NOT RECOMMENDED FOR FULL-TEXT PUBLICATION

File Name: 07a0097n.06

Filed: February 8, 2007

No. 05-3782

UNITED STATES COURT OF APPEALS

FOR THE SIXTH CIRCUIT

UNITED STATES OF AMERICA,

Plaintiff-Appellant,

v.

JOHN A. FUSON,

Defendant-Appellee.

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ON APPEAL FROM THE

UNITED STATES DISTRICT

COURT FOR THE NORTHERN

DISTRICT OF OHIO

O P I N I O N

BEFORE: DAUGHTREY, COLE, and GIBBONS, Circuit Judges.

R. GUY COLE, JR., Circuit Judge. The Government appeals the sentence the district

court imposed on John Fuson after he pleaded guilty to one count of being a felon in possession of

a firearm under 18 U.S.C. § 922(g)(1). The recommended sentence under the United States

Sentencing Guidelines was twenty-four to thirty months in prison. The district court sentenced

Fuson to five years of probation (six months of which required home confinement) and imposed a

fine of $2000. On appeal, the Government argues that (1) the district court incorrectly applied the

Sentencing Guidelines’ departure criteria in reaching this sentence, and (2) even if viewed as a nonGuidelines departure under 18 U.S.C. § 3553(a) (in which case the district court has greater

discretion), the sentence is both procedurally and substantively unreasonable. For the following
No. 05-3782

USA v. Fuson

Some of this background information is discussed in this Court’s prior decision in this case, 1

United States v. Fuson (Fuson I), 116 F. App’x 588 (6th Cir. 2004).

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reasons, we conclude that the sentence is a non-Guidelines departure under § 3553(a) that is

procedurally and substantively reasonable. We therefore AFFIRM the district court.

I. BACKGROUND1

In September 2001, Fuson’s wife purchased a seventy-five-year-old handgun at an antique

show with the intent to resell the gun for profit. Shortly after she purchased the gun, Fuson allegedly

expressed his objection to it and mentioned that he was not supposed to have weapons in the house

due to his prior felony convictions. The gun nonetheless remained in the house for the next four

months. 

In January 2002, police found the gun while searching Fuson’s residence in connection with

a warrant unrelated to the antique weapon. When the gun was found, it was in a closet and in the

same case that it was in when Fuson’s wife purchased it. The gun was not loaded, but there was

ammunition elsewhere in the house. Fuson told authorities that neither he nor his family members

had ever fired the gun. 

A background check revealed that Fuson was a convicted felon. He had previously pleaded

guilty to the following three counts of drug trafficking under Ohio law: (1) selling a half ounce of

marijuana for $90 to a confidential informant on August 3, 1996; (2) exchanging 0.69 grams of

marijuana for three cartons of cigarettes (worth about $75) with a confidential informant on October

23, 1998; and (3) exchanging one-eighth of an ounce of marijuana for three cartons of cigarettes with
No. 05-3782

USA v. Fuson

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a confidential informant on October 24, 1998. Additionally, Fuson had pleaded guilty to driving

under the influence on two occasions, once in 1993 and once in 1994.

The Government charged Fuson under 18 U.S.C. § 922(g)(1) for being a felon in possession

of a firearm, and he pleaded guilty on July 22, 2003. After his plea but before beginning his

sentence, Fuson voluntarily sought drug-abuse treatment at his own expense. 

The district court held a sentencing hearing on December 12, 2003. The Pre-Sentence

Investigation Report (PSR) concluded that under the Sentencing Guidelines Fuson’s Criminal

History Category was II and his base offense level was seventeen. This calculation resulted in a

sentencing range of twenty-seven to thirty-three months. The parties did not object to the PSR, but

the district court departed downward from this range, invoking Guidelines departure provisions and

explaining that it relied on the following bases for departure: Fuson is a productive citizen in

business with his daughter’s boyfriend; he supports his wife and three children; he voluntarily sought

drug-abuse treatment at his own expense and has not had a relapse since he began treatment; the gun

was an antique, had never been fired, and was purchased for collection purposes only; and a small

amount of marijuana formed the basis for his predicate felony offenses. Although the court gave

these reasons orally, the written statement of reasons for the departure contained only the following:

“Over the objections of the government, the court determined that the defendant’s Criminal History

