IN THE COURT OF APPEALS OF IOWA

No. 24-0055

Filed September 4, 2024

IN RE THE MARRIAGE OF STEVEN PAUL RICHARD AWE

AND MICHAELA ANN AWE, n/k/a MICHAELA ANN HALE

Upon the Petition of

STEVEN PAUL RICHARD AWE,

Petitioner-Appellee,

And Concerning

MICHAELA ANN AWE, n/k/a MICHAELA ANN HALE,

Respondent-Appellant.

________________________________________________________________

Appeal from the Iowa District Court for Hardin County, James C. Ellefson, 

Judge.

A mother appeals the district court’s order modifying the physical-care 

provisions of a dissolution decree. AFFIRMED.

Sonia M. Elossais of Carr Law Firm, P.L.C., Des Moines, for appellant.

Steven Awe, Iowa Falls, self-represented appellee.

Considered by Badding, P.J., Langholz, J., and Vogel, S.J.*

*Senior judge assigned by order pursuant to Iowa Code section 602.9206 

(2024).
2

LANGHOLZ, Judge.

Michaela Hale1 appeals an order modifying the decree dissolving her 

marriage with Steven Awe by placing their children in his—rather than her—

physical care. Hale argues that Awe failed to show a substantial change in 

circumstances or that modifying the children’s physical-care placement is in the 

children’s best interests. 

But on our de novo review, giving the district court’s fact findings due 

deference, we conclude that Awe has met his heavy burden to show that 

modification is warranted. Hale’s 300-mile move to Missouri is a substantial 

change in circumstances. And given Hale’s repeated actions to impair the 

children’s relationships with Awe and Awe’s more stable home environment, 

placing the children in Awe’s physical care rather than Hale’s is in the children’s 

best interests. We thus affirm the district court’s modification order.

I.

Awe and Hale were married for six years and share a daughter and son, 

who are both under the age of ten. When the parties divorced in May 2021, the 

district court granted them joint legal custody of their children and placed the 

children in Hale’s physical care. At the time, Hale was living in Estherville and Awe 

was living in Iowa Falls. In the summer of 2021, Hale moved with the children to 

Kirksville, Missouri—around 300 miles away—to pursue a new relationship. Hale 

did not notify Awe of the move. Instead, she lied to him and told him they were at 

1

In the district court, Hale used other last names. But on appeal, she and Awe 

both state that Hale is her current last name and consistently refer to her by that 

name. We thus do the same. 
3

her vacation home. About a year later, while still living in Kirksville, Hale began a 

job that required her to be in Sigourney, Iowa for several months. And even though 

it was a two-hour commute each way, she enrolled the children in the Sigourney 

schools for this time. Again, she did not inform Awe.

Awe eventually learned from another source that the children were 

attending Sigourney schools and that their school had scheduled an October 2022 

meeting to discuss the youngest child’s individual education plan. Awe decided to 

attend the meeting. But when Hale arrived and saw Awe waiting for the meeting, 

she fled with the children and refused to attend. The same day, Hale petitioned

for relief from domestic abuse, alleging among other things that Awe had carried 

“a gun in to the school [and] the [principal] did not care!” And the court eventually 

canceled the protective order issued in response to that petition about a month 

later without a hearing.

Two weeks after the school incident, Awe filed a modification petition, 

seeking to place the children in his physical care. And the district court held a oneday trial, at which both parties represented themselves, about a year later.

At trial—in addition to the conduct described above—Awe showed that Hale 

repeatedly withheld visitation. That included a two-month period that prevented 

the children from attending Awe’s wedding to his new wife as had been stipulated 

by the parties. And despite the distance between the parties, Hale refused to avoid 

scheduling medical appointments during Awe’s visitation or to adjust the visitation 

schedule when one of the children was sick. Indeed, she once made unfounded 

allegations of neglect—and then she and her new fiancé made repeated threats 

against the child-welfare investigator—when Awe tried to schedule a follow-up 
4

medical appointment with their child’s original Iowa doctor rather than a Missouri 

doctor with whom she kept scheduling appointments during Awe’s visitation.

