## State of Hawaii , Department of Health, Clean Air Branch



# Review of VIEWS2.0 2009

- 2010 Haleakala National Park Organic and Elemental Carbon Data Regional Haze Program Visibility Assessment

3/30/2012Review o f VIEWS2.0 2009

- 2010 Organic and Elemental Carbon Data

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Executive Summary
This review of IMPROVE Haleakala National Park (HALE1) monitoring , and analysis with other associated data , was conducted to determine if the cause(s) for 5 days of anomalously high carbon concentrations during 2009 and 2010 could be identified. The analysis included the IMPROVE monitoring, satellite thermal monitoring, forest fire, and agricultural burning dat a. The associated time histories, locations, and local weather conditions during 2010 were considered. Previously conducted IMPROVE analysis results using 2 007 and 2008 concentration data and associated correlations , and data from the nearby Ha leakala Crat er (HACR1) monitor were also examined.
After an examination of IMPROVE monitoring, satellite thermal monitoring (MODIS), forest fire, and agricultural burning data, the source of one of the five days of interest appears consistent with a forest fire in the vicinity of the monitor. While the cause(s) for the large carbon concentrations for the remaining four days are unknown, they did not appear to be consistent with MODIS detections, reported forest fires, or agricultural burning.

The HALE1 IMPROVE concent ration data for all 5 days appeared consistent with “motor vehicle exhaust, vegetative and wood burning, cooking”. Because of the range of carbon ratios associated with vehicles types and operation modes, it does not appear that they provide insight into w hether the source(s) are vehicle or forest fire/ agricultural burning based. Concurrent high zinc levels on three of the four unknown cause days could also indicate a connection with “municipal incinerator; also smelters, zinc oxide kiln” sources.

T he emission sources could range from small (in emissions magnitude) and nearby, to large and distant. The HACR1 IMPROVE concentration data, which was collected near the Haleakala National Park Headquarters Visitor Center, did not include the 5 days of high carbon concentrations seen at HALE1, and showed much lower carbon levels in general. Because of the HALE1 monitor’s relatively close distance and ele vation to the nearby Central Maui communities, the difference in concentration levels at the two monitors supports small and nearby emission sources as the likely cause. Because the HACR1 monitor is relatively close in distance and elevation to much of the National Park, it also seems reasonable to postulate that these sources would present minimal visibility impact to the National Park. While future Regional Haze visibility glide path compliance efforts could include investigations into possible carbon emi ssion sources near HALE1, it is unclear that this would contribute to understanding and improving visibility conditions within the National Park.Review o f VIEWS2.0 2009

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Introduction

This review of IMPROVE Hal e akala National Park ( HALE1 ) monitoring data , and analysis with other

a ssociated data , was conducted to determine if the cause(s) for 5 days of anomalously high carbon concentrations during 2009 and 2010 could be identified. While these peaks were not seen at the HACR1 monitoring site, both located on Maui, that data was exam ined as part of the investigation.
The analysis included the IMPROVE monitoring, satellite thermal monitoring, forest fire, and agricultural burning data. The associated time histories, locations, and local weather conditions during 2010 were considered. Previously conducted IMPROVE analysis results using 2007 and 2008 concentration data and associated correlations, and data from the nearby Haleakala Crater (HACR1) monitor were also examined. Th e results are presented in 4 sections; the 1 st examines key IM PROVE species concentrations and identifies the days of interest; the 2 nd examines the non

- IMPROVE data associated with days of interest, and presents maps with key locations identified; the 3 rd presents cor relation results from the 2007

- 2008 IMPROVE data set to re

- examine the 2009

- 2010 IMPROVE data ; the 4 th presents maps of the area around the HALE1 and HACR1 monitors , associated IMPROVE monitoring data , and Maui topography . The final section presents the conclusi o ns associated with this effort.

1. Key IMPROVE Species Concentrations and Associated VIEWS 2.0 Local Air Quality Plots

VIEWS 2.0 website Local Air Quality plots i show five measurement days of interest associated with HALE1 organic and elemental carbon during 2009 and 2010. These measurements sh owed anomalously high carbon concentrations. The VIEWS DataWizard ii was used to identify the dates of these HALE1 concentration measurements as 5

- Aug

- 2009, 25

- Sep

- 2009, 19

- Oct

- 2009, 11

- Sep

- 2010 , and 23

- Oct

- 2010; see Appendix Tables A

- 1 to A

- 5 for measuremen t values. The organic and elemental carbon concentration time histories are presented in Figures 1 and 2, respectively.

