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										**TB Notes 2****2017**
Notes from the Director
Dear Colleague:
In March, the Division of Tuberculosis Elimination (DTBE) staff members were involved in a variety of events in conjunction with World TB Day, including the World TB Day Capitol Hill briefing in Washington D.C., and the CDC World TB Day commemoration in Atlanta.
In recognition of World TB Day, DTBE released preliminary TB surveillance data for the United States. According to 2016 provisional data, a total of 9,287 TB cases were reported in the United States in 2016, and the overall annual TB incidence decreased slightly from 3.0 in 2015 to 2.9 cases per 100,000 in 2016. Epidemiologic modeling suggests if the rate of decline continues at this pace, it will be impossible to reach the goal of U.S. TB elimination in this century. Expanding targeted testing and treatment of latent TB infection is key to eliminating TB disease in the United States. It is also important to maintain current TB control activities, in order to find and treat people with TB disease.
The Advisory Council for the Elimination of Tuberculosis (ACET) held their meeting in Atlanta, GA on Tuesday, April 11, 2017. That meeting was followed by the 2017 National TB Conference, sponsored by the National Tuberculosis Controllers Association (NTCA) and the Association of Public Health Laboratories (APHL), held in Atlanta, GA, April 18-21. I hope that many of you were able to attend and benefit from the important information that was shared at the 2017 National TB Conference.
As you know, major new efforts are required to incorporate latent TB infection testing and treatment in public and private health systems. National Center for HIV/AIDS, Viral Hepatitis, STD, and TB Prevention Center Director Dr. Jonathan Mermin and I outlined steps towards TB elimination in “Latent tuberculosis infection: the final frontier of tuberculosis elimination in the USA,” recently published in *The Lancet Infectious Diseases**.*
DTBE remains committed to supporting the important work that is being done to eliminate TB in communities around the United States.
Philip LoBue, MD, FACP, FCCP
Director,
Division of Tuberculosis Elimination
National Center for HIV/AIDS, Viral Hepatitis, STD, and TB PreventionOpen All Close All
2017 National TB ConferenceThe 2017 National TB Conference, sponsored by the National Tuberculosis Controllers Association in collaboration with the Association of Public Health Laboratories, was held in Atlanta, GA, April 18-21. The conference highlighted innovative work in TB prevention, management, and care across the country. It also paved a way forward as TB professionals came together to discuss their challenges and share best practices on how to achieve TB elimination in the United States.
Conference attendees heard from TB survivors, clinicians, nurses, epidemiologists, TB controllers, and many others. DTBE Director, Dr. Philip LoBue, presented the *State of TB Elimination in the U.S.,* noting all that has been accomplished, but also all the work we still need to do to achieve TB elimination. Dr. Kelly Holland inspired us with his story of surviving TB, and called us to action to understand TB through the eyes of our patients. We also heard about the work of our colleagues in CDC’s Global Migration and Quarantine, public health laboratories, and the Regional Training and Medical Consultation Centers (RTMCC).
Innovative work being done with electronic directly observed therapy (eDOT) and the *Massachusetts Model of Community-Based TB Prevention* demonstration project were presented. The breakout sessions provided an opportunity to have informative presentations and discussions, including DTBE staff presenting *Should Latent TB Infection be reportable* and *How Can TB Elimination Models Inform Program Strategies Today.*Thank you to everyone who planned, presented, and attended the conference.
*Submitted by Sloane Bowman, MPH, DTBE*
Surveillance, Epidemiology, and Outbreak Investigations Branch Updates**Medical and Pharmacy Claims Data: A Window into TB Prevention Activity in the Private Sector**
Private sector involvement in treatment for latent TB infection (LTBI) will be increasingly important in the drive toward TB elimination. To assess TB prevention activity in the private sector, a researcher affiliated with the Tuberculosis Epidemiologic Studies Consortium (TBESC) has examined a large sample of commercial insurance claims data to determine (1) the extent of LTBI testing and treatment, (2) whether it targets high-risk patients, and (3) how treatment completion compares with that in the public health sector.
Erica L. Stockbridge, PhD., is a researcher at TBESC member site University of North Texas Health Science Center, and a senior health analyst at Magellan Health, Inc. Dr. Stockbridge used de-identified medical and pharmacy claims data for individuals randomly sampled from a database that includes health services use of 4 million commercially insured people aged less than 65. All sampled individuals had at least 36 months of continuous coverage from April 2010 through March 2013 for both medical and pharmacy services. Basic epidemiologic information included sex, 5 year age group, type of commercial insurance, and Census division.
Among sampled individuals, 4.3% were tested at least once with the tuberculin skin test (TST) or a blood-based interferon-gamma release assay (IGRA). The probability of testing was highest among individuals at greatest risk of LTBI or progression to TB disease (contact with a TB case, 71.6%; receipt of immunosuppressive medications, 34.4%; HIV positive, 26.7%). LTBI testing was most common among age groups associated with school and college entry. Among 1,074 individuals who started LTBI treatment with isoniazid, 46.3% completed at least six months and 22.6% completed at least nine months of treatment.
Treatment completion was lower among insurance plans that restricted patient choice of physician. Prescription size also influenced treatment completion. Individuals who received initial medication supplies of 60 days or greater were more likely to complete a nine-month regimen compared to those who received 30 day supplies.
This valuable research shows that LTBI testing and treatment is occurring in the private sector. This knowledge provides public health stakeholders insight into private sector TB prevention testing and treatment. The findings will help public health professionals in their work with private providers to increase TB targeted testing and treatment.

