[Cite as State v. Garza, 2013-Ohio-5492.]

IN THE COURT OF APPEALS OF OHIO 

THIRD APPELLATE DISTRICT 

HENRY COUNTY 

 

STATE OF OHIO, 

 PLAINTIFF-APPELLEE, CASE NO. 7-13-04 

 v. 

TOMAS G. GARZA, O P I N I O N 

 DEFENDANT-APPELLANT. 

 

Appeal from Henry County Common Pleas Court 

Trial Court No. 12CR0076 

Judgment Affirmed 

Date of Decision: December 16, 2013 

 

APPEARANCES: 

 

Gregory L. VanGunten for Appellant 

John H. Hanna and J. Hawken Flanagan for Appellee 
Case No. 7-13-04 

-2- 

WILLAMOWSKI, J.

{¶1} Defendant-appellant, Tomas G. Garza (“Garza”), appeals the 

judgment of the Henry County Court of Common Pleas denying his motion to 

suppress. For the reasons that follow, we affirm the judgment of the trial court. 

{¶2} On July 23, 2012, Patrolman Justin Ruffer (“Ruffer”) of the Napoleon 

Police Department appeared before the judge of the Napoleon Municipal Court for 

the purpose of obtaining a search warrant for Garza’s residence located at 327 

Carey St. in Napoleon, Ohio. Ruffer presented the judge with a sworn affidavit in 

support of the search warrant. The affidavit provided the following facts. 

{¶3} Ruffer had been a patrolman for the Napoleon Police Department in 

Henry County, Ohio, for approximately 1 year and 1 month. He had been trained 

and educated in the area of criminal investigations. On July 23, 2012, the 

Napoleon Police Department was notified of a drug transaction occurring at 327 

Carey St. in Napoleon. The residence was rented by Tomas Garza. Ruffer 

investigated the report as a drug possession case and he made contact with a 

witness who had observed the residence at 327 Carey St. for the previous month 

and a half. The witness informed Ruffer that during that time she had observed 

considerable traffic in and out of the residence. Among other examples, she had 

observed the following activity repeating in front of the residence: a maroon 

colored GMC pickup truck would stop at or near the residence and “drop off” a 

female; the female would enter the residence at 327 Carey St.; the female would 
Case No. 7-13-04 

-3- 

stay at or in the residence for a few minutes and would leave to be then picked up 

by the driver of the maroon colored GMC pickup truck. 

{¶4} The affidavit further stated that the witness had observed these 

specific events on the date of July 23, 2012: a female exited the maroon colored 

GMC vehicle; the female had short brownish red hair and was wearing a red Tshirt and blue jeans; the female entered the residence at 327 Carey St., together 

with Garza; approximately 10 minutes later, the female exited the residence and 

was “stuffing an unknown item into her purse”; the female got into the maroon 

colored GMC pickup truck in front of 942 Haley Ave. Ruffer, who observed the 

described vehicle, initiated a traffic stop on the vehicle due to a marked lanes 

violation. Ruffer identified the driver of the vehicle as Douglas Nash and the 

passenger as Stephanie Nash. Stephanie Nash matched the description given by 

the witness of the female who had visited Garza’s residence. After obtaining a 

verbal consent to search the vehicle, Ruffer found two tin foil balls under the 

vehicle’s front passenger seat; they were identified by the female as cocaine. 

Ruffer also found a plastic bag with white powder in the center counsel of the 

vehicle that he believed to be cocaine. Based on the information provided by the 

witness and the discovery of illegal narcotics in the vehicle, Ruffer believed that 

Stephanie Nash had obtained the illegal narcotics from the residence at 327 Carey 

St. 
Case No. 7-13-04 

-4- 

{¶5} The judge who reviewed Ruffer’s affidavit made general inquiries as 

to its contents.1

 (R. 39, Tr. of Proceedings at 14, Dec. 3, 2012.) We do not have 

before us a record of the inquiries made by the judge. We note that the record 

includes a handwritten statement made by the witness on July 23, 2012, where the 

witness is identified with her first and last name, address, date of birth, and a state 

ID number. (R. 39, Tr. of Proceedings Ex. 1.) That statement includes some of 

the information contained in Ruffer’s affidavit and further provides that Garza’s 

residence is frequented by a person known to the witness as a drug user. The 

record does not indicate whether the judge considered the witness’s handwritten 

statement prior to issuing the warrant. The judge issued a warrant to search 

Garza’s residence for “Illegal Narcotics and/or Drug Paraphernalia.” (Tr. of 

Proceedings Ex. 3, Search Warrant.) Subsequently, Garza was arrested and 

charged with possession of cocaine. 

