In the 

Missouri Court of Appeals 

Western District

MARILYN CARMACK,

Respondent,

v.

TRAVIS CARMACK AND TEMPLE 

I. BAXLEY,

Appellants.

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WD83184

OPINION FILED: June 23, 2020

Appeal from the Circuit Court of Chariton County, Missouri

The Honorable Terry A. Tschannen, Judge

Before Division One: Lisa White Hardwick, Presiding Judge, Cynthia L. Martin, Judge 

and Thomas N. Chapman, Judge

Travis Carmack and Temple Baxley ("Siblings") appeal the trial court's judgment 

("Judgment") in favor of Marilyn Carmack ("Wife") finding that Terry Carmack 

("Husband") designated Siblings as the primary beneficiary of Husband's Individual 

Retirement Account ("IRA") in fraud of Wife's marital rights under section 474.150.1.1 

 

1All statutory references are to RSMo 2016 as updated through the date of Husband's death on October 11, 

2018. Section 474.150 was amended effective August 28, 2018. However, the 2018 amendments to the statute, do 

not appear to have materially altered the statute's intended scope. Thus, even were we to apply the version of 

section 474.150 in effect at the time Husband altered the beneficiary designation on his IRA account in September 

2016, we would not reach a different result. 
2

Siblings argue the trial court erred because (1) the trial court's Judgment was not supported 

by substantial evidence, and (2) section 474.150.1 does not apply to IRAs. Finding no 

error, we affirm. 

Factual and Procedural Background2

After more than 20 years of marriage to Wife, Husband died on October 11, 2018. 

At the time of his death, Husband held an ownership interest in bank accounts, vehicles, 

and a house, with a collective value of $94,450. Husband also owned an IRA account at 

the time of his death with a balance of $386,031.40. 

When Husband opened the IRA account in 2002, he designated Wife as the primary 

beneficiary. Wife remained the primary beneficiary on the IRA account until September

2016, at which time the IRA had an approximate balance of $450,000. 

In 2016, Wife's health deteriorated. Among numerous other ailments, Wife suffered

from dementia. In August 2016, Wife was placed in a long-term care facility so that she 

could receive additional nursing care. On September 22, 2016, Husband removed Wife as 

the primary beneficiary on the IRA account, and instead designated Siblings as the primary 

beneficiaries.3 Around that same time, Husband asked Wife's daughter to file an 

application for Medicaid to assist with paying for Wife's health care at the long-term care 

facility. Eventually, Wife left the long-term care facility and returned home, where she 

 

2

"We view the evidence and the reasonable inferences that may be drawn therefrom in the light most 

favorable to the judgment, disregarding evidence and inferences to the contrary." Pearson v. AVO General Services, 

LLC, 520 S.W.3d 496, 502 (Mo. App. W.D. 2017) (quotation omitted).

3

In addition to Siblings, Husband also designated Wife's daughter as a primary beneficiary, but 

subsequently removed Wife's daughter as a beneficiary in December 2016, leaving only Siblings as the remaining 

primary beneficiaries. 
3

resided with Husband until his death in 2018. Husband did not thereafter change the 

beneficiary designated on his IRA account. 

After Husband's death, Wife filed a petition requesting the trial court to find that the 

change in the beneficiary designation on Husband's IRA account was "a gift in fraud of 

marital rights" pursuant to section 474.150.1. After a trial to the court, the trial court 

entered its Judgment, including findings of facts and conclusions of law, in favor of Wife. 

The Judgment found that Husband's designation of Siblings as primary beneficiaries on the 

IRA account was intended to be a "gift in fraud of [Wife's] marital rights" pursuant to 

section 474.150.1.

Siblings filed this timely appeal. Additional facts will be discussed as relevant. 