**Upcoming TBESC Studies**
TBESC is partnering with the Tuberculosis Trials Consortium (TBTC) for Part D/Study 37, a clinical trial to assess the safety, tolerability, and effectiveness of rifapentine given daily for latent TB Infection. This study is expected to begin in the fall of 2017. A one day training for TBESC and TBTC site staff will be held May 17, 2017 in Atlanta, GA in conjunction with the annual TBESC meeting May 18-19, 2017.
*Submitted by Kiana Woods, MBA, MEd, DTBE*
Communications, Education, and Behavioral Studies Branch Updates**World TB Day 2017**
A Recipe for a “Sweet” World TB Day!

What do you get when you mix creativity, hard work, and fifteen pounds of sugar? The Communications, Education, and Behavioral Studies Branch (CEBSB) found out as they baked, decorated, bagged, and delivered over 200 cookies to TB colleagues on World TB Day.
Using over 90 hours of their own personal time and resources, CEBSB staff created works of edible art in the familiar rod-shape of *Mycobacterium tuberculosis*, which they iced and decorated with menacing, threatening, and even a few goofy faces. Other cookies were painstakingly iced using a custom-made stencil of the “End TB” logo, reflecting the 2017 World TB Day theme, “Unite to End TB.” The delectable desserts were then placed into gift bags with a card expressing appreciation for the recipient’s work in eliminating TB, and hand-delivered to the delight of colleagues around CDC.


The treats have become an annual tradition for World TB Day, serving as a delicious way to recognize the progress towards TB elimination. Keep reading TB Notes to find out what CEBSB will cook up next year!


*Submitted by Leeanna Allen, MPH, DTBE*
Laboratory Branch Updates**CDC/DTBE Announcement of Plans for Universal Whole Genome Sequencing**
The CDC Division of Tuberculosis Elimination, in collaboration with colleagues in the CDC Antimicrobial Resistance Coordination and Strategy Unit, will be supporting the use of Whole Genome Sequencing (WGS) for all new isolates of *Mycobacterium tuberculosis*referred for genotyping beginning in spring 2018. The use of WGS is an exciting advancement that enhances the discriminatory power for cluster identification and investigation, which should allow for a more focused investment of public health interventions. All isolates will undergo both conventional genotyping as well as WGS for a period of 3 years. After this transition period, prospective WGS will become the standard method performed to identify TB clusters. Currently, plans are being made for capture of this information in TB GIMS; additional details regarding the timeframe and mechanism for access to these and other data (e.g., retrospective WGS analysis for clusters of concern) will be provided in the future.
Additionally, WGS allows for the surveillance of molecular determinants associated with drug resistance. Data will be captured for the purposes of surveillance. Molecular surveillance of drug resistance does not replace the CDC Molecular Detection Drug Resistance (MDDR) service which will continue to be available for rapid analysis of isolates and sediments. To support the infrastructure required for universal WGS, up to two public health laboratories will be awarded funds for this activity through competitive selection as described in the Epidemiology and Laboratory Capacity funding opportunity announcement (K3- Antimicrobial Resistance Regional Laboratory Network) that was recently released. The selected laboratories will operate as part of the Antimicrobial Resistance Laboratory Network.