{¶6} On November 21, 2012, Garza filed a motion to suppress, requesting 

the trial judge to rule that all physical evidence seized by the Napoleon Police 

Department incidental to the search of his residence on July 23, 2012 and all 

statements Garza made incidental to the search be excluded from the prosecution 

of the case against him. (R. 17, Mot. to Suppress, Nov. 21, 2012.) In support of 

his motion, Garza argued that the affidavit of Patrolman Ruffer was insufficient to 

 

1

 Garza does not challenge the trial court’s finding that the judge who issued the search warrant questioned 

Ruffer regarding the affidavit prior to approving the search warrant and that there was no indication of 

Ruffer being untruthful in his representations to the judge.
Case No. 7-13-04 

-5- 

provide the issuing judge with probable cause for a search warrant. Garza 

specifically contended that the warrant was deficient because it did not identify the 

witness and did not provide any reference to the witness’s reliability. He further 

asserted that even if the witness were reliable, she did not observe anything 

criminal and therefore, her statements were insufficient to provide probable cause 

for a search warrant. Garza additionally argued that the affidavit failed to provide 

any connection between the drugs found in the car driven by the Nashes (“the 

Nash vehicle”) and Garza or his residence. 

{¶7} On December 13, 2012, the trial judge conducted a hearing on the 

motion to suppress. (See R. 39, Tr. of Proceedings.) Garza was present together 

with his attorney. Ruffer and the witness who had provided the relevant 

information for the affidavit testified at the hearing. Following the hearing, the 

trial court denied Garza’s motion to suppress. The trial court found that although 

“[t]he affidavit does not identify the source of the information which led to the 

stop of the vehicle,” the source “was never portrayed as a confidential informant.” 

(R. 26, J. Entry at 3, Dec. 18, 2012.) The trial court further found that the source’s 

suspicions of drug activity were corroborated by the presence of cocaine in the 

Nash vehicle, which matched the source’s description of the vehicle from 327 

Carey St. The trial court also considered, as supportive of the probable cause, the 

fact that the vehicle was present at the residence for short periods of time over the 
Case No. 7-13-04 

-6- 

previous month and that it was stopped within “the close proximity in time and 

place” to the events described by the witness. (Id.) 

{¶8} Subsequently, Garza entered a plea of no contest to possession of 

cocaine and was sentenced to a five-year prison term and five years of post-release 

control. The sentence was stayed pending this appeal in which Garza raises one 

assignment of error. 

THE TRIAL COURT COMMITTED CONSTITUTIONAL 

ERROR BY FAILING TO SUPPRESS EVIDENCE DERIVED 

FROM A SEARCH INCIDENT-TO-WARRANT WHERE: A.) 

THE COURT FAILED TO CONSCIENTIOUSLY REVIEW 

THE SUFFICIENCY OF THE PROBABLE CAUSE 

AFIDAVIT [SIC] TO INSURE THAT THE ISSUING 

MAGISTRATE DID NOT ABDICATE HER DUTY BY 

ISSUING THE WARRANT BASED UPON THE BARE 

BONES CONCLUSIONS OF OTHERS; AND B.) THE COURT 

CONSIDERED EVIDENCE OUTSIDE THE FOUR CORNERS 

OF THE AFFIDAVIT AND FAILED TO FOLLOW LEGAL 

PRECEDENT IN THIS ARENA (U.S. CONSTITUTION, 4TH 

AMENDMENT, OHIO CONSITUTION [SIC], ARTICLE I, 

§14). 

{¶9} We will start by addressing the second point of Garza’s assignment of 

error. Garza challenges the trial court’s findings of fact, as contained in its 

judgment entry on the suppression motion, arguing that the trial court improperly 

considered evidence outside of the four corners of the warrant application. 

