16‐2262‐ag, 16‐2493‐ag

Gao v. Sessions, Shao v. Sessions   

UNITED STATES COURT OF APPEALS

FOR THE SECOND CIRCUIT

August Term 2017

(Argued: December 11, 2017    Decided: May 25, 2018)

Docket Nos. 16‐2262‐ag, 16‐2493‐ag

HONG FEI GAO, AKA Xue Liang Zhang,

Petitioner,

v.

JEFFERSON B. SESSIONS III, United States Attorney General,  

Respondent.*

HAO SHAO,

Petitioner,

v.

JEFFERSON B. SESSIONS III, United States Attorney General,

Respondent.*

* Pursuant to Federal Rule of Appellate Procedure 43(c)(2), Attorney

General Jefferson B. Sessions III is substituted for former Attorney General Loretta E.

Lynch as respondent.

16-2262-ag, 16-2493-ag

Gao v. Sessions, Shao v. Sessions
‐ 2 ‐ 

ON PETITIONS FOR REVIEW FROM THE

BOARD OF IMMIGRATION APPEALS

      

Before:

WINTER and CHIN, Circuit Judges, and KORMAN, Judge.

*

      

Petitions for review heard in tandem from decisions of the Board of

Immigration Appeals affirming the decisions of Immigration Judges denying

petitioners asylum and related relief on adverse credibility grounds.  During

removal proceedings, petitioners testified to certain details about their

experiences that they had not included in their initial applications and

supporting documents.  The Immigration Judges relied substantially on these

omissions in finding petitioners not credible.   

       PETITIONS GRANTED.

      

MONA LIZA FABULAR LAO, New York, New York, for

Petitioner Gao.

JOSHUA E. BARDAVID, Law Office of Joshua E. Bardavid,

New York, New York, for Petitioner Shao.

BRETT F. KINNEY and JESSE LLOYD BUSEN, Trial

Attorneys, Jeffery R. Leist, Senior Litigation

                                                 

*

   Edward R. Korman, of the United States District Court for the Eastern

District of New York, sitting by designation.
‐ 3 ‐ 

Counsel, Holly M. Smith, Senior Litigation

Counsel, Laura M. Cover, Law Clerk, for Chad A.

Readler, Acting Assistant Attorney General, Civil

Division, United States Department of Justice,

Washington, D.C., for Respondent.  

      

CHIN, Circuit Judge:

These petitions for review heard in tandem challenge two decisions

of the Board of Immigration Appeals (the ʺBIAʺ), affirming decisions by two

Immigration Judges (ʺIJsʺ), denying asylum, withholding of removal, and

protection under the Convention Against Torture (ʺCATʺ) to two petitioners

seeking relief from religious persecution in China on adverse credibility grounds.  

During removal proceedings, petitioners testified regarding the medical

attention they received for injuries they sustained from police beatings.  The IJs

and the BIA relied substantially on the omission of that information from

petitionersʹ initial applications and supporting documents to determine that

petitioners lacked credibility.   

On appeal, petitioners principally challenge the agencyʹs adverse

credibility determinations.  In light of the totality of the circumstances and in the

context of the record as a whole, in each case we conclude that the IJ and BIA

erred in substantially relying on certain omissions in the record.  Accordingly,
‐ 4 ‐ 

we grant the petitions, vacate the decisions of the BIA, and remand the cases to

the BIA for further proceedings consistent with this opinion.

BACKGROUND

We summarize the facts and procedural history of each case

separately, as follows:

I.   Hong Fei Gao  

Around April 2010, Gao, a native and citizen of China, entered the

United States without inspection.  In September 2010, Gao applied for asylum,

withholding of removal, and protection under the CAT.   

In his application, which included a short personal statement in

Chinese, Gao explained that in February 2009, influenced by his mother, he

began practicing Christianity in China.  In November 2009, while he was praying

at a friendʹs house with other church members, the police broke into the house

and arrested Gao and his friends.  Gao was brought to the police station and was

detained for ten days, during which he was repeatedly interrogated and beaten.  

His family spent money and relied on connections to secure Gaoʹs release, and

the police required Gao to sign a letter promising not to attend church activities

anymore.  After his release and before he recovered from his detention, Gao was
‐ 5 ‐ 

fired from his restaurant job.  He left China in March 2010 and continued to

practice Christianity in the United States.  The statement did not provide any

description of any medical treatment.   

In December 2010, Gao was served with a notice to appear in

removal proceedings.  Through counsel, Gao conceded removability.   

On September 12, 2014, following a hearing on September 27, 2012,

the IJ (Loprest, IJ) issued written orders denying Gaoʹs application for asylum,

withholding of removal, and protection under the CAT, and ordered Gao

removed to China.  The IJ denied relief principally on adverse credibility

grounds.1 The IJ cited the following ʺevidentiary shortcomings that might not

undermine [Gaoʹs] case individually, but when considered cumulatively,ʺ led the

IJ to conclude that Gao lacked credibility, Gao Cert. Admin. R. 64:   

 Gao testified that he was interrogated by police four times and

was beaten during those interrogations, but his application omitted the number

of interrogations and the fact that his injuries required medical attention.2   

                                                 

1   The IJ also denied Gaoʹs asylum application on the ground that it was not timely.  

Because the BIA declined to address that ground, the timeliness of Gaoʹs application is

not before us on appeal.   

