# Patent

## Title
Hybrid mode cryptographic method and system with message authentication

## Abstract

An encryption and authentication technique that achieves enhanced integrity verification through assured error-propagation using a multistage sequence of pseudorandom permutations. The method generates intermediate data-dependent cryptographic variables at each stage, which are systematically combined into feedback loops. The encryption technique also generates an authentication tag with minimal post processing that is the size of the state.

## Background
RELATED APPLICATIONS
This application is a continuation-in-part of U.S. application Ser. No. 12/979,693 filed on Dec. 28, 2010 and entitled “ENCRYPTING A PLAINTEXT MESSAGE WITH AUTHENTICATION” which is a continuation of U.S. patent application Ser. No. 12/781,648 filed on May 17, 2010, which is a continuation-in-part of U.S. patent application Ser. No. 12/727,819, entitled “ENCRYPTING A PLAINTEXT MESSAGE WITH AUTHENTICATION”, filed on Mar. 19, 2010, which is a continuation of U.S. patent application Ser. No. 11/496,214, entitled “ENCRYPTING A PLAINTEXT MESSAGE WITH AUTHENTICATION”, filed on Jul. 31, 2006 (now U.S. Pat. No. 7,715,553), which claims the benefit of U.S. provisional patent application No. 60/595,720, filed Sep. 13, 2005, and this application claims the benefit of U.S. Provisional Patent Application Ser. No. 61/331,706 filed May 5, 2010 and entitled “HYBRID MODE CRYPTOGRAPHIC METHOD AND SYSTEM WITH MESSAGE AUTHENTICATION”, and said U.S. patent application Ser. No. 12/781,648 claims the benefit of U.S. Provisional Patent Application Ser. Nos. 61/213,194 filed May 15, 2009 and 61/264,527 filed Nov. 25, 2009, all of the above listed cases being incorporated by reference herein in their entirety.


FIELD
The described embodiments relates generally to the technical field of data communication and storage. Specifically some embodiments relate to cryptographic methods and systems that allow for both the encryption and authentication of information through the use of a generic pseudorandom permutation.
BACKGROUND
Data encryption methods provide privacy of the encrypted information over insecure communication channels. Encryption methods alone, however, lack manipulation detection abilities to ensure the integrity or authenticity of the information. Data authentication methods are required to detect when the received message was altered by an adversary during communication.
Many known algorithms provide authentication separate from the privacy. One of the most well known methods for providing data authentication generates an authentication tag or Message Authentication Code (MAC) through the use of a key dependent one-way hash function. A one-way hash function is designed such that it is comparatively easy to compute but almost impossible to reverse. Because the length of the authentication tag is usually fixed and shorter than the length of the initial message, the authentication tag cannot ensure a one-to-one mapping of messages to authentication tags. The length of the authentication tag, however, is designed to be long enough to thwart brute force attacks.
In the method for exchanging a message with an authentication tag, the sender initiates the exchange by generating an authentication tag from the authentic message using a shared key. The sender then transfers the message and authentication tag to the receiver. At the receiving end, the receiver must generate an authentication tag from the received message using the shared key as well. The receiver then compares his or her generated authentication tag with the received authentication tag. If the two tags match, then the receiver can be assured that the message has not been modified during transmission and that it was sent by someone who knows the secret key.
The use of an authentication tag or MAC consumes time on the receiving end, because it requires the receiver to generate a MAC for comparison. When combined with a data encryption method, the receiver must decrypt the message and generate an authentication tag before the received information can be used. This conventional approach requires two passes over the same message on both the sending and receiving end, often with the same basic algorithm. Furthermore, this conventional approach often requires the use of separate keys for each function. The use of two separate functions uses excessive processing power, memory, and time.
In applications focused on minimizing latency such as Supervisory Control and Data Acquisition (SCADA) networks, Radio Frequency Identification (RFID), and other real-time data exchange systems, received information must be used immediately making it impossible to use a separate MAC for data authentication. The devices used in such applications present further restrictions on processing power, code space, and memory. These applications highlight the need for methods that provide message integrity integrated with strong cryptographic privacy to minimize the latency and overhead imposed by separate conventional methods.
In response to the disadvantages of the conventional approaches, various methods have been suggested. Based on a new proof in error detection, the SCADA community including the AGA12 committee suggested assured error-propagation as a means for providing integrity without the need for a traditional MAC. Various methods exist that include error-propagation to provide some level of integrity. Depending on the level of error-propagation, a one-bit modification to the transmitted ciphertext results in some amount of randomization of subsequent bits in order to provide enhanced manipulation detection. One such method, Propagating Cipher Block Chaining (PCBC) was designed to fully propagate a one-bit modification to all subsequent bits. Since its design, however, PCBC mode has been found to be vulnerable to some straight-forward attacks. For example, switching two ciphertext blocks leaves the rest of the message unchanged.
Andrew Wright et al. recently proposed another solution, AES PE-mode for use in SCADA networks that was designed based on the error detection proof to assure at least six bits of randomization following a one-bit manipulation (viz., A. K. Wright, J. A. Kinast, and J. McCarty. Low-Latency Cryptographic Protection for SCADA Communications. In: Proc. 2nd Int. Conf. on Applied Cryptography and Network Security, ACNS 2004). While PE-mode lacks the straight-forward vulnerabilities of PCBC, PE-mode imposes a great deal of latency and overhead, because it is essentially a cascade cipher of two AES encryption modes. In addition to encrypting the message twice, PE-mode is designed to be used with a separate message authentication algorithm such as a CBC-MAC. The drawbacks of PCBC and PE-mode illuminate the need for an error-propagating encryption algorithm that is both fast and small and does not require further steps to achieve integrity.
The proposed solutions are often implemented as block ciphers that require the plaintext message to fit within the fixed block size of the encryption algorithm. When a plaintext block is less than the fixed block size these conventional algorithms often pad the plaintext block resulting in a ciphertext message that is expanded from the plaintext message. In applications were it is desirable to minimize the number of transmitted bits while still providing message authentication this ciphertext expansion is undesirable.
Some message authentication techniques are also prone to collision or birthday attacks. Authentication techniques where two separate messages may share an identical authentication code may be exploited by an attacker.
SUMMARY OF SOME EMBODIMENTS
The described embodiments generally provide methods and systems for efficiently integrating integrity and strong encryption through assured error-propagation and an automatically generated authentication tag. The provided embodiments are designed to work with considerably low levels of needed code space, processing resources, memory, and latency requirements. Briefly, the described embodiments may include a multi-stage encryption system, wherein a plaintext block is passed through a sequence of pseudorandom permutations. The systems generate intermediate data-dependent cryptographic variables at each stage, which are systematically combined into feedback loops to produce assured error-propagation. At the conclusion of encryption, the embodiments generate a cryptographic hash using the final data-dependent cryptographic variables.
The described embodiments include methods, systems, processes, devices, stand-alone cryptographic algorithms, and modes of existing cryptographic algorithms. Several of these embodiments are described below.
In one embodiment, an encryption engine for multi-stage data encryption and authentication is defined wherein each stage is a pseudorandom permutation. The encryption engine performs the steps of: receiving plaintext data, partitioning the plaintext into equal size plaintext blocks, passing each plaintext block through a sequence of pseudorandom permutations, modifying the states of the pseudorandom permutations for the next block based on each current block's intermediate stage cryptographic variables each of which is the output of one stage in the sequence, possibly further modifying the states of the pseudorandom permutations for the next block based on a function of prior values of one or more states of the pseudorandom permutations, and generating ciphertext from the output of each plaintext block's final stage. It should be noted that pseudorandom permutations are usually considered stateless. The described embodiments create what will be referred to as states by storing variables that are used to modify the input to each pseudorandom permutation. Since the state of these variables directly affects the output of each pseudorandom permutation, the permutations can be seen as having states.
In a further aspect of some embodiments, the implementation of each pseudorandom permutation can be achieved by one or multiple of the following: generating shifted permutation tables also known as S-Boxes, using existing cryptographic algorithms, including but not limited to AES, RC5, TEA, IDEA, Present, TWOFISH, or electronically implementing classical rotors.
In a further aspect of some embodiments, the modification of the states of each pseudorandom permutation is accomplished by following the pattern which will be referred to as the “312 rule”. The pattern outlines the following steps:

    
    
        (a) The state of the first pseudorandom permutation is modified by the output of the next to the last pseudorandom permutation.
        (b) The states of the middle pseudorandom permutations are modified by the output of previous pseudorandom permutation.
        (c) The state of the last pseudorandom permutation is modified by both the state and output of the first pseudorandom permutation.
    
    


In a further aspect of some embodiments, the pattern may also include one or more of the following steps:

    
    
        (d) The state of the second pseudorandom permutation is further modified by the state of the last pseudorandom permutation performed in step ‘c’.
        (e) The state of each pseudorandom permutation is further modified by a function of current and/or previous state values of one or more of the pseudorandom permutations.
    