Evidence to be Considered in Reviewing Sufficiency 

of the Affidavit in Support of a Search Warrant 

{¶10} When reviewing the sufficiency of an affidavit in support of a search 

warrant, both the trial court and the appellate court are limited to the information 
Case No. 7-13-04 

-7- 

that was “brought to the attention of the [issuing judge].” State v. Graddy, 55 

Ohio St.2d 132, 134, 378 N.E.2d 723 (1978), fn.1; State v. OK Sun Bean, 13 Ohio 

App.3d 69, 71, 468 N.E.2d 146 (6th Dist.1983) (“the affidavit's legal sufficiency 

may be determined only from the information actually furnished to the issuing 

judge.”) (Emphasis sic.) That often implies that the reviewing court is bound by 

the “four corners” of the affidavit, as that is often the only record available before 

it. OK Sun Bean, 13 Ohio App.3d at 71. See, e.g., State v. King, 157 Ohio App.3d 

93, 2004-Ohio-2221, 809 N.E.2d 71, ¶ 12 (3d Dist.) (limiting the review of the 

sufficiency of probable cause in the affidavits “to the affidavits themselves, as that 

was the evidence before the issuing magistrate.”). 

{¶11} It does not necessarily mean, as Garza contends in his brief, “that all 

courts reviewing the sufficiency of a probable cause affidavit confine themselves 

to the sworn statements contained within the four corners of the affidavit itself. * * 

* This rule applies to the issuing [judge] as well as all courts reviewing the 

matter.” (App’t Br. at 5.) Garza’s suggestion is expressly contradicted by Crim.R. 

41(C), which allows for additional evidence, in the form of the affiant’s testimony, 

to be considered by the issuing judge. See OK Sun Bean, 13 Ohio App.3d at 71, 

fn. 2 (“Crim.R. 41(C) makes provision for an affidavit hearing, if needed, and 

further provides that the affiant’s testimony from such hearing shall be admissible 

at a subsequent hearing on a motion to suppress.”). Crim.R. 41(C) states: 
Case No. 7-13-04 

-8- 

Before ruling on a request for a warrant, the judge may require the 

affiant to appear personally, and may examine under oath the affiant 

and any witnesses the affiant may produce. Such testimony shall be 

admissible at a hearing on a motion to suppress if taken down by a 

court reporter or recording equipment, transcribed, and made part of 

the affidavit. 

Crim.R. 41. 

{¶12} The record before us shows that Ruffer appeared personally before 

the issuing judge and was questioned under oath. (Tr. of Proceedings Ex. 3, 

Search Warrant; Tr. of Proceedings at 14.) It does not appear that his testimony 

was “taken down by a court reporter or recording equipment” and transcribed. 

Crim.R. 41. Accordingly, it was not, nor could it have been, made part of the 

affidavit pursuant to Crim.R. 41, and we do not rely on it. 

{¶13} The record before us does not disclose what other information, if 

any, was available to the issuing judge. Our record on appeal includes the 

Voluntary Statement given to Ruffer by the witness,2

 Affidavit in Support of 

Search Warrant, the Search Warrant itself, and the Transcript of Proceedings from 

the trial court’s hearing on the motion to suppress. Therefore, for the purpose of 

this review, we will presume that the issuing judge signed the search warrant 

based on the information provided to her by Ruffer, insofar as it is evidenced to be 

so provided by the above documents. It follows that the trial court was not 

 

2

 Because the record does not indicate whether this statement was provided to the issuing judge or whether 

it was examined by the issuing judge, we do not consider this statement in arriving at our decision. 
Case No. 7-13-04 

-9- 

allowed to consider any evidence adduced at the hearing that was not proven to be 

known to the issuing judge prior to the issuance of the search warrant. 

{¶14} Garza points out that the trial court made fourteen findings of fact, 

some of which were derived from the suppression hearing and were not included 

in the affidavit in support of the search warrant for 327 Carey St. For example, the 

trial court identified the source of the information that Ruffer included in his 

affidavit, although the identity of that witness was not disclosed on the face of the 

affidavit. Further, the trial court found that the maroon colored pickup truck 

visited Garza’s residence weekly, although the affidavit did not indicate the 

frequency of the Nash vehicle visits to the residence. The trial court also found 

that the driver of the maroon pickup truck denied the drugs to be his property, 

while the female passenger refused to identify the drugs’ origin. Although these 

facts are not included in the Affidavit in Support of Search Warrant, we cannot 

conclude, as Garza urges us to, that the issuing judge was unaware of the 

informant’s identity or of any other additional facts. But because we do not have 

before us a record of such facts being presented to the issuing judge, we do not 

consider them in arriving at our decision herein.3

 

{¶15} We also find that although the trial court made its fourteen findings 

of fact based on the testimony presented at the suppression hearing, it did not 

 

3 As a corollary, we do not consider the facts cited by Garza in his brief, such as the fact that the informant 

“admitted that she lacked any ‘inside information’ of drug trafficking from Mr. Garza’s home.” (App’t Br. 

at 3.) 
Case No. 7-13-04 

-10- 

expressly apply these fourteen findings to its analysis of the affidavit’s sufficiency. 

