State of Hawaii, Department of Health, Clean Air Branch

Review of VIEWS2.0 2009-

2010 Haleakala National Park 

Organic and Elemental Carbon 

Data

Regional Haze Program Visibility Assessment

3/30/2012
Review of VIEWS2.0 2009-2010 Organic and Elemental Carbon Data

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Executive Summary

This review of IMPROVE Haleakala National Park (HALE1) monitoring, and analysis with other associated 

data, was conducted to determine if the cause(s) for 5 days of anomalously high carbon concentrations 

during 2009 and 2010 could be identified. The analysis included the IMPROVE monitoring, satellite 

thermal monitoring, forest fire, and agricultural burning data. The associated time histories, locations, 

and local weather conditions during 2010 were considered. Previously conducted IMPROVE analysis 

results using 2007 and 2008 concentration data and associated correlations, and data from the nearby 

Haleakala Crater (HACR1) monitor were also examined.

After an examination of IMPROVE monitoring, satellite thermal monitoring (MODIS), forest fire, and 

agricultural burning data, the source of one of the five days of interest appears consistent with a forest 

fire in the vicinity of the monitor. While the cause(s) for the large carbon concentrations for the 

remaining four days are unknown, they did not appear to be consistent with MODIS detections, 

reported forest fires, or agricultural burning. 

The HALE1 IMPROVE concentration data for all 5 days appeared consistent with “motor vehicle exhaust, 

vegetative and wood burning, cooking”. Because of the range of carbon ratios associated with vehicles 

types and operation modes, it does not appear that they provide insight into whether the source(s) are 

vehicle or forest fire/ agricultural burning based. Concurrent high zinc levels on three of the four 

unknown cause days could also indicate a connection with “municipal incinerator; also smelters, zinc 

oxide kiln” sources.

The emission sources could range from small (in emissions magnitude) and nearby, to large and distant. 

The HACR1 IMPROVE concentration data, which was collected near the Haleakala National Park 

Headquarters Visitor Center, did not include the 5 days of high carbon concentrations seen at HALE1,

and showed much lower carbon levels in general. Because of the HALE1 monitor’s relatively close 

distance and elevation to the nearby Central Maui communities, the difference in concentration levels 

at the two monitors supports small and nearby emission sources as the likely cause. Because the HACR1 

monitor is relatively close in distance and elevation to much of the National Park, it also seems 

reasonable to postulate that these sources would present minimal visibility impact to the National Park. 

While future Regional Haze visibility glide path compliance efforts could include investigations into 

possible carbon emission sources near HALE1, it is unclear that this would contribute to understanding 

and improving visibility conditions within the National Park.
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Introduction

This review of IMPROVE Haleakala National Park (HALE1) monitoring data, and analysis with other 

associated data, was conducted to determine if the cause(s) for 5 days of anomalously high carbon 

concentrations during 2009 and 2010 could be identified. While these peaks were not seen at the 

HACR1 monitoring site, both located on Maui, that data was examined as part of the investigation. 

The analysis included the IMPROVE monitoring, satellite thermal monitoring, forest fire, and agricultural 

burning data. The associated time histories, locations, and local weather conditions during 2010 were 

considered. Previously conducted IMPROVE analysis results using 2007 and 2008 concentration data and 

associated correlations, and data from the nearby Haleakala Crater (HACR1) monitor were also 

examined. The results are presented in 4 sections; the 1st examines key IMPROVE species concentrations 

and identifies the days of interest; the 2nd examines the non-IMPROVE data associated with days of 

interest, and presents maps with key locations identified; the 3

rd presents correlation results from the 

2007-2008 IMPROVE data set to re-examine the 2009-2010 IMPROVE data; the 4

th presents maps of the 

area around the HALE1 and HACR1 monitors, associated IMPROVE monitoring data, and Maui 

topography. The final section presents the conclusions associated with this effort.

1. Key IMPROVE Species Concentrations and Associated VIEWS 2.0 Local Air Quality Plots

VIEWS2.0 website Local Air Quality plotsishow five measurement days of interest associated with HALE1 

organic and elemental carbon during 2009 and 2010. These measurements showed anomalously high 

carbon concentrations. The VIEWS DataWizardii was used to identify the dates of these HALE1 

concentration measurements as 5-Aug-2009, 25-Sep-2009, 19-Oct-2009, 11-Sep-2010, and 23-Oct-2010; 

see Appendix Tables A-1 to A-5 for measurement values. The organic and elemental carbon

concentration time histories are presented in Figures 1 and 2, respectively.

Figure 1: HALE1 Organic Total Carbon (Fine) (μgram/m3)
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Figure 2: HALE1 Elemental Total Carbon (Fine) (μgram/m3)

The concentration time histories of other IMPROVE species were examined, with particular attention 

given to those often associated with smoke and agricultural combustion products. The concentration 

time history of potassium, shown in Figure 3, appeared to match up the best with the two carbon mass 

species. Bromine, organic carbon mass, filter absorption coefficient (fabs), and zinc also appeared to 

match some peaks well; see Figures A-1 to A-4.

Figure 3: HALE1 Potassium (Fine) (μgram/m3)

For each calendar month associated with the 5 carbon peak measurement days, the IMPROVE 

measurement values for bromine, elemental carbon, organic carbon, fabs, potassium, and zinc were 
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examined. For the months associated with the 5-Aug-2009, 11-Sep-2010, and 23-Oct-2010, all of the 

species showed maximums on the peak carbon days. For September 2009, elemental carbon, organic 

carbon, fabs, and potassium showed maximums on 25-Sep-2009. For the month of October 2009, 

bromine, elemental carbon, organic carbon, fabs, and potassium showed maximums on 19-Oct-2009. 

These results certainly point to a correspondence between the carbon species and potassium, they also 

appear to link bromine and zinc with carbon for three of the five days of interest.

Potential emission sources for the chemical species of interest are given in Table 1, which was excerpted 

from tables in the PM2.5 Data Analysis Workbook. iii From this information, it would appear that motor 

vehicle exhaust, vegetative burning, and possibly industrial type operations (for the zinc), could be 

candidate sources. This reference also included guidance on carbon emission characteristics of “motor 

vehicle” versus “forest fires”, where OC/(OC+EC) approximately 0.6 corresponds to motor vehicle and 

0.9 to forest fire. 

Table 1: Key PM Species and Sources: excerpts from PM Data Analysis Workbook: Source Apportionment (Feb 

2001) iii.

For the five dates of interest taken in calendar order, the OC/(OC+EC) ratios were 0.84, 0.83, 0.78. 0.76, 

and 0.85. This appears to suggest a forest fire or agricultural burn source for 5-Aug-09, 25-Sep-09, and 

23-Oct-2010, with the other two dates falling in the middle between 0.6 and 0.9. The carbon ratio values 

associated with automobiles vary depending upon vehicle type and operation. In a 2008 EPA publication 

examining “Light-Duty Gasoline Vehicles in Kansas City”iv, the OC/(OC+EC) ratio (where “OC+EC” is 

identified as “PM”) is shown to range from 0.655 for a car starting to 0.932 for a truck running; note that 

vehicle operation (starting versus running) produced the majority of this difference. As such, the carbon 

data does not appear to provide clear guidance for differentiating between “motor vehicles” and “forest 

fires”.

Species

Primary / 

Secondary 

(P/S)

Major Sources Comments

Organic carbon (OC) P/S

Motor vehicle exhaust, 

vegetative and wood

burning, cooking.

Natural source = wild fires.

Elemental carbon (EC) P

Motor vehicle exhaust, wood 

burning,

cooking.

Diesel exhaust primary contributor. Natural 

source: wild fires.

Potassium (K+ ion) P Vegetative burning, soil Prescribed burns, forest fires, residual wood 

combustion, meat charbroiling

Bromine P Vehicle Exhaust Low concentrations in the US

Zinc P

Municipal incinerator; also 

smelters, zinc oxide kiln
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2. Examination of Non-IMPROVE data to identify candidate emission sources carbon peaks

Introduction

For the five dates of interest identified from IMPROVE monitoring data, satellite thermal monitoring, 

forest fire, and agricultural burning data were examined. The location of these events, and local wind 

and smoke visibility information associated with the agricultural burns were examined using Google 

Earth and an in-house visualization application. This section presents the Google Earth images present 

the locations of agricultural burns and associated reported smoke that occurred during the 3 day 

IMPROVE monitor detection period associated with the peak values. The in-house visualization results, 

while not shown in the Google Earth images, which include satellite thermal monitoring, forest fire, and 

additional agricultural burning data, are discussed in this section and presented in the Appendix (Figures 

A-6 to A-11).

Satellite Thermal Monitoring: Moderate Resolution Imaging Spectroradiometer (MODIS) fire detection

GIS data was obtained from the United States Department of Agriculture (USDA)v; data from 2001 to the 

present is available for download from a USDA Forest Service Remote Sensing Applications Center 

websitevi. The MODIS fire detection locations that occurred in the general vicinity of the HALE1 detector 

around the time of the dates of interest were identified and presented in Appendix figures; the fires are 

shown as red circular dots.

Forest Fire: Forest fire data for Maui County was provided by the Hawaii, Department of Land and 

Natural Resources, Division of Forestry & Wildlifevii. This data includes the fire date, the Census tractviii

associated with the fire, the acres burned, and information about the duration of the fire. Census tracts 

associated with relevant forest fires are shown in the Appendix figures as red regions, bordered by 

dashed red lines, with Census tract number in blue numerals. 

Agricultural burning: Hawaiian Commercial and Sugar Company (HC&S) agricultural burning data is 

reported by HC&S to the State of Hawaii, Department of Health. This data includes the burn date, 

agricultural field number, start and end times for the burn, wind direction at start and end of the burn, 

and comments about smoke from the burn. HC&S fields are shown in the Appendix figures as light green 

regions, bordered by dashed green lines, with Census tract number as dark green numerals. The HC&S 

field boundaries and numbers were provided by HC&Six as Shapefiles; the locations of all HC&S fields are 

presented in Figure A-5.

Google Earth Figures: Key locations and areas of interest associated with agricultural burning for each 

of the five days of interest are presented in Google Earthximages in the following sub-sections; the 

location and area information for these figures comes from the agricultural burning data discussed 

above. In addition to the agricultural burning information, discussions associated with each figure also 

include relevant MODIS and forest fire data, and refer to Appendix figures which include these data. 
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2.1 IMPROVE HALE1 Monitoring Data Discussion - 5 August 2009

Figure 4: 5 August 2009 IMPROVE HALE1 Elevated Carbon Concentrations Information – key landmarks indicated 

on Google Earth.

Portions of the HC&S Field #718 were burned on the days preceding the 5 August IMPROVE HALE1 peak 

carbon values. No smoke comments were associated with any of those 3 burn days. Since smoke was 

not reported locally, it seems unlikely that the relatively distant HALE1 measurements were due to these 

agricultural burns. No Maui forest fires or nearby MODIS detections occurred prior to the HALE1 

measurements. See Figures A-6 and A-7 for related details. The cause of anomalously high carbon 

concentrations is unknown.
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2.2 IMPROVE HALE1 Monitoring Data Discussion - 25 September 2009

Figure 5: 25 September 2009 IMPROVE HALE1 Elevated Carbon Concentrations Information – key landmarks 

indicated on Google Earth.

Portions of HC&S fields #815, 823, and 906 were burned on the days preceding the 25 September 2009 

IMPROVE HALE1 peak carbon values. Smoke was reported in areas (Mokulele Hwy and N. Kiehei Road by 

Maalaea condos) well West of HALE1. While wind direction was from the WNW at the end of the 29 

September 2009 burn at HC&S field #823, there was not smoke reported. No Maui forest fires or nearby 

MODIS detections occurred prior to the HALE1 measurements. See Figures A-8 for details. The cause of 

anomalously high carbon concentrations is unknown.
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2.3 IMPROVE HALE1 Monitoring Data Discussion - 19 October 2009

Figure 6: 19 October 2009 IMPROVE HALE1 Elevated Carbon Concentrations information – key landmarks 

indicated on Google Earth

Smoke from HC&S Field #404 burn on 19 October 2009 was reported traveling away from HALE1 

monitoring location (from Pulehu Road to Hansen Road). No smoke comments were associated with the 

field #912 burn. None of the HC&S burns appear consistent with the elevated IMPROVE HALE1 carbon 

measurement on 19 October 2009. While not detected by MODIS, a small forest fire in Census Tract 304 

on 18 October 2009 (see Figure A-9) is a candidate source of the elevated carbon levels at HALE1; Figure 

A-9 illustrates that Census Tract 304 includes areas very near to the HALE1 monitor.
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2.4 IMPROVE HALE1 Monitoring Data Discussion - 11 September 2010

Figure 7: 11 September 2010 IMPROVE HALE1 Elevated Carbon Concentrations Information – key landmarks 

indicated on Google Earth

Light smoke from HC&S Field #101 burn on 9 September 2010 was reported in the Paia town to the 

ocean, West of the fields (post office, Maui Country Club, Hana Hwy). Smoke was also reported after the 

HC&S Field #111 burn on 11 September 2010 also in the Paia town area (Paia School and Holy Rosary). 