    


In a further aspect of some embodiments, the method may generate an authentication tag using the final plaintext block's state variables. The generation of the authentication tag may be accomplished by either concatenating the final state variables or masking the final state variables by combining them with the initial permutation states before concatenation.
In a further aspect of some embodiments, the method may generate an authentication tag using plaintext block's state variables after they have been obfuscated. The first step in the generation of the authentication tag is to create distance by advancing the final state variables so that the final state variables may not be ascertained from the authentication tag. This is accomplished by encrypting the sum of two of the state variables until the desired distance has been achieved. The state variables at this point in time may then be used to compose the authentication tag.
In a further aspect of some embodiments, the method may generate an authentication tag by encrypting a plain text block known to a possible attacker, such as the initialization vector (IV) used in the initialization process, with the resulting cipher text being used as the authentication tag.
In a further aspect of some embodiments, the method may generate an authentication tag by encrypting a plain text block known to a possible attacker after using the plaintext block's state variables to create distance by advancing the final state variables so that the final state variables may not be ascertained from the knowledge of the initial state variables used to encrypt the known plain text block. The resulting cipher text may then be used as the authentication tag.
In a further aspect of some embodiments, the method may include the step of initializing the beginning state variables. The initialization process may be conducted by encrypting a nonce using a non-initialized version of the defined method and using the generated ciphertext and authentication tag as the beginning variables.
In a further aspect of some embodiments, the initialization process may be conducted by encrypting a nonce using a non-initialized version of the defined method and using the sum of two of the state variables at time t as the input. This may be repeated for a number of iterations in order to resist cryptanalysis. The result is a state that is unique and unpredictable as long as the nonce is unique.
In a further aspect of some embodiments, the initialization process may be conducted by encrypting a nonce using a non-initialized version of the defined method and using a known constant at time t as the input. This may be repeated for a number of iterations in order to resist cryptanalysis. The result is a state that is unique and unpredictable as long as the nonce is unique.
In a further aspect of some embodiments, an internal counter may be used to further modify the states of the pseudorandom permutations. The addition of a counter, designed to eliminate short cycles, is performed by storing N counter variables where N is the number of pseudorandom permutation stages, incrementing the counter variables in an odometric fashion, and modifying each pseudorandom permutation state by the associated counter variable.
In a further aspect of some embodiments, a LFSR may be used in place of an internal counter. The size of the LFSR may be chosen arbitrarily. A portion of the LFSR may be used to modify one or more of the permutations.
In a further aspect of some embodiments, an accumulator may be used in place of an internal counter. Each accumulator updates its value via a function (such as an XOR) of the current accumulator value and the current value of its associated pseudorandom permutation state. A portion of each accumulator may be used to modify one or more of the pseudorandom permutation states.
In a further aspect of some embodiments, the number of needed pseudorandom permutations may be reduced by substituting the inverse of pseudorandom permutations in use for some number of other pseudorandom permutations. For example, in a 4-stage method with pseudorandom permutations ABCD, the number of pseudorandom permutations required could be reduced by using the permutations ABA−1B−1 (where A−1 and B−1 are the inverses of A and B, respectively).
In a further aspect of some embodiments, the number of needed pseudorandom permutations may be reduced on one side of the communications channel by supplying only pseudorandom permutations on one side while the other side has both pseudorandom and inverse pseudorandom permutations. For example the server side can have both ABCD and A−1B−1C−1D−1 permutations while the client side can have only ABCD permutations. Communication from the server to the client may be accomplished by first decrypting the plaintext message (which has the same effect as encrypting). The client can then recover the message by encrypting the ciphertext (which has the same effect as decrypting). Communication from the client to the server may be performed in the normal fashion i.e. client encrypts message, server decrypts message.
In a further aspect of some embodiments, a data decryption method that is the inverse of the multi-stage data encryption and authentication method may be defined. The method comprises the steps of: receiving ciphertext data, partitioning the ciphertext into equal size ciphertext blocks, passing each block through a sequence of pseudorandom permutations where each permutation is an inverse of the permutations used in the encryption method, modifying the states of the pseudorandom permutations for the next block based on each current block's intermediate stage cryptographic variables, and generating plaintext from the output of each ciphertext block's final stage. The decryption method passes each ciphertext block backwards through the sequence in the encryption method. It should be noted that the chosen embodiment of the decryption method should match those in the chosen embodiment of the encryption method. For example, if the chosen embodiment of the encryption method uses RC5 as the pseudorandom permutation, generates an authentication tag, and utilizes counters, the chosen embodiment of the decryption method should also use RC5, generate an authentication tag, and use counters.
In a further aspect of some embodiments, a method for performing an integrity check is defined. The method includes the steps of: performing the encryption method defined in order to generate ciphertext and an authentication tag, performing the decryption method defined on said ciphertext in order to generate plaintext and a second authentication tag, and comparing the two authentication tags for equality. It can be assured with high probability that the ciphertext was not modified after encryption if the two authentication tags are equal.
In another embodiment, an encryption or decryption engine for encrypting or decrypting messages comprises memory (e.g. one or more data storage devices) for storing state variables and control logic that is configured to receive the message, apply one or more pseudorandom permutations to the blocks of the message, and modify the input to each pseudorandom permutations by at least one state variable which is modified by at least one of the previously generated permutation outputs, previously generated permutation inputs, ciphertext, and plaintext. The encryption/decryption engine may be further configured to generate or authenticate an authentication tag that is attached to the message. The control logic may be further configured to initialize the state variables and an LFSR by randomizing a nonce. Alternatively, in some embodiments the control logic may be further configured to initialize the state variables and at least one accumulator by randomizing a nonce. The control logic may be further configured to modify at least one state variable by an LFSR. Alternatively, in some embodiments the control logic may be further configured to modify at least one state variable by the accumulators.
In a further aspect of some embodiments, an encryption or decryption engine may be further configured to operate in a hybrid mode for encrypting or decrypting sub-blocks less than the fixed block size of the encryption or decryption engine, where the control logic is further configured to receive the sub-block, generate a keystream by applying 2 or more pseudorandom permutations to the at least one state variable, apply the keystream to the sub-block, transform the sub-block to the fixed block size, and modify the input to each pseudorandom permutations by at least one state variable which is modified by at least one of the previously generated permutation outputs, previously generated permutation inputs, ciphertext, plaintext, and transformed sub-blocks. In a further aspect of some embodiments, the method may encrypt a nonce prior to generating an authentication tag.
In another embodiment, an encryption or decryption engine for encrypting or decrypting messages comprises memory for storing state variables and control logic that is configured to receive the message, apply one or more pseudorandom permutations to the blocks of the message, and modify the input to each pseudorandom permutations by at least one state variable which is modified by at least one of the previously generated permutation outputs, previously generated permutation inputs, ciphertext, and plaintext. The encryption/decryption engine may be further configured to generate and/or authenticate an authentication tag that is attached to the message. The control logic may be further configured to initialize the state variables and accumulator variables by randomizing a nonce. The control logic may be further configured to accumulate the state changes in accumulator registers. The accumulator registers may be used to modify the key in one or more pseudorandom permutations.



DESCRIPTION OF VARIOUS EMBODIMENTS
For a more complete understanding of the described embodiments and for further features and advantages, reference is now made to the following description, taken in conjunction with the accompanying drawings, in which:
FIG. 1 is a first flowchart in accordance with one embodiment;
FIG. 2 is a second flowchart in accordance with one embodiment;
FIG. 3 is a schematic illustration of one embodiment of an encryption system;
FIG. 4 is a schematic illustration of one embodiment of a decryption system;
FIG. 5 is a schematic illustration of one embodiment for initializing variables using a nonce;
FIG. 6 is a schematic illustration of one embodiment for generating an authentication tag from final state variables;
FIG. 7 is a schematic illustration of one embodiment for generating a masked authentication tag from a combination of the initial and final state variables;
FIG. 8 is a schematic illustration of one embodiment for decrypting and verifying the integrity of the message using a received authentication tag;
FIG. 9 is a schematic illustration of one embodiment of the encryption system from FIG. 3 with the addition of counters;
FIG. 10 is a schematic illustration of one embodiment of the decryption system from FIG. 4 with the addition of counters;
FIG. 11 is a schematic illustration of one embodiment for incrementing counters;
FIG. 12 is a schematic illustration of an alternative embodiment of an encryption system;
FIG. 13 is a schematic illustration of an alternative embodiment of a decryption system;
FIG. 14 is a schematic illustration of an embodiment of an encryption system using an LFSR;
FIG. 15 is a schematic illustration of an embodiment of a decryption system using an LFSR;
FIG. 16 is a schematic illustration of an embodiment for initializing variables using a nonce;
FIG. 17 is a schematic illustration of an embodiment wherein an authentication tag is generated from the final state variables;
FIG. 18 is a schematic illustration of an embodiment of a method for decrypting and verifying the integrity of a message using a received authentication tag;
FIG. 19 is a schematic illustration of a hardware embodiment of a system for encryption/decryption and authentication;
FIG. 20 illustrates a hybrid mode of operation of an encryption engine shown encrypting a 40-bit plaintext message;
FIG. 21 illustrates a hybrid mode of operation of a decryption engine shown decrypting a 40-bit ciphertext message;
FIG. 22 is a schematic illustration of an embodiment for generating an authentication tag using a nonce as input to the encrypt engine;
FIG. 23 is a schematic illustration of an embodiment of an encryption system using accumulators;
FIG. 24 illustrates the equations that define the encryption method from FIG. 23; and
FIG. 25 is a schematic illustration of an embodiment for generating an authentication tag using a nonce as input to the encryption engine wherein the internal state is expanded by the inclusion of accumulators.