Rather, the trial court’s ruling on the suppression motion was based on the facts in 

the affidavit: the information provided by the witness and corroborated “by the 

valid traffic stop and consent search of the Nash vehicle which revealed the 

presence of cocaine,” as well as by “the prior presence of the vehicle at the 

residence for short periods over the last month and the close proximity in time and 

place to the recent stop.” (R. 26, J. Entry at 3.) 

{¶16} Garza takes issue with the trial court’s finding that the vehicle was 

stopped within “the close proximity in time and place” to the events described by 

the witness. He argues that since the affidavit does not state where Ruffer stopped 

the “Nash vehicle,” the trial court’s finding of the close proximity is improper as it 

is unsupported by the affidavit. Indeed, the affidavit does not specify the time and 

place of the traffic stop, but it states, “The witness indicated that the female got 

into a maroon colored GMC pick-up in front of 942 Haley Ave. in the City of 

Napoleon. The affiant observed the described vehicle and initiated a traffic stop 

on the vehicle due to a marked lanes violation.” (Tr. of Proceedings Ex. 2, Aff. 

Supp. Search Warrant.) These two sentences neither support nor contradict an 

inference that the traffic stop occurred shortly after the female got into the vehicle 

and within a close distance to the place. Further, these statements do not preclude 

an inference by the trial court or by the issuing judge that the cocaine found in the 

Nash vehicle came from Garza’s residence. See State v. Cook, 3d Dist. Putnam 
Case No. 7-13-04 

-11- 

No. 12-02-12, 2003-Ohio-1794, ¶ 7, quoting State v. OK Sun Bean, 13 Ohio 

App.3d 69, at paragraph two of the syllabus (“An appellate court, in assessing the 

legal sufficiency of an affidavit supporting a probable cause finding, ‘may draw 

reasonable, common sense inferences from the allegations contained therein’ if 

such inferences are drawn from facts already set forth in the affidavit.”); State v. 

Kinney, 83 Ohio St.3d 85, 96, 698 N.E.2d 49 (1998) (“magistrates ought to be 

permitted to make common-sense inferences supported by other evidence in the 

affidavits.”). Accordingly, Garza’s challenge to the trial court’s decision, as it 

relates to its finding of “the close proximity in time and place” between the events 

described by the witness and the stop of the Nash vehicle, is not well taken. Even 

if this specific “proximity” finding by the trial court went beyond the facts 

provided in the affidavit, it did not invalidate the trial court’s conclusion that “the 

information before [the issuing judge] justified issuance of the warrant.” (R. 26, J. 

Entry at 4.) 

{¶17} Continuing our analysis of Garza’s challenge to the trial court’s 

decision denying his motion to suppress, we will look at the face of the affidavit, 

as this is the only tangible evidence that the record shows to have been in front of 

the issuing judge at the time when she issued the warrant. But we will also 

consider the fact that the issuing judge questioned Ruffer about the contents of the 

affidavit, as is evidenced by the warrant itself and by Ruffer’s subsequent 

testimony at the hearing. 
Case No. 7-13-04 

-12- 

Standard of Review

{¶18} Garza claims that in its decision on his motion to suppress, the trial 

court used an improper standard of review that, although mandated by the Ohio 

Supreme Court, contradicts with the “more plenary standard employed in the Sixth 

Circuit.” (App’t Br. at 4.) He urges us to apply a “de-novo-with-deference” 

review that would require us to review de novo the sufficiency of the affidavit and 

then, give “great deference” to the judge’s decision to issue the warrant. We are 

unpersuaded by Garza’s extensive argument in favor of changing the long 

established precedent and we continue to follow the standard of review established 

by the Ohio Supreme Court that expressly rejected the use of a de novo standard 

for review of the affidavit in support of a search warrant, characterizing it as 

“substitut[ing] [the reviewing court’s] judgment for that of the [issuing judge].” 

State v. George, 45 Ohio St.3d 325, 332, 544 N.E.2d 640 (1989). 