Standard of Review

In a bench-tried case, we affirm the judgment of the trial court "unless it misapplied 

or erroneously declared the law, or the judgment is not supported by substantial evidence, 

or the judgment is against the weight of the evidence." JAS Apartments, Inc. v. Naji, 354 

S.W.3d 175, 182 (Mo. banc 2011) (citing Murphy v. Carron, 536 S.W.2d 30, 32 (Mo. banc 

1976)); see also Rule 84.13(d). When reviewing whether substantial evidence supported 

a judgment, "we accept as true the evidence and reasonable inferences therefrom in favor 

of the prevailing party and disregard the contrary evidence." Burris v. Mercer County, 252 

S.W.3d 199, 201 (Mo. App. W.D. 2008). "We defer to the credibility determinations of 

the trial court." Id. We review questions of law de novo to determine whether the trial 

court misapplied the law. JAS Apartments, Inc., 354 S.W.3d at 182. 
4

Analysis

Siblings raise two points on appeal. The first point asserts that the trial court erred 

because there "was no competent evidence [Husband] made a gift with an intent to defraud 

[Wife] of her marital right to share in [Husband's] estate" as the court relied on facts "not 

in evidence" and "considered facts not applicable" to an IRA. Siblings' second point asserts 

that the trial court erred as a matter of law by applying section 474.150.1 to Husband's IRA. 

We address the points out of order, because we must first determine whether section 

474.150.1 applies to IRA accounts before determining whether the trial court's application 

of the statute to Husband's IRA was supported by substantial evidence.

Point Two

Siblings assert that section 474.150.1 does not apply to Husband's IRA account 

because the beneficiary designation resulted in a nonprobate transfer such that the IRA was 

not part of Husband's estate, and section 474.150.1 only permits recovery of assets in a 

decedent spouse's estate. We disagree. 

Section 474.150.1 provides:

Any gift made by a married person, whether dying testate or intestate, in 

fraud of the marital rights of the surviving spouse to whom the decedent was 

married at the time of such gift and who may share in the decedent's estate, 

shall, at the election of such surviving spouse, be treated as a testamentary 

disposition and may be recovered from the donee and persons taking from 

the decedent without adequate consideration and applied to the payment of 

the spouse's share, as in case of his or her election to take against the will. 

Section 474.150.1 codified the common-law rule against transfers of assets "in fraud of the 

marital rights." Nelson v. Nelson, 512 S.W.2d 455, 459 (Mo. App. K.C. 1974) (The 
5

adoption of the phrase "in fraud of the marital rights" in section 474.150.1 "was intended 

to adopt the meaning of that term as it existed at common law"). 

At common law, "fraud of the marital rights" was recognized as a unique type of

fraud. See Potter v. Winter, 280 S.W.2d 27, 35 (Mo. 1955); see also Estate of Bernskoetter, 

693 S.W.2d 249, 253 (Mo. App. W.D. 1985) (discussing fraud of the marital rights as 

"different than an action of fraud between two parties dealing at arm's length" because it 

imposes a greater duty of candor between spouses in a confidential relationship). Fraud of 

the marital rights was viewed at common law as a claim in equity brought by a surviving 

spouse to defeat a conveyance or transfer of property by a decedent spouse made "without 

consideration and with the intent and purpose to defeat [the surviving spouse's] marital 

rights in [decedent's] property." Merz v. Tower Grove Bank & Trust Co., 130 S.W.2d 611, 

617 (Mo. 1939). If established, the equitable claim would result in the fraudulent 

conveyance being set aside, and in the fraudulently conveyed property being recovered by 

the surviving spouse to the extent of the surviving spouse's interest therein. Id. The central 

inquiry was whether the decedent spouse conveyed or transferred property "with the intent 

and purpose to defeat" the surviving spouse's marital rights. Potter, 280 S.W.2d at 35-36 

(emphasis original). The form of the instrument or device used to transfer or convey the 

property was immaterial. See Merz, 130 S.W.2d at 617 (discussing that "the form of the 

instrument or the device resorted to is wholly immaterial, when the intent to defeat the 

widow's marital rights is made apparent to the chancellor"). 