DETAILED DESCRIPTION
FIGS. 1 and 2 represent two versions of a flow chart explaining the steps of encryption for some of the embodiments described herein. FIG. 1 was the original diagram as can found in U.S. provisional patent Ser. No. 60/595,720. While maintaining the essential core, FIG. 2 is the revised encryption diagram with a more clear representation and the elimination of unneeded steps. Before explaining the details of the revised diagram, it is good to note the difference between the two diagrams.
The original diagram uses the term Variable Exchange Table (VET) which is now referred to as the more generally used and understood term, pseudorandom permutation. Furthermore, what was originally denoted as a VET Setting (VS) is now referred to as a state variable (SV), and the Output of a VET is now referred to as an intermediate cryptographic variable (CV). The terms have been modified for ease of understanding.
FIG. 1 contains all of the same steps as the revised diagram except the generation of the authentication tag 270 and the initialization of the state variables 500. In order to compensate for uncertainty, additional steps 115, 120, and 150 were added to the encryption method to facilitate the combination of the output of the final pseudorandom permutation with an AES keystream through an exclusive or (XOR) function to produce ciphertext. Said additional steps were thought to further protect the ciphertext from attacks. Further consideration and evaluation have eliminated the need for said additional steps, and therefore they have been removed from the revised diagram. Note that corresponding steps in the two diagrams have been numbered the same (ex 125 corresponds to 225).
FIG. 2 illustrates the steps involved in an encryption embodiment. From the start, a key and counter are loaded 200 in order to initialize the pseudorandom permutations if necessary 205 and 210. The next step initializes the state variables and counters with a nonce 500 which is described in further detail in FIG. 5. Once the plaintext is acquired 225, the first plaintext block is combined with the initialized state variables and stepped through a series of four pseudorandom permutations 230-245 resulting in the first ciphertext block 255. Before the next plaintext block can be encrypted, the state variables are updated using the intermediate cryptographic variables 260. This cycle continues 265 and 225 for all plaintext blocks. Optionally, the final state variables can be combined to form an authentication tag 270. The details of the embodied encryption method are described to a greater extent in the next diagram.
FIG. 3 represents an encryption embodiment wherein m plaintext blocks Pi 301 are each passed through a sequence of four pseudorandom permutations 303 resulting in m ciphertext blocks 304. In this embodiment each of the four permutations 303 are keyed with different keys k1, k2, k3, and k4. The embodied method includes the step of initializing the state variables 302 by passing a nonce 310 through a randomization function 500 that is discussed in detail below. Once the state variables are initialized, the first plaintext block Pi 301a is combined with the initial state variable SV10 302a through modular 2n addition where n is the size of a plaintext block. The result of said combination is passed into the first pseudorandom permutation Fk1 303a producing an intermediate cryptographic variable, CV121 (the cryptographic variable between the first pseudorandom permutation Fk1 303a and the second pseudorandom permutation Fk2 303b) which will be fed forward to encrypt the next plaintext block P2 301b. Continuing with the encryption of P1 301a, CV121 is combined with the second initialized state variable SV20 302b through modular 2n addition and passed into the second pseudorandom permutation Fk2 303b resulting in CV231. The encryption continues to follow the same pattern for the two remaining pseudorandom permutations Fk3 303c and Fk4 303d where the result of Fk4 303d is the first ciphertext block C1 304a. 
For the encryption of the next plaintext block P2 301b, the state variables 305 should be updated using a feedback mechanism as will be described. The first state variable SV11 305a produced following the encryption of the first plaintext block P1, 301a is generated by combining the previous state variable SV10 302a with the output from the previous block's third permutation CV341 through modular 2n addition where n is the size of a plaintext block. The second state variable SV21 305b is generated by combining the previous state variable SV20 302b with the output from the previous block's first permutation CV121 through modular 2n addition. Similarly, the third state variable SV31 305c is generated by combining the previous state variable SV30 302c with the output from the previous block's second permutation CV231 through modular 2n addition. The fourth state variable SV41 305d is generated by combining the previous state variable SV40 302d with the output from the previous block's first permutation CV121 and the current block's first state variable SV11 305a, through modular 2n addition. It should be noted that the calculation of SV11 305a should occur before the calculation of SV41 305d. Furthermore, while the described embodiment stores the state variables SV1, SV2, SV3, and SV4, derived embodiments could entail the same spirit of the present embodiments without actually storing the state variables. The step of storing state variables is disclosed for ease of understanding.
The encryption of all further plaintext blocks P2 301b through Pm 301c may be conducted in the same manner as the encryption of P1 301a. For example, the second plaintext block P2 301b is conducted in the same manner as the encryption of the first plaintext block P1 301a substituting the updated state variables 305 for the previous state variables 302.
FIG. 4 represents a decryption embodiment wherein m ciphertext blocks Ci 404 are each passed through a sequence of four inverse pseudorandom permutations FK−1 403 resulting in m plaintext blocks Pi 401. In this embodiment each of the four inverse permutations FK−1 403 are keyed with the same keys used in the encryption in FIG. 3. The embodied method includes the step of initializing the state variables 402 by passing a nonce 410 through a randomization function 500 that is discussed in detail below. Once the state variables 402 are initialized, the first ciphertext block C1 404a is passed into the first inverse pseudorandom permutation 403d. The result of said inverse pseudorandom permutation Fk4−1 403d is combined with the initial state variable SV40 402d through modular 2n subtraction where n is the size of a ciphertext block producing an intermediate cryptographic variable CV341 (the cryptographic variable between Fk3−1 403c and Fk4−1 403d) which will be fed forward to decrypt the next ciphertext block C2 404b. Continuing with the decryption of C1 404a, CV341 is passed into the second inverse psuedorandorandom permutation Fk3−1 403c. The result of said inverse permutation Fk3−1 403c is combined with SV30 using modular 2n subtraction producing CV231. The decryption continues to follow the same pattern for the two remaining inverse pseudorandom permutations Fk2−1 403b and Fk1−1 403a where the result of Fk1−1 403a is combined with SV10 402a using modular 2n subtraction to produce the first plaintext block P1 401a. 
For the decryption of the next ciphertext block C2 404b, the state variables 405 are updated using a feedback mechanism as will be described. The state variable SV1, 405a, produced following the decryption of the first ciphertext block C1 404a, is generated by combining the previous state variable SV10 402a with the input from the previous block's second inverse permutation CV341 through modular 2n addition where n is the size of a ciphertext block. The second state variable SV21 405b is the output of the previous block's third inverse permutation Fk2−1 403b. Similarly, the state variable SV31 405c is the output of the previous block's second inverse permutation Fk3−1 403c. The state variable SV41 405d is generated by combining the previous state variable SV40 402d with the input from the previous block's fourth inverse permutation CV121 and the current block's state variable SV11, 405a, through modular 2n addition. It should be noted that the calculation of SV1, 405a should occur before the calculation of SV41 405d. Furthermore, while the described embodiment stores the state variables SV1, SV2, SV3, and SV4, derived embodiments could entail the same spirit of the present embodiments without actually storing the state variables. The step of storing state variables is disclosed for ease of understanding.
The decryption of all further ciphertext blocks C2 404b through Cm 404e are conducted in the same manner as the decryption of C1 404a. For example, the second ciphertext block C2 404b is conducted in the same manner as the decryption of the first ciphertext block C1 404a substituting the updated state variables 405 for the previous state variables 402.
FIG. 5 illustrates the function of generating initial values by randomizing a nonce as used in FIGS. 3, 4, 9, 10, and 23 for example. The purpose of said function is to initialize the state variables and counters to unique and unpredictable values. In some embodiments, the nonce or input to the function may be a random number, an incrementing counter, or any value as long as it has not been used before in the context of a given key(s). It should be noted that the nonce need not be secret. It should also be noted that repeating a nonce simply results in the initial state of the pseudorandom permutations being the same for each repeat of the nonce. The initialization function parses a unique value into m blocks Ni 501 and passes each block through a sequence of m pseudorandom permutations 503 resulting in values that are used in the initial setup of both the encryption and decryption methods. Padding may be necessary in order to facilitate equal sized blocks. The number of blocks m and the number of pseudorandom permutations m should always be the same. In the present embodiment of the initialization function, m is equal to 4. The randomization function keys each of the four permutations FK 503 with different keys k1, k2, k3, and k4. The embodied method includes the step of initializing the state variables 502 to a constant such as zero. Once the state variables 502 are initialized, the first block N1 501a is combined with the initial state variable SV1n1 502a through modular 2n addition where n is the size of a block. The result of said combination is passed into the first pseudorandom permutation Fk1 503a producing an intermediate cryptographic variable CV121 (the cryptographic variable between the first pseudorandom permutation Fk1 503a and the second Fk2 503b) which will be fed forward to encrypt the next block N2 501b. Continuing with the randomization function of N1 501a, CV121 is combined with the second initialized state variable SV2n1 502b through modular 2n addition and passed into the second pseudorandom permutation Fk2 503b resulting in CV231. The randomization continues to follow the same pattern for the two remaining pseudorandom permutations Fk3 503c and Fk4 503d where the result of Fk4 503d is the first CTR value CTR10 504a. It should be noted that some embodiments may not use the generated CTR 504 values.
For the next block N2 501b, the state variables 505 should be updated using a feedback mechanism as will be described. The first state variable SV1n2 505a produced following the randomization of the first block N1 501a is generated by combining the previous state variable SV1n1 502a with the output from the previous block's third permutation CV341 through modular 2n addition where n is the size of a block. The second state variable SV2n2 505b is generated by combining the previous state variable SV2n1 502b with the output from the previous block's first permutation CV121 through modular 2n addition. Similarly, the third state variable SV3n2 505c is generated by combining the previous state variable SV3n1 502c with the output from the previous block's second permutation CV231 through modular 2n addition. The fourth state variable SV4n2 505d is generated by combining the previous state variable SV4n1 502d with the output from the previous block's first permutation CV121 and the current block's first state variable SV1n2 505a, through modular 2n addition. It should be noted that the calculation of SV1n2 505a should occur before the calculation of SV4n2 505d. Furthermore, while the described embodiment stores the state variables SV1, SV2, SV3, and SV4, derived embodiments could entail the same spirit of the present embodiments without actually storing the state variables. The step of storing state variables is disclosed for ease of understanding.