None of the HC&S burns appear consistent with the elevated IMPROVE HALE1 carbon measurement on 

11 September 2010. There are no nearby MODIS detections or reported forest fires during this period 

(see Figure A-10). The cause of anomalously high carbon concentrations is unknown.
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2.5 IMPROVE HALE1 Monitoring Data Discussion - 23 October 2010 

Figure 8: 23 October 2010 IMPROVE HALE1 Elevated Carbon Concentrations Information – key landmarks 

indicated on Google Earth

Smoke from HC&S Field #200 burn on 20 October 2010 was reported crossing Mokulele Hwy and by 

Central Maui Baseyard. Light smoke was also reported after the HC&S Field #708 burn on 22 October 

2010 by the Kealia Pond National Wildlife Reserve. None of the HC&S burns appear consistent with the 

elevated IMPROVE HALE1 carbon measurement on 23 October 2010. There are no nearby MODIS 

detections or reported forest fires during this period (see Figure A-11). The cause of anomalously high 

carbon concentrations is unknown.
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3. IMPROVE Monitoring Data Correlation from 2007-2008 data sets 

IMPROVE monitoring data correlations (Pearson product-moment correlation coefficientxi squared, r2) 

were examined using HALE1 data for 2007 and 2008. While this effort seeks to explain peak carbon 

values from 2009 and 2010, the correlations seen in the earlier data set could potentially provide some 

insight. Unfortunately, the IMPROVE HALE1 visibility impacting mass species correlations associated 

with Organic (carbon) Mass and Elemental Carbon mass are not strong (Figure 9).

Figure 9: IMPROVE HALE1 Visibility Impacting Mass Species Correlations (r2)

Correlations associated with all IMPROVE species were also examined for the 2007-2008 data set. While 

nickel (NIf) and vanadium (Vf) have relatively high correlations (0.90 – 0.95 quantile), the absolute 

values are only 0.48 for Nif, and 0.41 for Vf (Figure A-12). These species are of interest because they are 

associated with “Residual oil combustion” iii and residual oil power plants are in use on Maui and Hawaii. 

The possible linkage between the carbon peaks observed during 2009-2010 with nickel and vanadium 

was examined by visually comparing the carbon time histories (Figures 1 and 2) with those of nickel and 

vanadium (Figures 10 and 11, respectively). By observation, the two sets of figures do not appear to be

similar. While the carbon time histories are strongly peaked on the 5 days in question, the nickel time 

history shows many more peaks, with a saw-tooth like character. While the vanadium time history does 

have a few strong peaks, they do not match those of the carbon species. Thus there does not appear to 

be a correspondence between the 5 days of anomalously high carbon concentrations are residual oil 

power plant emissions.
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Figure 10: HALE1 Nickel (Fine) (μgram/m3); scale not shown in VIEWS2.0 Local Air Quality viewer.

 

Figure 11: HALE1 Vanadium (Fine) (μgram/m3); scale not shown in VIEWS2.0 Local Air Quality viewer.
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4. HALE1 and HACR1 Monitor Locations and Additional Carbon Monitoring Data 

The HALE1 monitoring site is located less than 6.5 kilometers from the towns of Makawao and Pukalani

Maui (Figure 12); the elevation of HALE1 (1153 meters) is approximately 600 meters higher than either 

of the two towns. HALE1 is in the immediate vicinity of several small building and roads. While the 

source of anomalously high carbon concentrations is unknown, future investigations could examine 

potential small local sources as appropriate.

Figure 12: IMPROVE HALE1 Location - indicated on Google Earth
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In contrast, the Haleakala Crater (HACR1) (2158 meter elevation) monitor is located more than 12.6

kilometers from those two towns, at an elevation approximately 1000 meters higher than HALE1; Figure 

13. HACR1 is with five hundred feet of the Haleakala National Park Headquarters Visitor Center and a 

portion of the Haleakala Highway. Compared to HALE1, it is relatively distant from the communities of 

central Maui. 

Figure 13: IMPROVE HACR1 Location - indicated on Google Earth
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For the two IMPROVE sites, monitoring data of organic and elemental carbon are generally significantly 

different in magnitude, with HALE1 values far exceeding those of HACR1. The time history of organic 

carbon from the HALE1 monitor is presented from 2001 through 2010 in Figure 14. For HACR1, data 

collection began in 2007, and those data through 2010 are presented in Figure 15. 

Figure 14: HALE1 Organic Total Carbon (Fine) (μgram/m3)

Figure 15: HACR1 Organic Total Carbon (Fine) (μgram/m3)
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The elemental carbon time histories for HALE1 and HACR1 are presented in Figures 16 and 17, 

respectively. As with the organic carbon comparison, the HACR1 elemental carbon concentrations are 

seen to be significantly smaller in general.

Figure 16: HALE1 Elemental Total Carbon (Fine) (μgram/m3)

Figure 17: HACR1 Elemental Total Carbon (Fine) (μgram/m3)

An expanded view of Maui, including local communities, HC&S fields, the IMPROVE monitoring sites, 

and Haleakala National Park boundary is presented in Figure 18. 200 meter elevation contours are 
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shown in yellow. The National Park is shown in green with a red boundary. The elevation profile at the 

bottom of the figure is associated with the solid white line that goes South East from central Maui to 

near HALE1, HACR1, through the National Park, and to the Ocean (near the 2010 Google copyright). The 

red arrow inside the National Park is associated with the elevation shown within the profile, 2101 

meters. HACR1 and HALE1 are associated with positions to the left of the vertical line on the elevation 

profile. 

Figure 18: Haleakala National Park, Maui topography (200 meter contours), location references, and elevation 

profile (at bottom) - indicated on Google Earth

This figure shows that the Eastern side of Haleakala National Park is close in elevation to the HACR1 site, 

and thus about 1000 meters higher in elevation than the HALE1 site. For this reason, it seems likely that 

HACR1 will be a more representative site for estimating visibility impacts on the National Park from 

emission sources in Central Maui. 
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5. Conclusions

The purpose of this review was to determine if the cause(s) for 5 days of anomalously high carbon 

concentrations at HALE1 during 2009 and 2010 could be identified. After an examination of IMPROVE 

monitoring, satellite thermal monitoring (MODIS), forest fire, and agricultural burning data, the source 

of one of the five days of interest appears consistent with a forest fire in the vicinity of the monitor. 

While the cause(s) for the large carbon concentrations for the remaining four days are unknown, they 

did not appear to be consistent with MODIS detections, reported forest fires, or agricultural burning. 

The HALE1 IMPROVE concentration data for all 5 days appeared consistent with “motor vehicle exhaust, 

vegetative and wood burning, cooking”. Because of the range of carbon ratios associated with vehicles 

types and operation modes, it does not appear that they provide insight into whether the source(s) are 

vehicle or forest fire/ agricultural burning based. Concurrent high zinc levels on three of the four 

unknown cause days could also indicate a connection with “municipal incinerator; also smelters, zinc 

oxide kiln” sources. 

These emission sources could range from small (in emissions magnitude) and nearby, to large and 

distant. The HACR1 IMPROVE concentration data, which was collected near the Haleakala National Park 

Headquarters Visitor Center, did not include the 5 days of high carbon concentrations seen at HALE1,

and showed much lower carbon levels in general. Because of the HALE1 monitor’s relatively close 

distance and elevation to the nearby Central Maui communities, the difference in concentration levels 

at the two monitors supports small and nearby emission sources as the likely cause. Because the HACR1 

monitor is relatively close in distance and elevation to much of the National Park, it also seems 

reasonable to postulate that these sources would present minimal visibility impact to the National Park. 

While future Regional Haze visibility glide path compliance efforts could include investigations into 

possible carbon emission sources near HALE1, it is unclear that this would contribute to understanding 

and improving visibility conditions within the National Park.
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Appendix

Table A-1: VIEWS2.0 Key Data – August 2009

Table A-2: VIEWS2.0 Key Data – September 2009

Table A-3: VIEWS2.0 Key Data – October 2009

Dataset SiteCode Date POC BRf:Value ECf:Value OMCf:ValueOCf:Value fabs:Value Kf:Value ZNf:Value

IMPFSPED HALE1 20090802 1 0.00136 0.1398 0.33984 0.1888 295.17 0.05135 0.00124

IMPFSPED HALE1 20090805 1 0.00655 0.5521 5.35932 2.9774 890.57 0.26371 0.01784

IMPFSPED HALE1 20090808 1 0.00074 0.0465 0.2097 0.1165 143.33 0.03024 0.00035

IMPFSPED HALE1 20090811 1 0.00023 0.004 0.13014 0.0723 53.8 0.0072 0.00014

IMPFSPED HALE1 20090814 1 0.00083 0.067 0.63504 0.3528 153.29 0.01834 0.0006

IMPFSPED HALE1 20090817 1 0.00182 0.0365 0.65052 0.3614 140.93 0.03266 0.00061

IMPFSPED HALE1 20090820 1 0.00173 0.0889 0.67608 0.3756 200.05 0.03492 0.00068

IMPFSPED HALE1 20090823 1 0.00073 0.0226 0.3429 0.1905 126.73 0.01382 0.00044

IMPFSPED HALE1 20090826 1 0.0011 0.0622 0.49716 0.2762 145.9 0.02377 0.00028

IMPFSPED HALE1 20090829 1 0.00153 0.0884 0.76302 0.4239 278.04 0.03962 0.0004

Max 0.00655 0.5521 5.35932 2.9774 890.57 0.26371 0.01784

Dataset SiteCode Date POC BRf:Value ECf:Value OMCf:Value OCf:Value fabs:Value Kf:Value ZNf:Value

IMPFSPED HALE1 20090901 1 0.00034 0.0111 0.11178 0.0621 82.82 0.00744 0.00021

IMPFSPED HALE1 20090904 1 0.00095 0.0046 -0.08712 -0.0484 48.26 0.01249 0.00013

IMPFSPED HALE1 20090907 1 0.00057 0.0129 0.51192 0.2844 90.52 0.01612 0.00042

IMPFSPED HALE1 20090910 1 0.00115 0.1308 0.66402 0.3689 383.46 0.07861 0.00095

IMPFSPED HALE1 20090913 1 0.0004 0.0145 0.19404 0.1078 96.28 0.00962 0.00036

IMPFSPED HALE1 20090916 1 0.00024 0.0235 0.17244 0.0958 108 0.00685 0.00024

IMPFSPED HALE1 20090919 1 0.00079 0.0454 0.31482 0.1749 170.08 0.03075 0.00043

IMPFSPED HALE1 20090922 1 0.00041 0.0657 0.45198 0.2511 132.77 0.00736 0.0003

IMPFSPED HALE1 20090925 1 0.00157 0.5835 5.238 2.91 409.13 0.1629 0.00058

IMPFSPED HALE1 20090928 1 0.00234 0.0692 0.6093 0.3385 194.1 0.11327 0.00048

Max 0.00234 0.5835 5.238 2.91 409.13 0.1629 0.00095

Dataset SiteCode Date POC BRf:Value ECf:Value OMCf:Value OCf:Value fabs:Value Kf:Value ZNf:Value