2   In fact, the application stated that ʺ[the police] interrogated me several times.ʺ  

Gao Cert. Admin. R. 302.
‐ 6 ‐ 

 Gao testified that he was beaten and visited a clinic, but Gaoʹs

motherʹs letter did not mention that Gao was physically injured or that she and

Gaoʹs father took him to a clinic.  Instead, her letter stated that she was ʺafraid

that [he] would be beaten by the police.ʺ  Id. at 251.

 Gao could not explain why his Chinese birth certificate and a

letter from his underground church used identical photographs.

 Gao could not explain how he traveled under an electronic

airline ticket in his real name while simultaneously using a fraudulent passport.   

 Gao lacked candor and responsiveness, as he responded to

questions vaguely, asked for many questions to be repeated, and paused for a

long time before answering.   

Gao failed to explain the inconsistencies and omissions to the IJʹs

satisfaction.  The IJ was not persuaded by Gaoʹs explanation that he did not

know why his mother failed to mention the clinic visit in her letter.  The IJ noted

that he reached the adverse credibility determination ʺwith some reluctanceʺ as

ʺthe documentary record appears to corroborate certain aspects of Gaoʹs claim,ʺ 

citing letters, photographs, and statements relating to Gaoʹs mistreatment in
‐ 7 ‐ 

China and his practice of Christianity in the United States, as well as U.S.

Department of State reports on religious persecution in China.  Id. at 64.   

On June 6, 2016, the BIA affirmed the IJʹs decision and dismissed

Gaoʹs appeal, finding no clear error in the IJʹs determination that Gao lacked

credibility.  In re Hong Fei Gao, No. A200 922 341 (B.I.A. June 6, 2016), aff’g No.

A200 922 341 (Immig. Ct. N.Y. City Sep. 12, 2014).  Although it noted that some

of the IJʹs findings did not support an adverse credibility determination, citing

one example of the discrepancy relating to the number of interrogations, the BIA

upheld the adverse credibility determination based on two omissions:  (1) the

omission in Gaoʹs motherʹs letter of the facts that he was physically injured and

that his parents took him to a clinic, and (2) the omission in Gaoʹs asylum

application of the fact that he required medical treatment and the extent of his

mistreatment.  After considering Gaoʹs proffered explanations ‐‐ he did not know

why his mother failed to mention his medical treatment, he did not request that

her letter include all details about what happened after his release, and he could

not produce a receipt because the clinic did not give him one ‐‐ the BIA found no

error in the IJʹs conclusion that Gao did not reasonably explain the omissions.    
‐ 8 ‐ 

On appeal, Gao challenges the adverse credibility determination,

arguing that his testimony was not inconsistent with his asylum application or

his motherʹs letter.  He contends that the omissions were minor, collateral, and

insufficient to support an adverse credibility determination.  

II.   Hao Shao  

Around September 2010, Shao, a native and citizen of China, entered

the United States without inspection.  In May 2011, Shao applied for asylum,

withholding of removal, and protection under the CAT.   

In his updated application, Shao explained that he began practicing

Christianity in January 2003 through a neighborʹs influence and he was baptized

in October 2005.  One night in April 2010, while he was gathered with other

Christians at someone elseʹs house, the police broke into the house, confiscated

their religious texts, and arrested Shao and others.  Shao was brought to the

police station, interrogated, and severely beaten.  He was detained for eleven

days and interrogated two more times, but as he testified during immigration

proceedings, he was not physically injured the other two times.  Shaoʹs

application further explained that his family spent money to secure his release,

and the police required Shao to report to the station twice a month and sign a
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letter promising not to participate in the underground church anymore.  Shao

was later dismissed by his employer and was regularly monitored by police.  He

left China in August 2010 and continued to practice Christianity in the United

States.  Shaoʹs application did not provide any description of his medical

treatment, other than to say that ʺ[a]fter I returned home, my mother salved my

wounds with tear[s].ʺ  Shao Cert. Admin. R. 423.  

In July 2011, Shao was served with a notice to appear in removal

proceedings.  Through counsel, Shao conceded removability.  

On June 24, 2015, following a hearing, the IJ (Cheng, IJ) denied by

oral decision and written order Shaoʹs application for asylum, withholding of

removal, and protection under the CAT, and ordered Shao removed to China.  