**New Online Training Tool:****Landscape and Language of Molecular Diagnostics for TB Drug Resistance**
A new addition has been made to the publically available online training tool, Essentials for the Mycobacteriology Laboratory: Promoting Quality Practices. This online training tool is a series of complimentary, interactive web-based training modules. The new module “Landscape and Language of Molecular Diagnostics for TB Drug Resistance” was specifically designed to provide TB control staff, clinicians, and nurses a brief overview of the basic principles of molecular biology and test platforms used for molecular testing of *Mycobacterium tuberculosis.*The module provides information for understanding how mutations are associated with drug resistance and what laboratory reporting language might be used to describe results. Access to all the modules and other valuable TB resources is available through the Association of Public Health Laboratories (APHL) TB homepage.

**Retirement of Frances Tyrrell, MPH, MT (ASCP), SM—Laboratory Consultant**
Frances Tyrrell, CDC DTBE Laboratory Consultant retired on April 28, 2017. Frances joined the Laboratory Capacity Team (LCT) in 2009 after working for the Georgia Department of Health for over 19 years in the mycobacteriology laboratory and in clinical laboratory settings. Frances has been an integral member of the DTBE Laboratory Branch through contribution of her expertise in mycobacteriology and public health, as well as her passion for data analysis. She has served as a trusted partner for public health laboratories, and has worked closely with many colleagues to improve services and identify best practices. As a laboratory consultant, Frances has been enthusiastically engaged in site visits, cooperative agreement reviews, operational research projects, and educational training activities. Frances is an independent thinker and has strived over the years to build a legacy of integrity and commitment. Her service and dedication to CDC, TB, and public health have been greatly appreciated. Frances plans to travel, do more bicycling, and spend more time with family after returning to her home state of Michigan.
*Submitted by Stephanie Johnson, MS, DTBE*
New CDC Publications**January 2017**
Castro KG, Marks SM, Hill AN, Chen MP, Miramontes R, Winston CA, LoBue PA. In reply. Int J Tuberc Lung Dis. 2017 Jan 1;21(1):120-121. doi: 10.5588/ijtld.16.0708-2. No abstract available. PMID: 28157476.
Hannah HA, Miramontes R, Gandhi NR. Sociodemographic and Clinical Risk Factors Associated With Tuberculosis Mortality in the United States, 2009-2013. Public Health Rep. 2017 Jan 1:33354917698117. doi: 10.1177/0033354917698117. [Epub ahead of print]. PMID: 28394707.
Tupasi T, Garfin AM, Mangan JM, Orillaza-Chi R, Naval LC, Balane GI, Basilio R, Golubkov A, Joson ES, Lew WJ, Lofranco V, Mantala M, Pancho S, Sarol JN, Blumberg A, Burt D, Kurbatova EV. Multidrug-resistant tuberculosis patients’ views of interventions to reduce treatment loss to follow-up. Int J Tuberc Lung Dis. 2017 Jan 1;21(1):23-31. https://doi: 10.5588/ijtld.16.0433. PMID: 28157461.
Worrell MC, Kramer M, Yamin A, Ray SM, Goswami ND. Use of Activity Space in a Tuberculosis Outbreak: Bringing Homeless Persons Into Spatial Analyses. *Open Forum Infect Dis* 2017; 4(1): ofw280. doi: https://doi.org/10.1093/ofid/ofw280

**February 2017**
Cavanaugh JS, Jou R, Wu MH, Dalton T, Kurbatova E, Ershova J, Cegielski JP; Global PETTS Investigators. Susceptibilities of MDR Mycobacterium tuberculosis isolates to unconventional drugs compared with their reported pharmacokinetic/pharmacodynamic parameters. J Antimicrob Chemother. 2017 Feb 20. doi: 10.1093/jac/dkx022. [Epub ahead of print]. PMID: 28333192.