IMPFSPED HALE1 20091001 1 0.00111 0.0046 0.01098 0.0061 78.85 0.01553 0.0003

IMPFSPED HALE1 20091004 1 0.00073 0.102 0.41094 0.2283 213.23 0.0171 0.00108

IMPFSPED HALE1 20091007 1 0.00057 0.0708 0.42984 0.2388 184.6 0.01588 0.00053

IMPFSPED HALE1 20091010 1 0.00041 0.0673 0.13176 0.0732 155.65 0.00866 0.00834

IMPFSPED HALE1 20091013 1 0.00035 0.0046 0.06354 0.0353 82.03 0.00542 0.00017

IMPFSPED HALE1 20091016 1 0.00047 0.0406 0.11628 0.0646 168.93 0.01564 0.00029

IMPFSPED HALE1 20091019 1 0.00259 0.2906 1.83024 1.0168 557.52 0.25087 0.00113

IMPFSPED HALE1 20091022 1 0.00232 0.1188 0.56538 0.3141 307.25 0.09169 0.00088

IMPFSPED HALE1 20091025 1 0.00086 0.0674 0.42246 0.2347 207.32 0.01865 0.00091

IMPFSPED HALE1 20091028 1 0.00108 0.0226 0.31626 0.1757 152.71 0.02111 0.00056

IMPFSPED HALE1 20091031 1 0.00069 0.0145 0.0693 0.0385 126.78 0.01591 0.00056

Max 0.00259 0.2906 1.83024 1.0168 557.52 0.25087 0.00834
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Table A-4: VIEWS2.0 Key Data – September 2010

Table A-5: VIEWS2.0 Key Data – October 2010

Dataset SiteCode Date POC BRf:Value ECf:Value OMCf:Value OCf:Value fabs:Value Kf:Value ZNf:Value

IMPFSPED HALE1 20100902 1 0.00029 0.0236 0.16164 0.0898 107.24 0.00728 0.00041

IMPFSPED HALE1 20100905 1 0.00029 0.0005 -0.02556 -0.0142 61.39 0.00372 0.00016

IMPFSPED HALE1 20100908 1 0.00068 0.1183 0.60588 0.3366 253.26 0.07938 0.00152

IMPFSPED HALE1 20100911 1 0.0044 0.945 5.35482 2.9749 1206.61 0.36235 0.00652

IMPFSPED HALE1 20100914 1 0.00046 0.0148 0.15714 0.0873 84.53 0.00882 0.00073

IMPFSPED HALE1 20100917 1 0.00156 0.0743 0.41994 0.2333 228.21 0.08817 0.00073

IMPFSPED HALE1 20100920 1 0.00036 0.0004 0.14994 0.0833 56.06 0.0082 0.00015

IMPFSPED HALE1 20100923 1 0.00054 0.0405 0.25074 0.1393 118.37 0.02716 0.00043

IMPFSPED HALE1 20100926 1 0.00034 0.0193 -0.02808 -0.0156 109.7 0.01068 0.00044

IMPFSPED HALE1 20100929 1 0.00058 0.0463 0.26208 0.1456 151.76 0.01261 0.00024

Max 0.0044 0.945 5.35482 2.9749 1206.61 0.36235 0.00652

Dataset SiteCode Date POC BRf:Value ECf:Value OMCf:ValueOCf:Value fabs:Value Kf:Value ZNf:Value

IMPFSPED HALE1 20101002 1 0.00026 0.0435 0.24498 0.1361 106.4 0.01026 0.00015

IMPFSPED HALE1 20101005 1 0.00106 0.0543 0.32202 0.1789 165.18 0.03897 0.00051

IMPFSPED HALE1 20101008 1 0.00129 0.0954 0.55458 0.3081 241.97 0.08079 0.00113

IMPFSPED HALE1 20101011 1 0.00078 0.0052 -0.036 -0.02 97.85 0.01143 0.00023

IMPFSPED HALE1 20101014 1 0.00049 0.0145 -0.03708 -0.0206 117.53 0.01255 0.00035

IMPFSPED HALE1 20101017 1 0.00049 0.0135 0.19242 0.1069 110.71 0.01346 0.00052

IMPFSPED HALE1 20101020 1 0.00034 0.039 0.43452 0.2414 125.31 0.0196 0.00024

IMPFSPED HALE1 20101023 1 0.00295 0.1613 1.66788 0.9266 458.83 0.32024 0.00124

IMPFSPED HALE1 20101026 1 0.0005 0.0653 1.02996 0.5722 79.61 0.01065 0.00073

IMPFSPED HALE1 20101029 1 0.00037 0.0481 0.2826 0.157 128.4 0.01133 0.00019

Max 0.00295 0.1613 1.66788 0.9266 458.83 0.32024 0.00124
Review of VIEWS2.0 2009-2010 Organic and Elemental Carbon Data

Page | 22

Figure A-1: HALE1 Bromine (Fine) (μgram/m3); scale not shown in VIEWS2.0 Local Air Quality viewer.

Figure A-2: HALE1 Carbon, Organic Mass (Fine) (μgram/m3)
Review of VIEWS2.0 2009-2010 Organic and Elemental Carbon Data

Page | 23

Figure A-3: HALE1 Filter Absorption Coefficient

xii

,

xiii

Figure A-4: HALE1 Zinc (Fine)
Review of VIEWS2.0 2009-2010 Organic and Elemental Carbon Data

Page | 24

Figure A-5: Hawaiian Commercial & Sugar Company field designations and locations indicated on Google Earth.
Review of VIEWS2.0 2009-2010 Organic and Elemental Carbon Data

Page | 25

Figures A-6 to A-11: In-House Visualization – Figure Layout Information 

MODIS, forest fire, and agricultural burning data are presented in Appendix Figures A-6 to A-11. At the top of these figures, 4 slide bars are used 

to select the information presented. The slide bar values are consecutive integers. 

The topmost slide bar, “kjump”, selects the time period to be presented; “kjump” sets the “bin” number, “Bin Start Date”, and “Bin End Date”. 

Each bin is 60 days long and bin start and stop dates are increase (decrease) by 30 days for each unity increase (decrease) in “kjump”. All “Hawaii 

Fire Data” and “HC&S Field Burn Data” associated with the selected “bin” number are shown at the bottom of the figure.

The second slide bar, “mpoint”, selects the MODIS data set within the “bin” to be presented. The locations of all MODIS detections within the 

“bin” are shown on the figure as small red disks. If the selected MODIS detection is visible on the figure’s map, it is surrounded by a black circle. 

Because of the small number of MODIS detections in the vicinity of the HALE1, only one of minor interest is briefly discussed in Figure A-7; the 

detection date does not coincide to any of the five days of interest. 

The third slide bar, “ictract”, selects the Census Tract to be highlighted on the map. The approximate locations of Hawaii forest fires of that occur 

near the five days of interest can be shown using this slide bar. The Census tract is presented as a partially transparent red region with dashed 

red border, and blue numbers noting the tract number.

The fourth slide bar, “ihcsfield”, selects the HC&S field to be highlighted on the map. The approximate locations of HC&S field burns that occur 

near the five days of interest are shown using this slide bar; the exact location of the acres burned within a given field is unknown. The HC&S 

field area is presented as a partially transparent green region with dashed green border, and green numbers noting the field number.
Review of VIEWS2.0 2009-2010 Organic and Elemental Carbon Data

Page | 26

Figure A-6: Forest and Agricultural fire data – 31 July 2009 to 28 September 2009; 5 August 2009 (Green arrow) IMPROVE HALE1 data shows large carbon 

concentrations. While HC&S field #813 burns did occur prior to HALE1 measurements, they are distant from HALE1.

O ut[ 7 2 2 7] =

kjump

12

mpoint

25

ictract

1

ihcsfield

138

bin 12 Bin Start Date 2009, 7, 31 point 25 DATE_ 2009, 8, 4, 12, 8 T21 346.7 FRP 68.3

maxbin 26 Bin End Date 2009, 9, 28 maxpoint 348 WGS84LONG, WGS84LAT 155.034, 19.351 T31 295.9 CONFIDENCE 100

Census Tract 211.06 H C&S Field

Census Tracts Highlighted Red 1.06, 1.12, 1.14, 1.08, 1.07, 1.11, 1.10

H C&S Field Highlighted Green 813.

Hawaii Fire Data for Binned Period

1. 2. 3. 4. 5. 6. 7. 8. 9. 10. 11.

DIST FIRENUM FIREST DOY CENTRAK LAT LONG ACBURNC ACBURNNC ACBURNNF TOTACRB

80 470. 2009, 7, 31, 0., 0., 0. 6 317 0. 0.5 0. 0.5 1 1 TMTOCONT 1.

80 471. 2009, 7, 31, 0., 0., 0. 6 305 0. 1. 0. 1. 1 1 TMTOCONT 1.

80 472. 2009, 8, 8, 0., 0., 0. 7 303 0. 0. 0.5 0.5 1 1 TMTOCONT 1.

80 473. 2009, 8, 29, 0., 0., 0. 7 317 800. 7000. 0. 7800. 3 0.333333 TMTOCONT 8. 3 days

H C&S Field Burn Data for Binned Period

Date

of Burn

Field N o. Start

Time

End Time N o. Acres

Burned

WD

Start WD

End

WS

Start

M IN

WS

Start

MAX

WS

End

M IN

WS

End

MAX

Public Nuisance Code

If applicable

RED visible smoke

Public Nuisance Code

If applicable

RED visible smoke

Public Nuisance Code

If applicable

RED visible smoke

Notes

2009, 7, 31, 0, 0, 0. 506. 0400 0445 44. ESE N E 1. 5. 2. 4. 3. 0. some smoke on Pulehu Rd, by landfill

2009, 7, 31, 0, 0, 0. 405. 0445 0535 42.9 ESE NNE 1. 5. 1. 3. 2. some smoke on Pulehu Rd

2009, 8, 1, 0, 0, 0. 506. 0400 0535 125. N E N E 5. 15. 1. 4. 3. 3. 1. smoke crossing Pulehu Rd

2009, 8, 2, 0, 0, 0. 813. 0400 0440 31. ENE NNE 1. 3. 7. 15. 0. 0. 1. light smoke by Kealia Condos and along M okulele Hwy

2009, 8, 3, 0, 0, 0. 813. 0400 0510 104. N E NNE 1. 4. 1. 4. 0. 0. 1.

2009, 8, 4, 0, 0, 0. 813. 0400 0445 62. N E N 1. 9. 8. 19. 1. 1.

2009, 8, 5, 0, 0, 0. 813. 0400 0445 98. ENE N 2. 12. 9. 20. 0. 1. light barely visible smoke along M okulele Hwy

2009, 8, 6, 0, 0, 0. 813. 0400 0520 94. ENE ENE 7. 20. 1. 5. 0. 2. 1. light smoke on M okulele Hwy

2009, 8, 7, 0, 0, 0. 813. 0400 0450 67.1 E N 1. 7. 10. 20. 0. 1. light barely visible smoke along M okulele Hwy

2009, 8, 8, 0, 0, 0. 209. 0625 0735 115. ESE NNE 3. 7. 1. 3. 0. 0. 2. light smoke at the airport

2009, 8, 8, 0, 0, 0. 700. 0400 0445 85.7 ESE N E 1. 6. 1. 3. 0. 3. 1. some smoke on Pulehu Rd

2009, 8, 17, 0, 0, 0. 821. 0630 0730 86. NNE N 1. 5. 5. 11. 2. 2. 0. light smoke by Hale Piilani, Suda store and Kealia Condos

2009, 8, 18, 0, 0, 0. 821. 0620 0710 82.3 N E N E 1. 4. 1. 2. 0. 0. 0.

2009, 8, 20, 0, 0, 0. 209. 0700 0750 72. E N E 7. 21. 8. 20. 2. 2. 1. light smoke crossing Haleakala Hwy

2009, 8, 21, 0, 0, 0. 501 2 0400 0450 73.4 ENE NNE 7. 18. 9. 21. 3. 2. 2. smoke crossing Haleakala Hwy

2009, 8, 21, 0, 0, 0. 209. 0640 0725 34. ENE N E 10. 22. 11. 24. 2. 2. 2. light smoke along Haleakala and M okulele Hwys

2009, 8, 22, 0, 0, 0. 511. 0400 0640 203. N E N E 5. 15. 2. 5. 2. 2. 1. light smoke on Pulehu Rd and along M okulele Hwy

2009, 8, 24, 0, 0, 0. 511. 0400 0445 35. ESE N E 1. 5. 4. 9. 0. 1. 2. light smoke present by Kahului Industrial area along Dairy Rd

2009, 8, 25, 0, 0, 0. 511. 0400 0430 35.7 ENE N E 5. 17. 4. 9. 2. 1. 1. light smoke crossing Pulehu Rd

2009, 8, 25, 0, 0, 0. 412. 0650 0805 95. E NNE 2. 7. 3. 7. 2. 0. 0. light smoke present at Hale Piilani

2009, 8, 26, 0, 0, 0. 412. 0635 0735 99. ENE N 5. 10. 3. 8. 2. 1. 1. light smoke by Hale Piilani

2009, 8, 27, 0, 0, 0. 412. 0635 0720 50.1 E N E 1. 3. 1. 5. 0. 0. 0.