Following enactment of section 474.150.1, and consistent with the common law, 

our courts have consistently applied the statute to any asset in which the surviving spouse
6

had a marital right or interest that could have been recovered in the decedent spouse's estate 

but for a conveyance or transfer during the marriage. See Nelson, 512 S.W.2d at 459 (joint 

bank account held by decedent and third party); Bernskoetter, 693 S.W.2d at 252 (joint 

bank accounts held by decedent and third party); Matter of LaGarce's Estate, 532 S.W.2d 

511, 517 (Mo. App. S.L. 1975) (saving's certificate); In Estate of McKenna, 500 S.W.3d 

850, 855-57 (Mo. App. E.D. 2016) (trust); Hathman v. Waters, 586 S.W.2d 376, 385-6 

(Mo. App. W.D. 1979) (corporate stock transferred by third-party contract). Application 

of section 474.150 in each of these cases was not susceptible to differentiation based on 

the form or nature of the asset transferred. Instead, application of the statute focused solely 

on whether the asset was transferred with the intent and purpose to defeat the surviving 

spouse's marital rights. See McKenna, 500 S.W.3d at 856. 

Despite consistent application of section 474.150.1 to transferred assets regardless 

their form or nature, Siblings maintain that IRA accounts are not subject to recovery by a 

surviving spouse because IRA accounts designate a beneficiary and are thus excluded from

a decedent's estate under the Nonprobate Transfers Law of Missouri ("Nonprobate 

Transfers Law"). Siblings' argument is unavailing. 

Under the Nonprobate Transfers Law, a "nonprobate transfer" is "a transfer of 

property taking effect upon the death of the owner, pursuant to a beneficiary designation." 

Section 461.005(7). The effect of the beneficiary designation is that "on death of the 

owner, property passes by operation of law to the beneficiary." Section 461.031.3; see also 

section 461.021. A beneficiary designation may be "revoked or changed in whole or in 

part during the lifetime of the owner." Section 461.033.1. 
7

The plain language of section 474.150.1 does not differentiate between the transfer

of an asset that is completed during a spouse's lifetime, and the transfer of an asset 

facilitated during a spouse's lifetime with a beneficiary designation that takes effect by 

operation of law on the spouse's death. Instead, the plain language of section 474.150.1

expresses the legislature intended to ensure that a surviving spouse can recover the marital 

interest in any asset transferred by a decedent spouse during the marriage, so long as the 

transferred asset would otherwise have been a part of the decedent spouse's testate or 

intestate estate, thus complementing the surviving spouse's right to elect to take against a 

will. See section 474.150.1 (stating that the statute applies regardless whether a spouse 

dies testate or intestate to permit recovery against fraudulently transferred assets "as in 

[the] case of [the surviving spouse's] election to take against the will"). As a result, it is 

immaterial that transfer of an asset occurs by virtue of a revocable beneficiary designation 

that does not take effect until a spouse's death. All that is immaterial to whether the 

transferring spouse had the intent and purpose to deprive the surviving spouse of a marital 

interest in the property. Stated another way, compliance with the statutory requirements 

of the Nonprobate Transfers Law does not remove property from the ambit of section 

474.150.1.

4 See, e.g. Nelson, 512 S.W.2d at 459-60 (discussing how a transfer in the form 

of a joint bank account that complied with statutory requirements was no less recoverable 

 

4

In fact, the Nonprobate Transfers Law is subject to its own fraud exception set forth in section 461.054.1, 

which provides that "a beneficiary designation or a revocation of a beneficiary designation that is procured by fraud 

. . . is void." The plain language of this section is broader than section 474.150.1, which is limited to transfers of 

property that are in fraud of marital rights. However, the fact that section 461.054.1 contemplates the revocation of 

fraudulently procured beneficiary designations is certainly consistent with recognizing that transfers otherwise 

compliant with the statutory requirements of the Nonprobate Transfers Law remain subject to recovery under section 

474.150.1. 
8

under section 474.150.1 when evidence of fraud of the marital rights existed); see also In 

re Lowe's Estate, 519 S.W.2d 373, 377-78 (Mo. App. Spring. 1975). If "gifts or transfers 

otherwise recoverable under section 474.150.1 . . . became nonrecoverable by the simple 

expedient" of their form or device, "the salutary purposes of [] [section 474.150.1] would 

be thwarted." In re Lowe's Estate, 519 S.W.2d at 377 (discussing joint bank accounts). 

