carson et al., 1973 Lead 100 Sheep (Ovis aries) 3 0/2.3/4.5 mg/kg bw/d N DLY U FD 27 w NR NR GE F C CH

5 3747 Azar et al., 1973 lead acetate 100 Dog (Canis familiaris) 5 0/16/57/155/576 mg/kg diet N NR M FD 2 yr NR NR NR B C EN

6 11831 Jessup and Shott, 1969 Lead acetate 100 Rat (Rattus norvegicus) 5 0/10/50/100/1000 mg/kg diet N ADL U FD 12 mo 70 d LC B C EN

7 2675 Hammond et al., 1989 Lead acetate 100 Rat (Rattus norvegicus) 4 0/50/250/500 mg/L N ADL U DR 23 d 22 d JV F C CH8 2756 Mahaffey et al., 1973 Lead acetate 100 Rat (Rattus norvegicus) 7 0/0.19/0.70/2.8/5.9/12.9/24.3 mg/kg bw/d N NR U DR 10 w NR NR JV M C CH

9 2666 Gupta et al., 1995 Lead acetate 54.61 Mouse (Mus musculus) 4 0/10/25/50 mg/kg bw N DLY U GV 52 d 2 mo GE F C EN

10 3889 Logner et al., 1984 Lead sulfate 100 Cattle (Bos taurus) 4 0/16/43/305 mg/kg bw/d N DLY U FD 6 w 74 d JV M C CH11 2524 Barratt et al., 1989 Lead acetate 54.61 Rat (Rattus norvegicus) 4 0/0.3/33/300 mg/kg bw N DLY U GV 9 w 10 w JV M C CH

12 3704 Fick et al., 1976 Lead acetate 100 Sheep (Ovis aries) 5 0/10/100/500/1000 mg/kg diet N DLY U FD 84 d NR NR JV M C CH

13 2507 Agodi et al., 1990 Lead acetate 100 Rat (Rattus norvegicus) 2 0/50 mg/kg bw N DLY U GV 28 d 2 d JV B V EN

14 2733 Kempinas et. al 1988 Lead acetate 100 Rat (Rattus norvegicus) 3 0/0.5/1.0 g/L N ADL U DR 90 d NR NR AD M C CH

15 2923 Vyskocil et al., 1995 Lead acetate 100 Rat (Rattus norvegicus) 3 0/81.3/320 mg/kg bw/d N ADL U DR 1 mo 9-10 w SM F C CH

16 2815 Petrusz et al., 1979 Lead acetate 100 Rat (Rattus norvegicus) 4 0/25/100/200 mg/kg bw/d N DLY U GV 18 d 2 d JV F C HR

17 2680 Harry et al., 1985 Lead acetate 100 Rat (Rattus norvegicus) 2 0/200 mg/kg bw N DLY U GV 29 d 2 d JV B V CH

18 2922 Vyskocil et al., 1989 Lead acetate 54.61 Rat (Rattus norvegicus) 4 0/0.5/1/2 % in water N ADL U DR 1 mo 8 w JV M C CH

19 2697 Holtzman et al., 1982 Lead acetate 100 Rat (Rattus norvegicus) 4 0/400/800/1600 mg/kg bw/d N DLY U GV 14 d 18 d JV NR C CH

20 2697 Holtzman et al., 1982 Lead acetate 100 Rat (Rattus norvegicus) 5 0/400/800/1600/2400 mg/kg bw/d N DLY U GV 14 d 14 d JV NR C CH

21 2697 Holtzman et al., 1982 Lead acetate 100 Rat (Rattus norvegicus) 3 0/2400/3200 mg/kg bw/d N DLY U GV 14 d 20 d JV NR C CH

22 14380 Lynch et al, 1975 Lead carbonate 77.55 Cattle (Bos taurus) 4 0/0.64/1.28/2.57 mg/kg bw/d N 3 per w U OR 7 w 1 w JV M C EN

23 2877 Singh and Ashraf, 1989 Lead acetate 100 Rat (Rattus norvegicus) 2 0/1.0 mg/kg bw/d N 6 per w U GV 10 w 5 d JV B C HR

24 2789 Nehru and Kaushal, 1991 Lead acetate 54.61 Rat (Rattus norvegicus) 4 0/2.5/5/25 mg/kg bw/d N DLY U GV 15 d NR NR NR F C EN

25 3709 Lassen and Buck, 1979 Lead acetate 100 Pig (Sus scrofa ) 5 0/3.77/7.54/15.09/30.17 mg/kg bw/d N DLY U DR 1 w 6 w JV NR C EN

26 3711 Lynch et al., 1976 Lead carbonate 100 Cattle (Bos taurus) 3 0/4.16/7.79 mg/kg bw/d N 3 per w U OR 42 d NR NR JV M C EN

27 2751 Lorenzo et al., 1978 Lead nitrate 62.56 Rabbit (Oryctolagus cuniculus) 5 0/7.2/33.48 mg/kg bw/d N DLY U GV 30 d 1 d JV F C CH28 14377 Kelliher, et al. 1973 Lead acetate 100 Cattle (Bos taurus) 2 0.015 g/kg bw/d N CON U FD 133 d 7 mo JV M C EN29 2625 Cerklewski and Forbes, 1977 Lead acetate 100 Rat (Rattus norvegicus) 2 0/200 mg/kg diet N DLY U FD 1 w 21 d GE M C EN

30 14580 Mahaffey et al., 1977 lead acetate 100 Rat (Rattus norvegicus) 2 0/200 mg/kg diet N ADL UX FD 10 w NR NR JV M C CH

31 2830 Rader et al., 1981 Lead acetate 100 Rat (Rattus norvegicus) 2 0/15.54 mg/kg bw/d N 1 per w U OR 6 w NR NR JV M C EN

32 14821 Gelman and Michaelson, 1979 Lead acetate 100 Rat (Rattus norvegicus) 4 0/25/75/225 mg/kg bw/d N 1 per d U GV 19 d 2 d JV B C CH

33 21095 Singh et al, 1994 Lead acetate 100 Rat (Rattus norvegicus) 3 0/50/100 mg/kg bw/d N DLY U GV 1 mo NR NR JV F C CH

34 2528 Batra et al., 1998 Lead acetate 100 Rat (Rattus norvegicus) 2 0/50 mg/kg bw/d N DLY U GV 3 mo 8 w SM M C EN

35 2929 White, 1977 Lead carbonate 100 Dog (Canis familiaris) 3 0/50/100 mg/kg bw N DLY U OR 1 w <1 yr JV NR C EN

36 3747 Azar et al., 1973 lead acetate 100 Rat (Rattus norvegicus) 3 0/1130/2102 mg/kg diet N NR M FD 2 yr NR NR NR B C EN

37 2806 Rudra Pal et al., 1975 Lead acetate 100 Rat (Rattus norvegicus) 2 0/100 mg/kg bw/d N NR U FD 4 w NR NR NR M C CH

38 2870 Shailesh Kumar and Desiraju, 1990 Lead acetate 100 Rat (Rattus norvegicus) 3 0/100/400 mg/kg bw N 6 per w U GV 58 d 2 d JV B C HR

39 14376 Hsu et al, 1975 Lead acetate 100 Pig (Sus scrofa ) 2 0/1000 mg/kg diet N ADL U FD 2 w 4 w JV NR NR CH

40 3937 Yagminas et al., 1990 Lead acetate 100 Rat (Rattus norvegicus) 2 0/200 mg/kg bw/d N 5 per w U GV 91 d NR NR JV M C CH

41 2911 Toews et al., 1983 Lead acetate 100 Rat (Rattus norvegicus) 2 0/400 mg/kg bw/d N 6 per w U GV 28 d 2 d JV M C CH

42 2697 Holtzman et al., 1982 Lead acetate 100 Rat (Rattus norvegicus) 4 0/400/800/1200 mg/kg bw/d N DLY U GV 14 d 24 d JV NR C CH

43 2697 Holtzman et al., 1982 Lead acetate 100 Rat (Rattus norvegicus) 4 0/1600/2000/2400 mg/kg bw/d N DLY U GV 14 d 16 d JV NR C CH

Behavior

44 2593 Dilts and Ahokas, 1979 Lead acetate 100 Rat (Rattus norvegicus) 6 0/10/50/100/200/500 mg/L N ADL U DR 21 d NR NR GE F C FD

45 820 Sawicka-Kapusta et al., 1987 Lead nitrate 100 Bank vole (Clethrionomys glareolu 3 0/1.1/34.6 mg/kg bw/d N DLY M FD 20 d NR NR AD B C FD

46 15125 Morris et al, 1938 Lead acetate 100 Rat (Rattus norvegicus) 3 0/1269/9307.8 ug/org/d N ADL U FD 339 d 26-27 d JV B C FD

47 2675 Hammond et al., 1989 Lead acetate 100 Rat (Rattus norvegicus) 4 0/50/250/500 mg/L N ADL U DR 23 d 22 d JV F C FD

48 3711 Lynch et al., 1976 Lead carbonate 100 Cattle (Bos taurus) 3 0/4.16/7.79 mg/kg bw/d N 3 per w U OR 84 d NR NR JV M C FD

49 14580 Mahaffey et al., 1977 lead acetate 100 Rat (Rattus norvegicus) 2 0/200 mg/kg diet N ADL UX FD 10 w NR NR JV M C FD

50 2756 Mahaffey et al., 1973 Lead acetate 100 Rat (Rattus norvegicus) 7 0/0.19/0.70/2.8/5.9/12.9/24.3 mg/kg bw/d N NR U DR 10 w NR NR JV M C FD

51 3889 Logner et al., 1984 Lead sulfate 100 Cattle (Bos taurus) 4 0/16/43/305 mg/kg bw/d N DLY U FD 7 w 74 d JV M C FD

Ref Exposure 

Eco-SSL for Lead 
Appendix 6.1 Mammalian Toxicity Data Extracted for Wildlife Toxicity Referen

Lead

Page 2 of 12

Result #

Ref N.

Chemical Form

MW%

Test Species

# of Conc/ Doses

Conc/ Doses

Conc/Dose Units

Wet Weight Reported?

Percent Moisture

Application Frequency

Method of Analyses

Route of Exposure

Exposure Duration

Duration Units

Age

Age Units

Lifestage

Sex

Control Type

Efft T

Ref Exposure 

52 2889 Sourgens et al., 1987 Lead acetate trihydrate 54.61 Rat (Rattus norvegicus) 4 0/45/900/4580 mg/L N ADL U DR 30 d NR NR JV B C FD

53 2923 Vyskocil et al., 1995 Lead acetate 100 Rat (Rattus norvegicus) 3 0/81.3/320 mg/kg bw/d N ADL U DR 2 mo 9-10 w SM F C FD

54 2870 Shailesh Kumar and Desiraju, 1990 Lead acetate 100 Rat (Rattus norvegicus) 3 0/100/400 mg/kg bw N 6 per w U GV 58 d 2 d JV B C FD

55 2758 Maker et al., 1973 Lead carbonate 100 Mouse (Mus musculus) 7 0/0.08/0.16/0.4/0.5/1.0/2.0 % in diet N NR U FD 28 d NR NR LC F C AV

56 2758 Maker et al., 1973 Lead carbonate 100 Mouse (Mus musculus) 7 0/0.08/0.16/0.4/0.5/1.0/2.0 % in diet N NR U FD 28 d NR NR LC F C AV

57 2888 Sokol et al., 1985 Lead acetate 54.61 Rat (Rattus norvegicus) 3 0/0.1/0.3 % water N ADL U DR 30 d 52 d JV M C FD

58 3937 Yagminas et al., 1990 Lead acetate 100 Rat (Rattus norvegicus) 2 0/200 mg/kg bw/d N 5 per w U GV 91 d NR NR JV M C FD

59 633 Lockett and Leary, 1986 Lead 100 Rat (Rattus norvegicus) 2 0/5 mg/L N ADL UX DR 16 mo NR NR JV M C BE

60 2502 Wolfe et al, 1996 Lead acetate trihydrate 100 Rat (Rattus norvegicus) 5 0/23.03/47.26/81.96/206.52 mg/kg bw/d N ADL M DR 1 w 94 d JV M C FD

61 2677 Hammond et al., 1993 Lead acetate 100 Rat (Rattus norvegicus) 2 0/250 mg/L N ADL U DR 26 d 22 d JV F V FD

62 2677 Hammond et al., 1993 Lead acetate 100 Rat (Rattus norvegicus) 2 0/250 mg/L N ADL U DR 14 d 26 d JV F V FD

63 12025 Kishi et al., 1983 Lead acetate 100 Rat (Rattus norvegicus) 4 0/45/90/180 mg/kg bw N DLY U GV 18 d 3 d JV M C BE

64 617 Nation et al., 1990 Lead acetate 100 Rat (Rattus norvegicus) 2 0/500 mg/kg diet N ADL U FD 61 d 50 d JV M C BE

65 2807 Pankakoski et al., 1994 Lead 100 Shrew (Sorex araneus) 4 0/371/423/1052 mg/kg diet N ADL M FD 31 d NR NR JV B C FD

66 2502 Wolfe et al, 1996 Lead acetate trihydrate 100 Rat (Rattus norvegicus) 2 0/0.3 mg/kg bw/d N ADL M DR 1 w 99 d JV B C FD

67 2669 Hallen et al., 1995 Lead acetate 100 Rat (Rattus norvegicus) 2 0/200 mg/kg bw N NR U DR 13 w NR NR GE F C FD

68 2817 Piasekand Kostial, 1987 Lead acetate 100 Rat (Rattus norvegicus) 4 0/216/420/639.36 mg/kg bw/d N ADL U DR 18 w NR NR JV M C FD

69 10239 Barrett and Livesey, 1983 Lead 100 Rat (Rattus norvegicus) 4 0/0.2/0.4/1.0 % in diet N DLY U FD 10 d NR NR LC F C BE

70 2818 Piasek and Kostial 1991 Lead acetate 100 Rat (Rattus norvegicus) 2 0/750 mg/kg bw/d N NR U DR 20 w 10 w GE F C FD

71 2837 Gulati et al, 1985 Lead acetate trihydrate 100 Mouse (Mus musculus) 4 0/4.98/10.055/20.52 mg/ml Y ADL M DR 1 w 11 w JV F C FD

72 2774 Michaelson and Sauerhoff, 1974 Lead acetate 100 Rat (Rattus norvegicus) 2 0/5 % in diet N ADL U FD 18 d NR NR LC F C FD

Physiology

73 21113 Boscolo et al, 1992 Lead acetate 100 Rat (Rattus norvegicus) 4 0/15/30/60 mg/L N ADL U DR 14 mo NR NR JV M C PH

74 820 Sawicka-Kapusta et al., 1987 Lead nitrate 100 Bank vole (Clethrionomys glareolu 3 0/1.1/34.6 mg/kg bw/d N DLY M FD 20 d NR NR AD B C PH

