1... See TEX. R. APP. P. 47.4.

COURT OF APPEALS

SECOND DISTRICT OF TEXAS

FORT WORTH

NO. 2-07-342-CV

IN THE INTEREST OF A.L.W., 

MINOR CHILD

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FROM THE 211TH DISTRICT COURT OF DENTON COUNTY

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MEMORANDUM OPINION1

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Introduction

Appellant C.L.W. appeals the trial court’s order terminating her parental

rights to her daughter, A.L.W. In her first six points, appellant argues that the

evidence is legally and factually insufficient to support any of the three

statutory grounds for termination pleaded by the Texas Department of Family

and Protective Services (TDFPS). See TEX. FAM. CODE ANN. § 161.001(1)(D),
2... In December 2006, the trial court signed the final order in C.L.’s and

C.D.’s case and appointed appellant’s father, Roger W., as the boys’ primary

managing conservator and appellant as possessory conservator. 

3... A.L.W.’s alleged father, C.M.L., could not be located and did not

appear at trial. The trial court terminated his parental rights on September 14,

2007. He did not appeal that order.

2

(E), (O) (Vernon Supp. 2007). Appellant also argues that the trial court erred

in overruling her objection to the State’s standing to contest her indigency for

purposes of appointment of appellate counsel. 

Background Facts

In January 2006, appellant admitted that she had done

methamphetamines, while on probation for felony auto theft. In March 2006,

appellant discovered that she was pregnant. A.L.W. was born ten weeks

premature on July 29, 2006. On August 31, 2006, TDFPS received a referral

alleging that appellant had physically abused A.L.W. On September 11, 2006,

TDFPS removed A.L.W. while A.L.W. was still in the hospital because of the

referral and appellant’s history of drug abuse. Appellant’s other two children,

C.L. and C.D., had been removed in June 2005 because of appellant’s drug use

and neglectful supervision. TDFPS placed all of the children with appellant’s 2

father Roger.3
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In May 2007, doctors diagnosed A.L.W. with cerebral palsy. She will

probably never be able to walk, talk, or care for herself. She has difficulty

eating because of a high palate and muscular problems in and around her

mouth. In addition, A.L.W. requires special assistance and equipment to bathe.

She is unable to sit up and will continue to struggle with other basic life skills.

A.L.W. has extensive muscle problems and requires constant attention. 

In November 2006, appellant again tested positive for drugs after a hair

follicle test. In January and February 2007, appellant admitted to using drugs,

and urinary analysis (UA) and hair follicle tests confirmed that she was positive

for both methamphetamines and cocaine. In the early morning hours of

February 22, 2007, police arrested appellant for public intoxication after she

became drunk and got in a fight with a girl at a bar. Appellant missed her

TDFPS hearing later that day and spent three months in jail. 

On March 18, 2007, while appellant was in jail, A.L.W. went to live with

appellant’s half-sister, Penny G., in Colorado. Although TDFPS had initially

placed A.L.W. with Roger, he gave A.L.W. to appellant’s mother, Sandra T.,

without telling TDFPS. Sandra then sought to have A.L.W. placed with Penny.

Penny and her husband were state troopers, and they had three children. They

welcomed A.L.W. into their home and provided her with therapy and medical

care. Penny wanted to adopt A.L.W. 
4

On May 13, 2007, appellant was released from jail. By June 2007,

appellant had not participated in out-patient drug treatment or counseling,

attended Alcoholics Anonymous (AA) or Narcotics Anonymous (NA) meetings,

or submitted to random drug tests. 

The termination bench trial was held on July 25 and September 14,

2007. Shelby Johnson, a TDFPS caseworker assigned to appellant’s case since

August 2006, testified that appellant had a pattern of not taking an active role

in her service plan until TDFPS reached the point of terminating her parental

rights. For example, in C.L.’s. and C.D.’s case, appellant would not participate

in her required service plan until she thought she would lose custody of her

sons, and then she would become more serious about completing her program.