Figure 1: HALE1 Organic Total Carbon (Fine) (μgram/m 3 )Review o f VIEWS2.0 2009

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Figure 2 : HALE1 Elemental Total Carbon (Fine) (μgram/m 3 ) The concentration time histories of other IMPROVE species were examined, with particular attention given to those often associated with smoke and agricultural combustion products. The concentration time history of potassium, shown in Figure 3, appeared to match up the best with the two carbon mass species. Bromine, organic carbon mass, filter absorption coefficient (fabs) , and zinc also appeared to match some peaks well; see Figures A

- 1 to A

- 4

.

Figure 3 : HALE1 Potassium (Fine) (μgram/m 3 )

For each calenda r month associated with the 5 carbon peak measurement days, the IMPROVE measurement values for bromine, elemental carbon, organic carbon, fabs, potassium, and zinc wereReview o f VIEWS2.0 2009

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examined. For the months associated with the 5

- Aug

- 2009 , 11

- Sep

- 2010, and 23

- Oct

- 2010, all of the species showed maximums on the peak carbon days. For September 2009, elemental carbon, organic carbon, fabs, and potassium showed maximums on 25

- Sep

- 2009. For the month of October 2009, bromine, elemental carbon, organic carbon, fabs, and potass ium showed maximums on 19

- Oct

- 2009. These results certainly point to a correspondence between the carbon species and potassium, they also appear to link bromine and zinc with carbon for three of the five days of interest.

Potential emission sources for the chemical species of interest are given in Table 1, which was excerpted from tables in the PM2.5 Data Analysis Workbook. iii From this information, it would appear that motor vehicle exhaust, vegetative burning, and possibly industrial type operations (for the zinc), could be candidate sources. This reference also included guidance on carbon emission characteristics of “motor vehicle” versus “forest fires”, where OC/(OC+EC) approximately 0.6 corresponds to motor vehicle and 0.9 to forest fire

.

Table 1: Key PM Species and Sources : excerpts from PM Data Analysis Workbook: Source Apportionment (Feb 2001) iii

. For the five dates of interest taken in calendar order , the OC/(OC+EC ) ratios were 0.84, 0.83, 0.78. 0.76, and 0.85. This appears to suggest a forest fire or agricultural burn source for 5

- Aug

- 09, 25

- Sep

- 09, and 23

- Oct

- 2010, with the other two dates falling in the middle between 0.6 and 0.9

. The carbon ratio values associated with automobiles vary depending upon vehicle type and operation. In a 2008 EPA publication examining “Light

- Duty Gasoline Vehicles in Kansas City” iv
, the OC/(OC+EC) ratio (where “OC+EC” is identified as “PM”) is shown to range from 0.655 for a car starting to 0.932 for a truck ru nning; note that vehicle operation (starting versus run ning) produced the majority of this difference. As such, the carbon data does not appear to provide clear guidance for differentiating between “motor vehicles” and “forest fires”.Review o f VIEWS2.0 2009

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2. Examination of Non

- IMPROVE data to identify candidate emission sources ca rbon peaks

Introduction

For the five dates of interest identified from IMPROVE monitoring data , satellite thermal monitoring, forest fire, and agricultural burning data were examined

. The location of these events, and local wind and smoke visibility information associated with the agricultural burns were examined using Google Earth and an in

- house visualization application. This section presents the Google Earth images present the locat ions of agricultural burns and associated reported smoke that occurred during the 3 day IMPROVE monitor detection period associated with the peak values . The in

- hou se visualization results, while not shown in t he Google Earth images, which include satellit e thermal monitoring, forest fire, and additional agricultural burning data, are discussed in this section and presented in the Appendix (Figures A

- 6 to A

- 11).
Satellite Thermal Monitoring: Moderate Resolution Imaging Spectroradiometer (MODIS) fire detecti on GIS data was obtained from the United States Department of Agriculture (USDA) v ; data from 2001 to the present is available for download from a USDA Forest Service Remote Sensing Applications Center website vi . T he MODIS fire detection locations that occur red in the general vicinity of the HALE1 detector around the time of the dates of interest were identified and presented in Appendix figures; the fires are shown as red circular dots.

