# United States Court of Appeals **for the Fifth Circuit**

No. 20-50830

United States of America,

Plaintiff—Appellee ,

versus Raymond R. Valas, III,

Defendant—Appellant

.

Appeal from the United States District Court for the Western District of Texas USDC No. 5:13-CR-806

Before Willett, Engelhardt, and Wilson, Circuit Judges

. Cory T. Wilson, Circuit Judge : This is the second time Raymond R. Valas, III has challenged his conviction before this court. On dire ct appeal in 2016, we affirmed his conviction for “engaging in a commercial sex act with a minor in violation of 18 U.S.C. § 1591.” United States v. Valas , 822 F.3d 228, 234 (5th Cir. 2016). Now seeking habeas relief, he alleges that prosecutors unconstitutionally suppressed a document that would have ai ded his case and that he received ineffective assistance of co unsel during his trial and hi s direct appeal. Valas fails to demonstrate that any of his ha beas claims merit relief. Thus, we affirm. United States Court of Appeals Fifth Circuit 

### FILED July 8, 2022 Lyle W. Cayce Clerk Case: 20-50830 Document: 00516387883 Page: 1 Date Filed: 07/08/2022No. 20-50830

2 I. Valas is a former lieutenant colonel in the United States Army. Id. at 235. On August 26, 2013, he wentwith members of his New Hampshire National Guard unit to San Antonio. They were in San Antonio to review a military exercise they had co mpleted in El Salvador. Id. While there, Valas stayed at the Hilton Hotel. Id. That night and the following night, after obtaining her contact information from an online prostitution advertisement, Valas encountered TJ, a fifteen-year-old runaway turned prostitute, in his hotel room. Id. Valas maintains that he briefl y attempted to interview TJ as part of a project on human trafficking both nights. Id. TJ testified that Valas summoned her to the hotel to have sex with her. Id

. The jury convicted Valas of viol ating 18 U.S.C. § 1591, which criminalizes participating in the sex trafficking of children, including by causing a child “to engage in a commercial sex act.” Id. at 234-35. Valas appealed the conviction and raised a host of challenges to the constitutionality of his trial. Id. A panel of this court rejected his arguments and affirmed his conviction. Id. at 248. Just over a year later, in August2017, Valas filed a habeas corpus petition under 28 U.S.C. § 2255 that was also styled as a motion for a new trial under Federal Rule of Criminal Procedure 33. Valas alleged various violations of his Sixth Amendment rights . First, he asserted the prosecution unconstitutionally suppressed a statement TJ gave to the Federal Bureau of Investigation ( FBI ) that would have aided his case. This hypothetical assertion of error—Valas essentially gu essed that there must have been an unproduced statement based on other ev idence—proved true. Specifically, the Government conceded in response to Valas’s petition that it had failed to disclose an agent-created FD-302 su mmary of a March 2014 interview the FBI conducted with TJ. Case: 20-50830 Document: 00516387883 Page: 2 Date Filed: 07/08/2022No. 20-50830

3 Next, he averred that the prosecution had impermissibly vouched for TJ’s credibility before the ju ry and that his trial coun sel should have objected to those statements. He also argued th at counsel was ineffective because he did not adequately cross-examine and impeach TJ’s credibility using her journal and cell phone records. Finally, Valas contended that his di rect-appeal counsel should have raised the district court’s failure to gi ve a modified unanimity instruction as an issue on appeal. At trial, the prosecution addu ced testimony that Valas had sex with TJ on two nights: August 26 , 2013, and either late on August 27 or very early on August 28, 2013. By contrast, the indictment charged [t]hat on or about the 26th day of August, 2013, . . . the Defendant, Raymond Valas, did knowingly . . . cause T.J. to engage in a commercial sex act, knowing that T.J. had not attained the age of 18 years, recklessly disregarding that T.J. had not attained the age of 18 years, and having had a reasonable opportunity to observe T.J., in violations of Title 18, United States Code, Sections, 1591(a) and 1591(b)(2). Valas argued that the co ntrast between the prosecu tion’s evidence and the indictment created a duplicity 1 problem requiring a modified unanimity jury instruction. Without a proper instructio n, he contended, it was likely that some jurors would conclude that he had violated the law on August 26, whereas others would conclude that he did so on August 27/28, rather than unanimously agreeing to convict Vala s for the same act on the same day. Valas filed a motion for discovery in relation to his suppression claim. The district court denied the motion, finding that while the prosecution had suppressed the FD-302 interview summary , its contents were ultimately not