Category was overstated. Further, the court departed eight levels based upon the finding that his case

is outside the heartland of the guidelines, pursuant to U.S.S.G. 4A1.3.” After accounting for this

departure, the court sentenced Fuson to five years of probation (with the first six months to be served

through home detention) and fined him $2000. The Government timely appealed.
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On November 16, 2004, this Court vacated the sentence and remanded for re-sentencing,

holding that (1) the district court’s written order neither adequately explained nor justified the

departure and therefore violated 18 U.S.C. § 3553(c)(2); and (2) the court’s oral explanation did not

support the departure because (a) the court’s determination that the PSR overstated Fuson’s criminal

history would allow for onlya one-level downward departure from Category IIto I, not an eight-level

downward departure in offense level; (b) many of the court’s reasons for departure under the

Guidelines’ departure provisions were foreclosed by this Circuit’s cases or the Guidelines

themselves; and (c) the court considered factors that the Guidelines deem “not ordinarily relevant”

(e.g., employment history) but did not explain, as it was required to do, how these factors were

“present to an exceptional degree or in some other way made the case different from the ordinary

case where the factor is present.” See Fuson I, 116 F. App’x at 590-91. Shortly after this decision,

but before the district court re-sentenced Fuson, the United States Supreme Court decided United

States v. Booker, 543 U.S. 220 (2005), which held that the Guidelines are not mandatory but only

advisory. 

On May 16, 2005, the district court conducted another sentencing hearing. The court again

considered the original PSR, which concluded that Fuson’s Criminal History Category was II and

his offense level was seventeen. The court again concluded that Criminal History Category II

overstated Fuson’s criminal history and determined it should be Category I. Fuson’s offense level

and Criminal History Category correlated to a Guidelines range of twenty-fourto thirtymonths. The

Government agreed that a sentence in this range would be reasonable, and it requested such a

sentence. The court then stated it believed “it would be appropriate to deviate from the guideline
No. 05-3782

USA v. Fuson

Although the record is not clear on this comment, we presume it to mean Fuson could not 2

be prosecuted for possessing an antique firearm under 18 U.S.C. § 921. The Government does not

dispute the district court’s comment.

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range.” The court indicated that it planned to impose the same sentence it imposed before, and the

probation officer stated that the corresponding Guidelines offense level for that sentence (considering

a Criminal History Category I) would be ten. The court responded that “the appropriate sentence in

this case is at the level 10.” 

The court then provided its reasons for imposing the lesser sentence, noting that “the nature

and circumstances of this particular offense justify, if indeed they do not compel, a result that is more

lenient than the guidelines would mandate.” Similar to Fuson’s first sentencing, the court recounted

certain factors, including that Fuson’s wife bought the gun, it was not bought to further criminal

conduct, and it was kept in a closet. The court further noted that although “a fair amount of

ammunition at some point . . . had been acquired by someone,” had the gun been a year older, “we

would not be here.”2

The court turned again to the nature of the particular offense: “I think of all these kinds of

cases, this is one where the nature and the circumstances of how the offense occurred and the fact

that this was essentially constructive possession justify a deviation or variance from the guidelines.”

At this point, the court noted that Fuson’s record was “unblemished” since his marijuana-trafficking

conviction seven years earlier, and no contraband was found in his house during the search that

turned up the gun. The court further noted that Fuson “is working, supporting the family,” and

although the court recognized “that normally is not a basis for a departure or deviation,” it at least
No. 05-3782

USA v. Fuson

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“suggests . . . a lenient sentence is appropriate.” The court next explained that the punishment was

just; that there probably would be a general deterrent effect on those who know the sentencing risk

to which Fuson was exposed; and that the public was never in danger. The court acknowledged that

although Fuson’s sentence “will have the effect of creating some disparity between the defendant

and other people convicted of this offense,” the court believed this disparity was justified here

because of “the nature and circumstances of this offense in comparison with those and other cases

of this sort being brought by the Government.” Finally, the court noted there was no issue of

restitution. The court ultimately imposed the original sentence of five years of probation (including

six months of home confinement) and a $2000 fine. The Government now appeals. 

II. DISCUSSION

A. Standard of Review

After Booker, which rendered the Sentencing Guidelines advisory for all criminal cases,

district courts have enhanced discretion when sentencing criminal defendants. United States v.