2009, 8, 27, 0, 0, 0. 718. 0400 0450 35. N E N 3. 10. 9. 18. 0. 1. 1.

2009, 8, 28, 0, 0, 0. 902. 0400 0530 107.3 NNE 1. 5. 1. 1. 1.

2009, 8, 29, 0, 0, 0. 718. 0400 0545 122. NNE ENE 1. 3. 1. 3. 2. 1. 1. light smoke on M okulele Hwy by animal shelter

2009, 8, 31, 0, 0, 0. 718. 0400 0420 4. N E N 5. 15. 7. 18. 0. 1.

2009, 9, 1, 0, 0, 0. 718. 0410 0450 29. N E N 4. 14. 7. 17. 0. 0. 1.

2009, 9, 2, 0, 0, 0. 718. 0400 0430 36. NNE N 5. 18. 9. 19. 0. 2. light smoke by power plant

2009, 9, 3, 0, 0, 0. 718. 0400 0500 83. N E N 5. 15. 8. 17. 0. 1.

2009, 9, 4, 0, 0, 0. 718. 0400 0440 66. N E 7. 19. 0. 1. 1.

2009, 9, 5, 0, 0, 0. 718. 0400 0430 27. N E 4. 12. 0. 1.

2009, 9, 6, 0, 0, 0. 718. 0400 0415 4.6 N N 4. 12. 4. 10. 0. 0.

2009, 9, 8, 0, 0, 0. 914. 0400 0530 115. NNE E 4. 12. 1. 4. 1. 2. 2. light smoke on M okulele Hwy, by Kealia condos and pond

2009, 9, 9, 0, 0, 0. 914. 0400 0450 95. NNE N E 3. 9. 3. 8. 0. 3. 2. light smoke on M okulele Hwy

2009, 9, 10, 0, 0, 0. 914. 0400 0435 35.7 NNE 1. 3. 0. 0.

2009, 9, 10, 0, 0, 0. 114. 0840 1040 88.8 E E 3. 14. 9. 18. 3. 2. 1. smoke on Holomua Road, in Kuau

2009, 9, 11, 0, 0, 0. 213 2 0650 0750 74.1 ENE N E 4. 11. 5. 10. 0. 0.

2009, 9, 12, 0, 0, 0. 105. 0840 1000 139. E ENE 4. 12. 7. 17. 3. 2. 1. smoke crossing Hana Hwy by Kuau Plaza

2009, 9, 14, 0, 0, 0. 817. 0830 0940 120. NNE N 1. 4. 4. 10. 1. 1. 2. light smoke in Hale Piilani and Piilani Villages

2009, 9, 15, 0, 0, 0. 817. 0735 0840 79. N E NNE 2. 5. 3. 9. 3. 2. 1. light smoke in Hale Piilani, crossing Piilani Hwy, in Lipoa by WWTP, on Kihei Road by Kalama Park,

2009, 9, 16, 0, 0, 0. 817. 0915 1005 64. NNW N W 1. 4. 2. 5. 0. 0.

2009, 9, 17, 0, 0, 0. 817. 0850 1000 89.9 NNW SW 1. 3. 1. 5. 0. 0. 0.

2009, 9, 18, 0, 0, 0. 402. 0700 0810 74. ESE N E 1. 2. 1. 3. 0. 0. 0.

2009, 9, 18, 0, 0, 0. 403. 0635 0715 67.7 SE ESE 1. 3. 1. 2. 0. 0.

2009, 9, 19, 0, 0, 0. 402. 0655 0735 47.1 ESE N E 3. 8. 1. 4. 0. 0. 1.

2009, 9, 19, 0, 0, 0. 906. 0835 0935 93. N N 8. 20. 9. 18. 3. 2. 2. smoke crossing N. Kihei Road, by Maalaea condos and power plant

2009, 9, 21, 0, 0, 0. 906. 0830 1010 187. N N 6. 15. 9. 18. 2. 2. 2. light smoke on N. Kihei Road, in Maalaea, by power plant

2009, 9, 22, 0, 0, 0. 906. 0840 0910 21. N N 4. 9. 5. 12. 3. 3. 3. smoke laying down on Kihei Road, by the park side of Maalaea condos

2009, 9, 24, 0, 0, 0. 815. 0400 0450 63. E ENE 1. 4. 1. 5. 1. 1. occasional light smoke on M okulele Hwy

2009, 9, 24, 0, 0, 0. 906. 0830 0855 47.8 N N 8. 19. 9. 20. 1. 2. light smoke crossing N. Kihei Road, by Maalaea condos

2009, 9, 25, 0, 0, 0. 815. 0400 0445 55.6 ENE ENE 3. 9. 1. 5. 0. 0. 1.

2009, 9, 25, 0, 0, 0. 823. 0840 1000 76. NNW WNW 2. 7. 1. 5. 0. 0. 0.

2009, 9, 26, 0, 0, 0. 823. 0815 0855 41. N N W 1. 3. 2. 4. 0. 0. 0.

MODIS 

Fire 

Detection 

matches 

HC&S 

burn

IMPROVE 

Monitoring 

Day of 

Interest

IMPROVE 

Monitoring 

Day of 

Interest
Review of VIEWS2.0 2009-2010 Organic and Elemental Carbon Data

Page | 27

Figure A-7: Forest and Agricultural fire data – 31 July 2009 to 28 September 2009; MODIS detection on 14 September 2009 (Green arrow) is consistent with 

HC&S field #817 burn. There are no reported forest fires for this day. IMPROVE HALE1 carbon measurements are nominal.

O ut[ 7 2 2 7] =

kjump

12

mpoint

220

ictract

136

ihcsfield

142

bin 12 Bin Start Date 2009, 7, 31 point 220 DATE_ 2009, 9, 14, 21, 24 T21 324.4 FRP 21.8

maxbin 26 Bin End Date 2009, 9, 28 maxpoint 348 WGS84LONG, WGS84LAT 156.439, 20.797 T31 307.9 CONFIDENCE 53

Census Tract 307.05 H C&S Field 817.

Census Tracts Highlighted Red 307.07, 307.06, 307.09, 307.05, 307.10, 307.08

H C&S Field Highlighted Green 817.

Hawaii Fire Data for Binned Period

1. 2. 3. 4. 5. 6. 7. 8. 9. 10. 11.

DIST FIRENUM FIREST DOY CENTRAK LAT LONG ACBURNC ACBURNNC ACBURNNF TOTACRB

80 470. 2009, 7, 31, 0., 0., 0. 6 317 0. 0.5 0. 0.5 1 1 TMTOCONT 1.

80 471. 2009, 7, 31, 0., 0., 0. 6 305 0. 1. 0. 1. 1 1 TMTOCONT 1.

80 472. 2009, 8, 8, 0., 0., 0. 7 303 0. 0. 0.5 0.5 1 1 TMTOCONT 1.

80 473. 2009, 8, 29, 0., 0., 0. 7 317 800. 7000. 0. 7800. 3 0.333333 TMTOCONT 8. 3 days

H C&S Field Burn Data for Binned Period

Date

of Burn

Field N o. Start

Time

End Time N o. Acres

Burned

WD

Start WD

End

WS

Start

M IN

WS

Start

MAX

WS

End

M IN

WS

End

MAX

Public Nuisance Code

If applicable

RED visible smoke

Public Nuisance Code

If applicable

RED visible smoke

Public Nuisance Code

If applicable

RED visible smoke

Notes

2009, 7, 31, 0, 0, 0. 506. 0400 0445 44. ESE N E 1. 5. 2. 4. 3. 0. some smoke on Pulehu Rd, by landfill

2009, 7, 31, 0, 0, 0. 405. 0445 0535 42.9 ESE NNE 1. 5. 1. 3. 2. some smoke on Pulehu Rd

2009, 8, 1, 0, 0, 0. 506. 0400 0535 125. N E N E 5. 15. 1. 4. 3. 3. 1. smoke crossing Pulehu Rd

2009, 8, 2, 0, 0, 0. 813. 0400 0440 31. ENE NNE 1. 3. 7. 15. 0. 0. 1. light smoke by Kealia Condos and along M okulele Hwy

2009, 8, 3, 0, 0, 0. 813. 0400 0510 104. N E NNE 1. 4. 1. 4. 0. 0. 1.

2009, 8, 4, 0, 0, 0. 813. 0400 0445 62. N E N 1. 9. 8. 19. 1. 1.

2009, 8, 5, 0, 0, 0. 813. 0400 0445 98. ENE N 2. 12. 9. 20. 0. 1. light barely visible smoke along M okulele Hwy

2009, 8, 6, 0, 0, 0. 813. 0400 0520 94. ENE ENE 7. 20. 1. 5. 0. 2. 1. light smoke on M okulele Hwy

2009, 8, 7, 0, 0, 0. 813. 0400 0450 67.1 E N 1. 7. 10. 20. 0. 1. light barely visible smoke along M okulele Hwy

2009, 8, 8, 0, 0, 0. 209. 0625 0735 115. ESE NNE 3. 7. 1. 3. 0. 0. 2. light smoke at the airport

2009, 8, 8, 0, 0, 0. 700. 0400 0445 85.7 ESE N E 1. 6. 1. 3. 0. 3. 1. some smoke on Pulehu Rd

2009, 8, 17, 0, 0, 0. 821. 0630 0730 86. NNE N 1. 5. 5. 11. 2. 2. 0. light smoke by Hale Piilani, Suda store and Kealia Condos

2009, 8, 18, 0, 0, 0. 821. 0620 0710 82.3 N E N E 1. 4. 1. 2. 0. 0. 0.

2009, 8, 20, 0, 0, 0. 209. 0700 0750 72. E N E 7. 21. 8. 20. 2. 2. 1. light smoke crossing Haleakala Hwy

2009, 8, 21, 0, 0, 0. 501 2 0400 0450 73.4 ENE NNE 7. 18. 9. 21. 3. 2. 2. smoke crossing Haleakala Hwy

2009, 8, 21, 0, 0, 0. 209. 0640 0725 34. ENE N E 10. 22. 11. 24. 2. 2. 2. light smoke along Haleakala and M okulele Hwys

2009, 8, 22, 0, 0, 0. 511. 0400 0640 203. N E N E 5. 15. 2. 5. 2. 2. 1. light smoke on Pulehu Rd and along M okulele Hwy

2009, 8, 24, 0, 0, 0. 511. 0400 0445 35. ESE N E 1. 5. 4. 9. 0. 1. 2. light smoke present by Kahului Industrial area along Dairy Rd

2009, 8, 25, 0, 0, 0. 511. 0400 0430 35.7 ENE N E 5. 17. 4. 9. 2. 1. 1. light smoke crossing Pulehu Rd

2009, 8, 25, 0, 0, 0. 412. 0650 0805 95. E NNE 2. 7. 3. 7. 2. 0. 0. light smoke present at Hale Piilani

2009, 8, 26, 0, 0, 0. 412. 0635 0735 99. ENE N 5. 10. 3. 8. 2. 1. 1. light smoke by Hale Piilani

2009, 8, 27, 0, 0, 0. 412. 0635 0720 50.1 E N E 1. 3. 1. 5. 0. 0. 0.

2009, 8, 27, 0, 0, 0. 718. 0400 0450 35. N E N 3. 10. 9. 18. 0. 1. 1.

2009, 8, 28, 0, 0, 0. 902. 0400 0530 107.3 NNE 1. 5. 1. 1. 1.

2009, 8, 29, 0, 0, 0. 718. 0400 0545 122. NNE ENE 1. 3. 1. 3. 2. 1. 1. light smoke on M okulele Hwy by animal shelter

2009, 8, 31, 0, 0, 0. 718. 0400 0420 4. N E N 5. 15. 7. 18. 0. 1.

2009, 9, 1, 0, 0, 0. 718. 0410 0450 29. N E N 4. 14. 7. 17. 0. 0. 1.

2009, 9, 2, 0, 0, 0. 718. 0400 0430 36. NNE N 5. 18. 9. 19. 0. 2. light smoke by power plant

2009, 9, 3, 0, 0, 0. 718. 0400 0500 83. N E N 5. 15. 8. 17. 0. 1.

