NOT PRECEDENTIAL

UNITED STATES COURT OF APPEALS

FOR THE THIRD CIRCUIT

_____________

No. 16-3010

_____________

JACQUELINE ALINOSKI,

Appellant

v.

MUSCULOSKELETAL TRANSPLANT FOUNDATION, INC.

_____________________________________

On Appeal from the United States District Court for the 

Middle District of Pennsylvania

(District Court No.: 3-15-cv-00640)

District Judge: Honorable Edwin M. Kosik

_____________________________________

Submitted under Third Circuit LAR 34.1(a)

on February 9, 2017

 Before: MCKEE, RENDELL, and FUENTES, Circuit Judges

(Opinion filed February 15, 2017)
2

O P I N I O N*

RENDELL, Circuit Judge: 

Appellant Jacqueline Alinoski challenges the grant of summary judgment in favor 

of her former employer, Musculoskeletal Transplant Foundation, Inc. (“MTF”), in her

suit alleging age and sex discrimination in violation of the Pennsylvania Human 

Relations Act, 43 P.S. § 951 et seq. (“PHRA”).1 For the reasons set forth below, we will 

affirm.

As the parties are familiar with the facts and the procedural posture to date, we 

need not repeat them.2 We exercise plenary review over a district court’s grant of 

summary judgment, applying the same standard that the district court should have 

applied. Abramson v. William Paterson Coll. of N.J., 260 F.3d 265, 276 (3d Cir. 2001). 

A court grants summary judgment if “there is no genuine issue of material fact and the 

movant is entitled to judgment as a matter of law.” Fed. R. Civ. P. 56(c).

The PHRA dictates that it is unlawful for an employer to discharge or discriminate 

against any individual because of the individual’s age (if the individual is 40 years old or 

older) or on the basis of the individual’s sex. 43 P.S. §§ 955(a) & 954(h). Such 

discrimination claims may be established by direct or indirect evidence. If the PHRA 

 

* This disposition is not an opinion of the full Court and pursuant to I.O.P. 5.7 

does not constitute binding precedent.

1 The District Court’s summary judgment grant also dismissed Appellant’s hostile 

work environment claim against MTF. A. 595. Appellant appears to have waived this 

claim on appeal and we therefore do not address it. See Appellant’s Br. 14; Appellee’s 

Br. 11.

2 The District Court exercised jurisdiction pursuant to 28 U.S.C. §§ 1332(a). We 

exercise appellate jurisdiction pursuant to 28 U.S.C. § 1291.
3

claim is based on indirect evidence, it is subject to the three-part test set forth in 

McDonnell Douglas Corp. v. Green, 411 U.S. 792, 802–05 (1973). See Gomez v. 

Allegheny Health Servs., Inc., 71 F.3d 1079, 1083–84 (3d Cir. 1995); A. 603. The first 

part of the McDonnell Douglas test imposes a burden of production on the employee to 

establish a prima facie case of discrimination, which, if successful, raises an inference of 

discrimination. 411 U.S. at 802. The employee satisfies this burden of production by 

showing, inter alia, that similarly situated persons outside the relevant protected class 

were treated more favorably than he or she. See Willis v. UPMC Children’s Hosp. of

Pittsburgh, 808 F.3d 638, 645–46 (3d Cir. 2015); Clayton v. Meijer, Inc., 281 F.3d 605, 

610 (6th Cir. 2002); Whitesell v. Dobson Comms., No. 2:06cv0319 (DSC), 2008 WL 

474270, *9 (W.D. Pa. Feb. 20, 2008); A. 600. We agree with the District Court that 

Appellant cannot satisfy this burden for either the age or the sex discrimination claim. 

We address each claim in turn. 

As the District Court observed with regard to the age claim, “employees both 

within and outside of [Appellant]’s class[] were treated more and less favorabl[y] than 

[Appellant].” A. 604. Specifically, two employees who are older than Appellant, in 

addition to two employees who are younger than Appellant, were treated more favorably 

than Appellant; two different younger employees were treated less favorably than she. 

Id. The record shows that the employees treated more favorably, older and younger,

were not similarly situated to Appellant because of their differing levels on MTF’s 
4

progressive discipline program.

3

 See A. 580. Appellant responds, without any 

supporting case law, that “[s]imilarly situated employees that may have also received 

more favorable treatment within the protected class[] doesn’t necessarily negate that age 

may have been the motivating factor.” Appellant’s Br. 10–11. She never addresses the 

largest hole in her case: the less favorable treatment of employees outside her protected 

class. 

By focusing only on the employees whose treatment might advance her claim, 

Appellant ignores our holdings in previous discrimination cases that an individual cannot 

“pick and choose a person she perceives is a valid comparator who was allegedly treated 

more favorably, and completely ignore a significant group of comparators who were 

treated equally or less favorably than she.” Simpson v. Kay Jewelers, Div. of Sterling, 

Inc., 142 F.3d 639, 646–47 (3d Cir. 1998).

4 Nor may courts assess proffered evidence in 

a “vacuum.” Id. at 645. Looking at the spread of employees within and outside of 

Appellant’s class, it does not appear to us that MTF’s treatment of Appellant had 

anything to do with her age. Accordingly, we find that MTF’s comparative treatment of 

its employees fails to raise an inference of age-based discrimination. 

 

3 Appellant argues that the employees’ different levels were themselves due to 

discriminatory treatment, but she unpersuasively bases this claim on her own belief and 

does not offer any other supporting evidence. 

4 Appellant’s efforts to distinguish Simpson are unavailing and misguidedly focus 

on factual minutiae rather than on legal principles long held by this Court. See, e.g.,

Andrews v. City of Philadelphia, 895 F.3d 1469, 1482 (3d Cir. 1990) (requiring a 

reviewing court to look at the “totality of the circumstances” when adjudicating a 

discrimination claim). 
5

Appellant’s sex discrimination claim fares no better. We agree with the District 

Court that the examples of harassment raised by Appellant do not evince “any 

discriminatory animus based upon [Appellant’s] gender” and therefore do not give rise to 

an inference of discrimination. A. 605. Appellant does not offer – nor do we find – a 

requisite connection between Appellant’s sex and her being accused of acting “like a 

victim” or having a “brain meltdown.” However puerile or offensive they may be, those 

comments are not inherently related to being male or female.5

Because we find that Appellant has not satisfied her threshold burden of 

production for either discrimination claim, we need not complete the rest of the

McDonnell Douglas test that questions whether an employer’s articulated reason for an 

adverse employment action is a pretext for unlawful discrimination.6 411 U.S. at 804. 

Therefore, for the foregoing reasons, we will affirm the District Court’s grant of 

summary judgment in favor of MTF in its entirety.

 

5 The District Court drew a persuasive distinction between this case and Ostrowski 

v. Prudential Equity Grp., No. 3:03 Civ. 0459 (ARC), 2006 WL 1330113, at *5, *8

(M.D. Pa. May 12, 2006), in which the court found unlawful sex discrimination where a 

female employee was called a “bitch” by her male colleagues and told: “This is a man’s 

business. It’s a man’s world.” A. 605. The comments at issue here clearly lack similarly 

gendered overtones.

6 We note our agreement with the District Court that, based on the record, 

Appellant could not show a pretext even if she had satisfied her burden of production. A. 

606.