75 3889 Logner et al., 1984 Lead sulfate 100 Cattle (Bos taurus) 4 0/16/43/305 mg/kg bw/d N DLY U FD 7 w 74 d JV M C PH

76 2829 Rader et. al. 1981 Lead acetate 100 Rat (Rattus norvegicus) 2 0/16.1 mg/kg bw/d N NR U DR 5 w NR NR JV M C PH

77 2806 Rudra Pal et al., 1975 Lead acetate 100 Rat (Rattus norvegicus) 2 0/100 mg/kg bw/d N NR U FD 4 w NR NR JV M C PH

Pathology

78 3873 Horwitt and Cowgill, 1937 Lead acetate 100 Dog (Canis familiaris) 3 0/27/102 mg/kg diet N DLY M FD 2 mo NR NR JV NR C H

79 2789 Nehru and Kaushal, 1991 Lead acetate 54.61 Rat (Rattus norvegicus) 4 0/2.5/5/25 mg/kg bw/d N DLY U GV 3 mo NR NR NR F C H

80 15125 Morris et al, 1938 Lead acetate 100 Rat (Rattus norvegicus) 3 0/1269/9307.8 ug/org/d N ADL U FD 339 d 26-27 d JV B C OR

81 11831 Jessup and Shott, 1969 Lead acetate 100 Rat (Rattus norvegicus) 5 0/10/50/100/1000 mg/kg diet N ADL U FD 92 w 3 d JV B C OR

82 2751 Lorenzo et al., 1978 Lead nitrate 62.56 Rabbit (Oryctolagus cuniculus) 3 0/6.08/28.44 mg/kg bw/d N DLY U GV 30 d 1 d JV F C H

83 2876 Sierra and Tiffany-Castiglioni, 1992 Lead acetate 100 Guinea pig (Cavia porcellus) 3 0/5.5/11.0 mg/kg bw/d N DLY U DR 40 d NR NR GE F C OR84 2830 Rader et al., 1981 Lead acetate 100 Rat (Rattus norvegicus) 2 0/15.1 mg/kg bw/d N ADL U DR 6 w NR NR JV M C OR

85 3889 Logner et al., 1984 Lead sulfate 100 Cattle (Bos taurus) 4 0/16/43/305 mg/kg bw/d N DLY U FD 32 d 74 d JV M C IT

86 2829 Rader et. al. 1981 Lead acetate 100 Rat (Rattus norvegicus) 2 0/16.1 mg/kg bw/d N NR U DR 7 w NR NR JV M C OR

87 2502 Wolfe et al, 1996 Lead acetate trihydrate 100 Rat (Rattus norvegicus) 5 0/21.5/42.97/85.34/243.39 mg/kg bw/d N ADL M DR 4 w 94 d JV F C OR

88 14799 Goyer et al., 1970 Lead acetate 100 Rat (Rattus norvegicus) 6 0/2.3/7.0/12/21/67/220 mg/org/d N NR U DR 10 w NR NR JV M C H

89 2507 Agodi et al., 1990 Lead acetate 100 Rat (Rattus norvegicus) 2 0/50 mg/kg bw N DLY U GV 28 d 2 d JV B V OR

90 2923 Vyskocil et al., 1995 Lead acetate 100 Rat (Rattus norvegicus) 3 0/81.3/320 mg/kg bw/d N ADL U DR 1 mo 9-10 w SM F C OR

91 2815 Petrusz et al., 1979 Lead acetate 100 Rat (Rattus norvegicus) 4 0/25/100/200 mg/kg bw/d N DLY U GV 18 d 2 d JV B C OR

92 2511 Alfano and Petit, 1982 Lead carbonate 77.55 Rat (Rattus norvegicus) 3 0/0.4/4.0 % in diet N ADL U FD 25 d NR NR LC F C GR

93 2697 Holtzman et al., 1982 Lead acetate 100 Rat (Rattus norvegicus) 4 0/400/800/1600 mg/kg bw/d N DLY U GV 14 d 16 d JV NR C H

94 2697 Holtzman et al., 1982 Lead acetate 100 Rat (Rattus norvegicus) 5 0/400/800/1600/2400 mg/kg bw/d N DLY U GV 14 d 18 d JV NR C H

95 14822 Gerber et al, 1978 Lead acetate 100 Rat (Rattus norvegicus) 2 0/0.5 % in diet N NR U FD 14 mo 0 d JV NR C OR

96 2697 Holtzman et al., 1982 Lead acetate 100 Rat (Rattus norvegicus) 4 0/1600/2000/2400 mg/kg bw/d N DLY U GV 14 d 18 d JV NR C H

97 2697 Holtzman et al., 1982 Lead acetate 100 Rat (Rattus norvegicus) 3 0/2400/3200 mg/kg bw/d N DLY U GV 14 d 14 d JV NR C H

98 1858 Schroeder and Mitchener, 1975 Lead acetate 100 Mouse (Mus musculus) 2 0/25 mg/L N NR U DR 520 d 19-20 d JV F C H

99 2788 Nehru et al., 1997 Lead 100 Rat (Rattus norvegicus) 2 0/20 mg/kg bw N EOD U GV 8 w NR NR JV F C OR

100 14580 Mahaffey et al., 1977 Lead acetate 100 Rat (Rattus norvegicus) 2 0/200 mg/kg diet N ADL UX FD 10 w NR NR JV M C OR

101 2830 Rader et al., 1981 Lead acetate 100 Rat (Rattus norvegicus) 2 0/15.54 mg/kg bw/d N 1 per w U OR 6 w NR NR AD M C OR

102 14803 Wells, et.al, 1986 Lead acetate 100 Cattle (Bos taurus) 2 0/20 mg/kg bw/d N DLY U DR 8 d 3 mo JV M C H

Eco-SSL for Lead 
Appendix 6.1 Mammalian Toxicity Data Extracted for Wildlife Toxicity Referen

Lead

Page 3 of 12

Result #

Ref N.

Chemical Form

MW%

Test Species

# of Conc/ Doses

Conc/ Doses

Conc/Dose Units

Wet Weight Reported?

Percent Moisture

Application Frequency

Method of Analyses

Route of Exposure

Exposure Duration

Duration Units

Age

Age Units

Lifestage

Sex

Control Type

Efft T

Ref Exposure 

103 3879 Karmakar et al., 1986 Lead acetate 100 Rat (Rattus norvegicus) 2 0/44 mg/kg bw/d N NR U GV 30 d NR NR AD B C H

104 20974 Al-Omar et al, 2000 Lead oxide 92.83 Mouse (Mus musculus) 2 0/50 mg/kg bw/d N DLY M GV 5 w NR NR JV M V H

105 2929 White, 1977 Lead carbonate 100 Dog (Canis familiaris) 2 0/50 mg/kg bw N DLY U OR 5 w <1 yr JV NR C H

106 2807 Pankakoski et al., 1994 Lead 100 Shrew (Sorex araneus) 4 0/371/423/1052 mg/kg diet N ADL M FD 31 d NR NR JV B C H

107 2806 Rudra Pal et al., 1975 Lead acetate 100 Rat (Rattus norvegicus) 2 0/100 mg/kg bw/d N NR U FD 4 w NR NR JV M C OR

108 2870 Shailesh Kumar and Desiraju, 1990 Lead acetate 100 Rat (Rattus norvegicus) 3 0/100/400 mg/kg bw N 6 per w U GV 58 d 2 d JV B C OR

109 2548 Brown, 1974 Lead acetate 54.61 Rabbit (Oryctolagus cuniculus) 2 0/5000 mg/kg diet N ADL U FD 5 mo 5 mo JV B C H110 2502 Wolfe et al, 1996 Lead acetate trihydrate 100 Rat (Rattus norvegicus) 2 0/171.27 mg/kg bw/d N ADL M DR 4 w 99 d JV M C OR

111 2680 Harry et al., 1985 Lead acetate 100 Rat (Rattus norvegicus) 2 0/200 mg/kg bw N DLY U GV 29 d 2 d JV F V OR

112 3937 Yagminas et al., 1990 Lead acetate 100 Rat (Rattus norvegicus) 2 0/200 mg/kg bw/d N 5 per w U GV 91 d NR NR JV M C OR

113 2827 Press 1975 Lead acetate 100 Rat (Rattus norvegicus) 2 0/328 mg/kg bw/d N DLY U GV 7 d 1 d JV B C IT

114 2697 Holtzman et al., 1982 Lead acetate 100 Rat (Rattus norvegicus) 4 0/400/800/1200 mg/kg bw/d N DLY U GV 14 d 20 d JV NR C H

115 2911 Toews et al., 1983 Lead acetate 100 Rat (Rattus norvegicus) 2 0/400 mg/kg bw/d N 6 per w U GV 28 d 2 d JV M C OR

116 2546 Brashear et al., 1978 Lead acetate 100 Rat (Rattus norvegicus) 2 0/1.0 g/kg bw/d N DLY U GV 18 d 2 d JV B C OR

117 14822 Gerber et al, 1978 Lead acetate 100 Rat (Rattus norvegicus) 2 0/1.0 % in diet N NR U FD 1 mo 0 d JV NR C OR

118 2604 Dyck et al., 1980 Lead carbonate 77.55 Rat (Rattus norvegicus) 2 0/4 % in diet N NR U FD 12 w NR NR AD NR C H

119 2782 Myers et al., 1979 Lead carbonate 77.55 Rat (Rattus norvegicus) 2 0/6 % in diet N NR U FD 7 w NR NR AD B C H

120 2774 Michaelson and Sauerhoff, 1974 Lead acetate 100 Rat (Rattus norvegicus) 2 0/5 % in diet N ADL U FD 17 d NR NR LC F C GR

Reproduction

121 2658 Grant et al., 1980 Lead acetate 100 Rat (Rattus norvegicus) 5 0/0.07/0.71/7/38 mg/kg bw/d N ADL U DR 62 d 21 d GE F C RE

122 2593 Dilts and Ahokas, 1979 Lead acetate 100 Rat (Rattus norvegicus) 6 0/10/50/100/200/500 mg/L N ADL U DR 21 d NR NR GE F C RE

123 2642 Gandley et al., 1999 Lead acetate 100 Rat (Rattus norvegicus) 3 0/25/250 mg/L N ADL U DR 35 d NR NR AD M C RE124 2658 Grant et al., 1980 Lead acetate 100 Rat (Rattus norvegicus) 4 0/0.64/3/6 mg/kg bw/d N ADL U DR 62 d 21 d GE B C RE

125 3830 Carson et al., 1973 Lead 100 Sheep (Ovis aries) 3 0/2.3/4.5 mg/kg bw/d N DLY U FD 27 w NR NR GE F C RE

126 2592 Dilts and Ahokas, 1980 Lead acetate 100 Rat (Rattus norvegicus) 6 0/10/50/100/200/500 mg/L N ADL U DR 21 d NR NR GE F C RE

127 2876 Sierra and Tiffany-Castiglioni, 1992 Lead acetate 100 Guinea pig (Cavia porcellus) 3 0/5.5/11.0 mg/kg bw/d N DLY U DR 40 d NR NR GE F C RE

128 11831 Jessup and Shott, 1969 Lead acetate 100 Rat (Rattus norvegicus) 5 0/10/50/100/1000 mg/kg diet N ADL U FD 92 w 21 d JV M C RE

129 2737 Kimmel et al., 1980 Lead acetate 100 Rat (Rattus norvegicus) 4 0/0.92/4.7/8.9 mg/kg bw/d N ADL U DR 28.3 d 21 d LC F V RE

130 2737 Kimmel et al., 1980 Lead acetate 100 Rat (Rattus norvegicus) 5 0/0.09/0.92/9.1/45 mg/kg bw/d N ADL U DR 28.3 d 21 d GE F V RE

131 2770 McMurry et al., 1995 Lead acetate 100 Cotton rat (Sigmodon hispidus) 3 0/2.1/28.8 mg/org N ADL U DR 7 w NR NR AD M C RE

132 2524 Barratt et al., 1989 Lead acetate 54.61 Rat (Rattus norvegicus) 4 0/0.3/33/300 mg/kg bw N DLY U GV 9 w 10 w JV M C RE

133 2943 Zenick et al., 1979 Lead acetate 54.61 Rat (Rattus norvegicus) 3 0/200/400 mg/kg N DLY U DR 100 d 21 d GE F C RE

134 10607 Cerklewski, 1980 Lead acetate 100 Rat (Rattus norvegicus) 2 0/250 mg/kg diet N NR U FD 35 d 70 d LC F C RE

135 3721 Chowdhury et al., 1984 Lead acetate 54.61 Rat (Rattus norvegicus) 4 0/0.25/0.5/1.0 g/L N ADL U DR 60 d NR NR SM M C RE

136 14812 Bull, et.. al., 1978 Lead chloride 100 Rat (Rattus norvegicus) 4 0/0.8/4.0/32.5 mg/kg bw/d N ADL U DR 56 d 70 d LC F C RE

137 2934 Winder et al., 1984 Lead acetate 100 Rat (Rattus norvegicus) 3 0/300/1000 mg/L N ADL U DR 31 d NR d LC F C RE

138 2775 Miller et al., 1982 Lead acetate 54.61 Rat (Rattus norvegicus) 4 0/50/75/100 mg/kg bw N DLY U GV 41 d NR NR GE F C RE

139 2502 Wolfe et al, 1996 Lead acetate trihydrate 100 Rat (Rattus norvegicus) 5 0/23.03/47.26/81.96/206.52 mg/kg bw/d N ADL M DR 1 w 94 d JV M C RE

140 2889 Sourgens et al., 1987 Lead acetate trihydrate 54.61 Rat (Rattus norvegicus) 4 0/45/900/4580 mg/L N ADL U DR 30 d NR NR SM M C RE141 2565 Carpenter, 1982 Lead acetate 100 Hamster (Mesocricetus auratus) 2 0/547 mg/L N ADL U DR 51 d 15 w GE F C RE

142 2565 Carpenter, 1982 Lead acetate 100 Hamster (Mesocricetus auratus) 2 0/547 mg/L N ADL U DR 14 d 11 w GE F C RE

143 2847 Ronis et al., 1998 Lead acetate 54.61 Rat (Rattus norvegicus) 4 0/0.05/0.15/0.45 % in water N ADL U DR 37 d NR NR GE F C RE144 748 Wardell et al., 1982 Lead acetate 100 Rat (Rattus norvegicus) 5 0/10/50/100/150 mg/kg bw/d N DLY U GV 12 d NR NR GE F C RE

145 2670 Hamilton and O'Flaherty, 1994 Lead acetate 100 Rat (Rattus norvegicus) 3 0/250/1000 mg/L N ADL U DR 68 d 25 d GE F V RE

146 2671 Hamilton et al., 1994 Lead acetate 100 Rat (Rattus norvegicus) 4 0/250/500/1000 mg/L N ADL U DR 77 d 25 d GE F V RE

147 2633 Fox et al., 1977 Lead acetate 100 Rat (Rattus norvegicus) 2 0/1092 mg/L N ADL U DR 21 d NR NR LC F C RE148 2618 Eyden et al, 1978 Lead acetate 100 Mouse (Mus musculus) 3 0/0.1/1.0 % in diet N ADL U FD 8 w 2 mo GE M C RE

149 2758 Maker et al., 1973 Lead carbonate 100 Mouse (Mus musculus) 7 0/0.08/0.16/0.4/0.5/1.0/2.0 % in diet N NR U FD 30 d NR NR LC F C RE

150 2758 Maker et al., 1973 Lead carbonate 100 Mouse (Mus musculus) 7 0/0.08/0.16/0.4/0.5/1.0/2.0 % in diet N NR U FD 30 d NR NR LC F C RE

151 14816 Cramer et al, 1980 Lead acetate 100 Rat (Rattus norvegicus) 4 0/2.5/5.0/10 mg/g N ADL U DR 21 d NR NR GE F C RE

152 2785 Nathan et al., 1992 Lead acetate 54.61 Rat (Rattus norvegicus) 5 0/0.05/0.1/0.5/1 % in water N ADL U DR 10 w NR NR AD M C RE153 14795 Brady, et al, 1975 Lead acetate 54.61 Rat (Rattus norvegicus) 2 0/240 mg/org N DLY U GV 102 d 30 d GE F C RE

154 2928 Wenda-Rozewicka et al., 1996 Lead acetate 54.61 Rat (Rattus norvegicus) 2 0/10000 mg/L N ADL U DR 9 mo NR NR SM M C RE

Eco-SSL for Lead 
Appendix 6.1 Mammalian Toxicity Data Extracted for Wildlife Toxicity Referen

Lead

Page 4 of 12

Result #

Ref N.