1 Duplicity is “the joining in a single co unt of two or more distinct and separate offenses.” United States v. Robin , 693 F.2d 376, 378 (5th Cir. 1982). Case: 20-50830 Document: 00516387883 Page: 3 Date Filed: 07/08/2022No. 20-50830

4 material to Valas’s defense. But the court scheduled an evidentiary hearing on Valas’s claim of ineffective assistance of trial counsel. After that hearing, the court denied Valas’s Section 2255 petition and Rule 33 motion in two lengthy orders, finding that Valas had failed to establish any violation of his Sixth Amendment rights. Valas now appeals the denial of his Section 2255 petition. 2

II. “When evaluating the denial of a Se ction 2255 motion, we review the district court’s factual findings for cl ear error and its legal conclusions de novo.” United States v. Scott , 11 F.4th 364, 368 (5 th Cir. 2021) (citing United States v. Phea , 953 F.3d 838, 841 (5th Cir. 2020)). We address each of the issues Valas raises in turn.

A. Valas asserts that the prosecution violated his Sixth Amendment rights to a fair trial under Brady v. Maryland, 373 U.S. 83 (1963), by suppressing evidence favorable to his case . We review this issue de novo with deference to the district court’ s underlying factual findings. United States v. Bolton , 908 F.3d 75, 90 (5th Cir. 2018) (quoting United States v. Swenson , 894 F.3d 677, 683 (5th Cir. 2018)). To prove a claim under Brady , a petitioner “must show: (1) the evidence at issue was favorable to the accused, either because it was exculpatory or impeac hing; (2) the evidence was suppressed by the prosecution; and (3) th e evidence was material.” Reeder v. Vannoy ,

2 Valas’s briefing on appeal makes no reference to Rule 33 and each of his arguments is couched in favor of “habeas” re lief. To the extent Valas properly moved under Rule 33 in the district court for a new trial, any potential argum ents related to that motion are forfeited because he has not briefed them. Roy v. City of Monroe , 950 F.3d 245, 251 (5th Cir. 2020) (quoting Procter & Gamble Co. v. Amway Corp ., 376 F.3d 496, 499 n.1 (5th Cir. 2004)). Case: 20-50830 Document: 00516387883 Page: 4 Date Filed: 07/08/2022No. 20-50830

5 978 F.3d 272, 277 (5th Cir. 2020) (internal quotation marks omitted) (quoting United States v. Glenn , 935 F.3d 313, 319 (5th Cir. 2019)); see also Youngblood v. West Virginia , 547 U.S. 867, 868–70 (2006) (per curiam) (applying Brady to evidence known by govern ment investigators but allegedly unknown by prosecutors); Giglio v. United States , 405 U.S. 150, 154–55 (1972) (applying Brady to impeachment evidence). As to the third element, “[s]uppressed evidence is material ‘if there is a reasonable probability that, had the evidence been disclosed to the defense, the result of the proceeding would have been different.’” Reeder , 978 F.3d at 277 (emphasis added) (internal quotation marks omitted) (quoting Murphy v. Davis , 901 F.3d 578, 597 (5th Cir. 2018)). “Different” means that “the suppressed evidence ‘undermines confidence in the outcome of the trial.’” Id. (internal quotation marks omitted) (quoting Turner v. United States , 137 S. Ct. 1885, 1893 (2017)). At issue is an FD-302 summary of a March 2014 interview of TJ conducted by an FBI agent. The FD-302 is a form used by the FBI to memorialize conversations between an ag ent and an intervie wee. Basically, “302s” capture the interviewing agent’ s notes of a witness interview, and they are routinely part of criminal investigations conducted by the agency. So much so that, as noted above, Valas’s habeas counsel was able correctly to guess that a 302 was missing in this case, forcing the Government to concede that it “inadvertently” failed to produce the document before trial. The parties thus agree that the 302 wa s suppressed by the prosecution; they contest the other two elements of the Brady test—whether the evidence was favorable to Valas and material to the outcome of his trial. The district court denied Valas’s claim without addressing whether the evidence was favorable to Valas. Assuming it was, the court found that Valas had failed to demonstrate that the 302 was material. Much of the Case: 20-50830 Document: 00516387883 Page: 5 Date Filed: 07/08/2022No. 20-50830

