Sexually 

Transmitted 

Disease 

Surveillance 

2001 

Division of STD Prevention 

September 2002 

DEPARTMENT OF HEALTH AND HUMAN SERVICES 

Centers for Disease Control and Prevention 

National Center for HIV, STD, and TB Prevention 

Division of STD Prevention 

Atlanta, Georgia 30333 

Centers for Disease Control and 

Prevention .......................................Julie Louise Gerberding, M.D., M.P.H. 

Director 

National Center for 

HIV, STD, and TB Prevention..................................Harold W. Jaffe, M.D. 

Acting Director 

Division of STD Prevention.....................................Harold W. Jaffe, M.D. 

Acting Director 

Epidemiology and Surveillance 

Branch...............................................Stuart M. Berman, M.D., Sc.M. 

Chief 

Surveillance and Special Studies 

Section...................................Hillard S. Weinstock, M.D., M.P.H. 

Chief 

Statistics and Data Management 

Branch ............................................................Owen J. Devine, Ph.D. 

Chief 

Melinda L. Flock, M.S.P.H. 

Unit Chief 

Rose Horsley 

Unit Chief 

iii 
Copyright Information 

All material contained in this report is in the public domain and may be used and reprinted 

without special permission; citation to source, however, is appreciated. 

Suggested Citation 

Centers for Disease Control and Prevention. Sexually Transmitted Disease Surveillance, 2001. 

Atlanta, GA: U.S. Department of Health and Human Services, September 2002. 

Copies can be obtained from the Training and Health Communications Branch, National Center 

for HIV, STD, and TB Prevention, Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, 1600 Clifton Road, 

Mailstop E-06, Atlanta, Georgia 30333. Printed copies can also be obtained through the Internet 

on-line ordering system at the web site listed below. 

This report is also available by Internet via the CDC home page at: http://www.cdc.gov/std/stats/ 

iv 
Foreword 

“STDs are hidden epidemics of enormous health and economic consequence in the United 

States. They are hidden because many Americans are reluctant to address sexual health issues in an 

open way and because of the biologic and social characteristics of these diseases. All Americans 

have an interest in STD prevention because all communities are impacted by STDs and all individuals directly or indirectly pay for the costs of these diseases. STDs are public health problems that lack 

easy solutions because they are rooted in human behavior and fundamental societal problems. Indeed, there are many obstacles to effective prevention efforts. The first hurdle will be to confront the 

reluctance of American society to openly confront issues surrounding sexuality and STDs. Despite 

the barriers, there are existing individual- and community-based interventions that are effective and 

can be implemented immediately. That is why a multifaceted approach is necessary to both the individual and community levels. 

To successfully prevent STDs, many stakeholders need to redefine their mission, refocus their efforts, modify how they deliver services, and accept new responsibilities. In this process, strong leadership, innovative thinking, partnerships, and adequate resources will be required. The additional 

investment required to effectively prevent STDs may be considerable, but it is negligible when compared with the likely return on the investment. The process of preventing STDs must be a collaborative 

one. No one agency, organization, or sector can effectively do it alone; all members of the community 

must do their part. A successful national initiative to confront and prevent STDs requires widespread 

public awareness and participation and bold national leadership from the highest levels.”1 

1 Concluding statement from the Institute of Medicine’s Summary Report, The Hidden Epidemic: 

Confronting Sexually Transmitted Diseases, National Academy Press, Washington, DC, 1997, p.43. 

v 
Preface 

Sexually Transmitted Disease Surveillance, 2001 presents statistics and trends for sexually transmitted diseases (STDs) in the United States through 2001. This annual publication is intended as a 

reference document for policy makers, program managers, health planners, researchers, and others 

who are concerned with the public health implications of these diseases. The figures and tables in 

this edition supersede those in earlier publications of these data. 

The surveillance information in this report is based on the following sources of data: (1) case reports from the STD project areas; (2) prevalence data from the Regional Infertility Prevention Program, the National Job Training Program (formerly the Job Corps), the Jail STD Prevalence 

Monitoring Projects, the Adolescent Women Reproductive Health Monitoring Project, the Men 

Who Have Sex With Men (MSM) Prevalence Monitoring Project, and the Indian Health Service; (3) 

sentinel surveillance of gonococcal antimicrobial resistance from the Gonococcal Isolate Surveillance Project (GISP); and (4) national sample surveys implemented by federal and private 

organizations. 

The STD surveillance systems operated by state and local STD control programs, which provide 

the case report data, are the sources of many of the figures and all of the statistical tables in this publication. These systems are an integral part of program management at all levels of STD prevention 

and control in the United States. Because of incomplete diagnosis and reporting, the number of 

STD cases reported to CDC is less than the actual number of cases occurring among the United 

States population. 

Sexually Transmitted Disease Surveillance, 2001 consists of four parts. The National Profile contains figures that provide an overview of STD morbidity in the United States. The accompanying text 

identifies major findings and trends for selected STDs. The Special Focus Profiles contain figures 

and text describing STDs in selected subgroups and populations that are a focus of national and state 

prevention efforts. The Detailed Tables provide statistical information about STDs at the state, 

county, city, and national levels. The Appendix includes the sources and limitations of the data used 

to produce this report. Included in this section, are Figures A1-A3 that show progress made by states in 

converting from hardcopy aggregate reporting to electronic line-listed data. 

Selected figures and tables in this document identify goals that reflect progress towards some of the 

Healthy People 2010 (HP2010) national health status objectives for STDs.1 Appendix Table A1 displays progress made towards the HP2010 Priority Area 25, for STDs. These objectives are used as reference points throughout this edition of Sexually Transmitted Disease Surveillance, 2001. 

Any comments and suggestions that would improve the usefulness of future publications are appreciated and should be sent to Director, Division of STD Prevention, National Center for HIV, STD, 

and TB Prevention, Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, 1600 Clifton Road, Mailstop E-02, 

Atlanta, Georgia, 30333. 

1 U.S. Department of Health and Human Services. Healthy People 2010. 2nd ed. With Understanding and 

Improving Health and Objectives for Improving Health. 2 vols. Washington, DC: U.S. Government 

Printing Office, November 2000. 

vi 
Acknowledgments 

Publication of this report would not have been possible without the contributions of the State 

and Territorial Health Departments and the Sexually Transmitted Disease Control Programs, the 

Regional Infertility Prevention Program, the U.S. Department of Labor and the Indian Health 

Service, which provided surveillance data to the Centers for Disease Control and Prevention. 

This report was prepared by the following staff and contractors of the Division of STD Prevention, 

National Center for HIV, STD, and TB Prevention, Centers for Disease Control and Prevention: Stu 

Berman, Susan Bradley, Jim Braxton, Sharon Clanton, Susan Conner, Deblina Datta, Darlene Davis, 

Owen Devine, Linda Webster Dicker, Melinda Flock, LaZetta Grier, Alesia Harvey, James 

Heffelfinger, Rose Horsley, Kathleen Hutchins, Richard Kahn, Catherine McLean, Debra Mosure, 

Michael Phillips, LuEtta Schneider, Maya Sternberg, Katherine Stone, Emmett Swint, Susan Wang, 

Hillard Weinstock, and Akbar Zaidi. 

vii 
Contents 

Foreword . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . v
 

Preface . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . vi
 

Acknowledgments. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . vii
 

Figures in the National Profile . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . ix 
 

Additional Figures in the Special Focus Profiles . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . x
 

Tables in the National Profile . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . xiii
 

Geographic Divisions of the United States . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . xvi
 

National Overview of Sexually Transmitted Diseases, 2001 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1
 

National Profile 

Introduction. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 5
 

Chlamydia . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 7
 

Gonorrhea . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 15 
 

Syphilis . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 25
 

Other Sexually Transmitted Diseases . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 35
 

Special Focus Profiles 

Introduction. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 39
 

STDs in Women and Infants . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 41
 

STDs in Adolescents and Young Adults . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 51
 

STDs in Racial and Ethnic Minorities . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 59
 

STDs Among Men Who Have Sex with Men . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 65
 

STDs in Persons Entering Corrections Facilities . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 71
 

STDs in the South . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 77
 

Tables 

National Summary Tables . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 81
 

Chlamydia Tables . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 84
 

Gonorrhea Tables . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 96
 

Syphilis Tables. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 108
 

Chancroid Tables. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 132
 

Appendix 

Sources and Limitations of Data . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 135
 

NETSS Figures A1 - A3 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 141
 

Healthy People 2010 Table A1 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 143
 

STD Surveillance Case Definitions. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 145
 

Contributors . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 154
 

viii 
Figures in the National Profile 

Chlamydia 

Figure 1. Chlamydia — Number of states that require reporting of Chlamydia
 

trachomatis infections: United States, 1987–2001 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 10
 

Figure 7. Chlamydia — Positivity among 15-24 year old women tested in family
 

Figure 8. Chlamydia — Trends in positivity among 15-44 year old women tested
 

Figure 2. Chlamydia — Reported rates: United States, 1984–2001 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 10
 

Figure 3. Chlamydia — Rates by state: United States and outlying areas, 2001 . . . . . . . 11
 

Figure 4. Chlamydia — Rates by region: United States, 1984–2001 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 11
 

Figure 5. Chlamydia — Rates by sex: United States, 1984–2001 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 12
 

Figure 6. Chlamydia — Age- and sex-specific rates: United States, 2001 . . . . . . . . . . . . 12
 

planning clinics by state: United States and outlying areas, 2001 . . . . . . . . . . . 13
 

in family planning clinics by HHS regions, 1988–2001 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 13
 

Gonorrhea 

Figure 9. Gonorrhea — Reported rates: United States, 1970–2001 and the 

Healthy People year 2010 objective. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 18
 

Figure 10. Gonorrhea — Rates by state: United States and outlying areas, 2001 . . . . . . . 18
 

Figure 11. Gonorrhea — Rates by region: United States, 1981–2001 and the 

Healthy People year 2010 objective. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 19
 

Figure 12. Gonorrhea — Rates by sex: United States, 1981–2001 and the 

Healthy People year 2010 objective. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 19
 

Figure 13. Gonorrhea — Rates by race and ethnicity: United States, 1981–2001 

and the Healthy People year 2010 objective . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 20
 

Figure 14. Gonorrhea — Age- and sex-specific rates: United States, 2001 . . . . . . . . . . . . 20
 

Figure 15. Gonorrhea — Positivity among 15-24 year old women tested in 

family planning clinics by state: United States and outlying areas, 2001. . . . . . 21
 

Figure 16. Gonococcal Isolate Surveillance Project (GISP) — Location of participating 

clinics and regional laboratories: United States, 2001. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 21
 

Figure 17. Gonococcal Isolate Surveillance Project (GISP) — Penicillin and 

tetracycline resistance among GISP isolates, 2001 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 22
 

Figure 18. Gonococcal Isolate Surveillance Project (GISP) — Percent of Neisseria 

gonorrhoeae isolates with resistance or intermediate resistance to 

ciprofloxacin, 1990–2001 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 22
 

Figure 19. Gonococcal Isolate Surveillance Project (GISP) — Percent of men with 

gonorrhea who had a previous gonorrhea infection, 1991–2001 . . . . . . . . . . . 23
 

Syphilis 

Figure 20. Syphilis — Reported cases by stage of illness: United States, 1941–2001. . . . . 28
 

Figure 21. Primary and secondary syphilis — Reported rates: United States,
 

Figure 22. Primary and secondary syphilis — Rates by state: United States and
 

Figure 23. Primary and secondary syphilis — Counties with rates above and
 

counties with rates below the Healthy People year 2010 objective:
 

1970–2001 and the Healthy People year 2010 objective . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 28
 

outlying areas, 2001 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 29
 

United States, 2001 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 29
 

ix 
Figure 24. Primary and secondary syphilis — Rates by region: United States,
 

1981–2001 and the Healthy People year 2010 objective . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 30
 

Figure 25. Primary and secondary syphilis — Rates by sex: United States,
 

Figure 26. Primary and secondary syphilis — Rates by race and ethnicity:
 

Figure 27. Primary and secondary syphilis — Male to female rate ratios: United States,
 

Figure 28. Primary and secondary syphilis — Age- and sex-specific rates:
 

Figure 29. Congenital syphilis — Reported cases for infants <1 year of age and rates of
 

Figure 30. Congenital syphilis — Rates for infants <1 year of age: United States,
 

1981–2001 and the Healthy People year 2010 objective . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 30
 

United States, 1981–2001 and the Healthy People year 2010 objective . . . . . 31
 

1981–2001 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 31
 

United States, 2001 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 32
 

primary and secondary syphilis among women: United States, 1970–2001 . . . 32
 

1981–2001 and the Healthy People year 2010 objective . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 33
 

Other Sexually Transmitted Diseases 

Figure 31. Chancroid — Reported cases: United States, 1981–2001 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 36
 

Figure 32. Genital herpes — Initial visits to physicians’ offices: United States,
 

Figure 33. Genital herpes simplex virus type 2 infections — Percent seroprevalence
 

Figure 34. Genital warts — Initial visits to physicians’ offices: United States,
 

Figure 35. Nonspecific urethritis — Initial visits to physicians’ offices by men:
 

Figure 36. Trichomonal and other vaginal infections — Initial visits to physicians’
 

1966–2001 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 36
 

according to age in NHANES II (1976-1980) and NHANES III
 

(1988-1994) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 37
 

1966–2001 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 37
 

United States, 1966–2001 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 38
 

offices: United States, 1966–2001 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 38
 

Additional Figures in the Special Focus Profiles 

STDs in Women and Infants 

Figure A. Chlamydia — Rates for women by state: United States and outlying
 

areas, 2001 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 45
 

Figure B. Gonorrhea — Rates for women by state: United States and outlying
 

Figure C. Primary and secondary syphilis — Rates for women by state: United States
 

Figure D. Congenital syphilis — Rates for infants <1 year of age by state: United States
 

Figure E. Congenital syphilis — Cases by prenatal care utilization: United States,
 

Figure F. Chlamydia — Positivity among 15-24 year old women tested in prenatal
 

Figure G. Gonorrhea — Positivity among 15-24 year old women tested in prenatal
 

areas, 2001 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 45
 

and outlying areas, 2001 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 46
 

and outlying areas, 2001 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 46
 

1995-2001. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 47
 

clinics by state: United States and outlying areas, 2001 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 47
 

clinics by state: United States and outlying areas, 2001 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 48
 

x 
Figure H. Ectopic pregnancy — Hospitalizations of women 15-44 years of age:
 

United States, 1980-2000 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 48
 

Figure I. Pelvic inflammatory disease — Hospitalizations of women 15-44 years
 

of age: United States, 1980–2000 

Figure J. Pelvic inflammatory disease — Initial visits to physicians’ offices by women
 

. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 49
 

15-44 years of age: United States, 1980–2001 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 49
 

STDs in Adolescents and Young Adults 

Figure K. Chlamydia — Positivity among women tested in family planning clinics by 

age group: Region X, 1988–2001 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 53
 

Figure L. Chlamydia — Prevalence among 16-24 year-old women entering the 

National Job Training Program by state of residence: United States and 

outlying areas, 2001 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 53
 

Figure M. Chlamydia — Adolescent Women Reproductive Health Monitoring Project 

chlamydia positivity by venue and project area, 2001 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 54
 

Figure N. Gonorrhea — Adolescent Women Reproductive Health Monitoring Project 

gonorrhea positivity by venue and project area, 2001 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 54
 

Figure O. Gonorrhea — Prevalence among 16-24 year-old women entering the 

National Job Training Program by state of residence: United States and 

outlying areas, 2001 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 55
 

Figure P. Gonorrhea — Age-specific rates among women 10-44 years of age: United 

States, 1981–2001. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 55
 

Figure Q. Gonorrhea — Age-specific rates among men 10-44 years of age: 

United States, 1981–2001 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 56
 

Figure R. Primary and secondary syphilis — Age-specific rates among women 

10-44 years of age: United States, 1981–2001. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 56
 

Figure S. Primary and secondary syphilis — Age-specific rates among men 

10-44 years of age: United States, 1981–2001. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 57
 

STDs in Racial and Ethnic Minorities 

Figure T. Chlamydia — Positivity among women tested in family planning clinics
 

by race and ethnicity: Region X, 1988–2001 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 61
 

Figure U. Chlamydia — Positivity among 15-30 year old women tested in
 

Figure W. Gonorrhea — Reported rates for 15-19 year old males by race and
 

Indian Health Service Clinics by IHS areas, 2001 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 61
 

Figure V. Gonorrhea — Reported rates for 15-19 year old females by race and
 

ethnicity: United States, 1981–2001 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 62
 

ethnicity: United States, 1981–2001 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 62
 

Figure X. Primary and secondary syphilis — Reported rates for 15-19 year old 

females by race and ethnicity: United States, 1981–2001. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 63
 

Figure Y. Primary and secondary syphilis — Reported rates for 15-19 year old 

males by race and ethnicity: United States, 1981–2001 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 63
 

Figure Z. Congenital syphilis — Rates for infants <1 year of age by mother’s 

race and ethnicity: United States, 1991–2001 and the Healthy People 

year 2010 objective . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 64
 

STDs Among Men Who Have Sex with Men 

Figure AA. MSM Prevalence Monitoring Project — Median test positivity for gonorrhea,
 

chlamydia, and HIV among MSM attending STD clinics, by race/
 

ethnicity, 2001. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 68
 

xi 
Figure BB. MSM Prevalence Monitoring Project — Median test positivity for gonorrhea
 

and chlamydia among MSM attending STD clinics, by HIV status, 2001 . . . . . . 68
 

Figure CC. Gonococcal Isolate Surveillance Project (GISP) — Percent of gonorrhea
 

cases that occurred among MSM, 1988-2001 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 69
 

Figure DD. Gonococcal Isolate Surveillance Project (GISP) — Percent of Neisseria
 

gonorrhoeae isolates obtained from MSM attending STD clinics in 16 cities,
 

1999, 2000, and 2001. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 69
 

STDs in Persons Entering Corrections Facilities 

Figure EE. Syphilis serologic tests — Percent seroreactivity in women entering
 

juvenile and adult corrections facilities, 2001 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 73
 

Figure FF. Syphilis serologic tests — Percent seroreactivity in men entering juvenile and
 

Figure GG.Chlamydia — Positivity in women entering juvenile and adult corrections
 

Figure HH. Chlamydia — Positivity in men entering juvenile and adult corrections
 

Figure JJ. Gonorrhea — Positivity in men entering juvenile and adult corrections
 

adult corrections facilities, 2001 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 73
 

facilities, 2001 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 74
 

facilities, 2001 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 74
 

Figure II. Gonorrhea — Positivity in women entering juvenile and adult corrections
 

facilities, 2001 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 75
 

facilities, 2001 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 75
 

STDs in the South 

Figure KK. South — Primary and secondary syphilis case rates by county, 2001. . . . . . . . 78
 

Figure LL. South — Chlamydia case rates by county, 2001 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 78
 

Figure MM.South — Gonorrhea case rates by county, 2001 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 79
 

Sources and Limitations of Data 

Figure A1. Chlamydia — National Electronic Telecommunications System for
 

Surveillance (NETSS) transmission status by state, 2001 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 141
 

Figure A2. Gonorrhea — National Electronic Telecommunications System for
 

Figure A3. Primary and secondary syphilis — National Electronic Telecommunications
 

Surveillance (NETSS) transmission status by state, 2001 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 141
 

System for Surveillance (NETSS) transmission status by state, 2001 . . . . . . . 142
 

xii 
Tables in the National Profile 

National Summary Tables 

Table 1. Cases of sexually transmitted diseases reported by state health departments
 

and rates per 100,000 civilian population: United States, 1941–2001. . . . . . . 81
 

Table 2. Reported cases of sexually transmitted disease by sex and reporting source:
 

United States, 2001 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 83
 

Chlamydia 

Table 3. Chlamydia — Reported cases and rates by state/area, ranked by rates: United
 

States, 2001. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 84
 

Table 4. Chlamydia — Reported cases and rates by state/area and region listed in
 

Table 5. Chlamydia — Women – Reported cases and rates by state/area and region
 

Table 6. Chlamydia — Men – Reported cases and rates by state/area and region listed
 

Table 7. Chlamydia — Reported cases and rates in selected cities of >200,000
 

alphabetical order: United States and outlying areas, 1997–2001 . . . . . . . . . . 85
 

listed in alphabetical order: United States and outlying areas, 1997–2001 . . . . 86
 

in alphabetical order: United States and outlying areas, 1997–2001 . . . . . . . . 87
 

population, ranked by rates: United States, 2001. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 88
 

Table 8.	 Chlamydia — Reported cases and rates in selected cities of >200,000
 

population listed in alphabetical order: United States and outlying areas,
 

1997–2001 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 89
 

Table 9.	 Chlamydia — Women – Reported cases and rates in selected cities of
 

>200,000 population listed in alphabetical order: United States and
 

outlying areas, 1997–2001. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 90
 

Table 10.	 Chlamydia — Men – Reported cases and rates in selected cities of
 

>200,000 population listed in alphabetical order: United States and
 

outlying areas, 1997–2001. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 91
 

Table 11. Chlamydia — Reported cases and rates per 100,000 population by age
 

and sex: United States, 1997–2001 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 92
 

Table 12A. Chlamydia — Reported cases by age, sex, and race/ethnicity: United States,
 

Table 12B. Chlamydia — Reported rates per 100,000 population by age, sex, and
 

1997–2001 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 94
 

race/ethnicity: United States, 1997–2001. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 95
 

Gonorrhea 

Table 13. Gonorrhea — Reported cases and rates by state/area, ranked by rates:
 

United States, 2001 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 96
 

Table 14. Gonorrhea — Reported cases and rates by state/area and region listed in
 

Table 15. Gonorrhea — Women – Reported cases and rates by state/area and region
 

Table 16. Gonorrhea — Men – Reported cases and rates by state/area and region listed
 

Table 17. Gonorrhea — Reported cases and rates in selected cities of >200,000
 

alphabetical order: United States and outlying areas, 1997–2001 . . . . . . . . . . 97
 

listed in alphabetical order: United States and outlying areas, 1997–2001 . . . . 98
 

in alphabetical order: United States and outlying areas, 1997–2001 . . . . . . . . 99
 

population, ranked by rates: United States, 2001. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 100
 

Table 18.	 Gonorrhea — Reported cases and rates in selected cities of >200,000
 

population listed in alphabetical order: United States and outlying areas,
 

1997–2001 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 101
 

xiii 
Table 19.	 Gonorrhea — Women – Reported cases and rates in selected cities of
 

>200,000 population listed in alphabetical order: United States and
 

outlying areas, 1997–2001 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 102
 

Table 20.	 Gonorrhea — Men – Reported cases and rates in selected cities of
 

>200,000 population listed in alphabetical order: United States and
 

outlying areas, 1997–2001 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 103
 

Table 21. Gonorrhea — Reported cases and rates per 100,000 population by age
 

and sex: United States, 1997–2001 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 104
 

Table 22A. Gonorrhea — Reported cases by age, sex, and race/ethnicity: United States,
 

Table 22B. Gonorrhea — Reported rates per 100,000 population by age, sex, and
 

1997–2001 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 106
 

race/ethnicity: United States, 1997–2001. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 107
 

Syphilis 

Table 23.	 All stages of syphilis — Reported cases and rates by state/area and region
 

listed in alphabetical order: United States and outlying areas, 1997–2001 . . . 108
 

Table 24.	 All stages of syphilis — Reported cases and rates in selected cities of
 

>200,000 population listed in alphabetical order: United States and
 

outlying areas, 1997–2001 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 109
 

Table 25. Primary and secondary syphilis — Reported cases and rates by state/area,
 

ranked by rates: United States, 2001 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 110
 

Table 26. Primary and secondary syphilis — Counties and independent cities ranked
 

by number of reported cases: United States, 2001 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 111
 

Table 27.	 Primary and secondary syphilis — Reported cases and rates by state/area
 

and region listed in alphabetical order: United States and outlying areas,
 

1997–2001 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 112
 

Table 28.	 Primary and secondary syphilis — Women – Reported cases and rates by
 

state/area and region listed in alphabetical order: United States and outlying
 

areas, 1997–2001 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 113
 

Table 29.	 Primary and secondary syphilis — Men – Reported cases and rates by
 

state/area listed in alphabetical order: United States and outlying areas,
 

1997–2001 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 114
 

Table 30.	 Primary and secondary syphilis — Reported cases and rates in selected
 

cities of >200,000 population, ranked by rates: United States, 2001 . . . . . . . 115
 

Table 31.	 Primary and secondary syphilis — Reported cases and rates in selected
 

cities of >200,000 population listed in alphabetical order: United States
 

and outlying areas, 1997–2001 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 116
 

Table 32.	 Primary and secondary syphilis — Women – Reported cases and rates in
 

selected cities of >200,000 population listed in alphabetical order:
 

United States and outlying areas, 1997–2001 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 117
 

Table 33.	 Primary and secondary syphilis — Men – Reported cases and rates in
 

selected cities of >200,000 population listed in alphabetical order:
 

United States and outlying areas, 1997–2001 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 118
 

Table 34.	 Primary and secondary syphilis — Reported cases and rates per 100,000
 

population by age and sex: United States, 1997–2001. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 119
 

Table 35A. Primary and secondary syphilis — Reported cases by age, sex, and
 

race/ethnicity: United States, 1997–2001. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 120
 

Table 35B. Primary and secondary syphilis — Reported rates per 100,000 population
 

by age, sex, and race/ethnicity: United States, 1997–2001. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 121
 

xiv 
Table 36. Early latent syphilis — Reported cases and rates by state/area and region 

listed in alphabetical order: United States and outlying areas, 1997–2001 . . . 122
 

Table 37. Early latent syphilis — Reported cases and rates in selected cities of 

>200,000 population listed in alphabetical order: United States and 

outlying areas, 1997–2001 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 123
 

Table 38. Late and late latent syphilis — Reported cases and rates by state/area 

and region listed in alphabetical order: United States and outlying areas, 

1997–2001 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 124
 

Table 39. Late and late latent syphilis — Reported cases and rates in selected cities of 

>200,000 population listed in alphabetical order: United States and 

outlying areas, 1997–2001 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 125
 

Table 40. Congenital syphilis — Reported cases and rates in infants <1 year of age: 

United States (excluding outlying areas), 1963–2001. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 126
 

Table 41. Congenital syphilis — Reported cases and rates in infants <1 year of age 

by state/area, ranked by rates: United States, 2001 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 127
 

Table 42. Congenital syphilis — Reported cases and rates in infants <1 year of age 

by state/area and region listed in alphabetical order: United States and 

outlying areas, 1997–2001 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 128
 

Table 43. Congenital syphilis — Reported cases and rates in infants <1 year of 

age in selected cities of >200,000 population, ranked by rates: 

United States, 2001 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 129
 

Table 44. Congenital syphilis — Reported cases and rates in infants <1 year of age 

in selected cities of >200,000 population listed in alphabetical order: 

United States and outlying areas, 1997–2001 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 130
 

Table 45. Congenital syphilis — Reported cases and rates in infants <1 year of age by 

race/ethnicity of mother, 1997–2001 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 131
 

Chancroid 

Table 46. Chancroid — Reported cases and rates by state/area listed in alphabetical 

order: United States and outlying areas, 1997–2001 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 132
 

Table 47. Chancroid — Reported cases and rates in selected cities of >200,000 

population listed in alphabetical order: United States and outlying areas, 

1997–2001 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 133
 

Appendix 

Table A1. Healthy People 2010 Sexually Transmitted Diseases Objective Status . . . . . . 143
 

xv 
Geographic Divisions of the United States 

West Midwest Northeast

South

West Midwest South Northeast 

Alaska Illinois Alabama Connecticut 

Arizona Indiana Arkansas Maine 

California Iowa Delaware Massachusetts 

Colorado Kansas District of Columbia New Hampshire 

Hawaii Michigan Florida New Jersey 

Idaho Minnesota Georgia New York 

Montana Missouri Kentucky Pennsylvania 

Nevada Nebraska Louisiana Rhode Island 

New Mexico North Dakota Maryland Vermont 

Oregon Ohio Mississippi 

Utah South Dakota North Carolina 

Washington Wisconsin Oklahoma 

Wyoming South Carolina 

Tennessee 

Texas 

Virginia 

West Virginia 

xvi 
National Overview of Sexually Transmitted Diseases, 2001 

The logo on the cover of Sexually Transmitted Disease Surveillance, 2001 is a reminder of the 

multifaceted, national dimensions of the morbidity, mortality, and costs that result from sexually 

transmitted diseases (STDs) in the United States. It highlights the central role of STD prevention in 

improving health among women and infants and in promoting HIV prevention. Organized collaboration among interested, committed public and private organizations is the key to reducing STDs 

and their related health burdens in our population. As noted in the report of the Institute of Medicine, The Hidden Epidemic: Confronting Sexually Transmitted Diseases,

1 surveillance is a key component of our efforts to prevent and control these diseases. 

This overview summarizes national surveillance data on the three diseases for which there are 

federally-funded control programs: chlamydia, gonorrhea, and syphilis. Several observations for 

2001 are worthy of note. 

Chlamydia 

In 2001, 783,242 cases of genital Chlamydia trachomatis infection were reported to CDC (Table 1). 

This case count corresponds to a rate of 278.3 cases per 100,000 population, an increase of 10.4% 

compared with the rate of 252.1 in 2000. Rates of reported chlamydial infection among women have 

been increasing annually since the late 1980s when public programs for screening and treatment of 

women were first established to avert pelvic inflammatory disease and related complications. 

Chlamydia screening and reporting are likely to expand further in response to the recently implemented Health Plan Employer Data and Information Set (HEDIS) measure for chlamydia screening 

of sexually active women 15 to 25 years of age who are provided medical care through managed care 

organizations.2 The increase in chlamydia case reports in 2001 most likely represents a continued increase in screening for this infection and also increased use of more sensitive chlamydia screening tests 

than used in prior years. 

In 2001, the overall reported rate of chlamydial infection in the U.S. among women (435.2 cases 

per 100,000 females) was approximately four times the reported rate among men (113.9 cases per 

100,000 males), reflecting the large number of women screened for this disease. However, with the 

increased availability of urine testing, men are increasingly being tested for chlamydial infection. 

From 1997 to 2001, the reported chlamydial infection rate in men increased by 61.6% (from 70.5 to 

113.9 cases per 100,000 males) compared with a 27.3% increase in women over this period (from 

341.8 to 435.2 cases per 100,000 females) (Tables 5 and 6). 

Data from multiple sources on prevalence of chlamydial infection in defined populations have 

been useful in monitoring disease burden and guiding chlamydia screening programs. In 2001, the 

median state-specific chlamydia test positivity among women 15 to 24 years who were screened at 

selected family planning clinics in all states, the District of Columbia, Puerto Rico, and the Virgin Islands was 5.6% (range 2.7% to 13.9%) (Figure 7), and at selected prenatal clinics in 22 states and 

Puerto Rico, 7.4% (range 3.7% to 13.5%) (Figure F). For economically-disadvantaged women 16 

STD Surveillance 2001 Overview 1 
to 24 years who entered the National Job Training Program in 2001, from 26 states and Puerto 

Rico, the median state-specific prevalence was 10.6% (range 5.1% to 18.0%) (Figure L). For 

women 15 to 30 years screened at Indian Health Service (IHS) clinics in four IHS areas, the prevalence ranged from 3.1% to 10.0% by area (Figure U). For adolescent women entering juvenile detention centers, the median chlamydia positivity by facility was 14.8% (range 4.0% to 25.8%) 

(Figure GG). It was 9.6% among women attending school-based clinics and 17.6% in street youth 

(Figure M). For adolescent men entering juvenile detention centers, the median chlamydia 

positivity was 5.3% by facility (range 1.6% to 11.5%) (Figure HH). Although these data on prevalence are not entirely comparable because of differences in the populations screened, in the performance characteristics of the screening tests, and variations in screening criteria, they provide 

important information on the continuing high burden of disease in the United States. 

In parts of the United States where large scale chlamydia screening programs have been instituted, 

prevalence of disease has declined substantially. During 1988-2001, among 15-to 44-year-old 

women participating in the screening programs in Health and Human Services (HHS) Region X family planning clinics, chlamydia test positivity declined 59.2% (from 13.0% to 5.3%) (Figure 8). After 

adjusting trends in chlamydia positivity to account for changes in laboratory test methods and associated increases in test sensitivity, chlamydia test positivity decreased in five of 10 HHS regions from 

2000 to 2001, increased in four regions, and remained the same in one. Although chlamydia 

positivity has declined in the past year in some regions, most likely due to the effectiveness of screening and treating women, continued expansion of screening programs to populations with higher prevalence of disease may have contributed to the increases in positivity seen in other regions. See the 

Appendix for the composition of the HHS regions. 

Gonorrhea 

Following a 73.8% decline in the reported rate of gonorrhea from 1975 (467.7) to 1997 (122.4), 

overall rates increased in 1998 (131.9) and have since remained essentially unchanged (Table 1). 

The gonorrhea rate for 2001 (128.5 cases per 100,000 population) was similar to the rates in 2000 

(129.0 cases per 100,000 population) and 1999 (132.3 per 100,000 population) (Table 1). The 

2001 rate for gonorrhea exceeds the Healthy People 2010 (HP2010) objective of 19 cases per 

100,000 population. 

The gonorrhea rate in the U.S. among women in 2001 was similar to the rate in 2000 (128.2 and 

126.7 cases per 100,000 women, respectively) (Table 15). As in 2000, there were no significant sex 

differences in gonorrhea rates in 2001 (Tables 15 and 16). Since 1998, there has been little 

year-to-year change in the reported rates for most 5-year age categories. As with chlamydia, rates of 

gonorrhea in women are particularly high in 15- to 19-year-olds, and in men, are highest in the 20­

to 24-year age group. 

In 2001, data on gonorrhea prevalence in defined populations were available from several 

sources. These data showed a continuing high burden of disease in adolescents and young adults in 

parts of the United States. Among 15- to 24-year-old women attending selected family planning 

clinics in 34 states, the District of Columbia, Puerto Rico, and the Virgin Islands, the median 

state-specific gonorrhea prevalence was 1.0% (range 0.1 % to 3.2%) (Figure 15). For women in this 

age group attending selected prenatal clinics in 16 states, the median prevalence was 0.9% (range 

0.0% to 4.3%) (Figure G). However, for 16- to 24-year-old women entering the National Job 

Training Program in 17 states and Puerto Rico in 2001, the median state-specific gonorrhea prevalence was 3.7% (range 0.7% to 8.1%) (Figure O). 

2 Overview STD Surveillance 2001 
Antimicrobial resistance in Neisseria gonorrhoeae remains a continuing concern. In the mid- to late 

1990s, the prevalence of fluoroquinolone-resistant N. gonorrhoeae infections increased substantially in 

Asia and the Pacific Islands, including Hawaii; in 2001, increased numbers of fluoroquinolone-resistant 

N. gonorrhoeae infections were identified in California. Ciprofloxacin, levofloxacin, and ofloxacin are 

fluoroquinolone antibiotics that are recommended for treatment of gonorrhea by CDC except in areas 

where fluoroquinolone-resistance levels are found to be elevated. These oral antibiotics are inexpensive 

and effectively treat gonorrhea with a single dose. Nationally in 2001, 0.7% of N. gonorrhoeae isolates 

tested through the Gonoccocal Isolate Surveillance Project (GISP) demonstrated resistance to 

ciprofloxacin, compared to 0.4% in 2000 and 0.1% in 1998. There is considerable geographic variation 

in the prevalence of fluoroquinolone-resistance within the U.S. Notably, in Honolulu, the proportion of 

GISP isolates that were resistant to ciprofloxacin continued to increase quite markedly and was 20.2% in 

2001 compared to 14.3% in 2000. Also, in 2001, increased numbers of GISP isolates resistant to 

ciprofloxacin were identified in all four California GISP sites (3.0% in Long Beach, 2.3% in Orange 

County, 2.1% in San Diego, and 3.1% in San Francisco). As a result of these data, the 2002 CDC STD 

Treatment Guidelines3 recommend that fluoroquinolones not be used for treatment of gonorrhea acquired in Asia, the Pacific Islands, including Hawaii, or in other areas with high levels of resistance such 

as California. See Appendix for a further description of GISP. 

Data on characteristics of patients in the GISP sample have been used to describe trends in the 

sexual orientation of male STD clinic patients with gonorrhea. In 2001, there was a marked increase 

in the proportion of GISP isolates from men who have sex with men (MSM), with 17.2% of isolates 

from MSM compared with 13.9% in 2000 and 13.1% in 1999 (Figure CC). In 1988, only 4.0% of 

isolates were from MSM. The proportional increase in MSM in GISP has corresponded to an absolute increase in gonorrhea cases among MSM at STD clinics in several large cities that participate in 

GISP. 

Syphilis 

The rate of primary and secondary (P&S) syphilis reported in the United States decreased during 

the 1990s and in 2000 was the lowest since reporting began in 1941. The low rate of syphilis and the 

concentration of the majority of syphilis cases in a small number of geographic areas led to the development of the National Plan to Eliminate Syphilis from the United States, which was announced 

by the Surgeon General in October 1999.4 The rate of P&S syphilis in the United States declined by 

89.2% from 1990 through 2000. However, the rate of P&S syphilis increased slightly in 2001 (the 

first annual rate increase since 1990); this increase was observed only in men. 

Despite continued national progress toward syphilis elimination among women and AfricanAmericans, syphilis remains an important problem in the South and, increasingly, in some urban 

areas with large populations of MSM. Recently, outbreaks of syphilis among MSM have been reported, possibly reflecting increases in risky behavior in this population. 

In 2001, P&S syphilis cases reported to CDC increased to 6,103 from 5,979 in 2000, an increase 

of 2.1%. The overall reported rate of P&S syphilis in the United States in 2001 (2.2 cases per 

100,000 population) was slightly above the rate reported in 2000 (2.1 cases per 100,000), and was 

substantially higher than the Healthy People 2010 (HP2010) objective of 0.2 cases per 100,000 

population (Figure 21, Table 1). The rate of P&S syphilis among women decreased from 1.7 cases 

per 100,000 population in 2000 to 1.4 cases per 100,000 population in 2001; among men, the rate 

increased from 2.6 to 3.0 cases per 100,000 population (Tables 28 and 29). 

STD Surveillance 2001 Overview 3 
One factor that greatly facilitates syphilis elimination efforts is that this disease continues to be primarily reported only in specific areas of the country. In 2001, 2,516 (80.2%) of the 3,139 counties in 

the United States reported no cases of P&S syphilis (see Appendix for details on county coding). 

Half of all the P&S syphilis cases were reported from only 20 counties and one city (0.7% of total 

number of U.S. counties) (Table 26). However, the 2001 P&S syphilis rates were greater than the 

HP2010 objective in 606 counties (19.3% of the total number of U.S. counties). These 606 counties 

accounted for more than 99.6% of all reported P&S syphilis cases. Sixty-seven percent (403 out of 

606) of these counties are located in the southern part of the United States (Figure KK). These data 

suggest that comprehensive syphilis prevention efforts focused in the South could markedly reduce 

the number of syphilis cases occurring in the United States. 

Between 2000 and 2001, the national rate of congenital syphilis decreased by 20.7%, from 14.0 

to 11.1 cases per 100,000 live births (Table 42). The continuing reduction in congenital syphilis 

rates, occurring since the early 1990s, reflects the substantial and continuing reduction in the rate of 

P&S syphilis among women over the same period. In 2001, approximately one half of the states 

and outlying areas had a reported rate of congenital syphilis that was greater than the HP2010 objective of 1.0 case per 100,000 live births (Table 41). 

Although wide disparities exist in the reported rates of STDs among racial and ethnic groups, 

there has been a reduction in these differences for syphilis over the past five years. The P&S syphilis 

rate reported for 2001 among African-Americans was 16 times the rate reported among whites, reflecting a substantial decline from 1997, when the rate among African-Americans was 44 times 

greater than that among whites (Table 35B). 

While syphilis elimination efforts have successfully focused on heterosexual minority populations 

at risk for syphilis, recent increases in syphilis among MSM highlight the importance of continually 

reassessing and refining surveillance, prevention, and control strategies. 

1	 Institute of Medicine. The Hidden Epidemic: Confronting Sexually Transmitted Diseases, Committee on 

Prevention and Control of Sexually Transmitted Diseases, National Academy Press, Washington, DC, 

1997. 

2	 National Committee for Quality Assurance (NCQA). HEDIS 2000: Technical Specifications, Washington, 

DC, 1999, pp. 68-70, 285-286. 