"Fraud is not entitled to such a sanctuary." Id. at 377-78.

Siblings rely on Bishop v. Eckhard, 607 S.W.2d 716 (Mo. App. E.D. 1980) for the 

proposition that unless an asset is a part of a decedent's estate at the time of the decedent's 

death, the asset cannot be recovered by a surviving spouse under section 474.150.1. 

Siblings read Bishop too broadly. In Bishop, a husband died while dissolution proceedings 

with wife were pending. 607 S.W.2d at 717. Prior to his death, husband's employer 

provided husband with life insurance benefits, a retirement annuity, and a lump sum 

payment on death for his accumulated contributions to the retirement plan. Id. Husband 

changed the beneficiary for all three of these retirement and life insurance benefits to his 

daughter while the dissolution proceedings with wife were pending. Id. After husband 

died, wife challenged all three "transfers" under section 474.150.1. Id.

With respect to the life insurance policy, the court found that "[t]he proceeds of an 

insurance policy do not belong to the insured's estate," and that as a result, section 

474.150.1 did not apply to the policy. Id. Siblings seize on this language, and reason that 

nonprobate transfers do not belong to a decedent spouse's estate, and thus are not subject 

to section 474.150.1, because they involve property that passes by operation at law at the 

time of death. But if Bishop were read so broadly, then section 474.150.1 would be 
9

rendered meaningless, as it would not apply to any transferred asset, as the act of transfer 

(whether during the decedent spouse's lifetime or by operation of law at the time of death)

operates to remove the asset from the decedent spouse's estate. We will not construe a 

statute in a manner that renders it meaningless. American Civil Liberties Union of Missouri 

v. Ashcroft, 577 S.W.3d 881, 892 (Mo. App. W.D. 2019).

Instead, Bishop's reference to whether the proceeds of a life insurance policy belong

to a decedent's estate as to permit recovery pursuant to section 474.150.1 refers to the 

simple fact that by their nature, most life insurance policies could never be a part of the 

owner's estate. Life insurance policies are contracts designed to provide future benefits to 

a named third party. Bishop, 607 S.W.2d at 718. Life insurance policies establish an 

expectancy at best, such that the naming of a beneficiary is not the conveyance or transfer 

of property of value to the transferring spouse during his or her lifetime, or of a property 

asset in which the surviving spouse has a marital interest that could be recovered in the 

decedent spouse's estate. See, e.g., Lindsey v. Lindsey, 492 A.2d 396, 399 (Pa. Super. 1985) 

(holding that a spouse's interest in a life insurance policy, including one with a cash 

surrender value, is "nothing more than an expectancy" in the policy proceeds, so that "a 

change in a beneficiary designation in a life insurance policy is not a conveyance or 

disposal of a marital asset").

Bishop also concluded that amounts husband's employer withdrew from husband's 

compensation to contribute to employer's retirement annuity were not a "part of the 

decedent's estate." Id. at 718. It was influential to the court that husband had no right to 

his retirement annuity (including his accumulated involuntary contributions to the plan) 
10

except upon his termination or retirement. Id. The annuity, including husband's 

accumulated contributions to the annuity, was thus not a part of, and could never be a part 

of, husband's estate.5 Id. Though the employer permitted husband to name a beneficiary 

who could recover his accumulated contributions should he die before retirement or 

termination, Bishop characterized this "arrangement" as a third-party donee contract, 

analogous to a life insurance policy. Id. Thus, section 474.150.1 was not applicable to the 

accumulated contributions.