6 parties’ briefing on appeal thus grappl es over the third element. Our analysis will focus there as well. But before we proceed, we emphasize that the Government’s concession that it suppressed the 302 is correct. The Government’s only justification for its lapse, that the fa ilure to produce th e 302 to Valas was “inadvertent,” is troubling. It is difficult to gras p how a document as routine as a 302 would be overlooked, particularlyin this instance. TJ was the crucial witness for the prosecution, the only one who actually accused Valas of criminal activity. And the agent who prepared this 302 alsotestified, so defense counsel was deprived of the opportunity to use the document in cross-examining twowitnesses, not just one. We note that, unfortunately, this is not the first time somet hing like this has happened, e.g. , United States v. Perea , 625 F. Supp. 2d 327 (W.D. Tex. 2009). We admonish the Government to endeavor to make it the last. Nonetheless, as the district court concluded, Valas’s claimed Brady violation falters because he fails to sh ow how the 302 is material. The 302 itself is fairly short. It consists of ten paragraphs. The fi rst identifies TJ and the location of the interview. Four th rough ten recount that the investigators showed TJ photographs and TJ identifi ed individuals from them. Only the second and third paragraphs relate to Valas. The second paragraph indicates that TJ identified Valas from a photo array. The third encapsulates details about her encounter with Valas: [TJ] remembered that VALAS wa s very surprised when [TJ] showed up to his room beca use VALAS thought that the photos on the advertisement were “fake.” VALAS took [TJ]’s clothes off slowly an d had unprotected sex. VALAS told [TJ] he was in San Antonio on business and that he was flying back to New York in two days. [TJ] told VALAS that she was 18 because that is what she was inst ructed to do by [her pimp]. VALAS did not ask her to have unprotected sex and although Case: 20-50830 Document: 00516387883 Page: 6 Date Filed: 07/08/2022No. 20-50830

7 [TJ] had a condom with her, sh e did not ask him to put it on. [TJ] did not remember if VALAS paid her $130.00 or $150.00. VALAS called her for a second da te the next day or two days later. During the second date they used a condom and VALAS paid her the same amount as th e first time. VALAS told [TJ] that he was in love with her and wanted her to go with him. [TJ] did not remember if VALAS ha d any tattoos, however she remembered that “when he sm iled his dimple would pop.” Valas asserts that the 302 is materi al because of its impeachment value stemming from the differences between its summation of TJ’s statement and her trial testimony. At trial, TJ stat ed that the first night they met, neither she nor Valas had a condom, he struggled with flaccidity, and ultimately the two engaged in oral sex and non-penetrative anal sex. 3 She also testified that Valas paid her $150 for that night. This testimony admittedly seems to differ from the 302’s account of TJ’s statement to the FBI , but the differences are in magnitude of detail rather than substance. At best, the in terview notes could have been used to force TJ to explain how the sexual acti ons she described at trial fit under the heading of “unprotected sex” used in the 302 and whether TJ or Valas actually had condoms in the hotel room . These differences are hardly the grand “gotchas” Valas makes them out to be. To the contrary, none of the variances are likely to have dented the jury’s assessment of TJ’s credibility. There is perhaps a closer question regarding the use of the 302 in cross-examining the FBI agent who created it. As we discuss infrain Part II.B.2. , counsel’s strategy in cross-examini ng TJ was fraught with risk, e.g.,

3 Valas also points to purported inconsis tencies between the 30 2 summary and TJ’s journal entries. Her journal generally mirrors her trial testimony but additionally recounts that TJ and Valas engaged in “breast sex.” Va las asserts that his counsel should have been able to exploit this discrepancy as well. For the reasons discussed above the line, this detail likewise fails to move the needle in Valas’s favor. Case: 20-50830 Document: 00516387883 Page: 7 Date Filed: 07/08/2022No. 20-50830

8 that she might effectively explain inconsistencies or come across as more sympathetic, irrespective of whether co unsel used the 302. There may have been some upside, and less potential downside, in using the 302 to interrogate the agent. However, if the 302 woul d have had only marginal impeachment value used with TJ directly, it may have been even more attenuated to try to amplify these alleged inconsistencies through another witness. In any event, Valas does not offer any argument rega rding the agent’s testimony, so we decline to evaluate this issue further. The impeachment value of the 302 is insufficient to undermine confidence in the trial and the jury’s verdict, such that the 302 is not material, and Valas’s Brady claim therefore fails. Reeder , 978 F.3d at 277. 4

B.