Awe also showed that his home environment was more stable. Awe’s new 

wife is a calming, positive influence on the household, who “demand[s] good 

conduct from him.” By comparison, Hale’s new fiancé—also the father of Hale’s 

youngest child—repeatedly showed himself “to be contentious and hot-headed” 

and negatively influencing Hale and the children’s relationship with Awe.2 Photos 

showed contrasting living conditions—with “filth, poor housekeeping and 

inappropriate care of pets” at Hale’s home and appropriate conditions at Awe’s. 

And the children were repeatedly sent to school and Awe’s visitations in dirty 

clothes. Indeed, their daughter was at least twice sent to the nurse’s office at 

school to change her clothes because of their lack of cleanliness or odor.

In a detailed and thoughtful decision, the district court agreed with Awe and 

modified the decree to place the children in his physical care. The court found that 

both parties had “credibility issues.” So it “proceed[ed] cautiously in its fact finding 

and attempt[ed] to rely on facts that are undisputed or that find significant 

corroboration in the record.” Still, the court found that Hale’s 300-mile relocation 

from Estherville to Kirksville, Missouri was a substantial change in circumstances. 

And it found that modifying the children’s placement would be in the children’s best 

interests. The court explained, “while not blameless in the parties’ interactions, 

[Awe] has demonstrated a commitment to and an ability to minister more effectively 

to the children’s well-being.” And it reasoned that Hale, in contrast, has shown “an 

2 While it seems Hale and her fiancé may now be married, we base our facts on 

the evidence in the record at the time of the modification trial.
5

ongoing commitment to impairing the relationship between the children and their 

father, assisted by her current [fiancé]” and a “commitment to putting her wants 

and needs over the children’s well-being.” Hale now appeals.

II.

We review a district court’s decision to modify the physical-care provisions 

of a dissolution decree de novo. Thorpe v. Hostetler, 949 N.W.2d 1, 4 (Iowa Ct. 

App. 2020); see also Iowa R. App. P. 6.907. We give the district court’s fact 

findings “weight and defer especially where the credibility of witnesses is a factor 

in the outcome.” Hora v. Hora, 5 N.W.3d 635, 645 (Iowa 2024) (cleaned up). This 

is because “the district court has a front-row seat to the live testimony, viewing the 

demeanor of both the witness as she testifies and the parties while they listen, 

whereas our review is limited to reading black words on a white page of a sterile 

transcript.” Id. And we recognize that this advantage “greatly help[s]” the district 

court “in making a wise decision about the parties” and their children. In re 

Marriage of Vrban, 359 N.W.2d 420, 423 (Iowa 1984) (cleaned up). 

To alter a physical-care provision in a dissolution decree from one parent to 

another, a party must first prove by a preponderance of the evidence there has 

been a substantial change in circumstances after the entry of the decree. In re 

Marriage of Frederici, 338 N.W.2d 156, 158 (Iowa 1983). The change must be 

more or less permanent, not originally contemplated by the court, and affect the 

best interests of the children. Id. A parent who proves a substantial change in 

circumstances must then prove “an ability to minister more effectively to the 

children’s well being.” Id. This is a “heavy burden” because “once custody of 

children has been fixed it should be disturbed only for the most cogent reasons.” 
6

Id. But when modification is in the best interests of the children and will offer the 

children superior care, the burden is met. See In re Marriage of Spears, 529 

N.W.2d 299, 301–02 (Iowa Ct. App. 1994). 

To decide the party offering superior physical care, “[t]he most paramount 

consideration is the best interest of the children.” In re Marriage of Gravatt, 371 

N.W.2d 836, 838 (Iowa Ct. App. 1985). We seek “to place the children in the 

environment most likely to bring them to health, both physically and mentally, and 

to social maturity.” In re Marriage of Hansen, 733 N.W.2d 683, 695 (Iowa 2007). 

And we are guided by the factors in Iowa Code section 598.41 and In re Marriage 

of Winter, 223 N.W.2d 165, 166–67 (Iowa 1974). See Gravatt, 371 N.W.2d at 838. 