Bishop did not hold that any property that is not a part of a decedent spouse's estate 

is excluded from the ambit of section 474.150.1. Instead, Bishop merely recognized that

section 474.150.1 does not apply to property merely because it is subject to a beneficiary 

designation. Rather, section 474.150.1 only applies to property that a surviving spouse 

could have claimed a marital interest in had the property been a part of the decedent 

spouse's estate. Thus, the question to be asked is whether property "transferred" by a 

beneficiary designation is of a nature that it would have been a part of the decedent spouse's 

estate in the absence of a beneficiary designation. If yes, then the property is subject to 

recovery pursuant to section 474.150.1 because the surviving spouse would have had a 

marital right or interest in the property as a part of the decedent spouse's estate. If no, then 

the property is not subject to recovery pursuant to section 474.150.1 because fraud in the 

marital rights only applies to property in which a surviving spouse had a marital right that 

he or she could have shared in as a part of the decedent spouse's estate. See section 

 

5The court recognized, however, that wife was entitled to the monthly annuity payments from the 

retirement plan because the plan prohibited husband from changing the beneficiary. Bishop, 607 S.W.2d at 717, 

note 1. 
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474.150.1 ("Any gift made by a married person . . . in fraud of the marital rights of a 

surviving spouse . . . who may share in the decedent's estate, shall, at the election of such 

surviving spouse, be treated as a testamentary disposition . . . ."). 

Plainly, IRA accounts constitute property that would be a part of a decedent spouse's 

estate but for a beneficiary designation.6 An IRA account is thus an asset in which a 

surviving spouse has a marital right or interest that he or she could have shared in as a part 

of the decedent spouse's estate. As a result, a change in the beneficiary designation on an 

IRA will permit recovery of the property pursuant to section 474.150.1 if it is established 

that the decedent spouse changed the beneficiary designation with the intent and purpose 

to defeat the surviving spouse's marital rights. 

The trial court did not err in construing section 474.150.1 to apply to Husband's IRA

account.

Point One

Having determined that section 474.150.1 applies to IRA accounts, we turn to 

Siblings' first point on appeal. Siblings' first point asserts that the trial court erred in 

entering Judgment in favor of Wife because there was "insufficient evidence" that the 

beneficiary designation was made in fraud of the marital rights. Siblings contend that there 

was "no competent evidence" that Husband "made a gift with an intent to defraud" Wife 

 

6Under federal law, an IRA is tantamount to a trust. See 26 U.S.C. section 408(a) ("For purposes of this 

section, the term 'individual retirement account' means a trust created or organized in the United States for the 

exclusive benefit of an individual or his beneficiaries[.]") (emphasis added). Trust assets are recoverable under a 

claim they were transferred in fraud of the marital rights. See Merz ̧130 S.W.2d at 617-18. Other jurisdictions have 

held similarly. See, e.g., In re Estate of Wellshear, 142 P.3d 994, 997-98 (Okla. Civ. App. 2006) (reasoning under 

similar fraud of marital right rule that an IRA may be recoverable by a surviving spouse's claim of fraud against the 

marital rights when surviving spouse established value of the marital share of contributions).
12

and that the trial court erroneously "relied on facts not in evidence and considered facts not 

applicable to an [IRA]." Under our standard of review, the essence of Siblings' point on 

appeal is that the Judgment is not supported by substantial evidence.7

"Substantial evidence is evidence that, if believed, has some probative force on each 

fact that is necessary to sustain the [trial court's] judgment." Ivie v. Smith, 439 S.W.3d 189, 

199 (Mo. banc 2014). "Evidence has probative force if it has any tendency to make a 

material fact more or less likely." Id. To succeed on a substantial-evidence challenge, 

Siblings must show "that there is no evidence in the record tending to prove a fact that is 

necessary to sustain the [trial court's] judgment as a matter of law." Id. at 200. 

As already discussed, a finding of fraud of the marital rights must be supported by 

substantial evidence that the spouse gave away property "without consideration with the 

intent and purpose of defeating the marital rights of the other spouse." Nelson, 512 S.W.2d 

at 459 (emphasis added); see also Bernskoetter, 693 S.W.2d at 252. "Whether a transfer 

 

7Siblings' brief fails to comply with Rule 84.04 briefing requirements. Rule 84.04(e) provides that "[f]or 

each claim of error, the argument shall . . . include a concise statement describing whether the error was preserved 

for appellate review; if so, how it was preserved; and the applicable standard of review." Both of Siblings points on 

appeal do not comply with Rule 84.04(e) and wholly forego any discussion of preservation. We remind appellants 

that while it is true that Rule 78.07(b) provides that "[e]xcept as otherwise provided in Rule 78.07(c), in cases tried 

without a jury . . . neither a motion for new trial nor a motion to amend the judgment or opinion is necessary to 

preserve any matter for appellate review if the matter was previously presented to the trial court," this does not 

obviate an appealing party's responsibility to comply with the requirements under Rule 84.04(e). 