The IJ denied relief principally on adverse credibility grounds.  The IJ noted that

the following ʺserious concerns about [Shaoʹs] credibilityʺ warranted an adverse

credibility determination, Shao Cert. Admin. R. 74:  

 Shao lacked responsiveness and his demeanor ʺchanged

dramaticallyʺ when discussing how many times he reported to the police.  Id. at

74.  
‐ 10 ‐ 

 Shao testified that he sustained injuries from the police

beating, his parents took him to a local village clinic for treatment, his mother

helped him apply ʺmedical liquidʺ to his wounds, he went to the clinic for a

follow‐up visit, and it took one month for him to recover, but he omitted these

facts from his application.   

 Shaoʹs fatherʹs letter did not mention that Shaoʹs parents took

him to a clinic or that his mother helped apply ʺmedical liquidʺ to his wounds.   

 Shao vacillated regarding how many times he reported to the

police ‐‐ he answered ʺfive times, wait, 15 times, seven times,ʺ and after an

approximately ten‐second pause, finally ʺseven times.ʺ  Id. at 142.  

 Shao offered two different dates ‐‐ September 1 and

September 4, 2010 ‐‐ for when he contacted his cousin in the United States.   

 The letter Shao submitted from his churchʹs pastor did not

mention his arrest, even though the pastor was aware of it.   

After giving Shao ʺample opportunity to reconcile these

inconsistencies,ʺ the IJ concluded that Shaoʹs explanations were ʺneither

plausible nor reasonable.ʺ  Id. at 78.  The IJ was not persuaded by Shaoʹs

explanations that he did not mention the medical treatment because it was a
‐ 11 ‐ 

minor detail akin to picking up medicine at a drug store; he had difficulty stating

the number of times he reported to the police, because he did not keep exact

count; and he only submitted the church letter as proof of membership.  Finally,

relying on her credibility determination, the IJ determined that Shao failed to

establish past persecution or a well‐founded fear of persecution.

On June 27, 2016, the BIA affirmed the IJʹs decision denying relief

and dismissed Shaoʹs appeal, finding no clear error in the IJʹs determination that

Shao lacked credibility.  In re Hao Shao, No. A200 168 340 (B.I.A. June 27, 2016),

affʹg No. No. A200 168 340 (Immig. Ct. N.Y. City June 24, 2015).  The BIA upheld

the adverse credibility determination based on three omissions and

inconsistencies: (1) omissions regarding Shaoʹs medical treatment from his

asylum application and his fatherʹs letter; (2) the inconsistent testimony Shao

offered on the number of times he reported to the police; and (3) the omission of

Shaoʹs arrest in the pastorʹs letter.  The BIA was not persuaded by Shaoʹs

arguments that he did not believe the clinic treatment was important enough to

include in his application; he did not know why his father omitted mention of his

medical treatment and his father mainly discussed his arrest, where the letter

was ʺotherwise detailed,ʺ Shao Cert. Admin. R. 4; he did not keep exact count of
‐ 12 ‐ 

the number of times he reported to the police; and the pastorʹs letter was only a

certificate intended to confirm his membership.  The BIA also affirmed the IJʹs

determinations that Shao failed to establish past persecution or a well‐founded

fear of persecution.  

On appeal, Shao challenges the adverse credibility determination,

contending that the agency erred in relying on minor inconsistencies when the

record as a whole corroborates his claim.  He also contends that the IJ failed to

conduct the required individualized analysis when it concluded that Shao failed

to establish a well‐founded fear of persecution.  

DISCUSSION

I.   Applicable Law

A. Statutory Framework

ʺAsylum is a discretionary form of relief that hinges on persecution

in the applicantʹs country of nationality.ʺ  Delgado v. Mukasey, 508 F.3d 702, 705

(2d Cir. 2007).  To be eligible for asylum, a petitioner must establish that he or

she is a ʺrefugee,ʺ 8 U.S.C. § 1158(b)(1)(B)(i), that is, a person who is unable or

unwilling to return to his or her country of nationality ʺbecause of persecution or

a well‐founded fear of persecution on account of race, religion, nationality,
‐ 13 ‐ 

membership in a particular social group, or political opinion,ʺ 8 U.S.C.

§ 1101(a)(42)(A).  Asylum based on past persecution is "reserved for persecuted

aliens whose persecution was particularly severe or who may suffer ʹother

serious harmʹ if removed.ʺ  Kone v. Holder, 596 F.3d 141, 146 (2d Cir. 2010)

(quoting 8 C.F.R. § 1208.13(b)(1)(iii)).  Asylum based on a well‐founded fear of

persecution ʺrequires a subjective fear that is objectively reasonable.ʺ  Huo Qiang

Chen v. Holder, 773 F.3d 396, 404 (2d Cir. 2014).

Withholding of removal is a mandatory form of relief that requires a

petitioner to demonstrate ʺa clear probability of future persecution on account of

a protected characteristic.ʺ  Kone, 596 F.3d at 147; see 8 U.S.C. § 1231(b)(3)(A)

(alien may not be removed if ʺthe alienʹs life or freedom would be threatened in

that country because of the alienʹs race, religion, nationality, membership in a

particular social group, or political opinionʺ).  A petitionerʹs burden of proof for

withholding of removal is higher than his or her burden of proof for asylum.  