Once TDFPS gave custody of C.L. and C.D. to her father, appellant

discontinued her services. 

Johnson testified that appellant had two years to complete the services

requested by TDFPS in C.L.’s and C.D.’s case, but appellant had not yet

resolved her issues. Johnson had concerns about appellant’s long-term abilities

as a parent, her pattern of inconsistency, and her refusal to take responsibility

for her actions. Johnson stated that appellant had not done what was needed

to regain full custody of her sons, and unlike A.L.W. they do not have special

needs. Johnson testified that she never received documentation that appellant
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attended NA or AA meetings. Appellant told Johnson that she did not want to

attend NA meetings because she would see old friends, but Johnson testified

that she did not believe appellant was being honest or serious. Johnson

believed that appellant just did not want to go to the meetings. Johnson

testified that she had worked with appellant for three years and did not believe

anything appellant said because she had consistently lied throughout the case.

Johnson recommended that appellant’s parental rights be terminated based on

her failure to comply with her service plan. 

CASA volunteer June Splain, who became involved with appellant’s case

in October 2006, testified regarding appellant’s employment. She stated that

she was unable to verify three of appellant’s previous places of employment.

Additionally, Splain never received any documentation from appellant regarding

her employment or her AA or NA classes. Splain testified that appellant

completed parenting classes and a psychological evaluation, but appellant did

not complete the follow-up requirements of the psychological evaluation or

comply with the counseling order. Splain also testified that A.L.W. needed a

home with stability, consistency, nurturing, and love, which appellant had not

been able to provide but Penny had. Additionally, Splain testified that appellant

and Roger were in denial about A.L.W.’s condition and disagreed that she had

needed therapy immediately. Appellant did not understand the type of daily
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care and therapies that A.L.W. required. Splain stated that appellant was not

in compliance with her service plan and did not have the required skills to care

for A.L.W. She believed that it was in A.L.W.’s best interest for appellant’s

parental rights to be terminated. 

Nicole Jordan testified that she had been appellant’s NA sponsor for two

weeks and that appellant had been clean for six or seven months. She stated

that they talked on a daily basis. She believed that appellant wanted to

succeed and that she was a protective and caring mother. She testified that

she had seen changes in appellant, such as more love and compassion.

Appellant’s father, Roger, testified that he had seen dramatic changes in

appellant’s life; for example, she did not have an attitude anymore, and she was

not aggressive. He testified that appellant was more understanding with her

sons and not as selfish. He also stated that appellant needed more time to

make additional changes, but she was headed in the right direction.

Appellant’s mother, Sandra, testified that appellant had sporadically lived

with her until January 2006 when Sandra told her to move out because

appellant was staying out all night. She stated that they had not always had

a good relationship and that appellant had been angry, but appellant had

changed in the last three months. Sandra testified that appellant was no longer

angry, was more focused and relaxed, and had apologized for the past.
7

Appellant’s relationship with C.L. and C.D. had also changed; for example,

appellant interacted with them much better, and they seemed happy with her.

Sandra testified that she had never seen a change like this in appellant, and she

would not be testifying in court if she did not think appellant had changed.

Sandra believed that appellant needed more time but that she was finally going

in the right direction.

Sandra’s husband and appellant’s stepfather, Gary T., agreed with Sandra

and testified that appellant had recently become a much better parent. He

stated that appellant was more level, balanced, and had taken responsibility for

her actions. Because he was also a former drug addict, Gary testified that

when appellant cut ties with her drug friends, he knew that she was serious.

Gary also testified that appellant needed more time to make these changes.

Kade Wall, appellant’s boyfriend, testified that they had been together

since February 2007. He stated that he had seen changes in her temperament;

for example, she does not fight with her family anymore. Wall testified that he

and appellant had plans for a long-term relationship and planned to buy a house.