Chemical Form

MW%

Test Species

# of Conc/ Doses

Conc/ Doses

Conc/Dose Units

Wet Weight Reported?

Percent Moisture

Application Frequency

Method of Analyses

Route of Exposure

Exposure Duration

Duration Units

Age

Age Units

Lifestage

Sex

Control Type

Efft T

Ref Exposure 

155 10239 Barrett and Livesey, 1983 Lead 100 Rat (Rattus norvegicus) 4 0/0.2/0.4/1.0 % in diet N DLY U FD 4 d NR NR LC F C RE

156 2817 Piasekand Kostial, 1987 Lead acetate 100 Rat (Rattus norvegicus) 4 0/216/420/639.36 mg/kg bw/d N ADL U DR 13 w NR NR JV M C RE

157 2725 Junaid et al., 1997 Lead acetate 100 Mouse (Mus musculus) 4 0/2/4/8 mg/kg bw/d N 5 per w U GV 60 d NR NR AD F V RE

158 15125 Morris et al, 1938 Lead acetate 100 Rat (Rattus norvegicus) 3 0/1269/9307.8 ug/org/d N ADL U FD 339 d 26-27 d JV B C RE

159 66 Schroeder and Mitchener, 1971 Lead 100 Rat (Rattus norvegicus) 2 0/25 ppm in mg/L N ADL U DR 9 mo 21 d JV F C RE

160 66 Schroeder and Mitchener, 1971 Lead 100 Mouse (Mus musculus) 2 0/25 mg/L N ADL U DR 6 mo 21 d JV F C RE161 2666 Gupta et al., 1995 Lead acetate 54.61 Mouse (Mus musculus) 4 0/10/25/50 mg/kg bw N DLY U GV 52 d 2 mo GE F C RE

162 2857 Saxena et. al. 1989 Lead acetate 100 Rat (Rattus norvegicus) 2 0/1.920 mg/org/d N ADL U DR 120 d 1 d GE M C RE

163 2568 Cernochova and Kamarad, 1992 Lead dinitrate 100 Mouse (Mus musculus) 2 0/21.75 mg/org N ADL U DR 5 w NR NR AD M C RE

164 20974 Al-Omar et al, 2000 Lead oxide 92.83 Mouse (Mus musculus) 2 0/50 mg/kg bw/d N DLY M GV 2 w NR NR JV M V RE

165 3935 Winneke et al., 1977 Lead acetate 100 Rat (Rattus norvegicus) 2 0/49.6 mg/kg bw/d N NR U FD 102 d NR NR GE F C RE

166 2528 Batra et al., 1998 Lead acetate 100 Rat (Rattus norvegicus) 2 0/50 mg/kg bw/d N DLY U GV 3 mo 8 w SM M C RE

167 3864 Hayashi, 1983 Lead acetate 100 Rat (Rattus norvegicus) 2 0/500 mg/L N ADL U DR 18 d NR NR GE F C RE

168 2733 Kempinas et. al 1988 Lead acetate 100 Rat (Rattus norvegicus) 3 0/0.5/1.0 g/L N ADL U DR 90 d NR NR AD M C RE169 2598 Donald et al., 1981 Lead acetate 54.61 Mouse (Mus musculus) 2 0/0.13 % in water N DLY U DR 23 d NR NR GE F C RE170 2599 Donald et al., 1986 Lead acetate 54.61 Mouse (Mus musculus) 2 0/0.13 % in water N DLY U DR 62 d NR NR GE F C RE171 2906 Talcott and Koller, 1983 Lead acetate 100 Mouse (Mus musculus) 2 0/1000 mg/L N NR U DR 18 w 6-8 w LC F C RE172 2723 Johansson and Wide, 1986 Lead chloride 100 Mouse (Mus musculus) 2 0/1 g/L N ADL U DR 12 w 9 w SM M C RE

173 2713 Jacquet et al., 1997 Lead 100 Mouse (Mus musculus) 4 0/0.125/0.25/0.5 % in diet N NR U FD 18 d NR NR GE F C RE

174 2502 Wolfe et al, 1996 Lead acetate trihydrate 100 Rat (Rattus norvegicus) 2 0/171.27 mg/kg bw/d N ADL M DR 4 w 99 d JV M C RE

175 14750 Blanusa, et al, 1989 Lead acetate 100 Rat (Rattus norvegicus) 5 0/1500/3500/5500/7500 mg/L N NR U DR 6 w 4 mo GE F C RE

176 14816 Cramer et al, 1980 Lead acetate 100 Rat (Rattus norvegicus) 2 0/60 mg/org/d N ADL U DR 22 d NR NR GE F C RE177 2888 Sokol et al., 1985 Lead acetate 54.61 Rat (Rattus norvegicus) 3 0/0.1/0.3 % water N ADL U DR 30 d 52 d JV M C RE178 2669 Hallen et al., 1995 Lead acetate 100 Rat (Rattus norvegicus) 2 0/200 mg/kg bw N NR U DR 13 w NR NR GE F C RE

179 13216 Rabe et al., 1985 Lead acetate 54.61 Rat (Rattus norvegicus) 2 0/0.5 % in water N ADL U DR 21 d 80 d JV F C RE

180 2783 Mykkanen et al., 1980 Lead acetate 54.61 Rat (Rattus norvegicus) 4 0/1/2 % in diet N ADL U FD 3 w NR NR LC F C RE

181 2704 Hsu, 1980 Lead acetate 54.61 Rat (Rattus norvegicus) 2 0/0.5 % in diet N ADL U FD 1 w 19 w LC F C RE

182 2783 Mykkanen et al., 1980 Lead acetate 54.61 Rat (Rattus norvegicus) 4 0/0.5/1/2 % in diet N ADL U FD 3 w NR NR LC F C RE

183 2511 Alfano and Petit, 1982 Lead carbonate 77.55 Rat (Rattus norvegicus) 3 0/0.4/4.0 % in diet N ADL U FD 25 d NR NR LC F C RE

184 3939 Yu et al, 1996 Lead acetate 100 Rat (Rattus norvegicus) 2 0/0.3 % in water N DLY U DR 21 d NR NR LC F C RE

185 2887 Sokol, 1989 Lead acetate 54.61 Rat (Rattus norvegicus) 2 0/6000 mg/L N ADL U DR 30 d 52 d JV M C RE186 2845 Ronis et al., 1998 Lead acetate 54.61 Rat (Rattus norvegicus) 2 0/6000 mg/L N ADL U DR 17 d NR NR GE F M RE187 2845 Ronis et al., 1998 Lead acetate 54.61 Rat (Rattus norvegicus) 2 0/6000 mg/L N ADL U DR 24 d NR NR LC F M RE188 2846 Ronis et al., 1996 Lead acetate 54.61 Rat (Rattus norvegicus) 2 0/6000 mg/L N ADL U DR 12 d NR NR GE F C RE189 2887 Sokol, 1989 Lead acetate 54.61 Rat (Rattus norvegicus) 2 0/6000 mg/L N ADL U DR 30 d 27 d JV M C RE190 2821 Pinon-Lataillade et al., 1995 Lead acetate 54.61 Mouse (Mus musculus) 2 0/0.5 % in water N ADL U DR 44 d NR NR GE F C RE191 3719 Draski et al., 1989 Lead acetate 54.61 Mouse (Mus musculus) 2 0/0.5 % in water N ADL U DR 14 d NR NR LC F C RE192 2846 Ronis et al., 1996 Lead acetate 54.61 Rat (Rattus norvegicus) 2 0/6000 mg/L N ADL U DR 50 d 24 d JV F C RE193 2836 Rasile et. al. 1995 Lead acetate 54.61 Mouse (Mus musculus) 2 0/0.5 % in water N ADL U DR 45 d 50-100 d GE F C RE194 2909 Thoreux-Manlay et al., 1995 Lead acetate 54.61 Rat (Rattus norvegicus) 2 0/7 g/L N ADL U DR 22 d NR NR GE F C RE195 2597 Donald et al., 1987 Lead acetate 54.61 Mouse (Mus musculus) 2 0/0.25 % in water N ADL U DR 48 d NR NR GE F C RE196 2760 Marchlewicz et al., 1993 Lead acetate 54.61 Rat (Rattus norvegicus) 2 0/1 % in water N ADL U DR 9 mo 3 mo SM M M RE197 2816 Piasecka et. al. 1995 Lead acetate trihydrate 54.61 Rat (Rattus norvegicus) 2 0/1 % in water N ADL U DR 9 mo NR NR SM M C RE198 14751 Piasek et al, 1988 Lead acetate 100 Rat (Rattus norvegicus) 2 0/5500 mg/L N ADL U DR 3 w 14 w LC F C RE199 2711 Jacquet, 1977 Lead acetate 100 Mouse (Mus musculus) 2 0/0.5 % in diet N DLY U FD 7 d NR NR GE F C RE

200 2869 Selvin-Testa et. al. 1997 Lead acetate 54.61 Rat (Rattus norvegicus) 2 0/1 % in water N ADL U DR 126 d 1 d GE F C RE

201 2818 Piasek and Kostial 1991 Lead acetate 100 Rat (Rattus norvegicus) 2 0/750 mg/kg bw/d N NR U DR 20 w 10 w GE F C RE

202 2614 Epstein, et.al. 1991 Lead acetate 54.61 Mouse (Mus musculus) 2 0/10 mg/ml N NR U DR 4 d NR NR LC F C RE

203 2698 Holtzman et al., 1981 Lead carbonate 77.55 Rat (Rattus norvegicus) 2 0/1 % in diet N ADL U FD 2 w NR NR LC F C RE

204 2699 Holtzman et al, 1978 Lead carbonate 100 Rat (Rattus norvegicus) 2 0/1 % in diet N ADL U FD 7 d NR NR LC F C RE

205 2523 Barlow et al., 1977 Lead acetate 54.61 Rat (Rattus norvegicus) 2 0/2 % in diet N ADL U FD 21 d NR NR LC F C RE

206 2837 Gulati et al, 1985 Lead acetate trihydrate 100 Mouse (Mus musculus) 4 0/4.98/10.055/20.52 mg/ml Y ADL M DR 18 w 11 w JV F C RE

207 2767 McConnell and Berry, 1979 Lead acetate 54.61 Rat (Rattus norvegicus) 2 0/4 % in diet N ADL U FD 30 d NR NR LC F C RE

Eco-SSL for Lead 
Appendix 6.1 Mammalian Toxicity Data Extracted for Wildlife Toxicity Referen

Lead

Page 5 of 12

Result #

Ref N.

Chemical Form

MW%

Test Species

# of Conc/ Doses

Conc/ Doses

Conc/Dose Units

Wet Weight Reported?

Percent Moisture

Application Frequency

Method of Analyses

Route of Exposure

Exposure Duration

Duration Units

Age

Age Units

Lifestage

Sex

Control Type

Efft T

Ref Exposure 

208 2871 Sharma and Kanwar, 1985 Lead acetate 100 Mouse (Mus musculus) 2 0/61.6 mg/org N NR U DR 14 w NR NR GE B C RE

209 14824 Goldstein et al, 1974 Lead carbonate 77.55 Rat (Rattus norvegicus) 2 0/4 % in diet N ADL U FD 16 d NR NR LC F C RE

210 14827 Holtzman et al, 1980 Lead carbonate 77.55 Rat (Rattus norvegicus) 2 0/4 % in diet N ADL U FD 7 d NR NR LC F C RE

211 2741 Krigman et al., 1974 Lead carbonate 77.55 Rat (Rattus norvegicus) 2 0/4 % in diet N ADL U FD 25 d NR NR LC F C RE

212 2811 Pentschew and Garro 1966 Lead carbonate 77.55 Rat (Rattus norvegicus) 2 0/4.0 % in diet NR NR M FD 27 d NR NR LC F C RE

213 2871 Sharma and Kanwar, 1985 Lead acetate 100 Mouse (Mus musculus) 2 0/58 mg/org N NR U DR 14 w 21 d JV B C RE214 2774 Michaelson and Sauerhoff, 1974 Lead acetate 100 Rat (Rattus norvegicus) 2 0/5 % in diet N ADL U FD 17 d NR NR LC F C RE

Growth

215 14386 Willoughby et al., 1972 Lead carbonate 100 Horse (Equus caballus) 2 0/30 mg/kg diet N DLY U FD 15 w 20 to 21 w JV M C GR

216 2634 Fox et.al., 1982 Lead acetate 100 Rat (Rattus norvegicus) 2 0/0.5 ug/g bw/d N ADL U FD 21 d 0 d JV F C GR

217 2593 Dilts and Ahokas, 1979 Lead acetate 100 Rat (Rattus norvegicus) 6 0/10/50/100/200/500 mg/L N ADL U DR 21 d NR NR GE F C GR

218 2737 Kimmel et al., 1980 Lead acetate 100 Rat (Rattus norvegicus) 5 0/0.13/1.27/13/69 mg/kg bw/d N ADL U DR 7 d 50 d AD F V GR