Moreover, as Rule 78.07(b) clearly states, in order for a matter to be preserved for our review, it must have 

been presented to the trial court. Siblings devote a significant portion of their first point on appeal to arguing that a 

beneficiary designation is not a "gift" under section 474.150.1. Our review of the record reveals that this argument 

was never presented to the trial court, and thus is not preserved for our review. Nonetheless, even if this argument 

had been preserved -- which it has not been -- our courts have already held that the focus of section 474.150.1 is not 

whether the asset was transferred as a common law "gift," but instead, the focus is the intent and purpose of the 

transferor spouse to defraud the surviving spouse's marital rights. See Nelson, 512 S.W.2d at 459; see also In re 

LaGarce's Estate, 487 S.W.2d 493, 500 (Mo. banc 1972) (discussing that the "strict" common-law requirements of a 

gift are dispensed with, under the statutes for joint bank accounts, for purposes of accomplishing testamentary 

disposition) and Matter of LaGarce's Estate, 532 S.W.2d 511, 517-18 (holding that transfer of assets held in joint 

tenancy with third party were in fraud of marital rights); In re Lowe's Estate, 519 S.W.2d at 377 ("[Section] 

474.150.1 uses the word 'gift' and it might be argued that since [decedent] retained some control over the [joint 

account assets], there was no gift. This argument is unsound.") 
13

was made in fraud of the surviving spouse's marital rights is determined by the facts and 

circumstances that existed at the time of the transfer." McKenna, 500 S.W.3d at 856. 

The court found that throughout the lengthy duration of the couple's marriage, Wife 

had always been designated the primary beneficiary for the IRA, despite four changes to 

the contingent beneficiary designations. The trial court found that it was not until 2016, 

after Wife had entered a long-term nursing care facility, that Husband removed Wife as the 

primary beneficiary on his IRA. The trial court found that at about that same time, Husband 

instructed Wife's daughter to file a petition in an effort to qualify Wife for Medicaid 

assistance. The trial court concluded that Husband's "intent was to render [Wife] destitute 

in an ill-conceived effort to make the state and federal governments pay for his wife's care 

instead of him or his children." 

Siblings do not challenge these factual findings. They provide substantial, direct,

evidence to support the trial court's conclusion that Husband's change in the beneficiary 

designation on his IRA account was made with the intent and purpose of defeating Wife's

marital rights in the IRA account.

8

 

In addition to this direct evidence, other evidence circumstantially supported the 

trial court's conclusion. Nelson, 512 S.W.2d at 459-61, identifies several factors that are 

relevant to determining whether a transferring spouse had the intent and purpose to defeat 

 

8We recognize that Husband may well have been motivated by asset protection strategies that can, if 

properly employed, protect all or a portion of jointly held assets from "spend down" requirements associated with 

securing eligibility for a spouse to receive Medicaid or other similar benefits. Though there is nothing inherently 

evil or nefarious about this motivation, proof of an evil motive is not required to establish "fraud in transfer of the 

marital rights" pursuant to section 474.150.1. So long as one spouse's transfer of property was for the intent and 

purpose of defeating the other spouse marital rights in the property, section 474.150.1 may be applied to recover the 

transferred property to the extent of the surviving spouse's interest in the property. 
14

the other spouse's marital rights, including: (1) whether the transfer lacked consideration; 

(2) whether transferor-spouse retained control over the asset in question; (3) whether the 

amount of the transfer is disproportionate compared to the value of the transferor-spouse's 

total estate; and (4) whether the transferor-spouse made the transfer openly and with frank 

disclosure. See also McKenna, 500 S.W.3d at 856.9 However, "it is not essential in an 

action under section 474.150 that every indicator discussed in Nelson be proven to sustain 

a finding of fraudulent intent." Matter of Estate of Froman, 803 S.W.2d 176, 179 (Mo. 