He also testified that appellant had not had any contact with her drug friends

and made a lot of progress. He stated he was prepared to take care of A.L.W.

if something happened to appellant.
8

After Wall’s testimony, the trial court recessed until appellant’s counselor

could testify. The trial court reconvened on September 14, 2007. Michelle

Greer, a professional counselor, testified that appellant began seeing her in

February 2006. She stated that she and appellant had met for fourteen

sessions and that she had last seen appellant in August 2007. Greer testified

that appellant had not been sober for the required six to eight months but that

she had made progress. However, Greer also believed that appellant could not

maintain sobriety outside of jail and could not care for A.L.W. Additionally,

Greer testified that appellant had not accepted responsibility for her actions and

was at risk for relapsing as she had done previously. 

The trial court determined that appellant (1) knowingly placed or

knowingly allowed A.L.W. to remain in conditions which endangered her

physical and emotional well-being, (2) engaged in conduct or knowingly placed

A.L.W. with persons who engaged in conduct which endangered her physical

or emotional well-being, (3) failed to comply with provisions of her service plan,

and that (4) termination was in A.L.W.’s best interest. See TEX. FAM. CODE

ANN. §§ 161.001(1)(D), (E), (O) & (2). Appellant timely filed this appeal. 
9

Standard of Review

A parent’s rights to “the companionship, care, custody, and

management” of his or her children are constitutional interests “far more

precious than any property right.” Santosky v. Kramer, 455 U.S. 745, 758-59,

102 S. Ct. 1388, 1397 (1982); In re M.S., 115 S.W.3d 534, 547 (Tex. 2003).

“While parental rights are of constitutional magnitude, they are not absolute.

Just as it is imperative for courts to recognize the constitutional underpinnings

of the parent-child relationship, it is also essential that emotional and physical

interests of the child not be sacrificed merely to preserve that right.” In re

C.H., 89 S.W.3d 17, 26 (Tex. 2002). In a termination case, the State seeks

not just to limit parental rights but to end them permanently—to divest the

parent and child of all legal rights, privileges, duties, and powers normally

existing between them, except for the child’s right to inherit. TEX. FAM. CODE

ANN. § 161.206(b) (Vernon Supp. 2007); Holick v. Smith, 685 S.W.2d 18, 20

(Tex. 1985). We strictly scrutinize termination proceedings and strictly

construe involuntary termination statutes in favor of the parent. Holick, 685

S.W.2d at 20-21; In re E.M.N., 221 S.W.3d 815, 820 (Tex. App.—Fort Worth

2007, no pet.).

In proceedings to terminate the parent-child relationship brought under

section 161.001 of the family code, the petitioner must establish one ground
10

listed under subdivision (1) of the statute and must also prove that termination

is in the best interest of the child. TEX. FAM. CODE ANN. § 161.001; In re J.L.,

163 S.W.3d 79, 84 (Tex. 2005). Both elements must be established;

termination may not be based solely on the best interest of the child as

determined by the trier of fact. Tex. Dep’t of Human Servs. v. Boyd, 727

S.W.2d 531, 533 (Tex. 1987).

Termination of parental rights is a drastic remedy and is of such weight

and gravity that due process requires the petitioner to justify termination by

clear and convincing evidence. TEX. FAM. CODE ANN. §§ 161.001, 161.206(a);

In re J.F.C., 96 S.W.3d 256, 263 (Tex. 2002). This intermediate standard falls

between the preponderance standard of ordinary civil proceedings and the

reasonable doubt standard of criminal proceedings. In re G.M., 596 S.W.2d

846, 847 (Tex. 1980); In re C.S., 208 S.W.3d 77, 83 (Tex. App.—Fort Worth

2006, pet. denied). It is defined as the “measure or degree of proof that will

produce in the mind of the trier of fact a firm belief or conviction as to the truth

of the allegations sought to be established.” TEX. FAM. CODE ANN. § 101.007

(Vernon 2002).

Legal sufficiency

In reviewing the evidence for legal sufficiency in parental termination

cases, we must determine whether the evidence is such that a fact-finder could
11

reasonably form a firm belief or conviction that the grounds for termination

were proven. In re J.P.B., 180 S.W.3d 570, 573 (Tex. 2005). We must

review all the evidence in the light most favorable to the finding and judgment.