**March 2017**
Alsultan A, Savic R, Dooley KE, Weiner M, Whitworth W, Mac Kenzie WR, Peloquin CA; Tuberculosis Trials Consortium. Population Pharmacokinetics of Pyrazinamide in Patients with Tuberculosis. Antimicrob Agents Chemother. 2017 Mar 13. pii: AAC.02625-16. doi: 10.1128/AAC.02625-16. [Epub ahead of print]. PMID: 28289033.
CDC (Schmit KM, Wansaula Z, Pratt R, Price SF, Langer, AJ). Tuberculosis — United States, 2016. MMWR 2017 March 24; 66(11);289–294. doi: http://dx.doi.org/10.15585/mmwr.mm6611a2.
CDC (Tsang CA, Langer AJ, Navin TR, Armstrong, LR).Tuberculosis Among Foreign-Born Persons Diagnosed ≥10 Years After Arrival in the United States, 2010–2015. MMWR 2017 March 24; 66(11);295–298. doi: http://dx.doi.org/10.15585/mmwr.mm6611a3.
Chorba T, Jereb J. Keeping It in the Family: the Childhood Burden of Tuberculosis. Emerging Infectious Diseases. 2017 Mar;23(3):561-562. doi:10.3201/eid2303.AC2303.
Jeffries C, Lobue P, Chorba T, Metchock B, Kashef I. Role of the Health Department in Tuberculosis Prevention and Control-Legal and Public Health Considerations. Microbiol Spectr. 2017 Mar;5(2). doi: 10.1128/microbiolspec.TNMI7-0034-2016. PMID: 28256190.
Marks SM, Mase SR, Bamrah Morris S. Systematic Review, Meta-Analysis, and Cost Effectiveness of Treatment of Latent Tuberculosis Infection to Reduce Progression to Multidrug-Resistant Tuberculosis. Clin Infect Dis. 2017 Mar 14. doi: 10.1093/cid/cix208. [Epub ahead of print]. PMID: 28329197.
Moro RN, Sterling TR, Saukkonen J, Vernon A, Horsburgh CR, Chaisson RE, Hamilton CD, Villarino ME, Goldberg S. Factors associated with non-completion of follow-up: 33-month latent tuberculous infection treatment trial. Int J Tuberc Lung Dis. 2017 Mar 1;21(3):286-296. doi: 10.5588/ijtld.16.0469. PMID: 28087928.
Owusu-Edusei K Jr, Stockbridge EL, Winston CA, Kolasa M, Miramontes R. Tuberculin skin test and interferon-gamma release assay use among privately insured persons in the United States. Int J Tuberc Lung Dis. 2017 Mar 28. doi: 10.5588/ijtld.16.0617. [Epub ahead of print]. PMID: 28351463. DOI: 10.5588/ijtld.16.0617.
Powell KM, VanderEnde DS, Holland DP, Haddad MB, Yarn B, Yamin AS, Mohamed O, Sales RF, DiMiceli LE, Burns-Grant G, Reaves EJ, Gardner TJ, Ray SM. Outbreak of Drug-Resistant Mycobacterium tuberculosis Among Homeless People in Atlanta, Georgia, 2008-2015. Public Health Rep. 2017 Mar/Apr;132(2):231-240. doi: 10.1177/0033354917694008. PMID: 28257261.
Scott C, Cavanaugh JS, Silk BJ, Ershova J, Mazurek GH, LoBue PA, Moonan PK. Comparison of Sputum-Culture Conversion for Mycobacterium bovis and M. tuberculosis. Emerg Infect Dis. 2017 Mar;23(3):456-462. doi: 10.3201/eid2303.161916. PMID: 28221125.
Winston CA, Stone ND. Detect to Prevent: Evaluating Testing and Treatment Practices for Latent Tuberculosis Infection in Long-Term Care Facilities. J Am Geriatr Soc. 2017 Mar 17. doi: 10.1111/jgs.14752. [Epub ahead of print]. No abstract available. PMID: 28306136.

