Centersfor Disease Control and Prevention, Immunization Information Systems Support Branch

November 2022

Immunization Information System Functional Standards Version 4.1 Resource Guide

This document lists primary resources associated with the IIS Functional Standards v 4.1. The resources were created collaboratively and vetted with the immunization

information systems (IIS) community unless otherwise noted. These resources may be useful to inform efforts to create or enhance IIS functionality related to the Functional 

Standards. 

Resources Related to the Functional Standards

Formal guidance does not currently exist for all Functional Standards. The table below categorizes available guidance as either introductory or advanced/technical. Note that the 

resource list is not exhaustive, and individual IIS needs and solutions may vary.

The American Immunization Registry Association (AIRA) Resource Repository Key Words listed below will help locate additional content related to each Functional Standard in 

the AIRA Resource Repository. The AIRA Repository contains valuable resources for the IIS community, IIS vendors, health care providers, electronic health record (EHR) vendors, 

policy makers, funders, and others interested in IISs. AIRA Repository Search Tips describe the many ways to search and filter in the repository.

Functional Standard Primary Resources AIRA Repository Key Words

1.0 The IIS contains complete and timely 

demographic and immunization data for 

children, adolescents, and adultsresiding 

or immunized within its jurisdiction.

Introductory

• Fundamentals of IIS: Data Quality – no-cost, interactive training that requires setting

up an account with the Public Health Informatics Institute (PHII)

• Data Quality Assurance in Immunization Information Systems – mini guide

Advanced/Technical

• HL7 Version 2.5.1 Implementation Guide for Immunization Messaging, Release 1.5

• HL7 Version 2.5.1 Implementation Guide for Immunization Messaging (Release 1.5) –

Addendum

• Data Quality Assurance in Immunization Information Systems – full guide

• Guidance for HL7 ACK Messages to Support Interoperability

• AIRA Data Validation Guide – for the IIS Onboarding Process

• Data quality 

assurance
Immunization Information System Functional Standards Version 4.1 Resource Guide

Centersfor Disease Control and Prevention, Immunization Information Systems Support Branch

November 2022

Functional Standard Primary Resources AIRA Repository Key Words

2.0 The IIS identifies, prevents, and resolves 

duplicated and fragmented patient records 

using an automated process.

Introductory

• Consolidating Demographic Records and Vaccination Event Records – mini guide

Advanced/Technical

• Consolidating Demographic Records and Vaccination Event Records – full guide

• Immunization Information Systems Patient-Level De-Duplication Best Practices

• The Unique Records Portfolio

• Deduplication

• Consolidation

3.0 The IIS identifies, prevents, and resolves 

duplicate vaccination events using an 

automated process.

Introductory

• Consolidating Demographic Records and Vaccination Event Records – mini guide

• Vaccination Level De-duplication in Immunization Information Systems – mini guide

Advanced/Technical

• Consolidating Demographic Records and Vaccination Event Records – full guide

• Vaccination Level Deduplication in Immunization Information Systems – full guide

• Deduplication

• Consolidation

4.0 The IIS implements written and approved 

confidentiality policies that protect the 

privacy of individuals whose data are 

contained in the system.

Advanced/Technical

• AIRA Confidentiality and Privacy: Considerations for IIS

• Confidentiality

• Privacy

5.0 The IIS implements comprehensive 

account management policies consistent

with industry security standards.

Advanced/Technical

• Security Guidance Considerations for Immunization Information Systems

• Security

6.0 The IIS is physically and digitally secured in 

accordance with industry standards for 

protected health information, security,

encryption, uptime, and disaster recovery.

Advanced/Technical

• Security Guidance Considerations for Immunization Information Systems

• Security
Immunization Information System Functional Standards Version 4.1 Resource Guide

Centersfor Disease Control and Prevention, Immunization Information Systems Support Branch

November 2022

Functional Standard Primary Resources AIRA Repository Key Words

7.0 The IIS supports IIS users who access and 

use the IIS functions and submit or access

IIS data.

Introductory

• Training Resources for IIS Trainers

• Training

8.0 The IIS exchanges data with health 

information systemsin accordance with 

current interoperability standards 

endorsed by CDC for message content, 

format, and transport.