3	 Centers for Disease Control and Prevention. Sexually transmitted diseases treatment guidelines 2002. 

MMWR 2002;51 (No. RR-6) 

4	 Division of STD Prevention. The National Plan to Eliminate Syphilis from the United States. National 

Center for HIV, STD, and TB Prevention, Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, 1999. 

4 Overview	 STD Surveillance 2001 
National Profile 

The National Profile section contains figures showing trends and the distribution of sexually 

transmitted diseases (STDs) by age, sex, race/ethnicity, and location for the United States. Where 

relevant, the figures illustrate progress towards specific objectives* for the nation published in U.S. 

Department of Health and Human Services. Healthy People 2010. 2nd ed. With Understanding 

and Improving Health and Objectives for Improving Health. 2 vols. Washington, DC: U.S. Government Printing Office, November 2000. 

* See the Appendix for a listing of the Healthy People 2010 objectives for the diseases addressed in this report. 

STD Surveillance 2001 National Profile 5 

Chlamydia 

Chlamydia trachomatis infections are the most commonly reported notifiable disease in the 

United States. They are among the most prevalent of all STDs and, since 1994, have comprised the 

largest proportion of all STDs reported to CDC (Table 1). In women, chlamydial infections, which 

are usually asymptomatic, may result in pelvic inflammatory disease (PID), which is a major cause 

of infertility, ectopic pregnancy, and chronic pelvic pain. Data from a randomized controlled trial of 

chlamydia screening in a managed care setting suggest that such screening programs can lead to a 

reduction in the incidence of PID by as much as 60%.1 As with other inflammatory STDs, 

chlamydial infection can facilitate the transmission of HIV infection. In addition, pregnant women 

infected with chlamydia can pass the infection to their infants during delivery, potentially resulting in 

neonatal ophthalmia and pneumonia. 

The increase in reported chlamydial infections during the 1990s reflects the expansion of 

chlamydia screening activities, use of increasingly sensitive diagnostic tests, an increased emphasis 

on case reporting from providers and laboratories, and improvements in the information systems 

for reporting. However, many women who are at risk for this infection are still not being tested, reflecting, in part, lack of awareness among some health care providers and the limited resources 

available to support screening. Chlamydia screening and reporting are likely to expand further in response to the recently implemented Health Plan Employer Data and Information Set (HEDIS) measure for chlamydia screening of sexually active women 15 through 25 years of age who are provided 

medical care through managed care organizations.2 To better monitor trends in disease burden in 

defined populations during the expansion of chlamydia screening activities, data on chlamydia 

positivity among persons screened in a variety of settings are used; in most instances, test positivity 

serves as a reasonable approximation of prevalence.3 In parts of the United States where large scale 

chlamydia screening programs have been instituted, prevalence of the disease has declined 

substantially. 

•	 In 2000, for the first time, all 50 states and the District of Columbia had regulations 

requiring the reporting of chlamydia cases to CDC (Figure 1, Table 4). 

•	 In 2001, 783,242 chlamydial infections were reported to CDC from 50 states and 

the District of Columbia (Table 1). This case count corresponds to a rate of 278.3 

cases per 100,000 population, an increase of 10.4% compared with the rate of 

252.1 in 2000. The reported number of chlamydial infections was more than 

twice the number of reported cases of gonorrhea (361,705 gonorrhea cases were 

reported in 2001) (Table 1). 

•	 From 1987 through 2001, the reported rates of chlamydial infection increased 

from 50.8 to 278.3 cases per 100,000 population (Figure 2, Table 1). The 

continuing increase in reported cases likely represents the further expansion of 

screening for this infection, the development and use of more sensitive screening 

tests, and more complete national reporting. 

•	 For the years 1997-2001, the chlamydia rates in the Southern region of the 

United States (230.1, 268.4, 286.0, 285.5, 306.7 cases per 100,000 population, 

STD Surveillance 2001 National Profile	 Chlamydia 7 
respectively) were higher than the rates in any other region of the country (Figures 3 

and 4, Table 4). The higher rates in this region likely reflect both an expansion of 

screening activities in the South and the high burden of disease in this region. 

Before 1996, reported chlamydia rates were highest in the West and Midwest, 

where substantial public resources had been committed for screening programs in 

family planning clinics. 

•	 In 2001, the overall reported rate of chlamydial infection among women in the 

U.S. (435.2 cases per 100,000 females) was approximately four times higher than 

the reported rate among men (113.9 cases per 100,000 males), likely reflecting a 

greater number of women screened for this disease (Figure 5, Tables 5 and 6). 

The lower rates among men suggest that many of the sex partners of women with 

chlamydia are not diagnosed or reported. However, with the advent of the new, 

highly sensitive nucleic acid amplification tests that can be performed on urine, 

symptomatic and asymptomatic men are increasingly being diagnosed with 

chlamydial infection. From 1997 to 2001, the reported chlamydial infection rate 

in males increased by 61.6% (from 70.5 to 113.9 cases per 100,000 males) 

compared with a 27.3% increase in women over this period (from 341.8 to 435.2 

cases per 100,000 females) (Tables 5 and 6). 

•	 For women, the highest age-specific reported rates of chlamydia in 2001 

occurred among 15- to 19- year-olds (2,536.1 per 100,000 females) and 20- to 

24-year-olds (2,447.0 per 100,000 females). Age-specific reported rates among 

men, while substantially lower than the rates in women, were also highest in these 

same age groups (Figure 6, Table 11). 

•	 In 2001, the reported rate of chlamydia among African-American females in the U.S. 

was nine times higher than the rate among white females (1,646.1 and 192.3 per 

100,000, respectively) (Table 12B). The chlamydia rate among African-American 

males was 13 times higher than that among white males (531.8 and 42.2 per 

100,000 respectively). 

•	 Chlamydia screening and prevalence monitoring activities were initiated in 

Health and Human Services (HHS) Region X in 1988 as a CDC-supported 

demonstration project. In 1993, chlamydia screening services for women were 

expanded to three additional HHS regions (III,VII, and VIII) and, in 1995, to the 

remaining HHS regions (I, II, IV, V, VI, and IX). In some regions, federally-funded 

chlamydia screening supplements local- and state-funded screening programs. 

•	 In 2001, the median state-specific chlamydia test positivity among 15- to 24-year-old 

women who were screened during visits to selected family planning clinics in all states 

and outlying areas was 5.6% (range 2.7% to 13.9%) (Figure 7). In nearly all states 

chlamydia positivity was greater than the HP2010 objective of 3.0%.4 

•	 The effectiveness of large-scale screening programs in reducing chlamydia 

prevalence in women has been well documented in areas where this intervention 

has been in place for several years. For example, from 1988 to 2001, the 

screening programs in HHS Region X (Alaska, Idaho, Oregon, Washington) 

family planning clinics demonstrated a 59.2% decline in chlamydia positivity 

from 13.0% to 5.3% among 15- to 44-year-old women (Figure 8); chlamydia 

positivity was adjusted for changes in laboratory test methods and associated test 

sensitivity (see Appendix).5 

8 Chlamydia	 National Profile STD Surveillance 2001 
•	 After adjusting trends in chlamydia positivity to account for changes in laboratory 

test methods and associated increases in test sensitivity (see Appendix), 

chlamydia test positivity decreased in five of 10 HHS regions from 2000 to 2001, 

increased in four regions, and remained the same in one region (Figure 8). 

Although chlamydia positivity has declined in the past year in some regions due 

to the effectiveness of screening and treatment of women, continued expansion 

of screening programs to populations with higher prevalence of disease may have 

contributed to increases in positivity in other regions. 

•	 Additional information on chlamydia screening programs for women of 

reproductive age and chlamydia among adolescents and minority populations 

can be found in the Special Focus Profiles. 

1	 Scholes D, Stergachis A, Heidrich FE, Andrilla H, Holmes KK, Stamm WE. Prevention of pelvic 

inflammatory disease by screening for cervical chlamydial infection. N Engl J Med 1996;34(21): 1362-66. 

2	 National Committee for Quality Assurance (NCQA). HEDIS 2000: Technical Specifications, Washington, 

DC, 1999, pp. 68-70, 285-286. 

3	 Dicker LW, Mosure D, Levine W. Chlamydia positivity versus prevalence: what’s the difference? Sex 

Transm Dis 1998;25:251-3. 

4	 U.S. Department of Health and Human Services. Healthy People 2010. 2nd ed. With Understanding and 

Improving Health and Objectives for Improving Health. 2 vols. Washington, DC: U.S. Government 

Printing Office, November 2000. 

5	 Dicker LW, Mosure DJ, Levine WC, et al. Impact of switching laboratory tests on reported trends in 

Chlamydia trachomatis infections. Am J Epidemiol 2000;51:430-5. 

STD Surveillance 2001 National Profile	 Chlamydia 9 
Figure 1. Chlamydia — Number of states that require reporting of Chlamydia trachomatis 

infections: United States, 1987–2001 

No. of states 

50 

40 

30 

20 

10 

0 

1987 88 89 90 91 92 93 94 95 96 97 98 99 2000 01
 

Figure 2. Chlamydia — Reported rates: United States, 1984–2001 

Rate (per 100,000 population)
 

300
 

240
 

180
 

120
 

60
 

0
 

1984 86 88 90 92 94 96 98 2000 

10 Chlamydia National Profile STD Surveillance 2001 
Figure 3. Chlamydia — Rates by state: United States and outlying areas, 2001 

231.3 

212.7 165.4 104.9 

217.9 169.2 

156.3 241.2 303.6 244.5 

169.9 312.8 VT 104.8 

NH 111.9 

301.0 

241.8 

134.5 

307.8 225.0 

187.3 194.7 

249.3 

352.0 250.9 

219.7 

331.7 

231.0 

259.1 129.7 

MA 

RI 

CT 

NJ 

DE 

163.8 

277.8 

226.6 

193.9 

356.4 

274.6 MD 295.3 273.5 279.6 303.7 343.8 272.3 382.1 Rate per 100,000 Guam 278.4 

414.6 326.6 413.4 Population 

<=150 (n= 7) 334.5 150.1-300 (n= 29) 399.2 437.7 >300 (n= 17) 235.4 

332.7 

Puerto Rico 72.2 

Virgin Is. 120.6 

Note: The total rate of chlamydia for the United States and outlying areas (including Guam, Puerto 

Rico and Virgin Islands) was 275.5 per 100,000 population. For further information on 

chlamydia reporting, see the Appendix. 

Figure 4. Chlamydia — Rates by region: United States, 1984–2001 

Rate (per 100,000 population) 

350 

280 

210 

140 West 

Midwest 

Northeast 70 South 

0 

1984 86 88 90 92 94 96 98 2000 

STD Surveillance 2001 National Profile Chlamydia 11 
Figure 5. Chlamydia — Rates by sex: United States, 1984–2001 

Rate (per 100,000 population) 

450 

360 

270 

180 

90 

0 

Men 

Women 

1984 86 88 90 92 94 96 98 2000 

Figure 6. Chlamydia — Age- and sex-specific rates: United States, 2001 

Men Rate (per 100,000 population)population)population)population)population)population)population)population)population)population)population)population)population)population)population)population)population)population)population)population)population)population) Women 

3,000 2,400 1,800 1,200 600 0 Age 0 600 1,200 1,800 2,400 3,000 

9.9 

375.9 

604.9 

284.7 

140.4 

70.3 

37.1 

15.9 

5.5 

2.2 

114.2 

10-14 

15-19 

20-24 

25-29 

30-34 

35-39 

40-44 

45-54 

55-64 

65+ 

Total 

139.8 

2,536.1 

2,447.0 

824.6 

301.9 

119.1 

51.4 

18.1 

5.1 

2.9 

436.3 

Note: See Table 11 and Appendix for more information. 

12 Chlamydia National Profile STD Surveillance 2001 
Figure 7. Chlamydia — Positivity among 15-24 year old women tested in family planning 

clinics by state: United States and outlying areas, 2001 

6.2 

5.8 3.2 3.1 

4.0 4.3 

4.4 3.4 7.5 5.2 

4.2 5.5 VT 3.4 

NH 5.9 

7.5 3.8 4.3 

5.7 

5.6 MA 

RI 

5.2 

7.0 5.1 7.0 5.4 CT 5.0 6.5 5.0 4.1 4.3 3.9 

2.7 8.1 NJ 

DE 

6.3 

5.8 

6.9 MD 5.1 

5.6 6.0 4.9 DC 6.1 

6.7 6.6 7.6 

Positivity (%) 

13.5 7.7 8.3 

<4 (n= 8) 8.4 4.0-4.9 (n= 8) 3.7 10.8 >=5 (n= 37) 5.5 

5.4 

Puerto Rico 6.1 Virgin Is. 13.9 

Note: States reported chlamydia positivity data on at least 500 women aged 15-24 years screened 

during 2001. 

SOURCE: Regional Infertility Prevention Program; Office of Population Affairs; Local and State STD Control Programs; 

Centers for Disease Control and Prevention 

Figure 8. Chlamydia — Trends in positivity among 15-44 year old women tested in family 

planning clinics by HHS regions, 1988–2001 

Note: Trends adjusted for changes in laboratory test method and associated increases in test 

sensitivity (see Appendix). No data on laboratory test method available for Region VII in 1995 

and Regions IV and V in 1996. See Appendix for definition of Health and Human Services 

(HHS) regions. 

SOURCE: Regional Infertility Prevention Program; Office of Population Affairs; Local and State STD Control Programs; 

Centers for Disease Control and Prevention 

STD Surveillance 2001 National Profile Chlamydia 13 

Gonorrhea 

Infections due to Neisseria gonorrhoeae, like those resulting from Chlamydia trachomatis, are a 

major cause of pelvic inflammatory disease (PID) in the United States. Occurrence of PID can lead 

to serious outcomes such as tubal infertility, ectopic pregnancy, and chronic pelvic pain. In addition, 

epidemiologic and biologic studies provide strong evidence that gonococcal infections facilitate the 

transmission of HIV infection.1 

Following a 73.8% decline in the reported rate of gonorrhea from 1975 to 1997, in 1998 the gonorrhea rate increased by 7.8% and has remained essentially unchanged through 2001 (Figure 9 and 

Table 1 ). Although increased screening (usually associated with simultaneous testing for chlamydial 

infection), use of more sensitive diagnostic tests, and improved reporting may account for a portion 

of the recent increase, true increases in disease in some populations and geographic areas also appear to have occurred.2 

As with reporting of chlamydial infection, reporting of gonorrhea cases to CDC is incomplete. In 

addition, reporting practices for gonococcal infections may have been biased towards reporting of 

infections in persons of minority race or ethnicity, who are more likely to attend public STD clinics.2,3 

As a result, for most areas, the number of gonorrhea cases reported to CDC are affected by many 

factors, only one of which is the occurrence of the infection within the population. For this reason, 

new data on gonorrhea prevalence in persons screened in a variety of different settings are useful in 

assessing disease burden in selected populations. 

•	 In 2001, 361,705 cases of gonorrhea were reported in the United States (Table 1). 

•	 The rate of reported gonorrhea in the United States was 128.5 cases per 100,000 

population in 2001 which was similar to the rates for the previous three years 

(129.0 in 2000, 132.3 in 1999, and 131.9 in 1998) (Table 14). In the period from 

1975 to 1997, the national gonorrhea rate had been generally declining following 

the implementation of the national gonorrhea control program in the mid-1970s 

(Table 1). 

•	 In 2001, eight states and one outlying area reported gonorrhea rates below the 

Healthy People 2010 (HP2010) national objective of 19 cases per 100,000 

population4 (Figure 10 and Table 13). 

•	 Between 2000 and 2001, the gonorrhea rates in two of the four Census regions of 

the United States (Northeast and West) increased while the rates decreased slightly 

in the other two regions (Midwest and South). The Northeast experienced a 9.6% 

increase in rates (from 89.3 per 100,000 population in 2000 to 97.9 in 2001) and 

the West experienced a 7.0% increase (from 57.5 per 100,000 in 2000 to 61.5 in 

2001). Meanwhile, the gonorrhea rate in the Midwest decreased by 1.7% (from 

145.9 per 100,000 in 2000 to 143.4 in 2001) and the South had a 3.9% decrease 

in rates (from 184.6 cases per 100,000 population in 2000 to 177.5 in 2001). As in 

previous reporting years, the South had the highest reported gonorrhea rate in 

2001 among the four regions of the country (Figure 11, Table 14). 

STD Surveillance 2001 National Profile	 Gonorrhea 15 
•	 The reported gonorrhea rate among women in 2001 (128.2 cases per 100,000 

females) was similar to the rate in previous years (126.7 in 2000 and 128.6 in 

1999) (Figure 12 and Table 15). The gonorrhea rate among men has declined in 

the last two years from 135.5 cases per 100,000 males in 1999 to 130.9 in 2000 

and to 128.4 in 2001 (Figure 12 and Table 16). 

•	 State-specific reported gonorrhea rates for men and women were higher than the 

HP2010 objective of 19 cases per 100,000 population in 42 states and two outlying 

areas (Tables 15 and 16). 

•	 The overall gonorrhea rate reported from selected large cities with populations 

over 200,000 persons was 227.4 cases per 100,000 population in 2001. This rate 

is similar to what was reported for these cities in 2000 (231.2 cases per 100,000 

population) (Table 18). All of these 63 cities and one outlying area, had reported 

rates higher than the HP2010 objective of 19 cases per 100,000 population 

(Table 17). 

•	 Changes in the reported 2001 gonorrhea rates, relative to those reported in 2000, 

differed depending on racial/ethnic group. Gonorrhea rates increased in 2001 for 

three of the five racial/ethnic groups. The rates among Hispanics (69.4 per 

100,000 in 2000 and 74.2 in 2001) and among non-Hispanic whites (27.7 in 

2000 and 29.4 in 2001) increased by 6.9% and 6.1% respectively between 2000 

and 2001. The gonorrhea rate among Asian/Pacific Islanders declined in 2001 

compared to 2000 (from 27.8 down to 26.7) but remained elevated compared to 

previous years (20.9 in 1999). The rate among African-Americans declined by 

0.7% from 788.2 in 2000 to 782.3 in 2001 which was less than the declines in 

previous years (from 859.4 in 1998 to 848.3 in 1999 to 788.2 in 2000) (Figure 13 

and Table 22B). In 2001, the reported gonorrhea rate among African-Americans 

was about 27 times greater than the rate for non-Hispanic whites. The 2001 

gonorrhea rates for all racial/ethnic groups were above the HP2010 objective of 

19 per 100,000 population. 

•	 Among women in 2001, 15- to 19-year-olds had the highest reported rate of 

gonorrhea (703.2 per 100,000), while among men, 20- to 24-year-olds had the 

highest rate (563.6 per 100,000) (Figure 14 and Table 21). 

•	 In 2001, the median state-specific gonorrhea test positivity among 15- to 24-yearold women screened in selected family planning clinics in 34 states, Puerto Rico, 

District of Columbia, and the Virgin Islands was 1.0% (range 0.1% to 3.2%) 

(Figure 15). In other settings, gonorrhea test positivity has been much higher. See 

Special Focus Profiles. 

•	 Antimicrobial resistance remains an important consideration in the treatment of 

gonorrhea.5,6 Overall, 20.9% of isolates collected in 2001 by the Gonococcal 

Isolate Surveillance Project (GISP) were resistant to penicillin, tetracycline, or 

both (Figures 16 and 17). 

•	 Resistance to ciprofloxacin was first identified in GISP in 1991. From 1991 to 

1998, fewer than 9 ciprofloxacin-resistant isolates were identified each year and 

such isolates were identified in only a few GISP clinics. In 2000, similar to 1999, 

19 (0.4%) ciprofloxacin-resistant GISP isolates were identified in 7 of the 25 GISP 

clinics. In 2001, 38 (0.7%) ciprofloxacin-resistant GISP isolates were identified in 

6 clinics (Figure 18). Notably, in Honolulu, the proportion of GISP isolates that 

were resistant to ciprofloxacin continued to increase quite markedly and was 

16 Gonorrhea	 National Profile STD Surveillance 2001 
20.3% in 2001, compared to 14.3% in 2000. This ongoing trend reinforces the 

recommendation made by CDC in 2000 that fluoroquinolones not be used to 

treat gonorrhea acquired in Hawaii.5 In 2001, elevated proportions of GISP 

isolates resistant to ciprofloxacin were identified in all four California GISP sites 

(3.0% in Long Beach, 2.3% in Orange County, 2.1% in San Diego, and 3.4% in 

San Francisco); as a result, in 2002, the California STD Program recommended 

that fluoroquinolones no longer be used for gonorrhea treatment in California.

• In 2001, four (0.1%) GISP isolates had decreased susceptibility to cefixime; no 

GISP isolates had decreased susceptibility to ceftriaxone. The proportion of GISP 

isolates demonstrating decreased susceptibility to ceftriaxone or cefixime has 

remained very low over time. To date, cephalosporin resistance has not been 

identified in GISP. However, it was notable that three of the four isolates with 

decreased susceptibility to cefixime were also resistant to penicillin, tetracycline, 

and ciprofloxacin; such multi-drug resistance in combination with decreased 

susceptibility to cefixime has rarely been identified in the United States.

7

• The proportion of GISP isolates demonstrating elevated minimum inhibitory 

concentrations (MICs) to azithromycin has been increasing since GISP began 

monitoring azithromycin susceptibility in 1992. In 1992, 0.9% of GISP isolates

had azithromycin MIC ≥ 0.5 mg/ml compared with 1.5% in 2001. In 1992, there

were no isolates with azithromycin MIC ≥ 1.0 mg/ml but in 2001, there were 15

such isolates.

• From GISP data, the percentage of men with gonorrhea who were reported to 

have had a gonorrhea infection in the previous year has remained essentially 

unchanged between 1992 (21.5%) and 2001 (22.0%) (Figure 19).

• Additional information about gonorrhea in racial and ethnic minority 

populations, adolescents, men who have sex with men, and other at risk 

populations can be found in the Special Focus Profiles.

1 Cohen MS, Hoffman IF, Royce RA, et al. Reduction of concentration of HIV-1 in semen after treatment of 

urethritis: implications for prevention of sexual transmission of HIV-1. Lancet 1997;349:1868-73.

2 Centers for Disease Control and Prevention. Gonorrhea – United States, 1998. MMWR 2000;49:538-42.

3 Fox KK, Whittington W, Levine WC, Moran JS, Zaidi AA, Nakashima AN. Gonorrhea in the United States,

1981-1996: demographic and geographic trends. Sex Transm Dis 1998;25(7):386-93.

4 U.S. Department of Health and Human Services. Healthy People 2010. 2nd ed. With Understanding and 

Improving Health and Objectives for Improving Health. 2 vols. Washington, DC: U.S. Government 

Printing Office, November 2000.

5 Centers for Disease Control and Prevention. Fluoroquinolone-resistance in Neisseria gonorrhoeae, 

Hawaii, 1999, and decreased susceptibility to azithromycin in N. gonorrhoeae, Missouri, 1999. MMWR

2000;49:833-837.

6 Centers for Disease Control and Prevention. Sexually Transmitted Disease Surveillance 2001

Supplement: Gonococcal Isolate Surveillance Project (GISP) Annual Report 2001. Atlanta, GA: U.S. 

Department of Health and Human Services (in press).

7 Wang SA, Lee MV, Iverson CJ, O’Connor N, Ohye RG, Hale JA, Knapp JS, Effler PV, Weinstock HS. 

Multi-drug resistant Neisseria gonorrhoeae with decreased susceptibility to cefixime, Hawaii, 2001. 

[Abstract] International Conference on Emerging Infectious Diseases, Atlanta, Georgia, March 25, 2002.

STD Surveillance 2001 National Profile Gonorrhea 17
Figure 9. Gonorrhea — Reported rates: United States, 1970–2001 and the Healthy People 

year 2010 objective 

Rate (per 100,000 population) 

500 

Gonorrhea 

2010 Objective 

400 

300 

200 

100 

0 

1970 73 76 79 82 85 88 91 94 97 2000 

Note: The Healthy People 2010 (HP2010) objective for gonorrhea is 19.0 cases per 100,000 

population. 

Figure 10. Gonorrhea — Rates by state: United States and outlying areas, 2001 

50.7 

11.5 8.7 11.1 

33.4 54.9 

5.9 38.3 112.1 117.5 

15.6 172.3 VT 12.5 

NH 14.2 

68.8 

87.9 

9.8 

74.2 99.3 

69.5 48.5 

155.9 

193.4 114.7 

88.8 

186.4 

40.5 

116.0 

156.7 

MA 

RI 

CT 

NJ 

DE 

50.6 

79.2 

74.8 

106.0 

221.2 

206.0 MD 178.0 178.3 76.4 138.6 

Guam 31.0 57.2 172.2 

272.8 251.4 231.1 

269.3 Rate per 100,000 

population 

144.0 <20 (n= 9) 

72.9 274.2 20-100 (n= 21) 

134.7 >100 (n= 23) 

49.9 

Puerto Rico 15.5 

Virgin Is. 31.3 

Note: The total rate of gonorrhea for the United States and outlying areas (including Guam, Puerto 

Rico and Virgin Islands) was 126.9 per 100,000 population. The Healthy People year 2010 

objective is 19.0 per 100,000 population. 

18 Gonorrhea National Profile STD Surveillance 2001 
Figure 11. Gonorrhea — Rates by region: United States, 1981–2001 and the Healthy 

People year 2010 objective 

Rate (per 100,000 population)
 

600
 

480
 

360
 

240
 

120
 

0
 

West 

Midwest 

Northeast 

South 

2010 Objective 

1981 83 85 87 89 91 93 95 97 99 2001 

Figure 12. Gonorrhea — Rates by sex: United States, 1981–2001 and the Healthy 

People year 2010 objective 

Rate (per 100,000 population)
 

600
 

480
 

360
 

240
 

120
 

0
 

Male 

Female 

2010 Objective 

1981 83 85 87 89 91 93 95 97 99 2001 

STD Surveillance 2001 National Profile Gonorrhea 19 
Figure 13. Gonorrhea — Rates by race and ethnicity: United States, 1981–2001 and the 

Healthy People year 2010 objective 

Rate (per 100,000 population) 

White 

Black 

Hispanic 

Asian/Pac Isl 

Am Ind/AK Nat 

2010 Objective 

0 

500 

1,000 

1,500 

2,000 

2,500 

1981 83 85 87 89 91 93 95 97 99 2001 

Figure 14. Gonorrhea — Age- and sex-specific rates: United States, 2001 

Men Rate (per 100,000 population) Women

750 600 450 300 150 0 Age 0 150 300 450 600 750

Total

65+

55-64

45-54

40-44

35-39

30-34

25-29

20-24

15-19

8.2 10-14

Men Rate (per 100,000 population) Women

750 600 450 300 150 0 Age 0 150 300 450 600 750

Total

65+

55-64

45-54

40-44

35-39

30-34

25-29

20-24

15-19

10-14

307.5 

Men Rate (per 100,000 population) Women

750 600 450 300 150 0 Age 0 150 300 450 600 750

Total

65+

55-64

45-54

40-44

35-39

30-34

25-29

20-24

15-19

10-14

563.6 

Men Rate (per 100,000 population) Women

750 600 450 300 150 0 Age 0 150 300 450 600 750

Total

65+

55-64

45-54

40-44

35-39

30-34

25-29

20-24

15-19

10-14

328.4 

Men Rate (per 100,000 population) Women

750 600 450 300 150 0 Age 0 150 300 450 600 750

Total

65+

55-64

45-54

40-44

35-39

30-34

25-29

20-24

15-19

10-14

203.9 

Men Rate (per 100,000 population) Women

750 600 450 300 150 0 Age 0 150 300 450 600 750

Total

65+

55-64

45-54

40-44

35-39

30-34

25-29

20-24

15-19

10-14

134.3 

Men Rate (per 100,000 population) Women

750 600 450 300 150 0 Age 0 150 300 450 600 750

Total

65+

55-64

45-54

40-44

35-39

30-34

25-29

20-24

15-19

10-14

90.5 

Men Rate (per 100,000 population) Women

750 600 450 300 150 0 Age 0 150 300 450 600 750

Total

65+

55-64

45-54

40-44

35-39

30-34

25-29

20-24

15-19

10-14

46.8 

Men Rate (per 100,000 population) Women

750 600 450 300 150 0 Age 0 150 300 450 600 750

Total

65+

55-64

45-54

40-44

35-39

30-34

25-29

20-24

15-19

10-14

17.2 

Men Rate (per 100,000 population) Women

750 600 450 300 150 0 Age 0 150 300 450 600 750

Total

65+

55-64

45-54

40-44

35-39

30-34

25-29

20-24

15-19

10-14

4.5 

Men Rate (per 100,000 population) Women

750 600 450 300 150 0 Age 0 150 300 450 600 750

Total

65+

55-64

45-54

40-44

35-39

30-34

25-29

20-24

15-19

10-14

128.6 

Men Rate (per 100,000 population) Women

750 600 450 300 150 0 Age 0 150 300 450 600 750

Total

65+

55-64

45-54

40-44

35-39

30-34

25-29

20-24

15-19

10-14 51.8 

Men Rate (per 100,000 population) Women

750 600 450 300 150 0 Age 0 150 300 450 600 750

Total

65+

55-64

45-54

40-44

35-39

30-34

25-29

20-24

15-19

10-14

703.2 

Men Rate (per 100,000 population) Women

750 600 450 300 150 0 Age 0 150 300 450 600 750

Total

65+

55-64

45-54

40-44

35-39

30-34

25-29

20-24

15-19

10-14

664.1 

Men Rate (per 100,000 population) Women

750 600 450 300 150 0 Age 0 150 300 450 600 750

Total

65+

55-64

45-54

40-44

35-39

30-34

25-29

20-24

15-19

10-14

249.4 

Men Rate (per 100,000 population) Women

750 600 450 300 150 0 Age 0 150 300 450 600 750

Total

65+

55-64

45-54

40-44

35-39

30-34

25-29

20-24

15-19

10-14

112.7 

Men Rate (per 100,000 population) Women

750 600 450 300 150 0 Age 0 150 300 450 600 750

Total

65+

55-64

45-54

40-44

35-39

30-34

25-29

20-24

15-19

10-14

57.8 

Men Rate (per 100,000 population) Women

750 600 450 300 150 0 Age 0 150 300 450 600 750

Total

65+

55-64

45-54

40-44

35-39

30-34

25-29

20-24

15-19

10-14

31.2 

Men Rate (per 100,000 population) Women

750 600 450 300 150 0 Age 0 150 300 450 600 750

Total

65+

55-64

45-54

40-44

35-39

30-34

25-29

20-24

15-19

10-14

9.4 

Men Rate (per 100,000 population) Women

750 600 450 300 150 0 Age 0 150 300 450 600 750

Total

65+

55-64

45-54

40-44

35-39

30-34

25-29

20-24

15-19

10-14

2.0 

Men Rate (per 100,000 population) Women

750 600 450 300 150 0 Age 0 150 300 450 600 750

Total

65+

55-64

45-54

40-44

35-39

30-34

25-29

20-24

15-19

10-14

0.9 

Men Rate (per 100,000 population) Women 

750 600 450 300 150 0 Age 0 150 300 450 600 750 

Total 

65+ 

55-64 

45-54 

40-44 

35-39 

30-34 

25-29 

20-24 

15-19 

10-14 

128.5 

Note: See Table 21 and Appendix for more information. 

20 Gonorrhea National Profile STD Surveillance 2001 
Figure 15. Gonorrhea — Positivity among 15-24 year old women tested in family planning 

clinics by state: United States and outlying areas, 2001 

1.1 

1.7 

0.9 1.2 VT 0.2 

NH 0.4 

2.3 0.5 0.9 

1.0 

MA 

RI 0.4 1.7 0.8 CT 1.0 1.1 0.3 0.7 0.8 0.5 

2.5 NJ 

DE 

1.3 

MD 

0.8 0.7 DC 1.3 

0.4 1.6 1.3 

Positivity (%) 

3.2 1.9 2.2 

See * (n= 16) 

0.2 

1.3 

2.9 <1 

1.0-1.9 

(n= 17) 

(n= 15) 1.2 >=2 (n= 5) 

0.1 

Puerto Rico 0.1 Virgin Is. 1.6 

*States reported gonorrhea positivity data on less than 500 women aged 15-24 years during 2001. 

SOURCE: Regional Infertility Prevention Program; Office of Population Affairs; Local and State STD Control Programs; 

Centers for Disease Control and Prevention 

Figure 16. Gonococcal Isolate Surveillance Project (GISP) — Location of participating 

clinics and regional laboratories: United States, 2001 

Seattle 

Portland 

Minneapolis 

Cleveland 

Philadelphia 

Chicago 

Cincinnati Baltimore San Francisco 

Denver Kansas City 

St. Louis 

Long Beach Ft. Bragg 

Orange Co. Phoenix Albuquerque San Diego 

Atlanta Birmingham 

Dallas New Orleans 

Anchorage Tripler AMC 

Honolulu STD Clinics 

Laboratories Miami 

STD Surveillance 2001 National Profile Gonorrhea 21 
Figure 17. Gonococcal Isolate Surveillance Project (GISP) — Penicillin and tetracycline 

resistance among GISP isolates, 2001 

Susceptible 

PPNG 

TRNG 

PPNG/TRNG 

PenR 

TetR 

CMRNG 

79.1% 

1.5% 

5.2% 

0.5% 

2.9% 

4.4% 

6.4% 

Note: PPNG=penicillinase-producing N. gonorrhoeae; TRNG=plasmid-mediated tetracycline resistant 

N. gonorrhoeae; PPNG-TRNG=plasmid-mediated penicillin and tetracycline resistant N. 

gonorrhoeae; PenR=chromosomally mediated penicillin resistant N. gonorrhoeae; TetR= 

chromosomally mediated tetracycline resistant N. gonorrhoeae; CMRNG=chromosomally 

mediated penicillin and tetracycline resistant N. gonorrhoeae. 

Figure 18. Gonococcal Isolate Surveillance Project (GISP) — Percent of Neisseria 

gonorrhoeae isolates with resistance or intermediate resistance to 

ciprofloxacin, 1990–2001 

Percent 

3.0 

2.4 

1.8 

1.2 

0.6 

0.0 

Resistance 

Intermediate resistance 

1990 91 92 93 94 95 96 97 98 99 2000 01 

Note: Resistant isolates have ciprofloxacin MICs ≥ 1 μg/mL. Isolates with intermediate resistance 

have ciprofloxacin MICs of 0.125 - 0.5 μg/mL. Susceptibility to ciprofloxacin was first 

measured in GISP in 1990. 

22 Gonorrhea National Profile STD Surveillance 2001 
Figure 19. Gonococcal Isolate Surveillance Project (GISP) — Percent of men with 

gonorrhea who had a previous gonorrhea infection, 1991–2001 

Percent 

50
 

40
 

30
 

20
 

10
 

0
 

Ever* 

Last 12 months** 

1991 92 93 94 95 96 97 98 99 2000 01
 

*Data first collected in 1991. 

**Data first collected in 1992. 

STD Surveillance 2001 National Profile Gonorrhea 23
 

Syphilis 

Syphilis, a genital ulcerative disease, facilitates the transmission of HIV and may be important in 

contributing to HIV transmission in those parts of the country, such as the South, where rates of both 

infections are high. Untreated early syphilis in pregnant women results in perinatal death in up to 

40% of cases and, if acquired during the four years preceding pregnancy, may lead to infection of 

the fetus in over 70% of cases.1 

The rate of primary and secondary (P&S) syphilis reported in the United States decreased during the 1990s and in 2000 was the lowest since reporting began in 1941 (Figure 20). The low rate 

of syphilis and the concentration of the majority of syphilis cases in a small number of geographic 

areas led to the development of the National Plan to Eliminate Syphilis from the United States, 

which was announced by Surgeon General David Satcher in October 1999.2 Collaboration with 

diverse organizations, public health professionals, the private medical community, and other 

partners working in STD and HIV is essential for the success of this effort.3 

The rate of P&S syphilis in the United States declined by 89.7% from 1990 through 2000. However, the rate of P&S syphilis increased slightly in 2001 (the first annual rate increase since 1990); 

this increase was observed only in men. Despite national progress toward syphilis elimination, particularly among African-Americans, syphilis remains an important problem in the South and in 

some urban areas in other regions of the country. Recently, outbreaks of syphilis among men who 

have sex with men (MSM) have been reported, possibly reflecting an increase in risky behavior in 

this population associated, in part, with the availability of highly active antiretroviral therapy for HIV 

infection.4,5 

•	 In 2001, P&S syphilis cases reported to CDC increased to 6,103 from 5,979 in 

2000, an increase of 2.1%. The reported rate of P&S syphilis in the United States 

in 2001 (2.2 cases per 100,000 population) was slightly higher than the rate 

reported in 2000 (2.1 cases per 100,000 population), and it is greater than the 

Healthy People 2010 (HP2010) objective of 0.2 case per 100,000 population 

(Figure 21, Table 1).6 

•	 In 2001, P&S syphilis rates in nine states and one outlying area were less than or 

equal to the HP2010 national objective of 0.2 case per 100,000 population 

(Figure 22, Table 25). Ten states and one outlying area reported five or fewer 

cases of P&S syphilis in 2001 (Table 25). 

•	 In 2001, 2,516 (80.2%) of 3,139 counties in the United States reported no cases 

of P&S syphilis compared with 2,520 (80.3%) counties reporting no cases in 

2000. Of 623 counties reporting at least one case of P&S syphilis in 2001, 17 

(2.7%) reported rates at or below the HP2010 objective of 0.2 case per 100,000 

population. Rates of P&S syphilis were above the HP2010 objective for 606 

counties in 2001 (Figure 23). These 606 counties (19.3% of the total number of 

counties in the U.S.) accounted for 99.6% of the total P&S syphilis cases reported 

in 2001. 

STD Surveillance 2001 National Profile	 Syphilis 25 
•	 In 2001, half of the total number of P&S syphilis cases were reported from 20 

counties and the city of Baltimore, MD (Table 26). 

•	 The reported rate of P&S syphilis increased 15.4% among men (from 2.6 cases to 

3.0 cases per 100,000 men) between 2000 and 2001 (Figure 25, Table 29). 

During this time, the rate declined 17.7% among women (from 1.7 to 1.4 cases 

per 100,000 women) ( Figure 25, Table 28). 

•	 The male-to-female rate ratio for P&S syphilis has risen steadily since 1996 when 

it was 1.1 (Figure 27). The male-to-female rate ratio in 2000 was 1.5:1; in 2001, 

the rate ratio was 2.1:1, suggesting an increase in syphilis among men who have 

sex with men. 

•	 An increase in male-to-female rate ratio for P&S syphilis occurred in all 

racial/ethnic groups during 2000 to 2001. The male-to-female rate ratio for P&S 

syphilis increased from 1.8 to 6.0 in whites, from 1.4 to 1.7 in African-Americans, 

from 2.4 to 3.7 in Hispanics, from 5.0 to 10.0 in Asian/Pacific Islanders, and from 

1.0 to 1.2 in American Indian/Alaska Natives (Table 35B). 

•	 An increase in the male-to-female rate ratio for P&S syphilis occurred in the 

District of Columbia and in 16 (53.3%) of the 28 states and one outlying area that 

reported greater than or equal to 25 cases in 2001. 

•	 In 2001, the South continued to have a higher rate of P&S syphilis (3.4 cases per 

100,000 population) than any other region of the country. During 2000-2001, 

rates decreased 8.1% in the South (from 3.7 to 3.4 cases per 100,000 population) 

and 10.0% in the Midwest (from 2.0 to 1.8); they increased 40.0% in the West 

(from 1.0 to 1.4) and 57.1% in the Northeast (from 0.7 to 1.1). The 2001 reported 

rates in all regions were greater than the HP2010 objective of 0.2 case per 100,000 

population (Figure 24, Table 27). 

•	 The overall rate of P&S syphilis reported in 2001 for 63 selected large cities with 

populations of 200,000 persons or more in the U.S. (4.8 cases per 100,000 

population) was 9.1% higher than the rate in 2000 (4.4). Rates exceeded the 

HP2010 objective of 0.2 case per 100,000 population in 59 (93.7%) of these 63 

cities (Tables 30 and 31). 

•	 Between 2000 and 2001, the rates of P&S syphilis declined among AfricanAmericans (from 12.2 cases per 100,000 population in 2000 to 11.0 in 2001) but 

increased among whites (from 0.5 to 0.7), Hispanics (from 1.6 to 2.1), 

Asian/Pacific Islanders (from 0.3 to 0.5), and American Indian/Alaska Natives 

(from 2.4 to 4.2) (Figure 26, Table 35B). 