Forest Fire: Forest fire data for Maui County was provided by the Hawaii , Department of Land and Natural Resources, Division of Forestry & Wildlife vii

. This data includes the fire date, the Census tract viii associated with the fire, the acres burned, and information about the duration of the fire. Census tracts associated with rele vant forest fires are shown in the Appendix figures as red regions, bordered by dashed red lines, with Census tract number in blue numerals.
Agricultural burning: Hawaiian Commercial and Sugar Company (HC&S) agricultural burning data is reported by HC&S to the State of Hawaii, Department of Health. This data includes the burn date, agricultural field number, start and end times for the burn , wind direction at start and end of the burn, and comments about smoke from the burn. HC&S fields are shown in the A ppendix figures as light green regions, bordered by dashed green lines, with Census tract number as dark green numerals . The HC&S field boundaries and numbers were provided by HC&S ix as Shapefiles; the locations of all HC&S fields are presented in Figure A

- 5

. Google Earth Figures : Key locations and areas of interest associated with agricultural burning for each of the five days of interest are presented in Google Earth x images in the following sub

- sections ; t he location and area information for these figu res comes from the agricultural burning data discussed above. In addition to the agricultural burning information, discussions associated with each figure also include relevant MODIS and forest fire data, and refer to Appendix figures which include these d ata.Review o f VIEWS2.0 2009

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2.1 IMPROVE HALE1 Monitoring Data Discussion

- 5 August 2009

Figure 4: 5 August 2009 IMPROVE HALE1 Elevated Carbon Concentrations Information

– key landmarks indicated on Google Earth

. Portions of the HC&S Field #718 were burned on the days preceding the 5 August IMPROVE HALE1 peak carbon values

. No smoke comments were associated with any of those 3 burn days. Since smoke was not reported locally, it seems unlikely that the relatively distant HALE1 measurements were due to these agricultural burns. No Maui forest fires or nearby MODIS detections occurred prior to the HALE1 measurements. See Figure s A

- 6 and A

- 7 for related details. The cause of anomalously high carbon concentrations is unknown.Review o f VIEWS2.0 2009

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2.2 IMPROVE HALE1 Monitoring Data Discussion

- 25 September 2009

Figure 5: 25 September 2009 IMPROVE HALE1 Elevated Carbon Concentrations Information

– key landmarks indicated on Google Earth

. Portions of HC&S fields #815, 823, and 906 were burned on the days preceding the 25 September 2009 IMPROVE HALE 1 peak carbon values. Smoke was reported in areas (Mokulele Hwy and N. Kiehei Road by Maalaea condos) well West of HALE1. While wind direction was from the WNW at the end of the 29 September 2009 burn at HC&S field #823 , there was not smoke reported. No Ma ui forest fires or nearby MODIS detections occurred prior to the HALE1 measurements. See Figures A

- 8 for details. The cause of anomalously high carbon concentrations is unknown.Review o f VIEWS2.0 2009

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2.3 IMPROVE HALE1 Monitoring Data Discussion

- 19 October 2009

Figure 6 : 19 October 2009 IMPROVE HALE1 Elevated Carbon Concentrations information

– key landmarks indicated on Google Earth Smoke from HC&S Field #404 burn on 19 October 2009 was reported traveling away from HALE1 monitoring location (from Pulehu Road to Hansen Road). No smoke comments were associated with the field #912 burn. None of the HC&S burns appear consistent with the elevated IMPROVE HALE1 carbon measurement on 19 October 2009. While not detected by MODIS, a small forest fire in Census Tract 304 on 18 October 2009 (see Figure A

- 9) is a candidate source of the elevated carbon levels at HALE1 ; Figure A

- 9 illustrates that Census Tract 304 includes areas very near to the HALE1 monitor

.Review o f VIEWS2.0 2009

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2.4 IMPROVE HALE1 Monitoring Data Discussion

- 11 September 2010

Figure 7 : 11 September 20 10 IMPROVE HALE1 Elevated Carbon Concentrations Information