219 14380 Lynch et al, 1975 Lead carbonate 77.55 Cattle (Bos taurus) 4 0/0.64/1.28/2.57 mg/kg bw/d N 3 per w U OR 7 w 1 w JV M C GR220 2930 Wiebe and Barr, 1988 Lead chloride 100 Rat (Rattus norvegicus) 3 0/20/200 mg/kg N NR U DR 14 d 21 d JV F C GR

221 14446 Schroeder et al, 1963 Lead 100 Rat (Rattus norvegicus) 2 0/25 mg/L N DLY U DR 332 d 28 d JV B C GR222 2737 Kimmel et al., 1980 Lead acetate 100 Rat (Rattus norvegicus) 4 0/0.92/4.7/8.9 mg/kg bw/d N ADL U DR 7 w 21 d GE F V GR

223 3873 Horwitt and Cowgill, 1937 Lead acetate 100 Dog (Canis familiaris) 3 0/27/102 mg/kg diet N DLY M FD 7 mo NR NR JV NR C GR

224 2944 Zheng et al., 1996 Lead acetate 100 Rat (Rattus norvegicus) 3 0/50/250 mg/L N ADL U DR 30 d 22-24 d JV M C GR225 2675 Hammond et al., 1989 Lead acetate 100 Rat (Rattus norvegicus) 4 0/50/250/500 mg/L N ADL U DR 23 d 22 d JV F C GR226 3711 Lynch et al., 1976 Lead carbonate 100 Cattle (Bos taurus) 3 0/4.16/7.79 mg/kg bw/d N 3 per w U OR 84 d NR NR JV M C GR227 2830 Rader et al., 1981 Lead acetate 100 Rat (Rattus norvegicus) 2 0/9.1 mg/kg bw/d N 1 per w U OR 6 w NR NR AD M C GR

228 2788 Nehru et al., 1997 Lead 100 Rat (Rattus norvegicus) 2 0/20 mg/kg bw N EOD U GV 8 w NR NR JV F C GR

229 2660 Gruber et al., 1997 Lead acetate 100 Rat (Rattus norvegicus) 3 0/100/5000 mg/L N DLY U DR 6 mo NR NR AD M C GR

230 2751 Lorenzo et al., 1978 Lead nitrate 62.56 Rabbit (Oryctolagus cuniculus) 3 0/10.7/50.4 mg/kg bw/d N DLY U GV 10 d 1 d JV F C GR231 21143 El-Gazzar et al, 1978 Lead acetate 100 Rat (Rattus norvegicus) 2 0/100 mg/L N NR U DR 140 d 21 d JV M C GR232 2830 Rader et al., 1981 Lead acetate 100 Rat (Rattus norvegicus) 2 0/15.1 mg/kg bw/d N ADL U DR 6 w NR NR JV M C GR

233 14580 Mahaffey et al., 1977 Lead acetate 100 Rat (Rattus norvegicus) 2 0/200 mg/kg diet N ADL UX FD 10 w NR NR JV M C GR

234 2830 Rader et al., 1981 Lead acetate 100 Rat (Rattus norvegicus) 2 0/15.54 mg/kg bw/d N 1 per w U OR 6 w NR NR AD M C GR

235 2829 Rader et. al. 1981 Lead acetate 100 Rat (Rattus norvegicus) 2 0/16.1 mg/kg bw/d N NR U DR 7 w NR NR JV M C GR

236 14822 Gerber et al, 1978 Lead acetate 100 Mouse (Mus musculus) 3 0/0.1/1.0 mg/ml N NR U DR 14 d 0 d JV NR C GR

237 2524 Barratt et al., 1989 Lead acetate 54.61 Rat (Rattus norvegicus) 4 0/0.3/33/300 mg/kg bw N DLY U GV 9 w 10 w JV M C GR

238 15125 Morris et al, 1938 Lead acetate 100 Rat (Rattus norvegicus) 3 0/1269/9307.8 ug/org/d N ADL U FD 339 d 26-27 d JV B C GR

239 2905 Tafelski and Lamperti, 1975 Lead acetate 54.61 Rat (Rattus norvegicus) 4 0/1/5/10 mg/org N DLY U GV 29 d NR NR SM F C GR

240 2756 Mahaffey et al., 1973 Lead acetate 100 Rat (Rattus norvegicus) 7 0/0.19/0.70/2.8/5.9/12.9/24.3 mg/kg bw/d N NR U DR 10 w NR NR JV M C GR

241 14812 Bull, et.. al., 1978 Lead chloride 100 Rat (Rattus norvegicus) 4 0/0.8/4.0/32.5 mg/kg bw/d N ADL U DR 56 d 70 d LC F C GR

242 3704 Fick et al., 1976 Lead acetate 100 Sheep (Ovis aries) 5 0/10/100/500/1000 mg/kg diet N DLY U FD 84 d NR NR JV M C GR

243 14852 Bankowska and Hine, 1985 Lead acetate 100 Rat (Rattus norvegicus) 2 0/350 mg/L N ADL U DR 10 w NR NR JV M C GR244 3889 Logner et al., 1984 Lead sulfate 100 Cattle (Bos taurus) 4 0/16/43/305 mg/kg bw/d N DLY U FD 7 w 16 w JV M C GR245 2507 Agodi et al., 1990 Lead acetate 100 Rat (Rattus norvegicus) 2 0/50 mg/kg bw N DLY U GV 28 d 2 d JV B V GR

246 2502 Wolfe et al, 1996 Lead acetate trihydrate 100 Rat (Rattus norvegicus) 5 0/18.9/38.21/71.5/178.4 mg/kg bw/d N ADL M DR 4 w 94 d JV M C GR

247 14821 Gelman and Michaelson, 1979 Lead acetate 100 Rat (Rattus norvegicus) 4 0/25/75/225 mg/kg bw/d N 1 per d U GV 12 d 2 d JV B C GR

248 2806 Rudra Pal et al., 1975 Lead acetate 100 Rat (Rattus norvegicus) 2 0/100 mg/kg bw/d N NR U FD 4 w NR NR JV M C GR

249 14799 Goyer et al., 1970 Lead acetate 100 Rat (Rattus norvegicus) 6 0/2.3/7.0/12/21/67/220 mg/org/d N NR U DR 10 w NR NR JV M C GR250 2618 Eyden et al, 1978 Lead acetate 100 Mouse (Mus musculus) 3 0/0.1/1.0 % in diet N ADL U FD 4 w 3 mo JV B C GR

251 2906 Talcott and Koller, 1983 Lead acetate 100 Mouse (Mus musculus) 2 0/1000 mg/L N NR U DR 18 w 6-8 w LC F C GR

252 2723 Johansson and Wide, 1986 Lead chloride 100 Mouse (Mus musculus) 2 0/1 g/L N ADL U DR 12 w NR NR GE M C GR

253 2888 Sokol et al., 1985 Lead acetate 54.61 Rat (Rattus norvegicus) 3 0/0.1/0.3 % water N ADL U DR 30 d 52 d JV M C GR

254 2502 Wolfe et al, 1996 Lead acetate trihydrate 100 Rat (Rattus norvegicus) 2 0/171.27 mg/kg bw/d N ADL M DR 4 w 99 d JV M C GR

255 12025 Kishi et al., 1983 Lead acetate 100 Rat (Rattus norvegicus) 4 0/45/90/180 mg/kg bw N DLY U GV 18 d 3 d JV M C GR

256 2924 Wadi and Ahmad, 1999 Lead acetate 54.61 Mouse (Mus musculus) 3 0/0.25/0.5 % in water N ADL U DR 6 w 7 w SM M C GR257 2815 Petrusz et al., 1979 Lead acetate 100 Rat (Rattus norvegicus) 4 0/25/100/200 mg/kg bw/d N DLY U GV 18 d 2 d JV B C GR

258 3937 Yagminas et al., 1990 Lead acetate 100 Rat (Rattus norvegicus) 2 0/200 mg/kg bw/d N 5 per w U GV 91 d NR NR JV M C GR

259 13216 Rabe et al., 1985 Lead acetate 54.61 Rat (Rattus norvegicus) 2 0/0.5 % in water N ADL U DR 21 d 80 d JV F C GR

Eco-SSL for Lead 
Appendix 6.1 Mammalian Toxicity Data Extracted for Wildlife Toxicity Referen

Lead

Page 6 of 12

Result #

Ref N.

Chemical Form

MW%

Test Species

# of Conc/ Doses

Conc/ Doses

Conc/Dose Units

Wet Weight Reported?

Percent Moisture

Application Frequency

Method of Analyses

Route of Exposure

Exposure Duration

Duration Units

Age

Age Units

Lifestage

Sex

Control Type

Efft T

Ref Exposure 

260 2783 Mykkanen et al., 1980 Lead acetate 54.61 Rat (Rattus norvegicus) 4 0/0.5/1/2 % in diet N ADL U FD 1 w NR NR LC F C GR

261 2889 Sourgens et al., 1987 Lead acetate trihydrate 54.61 Rat (Rattus norvegicus) 4 0/45/900/4580 mg/L N ADL U DR 30 d NR NR JV M C GR

262 3847 Exon et al., 1979 Lead acetate 100 Mouse (Mus musculus) 5 0/13/130/1300/2600 mg/L N ADL U DR 10 w NR NR JV M C GR263 2887 Sokol, 1989 Lead acetate 54.61 Rat (Rattus norvegicus) 2 0/6000 mg/L N ADL U DR 30 d 52 d JV M C GR264 2697 Holtzman et al., 1982 Lead acetate 100 Rat (Rattus norvegicus) 4 0/400/800/1600 mg/kg bw/d N DLY U GV 14 d 14 d JV NR C GR

265 2697 Holtzman et al., 1982 Lead acetate 100 Rat (Rattus norvegicus) 5 0/400/800/1600/2400 mg/kg bw/d N DLY U GV 14 d 20 d JV NR C GR

266 14822 Gerber et al, 1978 Lead acetate 100 Rat (Rattus norvegicus) 2 0/0.5 % in diet N NR U FD 14 mo 0 d JV NR C GR

267 14795 Brady, et al, 1975 Lead acetate 54.61 Rat (Rattus norvegicus) 2 0/240 mg/org N DLY U GV 102 d 30 d LC F C GR

268 2896 Stewart et al., 1998 Lead acetate 54.61 Mouse (Mus musculus) 4 0/193/390/977 mg/kg bw/d N DLY U GV 12 d 6 d JV M C GR

269 2758 Maker et al., 1973 Lead carbonate 100 Mouse (Mus musculus) 7 0/0.08/0.16/0.4/0.5/1.0/2.0 % in diet N NR U FD 30 d NR NR LC F C GR

270 2869 Selvin-Testa et. al. 1997 Lead acetate 54.61 Rat (Rattus norvegicus) 2 0/1 % in water N ADL U DR 126 d 1 d GE F C GR

271 2818 Piasek and Kostial 1991 Lead acetate 100 Rat (Rattus norvegicus) 2 0/750 mg/kg bw/d N NR U DR 20 w 10 w GE F C GR

272 2758 Maker et al., 1973 Lead carbonate 100 Mouse (Mus musculus) 7 0/0.08/0.16/0.4/0.5/1.0/2.0 % in diet N NR U FD 28 d NR NR LC F C GR

273 10239 Barrett and Livesey, 1983 Lead 100 Rat (Rattus norvegicus) 4 0/0.2/0.4/1.0 % in diet N DLY U FD 18 d NR NR LC F C GR

274 252 Schroeder et al, 1970 Lead nitrate 100 Rat (Rattus norvegicus) 2 0/25 mg/L N ADL U DR 9 d 21 d JV M C GR

275 14377 Kelliher, et al. 1973 Lead acetate 100 Cattle (Bos taurus) 2 0.015 g/kg bw/d N CON U FD 283 d 7 mo JV M C GR

276 2670 Hamilton and O'Flaherty, 1994 Lead acetate 100 Rat (Rattus norvegicus) 3 0/250/1000 mg/L N ADL U DR 92 d 25 d GE F V M277 2678 Hammond and Succop, 1995 Lead acetate 100 Rat (Rattus norvegicus) 2 0/250 mg/L N ADL U DR 5 d 26 d JV F C GR278 2671 Hamilton et al., 1994 Lead acetate 100 Rat (Rattus norvegicus) 4 0/250/500/1000 mg/L N ADL U DR 7 d 25 d GE F V GR279 2677 Hammond et al., 1993 Lead acetate 100 Rat (Rattus norvegicus) 2 0/250 mg/L N ADL U DR 26 d 22 d JV F V GR280 2677 Hammond et al., 1993 Lead acetate 100 Rat (Rattus norvegicus) 2 0/250 mg/L N ADL U DR 14 d 26 d JV F V MP281 2776 Minnema and Hammond, 1994 Lead acetate 100 Rat (Rattus norvegicus) 2 0/250 mg/L N NR U DR 10 d 26 d JV F V GR282 20974 Al-Omar et al, 2000 Lead oxide 92.83 Mouse (Mus musculus) 2 0/50 mg/kg bw/d N DLY M GV 3 w NR NR JV M V GR

283 2929 White, 1977 Lead carbonate 100 Dog (Canis familiaris) 2 0/50 mg/kg bw N DLY U OR 5 w <1 yr JV NR C GR

284 2807 Pankakoski et al., 1994 Lead 100 Shrew (Sorex araneus) 4 0/371/423/1052 mg/kg diet N ADL M FD 31 d NR NR JV B C GR

285 2870 Shailesh Kumar and Desiraju, 1990 Lead acetate 100 Rat (Rattus norvegicus) 3 0/100/400 mg/kg bw N 6 per w U GV 58 d 2 d JV B C GR

286 14376 Hsu et al, 1975 Lead acetate 100 Pig (Sus scrofa ) 2 0/1000 mg/L N ADL U FD 13 w 4 w JV NR NR GR

287 2680 Harry et al., 1985 Lead acetate 100 Rat (Rattus norvegicus) 2 0/200 mg/kg bw N DLY U GV 29 d 2 d JV F V GR

288 2750 Lessler and Wright, 1976 Lead acetate 100 Rat (Rattus norvegicus) 2 0/68 mg/org/d N ADL U FD 5 w NR NR MA NR C GR

289 2827 Press 1975 Lead acetate 100 Rat (Rattus norvegicus) 2 0/328 mg/kg bw/d N DLY U GV 6 d 1 d JV B C GR

290 2887 Sokol, 1989 Lead acetate 54.61 Rat (Rattus norvegicus) 2 0/6000 mg/L N ADL U DR 30 d 27 d JV M C GR

291 2846 Ronis et al., 1996 Lead acetate 54.61 Rat (Rattus norvegicus) 2 0/6000 mg/L N ADL U DR 50 d 24 d JV M C GR

292 2911 Toews et al., 1983 Lead acetate 100 Rat (Rattus norvegicus) 2 0/400 mg/kg bw/d N 6 per w U GV 28 d 2 d JV M C GR

293 2697 Holtzman et al., 1982 Lead acetate 100 Rat (Rattus norvegicus) 4 0/400/800/1200 mg/kg bw/d N DLY U GV 14 d 18 d JV NR C GR