In reviewing the sufficiency of probable cause in an affidavit 

submitted in support of a search warrant issued by a magistrate, 

neither a trial court nor an appellate court should substitute its 

judgment for that of the magistrate by conducting a de novo

determination as to whether the affidavit contains sufficient probable 

cause upon which that court would issue the search warrant. Rather, 

the duty of a reviewing court is simply to ensure that the magistrate 

had a substantial basis for concluding that probable cause existed. In 

conducting any after-the-fact scrutiny of an affidavit submitted in 

support of a search warrant, trial and appellate courts should accord 

great deference to the magistrate's determination of probable cause, 

and doubtful or marginal cases in this area should be resolved in 

favor of upholding the warrant. 
Case No. 7-13-04 

-13- 

Id. at paragraph 2 of the syllabus, citing Illinois v. Gates, 462 U.S. 213, 103 S.Ct. 

2317 (1983). 

{¶19} Therefore, the question on this appeal is not whether we would find 

probable cause to issue the search warrant if the information, as provided to us by 

the record on appeal, had been presented to us on July 23, 2012 by Patrolman 

Ruffer. Rather, our review of the issuing judge’s determination of probable cause 

is limited to ensuring that the judge “had a substantial basis for concluding that 

probable cause existed.” Id. 

{¶20} In determining whether the issuing judge abdicated her duty in 

issuing the warrant, we are guided by the common sense “totality-of-thecircumstances test” of the Ohio Supreme Court, which stated in George: 

The totality-of-the-circumstances test of Illinois v. Gates, supra, is 

concisely set forth in that decision at 238–239, 103 S.Ct. at 2332: 

“The task of the issuing magistrate is simply to make a practical, 

common-sense decision whether, given all the circumstances set 

forth in the affidavit before him, including the ‘veracity’ and ‘basis 

of knowledge’ of persons supplying hearsay information, there is a 

fair probability that contraband or evidence of a crime will be found 

in a particular place.” 

(Emphasis added.) Id. at 329; see also State v. Thomas, 61 Ohio St.2d 223, 227-

28, 400 N.E.2d 401 (1980), citing United States v. Ventresca, 380 U.S. 102, 108, 

85 S.Ct. 741 (1965) (“In examining the affidavit for a search warrant in the cause 

sub judice, we are guided by the interpretive rules that such affidavits are to be 

tested in a common sense manner * * * .”). We will apply this common sense 
Case No. 7-13-04 

-14- 

totality-of-the-circumstances test to both “the original probable cause 

determination” of the issuing judge and to our determination of whether the 

issuing judge had a “substantial basis” for finding probable cause. George, 45 

Ohio St.3d at 329. 

{¶21} Garza argues for the use of the “more plenary review” in this case 

because of the existence of a hearsay informant. He asserts that “the more plenary 

standard becomes necessary where informants’ [sic] hearsay within the affidavit is 

legally discounted on appeal,” for example when “some of the facts in the affidavit 

before the magistrate have since been stricken” due to being “not correctly before 

the issuing magistrate.” (App’t Br. at 12-13.) This argument is misplaced because 

we have no basis for legally discounting the witness’s statements on this appeal 

and no facts from the affidavit have been stricken. 

{¶22} Therefore, in our review of the sufficiency of the affidavit, we apply 

the deferential standard of review mandated by the Ohio Supreme Court. 

Conscientious Review of the Sufficiency of the Affidavit 

{¶23} Garza contends that the trial court “failed to conscientiously review 

the sufficiency of the probable cause afidavit [sic]” that was allegedly issued based 

upon the “bare bones” conclusions of others and that failed “to establish the 

evidentiary ‘nexus’ between the drugs found off-site in the ‘Nash vehicle’ and the 

search of Mr. Garza’s home.” (App’t Br. at 4.) 
Case No. 7-13-04 

-15- 

{¶24} Garza discusses a factually similar Ohio Supreme Court case, State v. 

Graddy and suggests that, based on this precedent, we are bound to hold that the 

affidavit here was insufficient for the probable cause determination because it 

provided no basis to conclude that the informant was credible or her information 

reliable. See State v. Graddy, 55 Ohio St.2d 132, 378 N.E.2d 723 (1978). 

Although Graddy was decided prior to the United States Supreme Court’s decision 

in Gates, which changed the standard of review for sufficiency of probable cause 

affidavits, Garza suggests we follow the Ohio Supreme Court’s analysis as it 

relates to the facts of the current case. 

