[Cite as Foster v. Bur. of Workers' Comp., 2013-Ohio-4075.]

 

 

IN THE COURT OF APPEALS OF OHIO 

 SECOND APPELLATE DISTRICT 

 MONTGOMERY COUNTY 

MELISSA J. FOSTER : 

: Appellate Case No. 25657 

Plaintiff-Appellant : 

: Trial Court Case No. 12-CV-2248 

v. : 

: 

BUREAU OF WORKERS’ : (Civil Appeal from 

COMPENSATION, et al. : (Common Pleas Court) 

: 

Defendant-Appellee : 

: 

. . . . . . . . . . . 

O P I N I O N

Rendered on the 20th day of September, 2013. 

. . . . . . . . . . . 

ARTHUR C. GRAVES, Atty. Reg. #0031027, 2929 Kenny Road, Suite 295, Columbus, Ohio 

43221 

Attorneys for Plaintiff-Appellant, Melissa J. Foster 

 

RANDALL W. MIKES, Atty. Reg. #046945, and DAVID M. McCARTY, Atty. Reg. #0059539, 

Kegler, Brown, Hill & Ritter, 65 East State Street, Suite 1800, Columbus, Ohio 43215 

Attorneys for Defendant-Appellee, Bridge Homecare Partners, LLC 

LYDIA M. ARKO, Atty. Reg. #0085597, Attorney General’s Office, Workers’ Compensation 

Section, 150 East Gay Street, 22nd Floor, Columbus, Ohio 43215 

Attorney for Defendant-Appellee, Bureau of Workers’ Compensation 

. . . . . . . . . . . . . 

 
HALL, J., 

{¶ 1} Melissa J. Foster appeals from the trial court’s decision, order, and entry 

sustaining a motion for summary judgment against her in this workers’ compensation appeal. 

{¶ 2} In her sole assignment of error, Foster contends the trial court erred in upholding 

an administrative finding that she was not entitled to workers’ compensation benefits. 

{¶ 3} The record reflects that Foster worked as a quality-assurance supervisor for 

appellee Bridge Home Health Care Partners (“Bridge”). She had a fixed place of employment in 

office space leased by Bridge. The office building, located at 5335 Far Hills Avenue, was shared 

by several tenants. Parking areas surrounded the building, and parking was neither restricted nor 

assigned. Foster typically chose to park in a marked space along an access road in front of the 

building. On the day in question, she arrived for work and parked as usual. After exiting her car, 

she slipped and fell on snow-covered ice. The fall resulted in a fractured vertebrae and required 

surgery. 

{¶ 4} Foster filed a workers’ compensation claim as a result of the injury. The 

Industrial Commission denied the claim. Foster appealed to the trial court, which upheld the 

administrative ruling. The trial court reasoned that workers’ compensation coverage was 

precluded for Foster, a fixed-situs employee, under the coming-and-going rule and that no 

exceptions applied. Therefore, the trial court entered summary judgment against her. 

{¶ 5} On appeal, Foster maintains “that an employee injured in a parking lot 

immediately adjacent to the employer’s work premises is injured in the course of and arising out 

of her employment.” She additionally asserts that Bridge’s lack of ownership of the area where 

she parked is not dispositive. She notes that Bridge did not own its office space either. According 

to Foster, Bridge provided parking for its employees. Although the lease made the landlord 
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responsible for maintaining “parking areas,” Foster contends this fact “should not deprive an 

injured worker of a valid injury claim while falling in a parking lot furnished by the employer.” 

Finally, she cites three cases that she claims support finding a compensable injury, Meszaros v. 

Legal News Publishing Co., 138 Ohio App.3d 645, 742 N.E.2d 158 (8th Dist.2000), Jesse v. May 

Dept. Stores Co, 11th Dist. Lake No. 2003-L-064, 2004-Ohio-5313, and Stair v. Mid Ohio Home 

Health, Ltd., 5th Dist. Richland No. 2010-CA-0114, 2011-Ohio-2351. 

{¶ 6} We review a grant of summary judgment de novo, which means that “we apply 

the standards used by the trial court.” Brinkman v. Doughty, 140 Ohio App.3d 494, 497, 748 

N.E.2d 116 (2d Dist.2000). Summary judgment is appropriate when a trial court correctly finds 

“(1) that there is no genuine issue as to any material fact; (2) that the moving party is entitled to 

judgment as a matter of law; and (3) that reasonable minds can come to but one conclusion, and 

that conclusion is adverse to the party against whom the motion for summary judgment is made, 

who is entitled to have the evidence construed most strongly in his favor.” Harless v. Willis Day 

Warehousing Co., 54 Ohio St.2d 64, 66, 375 N.E.2d 46 (1978). 