Jackson, 408 F.3d 301, 304 (6th Cir. 2005) (citation omitted). Ultimately, however, Booker requires

that the sentence the district court imposes be reasonable. Id. Both district courts imposing

sentences and appellate courts reviewing sentences are to be guided by the factors set forth in 18

U.S.C. § 3553(a). Id. Section 3553(a) instructs a district court to impose “a sentence sufficient, but

not greater than necessary, to comply with the purposes set forth in [§ 3553(a)(2)].” United States

v. Collington, 461 F.3d 805, 807 (6th Cir. 2006). Under § 3553(a), the district court should consider

the seriousness of the offense, deterrence of future crimes, protection of the public from future

crimes of the defendant, and providing the defendant with needed training or correctional treatment.
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Id. (citing § 3553(a)(2)). The court should also consider the nature and circumstances of the

defendant, the kinds of sentences available, the sentencing Guideline range, policy statements from

the Sentencing Commission, the need to avoid sentencing disparities, and the need to provide

restitution to the victims. Id. at 807 n.1 (citing § 3553(a)(1), (3)-(7)). Thus, under this new

sentencing scheme, district courts are required to considerthe applicable Guideline sentencing range

when arriving at a defendant’s sentence, see § 3553(a)(4), but as only one factor of several laid out

in § 3553(a). Jackson, 408 F.3d at 304; see also United States v. McBride, 434 F.3d 470, 476 (6th

Cir. 2006) (“Once the appropriate advisory Guideline range is calculated, the district court throws

this ingredient into the section 3553(a) mix.”). We review a district court’s imposition of a sentence

for reasonableness with an eye toward those same § 3553(a) factors. Jackson, 408 F.3d at 304. 

B. “Non-Guidelines Departure” Under § 3553(a)

Before Booker, under the mandatory Guideline system, a defendant’s only hope of a lesser

sentence was a Guideline-based downward departure. McBride, 434 F.3d at 476. These Guidelinebased departures were very limited. See id. (“In contrast to the sentencing scheme before Booker

when a sentence outside the mandatory guideline range was permitted only on very limited grounds,

there are now more sentencing variables.”) (citation omitted). The Government argues that Fuson’s

sentence “appears to be the product of a departure under the Sentencing Guidelines,” (Appellant’s

Br. 19-20), as opposed to a “non-Guidelines sentence under § 3553(a),” (id. 26). In short, according

to the Government, the district court departed under the Guidelines and was therefore required to

depart in the limited ways enumerated in the Guidelines. Thus, the Government argues, the district
No. 05-3782

USA v. Fuson

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court “recommitted the same Guidelines errors it committed when it initially sentenced Fuson.” (Id.

19-20.)

We conclude, however, that Fuson’s sentence was not the result of a Guideline-based

departure; rather, it was a now-typical § 3553(a) sentence, also known as a “non-Guideline

departure,” “deviation,” or “variance.” See, e.g., United States v. Cousins, 469 F.3d 572, 577 (6th

Cir. 2006) (“We often refer to Non-Guideline departures as ‘variances.’”); United States v. Davis,

458 F.3d 491, 497 (6th Cir. 2006) (noting that a factor the district court considered “did not authorize

a “downward departure” under the Guidelines, but separately addressing whether the factor

authorizes a “variance” under § 3553(a)). As discussed further below, the district court plainly

imposed Fuson’s sentence by considering the § 3553(a) factors and not simply the Guideline

departures. The district court even stated that Fuson’s sentence amounted to a “variance” from the

Guidelines. (See, e.g., J.A. 98 (“I think of all these kinds of cases, this is one where the nature and

the circumstances of how the offense occurred . . . justify a deviation or variance from the

guidelines.” (emphasis added)).) And although the district court remarked that “the appropriate

sentence in this case is at the level 10,” (id. 96), we conclude the court was merely indicating (albeit

unnecessarily) where the sentence would fall if it were derived from the Guidelines. The court was

not, as the Government contends, “recommitting” the same Guideline-departure errors we found in

Fuson I. 