294 2836 Rasile et. al. 1995 Lead acetate 54.61 Mouse (Mus musculus) 2 0/0.5 % in water N ADL U DR 45 d 50-100 d GE F C GR

295 2783 Mykkanen et al., 1980 Lead acetate 54.61 Rat (Rattus norvegicus) 4 0/1/2 % in diet N ADL U FD 1 w NR NR LC F C GR

296 14751 Piasek et al, 1988 Lead acetate 100 Rat (Rattus norvegicus) 2 0/5500 mg/L N ADL U DR 6 w 14 w LC F C GR

297 2837 Gulati et al, 1985 Lead acetate trihydrate 100 Mouse (Mus musculus) 4 0/4.98/10.055/20.52 mg/ml Y ADL M DR 10 w 11 w JV F C GR

298 2523 Barlow et al., 1977 Lead acetate 54.61 Rat (Rattus norvegicus) 2 0/2 % in diet N ADL U FD 21 d NR NR LC F C GR

299 2546 Brashear et al., 1978 Lead acetate 100 Rat (Rattus norvegicus) 2 0/1.0 g/kg bw/d N DLY U GV 18 d 2 d JV B C GR

300 14822 Gerber et al, 1978 Lead acetate 100 Rat (Rattus norvegicus) 2 0/1.0 % in diet N NR U FD 2 w 0 d JV NR C GR

301 2697 Holtzman et al., 1982 Lead acetate 100 Rat (Rattus norvegicus) 4 0/1600/2000/2400 mg/kg bw/d N DLY U GV 14 d 24 d JV NR C GR

302 2698 Holtzman et al., 1981 Lead carbonate 77.55 Rat (Rattus norvegicus) 2 0/4 % in diet N ADL U FD 2 w 60-80 d JV M C GR

303 2697 Holtzman et al., 1982 Lead acetate 100 Rat (Rattus norvegicus) 3 0/2400/3200 mg/kg bw/d N DLY U GV 14 d 16 d JV NR C GR

304 14827 Holtzman et al, 1980 Lead carbonate 77.55 Rat (Rattus norvegicus) 2 0/4 % in diet N ADL U FD 14 d 60 d JV M C GR

Survival

305 1858 Schroeder and Mitchener, 1975 Lead acetate 100 Mouse (Mus musculus) 2 0/25 mg/L N NR U DR 669 d 19-20 d JV B C MO306 2725 Junaid et al., 1997 Lead acetate 100 Mouse (Mus musculus) 4 0/2/4/8 mg/kg bw/d N 5 per w U GV 60 d NR NR AD F V MO

307 3711 Lynch et al., 1976 Lead carbonate 100 Cattle (Bos taurus) 3 0/4.16/7.79 mg/kg bw/d N 3 per w U OR 84 d NR NR JV M C MO308 2751 Lorenzo et al., 1978 Lead nitrate 62.56 Rabbit (Oryctolagus cuniculus) 5 0/10.7/50.4 mg/kg bw/d N DLY U GV 30 d 1 d JV F C MO309 3747 Azar et al., 1973 Lead acetate 100 Rat (Rattus norvegicus) 5 0/18/62/141/548 mg/kg diet N NR M FD 2 yr NR NR NR M C MO

310 3889 Logner et al., 1984 Lead sulfate 100 Cattle (Bos taurus) 4 0/16/43/305 mg/kg bw/d N ADL U FD 10 d 74 d JV M C M311 3747 Azar et al., 1973 Lead acetate 100 Dog (Canis familiaris) 5 0/16/57/155/576 mg/kg diet N NR M FD 2 yr NR NR NR B C MO

Eco-SSL for Lead 
Appendix 6.1 Mammalian Toxicity Data Extracted for Wildlife Toxicity Referen

Lead

Page 7 of 12

Result #

Ref N.

Chemical Form

MW%

Test Species

# of Conc/ Doses

Conc/ Doses

Conc/Dose Units

Wet Weight Reported?

Percent Moisture

Application Frequency

Method of Analyses

Route of Exposure

Exposure Duration

Duration Units

Age

Age Units

Lifestage

Sex

Control Type

Efft T

Ref Exposure 

312 2720 Jessup, 1967 Lead acetate 100 Rabbit (Oryctolagus cuniculus) 3 0/54.6/546 mg/kg diet N ADL U FD 10 d NR NR GE F C MO313 3709 Lassen and Buck, 1979 Lead acetate 100 Pig (Sus scrofa ) 5 0/3.77/7.54/15.09/30.17 mg/kg bw/d N DLY U DR 13 w 6 w JV NR C MO

314 14852 Bankowska and Hine, 1985 Lead acetate 100 Rat (Rattus norvegicus) 2 0/350 mg/L N ADL U DR 4 w NR NR JV M C MO

315 20974 Al-Omar et al, 2000 Lead oxide 92.83 Mouse (Mus musculus) 2 0/50 mg/kg bw/d N DLY M GV 5 w NR NR JV M V MO

316 2565 Carpenter, 1982 Lead acetate 100 Hamster (Mesocricetus auratus) 2 0/547 mg/L N ADL U DR 51 d 15 w GE F C MO

317 2565 Carpenter, 1982 Lead acetate 100 Hamster (Mesocricetus auratus) 2 0/547 mg/L N ADL U DR 14 d 11 w GE F C MO

318 11831 Jessup and Shott, 1969 Lead acetate 100 Rat (Rattus norvegicus) 5 0/10/50/100/1000 mg/kg diet N ADL U FD 92 w 21 d JV B C MO

319 2721 Jessup, 1969 Lead acetate 100 Rat (Rattus norvegicus) 4 0/10/100/1000 mg/kg diet N ADL U FD 8 w NR NR GE B C MO

320 3747 Azar et al., 1973 Lead acetate 100 Rat (Rattus norvegicus) 3 0/1130/2102 mg/kg diet N NR M FD 2 yr NR NR NR M C MO

321 2502 Wolfe et al, 1996 Lead acetate trihydrate 100 Rat (Rattus norvegicus) 5 0/0.78/20.64/41.24/103.63 mg/kg bw/d N ADL M DR 24 w 94 d JV M C MO

322 2750 Lessler and Wright, 1976 Lead acetate 100 Rat (Rattus norvegicus) 2 0/68 mg/org/d N ADL U FD 24 w NR NR YO M C MO

323 2750 Lessler and Wright, 1976 Lead acetate 100 Rat (Rattus norvegicus) 2 0/68 mg/org/d N ADL U FD 8 w NR NR MA M C MO

324 2815 Petrusz et al., 1979 Lead acetate 100 Rat (Rattus norvegicus) 4 0/25/100/200 mg/kg bw/d N DLY U GV 18 d 2 d JV B C MO

325 2799 Ogilvie and Martin, 1981 Lead acetate 100 Mouse (Mus musculus) 2 0/2732 mg/L N NR U DR 10 mo NR NR AD M C MO

326 2697 Holtzman et al., 1982 Lead acetate 100 Rat (Rattus norvegicus) 5 0/400/800/1600/2400 mg/kg bw/d N DLY U GV 14 d 20 d JV NR C MO

327 2697 Holtzman et al., 1982 Lead acetate 100 Rat (Rattus norvegicus) 4 0/400/800/1600 mg/kg bw/d N DLY U GV 14 d 24 d JV NR C MO

328 2836 Rasile et. al. 1995 Lead acetate 54.61 Mouse (Mus musculus) 2 0/0.5 % in water N ADL U DR 98 d 50-100 d GE F C MO

329 2817 Piasekand Kostial, 1987 Lead acetate 100 Rat (Rattus norvegicus) 4 0/216/420/639.36 mg/kg bw/d N ADL U DR 18 w NR NR JV M C MO

330 2697 Holtzman et al., 1982 Lead acetate 100 Rat (Rattus norvegicus) 4 0/1600/2000/2400 mg/kg bw/d N DLY U GV 14 d 24 d JV NR C MO

331 2697 Holtzman et al., 1982 Lead acetate 100 Rat (Rattus norvegicus) 3 0/2400/3200 mg/kg bw/d N DLY U GV 14 d 14 d JV NR C MO

332 3701 Kanisawa and Schroeder, 1969 Lead acetate 100 Rat (Rattus norvegicus) 2 0/5 mg/L N DLY U DR 727 d 30 d JV F C MO

333 3940 Zmudski et al., 1983 Lead acetate 100 Cattle (Bos taurus) 4 0/2.7/5.0/20 mg/kg bw/d N DLY U DR 21 d 10 w JV M C MO334 14446 Schroeder et al, 1963 Lead 100 Rat (Rattus norvegicus) 2 0/25 mg/L N DLY U DR 6 mo 28 d JV B C MO335 14447 Schroeder et al, 1964 Divalent Lead 100 Mouse (Mus musculus) 2 0/25 mg/L N DLY U DR 21 mo 21 d JV M C MO

336 14803 Wells, et.al, 1986 Lead acetate 100 Cattle (Bos taurus) 2 0/20 mg/kg bw/d N DLY U DR 8 d 3 mo JV M C MO337 2807 Pankakoski et al., 1994 Lead 100 Shrew (Sorex araneus) 4 0/371/423/1052 mg/kg diet N ADL M FD 31 d NR NR JV B C MO

338 2827 Press 1975 Lead acetate 100 Rat (Rattus norvegicus) 2 0/328 mg/kg bw/d N DLY U GV 14 d 1 d JV B C MO

339 2870 Shailesh Kumar and Desiraju, 1990 Lead acetate 100 Rat (Rattus norvegicus) 2 0/400 mg/kg bw N 6 per w U GV 58 d 2 d JV B C MO

340 2697 Holtzman et al., 1982 Lead acetate 100 Rat (Rattus norvegicus) 4 0/400/800/1200 mg/kg bw/d N DLY U GV 14 d 16 d JV NR C MO

341 2618 Eyden et al, 1978 Lead acetate 100 Mouse (Mus musculus) 6 0/0.5/1.0/2.0/3.0/4.0 % in diet N ADL U FD 115 d NR NR AD B C MO

342 2837 Gulati et al, 1985 Lead acetate trihydrate 100 Mouse (Mus musculus) 4 0/4.98/10.055/20.52 mg/ml Y ADL M DR 18 w 11 w JV B C MO

343 2505 Lamb et al., 1997 Lead acetate trihydrate 100 Mouse (Mus musculus) 4 0/0.67/1.00/1.50 g/kg bw/d N ADL U DR 105 d 6 w JV B C MO

Data Not Used to Derive Wildlife Toxicity Reference Value

344 14386 Willoughby et al., 1972 Lead carbonate 100 Horse (Equus caballus) 2 0/30 mg/kg diet N DLY U FD 15 d 20 to 21 w JV M C FD

345 2879 Singh et al., 1991 Lead acetate 100 Rat (Rattus norvegicus) 5 0/250/500/1000/2000 mg/L N DLY U DR 6 d 90 d GE F C FD346 136 Gershbein et al 1983 Lead acetate 54.61 Rat (Rattus norvegicus) 2 0/10 mg/kg diet N ADL U FD 80 d 44 d JV M C BE

347 136 Gershbein et al 1983 Lead acetate 54.61 Rat (Rattus norvegicus) 2 0/10 mg/kg diet N ADL U FD 80 d 44 d JV M C GR

348 136 Gershbein et al 1983 Lead acetate 54.61 Rat (Rattus norvegicus) 2 0/10 mg/kg diet N ADL U FD 80 d 44 d JV M C H

349 2634 Fox et.al., 1982 Lead acetate 100 Rat (Rattus norvegicus) 2 0/0.5 ug/g bw/d N ADL U FD 21 d 0 d JV F C OR

350 15061 Kanisawa and Schroeder, 1969 Lead acetate 100 Rat (Rattus norvegicus) 2 0/5 mg/L N DLY U DR 18 mo 21 d JV B C PH

351 15061 Kanisawa and Schroeder, 1969 Lead acetate 100 Rat (Rattus norvegicus) 2 0/5 mg/L N DLY U DR 42 mo 21 d JV B C H352 2616 Escribano et al., 1997 Lead acetate 54.61 Rat (Rattus norvegicus) 2 0/17 mg/kg diet N NR U FD 50 d NR NR JV F C OR

353 2877 Singh and Ashraf, 1989 Lead acetate 100 Rat (Rattus norvegicus) 2 0/1.0 mg/kg bw/d N 6 per w U GV 10 w 5 w JV B C HR

354 2705 Hubermont et al., 1976 Lead nitrate 100 Rat (Rattus norvegicus) 4 0/0.1/1.0/10 mg/L N NR U DR 9 w 10 w GE F C EN

355 707 Dobryszycka et al., 1984 Lead acetate 100 Rat (Rattus norvegicus) 2 0/0.82 mg/org N DLY U GV 12 mo 3 mo JV B C EN356 252 Schroeder et al, 1970 Lead nitrate 100 Rat (Rattus norvegicus) 2 0/25 mg/L N ADL U DR 519 d 21 d JV M C MO357 2889 Sourgens et al., 1987 Lead acetate trihydrate 54.61 Rat (Rattus norvegicus) 4 0/45/900/4580 mg/L N ADL U DR 30 d NR NR JV F C OR358 2716 Jadhav and Ramesh, 1997 Lead acetate 54.61 Rat (Rattus norvegicus) 2 0/50 mg/L N NR U DR 30 d 21 d JV M C FD359 2716 Jadhav and Ramesh, 1997 Lead acetate 54.61 Rat (Rattus norvegicus) 2 0/50 mg/L N NR U DR 30 d NR NR GE M C GR360 1858 Schroeder and Mitchener, 1975 Lead acetate 100 Mouse (Mus musculus) 2 0/25 mg/L N NR U DR 520 d 19-20 d JV F C GR361 15506 Schroeder, 1968 Lead acetate 100 Rat (Rattus norvegicus) 2 0/3.620 mg/kg bw/d N ADL U DR 737 d NR NR AD B C CH

362 25886 Hamir et al, 1999 Lead acetate 100 Raccoon (Procyon lotor) 4 0/1/2/4 mg/kg bw/d N 5 per w U FD 8 w 1 d JV B C CH

363 25886 Hamir et al, 1999 Lead acetate 100 Raccoon (Procyon lotor) 4 0/1/2/4 mg/kg bw/d N 5 per w U FD 8 w 5-6 mo JV B C GR

Eco-SSL for Lead 
Appendix 6.1 Mammalian Toxicity Data Extracted for Wildlife Toxicity Referen

Lead

Page 8 of 12

Result #

Ref N.

Chemical Form

MW%

Test Species

# of Conc/ Doses

Conc/ Doses

Conc/Dose Units

Wet Weight Reported?