{¶ 7} We see no error in the trial court’s summary-judgment ruling. “In Ohio, ‘an 

injury sustained by an employee is compensable under the Workers’ Compensation Act only if it 

was received in the course of, and arising out of, the injured employee’s employment.’” Kershner 

v. High Point Home Health, Ltd., 2d Dist. Miami No. 2012-CA-26, 2013-Ohio-1370, ¶12, 

quoting Fisher v. Mayfield, 49 Ohio St.3d 275, 276-277, 551 N.E.2d 1271 (1990). “The 

coming-and-going rule * * * is one used in determining whether an injury occurs ‘in the course 

of, and arising out of, employment.’” Id. at ¶13, quoting MTD Prods., Inc. v. Robatin, 61 Ohio 

St.3d 66, 68, 572 N.E.2d 661 (1991).The rule generally precludes workers’ compensation 
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coverage for a fixed-situs employee who is injured while traveling to or from her place of 

employment because no causal connection between the injury and the employment exists. Id., 

quoting Mitchell v. Cambridge Home Health Care, Inc./PRI, 9th Dist. Summit No. 24163, 

2008-Ohio-4558, ¶ 9. 

{¶ 8} Here Foster does not appear to dispute that she was a fixed-situs employee, a 

conclusion supported by the uncontroverted facts. Foster’s regular workplace was Bridge’s leased 

office space, and her employment duties typically commenced only after her arrival at that 

designated location. See Kershner at ¶13. At the time of her fall, Foster admittedly had not yet 

commenced her employment duties. (See Foster depo. at 42.) Therefore, the trial court correctly 

found the coming-and-going rule applicable. 

{¶ 9} The real issue before us is whether any exception to the rule applies. This court 

reviewed the possible exceptions in Janicki v. Kforce.Com, Inc., 167 Ohio App.3d 572, 

2006-Ohio-3370, 855 N.E.2d 1282 (2d Dist.), as follows: 

* * * [T]he Supreme Court has identified three limited tests for 

determining whether the required causal connection [between an injury and 

employment] exists: (1) the zone-of-employment exception, (2) the special-hazard 

exception, and (3) the totality-of-the-circumstances exception. * * * 

The zone-of-employment exception renders an injury compensable if it 

occurred within the zone of employment. MTD Products, Inc. [v. Robatin ], 61 

Ohio St.3d [66,] 69, 572 N.E.2d 661 [(1991)]. “Zone of employment” was defined 

in Merz v. Indus. Comm. (1938), 134 Ohio St. 36, 39, 11 O.O. 414, 15 N.E.2d 

632, as “the place of employment and the area thereabout, including the means of 
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ingress thereto and egress therefrom, under control of the employer.” 

The special-hazard rule allows an employee to collect workers’ 

compensation benefits when the employment creates a special hazard and the 

employee’s injury results from that hazard. MTD Products, Inc., 61 Ohio St.3d at 

68, 572 N.E.2d 661; Powers v. Frank Z Chevrolet (1995), 100 Ohio App.3d 718, 

721, 654 N.E.2d 1053. The rule applies where “(1) ‘but for’ the employment, the 

employee would not have been at the location where the injury occurred, and (2) 

the risk is distinctive in nature or quantitatively greater than the risk common to 

the public.” Id.

The totality-of-the-circumstances test requires “primary analysis of the 

following facts and circumstances: ‘(1) proximity of the scene of the accident to 

the place of employment, (2) the degree of control the employer had over the 

scene of the accident, and (3) the benefit the employer received from the injured 

employee’s presence at the scene of the accident.’” Ruckman [v. Cubby Drilling, 

Inc.], 81 Ohio St.3d [117,] 122, 689 N.E.2d 917 [(1998)], quoting Lord v. 

Daugherty (1981), 66 Ohio St.2d 441, 20 O.O.3d 376, 423 N.E.2d 96, syllabus; 

see Fisher v. Mayfield, 49 Ohio St.3d 275, 551 N.E.2d 1271 [(1990)]. 

Janicki at ¶19-22. 

{¶ 10} The trial court addressed the foregoing exceptions and found them inapplicable. 