2009, 9, 4, 0, 0, 0. 718. 0400 0440 66. N E 7. 19. 0. 1. 1.

2009, 9, 5, 0, 0, 0. 718. 0400 0430 27. N E 4. 12. 0. 1.

2009, 9, 6, 0, 0, 0. 718. 0400 0415 4.6 N N 4. 12. 4. 10. 0. 0.

2009, 9, 8, 0, 0, 0. 914. 0400 0530 115. NNE E 4. 12. 1. 4. 1. 2. 2. light smoke on M okulele Hwy, by Kealia condos and pond

2009, 9, 9, 0, 0, 0. 914. 0400 0450 95. NNE N E 3. 9. 3. 8. 0. 3. 2. light smoke on M okulele Hwy

2009, 9, 10, 0, 0, 0. 914. 0400 0435 35.7 NNE 1. 3. 0. 0.

2009, 9, 10, 0, 0, 0. 114. 0840 1040 88.8 E E 3. 14. 9. 18. 3. 2. 1. smoke on Holomua Road, in Kuau

2009, 9, 11, 0, 0, 0. 213 2 0650 0750 74.1 ENE N E 4. 11. 5. 10. 0. 0.

2009, 9, 12, 0, 0, 0. 105. 0840 1000 139. E ENE 4. 12. 7. 17. 3. 2. 1. smoke crossing Hana Hwy by Kuau Plaza

2009, 9, 14, 0, 0, 0. 817. 0830 0940 120. NNE N 1. 4. 4. 10. 1. 1. 2. light smoke in Hale Piilani and Piilani Villages

2009, 9, 15, 0, 0, 0. 817. 0735 0840 79. N E NNE 2. 5. 3. 9. 3. 2. 1. light smoke in Hale Piilani, crossing Piilani Hwy, in Lipoa by WWTP, on Kihei Road by Kalama Park,

2009, 9, 16, 0, 0, 0. 817. 0915 1005 64. NNW N W 1. 4. 2. 5. 0. 0.

2009, 9, 17, 0, 0, 0. 817. 0850 1000 89.9 NNW SW 1. 3. 1. 5. 0. 0. 0.

2009, 9, 18, 0, 0, 0. 402. 0700 0810 74. ESE N E 1. 2. 1. 3. 0. 0. 0.

2009, 9, 18, 0, 0, 0. 403. 0635 0715 67.7 SE ESE 1. 3. 1. 2. 0. 0.

2009, 9, 19, 0, 0, 0. 402. 0655 0735 47.1 ESE N E 3. 8. 1. 4. 0. 0. 1.

2009, 9, 19, 0, 0, 0. 906. 0835 0935 93. N N 8. 20. 9. 18. 3. 2. 2. smoke crossing N. Kihei Road, by Maalaea condos and power plant

2009, 9, 21, 0, 0, 0. 906. 0830 1010 187. N N 6. 15. 9. 18. 2. 2. 2. light smoke on N. Kihei Road, in Maalaea, by power plant

2009, 9, 22, 0, 0, 0. 906. 0840 0910 21. N N 4. 9. 5. 12. 3. 3. 3. smoke laying down on Kihei Road, by the park side of Maalaea condos

2009, 9, 24, 0, 0, 0. 815. 0400 0450 63. E ENE 1. 4. 1. 5. 1. 1. occasional light smoke on M okulele Hwy

2009, 9, 24, 0, 0, 0. 906. 0830 0855 47.8 N N 8. 19. 9. 20. 1. 2. light smoke crossing N. Kihei Road, by Maalaea condos

2009, 9, 25, 0, 0, 0. 815. 0400 0445 55.6 ENE ENE 3. 9. 1. 5. 0. 0. 1.

2009, 9, 25, 0, 0, 0. 823. 0840 1000 76. NNW WNW 2. 7. 1. 5. 0. 0. 0.

2009, 9, 26, 0, 0, 0. 823. 0815 0855 41. N N W 1. 3. 2. 4. 0. 0. 0.

MODIS 

Fire 

Detection 

matches 

HC&S 

burn

IMPROVE 

Monitoring 

Day of 

Interest

IMPROVE 

Monitoring 

Day of 

Interest
Review of VIEWS2.0 2009-2010 Organic and Elemental Carbon Data

Page | 28

Figure A-8: Forest and Agricultural fire data – 31 July 2009 to 28 September 2009; 25 September 2009 (Green arrow) IMPROVE HALE1 data shows large 

carbon concentrations. While HC&S field #815, 906, and 823 burns did occur prior to HALE1 measurements, they are distant from HALE1.

Out[7227]=

kjump

1 2

mpoint

334

ictract

1

ihcsfield

140

bin 1 2 Bin Start Date 2009, 7, 3 1 point 334 DATE_ 2009, 9, 2 5, 8, 5 4 T21 310.8 FRP 25.8

maxbin 2 6 Bin End Date 2009, 9, 2 8 maxpoint 348 WGS84LONG, WGS84LAT 155.068, 19.379 T31 291.4 CONFIDENCE 4 7

Census Tract 211.06 H C&S Field

Census Tracts Highlighted Red 1.06, 1.12, 1.14, 1.08, 1.07, 1.11, 1.10

H C&S Field Highlighted Green 815.

Hawaii Fire Data for Binned Period

1 . 2 . 3 . 4 . 5 . 6 . 7 . 8 . 9 . 10. 11.

DIST FIRENUM FIREST DOY CENTRAK LAT LONG ACBURNC ACBURNNC ACBURNNF TOTACRB

8 0 470. 2009, 7, 3 1, 0 ., 0 ., 0 . 6 317 0 . 0.5 0 . 0.5 1 1 TMTOCONT 1 .

8 0 471. 2009, 7, 3 1, 0 ., 0 ., 0 . 6 305 0 . 1 . 0 . 1 . 1 1 TMTOCONT 1 .

8 0 472. 2009, 8, 8, 0 ., 0 ., 0 . 7 303 0 . 0 . 0.5 0.5 1 1 TMTOCONT 1 .

8 0 473. 2009, 8, 2 9, 0 ., 0 ., 0 . 7 317 800. 7000. 0 . 7800. 3 0.333333 TMTOCONT 8 . 3 days

H C&S Field Burn Data for Binned Period

Date

o f Burn

Field N o. Start

Time

End Time N o. Acres

Burned

W D

Start W D

End

W S

Start

MIN

W S

Start

MAX

W S

End

MIN

W S

End

MAX

P ublic Nuisance Code

If applicable

RED visible smoke

P ublic Nuisance Code

If applicable

RED visible smoke

P ublic Nuisance Code

If applicable

RED visible smoke

Notes

2009, 7, 3 1, 0, 0, 0 . 506. 0400 0445 44. ESE N E 1 . 5 . 2 . 4 . 3 . 0 . some smoke o n P ulehu Rd, b y landfill

2009, 7, 3 1, 0, 0, 0 . 405. 0445 0535 42.9 ESE NNE 1 . 5 . 1 . 3 . 2 . some smoke o n P ulehu Rd

2009, 8, 1, 0, 0, 0 . 506. 0400 0535 125. N E N E 5 . 15. 1 . 4 . 3 . 3 . 1 . smoke crossing P ulehu Rd

2009, 8, 2, 0, 0, 0 . 813. 0400 0440 31. ENE NNE 1 . 3 . 7 . 15. 0 . 0 . 1 . light smoke b y Kealia Condos and along Mokulele Hwy

2009, 8, 3, 0, 0, 0 . 813. 0400 0510 104. N E NNE 1 . 4 . 1 . 4 . 0 . 0 . 1 .

2009, 8, 4, 0, 0, 0 . 813. 0400 0445 62. N E N 1 . 9 . 8 . 19. 1 . 1 .

2009, 8, 5, 0, 0, 0 . 813. 0400 0445 98. ENE N 2 . 12. 9 . 20. 0 . 1 . light barely visible smoke along Mokulele Hwy

2009, 8, 6, 0, 0, 0 . 813. 0400 0520 94. ENE ENE 7 . 20. 1 . 5 . 0 . 2 . 1 . light smoke o n Mokulele Hwy

2009, 8, 7, 0, 0, 0 . 813. 0400 0450 67.1 E N 1 . 7 . 10. 20. 0 . 1 . light barely visible smoke along Mokulele Hwy

2009, 8, 8, 0, 0, 0 . 209. 0625 0735 115. ESE NNE 3 . 7 . 1 . 3 . 0 . 0 . 2 . light smoke at the airport

2009, 8, 8, 0, 0, 0 . 700. 0400 0445 85.7 ESE N E 1 . 6 . 1 . 3 . 0 . 3 . 1 . some smoke o n P ulehu Rd

2009, 8, 1 7, 0, 0, 0 . 821. 0630 0730 86. NNE N 1 . 5 . 5 . 11. 2 . 2 . 0 . light smoke b y Hale Piilani, Suda store and Kealia Condos

2009, 8, 1 8, 0, 0, 0 . 821. 0620 0710 82.3 N E N E 1 . 4 . 1 . 2 . 0 . 0 . 0 .

2009, 8, 2 0, 0, 0, 0 . 209. 0700 0750 72. E N E 7 . 21. 8 . 20. 2 . 2 . 1 . light smoke crossing Haleakala Hwy

2009, 8, 2 1, 0, 0, 0 . 501 2 0400 0450 73.4 ENE NNE 7 . 18. 9 . 21. 3 . 2 . 2 . smoke crossing Haleakala Hwy

2009, 8, 2 1, 0, 0, 0 . 209. 0640 0725 34. ENE N E 10. 22. 11. 24. 2 . 2 . 2 . light smoke along Haleakala and Mokulele Hwys

2009, 8, 2 2, 0, 0, 0 . 511. 0400 0640 203. N E N E 5 . 15. 2 . 5 . 2 . 2 . 1 . light smoke o n P ulehu Rd and along Mokulele Hwy

2009, 8, 2 4, 0, 0, 0 . 511. 0400 0445 35. ESE N E 1 . 5 . 4 . 9 . 0 . 1 . 2 . light smoke present b y Kahului Industrial area along Dairy Rd

2009, 8, 2 5, 0, 0, 0 . 511. 0400 0430 35.7 ENE N E 5 . 17. 4 . 9 . 2 . 1 . 1 . light smoke crossing P ulehu Rd

2009, 8, 2 5, 0, 0, 0 . 412. 0650 0805 95. E NNE 2 . 7 . 3 . 7 . 2 . 0 . 0 . light smoke present at Hale Piilani

2009, 8, 2 6, 0, 0, 0 . 412. 0635 0735 99. ENE N 5 . 10. 3 . 8 . 2 . 1 . 1 . light smoke b y Hale Piilani

2009, 8, 2 7, 0, 0, 0 . 412. 0635 0720 50.1 E N E 1 . 3 . 1 . 5 . 0 . 0 . 0 .

2009, 8, 2 7, 0, 0, 0 . 718. 0400 0450 35. N E N 3 . 10. 9 . 18. 0 . 1 . 1 .

2009, 8, 2 8, 0, 0, 0 . 902. 0400 0530 107.3 NNE 1 . 5 . 1 . 1 . 1 .

2009, 8, 2 9, 0, 0, 0 . 718. 0400 0545 122. NNE ENE 1 . 3 . 1 . 3 . 2 . 1 . 1 . light smoke o n Mokulele Hwy b y animal shelter

2009, 8, 3 1, 0, 0, 0 . 718. 0400 0420 4 . N E N 5 . 15. 7 . 18. 0 . 1 .

2009, 9, 1, 0, 0, 0 . 718. 0410 0450 29. N E N 4 . 14. 7 . 17. 0 . 0 . 1 .

2009, 9, 2, 0, 0, 0 . 718. 0400 0430 36. NNE N 5 . 18. 9 . 19. 0 . 2 . light smoke b y power plant

2009, 9, 3, 0, 0, 0 . 718. 0400 0500 83. N E N 5 . 15. 8 . 17. 0 . 1 .

2009, 9, 4, 0, 0, 0 . 718. 0400 0440 66. N E 7 . 19. 0 . 1 . 1 .

2009, 9, 5, 0, 0, 0 . 718. 0400 0430 27. N E 4 . 12. 0 . 1 .

2009, 9, 6, 0, 0, 0 . 718. 0400 0415 4.6 N N 4 . 12. 4 . 10. 0 . 0 .

