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Case No. 15-5159

UNITED STATES COURT OF APPEALS

FOR THE SIXTH CIRCUIT

JOHN F. WEARY, JR.,

Creditor-Appellant,

v.

STEPHANIE RENEE POTEAT,

Debtor-Appellee.

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ON APPEAL FROM THE 

UNITED STATES DISTRICT 

COURT FOR THE EASTERN 

DISTRICT OF TENNESSEE

M E M O R A N D U M

O P I N I O N

BEFORE: MERRITT, McKEAGUE and WHITE, Circuit Judges.

McKEAGUE, Circuit Judge. This is an appeal from a district court judgment affirming 

the bankruptcy court’s order finding creditor John F. Weary, Jr. in contempt for violating the 

automatic bankruptcy stay and awarding debtor Stephanie Poteat actual and punitive damages. 

On appeal, Weary contends the bankruptcy court erred by failing to recognize that his actions 

came within the criminal prosecution exception to the automatic stay. Weary’s arguments are 

unavailing. We affirm. 

I

Appellant John F. Weary, Jr., was in a landlord-tenant relationship with Stephanie Poteat. 

She defaulted in her rent payments and moved out of the rental property in Hendersonville, 

Tennessee in May 2012. In January 2013, Weary sent a letter to Poteat’s parents’ address raising 
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the possibility of a criminal prosecution unless Poteat delivered to him a cashier’s check for 

$13,000. Weary filed a civil action against Poteat in Tennessee state court in March 2013, 

claiming $24,999.99 in damages. A month later, Poteat filed a Chapter 7 bankruptcy petition. 

After Weary received notice of the bankruptcy filing and the accompanying automatic stay under 

11 U.S.C. § 362(a) in May 2013, he sent letters to both Poteat’s bankruptcy attorney and Poteat’s 

mother, who had served as a reference when her daughter entered into the lease agreement. The 

letters, quoted at length in the district court’s opinion, acknowledged that Weary could no longer 

pursue remedies in the civil action, but expressed his intention to pursue criminal charges against 

Poteat which, the letters insisted, would turn out to be far more costly for her.

In response, Poteat moved the bankruptcy court to hold Weary in contempt for violating 

the automatic stay. The bankruptcy court conducted a hearing on the motion in December 2013, 

receiving testimony from Weary, Poteat, and Poteat’s mother before issuing its ruling from the 

bench. The court noted that the automatic stay prohibits creditors from engaging in “any act to 

collect, assess, or recover a claim against the debtor that arose before the commencement of the 

case.” R. 1-36, Bench Opinion Tr. at 8, Page ID 357 (quoting 11 U.S.C. § 362(a)(6)). The court 

noted that the stay is designed to give debtors “a breathing spell from collection efforts,” id. 

(quoting In re Printup, 264 B.R. 169, 173 (Bankr. E.D. Tenn. 2001)), and although it does not 

prohibit all communications from a creditor to a debtor, a stay violation is made out by actions 

that are coercive or harassing in nature. Id. at 11, Page ID 360. The bankruptcy court found 

“that there was no purpose to be served by [Weary’s] sending the letters . . . other than to 

threaten, harass and intimidate the Debtor in an effort to coerce her into paying him.” Id. at 12, 

Page ID 361. The court further found that Weary acted “willfully,” i.e., with knowledge of the 

bankruptcy stay. Id. at 10–11, Page ID 359–60. 
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In defense of his actions, Weary, through counsel, invoked 11 U.S.C. § 362(b)(1), which 

excepts from the operation of the automatic stay “the commencement or continuation of a 

criminal action or proceeding against the debtor.” Weary thus argued that his letters, 

communicating his intent to pursue criminal prosecution, came within the exception. The 

bankruptcy court acknowledged the criminal prosecution exception, but observed that Weary’s 

letters were not in the nature of a criminal prosecution, but communicated a “threat” to pursue 

prosecution. The court found that “the spirit and motivation behind those letters, irrespective of 

Mr. Weary’s testimony to the contrary, clearly establish that those letters had only one purpose, 

to harass and coerce the Debtor into paying Mr. Weary’s claim.” R. 1-36, Bench Opinion Tr. at 

13, Page ID 362.

Having found a willful violation of the stay, the bankruptcy court recognized that Poteat 

was entitled to an award of her actual damages, including costs and attorneys’ fees, and that 

assessment of punitive damages is allowable “in appropriate circumstances.” 11 U.S.C.

§ 362(k)(1). The bankruptcy court considered various factors, including Weary’s sophistication, 

ability to pay, and demeanor, which the court characterized as reflecting open defiance of the 

stay. Remarking that “[t]his, frankly, is the most egregious automatic stay case that I’ve heard 

since I’ve been on the bench and I’ve been on the bench a long time,” the court imposed punitive 

damages in the amount of $7500. R. 1-36, Bench Opinion at 15–16, Page ID 364–65. 