The randomization of all further plaintext blocks N2 501b through N4 501d may be conducted in the same manner as the randomization of N1 501a. For example, the second plaintext block N2 501b is randomized in the same manner as the randomization of the first plaintext block N1 501a substituting the updated state variables 505 for the previous state variables 502. After the four blocks 501 are each randomized, the resulting state variables SV10, SV20, SV30, and SV40 508 can be used as initial state variables for FIGS. 3, 4, 9, and 10, for instance. Similarly, the resulting randomized values, CTR10, CTR20, CTR30, and CTR40 504 can be used as initial counters for FIG. 9 and FIG. 10.
FIG. 6 presents an elevated look at the method for generating an authentication tag from the results of the previously described encryption embodiment. The schematic diagram includes an abbreviated version of the encryption method 300 in which each sequence of pseudorandom permutations is depicted in a single encryption function Ei 601. The final encryption function Em 601c produces four final state variables 602 which are concatenated to form an authentication tag 603. As explained previously, an authentication tag is used to provide an integrity check on encrypted data.
FIG. 7 represents an alternative embodiment of the method for generating an authentication tag from the results of an encryption embodiment. As in FIG. 6, the diagram includes an abbreviated version of the encryption method 300. In this alternative embodiment, each final state variable 702 is combined with its corresponding initial state variable 701 through an XOR function 703 before being concatenated to form the authentication tag 704. This alternative embodiment masks the final state variables from being openly accessible to an attacker and may serve to increase the cryptographic strength.
FIG. 8 represents an embodied method for performing an integrity check of a message after decryption. The schematic diagram includes an abbreviated version of the decryption method 400 in which each sequence of inverse pseudorandom permutations is depicted in a single decryption function Di 802. The received message includes a previously generated authentication tag AT 805 in addition to the ciphertext 801. Said authentication tag was previously generated during encryption as is depicted in FIG. 6. The final decryption function Dm 802c produces four final state variables 803 which are concatenated to form an authentication tag AT′ 804. The received authentication tag AT 805 identifies the original message that was encrypted, while the newly generated authentication tag AT′ 804 identifies the received message.
With the two authentication tags, an integrity check 806 may be performed as follows. If the two authentication tags are not equal, the message was modified between its encryption and decryption and should be rejected. Conversely, if the authentication tags are equal, it can be assured with high probability that the message has not been tampered with and can be accepted. It should be noted that an integrity check could also be performed using a previously generated authentication tag as in FIG. 7. The method for generating an authentication tag during decryption would generally match the encryption method shown in FIG. 7 followed by an integrity check as in the present figure.
FIG. 9 represents a further embodiment wherein counters are added. In the same manner as the embodiment in FIG. 3, m plaintext blocks Pi 901 are each passed through a sequence of four pseudorandom permutations Fk 903 resulting in m ciphertext blocks Ci 904. Each of the four permutations Fk 903 are keyed with different keys k1, k2, k3, and k4. The embodied method includes the step of initializing the state variables 902 and counters 906 by passing a nonce 900 through a randomization function 500 that has been previously defined. Once the state variables and counters are initialized, the first plaintext block P1 301a is combined with the initial state variable SV10 902a through modular 2n addition where n is the size of a plaintext block. The result of said combination is passed into the first pseudorandom permutation Fk1 903a producing an intermediate cryptographic variable CV121 (the cryptographic variable between the first pseudorandom permutation Fk1 903a and the second Fk2 903b) which will be fed forward to encrypt the next plaintext block P2 901b. Continuing with the encryption of P1 901a, CV121 is combined with the second initialized state variable SV20 902b through modular 2n addition and passed into the second pseudorandom permutation Fk2 903b resulting in CV231. The encryption continues to follow the same pattern for the two remaining pseudorandom permutations Fk3 903c and Fk4 903d where the result of Fk4 903d is the first ciphertext block C1 904a. 
For the encryption of the next plaintext block P2 901b, the state variables 905 should be updated using counters and a feedback mechanism as will be described. The first state variable SV11 905a produced following the encryption of the first plaintext block P1 901a is generated by combining the previous state variable SV10 902a with the output from the previous block's third permutation CV341 and a counter CTR10 906a through modular 2n addition where n is the size of a plaintext block. The second state variable SV21 905b is generated by combining the previous state variable SV20 902b with the output from the previous block's first permutation CV121 and a counter CTR20 906b through modular 2n addition. Similarly, the third state variable SV31 905c is generated by combining the previous state variable SV30 902c with the output from the previous block's second permutation CV231 and a counter CTR30 906c through modular 2n addition. The fourth state variable SV41 905d is generated by combining the previous state variable SV40 902d with the output from the previous block's first permutation CV121 and the current block's first state variable SV11 905a and a counter CTR40 906d through modular 2n addition. The counters 906 are then incremented using function 1100. It should be noted that the calculation of SV11 905a should occur before the calculation of SV41 905d. Furthermore, while the described embodiment stores the state variables SV1, SV2, SV3, and SV4, derived embodiments could entail the same spirit of the present embodiments without actually storing the state variables. The step of storing state variables is disclosed for ease of understanding.
The encryption of all further plaintext blocks P2 901b through Pm 901c are conducted in the same manner as the encryption of P1 901a. For example, the second plaintext block P2 901b is conducted in the same manner as the encryption of the first plaintext block P1 901a substituting the updated state variables 905 for the previous state variables 902.
FIG. 10 represents a decryption embodiment wherein m ciphertext blocks Ci 1004 are each passed through a sequence of four inverse pseudorandom permutations 1003 resulting in m plaintext blocks Pi 1001. In this embodiment each of the four inverse permutations 1003 are keyed with the same keys used in the encryption in FIG. 9. The embodied method includes the step of initializing the state variables 1002 and initial counters 1006 by passing a nonce 1000 through a randomization function 500 that has been previously defined. Once the state variables and counters are initialized, the first ciphertext block C1 1004a is passed into the first inverse pseudorandom permutation Fk4−1 1003d. The result of said inverse pseudorandom permutation Fk4−1 1003d is combined with the initial state variable SV40 1002d through modular 2n subtraction where n is the size of a ciphertext block producing an intermediate cryptographic variable CV341 (the cryptographic variable between Fk3−1 1003c and Fk4−1 1003d) which will be fed forward to decrypt the next ciphertext block C2 1004b. Continuing with the decryption of C1 1004a, CV341 is passed into the second inverse psuedorandorandom permutation Fk3−1 1003c. The result of said inverse permutation Fk3−1 1003c is combined with SV30 using modular 2n subtraction producing CV231. The decryption continues to follow the same pattern for the two remaining inverse pseudorandom permutations Fk2−1 1003b and Fk1−1 1003a where the result of Fk3−1 1003a is combined with SV10 1002a using modular 2n subtraction to produce the first plaintext block P1 1001a. 
For the decryption of the next ciphertext block C2 1004b, the state variables 1005 should be updated using a feedback mechanism as will be described. The state variable SV11 1005a produced following the decryption of the first ciphertext block C1 1004a is generated by combining the previous state variable SV10 1002a with the input from the previous block's second inverse permutation CV341 and a counter CTR10 1006a through modular 2n addition where n is, the size of a ciphertext block. The second state variable SV21 1005b is the output from the previous block's third inverse permutation Fk2−1 1003b and a counter CTR20 1006b through modular 2n addition. Similarly, the state variable SV31 1005c is the output from the previous block's second pseudorandom permutation Fk3−1 1003c and a counter CTR30 1006c through modular 2n addition. The state variable SV41 1005d is generated by combining the previous state variable SV40 1002d with the input from the previous blocks fourth inverse permutation CV121 and the current block's state variable SV11 1005a and a counter CTR40 1006a through modular 2n addition. The counters 1006 are then incremented using function 1100. It should be noted that the calculation of SV11 1005a should occur before the calculation of SV41 1005d. Furthermore, while the described embodiment stores the state variables SV1, SV2, SV3, and SV4, derived embodiments could entail the same spirit of the present embodiments without actually storing the state variables. The step of storing state variables is disclosed for ease of understanding.
The decryption of all further ciphertext blocks C2 1004b through Cm 1004c are conducted in the same manner as the decryption of C1 1004a. For example, the second ciphertext block C2 1004b is conducted in the same manner as the decryption of the first ciphertext block C1 1004a substituting the updated state variables 1005 for the previous state variables 1002.
FIG. 11 represents an embodied method for modifying the counters from one block encipherment to the next. The method takes as input four counters CTR1i through CRT4i and produces four counters CRT1i+1 through CRT4i+1. The steps taken in the embodied method model a typical mileage odometer from an automobile where CRT1 is the lowest order of magnitude and CTR4 is the highest order of magnitude. The embodied method always begins by incrementing the lowest order counter CTR1 1105 through modular 2n addition where n is the size of the counter in bits. If CTR1 has reset itself and is equal to zero 1110, the embodied method continues to increment CTR2 1115 in the same manner as CTR1. If CTR1 is not zero 1110, the method exits 1140a and the resulting counters are stored for use in encrypting or decrypting the next block. Each subsequent counter may be incremented in the same manner as long as all lower order counters are equal to zero.
FIG. 12 represents an embodiment of the encryption system using an alternative feedback mechanism to that shown in FIG. 3. The embodiment shown in FIG. 12 is similar to that shown in FIG. 3 and similar elements are similarly numbered. However, the second state variable SV21 1205b of FIG. 12 is generated in a different manner. In this embodiment, SV21 1205b is generated by combining the previous state variable SV20 1202b with the output from the previous block's first permutation CV121 and the current block's fourth state variable SV41 1205d through modular 2n addition. It should be noted that the calculation of SV41 1205d should be available before the calculation of SV21 1205b. Including this feedback mechanism allows the fourth state variable SV4 to influence the next state of the other state variables. This feedback may increase the strength of the cipher by providing an increase in the periodicity of the state variables.
The encryption embodiment may also include a step for initializing the state variables 1202 by passing a nonce 1210 through a randomization function 1600 that is discussed in detail below.
FIG. 13 represents an embodiment of the decryption system using an alternative feedback mechanism to that shown in FIG. 4. The embodiment shown in FIG. 13 is similar to that shown in FIG. 4 and where suitable similar elements are similarly numbered. In order to decrypt and authenticate messages encrypted by the embodiment shown in FIG. 12, the decryption embodiment has a similar feedback mechanism for calculating the state variables. The second state variable SV21 1305b is generated by combining the output of the previous block's third inverse permutation Fk2−1 1303b and the current block's state variable SV41 1305d. It should be noted that the calculation of SV41 1305d should be available before the calculation of SV21 1305b. 