We next turn to Valas’s ineffect ive assistance of counsel claims. “[T]he Sixth Amendment entitles a criminal defendant to reasonable , but not perfect, representation of counsel.” United States v. Valdez , 973 F.3d 396, 404 (5th Cir. 2020). To succeed on an in effective assistance of counsel claim, a petitioner must establish “that (1) hi s ‘counsel’s performance fell below an objective standard of reasonableness,’ and (2) that his counsel’s deficient performance caused him prejudice.” Id. at 402 (quoting United States v. Grammas , 376 F.3d 433, 436 (5th Cir. 2004)); see Strickland v. Washington , 466 U.S. 668, 687 (1984). A petitioner demonstrates prejudice if he shows

4 As a final note, it is also debatable whet her the 302 is actually beneficial to Valas under the first Brady element. As noted above, its im peachment value is marginal. While the 302 differs from TJ’s testimony in some ways, it also provides a direct statement about Valas’s dimple that, if corroborated, could ha ve increased TJ’s credibility, not diminished it. At the end of the day, we need not furthe r delve into this issue because, assuming the 302 would have benefitted Valas and, as the Government concedes, it was suppressed, it was not material in terms of its likely effect on the trial or the verdict. Case: 20-50830 Document: 00516387883 Page: 8 Date Filed: 07/08/2022No. 20-50830

9 “that there is a reasonable probability that, but for counsel’s unprofessional errors, the result of the proceedin g would have been different.” Valdez , 973 F.3d at 402 (internal quotat ion marks omitted) (quoting United States v. Bass , 310 F.3d 321, 325 (5th Cir. 2002)). Finally, “judicial sc rutiny of counsel’s performance must be ‘highly deferential’ because ‘[i]t is a ll too tempting for a defendant to second-guess counsel’s assistance after . . . [an] adverse sentence, and it is all too easy for a cour t . . . to conclude that a particular act or omission of counsel was unreasonable.’” Id. at 403–04 (quoting Strickland, 466 U.S. at 689). Valas makes three arguments regard ing ineffective assistance of counsel. He contends that his dire ct-appeal counsel failed to press the potential lack of jury unanimity due to th e district court’s failure to instruct the jury adequately; he argues that hi s trial counsel did not effectively crossexamine TJ; and, finally, he asserts thathis trial counsel also failed to object to the prosecutor’s impr oper vouching for TJ’s credibility during closing.

1. “Appellate ‘[c]ounsel need not ra ise every nonfrivolous ground of appeal, but should instead present so lid, meritorious arguments based on directly controlling precedent.’” Moore v. Vannoy , 968 F.3d 482, 489 (5th Cir. 2020) (quoting Ries v. Quarterman , 522 F.3d 517, 531–32 (5th Cir. 2008)). When reviewing the effectiven ess of appellate counsel, the relevant question is whether the argument the petitioner asserts should have been made was “sufficiently meritorious such that . . . counsel should have raised it on appeal.” United States v. Phillips , 210 F.3d 345, 348 (5th Cir. 2000). “Declining to raise a claim on appeal, therefore, is not deficient performance unless that claim was plainly stronger than those actually presented to the appellate court.” Davila v. Davis , 137 S. Ct. 2058, 2067 (2017) (emphasis added) (citing Smith v. Robbins , 528 U.S. 259, 288 (2000)). Case: 20-50830 Document: 00516387883 Page: 9 Date Filed: 07/08/2022No. 20-50830

10 Valas argues that there was a genu ine risk that the jury became confused and failed to reach unanimity in its verdict because some believed he committed the charged offense on one day (August 26) through one set of actions, while other jurors believed he committed the charged offense on another day (August 27/28) through differe nt actions. Given this risk, Valas asserts his appellate counsel ought to ha ve raised the district court’s failure to give an instruction to the jury clarif ying that they all had to agree that he committed the same act on the same day. The district court rejected this habeas claim because it found (1) th e unanimity argument had been waived such that appellate counsel would have needed to prove plain error on appeal and (2) the argument was in any event not meritorious. Scrutinizing the record, Valas failed to preserve his objection to the district court’s failure to provide an additional instruction clarifying or modifying the standard unanimity inst ruction. Federal Rule of Criminal Procedure 30(d) requires that “[a] pa rty who objects to any portion of the instructions or to a failure to give a requested instruction must inform the court of the specific objection and th e grounds for the objection before the jury retires to deliberate.” Failing to do so means an argument related to the jury instructions is not preserved and ca n be reviewed only for plain error. United States v. Spalding, 894 F.3d 173, 187 (5th Cir. 2018) (citing United States v. Gibson , 875 F.3d 179, 195 (5th Cir. 2017); Fed. R. Crim. P . 30(d)). To show that his trial counsel pr eserved the point, Valas offers a somewhat ambiguous statement by counsel during the charge conference: [K]eep in mind that the date charged in the indictment is Monday, the 2[6]th. Tuesday, the 2[7]th, is not charged in the indictment. And in terms of this charge conference, I’m very concerned about confusion, and I’m very concerned about the jury making a determination wher e several think that he did it Case: 20-50830 Document: 00516387883 Page: 10 Date Filed: 07/08/2022No. 20-50830

