IN THE

TENTH COURT OF APPEALS

No. 10-07-00313-CR

GARY WAYNE WILLOUGHBY,

Appellant

v.

THE STATE OF TEXAS,

Appellee

From the 54th District Court

McLennan County, Texas

Trial Court No. 2007-923-C2

MEMORANDUM OPINION

Appellant Gary Wayne Willoughby was convicted of burglary of a habitation 

and sentenced to life in prison after the jury found true two enhancement paragraphs

for prior habitation burglaries. Raising four issues, he appeals. We will affirm.

Willoughby’s first two issues complain that the trial court erred in failing to sua 

sponte charge the jury on the lesser-included offenses of theft and criminal trespass. 

Willoughby neither requested these charges nor objected to their omission. The trial 

court need not submit a lesser-included instruction sua sponte if neither side requests 
Willoughby v. State Page 2

one or objects to its omission. See Delgado v. State, 235 S.W.3d 244, 249-50 (Tex. Crim. 

App. 2007). Moreover, the defense may not claim error successfully on appeal due to 

the omission of a lesser-included offense if the defense did not request one. Id. at 250. 

Accordingly, the trial court was not required to give the lesser-included instructions to 

the jury sua sponte, and we overrule Willoughby’s first and second issues. See Mashburn 

v. State, 272 S.W.3d 1, 15 (Tex. App.—Fort Worth 2008, pet. ref’d).

Willoughby’s third issue asserts that the evidence is legally and factually 

insufficient to establish the intent to commit theft. When reviewing a challenge to the 

legal sufficiency of the evidence to establish the elements of a penal offense, we must 

determine whether, after viewing all the evidence in the light most favorable to the 

verdict, any rational trier of fact could have found the essential elements of the offense 

beyond a reasonable doubt. See Jackson v. Virginia, 443 U.S. 307, 318-19, 99 S.Ct. 2781, 

2789, 61 L.Ed.2d 560 (1979). Our duty is to determine if the finding of the trier of fact is 

rational by viewing all of the evidence admitted at trial in the light most favorable to the 

verdict. Adelman v. State, 828 S.W.2d 418, 422 (Tex. Crim. App. 1992). In doing so, any 

inconsistencies in the evidence are resolved in favor of the verdict. Curry v. State, 30 

S.W.3d 394, 406 (Tex. Crim. App. 2000).

In a factual sufficiency review, we ask whether a neutral review of all the 

evidence, though legally sufficient, demonstrates either that the proof of guilt is so 

weak or that conflicting evidence is so strong as to render the factfinder’s verdict clearly 

wrong and manifestly unjust. Watson v. State, 204 S.W.3d. 404, 414-15 (Tex. Crim. App. 

2006); Johnson v. State, 23 S.W.3d 1, 11 (Tex. Crim. App. 2000). “The court reviews the 
Willoughby v. State Page 3

evidence weighed by the jury that tends to prove the existence of the elemental fact in 

dispute and compares it with the evidence that tends to disprove that fact.” Johnson, 23 

S.W.3d at 7. The appellate court “does not indulge in inferences or confine its view to 

evidence favoring one side of the case. Rather, it looks at all the evidence on both sides 

and then makes a predominantly intuitive judgment. . . .” Id. (quoting William Powers 

and Jack Ratliff, Another Look at “No Evidence” and “Insufficient Evidence,” 69 TEXAS L.

REV. 515, 519 (1991)). The nature of a factual sufficiency review authorizes an appellate 

court, although to a very limited degree, to act as the so-called “thirteenth juror” to 

review the factfinder’s weighing of the evidence and disagree with the factfinder’s 

determination. Watson, 204 S.W.3d at 416-17.