2009, 9, 8, 0, 0, 0 . 914. 0400 0530 115. NNE E 4 . 12. 1 . 4 . 1 . 2 . 2 . light smoke o n Mokulele Hwy, b y Kealia condos and pond

2009, 9, 9, 0, 0, 0 . 914. 0400 0450 95. NNE N E 3 . 9 . 3 . 8 . 0 . 3 . 2 . light smoke o n Mokulele Hwy

2009, 9, 1 0, 0, 0, 0 . 914. 0400 0435 35.7 NNE 1 . 3 . 0 . 0 .

2009, 9, 1 0, 0, 0, 0 . 114. 0840 1040 88.8 E E 3 . 14. 9 . 18. 3 . 2 . 1 . smoke o n Holomua Road, i n Kuau

2009, 9, 1 1, 0, 0, 0 . 213 2 0650 0750 74.1 ENE N E 4 . 11. 5 . 10. 0 . 0 .

2009, 9, 1 2, 0, 0, 0 . 105. 0840 1000 139. E ENE 4 . 12. 7 . 17. 3 . 2 . 1 . smoke crossing Hana Hwy b y Kuau Plaza

2009, 9, 1 4, 0, 0, 0 . 817. 0830 0940 120. NNE N 1 . 4 . 4 . 10. 1 . 1 . 2 . light smoke i n Hale Piilani and Piilani Villages

2009, 9, 1 5, 0, 0, 0 . 817. 0735 0840 79. N E NNE 2 . 5 . 3 . 9 . 3 . 2 . 1 . light smoke i n Hale Piilani, crossing Piilani Hwy, i n Lipoa b y WWTP, o n Kihei Road b y Kalama Park,

2009, 9, 1 6, 0, 0, 0 . 817. 0915 1005 64. NNW N W 1 . 4 . 2 . 5 . 0 . 0 .

2009, 9, 1 7, 0, 0, 0 . 817. 0850 1000 89.9 NNW SW 1 . 3 . 1 . 5 . 0 . 0 . 0 .

2009, 9, 1 8, 0, 0, 0 . 402. 0700 0810 74. ESE N E 1 . 2 . 1 . 3 . 0 . 0 . 0 .

2009, 9, 1 8, 0, 0, 0 . 403. 0635 0715 67.7 SE ESE 1 . 3 . 1 . 2 . 0 . 0 .

2009, 9, 1 9, 0, 0, 0 . 402. 0655 0735 47.1 ESE N E 3 . 8 . 1 . 4 . 0 . 0 . 1 .

2009, 9, 1 9, 0, 0, 0 . 906. 0835 0935 93. N N 8 . 20. 9 . 18. 3 . 2 . 2 . smoke crossing N. Kihei Road, b y Maalaea condos and power plant

2009, 9, 2 1, 0, 0, 0 . 906. 0830 1010 187. N N 6 . 15. 9 . 18. 2 . 2 . 2 . light smoke o n N. Kihei Road, i n Maalaea, b y power plant

2009, 9, 2 2, 0, 0, 0 . 906. 0840 0910 21. N N 4 . 9 . 5 . 12. 3 . 3 . 3 . smoke laying down o n Kihei Road, b y the park side o f Maalaea condos

2009, 9, 2 4, 0, 0, 0 . 815. 0400 0450 63. E ENE 1 . 4 . 1 . 5 . 1 . 1 . occasional light smoke o n Mokulele Hwy

2009, 9, 2 4, 0, 0, 0 . 906. 0830 0855 47.8 N N 8 . 19. 9 . 20. 1 . 2 . light smoke crossing N. Kihei Road, b y Maalaea condos

2009, 9, 2 5, 0, 0, 0 . 815. 0400 0445 55.6 ENE ENE 3 . 9 . 1 . 5 . 0 . 0 . 1 .

2009, 9, 2 5, 0, 0, 0 . 823. 0840 1000 76. NNW WNW 2 . 7 . 1 . 5 . 0 . 0 . 0 .

2009, 9, 2 6, 0, 0, 0 . 823. 0815 0855 41. N N W 1 . 3 . 2 . 4 . 0 . 0 . 0 .

MODIS 

Fire 

Detection 

matches 

HC&S 

burn

IMPROVE 

Monitoring 

Day of 

Interest

IMPROVE 

Monitoring 

Day of 

Interest
Review of VIEWS2.0 2009-2010 Organic and Elemental Carbon Data

Page | 29

Figure A-9: Forest and Agricultural fire data – 29 September 2009 to 27 November 2009; 19 October 2009 (Green arrows) IMPROVE HALE1 data shows large 

carbon concentrations. While HC&S field #912 and 404 burns did occur prior to HALE1 measurements, #912 is distant from HALE1 and smoke reported after 

the #404 burn was blowing away from HALE1 (See Figure 6). While not detected by MODIS, a small forest fire in Census Tract 304 on 18 October 2009 would 

be a likely source for the elevated carbon levels at HALE1. Census Tract 304 includes areas very near to the HALE1 monitor.

Out[7227]=

kjump

1 4

mpoint

124

ictract

134

ihcsfield

5 6

bin 1 4 Bin Start Date 2009, 9, 2 9 point 124 DATE_ 2009, 1 0, 1 6, 1 2, 2 T21 308.4 FRP 13.9

maxbin 2 6 Bin End Date 2009, 1 1, 2 7 maxpoint 313 WGS84LONG, WGS84LAT 155.042, 19.376 T31 296.6 CONFIDENCE 6 0

Census Tract 211.06 H C&S Field

Census Tracts Highlighted Red 304.03, 304.04, 304.02

H C&S Field Highlighted Green 404.

Hawaii Fire Data for Binned Period

1 . 2 . 3 . 4 . 5 . 6 . 7 . 8 . 9 . 10. 11.

DIST FIRENUM FIREST DOY CENTRAK LAT LONG ACBURNC ACBURNNC ACBURNNF TOTACRB

8 0 474. 2009, 1 0, 2, 0 ., 0 ., 0 . 6 304 2 . 0 . 0 . 2 . 1 1 TMTOCONT 4 .

8 0 475. 2009, 1 0, 1 7, 0 ., 0 ., 0 . 7 308 0 . 0 . 1 . 1 . 1 1 TMTOCONT 1 .

8 0 476. 2009, 1 0, 1 8, 0 ., 0 ., 0 . 1 304 0 . 0 . 1 . 1 . 1 1 TMTOCONT 3 .

8 0 477. 2009, 1 0, 2 8, 0 ., 0 ., 0 . 4 314 0 . 30. 0 . 30. 1 1 TMTOCONT 5 .

8 0 478. 2009, 1 1, 1, 0 ., 0 ., 0 . 1 307 0 . 5 . 0 . 5 . 1 1 TMTOCONT 3 .

8 0 479. 2009, 1 1, 1 2, 0 ., 0 ., 0 . 5 314 0 . 0 . 0.1 0.1 1 1 TMTOCONT 1 .

H C&S Field Burn Data for Binned Period

Date

o f Burn

Field N o. Start

Time

End Time N o. Acres

Burned

W D

Start W D

End

W S

Start

MIN

W S

Start

MAX

W S

End

MIN

W S

End

MAX

P ublic Nuisance Code

If applicable

RED visible smoke

P ublic Nuisance Code

If applicable

RED visible smoke

P ublic Nuisance Code

If applicable

RED visible smoke

Notes

2009, 9, 2 9, 0, 0, 0 . 911. 0400 0520 95.3 E ENE 1 . 5 . 1 . 3 . 0 . 1 .

2009, 9, 3 0, 0, 0, 0 . 915. 0400 0450 93. N E ENE 1 . 11. 1 . 4 . 1 . 1 . 1 .

2009, 1 0, 1, 0, 0, 0 . 915. 0400 0520 71.3 NNE N E 4 . 12. 3 . 8 . 3 . 2 . 1 . smoke i s crossing and along Mokulele Hwy b y F916 and b y pond area

2009, 1 0, 2, 0, 0, 0 . 907. 0700 0800 82. N N 9 . 20. 11. 23. 3 . 2 . 2 . smoke hugging ground traveling south crossing the Kihei half o f the Maalaea condos

2009, 1 0, 3, 0, 0, 0 . 907. 0655 0805 102.2 N N 9 . 24. 10. 21. 3 . 3 . 1 . smoke hugging ground traveling south crossing the Maalaea Park side o f the condos

2009, 1 0, 5, 0, 0, 0 . 411. 0650 0845 103. ESE SW 1 . 3 . 1 . 4 . 0 . 0 . 1 .

2009, 1 0, 1 1, 0, 0, 0 . 411. 0655 0850 141.1 N E NNE 4 . 8 . 8 . 18. 0 . 2 . 1 . smoke b y Piilani Village t o Azeka's

2009, 1 0, 1 1, 0, 0, 0 . 208. 0945 1050 136.1 N E NNE 8 . 17. 9 . 18. 0 . 0 . 0 .

2009, 1 0, 1 2, 0, 0, 0 . 715. 0300 0400 76. NNW N 2 . 7 . 4 . 11. 0 . 1 . 2 . light smoke b y Kealia Condos t o the Maui L u t o Kalama Park

2009, 1 0, 1 3, 0, 0, 0 . 715. 0305 0415 98.5 N N 2 . 8 . 8 . 16. 0 . 0 . 1 .

2009, 1 0, 1 6, 0, 0, 0 . 912. 0400 0540 134. ENE 2 . 7 . 0 . 1 . 0 .

2009, 1 0, 1 7, 0, 0, 0 . 404. 0400 0500 51. ESE N E 2 . 5 . 1 . 4 . 0 . 0 . 0 .

2009, 1 0, 1 9, 0, 0, 0 . 404. 0410 0600 111. SE E 2 . 6 . 0 . 2 . 0 . 1 . 2 . smoke o n P ulehu Road going towards Hansen Road

2009, 1 0, 2 0, 0, 0, 0 . 404. 0400 0530 118.1 SE ENE 1 . 3 . 1 . 2 . 0 . 0 . 1 . light smoke crossing P ulehu Road b y F 405

2009, 1 0, 2 1, 0, 0, 0 . 505. 0400 0620 114. SE N E 1 . 4 . 1 . 3 . 0 . 0 . 0 .

2009, 1 0, 2 2, 0, 0, 0 . 505. 0400 0500 51. SE ESE 1 . 5 . 2 . 5 . 0 . 0 .

2009, 1 0, 2 6, 0, 0, 0 . 505. 0400 0530 162.7 ESE ENE 2 . 7 . 1 . 5 . 0 . 2 . 1 . light smoke b y central baseyard and i n P uunene fromDairy Road t o Costco

2009, 1 0, 3 1, 0, 0, 0 . 314. 0640 0730 70. ESE N E 5 . 15. 3 . 7 . 0 . 0 . 0 .

2009, 1 1, 1, 0, 0, 0 . 605. 0300 0400 23.7 N E N E 3 . 9 . 2 . 6 . 0 . 0 . 2 . light smoke o n Hana Hwy b y Hansen Road and Haleakala Hwy intersection

IMPROVE 

Monitoring 

Day of 

Interest

IMPROVE 

Monitoring 

Day of 

Interest
Review of VIEWS2.0 2009-2010 Organic and Elemental Carbon Data

Page | 30

Figure A-10: Forest and Agricultural fire data – 25 August 2010 to 23 November 2010; 11 September 2010 (Green arrow) IMPROVE HALE1 data shows large 

carbon concentrations. While HC&S field #101 and #111 burns did occur prior to HALE1 measurements, they are distant from HALE1 and smoke reported 

after the burns was blowing away from HALE1 (See Figure 7).

O ut[ 7 2 2 7] =

kjump

25

mpoint

16

ictract

1

ihcsfield

12

bin 25 Bin Start Date 2010, 8, 25 point 16 DATE_ 2010, 9, 10, 21, 17 T21 323.3 FRP 33.

maxbin 26 Bin End Date 2010, 10, 23 maxpoint 117 WGS84LONG, WGS84LAT 155.003, 19.346 T31 303.9 CONFIDENCE 0

Census Tract 211.06 H C&S Field

Census Tracts Highlighted Red 1.06, 1.12, 1.14, 1.08, 1.07, 1.11, 1.10

H C&S Field Highlighted Green 111.

Hawaii Fire Data for Binned Period

1. 2. 3. 4. 5. 6. 7. 8. 9. 10. 11.