11 on Tuesday, several think that he did it on Monday, and that that’s unacceptable under our law. And I object to that. I’m not exactly sure how the Court needs to fix it. I think it’s a problem with the way that it was indicted. But nonetheless— like, for instance, similar acts may—what are the similar acts? The similar acts – the only simila r act is Tuesday, the 27th. But this jury needs to be told thatthey cannot convict him for what happened on—or what they be lieve—if they find beyond a reasonable doubt that anything ha ppened, it could only be used to determine whether the event took place. While counsel raised an objection thatjury “confusion” could lead it to convict for different offenses on different days, counsel did not “object[] . . . to a failure to give a requested instruction.” Fed. R. Crim. P . 30(d). Instead, counsel stated th at it was not clear “how the Court need[ed] to fix it,” and pivoted to “the way that [the case] was indicted.” This is a rather tenuous basis on whic h to argue that counsel “inform[ed] the court of the specific objection” being rais ed regarding a failure to instruct the jury. Id. Accordingly, appellate review of this issue would have been framed by plain error analysis. 5 We thus view Valas’s cu rrent ineffective assistance claim mindful of that exacting standard.

Valas asserts that United States v. Holley , 942 F.2d 916 (5th Cir. 1991), demonstrates the merits of his unanimity argument. In Holley , this court reversed a conviction for perjury, conclu ding both that the indictment in the

5 To prove plain error, an appellant must demonstrate (1) “an error; (2) the error must be clear or obvious . . . (3) the error must have affected the appellant’s substantial rights . . . ; and (4) the court must decide in its discretion to correct the error.” United States v. McGavitt , 28 F.4th 571, 575 (5th Cir. 2022) (quoting United States v. McClaren , 13 F.4th 386, 413 (5th Cir. 2021)). Additionally , as Valas did not propose an instruction, the plain error consideration would have been limit ed to whether the district court’s “charge, as a whole, [was] a correct statement of th e law clearly instruct[ing] the jurors.” Spalding , 894 F.3d at 187 (quoting United States v. Kay , 513 F.3d 432, 446 (5th Cir. 2007)). Case: 20-50830 Document: 00516387883 Page: 11 Date Filed: 07/08/2022No. 20-50830

12 case was duplicitous and th e instructions given to th e jury did not cure that problem. 942 F.2d at 928-29. But Holley is distinguishable because, inter alia , unlike in that case, Valas was charged with a single offense: causing TJ “to engage in a commercial sex act” “on or about the 26th day of August, 2013.” While the Government introduced evidence that Valas had sex with TJ on both August 26, and either late on August 27 or ea rly on August 28, “[a]n indictment’s allegations, and not th e evidence adduced at trial, control whether the indictment is duplicitous . . . .” United States v. Mauskar, 557 F.3d 219, 225 (5th Cir. 2009); see United States v. Sila , 978 F.3d 264, 269 (5th Cir. 2020) (similarly finding that duplic ity is a question of indictments, not of evidence adduced at trial). 6 Valas also argues that a footnote in this court’s prior opinion deciding his direct appeal shows the value of this argument. There, the court noted that “the indictment and the Governmen t’s ‘on or about’ argument might have raised a duplicity co ncern,” but declined to address the issue further because Valas had forfeited it. Valas , 822 F.3d at 237 n.2. Far from establishing the merit of this issue, though, the Valas footnote merely identified it as a potential concern. Regardless, Valas’s present endeav or is not to show that the unanimity argument was worthwhile or me ritorious, but thatit “was plainly stronger” than the seven other issues raised in his direct appeal. Davila , 137