Hale argues Awe failed to show either a substantial change in 

circumstances or that modifying physical care is in the children’s best interest. But 

Hale’s 300-mile move from northwest Iowa to Missouri easily satisfies Awe’s 

requirement to show a substantial change in circumstances warranting 

modification. When a parent like Hale, who has “joint legal custody and physical 

care[,] . . . relocate[es] the residence of the minor child to a location which is one 

hundred fifty miles or more from the residence of the minor child at the time that 

custody was awarded, the court may consider the relocation a substantial change 

in circumstances.” Iowa Code § 598.21D (2022). So the district court was well 

within its statutory discretion to find that relocating the children from Estherville to 

Kirksville is a substantial change in circumstances. We see no reason to disagree. 

Turning to the second step of the modification analysis, we also agree with 

the district court that placing the children in Awe’s physical care is in the children’s 

best interests. Hale’s consistent refusal to support Awe’s relationship with the 
7

children, inability to communicate and involve him in medical and educational 

decisions, and withholding of visitation all weigh heavily in favor of placement with 

Awe rather than Hale. See id. § 598.41(3)(e) (requiring consideration of “[w]hether 

each parent can support the other parent’s relationship with the child”); id.

§ 598.41(3)(c) (requiring consideration of “[w]hether the parents can communicate 

with each other regarding the child’s needs”); id. § 598.41(1)(c) (“The court shall 

consider the denial by one parent of the child’s opportunity for maximum continuing 

contact with the other parent, without just cause, a significant factor in determining 

the proper custody arrangement.”); see also In re Marriage of Quirk-Edwards, 509 

N.W.2d 476, 480 (Iowa 1993). So too does the comparative stability and suitability 

of Awe’s home favor placing the children with him. See Iowa Code § 598.41(3)(a) 

(requiring consideration of “[w]hether each parent would be a suitable custodian 

for the child”); Winter, 223 N.W.2d at 166 (factoring in the nature of the proposed 

environment).

Hale argues that the district court’s findings are “contradictory, rather than 

cogent” because the court relied on evidence presented by Awe despite its 

credibility concerns about both parties. But rather than weakening the court’s 

findings, we find that the court’s acknowledgments of its concerns and explanation 

that it thus “proceed[ed] cautiously in its fact finding and attempt[ed] to rely on facts 

that are undisputed or that find significant corroboration in the record” strengthens 

them. And on our de novo review of the record, we agree that it carefully did so 

and see no reason to disagree with its findings.

Hale also argues that the court gave insufficient weight to evidence of Awe’s 

“improper behavior” and the children’s interests in not disturbing the status quo. 
8

But as Hale herself concedes, the district court did acknowledge Awe’s behavior. 

At multiple points in its analysis, it reasoned that Awe was “not blameless in the 

parties’ interactions” or shown “in a good light.” The court just had bigger concerns 

with Hale’s actions. Likewise, the court properly held Awe to his heavy burden to 

disturb the original placement of the children. But their long-term best interests in 

being in a stable home and with the parent who will best support their relationship 

with the other parent outweigh continuing in a damaging status quo. 

Finally, Hale contends the district court considered irrelevant evidence 

about her fiancé. But the district court made clear it did not consider all the 

evidence that Awe had submitted about Hale’s fiancé. True, the court did rely on 

videos of her fiancé exchanging children with his ex-wife. Yet given the importance 

of her fiancé in Hale’s life and her children’s lives, his conduct around his own 

children is still relevant—indeed, “a significant factor”—in considering the 

placement that is in the parties’ children’s best interests. In re Marriage of Decker, 

666 N.W.2d 175,179 (Iowa Ct. App. 2003).

In sum, we agree that Awe has met his heavy burden to show that 

modification of the decree is warranted to place the children in his physical care. 

While this appeal ends the current dispute, it does not end the need for both Hale 

and Awe—and the others in their lives—to set aside their differences for the sake 

of their children. Their son and daughter each deserve healthy relationships with 

both parents. And that will require their parents to respect each other and focus 

on the children’s best interests—not their own.

AFFIRMED.