•	 In 2001, the rate of P&S syphilis reported in African-Americans (11.0 cases per 

100,000 population) was 16 times greater than the rate reported in whites (0.7 

case per 100,000 population). This differential was substantially less than that in 

1997, when the rate of P&S syphilis among African-Americans was 44 times 

greater than the rate reported among whites (Table 35B). Declining differential 

rates between African-Americans and whites between 1997 and 2001 are due to 

consistent decreases in rates in African-Americans during this period in 

conjunction with an increase in rates in whites in 2001. 

•	 The incidence of P&S syphilis was highest among women aged 20-24 years (3.8 

cases per 100,000 population) and among men aged 35-39 (7.2 cases per 

100,000 population) (Figure 28, Table 34). 

26 Syphilis	 National Profile STD Surveillance 2001 
•	 Between 2000 and 2001, the overall rate of congenital syphilis decreased by 

20.7% in the U.S., from 14.0 to 11.1 cases per 100,000 live births (Figure 29, 

Table 42). In addition, among the 18 states and outlying areas with five or more 

reported cases of congenital syphilis in 2000, 10 had rates that decreased since 

2000. Five of these states had rate decreases of 30% or more between 2000 and 

2001 (Table 42). 

•	 The continuing decrease in the rate of congenital syphilis (Figure 30) likely reflects 

the substantial reduction in the rate of P&S syphilis among women that has 

occurred in the last decade (Figure 29).7 During the period from 1991 through 

2001, the average yearly percentage decrease in the congenital syphilis rate was 

19.8% (Table 40). The average yearly percentage decrease in the rate of P&S 

syphilis reported among women for the years 1991 through 2001 was 20.8%. 

•	 In 2001, 27 states and three outlying areas had reported rates of congenital 

syphilis that exceeded the HP2010 objective of 1.0 case per 100,000 live births 

(Tables 41 and 42). 

•	 Thirty-four (54.0%) of the 63 selected cities with populations of 200,000 persons 

or more had congenital syphilis rates for 2001 greater than the HP2010 objective 

of 1.0 case per 100,000 live births (Table 43). All of these cities had reported rates 

that were more than six times the HP2010 objective. 

•	 Additional information on syphilis and congenital syphilis can be found in the 

Special Focus Profiles. 

1	 Ingraham NR. The value of penicillin alone in the prevention and treatment of congenital syphilis. Acta

Derm Venereol 31 (suppl 24): 60, 1951. 

2	 Division of STD Prevention. The National Plan to Eliminate Syphilis from the United States. National 

Center for HIV, STD, and TB Prevention, Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, 1999. 

3	 Centers for Disease Control and Prevention. Primary and secondary syphilis – United States, 1999. 

MMWR 2000;50:113-117. 

4	 Centers for Disease Control and Prevention. Resurgent bacterial sexually transmitted disease among men 

who have sex with men – King County, Washington, 1997-1999. MMWR 1999; 48:773-777. 

5	 Centers for Disease Control and Prevention. Outbreak of syphilis among men who have sex with men ­

Southern California, 2000. MMWR 2001; 50(7): 117-20. 

6 U.S. Department of Health and Human Services. Healthy People 2010. 2nd ed. With Understanding and 

Improving Health and Objectives for Improving Health. 2 vols. Washington, DC: U.S. Government 

Printing Office, November 2000. 

7	 Centers for Disease Control and Prevention. Congenital Syphilis – United States, 2000. MMWR

2001;50(27):573-77. 

STD Surveillance 2001 National Profile	 Syphilis 27 
Figure 20. Syphilis — Reported cases by stage of illness: United States, 1941–2001 

Thousands of cases 

600 

480 

360 

240 

120 

0 

P&S 

Early Latent 

Total Syphilis 

1941 46 51 56 61 66 71 76 81 86 91 96 2001 

Figure 21. Primary and secondary syphilis — Reported rates: United States, 1970–2001 

and the Healthy People year 2010 objective 

Rate (per 100,000 population) 

25 

20 

15 

10 

5 

0 

P&S Syphilis 

2010 Objective 

1970 73 76 79 82 85 88 91 94 97 2000 

Note: The Healthy People 2010 (HP2010) objective for primary and secondary syphilis is 0.2 

case per 100,000 population. 

28 Syphilis National Profile STD Surveillance 2001 
Figure 22. Primary and secondary syphilis — Rates by state: United States and outlying 

areas, 2001 

1.0 

0.0 0.0 0.1 

0.4 0.7 

0.1 0.1 0.4 1.6 

0.2 4.3 VT 0.5 

NH 0.1 

1.6 

0.4 

0.5 

0.5 0.9 

0.6 0.2 

0.5 

3.3 2.5 

1.2 

0.7 

0.3 

0.8 

1.4 

MA 

RI 

CT 

NJ 

DE 

0.7 

0.9 

0.4 

1.6 

1.8 

5.5 MD 5.0 5.8 3.5 1.7 

Guam 7.8 1.0 1.8 5.9 Rate per 100,000 

4.9 3.2 5.1 population 

2.3 <=.2 (n= 10) 

0.0 3.9 .21-4 (n= 34) 

3.0 >4 (n= 9) 

1.0 

Puerto Rico 6.4 

Virgin Is. 0.0 

Note: The total rate of primary and secondary syphilis for the United States and outlying areas 

(including Guam, Puerto Rico and Virgin Islands) was 2.2 per 100,000 population. The Healthy 

People year 2010 objective is 0.2 per 100,000 population. 

Figure 23. Primary and secondary syphilis — Counties with rates above and counties with 

rates below the Healthy People year 2010 objective: United States, 2001 

STD Surveillance 2001 National Profile Syphilis 29 
Figure 24. Primary and secondary syphilis — Rates by region: United States, 1981–2001 

and the Healthy People year 2010 objective 

Rate (per 100,000 population) 

50 

40 

30 

20 

10 

0 

West 

Midwest 

Northeast 

South 

2010 Objective 

1981 83 85 87 89 91 93 95 97 99 2001 

Figure 25. Primary and secondary syphilis — Rates by sex: United States, 1981–2001 

and the Healthy People year 2010 objective 

Rate (per 100,000 population) 

25 

20 

15 

10 

5 

0 

Male 

Female 

2010 Objective 

1981 83 85 87 89 91 93 95 97 99 2001 

30 Syphilis National Profile STD Surveillance 2001 
Figure 26. Primary and secondary syphilis — Rates by race and ethnicity: United States, 

1981–2001 and the Healthy People year 2010 objective 

Rate (per 100,000 population) 

150 

120 

90 

60 

30 

0 

White 

Black 

Hispanic 

Asian/Pac Isl 

Am Ind/AK Nat 

2010 Objective 

1981 83 85 87 89 91 93 95 97 99 2001 

Figure 27. Primary and secondary syphilis — Male to female rate ratios: United States, 

1981–2001 

Male-Female rate ratio 

5:1 

4:1 

3:1 

2:1 

1:1 

0 

1981 83 85 87 89 91 93 95 97 99 2001 

STD Surveillance 2001 National Profile Syphilis 31 
Figure 28. Primary and secondary syphilis — Age- and sex-specific rates: United States, 

2001 

Men Rate (per 100,000 population)population)population)population)population)population)population)population)population)population)population)population)population)population)population)population)population)population)population)population)population)population) Women 

7.5 6.0 4.5 3.0 1.5 0.0 Age 0.0 1.5 3.0 4.5 6.0 7.5 

0.0 

1.4 

5.0 

5.9 

6.4 

7.2 

5.3 

3.4 

1.4 

0.4 

3.0 

10-14 

15-19 

20-24 

25-29 

30-34 

35-39 

40-44 

45-54 

55-64 

65+ 

Total 

0.2 

2.5 

3.8 

3.1 

3.0 

2.9 

2.0 

0.9 

0.2 

0.0 

1.4 

Note: See Table 34 and Appendix for more information. 

Figure 29. Congenital syphilis — Reported cases for infants <1 year of age and rates of 

primary and secondary syphilis among women: United States, 1970–2001 

P&S rate (per 100,000 population) CS cases (in thousands) 

20 

16 

12 

8 

4 

0 

Kaufman Criteria 

CDC Surveillance 

Definition 

P&S Syphilis 

Congenital 

Syphilis 

7.5 

6.0 

4.5 

3.0 

1.5 

0.0 

1970 75 80 85 90 95 2000 

Note: The surveillance case definition for congenital syphilis changed in 1988 (see Appendix). 

Case counts for congenital syphilis shown in this graph correspond to those listed in 

Table 40. 

32 Syphilis National Profile STD Surveillance 2001 
Figure 30. Congenital syphilis — Rates for infants <1 year of age: United States, 

1981–2001 and the Healthy People year 2010 objective 

Rate (per 100,000 live births) 

125
 

100
 

75
 

50
 

25
 

0
 

Cong. Syphilis 

2010 Objective 

1981 83 85 87 89 91 93 95 97 99 2001
 

Note: The Healthy People 2010 (HP2010) objective for primary and secondary syphilis is 0.2 

case per 100,000 population. The surveillance case definition for congenital syphilis 

changed in 1988 (see Appendix). 

STD Surveillance 2001 National Profile Syphilis 33
 

Other Sexually Transmitted Diseases 

Since 1987, reported cases of chancroid have declined steadily (Figure 31, Table 1). In 2001, a 

total of 38 cases of chancroid were reported in the United States. Only nine states and one outlying 

area reported one or more cases of chancroid in 2001 and two of these states (South Carolina and 

Texas) accounted for 55.3% of the 38 reported cases in the U.S. New York and Texas had notable 

declines in number of cases between 2000 and 2001 (New York: 26 to 3, Texas: 19 to 6) (Table 46). 

Although the decline in reported chancroid cases most likely reflects a decline in the incidence of this 

disease, these data should be interpreted with caution in view of the fact that Haemophilus ducreyi, 

the causative organism of chancroid, is difficult to culture and, as a result, this condition may be substantially underdiagnosed.1,2 

Case reporting data for genital herpes simplex virus (HSV), genital warts, human papillomavirus, 

non-gonococcal urethritis, and trichomoniasis are not available. Ongoing trend data are limited to 

estimates of the office visits in physicians’ office practices provided by the National Disease and 

Therapeutic Index (NDTI) (Figures 32 and 34-36). 

Serious consequences of genital herpes simplex virus infection include lifelong recurrent episodes 

of painful genital lesions, increased likelihood of HIV transmission and acquisition, and, for women 

who acquire genital herpes in pregnancy, potentially fatal neonatal infection.3 Data on genital herpes simplex virus type 2 (HSV-2) seroprevalence among the non-institutionalized U.S. population 

are available from the National Health and Nutrition Examination Survey (NHANES). In NHANES 

III (1988-1994), HSV-2 seroprevalence among persons at least 12 years of age was 21.9%, a prevalence which was 30% higher than the age-adjusted HSV-2 seroprevalence from NHANES II 

(1976-1980). Statistically significant increases in seroprevalence were concentrated in three of the 

youngest age groups which include persons aged 12 to 39 years (Figure 33).4 Women had a higher 

seroprevalence than men regardless of age or race/ethnicity.5 

For data on PID, see the Special Focus Profile on Women and Infants. 

1	 Schulte JM, Martich FA, Schmid GP. Chancroid in the United States, 1981-1990: Evidence for 

underreporting of cases. MMWR 1992;41(no. SS-3):57-61. 

2	 Mertz KJ, Trees D, Levine WC, et al. Etiology of genital ulcers and prevalence of human immunodeficiency 

virus coinfection in 10 US cities. J Infect Dis 1998;178:1795-8. 

3	 Handsfield HH, Stone KM, Wasserheit JN. Prevention agenda for genital herpes. Sex Transm Dis 1999; 

26:228-231. 

4	 Fleming DT, McQuillan GM, Johnson RE, et al. Herpes simplex virus type 2 in the United States, 1976 to 

1994. N Engl J Med 1997;337:1105-11. 

5	 Xu F, Schillinger JA, Sternberg MR, et al. Seroprevalence and coinfection with herpes virus type 1 and type 

2 in the United States, 1988-1994. J Infect Dis 2002;185:1019-24. 

STD Surveillance 2001 National Profile Other Sexually Transmitted Diseases 35 
Figure 31. Chancroid — Reported cases: United States, 1981–2001 

Cases (in thousands) 

5 

4 

3 

2 

1 

0 

1981 83 85 87 89 91 93 95 97 99 2001 

Figure 32. Genital herpes — Initial visits to physicians’ offices: United States, 1966–2001 

Visits (in thousands) 

250 

200 

150 

100 

50 

0 

1966 69 72 75 78 81 84 87 90 93 96 99 

Note: See Appendix.
 

SOURCE: National Disease and Therapeutic Index (IMS America, Ltd.)
 

36 Other Sexually Transmitted Diseases National Profile STD Surveillance 2001 
Figure 33. Genital herpes simplex virus type 2 infections — Percent seroprevalence 

according to age in NHANES* II (1976-1980) and NHANES III (1988-1994) 

Percent 

NHANES II 

NHANES III 

0 

8 

16 

24 

32 

40 

12-19 20-29 30-39 40-49 50-59 60-69 70+
 

Age Group
 

Note: Bars indicate 95% confidence intervals. 

*National Health and Nutrition Examination Survey 

Figure 34. Genital warts — Initial visits to physicians’ offices: United States, 1966–2001 

Visits (in thousands) 

0 

80 

160 

240 

320 

400 

1966 69 72 75 78 81 84 87 90 93 96 99
 

Note: See Appendix.
 

SOURCE: National Disease and Therapeutic Index (IMS America, Ltd.)
 

STD Surveillance 2001 National Profile Other Sexually Transmitted Diseases 37
 
Figure 35. Nonspecific urethritis — Initial visits to physicians’ offices by men: 

United States, 1966–2001 

Visits (in thousands)
 

400
 

320
 

240
 

160
 

80
 

0
 

1966 69 72 75 78 81 84 87 90 93 96 99 

Note: See Appendix.
 

SOURCE: National Disease and Therapeutic Index (IMS America, Ltd.)
 

Figure 36. Trichomonal and other vaginal infections — Initial visits to physicians’ offices: 

United States, 1966–2001 

Visits (in thousands)
 

4,500
 

3,600
 

2,700
 

1,800
 

900
 

0
 

Trichomonal 

Other Vaginitis 

1966 69 72 75 78 81 84 87 90 93 96 99 

Note: See Appendix.
 

SOURCE: National Disease and Therapeutic Index (IMS America, Ltd.)
 

38 Other Sexually Transmitted Diseases National Profile STD Surveillance 2001 
Special Focus Profiles 

The Special Focus Profiles highlight trends and distribution of sexually transmitted diseases

(STDs) in populations of particular interest for STD and HIV prevention programs in state and local

health departments. These populations are most vulnerable to STDs and their consequences:

women and infants; adolescents and young adults; minorities; men who have sex with men (MSM);

persons entering corrections facilities; and populations in the southern United States. The Special

Focus Profiles refer to figureslocated in disease-specific sectionsin the National Profile and additional figures (Figures A-MM) that highlight specific points made in the text.

STD Surveillance 2001 Special Focus Profiles 39 

STDs in Women and Infants
 

Public Health Impact 

Women and infants disproportionately bear the long term consequences of STDs. Women infected with Neisseria gonorrhoeae or Chlamydia trachomatis can develop pelvic inflammatory disease (PID), which, in turn, may lead to reproductive system morbidity such as ectopic pregnancy 

and tubal factor infertility. If not adequately treated, 20% to 40% of women infected with 

chlamydia1 and 10% to 40% of women infected with gonorrhea2 may develop PID. Among women 

with PID, scarring will cause involuntary infertility in 20%, ectopic pregnancy in 9%, and chronic 

pelvic pain in 18%.3 Approximately 70% of chlamydial infections and 50% of gonococcal infections 

in women are asymptomatic.4,5,6 These infections are detected primarily through screening programs. The vague symptoms associated with chlamydial and gonococcal PID cause 85% of women 

to delay seeking medical care, thereby increasing the risk of infertility and ectopic pregnancy.7 Data 

from a randomized controlled trial of chlamydia screening in a managed care setting suggest that 

such screening programs can reduce the incidence of PID by as much as 60%.8 

Gonorrhea and chlamydia can also result in adverse outcomes of pregnancy, including neonatal 

ophthalmia and, in the case of chlamydia, neonatal pneumonia. Although topical prophylaxis at 

delivery is effective for prevention of ophthalmia neonatorum, prevention of neonatal pneumonia 

requires prenatal detection and treatment. 

While the great majority of infections with human papillomavirus (HPV) in women do not cause 

cervical cancer, infections with HPV are a major concern because persistent infection with specific 

types (e.g., types 16, 18, 31, 33, 35, and 45), are causally related to cervical cancer; these types also 

cause Pap smear abnormalities. Other types (e.g., types 6 and 11) cause genital warts, low grade 

Pap smear abnormalities and, rarely, recurrent respiratory papillomatosis in infants born to infected 

mothers.9 

Genital infections with herpes simplex virus have serious consequences for pregnant women 

including potentially fatal neonatal infections.10 

When a woman has a syphilis infection during pregnancy, she may transmit the infection to the 

fetus in utero. This may result in fetal death or an infant born with physical and mental developmental disabilities. Most cases of congenital syphilis are preventable if women are screened for syphilis 

and treated early during prenatal care.11 

Observations 

•	 Between 2000 and 2001, the reported case rate of chlamydial infections in 

women increased from 397.3 to 435.2 per 100,000 females (Figure 5, Table 5). 

Chlamydia rates exceed gonorrhea rates among women in all states (Figures A 

and B, Tables 5 and 15). 

STD Surveillance 2001	 Special Focus Profiles STDs in Women and Infants 41 
•	 In 2001, the median state-specific chlamydia test positivity among 15- to 24­

year-old women screened in selected prenatal clinics in 22 states and Puerto Rico 

was 7.4% (range 3.7% to 13.5%) (Figure F). 

•	 Gonorrhea rates among women were higher than the overall HP 2010 objective 

of 19.0 cases per 100,000 population12 in 42 states and two outlying areas in 

2001 (Figure B, Table 15). As in previous years, the highest rates of gonorrhea 

among women in 2001 occurred in the South (Figure B). 

•	 Like chlamydia, gonorrhea is often asymptomatic in women and can only be 

identified through screening. Large-scale screening programs for gonorrhea in 

women began in the late 1970s. After an initial increase in cases detected through 

screening, gonorrhea rates for both women and men declined steadily 

throughout the 1980s and early 1990s (Figure 12, Tables 15 and 16). The 

gonorrhea rate for women in 2001 (128.2 per 100,000 females) was similar to the 

2000 rate of 126.7 cases per 100,000 females and the 1999 rate of 128.6 cases. 

The gonorrhea rate among men in 2001 was also similar to the 2000 rate. Men 

with gonorrhea are usually symptomatic and may seek care; therefore, trends in 

men may be a relatively good indicator of trends in incidence of disease. As with 

chlamydia, trends in reported gonorrhea rates among women are more likely to 

reflect screening practices as well as the actual burden of disease. 

•	 In 2001, the median state-specific gonorrhea test positivity among 15- to 24-yearold women screened in selected prenatal clinics in 16 states was 0.9% (range 

0.0% to 4.3%) (Figure G). 

•	 The HP2010 objective for primary and secondary (P&S) syphilis is 0.2 case per 

100,000 population. In 2001, 29 states and two outlying areas reported rates of 

P&S syphilis for women that were greater than 0.2 case per 100,000 population 

(Figure C, Table 28). 

•	 The HP2010 objective for congenital syphilis is 1.0 case per 100,000 live births. 

Twenty-seven states and three outlying areas had reported rates higher than this 

objective in 2001 (Figure D, Tables 41 and 42). 

•	 The rate of congenital syphilis closely follows the trend of P&S syphilis in women 

(Figure 29). Peaks in congenital syphilis usually occur one year after peaks in P&S 

syphilis in women. The congenital syphilis rate peaked in 1991 at 107.3 cases per 

100,000 live births and has declined by 89.7% to 11.1 cases per 100,000 live 

births in 2001 (Figure 30, Table 40). The rate of P&S syphilis in women peaked at 

17.3 cases per 100,000 females in 1990 and declined 91.9% to 1.4 cases per 

100,000 females in 2001 (Figure 29). 

•	 The 2001 reported rate of congenital syphilis for the United States is currently well 

above the HP2010 objective of 1.0 case per 100,000 live births. This objective is 

many times greater than the rate of congenital syphilis of most industrialized 

countries where syphilis and congenital syphilis have nearly been eliminated.13 

•	 While most cases of congenital syphilis occur among infants whose mothers have 

had some prenatal care (Figure E), late or limited prenatal care has been 

associated with congenital syphilis. Failure of health care providers to adhere to 

maternal syphilis screening recommendations also may contribute to the 

occurrence of congenital syphilis.14 

42 STDs in Women and Infants Special Focus Profiles	 STD Surveillance 2001 
•	 Accurate estimates of pelvic inflammatory disease (PID) and tubal factor infertility 

resulting from gonococcal and chlamydial infections are difficult to obtain. 

Definitive diagnosis of these conditions can be complex. Trends in 

hospitalizations for PID have declined steadily throughout the 1980s and early 

1990s, but have remained relatively constant from 1995 through 1999 (Figure I). 

These trends may reflect changes in the etiology of PID (with increasing 

proportions of more indolent chlamydial infection) as well as changes in the 

clinical diagnosis and management of PID rather than true trends in disease.15 A 

greater proportion of women diagnosed with PID in the 1990s have been treated 

in outpatient instead of inpatient settings when compared to women diagnosed 

with PID in the 1980s. 

•	 The reported number of initial visits to physicians’ offices for PID through the 

National Disease and Therapeutic Index (NDTI) has generally declined from 

1993 through 1998 but has remained, for the most part, unchanged since 1998 

(Figure J). In 2000, an estimated 337,053 cases of PID were diagnosed in 

emergency departments among women 15- to 44-years of age (National Hospital 

Ambulatory Medical Care Survey, NCHS). 

•	 Evidence suggests that health care practices associated with ectopic pregnancy 

changed in the late 1980s and early 1990s. Before that time, treatment of ectopic 

pregnancy usually required admission to a hospital. Hospitalization statistics were 

therefore useful for monitoring trends in ectopic pregnancy. Beginning in 1989, 

hospitalizations for ectopic pregnancy began to decline. The number of reported 

hospitalizations for ectopic pregnancy remained the same in 2000 compared to 

the number reported in 1999 (Figure H). Data suggest that nearly half of all 

ectopic pregnancies are treated on an outpatient basis.16 

1	 Stamm WE, Guinan ME, Johnson C. Effect of treatment regimens for Neisseria gonorrhoeae on 

simultaneous infections with Chlamydia trachomatis. N Engl J Med 1984;310:545-9. 

2	 Platt R, Rice PA, McCormack WM. Risk of acquiring gonorrhea and prevalence of abnormal adnexal 

findings among women recently exposed to gonorrhea. JAMA 1983;250:3205-9. 

3	 Westrom L, Joesoef R, Reynolds G, et al. Pelvic inflammatory disease and fertility: a cohort study of 1,844 

women with laparoscopically verified disease and 657 control women with normal laparoscopy. Sex 

Transm Dis 1992;9:185-92. 

4	 Hook EW III, Handsfield HH. Gonococcal infections in the adult. In: Holmes KK, Mardh PA, Sparling PF, 

et al, eds. Sexually Transmitted Diseases, 2nd edition. New York City: McGraw-Hill, Inc, 1990:149-65. 

5	 Stamm WE, Holmes KK. Chlamydia trachomatis infections in the adult. In: Holmes KK, Mardh PA, 

Sparling PF, et al, eds. Sexually Transmitted Diseases, 2nd edition. New York City: McGraw-Hill, Inc, 

1990:181-93. 

6	 Zimmerman HL, Potterat JJ, Dukes RL, et al. Epidemiologic differences between chlamydia and 

gonorrhea. Am J Public Health 1990;80:1338-42. 

7	 Hillis SD, Joesoef R, Marchbanks PA, et al. Delayed care of pelvic inflammatory disease as a risk factor for 

impaired fertility. Am J Obstet Gynecol 1993;168:1503-9. 

8	 Scholes D, Stergachis A, Heidrich FE, Andrilla H, Holmes KK, Stamm WE. Prevention of pelvic 

inflammatory disease by screening for cervical chlamydial infection. N Engl J Med 1996;34(21):1362-6. 

STD Surveillance 2001	 Special Focus Profiles STDs in Women and Infants 43 
9	 Division of STD Prevention. Prevention of Genital HPV Infection and Sequelae: Report of an External 

Consultants’ Meeting. National Center for HIV, STD, and TB Prevention, Centers for Disease Control and 

Prevention, Atlanta, December 1999. 

10Handsfield HH, Stone KM, Wasserheit JN. Prevention agenda for genital herpes. Sex Transm Dis 

1999;26:228-231. 

11Centers for Disease Control. Guidelines for prevention and control of congenital syphilis. MMWR 

1988;37(No.S-1). 

12U.S. Department of Health and Human Services. Healthy People 2010. 2nd ed. With Understanding and 

Improving Health and Objectives for Improving Health. 2 vols. Washington, DC: U.S. Government 

Printing Office, November 2000. 

13Division of STD/HIV Prevention. Healthy People 2000: National Health Promotion and Disease 

Objectives. Progress Review: Sexually Transmitted Diseases, October 26, 1994. 

14Centers for Disease Control and Prevention. Congenital syphilis - United States, 2000. MMWR 

2001;50:573-77. 

15Rolfs RT, Galaid EI, Zaidi AA. Pelvic inflammatory disease: trends in hospitalization and office visits, 1979 

through 1988. Am J Obstet Gynecol 1992;166:983-90. 

16Centers for Disease Control and Prevention. Ectopic pregnancy in the United States, 1990-1992. MMWR 

1995;44:46-8. 

44 STDs in Women and Infants Special Focus Profiles	 STD Surveillance 2001 
Figure A. Chlamydia — Rates for women by state: United States and outlying areas, 2001 

343.2 

323.8 222.6 158.9 

315.5 242.0 

227.6 344.7 443.7 389.6 

276.7 484.7 VT 168.4 

NH 165.9 

448.7 

365.8 

190.2 

463.4 366.0 

290.5 288.1 

412.3 

522.5 376.6 

342.7 

505.4 

354.6 

420.8 211.9 

MA 

RI 

CT 

NJ 

DE 

240.0 

403.4 

356.4 

331.3 

527.2 

453.6 MD 469.7 414.7 435.6 490.1 528.9 434.6 655.7 Rate per 100,000 Guam 458.8 

697.3 581.4 670.9 population 

<=150 (n= 1) 548.7 150.1-300 (n= 13) 625.1 654.2 >300 (n= 39) 374.4 

506.4 

Puerto Rico 117.1 

Virgin Is. 204.4 

Note: The total rate of chlamydia for women in the United States and outlying areas (including Guam, 

Puerto Rico and Virgin Islands) was 430.8 per 100,000 population. 

Figure B. Gonorrhea — Rates for women by state: United States and outlying areas, 2001 

44.0 

12.6 8.4 9.3 

26.0 58.8 

6.0 135.3 43.7	 120.8 

VT 13.5 17.5	 178.8 NH 15.3 51.4 77.3 123.9 MA 48.4 77.6 192.7	 RI 89.6 8.5	 122.4 192.1 CT 80.3 61.5 74.4	 45.0 107.9 157.9 152.1 NJ 104.4 87.7 DE 248.6 

190.2 MD 167.6 164.7 66.2 152.2 51.0	 175.6 248.5 Rate per 100,000 Guam 29.1 230.6 population 248.3 317.0 

<20 (n= 9) 148.6 

20-100 (n= 20) 262.6 80.6 

126.8 >100 (n= 24) 

48.4 

Puerto Rico 14.1 

Virgin Is. 35.2 

Note: The total rate of gonorrhea for women in the United States and outlying areas (including Guam, 

Puerto Rico and Virgin Islands) was 126.6 per 100,000 population. The Healthy People year 

2010 objective is 19.0 per 100,000 population for women. 

STD Surveillance 2001 Special Focus Profiles STDs in Women and Infants 45 
Figure C. Primary and secondary syphilis — Rates for women by state: United States and 

outlying areas, 2001 

0.2 

0.0 0.0 0.0 

0.1 0.6 

0.0 0.0 0.5 0.2 

0.4 3.2 VT 0.0 

NH 0.0 

0.2 

0.1 

0.2 

0.2 0.8 

0.9 0.1 

0.3 

1.4 2.3 

0.8 

0.4 

0.1 

0.4 

1.2 

MA 

RI 

CT 

NJ 

DE 

0.1 

0.0 

0.1 

1.0 

1.2 

4.7 MD 4.1 5.4 1.9 1.6 

Guam 6.6 0.6 2.0 4.9 Rate per 100,000 

4.7 2.9 3.1 population 

1.6 <=.2 (n= 22) 

0.0 3.6 .21-4 (n= 24) 

1.6 >4 (n= 7) 

0.0 

Puerto Rico 6.6 

Virgin Is. 0.0 

Note: The total rate of primary and secondary syphilis for women in the United States and outlying 

areas (including Guam, Puerto Rico and Virgin Islands) was 1.4 per 100,000 population. The 

Healthy People year 2010 objective is 0.2 per 100,000 population. 

Figure D. Congenital syphilis — Rates for infants <1 year of age by state: United States and 

outlying areas, 2001 

0.0 

0.0 0.0 0.0 

0.0 0.0 

0.0	 0.0 0.0	 12.9 

VT 0.0 0.0	 3.0 NH 0.0 0.0 0.0 2.8 MA 2.5 0.0 0.7	 RI 0.0 0.0	 15.1 22.0 CT 4.6 11.4	 1.6 0.0 5.2 6.6 2.1 NJ 28.0 1.8 DE 0.0 

16.7 MD 5.6 18.0 35.7	 10.2 0.0 16.3 29.1 Rate per 100,000 Guam 24.9 14.2 live births 9.7 21.1 

<1 (n= 24) 20.9 

1-40 (n= 28) 0.0 0.0 

18.8 >40 (n= 1) 

0.0 

Puerto Rico 35.3 

Virgin Is. 59.8 

Note: The total rate of congenital syphilis for infants <1 year of age for the United States and outlying 

areas (including Guam, Puerto Rico and Virgin Islands) was 11.5 per 100,000 live births. The 

Healthy People year 2010 objective is 1.0 per 100,000 live births. 

46 STDs in Women and Infants Special Focus Profiles STD Surveillance 2001 
Figure E. Congenital syphilis — Cases by prenatal care utilization: United States,
 

1995-2001
 

Cases 

Prenatal 

No prenatal 

Unknown 

0 

240 

480 

720 

960 

1,200 

1995 1996 1997 1998 1999 2000 2001
 

Figure F. Chlamydia — Positivity among 15-24 year old women tested in prenatal
 

clinics by state: United States and outlying areas, 2001
 

Positivity (%) 

See * 

<5 

5.0-9.9 

>=10 

VT 

NH 

MA 

RI 

CT 

NJ 

DE 8.7 

MD 3.9 

DC 

Puerto Rico 8.9 Virgin Is. 

(n= 30) 

(n= 6) 

(n= 13) 

(n= 4) 

11.0 

8.0 

6.6 

7.7 

4.8 

7.1 3.8 

13.5 

13.5 

7.1 

5.4 3.7 

7.5 

8.1 

7.4 

4.5 

8.6 

6.7 

11.1 4.4 

*States not reporting chlamydia positivity data in prenatal clinics.
 

Note: States reported chlamydia positivity data on at least 100 women aged 15-24 years during 2001.
 

SOURCE: Regional Infertility Prevention Program; Office of Population Affairs; Local and State STD Control Programs;
 

Centers for Disease Control and Prevention 

STD Surveillance 2001 Special Focus Profiles STDs in Women and Infants 47
 
Figure G. Gonorrhea — Positivity among 15-24 year old women tested in prenatal 

clinics by state: United States and outlying areas, 2001 

Positivity (%) 

See * 

<1 

1.0-1.9 

>=2 

VT 

NH 

MA 

RI 

CT 

NJ 

DE 

MD 

DC 

Puerto Rico Virgin Is. 

2.7 

1.3 

0.7 

1.5 

0.9 0.6 

3.9 

3.1 

0.4 

0.8 0.0 

0.2 0.9 2.0 

0.7 

4.3 

(n= 37) 

(n= 9) 

(n= 2) 

(n= 5) 

*States not reporting gonorrhea positivity data in prenatal clinics.
 

Note: States reported gonorrhea positivity data on at least 100 women aged 15-24 years during 2001.
 

SOURCE: Regional Infertility Prevention Program; Office of Population Affairs; Local and State STD Control Programs;
 

Centers for Disease Control and Prevention 

Figure H. Ectopic pregnancy — Hospitalizations of women 15-44 years of age: United 

States, 1980-2000 

Ectopic Pregnancies (in thousands) 

100 

80 

60 

40 

20 

0 

1980 82 84 86 88 90 92 94 96 98 2000 

Note: Some variations in 1981 and 1988 numbers may be due to changes in sampling 

procedures. The relative standard error for these estimates ranges from 8% to 11%. 

SOURCE: National Hospital Discharge Survey (National Center for Health Statistics, CDC) 

48 STDs in Women and Infants Special Focus Profiles STD Surveillance 2001 
Figure I.	 Pelvic inflammatory disease — Hospitalizations of women 15-44 years of age: 

United States, 1980–2000 

Hospitalizations (in thousands) 

200 

160 

120 

80 

40 

0 

Acute, Unspec. 

Chronic 

1980 82 84 86 88 90 92 94 96 98 2000 

Note: The relative standard error for the estimates of the overall total number of PID cases range 

from 6% to 9%. 

SOURCE: National Hospital Discharge Survey (National Center for Health Statistics, CDC) 

Figure J. Pelvic inflammatory disease — Initial visits to physicians’ offices by women 

15-44 years of age: United States, 1980–2001 

Visits (in thousands) 

500 

400 

300 

200 

100 

0 

1980 82 84 86 88 90 92 94 96 98 2000 

Note: See Appendix.
 

SOURCE: National Disease and Therapeutic Index (IMS America, Ltd.)
 

STD Surveillance 2001 Special Focus Profiles STDs in Women and Infants 49 

STDs in Adolescents and Young Adults
 

Public Health Impact 

Compared to older adults, adolescents (10- to 19-year-olds) and young adults (20- to 

24-year-olds) are at higher risk for acquiring STDs for a number of reasons: they may be more likely 

to have multiple (sequential or concurrent) sexual partners rather than a single, long-term relationship; and they may select partners at higher risk. In addition, for some STDs, for example 

Chlamydia trachomatis, adolescent women may have a physiologically increased susceptibility to 

infection due to increased cervical ectopy. 

In addition, the higher prevalence of STDs among adolescents reflects multiple barriers to quality 

STD prevention services, including lack of insurance or other ability to pay, lack of transportation, 

discomfort with facilities and services designed for adults, and concerns about confidentiality. 

Observations 

•	 Numerous prevalence studies in various clinic populations have shown that 

sexually active adolescents have high rates of chlamydial infection.1,2,3 The 

Regional Infertility Prevention Program that performs large scale screening for 

detecting chlamydial infections among women attending family planning clinics 

demonstrate that younger women consistently have higher positivity rates of 

chlamydia than older women, even as prevalence declines. An example is the 

Region X Chlamydia Project, which has screened women in family planning 

clinics since 1988 (Figure K). 

•	 Among women, 15- to 19-year-olds had the highest rate of gonorrhea in 2001 

compared to all other age categories (Figure P and Table 21). In addition, 20- to 

29-year-old women had the highest rates of primary and secondary syphilis in 

2001 (Figure R and Table 34). Among men, 20- to 24-year-olds had the highest 

rate of gonorrhea and 30- to 39-year-olds had the highest rate of primary and 

secondary syphilis (Figures Q and S and Tables 21 and 34). 

•	 Rates of gonorrhea among male adolescents generally decreased between the 

years 1991 and 2001 (Figure Q). In the 15- to 19-year-old group, the rate 

declined for a third year, going from 337.9 cases per 100,000 males in 1999, to 

320.6 in 2000, to 307.5 in 2001, an overall 9.0% decrease. Among young men in 

the 20- to 24-year-old group, the rate of gonorrhea had generally been declining 

in the early 1990s but then increased slightly in the late 1990s and now has 

remained relatively unchanged in 2000 and 2001 (559.4 and 563.6 cases per 

100,000 males, respectively). 

•	 In 15- to 19-year-old women, the 2001 gonorrhea rate of 703.2 cases per 

100,000 females was similar to the 2000 rate of 699.3. Among young women in 

the 20- to 24-year-old group, the rate of gonorrhea in 2001 was 664.1, a 6.0% 

STD Surveillance 2001 Special Focus Profiles STDs in Adolescents and Young Adults 51 
increase from 626.5 in 2000 and a 22.4% increase from the rate in 1996 (542.7) 

(Figure P, Table 21). 

•	 In 2001, the highest age-specific gonorrhea rates among women and the third 

highest rates among men were in the 15- to 19-year-old group (Figure 14 and 

Table 21). 

•	 Since 1990, approximately 20,000 female National Job Training Program 

entrants have been screened each year for chlamydia. This program, 

administered by the U.S. Department of Labor at more than 100 sites throughout 

the country, is a job training program for economically-disadvantaged youth 

aged 16 through 24 years. Among women entering the program from 26 states 

and Puerto Rico in 2001, based on their place of residence before program entry, 

the median state-specific chlamydia prevalence was 10.6% (range 5.1% to 

18.0%) (Figure L). Chlamydial infection is widespread geographically and highly 

prevalent among these economically-disadvantaged young women.3 

•	 Data from National Job Training Program centers submitting gonorrhea 

specimens to the national contract laboratory from female students aged 16 to 24 

years indicate a high prevalence of gonococcal infection in this population. 

Specimens from at least 100 students from each of 17 states and Puerto Rico, 

were tested by the contract laboratory; the median state-specific gonorrhea 

prevalence was 3.7% (range 0.7% to 8.1%) in 2001 (Figure O). 

•	 The Adolescent Women Reproductive Health Monitoring Project was established 

in 1999 to monitor STD prevalence and reproductive health measures among 

adolescent women (less than 20 years old) in non-traditional venues, including 

school-based clinics, juvenile detention centers, drug treatment centers, and 

organizations serving street youth. In 2001, results from this screening project, 

which uses urine-based tests, identified a median site- specific chlamydia 

positivity of 9.6% (range 7.2% to 17.7%) at 16 school-based clinics and 17.6% 

(range 14.3% to 19.0%) at 16 organizations serving street youth (Figure M). 

Median site-specific gonorrhea positivity was 1.6% (range 1.2% to 4.8%) at 

school-based clinics and 4.4% (range 2.7% to 6.4%) at organizations serving 

street youth (Figure N). 

•	 Among adolescent women attending juvenile detention facilities, data from the 

Adolescent Women Reproductive Health Monitoring Project and the Jail STD 

Prevalence Monitoring Project identified a median chlamydia positivity of 14.8% 

(range 4.0% to 25.8%) (Figure GG) and a median gonorrhea positivity of 5.6% 

(range 0.0% to 13.6%) (Figure II) (see STDs in Persons Entering Corrections

Facilities). 

1	 Centers for Disease Control and Prevention. Recommendations for the prevention and management of 

Chlamydia trachomatis infections, 1993. MMWR 1993;42(No. RR-12). 

2	 Lossick J, Delisle S, Fine D, Mosure D, Lee V, Smith C. Regional program for widespread screening for 

Chlamydia trachomatis in family planning clinics. In: Bowie WR, Caldwell HD, Jones RP, et al., eds. 

Chlamydial Infections: Proceedings of the Seventh International Symposium of Human Chlamydial 

Infections, Cambridge, Cambridge University Press 1990, pp. 575-9. 

3	 Mertz, KJ, Ransom RL, St. Louis ME, Groseclose SL, Hadgu A, Levine WC, Hayman C. Decline in the 

prevalence of genital chlamydia infection in young women entering a National Job Training Program, 

1990-1997. Am J Pub Health 2001;91(8):1287-1290. 

52 STDs in Adolescents and Young Adults Special Focus Profiles STD Surveillance 2001 
Figure K. Chlamydia — Positivity among women tested in family planning clinics by 

age group: Region X, 1988–2001 

Percent 

15 

<18 Years 

18-19 Years 

12 20-24 Years 

25-29 Years 

30+ Years 

9 

6 

3 

0 

1988 89 90 91 92 93 94 95 96 97 98 99 2000 01 

Note: Women who met screening criteria were tested. Trends not adjusted for changes in 

laboratory test method and associated increases in test sensitivity in 1994 and 1999–2001. 