On appeal to the district court, Weary asserted the same legal arguments that he raises 

here. Weary did not challenge the bankruptcy court’s fact findings or its exercise of discretion in 

imposing punitive damages. His appeal was limited to claimed legal error: that the bankruptcy 

court erroneously applied an “expanded interpretation” of the § 362(b)(1) criminal prosecution 

exception. Weary argued that the bankruptcy court erred by considering the purpose for which 
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Weary intended to pursue criminal charges against Poteat. The district court acknowledged that 

there is a split of authority on whether a party’s motivation for pursuing criminal prosecution is 

relevant to determining the applicability of the exception. The court correctly concluded, 

however, that the split of authority was immaterial to the bankruptcy court’s ruling. The court 

explained that the bankruptcy court did not hold Weary outside the protection of the exception 

because his intention to pursue criminal charges was motivated by desire to collect the debt owed 

him, but rather because Weary’s letters, which were not in furtherance of any criminal 

prosecution,1 were a thinly veiled attempt to coerce payment of the debt, violating Poteat’s 

“breathing spell” from collection efforts.

The district court also rejected Weary’s argument that punishing him for communicating 

his intent to pursue criminal charges had an impermissible chilling effect on his First 

Amendment right to petition for redress of grievances. The court correctly explained that the 

automatic stay does not restrain Weary’s freedom to pursue criminal charges with the local 

governmental authorities, but it does restrain his freedom, as a creditor, to communicate a threat 

to the debtor, based on the possibility of criminal prosecution, in order to induce payment:

In this case, appellant was never prohibited from filing a police report, 

speaking with prosecutors, or otherwise petitioning the government to commence 

a criminal action against appellee, and the bankruptcy court’s sanctions did not 

punish him for such conduct. Rather, appellant was punished for engaging in 

prohibited acts to collect on appellee’s debt. Accordingly, appellant’s First 

Amendment right to petition the government for redress of grievances was not 

violated in this case. 

R. 11, Opinion at 12, Page ID 435.

 

1

In fact, no criminal prosecution was then or ever commenced or continued.
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II

Inasmuch as Weary’s claims on appeal present purely questions of law, we review de 

novo. In re Global Technovations, Inc., 694 F.3d 705, 714–15 (6th Cir. 2012). On de novo 

review of the bankruptcy court’s ruling, as affirmed by the district court, we find no error. 

Weary has presented no argument on appeal that is not adequately and correctly resolved by the 

district court rulings. 

The rulings may be succinctly summarized as follows. First, the bankruptcy court found 

that the purpose of Weary’s offending letters was to coerce payment of the debt. Weary has not 

challenged this finding on appeal, only its materiality. 

Second, the bankruptcy court found that Weary sent the letters with knowledge of the 

automatic bankruptcy stay. Weary has not challenged this finding either. 

Third, the bankruptcy court held the criminal prosecution exception inapplicable because 

Weary’s letters to Poteat’s lawyer and mother were not a “commencement or continuation of a 

criminal action or proceeding.” Weary does not argue otherwise; rather, he contends his letters 

were expressions of intent to exercise his right to pursue charges that could result in 

commencement of a criminal action. Yet, because the communications indisputably did not 

advance criminal prosecution and, therefore, do not come within the plain language of the 

exception; and because the communications were found to be a threat whose purpose was to 

induce payment, a finding of fact Weary has not directly challenged, they clearly ran afoul of the 

plain language of the automatic stay, prohibiting “any act to collect, assess, or recover a claim 

against the debtor that arose before the commencement of the [bankruptcy] case.” 11 U.S.C. 

§ 362(a)(6). Hence, the bankruptcy court did not need to reach Weary’s main argument, i.e., that 

the criminal prosecution exception should be applied irrespective of the purpose for the 
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prosecution. Here, there simply is no act in furtherance of “commencement or continuation of a 

criminal action or proceeding” whose purpose could be considered. Weary’s argument that the 

bankruptcy court improperly considered the purpose for his letters in holding the criminal 

prosecution exception inapplicable is mere sophistry. 

Fourth, the bankruptcy court found that the circumstances of this case—i.e., the 

willfulness of the violation and Weary’s manifest defiance of the stay—justified award of 

punitive damages in addition to actual damages. Again, Weary has not challenged these 

findings. 

Fifth, Weary’s argument that the bankruptcy court’s order impermissibly chills his First 

Amendment rights was rejected by the district court.2 Weary cites no authority for the 

proposition that enforcing the automatic stay by punishing him for “declaring his intention” (i.e., 

threatening) to pursue charges impermissibly chills his right to petition for redress. Nor has he 

explained how his right to legitimately pursue charges with local prosecutorial authorities was or 

is in any way hindered by the bankruptcy court’s order.

Accordingly, on de novo consideration of Weary’s appellate arguments, we find no error

in the district court’s affirmance of the bankruptcy court’s order. An additional opinion 

reiterating the analysis contained in the lower court rulings would be duplicative and is 

unnecessary. We therefore AFFIRM on the basis of the lower court opinions.

 

2 That the bankruptcy court did not allude to the argument in its ruling comes as no surprise. The argument 

was not asserted in Weary’s brief and was mentioned by Weary’s counsel during the contempt hearing only in one 

sentence . . . in response to a question from the court. The bankruptcy judge asked counsel why it was “necessary” 

for Weary to broadcast his intention to pursue criminal charges to Poteat’s attorney and mother. Weary’s counsel 

answered, “I can’t answer why it would be necessary, but . . . prohibiting such communication . . . would amount to 

a chilling effect on freedom of speech.” R. 1-35, Hearing Tr. at 79, Page ID 343. Although the argument was only 

perfunctorily asserted and could have been deemed forfeited, see White Oak Prop. Development, LLC v. Washington 

Twp., Ohio, 606 F.3d 842, 850 (6th Cir. 2010), the district court addressed the claim and found it to be without 

merit.