We agree. As set forth above, an employee’s zone of employment includes “the place of 

employment and the area thereabout * * * under control of the employer.” Id. at ¶20. Not 

surprisingly, then, “[a] finding that the employer exercised control over the area in which the 
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incident occurred is a significant factor in establishing whether the employee was within the 

‘zone of employment.’” (Citations omitted.) Jobe v. Conrad, 2d Dist. Montgomery No. 18459, 

2001 WL 62516, *3 (Jan. 26, 2001). “Black’s Law Dictionary defines ‘control’ as ‘[t]he direct or 

indirect power to direct the management and policies of a person or entity * * *.’ Black's Law 

Dictionary (7Ed.1999) 330. ‘Control’ connotes not only an opportunity to correct the defect but 

also the responsibility to do so.” Id. “Control presumes an actual power, not the potential of 

obtaining it.” Id. at *4. 

{¶ 11} The location where Foster fell was not under Bridge’s control. She fell in a 

parking space along an access road in front of Bridge’s leased office space. Parking there along 

the side of the road was available to anyone on a first-come, first-served basis. (Foster depo. at 

46). Bridge did not instruct Foster to park along the access road, and there were other parking 

areas available all around the building. (Id. at 44, 86-87). The record reflects that Bridge’s 

employees enjoyed a non-exclusive right to use the parking spaces along the access road, as did 

other tenants and the public at large. Even assuming, arguendo, that such on-street parking could 

be subject to private control, the entity controlling it would have been Bridge’s landlord, 

Financial South Office Partners (“Financial South”). The terms of the lease between Bridge and 

Financial South provided for the landlord to maintain all parking areas. The record contains no 

evidence indicating that Bridge had control over the access road where Foster parked. It simply 

shared use of the access-road parking with other tenants and the public. 

{¶ 12} With regard to Foster’s specific arguments, we agree that Bridge’s lack of 

ownership of the area where she parked is not dispositive. The issue under the 

zone-of-employment test is control, not ownership. The problem for Foster is that Bridge lacked 
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control over the access-road parking, which was available to anyone. 

{¶ 13} Foster also suggests that Bridge could have negotiated with Financial South and 

obtained control over the access-road parking. She reasons that Bridge should not be rewarded 

for failing to do so. This court rejected a similar argument in Jobe, noting that “[c]ontrol 

presumes an actual power, not the potential of obtaining it.” Jobe at *4. 

{¶ 14} Finally, the case law on which Foster relies is distinguishable. In Meszaros, the 

employer assigned the plaintiff a parking space in a lot it leased from a church. The employer 

directed the plaintiff to use one of two routes to get from the parking lot to the employer’s 

business. The plaintiff was injured while using one of the routes, the driveway of another 

business. Although the employer did not control this driveway, the Eighth District found it within 

the zone of employment because the employer required the plaintiff to use it, or the other 

available route, to travel from the employer-controlled parking lot, where the plaintiff was forced 

to park, to the employer’s business. In reaching this conclusion, the majority relied on the limited 

access to the employer’s business as a result of its required parking area and the fact that the 

plaintiff had reached the employer’s premises, the leased parking lot, prior to his injury. The facts 

of the present case bear little similarity to Meszaros. Bridge did not require Foster to park in any 

particular place, and there were several ways to access the office building. In addition, Foster had 

not yet reached Bridge’s premises at the time of her injury because the location where she parked 

was not under Bridge’s control. Therefore, the rationale underlying Meszaros does not apply. 

{¶ 15} In Jesse, the plaintiff fell in the parking lot of a shopping mall where she worked. 

The employer operated a store in leased space inside the mall. Although the mall maintained the 

parking lot, the employer “exercised a great deal of control over [the plaintiff] and the area of the 
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parking lot where she fell.” Jesse, 2004-Ohio-5313, at ¶20. In particular, the employer paid for 

the parking lot on a pro rata basis as part of its lease. The employer told the plaintiff where to 

park, thereby controlling who could use the spaces, and which entrance to its premises to use. 

Under these circumstances, in a 2 to 1 decision, the Eleventh District found that the plaintiff’s 

injury occurred in her zone of employment. The facts of the present case bear little resemblance 

to Jesse. There is no evidence that Bridge controlled who could use the access-road parking 

spaces. Bridge also did not tell Foster where to park or where to enter the office building. The 

elements of control that the majority referred to in Jesse are absent. 

{¶ 16} In Stair, the plaintiff fell on ice in a parking in front of her employer’s office. The 

plaintiff was required to use the parking lot when she visited the office. On most days, however, 

she traveled from her home to the homes of her clients, where she performed home health care. 