Percent Moisture

Application Frequency

Method of Analyses

Route of Exposure

Exposure Duration

Duration Units

Age

Age Units

Lifestage

Sex

Control Type

Efft T

Ref Exposure 

364 2640 Freundt and Ibrahim, 1990 Lead acetate 54.61 Rat (Rattus norvegicus) 2 0/100 mg/L N ADL U DR 91 d NR NR AD F C GR

365 2857 Saxena et. al. 1989 Lead acetate 100 Rat (Rattus norvegicus) 2 0/1.920 mg/org/d N ADL U DR 120 d NR NR JV M C GR366 3821 Boscolo et al., 1988 Lead acetate 100 Rat (Rattus norvegicus) 2 0/0.06 mg/ml N ADL U DR 18 mo NR NR NR M C GR367 3821 Boscolo et al., 1988 Lead acetate 100 Rat (Rattus norvegicus) 2 0/0.06 mg/ml N ADL U DR 18 mo NR NR JV M C RE368 2737 Kimmel et al., 1980 Lead acetate 100 Rat (Rattus norvegicus) 4 0/0.92/4.7/8.9 mg/kg bw/d N ADL U DR 10 w 21 d GE F V FD

369 2830 Rader et al., 1981 Lead acetate 100 Rat (Rattus norvegicus) 2 0/9.3 mg/kg bw/d N ADL U DR 6 w NR NR AD M C GR

370 2770 McMurry et al., 1995 Lead acetate 100 Cotton rat (Sigmodon hispidus) 3 0/2.2/30.4 mg/org N ADL U DR 13 w NR NR AD M C CH

371 2770 McMurry et al., 1995 Lead acetate 100 Cotton rat (Sigmodon hispidus) 3 0/2.2/30.4 mg/org N ADL U DR 13 w NR NR AD M C OR372 2563 Camoratto et al., 1993 Lead nitrate 100 Rat (Rattus norvegicus) 2 0/125 mg/L N ADL U DR 49 d NR NR GE F C FD373 2563 Camoratto et al., 1993 Lead nitrate 100 Rat (Rattus norvegicus) 2 0/125 mg/L N ADL U DR 49 d 2 d JV F C HR374 2563 Camoratto et al., 1993 Lead nitrate 100 Rat (Rattus norvegicus) 2 0/125 mg/L N ADL U DR 49 d NR NR GE F C GR375 2563 Camoratto et al., 1993 Lead nitrate 100 Rat (Rattus norvegicus) 2 0/125 mg/L N ADL U DR 23 d NR NR GE F C RE

376 2829 Rader et. al. 1981 Lead acetate 100 Rat (Rattus norvegicus) 2 0/16.1 mg/kg bw/d N NR U DR 7 w NR NR AD M C GR

377 2918 Verlangieri et al., 1983 Lead acetate 100 Rat (Rattus norvegicus) 2 0/74.5 mg/L N ADL U DR 52 w NR NR JV B C GR

378 14822 Gerber et al, 1978 Lead acetate 100 Mouse (Mus musculus) 3 0/0.1/1.0 mg/ml N NR U DR 10 d 0 d JV M C EN379 2905 Tafelski and Lamperti, 1975 Lead acetate 54.61 Rat (Rattus norvegicus) 4 0/1/5/10 mg/org N DLY U GV 29 d NR NR SM F C H

380 2905 Tafelski and Lamperti, 1975 Lead acetate 54.61 Rat (Rattus norvegicus) 4 0/1/5/10 mg/org N DLY U GV 29 d NR NR SM F C RE

381 2575 Corpas et al , 1995 Lead acetate 100 Rat (Rattus norvegicus) 2 0/39.26 mg/kg bw/d N ADL U DR 3 w NR NR GE F C FD

382 2756 Mahaffey et al., 1973 Lead acetate 100 Rat (Rattus norvegicus) 7 0/0.19/0.70/2.8/5.9/12.9/24.3 mg/kg bw/d N NR U DR 10 w NR NR JV M C OR

383 2943 Zenick et al., 1979 Lead acetate 54.61 Rat (Rattus norvegicus) 3 0/200/400 mg/kg N DLY U DR 121 d 21 d GE F C BE384 2943 Zenick et al., 1979 Lead acetate 54.61 Rat (Rattus norvegicus) 3 0/200/400 mg/L N DLY U DR 121 d 21 d GE F C GR385 10607 Cerklewski, 1980 Lead acetate 100 Rat (Rattus norvegicus) 2 0/250 mg/kg diet N NR U FD 20 d 70 d LC F C GR

386 2720 Jessup, 1967 Lead acetate 100 Rabbit (Oryctolagus cuniculus) 3 0/54.6/546 mg/kg diet N ADL U FD 10 d NR NR GE F C RE387 3704 Fick et al., 1976 Lead acetate 100 Sheep (Ovis aries) 5 0/10/100/500/1000 mg/kg diet N DLY U FD 84 d NR NR JV M C FD

388 2682 Hasan et al., 1989 Lead chloride 74.5 Rat (Rattus norvegicus) 2 0/400 mg/L N NR U DR 42 d NR NR LC F C FD389 2780 Murphy et al., 1995 Lead chloride 74.5 Rat (Rattus norvegicus) 2 0/400 mg/L N ADL U DR 30 d NR NR LC F C FD390 2682 Hasan et al., 1989 Lead chloride 74.5 Rat (Rattus norvegicus) 2 0/400 mg/L N NR U DR 42 d NR NR LC F C CH391 2780 Murphy et al., 1995 Lead chloride 74.5 Rat (Rattus norvegicus) 2 0/400 mg/L N ADL U DR 30 d NR NR LC F C GR392 2682 Hasan et al., 1989 Lead chloride 74.5 Rat (Rattus norvegicus) 2 0/400 mg/L N NR U DR 42 d NR NR LC F C GR393 2737 Kimmel et al., 1980 Lead acetate 100 Rat (Rattus norvegicus) 5 0/0.09/0.92/9.1/45 mg/kg bw/d N ADL U DR 10 w 21 d JV F V FD

394 617 Nation et al., 1990 Lead acetate 100 Rat (Rattus norvegicus) 2 0/500 mg/kg diet N ADL U FD 61 d 50 d JV M C GR

395 10087 Amin et al, 1993 Lead acetate 100 Rat (Rattus norvegicus) 3 0/0.2/0.5 mg/ml N ADL U DR 75 d NR NR AD M C FD

396 10087 Amin et al, 1993 Lead acetate 100 Rat (Rattus norvegicus) 3 0/0.2/0.5 mg/ml N ADL U DR 90 d 21 d JV M C GR397 2768 McGivern et al., 1991 Lead acetate 100 Rat (Rattus norvegicus) 2 0/550 mg/L N ADL U DR 7 d NR NR GE F V GR398 2768 McGivern et al., 1991 Lead acetate 100 Rat (Rattus norvegicus) 2 0/550 mg/L N ADL U DR 7 d NR NR GE F V RE399 2525 Barrett and Livesey, 1982 Lead acetate 54.61 Rat (Rattus norvegicus) 2 0/1 g/L N ADL U DR 16 d NR NR LC F V FD400 2525 Barrett and Livesey, 1982 Lead acetate 54.61 Rat (Rattus norvegicus) 2 0/1 g/L N ADL U DR 16 d NR NR LC F V RE401 2565 Carpenter, 1982 Lead acetate 100 Hamster (Mesocricetus auratus) 2 0/547 mg/L N ADL U DR 51 d 15 w GE F C GR

402 2565 Carpenter, 1982 Lead acetate 100 Hamster (Mesocricetus auratus) 2 0/547 mg/L N ADL U DR 51 d 15 w GE F C H

403 2565 Carpenter, 1982 Lead acetate 100 Hamster (Mesocricetus auratus) 2 0/547 mg/L N ADL U DR 14 d 11 w GE F C GR

404 2565 Carpenter, 1982 Lead acetate 100 Hamster (Mesocricetus auratus) 2 0/547 mg/L N ADL U DR 14 d 11 w GE F C H

405 2732 Kempings et. al 1988 Lead acetate 54.61 Rat (Rattus norvegicus) 3 0/0.5/1.0 g/L N ADL U DR 90 d NR NR JV M C FD406 2732 Kempings et. al 1988 Lead acetate 54.61 Rat (Rattus norvegicus) 3 0/0.5/1.0 g/L N ADL U DR 90 d NR NR LC M C GR407 2732 Kempings et. al 1988 Lead acetate 54.61 Rat (Rattus norvegicus) 3 0/0.5/1.0 g/L N ADL U DR 90 d NR NR JV M C OR408 25903 Sokol, et al, 2002 Lead acetate 54.61 Rat (Rattus norvegicus) 5 0/0.025/0.05/0.1/0.3 % in water N ADL U DR 16 w 100 d AD M C HR409 25903 Sokol, et al, 2002 Lead acetate 54.61 Rat (Rattus norvegicus) 5 0/0.025/0.05/0.1/0.3 % in water N ADL U DR 16 w 100 d AD M C GR410 2577 Cory-Slecthta and Thompson, 1979 Lead acetate 54.61 Rat (Rattus norvegicus) 4 0/50/300/1000 mg/L N DLY U DR 125 d NR NR GE M C GR411 11831 Jessup and Shott, 1969 Lead acetate 100 Rat (Rattus norvegicus) 5 0/10/50/100/1000 mg/kg diet N ADL U FD 18 mo 21 d JV B C PH

412 11831 Jessup and Shott, 1969 Lead acetate 100 Rat (Rattus norvegicus) 5 0/10/50/100/1000 mg/kg diet N ADL U FD 92 w 21 d JV B C FD

413 11831 Jessup and Shott, 1969 Lead acetate 100 Rat (Rattus norvegicus) 5 0/10/50/100/1000 mg/kg diet N ADL U FD 92 w 21 d JV B C GR

414 2598 Donald et al., 1981 Lead acetate 54.61 Mouse (Mus musculus) 2 0/0.13 % in water N DLY U DR 39 d NR NR GE F C FD

415 2598 Donald et al., 1981 Lead acetate 54.61 Mouse (Mus musculus) 2 0/0.13 % in water N DLY U DR 39 d NR NR GE F C GR416 2598 Donald et al., 1981 Lead acetate 54.61 Mouse (Mus musculus) 2 0/0.13 % in water N DLY U DR 21 d NR NR GE F C RE

Eco-SSL for Lead 
Appendix 6.1 Mammalian Toxicity Data Extracted for Wildlife Toxicity Referen

Lead

Page 9 of 12

Result #

Ref N.

Chemical Form

MW%

Test Species

# of Conc/ Doses

Conc/ Doses

Conc/Dose Units

Wet Weight Reported?

Percent Moisture

Application Frequency

Method of Analyses

Route of Exposure

Exposure Duration

Duration Units

Age

Age Units

Lifestage

Sex

Control Type

Efft T

Ref Exposure 

417 2721 Jessup, 1969 Lead acetate 100 Rat (Rattus norvegicus) 4 0/10/100/1000 mg/kg diet N ADL U FD 8 w NR NR GE B C FD

418 2721 Jessup, 1969 Lead acetate 100 Rat (Rattus norvegicus) 4 0/10/100/1000 mg/kg diet N ADL U FD 8 w NR NR GE B C GR

419 2721 Jessup, 1969 Lead acetate 100 Rat (Rattus norvegicus) 4 0/10/100/1000 mg/kg diet N ADL U FD 14 w NR NR GE F C RE

420 2743 Kristensen et al., 1995 Lead chloride 100 Mouse (Mus musculus) 2 0/0.75 g/L N ADL U DR 6 w 9 w JV F C GR

421 2502 Wolfe et al, 1996 Lead acetate trihydrate 100 Rat (Rattus norvegicus) 5 0/0.78/20.64/41.24/103.63 mg/kg bw/d N ADL M DR 24 w 94 d JV M C HR

422 14709 Zirkin et al., 1985 Lead acetate 54.61 Rat (Rattus norvegicus) 6 0/500/1000/2000/4000/8000 mg/L N NR U DR 130 d 40 d JV M C HR

423 2671 Hamilton et al., 1994 Lead acetate 100 Rat (Rattus norvegicus) 4 0/250/500/1000 mg/L N ADL U DR 77 d 25 d GE F V CH

424 2671 Hamilton et al., 1994 Lead acetate 100 Rat (Rattus norvegicus) 4 0/250/500/1000 mg/L N ADL U DR 77 d 25 d GE F V FD425 14799 Goyer et al., 1970 Lead acetate 100 Rat (Rattus norvegicus) 6 0/2.3/7.0/12/21/67/220 mg/org/d N NR U DR 10 w NR NR JV M C CH426 14802 Hejtmancik, et. al, 1982 Lead acetate 54.61 Rat (Rattus norvegicus) 2 0/0.2 % in water N ADL U DR 21 d NR NR JV F C FD427 14802 Hejtmancik, et. al, 1982 Lead acetate 54.61 Rat (Rattus norvegicus) 2 0/0.2 % in water N ADL U DR 21 d NR NR LC F C RE428 2723 Johansson and Wide, 1986 Lead chloride 100 Mouse (Mus musculus) 2 0/1 g/L N ADL U DR 12 w 9 w SM M C HR429 14825 Govoni et al, 1980 Lead acetate 54.61 Rat (Rattus norvegicus) 3 0/0.04/2.5 g/L N DLY U DR 20 d 60 d JV F V RE430 2548 Brown, 1974 Lead acetate 54.61 Rabbit (Oryctolagus cuniculus) 2 0/5000 mg/kg diet N ADL U FD 23 mo NR NR AD B C PH431 2770 McMurry et al., 1995 Lead acetate 100 Cotton rat (Sigmodon hispidus) 3 0/2.1/28.8 mg/org N ADL U DR 7 w NR NR AD M C FD432 2770 McMurry et al., 1995 Lead acetate 100 Cotton rat (Sigmodon hispidus) 3 0/2.1/28.8 mg/org N ADL U DR 7 w NR NR AD M C MO433 2770 McMurry et al., 1995 Lead acetate 100 Cotton rat (Sigmodon hispidus) 3 0/2.2/30.4 mg/org N ADL U DR 13 w NR NR AD M C FD434 14376 Hsu et al, 1975 Lead acetate 100 Pig (Sus scrofa ) 2 0/1000 mg/kg diet N ADL U FD 13 w 4 w JV NR NR FD

435 2770 McMurry et al., 1995 Lead acetate 100 Cotton rat (Sigmodon hispidus) 3 0/2.2/30.4 mg/org N ADL U DR 13 w NR NR AD M C MO