**April 2017**
Owusu-Edusei K, Marks SM, Miramontes R, Stockbridge EL, Winston CA. Tuberculosis hospitalization expenditures per patient from private health insurance claims data, 2010-2014. Int J Tuberc Lung Dis. 2017 Apr 1;21(4):398-404. doi: 10.5588/ijtld.16.0587. PMID: 28284254.

**May 2017**
Scott C, Mangan J, Tillova Z, Jensen PA, Ahmedov S, Ismoilova J, Trusov A. Evaluation of the Tuberculosis Infection Control Training Center, Tajikistan, 2014-2015. Int J Tuberc Lung Dis. 2017 May 1;21(5):579-585. doi: 10.5588/ijtld.16.0518. PMID: 28399974.
Wortham JM, Goggin M, Mora C, Vandehey L, Manangan L, Powell KM. Acute kidney injury during treatment for latent tuberculous infection with rifampin. Int J Tuberc Lung Dis. 2017 May 1;21(5):596-597. doi: 10.5588/ijtld.17.0003. PMID: 28399977.
							
					
						Page last reviewed:  May 8, 2017					Content source: 	Division of Tuberculosis Elimination, National Center for HIV, Viral Hepatitis, STD, and TB Prevention, Centers for Disease Control and Prevention homeTuberculosisBasic TB Factsplus iconHow TB SpreadsLatent TB Infection and TB DiseaseSigns & SymptomsTB Risk FactorsExposure to TBTB PreventionVaccinesTB & HIV CoinfectionTB and DiabetesTB TermsPersonal StoriesTesting & Diagnosisplus iconWho Should be TestedTesting for TB InfectionTesting in BCG-Vaccinated PersonsTB Screening and Testing of Health Care PersonnelTesting During PregnancyDiagnosing latent TB infection and TB diseaseTreatmentplus iconDeciding When to Treat Latent TB InfectionTreatment Regimens for Latent TB Infection (LTBI)Treatment for TB DiseaseAdverse EventsTB Treatment of Persons Living with HIVTB Treatment and PregnancyTB Treatment for ChildrenFrequently Asked QuestionsDrug-Resistant TBResearchplus iconTB Epidemiologic Studies Consortiumplus iconResearch ProjectsPublicationsTB Trials Consortiumplus iconStudy DescriptionsBackgroundBehavioral & Social Science ResearchHealth Care Settingsplus iconTB Infection Control in Health Care SettingsResources for TB Screening and Testing of Health Care Personnelplus iconFrequently Asked QuestionsTB in Specific Populationsplus iconHealth DisparitiesAsian PersonsBlack or African American PersonsHispanic or Latino PersonsChildrenPregnancyCorrectional FacilitiesPeople Experiencing HomelessnessInternational TravelersLaboratory Informationplus iconDrug Susceptibility TestingFalse-Positive Investigation ToolkitInterim Laboratory Biosafety Guidance for XDR  tuberculosis strainsModel Performance Evaluation Program (MPEP)Rapid Molecular Testing to Detect Drug-Resistant TB in the USplus iconExecutive SummaryIntroductionBackground on Tests for Molecular Detection of DRGeneral Considerations and Principles for a Molecular DR Testing ServicePossible Scenarios and Scope of Testing for a Molecular DR Testing ServiceResearch NeedsGeneral Recommendations of the Expert PanelCommunication Plan for the ReportRecommendationsReferencesPanel Members and CDC ParticipantsAppendix 1Appendix 2Appendix 3The Uses of Nucleic Acid Amplification Tests for the Diagnosis of TBplus iconGeneral ConsiderationsGeneral Recommendations of the Expert PanelRecommendations to ACET, CDC, DTBEData & Statisticsplus iconTB Incidence in the United StatesReported TB in the US, 2022 Surveillance Reportplus iconNational DataReporting Area DataRisk FactorsDemographicsTB Treatment and Case OutcomesDrug-Resistant TBMolecular SurveillanceTuberculosis in the United States, 2022 (Slide Set)Archived Surveillance Reports and Slide