– key landmarks indicated on Google Earth Light smoke from HC&S Field #101 burn on 9 September 2010 was reported in the Paia town to the ocean, West of the fields (post office, Maui C ountry Club, Hana Hwy). Smoke was also reported after the HC&S Field #111 burn on 11 September 2010 also in the Paia town area (Paia School and Holy Rosary). None of the HC&S burns appear consistent with the elevated IMPROVE HALE1 carbon measurement on 11 September 2010. There are no nearby MODIS detections or reported forest fires during thi s period (see Figure A

- 10). The cause of anomalously high carbon concentrations is unknown.Review o f VIEWS2.0 2009

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2.5 IMPROVE HALE1 Monitoring Data Discussion

- 23 October 2010

Figure 8 : 2 3 October 20 10 IMPROVE HALE1 Elevated Carbon Concentrations Information

– key landmarks indicated on Google Earth Smoke from HC&S Field #200 burn on 20 October 2010 was reported crossing Mokulele Hwy and by Central Maui Baseyard. Light smoke was also rep orted after the HC&S Field #708 burn on 22 October 2010 by the Kealia Pond National Wildlife Reserve. None of the HC&S burns appear consistent with the elevated IMPROVE HALE1 carbon measurement on 23 October 2010. There are no nearby MODIS detections or re ported forest fires during this period (see Figure A

- 11). The cause of anomalously high carbon concentrations is unknown.Review o f VIEWS2.0 2009

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3. IMPROVE Monitoring Data Correlation from 2007

- 2008 data sets
IMPROVE monitoring data correlations (Pearson product

- moment correlation coefficient xi squared, r 2 )

were examined using HALE1 data for 2007 and 2008. While this effort seeks to explain peak carbon values from 200 9 and 20 10 , the correlations seen in the earlier data set could potentially provide some insight. Unfortun ately, the IMPROVE HALE1 visibility impacting mass species correlations associated with Organic (carbon) Mass and Elemental Carbon mass are not strong (Figure 9).

Figure 9: IMPROVE HALE1 Visibility Impacting Mass Species Correlations (r 2 )

Correlations associated with all IMPROVE species were also examined for the 2007

- 2008 data set. While nickel (NIf) and vanadium (Vf) have relatively high correlations (0.90

– 0.95 quantile), the absolute values are only 0.48 for Nif, and 0.41 for Vf (Figure A

- 12). Thes e species are of interest because they are associated with “Residual oil combustion” iii and residual oil power plants are in use on Maui and Hawaii. The possible linkage between the carbon peaks observed during 2009

- 2010 with nickel and vanadium

was examined by visually comparing the carbon time histories (Figures 1 and 2) with those of nickel and vanadium (Figures 10 and 11, respectively). By observation, the two sets of figures do not appear to be similar. While the carbon time histories are strongl y peaked on the 5 days in question, the nickel time history shows many more peaks, with a saw

- tooth like character. While the vanadium time history does have a few strong peaks, they do not match those of the carbon species. Thus there does not appear to be a correspondence between the 5 days of anomalously high carbon concentrations are residual oil power plant emissions.Review o f VIEWS2.0 2009

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Figure 10: HALE1 Nickel (Fine) (μgram/m 3 ) ; scale not shown in VIEWS2.0 Local Air Quality viewer.

Figure 11: HALE1 Vanadiu m (Fine) (μgram/m 3 ) ; scale not shown in VIEWS2.0 Local Air Quality viewer.Review o f VIEWS2.0 2009

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4. HALE1 and HACR1 Monitor Locations and Additional Carbon Monitoring Data

The HALE1 monitorin g site is located less than 6.5 kilometers from the towns of Makawao and Pukalani Maui (Figure 12) ; t he elevation of HALE1 ( 1153 meters) is approximately 6 00 meters higher than either of the two towns. HALE1 is in the immediate vicinity of several small building and roads. While the source of anomalously high carbon concentrations is u nknown , future investigations could examine potential small local sources as appropriate.