SOURCE: Regional Infertility Prevention Program: Region X Chlamydia Project (Alaska, Idaho, Oregon and Washington) 

Figure L. Chlamydia — Prevalence among 16-24 year-old women entering the National Job 

Training Program by state of residence: United States and outlying areas, 2001 

9.6 

6.2 

9.6 

10.6 VT 

NH 

11.5 MA 9.9 

10.7 RI 9.5 5.1 CT 7.6 10.3 10.1 10.1 NJ 13.9 

DE 

11.8 MD 13.4 

11.2 10.3 DC 

13.7 12.3 

Prevalence (%) 

18.0 13.8 12.8 

See * (n= 26) 13.5 

8.8 <10 (n= 9) 

10.0-14.9 (n= 17) 13.2 >=15 (n= 1) 

Puerto Rico 9.8 Virgin Is. 

*Fewer than 100 women residing in these states and entering the National Job Training Program 

were screened for chlamydia in 2001. 

Note: The overall chlamydia prevalence among female students entering the National Job Training 

Program in 2001 was 10.8%. 

SOURCE: U.S. Department of Labor 

STD Surveillance 2001 Special Focus Profiles STDs in Adolescents and Young Adults 53 
Figure M. Chlamydia — Adolescent Women Reproductive Health Monitoring Project 

chlamydia positivity by venue and project area, 2001 

Percent 

Colorado 

Connecticut 

Minnesota 

New York City 

Wisconsin 

0 

8 

16 

24 

32 

40 

-------- Schools -------- ------ Street Youth ----­

Venues 

Note: Where data are missing for project areas and venues, no testing or fewer than 50 

chlamydia tests were performed at the missing location in 2001. 

Figure N. Gonorrhea — Adolescent Women Reproductive Health Monitoring Project 

gonorrhea positivity by venue and project area, 2001 

Percent 

Colorado 

Connecticut 

Minnesota 

New York City 

Wisconsin 

0 

3 

6 

9 

12 

15 

-------- Schools -------- ------ Street Youth ----­

Venues 

Note: Where data are missing for project areas and venues, no testing or fewer than 50 

gonorrhea tests were performed in 2001. 

54 STDs in Adolescents and Young Adults Special Focus Profiles STD Surveillance 2001 
Figure O. Gonorrhea — Prevalence among 16-24 year-old women entering the National Job 

Training Program by state of residence: United States and outlying areas, 2001 

1.1 

1.4 

4.6 VT 

NH 

4.1 MA 2.0 

5.9 RI 3.6 CT 0.8 

3.8 NJ 

DE 

4.6 MD 

DC 2.4 3.1 

Prevalence (%) 

4.8 8.1 6.1 

See * (n= 35) 0.7 <2 (n= 5) 

2.0-4.9 (n= 9) 5.3 >=5 (n= 4) 

Puerto Rico 1.6 Virgin Is. 

*Fewer than 100 women residing in these states and entering the National Job Training Program 

were screened for gonorrhea by the national contract laboratory in 2001. 

Note: Many training centers test female students for gonorrhea using local laboratories; these results 

are not available to CDC. For this map, gonorrhea test results for students at centers submitting 

specimens to the national contract laboratory were included if the number of gonorrhea tests 

submitted was greater than 90% of the number of chlamydia tests submitted. The overall 

gonorrhea prevalence among female students entering the National Job Training Program in 

2001 was 3.3%. 

SOURCE: U.S. Department of Labor 

Figure P.	 Gonorrhea — Age-specific rates among women 10-44 years of age: United 

States, 1981–2001 

Rate (per 100,000 population) 

1,500 

10-14 

15-19 

20-24 1,200 25-29 

30-34 

35-39 

40-44 900 

600 

300 

0 

1981 83 85 87 89 91 93 95 97 99 2001 

STD Surveillance 2001 Special Focus Profiles STDs in Adolescents and Young Adults 55 
Figure Q. Gonorrhea — Age-specific rates among men 10-44 years of age: United States, 

1981–2001 

Rate (per 100,000 population) 

2,000 

1,600 

1,200 

800 

400 

0 

10-14 

15-19 

20-24 

25-29 

30-34 

35-39 

40-44 

1981 83 85 87 89 91 93 95 97 99 2001 

Figure R. Primary and secondary syphilis — Age-specific rates among women 10-44 years of 

age: United States, 1981–2001 

Rate (per 100,000 population) 

75 

60 

45 

30 

15 

0 

10-14 

15-19 

20-24 

25-29 

30-34 

35-39 

40-44 

1981 83 85 87 89 91 93 95 97 99 2001 

56 STDs in Adolescents and Young Adults Special Focus Profiles STD Surveillance 2001 
Figure S. Primary and secondary syphilis — Age-specific rates among men 10-44 years of 

age: United States, 1981–2001 

Rate (per 100,000 population) 

75
 

60
 

45
 

30
 

15
 

0
 

10-14 

15-19 

20-24 

25-29 

30-34 

35-39 

40-44 

1981 83 85 87 89 91 93 95 97 99 2001
 

STD Surveillance 2001 Special Focus Profiles STDs in Adolescents and Young Adults 57
 

STDs in Racial and Ethnic Minorities
 

Public Health Impact 

Surveillance data show higher reported rates of STDs among some minority racial or ethnic 

groups when compared with rates among whites. Race and ethnicity in the United States are risk 

markers that correlate with other more fundamental determinants of health status such as poverty, 

access to quality health care, health care seeking behavior, illicit drug use, and living in communities 

with high prevalence of STDs. Acknowledging the disparity in STD rates by race or ethnicity is one 

of the first steps in empowering affected communities to organize and focus on this problem. 

Surveillance data are based on cases of STDs reported to state and local health departments (see 

Appendix). In many areas, reporting from public sources, for example STD clinics, is more complete than reporting from private sources. Since minority populations may utilize public clinics more 

than whites, differences in rates between minorities and whites may be increased by this reporting 

bias. 

Observations 

• Although chlamydia is a widely distributed STD among all racial and ethnic 

groups, trends in positivity in women screened in HHS Region X (Alaska, Idaho, 

Oregon, and Washington) show consistently higher chlamydia positivity among 

minorities (Figure T). 

• In 2001, chlamydia positivity among sexually active 15- to 30-year-old women 

screened at clinics of the Indian Health Service (IHS) in four IHS areas ranged 

from 3.1% to 10.0% (Figure U). 

• In 2001, 75% of the total number of cases of gonorrhea reported to CDC occurred 

among African-Americans (Table 22A). The reported rate of gonorrhea among 

African-Americans in 2001 was 782.3 cases per 100,000 population (Table 22B). 

Among Hispanics, the 2001 reported gonorrhea rate was 74.2 cases per 100,000 

population and among American Indian/Alaska Natives the rate was 114.4 cases 

per 100,000 population. These rates are 27, 2.5 and 3.9 times higher respectively 

than the rate reported among non-Hispanic whites in 2001 of 29.4 cases per 

100,000 population (Figure 13, Table 22B). 

• Gonorrhea rates in 2001 were highest for African-Americans aged 15- to 

24-years among all racial, ethnic, and age categories. In 2001, African-American 

women aged 15- to 19-years had a gonorrhea rate of 3,495.2 cases per 100,000 

females. This rate is 18 times greater than the 2001 rate among non-Hispanic 

white females of similar age (193.2). African-American men in the 15- to 

19-year-old age category had a 2001 gonorrhea rate of 1,794.1 cases per 

100,000 males, which was 46 times higher than the rate among 15- to 

19-year-old white males of 39.0 (Table 22B). Among 20- to 24-year-olds in 2001, 

STD Surveillance 2001 Special Focus Profiles STDs in Racial and Ethnic Minorities 59 
the gonorrhea rate among African-Americans was 24 times greater than that 

among non-Hispanic whites (3,387.4 and 143.1 cases per 100,000 population 

respectively) (Table 22B). 

• Although gonorrhea rates declined for most age and race/ethnic groups during the 

1980s, this was not the case for African-American adolescents. African-American 

females aged 15 to 19 did not show a decline in rates until 1991 (Figures V and W). 

Declines among African-American males aged 15- to- 19-years did not begin until 

1992 (Figure W). From 2000 to 2001 gonorrhea rates among African-Americans 

declined slightly by 0.7% (788.2 and 782.3 cases per 100,000 population respectively). 

In 2001, rates decreased among Asian/Pacific Islanders by 4.0%. During the same 

period, gonorrhea rates increased by 6.9% among Hispanics and by 5.2% among 

American Indian/Alaska Natives (Table 22B). 

• The syphilis epidemic in the late 1980s occurred primarily among heterosexual, 

minority populations.1 From 1990 to 1996, rates of primary and secondary 

(P&S) syphilis declined among all racial and ethnic groups (Figure 26 and Table 

35B). From 1997 to 2000, rates of P&S syphilis were fairly stable in all racial and 

ethnic groups except African-Americans who experienced steadily declining 

rates. In 2001, although rates for African-Americans continued to decline, rates 

for all other racial and ethnic groups increased primarily due to increases among 

men. Rates for African-Americans and Hispanics continue to be higher than for 

non-Hispanic whites. In 2001, 62.5% of all cases of P&S syphilis reported to CDC 

occurred among African-Americans (Table 35A). Although the rate for 

African-Americans declined from 12.2 to 11.0 cases per 100,000 population 

between 2000 and 2001, the 2001 rate was 15.7 times greater than the rate of 0.7 

per 100,000 population among non-Hispanic whites. 

• Between 2000 and 2001, P&S syphilis rates for African-Americans aged 15-19 

years declined 20.2%; rates declined 17.9% among African-American females 

and 25.3% among African-American males in this age group (Figures X and Y, 

Table 35B). The P&S syphilis rate among young African-American adults aged 

20- to 24-years declined 13.7% between 2000 and 2001; rates declined 22.4% 

among African-American females and 4.5% among African-American males in 

this age group (Table 35B). 

• The 2001 rate of P&S syphilis among Hispanics was 2.1 cases per 100,000 

population, which is 3 times greater than the rate among non-Hispanic whites 

(Table 35B). 

• In 2001, the rate of congenital syphilis (based on the mother’s race/ethnicity) was 

37.8 cases per 100,000 live births among African-Americans and 20.1 cases per 

100,000 live births among Hispanics. These rates are 21 and 11 times greater 

than the 2001 rate of 1.8 cases per 100,000 live births among non-Hispanic 

whites, respectively (Figure Z, Table 45). Compared with 2000, the 2001 rate of 

congenital syphilis decreased by 28.4% among African-Americans and 8.6% 

among Hispanics. 

1 Nakashima AK, Rolfs RT, Flock ML, Kilmarx P, Greenspan JR. Epidemiology of syphilis in the United 

States, 1941 through 1993. Sex Transm Dis 1996;23:16-23. 

60 STDs in Racial and Ethnic Minorities Special Focus Profiles STD Surveillance 2001 
Figure T.	 Chlamydia — Positivity among women tested in family planning clinics 

by race and ethnicity: Region X, 1988–2001 

Percent 

15 

12 

9 

6 

3 

0 

White 

Black 

Hispanic 

Asian/Pac Isl 

Am Ind/AK Nat 

1988 89 90 91 92 93 94 95 96 97 98 99 2000 01 

Note: Women who met screening criteria were tested. Trends not adjusted for changes in 

laboratory test method and associated increases in test sensitivity in 1994, 1999–2001. 

SOURCE: Regional Infertility Prevention Program: Region X Chlamydia Project (Alaska, Idaho, Oregon and Washington) 

Figure U.	 Chlamydia — Positivity among 15-30 year old women tested in Indian Health 

Service Clinics by IHS areas, 2001 

*IHS areas not reporting chlamydia positivity data during 2001. See Appendix for definitions of IHS areas.
 

Note: Albuquerque Area - chlamydia positivity data reported for January-October only.
 

SOURCE: Indian Health Service
 

STD Surveillance 2001 Special Focus Profiles STDs in Racial and Ethnic Minorities 61 
Figure V. Gonorrhea — Reported rates for 15-19 year old females by race and ethnicity: 

United States, 1981–2001 

Rate (per 100,000 population) 

7,000 

5,600 

4,200 

2,800 

1,400 

0 

White 

Black 

Hispanic 

Asian/Pac Isl 

Am Ind/AK Nat 

1981 83 85 87 89 91 93 95 97 99 2001 

Figure W. Gonorrhea — Reported rates for 15-19 year old males by race and ethnicity: 

United States, 1981–2001 

Rate (per 100,000 population)
 

7,000
 

5,600
 

4,200
 

2,800
 

1,400
 

0
 

White 

Black 

Hispanic 

Asian/Pac Isl 

Am Ind/AK Nat 

1981 83 85 87 89 91 93 95 97 99 2001 

62 STDs in Racial and Ethnic Minorities Special Focus Profiles STD Surveillance 2001 
Figure X. Primary and secondary syphilis — Reported rates for 15-19 year old females by 

race and ethnicity: United States, 1981–2001 

Rate (per 100,000 population) 

250 

200 

150 

100 

50 

0 

White 

Black 

Hispanic 

Asian/Pac Isl 

Am Ind/AK Nat 

1981 83 85 87 89 91 93 95 97 99 2001 

Figure Y.	 Primary and secondary syphilis — Reported rates for 15-19 year old males by 

race and ethnicity: United States, 1981–2001 

Rate (per 100,000 population)
 

125
 

100
 

75
 

50
 

25
 

0
 

White 

Black 

Hispanic 

Asian/Pac Isl 

Am Ind/AK Nat 

1981 83 85 87 89 91 93 95 97 99 2001 

STD Surveillance 2001 Special Focus Profiles STDs in Racial and Ethnic Minorities 63 
Figure Z. Congenital syphilis — Rates for infants <1 year of age by mother’s race and 

ethnicity: United States, 1991–2001 and the Healthy People year 2010 objective 

Rate (per 100,000 live births)
 

450
 

360
 

270
 

180
 

90
 

0
 

White 

Black 

Hispanic 

Asian/Pac Isl 

Am Ind/AK Nat 

2010 Objective 

1991 92 93 94 95 96 97 98 99 2000 01
 

Note: Less than 5% of cases had missing race/ethnicity information and were excluded. 

64 STDs in Racial and Ethnic Minorities Special Focus Profiles STD Surveillance 2001
 
STDs Among Men Who Have Sex with Men
 

Public Health Impact 

In the early 1980s, rates of reportable STDs among men who have sex with men (MSM) declined 

as they did for the rest of the U.S. population. Data from syphilis surveillance, the Gonococcal Isolate Surveillance Project (GISP), and several U.S. cities indicate that since 1993, an increasing number of MSM are acquiring STDs.1,2,3,4 

Increases in STDs among MSM are consistent with behavioral data suggesting that an increasing 

number of MSM are participating in sexual behavior that places them at risk for STDs and HIV infection.5 Several factors may have contributed to this change, including the availability of highly active 

antiretroviral therapy (HAART).6 Because STDs, and the behaviors associated with them, increase 

the likelihood of acquiring and transmitting HIV infection,7 the rise in STDs among MSM may signal 

an increase in the incidence of HIV infection among MSM. 

Observations 

•	 National STD surveillance data reported to CDC does not include information 

regarding sexual behaviors, and, therefore, overall STD trends among MSM in 

the U.S. are not available. Data from special projects and analyses are presented 

to provide information regarding STDs among MSM. 

Monitoring Trends in Prevalence of STDs, Tuberculosis, and HIV Risk Behaviors 

Among Men Who Have Sex with Men (MSM Prevalence Monitoring Project) 

•	 In 2001, seven U.S. cities (Chicago, Denver, the District of Columbia, Houston, 

Long Beach, Philadelphia, and Seattle) participating in the MSM Prevalence 

Monitoring Project submitted gonorrhea, chlamydia, syphilis, and HIV data from 

MSM attending STD clinics to CDC. The MSM Prevalence Monitoring Project 

includes data collected during routine care and reflects testing practices at 

participating clinics. 

•	 Overall, 77% (range 22-100% by clinic) of MSM were tested for urethral 

gonorrhea, 43% (range 28-73%) for rectal gonorrhea, 64% (range 48-80%) for 

pharyngeal gonorrhea, and 72% (range 0-98%) for urethral chlamydia. Median 

STD test positivity by clinic among MSM was the following: urethral gonorrhea, 

12% (range 10-31%); rectal gonorrhea, 6% (range 3-8%); pharyngeal 

gonorrhea, 3% (range 1-8%); and urethral chlamydia, 6% (range 5-8%). STD 

positivity varied by race and ethnicity, but tended to be highest among 

African-American MSM (Figure AA). 

•	 Among MSM who had not previously tested HIV-positive, 46% (range 0-63%) 

were tested for HIV. Median HIV test positivity by clinic for African-Americans 

STD Surveillance 2001 Special Focus Profiles STDs Among Men Who Have Sex with Men 65 
was 8% (range 0-18%); Hispanics, 5% (range 0-12%); and whites, 2% (range 

0-5%) (Figure AA). 

•	 Overall HIV prevalence (including those previously testing HIV-positive) was 

21% for African-Americans (range 10%-29%), 10% (range 3-18%) for 

Hispanics, and 8% (range 3-22%) for whites. 

•	 Overall, 82% (range 71-91%) of MSM had a nontreponemal serologic test for 

syphilis (STS) performed. Of STS performed, 4% (range 0-11%) were reactive. 

•	 Gonorrhea positivity was higher for HIV-positive than HIV-negative MSM or 

MSM of unknown status; urethral gonorrhea was 19% and 11%; rectal gonorrhea 

was 8% and 5%; and pharyngeal gonorrhea was 5% and 2%, respectively. 

Urethral chlamydia positivity was 5% among HIV-positive and 6% among 

HIV-negative MSM or MSM of unknown status (Figure BB). 

Nationally Reported Syphilis Surveillance Data 

•	 Primary and secondary (P&S) syphilis increased slightly in the U.S. in 2001, and 

this increase occurred only among men. Trends in syphilis male-to-female rate 

ratios, which may reflect trends among MSM, have been increasing in the U.S. 

during recent years (Figure 27). The increase in these ratios has been particularly 

marked in cities with outbreaks of syphilis among MSM. 

•	 In 2001, the reported rate of P&S syphilis among men (3.0 cases per 100,000 

males) was 2.1 times greater than the rate among women (1.4 cases per 100,000 

females). The overall male-to-female rate ratio has risen steadily since 1996 when 

it was 1.2. An increase in the male-to-female rate ratio occurred in all racial/ethnic 

groups between 2000 and 2001. Additional information on syphilis can be found 

in the Syphilis section. 

Gonococcal Isolate Surveillance Project (GISP) 

•	 GISP reports the percentage of Neisseria gonorrhoeae isolates obtained from 

MSM.8 Overall, the proportion of isolates coming from MSM increased from 4% 

in 1988 to 17% in 2001 in GISP clinics, with most of the increase occurring after 

1993 (Figure CC). The number of GISP clinics having greater than 5% of GISP 

isolates from MSM rose from 7 clinics in 1990 to 16 clinics in 2001. Among the 16 

GISP clinics with greater than 5% of isolates coming from MSM in 2001, the 

percentage of patients who were MSM ranged from 6% to 66%, with a median of 

20% (Figure DD). Additional information on GISP may be found in the 

Gonorrhea section. 

1	 Centers for Disease Control and Prevention. Resurgent bacterial sexually transmitted disease among men 

who have sex with men- King County, Washington, 1997-1999. MMWR 1999;48:773-7. 

2	 Centers for Disease Control and Prevention. Outbreak of syphilis among men who have sex with men – 

Southern California, 2000. MMWR 2001;50:117-20. 

3	 Centers for Disease Control and Prevention. Gonorrhea among men who have sex with men – Selected 

sexually transmitted disease clinics, 1993-1996. MMWR 1997;46:889-92. 

66 STDs Among Men Who Have Sex with Men Special Focus Profiles STD Surveillance 2001 
4	 Fox KK, del Rio C, Holmes K, et. al. Gonorrhea in the HIV era: A reversal in trends among men who have 

sex with men. Am J Public Health. 2001;91:959-964. 

5	 Stall R, Hays R, Waldo C, Ekstrand M, McFarland W. The gay ‘90s: a review of research in the 1990s on 

sexual behavior and HIV risk among men who have sex with men. AIDS 2000;14:S1-S14. 

6	 Scheer S, Chu PL, Klausner JD, Katz MH, Schwarcz SK. Effect of highly active antiretroviral therapy on 

diagnoses of sexually transmitted diseases in people with AIDS. Lancet 2001;357:432-5. 

7	 Fleming DT, Wasserheit JN. From epidemiologic synergy to public health policy and practice: the 

contribution of other sexually transmitted diseases to sexual transmission of HIV infection. Sex Transm 

Infect 1999;48:773-7. 

8	 Centers for Disease Control and Prevention. Sexually Transmitted Disease Surveillance 2001 

Supplement: Gonococcal Isolate Surveillance Project (GISP) Annual Report 2001. Atlanta, GA: U.S. 

Department of Health and Human Services (in press). 

STD Surveillance 2001 Special Focus Profiles STDs Among Men Who Have Sex with Men 67 
Figure AA. MSM Prevalence Monitoring Project — Median test positivity by clinic for 

gonorrhea, chlamydia, and HIV among MSM attending STD clinics, by 

race/ethnicity, 2001 

Median positivity 

White 

Black 

Hispanic 

0 

5 

10 

15 

20 

25 

Urethral Rectal Pharyngeal Urethral *HIV 

gonorrhea gonorrhea gonorrhea chlamydia 

*Excludes persons known to be HIV-positive. 

Figure BB. MSM Prevalence Monitoring Project — Median test positivity by clinic for 

gonorrhea and chlamydia among MSM attending STD clinics, by HIV status, 

2001 

Median positivity 

HIV-positive 

HIV-negative or unknown 

0 

5 

10 

15 

20 

25 

Urethral Rectal Pharyngeal Urethral 

gonorrhea gonorrhea gonorrhea chlamydia 

68 STDs Among Men Who Have Sex with Men Special Focus Profiles STD Surveillance 2001 
Figure CC. Gonococcal Isolate Surveillance Project (GISP) — Percent of gonorrhea cases 

that occurred among MSM, 1988-2001 

Percent 

20 

16 

12 

8 

4 

0 

1988 89 90 91 92 93 94 95 96 97 98 99 2000 01 

Figure DD.	 Gonococcal Isolate Surveillance Project (GISP) — Percent of Neisseria 

gonorrhoeae isolates obtained from MSM attending STD clinics in 16 cities, 

1999, 2000, and 2001 

Percent 

1999 

2000 

2001 

0 

15 

30 

45 

60 

75 

ALB ANC ATL CHI DEN HON LBC MIA MIN ORA PHI PHX POR SDG SEA SFO 

Cities 

Note: In 2001, these 16 clinics reported 95.2% (853/896) of GISP gonorrhea cases among men 

who have sex with men (MSM). Clinics include: ALB=Albuquerque, NM; ANC=Anchorage, 

AK; ATL=Atlanta, GA; CHI=Chicago, IL; DEN=Denver, CO; HON=Honolulu, HI; LBC=Long 

Beach, CA; MIA=Miami, FL; MIN=Minneapolis, MN; ORA=Orange County, CA; 

PHI=Philadelphia, PA; PHX=Phoenix, AZ; POR=Portland, OR; SDG=San Diego, CA; 

SEA=Seattle, WA; and SFO=San Francisco, CA. 

STD Surveillance 2001 Special Focus Profiles STDs Among Men Who Have Sex with Men 69 

STDs in Persons Entering Corrections Facilities
 

Public Health Impact 

Multiple studies and surveillance projects have demonstrated a high prevalence of STDs in persons entering jails and juvenile detention facilities.1,2,3,4 Screening for chlamydia, gonorrhea, and 

syphilis at intake offers an opportunity to identify infections, prevent complications, and reduce 

transmission in the community. In cities where routine syphilis screening in jails occurs, a substantial 

percentage of all reported cases is identified in jails.4 Collecting positivity data and analyzing trends 

in STD prevalence in this population can provide one method for monitoring trends in STD prevalence in the community.4 

Observations 

•	 In 2001, 10 states reported chlamydia, gonorrhea, or syphilis data to CDC as part 

of the Jail STD Prevalence Monitoring Project. Five states reported syphilis data 

as part of the Syphilis Elimination Initiative. Four states reported chlamydia and 

gonorrhea data as part of the Adolescent Women Reproductive Health 

Monitoring Project. Twenty-two states reported chlamydia and gonorrhea data 

(at least 100 test results) from corrections facilities as part of the Regional Infertility 

Prevention Program, and three additional states reported data in response to 

CDC’s request for data. 

•	 The maps shown in this section represent approximately 250,000 syphilis tests 

among men and 35,000 among women; 62,000 chlamydia tests among men and 

31,000 among women; and 30,000 gonorrhea tests among men and 22,000 

among women. 

•	 The median percentage of reactive syphilis tests by facility was 8.7% (range 2.1% to 

22.2%) for women entering 16 adult corrections facilities and 0.8% (range 0.4% to 

1.6%) for adolescent women entering four juvenile detention centers (Figure EE); it 

was 2.7% (range 0.3% to 10.7%) among men at 18 adult corrections facilities and 

0.1% (range 0.0% to 0.3%) among men at three juvenile facilities (Figure FF). The 

percentage of reactive syphilis tests representing cases of syphilis varied from site to 

site. 

•	 Chlamydia positivity was higher in adolescent women screened in juvenile 

facilities than in adult facilities. Among adolescent women entering juvenile 

detention facilities, the median facility positivity for chlamydia was 14.8% (range 

4.0% to 25.8%); positivity was greater than 10% in 19 of 24 facilities (79%) 

reporting data (Figure GG). Among adult women entering 22 corrections 

facilities, the median positivity for chlamydia was 4.5% (range 0.5% to 11.0%). 

•	 The median chlamydia positivity among adolescent men entering 33 juvenile 

facilities was 5.3% (range 1.6% to 11.5%) (Figure HH). Among adult men 

STD Surveillance 2001 Special Focus Profiles STDs in Persons Entering Corrections Facilities 71 
entering 13 corrections facilities, the median positivity was 6.8% (range 1.5% to 

12.0%). 

•	 The median positivity for gonorrhea among women entering 20 juvenile facilities 

was 5.6% (range 0.0% to 13.6%); positivity was greater than 4% in 13 of 20 

juvenile facilities (65%) (Figure II). Among adult women entering 14 corrections 

facilities, the median positivity for gonorrhea was 2.5% (range 0.5% to 5.8%). 

•	 The median positivity for gonorrhea among adolescent men entering 20 juvenile 

facilities was 1.2% (range 0.5% to 4.6%) (Figure JJ). Among adult men entering 

nine facilities, the median positivity was 2.2% (range 0.5% to 12.6%). 

1	 Heimberger TS. Chang HG. Birkhead GS. DiFerdinando GD. Greenberg AJ. Gunn R. Morse DL. High 

prevalence of syphilis detected through a jail screening program. A potential public health measure to 

address the syphilis epidemic. Arch Intern Med 1993;153:1799-1804. 

2	 CDC. Syphilis screening among women arrestees at the Cook County Jail – Chicago, 1996. MMWR 

1998;47:432-3. 

3	 Mertz KJ, Schwebke JR, Gaydos CA, Beideinger HA, Tulloch SD, Levine WC. Screening women in jails for 

chlamydial and gonococcal infection using urine tests: Feasibility, acceptability, prevalence and treatment 

rates. Sex Transm Dis 2002;29:271-276. 

4	 Kahn RH, Scholl DT, Shane SM, Lemoine AL, Farley TA. Screening for syphilis in arrestees: Usefulness for 

community-wide syphilis surveillance and control. Sex Transm Dis 2002;29:150-156. 

72 STDs in Persons Entering Corrections Facilities Special Focus Profiles STD Surveillance 2001 
Figure EE. Syphilis serologic tests — Percent seroreactivity in women entering juvenile and 

adult corrections facilities, 2001 

Note: The median positivity is presented from facilities reporting >100 test results. Texas submitted 

data from more than one adult corrections facility. California submitted data from more than one 

juvenile corrections facility. 

SOURCE: Jail STD Prevalence Monitoring Project; Local and State STD Control Programs; Centers for Disease Control and 

Prevention 

Figure FF.	 Syphilis serologic tests — Percent seroreactivity in men entering juvenile and 

adult corrections facilities, 2001 

Note: The median positivity is presented from facilities reporting >100 test results. Mississippi and 

Texas submitted data from more than one adult corrections facility. California submitted data 

from more than one juvenile corrections facility. 

SOURCE: Jail STD Prevalence Monitoring Project; Local and State STD Control Programs; Centers for Disease Control and 

Prevention 

STD Surveillance 2001 Special Focus Profiles STDs in Persons Entering Corrections Facilities 73 
Figure GG. Chlamydia — Positivity in women entering juvenile and adult corrections 

facilities, 2001 

Note: The median positivity is presented from facilities reporting >100 test results. Hawaii, Kansas, 

Pennsylvania, Massachusetts and Wisconsin submitted data from more than one adult 

corrections facility. California, Texas, Utah and Wisconsin submitted data from more than one 

juvenile corrections facility. 

SOURCE: Jail STD Prevalence Monitoring Project; Adolescent Women Reproductive Health Monitoring Project; Regional 

Infertility Prevention Program; Local and State STD Control Programs; Centers for Disease Control and Prevention 

Figure HH. Chlamydia — Positivity in men entering juvenile and adult corrections 

facilities, 2001 

Note: The median positivity is presented from facilities reporting >100 test results. Massachusetts, 

Tennessee and Wisconsin submitted data from more than one adult corrections facility. 

California, Illinois, Maryland, Oregon, Texas, Utah, Washington and Wisconsin submitted data 

from more than one juvenile corrections facility. 

SOURCE: Jail STD Prevalence Monitoring Project; Adolescent Women Reproductive Health Monitoring Project; Regional 

Infertility Prevention Program; Local and State STD Control Programs; Centers for Disease Control and Prevention 

74 STDs in Persons Entering Corrections Facilities Special Focus Profiles STD Surveillance 2001 
Figure II. Gonorrhea — Positivity in women entering juvenile and adult corrections 

facilities, 2001 

Note: The median positivity is presented from facilities reporting >100 test results. Wisconsin submitted 

data from more than one adult corrections facility. California, Texas and Wisconsin submitted 

data from more than one juvenile corrections facility. 

SOURCE: Jail STD Prevalence Monitoring Project; Adolescent Women Reproductive Health Monitoring Project; Regional 

Infertility Prevention Program; Local and State STD Control Programs; Centers for Disease Control and Prevention 

Figure JJ.	 Gonorrhea — Positivity in men entering juvenile and adult corrections 

facilities, 2001 

Note: The median positivity is presented from facilities reporting >100 test results. Wisconsin 

submitted data from more than one adult corrections facility. California, Colorado, Illinois, 

Kentucky, Maryland and Wisconsin submitted data from more than one juvenile corrections 

facility. 

SOURCE: Jail STD Prevalence Monitoring Project; Adolescent Women Reproductive Health Monitoring Project; Regional 

Infertility Prevention Program; Local and State STD Control Programs; Centers for Disease Control and Prevention 

STD Surveillance 2001 Special Focus Profiles STDs in Persons Entering Corrections Facilities 75 

STDs in the South
 

Public Health Impact 

The southern region of the United States consists of the District of Columbia and 16 states: Alabama, 

Arkansas, Delaware, Florida, Georgia, Kentucky, Louisiana, Maryland, Mississippi, North Carolina, 

Oklahoma, South Carolina, Tennessee, Texas, Virginia, and West Virginia. This region has consistently 

had higher reported rates of chlamydia, gonorrhea and primary and secondary (P&S) syphilis than the 

other regions of the country (Northeast, Midwest, and West). The reasons for these higher rates in the 

South are not well understood, but may include differences in the racial and ethnic distribution of the 

population, poverty, and availability and quality of health care services. Regional differences in STD 

rates are particularly disturbing in light of the fact that STDs can increase the risk of HIV transmission. 

The high HIV prevalence among childbearing women living in the South is consistent with the high rates 

of these other STDs in the region.1 

Observations 

•	 The South has consistently had higher rates of gonorrhea and P&S syphilis 

compared with other regions throughout the 1980s and 1990s (Figures 11 and 24, 

Tables 14 and 27). From 1997 through 2001, the South also had a higher reported 

rate of chlamydia than the other regions of the country (Figure 4, Table 4). 

•	 In 2001, six of the 10 states with the highest chlamydia rates were in the South (Figure 3, 

Table 3).Similarly, seven ofthe10 states withthe highestrates ofgonorrheawere located 

in the South (Figure 10, Table 13). All 16 of the southern states had 2001 reported rates 

ofP&Ssyphilis thatweregreater thantheHealthy PeopleYear 2010(HP2010)objective 

of 0.2 case per 100,000 population (Figure 22, Table 25). 

•	 In 2001, 403 (66%) of 606 counties with P&S syphilis rates above the HP2010 

objective were located in the South (Figures 23 and KK). 

•	 County-specific rates of chlamydia and gonorrhea in 2001 were calculated for those 

southern states submitting county level data (Figures LL and MM). These county 

level data were reported through the National Electronic Telecommunications 

System for Surveillance (NETSS), and are provisional for all states shown except

Alabama, Arkansas, Delaware, Florida, Indiana, Kentucky, Mississippi, North

Carolina, Oklahoma, South Carolina, Tennessee, Texas, and Virginia where 

hardcopy reports have been discontinued based on consistent, high quality, and 

timely submissions of NETSS data (see Figures A1, A2, and A3 in Appendix). 

1 Koumans EH, Sternberg M, Gwinn M, Swint E, Zaidi A, St. Louis M. Geographic variation of HIV infection 

in childbearing women with syphilis in the United States. AIDS 2000;14:279-87. 

STD Surveillance 2001	 Special Focus Profiles STDs in the South 77 
Figure KK. South — Primary and secondary syphilis case rates by county, 2001 

Figure LL. South — Chlamydia case rates by county, 2001
 

SOURCE: National Electronic Telecommunications System for Surveillance (NETSS) data 

78 STDs in the South Special Focus Profiles STD Surveillance 2001
 
Figure MM. South — Gonorrhea case rates by county, 2001 

SOURCE: National Electronic Telecommunications System for Surveillance (NETSS) data 

STD Surveillance 2001 Special Focus Profiles STDs in the South 79
 

Table 1. Cases of sexually transmitted diseases reported by state health departments and rates per 100,000 

civilian population: United States, 1941–2001 

Syphilis 

Primary Lymphoand Early Late and Granuloma granuloma All Stages Secondary Latent Late Latent Congenital Chlamydia* Gonorrhea Chancroid Inguinale Venereum 

Year1 Cases Rate Cases Rate Cases Rate Cases Rate Cases Rate2 Cases Rate Cases Rate Cases Rate Cases Rate Cases Rate 

1941 485,560 368.2 68,231 51.7 109,018 82.6 202,984 153.9 17,600 13.4 NR . 193,468 146.7 3,384 2.5 639 0.4 1,381 1.0 

1942 479,601 363.4 75,312 57.0 116,245 88.0 202,064 153.1 16,918 12.8 NR . 212,403 160.9 5,477 4.1 1,278 0.9 1,888 1.4 

1943 575,593 447.0 82,204 63.8 149,390 116.0 251,958 195.7 16,164 12.6 NR . 275,070 213.6 8,354 6.4 1,748 1.3 2,593 2.0 

1944 467,755 367.9 78,443 61.6 123,038 96.7 202,848 159.6 13,578 10.7 NR . 300,676 236.5 7,878 6.1 1,759 1.3 2,858 2.2 

1945 359,114 282.3 77,007 60.5 101,719 79.9 142,187 111.8 12,339 9.7 NR . 287,181 225.8 5,515 4.3 1,857 1.4 2,631 2.0 

1946 363,647 271.7 94,957 70.9 107,924 80.6 125,248 93.6 12,106 9.0 NR . 368,020 275.0 7,091 5.2 2,232 1.6 2,603 1.9 

1947 355,592 252.3 93,545 66.4 104,124 73.9 122,089 86.6 12,200 8.7 NR . 380,666 270.0 9,515 6.7 2,330 1.7 2,526 1.8 

1948 314,313 218.2 68,174 47.3 90,598 62.9 123,312 85.6 13,931 9.7 NR . 345,501 239.8 7,661 5.3 2,469 1.7 2,429 1.7 

1949 256,463 175.3 41,942 28.7 75,045 51.3 116,397 79.5 13,952 9.5 NR . 317,950 217.3 6,707 4.6 2,402 1.6 1,925 1.3 

1950 217,558 146.0 23,939 16.7 59,256 39.7 113,569 70.2 13,377 9.0 NR . 286,746 192.5 4,977 3.3 1,783 1.2 1,427 1.0 

1951 174,924 116.1 14,485 9.6 43,316 28.7 98,311 65.2 11,094 7.4 NR . 254,470 168.9 4,233 2.8 1,352 0.9 1,300 0.9 

1952 167,762 110.2 10,449 6.9 36,454 24.0 105,238 69.1 8,553 5.6 NR . 244,957 160.8 3,738 2.5 951 0.6 1,200 0.8 

1953 148,573 95.9 8,637 5.6 28,295 18.3 98,870 63.8 7,675 5.0 NR . 238,340 153.9 3,338 2.2 667 0.4 983 0.6 

1954 130,687 82.9 7,147 4.5 23,861 15.1 89,123 56.5 6,676 4.2 NR . 242,050 153.5 3,003 1.9 618 0.4 875 0.6 

1955 122,392 76.2 6,454 4.0 20,054 12.5 86,526 53.8 5,354 3.3 NR . 236,197 147.0 2,649 1.7 490 0.3 762 0.5 

1956 130,201 78.7 6,392 3.9 19,783 12.0 95,097 57.5 5,491 3.3 NR . 224,346 135.7 2,135 1.3 357 0.2 500 0.3 

1957 123,758 73.5 6,576 3.9 17,796 10.6 91,309 54.2 5,288 3.1 NR . 214,496 127.4 1,637 1.0 348 0.2 448 0.3 

1958 113,884 66.4 7,176 4.2 16,556 9.7 83,027 48.4 4,866 2.8 NR . 232,386 135.6 1,595 0.9 314 0.2 434 0.3 

1959 120,824 69.2 9,799 5.6 17,025 9.8 86,740 49.7 5,130 2.9 NR . 240,254 137.6 1,537 0.9 265 0.2 604 0.3 

1960 122,538 68.8 16,145 9.1 18,017 10.1 81,798 45.9 4,416 2.5 NR . 258,933 145.4 1,680 0.9 296 0.2 835 0.5 

1961 124,658 68.8 19,851 11.0 19,486 10.8 79,304 43.8 4,163 2.3 NR . 264,158 145.8 1,438 0.8 241 0.1 787 0.4 

1962 126,245 68.7 21,067 11.5 19,585 10.7 79,533 43.3 4,070 2.2 NR . 263,714 143.6 1,344 0.7 207 0.1 590 0.3 

1963 124,137 66.6 22,251 11.9 18,235 9.8 78,076 41.9 4,031 2.2 NR . 278,289 149.2 1,220 0.7 173 0.1 586 0.3 

1964 114,325 60.4 22,969 12.1 17,781 9.4 68,629 36.3 3,516 1.9 NR . 300,666 159.0 1,247 0.7 135 0.1 732 0.4 

1965 112,842 58.9 23,338 12.2 17,458 9.1 67,317 35.1 3,564 1.9 NR . 324,925 169.6 982 0.5 155 0.1 878 0.5 

1966 105,159 54.4 21,414 11.1 15,950 8.2 63,541 32.9 3,170 1.6 NR . 351,738 181.9 838 0.4 148 0.1 308 0.2 

1967 102,581 52.5 21,053 10.8 15,554 8.0 61,975 31.7 2,894 1.5 NR . 404,836 207.3 784 0.4 154 0.1 371 0.2 

1968 96,271 48.8 19,019 9.6 15,150 7.7 58,564 29.7 2,381 1.2 NR . 464,543 235.7 845 0.4 156 0.1 485 0.2 

1969 92,162 46.3 19,130 9.6 15,402 7.7 54,587 27.4 2,074 1.0 NR . 534,872 268.6 1,104 0.6 154 0.1 520 0.3 

1970 91,382 45.3 21,982 10.9 16,311 8.1 50,348 24.9 1,953 1.0 NR . 600,072 297.2 1,416 0.7 124 0.1 612 0.3 

1971 95,997 46.9 23,783 11.6 19,417 9.5 49,993 24.4 2,052 1.0 NR . 670,268 327.2 1,320 0.6 89 0.0 692 0.3 

1972 91,149 43.9 24,429 11.8 20,784 10.0 43,456 20.9 1,758 0.8 NR . 767,215 369.7 1,414 0.7 81 0.0 756 0.4 

1973 87,469 41.7 24,825 11.8 23,584 11.3 37,054 17.7 1,527 0.7 NR . 842,621 402.0 1,165 0.6 62 0.0 408 0.2 

1974 83,771 39.6 25,385 12.0 25,124 11.9 31,854 15.1 1,138 0.5 NR . 906,121 428.2 945 0.4 47 0.0 394 0.2 

1975 80,356 37.6 25,561 12.0 26,569 12.4 27,096 12.7 916 0.4 NR . 999,937 467.7 700 0.3 60 0.0 353 0.2 

1976 71,761 33.2 23,731 11.0 25,363 11.7 21,905 10.1 626 0.3 NR . 1,001,994 464.1 628 0.3 71 0.0 365 0.2 

1977 64,621 29.6 20,399 9.4 21,329 9.8 22,313 10.2 463 0.2 NR . 1,002,219 459.5 455 0.2 75 0.0 348 0.2 

1978 64,875 29.4 21,656 9.8 19,628 8.9 23,038 10.4 434 0.2 NR . 1,013,436 459.7 521 0.2 72 0.0 284 0.1 

1979 67,049 30.1 24,874 11.2 20,459 9.2 21,301 9.6 332 0.1 NR . 1,004,058 450.3 840 0.4 76 0.0 250 0.1 

1980 68,832 30.5 27,204 12.1 20,297 9.0 20,979 9.3 277 0.1 NR . 1,004,029 445.1 788 0.3 51 0.0 199 0.1 

1981 72,799 32.0 31,266 13.7 21,033 9.2 20,168 8.9 287 0.1 NR . 990,864 435.2 850 0.4 66 0.0 263 0.1 

1982 75,579 32.9 33,613 14.6 21,894 9.5 19,799 8.6 259 0.1 NR . 960,633 417.9 1,392 0.6 17 0.0 235 0.1 

1983 74,637 32.1 32,698 14.1 23,738 10.2 17,896 7.7 239 0.1 NR . 900.435 387.6 847 0.4 24 0.0 335 0.1 

1984 69,872 29.6 28,607 12.1 23,131 9.8 17,829 7.6 305 0.1 7,594 6.5 878,556 372.5 665 0.3 30 0.0 170 0.1 