Introductory

• Fundamentals of IIS: Interoperability – no-cost, interactive training that requires setting

up an account with PHII

• Fundamentals of IIS: HL7 Basics – no-cost, interactive training that requires setting up

an account with PHII

• Transport 101 – video introducing SOAP web services as recommended transport for HL7

• SOAP WSDL 101 – video introducing SOAP WSDL

• National Institute of Standards and Technology (NIST) Immunization Test Suite – video 

demonstrating how to test an example SOAP server

Advanced/Technical

• HL7 Version 2.5.1 Implementation Guide for Immunization Messaging

• HL7 Version 2.5.1 Implementation Guide for Immunization Messaging (Release 1.5) --

Addendum

• EHR-IIS Interoperability Enhancement Project Transport Layer Protocol Recommendation

Formal Specification

• Guidance for HL7 ACK Messages to Support Interoperability

• AIRA Guidance for HL7 RSP Messages to Support Interoperability

• AIRA Data Validation Guide – for the IIS Onboarding Process

• Measures and Tests for Assessment Message Submission and Acknowledgement

• Measures and Tests for Assessment Query and Response

• IIS Assessment Measures and Tests Message Transport

• NIST Immunization Test Suite

• AIRA National Set of Error Codes

• IIS Functional Guide Query and Response Volume 8.17.2017

• Data exchange

• Interoperability

• Transport

• Data transport

• HL7
Immunization Information System Functional Standards Version 4.1 Resource Guide

Centersfor Disease Control and Prevention, Immunization Information Systems Support Branch

November 2022

Functional Standard Primary Resources AIRA Repository Key Words

9.0 The IIS ensures and promotes user access 

to immunization records for clinical 

decision-making.

Introductory

• Presentations on Provider IIS Participation

Advanced/Technical

• AIRA Confidentiality and Privacy: Considerations for IIS

• Security Guidance Considerations for Immunization Information Systems

• Record access

• Provider 

participation

10.0 The IIS forecasts pediatric, adolescent, and 

adult immunizations in a manner 

consistent with Advisory Committee on 

Immunization Practices (ACIP) 

recommendations.

Introductory

• Clinical Decision Support for Immunization (CDSi) Mini Guide

• CDSi Training Materials

• CDSi Resources Easing the Process of Updating CDS Engines – infographic

• Introduction to the CDSi Project – video 

• The Basics of CDSi Evaluation and Forecasting – video 

• The Basics of the CDSi Logic Specification – video 

Advanced/Technical

• CDSi Logic Specification for ACIP Recommendations, version 4.3

• CDSi Supporting Data, version 4.32

• CDSi Test Cases – Healthy Childhood and Adult, version 4.25

• CDSi Test Cases – Underlying Conditions, version 4.3

• Forecast

• Clinical decision 

support

11.0 The IIS manages patient status at the 

provider organization and jurisdiction 

levels.

Introductory

• Management of Patient Active/Inactive Status in Immunization Information Systems:

Replacement of 2005 Guidelines – mini guide

Advanced/Technical

• Management of Patient Active/Inactive Status in Immunization Information Systems –

full guide

• Patient status
Immunization Information System Functional Standards Version 4.1 Resource Guide

Centersfor Disease Control and Prevention, Immunization Information Systems Support Branch

November 2022

Functional Standard Primary Resources AIRA Repository Key Words

12.0 The IIS supports vaccine product recall 

activities.

Introductory

• Inventory Management Operations of Immunization Information Systems(IIS) – mini 

guide

• Reminder/Recall In Immunization Information Systems – mini guide

Advanced/Technical

• Immunization Information System Inventory Management Operations – full guide

• Reminder/Recall in Immunization Information Systems – full guide

• Inventory

13.0 The IIS supports reporting and 

investigation of vaccine adverse events.

Advanced/Technical

• IIS-VAERS Collaboration for Vaccine Adverse Events Reporting

• Adverse events

• VAERS

14.0 The IIS supports public health response 

during disease outbreaks.

Introductory

• Presentations on IIS and Outbreak Control

• Outbreak

15.0 The IIS supports immunization-related 

efforts in school settings.

Introductory

• Presentations on IIS and Schools

• School health

16.0 The IIS supports immunization-related 

efforts in childcare settings.

Introductory

• Presentations on IIS and Childcare

• Childcare

17.0 The IIS supports immunization program 

activities during a public health emergency 

according to the jurisdiction’s public health

emergency plan.

Introductory

• Presentations on IIS and Emergency Preparedness Response

• Preparedness
Immunization Information System Functional Standards Version 4.1 Resource Guide

Centersfor Disease Control and Prevention, Immunization Information Systems Support Branch

November 2022

Functional Standard Primary Resources AIRA Repository Key Words

18.0 The IIS provides predefined and ad hoc 

assessment and coverage reports that 

users can generate without assistance 

from the IIS.

Introductory

• Analytic Guide for Assessing Vaccination Coverage Using an IIS

• Practical Examples of IIS Population-Based Coverage Assessments

Advanced/Technical

• Comparing & Communicating Vaccination Coverage Estimates from Immunization

Information Systems, the National Immunization Survey (NIS), and Related Assessments

• AFIX-IIS Integration: Operational and Technical Guide - Phase 1

• AFIX-IIS Integration: Operational and Technical Guide - Phase 2

• AFIX

• Coverage

• Rates

19.0 The IIS supports reminder and recall 

activities.