Vanegas‐Ramirez v. Holder, 768 F.3d 226, 237 (2d Cir. 2014).

Protection under the CAT is also a mandatory form of relief and

requires an applicant to ʺestablish that it is more likely than not that he or she

would be tortured if removed to the proposed country of removal.ʺ  Kone, 596
‐ 14 ‐ 

F.3d at 147 (quoting 8 C.F.R. § 1208.16(c)(2)).  ʺUnlike asylum and withholding of

removal, ʹCAT relief does not require a nexus to a protected ground.ʹʺ  Id.

(quoting Delgado, 508 F.3d at 708).

Where the same factual predicate underlies a petitionerʹs claims for

asylum, withholding of removal, and protection under the CAT, an adverse

credibility determination forecloses all three forms of relief.  See Paul v. Gonzales,

444 F.3d 148, 156‐57 (2d Cir. 2006).

B. Standards of Review

ʺWhen the BIA agrees with an IJʹs adverse credibility determination

and adopts particular parts of the IJʹs reasoning, we review the decisions of both

the BIA and the IJ.ʺ  Xiu Xia Lin v. Mukasey, 534 F.3d 162, 166 (2d Cir. 2008) (per

curiam).  Our review of the IJʹs decision ʺinclud[es] the portions not explicitly

discussed by the BIA,ʺ Guan v. Gonzales, 432 F.3d 391, 394 (2d Cir. 2005) (per

curiam), but not those grounds explicitly rejected by the BIA, see Xue Hong Yang

v. U.S. Depʹt of Justice, 426 F.3d 520, 522 (2d Cir. 2005) (ʺ[W]e review the judgment

of the IJ as modified by the BIAʹs decision ‐‐ that is, minus the single argument

for denying relief that was rejected by the BIA.ʺ).  
‐ 15 ‐ 

We review de novo questions of law and the application of law to

fact.  Kone, 596 F.3d at 146.  We review the agencyʹs factual findings, including

adverse credibility findings, under the substantial evidence standard, ʺwhich

requires that they be supported by ʹreasonable, substantial and probative

evidence in the record when considered as a whole.ʹʺ  Id. (quoting Iouri v.

Ashcroft, 487 F.3d 76, 81 (2d Cir. 2007)).  We treat factual findings as ʺconclusive

unless any reasonable adjudicator would be compelled to conclude to the

contrary.ʺ  8 U.S.C. § 1252(b)(4)(B); see Majidi v. Gonzales, 430 F.3d 77, 80 (2d Cir.

2005) (ʺA petitioner must do more than offer a plausible explanation for his

inconsistent statements to secure relief; he must demonstrate that a reasonable

fact‐finder would be compelled to credit his testimony.ʺ (internal quotation marks

and citation omitted)).

ʺWe defer . . . to an IJʹs credibility determination unless, from the

totality of the circumstances, it is plain that no reasonable fact‐finder could make

such an adverse credibility ruling.ʺ  Xiu Xia Lin, 534 F.3d at 167.  Although we

afford particular deference to the IJʹs adverse credibility determination, ʺthe fact

that an IJ ʹhas relied primarily on credibility grounds in dismissing an asylum

application cannot insulate the decision from review.ʹʺ  Xiao Ji Chen v. U.S. Depʹt
‐ 16 ‐ 

of Justice, 471 F.3d 315, 335 (2d Cir. 2006) (quoting Ramsameachire v. Ashcroft, 357

F.3d 169, 178 (2d Cir. 2004)).  We must assess whether the agency has provided

ʺspecific, cogent reasons for the adverse credibility finding and whether those

reasons bear a legitimate nexus to the finding.ʺ  Xiu Xia Lin, 534 F.3d at 166

(quoting Zhou Yun Zhang v. INS, 386 F.3d 66, 74 (2d Cir. 2004)).

Where an IJ relies on erroneous bases to reach an adverse credibility

determination, and ʺwe cannot confidently predict that the IJ would reach the

same conclusion in the absence of these deficiencies, the IJʹs adverse credibility

determination cannot stand.ʺ  Pavlova v. INS, 441 F.3d 82, 88 (2d Cir. 2006); see

also Kone, 596 F.3d at 151 (ʺBecause we cannot confidently predict that absent

these errors the IJ would have adhered to its [adverse credibility]

determination, a remand is warranted.ʺ (footnote omitted)).  