Figure 12 : IMPROVE HALE1 Location

- indicated on Google EarthReview o f VIEWS2.0 2009

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In contrast, the Haleakala Crater (HACR1) (2158 meter elevation) monitor is located more than 12.6 kilometers from those two towns, at an elevation approximate ly 1000 meters highe r than HALE1; F igure 13

. HACR1 is with five hundred feet of the Haleakala National Park Headquarters Visitor Center and a p ortion of the Haleakala Highway. Compared to HALE1, it is relatively distant from the communities of central Maui

.

Figure 13 : IMPROVE HA CR 1 Location

- indicated on Google EarthReview o f VIEWS2.0 2009

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For the two IMPROVE sites, monitoring data of organic and elemental carbon are generally significantly different in magnitude, with HALE1 values far exceeding those of HACR1. The time history of organic carbon from the HALE1 monitor is presented from 2001 through 2010 in Figure 14. For HACR1, data collection began in 2007 , and those data through 2010 are presented in Figure 15.

Figure 1 4 : HALE1 Organic Total Carbon (Fine) (μgram/m 3 )

Figure 1 5 : HA CR 1 Organic Total Carbon (Fine) (μgram/m 3 )Review o f VIEWS2.0 2009

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The elemental carbon time histories for HALE1 and HACR1 are presented in Figures 16 and 17, respectively. As with the organic carbon comparison, the HACR1 elemental carbon concentrations are seen to be significantly smaller in general

.

Figure 16 : HALE1 Elemental Total Carbon (Fine) (μgram/m 3 )

Figure 17 : HA CR 1 Elemental Total Carbon (Fin e) (μgram/m 3 )

An expanded view of Maui, including local communities, HC&S fields, the IMPROVE monitoring sites, and Haleakala National Park boundary is presented in Figure 18. 200 meter elevation contours areReview o f VIEWS2.0 2009

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shown in yel low. The National Park is shown in green with a red boundary

. The e levation profile at the bottom of the figure is associated with the solid white line that goes South East from central Maui to
near HALE1, HACR1, through the National Park, and to the Ocean (near the 2010 Google copyright) . The red arrow inside the National Park is associated with the elevation shown within the profile, 2101 meters . HACR1 and HALE1 are associated with positions to the left of the vertical line on the elevation profile.

Figure 18: Haleakala Na tional Park, Maui topog raphy (200 meter contours), location references , and elevation profile (at bottom)

- indicated on Google Earth
This figure shows that the Eastern side of Haleakala National Park is close in elevation to the HACR1 site , and thus abou t 1000 meters higher in elevation than the HALE1 site. For this reason, it seems likely that HACR1 will be a more representative site for estimating visibility impacts on the National Park from emission sources in Central Maui.Review o f VIEWS2.0 2009

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5. Conclusion s The purpose o f this review was to determine if the cause(s) for 5 days of anomalously high carbon concentrations at HALE1 during 2009 and 2010 could be identified. After an examination of IMPROVE monitoring, satellite thermal monitoring (MODIS) , forest fire, and agricu ltural burni ng data, the source of one of the five days of interest appears consistent with a forest fire in the vicinity of the monitor. While the cause(s) for the large carbon concentrations for the remaining four days are unknown, they did not appear to be consistent with MODIS detections, reported forest fires, or agricultural burning.
The HALE1 IMPROVE concentration data for all 5 days appeared consistent with “motor vehicle exhaust, vegetative and wood burning, cooking”. Because of the range of carbon ratios associated with vehicles types and operation modes, it does not appear that they provide insight into whether the source(s) are vehicle or forest fire/ agricultural burning based. Concurrent high zinc levels on three o f the four unknown cause days could also indicate a connection with “municipal incinerator; also smelters, zinc oxide kiln” sources.

T hese emission sources could range from small (in emissions magnitude) and nearby, to large and distant. The HACR1 IMPROVE concentration data, which was collected near the Haleakala National Park Headquarters Visitor Center, did not include the 5 days of high carbon concentrations seen at HALE1 , and showed much lower carbon levels in general

. Because of the H ALE1 monit or’s relatively close distance and elevation to the nearby Central Maui communities , th e difference in concentration levels at the two monitors supports small and nearby emission sources as the likely cause. Because the HACR1 monitor is relativel y close in distance and elevation to much of the National Park, it also seems reasonable to postul ate that t hese sources would present minimal visibility impact to the National Park. While future Regional Haze visibility glide path compliance efforts could include investigations into possible carbon emission sources near HALE1, it is unclear that this w ould contribute to understanding and improving visibility conditions within the National P ark