Similar to the encryption embodiment, the decryption embodiment may also include a step for initializing the state variables 1302 by passing a nonce 1310 through a randomization function 1600 that is discussed in detail below.
FIG. 14 represents an embodiment of the encryption system of FIG. 12 where an LFSR is incorporated into the cipher. The incorporation of the LFSR prevents the state of the cipher from cycling before the state of the LFSR cycles. The size of the LFSR may be arbitrary. The embodiment shown in FIG. 14 is similar to that shown in FIG. 12 and similar elements are similarly numbered. The embodiment in FIG. 14 uses the LFSR in the feedback mechanism of the third state variable SV31 1405c. In this embodiment, SV31 1405c is generated by combining the previous state variable SV30 1402c with the output from the previous block's second permutation CV231 and the LFSR 1406 through modular 2n addition.
If the LFSR is larger than n, the size of the plaintext blocks, then n bits may be used from the LFSR in the modular 2n addition. Either the upper or lower n bits may be used for simplicity. The LFSR 1406 may then be clocked, at least once, prior to the next use in calculation of state variable SV31. The LFSR 1406 may be clocked using a Galois configuration.
The feedback configuration shown in FIG. 14 using an LFSR is similar to that shown in FIG. 9 using counters. Using an LFSR tends to be a more efficient hardware solution than the counter approach shown in FIG. 9 because LFSR themselves are more efficient in hardware and, due to the nature of the LFSR sequence, fewer of the state variables need to use the LFSR in the feedback mechanism. Although only one LFSR feedback is shown in FIG. 14, other embodiments could use the LFSR feedback in the feedback path of multiple or different state variables.
The encryption embodiment may also include a step for initializing the state variables 1402 and LFSR 1406 by passing a nonce 1410 through a randomization function 1600 that is discussed below.
FIG. 15 represents an embodiment of the decryption system where an LFSR is incorporated into the cipher. The embodiment shown in FIG. 15 is similar to that shown in FIG. 13 and where suitable similar elements are similarly numbered. In order to decrypt and authenticate messages encrypted by the embodiment shown in FIG. 14, the decryption embodiment has a similar feedback mechanism for calculating the state variables using an LFSR. The third state variable SV31 1505c is generated by combining the output of the previous block's second inverse permutation Fk3−1 1503c and n bits from the LFSR 1506 through modular 2n addition. The LFSR should then be clocked in the similar manner to the encryption embodiment used.
FIG. 16 illustrates an embodiment for initializing variables using a nonce. The purpose is to initialize the state variables and LFSR to unique and unpredictable values that are used in the initial setup for both the encryption and decryption methods. In some embodiments, the nonce or input to the function may be a random number, an incrementing counter, or any value as long as it has not been used before in the context of a given key(s). It should be noted that the nonce need not be secret. The initialization function parses the nonce into m blocks Vi 1609 that is used to populate the state variable registers 1602. Padding may be necessary in order to facilitate equal sized blocks. The number of blocks m and the number of pseudorandom permutations m should always be the same. In the embodiment of the initialization function shown in FIG. 16 m is equal to 4. The randomization function keys each of the four permutations Fk 1603 with different keys k1, k2, k3, and k4.
The input to the first pseudorandom permutation Ni 1601 can be defined as the sum of the initial state variable SV1ni 602a+SV3ni 1602c or any combination of the state variables. If an argument, in addition to the nonce, is passed to the said function, then this value may also be incorporated into the calculation of Ni 1601 using mod 2n addition.
Once the state variables 1602 are populated and the N1 1601a calculation is complete, the first block N1 1601a is combined with the initial state variable SV1n1 1602a through modular 2n addition where n is the size of a block. The result of the combination is passed into the first pseudorandom permutation Fk1 1603a producing an intermediate cryptographic variable CV121 (the cryptographic variable between the first pseudorandom permutation Fk1 1603a and the second Fk2 1603b) which will be fed forward to encrypt the next block N2 1601b. Continuing with the randomization function of N1 1601a, CV121 is combined with the second initialized state variable SV2n1 1602b through modular 2n addition and passed into the second pseudorandom permutation Fk2 1603b resulting in CV231. The randomization continues to follow the same pattern for the two remaining pseudorandom permutations Fk3 1603c and Fk4 1603d where the result of Fk4 1603d is the first LFSRn1 1604a value. It should be noted that some embodiments may not use all or any of the generated LFSR 1604 values.
For the next block N2 1601b, the state variables 1605 should be updated using a feedback mechanism as will be described. In comparison with the nonce randomization embodiment shown in FIG. 5, the feedback mechanism provided in the embodiment of FIG. 16 is simpler and easier to implement. Since the results of this encryption method are never revealed, that is, it is either discarded or used to populate the LFSR, the simpler feedback mechanism may be used to more efficiently randomize the nonce generally without any cryptographic vulnerability. The first state variable SV1n2 1605a produced following the randomization of the first block N1 1601a is generated by combining the previous state variable SV1n1 1602a with the output from the previous block's fourth permutation LFSRn1 1604a through modular 2n addition where n is the size of a block. The second state variable SV2n2 1605b is generated by combining the previous state variable SV2n1 1602b with the output from the previous block's first permutation CV121 through modular 2n addition. Similarly, the third state variable SV3n2 1605c is generated by combining the previous state variable SV3n1 1602c with the output from the previous block's second permutation CV231 through modular 2n addition. Similarly, the fourth state variable SV4n2 1605d is generated by combining the previous state variable SV4n1 1602d with the output from the previous block's third permutation CV341 through modular 2n addition. N2 1601b may now be updated by combining SV1n2 1605a and SV3n2 1605c using modular 2n addition. It should be noted that SV1n2 and SV3n2 should be available before the calculation of N2 1601b. Furthermore, while the described embodiment stores the state variables SV1, SV2, SV3, and SV4, derived embodiments could entail the same spirit of the present embodiments without actually storing the state variables. The step of storing state variables is disclosed for ease of understanding.
The randomization of all further plaintext blocks N2 1601b through N4 16011 may be conducted in the same manner as the randomization of N1 1601a. For example, the second plaintext block N2 1601b is randomized in the same manner as the randomization of the first plaintext block N1 1601a substituting the updated state variables 1605 for the previous state variables 1602. After the four blocks 1601 are each randomized, the resulting state variables SV10, SV20, SV30, and SV40 1608 may be used as initial state variables for the encryption or decryption embodiments. Similarly, the resulting randomized values, LFSRn1, LFSRn2, LFSRn3, and LFSRn4 1604 may be used as initial LFSR for FIG. 14 or 15. An LFSR register 1604 with a state of zero can be avoided by setting one or more of the bits in the register before clocking. The LFSR 1604 may be clocked at least once before being used in FIG. 14 or 15.
FIG. 17 illustrates an embodiment wherein the authentication tag is generated from the final state variables. The encryption methods described above are represented as encryption function Et+i 1703 taken at time t. In this case time t represents the condition of the state variables SV1, SV2, SV3, SV4, LFSR1, and LFSR2 1701a after encrypting the final plaintext character. It should be noted that the nonce initialization is not necessary in the said encryption function 1703 since that would have occurred before encrypting the first plaintext character.
The method for generating the authentication tag begins by advancing the state variables to a condition that bears no resemblance to the condition of the state variables at time t. This is referred to as creating distance. The distance is accomplished be summing the state variables SV1t+i and SV3t+i 1702 using modular 2n addition and inputting the result into the encryption function 1703 in the place of the plain text. The encryption operation causes the state variables to change state, therefore creating distance, and creates ciphertext Ct+i 1704 that may be discarded. This process is iterated three more times, however in other embodiments it may be advantageous to iterate fewer times or more times.
After creating distance, a snapshot of the state variables 1701e taken at time t+i, where i represents the number of encryption iterations which in this embodiment is 4. Each of the state variables in the snapshot SV1t+4, SV2t+4, SV3t+4, SV4t+4, LFSR1t+4, LFSR2t+4, 1701e is input into the encryption function 1703 resulting in an authentication tag AT 1705 that represents all of the state variables. As explained, an authentication tag is used to provide an integrity check on encrypted data. Alternate embodiments may generate the authentication tag 1705 by using any permutation or combination of the encrypted state variables. Alternative embodiments may also choose to encrypt the final state variables in a different order than that shown in FIG. 17.
FIG. 18 illustrates an embodiment of a method for decrypting and verifying the integrity of a message using a received authentication tag. The decryption methods described above are represented by decryption function Di 1802. The embodiment shown in FIG. 18 is using the decryption process 1500 described with respect to the embodiment shown in FIG. 15.
The received message to be decrypted includes the ciphertext Ci 1801 along with an authentication tag AT 1805. The embodiment shown in FIG. 18 is configured to use the same process for generating an authentication as the embodiment shown in FIG. 17. As each decryption function Di 1802 decrypts the corresponding ciphertext Ci 1801 the state variables are passed to each subsequent decryption function. The final state variables 1803 output from the decryption function may then be used to generate an authentication tag. The process of generating the authentication tag AT′ 1804 is represented as process 1700 as described in the embodiment of FIG. 17.
The received authentication tag AT 1805 identifies the original message that was encrypted, while the newly generated authentication tag AT′ 1804 identifies the received message. With the two authentication tags, an integrity check 1806 is performed. The integrity check determines whether the two authentication tags are equal, if they are not equal the message may have been modified between its encryption and decryption and the message should be rejected. Conversely, if the authentication tags are equal, it can be assured with high probability that the message has not been tampered with and can be accepted.
FIG. 19 illustrates a hardware embodiment of a combined encryption and decryption engine for performing encryption/decryption and authentication as described above. The system 1900 is capable of performing both encryption and decryption along with generating and verifying the authentication tag. While the system 1900 is shown as a number of discrete blocks or modules, each may be implemented together with other blocks in either software or hardware. Each of these blocks may provide control logic, memory elements, and data path functions, either in whole or in part.
The register or storage blocks are memory elements that may be used to store state variable inputs and outputs. In a hardware implementation, such as an ASIC or FPGA, these blocks may be hardware registers composed of flip-flops or other memory known memory elements such as various RAM implementations or register files. In a software implementation the memory elements may be any memory accessible by a processor for storing program data.