Introductory

• Reminder/Recall In Immunization Information Systems – mini guide

Advanced/Technical

• Reminder/Recall in Immunization Information Systems – full guide

• Reminder

• Recall

20.0 The IIS provides immunization records to 

individuals with appropriate 

authentication.

Introductory

• Presentations on Consumer Access

Advanced/Technical

• AIRA Confidentiality and Privacy: Considerations for IIS

• Access

• Authorize

• Consumer Access

21.0 The IIS ensures stakeholders have 

appropriate access to the data in the IIS for 

public and population health purposes.

Introductory

• Practical Examples of IIS Population-Based Coverage Assessments

• A Systematic Review of Barriers to Data Sharing in Public Health – journal article

Advanced/Technical

• AIRA Confidentiality and Privacy: Considerations for IIS

• Security Guidance Considerations for Immunization Information Systems

• The Community Guide - Vaccination

• Stakeholder access
Immunization Information System Functional Standards Version 4.1 Resource Guide

Centersfor Disease Control and Prevention, Immunization Information Systems Support Branch

November 2022

Functional Standard Primary Resources AIRA Repository Key Words

22.0 The IIS reliably exchanges information 

electronically with IISs in other 

jurisdictions consistent with the current 

CDC-endorsed HL7 Implementation Guide.

Introductory

• Interoperability for IIS – no-cost, interactive training that requires setting up an account 

with PHII

• HL7 Basics for IIS – no-cost, interactive training that requires setting up an account with 

PHII

• Transport 101 – video introducing SOAP web services as recommended transport for

HL7

Advanced/Technical

• HL7 Version 2.5.1 Implementation Guide for Immunization Messaging

• HL7 Version 2.5.1 Implementation Guide for Immunization Messaging (Release 1.5) --

Addendum

• Guidance for HL7 ACK Messages to Support Interoperability

• AIRA Guidance for HL7 RSP Messages to Support Interoperability

• AIRA Data Validation Guide – for the IIS Onboarding Process

• Cross-jurisdictional Data Sharing and Immunization Information Systems

information system data across state borders

• Public Health IIS Interjurisdictional Memorandum of Understanding (Fillable Form)

• Data exchange

• Interoperability

• Transport

• Data transport

• HL7

23.0 The IIS supports vaccine management and 

quality assurance functions for VFC and 

state and local vaccine programs.

Introductory

• IIS Collaboration with VFC and Grantee Immunization Programs – mini guide

Advanced/Technical

• Immunization Information System Collaboration with VFC and Grantee Immunization

Programs – full guide

• Vaccines for Children
Immunization Information System Functional Standards Version 4.1 Resource Guide

Centersfor Disease Control and Prevention, Immunization Information Systems Support Branch

November 2022

Functional Standard Primary Resources AIRA Repository Key Words

24.0 The IIS supports data exchange with the 

national Vaccine Tracking System (VTrckS).

Introductory

• Vaccine Tracking System

• VTrckS Training Library – online resource for VTrckS ExIS stakeholders that requires 

setting up an account with CDC. Request access by sending a message to 

VTrckSExIS@cdc.gov.

Advanced/Technical

• VTrckS ExIS Community – online resource for VTrckS ExIS stakeholders that requires 

setting up an account with CDC. Request access by sending a message to 

VTrckSExIS@cdc.gov.

Note: Additional resources are available in the VTrckS training library. Contact the 

immunization program in your jurisdiction for more information.

• VTrckS

25.0 The IIS supports provider site level vaccine 

inventory management and reconciliation 

according to VFC and state and local 

immunization program requirements.

Introductory

• Inventory Management Operations of Immunization Information Systems(IIS) – mini 

guide

• Decrementing Inventory via Electronic Data Exchange – mini guide

Advanced/Technical

• Immunization Information System Inventory Management Operations – full guide

• Inventory

26.0 The IIS provides data or produces reports 

for VFC and state and local immunization 

programs.

Introductory

• IIS Collaboration with VFC and Grantee Immunization Programs – mini guide

Advanced/Technical

• Immunization Information System Collaboration with Vaccines for Children Program and

Grantee Immunization Programs – full guide

• Vaccines for Children
Immunization Information System Functional Standards Version 4.1 Resource Guide

Centersfor Disease Control and Prevention, Immunization Information Systems Support Branch

November 2022

General Resources

• CDC Immunization Information Systems web page https://www.cdc.gov/vaccines/programs/iis/index.html

• CDC IIS Publications Searchable Database https://www2a.cdc.gov/vaccines/IIS/IISPubs/IISPubsMain.asp

• CDC Immunization Information System Annual Report (IISAR) https://www.cdc.gov/vaccines/programs/iis/annual-report-iisar/index.html

• American Immunization Registry Association http://www.immregistries.org/

• Public Health Informatics Institute https://www.phii.org/

• Contact the CDC Immunization Information Systems Support Branch iisinfo@cdc.gov