.Review o f VIEWS2.0 2009

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Appendix

Table A

- 1: VIEWS2.0 Key Data
– August 2009

Table A

- 2 : VIEWS2.0 Key Data
– September 2009

Table A

- 3 : VIEWS2.0 Key Data
– October 20 09Review o f VIEWS2.0 2009

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Table A

- 4 : VIEWS2.0 Key Data
– September 20 10

Table A

- 5 : VIEWS2.0 Key Data
– October 20 10Review o f VIEWS2.0 2009

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Figure A

- 1 : HALE1 Bromine (Fine) (μgram/m 3 ) ; scale not shown in VIEWS2.0 Local Air Quality viewer.

Figure A

- 2: HALE1 Carbon, Organic Mass (Fine) (μgram/m 3 )Review o f VIEWS2.0 2009

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Figure A

- 3 : HALE1 Filter Absorption Coefficie n t xii
, xiii

Figure A

- 4: HALE1 Zinc (Fine)Review o f VIEWS2.0 2009

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Figure A

- 5: Hawaiian Commercial & Sugar Company f ield designations and locations indicated on Google Earth.Review o f VIEWS2.0 2009

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Figures A

- 6 to A

- 11: In

- House Visualization

– Figure Layout Information
MODIS, forest fire, and agricultural burning data are presented in Appendix Figures A

- 6 to A

- 11. At the top of these figures, 4 slide bars are used to select the information presented. The slide bar values are consecutive integers.
The topmost slide bar, “kjump” , selects the time period to be presented; “kjump” sets the “bin” number, “Bin Start Date”, and “Bin End Date”. Each bin is 60 days long and bin start and stop dates are increase (decrease) by 30 days for each unity increase (decrease) i n “kjump”. All “Haw aii Fire Data” and “HC&S Field Burn Data” associated with the selected “bin” number are shown at the bottom of the figure.
The second slide bar, “mpoint”, selects the MODIS data set within the “bin” to be presented. The locations of all MODIS detec tions wi thin the “bin” are shown on the figure as small red disks. If the selected MODIS detection is visible on the figure’s map, it is surro unded by a black circle. Because of the small number of MODIS detections in the vicinity of the HALE1, only one of minor i nterest is briefly discussed in Figure A

- 7; the detection date does not coincide to any of the five days of interest.
The third slide bar, “ictract”, selects the Census Tract to be highlighted on the map. The approximate locations of Hawaii fo rest fires of that occur near the five days of interest can be shown using this slide bar. The Census tract is presented as a partially transparent re d region with dashed red border, and blue numbers noting the tract number.
The fourth slide bar, “ihcsfield”, s elects the HC&S field to be highlighted on the map. The approximate locations of HC&S field burns that occur near the five days of interest are shown using this slide bar; the exact location of the acres burned within a given field is unknown. The HC&S fie ld area is presented as a partially transparent green region with dashed green border, and green numbers noting the field num ber.Review o f VIEWS2.0 2009

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Figure A

- 6 : Forest and Agricultural fire data

– 31 July 2009 to 28 September 2009 ; 5 August 2009 (Green arrow) IMPROVE HALE1 data shows large carbon concentrations. While HC&S field #813 burns did occur prior to HALE1 measurements, they are distant from HALE1. MODIS Fire Detection matches HC& S burn IMPROVE Monitoring Day of Interest

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Figure A

- 7 : Forest and Agricultural fire data

– 31 July 2009 to 28 September 2009 ; MODI S detection on 14 September 2009 (Green arrow) is consistent with HC&S field # 817 burn. There are no reported forest fires for this day. IMPROVE HALE1 carbon measurements are nominal. MODIS Fire Detection matches HC&S burn IMPROVE Monitoring Day of Interest

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Figure A

- 8 : Forest and Agricultural fire data

– 3 1 July 2009 to 28 September 2009 ; 25 September 2009 (Green arrow) IMPROVE HALE1 data shows large carbon concentrations. While HC&S field #815, 906, and 823 burns did occur prior to HALE1 measurements, they are distant from HALE1. MODIS Fire Detection matches HC&S burn IMPROVE Monitoring Day of Int erest