DIST FIRENUM FIREST DOY CENTRAK LAT LONG ACBURNC ACBURNNC ACBURNNF TOTACRB

H C&S Field Burn Data for Binned Period

Date

of Burn

Field N o. Start

Time

End Time N o. Acres

Burned

WD

Start WD

End

WS

Start

M IN

WS

Start

MAX

WS

End

M IN

WS

End

MAX

Public Nuisance Code

If applicable

RED visible smoke

Public Nuisance Code

If applicable

RED visible smoke

Public Nuisance Code

If applicable

RED visible smoke

Notes

2010, 8, 25, 0, 0, 0. 203. 0645 0820 86.7 E NNE 2. 7. 3. 9. 2. 0. 0. smoke laid down along Haleakala Hwy

2010, 8, 26, 0, 0, 0. 820. 0850 0935 56.4 SSE S 1. 3. 1. 3. 0. 0. 1.

2010, 8, 27, 0, 0, 0. 811. 0705 0850 123. E WNW 1. 4. 1. 3. 0. 0. 0.

2010, 8, 28, 0, 0, 0. 811. 0700 0755 89.1 ESE E 1. 5. 1. 4. 0. 0. 0.

2010, 8, 28, 0, 0, 0. 810. 0740 0850 95. E SSW 1. 3. 1. 4. 0. 0. 0.

2010, 8, 30, 0, 0, 0. 810. 0735 0810 38. N E NNE 5. 12. 3. 8. 1. 2. light smoke by the corn farm and Hale Piilani

2010, 8, 31, 0, 0, 0. 810. 0700 0750 75. ENE NNW 3. 11. 3. 7. 0. 1.

2010, 9, 1, 0, 0, 0. 810. 0700 0815 88. ESE N E 1. 5. 4. 8. 0. 0. 0.

2010, 9, 2, 0, 0, 0. 810. 0710 0805 44.5 N E NNE 2. 7. 6. 12. 0. 0. 2. smoke present in Piilani Village Lihoa St., on Kihei Rd from Kihei HarborKamaoli Patk t o Azeka place

2010, 9, 3, 0, 0, 0. 101. 0715 0810 32. E ENE 4. 11. 6. 15. 2. 0. 1. light smoke on Baldwin Ave between Panini St and the post office

2010, 9, 9, 0, 0, 0. 101. 0645 0845 131.1 E 2. 7. 2. 2. 1. light smoke by Paia town t o Kuau Bay View, by Paia store, by Baldwin Park, Maui Country Club and Specklesville, on Baldwin Ave by mill t o post office, along Hana Hwy

2010, 9, 11, 0, 0, 0. 111. 0620 0710 56. ESE E 1. 7. 4. 10. 2. 2. 2. smoke crossing and alongBaldwin Ave just below Holomua Rd, by Skill Village Paia School Holy Rosary

2010, 9, 13, 0, 0, 0. 113. 0620 0650 16. E E 4. 11. 5. 12. 0. 1. 2. light smoke on Baldwin Ave by water tank and Paia School t o Skill Village, on Hana Hwy by Heliport side and in Kahului industrial

2010, 9, 14, 0, 0, 0. 113. 0600 0630 30. E E 7. 16. 6. 14. 2. 3. light smoke crossing Baldwin Ave just above school, on Baldwin Ave by Hpolomua Rd t o water tank, smoke by Union Church

2010, 9, 15, 0, 0, 0. 113. 0600 0645 47. E E 7. 15. 9. 18. 2. 2. 2. light smoke crossing Baldwin Ave just above school, present by Paia School Holy Rosary water tank, by Holomua Rd and by Skill Village

2010, 9, 16, 0, 0, 0. 111. 0600 0640 76.1 E E 7. 18. 10. 20. 3. 3. smoke on Baldwin Ave by Holomua Rd t o Union Church, by Rainbow park, light smoke along Dairy Rd t o Puunene

2010, 9, 17, 0, 0, 0. 113. 0610 0640 32.6 E E 4. 12. 6. 14. 2. 2. 2. smoke along and on Baldwin Ave by Rainbow Park

2010, 9, 17, 0, 0, 0. 501. 0410 0525 109. ENE N E 6. 18. 3. 8. 4. 3. 2. some smoke on Haleakala Hwy visibility fair crossing by bottom of F501

2010, 9, 18, 0, 0, 0. 814. 0630 0720 63. E N E 1. 4. 1. 3. 0. 2. light smoke crossing M okulele Hwy by F914

2010, 9, 18, 0, 0, 0. 501 2 0400 0525 57. E NNE 7. 18. 5. 11. 3. 2. 2. smoke on and crossing Haleakala Hwy by F501

2010, 9, 20, 0, 0, 0. 814. 0915 1005 31. N E N E 6. 17. 9. 21. 2. 2. 1. light smoke by Raceway Park, by Kealia Condos t o M okulele intersection

2010, 9, 21, 0, 0, 0. 814. 0625 0730 80. N E ENE 5. 11. 1. 4. 1. 1. 2. light smoke on M okulele Hwy, by Kealia Condos t o Maui Lu resort, bt Hale Piilani subdivision until Tesoro

2010, 9, 22, 0, 0, 0. 814. 0630 0800 113. ENE NNE 1. 3. 3. 7. 0. 0. 0.

2010, 9, 23, 0, 0, 0. 610. 0300 0350 46.4 ESE N E 1. 4. 1. 3. 2. 0. 1. smoke on Hana Hwy by field

2010, 9, 23, 0, 0, 0. 814. 0700 0800 65.4 ENE N E 1. 4. 2. 6. 2. 2. smoke on M okulele Hwy by F916 915 and by Kealia pond, by Hale Piilani

2010, 9, 24, 0, 0, 0. 300. 0400 0545 164. SE ENE 3. 7. 1. 3. 0. 0. 0.

2010, 9, 25, 0, 0, 0. 300. 0400 0520 81. SE ENE 1. 3. 2. 6. 2. 3. 2. light smoke on Halimaile Rd and Haleakala Hwy

2010, 9, 27, 0, 0, 0. 300. 0400 0445 65. SE ESE 2. 8. 2. 4. 2. 2. smoke on Hailimaile Rd and Haleakala Hwy

2010, 9, 28, 0, 0, 0. 300. 0400 0440 49. ESE N E 3. 9. 1. 3. 2. 3. 2. smoke on Halimaile Rd

2010, 9, 29, 0, 0, 0. 300. 0400 0445 44.7 ESE N E 3. 8. 1. 2. 2. 2. smoke crossing and along Hailimaile Rd

2010, 9, 29, 0, 0, 0. 100. 0630 0735 49. SE ESE 1. 3. 1. 4. 1. 0. 1.

2010, 9, 30, 0, 0, 0. 100. 0640 0755 87. ESE SSE 1. 3. 1. 4. 0. 0. 0.

2010, 10, 1, 0, 0, 0. 100. 0645 0815 110. E E 2. 7. 2. 5. 0. 1. 1.

2010, 10, 2, 0, 0, 0. 917. 0400 0700 115. NNE N E 4. 12. 2. 7. 2. 2. 2. smoke on M okulele Hwy by Piilani Hwy intersection, by Kealia Condos and Suda store and Kihei Village town homes

2010, 10, 4, 0, 0, 0. 917. 0400 0545 89.7 ESE ENE 1. 3. 1. 3. 2. 0. 1. light smoke crossing M okulele Hwy, by Kealia pond and condos

2010, 10, 5, 0, 0, 0. 507. 0400 0445 99. ESE N E 2. 15. 5. 15. 2. 1. light smoke on Haleakala Hwy

2010, 10, 6, 0, 0, 0. 507. 0520 0600 36. SE SSE 2. 6. 1. 5. 0. 2. light smoke in Sprecklesville

2010, 10, 6, 0, 0, 0. 507. 0400 0500 87. E N E 1. 5. 1. 3. 0. 0. 1.

2010, 10, 7, 0, 0, 0. 507. 0400 39.5 SE 1. 5. 0. 0. 1.

2010, 10, 7, 0, 0, 0. 304. 0455 0525 27. ESE SE 1. 4. 4. 7. 0. 0. 0.

2010, 10, 8, 0, 0, 0. 301. 0400 0530 85. SE ESE 1. 6. 1. 3. 0. 0. 0.

2010, 10, 9, 0, 0, 0. 301. 0400 0540 131. ESE ENE 2. 8. 1. 4. 0. 0. 0.

2010, 10, 11, 0, 0, 0. 301. 0400 0515 93. E 10. 18. 0. 0. 0.

2010, 10, 12, 0, 0, 0. 301. 0400 0435 41.2 E NNE 5. 15. 3. 9. 0. 2. 0. light smoke on Haleakala Hwy

2010, 10, 12, 0, 0, 0. 304. 0435 0600 48. ESE NNE 7. 17. 5. 12. 0. 0. 0.

2010, 10, 13, 0, 0, 0. 304. 0400 0450 63. ESE ENE 4. 12. 3. 9. 0. 0.

2010, 10, 14, 0, 0, 0. 304. 0400 0510 68. ESE 2. 7. 0. 3. 1. smoke on Haleakala Hwy

2010, 10, 15, 0, 0, 0. 304. 0400 0450 58.8 ESE E 2. 7. 5. 10. 3. 2. 2. smoke on and crossing Haleakala Hwy

2010, 10, 15, 0, 0, 0. 313. 0455 0545 66. E ENE 4. 10. 2. 8. 0.

2010, 10, 16, 0, 0, 0. 717. 0400 0440 20. NNE 6. 15. 0. 1. 2. light smoke along M okulele Hwy

2010, 10, 18, 0, 0, 0. 200. 0400 0520 131. ESE ESE 2. 8. 3. 9. 0. 1. 1.

2010, 10, 19, 0, 0, 0. 200. 0400 0520 92. ESE ENE 1. 4. 1. 3. 0. 1. 2. light smoke in Paia town and Skill Village and crossing Haleakala Hwy

2010, 10, 20, 0, 0, 0. 200. 0400 0525 124.6 N E N E 2. 8. 2. 6. 2. 0. 2. smoke on and crossing M okulele Hwy and by Central Base yard

2010, 10, 21, 0, 0, 0. 708. 0400 0520 63. N E E 1. 3. 1. 3. 1. 1.

2010, 10, 22, 0, 0, 0. 708. 0400 0455 50. ENE ENE 1. 4. 1. 5. 0. light smoke by Kealia pond

IMPROVE 

Monitoring 

Day of 

Interest

IMPROVE 

Monitoring 

Day of 

Interest
Review of VIEWS2.0 2009-2010 Organic and Elemental Carbon Data

Page | 31

Figure A-11: Forest and Agricultural fire data – 25 August 2010 to 23 November 2010; 23 October 2010 (Green arrow) IMPROVE HALE1 data shows large 

carbon concentrations. While HC&S field #200 and 708 burns did occur prior to HALE1 measurements, reported smoke appears inconsistent with elevated 

carbon concentrations at HALE1 (see Figure 8).

O ut[ 7 2 2 7] =

kjump

25

mpoint

117

ictract

1

ihcsfield

102

bin 25 Bin Start Date 2010, 8, 25 point 117 DATE_ 2010, 10, 22, 21, 53 T21 312.1 FRP 64.2

maxbin 26 Bin End Date 2010, 10, 23 maxpoint 117 WGS84LONG, WGS84LAT 158.12, 21.558 T31 296.6 CONFIDENCE 34

Census Tract 99.04 H C&S Field

Census Tracts Highlighted Red 1.06, 1.12, 1.14, 1.08, 1.07, 1.11, 1.10

H C&S Field Highlighted Green 708.

Hawaii Fire Data for Binned Period

1. 2. 3. 4. 5. 6. 7. 8. 9. 10. 11.

DIST FIRENUM FIREST DOY CENTRAK LAT LONG ACBURNC ACBURNNC ACBURNNF TOTACRB

H C&S Field Burn Data for Binned Period

Date

of Burn

Field N o. Start

Time

End Time N o. Acres

Burned

WD

Start WD

End

WS

Start

M IN

WS

Start

MAX

WS

End

M IN

WS

End

MAX

Public Nuisance Code

If applicable

RED visible smoke

Public Nuisance Code

If applicable

RED visible smoke

Public Nuisance Code

If applicable

RED visible smoke

Notes

2010, 8, 25, 0, 0, 0. 203. 0645 0820 86.7 E NNE 2. 7. 3. 9. 2. 0. 0. smoke laid down along Haleakala Hwy

2010, 8, 26, 0, 0, 0. 820. 0850 0935 56.4 SSE S 1. 3. 1. 3. 0. 0. 1.