Id. This means that we must assume that the fact-finder resolved any disputed

facts in favor of its finding if a reasonable fact-finder could have done so. Id.

We must also disregard all evidence that a reasonable fact-finder could have

disbelieved. Id. We must consider, however, undisputed evidence even if it is

contrary to the finding. Id. That is, we must consider evidence favorable to

termination if a reasonable fact-finder could, and disregard contrary evidence

unless a reasonable fact-finder could not. Id.

We must therefore consider all of the evidence, not just that which favors

the verdict. Id. But we cannot weigh witness credibility issues that depend on

the appearance and demeanor of the witnesses, for that is the fact-finder’s

province. Id. at 573, 574. And even when credibility issues appear in the

appellate record, we must defer to the fact-finder’s determinations as long as

they are not unreasonable. Id. at 573.

Factual sufficiency

In reviewing the evidence for factual sufficiency, we must give due

deference to the fact-finder’s findings and not supplant the judgment with our

own. In re H.R.M., 209 S.W.3d 105, 108 (Tex. 2006). We must determine
12

whether, on the entire record, a fact-finder could reasonably form a firm

conviction or belief that the parent violated subsection (D) or (E) of section

161.001(1) and that the termination of the parent’s parental rights would be

in the best interest of the child. C.H., 89 S.W.3d at 28.

Endangerment Findings

In appellant’s first through fourth points, she argues that the evidence is

legally and factually insufficient to support the trial court’s determination that

she (1) knowingly placed or knowingly allowed A.L.W. to remain in conditions

or surroundings that endangered her physical or emotional well-being and (2)

engaged in conduct or knowingly placed A.L.W. with persons who engaged in

conduct that endangered her physical or emotional well-being. See TEX. FAM.

CODE ANN. § 161.001(1)(D), (E).

Endangerment means to expose to loss or injury, to jeopardize. Boyd,

727 S.W.2d at 533; In re J.T.G., 121 S.W.3d 117, 125 (Tex. App.—Fort

Worth 2003, no pet.). Under subsection (D) of family code section

161.001(1), we must examine the evidence related to the environment of the

child to determine if the environment was the source of the endangerment to

the child’s physical or emotional well-being. J.T.G., 121 S.W.3d at 125; In re

D.T., 34 S.W.3d 625, 632 (Tex. App.—Fort Worth 2000, pet. denied).

Conduct of a parent in the home can create an environment that endangers the
13

physical or emotional well-being of a child. J.T.G., 121 S.W.3d at 125; In re

W.S., 899 S.W.2d 772, 776 (Tex. App.—Fort Worth 1995, no writ). For

example, parental and caregiver illegal drug use and drug-related criminal

activity support the conclusion that the child’s surroundings endanger her

physical or emotional well-being. J.T.G., 121 S.W.3d at 125.

Under subsection (E), we must determine whether evidence exists that

the endangerment of the child’s physical well-being was the direct result of the

parent’s conduct, including acts, omissions, or failures to act. Id. Additionally,

termination under section 161.001(1)(E) must be based on more than a single

act or omission; a voluntary, deliberate, and conscious course of conduct by the

parent is required. TEX. FAM. CODE ANN. § 161.001(1)(E); D.T., 34 S.W.3d at

634. However, it is not necessary that the parent’s conduct be directed at the

child or that the child actually suffer injury. Boyd, 727 S.W.2d at 533; J.T.G.,

121 S.W.3d at 125.

To determine whether termination is necessary under subsection (E),

courts look to parental conduct before and after the child’s birth. J.T.G., 121

S.W.3d at 125; In re D.M., 58 S.W.3d 801, 812 (Tex. App.—Fort Worth 2001,

no pet.). A mother’s drug use during pregnancy may amount to conduct that

endangers the physical and emotional well-being of the child. J.T.G., 121

S.W.3d at 125; In re K.M.B., 91 S.W.3d 18, 25 (Tex. App.—Fort Worth 2002,
14

no pet.). Additionally, drug addiction and its effect on a parent’s life and ability

to parent may establish an endangering course of conduct as well. J.T.G., 121

S.W.3d at 125-26.

