COURT OF APPEALS OF VIRGINIA 

Present: Judges Kelsey, Haley and Senior Judge Bumgardner 

Argued at Richmond, Virginia 

THOMAS EUGENE MONROE 

 MEMORANDUM OPINION*

 BY 

v. Record No. 2993-07-2 JUDGE RUDOLPH BUMGARDNER, III 

 MARCH 17, 2009 

COMMONWEALTH OF VIRGINIA 

FROM THE CIRCUIT COURT OF CAROLINE COUNTY 

Horace A. Revercomb, III, Judge 

 Bruce P. Ganey for appellant. 

 Rosemary V. Bourne, Assistant Attorney General (Robert F. 

McDonnell, Attorney General, on brief), for appellee. 

 Thomas Eugene Monroe appeals his conviction of second-degree murder and a use of a 

firearm to commit murder. He maintains the trial court erred in refusing to instruct on voluntary 

manslaughter and accidental killing. Concluding the trial court did not err, we affirm. 

 In the morning of November 17, 2006, the superintendent of the county school board fired 

the defendant over allegations that he sexually harassed the daughter of his supervisor in the 

maintenance department, David Ganoe. The defendant left the school board office, went home, 

drank some brandy, and around 2:00 p.m. drove to the maintenance shop. He entered the shop 

carrying a .38 caliber revolver, pushed past the secretary, Suzanne Edwards, walked to Ganoe’s 

desk at the opposite end of the three-bay garage, and shot him in the back. 

 Edwards saw the defendant enter the shop, walk “very, very fast” towards Ganoe, and 

heard Ganoe greet the defendant. She then saw the defendant pull a gun from his right side, 

 *

 Pursuant to Code § 17.1-413, this opinion is not designated for publication. 
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point it at Ganoe, and fire. She saw Ganoe fall and heard him cry, “Tom, don’t, please don’t.” 

Edwards grabbed the defendant’s arm and told him to stop, but he replied, “Get off me,” and 

shoved her down with sufficient force to break her wrist and her hip. While on the floor, 

Edwards heard another shot. She hurried to an interior office and called the police. Edwards 

testified that Ganoe had nothing in his hand when the defendant shot him. Ganoe died from a 

single gunshot wound to his back. 

 The defendant told the police that he believed Ganoe had forced his daughter into making 

the sexual harassment allegations against him. The defendant stated that he entered the shop, 

confronted Ganoe, and said, “You are a dirty son of a bitch for what you did.” The defendant 

saw Ganoe reach for an item on his desk. Feeling threatened, the defendant went outside, 

retrieved a gun from his truck, returned inside, and shot Ganoe. The defendant admitted he fired 

at least two shots and as many as four shots. 

 The defendant maintains the trial court erred in refusing an instruction on voluntary 

manslaughter. ‘“Heat of passion refers to the furor brevis which renders a man deaf to the voice 

of reason.’” Rhodes v. Commonwealth, 41 Va. App. 195, 200, 583 S.E.2d 773, 775-76 (2003) 

(quoting Caudill v. Commonwealth, 27 Va. App. 81, 85, 497 S.E.2d 513, 514-15 (1998)). “Heat 

of passion excludes malice when provocation reasonably produces fear [or anger] that causes one 

to act on impulse without conscious reflection.” Graham v. Commonwealth, 31 Va. App. 662, 

671, 525 S.E.2d 567, 571 (2000). “Heat of passion is determined by the nature and degree of the 

provocation, and may be founded upon rage, fear, or a combination of both.” Barrett v. 

Commonwealth, 231 Va. 102, 106, 341 S.E.2d 190, 192 (1986) (citation omitted). 

 “Although the Commonwealth prevailed at trial, the appropriate standard of review 

requires that we view the evidence with respect to the refused instruction in the light most 

favorable to the defendant.” Boone v. Commonwealth, 14 Va. App. 130, 131, 415 S.E.2d 250, 
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251 (1992). However, the defendant does not point to any evidence supporting his claim that he 

acted in the heat of passion when he shot Ganoe. 