App. S.D. 1991). Rather, these "indicators" or badges of fraud "serve as 'guidelines' to a 

court faced with determining the intent of a deceased person." Id.

Whether the transfer lacked consideration

Siblings acknowledge that neither gave Husband anything in consideration for the 

change in beneficiary designation in their favor, and that the financial advisor overseeing 

Husband's IRA testified that no payment was made in consideration of the change in 

beneficiary designation. The trial court found that "the credible evidence . . . demonstrates 

that [Siblings] gave no consideration of any kind in exchange for their acquisition of 

[Husband's] IRA. Neither [sibling] contributed any money to the fund or gave any money 

to [Husband] in exchange for the [beneficiary] designation."

 

9Other factors may also be considered, including "a showing of contemplation of imminent death by the 

transferor-spouse." Nelson, 512 S.W.2d at 463. And while not relevant here, in circumstances where a spouse dies 

while separated from the surviving spouse or amid dissolution proceedings, our courts have also considered factors 

including, "the timing of the transfers in relation to the decedent's separation from his surviving spouse; whether, 

around the time of the transfers, the decedent place jointly-held assets beyond [the surviving spouse's] control; and 

the effects of the transfers on the reasonable expectations of the surviving spouse." McKenna, 500 S.W.3d at 856 

(discussing In Matter LaGarce, 532 S.W.2d at 516-17). 
15

Siblings argue that the lack of consideration is irrelevant to the designation of 

beneficiaries when considering fraudulent intent.

10

 Nelson instructs otherwise.11 The trial 

court's conclusion that Husband received no consideration for the change in beneficiary 

designation favoring Siblings is supported by substantial evidence. 

Whether transferor-spouse retained control over the asset in question

Siblings do not contend that there was no evidentiary support for a finding that 

Husband retained control over the IRA after his change in the beneficiary designation, and 

instead contend that retention of control over the IRA was irrelevant. Nelson instructs

otherwise. Siblings testified that Husband retained control of the IRA during the remainder 

of his life and the trial court found accordingly, reasoning that retention of control over the 

IRA was a material factor favoring a finding of fraudulent intent. The trial court's findings 

and conclusions with respect to this factor were supported by substantial evidence. 

Whether the amount of the transfer is disproportionate compared to the value of 

the transferor-spouse's total estate

Siblings contend that the trial court's calculations of Husband's total estate at the 

time of the change in the IRA beneficiary designation were erroneous because Wife "would 

 

10Siblings contend that lack of consideration is irrelevant to the transfer because Husband only designated 

beneficiaries thus "no present interest was transferred." Alternatively, Siblings assert that if there was a transfer, "it 

is the relationship of the decedent and the named beneficiaries that accounts for the consideration to be named as a 

beneficiary." Siblings fail to cite any legal authority for their contentions. 

11Under the common law, the lack of consideration was indicative of fraud because it evidenced that a gift 

occurred and there were no otherwise enforceable agreement governing the transfer of assets, as the consideration 

would in theory enlarge the surviving spouse's inheritable estate. See Lusse v. Lusse, 120 S.W. 114, 115-16 (Mo. 

App. S.L. 1909) (holding that a property transferred to a son for "adequate consideration" was not in fraud of the 

surviving spouse's marital rights). Since the adoption of section 474.150.1, our courts have continued to regard a 

lack of consideration paid by the benefitting party to a transferor spouse as indicative of transferor spouse's intent to 

defraud surviving spouse of marital rights. See e.g., Bernskoetter, 693 S.W.2d at 252; Nelson, 512 S.W.2d at 459; 

Matter of LaGarce's Estate, 532 S.W.2d at 515; In re Lowe's Estate, 519 S.W.2d at 377. 
16

have received a fair share of [Husband's] augmented estate and the size of the alleged 

transfer would not have been disproportionate to the entire estate." [Appellant's Br., p. 24]. 

To determine whether the amount of the transfer was disproportionate compared to 

the Husband's total estate, it is "necessary to examine the whole of [Husband's] estate at 

the time" the change in the beneficiary designation occurred on September 22, 2016. 