{¶25} In Graddy, a warrant was issued based on an affidavit alleging that a 

police detective believed that drugs were located in the described premises. That 

affidavit contained allegations from an informant whose reliability was 

unsupported by any facts in the affidavit. Id. at 136-137. Further, the conclusion 

that drug activity was occurring was also unsupported by any facts in the affidavit. 

Id. The Ohio Supreme Court held that “the belief or conclusion of the affiant, or 

the informant in a situation where hearsay is furnished by informant to the affiant, 

without presentation of the facts to the magistrate upon which the conclusion is 

based, is constitutionally an insufficient basis upon which the magistrate may 

determine the existence of probable cause.” (Emphasis added.) Id. at 134. The 

court specifically focused on the fact that the affidavit lacked “Any of the 
Case No. 7-13-04 

-16- 

underlying circumstances from which the informant concluded the drugs were on 

the premises.” Id. at 139. 

{¶26} The distinctions between Graddy and the current case are readily 

apparent. First, the affidavit here stated that the informant’s conclusions or 

suspicions of criminal activity were based on her observation of “considerable 

traffic in and out of the residence,” her observation of the maroon GMC pick-up 

truck for the last month and a half stopping in front of Garza’s residence and 

dropping off a female who visited for short periods of time, and her observation on 

the day in question of the female visiting for a short period of time and stuffing an 

unknown item into her purse while exiting the residence. Therefore, the affidavit 

had more than “bare bones conclusions”—it presented the facts upon which the 

informant’s conclusion was based. Second, the affidavit herein recited 

information and criminal evidence gathered by Ruffer in the subsequent 

observation and search of the Nash vehicle. Thus, unlike the affidavit in Graddy, 

the affidavit in this case provided the issuing judge with additional factual bases 

for probable cause that a criminal activity occurred. 

{¶27} The Ohio Supreme Court held that “a common and acceptable basis 

for the informant’s information is his personal observation of the fact or events 

described to the affiant and that these observations may be given added weight by 

the extent of the description or by corroborative police surveillance and 

information.” Graddy, 55 Ohio St.2d at 139-140, citing State v. Karr, 44 Ohio 
Case No. 7-13-04 

-17- 

St.2d 163, 165, 339 N.E.2d 641 (1975). This case involves the informant’s 

personal observation of the facts and events described to Ruffer, and additional 

police information about the finding of drugs in the vehicle that was the subject of 

informant’s tip. Accordingly, the Ohio Supreme Court’s holding in Graddy does 

not contradict, but rather supports, the trial court’s determination that the search 

warrant for Garza’s residence was properly issued upon the information provided 

by the witness, as well as the observations and findings made by Ruffer who was 

trained and educated in the area of criminal investigations. 

{¶28} Furthermore, subsequent to Gates, the affiant is not required “to 

reveal his informant’s ‘basis of knowledge’ and provide sufficient facts to 

establish the informant’s ‘veracity’ or the ‘reliability’ of the informant’s report” in 

order to give grounds for a probable cause finding. See George, 45 Ohio St.3d at 

328, fn. 3. Instead, the magistrate must be provided with enough information to 

make “a practical, common-sense decision whether, given all the circumstances 

set forth in the affidavit before him, including the ‘veracity’ and ‘basis of 

knowledge’ of persons supplying hearsay information, there is a fair probability 

that contraband or evidence of a crime will be found in a particular place.” 

(Emphasis added.) Id. at 329, quoting Gates, 462 U.S. at 238-239. See also State 

v. Gibler, 3d Dist. Defiance No. 4-2000-06, 2000 WL 1344545, *6 (“an 

unidentified informant’s ‘reliability,’ ‘veracity,’ and ‘basis of knowledge’ should 

not be examined as separate elements, but rather are merely part of the totality of 
Case No. 7-13-04 

-18- 

the information to be weighed by the [issuing judge] in making a probable cause 

determination.”). 

{¶29} Therefore, Garza fails in his attempt to invalidate the affidavit on the 

basis that it did not provide the issuing judge “with sufficient information to 

substantially and independently evaluate the credibility and reliability of the 

unnamed hearsay informant.” (App’t Br. at 17.) 