 No evidence suggested that Ganoe provoked the defendant or that he acted in rage or 

fear. The superintendent had fired the defendant in the morning. The defendant went home, 

drank, and then drove to the maintenance shop around 2:00 p.m. Any heat of passion that the 

firing may have induced had more then ample time to abate before he drove to the shop. 

 The defendant stated that when he first encountered Ganoe in the maintenance shop, 

Ganoe reached for something. Accepting the defendant’s statement that he felt threatened and 

went to his truck to get his gun, the evidence does not permit a finding that fear or rage 

controlled his actions when he returned and shot Ganoe. If he did react in fear or rage initially, 

the time necessary to get the gun and return was sufficient time and opportunity for any passion 

to cool. If “there was reasonable time or opportunity for cooling, then the wounding is 

attributable to malice and not heat of passion.” Miller v. Commonwealth, 5 Va. App. 22, 25, 359 

S.E.2d 841, 842 (1987). 

 The defendant argues that his struggle with Edwards was provocation that caused him to 

act in a heat of passion. Her actions in grabbing his arm were not sufficient to constitute a 

reasonable provocation. Whether her actions occurred before or after the first shot, they do not 

permit a finding they constituted a reasonable provocation that caused the defendant to shoot at 

Ganoe. Additionally, “where it is not the victim of the crime who invoked the defendant’s heat 

of passion, there was no evidence to support a finding of heat of passion.” Arnold v. 

Commonwealth, 37 Va. App. 781, 789, 560 S.E.2d 915, 919 (2002). 

 The defendant also argues that the killing was accidental. He argues that the bullet that 

killed Ganoe could have ricocheted off the metal wall when he accidentally discharged his 
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firearm. He maintains that was the only explanation for the entrance wound that was in Ganoe’s 

back. 

 “Involuntary manslaughter is an accidental homicide, contrary to the intention of the 

parties, occurring during the performance of an unlawful, but not felonious, act or during the 

improper performance of a lawful act.” Bolyard v. Commonwealth, 11 Va. App. 274, 276, 397 

S.E.2d 894, 895 (1990). The evidence does not support the claim that a ricochet bullet hit Ganoe 

accidentally. The only evidence on this theory came from Investigator Susan Call. She testified 

that if a bullet ricocheted from an object into a body, its velocity would have been reduced and 

insufficient to exit the body. The bullet that killed Ganoe exited his body. There was no credible 

evidence showing that the defendant shot Ganoe accidentally. 

Waters v. Commonwealth, 39 Va. App. 72, 569 S.E.2d 763 (2002), held that a jury 

instruction on accidental killing is unnecessary where the trial court gave an instruction defining 

malice as a “state of mind which results in the intentional doing of a wrongful act to another 

without legal excuse or justification.” Id. at 79, 569 S.E.2d at 766. In this case, the instructions 

fully defined the elements of murder and the meaning of the terms. Jury Instruction 4 stated that 

“malicious killing” was an element of murder. Instruction 5 defined malice and heat of passion 

and clearly stated that malice required “the intentional doing of a wrongful act” and excluded 

heat of passion. A separate instruction on accidental killing was not necessary. 

 “If the principles set forth in a proposed instruction are fully and fairly covered in other 

instructions that have been granted, a trial court does not abuse its discretion in refusing to grant 

a repetitious instruction.” Joseph v. Commonwealth, 249 Va. 78, 90, 452 S.E.2d 862, 870 

(1995). The evidence did not support the separate instructions on heat of passion and accidental 

killing, and the jury instructions given properly defined the issues as raised by the evidence at 
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trial. The trial court did not err in refusing the defense instructions on voluntary manslaughter 

and accidental killing. Accordingly, we affirm. 

Affirmed.