1985 67,563 28.4 27,131 11.4 21,689 9.1 18,414 7.7 329 0.1 25,848 17.4 911,419 383.0 2,067 0.9 44 0.0 226 0.1 

STD Surveillance 2001 National Summary Tables 81 
Table 1. Cases of sexually transmitted diseases reported by state health departments and rates per 100,000 

civilian population: United States, 1941–2001 (continued) 

Syphilis 

Chlamydia* Gonorrhea Chancroid 

Granuloma 

Inguinale 

Lymphogranuloma All Stages Venereum

Primary

and 

Secondary EarlyLatent 

Late and 

Late Latent Congenital 

Year1 Cases Rate Cases Rate Cases Rate Cases Rate Cases Rate2 Cases Rate Cases Rate Cases Rate Cases Rate Cases Rate 

1986 67,779 28.2 27,667 11.5 21,656 9.0 18,046 7.5 410 0.2 58,001 35.2 892,229 371.5 3,045 1.3 48 0.0 307 0.1 

1987 87,286 36.0 35,585 14.7 28,233 11.7 22,988 9.5 480 0.2 91,913 50.8 787,532 325.0 4,986 2.1 22 0.0 302 0.1 

1988 104,546 42.8 40,474 16.6 35,968 14.7 27,363 11.2 741 0.3 157,854 87.1 738,160 301.9 4,891 2.0 11 0.0 194 0.1 

1989 115,089 46.6 45,826 18.6 45,394 18.4 22,032 8.9 1,837 0.7 200,904 102.5 733,294 297.1 4,697 1.9 7 0.0 182 0.1 

1990 135,590 54.5 50,578 20.3 55,397 22.3 25,750 10.4 3,865 1.6 323,663 160.8 690,042 277.4 4,212 1.7 97 0.0 277 0.1 

1991 128,719 51.1 42,950 17.0 53,855 21.4 27,490 10.9 4,424 1.8 381,228 180.3 621,918 246.7 3,476 1.4 29 0.0 471 0.2 

1992 114,730 45.0 34,009 13.3 49,929 19.6 26,725 10.5 4,067 1.6 409,694 183.4 502,858 197.2 1,906 0.7 6 0.0 299 0.1 

1993 102,612 39.8 26,527 10.3 41,919 16.3 30,746 11.9 3,420 1.3 405,332 179.5 444,649 172.5 1,292 0.5 19 0.0 292 0.1 

1994 82,713 31.8 20,641 7.9 32,017 12.3 27,603 10.6 2,452 0.9 451,785 194.5 424,657 167.7 782 0.3 3 0.0 235 0.1 

1995 69,356 26.4 16,543 6.3 26,657 10.1 24,296 9.2 1,860 0.7 478,577 190.4 392,651 149.4 607 0.2 0 0.0 188 0.1 

1996 53,238 20.1 11,405 4.3 20,187 7.6 20,366 7.7 1,280 0.5 492,631 193.7 328,169 123.8 386 0.1 10 0.0 72 0.0 

1997 46,712 17.5 8,556 3.2 16,631 6.2 20,447 7.6 1,078 0.4 537,904 209.4 327,665 122.4 246 0.1 8 0.0 114 0.0 

1998 38,286 14.2 7,007 2.6 12,696 4.7 17,743 6.6 840 0.3 614,250 236.7 356,492 131.9 189 0.1 3 0.0 86 0.0 

1999 35,379 13.0 6,617 2.4 11,534 4.2 16,653 6.1 575 0.2 662,647 253.0 360,813 132.3 142 0.1 19 0.0 63 0.0 

2000 31,592 11.2 5,979 2.1 9,465 3.4 15,594 5.5 554 0.2 709,452 252.1 363,136 129.0 78 0.0 4 0.0 42 0.0 

2001 32,221 11.4 6,103 2.2 8,701 3.1 16,976 6.0 441 0.2 783,242 278.3 361,705 128.5 38 0.0 7 0.0 25 0.0 

*NR = No report 

1

For 1941-1946, data were reported for the federal fiscal year ending June 30 of the year indicated. From 1947 to the present, data were reported for the 

calendar year ending December 31. For 1941-1958, data for Alaska and Hawaii were not included. 

2

For 1941-1994, rates include all cases of congenitally acquired syphilis per 100,000 population. As of 1995, rates of congenital syphilis <1 year of age 

per 100,000 population are reported. For rates of congenital syphilis <1 year of age per 100,000 live births see Tables 40, 41 and 42. As of 1995, 

cases of congenital syphilis <1 year of age are obtained in hardcopy and electronic format based on case reporting form CDC 73.126. 

Note: Adjustments to the number of cases reported from state health departments were made for hardcopy forms and for electronic data submissions 

through May 3, 2002 (see Appendix). The number of cases and the rates shown here supersede those published in previous reports. Cases and rates 

shown in this table exclude the outlying areas of Guam, Puerto Rico and Virgin Islands. 

82 National Summary Tables STD Surveillance 2001 
Table 2. Reported cases of sexually transmitted disease by sex and reporting source: United States, 2001 

Non-STD Clinic STD Clinic Total1 

Disease* 

Total Chlamydia Trachomatis 

Chlamydial PID2 

Ophthalmia Neonatorum 

Male 

93,326 

NA 

89 

Female 

512,758 

2,817 

153 

Total 

607,636 

2,819 

242 

Male 

63,946 

NA 

5 

Female 

111,146 

370 

13 

Total 

175,520 

377 

18 

Male 

157,304 

NA 

94 

Female 

623,958 

3,187 

166 

Total 

783,242 

3,196 

260 

Total Gonorrhea 

Gonococcal PID 

Ophthalmia Neonatorum 

89,688 

NA 

14 

139,193 

2,537 

18 

229,403 

2,538 

32 

87,500 

NA 

6 

44,667 

465 

7 

132,293 

471 

13 

177,194 

NA 

20 

183,863 

3,002 

25 

361,705 

3,009 

45 

Total Syphilis 

Primary 

Secondary 

Early Latent 

Late and Late Latent3 

Neurosyphilis4 

Congenital <1 year5 

NA 

697 

1,402 

2,682 

5,585 

240 

NR 

NA 

142 

883 

2,207 

4,898 

73 

NR 

NA 

840 

2,285 

4,890 

10,495 

313 

NR 

NA 

916 

1,119 

2,099 

3,754 

10 

NR 

NA 

161 

781 

1,712 

2,714 

1 

NR 

NA 

1,077 

1,901 

3,811 

6,481 

11 

NR 

18,461 

1,613 

2,521 

4,781 

9,339 

250 

207 

13,711 

303 

1,664 

3,919 

7,612 

74 

213 

32,221 

1,917 

4,186 

8,701 

16,976 

324 

441 

Chancroid 7 6 13 17 8 25 24 14 38 

Granuloma Inguinale 0 1 1 3 3 6 3 4 7 

Lymphogranuloma Venereum 5 8 13 10 2 12 15 10 25 

*NA = Not applicable. NR = No report.
 

1

Totals include unknown sex and reporting source.
 

2

PID = Pelvic inflammatory disease.
 

3

Cases of unknown duration for syphilis are included in late and late latent syphilis.
 

4

Neurosyphilis cases are not included with Total Syphilis cases but are included in the late and late latent syphilis cases.
 

5

Cases of congenital syphilis <1 year of age are obtained using reporting from CDC 73.126. Clinic reporting source is not available from that form.
 

STD Surveillance 2001 National Summary Tables 83 
5

10

15

20

25

30

35

40

45

50

Table 3. Chlamydia — Reported cases and rates by state/area, ranked by rates: United States, 2001 

Rank2 State/Area Cases Rate per 100,000 Population 

1 Alaska 2,744 437.7 

2 Mississippi 11,793 414.6 

3 Georgia 33,840 413.4 

4 Louisiana 17,840 399.2 

South Carolina 15,329 382.1 

6 Delaware 2,793 356.4 

7 Illinois 43,716 352.0 

8 New Mexico 6,254 343.8 

9 Texas 69,752 334.5 

Hawaii 4,031 332.7 

11 Ohio 37,653 331.7 

12 Alabama 14,524 326.6 

13 Michigan 31,090 312.8 

14 Colorado 13,239 307.8 

Oklahoma 10,478 303.7 

16 Wisconsin 16,284 303.6 

17 California 101,944 301.0 

18 Maryland 15,640 295.3 

19 Arizona 14,346 279.6 

U.S. TOTAL1 783,242 278.3 

Rhode Island 2,912 277.8 

21 North Carolina 22,101 274.6 

22 Tennessee 15,560 273.5 

23 Arkansas 7,280 272.3 

24 Virginia 18,337 259.1 

Indiana 15,258 250.9 

26 Missouri 13,949 249.3 

27 New York 46,393 244.5 

28 Nevada 4,831 241.8 

29 South Dakota 1,821 241.2 

Florida 37,625 235.4 

31 Washington 13,631 231.3 

32 Pennsylvania 28,371 231.0 

33 Connecticut 7,718 226.6 

34 Kansas 6,050 225.0 

Kentucky 8,881 219.7 

36 Oregon 7,454 217.9 

37 Montana 1,919 212.7 

38 Iowa 5,699 194.7 

39 New Jersey 16,312 193.9 

Nebraska 3,206 187.3 

41 Wyoming 839 169.9 

42 Minnesota 8,323 169.2 

43 North Dakota 1,062 165.4 

44 Massachusetts 10,402 163.8 

Idaho 2,023 156.3 

46 Utah 3,004 134.5 

47 West Virginia 2,346 129.7 

48 New Hampshire 1,383 111.9 

49 Maine 1,338 104.9 

Vermont 638 104.8 

1

Total includes cases reported by Washington, D.C., but excludes outlying areas (Guam with 431 cases and rate of 278.4, Puerto Rico with 2,748
 

cases and rate of 72.2, and Virgin Islands with 131 cases and rate of 120.6). See Appendix.
 

2

States were ranked in descending order by rate, number of cases, and alphabetically by state.
 

84 Chlamydia Tables STD Surveillance 2001 
Table 4. Chlamydia — Reported cases and rates by state/area and region listed in alphabetical order: United 

States and outlying areas, 1997–2001 

State/Area 

Cases Rates per 100,000 Population 

1997 1998 1999 2000 2001 1997 1998 1999 2000 2001 

Alabama 8,704 10,065 12,375 15,323 14,524 201.5 231.3 283.2 344.6 326.6 

Alaska 1,616 1,907 1,886 2,569 2,744 265.2 310.6 304.4 409.8 437.7 

Arizona 10,783 11,489 12,111 12,591 14,346 236.7 246.1 253.5 245.4 279.6 

Arkansas 2,503 4,123 5,865 6,219 7,280 99.2 162.4 229.9 232.6 272.3 

California 68,737 76,519 85,156 95,392 101,944 213.0 234.2 256.9 281.6 301.0 

Colorado2 7,749 9,113 10,848 12,000 13,239 199.1 229.5 267.4 279.0 307.8 

Connecticut 6,377 6,977 7,422 7,604 7,718 195.0 213.1 226.1 223.3 226.6 

Delaware 2,613 2,608 2,761 2,856 2,793 357.2 350.7 366.4 364.5 356.4 

Florida 26,788 24,949 31,410 33,390 37,625 182.8 167.3 207.9 208.9 235.4 

Georgia 15,911 25,250 30,368 29,359 33,840 212.5 330.4 389.9 358.6 413.4

Hawaii 1,829 2,604 3,165 3,547 4,031 154.1 218.3 267.0 292.8 332.7 

Idaho 1,709 2,035 1,778 1,907 2,023 141.2 165.6 142.0 147.4 156.3 

Illinois 29,184 32,861 36,409 40,350 43,716 245.3 272.8 300.2 324.9 352.0 

Indiana 9,600 10,801 11,734 14,063 15,258 163.7 183.1 197.4 231.3 250.9 

Iowa 4,907 5,174 5,511 5,987 5,699 172.0 180.8 192.1 204.6 194.7 

Kansas 4,627 5,587 6,093 6,056 6,050 178.3 212.5 229.6 225.3 225.0 

Kentucky 6,332 6,441 7,378 8,063 8,881 162.0 163.6 186.3 199.5 219.7 

Louisiana 11,545 15,188 16,635 17,846 17,840 265.3 347.6 380.5 399.3 399.2 

Maine 1,066 1,073 1,220 1,474 1,338 85.8 86.2 97.4 115.6 104.9 

Maryland 13,978 13,097 13,568 14,533 15,640 274.4 255.1 262.4 274.4 295.3

Massachusetts 7,984 8,363 8,776 10,967 10,402 130.5 136.0 142.1 172.7 163.8 

Michigan 21,399 22,156 23,107 26,237 31,090 218.9 225.7 234.3 264.0 312.8

Minnesota 6,631 6,970 7,450 8,102 8,323 141.5 147.5 156.0 164.7 169.2 

Mississippi 10,020 10,614 11,545 12,697 11,793 367.0 385.7 417.0 446.3 414.6

Missouri 12,257 12,670 13,355 13,448 13,949 226.9 233.0 244.2 240.3 249.3 

Montana 1,146 1,412 1,584 1,469 1,919 130.4 160.4 179.4 162.8 212.7 

Nebraska 2,766 2,911 3,616 3,791 3,206 166.9 175.1 217.0 221.5 187.3 

Nevada 2,887 3,320 3,086 4,019 4,831 172.2 190.1 170.6 201.1 241.8 

New Hampshire 816 960 976 1,130 1,383 69.6 81.0 81.3 91.4 111.9 

New Jersey 10,339 11,686 12,424 10,814 16,312 128.4 144.0 152.6 128.5 193.9

New Mexico 4,021 3,793 5,017 5,204 6,254 232.5 218.4 288.4 286.1 343.8 

New York3 28,468 26,218 26,766 31,494 46,393 387.7 353.3 360.3 166.0 244.5 

North Carolina 17,108 22,197 21,812 21,985 22,101 230.4 294.1 285.1 273.1 274.6 

North Dakota 902 1,036 947 909 1,062 140.7 162.3 149.4 141.5 165.4 

Ohio 22,827 27,786 29,398 31,190 37,653 204.1 247.9 261.2 274.7 331.7 

Oklahoma 7,419 9,393 8,195 9,331 10,478 223.7 280.7 244.0 270.4 303.7 

Oregon 5,270 5,855 6,127 7,107 7,454 162.5 178.4 184.8 207.7 217.9 

Pennsylvania 19,838 24,629 27,019 26,475 28,371 165.0 205.2 225.3 215.6 231.0

Rhode Island 2,069 2,307 2,345 2,632 2,912 209.5 233.4 236.7 251.1 277.8 

South Carolina 12,511 18,510 18,499 9,950 15,329 332.7 482.5 476.1 248.0 382.1 

South Dakota 1,439 1,572 1,544 1,834 1,821 195.0 213.0 210.6 243.0 241.2 

Tennessee 12,502 13,717 14,216 15,069 15,560 232.9 252.6 259.2 264.9 273.5 

Texas 50,675 60,436 62,958 68,814 69,752 260.7 305.9 314.1 330.0 334.5 

Utah 1,774 2,209 2,219 2,190 3,004 86.2 105.2 104.2 98.1 134.5 

Vermont 434 413 485 526 638 73.7 69.9 81.7 86.4 104.8 

Virginia 11,955 13,561 13,735 15,352 18,337 177.5 199.7 199.8 216.9 259.1 

Washington 9,523 10,998 11,964 13,066 13,631 169.7 193.3 207.8 221.7 231.3 

West Virginia 3,108 2,791 1,820 2,144 2,346 171.2 154.1 100.7 118.6 129.7

Wisconsin 9,554 13,999 14,462 16,365 16,284 184.8 268.0 275.4 305.1 303.6 

Wyoming 635 725 787 807 839 132.4 150.8 164.1 163.4 169.9 

U.S. TOTAL1 537,904 614,250 662,647 709,452 783,242 209.4 236.7 253.0 252.1 278.3 

Northeast 77,391 82,626 87,433 93,116 115,467 189.7 201.7 212.9 173.7 215.4 

Midwest 126,093 143,523 153,626 168,332 184,111 201.9 228.2 242.9 261.4 285.9 

South 216,741 256,122 275,860 286,136 307,405 230.1 268.4 286.0 285.5 306.7 

West 117,679 131,979 145,728 161,868 176,259 198.1 219.0 238.3 256.1 278.9 

Guam 

Puerto Rico 

Virgin Islands 

368 

2,123 

14 

410 

1,685 

10 

497 

1,445 

136 

525 

2,695 

131 

431 

2,748 

131 

235.6 

55.5 

12.8 

256.5 

43.7 

9.1 

303.9 

37.2 

120.5 

339.1 

70.8 

120.6 

278.4 

72.2 

120.6 

OUTLYING AREAS 2,505 2,105 2,078 3,351 3,310 61.2 51.0 49.9 82.3 81.3 

TOTAL 540,409 616,355 664,725 712,803 786,552 207.1 233.8 249.8 249.7 275.5 

1

Includes cases reported by Washington, D.C., and rates exclude population of states that did not report. 

2

The number of chlamydia cases occurring in the fourth quarter of 2000 for the State of Colorado was projected based on case counts from the first 

three quarters. 

3

New York City has been reporting chlamydia cases since 1984. However, the State of New York, with the exception of New York City, initiated 

chlamydia reporting during the year 2000. As a result, the number of chlamydia cases reported from 1997-2000 by the state of New York may be 

incomplete and the rate for New York State is underestimated. See Appendix. 

STD Surveillance 2001 Chlamydia Tables 85 
Table 5. Chlamydia — Women – Reported cases and rates by state/area and region listed in alphabetical 

order: United States and outlying areas, 1997–2001 

State/Area 

Cases Rates per 100,000 Population 

1997 1998 1999 2000 2001 1997 1998 1999 2000 2001 

Alabama 7,957 9,197 11,524 13,746 13,375 354.9 406.2 507.1 597.5 581.4 

Alaska 1,291 1,479 1,456 1,863 1,981 446.6 506.9 494.5 615.2 654.2 

Arizona 8,597 9,015 9,497 10,008 11,193 374.3 382.0 393.4 389.5 435.6 

Arkansas 2,346 3,850 4,618 5,015 5,949 180.3 293.4 350.3 366.4 434.6 

California 53,536 59,747 66,334 72,178 76,261 332.4 365.6 400.4 424.7 448.7 

Colorado2 5,958 6,979 8,172 8,748 9,894 303.8 348.5 399.5 409.7 463.4 

Connecticut 5,282 5,828 6,053 6,238 6,260 314.4 345.8 358.3 355.2 356.4 

Delaware 2,070 2,117 2,268 2,271 2,125 551.9 554.2 585.6 563.4 527.2 

Florida 21,953 20,171 25,957 27,562 30,647 291.5 262.7 333.6 336.8 374.4 

Georgia 13,927 21,156 24,685 24,067 27,905 363.1 539.2 617.6 578.6 670.9

Hawaii 1,548 2,209 2,557 2,757 3,053 262.4 371.4 430.9 457.3 506.4 

Idaho 1,336 1,553 1,308 1,435 1,469 220.8 252.3 208.5 222.4 227.6 

Illinois 23,478 26,112 28,758 31,771 33,124 385.9 423.1 462.9 501.2 522.5 

Indiana 7,819 8,823 9,410 10,935 11,668 260.2 291.3 308.4 353.0 376.6 

Iowa 3,900 4,077 4,208 4,480 4,295 267.0 277.6 285.8 300.5 288.1 

Kansas 3,840 4,649 5,034 4,973 4,977 291.5 347.8 373.3 365.7 366.0 

Kentucky 5,128 5,126 5,891 6,466 7,081 255.3 253.0 289.2 312.9 342.7 

Louisiana 9,414 12,169 13,247 14,099 14,416 417.6 536.5 584.0 611.4 625.1 

Maine 898 899 991 1,143 1,040 141.4 141.0 154.5 174.6 158.9 

Maryland 12,180 11,093 11,351 12,099 12,863 466.0 420.2 427.0 441.8 469.7

Massachusetts 6,522 6,812 6,959 8,452 7,897 206.2 214.0 217.7 256.9 240.0 

Michigan 18,289 18,769 18,869 20,905 24,550 365.1 372.4 372.6 412.7 484.7

Minnesota 4,953 5,119 5,469 5,856 6,010 208.7 213.5 225.8 235.8 242.0 

Mississippi 8,590 9,185 9,953 11,005 10,258 605.6 640.9 690.3 748.1 697.3

Missouri 10,749 11,063 11,515 11,525 11,854 386.5 394.4 408.5 400.9 412.3 

Montana 941 1,131 1,192 1,097 1,466 213.5 255.4 268.5 242.3 323.8 

Nebraska 2,288 2,390 2,903 3,018 2,521 270.9 281.4 341.0 347.7 290.5 

Nevada 2,484 2,820 2,500 3,124 3,586 302.3 328.8 281.5 318.7 365.8 

New Hampshire 639 726 769 889 1,042 107.4 120.6 126.0 141.5 165.9 

New Jersey 9,641 10,735 11,123 9,486 14,352 232.6 256.6 265.0 219.0 331.3

New Mexico 3,503 3,204 4,177 4,171 4,891 399.5 363.1 472.6 451.1 528.9 

New York3 25,706 23,449 23,896 26,928 38,297 662.8 596.4 607.9 273.9 389.6 

North Carolina 14,553 18,646 18,416 18,625 18,628 381.5 479.8 467.3 453.5 453.6 

North Dakota 684 755 680 663 716 212.9 235.5 213.5 206.1 222.6 

Ohio 19,727 23,248 23,380 25,105 29,521 342.0 401.4 402.0 429.8 505.4 

Oklahoma 6,269 7,696 6,737 7,715 8,600 370.1 449.4 392.0 439.7 490.1 

Oregon 3,848 4,307 4,462 5,192 5,442 234.8 259.3 265.8 301.0 315.5 

Pennsylvania 17,257 20,878 22,470 21,389 22,521 277.0 335.0 360.8 336.8 354.6

Rhode Island 1,738 1,779 1,769 1,969 2,197 339.4 346.5 343.8 361.5 403.4 

South Carolina 11,120 16,489 16,669 8,721 13,528 572.2 829.7 829.0 422.7 655.7 

South Dakota 1,021 1,171 1,194 1,308 1,311 272.9 312.2 320.4 344.0 344.7 

Tennessee 9,605 10,552 11,084 11,648 12,105 346.4 375.5 390.7 399.0 414.7 

Texas 42,750 49,940 52,071 56,817 57,611 435.0 498.7 512.7 541.2 548.7 

Utah 1,357 1,616 1,618 1,610 2,119 131.3 153.0 151.0 144.5 190.2 

Vermont 379 357 414 432 523 126.9 118.9 137.3 139.1 168.4 

Virginia 10,452 11,567 11,556 12,976 15,177 304.2 332.9 328.8 359.8 420.8 

Washington 7,331 8,377 8,880 9,583 10,159 260.5 292.8 306.8 323.8 343.2 

West Virginia 2,590 2,340 1,585 1,790 1,969 275.8 249.3 169.2 192.6 211.9

Wisconsin 7,459 10,846 11,225 12,352 12,045 284.2 408.2 420.4 455.0 443.7 

Wyoming 536 595 649 667 679 225.1 248.8 271.9 271.8 276.7 

U.S. TOTAL1 448,097 505,533 539,894 569,658 623,958 341.8 380.8 403.1 397.3 435.2 

Northeast 68,062 71,463 74,444 76,926 94,129 322.0 336.0 349.3 277.7 339.9 

Midwest 104,207 117,022 122,645 132,891 142,592 326.0 362.9 378.3 404.7 434.2 

South 183,562 214,016 230,003 237,408 255,044 380.1 436.5 464.2 463.9 498.3 

West 92,266 103,032 112,802 122,433 132,193 310.5 341.1 368.2 386.8 417.6 

Guam 

Puerto Rico 

Virgin Islands 

325 

1,722 

13 

351 

1,327 

10 

432 

1,147 

113 

430 

2,226 

108 

347 

2,313 

116 

442.6 

86.5 

22.8 

467.3 

66.1 

17.4 

562.1 

56.7 

219.1 

568.6 

112.7 

190.3 

458.8 

117.1 

204.4 

OUTLYING AREAS 2,060 1,688 1,692 2,764 2,776 97.1 78.9 78.7 131.2 131.7 

TOTAL 450,157 507,221 541,586 572,422 626,734 337.9 376.0 398.0 393.5 430.8 

1

Includes cases reported by Washington, D.C., and rates exclude population of states that did not report. Cases reported with unknown sex are not
 

included in this table.
 

2

The number of chlamydia cases occurring in the fourth quarter of 2000 for the State of Colorado was projected based on case counts from the first
 

three quarters.
 

3

New York City has been reporting chlamydia cases since 1984. However, the State of New York, with the exception of New York City, initiated
 

chlamydia reporting during the year 2000. As a result, the number of chlamydia cases reported from 1997-2000 by the state of New York may be
 

incomplete and the rate for New York State is underestimated. See Appendix.
 

86 Chlamydia Tables STD Surveillance 2001 
Table 6. Chlamydia — Men – Reported cases and rates by state/area and region listed in alphabetical order: 

United States and outlying areas, 1997–2001 

State/Area 

Cases* Rates per 100,000 Population 

1997 1998 1999 2000 2001 1997 1998 1999 2000 2001 

Alabama 708 844 795 1,432 1,124 34.1 40.4 37.9 66.7 52.4 

Alaska 325 428 430 706 763 101.5 132.8 132.3 217.8 235.4 

Arizona 2,186 2,474 2,614 2,583 3,153 96.8 107.1 110.6 100.9 123.1 

Arkansas 143 267 1,247 1,204 1,325 11.7 21.8 101.1 92.3 101.6 

California 14,875 16,525 18,236 22,759 24,930 92.0 101.2 110.0 134.9 147.7 

Colorado2 1,784 2,115 2,666 3,251 3,328 92.4 107.5 132.6 150.1 153.6 

Connecticut 1,095 1,149 1,369 1,366 1,445 68.9 72.3 85.9 82.8 87.6 

Delaware 543 491 493 585 668 152.3 135.8 134.6 153.7 175.5 

Florida 4,835 4,363 5,341 5,828 6,967 67.9 60.3 72.9 74.7 89.3 

Georgia 1,962 3,932 5,462 5,102 5,926 53.7 105.7 144.1 126.7 147.2

Hawaii 281 395 583 777 977 47.1 66.0 98.5 127.7 160.5 

Idaho 373 482 446 462 528 61.6 78.6 71.4 71.2 81.4 

Illinois 5,706 6,749 7,642 8,578 10,588 98.2 114.9 129.2 141.1 174.1 

Indiana 1,773 1,968 2,313 3,093 3,555 62.0 68.6 80.0 103.7 119.2 

Iowa 1,007 1,096 1,302 1,505 1,401 72.4 78.6 93.2 104.8 97.6 

Kansas 787 938 1,059 1,083 1,073 61.6 72.6 81.1 81.5 80.8 

Kentucky 1,182 1,093 1,328 1,513 1,779 62.2 57.2 69.0 76.6 90.1 

Louisiana 2,131 3,019 3,388 3,747 3,424 101.6 143.7 161.0 173.2 158.3 

Maine 168 174 229 331 297 27.7 28.7 37.5 53.4 47.9 

Maryland 1,798 1,973 2,196 2,379 2,777 72.5 79.1 87.4 93.0 108.6 

Massachusetts 1,462 1,551 1,817 2,515 2,502 49.5 52.3 61.0 82.2 81.8 

Michigan 3,110 3,387 4,237 5,331 6,540 65.3 70.9 88.3 109.4 134.2

Minnesota 1,678 1,851 1,981 2,246 2,313 72.6 79.5 84.2 92.2 95.0 

Mississippi 1,200 1,355 1,450 1,647 1,535 91.5 102.7 109.3 119.9 111.8

Missouri 1,508 1,607 1,840 1,923 2,095 57.5 61.0 69.4 70.7 77.0 

Montana 198 281 392 371 449 45.2 64.2 89.3 82.5 99.9 

Nebraska 473 520 712 769 680 58.2 63.9 87.4 91.2 80.6 

Nevada 403 498 586 893 1,239 47.1 56.0 63.6 87.7 121.7 

New Hampshire 177 234 207 241 341 30.6 40.1 35.0 39.7 56.1 

New Jersey 689 944 1,281 1,279 1,948 17.6 24.0 32.5 31.3 47.7 

New Mexico 518 589 839 1,001 1,237 60.7 68.9 98.0 111.9 138.3 

New York3 2,762 2,669 2,846 4,436 8,042 79.7 76.5 81.4 48.5 87.9 

North Carolina 2,555 3,551 3,396 3,359 3,473 70.8 97.0 91.5 85.2 88.1 

North Dakota 218 281 267 246 346 68.2 88.5 84.7 76.7 107.9 

Ohio 2,884 4,211 5,604 5,819 7,603 53.2 77.7 103.0 105.6 137.9 

Oklahoma 1,150 1,697 1,458 1,616 1,878 70.8 103.8 88.9 95.3 110.7 

Oregon 1,422 1,548 1,665 1,915 2,012 88.6 95.5 101.7 112.9 118.6 

Pennsylvania 2,581 3,751 4,549 5,086 5,850 44.6 65.0 78.9 85.8 98.7

Rhode Island 331 528 576 663 715 69.6 111.1 120.9 131.6 142.0 

South Carolina 1,215 1,837 1,679 1,127 1,731 66.9 99.4 89.5 57.8 88.8 

South Dakota 417 400 348 523 510 114.6 110.2 96.5 139.6 136.2 

Tennessee 2,897 3,165 3,132 3,421 3,455 111.6 120.8 118.3 123.5 124.7 

Texas 7,925 10,301 10,597 11,829 12,033 82.5 105.7 107.2 114.3 116.2 

Utah 417 593 601 580 882 40.7 56.8 56.8 51.8 78.8 

Vermont 55 56 71 94 115 19.0 19.3 24.3 31.5 38.5 

Virginia 1,379 1,988 2,177 2,359 3,107 41.8 59.9 64.8 67.9 89.5 

Washington 2,192 2,621 3,084 3,483 3,472 78.4 92.7 107.8 118.7 118.3 

West Virginia 515 448 233 350 371 58.7 51.3 26.8 39.8 42.2

Wisconsin 2,095 3,144 3,212 4,006 4,191 82.3 122.5 124.5 151.2 158.2 

Wyoming 99 130 138 140 160 41.0 53.8 57.3 56.4 64.4 

U.S. TOTAL1 88,598 106,671 120,430 137,957 157,304 70.5 84.1 94.1 99.9 113.9 

Northeast 9,320 11,056 12,945 16,011 21,255 47.4 56.1 65.5 61.8 82.1 

Midwest 21,656 26,152 30,517 35,122 40,895 71.0 85.3 99.0 111.3 129.6 

South 32,549 40,784 44,688 47,903 52,024 70.9 87.9 95.3 97.6 106.0 

West 25,073 28,679 32,280 38,921 43,130 84.5 95.4 105.8 123.4 136.7 

Guam 

Puerto Rico 

Virgin Islands 

43

401 

1 

59

358 

NR 

65

298 

23 

95

469 

23 

84 

435 

15 

51.9 

21.8 

1.9 

69.7 

19.3 

. 

75.0 

16.0 

37.5 

120.0 

25.6 

44.3 

106.1 

23.7 

28.9 

OUTLYING AREAS 445 417 386 587 534 22.6 21.5 19.2 29.9 27.2 

TOTAL 89,043 107,088 120,816 138,544 157,838 69.7 83.2 92.9 98.9 112.7 

1

Includes cases reported by Washington, D.C., and rates exclude population of states that did not report. Cases reported with unknown sex are not
 

included in this table.
 

2

The number of chlamydia cases occurring in the fourth quarter of 2000 for the State of Colorado was projected based on case counts from the first
 

three quarters.
 

3

New York City has been reporting chlamydia cases since 1984. However, the State of New York, with the exception of New York City, initiated
 

chlamydia reporting during the year 2000. As a result, the number of chlamydia cases reported from 1997-2000 by the state of New York may be
 

incomplete and the rate for New York State is underestimated. See Appendix.
 

*NR = No report (see Appendix).
 

STD Surveillance 2001 Chlamydia Tables 87 
10

20

30

40

50

60

Table 7. Chlamydia — Reported cases and rates in selected cities of >200,000 population, ranked by rates: 

United States, 2001 

Rank1 City* Cases Rate per 100,000 Population 

1 Richmond, VA 2,082 1,052.6 

2 Detroit, MI 11,552 942.0 

3 St Louis, MO 3,195 917.6 

4 Philadelphia, PA 13,628 898.0 

5 Milwaukee, WI 8,224 874.7 

6 Baltimore, MD 5,405 830.1 

7 Newark, NJ 2,408 800.6 

8 New Orleans, LA 3,871 798.7 

9 Atlanta, GA 6,426 787.5 

Indianapolis, IN 6,611 768.3 

11 Denver, CO 4,186 754.7 

12 Buffalo, NY 2,379 738.5 

13 Chicago, IL 22,420 726.4 

14 Minneapolis, MN 2,614 680.8 

15 Norfolk, VA 1,475 629.3 

16 Kansas City, MO 2,747 607.9 

17 Memphis, TN 5,418 603.7 

18 Oklahoma City, OK 2,444 574.6 

19 Washington, DC 3,286 574.4 

Albuquerque, NM 3,139 563.9 

21 Cincinnati, OH 4,594 543.5 

22 St Paul, MN 1,506 529.1 

23 Toledo, OH 2,244 493.1 

24 Boston, MA 2,935 490.8 

25 Corpus Christi, TX 1,458 464.9 

26 Dallas, TX 10,249 461.9 

27 Jacksonville, FL 3,551 455.9 

28 Columbus, OH 4,850 453.7 

29 Portland, OR 2,355 451.9 

Birmingham, AL 2,957 446.6 

31 Tulsa, OK 1,720 436.2 

32 Rochester, NY 1,064 430.6 

33 San Antonio, TX 5,749 412.7 

34 Austin, TX 3,317 408.4 

35 Honolulu, HI 3,473 396.4 

36 San Francisco, CA 3,030 390.1 

37 Jersey City, NJ 893 371.2 

38 Omaha, NE 1,719 370.8 

39 New York City, NY 29,649 370.2 

Dayton, OH 2,066 369.5 

41 Los Angeles, CA 32,706 367.1 

42 Nashville, TN 2,086 366.0 

43 Sacramento, CA 4,442 363.1 

44 Oakland, CA 4,682 354.8 

45 El Paso, TX 2,356 346.7 

46 Cleveland, OH 4,811 345.1 

47 Houston, TX 11,289 332.0 

48 San Diego, CA 9,166 325.7 

49 Wichita, KS 1,465 323.5 

Tucson, AZ 2,700 320.0 

51 Des Moines, IA 1,122 299.5 

52 Phoenix, AZ 8,953 291.4 

53 Fort Worth, TX 4,142 286.4 

54 Louisville, KY 1,952 281.4 

55 Charlotte, NC 1,936 278.4 

56 Pittsburgh, PA 3,444 268.7 

57 Tampa, FL 2,535 253.8 

58 Seattle, WA 4,295 247.3 

59 San Jose, CA 4,118 244.7 

Akron, OH 1,162 214.0 

61 St Petersburg, FL 1,884 204.5 

62 Yonkers, NY 373 187.9 

63 Miami, FL 3,800 168.6 

*Excludes outlying areas (San Juan, PR with 1,076 cases and rate of 105.5). See Appendix. 

1

Cities were ranked in descending order by rate, number of cases, and alphabetically by state. 