The indictment charged Willoughby with entering the habitation of the 

complainant, Adele Hanus, a 79-year-old woman, without her effective consent and 

with the intent to commit theft. A person commits the offense of burglary by entering a 

habitation without the effective consent of the owner, with the intent to commit a felony 

or theft. TEX. PEN. CODE ANN. § 30.02(a)(1) (Vernon 2003). The requisite specific intent 

to commit theft can be inferred from a defendant’s conduct and remarks and from all 

surrounding circumstances. See Robertson v. State, 871 S.W.2d 701, 705 (Tex. Crim. App. 

1993). “In a burglary prosecution, the intent to commit theft may be inferred from 

circumstantial evidence.” Moreno v. State, 702 S.W.2d 636, 641 (Tex. Crim. App. 1986), 

disapproved on other grounds by Hall v. State, 225 S.W.3d 524 (Tex. Crim. App. 2007); see 

Roane v. State, 959 S.W.2d 387, 388 (Tex. App.—Houston [14th Dist.] 1998, pet. ref’d); 

Linder v. State, 828 S.W.2d 290, 294 (Tex. App.—Houston [1st Dist.] 1992, pet. ref’d). 
Willoughby v. State Page 4

Furthermore, immediate flight from a scene can be considered evidence of 

consciousness of guilt. See Fentis v. State, 582 S.W.2d 779 (Tex. Crim. App. 1976).

Hanus was on the phone in the hallway of her home when Willoughby, whom 

she had not given consent to be there, walked out of the back bedroom and past her and 

the bathroom, clutching a bag. She told him to return, and he exclaimed that he only 

wanted to use the bathroom. He fled on his bicycle, dropping a crowbar and some of 

Hanus’s property, yet he escaped with jewelry, a pillow case, and other personal effects, 

including Hanus’s deceased husband’s identification. Willoughby had gone through 

the back bedroom’s closet, chest of drawers, and jewelry boxes. Police located 

Willoughby soon on his bicycle, but he refused to stop, then did stop only to ride off 

when the officer stopped his patrol car and was getting out of it. After police detained 

Willoughby, Hanus identified him in a lineup.

Willoughby’s contention on appeal is that the evidence is insufficient to establish 

that he formed the intent to commit theft before he entered Hanus’s home, based on the 

evidence that he told Hanus that he only wanted to use the bathroom. But the evidence 

shows that he entered her home carrying a bag and a crowbar, went through the back 

bedroom, emptying out jewelry boxes and going through a closet and drawers, and fled 

from Hanus and the police.

Viewing the evidence in the light most favorable to the verdict, we find that a 

rational trier of fact could have found beyond a reasonable doubt that Willoughby 

entered Hanus’s home with the intent to commit theft. Other than Willoughby’s 

statement that he entered her home only to use the bathroom, there was no other 
Willoughby v. State Page 5

controverting evidence, and the jury was free to disbelieve Willoughby’s explanation to 

Hanus for being in her home. And considering all of the evidence in a neutral light, we 

find that the evidence is factually sufficient. The proof of guilt is not so weak nor the 

conflicting evidence so strong as to render the jury’s verdict clearly wrong and 

manifestly unjust. Because the evidence is legally and factually sufficient, we overrule 

Willoughby’s third issue.

In his fourth issue, Willoughby asserts that the trial court’s instruction in the 

punishment charge that the jury should not let “sympathy” affect its deliberations and 

verdict is constitutional error that caused egregious harm in this non-capital case. We 

have recently decided this issue against Willoughby’s position and see no occasion to 

revisit our ruling. See Wilson v. State, 267 S.W.3d 215, 219-20 (Tex. App.—Waco 2008, 

pet. ref’d) (citing Saffle v. Parks, 494 U.S. 484, 489, 110 S.Ct. 1257, 1260-61, 108 L.Ed.2d 

415 (1990) (holding that jurors need not “be allowed to base the sentencing decision 

upon the sympathy they feel for the defendant after hearing his mitigating evidence.”)). 

Willoughby’s fourth issue is overruled.

We affirm the trial court’s judgment.

REX D. DAVIS

Justice

Before Chief Justice Gray,

Justice Reyna, and

Justice Davis

Affirmed

Opinion delivered and filed August 12, 2009

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