The control logic is shown as a controlling finite state machine 1901 that responsible for controlling the various blocks of the system 1900 depending on the desired function. In some embodiments, the control logic 1901 may be implemented as a state machine in ASIC or FPGA, or in a software implementation, a microprocessor running specific software to implement the encryption/decryption functions. The connections between the control logic 1901 and the other modules are omitted from FIG. 19 for simplicity. The control logic 1901 determines the function of the system 1900, for example, whether the function is encrypting, decrypting, initialiazing or authenticating received data. Depending on the function, the control logic 1901 controls the state of the various logic blocks including whether the block is active or what function it is performing. For example, the finite state machine may indicate to the encryption/decryption logic that it should be in the encryption state and selecting the appropriate key.
Although the diagram shows a centralized finite state machine 1901, the control logic may also be distributed among various blocks within the system. As shown in FIG. 19, the initialization logic 1903 may also be considered control logic and is responsible for controlling the initialization of the system 1900, however, part of this functionality could also be contained within the finite state machine 1901. In a microprocessor-based implementation, some or all of this additional control logic distributed in FIG. 19 may be embodied in the specific software running on the microprocessor in order to operate the encryption/decryption system.
The function of the initialization logic 1903 is to generate initial values for the state variables 1905 and, if used, an LFSR or counter 1906. The initialization logic 1903 uses a nonce 1904 that may be a random number, an incrementing counter, or any other value as long as it has not been used before with a given key. The nonce block 1904 may also contain the appropriate hardware to select another unique value sometime after the current nonce has been used.
The initialization logic 1903 populates the state variable registers with the nonce 1904 by parsing the nonce similarly to the process described with respect to FIG. 16. The initialization logic 1903 may then calculate part of the input to the pseudorandom permutation logic 1902 similar to the calculations used to generate each of the Ni as described with respect to FIG. 16.
Next, the initialization logic 1903 indicates to the pseudorandom permutation logic 1902 to select the inputs to the permutation function, this includes the key and the input data. According to the nonce randomization described with respect to FIG. 16, in the first stage the input data to the permutation function is the Ni variable combined with the initial state variable SVn1 through modular 2n addition. The output from the pseudorandom permutation function is stored in the appropriate intermediate cryptographic variable register 1907 as selected by either the initialization logic 1903 or the control logic 1901. The initialization logic then repeats this process for each of the state variables, selecting the appropriate key and input data for the permutation function. The output from the final permutation function may be used to seed the LFSR 1906. The feedback logic 1908, under the control of either the finite state machine 1901 or the initialization logic 1903, selects the appropriate combination of the intermediate cryptographic variables and current state variables to generate the next value of the state variable registers 1905. The above process may then be repeated to either fill the LFSR 1906 or to create the desired distance from the nonce 1904.
After initialization, the system 1900 is ready to encrypt plaintext blocks. The controller 1901 selects plaintext input 1910 in appropriately sized blocks as input to the pseudorandom permutation function 1902 and selects one of the keys 1911. The controller 1901 also selects the appropriate state variable as input to the pseudorandom permutation logic 1902 from the state variable registers block 1905. The output from the pseudorandom permutation logic 1902 is then stored in one of the intermediate cryptographic variable registers 1907 as selected by the controller 1901. This process may then be repeated using the state variables and the previously generated cryptographic variables as input to the pseudorandom permutation logic 1902. The output from the final iteration of the pseudorandom permutation logic 1902 is the first ciphertext block that corresponds to the plaintext input. Under direction from the controller 1901, the ciphertext block will be transmitted to ciphertext output block 1912.
After a plaintext block has been encrypted, the system 1900 should update the state variable registers 1905. The control logic 1901 passes the intermediate cryptographic variables 1907 and the state variable registers 1905 to the feedback logic block 1908. The output from feedback logic block 1908 is then use to update the state variable registers 1905. The feedback logic may be configured to implement the modulo addition feedback mechanism discussed above. The LFSR 1906 may also be included as an input to the feedback mechanism, and the controller 1901 should clock the LFSR sometime after the current LFSR value has been used. Once the state variable registers 1905 have been updated, the system 1900 is ready to begin encrypting the next plaintext from plaintext input block 1910.
The system 1900 may also generate an authentication tag 1914 based on the previously encrypted plaintext so that a recipient of the ciphertext may be provided some assurance that the ciphertext has not been altered. This authentication logic 1913 may control the authentication tag generation process, or in alternative embodiments, this authentication tag generation process may be encompassed in the control logic 1901. The authentication logic 1913 may employ the methods shown in FIG. 6, FIG. 7, or FIG. 17. Implementing the approaches shown in FIGS. 6 and 7 involve the authentication logic 1913 concatenating the state variables into the authentication tag 1914, with or without masking. Implementing the approach shown in FIG. 17 generally requires either the authentication logic 1913 or the controller 1901 to further encrypt the state variables to create distance from the post-encryption value of the state variables. The authentication logic 1913 or the control logic 1901 may further encrypt these state variables prior to concatenation in the authentication tag 1914.
The authentication logic 1913 is also responsible for verifying the integrity of decrypted messages. The decryption function of the system 1900 is carried out in a similar manner to encryption as discussed above. The control logic 1901 selects the state variables 1905, the LFSR 1906 and the ciphertext input 1910 to the pseudorandom permutation logic 1902. After decrypting all of the received ciphertext blocks, the authentication logic 1913 will generate an authentication tag 1914 as described above and compare the generated authentication tag 1914 to the authentication tag received with the ciphertext.
When decrypting, if the system 1900 is not synchronized with the encrypting transmitter, the initialization logic 1903 may also be used to initialize the state variable registers 1905 and the LFSR 1906 prior to decryption operations.
FIG. 20 illustrates a hybrid mode of operation 2000 of an encryption engine shown encrypting a 40-bit plaintext message. The encryption engine operates on fixed block sizes of 16-bits that require the plaintext message to be divided into plaintext blocks of 16-bits. This results in plaintext blocks PT0-15 2010 and PT16-31 2011 representing the first 32 bits of the 40-bit plaintext message. The encryption engine will encrypt the PT0-15 2010 through encryption operation 2020, as described above, to generate ciphertext CT0-15 2030. Similarly, ciphertext CT16-31 2031 is generated through encryption operation 2021. Since the plaintext message is not evenly divisible by the fixed block size of the encryption operation, the final 8 bits of the plaintext message, PT32-39 2040 cannot be encrypted directly using the above described encryption operation.
The mode of operation illustrated in FIG. 20 is described as a hybrid mode of operation because it is able to operate on fixed block sizes, similar to a block cipher, and also on sub-blocks less than the fixed blocks size similar to a stream cipher. Stream ciphers generally create a keystream that is bit-wise XORed with the plaintext bits to generate the ciphertext bits. The hybrid mode of operation generates a keystream by encrypting at least one of the state variables of the encryption engine or an agreed upon constant. The keystream may also be generated by encrypting a combination of state variables, such as state variable 1 and state variable 3, as shown in keystream generation step 2070. The keystream generation step 2070 generates a 16-bit word of keystream data. The ciphertext bits CT32-39 2060 are generated by a bit-wise XOR function 2050 that combines plaintext bits PT32-39 2040 with the output of the keystream generation step 2070. The 8 least significant bits of the keystream data may be combined by the XOR function with the least significant bits of plaintext bits PT32-39 2040.
Next, plaintext sub-block PT32-39 2040 is cast as a 16-bit integer and input into the encryption engine at step 2080. This allows plaintext sub-block PT32-39 2040 to influence the state variables of the encryption engine so that when the authentication tag 2095 is generated in step 2090, it will detect modification of ciphertext CT32-39. Other transformations may be performed on the plaintext sub-block to convert it to the fixed block size of the encryption engine.
FIG. 21 illustrates a hybrid mode of operation 2100 of a decryption engine shown decrypting a 40-bit plaintext message. Ciphertext blocks CT0-15 2110 and CT16-31 2111 represent the first 32 bits of the 40-bit ciphertext message that is to be decrypted. The decryption engine will decrypt CT0-15 2110 through decryption operation 2120, as described above, to generate plaintext block PT0-15 2130. Plaintext block PT15-31 2131 is generated similarly. The final 8 bits of the ciphertext message, sub-block CT32-39 2140, should be decrypted using the same keystream that was generated for encryption. It should be noted that the encryption engine used to generate the keystream 2070 in the encryption process shown in FIG. 20 is the same encryption engine used to generate the keystream 2170 in the decryption process shown in FIG. 21. This is generally required in order to recover the plaintext in the final sub-block. Moreover, the recovered plaintext of the final sub-block 2160 is also encrypted 2180 in order to facilitate the generation of the authentication tag 2195. If the message is genuine then authentication tag 2095 shown in FIG. 20 and authentication tag 2195 shown in FIG. 21 should be identical.
FIG. 22 illustrates an embodiment wherein the authentication tag is generated using a nonce as input to the encryption engine. Using a nonce as input to the encryption function provides increased resistance to collision or birthday attacks. Associating a nonce with each message results in an authentication tag that is not only dependent upon the state of the encryption engine but also the nonce. In practice, this decreases the probability that any two separate messages will share identical authentication tags.
The encryption methods described above are represented as encryption function E1+i 2203 taken at time t. In this case time t represents the condition of the state variables SV1, SV2, SV3, SV4, and LFSR 2201a after encrypting the final plaintext block or sub-block. It should be noted that the nonce initialization shown in FIG. 22 is performed in addition to the nonce initialization of the encryption function, such as that described with respect to FIG. 5 and FIG. 16, for instance, for generating initial state variables of the encryption function.
The nonce used in the FIG. 22 is divided up by the block size of the encryption function 2203 into nonce blocks nonce0 2202a, nonce1 2202b, nonce2 2202c and nonce3 2202d. The method for generating the authentication tag begins by encrypting the first word of the nonce0 2202a and then discarding the resulting ciphertext 2204a. This step is repeated two more times or until the next to the last block of the nonce, nonce2 2202c, is encrypted. The ciphertext 2204a-c is discarded. The repetition is to allow each bit of the nonce to influence the generation of the authentication tag. In the embodiment shown in FIG. 22, nonce3 2202d, the last word of the nonce, is used to generate the first word of the authentication tag 2205 since at this point every bit in the nonce has influenced the state of the encryption function. If a longer authentication tag is requested, the tag generation may continue by once again encrypting the nonce starting with nonce0 2202a and continuing until the length of the authentication tag is the size requested. Other embodiments may use a smaller or larger nonce, and may also process the nonce blocks in any order. Alternative embodiments may also choose to encrypt additional data, either in place of the nonce or in addition to the nonce, in order to authenticate the additional data. For example header information may be encrypted if it is advantageous to authenticate the header information along with the ciphertext.