88 Chlamydia Tables STD Surveillance 2001 
Table 8. Chlamydia — Reported cases and rates in selected cities of >200,000 population listed in 

alphabetical order: United States and outlying areas, 1997–2001 

City 

Cases* Rates per 100,000 Population 

1997 1998 1999 2000 2001 1997 1998 1999 2000 2001 

Akron, OH 

Albuquerque, NM 

Atlanta, GA 

Austin, TX 

Baltimore, MD 

Birmingham, AL 

Boston, MA 

Buffalo, NY 

Charlotte, NC 

Chicago, IL 

Cincinnati, OH 

Cleveland, OH 

Columbus, OH 

Corpus Christi, TX 

Dallas, TX 

Dayton, OH 

Denver, CO 

Des Moines, IA 

Detroit, MI 

El Paso, TX 

Fort Worth, TX 

Honolulu, HI 

Houston, TX 

Indianapolis, IN 

Jacksonville, FL 

Jersey City, NJ 

Kansas City, MO 

Los Angeles, CA 

Louisville, KY 

Memphis, TN 

Miami, FL 

Milwaukee, WI 

Minneapolis, MN 

Nashville, TN 

New Orleans, LA 

New York City, NY2 

Newark, NJ 

Norfolk, VA 

Oakland, CA 

Oklahoma City, OK 

Omaha, NE 

Philadelphia, PA 

Phoenix, AZ 

Pittsburgh, PA 

Portland, OR 

Richmond, VA 

Rochester, NY 

Sacramento, CA 

San Antonio, TX 

San Diego, CA 

San Francisco, CA 

San Jose, CA 

Seattle, WA 

St Louis, MO 

St Paul, MN 

St Petersburg, FL 

Tampa, FL 

Toledo, OH 

Tucson, AZ 

Tulsa, OK 

Washington, DC 

Wichita, KS 

Yonkers, NY 

852 

1,635 

4,208 

2,977 

6,066 

2,372 

2,450 

NR 

1,049 

15,168 

2,617 

3,056 

3,133 

986 

7,990 

813 

2,726 

567 

6,622 

1,439 

2,402 

1,488 

10,756 

3,693 

2,402 

553 

3,086 

23,346 

1,598 

4,244 

3,579 

5,121 

2,473 

1,820 

2,869 

28,468 

1,669 

899 

3,419 

1,013 

1,349 

10,480 

6,580 

2,879 

1,844 

2,175 

NR 

3,499 

4,838 

6,397 

2,243 

2,751 

3,174 

2,653 

1,112 

1,789 

2,836 

528 

1,888 

793 

3,069 

1,159 

NR 

859 

1,715 

5,276 

3,030 

5,663 

2,476 

2,588 

NR 

1,695 

17,023 

4,840 

3,650 

3,854 

1,220 

8,893 

929 

2,834 

743 

7,351 

1,697 

4,089 

2,205 

11,561 

4,584 

1,913 

678 

3,105 

24,160 

1,253 

4,791 

3,486 

7,758 

2,555 

1,981 

3,331 

26,218 

1,725 

954 

3,651 

2,008 

1,410 

11,763 

7,549 

2,980 

2,128 

1,619 

NR 

4,005 

5,909 

7,044 

2,616 

3,349 

3,486 

2,921 

1,233 

1,692 

2,240 

780 

1,610 

1,782 

3,182 

861 

NR 

841 

1,674 

5,572 

2,795 

5,286 

2,209 

2,680 

NR 

1,669 

18,125 

3,801 

3,446 

3,997 

1,158 

9,355 

1,256 

3,371 

922 

7,753 

1,898 

3,752 

2,631 

10,511 

4,641 

2,703 

724 

2,738 

27,614 

1,447 

5,025 

4,010 

7,641 

2,584 

2,202 

3,651 

26,766 

1,881 

920 

4,111 

1,768 

1,808 

12,660 

7,660 

2,879 

2,018 

1,972 

NR 

4,469 

5,731 

7,591 

2,718 

3,428 

3,949 

3,090 

1,349 

1,760 

2,757 

1,043 

1,908 

1,636 

2,720 

1,532 

NR 

990 

2,368 

5,558 

3,113 

5,433 

3,601 

3,229 

722 

1,873 

19,792 

4,715 

3,961 

4,298 

1,525 

9,976 

1,176 

3,164 

1,075 

9,989 

2,225 

4,214 

2,932 

12,213 

5,506 

3,501 

624 

3,128 

31,074 

1,656 

4,967 

3,032 

9,018 

2,652 

2,403 

3,817 

26,170 

1,567 

1,093 

4,975 

2,060 

1,935 

13,584 

7,987 

2,885 

2,306 

2,230 

115 

4,599 

5,871 

8,591 

3,093 

3,908 

4,495 

2,711 

1,639 

1,834 

2,714 

1,646 

1,786 

1,770 

3,205 

1,457 

379 

1,162 

3,139 

6,426 

3,317 

5,405 

2,957 

2,935 

2,379 

1,936 

22,420 

4,594 

4,811 

4,850 

1,458 

10,249 

2,066 

4,186 

1,122 

11,552 

2,356 

4,142 

3,473 

11,289 

6,611 

3,551 

893 

2,747 

32,706 

1,952 

5,418 

3,800 

8,224 

2,614 

2,086 

3,871 

29,649 

2,408 

1,475 

4,682 

2,444 

1,719 

13,628 

8,953 

3,444 

2,355 

2,082 

1,064 

4,442 

5,749 

9,166 

3,030 

4,118 

4,295 

3,195 

1,506 

1,884 

2,535 

2,244 

2,700 

1,720 

3,286 

1,465 

373 

160.3 

310.8 

582.4 

429.2 

922.9 

360.1 

439.5 

. 

171.0 

520.5 

307.3 

220.4 

308.0 

310.6 

394.9 

144.8 

546.3 

160.1 

608.0 

205.1 

181.0 

171.1 

340.6 

453.9 

327.9 

253.9 

690.2 

272.7 

238.3 

490.1 

175.0 

563.4 

645.1 

341.0 

611.6 

387.7 

586.5 

391.9 

272.8 

229.9 

305.9 

722.1 

244.0 

224.8 

374.2 

1,130.5 

. 

310.8 

363.1 

235.0 

306.3 

171.0 

194.4 

776.0 

402.8 

205.2 

311.8 

117.0 

242.0 

205.5 

580.2 

264.2 

. 

159.7 

326.1 

713.6 

426.4 

877.2 

375.4 

465.2 

. 

268.7 

571.5 

571.2 

264.4 

377.4 

385.7 

433.6 

166.4 

567.9 

206.5 

583.3 

241.4 

301.7 

252.7 

360.6 

563.6 

260.0 

308.1 

687.0 

280.2 

186.4 

551.4 

162.0 

850.9 

700.9 

371.0 

715.5 

353.3 

606.6 

443.3 

285.3 

492.6 

317.7 

819.0 

271.1 

234.9 

427.4 

833.8 

. 

350.0 

436.7 

253.3 

350.8 

204.1 

210.7 

860.8 

455.8 

192.7 

242.1 

173.9 

203.6 

468.4 

608.3 

192.2 

. 

156.4 

319.8 

748.1 

384.4 

835.5 

336.0 

481.7 

. 

257.4 

608.1 

452.3 

251.2 

388.9 

367.1 

453.7 

222.0 

674.5 

252.8 

618.6 

270.4 

271.4 

304.3 

323.4 

572.3 

366.0 

331.6 

606.3 

316.2 

215.0 

575.6 

184.3 

843.1 

705.7 

415.4 

792.1 

360.3 

664.1 

407.3 

317.7 

431.3 

405.1 

893.1 

267.7 

229.1 

403.9 

1,039.5 

. 

377.3 

417.4 

269.1 

364.0 

208.1 

237.2 

925.3 

498.1 

200.3 

293.1 

233.6 

237.4 

426.3 

524.1 

339.2 

. 

182.4 

425.4 

681.1 

383.2 

834.4 

543.9 

539.9 

224.1 

269.3 

641.3 

557.8 

284.2 

402.1 

486.2 

449.6 

210.4 

570.5 

287.0 

814.5 

327.4 

291.4 

334.6 

359.1 

639.9 

449.5 

259.4 

692.2 

348.8 

238.8 

553.4 

134.6 

959.2 

690.7 

421.7 

787.5 

326.8 

521.0 

466.3 

377.0 

484.3 

417.4 

895.1 

260.0 

225.1 

442.5 

1,127.5 

46.5 

375.9 

421.5 

305.3 

398.2 

232.3 

258.8 

778.6 

575.8 

199.0 

271.7 

361.7 

211.7 

448.9 

560.3 

321.7 

190.9 

214.0 

563.9 

787.5 

408.4 

830.1 

446.6 

490.8 

738.5 

278.4 

726.4 

543.5 

345.1 

453.7 

464.9 

461.9 

369.5 

754.7 

299.5 

942.0 

346.7 

286.4 

396.4 

332.0 

768.3 

455.9 

371.2 

607.9 

367.1 

281.4 

603.7 

168.6 

874.7 

680.8 

366.0 

798.7 

370.2 

800.6 

629.3 

354.8 

574.6 

370.8 

898.0 

291.4 

268.7 

451.9 

1,052.6 

430.6 

363.1 

412.7 

325.7 

390.1 

244.7 

247.3 

917.6 

529.1 

204.5 

253.8 

493.1 

320.0 

436.2 

574.4 

323.5 

187.9 

U.S. CITY TOTAL1 235,660 258,501 269,806 296,125 318,308 341.9 370.4 384.2 401.0 431.0 

San Juan, PR 739 615 501 966 1,076 84.7 58.8 47.6 94.7 105.5 

TOTAL 236,399 259,116 270,307 297,091 319,384 338.7 365.8 379.2 396.8 426.6 

1

Rates exclude population of cities that did not report. 2New York City has been reporting chlamydia cases since 1984. However, the State of New 

York, with the exception of New York City, initiated chlamydia reporting during the year 2000. As a result, the number of chlamydia cases reported in 

1997-2000 by the state of New York (including the cities of Buffalo, Rochester and Yonkers) may be incomplete and the rate for New York State is 

underestimated. See Appendix. *NR = No report (see Appendix). 

STD Surveillance 2001 Chlamydia Tables 89 
Table 9. Chlamydia — Women – Reported cases and rates in selected cities of >200,000 population listed in 

alphabetical order: United States and outlying areas, 1997–2001 

City 

Cases* Rates per 100,000 Population 

1997 1998 1999 2000 2001 1997 1998 1999 2000 2001 

Akron, OH 

Albuquerque, NM 

Atlanta, GA 

Austin, TX 

Baltimore, MD 

Birmingham, AL 

Boston, MA 

Buffalo, NY 

Charlotte, NC 

Chicago, IL 

Cincinnati, OH 

Cleveland, OH 

Columbus, OH 

Corpus Christi, TX 

Dallas, TX 

Dayton, OH 

Denver, CO 

Des Moines, IA 

Detroit, MI 

El Paso, TX 

Fort Worth, TX 

Honolulu, HI 

Houston, TX 

Indianapolis, IN 

Jacksonville, FL 

Jersey City, NJ 

Kansas City, MO 

Los Angeles, CA 

Louisville, KY 

Memphis, TN 

Miami, FL 

Milwaukee, WI 

Minneapolis, MN 

Nashville, TN 

New Orleans, LA 

New York City, NY2 

Newark, NJ 

Norfolk, VA 

Oakland, CA 

Oklahoma City, OK 

Omaha, NE 

Philadelphia, PA 

Phoenix, AZ 

Pittsburgh, PA 

Portland, OR 

Richmond, VA 

Rochester, NY 

Sacramento, CA 

San Antonio, TX 

San Diego, CA 

San Francisco, CA 

San Jose, CA 

Seattle, WA 

St Louis, MO 

St Paul, MN 

St Petersburg, FL 

Tampa, FL 

Toledo, OH 

Tucson, AZ 

Tulsa, OK 

Washington, DC 

Wichita, KS 

Yonkers, NY 

666 

1,386 

3,596 

2,468 

5,607 

2,269 

1,842 

NR 

576 

12,203 

2,349 

2,672 

2,666 

802 

6,159 

756 

2,076 

430 

5,863 

1,263 

1,968 

1,236 

9,326 

2,680 

1,753 

536 

2,779 

17,911 

1,248 

3,325 

2,884 

4,051 

1,710 

1,308 

2,266 

25,706 

1,615 

801 

2,715 

892 

1,107 

9,300 

5,064 

2,416 

1,248 

1,931 

NR 

2,750 

4,093 

4,733 

1,426 

2,135 

2,279 

2,442 

830 

1,486 

2,371 

480 

1,510 

622 

2,658 

915 

NR 

697 

1,437 

4,217 

2,463 

5,066 

2,352 

1,920 

NR 

1,395 

13,424 

4,122 

3,173 

3,027 

1,031 

6,699 

729 

2,146 

581 

6,491 

1,421 

3,278 

1,850 

9,912 

3,472 

1,368 

657 

2,785 

18,930 

985 

3,786 

2,799 

6,219 

1,762 

1,426 

2,574 

23,449 

1,632 

826 

2,942 

1,585 

1,139 

10,182 

5,653 

2,415 

1,453 

1,452 

NR 

3,069 

4,854 

5,394 

1,541 

2,594 

2,430 

2,630 

897 

1,391 

1,851 

630 

1,299 

1,467 

2,722 

665 

NR 

653 

1,401 

4,287 

2,367 

4,700 

2,086 

2,107 

NR 

1,373 

14,377 

3,211 

2,955 

2,907 

999 

7,143 

834 

2,468 

660 

6,343 

1,599 

2,933 

2,102 

8,740 

3,481 

2,091 

681 

2,413 

21,564 

1,136 

4,020 

3,282 

6,076 

1,756 

1,628 

2,794 

23,896 

1,684 

795 

3,212 

1,449 

1,437 

10,479 

5,787 

2,380 

1,379 

1,713 

NR 

3,452 

4,697 

5,839 

1,541 

2,636 

2,654 

2,736 

972 

1,446 

2,380 

815 

1,531 

1,331 

2,391 

1,218 

NR 

769 

1,815 

4,468 

2,432 

4,828 

2,792 

2,360 

528 

1,498 

15,631 

3,938 

3,183 

3,185 

1,292 

7,726 

863 

2,190 

789 

7,716 

1,881 

3,317 

2,239 

10,222 

3,896 

2,809 

605 

2,763 

23,056 

1,301 

3,943 

2,449 

7,077 

1,759 

1,758 

2,772 

22,663 

1,330 

964 

3,851 

1,686 

1,516 

10,724 

6,195 

2,398 

1,597 

1,900 

86 

3,391 

4,767 

6,371 

1,819 

2,948 

3,006 

2,362 

1,154 

1,511 

2,319 

1,348 

1,411 

1,485 

2,786 

1,134 

327 

916 

2,368 

5,152 

2,633 

4,825 

2,524 

2,086 

1,731 

1,484 

16,756 

3,740 

3,635 

3,336 

1,233 

8,083 

1,595 

2,962 

814 

9,137 

1,936 

3,277 

2,574 

9,473 

4,552 

2,865 

818 

2,396 

24,358 

1,511 

4,378 

3,079 

6,308 

1,716 

1,537 

2,958 

25,118 

2,117 

1,251 

3,562 

1,941 

1,346 

10,833 

6,841 

2,798 

1,651 

1,752 

807 

3,279 

4,632 

6,510 

1,723 

3,017 

2,905 

2,787 

1,098 

1,522 

2,112 

1,801 

2,058 

1,406 

2,807 

1,166 

326 

241.2 

515.1 

954.0 

710.2 

1,595.4 

647.6 

638.8 

. 

181.5 

809.7 

524.9 

364.3 

506.7 

495.9 

600.1 

259.1 

809.8 

233.4 

1,024.4 

349.9 

292.7 

285.5 

588.1 

629.4 

464.1 

477.8 

1,190.7 

417.6 

353.7 

734.0 

271.8 

850.5 

868.1 

467.7 

901.0 

662.8 

1,079.4 

719.3 

427.1 

391.1 

486.2 

1,196.5 

371.8 

355.5 

495.4 

1,837.7 

. 

477.0 

596.5 

350.8 

384.3 

268.0 

276.6 

1,314.7 

578.3 

320.7 

509.5 

204.1 

380.5 

312.3 

946.7 

409.6 

. 

249.1 

532.6 

1,090.7 

689.4 

1,470.5 

668.6 

665.9 

. 

426.3 

867.6 

923.7 

433.7 

571.6 

634.1 

642.4 

250.2 

837.9 

309.6 

978.8 

387.8 

477.7 

423.8 

612.8 

814.3 

359.9 

577.2 

1,175.9 

435.2 

277.8 

830.3 

248.6 

1,298.3 

938.6 

507.9 

1,029.3 

596.4 

1,090.5 

754.7 

452.9 

747.8 

495.6 

1,321.5 

401.2 

358.2 

571.4 

1,360.3 

. 

526.0 

692.0 

388.1 

409.3 

318.7 

289.5 

1,430.9 

635.4 

299.0 

389.7 

269.0 

321.3 

744.0 

978.9 

290.5 

. 

233.1 

521.4 

1,101.3 

647.6 

1,393.0 

595.2 

731.6 

. 

408.0 

928.2 

724.9 

406.3 

545.0 

615.9 

681.6 

282.2 

962.3 

347.1 

961.0 

435.6 

419.6 

484.8 

533.4 

818.2 

546.9 

603.0 

1,020.1 

489.4 

319.8 

877.4 

288.0 

1,271.8 

931.3 

584.4 

1,129.3 

607.9 

1,130.3 

727.4 

490.0 

680.5 

622.2 

1,377.2 

399.9 

356.2 

540.5 

1,643.0 

. 

571.9 

661.0 

417.0 

408.9 

322.6 

314.5 

1,512.5 

687.3 

310.9 

492.8 

349.4 

372.6 

670.1 

866.4 

528.1 

. 

273.2 

637.3 

1,078.5 

613.6 

1,389.5 

797.8 

762.2 

314.1 

423.2 

982.0 

890.3 

432.8 

579.4 

806.7 

695.6 

296.9 

798.0 

409.1 

1,209.4 

534.6 

454.2 

514.0 

598.9 

876.6 

700.3 

494.2 

1,179.7 

511.6 

359.4 

841.0 

210.3 

1,445.5 

902.4 

597.9 

1,076.2 

537.8 

843.4 

841.4 

573.7 

770.0 

640.1 

1,320.0 

403.4 

355.4 

606.7 

1,797.2 

67.2 

542.8 

666.3 

455.5 

476.3 

355.3 

344.5 

1,279.4 

782.6 

313.1 

454.5 

570.5 

327.2 

731.4 

920.4 

495.2 

315.7 

325.5 

831.5 

1,243.6 

664.3 

1,388.6 

721.2

673.7 

1,029.8 

419.2 

1,052.6

845.5 

494.2 

606.9 

769.8

727.7 

548.7

1,079.3 

422.1 

1,432.2 

550.2 

448.8 

590.9 

555.0 

1,024.2

714.3 

668.2

1,023.0 

540.4

417.4 

933.8

264.4 

1,288.4 

880.4 

522.7 

1,148.4 

596.1 

1,342.4 

1,091.9 

530.6 

886.4

568.3 

1,333.4

445.5 

414.7

627.3 

1,657.2 

630.4 

524.9 

647.5 

465.4

451.2 

363.7 

332.9 

1,509.6 

744.6 

315.4

414.0 

762.2 

477.3 

692.4 

927.3 

509.2 

314.8 

U.S. CITY TOTAL1 194,155 210,356 217,017 232,899 247,912 547.7 584.0 599.1 615.4 655.1 

San Juan, PR 580 445 385 761 901 120.9 81.8 70.4 143.4 169.8 

TOTAL 194,735 210,801 217,402 233,660 248,813 542.0 576.5 591.2 608.9 648.4 

1

Rates exclude population of cities that did not report. Cases reported with unknown sex are not included in this table. 2New York City has been 

reporting chlamydia cases since 1984. However, the State of New York, with the exception of New York City, initiated chlamydia reporting during the 

year 2000. As a result, the number of chlamydia cases reported 1997-2000 by the state of New York (including the cities of Buffalo, Rochester and 

Yonkers) may be incomplete and the rate for New York State is underestimated. See Appendix. *NR = No report (see Appendix). 

90 Chlamydia Tables STD Surveillance 2001 
Table 10. Chlamydia — Men – Reported cases and rates in selected cities of >200,000 population listed in 

alphabetical order: United States and outlying areas, 1997–2001 

City 

Cases* Rates per 100,000 Population 

1997 1998 1999 2000 2001 1997 1998 1999 2000 2001 

Akron, OH 

Albuquerque, NM 

Atlanta, GA 

Austin, TX 

Baltimore, MD 

Birmingham, AL 

Boston, MA 

Buffalo, NY 

Charlotte, NC 

Chicago, IL 

Cincinnati, OH 

Cleveland, OH 

Columbus, OH 

Corpus Christi, TX 

Dallas, TX 

Dayton, OH 

Denver, CO 

Des Moines, IA 

Detroit, MI 

El Paso, TX 

Fort Worth, TX 

Honolulu, HI 

Houston, TX 

Indianapolis, IN 

Jacksonville, FL 

Jersey City, NJ 

Kansas City, MO 

Los Angeles, CA 

Louisville, KY 

Memphis, TN 

Miami, FL 

Milwaukee, WI 

Minneapolis, MN 

Nashville, TN 

New Orleans, LA 

New York City, NY2 

Newark, NJ 

Norfolk, VA 

Oakland, CA 

Oklahoma City, OK 

Omaha, NE 

Philadelphia, PA 

Phoenix, AZ 

Pittsburgh, PA 

Portland, OR 

Richmond, VA 

Rochester, NY 

Sacramento, CA 

San Antonio, TX 

San Diego, CA 

San Francisco, CA 

San Jose, CA 

Seattle, WA 

St Louis, MO 

St Paul, MN 

St Petersburg, FL 

Tampa, FL 

Toledo, OH 

Tucson, AZ 

Tulsa, OK 

Washington, DC 

Wichita, KS 

Yonkers, NY 

179 

249 

597 

509 

459 

101 

608 

NR 

174 

2,965 

247 

365 

459 

184 

1,831 

54 

645 

137 

759 

176 

434 

252 

1,430 

1,013 

649 

16 

307 

5,373 

349 

919 

695 

1,070 

763 

512 

603 

2,762 

52 

84 

704 

121 

237 

1,180 

1,516 

463 

596 

234 

NR 

725 

745 

1,477 

817 

607 

895 

211 

282 

303 

465 

44 

378 

171 

411 

244 

NR 

161 

278 

1,038 

564 

566 

123 

668 

NR 

300 

3,599 

688 

463 

812 

188 

2,156 

198 

676 

162 

860 

273 

763 

355 

1,648 

1,112 

544 

21 

320 

5,230 

260 

1,005 

685 

1,532 

793 

555 

757 

2,669 

93 

128 

698 

423 

270 

1,581 

1,896 

565 

675 

167 

NR 

907 

1,048 

1,583 

1,075 

717 

1,056 

291 

336 

294 

353 

144 

311 

315 

460 

196 

NR 

183 

272 

1,262 

428 

565 

117 

573 

NR 

296 

3,744 

552 

469 

1,053 

158 

2,156 

415 

898 

262 

1,410 

296 

778 

515 

1,634 

1,157 

612 

43 

325 

6,020 

307 

1,005 

717 

1,556 

828 

574 

857 

2,846 

194 

125 

759 

319 

370 

2,181 

1,873 

499 

639 

259 

NR 

987 

1,032 

1,704 

1,177 

761 

1,295 

354 

377 

314 

377 

222 

377 

305 

316 

314 

NR 

216 

521 

1,079 

676 

550 

700 

869 

194 

375 

4,160 

748 

748 

1,071 

233 

2,151 

302 

974 

286 

2,273 

343 

888 

683 

1,971 

1,604 

692 

19 

365 

8,000 

352 

1,024 

583 

1,935 

893 

645 

1,045 

3,377 

234 

129 

1,075 

374 

416 

2,860 

1,792 

487 

709 

329 

29 

1,171 

1,096 

2,072 

1,274 

937 

1,489 

349 

485 

323 

395 

288 

375 

285 

405 

323 

52 

243 

654 

1,273 

683 

580 

433 

849 

648 

452 

5,660 

818 

1,145 

1,434 

225 

2,105 

460 

1,219 

307 

2,415 

420 

858 

898 

1,804 

2,045 

686 

72 

351 

8,307 

439 

1,040 

721 

1,881 

898 

549 

913 

4,477 

291 

222 

1,080 

503 

373 

2,795 

2,112 

646 

704 

329 

257 

1,101 

1,110 

2,232 

1,307 

1,065 

1,390 

408 

408 

362 

423 

430 

642 

314 

451 

299 

47 

70.0 

96.9 

172.7 

147.1 

150.1 

32.8 

226.0 

. 

58.8 

210.7 

61.1 

55.9 

93.5 

118.1 

183.7 

20.0 

265.9 

80.6 

146.9 

51.7 

66.3 

57.7 

91.0 

261.2 

182.9 

15.1 

143.7 

125.8 

109.8 

222.5 

70.7 

247.3 

409.4 

201.6 

277.1 

79.7 

38.5 

71.2 

114.0 

56.9 

111.1 

175.1 

113.6 

77.0 

247.4 

268.0 

. 

132.0 

115.3 

107.5 

226.2 

74.7 

110.6 

135.1 

212.7 

74.2 

104.7 

20.4 

98.6 

91.6 

165.6 

113.3 

. 

62.4 

108.5 

294.3 

159.6 

188.0 

40.0 

249.2 

. 

98.8 

251.4 

171.5 

71.3 

165.2 

122.3 

213.9 

74.1 

278.3 

94.1 

144.0 

81.1 

114.0 

81.4 

103.7 

287.3 

153.0 

19.8 

148.8 

122.4 

81.9 

243.4 

66.7 

354.1 

448.5 

219.2 

351.3 

76.5 

69.0 

121.0 

110.7 

216.2 

126.2 

237.5 

137.9 

95.1 

277.1 

191.0 

. 

161.7 

160.8 

113.8 

291.1 

86.7 

129.5 

187.1 

259.8 

71.2 

78.4 

67.2 

80.5 

171.8 

187.7 

89.5 

. 

71.0 

106.8 

354.9 

118.4 

191.3 

38.1 

213.5 

. 

94.9 

261.5 

138.9 

72.8 

213.0 

103.1 

212.6 

153.5 

369.1 

150.1 

237.6 

88.4 

113.8 

119.5 

101.4 

300.1 

171.8 

40.8 

151.1 

139.1 

96.6 

242.3 

69.2 

363.1 

466.2 

228.3 

401.4 

81.4 

144.5 

107.2 

118.9 

161.9 

171.8 

332.1 

132.4 

84.8 

261.4 

303.1 

. 

169.9 

155.8 

119.9 

318.2 

91.6 

157.7 

231.3 

291.3 

76.0 

82.4 

104.1 

96.0 

164.7 

130.0 

142.1 

. 

82.6 

191.6 

268.6 

162.5 

181.1 

224.3 

301.3 

125.9 

109.8 

278.4 

185.6 

113.6 

206.2 

151.8 

194.1 

112.5 

347.6 

157.4 

386.3 

104.6 

124.0 

155.0 

116.4 

385.6 

183.2 

16.1 

167.7 

181.7 

106.2 

238.9 

53.5 

429.5 

472.4 

233.8 

460.2 

89.0 

163.5 

107.7 

165.8 

181.2 

183.5 

405.6 

116.6 

80.2 

274.9 

357.3 

24.4 

195.6 

161.8 

146.4 

322.7 

109.9 

172.2 

213.4 

353.5 

73.6 

80.8 

131.6 

90.9 

149.0 

150.4 

144.3 

54.8 

92.9 

240.5 

316.9 

164.2 

191.0 

138.7 

294.4 

420.7 

132.4 

378.7 

203.0 

173.9 

276.1 

146.6

189.9 

171.4

435.0 

168.9 

410.4 

128.1 

119.8 

203.9 

106.5 

491.6

181.6 

60.9 

161.3 

188.7 

132.4 

242.6 

66.2 

417.5 

475.0 

199.0 

402.0 

118.0

203.4 

185.3 

166.6 

243.8

164.5 

396.4 

137.5 

106.4

273.0 

357.3 

215.9 

183.9 

163.8 

157.7

331.0 

124.9 

160.8 

249.4 

297.4 

82.5 

86.5 

196.6 

155.6 

164.2 

167.4 

133.6 

49.5 

U.S. CITY TOTAL1 40,807 47,604 52,013 62,298 69,263 121.9 141.0 153.0 173.0 192.4 

San Juan, PR 159 170 116 205 175 40.5 33.8 23.0 41.9 35.7 

TOTAL 40,966 47,774 52,129 62,503 69,438 121.0 139.4 151.1 171.3 190.3 

1

Rates exclude population of cities that did not report. Cases reported with unknown sex are not included in this table. 2New York City has been 

reporting chlamydia cases since 1984. However, the State of New York, with the exception of New York City, initiated chlamydia reporting during the 

year 2000. As a result, the number of chlamydia cases reported 1997-2000 by the state of New York (including the cities of Buffalo, Rochester and 

Yonkers) may be incomplete and the rate for New York State is underestimated. See Appendix. *NR = No report (see Appendix). 

STD Surveillance 2001 Chlamydia Tables 91 
Table 11. Chlamydia — Reported cases and rates per 100,000 population by age and sex: United States, 

1997–2001 

Year Age 

Group 

Cases 

Total Male Female 

Rates 

Total Male Female 

10-14 12,625 585 12,039 66.5 6.0 130.0 

15-19 218,287 24,032 194,256 1,147.7 245.2 2,107.5 

20-24 177,542 31,073 146,469 1,016.5 346.9 1,721.2 

25-29 69,599 15,651 53,948 370.0 165.8 575.8 

30-34 28,818 7,889 20,929 139.4 76.5 201.8 

1997 35-39 13,509 4,165 9,345 59.9 37.0 82.7 

40-44 5,855 1,969 3,886 27.5 18.6 36.2 

45-54 3,810 1,445 2,365 11.4 8.8 13.8 

55-64 860 360 500 4.0 3.5 4.4 

65+ 1,422 304 1,118 4.2 2.2 5.6 

TOTAL 534,774 88,167 446,607 200.4 67.5 327.8 

10-14 14,011 713 13,298 72.8 7.2 141.7 

15-19 247,339 28,545 218,794 1,265.9 284.2 2,304.6 

20-24 204,567 37,123 167,444 1,157.4 412.7 1,929.5 

25-29 79,872 18,831 61,041 429.7 203.6 653.5 

30-34 31,830 9,131 22,700 157.7 91.2 223.0 

1998 35-39 15,622 5,132 10,490 69.0 45.6 92.3 

40-44 6,630 2,408 4,221 30.3 22.2 38.2 

45-54 4,114 1,654 2,459 11.9 9.8 13.9 

55-64 907 396 512 4.0 3.7 4.3 

65+ 1,228 294 935 3.6 2.1 4.6 

TOTAL 608,490 104,912 503,578 225.1 79.5 364.2 

10-14 13,870 824 13,046 71.0 8.2 136.8 

15-19 259,742 32,366 227,376 1,315.3 318.8 2,369.3 

20-24 228,069 43,011 185,058 1,265.3 468.4 2,092.8 

25-29 88,114 21,548 66,566 483.9 238.0 727.2 

30-34 35,248 10,289 24,959 178.7 105.3 250.7 

1999 35-39 17,269 5,957 11,312 76.6 53.1 99.9 

40-44 7,606 2,987 4,619 34.2 27.1 41.1 

45-54 4,661 2,036 2,625 13.0 11.6 14.3 

55-64 1,006 480 526 4.3 4.3 4.3 

65+ 915 302 613 2.6 2.1 3.0 

TOTAL 658,711 120,468 538,243 241.6 90.4 386.1 

10-14 14,468 931 13,537 70.5 8.9 135.3 

15-19 266,583 35,415 231,167 1,318.4 340.8 2,351.9 

20-24 249,360 50,103 199,257 1,314.9 517.2 2,148.0 

25-29 94,263 24,507 69,756 486.4 250.1 727.9 

30-34 39,509 12,216 27,292 192.6 118.4 267.9 

2000 35-39 18,935 6,791 12,144 83.4 60.0 106.6 

40-44 8,442 3,318 5,123 37.6 29.8 45.3 

45-54 5,601 2,499 3,102 14.9 13.5 16.2 

55-64 1,110 494 617 4.6 4.2 4.9 

65+ 997 339 658 2.8 2.4 3.2 

TOTAL 701,339 137,233 564,106 249.2 99.4 393.5 

10-14 15,031 1,042 13,989 73.2 9.9 139.8 

15-19 288,333 39,064 249,269 1,426.0 375.9 2,536.1 

20-24 285,589 58,597 226,992 1,506.0 604.9 2,447.0 

25-29 106,914 27,896 79,018 551.6 284.7 824.6 

30-34 45,255 14,493 30,763 220.6 140.4 301.9 

2001 35-39 21,516 7,953 13,563 94.8 70.3 119.1 

40-44 9,940 4,124 5,816 44.3 37.1 51.4 

45-54 6,415 2,943 3,472 17.0 15.9 18.1 

55-64 1,282 638 644 5.3 5.5 5.1 

65+ 919 313 606 2.6 2.2 2.9 

TOTAL 783,127 157,623 625,504 278.3 114.2 436.3 

NOTE: This table should be used only for age comparisons. This is because, if age was not specified, cases were prorated according to the 

distribution of cases for which age was known. For 1997, Delaware did not report age for most chlamydia cases and was excluded from the case 

counts and the U.S. population denominators. Differences between total cases from this table and others in the report are due to different reporting 

forms and above listed exclusions. The 0 to 9 year age group is not shown because some of these may not be due to sexual transmission; however, 

they are included in the totals. 

92 Chlamydia Tables STD Surveillance 2001 
This page intentionally left blank.
 
Table 12A. Chlamydia — Reported cases by age, sex, and race/ethnicity: United States, 1997–2001 

Age 

Group 

Total 

Total Male Female 

White, Non-Hispanic 

Total Male Female 

Black, Non-Hispanic 

Total Male Female Total 

Hispanic 

Male Female 

Asian/Pacific Islander 

Total Male Female 

American Indian/ 

Alaska Native 

Total Male Female 

10-14 8,969 437 8,532 2,578 70 2,508 4,525 235 4,291 1,509 115 1,394 118 9 109 238 8 230 

15-19 157,306 18,940 138,366 52,237 4,312 47,925 72,707 10,373 62,333 27,022 3,676 23,346 2,201 275 1,926 3,139 303 2,836 

20-24 129,875 25,181 104,694 41,533 6,629 34,904 56,680 12,882 43,798 26,545 4,892 21,653 2,379 418 1,961 2,738 360 2,378 

199725-29 

30-34 

35-39 

51,350 12,578 38,772 

21,105 6,253 14,853 

9,764 3,246 6,518 

15,002 3,243 11,758 

5,837 1,582 4,255 

2,902 869 2,033 

21,495 6,360 15,135 

8,653 3,191 5,462 

4,011 1,642 2,369 

12,459 

5,433 

2,232 

2,575 9,884 

1,249 4,184 

617 1,615 

1,149 233 916 

558 139 419 

318 57 261 

1,245 168 1,078 

624 92 533 

302 62 240 

40-44 4,208 1,516 2,693 1,317 437 880 1,706 779 927 907 251 656 148 33 115 130 15 114 

45-54 2,634 1,115 1,520 859 368 492 1,017 530 487 564 168 396 111 38 73 83 11 71 

55-64 562 267 295 179 78 101 229 123 107 114 53 62 16 3 13 23 10 13 

65+ 1,061 240 821 368 76 292 441 109 332 196 47 149 20 5 15 37 3 34 

TOTAL 388,528 70,296 318,232 123,314 17,804 105,510 172,175 36,447 135,728 77,388 13,786 63,602 7,057 1,222 5,834 8,595 1,037 7,558 

10-14 11,223 617 10,605 2,967 90 2,878 6,188 376 5,812 1,641 128 1,513 137 11 127 289 13 276 

15-19 199,119 24,352 174,767 63,688 5,206 58,482 97,844 13,952 83,892 30,569 4,380 26,189 3,010 361 2,649 4,008 453 3,555 

20-24 164,920 31,692 133,228 50,696 8,197 42,499 77,651 16,481 61,170 30,193 6,008 24,185 3,107 524 2,583 3,273 483 2,790 

199825-29 

30-34 

35-39 

64,316 15,979 48,337 

25,578 7,711 17,867 

12,564 4,367 8,197 

17,503 3,936 13,567 

6,611 2,025 4,586 

3,370 1,075 2,295 

29,671 8,363 21,308 

11,540 3,961 7,578 

5,784 2,377 3,407 

14,137 

5,964 

2,598 

3,154 10,983 

1,484 4,480 

710 1,888 

1,627 334 1,293 

740 152 588 

433 124 309 

1,378 191 1,187 

723 88 635 

380 81 298 

40-44 5,297 2,029 3,268 1,521 570 952 2,421 1,135 1,286 974 247 727 201 41 160 179 36 143 

45-54 3,172 1,340 1,832 996 430 566 1,405 725 680 534 135 399 111 37 74 126 13 113 

55-64 661 305 356 171 82 89 320 174 147 116 34 82 29 9 20 24 6 18 

65+ 1,032 246 786 299 86 213 550 119 430 147 36 111 22 5 17 15 0 15 

TOTAL 489,760 89,183 400,577 148,314 21,851 126,463 234,279 47,912 186,367 87,276 16,438 70,838 9,448 1,606 7,843 10,443 1,377 9,065 

10-14 12,553 752 11,801 3,180 114 3,066 7,050 449 6,601 1,885 163 1,721 159 12 147 279 13 266 

15-19 232,381 29,730 202,651 72,649 6,302 66,347 116,293 17,281 99,012 35,455 5,184 30,271 3,601 447 3,154 4,382 516 3,867 

20-24 201,730 39,032 162,698 61,460 10,419 51,041 96,754 20,598 76,156 36,102 6,894 29,207 3,879 629 3,250 3,536 492 3,044 

199925-29 

30-34 

35-39 

77,066 19,369 57,697 

30,339 9,169 21,170 

14,823 5,311 9,511 

20,236 4,671 15,565 

7,427 2,256 5,170 

3,926 1,397 2,528 

36,134 10,266 25,868 

13,979 4,832 9,147 

6,773 2,887 3,886 

17,025 

7,316 

3,264 

3,704 13,321 

1,741 5,575 

823 2,441 

2,084 473 1,611 

929 205 724 

470 121 349 

1,587 256 1,331 

688 135 553 

389 83 307 

40-44 6,458 2,683 3,775 1,834 776 1,058 2,917 1,448 1,468 1,262 341 921 246 77 169 200 41 159 

45-54 3,948 1,804 2,144 1,098 517 580 1,746 969 777 787 228 560 171 60 110 146 30 116 

55-64 818 416 402 239 152 87 373 194 179 129 44 85 42 11 31 34 15 20 

65+ 775 264 511 255 98 157 300 104 196 113 24 88 28 15 13 80 23 57 

TOTAL 582,845 109,127 473,718 172,815 26,857 145,958 283,370 59,335 224,035 103,667 19,264 84,403 11,648 2,063 9,585 11,345 1,609 9,736 

10-14 13,081 865 12,216 3,140 110 3,031 7,428 536 6,892 2,044 194 1,850 180 13 167 288 12 276 

15-19 240,404 32,329 208,075 74,657 6,965 67,691 117,722 18,296 99,426 39,526 5,986 33,540 3,865 484 3,381 4,634 597 4,037 

20-24 224,162 45,293 178,869 67,922 12,108 55,814 104,067 22,997 81,070 43,525 8,741 34,785 4,379 820 3,559 4,268 627 3,641 

200025-29 

30-34 

35-39 

83,755 21,967 61,788 

34,614 10,831 23,783 

16,584 6,027 10,557 

21,679 5,274 16,406 

8,389 2,523 5,867 

4,249 1,621 2,628 

37,556 11,151 26,404 

15,044 5,620 9,424 

7,423 3,105 4,318 

20,619 

9,168 

3,782 

4,694 15,925 

2,237 6,931 

1,024 2,758 

2,117 535 1,582 

1,141 270 871 

633 172 461 

1,784 313 1,470 

872 181 690 

497 105 393 

40-44 7,398 2,992 4,407 2,090 862 1,228 3,234 1,512 1,723 1,544 468 1,076 283 93 190 247 57 189 

45-54 4,833 2,235 2,598 1,385 689 696 2,068 1,140 927 968 279 689 231 86 145 183 41 141 

55-64 937 442 495 313 167 146 372 193 178 153 46 107 54 22 32 45 14 31 

65+ 855 307 549 295 114 181 378 131 247 137 39 99 31 21 10 14 2 12 

TOTAL 628,449 123,826 504,623 184,555 30,554 154,001 296,248 64,943 231,306 121,849 23,840 98,009 12,932 2,522 10,410 12,865 1,967 10,898 

10-14 13,028 889 12,139 3,203 122 3,081 7,271 523 6,748 2,176 225 1,951 134 7 127 245 12 233 

15-19 254,176 34,931 219,244 79,923 7,591 72,331 122,896 19,374 103,522 42,630 6,852 35,778 3,907 514 3,393 4,820 601 4,220 

20-24 252,425 52,857 199,568 79,134 14,649 64,485 115,191 26,365 88,827 49,029 10,255 38,774 4,815 905 3,910 4,255 683 3,572 

2001

25-29 

30-34 

35-39 

93,776 25,080 68,696 

39,053 12,830 26,224 

18,453 6,995 11,458 

24,529 6,214 18,315 

9,779 3,137 6,642 

4,814 1,909 2,905 

41,444 12,463 28,981 

16,909 6,553 10,356 

8,034 3,577 4,457 

23,461 

10,347 

4,478 

5,493 17,968 

2,698 7,649 

1,193 3,285 

2,364 536 1,828 

1,140 291 848 

639 213 426 

1,978 373 1,605 

878 150 728 

488 102 385 

40-44 8,531 3,640 4,891 2,369 1,057 1,311 3,795 1,904 1,892 1,833 536 1,297 286 85 202 247 59 189 

45-54 5,479 2,594 2,884 1,631 831 800 2,492 1,352 1,140 962 299 663 209 61 149 184 52 132 

55-64 1,088 569 519 371 191 179 479 291 188 169 62 107 44 17 28 24 8 17 

65+ 748 272 476 199 63 136 371 149 222 143 43 100 29 13 16 6 4 2 

TOTAL 688,385 141,138 547,247 206,348 35,882 170,467 319,667 72,769 246,898 135,617 27,792 107,824 13,590 2,646 10,943 13,164 2,049 11,115 

NOTE: These tables should be used only for race/ethnicity comparisons, not for age, sex, or overall totals. This is because, if age or race/ethnicity was not 

specified, cases were prorated according to the distribution of cases for which these variables were specified. For the following years the states listed did 

not report age and/or race/ethnicity for most cases and were excluded: 1997 (CO, DE, DC, GA, MD, MI, MS, NJ, NY, OH, SC); 1998 (CO, DC, MI, NJ, NY, 

OH, SC); 1999 (CO, DC, MI, NJ, NY); 2000 (CO, DC, MI, NY); 2001 (CO, DC, MD, NJ, NY). Cases and population denominators have been excluded for 

these states/areas. Differences between total cases from this table and others in the report are due to different reporting forms and above listed exclusions. 