2010, 8, 27, 0, 0, 0. 811. 0705 0850 123. E WNW 1. 4. 1. 3. 0. 0. 0.

2010, 8, 28, 0, 0, 0. 811. 0700 0755 89.1 ESE E 1. 5. 1. 4. 0. 0. 0.

2010, 8, 28, 0, 0, 0. 810. 0740 0850 95. E SSW 1. 3. 1. 4. 0. 0. 0.

2010, 8, 30, 0, 0, 0. 810. 0735 0810 38. N E NNE 5. 12. 3. 8. 1. 2. light smoke by the corn farm and Hale Piilani

2010, 8, 31, 0, 0, 0. 810. 0700 0750 75. ENE NNW 3. 11. 3. 7. 0. 1.

2010, 9, 1, 0, 0, 0. 810. 0700 0815 88. ESE N E 1. 5. 4. 8. 0. 0. 0.

2010, 9, 2, 0, 0, 0. 810. 0710 0805 44.5 N E NNE 2. 7. 6. 12. 0. 0. 2. smoke present in Piilani Village Lihoa St., on Kihei Rd from Kihei HarborKamaoli Patk t o Azeka place

2010, 9, 3, 0, 0, 0. 101. 0715 0810 32. E ENE 4. 11. 6. 15. 2. 0. 1. light smoke on Baldwin Ave between Panini St and the post office

2010, 9, 9, 0, 0, 0. 101. 0645 0845 131.1 E 2. 7. 2. 2. 1. light smoke by Paia town t o Kuau Bay View, by Paia store, by Baldwin Park, Maui Country Club and Specklesville, on Baldwin Ave by mill t o post office, along Hana Hwy

2010, 9, 11, 0, 0, 0. 111. 0620 0710 56. ESE E 1. 7. 4. 10. 2. 2. 2. smoke crossing and alongBaldwin Ave just below Holomua Rd, by Skill Village Paia School Holy Rosary

2010, 9, 13, 0, 0, 0. 113. 0620 0650 16. E E 4. 11. 5. 12. 0. 1. 2. light smoke on Baldwin Ave by water tank and Paia School t o Skill Village, on Hana Hwy by Heliport side and in Kahului industrial

2010, 9, 14, 0, 0, 0. 113. 0600 0630 30. E E 7. 16. 6. 14. 2. 3. light smoke crossing Baldwin Ave just above school, on Baldwin Ave by Hpolomua Rd t o water tank, smoke by Union Church

2010, 9, 15, 0, 0, 0. 113. 0600 0645 47. E E 7. 15. 9. 18. 2. 2. 2. light smoke crossing Baldwin Ave just above school, present by Paia School Holy Rosary water tank, by Holomua Rd and by Skill Village

2010, 9, 16, 0, 0, 0. 111. 0600 0640 76.1 E E 7. 18. 10. 20. 3. 3. smoke on Baldwin Ave by Holomua Rd t o Union Church, by Rainbow park, light smoke along Dairy Rd t o Puunene

2010, 9, 17, 0, 0, 0. 113. 0610 0640 32.6 E E 4. 12. 6. 14. 2. 2. 2. smoke along and on Baldwin Ave by Rainbow Park

2010, 9, 17, 0, 0, 0. 501. 0410 0525 109. ENE N E 6. 18. 3. 8. 4. 3. 2. some smoke on Haleakala Hwy visibility fair crossing by bottom of F501

2010, 9, 18, 0, 0, 0. 814. 0630 0720 63. E N E 1. 4. 1. 3. 0. 2. light smoke crossing M okulele Hwy by F914

2010, 9, 18, 0, 0, 0. 501 2 0400 0525 57. E NNE 7. 18. 5. 11. 3. 2. 2. smoke on and crossing Haleakala Hwy by F501

2010, 9, 20, 0, 0, 0. 814. 0915 1005 31. N E N E 6. 17. 9. 21. 2. 2. 1. light smoke by Raceway Park, by Kealia Condos t o M okulele intersection

2010, 9, 21, 0, 0, 0. 814. 0625 0730 80. N E ENE 5. 11. 1. 4. 1. 1. 2. light smoke on M okulele Hwy, by Kealia Condos t o Maui Lu resort, bt Hale Piilani subdivision until Tesoro

2010, 9, 22, 0, 0, 0. 814. 0630 0800 113. ENE NNE 1. 3. 3. 7. 0. 0. 0.

2010, 9, 23, 0, 0, 0. 610. 0300 0350 46.4 ESE N E 1. 4. 1. 3. 2. 0. 1. smoke on Hana Hwy by field

2010, 9, 23, 0, 0, 0. 814. 0700 0800 65.4 ENE N E 1. 4. 2. 6. 2. 2. smoke on M okulele Hwy by F916 915 and by Kealia pond, by Hale Piilani

2010, 9, 24, 0, 0, 0. 300. 0400 0545 164. SE ENE 3. 7. 1. 3. 0. 0. 0.

2010, 9, 25, 0, 0, 0. 300. 0400 0520 81. SE ENE 1. 3. 2. 6. 2. 3. 2. light smoke on Halimaile Rd and Haleakala Hwy

2010, 9, 27, 0, 0, 0. 300. 0400 0445 65. SE ESE 2. 8. 2. 4. 2. 2. smoke on Hailimaile Rd and Haleakala Hwy

2010, 9, 28, 0, 0, 0. 300. 0400 0440 49. ESE N E 3. 9. 1. 3. 2. 3. 2. smoke on Halimaile Rd

2010, 9, 29, 0, 0, 0. 300. 0400 0445 44.7 ESE N E 3. 8. 1. 2. 2. 2. smoke crossing and along Hailimaile Rd

2010, 9, 29, 0, 0, 0. 100. 0630 0735 49. SE ESE 1. 3. 1. 4. 1. 0. 1.

2010, 9, 30, 0, 0, 0. 100. 0640 0755 87. ESE SSE 1. 3. 1. 4. 0. 0. 0.

2010, 10, 1, 0, 0, 0. 100. 0645 0815 110. E E 2. 7. 2. 5. 0. 1. 1.

2010, 10, 2, 0, 0, 0. 917. 0400 0700 115. NNE N E 4. 12. 2. 7. 2. 2. 2. smoke on M okulele Hwy by Piilani Hwy intersection, by Kealia Condos and Suda store and Kihei Village town homes

2010, 10, 4, 0, 0, 0. 917. 0400 0545 89.7 ESE ENE 1. 3. 1. 3. 2. 0. 1. light smoke crossing M okulele Hwy, by Kealia pond and condos

2010, 10, 5, 0, 0, 0. 507. 0400 0445 99. ESE N E 2. 15. 5. 15. 2. 1. light smoke on Haleakala Hwy

2010, 10, 6, 0, 0, 0. 507. 0520 0600 36. SE SSE 2. 6. 1. 5. 0. 2. light smoke in Sprecklesville

2010, 10, 6, 0, 0, 0. 507. 0400 0500 87. E N E 1. 5. 1. 3. 0. 0. 1.

2010, 10, 7, 0, 0, 0. 507. 0400 39.5 SE 1. 5. 0. 0. 1.

2010, 10, 7, 0, 0, 0. 304. 0455 0525 27. ESE SE 1. 4. 4. 7. 0. 0. 0.

2010, 10, 8, 0, 0, 0. 301. 0400 0530 85. SE ESE 1. 6. 1. 3. 0. 0. 0.

2010, 10, 9, 0, 0, 0. 301. 0400 0540 131. ESE ENE 2. 8. 1. 4. 0. 0. 0.

2010, 10, 11, 0, 0, 0. 301. 0400 0515 93. E 10. 18. 0. 0. 0.

2010, 10, 12, 0, 0, 0. 301. 0400 0435 41.2 E NNE 5. 15. 3. 9. 0. 2. 0. light smoke on Haleakala Hwy

2010, 10, 12, 0, 0, 0. 304. 0435 0600 48. ESE NNE 7. 17. 5. 12. 0. 0. 0.

2010, 10, 13, 0, 0, 0. 304. 0400 0450 63. ESE ENE 4. 12. 3. 9. 0. 0.

2010, 10, 14, 0, 0, 0. 304. 0400 0510 68. ESE 2. 7. 0. 3. 1. smoke on Haleakala Hwy

2010, 10, 15, 0, 0, 0. 304. 0400 0450 58.8 ESE E 2. 7. 5. 10. 3. 2. 2. smoke on and crossing Haleakala Hwy

2010, 10, 15, 0, 0, 0. 313. 0455 0545 66. E ENE 4. 10. 2. 8. 0.

2010, 10, 16, 0, 0, 0. 717. 0400 0440 20. NNE 6. 15. 0. 1. 2. light smoke along M okulele Hwy

2010, 10, 18, 0, 0, 0. 200. 0400 0520 131. ESE ESE 2. 8. 3. 9. 0. 1. 1.

2010, 10, 19, 0, 0, 0. 200. 0400 0520 92. ESE ENE 1. 4. 1. 3. 0. 1. 2. light smoke in Paia town and Skill Village and crossing Haleakala Hwy

2010, 10, 20, 0, 0, 0. 200. 0400 0525 124.6 N E N E 2. 8. 2. 6. 2. 0. 2. smoke on and crossing M okulele Hwy and by Central Base yard

2010, 10, 21, 0, 0, 0. 708. 0400 0520 63. N E E 1. 3. 1. 3. 1. 1.

2010, 10, 22, 0, 0, 0. 708. 0400 0455 50. ENE ENE 1. 4. 1. 5. 0. light smoke by Kealia pond

IMPROVE 

Monitoring 

Day of 

Interest

IMPROVE 

Monitoring 

Day of 

Interest
Review of VIEWS2.0 2009-2010 Organic and Elemental Carbon Data

Page | 32

Figure A-12: IMPROVE HALE1 correlations based on 2007-2008 monitoring data
Review of VIEWS2.0 2009-2010 Organic and Elemental Carbon Data

Page | 33

References

 

i

VIEWS2.0 Main Page & Local Air Quality Plots; http://views.cira.colostate.edu/web/

ii VIEWS2.0 Data Wizard; http://views.cira.colostate.edu/web/DataWizard/

iii Main, H.H, and Roberts, P.T , “PM2.5 Data Analysis Workbook (draft)”, Sonoma Technology, Inc, 

prepared for the U.S. Environmental Protection Agency, Office of Air Quality Planning and Standards, 

February 2001; http://www.sonomatechdata.com/sti_workbooks/Workbooks_PDF/PM_DA_WKBK/08-

Source_Apportionment.pdf

iv E.Nam, et.al., “Analysis of Particulate Matter Emissions from Light-Duty Gasoline Vehicles in Kansas 

City”, Environmental Protection Agency, EPA420-R-08-010, April 2008; 

http://www.epa.gov/otaq/emission-factors-research/420r08010.pd

v

Personal communications, B. Quayle, USDA Forest Service Remote Sensing Application Center.

vi MODIS Fire Detection GIS Data; 

http://activefiremaps.fs.fed.us/gisdata.php?sensor=modis&extent=hawaii

vii Personal communications, Lance De Silva, Hawaii Department of Land and Natural Resources, Division 

of Forestry & Wildlife; http://www.state.hi.us/dlnr/dofaw/fmp/firepersonnel.htm.

viii U.S. Census Bureau, State of Hawaii Census 2010: Census Tract Shapefiles (15001, 15003, 15007, 

15009); http://www2.census.gov/geo/pvs/tiger2010st/15_Hawaii/.

ix Personal communications, Tim Walker, Hawaiian Commercial and Sugar Company.

x Google Maps; http://maps.google.com/

xi Pearson product-moment correlation coefficient; http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pearson_productmoment_correlation_coefficient

xii Idaho Department of Environmental Quality, Regional Haze State Implementation Plan, “Appendix A: 

Regional Haze Definitions”; http://www.deq.idaho.gov/media/62136-regional_haze_sip_1010_appa.pdf

xiiiN.Frank, et.al., “Optical Measurements of PM2.5 Collected on Teflon Filters to Estimate Elemental 

Carbon”, US EPA / OAQPS, “For Presentation at A&WMA Conference, Xi’an China”, May 12, 2010; 

http://www.dri.edu/images/stories/editors/leapfrog/techprog/Ve_4_Frank.pdf