Imprisonment alone does not constitute endangering conduct, but it is a

factor that the trial court can consider on the issue of endangerment. Boyd,

727 S.W.2d at 533-34; D.M., 58 S.W.3d at 812. The State, however, does

not need to show that incarceration was a result of a course of conduct that

endangered the child; it only needs to show incarceration was a part of a

course of conduct that endangered the child. D.M., 58 S.W.3d at 812. Thus,

if the evidence, including imprisonment, proves a course of conduct that has

the effect of endangering the child, the requirement of subsection (E) is met.

Boyd, 727 S.W.2d at 533-34; D.M., 58 S.W.3d at 812.

Analysis

The evidence shows that appellant continuously abused drugs, even

during her pregnancy. Appellant began using drugs when she was sixteen and

continued doing drugs until a few months before the trial. Appellant used drugs

before and after TDFPS removed her two sons, C.L. and C.D., while pregnant

with A.L.W., and after TDFPS removed A.L.W.

Additionally, appellant had three years to participate in her service plan

and get drug treatment, but at the time of trial, appellant had just started her
15

drug treatment program, which had been one of TDFPS’s main concerns. The

record demonstrates that although appellant completed in-patient drug rehab,

she did not participate in out-patient treatment. Appellant testified that she

attended NA and AA meetings although she did not provide documentation to

Johnson or Splain. Appellant had maintained street sobriety for two to three

months before trial and testified that she voluntarily took UAs every Monday

and Friday. 

The record also demonstrates that appellant did not complete her service

plan or probation requirements, which included securing employment, obtaining

housing, and paying child support. However, appellant testified that she had

completed all of her service plan requirements except for attending NA

meetings five times a week or having a job for the required six months. She

stated that she attended NA and AA meetings from July 2006 until January or

February 2007, but she did not provide TDFPS with any documentation.

Appellant also testified that, at the time of trial, she was involved in intensive

outpatient treatment four times a week and attended NA meetings once a

week. 

Appellant also testified that she had had a job for the past two months.

She admitted that she had not worked regularly throughout A.L.W.’s case, but
4... At trial, the trial judge arranged an order for appellant to pay her child

support to the court’s registry during the afternoon recess.

16

she had been working at the 440 Ranch the past two months. At the time of

trial, appellant lived with boyfriend Wall in an apartment. She also got her GED.

Appellant had not paid child support at the time of trial, but she testified

that she had the money and tried to make payments but was told that the

account was not set up. However, Johnson testified that she did not know

what appellant was talking about and that appellant had never asked her for

help with the account.4

The record shows that appellant completed parenting classes, although

she did not attend the final review session. Appellant also completed her

psychological evaluation although did not follow through with her doctor’s

recommendations. She also admitted that she violated her service plan by

committing criminal offenses.

Additionally, the record demonstrates that every time appellant used

methamphetamines, she also engaged in criminal activity. As a result of

appellant’s criminal activity, she had been in jail or on probation before and after

A.L.W.’s birth. For example, police arrested appellant for DWI and possession

of methamphetamines in Denton County in January 2003. Appellant received

five years probation for those charges and was placed on house arrest for eight
17

months. On August 19, 2006, police arrested appellant for public lewdness;

the trial court revoked her probation and appellant went to jail until April 2005.

In September 2005, police arrested appellant for felony auto theft. Appellant

received probation and entered an inpatient drug treatment program, but the

trial court revoked her probation when she tested positive for drugs in March

2006. In November 2006, appellant’s hair follicle exam tested positive for

methamphetamines, although appellant testified that she did not use

methamphetamines; she stated that she was in a room where her friends were

using drugs. In February 2007, police arrested appellant for public intoxication

and she spent three months in jail. From A.L.W.’s birth until the time of trial,

appellant had been in jail three months of her twelve-month life for probation

violations. 