Sets2021 State and City ReportArchived State and City ReportsProfessional Resources & Toolsplus iconTools for Healthcare ProvidersResources for TB Programsplus iconStrengthening Civil Surgeons’ Capacity to Improve LTBI Surveillance and Outcomes Among Status AdjustersNotice of Funding Opportunity (NOFO)Program EvaluationTB Centers of ExcellenceTB Elimination AllianceTB Genotypingplus iconConventional TB GenotypingWhole Genome SequencingTB GIMSAnalytic ToolsLatent Tuberculosis Infection ResourcesPublications & Productsplus iconPatient and Public MaterialsFact SheetsGuidelinesplus iconControl & EliminationDrug-Resistant TBInfection Control & PreventionLaboratory & GenotypingTB & HIVTB in Specific PopulationsTesting & DiagnosisTreatmentVaccines & ImmunizationsArchived TB GuidelinesGuides & Toolkitsplus iconAggregate ReportsCDC TB Surveillance TrainingCore CurriculumEffective TB Interviewing for Contact InvestigationEthnographic GuidesFalse-Positive Investigation ToolkitForging Partnerships to Eliminate TuberculosisGuide to Application of GenotypingLTBI: A Guide for Primary Health Care ProvidersMantoux Tuberculin Skin Testing ProductsReport of Verified Case of Tuberculosis (RVCT)Self-Study ModulesTB Contact Investigation Interviewing Skills CourseTB eDOT ToolkitUnderstanding the TB Cohort Review ProcessNewslettersplus iconTB Notes, No. 4, 2023TB Notes, No. 3, 2023TB Notes. No. 2, 2023TB Notes. No. 1, 2023TB Notes, No. 4, 2022TB Notes, No. 3, 2022TB Notes, No. 2, 2022TB Notes, No. 1, 2022TB Notes, No. 4, 2021TB Notes, No. 3, 2021TB Notes, No. 2, 2021TB Notes, No. 1, 2021Pamphlets, Brochures, Bookletsplus iconQuestions and AnswersPatient Education SeriesTuberculosis - Get the FactsTuberculosis - The Connection between TB and HIV12-Dose Regimen for Latent TB Infection-Patient Education BrochurePostersplus iconMantoux Tuberculin Skin Test Wall ChartWorld TB DayThink TBStop TBTake on TBReports & Articlesplus iconDTBE Authored Journal ArticlesTuberculosis Laboratory Aggregate ReportsSlide Setsplus iconIntroduction to TuberculosisEpidemiology of Tuberculosis Among Non-U.S.​–Born Persons in the United States, 1993–2016Self-Study Modules on Tuberculosis, 1-5 Slide SetsThe Tuberculosis (TB) in Correctional Settingsplus iconFacilitator GuideIntroduction to TB GenotypingEpidemiology of Tuberculosis in Correctional Facilities, United States, 1993-2017Prevention and Control of Tuberculosis in Correctional and Detention FacilitiesGuidelines for Preventing the Transmission of M. TB in Health care SettingsInvestigation of Contacts of Persons with Infectious TBEpidemiology of Pediatric Tuberculosis in the United StatesTargeted Tuberculosis Testing and Treatment of Latent Tuberculosis InfectionElectronic Tools & ResourcesWeb-Based Courses & Webinarsplus iconTB 101 for Health Care WorkersContent SyndicationInfographicsplus iconSocial Media GraphicsCustomizable Take on TB Infographic with InstructionsEventsWorld TB Dayplus iconU.S. TB ChampionsHistoryFeaturesplus iconTB Risk FactorsTreating Latent TB Infection with Short-Course RegimensWorld Tuberculosis (TB) Day 2021World Tuberculosis (TB) Day 2020Linksplus iconState TB Control OfficesAbout Usplus iconMission Statement and Activitiesplus iconDTBE Strategic PlanNational TB Program ObjectivesOrganization ChartAdvisory Groupsplus iconFederal TB Task Force To Subscribe to the TB Notes Newsletter, enter your email address: Email Address			What's this?				Submit


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