C. Reasonableness

The government further contends that even as a non-Guidelines sentence under § 3553(a),

Fuson’s sentence is unreasonable, both procedurally and substantively. We disagree.
No. 05-3782

USA v. Fuson

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1. Procedural Reasonableness

A sentence may be procedurally unreasonable if the district court fails to consider the

applicable Guidelines range or neglects to consider the other factors listed in § 3553(a) and instead

simply selects what the court deems an appropriate sentence. Collington, 461 F.3d at 808 (citing

United States v. Webb, 403 F.3d 373, 383 (6th Cir. 2005)). Here, the district court correctly

calculated the Guidelines range of twenty-four to thirty months, and the Government conceded that

this range was reasonable. The court then independently considered and faithfully applied the §

3553(a) factors, specifically discussing the nature and circumstances of the offense and Fuson’s

history and characteristics (see § 3553(a)(1)); the need for the sentence imposed to provide just

punishment (see § 3553(a)(2)(A)), to afford adequate deterrence (see § 3553(a)(2)(B)), and to protect

the public (see § 3553(a)(2)(C)); the need to avoid unwarranted sentencing disparities (see §

3553(a)(6)); and the need to provide restitution (see § 3553(a)(7)). For procedural reasonableness,

this is all that we require. See Davis, 458 F.3d at 495 (noting that sentence “satisfies each of [the]

procedural requirements and indeed can fairly be described as a thorough application of the §

3553(a) factors” where the judge used the appropriate version of the Guidelines and correctly

calculated the Guidelines range, considered the availability of Guidelines departures, and

independently considered and faithfully applied each of the § 3553(a) factors); see also Collington,

461 F.3d at 809 (sentence was procedurally reasonable even though district court did not explicitly
No. 05-3782

USA v. Fuson

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name each of the § 3553(a) factors it used to arrive at the sentence). We therefore conclude the

district court imposed a procedurally reasonable sentence.

2. Substantive Reasonableness

When a district court considers the relevant § 3553(a) factors in depth and reaches its

determination that the appropriate sentence varies from the advisory Guidelines range, we are

reluctant to find the sentence unreasonable. Id. at 811. Nonetheless, a sentence may be considered

substantively unreasonable when the district court selects the sentence arbitrarily, bases the sentence

on impermissible factors, fails to consider pertinent § 3553(a) factors, or gives an unreasonable

amount of weight to any pertinent factor. Id. at 808 (citing Webb, 403 F.3d at 383). When the

district court independently chooses to deviate from the advisory Guidelines range (whether above

or below it), we apply a form of proportionality review: “[T]he farther the judge’s sentence departs

from the guidelines sentence . . . the more compelling the justification based on factors in section

3553(a)” must be. Davis, 458 F.3d at 496 (citations omitted). 

Davis and Collington guide our decision here. In Davis, we held that a district court’s

downward variance from the Guidelines was substantively unreasonable. Id. at 500. There, a jury

convicted the defendant of bank fraud, and the district court determined the Guidelines sentencing

range to be thirty to thirty-seven months. Id. at 494. Under § 3553(a), the district court imposed a

lower sentence, relying heavily on three factors: the defendant was seventy years old, fourteen years

had elapsed since he committed the offense, and the offense was a white-collar crime. See id. The

sentence amounted to one day in prison, three years of supervised release (including one year of

home confinement) and 100 hours of community service. Id. at 495.
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This Court vacated the sentence, concluding it was substantively unreasonable. The Court

noted that the one-day prison sentence amounted to an extraordinary variance from the Guidelines

range of thirty to thirty-seven months and that the circumstances did not justify that variance. First,

the Court explained that the fourteen-year gap between conviction and sentence did not support such

a dramatically reduced sentence “and indeed may not support a variance at all” because “[t]ime

intervals of this sort appear nowhere in” the list of § 3553(a) factors. Id. at 497. Second, the Court

noted that although Booker gives the district court “a freer hand to account for [disfavored

sentencing factors such as] the defendant’s age in its sentencing calculus under § 3553(a) than it had

before Booker,” the defendant’s age did not warrant the one-day sentence where the defendant’s

fraud caused over $900,000 in losses, he did not repay the lost money, he did not accept

responsibility for his crime, and he had yet to show remorse. The Court also explained that the

sentence left no room to make reasoned distinctions between the defendant’s sentence and sentences

more worthy defendants may deserve. See id. at 499. Third, the Court rejected the district court’s

reliance on the white-collar nature of the crime to reduce the sentence, explaining that “[o]ne of the

central reasons for creating the sentencing guidelines . . . was to ensure stiffer penalties for whitecollar crime and to eliminate disparities between white-collar sentences and sentences for other

crimes.” Id. Thus, although the Court recognized that the district court “retains ample discretion

to grant [the defendant] a variance on this record,” the one-day sentence on these “less-thanextraordinary facts” was unreasonable. Id. at 500.