Appellant’s continuous abuse of illegal drugs threatened A.L.W.’s physical

and emotional well-being. Additionally, A.L.W. suffered from cerebral palsy and

required constant care and supervision. But see In re D.J.J., 178 S.W.3d 424,

429-30 (Tex. App.—Fort Worth 2005, no pet.) (holding evidence insufficient

to prove endangerment because there was no evidence that parent’s drug use

created a dangerous environment). Appellant testified that A.L.W.’s

prematurity was linked to her cerebral palsy, not to appellant’s drug use.

Appellant testified that she had made provisions for A.L.W. at the Scottish Rite
18

Hospital and found a retired nurse to care for her during the day. However,

Penny testified that Roger, Sandra, and appellant told her that although A.L.W.

was born premature, nothing was wrong with her. Penny stated that if A.L.W.

had received therapy before coming to her home, A.L.W. would have been

further along in her development. 

Although appellant testified that she needed more time to work on her

life, TDFPS gave appellant longer than most parents to make changes and get

her life in order, but she had continued the same cycle of drug abuse and

criminal activity. The record shows that appellant repeatedly engaged in a

voluntary, deliberate, and conscious course of conduct related to drug use,

criminal activity, unemployment, and instability. TEX. FAM. CODE ANN.

§ 161.001(1)(D), (E); D.T., 34 S.W.3d at 634. 

Based on our review of the entire record, we conclude that a factfinder

could reasonably form a firm belief or conviction that appellant (1) engaged in

conduct that endangered the physical or emotional well-being of A.L.W. and (2)

knowingly placed or knowingly allowed her child to remain in conditions or

surroundings that endangered her physical and emotional well-being. See TEX.

FAM. CODE ANN. § 161.001(1)(D), (E). Therefore, we hold that the evidence is

legally and factually sufficient to support the trial court’s findings under section

161.001(1)(D) and (E). Id.; see In re S.B., 207 S.W.3d 877, 885 (Tex.
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App.—Fort Worth 2006, no pet.). We overrule appellant’s first, second, third,

and fourth points.

Failure to Comply with Court Order 

In appellant’s fifth and sixth points, she claims that the evidence was

legally and factually insufficient to terminate her parental rights for failure to

comply with the provisions of a court order necessary to obtain the return of

A.L.W. See TEX. FAM. CODE ANN. § 161.001(1)(O). 

Only one finding under section 161.001(1) is necessary to support a

judgment of termination. Id. § 161.001(1); In re K.A.S., 131 S.W.3d 215, 225

(Tex. App.—Fort Worth 2004, pet. denied); D.M., 58 S.W.2d at 813. Because

we conclude that there is both legally and factually sufficient evidence to

support the trial court’s findings under family code section 161.001(1)(D) and

(E), we need not address appellant’s remaining points with respect to the trial

court’s finding under section 161.001(1)(O). TEX. FAM. CODE ANN.

§ 161.001(1)(D), (E), (O); see TEX. R. APP. P. 47.1; K.A.S., 131 S.W.3d at 225.

Appellant’s Objection to the State’s Standing to Contest Her Indigency

In her seventh point, appellant argues that the trial court erred in

overruling her objection to the State’s standing to contest her indigency for

purposes of appointment of appellate counsel and a free reporter’s record. 
20

Because the trial court found appellant indigent, appointed appellate

counsel, and ordered a free reporter’s record, appellant’s issue on appeal is

moot. Valley Baptist Med. Ctr. v. Gonzalez, 33 S.W.3d 821, 822 (Tex. 2000).

To avoid issuing an advisory opinion, we do not address appellant’s seventh

point. Id.; see also In re D.D.J., 136 S.W.3d 305, 315 (Tex. App.—Fort Worth

2004, no pet.).

Conclusion

Having overruled all of appellant’s dispositive points, we affirm the trial

court’s judgment.

TERRIE LIVINGSTON

JUSTICE

PANEL F: LIVINGSTON, WALKER, and MCCOY, JJ.

DELIVERED: April 17, 2008