Nelson, 512 S.W.2d at 460. To determine the value of Husband's total estate at the time of 

this change, the trial court primarily relied on Siblings' Exhibit D, Petition For 

Appointment of Co-Guardians and Co-Conservators, which was filed by Wife's daughter 

in March 2017 when Wife's daughter and son from a previous marriage sought appointment 

as co-guardians and co-conservators of Wife and her finances. The trial court found that 

the value of the estate in March 2017 was a "fair market value" of the same assets on 

September 22, 2016, and concluded from defendant Siblings' Exhibit D that the total estate

that Wife stood to take at the time of the change in the IRA beneficiary designation was 

$51,569.

12

 The trial court found that the value of the IRA on September 22, 2016 was 

approximately $450,000, based on the testimony of the financial advisor overseeing the 

 

12The trial court computed this sum in a manner consistent with the trial court in Nelson, where the court 

discounted marital assets by one-half under the rationale that "one-half of [] jointly held property represented the 

wife's own property and therefore was not taken by the wife simply by survivorship." 512 S.W.2d at 462-63. Here, 

the marital home and bank accounts consisted of the estate's jointly-held property, while the vehicles were deemed 

titled solely to Husband. In calculating the total value of Husband's estate, excluding the IRA, the trial court applied 

a similar approach as in Nelson and discounted jointly-held property by half its value, while attributing the full value 

to Husband's separately-titled vehicles. To the extent that Siblings contend this approach was erroneous, the claim 

exceeds the scope of the point relied on, and thus is not preserved for our review. See The Schumacher Group, Ltd 

v. Schumacher, 474 S.W.3d 615, 624 n. 11 (Mo. App. W.D. 2015). 

Nonetheless, even if we were to forego the Nelson approach of calculating the Wife's share of the estate at 

the time of the beneficiary designation by discounting marital property by one-half, and include the undiscounted 

value of the estate at $94,450, as well as $42,300 in term life insurance proceeds, which Siblings additionally 

contend were erroneously excluded from the calculation of Wife's share, the transfer would still be disproportionate. 
17

IRA assets. The trial court concluded the transfer on September 22, 2016 was 

disproportionate. These findings and conclusions were supported by substantial evidence. 

Whether the transferor-spouse made the transfer openly and with frank 

disclosure

Siblings contend that no evidence supports the trial court's conclusion that Husband 

made the beneficiary designation without open and frank disclosure with Wife. Siblings 

assert that no evidence to this effect was adduced because Wife was unable to testify due 

to her dementia.

There was substantial evidence to support a finding that the beneficiary designation 

was made without frank disclosure or openness with Wife despite the fact that Wife did 

not testify. The trial court found that Husband "made [the] beneficiary designation without 

any disclosure to [Wife]." The trial court's finding was supported by the testimony of the 

financial advisor overseeing the IRA's assets, who testified that Husband was not 

accompanied by Wife at the time of any of his beneficiary designations. Other testimony 

established that at the time of the relevant beneficiary designation, Wife was living at a 

long-term care facility. Additionally, testimony established that Wife, while living in the 

long-term care facility, continued to believe she was the primary beneficiary on the IRA. 

Testimony also established that Wife was under the impression that the IRA was intended 

to pay for the couple's care as they aged. Substantial evidence supported the trial court's 

conclusion that Husband changed the beneficiary designation on his IRA account without 

frank discussion with or disclosure to Wife. 
18

In sum, under each Nelson factor, substantial circumstantial evidence supports the 

inference that that Husband intended to defeat Wife's marital rights in the IRA account 

when he changed his beneficiary designation. Coupled with direct evidence that Husband 

changed the beneficiary on his IRA account in an effort to secure government assistance 

to pay for Wife's long-term care facility expenses, there is no question that substantial 

evidence supports the trial court's conclusion that Husband's purpose and intent was in 

fraud of the marital rights pursuant to section 474.150.1. 

Point One is denied.

Conclusion

The trial court's Judgment is affirmed. 

__________________________________

Cynthia L. Martin, Judge

All concur