FIG. 23 represents an alternative embodiment of the encryption system of FIG. 3 where accumulators are used within each pseudorandom permutation. In this embodiment, one accumulator is associated with each pseudorandom permutation. The incorporation of the accumulators has the net effect of increasing the size of the state. The embodiment shown in FIG. 23 is similar to that shown in FIG. 3 and where suitable similar elements are similarly numbered. The embodiment in FIG. 23 uses the accumulator variable ACC1 2306a to accumulate the changes in SV1 by using modular 2n addition. Similarly variable ACC2 2306b accumulates SV2, ACC3 2306c accumulates SV3, and ACC4 2306d accumulates SV4. Each accumulator value may be used within all of the pseudorandom permutation functions Fk.
This embodiment also illustrates the use of adding a whitener to the output of the last permutation 2303. This is accomplished by summing the output of the last pseudorandom permutation 2303 with SV1 2302 using modular 2n addition.
In addition to expanding the state space, the accumulators may be used to modify the key inside one or more of the pseudorandom permutations. For example, in this case the accumulators are modifying the key in the second pseudorandom permutation 2303b and the third pseudorandom permutation 2303c. 
The encryption embodiment may also include a step for initializing the state variables 2302 and accumulator variables 2306 by passing a nonce through a randomization function similar to that of 500 with the accumulators accumulating the changes in the state variables 502 in the manner as is done in FIG. 23.
In some embodiments, decryption may be performed in using a decryption system corresponding to the encryption system shown in FIG. 23.
FIG. 24 illustrates the equations for the encryption, decryption, and internal state updating process as illustrated in FIG. 23.
Turning now to FIG. 25, illustrated therein is an embodiment of a system 2500 wherein the authentication tag is generated using a nonce as input to the encryption engine and the internal state is expanded by the inclusion of accumulators. Using a nonce as input to the encryption function provides increased resistance to collision or birthday attacks. Associating a nonce with each message results in an authentication tag that is not only dependent upon the state of the encryption engine but also the nonce. In practice, this decreases the probability that any two separate messages will share identical authentication tags.
The encryption methods described above are represented as encryption function Et+i 2503 taken at time t. In this case time t represents the condition of the state variables SV1, SV2, SV3, SV4, and accumulator variables ACC1, ACC2, ACC3, ACC4, 2201a after encrypting the final plaintext block or sub-block.
The nonce used in the FIG. 25 is divided up by the block size of the encryption function 2503 into nonce blocks nonce0 2502a, nonce1 2502b, nonce2 2502c and nonce; 2502d. The method for generating the authentication tag begins by encrypting the sum of the authentication tag length, SV1t, SV3t and the first word of the nonce0 2502a using modular 2n addition. Including the authentication tag length in the first encryption block helps prevent length extension attacks. The result of the encryption is discarded 2504a. This step is repeated two more times or until the next to the last block of the nonce, nonce2 2502c, is encrypted. The ciphertext 2504a-c is discarded. The repetition is to allow each bit of the nonce to influence the generation of the authentication tag.
In the embodiment shown in FIG. 25, nonce3 2502d, the last word of the nonce, is used to generate the first word of the authentication tag 2505 since at this point every bit in the nonce has influenced the state of the encryption function. Encrypting the sum of SV1 and SV3 taken at time t generates the remainder of the words of the authentication tag 2505. This process continues until the desired length of the tag is achieved. The length of the tag should be equal to or less than the size of the internal state, including accumulators. Alternative embodiments may also choose to encrypt additional data, either in place of the nonce or in addition to the nonce, in order to authenticate the additional data. For example header information may be encrypted if it is advantageous to authenticate the header information along with the ciphertext.
In one embodiment, a method for encrypting a plaintext message comprises receiving at least one plaintext message, wherein the plaintext message forms at least one plaintext block, encrypting said plaintext block by applying 2 or more pseudorandom permutations to each block, and modifying an input to each said pseudorandom permutation by at least one state variable which is modified for each plaintext block by at least one of previously generated permutation outputs, previously generated permutation inputs, ciphertext, and plaintext. The method comprises generating at least one ciphertext block from the output of each plaintext block's final pseudorandom permutation, partitioning the plaintext message into a plurality of equal size plaintext blocks, padding the plaintext message to facilitate the equal sized plaintext blocks, wherein the modification of the state variables comprises at least one of: modifying the state variable for a first pseudorandom permutation by an output of a next to the last pseudorandom permutation from the previous block, modifying the state variable for a final permutation by an output of the first pseudorandom permutation from the previous block and the state variable for the first pseudorandom permutation from the current block, and modifying the state variables for all other pseudorandom permutations by an output of the preceding pseudorandom permutation from the previous block, wherein the state variables are modified using at least one of modular 2n addition and modular 2n subtraction wherein n represents the size of a block, and wherein the state variables are modified using a bitwise exclusive or (XOR).
The method comprises initializing the state variables before encrypting the first plaintext block by randomizing a nonce and padding the nonce in order to facilitate the initialization of the state variables, wherein the initialized state variables are unique from other initialized state variables in a context of a session key, wherein the number of pseudorandom permutations determines the number of state variables, wherein the pseudorandom permutations are at least one of: block ciphers, keyed substitution tables, S-Boxes, and rotors, wherein each pseudorandom permutation is keyed by at least one different key, wherein each pseudorandom permutation is keyed by a same key, wherein a portion of the pseudorandom permutations may be substituted for the inverses of a remaining portion of the pseudorandom permutations, and wherein the pseudorandom permutations and inverse pseudorandom permutations may be arranged in any order.
The method comprises generating an authentication tag from a combination of the state variables, wherein the generation includes concatenating the resulting state variables after the encryption of the final plaintext block, wherein the generation includes concatenating the resulting state variables after the encryption of a chosen plaintext block, wherein the generation includes concatenating the resulting state variables after the encryption of the final plaintext block, concatenating the initial state variables, and combining the two sets of concatenated, variables through an exclusive or (XOR), comprises attaching the authentication tag to a ciphertext message, wherein the number of state variables determines the size of the authentication tag, and comprises modifying the input to a pseudorandom permutation by at least one counter, and initializing the counters before encrypting the first plaintext block by randomizing a nonce.
In another embodiment, an apparatus for encrypting a plaintext message comprises logic to form at least one nonce block from at least one nonce, memory to store at least one state variable, an initializer to set the at least one state variable to at least one initial value, wherein the logic is coupled to the memory and to the initializer, wherein the logic includes at least two pseudorandom permutations to sequentially randomize each nonce block, wherein the logic combines the at least one state variable with inputs to the pseudorandom permutations, and wherein the logic generates the at least one state variable of a current nonce block from at least one of: state variables of a previous nonce block, outputs from the previous nonce block's pseudorandom permutations, and inputs to the previous nonce block's pseudorandom permutations, wherein the memory stores outputs of final pseudorandom permutations as initial values to use in an encryption or decryption, wherein the memory stores final state variables as initial values for use in an encryption or decryption, wherein the logic adds at least one bit of padding to the nonce to generate equal sized nonce blocks, wherein the number of pseudorandom permutations is equal to the number of nonce blocks and the number of state variables, wherein the pseudorandom permutations are at least one of: block ciphers, keyed substitution tables, S-Boxes, and rotors, wherein a portion of the pseudorandom permutations may be substituted for inverses of a remaining portion of the pseudorandom permutations.
In a further embodiment, a computer readable medium comprising instructions for: receiving at least one plaintext message, wherein the plaintext message forms at least one plaintext block, encrypting said plaintext block by applying 2 or more pseudorandom permutations to each block, modifying an input to the pseudorandom permutations by at least one state variable, modifying the at least one state variable after each plaintext block is encrypted for use in encrypting a next plaintext block, modifying the at least one state variable for a first pseudorandom permutation by an output of a next to last pseudorandom permutation from a previous block, modifying the at least one state variable for a final permutation by an output of the first pseudorandom permutation from the previous block and the at least one state variable for the first pseudorandom permutation from the current block, and modifying the at least one state variable for all other pseudorandom permutations by an output of a preceding pseudorandom permutation from the previous block.
The computer readable medium comprises instructions for initializing the at least one state variable before encrypting a first plaintext block by randomizing a nonce, modifying the input to a pseudorandom permutation by an internal counter, generating an authentication tag from a combination of the state variables, generating at least one ciphertext block from an output of each plaintext block's final pseudorandom permutation, wherein the pseudorandom permutations are at least one of: block ciphers, keyed substitution tables, S-Boxes, and rotors.
Although an exemplary embodiment of the system has been illustrated in the accompanied drawings and described in the foregoing detailed description, it will be understood that the invention is not limited to the embodiments disclosed, but is capable of numerous rearrangements, modifications, and substitutions without departing from the spirit of the invention as set forth and defined by the following claims. For example, the capabilities of the invention can be performed fully and/or partially by one or more of the elements. Also, these capabilities may be performed in the current manner or in a distributed manner and on, or via, any device able to provide and/or receive information. Further, although depicted in a particular manner, various modules or blocks may be repositioned without departing from the scope of the current invention. Still further, although depicted in a particular manner, a greater or lesser number of modules and connections can be utilized in order to provide additional known features, and/or provide greater efficiency. Also, the information sent between various modules can be sent between the modules via at least one of a wireless source, and a wired source and via plurality of protocols.