The 0 to 9 year age group is not shown because some of these may not be due to sexual transmission; however, they are included in the totals. 

94 Chlamydia Tables STD Surveillance 2001 
Table 12B. Chlamydia — Reported rates per 100,000 population by age, sex, and race/ethnicity: United States, 

1997–2001 

Age 

Group Total 

Total 

Male Female 

White, Non-Hispanic 

Total Male Female 

Black, Non-Hispanic 

Total Male Female Total 

Hispanic 

Male Female 

Asian/Pacific Islander 

Total Male Female 

American Indian/ 

Alaska Native 

Total Male Female 

10-14 63.7 6.0 124.3 27.2 1.4 54.4 259.8 26.5 500.6 71.4 10.6 135.3 20.8 3.1 39.2 130.6 8.4 256.2 

15-19 1,115.2 260.1 2,027.5 551.6 88.5 1,042.7 4,130.1 1,157.0 7,216.1 1,246.3 318.9 2,299.6 407.3 100.5 722.0 1,895.0 364.8 3,433.9 

20-24 1,004.1 377.7 1,670.2 486.0 151.6 836.1 3,704.3 1,690.3 5,702.9 1,225.6 412.5 2,209.1 428.6 150.4 708.1 1,984.7 518.7 3,470.3 

25-29 

30-34 

35-39 

371.9 

140.1 

59.3 

180.6 566.4 

82.9 197.5 

39.3 79.3 

160.0 69.3 250.6 

55.5 30.2 80.7 

24.1 14.4 33.8 

1,434.3 882.1 1,946.4 

549.6 428.9 657.9 

242.5 209.9 271.8 

582.2 

246.4 

112.4 

218.8 1,025.9 

105.2 411.1 

58.8 172.5 

174.4 74.2 265.6 

87.1 45.8 124.4 

50.3 18.8 79.0 

902.1 237.3 1,598.6 

1997

468.9 138.6 795.0 

221.7 92.6 345.6 

40-44 27.0 19.5 34.4 11.2 7.4 15.0 113.4 109.9 116.5 56.0 29.9 84.0 24.7 11.8 36.0 104.4 25.8 177.2 

45-54 10.8 9.3 12.2 4.5 3.9 5.1 49.8 56.7 43.9 26.8 16.0 37.6 12.6 9.3 15.5 45.3 13.0 75.3 

55-64 3.5 3.5 3.6 1.4 1.3 1.5 18.0 22.1 14.8 9.5 9.3 9.7 3.1 1.2 4.7 21.2 20.0 22.1 

65+ 4.2 2.3 5.6 1.7 0.9 2.3 26.8 16.8 33.2 14.4 8.1 19.2 3.5 2.3 4.4 29.9 5.3 48.0 

TOTAL 198.0 72.9 318.6 86.2 25.4 144.4 872.3 387.1 1,315.0 318.2 109.7 541.2 95.6 34.4 152.2 489.0 120.0 845.5 

10-14 73.0 7.8 141.4 29.2 1.7 58.3 284.6 34.1 542.8 73.0 11.1 137.8 22.3 3.4 42.2 154.4 13.9 299.2 

15-19 1,271.2 302.0 2,299.3 615.8 97.7 1,166.4 4,406.3 1,235.1 7,690.1 1,320.8 362.6 2,366.4 492.1 116.5 877.4 2,284.4 515.9 4,059.1 

20-24 1,163.9 438.0 1,921.5 545.0 172.0 937.0 4,046.3 1,733.8 6,316.1 1,356.8 518.2 2,268.7 534.9 181.4 884.6 2,291.4 673.5 3,921.0 

25-29 

30-34 

35-39 

434.5 

160.1 

70.1 

216.3 651.9 

97.1 222.3 

48.9 91.2 

176.3 79.2 273.5 

60.3 37.0 83.5 

26.1 16.6 35.7 

1,582.1 933.2 2,175.9 

592.2 434.2 731.3 

278.7 244.2 309.1 

654.2 

267.5 

124.5 

279.9 1,062.4 

127.4 420.7 

65.7 187.7 

233.8 103.4 347.2 

104.7 46.2 155.5 

61.0 36.8 83.1 

960.0 260.7 1,690.2 

1998

537.5 131.5 942.7 

270.3 117.5 419.2 

40-44 30.6 23.6 37.5 11.8 8.8 14.8 125.1 125.1 125.2 56.6 28.2 86.1 30.0 13.1 45.1 136.8 56.5 212.0 

45-54 11.6 10.0 13.2 4.7 4.1 5.3 52.9 59.8 47.1 23.7 12.2 34.8 11.2 8.1 13.8 64.9 13.9 111.9 

55-64 3.7 3.6 3.8 1.2 1.2 1.2 20.1 25.1 16.3 9.0 5.6 12.0 5.1 3.5 6.5 21.0 11.3 29.5 

65+ 3.8 2.2 4.9 1.3 0.9 1.6 27.2 15.0 35.1 10.1 5.7 13.3 3.5 1.9 4.7 11.2 0.0 19.4 

TOTAL 228.2 84.8 365.7 96.0 28.9 160.4 948.0 407.8 1,437.4 342.1 127.3 562.3 116.7 41.4 185.9 573.4 153.9 978.8 

10-14 75.1 8.8 144.8 28.8 2.0 57.0 286.7 36.0 545.4 79.8 13.5 149.0 24.7 3.6 47.0 144.3 13.3 279.4 

15-19 1,369.2 340.6 2,458.7 644.2 108.5 1,212.9 4,738.9 1,384.9 8,208.9 1,470.3 412.6 2,620.8 556.8 136.8 986.3 2,406.1 565.6 4,250.4 

20-24 1,302.9 494.0 2,145.9 599.7 198.5 1,020.8 4,490.2 1,933.7 6,989.5 1,548.2 567.3 2,616.0 647.4 211.3 1,077.5 2,378.2 660.2 4,104.4 

25-29 

30-34 

35-39 

495.8 

181.9 

77.7 

250.2 739.6 

110.8 251.8 

55.9 99.3 

194.1 89.5 298.9 

64.8 39.5 89.9 

28.6 20.3 36.9 

1,759.3 1,046.3 2,411.5 

672.1 496.5 826.7 

297.2 270.3 320.9 

768.7 

322.1 

148.9 

324.0 1,243.0 

147.2 512.1 

72.6 230.6 

296.1 144.5 427.7 

126.8 60.5 184.0 

63.5 34.4 89.8 

1,083.2 343.3 1,847.7 

1999

507.6 198.2 820.5 

273.0 117.0 426.7 

40-44 34.2 28.6 39.8 13.1 11.0 15.1 133.7 141.7 126.7 69.0 36.6 102.6 34.9 23.3 45.3 148.0 62.7 228.8 

45-54 13.0 12.2 13.9 4.7 4.4 4.9 56.6 68.9 46.3 32.5 19.1 45.5 15.8 12.1 19.1 71.4 30.6 109.1 

55-64 4.1 4.4 3.9 1.5 2.0 1.1 20.6 24.7 17.5 9.4 6.8 11.6 7.0 4.1 9.6 28.3 25.5 30.7 

65+ 2.6 2.2 3.0 1.0 1.0 1.1 13.3 11.6 14.3 7.3 3.7 10.0 4.3 5.5 3.4 58.8 39.3 73.0 

TOTAL 251.3 96.1 400.1 103.3 32.8 171.0 1,030.7 454.4 1,552.1 387.8 142.6 638.4 137.2 50.8 216.5 605.2 174.6 1,021.4 

10-14 72.2 9.3 138.4 26.9 1.8 53.3 272.9 38.8 514.0 72.3 13.4 133.9 27.0 3.8 51.5 144.2 11.5 282.5 

15-19 1,345.5 352.1 2,395.9 645.6 117.8 1,197.9 4,600.0 1,413.3 7,862.1 1,394.6 396.1 2,535.2 535.2 131.6 954.4 2,465.5 622.7 4,385.5 

20-24 1,340.9 529.5 2,191.0 648.1 228.3 1,078.2 4,563.3 2,067.9 6,938.5 1,432.2 521.0 2,555.1 573.3 214.4 933.4 2,766.7 800.5 4,791.6 

25-29 

30-34 

35-39 

491.6 

192.6 

83.2 

254.6 734.9 

119.6 266.8 

60.6 105.6 

201.1 97.1 306.9 

70.3 42.0 98.9 

30.3 23.1 37.5 

1,713.9 1,066.5 2,304.6 

671.2 527.9 800.9 

305.3 271.1 335.9 

683.4 

330.8 

151.4 

287.4 1,150.6 

150.6 539.0 

78.2 232.1 

233.7 119.9 344.1 

130.9 63.7 194.6 

75.5 42.6 106.1 

1,237.6 434.0 2,043.8 

2000

604.8 252.7 954.0 

310.2 134.0 477.4 

40-44 37.5 30.6 44.4 14.5 12.0 17.0 138.8 137.9 139.6 76.0 44.8 109.0 36.3 25.4 46.0 161.2 77.8 238.2 

45-54 14.6 13.8 15.4 5.5 5.5 5.4 59.2 70.3 49.6 35.4 20.5 50.1 18.2 14.7 21.2 76.7 35.8 115.0 

55-64 4.4 4.3 4.5 1.8 2.0 1.7 18.7 21.6 16.3 10.4 6.6 13.7 7.6 6.6 8.5 33.2 21.8 43.9 

65+ 2.8 2.4 3.0 1.1 1.1 1.2 15.9 14.4 16.8 9.0 6.0 11.3 4.2 6.8 2.2 12.0 4.2 17.8 

TOTAL 253.8 101.8 400.4 105.6 35.7 172.5 991.8 456.3 1,479.2 388.9 147.4 646.5 134.8 54.4 209.8 645.5 199.8 1,080.6 

10-14 72.9 9.7 139.3 27.5 2.0 54.4 276.7 39.2 521.4 79.1 16.0 145.2 21.1 2.0 41.2 120.7 11.5 234.6 

15-19 1,435.5 383.9 2,547.2 689.0 128.0 1,275.9 4,975.3 1,550.2 8,483.0 1,547.1 466.3 2,782.4 567.1 146.4 1,003.3 2,522.4 615.9 4,508.9 

20-24 1,523.6 623.5 2,466.9 751.7 275.0 1,240.0 5,223.1 2,449.3 7,867.6 1,664.4 630.3 2,940.6 658.1 246.7 1,071.9 2,713.9 858.9 4,621.3 

25-29 

30-34 

35-39 

558.1 

221.6 

94.5 

294.4 829.1 

144.3 300.3 

71.7 117.1 

227.9 114.4 343.4 

82.5 52.5 112.9 

34.7 27.5 41.9 

1,959.8 1,233.5 2,624.4 

792.9 645.6 926.7 

349.0 329.4 366.5 

803.9 

387.8 

186.8 

347.6 1,342.9 

188.4 618.8 

94.8 288.4 

274.6 126.4 418.5 

138.8 72.9 201.3 

81.5 56.5 104.7 

1,349.4 508.0 2,193.9 

2001

598.5 204.9 989.4 

299.7 129.1 461.7 

40-44 44.1 37.9 50.2 16.6 14.8 18.3 170.7 181.8 160.9 93.9 53.3 137.0 39.3 24.9 52.1 159.4 78.7 234.1 

45-54 16.8 16.2 17.5 6.5 6.7 6.3 74.6 86.8 64.0 36.6 22.8 50.3 17.6 11.1 23.1 76.1 44.3 106.0 

55-64 5.2 5.6 4.8 2.2 2.3 2.1 25.4 34.3 18.1 12.0 9.3 14.4 6.6 5.4 7.7 17.8 11.5 23.6 

65+ 2.5 2.2 2.7 0.8 0.6 0.9 16.2 16.9 15.7 9.8 6.9 11.9 4.0 4.3 3.8 5.0 7.3 3.3 

TOTAL 282.3 117.8 441.2 118.7 42.2 192.3 1,114.5 531.8 1,646.1 447.4 177.5 735.9 149.9 60.5 233.3 650.8 205.0 1,086.1 

NOTE: These tables should be used only for race/ethnicity comparisons, not for age, sex or overall totals. This is because, if age or race/ethnicity was 

not specified, cases were prorated according to the distribution of cases for which these variables were specified. For the following years the states 

listed did not report age and/or race/ethnicity for most cases and were excluded: 1997 (CO, DE, DC, GA, MD, MI, MS, NJ, NY, OH, SC); 1998 (CO, 

DC, MI, NJ, NY, OH, SC); 1999 (CO, DC, MI, NJ, NY); 2000 (CO, DC, MI, NY); 2001 (CO, DC, MD, NJ, NY). Cases and population denominators have 

been excluded for these states/areas. Differences between total cases from this table and others in the report are due to different reporting forms and 

above listed exclusions. The 0 to 9 year age group is not shown because some of these may not be due to sexual transmission; however, they are included in the totals. 

STD Surveillance 2001 Chlamydia Tables 95 
5

10

15

20

25

30

35

40

45

50

Table 13. Gonorrhea — Reported cases and rates by state/area, ranked by rates: United States, 2001 

Rank2 State/Area Cases Rate per 100,000 Population 

1 Louisiana 12,253 274.2 

2 Mississippi 7,759 272.8 

3 South Carolina 10,805 269.3 

4 Alabama 11,182 251.4 

Georgia 18,920 231.1 

6 Delaware 1,733 221.2 

7 North Carolina 16,583 206.0 

8 Illinois 24,025 193.4 

9 Ohio 21,163 186.4 

Tennessee 10,145 178.3 

11 Maryland 9,427 178.0 

12 Michigan 17,120 172.3 

13 Arkansas 4,604 172.2 

14 Virginia 11,095 156.7 

Missouri 8,723 155.9 

16 Texas 30,024 144.0 

17 Oklahoma 4,784 138.6 

18 Florida 21,531 134.7 

U.S. TOTAL1 361,705 128.5 

19 New York 22,299 117.5 

Pennsylvania 14,244 116.0 

21 Indiana 6,972 114.7 

22 Wisconsin 6,011 112.1 

23 New Jersey 8,921 106.0 

24 Kansas 2,669 99.3 

Kentucky 3,588 88.8 

26 Nevada 1,756 87.9 

27 Rhode Island 830 79.2 

28 Arizona 3,920 76.4 

29 Connecticut 2,546 74.8 

Colorado 3,190 74.2 

31 Alaska 457 72.9 

32 Nebraska 1,189 69.5 

33 California 23,296 68.8 

34 New Mexico 1,040 57.2 

Minnesota 2,701 54.9 

36 Washington 2,991 50.7 

37 Massachusetts 3,214 50.6 

38 Hawaii 604 49.9 

39 Iowa 1,418 48.5 

West Virginia 732 40.5 

41 South Dakota 289 38.3 

42 Oregon 1,144 33.4 

YEAR 2010 OBJECTIVE 19.0 

43 Wyoming 77 15.6 

44 New Hampshire 176 14.2 

Vermont 76 12.5 

46 Montana 104 11.5 

47 Maine 141 11.1 

48 Utah 219 9.8 

49 North Dakota 56 8.7 

Idaho 76 5.9 

1

Total includes cases reported by Washington, D.C., but excludes outlying areas (Guam with 48 cases and rate of 31.0, Puerto Rico with 589 cases
 

and rate of 15.5, and Virgin Islands with 34 cases and rate of 31.3).
 

2

States were ranked in descending order by rate, number of cases, and alphabetically by state.
 

96 Gonorrhea Tables STD Surveillance 2001 
Table 14. Gonorrhea — Reported cases and rates by state/area and region listed in alphabetical order: United 

States and outlying areas, 1997–2001 

State/Area 

Cases Rates per 100,000 Population 

1997 1998 1999 2000 2001 1997 1998 1999 2000 2001 

Alabama 12,031 12,737 10,888 12,063 11,182 278.5 292.7 249.2 271.3 251.4 

Alaska 391 331 302 361 457 64.2 53.9 48.7 57.6 72.9 

Arizona 3,802 4,213 4,293 4,130 3,920 83.5 90.2 89.8 80.5 76.4 

Arkansas 4,382 3,953 3,226 3,642 4,604 173.7 155.7 126.4 136.2 172.2 

California 17,979 19,590 18,672 21,619 23,296 55.7 60.0 56.3 63.8 68.8 

Colorado 2,315 2,033 2,526 3,112 3,190 59.5 51.2 62.3 72.4 74.2 

Connecticut 3,154 3,177 3,321 2,912 2,546 96.5 97.0 101.2 85.5 74.8 

Delaware 1,273 1,556 1,662 1,735 1,733 174.0 209.3 220.6 221.4 221.2 

Florida 19,079 19,080 22,794 22,781 21,531 130.2 127.9 150.8 142.5 134.7 

Georgia 18,471 20,666 21,244 20,265 18,920 246.7 270.4 272.8 247.5 231.1

Hawaii 510 506 463 483 604 43.0 42.4 39.1 39.9 49.9 

Idaho 158 182 89 98 76 13.1 14.8 7.1 7.6 5.9 

Illinois 19,524 22,499 24,136 24,812 24,025 164.1 186.8 199.0 199.8 193.4 

Indiana 6,155 6,307 6,092 6,525 6,972 105.0 106.9 102.5 107.3 114.7 

Iowa 1,311 1,616 1,365 1,392 1,418 46.0 56.5 47.6 47.6 48.5 

Kansas 2,075 2,622 2,665 2,795 2,669 80.0 99.7 100.4 104.0 99.3 

Kentucky 4,027 3,813 3,349 3,502 3,588 103.0 96.9 84.6 86.6 88.8 

Louisiana 10,782 12,499 13,189 13,245 12,253 247.8 286.1 301.7 296.4 274.2 

Maine 66 67 83 90 141 5.3 5.4 6.6 7.1 11.1 

Maryland 11,568 11,254 10,430 9,837 9,427 227.1 219.2 201.7 185.7 178.0 

Massachusetts 2,225 2,258 2,453 3,045 3,214 36.4 36.7 39.7 48.0 50.6 

Michigan 15,736 16,359 15,907 18,182 17,120 161.0 166.6 161.3 182.9 172.3

Minnesota 2,417 2,708 2,830 3,160 2,701 51.6 57.3 59.3 64.2 54.9 

Mississippi 9,367 10,689 10,411 9,217 7,759 343.1 388.4 376.0 324.0 272.8

Missouri 7,658 9,463 8,187 8,883 8,723 141.8 174.0 149.7 158.8 155.9 

Montana 66 55 53 60 104 7.5 6.2 6.0 6.7 11.5 

Nebraska 1,210 1,204 1,471 1,534 1,189 73.0 72.4 88.3 89.6 69.5 

Nevada 829 1,445 1,303 1,553 1,756 49.4 82.7 72.0 77.7 87.9 

New Hampshire 96 91 115 110 176 8.2 7.7 9.6 8.9 14.2 

New Jersey 7,566 7,858 7,852 7,232 8,921 94.0 96.8 96.4 85.9 106.0 

New Mexico 857 957 974 1,152 1,040 49.5 55.1 56.0 63.3 57.2 

New York 22,393 19,062 19,826 20,114 22,299 123.5 104.9 109.0 106.0 117.5 

North Carolina 16,888 19,230 19,428 17,823 16,583 227.4 254.8 253.9 221.4 206.0 

North Dakota 68 80 83 73 56 10.6 12.5 13.1 11.4 8.7 

Ohio 14,961 18,275 18,141 19,303 21,163 133.7 163.0 161.2 170.0 186.4 

Oklahoma 4,760 5,243 4,021 4,229 4,784 143.5 156.7 119.7 122.6 138.6 

Oregon 773 880 903 1,038 1,144 23.8 26.8 27.2 30.3 33.4 

Pennsylvania 9,967 11,719 13,295 13,607 14,244 82.9 97.6 110.8 110.8 116.0

Rhode Island 422 430 601 661 830 42.7 43.5 60.7 63.1 79.2 

South Carolina 11,487 11,575 15,037 8,383 10,805 305.5 301.7 387.0 208.9 269.3 

South Dakota 172 221 192 277 289 23.3 29.9 26.2 36.7 38.3 

Tennessee 11,023 11,840 11,366 11,876 10,145 205.3 218.0 207.3 208.7 178.3 

Texas 26,612 32,833 32,910 32,919 30,024 136.9 166.2 164.2 157.9 144.0 

Utah 278 236 254 231 219 13.5 11.2 11.9 10.3 9.8 

Vermont 53 38 52 65 76 9.0 6.4 8.8 10.7 12.5 

Virginia 8,888 9,265 9,402 10,175 11,095 132.0 136.4 136.8 143.7 156.7 

Washington 1,956 1,948 2,132 2,418 2,991 34.9 34.2 37.0 41.0 50.7 

West Virginia 957 920 584 645 732 52.7 50.8 32.3 35.7 40.5

Wisconsin 4,316 6,365 6,662 7,013 6,011 83.5 121.9 126.9 130.7 112.1 

Wyoming 54 36 43 53 77 11.3 7.5 9.0 10.7 15.6 

U.S. TOTAL1 327,665 356,492 360,813 363,136 361,705 122.4 131.9 132.3 129.0 128.5 

Northeast 45,942 44,700 47,598 47,836 52,447 89.1 86.4 91.8 89.3 97.9 

Midwest 75,603 87,719 87,731 93,949 92,336 121.0 139.5 138.7 145.9 143.4 

South 176,152 191,661 193,477 185,043 178,048 187.0 200.8 200.6 184.6 177.6 

West 29,968 32,412 32,007 36,308 38,874 50.5 53.8 52.3 57.5 61.5 

Guam 

Puerto Rico 

Virgin Islands 

47

526 

40 

72

400 

39 

59

321 

51 

62

527 

24 

48 

589 

34 

30.1 

13.7 

36.5 

45.0 

10.4 

35.6 

36.1 

8.3 

45.2 

40.1 

13.8 

22.1 

31.0 

15.5 

31.3 

OUTLYING AREAS 613 511 431 613 671 15.0 12.4 10.3 15.1 16.5 

TOTAL 328,278 357,003 361,244 363,749 362,376 120.8 130.1 130.5 127.4 126.9 

1

Includes cases reported by Washington, D.C. 

STD Surveillance 2001 Gonorrhea Tables 97 
Table 15. Gonorrhea — Women – Reported cases and rates by state/area and region listed in alphabetical 

order: United States and outlying areas, 1997–2001 

State/Area 

Cases Rates per 100,000 Population 

1997 1998 1999 2000 2001 1997 1998 1999 2000 2001 

Alabama 5,984 6,313 5,460 5,984 5,712 266.9 278.8 240.3 260.1 248.3 

Alaska 230 181 153 198 244 79.6 62.0 52.0 65.4 80.6 

Arizona 1,625 1,730 1,760 1,754 1,700 70.8 73.3 72.9 68.3 66.2 

Arkansas 2,071 1,919 1,576 1,807 2,404 159.2 146.2 119.5 132.0 175.6 

California 8,462 9,345 8,903 9,624 10,448 52.5 57.2 53.7 56.6 61.5 

Colorado 1,224 1,055 1,271 1,544 1,588 62.4 52.7 62.1 72.3 74.4 

Connecticut 1,642 1,714 1,796 1,621 1,411 97.7 101.7 106.3 92.3 80.3 

Delaware 705 855 912 987 1,002 188.0 223.8 235.5 244.9 248.6 

Florida 9,513 8,923 10,960 10,862 10,380 126.3 116.2 140.9 132.7 126.8 

Georgia 9,532 10,056 10,092 9,844 9,590 248.5 256.3 252.5 236.7 230.6

Hawaii 264 278 251 240 292 44.8 46.7 42.3 39.8 48.4 

Idaho 83 74 42 51 39 13.7 12.0 6.7 7.9 6.0 

Illinois 9,560 10,737 11,563 11,829 12,178 157.1 174.0 186.1 186.6 192.1 

Indiana 3,141 3,308 3,254 3,446 3,792 104.5 109.2 106.6 111.2 122.4 

Iowa 762 895 759 740 766 52.2 60.9 51.6 49.6 51.4 

Kansas 1,133 1,454 1,573 1,496 1,468 86.0 108.8 116.6 110.0 107.9 

Kentucky 1,882 1,866 1,626 1,725 1,812 93.7 92.1 79.8 83.5 87.7 

Louisiana 5,202 6,143 6,697 6,471 6,056 230.7 270.8 295.3 280.6 262.6 

Maine 31 31 40 29 55 4.9 4.9 6.2 4.4 8.4 

Maryland 5,767 5,391 4,749 4,577 4,591 220.6 204.2 178.6 167.1 167.6 

Massachusetts 1,151 1,155 1,207 1,568 1,591 36.4 36.3 37.8 47.7 48.4 

Michigan 7,969 8,265 7,771 9,190 9,057 159.1 164.0 153.5 181.4 178.8

Minnesota 1,307 1,443 1,495 1,681 1,461 55.1 60.2 61.7 67.7 58.8 

Mississippi 5,188 5,973 6,137 5,603 4,663 365.7 416.8 425.6 380.9 317.0

Missouri 4,113 4,924 4,459 4,489 4,540 147.9 175.5 158.2 156.1 157.9 

Montana 31 33 35 38 57 7.0 7.5 7.9 8.4 12.6 

Nebraska 670 683 814 849 671 79.3 80.4 95.6 97.8 77.3 

Nevada 317 591 480 618 761 38.6 68.9 54.0 63.0 77.6 

New Hampshire 57 47 61 53 96 9.6 7.8 10.0 8.4 15.3 

New Jersey 3,564 3,763 3,824 3,571 4,522 86.0 89.9 91.1 82.4 104.4 

New Mexico 509 530 528 573 472 58.0 60.1 59.7 62.0 51.0 

New York 12,833 10,586 10,639 10,691 11,873 136.6 112.2 112.9 108.8 120.8 

North Carolina 7,844 9,129 9,089 8,468 7,810 205.6 234.9 230.6 206.2 190.2 

North Dakota 42 56 46 36 30 13.1 17.5 14.4 11.2 9.3 

Ohio 8,349 10,117 9,707 10,311 11,257 144.8 174.7 166.9 176.5 192.7 

Oklahoma 2,418 2,932 2,240 2,433 2,670 142.8 171.2 130.3 138.7 152.2 

Oregon 348 430 433 486 448 21.2 25.9 25.8 28.2 26.0 

Pennsylvania 5,396 6,472 7,356 7,371 7,872 86.6 103.9 118.1 116.1 123.9 

Rhode Island 263 258 371 381 488 51.4 50.3 72.1 69.9 89.6 

South Carolina 5,128 5,730 5,874 4,057 5,126 263.9 288.3 292.1 196.6 248.5 

South Dakota 87 124 117 165 166 23.3 33.1 31.4 43.4 43.7 

Tennessee 4,940 5,263 4,965 5,343 4,808 178.2 187.3 175.0 183.0 164.7 

Texas 13,797 16,704 16,819 16,932 15,599 140.4 166.8 165.6 161.3 148.6 

Utah 84 70 100 99 95 8.1 6.6 9.3 8.9 8.5 

Vermont 32 22 22 33 42 10.7 7.3 7.3 10.6 13.5 

Virginia 4,290 4,543 4,566 4,856 5,485 124.9 130.7 129.9 134.6 152.1 

Washington 965 863 1,009 1,078 1,301 34.3 30.2 34.9 36.4 44.0 

West Virginia 512 549 357 375 418 54.5 58.5 38.1 40.4 45.0

Wisconsin 2,344 3,754 3,826 4,189 3,672 89.3 141.3 143.3 154.3 135.3 

Wyoming 30 23 26 31 43 12.6 9.6 10.9 12.6 17.5 

U.S. TOTAL1 165,310 179,204 179,319 181,668 183,863 121.0 129.6 128.6 126.7 128.2 

Northeast 24,969 24,048 25,316 25,318 27,950 93.7 89.8 94.4 91.4 100.9 

Midwest 39,477 45,760 45,384 48,421 49,058 123.5 141.9 140.0 147.5 149.4 

South 86,692 94,193 93,628 91,595 89,367 179.5 192.1 188.9 179.0 174.6 

West 14,172 15,203 14,991 16,334 17,488 47.7 50.3 48.9 51.6 55.2 

Guam 

Puerto Rico 

Virgin Islands 

12

212 

19 

25

163 

16 

28

132 

38 

23

238 

14 

22 

279 

20 

16.3 

10.7 

33.3 

33.3 

8.1 

27.8 

36.4 

6.5 

73.7 

30.4 

12.1 

24.7 

29.1 

14.1 

35.2 

OUTLYING AREAS 243 204 198 275 321 11.5 9.5 9.2 13.0 15.2 

TOTAL 165,553 179,408 179,517 181,943 184,184 119.3 127.8 126.8 125.1 126.6 

1

Includes cases reported by Washington, D.C. Cases reported with unknown sex are not included in this table. 

98 Gonorrhea Tables STD Surveillance 2001 
Table 16. Gonorrhea — Men – Reported cases and rates by state/area and region listed in alphabetical order: 

United States and outlying areas, 1997–2001 

State/Area 

Cases Rates per 100,000 Population 

1997 1998 1999 2000 2001 1997 1998 1999 2000 2001 

Alabama 6,022 6,411 5,399 6,039 5,457 290.0 307.1 257.4 281.3 254.2 

Alaska 161 150 149 163 213 50.3 46.6 45.8 50.3 65.7 

Arizona 2,177 2,483 2,533 2,376 2,220 96.4 107.5 107.1 92.8 86.7 

Arkansas 2,295 2,029 1,650 1,832 2,191 187.9 165.5 133.8 140.4 167.9 

California 9,452 10,192 9,618 11,896 12,701 58.5 62.4 58.0 70.5 75.3 

Colorado 1,091 978 1,255 1,568 1,602 56.5 49.7 62.4 72.4 74.0 

Connecticut 1,512 1,463 1,525 1,291 1,132 95.1 92.1 95.7 78.3 68.6 

Delaware 568 701 750 748 731 159.3 193.9 204.8 196.6 192.1 

Florida 9,566 10,054 11,797 11,919 11,149 134.3 138.9 160.9 152.9 143.0 

Georgia 8,916 10,525 11,039 10,309 9,325 244.2 283.1 291.2 256.0 231.6

Hawaii 246 228 211 243 312 41.2 38.1 35.6 39.9 51.3 

Idaho 75 108 46 47 35 12.4 17.6 7.4 7.2 5.4 

Illinois 9,964 11,761 12,559 12,981 11,845 171.5 200.2 212.3 213.5 194.8 

Indiana 3,006 2,991 2,836 3,069 3,169 105.1 104.2 98.1 102.9 106.3 

Iowa 549 721 606 652 652 39.4 51.7 43.4 45.4 45.4 

Kansas 942 1,168 1,092 1,299 1,201 73.7 90.4 83.7 97.8 90.4 

Kentucky 2,137 1,887 1,669 1,751 1,769 112.5 98.8 86.8 88.6 89.6 

Louisiana 5,580 6,356 6,492 6,774 6,197 266.1 302.6 308.6 313.2 286.5 

Maine 35 36 43 61 86 5.8 5.9 7.0 9.8 13.9 

Maryland 5,801 5,846 5,669 5,196 4,836 233.9 234.3 225.6 203.1 189.1 

Massachusetts 1,074 1,103 1,246 1,477 1,622 36.4 37.2 41.8 48.3 53.0 

Michigan 7,767 8,094 8,136 8,992 8,063 163.0 169.5 169.5 184.5 165.5

Minnesota 1,110 1,265 1,335 1,479 1,240 48.0 54.3 56.7 60.7 50.9 

Mississippi 4,049 4,653 4,184 3,586 3,096 308.6 352.8 315.4 261.1 225.4

Missouri 3,545 4,539 3,728 4,394 4,183 135.2 172.4 140.7 161.5 153.8 

Montana 35 22 18 22 47 8.0 5.0 4.1 4.9 10.5 

Nebraska 537 520 657 681 516 66.1 63.9 80.6 80.7 61.2 

Nevada 512 854 822 935 993 59.9 96.1 89.2 91.8 97.5 

New Hampshire 39 44 54 57 80 6.7 7.5 9.1 9.4 13.2 

New Jersey 3,999 4,094 4,019 3,654 4,391 102.3 104.2 101.8 89.5 107.5 

New Mexico 348 427 445 572 555 40.8 50.0 52.0 64.0 62.1 

New York 9,560 8,476 9,176 9,378 10,397 109.3 96.9 104.6 102.5 113.7 

North Carolina 9,044 10,101 10,339 9,354 8,772 250.5 276.0 278.7 237.2 222.5 

North Dakota 26 24 37 37 26 8.1 7.6 11.7 11.5 8.1 

Ohio 6,506 8,023 8,245 8,837 9,679 120.1 148.1 151.5 160.3 175.6 

Oklahoma 2,342 2,311 1,781 1,796 2,114 144.3 141.4 108.6 105.9 124.7 

Oregon 425 450 470 552 696 26.5 27.8 28.7 32.5 41.0 

Pennsylvania 4,571 5,247 5,939 6,236 6,372 79.0 90.9 103.0 105.2 107.5 

Rhode Island 159 172 230 280 342 33.4 36.2 48.3 55.6 67.9 

South Carolina 6,340 5,769 9,052 4,256 5,640 349.0 312.1 482.8 218.4 289.4 

South Dakota 85 97 75 111 123 23.4 26.7 20.8 29.6 32.8 

Tennessee 6,083 6,577 6,401 6,533 5,337 234.4 251.0 241.8 235.8 192.7 

Texas 12,815 15,995 15,973 15,919 14,370 133.3 164.1 161.5 153.8 138.8 

Utah 194 166 154 132 124 18.9 15.9 14.5 11.8 11.1 

Vermont 21 16 30 32 34 7.2 5.5 10.3 10.7 11.4 

Virginia 4,590 4,720 4,832 5,307 5,574 139.2 142.3 143.9 152.9 160.5 

Washington 991 1,085 1,123 1,340 1,690 35.4 38.4 39.2 45.7 57.6 

West Virginia 445 369 227 269 313 50.8 42.3 26.1 30.6 35.6

Wisconsin 1,972 2,611 2,827 2,817 2,321 77.5 101.7 109.6 106.3 87.6 

Wyoming 24 13 17 22 34 9.9 5.4 7.1 8.9 13.7 

U.S. TOTAL1 161,940 176,529 180,524 180,701 177,194 123.6 133.7 135.5 130.9 128.4 

Northeast 20,970 20,651 22,262 22,466 24,456 84.1 82.8 89.0 86.8 94.4 

Midwest 36,009 41,814 42,133 45,349 43,018 118.1 136.4 136.7 143.7 136.3 

South 89,230 96,908 99,268 93,018 88,498 194.4 208.9 211.6 189.6 180.4 

West 15,731 17,156 16,861 19,868 21,222 53.0 57.1 55.3 63.0 67.3 

Guam 

Puerto Rico 

Virgin Islands 

35

314 

21 

47

237 

23 

31

189 

13 

39

289 

10 

26 

310 

14 

42.3 

17.1 

39.9 

55.5 

12.8 

43.2 

35.8 

10.1 

21.2 

49.3 

15.8 

19.3 

32.8 

16.9 

27.0 

OUTLYING AREAS 370 307 233 338 350 18.8 15.4 11.6 17.2 17.8 

TOTAL 162,310 176,836 180,757 181,039 177,544 122.0 131.9 133.6 129.3 126.8 

1

Includes cases reported by Washington, D.C. Cases reported with unknown sex are not included in this table. 

STD Surveillance 2001 Gonorrhea Tables 99 
5

10

15

20

25

30

35

40

45

50

55

60

Table 17. Gonorrhea — Reported cases and rates in selected cities of >200,000 population, ranked by rates: 

United States, 2001 

Rank 1 City* Cases Rate per 100,000 Population 

1 Richmond, VA 2,109 1,066.3 

2 St Louis, MO 3,185 914.7 

3 Baltimore, MD 5,014 770.0 

4 Rochester, NY 1,769 716.0 

Buffalo, NY 2,194 681.1 

6 Detroit, MI 8,220 670.3 

7 New Orleans, LA 3,160 652.0 

8 Norfolk, VA 1,450 618.6 

9 Newark, NJ 1,798 597.8 

Atlanta, GA 4,621 566.3 

11 Philadelphia, PA 8,096 533.5 

12 Washington, DC 2,883 504.0 

13 Memphis, TN 4,420 492.5 

14 Kansas City, MO 2,161 478.2 

Chicago, IL 14,326 464.2 

16 Milwaukee, WI 4,150 441.4 

17 Indianapolis, IN 3,383 393.2 

18 Birmingham, AL 2,600 392.7 

19 Oklahoma City, OK 1,617 380.2 

Cincinnati, OH 3,178 376.0 

21 Jacksonville, FL 2,731 350.6 

22 Minneapolis, MN 1,295 337.3 

23 Columbus, OH 3,349 313.3 

24 Denver, CO 1,618 291.7 

Charlotte, NC 2,014 289.6 

26 Nashville, TN 1,625 285.1 

27 Dallas, TX 6,166 277.9 

28 Cleveland, OH 3,854 276.5 

29 San Francisco, CA 2,053 264.3 

Toledo, OH 1,187 260.8 

31 Tulsa, OK 1,014 257.2 

32 Dayton, OH 1,428 255.4 

33 Boston, MA 1,332 222.7 

34 Corpus Christi, TX 667 212.7 

Louisville, KY 1,436 207.0 

36 Jersey City, NJ 489 203.3 

37 Omaha, NE 934 201.5 

38 St Paul, MN 560 196.7 

39 Austin, TX 1,536 189.1 

Wichita, KS 837 184.8 

41 Akron, OH 962 177.2 

42 Houston, TX 5,489 161.4 

43 Fort Worth, TX 2,291 158.4 

44 New York City, NY 12,614 157.5 

Oakland, CA 2,039 154.5 

46 San Antonio, TX 2,140 153.6 

47 Tampa, FL 1,517 151.9 

48 St Petersburg, FL 1,391 151.0 

49 Pittsburgh, PA 1,916 149.5 

Portland, OR 743 142.6 

51 Albuquerque, NM 647 116.2 

52 Sacramento, CA 1,171 95.7 

53 Phoenix, AZ 2,826 92.0 

54 Seattle, WA 1,556 89.6 

Tucson, AZ 748 88.7 

56 Miami, FL 1,964 87.2 

57 Los Angeles, CA 7,747 86.9 

58 Des Moines, IA 270 72.1 

59 Yonkers, NY 143 72.0 

San Diego, CA 1,878 66.7 

61 Honolulu, HI 557 63.6 

62 El Paso, TX 291 42.8 

63 San Jose, CA 547 32.5 

YEAR 2010 OBJECTIVE 19.0 

*Excludes outlying areas (San Juan, PR, with 281 cases and rate of 27.5).
 

1

Cities were ranked in descending order by rate, number of cases, and alphabetically by state.
 