C. Omissions and Inconsistencies

For cases filed after May 11, 2005, the effective date of the REAL ID

Act, Pub L. No. 109‐13, 119 Stat. 231 (2005), ʺan IJ may rely on any inconsistency

or omission in making an adverse credibility determination as long as the

ʹtotality of the circumstancesʹ establishes that an asylum applicant is not

credible,ʺ Xiu Xia Lin, 534 F.3d at 167 (quoting 8 U.S.C. § 1158(b)(1)(B)(iii)).  The
‐ 17 ‐ 

agency may base a credibility finding on an asylum applicantʹs ʺdemeanor,

candor, or responsivenessʺ; the ʺinherent plausibilityʺ of his account; the

consistency among his written statements, oral statements, and other record

evidence; and ʺany inaccuracies or falsehoods in such statements, without regard

to whether an inconsistency, inaccuracy, or falsehood goes to the heart of the

applicantʹs claim, or any other relevant factor.ʺ  8 U.S.C. § 1158(b)(1)(B)(iii).  Even

where the agency ʺrelies on discrepancies or lacunae that, if taken separately,

concern matters collateral or ancillary to the claim, the cumulative effect may

nevertheless be deemed consequential.ʺ  Xiu Xia Lin, 534 F.3d at 167 (quoting Tu

Lin v. Gonzales, 446 F.3d 395, 402 (2d Cir. 2006)).  To resolve the instant appeals,

we first clarify the following principles that govern credibility determinations

based on omissions following the REAL ID Act.

First, although the REAL ID Act authorizes an IJ to rely on ʺany

inconsistency or omission in making an adverse credibility determination,ʺ even

one ʺcollateral or ancillaryʺ to an applicantʹs claims, id. at 167, the Act does not

give an IJ free rein.  The REAL ID Act does not erase our obligation to assess

whether the agency has provided ʺspecific, cogent reasons for the adverse

credibility finding and whether those reasons bear a legitimate nexus to the
‐ 18 ‐ 

finding.ʺ  Id. at 166 (quoting Zhou Yun Zhang, 386 F.3d at 74); accord Shrestha v.

Holder, 590 F.3d 1034, 1042 (9th Cir. 2010) (ʺThe REAL ID Act did not strip us of

our ability to rely on the institutional tools that we have developed, such as the

requirement that an agency provide specific and cogent reasons supporting an

adverse credibility determination, to aid our review.ʺ).  Thus, although IJs may

rely on non‐material omissions and inconsistencies, not all omissions and

inconsistencies will deserve the same weight.  A trivial inconsistency or omission

that has no tendency to suggest a petitioner fabricated his or her claim will not

support an adverse credibility determination.  See Latifi v. Gonzales, 430 F.3d 103,

105 (2d Cir. 2005) (per curiam) (remanding where we found ʺany potential

discrepancies that might exist to be far from ʹsignificant and numerous,ʹ but

rather insignificant and trivialʺ); accord Shrestha, 590 F.3d at 1044 (noting that

ʺtrivial inconsistencies that under the total circumstances have no bearing on a

petitionerʹs veracity should not form the basis of an adverse credibility

determinationʺ); Kadia v. Gonzales, 501 F.3d 817, 821 (7th Cir. 2007) (faulting IJ for

ʺfail[ing] to distinguish between material lies, on the one hand, and innocent
‐ 19 ‐ 

mistakes, trivial inconsistencies, and harmless exaggerations, on the other

handʺ).3

Second, although ʺ[a] lacuna in an applicantʹs testimony or omission

in a document submitted to corroborate the applicantʹs testimony . . . can serve as

a proper basis for an adverse credibility determination,ʺ Xiu Xia Lin, 534 F.3d at

166 n.3, we also recognize that ʺasylum applicants are not required to list every

incident of persecution on their I–589 statement,ʺ Lianping Li v. Lynch, 839 F.3d

144, 150 (2d Cir. 2016) (per curiam) (quoting Pavlova, 441 F.3d at 90); see also

Secaida‐Rosales v. INS, 331 F.3d 297, 308 (2d Cir. 2003) (noting that an applicantʹs

ʺfailure to list in his or her initial application facts that emerge later in testimony

will not automatically provide a sufficient basis for an adverse credibility

findingʺ), superseded by statute on other grounds as recognized in Xiu Xia Lin, 534

F.3d at 167; accord Pop v. INS, 270 F.3d 527, 531‐32 (7th Cir. 2001) (ʺWe hesitate to

find that one seeking asylum must state in his or her application every incident

of persecution lest the applicant have his or her credibility questioned if the

                                                 

3   An example of a trivial inconsistency that is entitled to little if any weight is the

difference between Gaoʹs hearing testimony that he was interrogated by the police ʺfour

timesʺ and his application statement that he was interrogated ʺseveral times.ʺ  The BIA

correctly held that this ʺdiscrepancyʺ did not support an adverse credibility

determination.  Likewise, the difference between September 1, 2010 and September 4,

2010 as the date when Shao contacted his cousin is a trivial discrepancy.  
‐ 20 ‐ 

incident is later elicited in direct testimony.ʺ); Abulashvili v. Attorney Gen. of U.S.,

663 F.3d 197, 206 (3d Cir. 2011).  Because of this tension, although we have noted

in dictum that an inconsistency and an omission are ʺfunctionally equivalentʺ for

adverse credibility purposes, Xiu Xia Lin, 534 F.3d at 166 n.3, in general

ʺomissions are less probative of credibility than inconsistencies created by direct

contradictions in evidence and testimony,ʺ Lai v. Holder, 773 F.3d 966, 971 (9th

Cir. 2014).  Cf. Lianping Li, 839 F.3d at 150 (upholding adverse credibility

determination where petitionerʹs ʺasylum application did not simply omit

incidents of persecution. . . . [but rather] described the same incidents of

persecution differentlyʺ).  