In Collington, on the other hand, we upheld a district court’s downward variance from the

Guidelines. There, the defendant pleaded guilty to possession of over fifty grams of crack cocaine
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USA v. Fuson

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with intent to distribute; being a felon in possession of a firearm; and unlawful possession of a

machine gun. 461 F.3d at 806. The district court determined the Guideline sentencing range would

be 188 to 235 months. Id. at 807. The district court then varied downward from this range based

on the defendant’s (1) criminal history (he had been imprisoned for only seven months before this

crime and this incident was the first time this quantity of drugs and guns had been found in his

possession); (2) family history (his father was murdered when the defendant was nine years old, and

the defendant’s mother died of cancer two yearslater); and (3) age (the defendant was young enough

that he might reform and lead a productive life when released from prison in his mid-thirties). Id.

at 809. Considering these factors, the district court sentenced the defendant to 120 months’

imprisonment with five years of supervised release. Noting that the district court “couched all of its

reasons for [the defendant’s] sentence in the factors listed in section 3553(a)” and did not “assign

an unreasonable amount of weight to any of the factors it considered,” this Court upheld the sentence

as substantively reasonable. 

We conclude Fuson’s sentence is substantively reasonable. In contrast to the district court

in Davis, which relied heavily (and nearly exclusively) on disfavored or improper sentencing factors

(time lapse before sentence, age of the defendant, and the white-collar nature of the crime), the

district court here relied more on the “nature and circumstances” of the offense and properly

considered “history and characteristics of the defendant” under § 3553(a)(1), noting certain

particularly unique factors: Fuson’s wife bought the gun, which was an antique; it was not bought

for any criminal purpose; and Fuson’s criminal record, comprised of relatively minor predicate

offenses, was unblemished for the past seven years. The court’s application of the § 3553(a) factors
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USA v. Fuson

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here was thus akin to the district court’s reasonable sentence in Collington. And although the district

court remarked that Fuson was working and supporting his family, the court did not rely heavily on

this factor, even noting that it was disfavored. The district court retains discretion to give such

disfavored factors some weight. See, e.g., Davis 458 F.3d at 498 (district court has a “freer hand”

to consider disfavored factors); Jackson, 408 F.3d at 305 n.3 (“To the extent that the district court

in resentencing relies on any factors [that] are deemed by the Guidelines to be prohibited or

discouraged . . . , the district court will need to address these provisions and decide what weight, if

any, to afford them in light of Booker.”). Had the court relied heavily on improper factors, such as

Fuson’s family situation, our task would be more difficult. In sum, although we deem this case to

approach the boundary of the district court’s broader sentencing discretion under Booker, it does not

cross the line. 

III. CONCLUSION

For the foregoing reasons, we AFFIRM the sentence imposed by district court. 
No. 05-3782

USA v. Fuson

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JULIA SMITH GIBBONS, Circuit Judge, concurring. While determining that Fuson’s

sentence is procedurally reasonable is relatively easy, it is far less obvious that the sentence is

substantively reasonable. Nevertheless, after much consideration, I join the majority opinion’s

conclusion that the sentence should be affirmed. In reaching this result, an important point for me

is that six months home confinement was imposed as a condition of probation; another is that

Fuson’s period of supervision is the maximum permitted by statute. Yet, other factors counsel

against a determination of substantive reasonableness in my mind. Many defendants charged with

violations of 18 U.S.C. § 922(g) evidence no intent to use the weapon in a violent manner, support

their families, and have not been in trouble for a long time. It is hard for me to see why this

defendant was deserving of a very lenient sentence, while others similarly situated have served

prison sentences. I must acknowledge, however, that district courts post-Booker have sentencing

discretion that in some circumstances permitssuch disparity. And I agree with the majority that this

case differs from Davis, in which our court found a one-day sentence based on the defendant’s age,

white-collar offense, and the passage of time substantively unreasonable. I therefore concur,

agreeing that the sentence does not cross the boundary line of a district court’s broader sentencing

discretion under Booker.