6 Further, even though the Government introduced evidence of Valas’s conduct on both August 26 and August 27/28, the dist rict court expressly instructed the jury that “to return a guilty verdict for Count 1, all of you must agree that the same way of committing the offense . . . has been proved beyond a reasonable doubt.” Cf. Holley , 942 F.2d at 929. Even assuming some residual concern about un animity, assessing whether the district court’s charge, as a whole, was a correct statement of the law, Spalding , 894 F.3d at 187, we do not discern error that is “‘clear’ or, equivalently, ‘obvious,’” United States v. Olano , 507 U.S. 725, 734 (1993) (quoting United States v. Young , 470 U.S. 1, 16, n.14 (1985)). Case: 20-50830 Document: 00516387883 Page: 12 Date Filed: 07/08/2022No. 20-50830

13 S. Ct. at 2067 (citing Smith , 528 U.S. at 288). His br iefing does not address this question, such that this claim fails for that threshold reason alone. Beyond that, looking through the lens of plain error, we do not see that Valas’s argument is so meritorious th at it would have been “plainly stronger” than the other issues counsel actually raised on direct appeal. Accordingly, his claim of ineffective assistance of appellate counsel fails.

2.

Valas next asserts that his tria l counsel was ineffective because counsel did not adequately cross-examin e TJ. “Because decisions regarding cross-examination are strategic, they us ually ‘will not support an ineffective assistance claim.’” United States v. Bernard, 762 F.3d 467, 472 (5th Cir. 2014) (quoting Dunam v. Travis , 313 F.3d 724, 732 (2d Cir. 2002)). Valas’s arguments here boil down to two contentions. First, he contends that his counsel should have confronted TJ with the FBI ’s 302 interview summary 7 and her journal entries in order to discredit her regarding the specifics of the two encounters with Valas. Second, Valas maintains that counsel should have confronted TJ wi th her phone records to demonstrate that, because she either texted or ca lled people for much of the time she was supposed to be with Valas, she co uld not have had sex with him. Regarding his first argument, Va las posits four inconsistencies between TJ’s testimony and her statements reflected in the 302 summary and her journal: whether Valas used a condom; whether the sex acts on August 26 were “unprotected sex” as her initial statement said, or oral sex, non-penetrative anal sex, and “breast sex” as her journal stated; Valas’s

7 Valas reasons that, had the 302 not been suppressed, it would have been useful in cross-examining TJ, such thathis counsel’s inability to use it during cross rendered counsel’s representation ineffective. Case: 20-50830 Document: 00516387883 Page: 13 Date Filed: 07/08/2022No. 20-50830

14 inability initially to get an erection; and the payment amount. Valas argues that forcing TJ to explain these in consistencies would have undoubtedly discredited her in the eyes of the jury. As discussed suprain Part I.A ., this is unlikely for several reasons. The 302 is not overly detailed (and it was prepared not by TJ, but by the interviewing agent). Its descriptio n of their first encounter states that Valas removed TJ’s clothing and “h ad unprotected sex” with her. Conceivably, the actions TJ described at trial could fit under the heading of “unprotected sex.” And when compar ing the relatively short 302 summary with TJ’s trial testimony, it is eviden t the other inconsistencies could easily be explained away as well. TJ’s more detailed journal is essentially consistent with TJ’s trial testimony. It begins with her running away from home, recounts how she met the pi mp who would market her, details several liaisons with other individuals, and provid es significant detail regarding her encounters with Valas. The only alle ged discrepancy Valas raises based on the journal centers on whet her he used a condom during the encounters. But as with the 302’s purported discrepancie s, had TJ been confronted on this point, she could have explained it fairly easily. In any even t, it is hardly a contradiction that would have undermined the trial’s outcome. And counsel did not exactly leave TJ unscathed during cross- and recross-examination, which spanned roughl y 600 transcript lines during trial. Valas acknowledges that counsel exte nsively cross-examined TJ, adducing testimony from TJ that she was on probation; smoked marijuana; used alcohol during her weeklong stint as a prostitute; stole a gift card from her mother before she ran away; had diffi culty remembering places; listed her age on Backpage.com as nineteen, not fi fteen; and texted and called people constantly. The additional inconsis tencies that Valas now proffers would have been unlikely to discredit TJ before the jury any more than the testimony actually elicited did. Indeed , giving TJ a chance to explain might Case: 20-50830 Document: 00516387883 Page: 14 Date Filed: 07/08/2022No. 20-50830