## Claims

1. An encryption engine for encrypting a plaintext message, comprising:
a memory for storing at least one state variable; and
control logic configured to:
receive at least one plaintext message, wherein the plaintext message forms at least one plaintext block of a fixed block size;

encrypt said at least one plaintext block by applying two or more pseudorandom permutations to each plaintext block; and
modify an input to each of said pseudorandom permutations by the at least one state variable which is modified for each plaintext block by at least one of the following: previously generated permutation outputs, previously generated permutation inputs, a function of one or more of the previous state variables, ciphertext, and plaintext; and
wherein the at least one plaintext message forms at least one plaintext sub-block less than the fixed block size, and wherein the control logic is further configured to:
receive the at least one plaintext sub-block;
encrypt said at least one plaintext sub-block by modifying the at least one plaintext sub-block by a keystream generated by applying said two or more pseudorandom permutations to the at least one state variable;
generate a transformed plaintext sub-block by transforming the at least one plaintext sub-block to the fixed block size; and
modify an input to each of said pseudorandom permutations by the at least one state variable which is modified by one of said previously generated permutation outputs, said previously generated permutation inputs, said ciphertext, and said transformed plaintext sub-block.

2. The encryption engine of claim 1, wherein the memory is configured to store a plurality of state variables and the keystream is generated by applying the two or more pseudorandom permutations to a combination of the plurality of state variables.

3. The encryption engine of claim 1, wherein the output of the last pseudorandom permutation is whitened by one or more state variables.

4. The encryption engine of claim 1, wherein the function of one or more previous state variables includes at least one accumulator.

5. The encryption engine of claim 2, wherein the transformed plaintext sub-block is generated by casting the at least one plaintext sub-block as an integer with a bit-width equal to the fixed block size.

6. The encryption engine of claim 1, wherein the control logic is further configured to:
generate an authentication tag from a combination of the state variables after the encryption of a final plaintext block or plaintext sub-block.

7. The encryption engine of claim 6, wherein the control logic is further configured to attach the authentication tag to a ciphertext message.

8. The encryption engine of claim 7, wherein the control logic is further configured to:
encrypt the combination from the state variables in order to modify the state variables prior to the generation of the authentication tag.

9. The encryption engine of claim 8, wherein the control logic is further configured to:
randomize a nonce prior to generating the authentication tag.

10. The encryption engine of claim 1, wherein the modification of the state variables comprises at least one of:
modifying the state variable for a first pseudorandom permutation by the output of a next to the last pseudorandom permutation from the previous block;
modifying the state variable for a last permutation by the output of the first pseudorandom permutation from the previous block and the state variable for the first pseudorandom permutation from the current block;
modifying the state variable for a second pseudorandom permutation by the output of the receding pseudorandom permutation from the previous block and the state variable for the last pseudorandom permutation from the current block; and
modifying the state variables for all other pseudorandom permutations by the output of the preceding pseudorandom permutation from the previous block.

11. The encryption engine of claim 2, wherein the plurality of state variables are modified using at least one of modular 2n addition and modular 2n subtraction wherein n represents a size of a block.

12. The encryption engine of claim 2, wherein the plurality of state variables are modified using a bitwise exclusive or (XOR).

13. The encryption engine of claim 2, wherein the control logic is further configured to:
initialize the plurality of state variables before encrypting the first plaintext block by randomizing a nonce.

14. The encryption engine of claim 13, wherein the control logic is further configured to pad the nonce in order to facilitate the initialization of the plurality of state variables.

15. The encryption engine of claim 13, wherein each initialized state variable is unique from the other initialized state variables for a given key.

16. The encryption engine of claim 2, wherein the number of pseudorandom permutations determines a number of state variables.

17. The encryption engine of claim 2, wherein each pseudorandom permutation is keyed by at least one different key.

18. The encryption engine of claim 1, wherein the state variable includes an LFSR.

19. The encryption engine of claim 18, wherein the control logic is further configured to initialize the LFSR before encrypting the first plaintext block by randomizing a nonce.

20. The encryption engine of claim 16 wherein the control logic encrypts the combination of the plurality of state variables and the LFSR after the encryption by applying at least one pseudorandom permutation to each variable.

21. The encryption engine of claim 18, wherein the control logic generates an authentication tag by concatenating the resulting state variables after the encryption of the final plaintext block or plaintext sub-block, concatenating the initial state variables, and combining the two sets of concatenated variables through an exclusive or (XOR).

22. The encryption engine of claim 1, wherein the control logic is further configured to:
form at least one nonce block from at least one nonce;
initialize the at least one state variable to at least one initial value;
randomize each nonce block by applying two or more pseudorandom permutations to each nonce block;
modify an input to each said pseudorandom permutation by the at least one state variable that is modified for each nonce block by state variables of a previous nonce block, outputs from the previous nonce block's pseudorandom permutations, and inputs to the previous nonce block's pseudorandom permutations.

23. The encryption engine of claim 22, wherein the control logic is further configured to:
modify a first state variable of a current nonce block by an output of a last pseudorandom permutation from the previous nonce block and a first state variable of a previous nonce block; and
modify the state variables for all other pseudorandom permutations of the current nonce block by the outputs from the previous nonce block's pseudorandom permutations and the inputs to the previous nonce block's pseudorandom permutations.

24. The encryption engine of claim 23, wherein the memory is configured to store outputs of final pseudorandom permutations as initial values to use in any one of encryption and decryption.

25. The encryption engine of claim 23, wherein the memory is configured to store outputs of final pseudorandom permutations as initial values to seed the LFSR.

26. The encryption engine of claim 23, wherein the memory is configured to store final state variables as initial values for use in an encryption or decryption.

27. A decryption engine for decrypting a ciphertext message, comprising:
a memory for storing at least one state variable; and
control logic configured to:
receive at least one ciphertext message, wherein the ciphertext message forms at least one ciphertext block of a fixed block size;
decrypt said ciphertext block by applying two or more inverse pseudorandom permutations to each ciphertext block; and
modify an input to each of said inverse pseudorandom permutations by the at least one state variable that is modified for each ciphertext block by at least one of previously generated permutation outputs, previously generated permutation inputs, a function of one or more of the previous state variables, ciphertext, and plaintext; and

wherein the ciphertext message forms at least one ciphertext sub-block less than the fixed block size, and the control logic is further configured to:
receive the ciphertext sub-block;
decrypt said ciphertext sub-block by modifying the ciphertext sub-block by a keystream generated by applying two or more pseudorandom permutations to the at least one state variable;
generate a transformed ciphertext sub-block by transforming the ciphertext sub-block to the fixed block size; and
modify an input to each of said pseudorandom permutations by the at least one state variable which is modified by one of previously generated permutation outputs, previously generated permutation inputs, plaintext, and a transformed ciphertext sub-block.

28. The decryption engine of claim 27, wherein the memory is configured to store a plurality of state variables and the keystream is generated by applying two or more pseudorandom permutations to a combination of the plurality of state variables.

29. The decryption engine of claim 28, wherein the transformed ciphertext sub-block is generated by casting the ciphertext sub-block as an integer with a bit-width equal to the fixed block size.

30. The decryption engine of claim 27, wherein the output of the last pseudorandom permutation is whitened by one or more state variables.

31. The decryption engine of claim 27, wherein the function of one or more previous state variables includes at least one accumulator.

32. The decryption engine of claim 27, wherein the control logic is further configured to:
generate an authentication tag from a combination of the state variables after the decryption of the final ciphertext block or ciphertext sub-block; and
verify the generated authentication tag with a received authentication tag.

33. The decryption engine of claim 32, wherein the control logic is further configured to:
decrypt a combination from the plurality of state variables in order to modify the state variables prior to the generation of the authentication tag.

34. The decryption engine of claim 32, wherein the control logic is further configured to:
randomize a nonce prior to generating the authentication tag.

35. The decryption engine of claim 27, wherein the modification of the state variables comprises at least one of:
modifying the state variable for a last inverse pseudorandom permutation by the input of a second inverse pseudorandom permutation from the previous block;
modifying the state variable for a first permutation by the output of the last inverse pseudorandom permutation from the previous block and the state variable for the last inverse pseudorandom permutation from the current block;
modifying the state variable for a next to last inverse pseudorandom permutation by the output of the preceding inverse pseudorandom permutation from the previous block and the state variable for the first inverse pseudorandom permutation from the current block; and
modifying the state variables for all other inverse pseudorandom permutations by the output of the preceding inverse pseudorandom permutation from the previous block.

36. The decryption engine of claim 27, wherein the state variables are modified using at least one of modular 2n addition and modular 2n subtraction wherein n represents the size of a block.

37. The decryption engine of claim 27, wherein the state variables are modified using a bitwise exclusive or (XOR).

38. The decryption engine of claim 27, wherein the control logic is further configured to:
initialize the state variables before decrypting the first ciphertext block by randomizing a nonce.

39. The decryption engine of claim 38, wherein the control logic is further configured to pad the nonce in order to facilitate the initialization of the state variables.

40. The decryption engine of claim 38, wherein each initialized state variables is unique from the other initialized state variables for a given key.

41. The decryption engine of claim 27, wherein the number of inverse pseudorandom permutations determines the number of state variables.

42. The decryption engine of claim 27, wherein the state variable includes an LFSR.

43. The decryption engine of claim 42, wherein the control logic is further configured to initialize the LFSR before decrypting the first ciphertext block by randomizing a nonce.

44. The decryption engine of claim 27, wherein the state variable includes at least one accumulator.