Although the federal evidentiary rules do not apply in immigration

proceedings, Aslam v. Mukasey, 537 F.3d 110, 114 (2d Cir. 2008) (per curiam), it is

nonetheless instructive to analogize the use of omissions in adverse credibility

determinations to the use of a witnessʹs prior silence for impeachment.  In the

latter context, we have indicated that ʺ[w]here the belatedly recollected facts

merely augment that which was originally described, the prior silence is often

simply too ambiguous to have any probative force, and accordingly is not

sufficiently inconsistent to be admitted for purposes of impeachment.ʺ  United
‐ 21 ‐ 

States v. Leonardi, 623 F.2d 746, 756 (2d Cir. 1980) (citation omitted).  In addition,

the probative value of a witnessʹs prior silence on particular facts depends on

whether those facts are ones the witness would reasonably have been expected to

disclose.  See Jenkins v. Anderson, 447 U.S. 231, 239 (1980) (ʺCommon law

traditionally has allowed witnesses to be impeached by their previous failure to

state a fact in circumstances in which that fact naturally would have been asserted.ʺ 

(emphasis added)).  In the immigration context, in assessing the probative value

of the omission of certain facts, an IJ should consider whether those facts are ones

that a credible petitioner would reasonably have been expected to disclose under

the relevant circumstances.

Finally, the REAL ID Act requires IJs to evaluate each inconsistency

or omission in light of the ʺtotality of the circumstances, and all relevant factors,ʺ 

8 U.S.C. § 1158(b)(1)(B)(iii).  That requirement is consistent with our well‐

established rule that review of an agencyʹs adverse credibility determination ʺis

conducted on the record as a whole.ʺ  Tu Lin, 446 F.3d at 402; see also Xiu Xia Lin,

534 F.3d at 167 (an applicantʹs testimony must be considered ʺin light of . . . the

manner in which it hangs together with other evidenceʺ (citation omitted)); accord

Shrestha, 590 F.3d at 1040 (ʺ[T]he totality of the circumstances approach also
‐ 22 ‐ 

imposes the requirement that an IJ not cherry pick solely facts favoring an

adverse credibility determination while ignoring facts that undermine that

result.ʺ).  Thus, ʺan applicantʹs testimonial discrepancies ‐‐ and, at times, even

outright lies ‐‐ must be weighed in light of their significance to the total context

of his or her claim of persecution.ʺ  Zhong v. U.S. Depʹt of Justice, 480 F.3d 104, 127

(2d Cir. 2007).  An IJ must also ʺʹengage or evaluateʹ an asylum applicantʹs

explanations for apparent inconsistencies in the record.ʺ  Diallo v. Gonzales, 445

F.3d 624, 629 (2d Cir. 2006) (quoting Latifi, 430 F.3d at 105); see also Cao He Lin v.

U.S. Depʹt of Justice, 428 F.3d 391, 403 (2d Cir. 2005) (ʺAbsent a reasoned

evaluation of [petitionerʹs] explanations, the IJʹs conclusion that his story is

implausible was based on flawed reasoning and, therefore, cannot constitute

substantial evidence supporting her conclusion.ʺ).  

II. Application

In light of the foregoing principles, we conclude that in both cases,

the IJs and the BIA erred by substantially relying on certain inconsistencies and

omissions that had no tendency to show that petitioners fabricated their claims

when considered in light of the totality of the circumstances and in the context of

the record as a whole.  Because we cannot confidently predict that the IJs would
‐ 23 ‐ 

have adhered to their adverse credibility determinations absent these erroneous

bases, we remand for further evaluation.  

A. Omissions Regarding Medical Treatment

In both cases, the agency relied on the omission from petitionersʹ 

initial applications of discussion of their medical treatment for their injuries after

their release from custody.  Although the fact that petitioners visited clinics for

medical treatment may be probative of the degree of harm they suffered, the

omissions of these details from petitionersʹ initial applications did not warrant

the heavy weight afforded to them by the IJs and the BIA.  

First, Gaoʹs and Shaoʹs testimony regarding medical treatment was

not inconsistent with their initial accounts.  The information was supplementary,

not contradictory:  that their beatings warranted medical attention reinforces

their claims of persecution.  See Lai, 773 F.3d at 974 (ʺThis is not a case where

contradictory or even impeaching information came out; rather, it was

information consistent with [the applicantʹs] own claimed experiences that

would have helped his claim had he brought it out himself.ʺ).  Here, the IJs erred

to the extent that they characterized these omissions as inconsistencies.  See Shao

Cert. Admin. R. 75 (characterizing Shaoʹs failure to mention that he visited a
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clinic as a ʺtroubling significant inconsistencyʺ); Gao Cert. Admin. R. 65

(characterizing Gaoʹs motherʹs letterʹs failure to mention that she took Gao to a

clinic as an ʺinconsistenc[y]ʺ).  