436 2770 McMurry et al., 1995 Lead acetate 100 Cotton rat (Sigmodon hispidus) 3 0/2.2/30.4 mg/org N ADL U DR 13 w NR NR AD M C RE437 814 Koller and Roan, 1977 Lead acetate 100 Mouse (Mus musculus) 4 0/13/130/1300 mg/L N NR U DR 70 d 28 d JV NR C EN438 814 Koller and Roan, 1977 Lead acetate 100 Mouse (Mus musculus) 4 0/13/130/1300 mg/L N NR U DR 70 d 28 d JV NR C GR439 2924 Wadi and Ahmad, 1999 Lead acetate 54.61 Mouse (Mus musculus) 3 0/0.25/0.5 % in water N ADL U DR 6 w 7 w SM M C FD440 2886 Sokol, 1987 Lead acetate 54.61 Rat (Rattus norvegicus) 2 0/3000 mg/L N ADL U DR 30 d 52 d JV M C FD441 2886 Sokol, 1987 Lead acetate 54.61 Rat (Rattus norvegicus) 2 0/3000 mg/L N ADL U DR 30 d 52 d JV M C HR442 2886 Sokol, 1987 Lead acetate 54.61 Rat (Rattus norvegicus) 2 0/3000 mg/L N ADL U DR 30 d 52 d JV M C GR443 2669 Hallen et al., 1995 Lead acetate 100 Rat (Rattus norvegicus) 2 0/200 mg/kg bw N NR U DR 13 w NR NR GE F C CH

444 2669 Hallen et al., 1995 Lead acetate 100 Rat (Rattus norvegicus) 2 0/200 mg/kg bw N NR U DR 13 w NR NR GE F C GR

445 2848 Ronis, et. al., 1998 Lead acetate 54.61 Rat (Rattus norvegicus) 4 0/0.05/0.15/0.45 % in water N ADL U DR 37 d NR NR AD F C FD

446 2785 Nathan et al., 1992 Lead acetate 54.61 Rat (Rattus norvegicus) 5 0/0.05/0.1/0.5/1 % in water N ADL U DR 10 w NR NR AD M C GR447 14797 Pinon-Lataillade, et.al, 1993 Lead acetate trihydrate 100 Rat (Rattus norvegicus) 2 0/0.3 % in water N NR U DR 70 d 30 d LC M C HR448 14797 Pinon-Lataillade, et.al, 1993 Lead acetate trihydrate 100 Rat (Rattus norvegicus) 2 0/0.3 % in water N NR U DR 70 d 90 d AD M C GR449 14797 Pinon-Lataillade, et.al, 1993 Lead acetate trihydrate 100 Rat (Rattus norvegicus) 2 0/0.3 % in water N NR U DR 70 d 90 d AD M C RE450 2923 Vyskocil et al., 1995 Lead acetate 100 Rat (Rattus norvegicus) 3 0/81.3/320 mg/kg bw/d N ADL U DR 2 mo 9-10 w SM F C GR

451 2846 Ronis et al., 1996 Lead acetate 54.61 Rat (Rattus norvegicus) 2 0/6000 mg/L N ADL U DR 14 d 60 d SM M C RE

452 2846 Ronis et al., 1996 Lead acetate 54.61 Rat (Rattus norvegicus) 2 0/6000 mg/L N ADL U DR 24 d 24 d JV F C GR

453 3718 Donovick and Burright, 1986 Lead acetate 54.61 Mouse (Mus musculus) 2 0/0.5 % in water N ADL U DR 4 w 75 d JV M C BE454 3718 Donovick and Burright, 1986 Lead acetate 54.61 Mouse (Mus musculus) 2 0/0.5 % in water N ADL U DR 22 d 7 w SM M C GR455 3718 Donovick and Burright, 1986 Lead acetate 54.61 Mouse (Mus musculus) 2 0/0.5 % in water N ADL U DR 4 w 220 d SM M C GR456 2799 Ogilvie and Martin, 1981 Lead acetate 100 Mouse (Mus musculus) 2 0/2732 mg/L N NR U DR 10 mo NR NR AD M C GR457 2821 Pinon-Lataillade et al., 1995 Lead acetate 54.61 Mouse (Mus musculus) 2 0/0.5 % in water N ADL U DR 44 d NR NR SM M C HR458 3718 Donovick and Burright, 1986 Lead acetate 54.61 Mouse (Mus musculus) 2 0/0.5 % in water N ADL U DR 22 d 220 d SM M C GR459 2924 Wadi and Ahmad, 1999 Lead acetate 54.61 Mouse (Mus musculus) 3 0/0.25/0.5 % in water N ADL U DR 6 w 7 w SM M C HR460 2836 Rasile et. al. 1995 Lead acetate 54.61 Mouse (Mus musculus) 2 0/0.5 % in water N ADL U DR 45 d 50-100 d GE F C BE461 2597 Donald et al., 1987 Lead acetate 54.61 Mouse (Mus musculus) 2 0/0.25 % in water N ADL U DR 47 d NR NR GE F C FD462 14709 Zirkin et al., 1985 Lead acetate 54.61 Rat (Rattus norvegicus) 6 0/500/1000/2000/4000/8000 mg/L N NR U DR 130 d NR NR AD M C RE463 14818 Ewers and Erbe, 1980 Lead acetate 54.61 Rat (Rattus norvegicus) 4 0/1500/4000/10000 mg/kg diet N ADL U FD 120 d 2 d JV F C CH

464 2785 Nathan et al., 1992 Lead acetate 54.61 Rat (Rattus norvegicus) 5 0/0.05/0.1/0.5/1 % in water N ADL U DR 10 w NR NR AD M C HR

465 2760 Marchlewicz et al., 1993 Lead acetate 54.61 Rat (Rattus norvegicus) 2 0/1 % in water N ADL U DR 9 mo 3 mo SM M M FD466 2760 Marchlewicz et al., 1993 Lead acetate 54.61 Rat (Rattus norvegicus) 2 0/1 % in water N ADL U DR 9 mo 3 mo SM M M GR467 2816 Piasecka et. al. 1995 Lead acetate trihydrate 54.61 Rat (Rattus norvegicus) 2 0/1 % in water N ADL U DR 9 mo NR NR SM M C FD468 14751 Piasek et al, 1988 Lead acetate 100 Rat (Rattus norvegicus) 2 0/5500 mg/L N ADL U DR 6 w 14 w LC F C PH469 2817 Piasekand Kostial, 1987 Lead acetate 100 Rat (Rattus norvegicus) 4 0/216/420/639.36 mg/kg bw/d N ADL U DR 18 w NR NR JV M C GR

Eco-SSL for Lead 
Appendix 6.1 Mammalian Toxicity Data Extracted for Wildlife Toxicity Referen

Lead

Page 10 of 12

Result #

Ref N.

Chemical Form

MW%

Test Species

# of Conc/ Doses

Conc/ Doses

Conc/Dose Units

Wet Weight Reported?

Percent Moisture

Application Frequency

Method of Analyses

Route of Exposure

Exposure Duration

Duration Units

Age

Age Units

Lifestage

Sex

Control Type

Efft T

Ref Exposure 

470 14752 Piasek and Kostial, 1990 Lead acetate 100 Rat (Rattus norvegicus) 4 0/1500/3500/5500 mg/L N ADL U DR 6 w 15 w LC B C PH

471 2505 Lamb et al., 1997 Lead acetate trihydrate 100 Mouse (Mus musculus) 2 0/0.67 g/kg bw/d N ADL U DR 105 d 6 w JV B C GR

472 2505 Lamb et al., 1997 Lead acetate trihydrate 100 Mouse (Mus musculus) 2 0/0.67 g/kg bw/d N ADL U DR 105 d 6 w JV B C OR

473 2818 Piasek and Kostial 1991 Lead acetate 100 Rat (Rattus norvegicus) 2 0/750 mg/kg bw/d N NR U DR 20 w 10 w GE F C MO

474 3749 Ogilvie, 1977 Lead acetate 54.61 Mouse (Mus musculus) 2 0/10 mg/ml N NR U DR 2 w NR NR AD M C MO

475 2523 Barlow et al., 1977 Lead acetate 54.61 Rat (Rattus norvegicus) 2 0/2 % in diet N ADL U FD 21 d NR NR LC F C OR

476 2505 Lamb et al., 1997 Lead acetate trihydrate 100 Mouse (Mus musculus) 4 0/0.67/1.00/1.50 g/kg bw/d N ADL U DR 105 d 6 w JV B C FD

477 2698 Holtzman et al., 1981 Lead carbonate 77.55 Rat (Rattus norvegicus) 2 0/4 % in diet N ADL U FD 8 w 60-80 d JV M C IT

478 2781 Murthyet al., 1991 Lead acetate 100 Rat (Rattus norvegicus) 2 0/4.78 mg/org/d N ADL U DR 70 d NR NR JV M C FD479 2781 Murthy et al., 1991 Lead acetate 100 Rat (Rattus norvegicus) 2 0/4.78 mg/org/d N ADL U DR 70 d NR NR JV M C GR480 2781 Murthyet al., 1991 Lead acetate 100 Rat (Rattus norvegicus) 2 0/4.78 mg/org/d N ADL U DR 70 d NR NR JV M C RE481 2694 Hilderbrand et al., 1973 Lead acetate 54.61 Rat (Rattus norvegicus) 3 0/5/100 ug/org/d N DLY U OR 30 d NR NR SM M C BE482 2694 Hilderbrand et al., 1973 Lead acetate 54.61 Rat (Rattus norvegicus) 3 0/5/100 ug/org/d N DLY U OR 30 d NR NR LC M C CH483 2694 Hilderbrand et al., 1973 Lead acetate 54.61 Rat (Rattus norvegicus) 3 0/5/100 ug/org/d N DLY U OR 30 d 24 d JV M C RE484 14697 USEPA, 1980 Lead 100 Rat (Rattus norvegicus) 3 0/5/50 mg/l N NR U DR 40 d 40 d JV M C BE485 14697 USEPA, 1980 Lead 100 Rat (Rattus norvegicus) 3 0/5/50 mg/L N NR U DR 40 d NR NR AD M C CH486 2654 Gonzalez-Riola et al., 1997 Lead acetate 54.61 Rat (Rattus norvegicus) 2 0/17 mg/kg diet N ADL U FD 50 d 21 d GE F C GR

487 2616 Escribano et al., 1997 Lead acetate 54.61 Rat (Rattus norvegicus) 2 0/17 mg/kg diet N NR U FD 50 d 50 d AD F C MP

488 2905 Tafelski and Lamperti, 1975 Lead acetate 54.61 Rat (Rattus norvegicus) 4 0/1/5/10 mg/org N DLY U GV 29 d NR NR SM F C EN

489 2930 Wiebe and Barr, 1988 Lead chloride 100 Rat (Rattus norvegicus) 3 0/20/200 mg/L N NR U DR 14 d 21 d JV F C HR

490 2763 Maxfield et al., 1975 Lead acetate 100 Dog (Canis familiaris) 2 0/2.5 mg/kg bw/d N NR U FD 76 w <1 yr JV B C EN

491 2889 Sourgens et al., 1987 Lead acetate trihydrate 54.61 Rat (Rattus norvegicus) 4 0/45/900/4580 mg/L N ADL U DR 30 d NR NR JV F C HR

492 2716 Jadhav and Ramesh, 1997 Lead acetate 54.61 Rat (Rattus norvegicus) 2 0/50 mg/L N NR U DR 30 d 21 d JV M C CH493 2577 Cory-Slecthta and Thompson, 1979 Lead acetate 54.61 Rat (Rattus norvegicus) 4 0/50/300/1000 mg/L N DLY U DR 125 d 21 d JV M C BE494 2876 Sierra and Tiffany-Castiglioni, 1992 Lead acetate 100 Guinea pig (Cavia porcellus) 3 0/5.5/11.0 mg/kg bw/d N DLY U DR 30 d NR NR GE F C HR

495 2944 Zheng et al., 1996 Lead acetate 100 Rat (Rattus norvegicus) 3 0/50/250 mg/L N ADL U DR 30 d 22-24 d GE M C CH

496 2756 Mahaffey et al., 1973 Lead acetate 100 Rat (Rattus norvegicus) 7 0/0.19/0.70/2.8/5.9/12.9/24.3 mg/kg bw/d N NR U DR 10 w NR NR JV M C PH

497 3838 Cory-Slechta et al., 1981 Lead acetate 54.61 Rat (Rattus norvegicus) 3 0/100/300 mg/L N NR U DR 74 d NR d GE M C FD

498 2640 Freundt and Ibrahim, 1990 Lead acetate 54.61 Rat (Rattus norvegicus) 2 0/100 mg/L N ADL U DR 91 d 0 d JV F C FD499 3821 Boscolo et al., 1988 Lead acetate 100 Rat (Rattus norvegicus) 2 0/0.06 mg/ml N ADL U DR 18 mo NR NR JV M C PH500 2830 Rader et al., 1981 Lead acetate 100 Rat (Rattus norvegicus) 2 0/9.1 mg/kg bw/d N 1 per w U OR 6 w NR NR JV M C EN

501 2830 Rader et al., 1981 Lead acetate 100 Rat (Rattus norvegicus) 2 0/9.1 mg/kg bw/d N 1 per w U OR 6 w NR NR AD M C OR

502 2830 Rader et al., 1981 Lead acetate 100 Rat (Rattus norvegicus) 2 0/9.3 mg/kg bw/d N ADL U DR 6 w NR NR JV M C EN

503 2830 Rader et al., 1981 Lead acetate 100 Rat (Rattus norvegicus) 2 0/9.3 mg/kg bw/d N ADL U DR 6 w NR NR JV M C OR

504 2788 Nehru et al., 1997 Lead 100 Rat (Rattus norvegicus) 2 0/20 mg/kg bw N EOD U GV 8 w NR NR JV F C CH

505 2660 Gruber et al., 1997 Lead acetate 100 Rat (Rattus norvegicus) 3 0/100/5000 mg/L N DLY U DR 3 mo NR NR AD M C H

506 21143 El-Gazzar et al, 1978 Lead acetate 100 Rat (Rattus norvegicus) 2 0/100 mg/L N NR U DR 140 d 21 d JV M C EN

507 2660 Gruber et al., 1997 Lead acetate 100 Rat (Rattus norvegicus) 3 0/100/5000 mg/L N DLY U DR 1 mo NR NR AD M C PH508 2770 McMurry et al., 1995 Lead acetate 100 Cotton rat (Sigmodon hispidus) 3 0/2.1/28.8 mg/org N ADL U DR 7 w NR NR AD M C CH509 2770 McMurry et al., 1995 Lead acetate 100 Cotton rat (Sigmodon hispidus) 3 0/2.1/28.8 mg/org N ADL U DR 7 w NR NR AD M C OR510 25903 Sokol, et al, 2002 Lead acetate 54.61 Rat (Rattus norvegicus) 5 0/0.025/0.05/0.1/0.3 % in water N ADL U DR 1 w 100 d AD M C FD

511 2830 Rader et al., 1981 Lead acetate 100 Rat (Rattus norvegicus) 2 0/15.1 mg/kg bw/d N ADL U DR 6 w NR NR JV M C EN

512 25888 Reinecke et al, 2000 Lead 100 Shrew (Sorex araneus) 2 0/211 ug/org/d N DLY M FD 12 d NR NR JV NR C GR

513 3721 Chowdhury et al., 1984 Lead acetate 54.61 Rat (Rattus norvegicus) 4 0/0.25/0.5/1.0 g/L N ADL U DR 60 d NR NR SM M C EN514 3721 Chowdhury et al., 1984 Lead acetate 54.61 Rat (Rattus norvegicus) 4 0/0.25/0.5/1.0 g/L N ADL U DR 60 d NR NR SM M C GR515 2829 Rader et. al. 1981 Lead acetate 100 Rat (Rattus norvegicus) 2 0/16.1 mg/kg bw/d N NR U DR 7 w NR NR JV M C CH

516 2829 Rader et. al. 1981 Lead acetate 100 Rat (Rattus norvegicus) 2 0/16.1 mg/kg bw/d N NR U DR 7 w NR NR AD M C CH

517 2829 Rader et. al. 1981 Lead acetate 100 Rat (Rattus norvegicus) 2 0/16.1 mg/kg bw/d N NR U DR 5 w NR NR AD B C PH

518 2918 Verlangieri et al., 1983 Lead acetate 100 Rat (Rattus norvegicus) 2 0/74.5 mg/L N ADL U DR 52 w NR NR JV B C EN

519 2918 Verlangieri et al., 1983 Lead acetate 100 Rat (Rattus norvegicus) 2 0/74.5 mg/L N ADL U DR 52 w NR NR JV B C BE520 14803 Wells, et.al, 1986 Lead acetate 100 Cattle (Bos taurus) 2 0/20 mg/kg bw/d N DLY U DR 273 d 3 mo JV M C CH521 7350 Torra et al., 1989 Lead acetate 100 Mouse (Mus musculus) 2 0/0.97 mg/org N NR U DR 6 mo 9 w JV NR C EN522 2670 Hamilton and O'Flaherty, 1994 Lead acetate 100 Rat (Rattus norvegicus) 3 0/250/1000 mg/L N ADL U DR 92 d 25 d LC F V CH

Eco-SSL for Lead 
Appendix 6.1 Mammalian Toxicity Data Extracted for Wildlife Toxicity Referen

Lead

Page 11 of 12

Result #

Ref N.