{¶30} Garza further contends that, even if the informant was credible, the 

information provided by her—observation of considerable traffic, the short visits 

of the maroon colored GMC vehicle, and the woman exiting Garza’s residence 

stuffing an unknown object into her purse—was susceptible to an innocent 

explanation and so, could not have been the basis for the probable cause 

determination. The trial court, however, did not uphold the search warrant relying 

solely on this information from the witness, pointing out that it was “nothing more 

than a suspicion and in and of itself not enough for a warrant.” (R. 26, J. Entry at 

3.) The trial court looked at all of the circumstances, including the results of the 

stop and search of the Nash vehicle, and held that these additional circumstances 

sufficiently verified “the reliability of the information provided.” (Id. at 4.) We 

agree with the trial court’s conclusion that Ruffer’s observations and finding of 

drugs in the Nash vehicle verified the reliability of the informant’s suspicion of 

criminal activity at the residence, which arose from her observation of the traffic 

in front of Garza’s residence and the Nashes’ short visits there. Ruffer’s 
Case No. 7-13-04 

-19- 

observations did “more than merely bolster the informant’s tip,” they “provided 

the underlying circumstances” from which the issuing judge could determine 

whether Ruffer and the informant were “justified in concluding that illegal activity 

is taking place.” Graddy, 55 Ohio St. at 140. 

{¶31} Garza points out that the affidavit lacks any assertion of the witness 

having “inside information of a ‘crime-in-fact’” or the Nashes themselves 

revealing “the source of the drugs found in their vehicle.” (App’t Br. at 18.) This, 

according to Garza, results in a lack of a “nexus” between Garza’s residence and 

the criminal activity. (Id. at 21.) He claims that, even if the witness’s information 

was reliable and showed that the Nashes were involved in a criminal activity, it 

was improper for Ruffer, the issuing judge, and the trial court to infer that the 

drugs could be found in Garza’s residence, because there was no direct proof of 

connection between the drugs found in the Nash vehicle and Garza’s house. 

Although Garza is correct in his assertion that there was no direct proof that the 

drugs found in the Nash vehicle came from his residence, we do not agree that this 

invalidates the search warrant. 

{¶32} The amount of proof sufficient for a probable cause determination 

does not necessarily require certainty that criminal activity is occurring at the 

defendant’s premises. All that is required is “a fair probability that contraband or 

evidence of a crime will be found in a particular place.” George, 45 Ohio St.3d 

325, at paragraph one of the syllabus, quoting Gates, 462 U.S. at 238-239. 
Case No. 7-13-04 

-20- 

The term probable cause, according to its usual acceptation, means 

less than evidence which would justify condemnation. It imports a 

seizure made under circumstances which warrant suspicion. More 

recently, we said that the quanta of proof appropriate in ordinary 

judicial proceedings are inapplicable to the decision to issue a 

warrant. Finely tuned standards such as proof beyond a reasonable 

doubt or by a preponderance of the evidence, useful in formal trials, 

have no place in the magistrate’s decision. It is clear that only the 

probability, and not a prima facie showing, of criminal activity is the 

standard of probable cause.

(Alterations and internal quotation marks omitted.) (Emphasis sic.) Id. at 329, 

quoting Gates, 462 U.S. at 235. Likewise, in our review of the affidavit, we are 

not required to find proof of inside knowledge or of a direct connection between 

the drugs found in the Nash vehicle and Garza’s residence. We merely ensure that 

the issuing judge had a “substantial basis” for concluding that there was probable 

cause that such direct connection existed. Id.

{¶33} As we concluded above, the affidavit presented to the issuing judge 

provided more than a mere suspicion of possible criminal activity occurring at 

Garza’s residence. Looking at the totality of the circumstances, we hold that the 

issuing judge, could properly infer that the criminal evidence, found in the vehicle 

that visited Garza’s premises frequently for short periods of time and that was 

stopped on July 23, 2012, after it left Garza’s residence, came from that residence. 

Therefore, under the deferential review, mandated by the Ohio Supreme Court, we 

hold that the issuing judge had a substantial basis for concluding that the 

information presented to her by Ruffer was sufficient for a fair probability that 
Case No. 7-13-04 

-21- 

“Illegal Narcotics and/or Drug Paraphernalia” were concealed in Garza’s 

residence at 327 Carey St. on July 23, 2012. (Tr. of Proceedings Ex. 3, Search 

Warrant.) 

{¶34} Based upon the foregoing, we hold that the trial court did not err in 

denying Garza’s motion to suppress. For that reason, his assignment of error is 

not well taken. Having found no error prejudicial to Appellant, in the particulars 

assigned and argued, we affirm the judgment of the Henry County Court of 

Common Pleas. 

Judgment Affirmed 

PRESTON, P.J. and SHAW, J., concur. 

/jlr