15 have harmed Valas’s defense and made the fifteen-year-old witness more sympathetic. As a matter of strategy , Valas’s trial counsel did not act unreasonably by refraining from confro nting TJ with her journal statements. Valdez , 973 F.3d at 404 (“[T]he Sixth Amendment entitles a criminal defendant to reasonable , but not perfect , representation of counsel.”). Turning to Valas’s assertion regard ing TJ’s cell phone records, Valas asserts that he has identified only tw o gaps of time, one three minutes long and the other six, between 9:00 and 9:30 p.m. on August 26 when TJ was not texting or calling someone. He asserts that had his counsel raised this on cross-examination, TJ’s cell phone use would have contradicted her testimony that she performed sex acts with Valas between 9:00 and 9:30, significantly damaging her credibility. As with her journal entries, however, confronting TJ with the records may have allowed her to explain them, as her cell phone use is not necessarily inconsistent with her testimony that Valas and she engaged in two to three di screte sex acts on August 26. In like manner, Valas goes to great lengths to show that TJ was using her cell phone almost constantly from 1:00 to 1:30 a.m. on August 28. Valas argues that TJ should have been conf ronted with the phone’s activity logs because she testified that she and Vala s had sex between 1:00 to 1:30 that night. But TJ’s testimony was that she arrived at Valas’s hotel room around 1:00 a.m. She testified to an approx imation of the events that occurred the night of August 27/28. Additionally, the times immediately before 1:00 and after 1:30 a.m. show gaps in phone activity. As with the prior night’s records, asking TJ about the phone log for Au gust 28 may well have backfired. Rather, the record bears out that Valas’s counsel made a strategic decision not to ask TJ about the details in her phone records. Instead, counsel walked through the cell phone log with the jury in his closing argument, making the exact argument that Valas a sserts should have been explored in Case: 20-50830 Document: 00516387883 Page: 15 Date Filed: 07/08/2022No. 20-50830

16 cross-examination. Thus, contrary to Valas’s current depiction, his trial counsel did not wholly abandon TJ’s cell phone data. Instead, counsel strategically deployed the records, with out any potential explanation from TJ regarding the alleged discrepancies, as one of the last things the jury was presented before it deliberated. Moreover, Valas’s counsel also im peached TJ’s credibility in other ways. Valas’s counsel elic ited damaging facts about TJ from other witnesses, and introduced evidence that underm ined TJ’s reputation for virtue and veracity. See Russell v. Collins , 944 F.2d 202, 204–06 (5th Cir. 1991) (noting that eliciting negative testimony fr om other witnesses was a reasonable strategy for impugning a witness’s cr edibility). Against this record, and particularly given the presumption a ccorded cross-examination strategy in assessing effectiveness of counsel, Bernard, 762 F.3d at 47 2, Valas’s trial counsel’s efforts to impug n a volatile fifteen-year-old witness’s credibility “[fell] within the wide range of re asonable professional assistance.” Strickland, 466 U.S. at 689. In other words, counsel’s cross-examination of TJ was not “so ill chosen that it permeate[d] the entire trial with obvious unfairness.” Virgil v. Dretke , 446 F.3d 598, 608 (5th Cir. 2006) (internal quotation marks omitted) (quoting Johnson v. Dretke , 394 F.3d 332, 337 (5th Cir. 2004)). Accordingly, this issue lacks merit.

3.

Valas’s final ineffective assistance of counsel claim relates to the prosecutor’s closing argument. Valas asserts that his trial counsel was ineffective because counsel did not object to the prosecutor’s improper vouching for TJ’s honesty. Generally, “[a] prosecutor may ar gue fair inferences from the evidence that a witness has no motive to lie, but cannot express a personal opinion on the credibility of witnesses.” United States v. Gracia , 522 F.3d Case: 20-50830 Document: 00516387883 Page: 16 Date Filed: 07/08/2022No. 20-50830