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Figure A

- 9 : Forest and Agricultural fire data

– 29 September 2009 to 27 November 2009; 19 October 2009 (Green arrows) IMPROVE HALE1 data shows large carbon concentrations. While HC&S field #912 and 404 burns did occur prior to HALE1 mea surements, #912 is distant from HALE1 and smoke reported after the #404 burn was blowing away from HALE1 (See Figure 6 )

. While not detected by MODIS, a small forest fire in Census Tract 304 on 18 October 2009 would be a likely source for the elevated carbon levels at HALE1. Census Tract 304 includes areas very near to the HALE1 monitor

. IMPROVE Monitoring Day of Interest

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Figure A

- 10 : Forest and Agricultural fire data

– 25 August 2010 to 23 November 2010; 11 September 2010 (Green arrow) IMPROVE HALE1 data shows large carbon conce ntrations. While HC&S field #101 and # 111 burns did occur prior to HALE1 measurements, they are distant from HALE1 and smoke reported after the burn s was blowing away from HALE1 (See Figure 7). IMPROVE Monitoring Day of Interest IMPROVE Monitoring Day of InterestReview o f VIEWS2.0 2009

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Figure A

- 11 : Forest and Agricultural fire data

– 25 August 2010 to 23 November 2010; 23 October 2010 (Green arrow) IMPROVE HALE1 data shows large carbon concentrations. While HC&S field #200 and 708 burns did occur prior to HALE1 measurements , reported smoke appears inconsistent with elevated carbon concentrations at HALE1 (see Figure 8). IMPROVE Monitoring Day of Interest

IMPROVE Monitoring Day of InterestReview o f VIEWS2.0 2009

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Figure A

- 12: IMPROVE HALE1 correlations based on 2007

- 2008 monitoring dataReview o f VIEWS2.0 2009

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References

i VIEWS2.0 Main Page & Local Air Quality Plots; http://views.cira.colostate.edu/web/

ii VIEWS2.0 Data Wizard; http://views.cira.colostate.edu/web/DataWizard/

iii Main, H.H, and Roberts, P.T , “PM2.5 Data Analysis Workbook (draft)”, Sonoma Technology, Inc, prepared for the U.S. Environmental Protection Agency, Office of Air Quality Planning and Standards, February 2001; http://www.sonomatechdata.com/sti_workbooks/Workbooks_PDF/PM_DA_WKBK/08

- Source_Apportionment.pdf

iv E.Nam, et.al., “Analysis of Particulate Matter Emissions from Light

- Duty Gasoline Vehic les in Kansas City”, Environmental Protection Agency, EPA420

- R

- 08

- 010, April 2008; http://www.epa.gov/otaq/emission

- factors

- research/420r08010.pd

v Personal communications, B. Qu ayle, USDA Forest Service Remote Sensing Application Center.

vi MODIS Fire Detection GIS Data; http://activefiremaps.fs.fed.us/gisdata.php?sensor=modis&extent=hawaii

vii Personal communications, Lance De Silva, Hawaii Department of Land and Natural Resources, Division of Forestry & Wildlife; http://www.state.hi.us/dlnr/dofaw/fmp/firepersonnel.htm

.

viii U .S. Census Bureau, State of Hawaii Census 2010: Census Tract Shapefiles (15001, 15003, 15007, 15009) ; http://www2.census.gov/geo/pvs/tiger2010st/15_Hawaii/

.

ix Personal communications, Tim Walker, Hawaiian Commercial and Sugar Company.

x Google Maps; http://maps.google.com/

xi Pearson product

- moment correlation coefficient; http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pearson_product

moment_co rrelation_coefficient

xii Idaho Department of Environmental Quality, Regional Haze State Implementation Plan, “Appendix A: Regional Haze Definitions”; http://www.deq.idaho.go v/media/62136

- regional_haze_sip_1010_appa.pdf

xiii N.Frank, et.al., “Optical Measurements of PM2.5 Collected on Teflon Filters to Estimate Elemental Carbon”, US EPA / OAQPS, “For Presentation at A&WMA Conference, Xi’an China”, May 12, 2010; http://www.dri.edu/images/stories/editors/leapfrog/techprog/Ve_4_Frank.pdf