Chemical Form

MW%

Test Species

# of Conc/ Doses

Conc/ Doses

Conc/Dose Units

Wet Weight Reported?

Percent Moisture

Application Frequency

Method of Analyses

Route of Exposure

Exposure Duration

Duration Units

Age

Age Units

Lifestage

Sex

Control Type

Efft T

Ref Exposure 

523 2678 Hammond and Succop, 1995 Lead acetate 100 Rat (Rattus norvegicus) 2 0/250 mg/L N ADL U DR 5 d 26 d JV F C FD

524 2776 Minnema and Hammond, 1994 Lead acetate 100 Rat (Rattus norvegicus) 2 0/250 mg/L N NR U DR 10 d 26 d JV F V FD525 2776 Minnema and Hammond, 1994 Lead acetate 100 Rat (Rattus norvegicus) 2 0/250 mg/L N NR U DR 10 d 26 d JV F V CH526 2732 Kempings et. al 1988 Lead acetate 54.61 Rat (Rattus norvegicus) 3 0/0.5/1.0 g/L N ADL U DR 90 d NR NR LC M C CH527 14852 Bankowska and Hine, 1985 Lead acetate 100 Rat (Rattus norvegicus) 2 0/350 mg/L N ADL U DR 10 w NR NR JV M C CH528 14852 Bankowska and Hine, 1985 Lead acetate 100 Rat (Rattus norvegicus) 2 0/350 mg/L N ADL U DR 10 w NR NR JV M C OR529 3864 Hayashi, 1983 Lead acetate 100 Rat (Rattus norvegicus) 2 0/500 mg/L N ADL U DR 18 d NR NR GE F C EN530 1717 Bataineh et al., 1998 Lead acetate 54.61 Rat (Rattus norvegicus) 2 0/1000 ppm in mg/L N ADL U DR 12 w 21-23 d JV M V BE531 1717 Bataineh et al., 1998 Lead acetate 54.61 Rat (Rattus norvegicus) 2 0/1000 mg/L N ADL U DR 12 w NR NR AD M V GR532 1717 Bataineh et al., 1998 Lead acetate 54.61 Rat (Rattus norvegicus) 2 0/1000 mg/L N ADL U DR 12 w NR NR NR M V RE533 2545 Bourjeily and Suszkiw, 1997 Lead acetate 54.61 Rat (Rattus norvegicus) 2 0/0.2 % in water N ADL U DR 28 d NR NR LC F C EN534 2906 Talcott and Koller, 1983 Lead acetate 100 Mouse (Mus musculus) 2 0/1000 mg/L N NR U DR 18 w 6-8 w LC F C OR535 2750 Lessler and Wright, 1976 Lead acetate 100 Rat (Rattus norvegicus) 2 0/68 mg/org/d N ADL U FD 4 w NR NR YO M C GR

536 14750 Blanusa, et al, 1989 Lead acetate 100 Rat (Rattus norvegicus) 5 0/1500/3500/5500/7500 mg/L N NR U DR 6 w 4 mo GE F C OR

537 14816 Cramer et al, 1980 Lead acetate 100 Rat (Rattus norvegicus) 2 0/60 mg/org/d N ADL U DR 6 d NR NR GE F C FD538 2924 Wadi and Ahmad, 1999 Lead acetate 54.61 Mouse (Mus musculus) 3 0/0.25/0.5 % in water N ADL U DR 6 w 7 w SM M C RE539 2888 Sokol et al., 1985 Lead acetate 54.61 Rat (Rattus norvegicus) 3 0/0.1/0.3 % water N ADL U DR 30 d 52 d JV M C HR540 13216 Rabe et al., 1985 Lead acetate 54.61 Rat (Rattus norvegicus) 2 0/0.5 % in water N ADL U DR 21 d 80 d JV F C FD541 2922 Vyskocil et al., 1989 Lead acetate 54.61 Rat (Rattus norvegicus) 4 0/0.5/1/2 % in water N ADL U DR 2 mo 8 w JV M C OR542 2887 Sokol, 1989 Lead acetate 54.61 Rat (Rattus norvegicus) 2 0/6000 mg/L N ADL U DR 30 d 27 d JV M C HR543 2846 Ronis et al., 1996 Lead acetate 54.61 Rat (Rattus norvegicus) 2 0/6000 mg/L N ADL U DR 14 d 24 d JV M C AV544 2846 Ronis et al., 1996 Lead acetate 54.61 Rat (Rattus norvegicus) 2 0/6000 mg/L N ADL U DR 14 d 60 d SM M C HR545 2887 Sokol, 1989 Lead acetate 54.61 Rat (Rattus norvegicus) 2 0/6000 mg/L N ADL U DR 30 d 52 d JV M C HR546 2846 Ronis et al., 1996 Lead acetate 54.61 Rat (Rattus norvegicus) 2 0/6000 mg/L N ADL U DR 50 d 60 d MA B C AV547 2846 Ronis et al., 1996 Lead acetate 54.61 Rat (Rattus norvegicus) 2 0/6000 mg/L N ADL U DR 50 d 24 d JV M C HR548 2799 Ogilvie and Martin, 1981 Lead acetate 100 Mouse (Mus musculus) 2 0/2732 mg/L N NR U DR 2 w NR NR AD M C OR549 14822 Gerber et al, 1978 Lead acetate 100 Rat (Rattus norvegicus) 2 0/0.5 % in diet N NR U FD 14 mo 0 d JV NR C CH

550 2938 Wiszniewska et al., 1998 Lead acetate 54.61 Rat (Rattus norvegicus) 2 0/1 % in water N ADL U DR 9 mo 90 d SM M C CH

551 2938 Wiszniewska et al., 1998 Lead acetate 54.61 Rat (Rattus norvegicus) 2 0/1 % in water N ADL U DR 9 mo 21 d GE M C H552 2711 Jacquet, 1977 Lead acetate 100 Mouse (Mus musculus) 2 0/0.5 % in diet N DLY U FD 7 d NR NR GE F C HR

553 3749 Ogilvie, 1977 Lead acetate 54.61 Mouse (Mus musculus) 2 0/10 mg/ml N NR U DR 2 w NR NR AD M C BE

554 3749 Ogilvie, 1977 Lead acetate 54.61 Mouse (Mus musculus) 2 0/10 mg/ml N NR U DR 2 w NR NR LC M C GR555 14822 Gerber et al, 1978 Lead acetate 100 Rat (Rattus norvegicus) 2 0/1.0 % in diet N NR U FD 14 mo 0 d JV NR C CH

556 2523 Barlow et al., 1977 Lead acetate 54.61 Rat (Rattus norvegicus) 2 0/2 % in diet N ADL U FD 21 d NR NR LC F C EN

557 3914 Shafig-ur-Rehman et al., 1986 Lead acetate 54.61 Rat (Rattus norvegicus) 2 0/2 % in water N ADL U DR 10 d NR NR AD M C BE

558 2698 Holtzman et al., 1981 Lead carbonate 77.55 Rat (Rattus norvegicus) 2 0/4 % in diet N ADL U FD 2 w 60-80 d JV M C CH

559 14827 Holtzman et al, 1980 Lead carbonate 77.55 Rat (Rattus norvegicus) 2 0/4 % in diet N ADL U FD 14 d 60 d JV M C CH

560 2825 Powell et al, 1982 Lead carbonate 77.55 Rat (Rattus norvegicus) 2 0/6 % in diet N NR U FD 15 w NR NR AD NR C H

Data Not Used to Derive Wildlife Toxicity Reference Value - Measurements of biochemical, behavioral or pathology changes in progeny of exposed parents

561 2705 Hubermont et al., 1976 Lead nitrate 100 Rat (Rattus norvegicus) 4 0/0.1/1.0/10 mg/L N NR U DR 9 w 10 w GE F C RE

562 3826 Bull, 1983 Lead 100 Rat (Rattus norvegicus) 4 0/5/30/200 mg/L N ADL U DR 56 d 90-100 d LC F C RE

563 2631 Fox et al., 1997 Lead acetate 100 Rat (Rattus norvegicus) 3 0/109/1090 mg/kg diet N ADL U FD 21 d 55-60 d LC F C RE

564 14814 Clayton et al., 1981 Lead 100 Rat (Rattus norvegicus) 3 0/300/1000 mg/L N NR U DR 31 d NR NR GE F C RE

565 2682 Hasan et al., 1989 Lead chloride 74.5 Rat (Rattus norvegicus) 2 0/400 mg/L N NR U DR 42 d NR NR LC F C RE

566 14823 Goldman et al, 1980 Lead acetate 54.61 Rat (Rattus norvegicus) 4 0/0.05/0.1/0.2 % in water N DLY U DR 21 d NR NR LC F V RE

567 13268 Reiter et al., 1975 Lead acetate 100 Rat (Rattus norvegicus) 3 0/5/50 mg/L N NR U DR 82 d NR NR GE F C RE568 2876 Sierra and Tiffany-Castiglioni, 1992 Lead acetate 100 Guinea pig (Cavia porcellus) 3 0/5.5/11.0 mg/kg bw/d N DLY U DR 30 d NR NR GE F C RE

569 2574 Cookman et al., 1987 Lead chloride 74.5 Rat (Rattus norvegicus) 3 0/200/400 mg/L N ADL U DR 20 d NR NR LC F C RE

570 2879 Singh et al., 1991 Lead acetate 100 Rat (Rattus norvegicus) 5 0/250/500/1000/2000 mg/L N DLY U DR 6 d 90 d GE F C RE

571 2575 Corpas et al , 1995 Lead acetate 100 Rat (Rattus norvegicus) 2 0/39.26 mg/kg bw/d N ADL U DR 3 w NR NR GE F C RE

572 2765 McCauley et al., 1982 Lead chloride 100 Rat (Rattus norvegicus) 2 0/200 mg/L N NR U DR 7 w 70 d GE F C RE

573 12587 McCauley et al , 1979 Lead chloride 100 Rat (Rattus norvegicus) 2 0/200 mg/L N DLY U DR 50 d 70 d GE F C RE

574 2780 Murphy et al., 1995 Lead chloride 74.5 Rat (Rattus norvegicus) 2 0/400 mg/L N ADL U DR 30 d NR NR LC F C RE

Eco-SSL for Lead 
Appendix 6.1 Mammalian Toxicity Data Extracted for Wildlife Toxicity Referen

Lead

Page 12 of 12

Result #

Ref N.

Chemical Form

MW%

Test Species

# of Conc/ Doses

Conc/ Doses

Conc/Dose Units

Wet Weight Reported?

Percent Moisture

Application Frequency

Method of Analyses

Route of Exposure

Exposure Duration

Duration Units

Age

Age Units

Lifestage

Sex

Control Type

Efft T

Ref Exposure 

575 2910 Tian et al., 1995 Lead acetate 54.61 Rat (Rattus norvegicus) 2 0/0.2 % in water N DLY U DR 14 d 30 d JV F C RE

576 2729 Kawamoto,1984 Lead acetate 100 Rat (Rattus norvegicus) 2 0/1090 ug/g N ADL U DR 20 d NR NR JV F C RE577 14749 Maljkovic et al, 1988 Lead acetate 100 Rat (Rattus norvegicus) 5 0/1500/3500/5500/7500 mg/L N ADL U DR 35 d NR NR LC F C RE578 14813 Carroll et al, 1977 Lead acetate 100 Mouse (Mus musculus) 4 0/2/5/10 mg/ml N DLY U DR 30 d NR NR LC F C RE579 2615 Epstein et al., 1999 Lead acetate 54.61 Mouse (Mus musculus) 2 0/10 mg/ml N NR U DR 5 d NR NR GE F C RE580 2615 Epstein et al., 1999 Lead acetate 54.61 Mouse (Mus musculus) 2 0/10 mg/ml N NR U DR 24 d NR NR GE F C RE581 2510 Alfano et al., 1982 Lead carbonate 77.55 Rat (Rattus norvegicus) 2 0/4.0 % in diet N NR U FD 26 d NR NR LC F C RE

582 2512 Alfano et al., 1983 Lead carbonate 77.55 Rat (Rattus norvegicus) 2 0/4 % in diet N NR U FD 115 d NR NR LC F C RE

583 2814 Petit and Le Boutillier 1979 Lead carbonate 77.55 Rat (Rattus norvegicus) 2 0/4 % in diet N ADL U FD 24 d NR NR LC F C RE

584 2740 Krigman et al. 1975 Lead carbonate 77.55 Rat (Rattus norvegicus) 2 0/4 % in diet Y ADL U FD 25 d NR NR LC F C RE

585 2811 Pentschew and Garro 1966 Lead carbonate 77.55 Rat (Rattus norvegicus) 2 0/4.0 % in diet NR NR M FD 27 d NR NR LC F C RE

The abbreviations and definitions used in coding data are provided in Attachment 4-3 of the Eco-SSL Guidance (U.S.EPA, 2003).

Eco-SSL for Lead