17 597, 601 (5th Cir. 2008) (citing United States v. Gallardo-Trapero , 185 F.3d 307, 320 (5th Cir. 1999)). This court’ s test “for improper vouching for the credibility of a witness is ‘whether the prosecutor’s expression might reasonably lead the jury to believe th at there is other evidence, unknown or unavailable to the jury, on which the prosecutor was convinced of the accused’s guilt.’” United States v. McCann , 613 F.3d 486, 495 (5th Cir. 2010) (quoting United States v. Ellis , 547 F.2d 863, 869 (5th Cir. 1977)). Of course, “[o]ften, the decision as to whether or not to object to particular statements made in closing argument is a matter of tactics. Since an objection may tend to emphasize a particular remark to an otherwise oblivious jury, the effect of [an] objection may be more prejudic ial than the original remarks[.]” Walker v. United States , 433 F.2d 306, 307 (5th Cir. 1970) (citing Williams v. Beto , 354 F.2d 698, 705–06 (5th Cir. 1965)). The prosecutor began his closing ar gument with this theme: “It is true. It is true. [TJ] is telling you th e truth.” Then after explaining certain aspects of the court’s instructions, the prosecutor transitioned to the substance of the case, stating “[n]ow, we ’re going to get to the elements and really kind of discuss how TJ is tellin g the truth.” The prosecutor discussed the age requirement for conviction, then transitioned: “So why is [TJ] telling the truth? Because her story is indiscrimi nate and consistent . . . . [S]he has always been consistent, and she has always been indiscriminate.” After discussing evidence that corroborated TJ’s story, the prosecutor reiterated parts of TJ’s testimony and asked: “W hy? Why would she have to lie about the details? She wouldn’t. If she was making this up, she’d say, we had sex twice. I can’t remember—I mean, it was—it was too long ago. I can’t remember. Sex twice. Why get into the details?” Then, after addressing the defense’s suggestion that TJ was motiva ted to lie because she was not paid by Valas, the prosecutor repeated his rhetorical questions and commented on Valas’s partial corrobora tion of TJ’s story: Case: 20-50830 Document: 00516387883 Page: 17 Date Filed: 07/08/2022No. 20-50830

18 And why lie about two days? I mean, if we’re making this up, I mean, what’s so significant abou t two days versus one day? Wouldn’t one day be good enou gh? Valas agrees, right? Because he has to. He has to up to the point where everything corroborates her story. She is a truth-teller. But he wants you to believe that as soon as the do cuments stop, then he can come out and say she’s not telling the tr uth . . . . He’s willing to go up to that point because he knows he can’t escape the corroboration. Considered in isolation, some of the prosecutor’s statements appear suspect. But the test is not simply wh ether the prosecutor cast a witness as a “truthteller,” as Valas argues. Inst ead, we examine “the comment[s] in context.” McCann , 613 F.3d at 495 (interna l quotation marks omitted) (quoting United States v. Insaulgarat, 378 F.3d 456, 461 (5th Cir. 2004)). The prosecutor’s first statement ec hoed Valas’s counsel’s opening statements to the jury three days earlier— “It’s not true. It’s not true. It’s not exactly what happened.”—but argued the contrary. Seizing upon the theme, the prosecutor remind ed the jury of the events that opened the trial and stated the Government’s position, before proceeding to discuss the evidence presented during th e trial purportedly supporting that position. Given the rhetorical context in whic h the prosecutor’s first statement was made, it is unlikely that the jury would have understood it to communicate that the prosecutor had some secret basi s for asserting that Valas was guilty. Id. at 496. The prosecutor’s next statement merely transitioned to explain “how TJ [was] telling the truth” by “get[t ing] to the elements” of the charged crime. The statement itself is not a declaration that TJ was truthful, but rather an introductory statement into a further discussion. Thus, considered in context, the jury would have had no reason to deduce that the prosecution had secret, undisclosed evidence that tended to establish Valas’s guilt. Id. Case: 20-50830 Document: 00516387883 Page: 18 Date Filed: 07/08/2022No. 20-50830

19 The subsequent references to TJ “telling the truth” and disclaiming her “motive to lie” are co uched around the prosecutor’s discussion of the evidence in the case. Given that th e statements were embedded in a reprise of the evidence adduced at trial, “the prosecutor . . . made fair inferences respecting the witnesses’ credibility, an d referred to the record evidence on which his statements were based.” United States v. Surtain , 519 F. App’x 266, 292 (5th Cir. 2013); see McCann , 613 F.3d at 496; Gracia , 522 F.3d at 601. Rather than suggesting to the jury that the prosecution had other evidence to prove Valas’s guilt, the stat ements tend to showthe prosecutor’s belief in the persuasiveness of the evidence adduce d during trial. Because none of the prosecutor’s statements, taken in context, constitute improper vouc hing, Valas cannot argue that his trial counsel should have objected to them and was in effective for not doing so. And even if the prosecution acted improperly as to some of its closing remarks, Valas fails to show how any stra tegic decision on his counsel’s part not to object rises to ineffective assistance. Th erefore, this claim also falters.

III. Because Valas has failed to demonstrate that the prosecution violated the Sixth Amendment in it s failure to produce the FBI ’s FD-302 notes of its March 2014 interview of TJ, or that he received ineffective assistance from either his trial or appellate counsel, the judgment of the district court is

AFFIRMED. Case: 20-50830 Document: 00516387883 Page: 19 Date Filed: 07/08/2022