The plaintiff was required to visit the office to drop off paperwork and to pick up paychecks. On 

the day of her fall, the plaintiff parked in the parking lot, picked up her paycheck, and was 

assigned another client to see that day. While leaving the office, she fell and injured herself. The 

Fifth District concluded that the plaintiff was not a fixed-situs employee to whom the 

coming-and-going rule applied. In finding the plaintiff eligible for workers’ compensation 

benefits, the appellate court also noted that the plaintiff was picking up her paycheck as required 

by the employer, that she was being paid for her time when she was injured, that her workday 

was not finished, and that her presence at the office benefitted the employer. The facts of the 

present case bear little similarity to Stair. Foster was a fixed-situs employee to whom the 

coming-and-going rule did apply, she was not required to park on the access road or in any other 

particular place, and her work day admittedly had not started when she fell. Therefore, we find 
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Stair distinguishable. 

{¶ 17} As noted in Bridge’s appellate brief, a more analogous case is Thephasith v. 

Automotive Specialty Co. Div., 10th Dist. Franklin No. 00AP-415, 2000 WL 1715856 (Nov. 16, 

2000). There the plaintiff was injured while walking to his car after work. The injury occurred in 

a parking lot owned by the employer’s landlord. The lease between the landlord and the employer 

gave the employer a non-exclusive right to use the parking lot and required the landlord to 

maintain it. Under these circumstances, the Tenth District found worker’s compensation benefits 

not available. It reasoned: 

In the present case, appellee presented evidence that it did not own, 

maintain, or have control over the parking lot where appellant was injured. 

Appellee also presented evidence that appellant was not engaged in any activities 

relating to his employment except for the fact that he was walking to his car at the 

end of his workday. We find that these facts sufficiently establish that appellant 

was not within the “zone of employment” when he was injured, and, therefore, he 

is not eligible for benefits pursuant to the “zone of employment” test. 

Id. at *3. 

{¶ 18} As in Thephasith, Bridge did not own, maintain, or control the access-road 

parking area where Foster fell. Bridge’s employees had only a non-exclusive right to use the 

parking area along with other tenants and the public at large. Foster’s workday had not yet begun 

when she fell, and she was not engaged in any activity related to her employment other than 

simply exiting her car so she could go to work. Compare Jobe at *3-4 (finding the plaintiff not 

within her zone of employment when she fell in a mall walkway outside the entrance to her 
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employer’s store on a paid lunch break because the employer did not have authority or control 

over the walkway). For the foregoing reasons, we find the zone-of-employment exception to the 

coming-and-going rule inapplicable. 

{¶ 19} The trial court also correctly rejected application of the special-hazard exception. 

As set forth above, this exception applies only if an employer subjects an employee to some 

special hazard or risk that “is distinctive in nature or quantitatively greater than the risk common 

to the public.” Janicki, 167 Ohio App.3d 572, 2006-Ohio-3370, 855 N.E.2d 1282, at ¶21. Here 

Foster’s risk of falling on an icy spot in a common parking area was not distinctive in nature or 

quantitatively greater than the risk faced by the general public. Compare Thephasith at *3; Jobe, 

2001 WL 62516, at *4. Nor did Bridge subject Foster to the risk. She was free to park anywhere 

and chose to park where she did for personal reasons. 

{¶ 20} Finally, we see no error in the trial court’s rejection of the 

totality-of-the-circumstances exception to the coming-and-going rule. That exception requires 

analysis of the proximity of the accident scene to the place of employment, the degree of the 

employer’s control over the scene, and the benefit to the employer from the employee’s presence 

at the scene. Janicki at ¶22. Here Foster’s fall occurred in relatively close proximity to Bridge’s 

offices. But Bridge neither exercised any control over the access-road parking spaces nor derived 

any benefit from Foster’s decision to park there. Under these facts, the 

totality-of-the-circumstances exception does not apply. Compare Thephasith at *3; Jobe at *5. 

{¶ 21} Based on the reasoning set forth above, we overrule Foster’s assignment of error 

and affirm the judgment of the Montgomery County Common Pleas Court. 

. . . . . . . . . . . . . 
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FAIN, P.J., and DONOVAN, J., concur. 

Copies mailed to: 

Arthur C. Graves 

Randall W. Mikes 

David M. McCarty 

Lydia M. Arko 

Hon. Michael W. Krumholtz