Second, although we would not necessarily characterize these

omissions as trivial or minor, we are not convinced that the omissions were as

serious as the IJs suggested.  We have recognized that ʺasylum applicants are not

required to list every incident of persecution on their I–589 statement.ʺ  Lianping

Li, 839 F.3d at 150.  By logical extension, nor are asylum applicants required to

list every incident that occurs in the aftermath of the alleged persecution.  Neither

application attempted to describe the medical attention petitioners received, and

in describing why they believed they were entitled to asylum, there is no reason

petitioners would have described receiving medicine from a clinic.  

In Shaoʹs case, the IJ concluded that during testimony Shao

ʺexplained to this Court in detail that a doctor saw him, examined him, and

provided medical treatment and even had a follow‐up visit or appointment,ʺ but

the information was omitted from Shaoʹs application and Shaoʹs fatherʹs letter.  

Shao Cert. Admin. R. 76.  The IJ characterized this discrepancy as a ʺtroubling

significant inconsistencyʺ and ʺsignificant omissionʺ because it ʺimplicates a
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degree of alleged harm that he suffered which is a central element of his claim.ʺ  

Id. at 75‐76.  Our review of the record suggests that the discrepancy was not so

stark.  Shao disclosed in his initial application that his mother helped salve his

wounds.  During testimony, Shao twice testified, in response to the IJʹs questions,

that he visited the clinic simply to procure the medicine his mother applied.  Id.

at 146 (ʺQ.  And what did this private small clinic do for you? A.  He provide me

with those medical liquid and my mother helped me to put on.ʺ); id. at 147 (ʺQ.  

Sir, can you explain to me why both your statements . . . donʹt mention you going

to see this doctor in your village for treatment?  A.  At the time [I] got released,

my parents and I just went to this small clinic and took, and grabbed some

medicines and then went back.ʺ).  Although he did affirmatively respond to the

IJʹs question about whether he sought ʺfollow‐up treatment,ʺ nothing in Shaoʹs

short response ‐‐ that the doctor ʺjust check[ed] on me, what happened to those

areas,ʺ id. at 146 ‐‐ indicates that the treatment was particularly significant.  A

fairer reading of Shaoʹs testimony is that, in response to questioning, he provided

additional detail regarding how his family procured the medicine his mother

used to treat his injuries.  
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Similarly, in Gaoʹs case, the IJ faulted Gao because he testified that

his parents took him to a clinic immediately after his release, but neither his

application nor his motherʹs letter disclosed that his injuries required medical

attention.  Gao Cert. Admin. R. 64‐65.  Again, our review of the record suggests

that the discrepancy was not so serious.  On cross‐examination, Gao described

his clinic visit as follows:  ʺThey just took a look at me, gave me some liquid

medication, gave me some medication and that was that.ʺ  Id. at 176.  Nothing in

Gaoʹs response and the short colloquy regarding his clinic visit indicates that the

treatment was particularly significant.   

We also note that petitionersʹ testimony regarding their clinic visits

was relatively short ‐‐ accounting for less than three pages of transcript in Shaoʹs

case, and about one page in Gaoʹs case ‐‐ and was elicited through cross‐

examination (in Gaoʹs case) and IJ questioning (in Shaoʹs case).  It was not as

though Gao or Shao volunteered the information on direct examination in an

effort to falsely buttress their claims through testimony.  Cf. Zamanov v. Holder,

649 F.3d 969, 974 (9th Cir. 2011) (upholding adverse credibility determination

where applicantʹs ʺsupplemental declaration and his testimony before the IJ tell a

much different ‐‐ and more compelling ‐‐ story of persecution than his initial
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application and testimony before the asylum officerʺ).  We hesitate to suggest

that petitionersʹ initial submissions must detail not only the persecution they

faced, but also the aftermath of the alleged persecution, lest they be found not

credible.  

Third, in both cases, when considering the ʺrecord as a whole,ʺ Tu

Lin, 446 F.3d at 402, there was corroborating evidence of petitionersʹ claims that

they were severely beaten by police.  In Shaoʹs case, Shaoʹs sister, brother, and

father all submitted letters substantiating his claim that he was beaten in police

detention.  In Gaoʹs case, Gaoʹs friend ‐‐ the same friend in whose house Gao was

praying when the police arrived ‐‐ submitted a letter corroborating Gaoʹs account

of what happened in the house and at the police station.  

Finally, as far as the omissions in Gaoʹs motherʹs letter and Shaoʹs

fatherʹs letter regarding the clinic visits, in both cases petitioners were asked to

speculate about the state of mind of the lettersʹ authors.  Although an omission

by a third party may form a basis for an adverse credibility determination, see

Xiu Xia Lin, 534 F.3d at 167, under these circumstances ‐‐ where a third partyʹs

omission creates no inconsistency with an applicantʹs own statements ‐‐ an

applicantʹs failure to explain third‐party omissions is less probative of credibility
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than an applicantʹs failure to explain his or her own omissions.  Cf. id. (relying on

omission in third‐party friendʹs letter where ʺthe failure of [applicantʹs] friend to

mention that the friend was in hiding from Chinese authorities contradicted

[applicantʹs] testimony that her friend feared further persecutionʺ).   

We therefore conclude that, under the totality of circumstances, the

omissions regarding Gaoʹs and Shaoʹs clinic visits warranted little, if any,

weight.4

B.   Remaining Issues in Shaoʹs Case

In Shaoʹs case, the IJ also relied on the omission of the fact that Shao

was arrested in a letter from Shaoʹs pastor, who was aware of Shaoʹs arrest.  The

IJ did not accept Shaoʹs explanation that he submitted the letter only to prove his

church attendance and baptism.  Although the BIA concluded that the omission

ʺwould not be sufficient by itself to support the adverse credibility

determination, . . . it [could] be citedʺ in light of other discrepancies.  Shao Cert.

Admin. R. 5.   

                                                 

4   We do not suggest that omissions regarding medical treatment can never be the

basis of an adverse credibility determination.  We emphasize simply that such

omissions must be evaluated on a case‐by‐case basis and weighed in light of the totality

of the circumstances.
‐ 29 ‐ 

We are not persuaded that reliance on this omission was

appropriate.  Although the document at issue is handwritten, it is plainly titled a

ʺCertificate,ʺ and includes no details other than Shaoʹs date of his birth, the date

he ʺaccepted Jesus Christ as Savior,ʺ and the date he was baptized.  Id. at 230.  

The absence of Shaoʹs arrest in this document is unremarkable given the purpose

for which Shao offered the document, and it is not apparent to us why the IJ

would expect a discussion of Shaoʹs arrest in the certificate.  Moreover, although

an IJ is not compelled to accept a petitionerʹs explanation, an IJ is required to

ʺengage or evaluateʺ the explanation.  Diallo, 445 F.3d at 629 (quoting Latifi, 430

F.3d at 105).  The IJʹs summary conclusion that ʺthe Court does not accept

[Shaoʹs] explanationʺ did not meet this requirement.  Shao Cert. Admin. R. 77.   

We recognize that other aspects of Shaoʹs testimony ‐‐ such as his

vacillating answers regarding how many times he reported to the police and his

demeanor during that exchange ‐‐ support the IJʹs adverse credibility finding.  

But because we cannot confidently predict that the IJ would have adhered to her

determination absent the other errors we have identified, remand is warranted.  
‐ 30 ‐ 

C.   Remaining Issues in Gaoʹs Case  

In Gaoʹs case, the IJ also relied on other inconsistencies and

omissions that do not support the adverse credibility determination.  The BIA

correctly rejected the IJʹs improper reliance on the purported discrepancy in

Gaoʹs statements regarding the number of times he was interrogated.  We also

note that Gaoʹs failure to mention in his application that his interrogation room

had a ʺsmall window,ʺ a fact he later recounted in testimony, was an utterly

trivial omission that had no bearing on Gaoʹs credibility.  See Latifi, 430 F.3d at

105; accord Shrestha, 590 F.3d at 1044; Kadia, 501 F.3d at 821.

We recognize that other discrepancies support the IJʹs adverse

credibility finding.  For example, Gaoʹs mother mentions in her letter that, upon

hearing that Gao was arrested, she was ʺafraid that [her] son would be beaten by

the police.ʺ  Gao Cert. Admin. R. 251.  She does not, however, mention that he

was in fact beaten and injured, although she discusses other post‐arrest events.  

But because we cannot confidently predict that the IJ would have adhered to his

determination absent the errors we have identified ‐‐ especially as the IJ

commented that he reached the adverse credibility determination ʺwith some

reluctance,ʺ id. at 64 ‐‐ remand is warranted.   
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* * *

Omissions need not go to the heart of a claim to be considered in

adverse credibility determinations, but they must still be weighed in light of the

totality of the circumstances and in the context of the record as a whole.  In

deciding on the appropriate weight to afford an omission, IJs must distinguish

between (1) omissions that arise merely because an applicantʹs oral testimony is

more detailed than his or her written application, and (2) omissions that tend to

show that an applicant has fabricated his or her claim.  In light of the foregoing,

we conclude that a remand is appropriate in both cases to allow the BIA ‐‐ ʺor the

IJ, if that is the most appropriate decision‐maker in the first instance,ʺ Mahmood

v. Holder, 570 F.3d 466, 471 (2d Cir. 2009) ‐‐ to afford the omissions discussed

above their appropriate weight when evaluating petitionersʹ credibility.  

CONCLUSION

For the reasons set forth above, we GRANT the petitions, VACATE

the decisions of the BIA, and REMAND the cases to the BIA for further

proceedings consistent with this opinion.  As we have completed our review,

Gaoʹs pending motion for a stay of removal in this petition is DENIED as moot.