100 Gonorrhea Tables STD Surveillance 2001 
Table 18. Gonorrhea — Reported cases and rates in selected cities of >200,000 population listed in 

alphabetical order: United States and outlying areas, 1997–2001 

City 

Cases Rates per 100,000 Population 

1997 1998 1999 2000 2001 1997 1998 1999 2000 2001 

Akron, OH 669 823 848 913 962 125.8 153.1 157.7 168.2 177.2 

Albuquerque, NM 544 570 472 697 647 103.4 108.4 90.2 125.2 116.2 

Atlanta, GA 5,468 5,599 5,631 3,456 4,621 756.8 757.3 756.0 423.5 566.3 

Austin, TX 1,531 1,803 1,562 1,518 1,536 220.7 253.7 214.8 186.9 189.1 

Baltimore, MD 6,693 6,989 6,124 5,603 5,014 1,018.3 1,082.6 967.9 860.5 770.0 

Birmingham, AL 3,104 3,172 2,492 3,018 2,600 471.3 481.0 379.1 455.9 392.7 

Boston, MA 939 982 900 1,229 1,332 168.5 176.5 161.8 205.5 222.7 

Buffalo, NY 1,172 1,108 1,233 1,572 2,194 366.0 349.8 392.8 488.0 681.1 

Charlotte, NC 1,703 1,911 1,908 1,758 2,014 277.7 302.9 294.3 252.8 289.6 

Chicago, IL 12,316 14,143 15,169 14,872 14,326 422.6 474.8 509.0 481.9 464.2 

Cincinnati, OH 2,552 3,583 2,814 3,227 3,178 299.7 422.8 334.8 381.8 376.0 

Cleveland, OH 2,743 3,030 3,391 3,497 3,854 197.8 219.5 247.2 250.9 276.5 

Columbus, OH 2,218 3,082 3,120 3,386 3,349 218.0 301.8 303.6 316.8 313.3 

Corpus Christi, TX 351 449 524 775 667 110.6 141.9 166.1 247.1 212.7 

Dallas, TX 6,645 7,421 7,476 7,315 6,166 328.4 361.8 362.5 329.7 277.9 

Dayton, OH 1,070 1,092 932 1,015 1,428 190.6 195.5 164.7 181.6 255.4 

Denver, CO 1,140 973 1,157 1,594 1,618 228.5 195.0 231.5 287.4 291.7 

Des Moines, IA 330 371 333 380 270 93.2 103.1 91.3 101.4 72.1 

Detroit, MI 7,518 8,459 7,900 9,610 8,220 690.3 671.2 630.3 783.6 670.3 

El Paso, TX 155 252 156 209 291 22.1 35.8 22.2 30.8 42.8 

Fort Worth, TX 1,759 3,310 2,847 2,787 2,291 132.5 244.2 205.9 192.7 158.4 

Honolulu, HI 484 481 430 433 557 55.6 55.1 49.7 49.4 63.6 

Houston, TX 6,606 7,226 5,939 5,918 5,489 209.2 225.4 182.7 174.0 161.4 

Indianapolis, IN 2,912 3,071 3,045 3,206 3,383 357.9 377.5 375.5 372.6 393.2 

Jacksonville, FL 2,089 2,463 2,972 3,640 2,731 285.1 334.8 402.4 467.3 350.6 

Jersey City, NJ 373 491 490 465 489 171.2 223.1 224.4 193.3 203.3 

Kansas City, MO 1,872 2,538 1,956 2,688 2,161 418.7 561.6 433.1 594.9 478.2 

Los Angeles, CA 5,810 5,986 6,054 7,307 7,747 67.9 69.4 69.3 82.0 86.9 

Louisville, KY 1,817 1,462 1,195 1,200 1,436 270.9 217.5 177.6 173.0 207.0 

Memphis, TN 4,876 5,235 5,038 4,941 4,420 563.1 602.5 577.1 550.5 492.5 

Miami, FL 2,168 2,573 2,775 1,995 1,964 106.0 119.5 127.5 88.5 87.2 

Milwaukee, WI 3,303 4,856 4,884 5,146 4,150 363.4 532.6 538.9 547.4 441.4 

Minneapolis, MN 1,430 1,562 1,558 1,577 1,295 373.0 428.5 425.5 410.7 337.3 

Nashville, TN 2,050 1,777 1,785 2,404 1,625 384.1 332.8 336.8 421.8 285.1 

New Orleans, LA 2,743 2,691 2,687 3,015 3,160 584.8 578.0 583.0 622.1 652.0 

New York City, NY 15,592 12,097 12,210 11,669 12,614 212.3 163.0 164.4 145.7 157.5 

Newark, NJ 1,967 1,781 1,741 1,558 1,798 691.2 626.3 614.7 518.0 597.8 

Norfolk, VA 1,466 1,415 1,291 1,490 1,450 639.1 657.5 571.6 635.7 618.6 

Oakland, CA 1,559 1,742 1,700 1,793 2,039 124.4 136.1 131.4 135.9 154.5 

Oklahoma City, OK 982 1,571 1,351 1,434 1,617 222.9 385.4 329.6 337.2 380.2 

Omaha, NE 813 871 1,000 1,161 934 184.4 196.3 224.1 250.4 201.5 

Philadelphia, PA 6,504 7,271 7,775 8,198 8,096 448.1 506.2 548.5 540.2 533.5 

Phoenix, AZ 3,007 3,543 3,586 3,195 2,826 111.5 127.3 125.3 104.0 92.0 

Pittsburgh, PA 1,026 1,351 1,573 1,494 1,916 80.1 106.5 125.2 116.6 149.5 

Portland, OR 478 527 540 681 743 97.0 105.8 108.1 130.7 142.6 

Richmond, VA 1,465 1,527 1,827 1,752 2,109 761.5 786.4 963.1 885.8 1,066.3 

Rochester, NY 1,867 1,992 2,037 2,142 1,769 774.1 827.9 851.0 866.9 716.0 

Sacramento, CA 1,380 1,546 1,236 1,295 1,171 122.6 135.1 104.3 105.8 95.7 

San Antonio, TX 1,751 1,862 2,087 2,298 2,140 131.4 137.6 152.0 165.0 153.6 

San Diego, CA 1,509 1,595 1,561 1,798 1,878 55.4 57.4 55.3 63.9 66.7 

San Francisco, CA 1,510 1,858 1,606 2,161 2,053 206.2 249.1 215.1 278.2 264.3 

San Jose, CA 471 453 418 446 547 29.3 27.6 25.4 26.5 32.5 

Seattle, WA 918 975 922 1,221 1,556 56.2 58.9 55.4 70.3 89.6 

St Louis, MO 2,806 3,652 2,876 2,879 3,185 820.8 1,076.3 861.2 826.8 914.7 

St Paul, MN 383 519 545 703 560 138.7 191.9 201.2 247.0 196.7 

St Petersburg, FL 1,201 1,468 1,835 1,542 1,391 137.8 167.2 208.9 167.3 151.0 

Tampa, FL 2,246 1,696 1,783 1,653 1,517 247.0 183.3 189.6 165.5 151.9 

Toledo, OH 346 655 624 864 1,187 76.7 146.0 139.8 189.9 260.8 

Tucson, AZ 575 403 415 591 748 73.7 51.0 51.6 70.0 88.7 

Tulsa, OK 618 1,308 964 892 1,014 160.2 343.8 251.2 226.2 257.2 

Washington, DC 4,557 4,508 3,536 2,706 2,883 861.5 861.7 681.3 473.0 504.0 

Wichita, KS 614 466 771 675 837 140.0 104.0 170.7 149.0 184.8 

Yonkers, NY 79 105 102 109 143 41.0 54.4 52.4 54.9 72.0 

U.S. CITY TOTAL 156,843 170,291 165,709 170,766 167,906 225.1 241.4 233.5 231.2 227.4 

San Juan, PR 233 227 179 270 281 26.7 21.7 17.0 26.5 27.5 

TOTAL 157,076 170,518 165,888 171,036 168,187 222.6 238.2 230.3 228.4 224.6 

STD Surveillance 2001 Gonorrhea Tables 101 
Table 19. Gonorrhea — Women – Reported cases and rates in selected cities of >200,000 population listed in 

alphabetical order: United States and outlying areas, 1997–2001 

City 

Cases Rates per 100,000 Population 

1997 1998 1999 2000 2001 1997 1998 1999 2000 2001 

Akron, OH 356 435 413 463 484 128.9 155.4 147.5 164.5 172.0 

Albuquerque, NM 306 308 234 323 254 113.7 114.2 87.1 113.4 89.2 

Atlanta, GA 2,544 2,462 2,443 1,543 2,110 674.9 636.8 627.6 372.5 509.3 

Austin, TX 860 894 768 712 722 247.5 250.2 210.1 179.6 182.1 

Baltimore, MD 3,279 3,258 2,702 2,578 2,423 933.0 945.7 800.8 741.9 697.3 

Birmingham, AL 1,567 1,555 1,229 1,552 1,420 447.3 442.0 350.6 443.5 405.8

Boston, MA 445 477 410 618 623 154.3 165.4 142.4 199.6 201.2 

Buffalo, NY 720 682 725 914 1,212 431.4 412.8 443.9 543.7 721.0 

Charlotte, NC 644 830 754 748 830 203.0 253.7 224.0 211.3 234.5 

Chicago, IL 5,738 6,345 6,821 6,525 6,924 380.7 410.1 440.4 409.9 435.0 

Cincinnati, OH 1,515 2,044 1,600 1,868 1,743 338.6 458.0 361.2 422.3 394.0 

Cleveland, OH 1,573 1,672 1,779 1,697 1,816 214.4 228.6 244.6 230.7 246.9 

Columbus, OH 1,214 1,584 1,575 1,798 1,696 230.7 299.1 295.3 327.1 308.5 

Corpus Christi, TX 163 181 224 355 349 100.8 111.3 138.1 221.7 217.9

Dallas, TX 3,319 3,591 3,616 3,494 3,103 323.4 344.4 345.1 314.6 279.4 

Dayton, OH 502 490 393 430 722 172.0 168.2 133.0 147.9 248.4

Denver, CO 577 463 515 714 717 225.1 180.8 200.8 260.2 261.3 

Des Moines, IA 160 189 161 200 144 86.9 100.7 84.7 103.7 74.7 

Detroit, MI 3,583 4,147 3,706 4,737 4,336 626.0 625.4 561.5 742.5 679.6 

El Paso, TX 76 123 78 96 148 21.1 33.6 21.2 27.3 42.1 

Fort Worth, TX 1,014 1,743 1,405 1,346 1,153 150.8 254.0 201.0 184.3 157.9 

Honolulu, HI 252 262 231 217 269 58.2 60.0 53.3 49.8 61.7 

Houston, TX 3,082 3,285 2,699 2,986 2,674 194.3 203.1 164.7 175.0 156.7 

Indianapolis, IN 1,401 1,532 1,601 1,516 1,751 329.0 359.3 376.3 341.1 394.0

Jacksonville, FL 1,009 898 1,238 1,599 1,200 267.1 236.3 323.8 398.7 299.2 

Jersey City, NJ 204 231 228 211 234 181.8 202.9 201.9 172.4 191.2

Kansas City, MO 1,072 1,382 1,045 1,242 1,039 459.3 583.5 441.8 530.3 443.6 

Los Angeles, CA 2,645 2,792 2,835 3,072 3,469 61.7 64.2 64.3 68.2 77.0

Louisville, KY 745 624 494 510 640 211.1 176.0 139.1 140.9 176.8 

Memphis, TN 2,175 2,259 2,163 2,225 2,070 480.2 495.4 472.1 474.6 441.5 

Miami, FL 987 1,053 1,152 750 775 93.0 93.5 101.1 64.4 66.6 

Milwaukee, WI 1,707 2,862 2,783 3,057 2,540 358.4 597.5 582.5 624.4 518.8 

Minneapolis, MN 737 806 781 725 625 374.1 429.4 414.2 371.9 320.6 

Nashville, TN 845 718 736 1,016 752 302.1 255.8 264.2 345.5 255.8 

New Orleans, LA 1,226 1,158 1,198 1,325 1,310 487.5 463.1 484.2 514.4 508.6 

New York City, NY 9,101 6,791 6,402 6,051 6,671 234.6 172.7 162.9 143.6 158.3

Newark, NJ 848 794 806 692 881 566.7 530.5 541.0 438.8 558.6 

Norfolk, VA 636 593 542 646 662 571.1 541.8 495.9 563.8 577.8 

Oakland, CA 901 987 950 992 1,062 141.7 151.9 144.9 147.8 158.2 

Oklahoma City, OK 503 839 721 839 909 220.6 395.8 338.6 383.2 415.1

Omaha, NE 456 494 546 626 518 200.3 215.0 236.4 264.3 218.7 

Philadelphia, PA 3,507 3,938 4,179 4,288 4,421 451.2 511.1 549.2 527.8 544.2 

Phoenix, AZ 1,209 1,415 1,434 1,325 1,169 88.8 100.4 99.1 86.3 76.1 

Pittsburgh, PA 543 788 920 826 1,045 79.9 116.9 137.7 122.4 154.9

Portland, OR 203 246 250 303 268 80.6 96.7 98.0 115.1 101.8 

Richmond, VA 650 752 956 783 1,016 618.6 704.5 916.9 740.6 961.0 

Rochester, NY 959 1,031 1,047 1,102 947 768.4 827.4 845.9 860.8 739.7 

Sacramento, CA 765 869 692 702 619 132.7 148.9 114.6 112.4 99.1 

San Antonio, TX 955 1,012 1,113 1,187 1,124 139.2 144.3 156.6 165.9 157.1 

San Diego, CA 660 688 653 702 685 48.9 49.5 46.6 50.2 49.0

San Francisco, CA 298 402 381 412 360 80.3 106.8 101.1 107.9 94.3 

San Jose, CA 205 224 190 174 198 25.7 27.5 23.3 21.0 23.9 

Seattle, WA 403 324 331 448 572 48.9 38.6 39.2 51.3 65.6 

St Louis, MO 1,409 1,685 1,510 1,426 1,620 758.6 916.7 834.8 772.4 877.5 

St Paul, MN 203 278 276 411 335 141.4 196.9 195.2 278.7 227.2 

St Petersburg, FL 648 738 942 739 651 139.8 158.7 202.5 153.2 134.9 

Tampa, FL 1,214 886 942 823 758 260.9 186.5 195.1 161.3 148.6 

Toledo, OH 162 350 388 487 713 68.9 149.5 166.3 206.1 301.7 

Tucson, AZ 285 175 179 257 346 71.8 43.3 43.6 59.6 80.2 

Tulsa, OK 299 728 527 494 503 150.1 369.2 265.3 243.3 247.7 

Washington, DC 1,919 1,904 1,509 1,271 1,241 683.5 684.7 546.8 419.9 410.0 

Wichita, KS 321 243 452 358 473 143.7 106.1 196.0 156.3 206.6 

Yonkers, NY 35 55 73 64 81 34.8 54.3 71.7 61.8 78.2 

U.S. CITY TOTAL1 77,539 82,564 79,646 81,590 82,125 216.3 226.8 217.5 215.6 217.0 

San Juan, PR 83 85 73 105 114 17.3 15.6 13.3 19.8 21.5 

TOTAL 77,622 82,649 79,719 81,695 82,239 213.7 223.7 214.5 212.9 214.3 

1

Cases reported with unknown sex are not included in this table. 

102 Gonorrhea Tables STD Surveillance 2001 
Table 20. Gonorrhea — Men – Reported cases and rates in selected cities of >200,000 population listed in 

alphabetical order: United States and outlying areas, 1997–2001 

City 

Cases Rates per 100,000 Population 

1997 1998 1999 2000 2001 1997 1998 1999 2000 2001 

Akron, OH 310 380 429 446 474 121.3 147.4 166.4 170.6 181.3 

Albuquerque, NM 238 262 237 367 380 92.6 102.3 93.0 135.0 139.8 

Atlanta, GA 2,917 3,118 3,172 1,910 2,510 844.0 884.0 892.2 475.4 624.8 

Austin, TX 671 905 792 804 814 193.9 256.1 219.1 193.3 195.7 

Baltimore, MD 3,414 3,714 3,410 2,961 2,591 1,116.4 1,233.5 1,154.8 975.0 853.2 

Birmingham, AL 1,531 1,614 1,258 1,439 1,177 496.6 524.5 409.9 461.1 377.1

Boston, MA 494 505 490 611 709 183.6 188.4 182.6 211.8 245.8 

Buffalo, NY 452 426 508 658 982 294.9 281.1 337.4 427.1 637.5 

Charlotte, NC 1,059 1,081 1,154 1,010 1,184 357.8 356.0 370.0 295.8 346.7 

Chicago, IL 6,578 7,797 8,338 8,346 7,400 467.5 544.6 582.5 558.5 495.2

Cincinnati, OH 1,023 1,518 1,193 1,343 1,417 253.1 378.4 300.1 333.3 351.6 

Cleveland, OH 1,153 1,347 1,589 1,777 2,019 176.5 207.5 246.6 269.9 306.6 

Columbus, OH 997 1,488 1,523 1,561 1,618 203.0 302.6 308.1 300.6 311.6 

Corpus Christi, TX 188 268 300 420 318 120.7 174.3 195.7 273.6 207.2

Dallas, TX 3,326 3,814 3,834 3,775 3,028 333.7 378.3 378.1 340.6 273.2 

Dayton, OH 566 601 539 578 699 210.0 225.1 199.4 215.4 260.5

Denver, CO 563 510 642 880 901 232.1 209.9 263.9 314.1 321.5 

Des Moines, IA 170 182 172 180 126 100.0 105.7 98.6 99.0 69.3 

Detroit, MI 3,935 4,312 4,194 4,873 3,884 761.5 722.1 706.8 828.2 660.1 

El Paso, TX 79 129 78 113 143 23.2 38.3 23.3 34.5 43.6 

Fort Worth, TX 745 1,537 1,425 1,433 1,133 113.7 229.7 208.5 200.1 158.2 

Honolulu, HI 232 219 199 216 288 53.1 50.2 46.2 49.0 65.4 

Houston, TX 3,524 3,937 3,193 2,928 2,809 224.1 247.8 198.1 172.9 165.8 

Indianapolis, IN 1,511 1,539 1,443 1,687 1,630 389.6 397.7 374.3 405.5 391.8

Jacksonville, FL 1,080 1,564 1,734 2,041 1,531 304.3 439.7 486.8 540.3 405.3 

Jersey City, NJ 169 260 262 254 255 160.0 244.7 248.5 215.0 215.9

Kansas City, MO 800 1,156 911 1,446 1,122 374.3 537.4 423.6 664.4 515.5 

Los Angeles, CA 3,165 3,194 3,218 4,228 4,264 74.1 74.7 74.4 96.0 96.8

Louisville, KY 1,071 831 699 688 793 337.0 261.7 220.0 207.5 239.1 

Memphis, TN 2,701 2,976 2,875 2,716 2,350 654.0 720.8 693.0 633.6 548.2

Miami, FL 1,181 1,518 1,618 1,245 1,189 120.1 147.9 156.2 114.3 109.2 

Milwaukee, WI 1,596 1,994 2,098 2,084 1,596 368.9 460.8 489.6 462.5 354.2 

Minneapolis, MN 693 756 777 852 670 371.9 427.6 437.5 450.7 354.4 

Nashville, TN 1,205 1,059 1,049 1,388 873 474.4 418.2 417.2 503.1 316.5 

New Orleans, LA 1,517 1,533 1,489 1,690 1,850 697.2 711.5 697.4 744.2 814.6 

New York City, NY 6,491 5,306 5,797 5,573 5,914 187.4 152.1 165.8 146.9 155.9

Newark, NJ 1,119 987 935 866 917 829.2 732.8 696.4 605.2 640.9 

Norfolk, VA 828 822 749 841 783 701.5 777.2 642.5 701.8 653.4 

Oakland, CA 658 749 667 783 960 106.6 118.8 104.5 120.8 148.1 

Oklahoma City, OK 479 732 630 595 708 225.3 374.1 319.8 288.3 343.1 

Omaha, NE 355 376 454 531 415 166.4 175.7 210.8 234.2 183.0 

Philadelphia, PA 2,997 3,333 3,596 3,910 3,675 444.6 500.6 547.6 554.5 521.2 

Phoenix, AZ 1,798 2,128 2,152 1,870 1,657 134.8 154.8 152.2 121.7 107.8 

Pittsburgh, PA 483 563 653 668 871 80.4 94.7 110.9 110.0 143.5

Portland, OR 275 281 290 378 475 114.2 115.3 118.6 146.6 184.2 

Richmond, VA 815 775 870 968 1,083 933.3 886.4 1,018.3 1,051.4 1,176.3 

Rochester, NY 908 961 990 1,040 822 780.3 828.5 856.4 873.6 690.4 

Sacramento, CA 606 673 534 581 543 110.3 120.0 91.9 97.0 90.7 

San Antonio, TX 796 846 974 1,110 1,015 123.1 129.8 147.1 163.8 149.8 

San Diego, CA 805 883 896 1,066 1,109 58.6 63.5 63.1 75.3 78.4

San Francisco, CA 1,212 1,456 1,225 1,749 1,693 335.5 394.3 331.2 443.0 428.8 

San Jose, CA 264 227 224 270 349 32.5 27.4 27.0 31.7 40.9 

Seattle, WA 515 651 591 773 984 63.7 79.8 72.0 89.4 113.8 

St Louis, MO 1,397 1,967 1,366 1,453 1,565 894.8 1,264.8 892.4 888.3 956.8 

St Paul, MN 180 241 269 292 225 135.8 186.4 207.8 212.9 164.0 

St Petersburg, FL 553 728 893 803 740 135.4 176.2 216.0 182.9 168.6 

Tampa, FL 1,032 800 841 830 759 232.4 177.7 183.8 169.8 155.3 

Toledo, OH 184 305 235 370 466 85.1 142.3 110.2 169.1 213.0 

Tucson, AZ 290 228 236 334 402 75.7 59.0 60.1 81.0 97.4 

Tulsa, OK 319 580 437 398 511 170.9 316.4 236.0 208.1 267.2 

Washington, DC 2,637 2,604 2,014 1,430 1,627 1,062.5 1,062.7 828.7 530.9 604.0 

Wichita, KS 293 223 319 317 364 136.1 101.8 144.3 141.6 162.6 

Yonkers, NY 44 50 29 45 62 47.8 54.4 31.2 47.4 65.3 

U.S. CITY TOTAL1 79,187 87,519 85,708 88,792 85,421 234.0 256.5 249.4 246.6 237.2 

San Juan, PR 150 142 106 165 167 38.2 28.3 21.0 33.7 34.1 

TOTAL 79,337 87,661 85,814 88,957 85,588 231.8 253.1 246.1 243.7 234.5 

1

Cases reported with unknown sex are not included in this table. 

STD Surveillance 2001 Gonorrhea Tables 103 
Table 21. Gonorrhea — Reported cases and rates per 100,000 population by age and sex: United States, 

1997–2001 

Year Age 

Group 

Cases 

Total Male Female 

Rates 

Total Male Female 

10-14 5,740 795 4,945 30.1 8.1 53.3 

15-19 99,303 33,282 66,021 520.8 338.7 714.4 

20-24 95,811 47,006 48,806 547.1 523.5 572.0 

25-29 50,472 28,785 21,686 267.5 304.0 230.7 

30-34 30,811 19,208 11,603 148.6 185.8 111.6 

1997 35-39 20,609 13,917 6,692 91.1 123.3 59.0 

40-44 11,574 8,892 2,681 54.1 83.9 24.9 

45-54 8,202 6,882 1,320 24.4 41.8 7.7 

55-64 2,046 1,801 245 9.4 17.3 2.1 

65+ 1,266 867 399 3.7 6.2 2.0 

TOTAL 326,971 161,835 165,136 122.2 123.5 120.9 

10-14 6,143 823 5,320 31.9 8.4 56.7 

15-19 105,987 34,595 71,392 542.4 344.4 752.0 

20-24 105,999 51,501 54,498 599.7 572.5 628.0 

25-29 55,908 32,206 23,702 300.8 348.3 253.7 

30-34 32,307 20,301 12,006 160.0 202.9 117.9 

1998 35-39 22,874 15,578 7,296 101.1 138.4 64.2 

40-44 13,067 9,864 3,203 59.7 91.0 29.0 

45-54 9,294 7,774 1,520 26.9 46.0 8.6 

55-64 2,177 1,938 238 9.6 17.9 2.0 

65+ 1,211 872 339 3.5 6.1 1.7 

TOTAL 356,107 175,847 180,260 131.7 133.2 130.4 

10-14 5,954 825 5,129 30.5 8.2 53.8 

15-19 104,426 34,295 70,131 528.8 337.9 730.8 

20-24 108,741 52,735 56,007 603.3 574.3 633.4 

25-29 56,120 32,604 23,516 308.2 360.1 256.9 

30-34 32,344 20,690 11,654 164.0 211.7 117.1 

1999 35-39 23,441 16,217 7,224 104.0 144.6 63.8 

40-44 14,007 10,652 3,355 62.9 96.5 29.9 

45-54 10,338 8,657 1,681 28.9 49.5 9.2 

55-64 2,356 2,122 233 10.1 19.0 1.9 

65+ 905 722 183 2.6 5.0 0.9 

TOTAL 359,716 179,913 179,803 131.9 135.0 129.0 

10-14 5,925 830 5,094 28.9 7.9 50.9 

15-19 102,043 33,312 68,731 504.7 320.6 699.3 

20-24 112,313 54,195 58,119 592.2 559.4 626.5 

25-29 55,929 32,831 23,098 288.6 335.0 241.0 

30-34 31,814 20,603 11,211 155.1 199.6 110.0 

2000 35-39 22,605 15,765 6,840 99.6 139.3 60.1 

40-44 13,526 10,234 3,292 60.3 92.0 29.1 

45-54 10,344 8,669 1,676 27.5 46.9 8.7 

55-64 2,299 2,077 222 9.5 17.8 1.8 

65+ 897 722 175 2.6 5.0 0.9 

TOTAL 358,779 179,651 179,128 127.5 130.1 124.9 

10-14 6,041 862 5,179 29.4 8.2 51.8 

15-19 101,065 31,952 69,113 499.8 307.5 703.2 

20-24 116,207 54,604 61,603 612.8 563.6 664.1 

25-29 56,083 32,181 23,902 289.4 328.4 249.4 

30-34 32,537 21,050 11,487 158.6 203.9 112.7 

2001 35-39 21,799 15,216 6,583 96.0 134.4 57.8 

40-44 13,605 10,072 3,533 60.6 90.5 31.2 

45-54 10,458 8,655 1,803 27.8 46.8 9.4 

55-64 2,255 2,003 252 9.3 17.2 2.0 

65+ 843 651 192 2.4 4.5 0.9 

TOTAL 361,758 177,531 184,227 128.5 128.6 128.5 

NOTE: This table should be used only for age comparisons. This is because, if age was not specified, cases were prorated according to the 

distribution of cases for which age was known. Differences between total cases from this table and others in the report are due to different reporting 

forms. The 0 to 9 year age group is not shown because some of these may not be due to sexual transmission; however, they are included in the 

totals. 

104 Gonorrhea Tables STD Surveillance 2001 
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Table 22A. Gonorrhea — Reported cases by age, sex, and race/ethnicity: United States, 1997–2001 

Age 

Group 

Total 

Total Male Female 

White, Non-Hispanic 

Total Male Female 

Black, Non-Hispanic 

Total Male Female Total 

Hispanic 

Male Female 

Asian/Pacific Islander 

Total Male Female 

American Indian/ 

Alaska Native 

Total Male Female 

10-14 5,333 748 4,585 832 56 776 4,103 636 3,467 331 49 283 21 3 18 45 4 41 

15-19 90,694 30,710 59,983 13,421 2,263 11,158 71,323 26,594 44,729 4,962 1,645 3,317 389 85 305 598 124 475 

20-24 87,381 43,391 43,990 11,661 3,519 8,142 69,906 37,124 32,782 4,880 2,391 2,489 442 201 240 493 155 337 

199725-29 

30-34 

35-39 

45,766 26,306 19,461 

27,581 17,285 10,296 

18,649 12,685 5,964 

6,713 2,844 3,869 

4,657 2,481 2,176 

3,376 1,970 1,405 

35,708 21,606 14,102 

20,891 13,565 7,326 

14,079 9,962 4,117 

2,800 

1,658 

1,007 

1,625 

1,041 

661 

1,175 

617 

346 

264 122 142 

185 117 68 

82 48 35 

281 109 173 

190 82 108 

105 43 62 

40-44 10,540 8,166 2,374 1,719 1,202 518 8,215 6,564 1,650 482 333 149 61 37 24 63 29 33 

45-54 7,385 6,254 1,131 1,348 1,064 285 5,644 4,927 717 308 213 96 48 33 14 36 18 19 

55-64 1,818 1,605 213 341 265 75 1,374 1,258 117 81 68 14 11 8 3 10 6 3 

65+ 1,162 799 363 210 137 73 877 613 264 70 47 23 2 0 2 2 2 0 

TOTAL 297,352 148,327 149,025 44,432 15,840 28,593 232,914 123,152 109,762 16,669 8,109 8,560 1,508 655 853 1,829 572 1,257 

10-14 6,017 802 5,216 835 54 781 4,780 689 4,091 329 52 277 23 3 20 51 4 46 

15-19 103,540 33,772 69,768 15,555 2,522 13,033 81,131 29,076 52,055 5,661 1,959 3,702 458 81 377 735 134 601 

20-24 103,675 50,288 53,387 13,889 4,105 9,784 82,325 42,676 39,649 6,253 3,122 3,131 572 196 376 636 190 446 

199825-29 

30-34 

35-39 

54,561 31,385 23,176 

31,570 19,797 11,772 

22,405 15,241 7,163 

7,660 3,296 4,364 

5,298 2,866 2,432 

3,915 2,395 1,520 

42,657 25,788 16,869 

23,838 15,438 8,399 

16,938 11,865 5,074 

3,517 

2,043 

1,259 

2,029 

1,315 

837 

1,488 

729 

422 

355 159 197 

195 95 100 

140 82 58 

371 113 259 

196 83 113 

152 63 89 

40-44 12,805 9,651 3,153 2,105 1,394 711 9,915 7,731 2,184 627 432 195 75 48 27 82 47 35 

45-54 9,080 7,589 1,490 1,535 1,177 358 7,005 6,038 967 437 312 125 45 23 23 58 41 17 

55-64 2,127 1,891 236 396 344 53 1,598 1,450 148 107 82 25 11 6 4 16 10 6 

65+ 1,186 854 333 231 159 73 854 633 220 77 57 20 9 3 6 15 2 14 

TOTAL 348,069 171,650 176,419 51,581 18,354 33,227 271,884 141,684 130,199 20,390 10,219 10,170 1,892 698 1,194 2,322 694 1,628 

10-14 5,952 824 5,128 842 55 787 4,666 705 3,961 368 60 308 35 1 34 41 3 39 

15-19 104,430 34,295 70,135 14,882 2,437 12,445 81,913 29,452 52,460 6,359 2,151 4,208 562 133 429 714 121 592 

20-24 108,768 52,757 56,011 14,408 4,288 10,120 86,318 44,709 41,609 6,704 3,278 3,426 673 291 382 665 190 475 

199925-29 

30-34 

35-39 

56,119 32,608 23,511 

32,330 20,680 11,650 

23,436 16,212 7,224 

7,859 3,397 4,462 

5,364 2,864 2,499 

4,319 2,563 1,756 

43,874 26,821 17,053 

24,390 16,279 8,110 

17,559 12,685 4,875 

3,773 

2,131 

1,272 

2,114 

1,306 

815 

1,659 

825 

457 

316 173 142 

240 138 102 

146 91 55 

298 103 195 

206 93 113 

139 57 82 

40-44 14,005 10,652 3,353 2,395 1,671 725 10,832 8,492 2,340 638 410 228 69 38 32 70 41 29 

45-54 10,336 8,656 1,680 1,817 1,387 430 7,954 6,877 1,076 432 310 122 63 43 20 69 39 31 

55-64 2,354 2,121 233 503 432 71 1,718 1,587 131 109 83 26 14 11 3 11 8 3 

65+ 903 721 183 193 151 42 634 517 116 62 48 15 6 1 4 9 3 6 

TOTAL 359,716 179,919 179,797 52,733 19,295 33,438 280,707 148,437 132,270 21,920 10,602 11,318 2,130 925 1,205 2,226 660 1,566 

10-14 5,923 830 5,093 769 50 719 4,649 689 3,960 419 82 336 38 1 37 48 7 41 

15-19 102,044 33,310 68,734 14,608 2,576 12,032 79,244 28,108 51,137 6,877 2,315 4,563 670 180 489 644 131 514 

20-24 112,328 54,207 58,121 15,597 4,831 10,766 87,435 44,977 42,459 7,757 3,762 3,995 884 431 454 655 207 448 

200025-29 

30-34 

35-39 

55,930 32,836 23,094 

31,809 20,601 11,207 

22,602 15,763 6,838 

7,898 3,373 4,524 

5,802 3,190 2,612 

4,689 2,969 1,720 

42,931 26,572 16,359 

23,063 15,542 7,521 

16,039 11,591 4,448 

4,175 

2,347 

1,445 

2,417 

1,482 

933 

1,758 

865 

512 

565 351 214 

378 274 104 

251 181 70 

361 123 238 

219 114 105 

178 89 89 

40-44 13,524 10,234 3,290 2,724 1,840 884 9,909 7,796 2,114 668 449 219 126 96 30 96 52 44 

45-54 10,342 8,669 1,674 2,038 1,572 465 7,576 6,567 1,009 560 414 146 103 73 29 66 41 25 

55-64 2,298 2,077 222 495 436 59 1,636 1,513 123 115 91 24 30 19 11 22 17 5 

65+ 896 722 175 190 144 46 641 527 114 51 45 6 2 0 2 13 6 7 

TOTAL 358,779 179,662 179,117 54,964 21,039 33,925 273,928 144,191 129,737 24,512 12,030 12,481 3,056 1,609 1,447 2,319 793 1,526 

10-14 6,040 861 5,179 855 57 798 4,646 715 3,932 440 80 360 53 6 47 46 3 43 

15-19 101,065 31,949 69,116 14,961 2,611 12,351 77,554 26,692 50,862 7,095 2,312 4,783 763 205 559 692 130 562 

20-24 116,226 54,619 61,607 16,997 5,390 11,607 89,154 44,621 44,533 8,416 4,024 4,393 881 354 526 778 231 547 

2001

25-29 

30-34 

35-39 

56,084 32,186 23,899 

32,531 21,049 11,482 

21,794 15,213 6,581 

8,535 3,610 4,924 

6,106 3,461 2,645 

4,720 3,026 1,694 

42,275 25,705 16,570 

23,242 15,644 7,597 

15,136 10,957 4,178 

4,418 

2,636 

1,630 

2,464 

1,646 

1,055 

1,954 

990 

575 

512 281 231 

327 205 122 

160 116 44 

344 124 219 

220 93 127 

149 59 90 

40-44 13,603 10,072 3,531 2,882 1,924 958 9,749 7,496 2,253 759 513 246 111 92 19 101 46 55 

45-54 10,455 8,654 1,801 2,364 1,796 568 7,386 6,356 1,030 542 398 144 84 60 25 79 45 34 

55-64 2,254 2,003 251 583 510 73 1,510 1,374 136 124 90 33 23 16 7 14 12 2 

65+ 842 650 192 207 163 44 554 443 111 57 29 28 17 11 6 7 3 4 

TOTAL 361,758 177,541 184,217 58,323 22,585 35,738 271,871 140,235 131,636 26,190 12,624 13,566 2,935 1,348 1,588 2,439 751 1,689 

NOTE: These tables should be used only for race/ethnicity comparisons, not for age, sex or overall totals. This is because, if age or race/ethnicity was not 

specified, cases were prorated according to the distribution of cases for which these variables were specified. For the following years, the states listed did not 

report age and/or race/ethnicity for most cases and were excluded: 1997 (ID, NJ, NY); 1998 (ID, NJ). Cases and population denominators have been excluded for these states/areas. Differences between total cases from this table and others in the report are due to different reporting forms and above listed exclusions. The 0 to 9 year age group is not shown because some of these may not be due to sexual transmission; however, they are included in the totals. 

106 Gonorrhea Tables STD Surveillance 2001 
Table 22B. Gonorrhea — Reported rates per 100,000 population by age, sex, and race/ethnicity: United States, 

1997–2001 

Age 

Group Total 

Total 

Male Female 

White, Non-Hispanic 

Total Male Female 

Black, Non-Hispanic 

Total Male Female Total 

Hispanic 

Male Female 

Asian/Pacific Islander 

Total Male Female 

American Indian/ 

Alaska Native 

Total Male Female 

10-14 31.0 8.5 54.7 7.1 0.9 13.7 164.8 50.3 282.9 14.8 4.2 25.9 3.3 0.9 5.8 23.3 4.1 43.1 

15-19 525.0 344.9 716.7 114.9 37.6 196.9 2,822.8 2,073.6 3,595.0 216.3 135.0 308.6 65.4 28.1 103.7 337.0 138.9 536.7 

20-24 551.8 533.9 570.5 110.2 65.1 157.3 3,176.1 3,418.0 2,940.4 213.3 191.1 240.1 71.7 65.2 78.2 331.0 207.5 456.2 

25-29 

30-34 

35-39 

269.5 

148.7 

92.0 

308.4 

186.8 

125.3 

230.3 

110.8 

58.8 

57.6 48.9 66.3 

35.7 38.1 33.2 

22.6 26.3 18.9 

1,633.6 2,076.0 1,231.6 

911.4 1,266.3 600.0 

586.2 886.7 322.1 

123.8 

71.1 

47.8 

130.8 

83.0 

59.4 

115.3 

57.3 

34.8 

36.2 35.1 37.3 

26.0 34.5 18.3 

11.8 14.3 9.5 

187.8 141.6 236.4 

1997

131.2 114.0 148.3 

70.8 59.4 81.9 

40-44 54.9 85.6 24.6 11.9 16.6 7.1 374.7 641.3 141.2 28.0 37.5 17.9 9.2 12.1 6.7 46.1 44.8 47.3 

45-54 24.5 42.4 7.4 5.7 9.1 2.4 188.2 361.0 43.9 13.8 19.0 8.5 4.9 7.4 2.7 18.1 18.3 18.0 

55-64 9.3 17.3 2.1 2.2 3.5 0.9 74.8 157.5 11.2 6.4 11.2 2.1 2.0 3.1 1.1 8.3 11.6 5.5 

65+ 3.8 6.4 2.0 0.8 1.3 0.5 36.7 65.3 18.2 4.9 7.7 2.8 0.4 0.0 0.6 1.2 2.9 0.0 

TOTAL 123.8 126.0 121.7 25.3 18.4 31.8 814.8 908.1 730.6 64.8 61.0 68.8 18.6 16.8 20.3 96.6 61.4 130.6 

10-14 32.4 8.4 57.5 6.7 0.8 13.0 173.7 49.3 301.8 12.9 4.0 22.2 3.3 0.8 5.9 25.2 4.2 46.9 

15-19 547.5 347.4 759.4 123.3 38.8 213.0 2,909.7 2,053.7 3,792.6 216.6 144.0 295.5 64.8 22.5 108.1 389.8 142.0 638.9 

20-24 605.9 577.4 635.4 122.4 70.7 176.4 3,401.1 3,574.4 3,232.3 249.4 240.2 259.3 84.1 58.2 109.5 411.4 244.4 579.9 

25-29 

30-34 

35-39 

303.0 

162.1 

102.8 

350.4 

205.0 

140.5 

256.1 

119.9 

65.4 

62.9 54.2 71.6 

39.3 42.7 36.0 

24.8 30.3 19.3 

1,774.1 2,251.2 1,340.0 

960.1 1,332.4 634.3 

641.8 962.3 360.8 

143.5 

80.6 

52.7 

159.7 

99.9 

68.1 

126.2 

59.8 

36.5 

43.6 42.0 44.9 

23.5 24.6 22.5 

16.8 20.7 13.3 

236.8 140.8 337.4 

1998

133.1 112.8 153.3 

98.8 82.8 114.5 

40-44 60.6 92.3 29.6 13.4 17.7 9.0 401.9 672.8 165.8 31.7 43.2 20.0 9.6 12.9 6.6 57.6 67.7 48.1 

45-54 27.2 46.6 8.7 5.9 9.2 2.7 202.7 386.2 51.1 16.6 24.3 9.3 3.9 4.2 3.6 27.1 39.6 15.5 

55-64 9.7 18.2 2.1 2.3 4.1 0.6 76.0 159.4 12.4 7.0 11.5 3.0 1.6 2.1 1.2 12.7 16.4 9.3 

65+ 3.6 6.2 1.7 0.8 1.4 0.4 31.9 60.6 13.6 4.5 8.0 2.0 1.3 1.0 1.4 10.9 2.6 17.0 

TOTAL 133.4 134.6 132.2 27.3 19.9 34.5 859.4 946.2 781.4 69.9 69.6 70.3 20.0 15.4 24.3 117.7 71.6 162.4 

10-14 30.4 8.2 53.8 6.5 0.8 12.5 159.5 47.4 275.1 13.4 4.3 23.0 4.6 0.4 9.0 20.0 2.6 38.0 

15-19 528.8 337.8 730.8 113.5 36.1 195.5 2,833.8 2,004.8 3,690.4 228.7 148.9 315.2 73.5 34.5 113.4 365.4 123.9 607.7 

20-24 603.4 574.5 633.4 121.1 70.4 174.1 3,377.4 3,540.9 3,217.8 249.2 235.0 264.5 93.8 82.2 105.2 414.3 236.2 593.4 

25-29 

30-34 

35-39 

308.2 

163.9 

104.0 

360.1 

211.7 

144.5 

256.8 

117.0 

63.8 

64.6 55.9 73.4 

39.7 42.6 36.9 

26.7 31.7 21.8 

1,772.7 2,269.6 1,318.7 

967.1 1,380.7 604.0 

639.0 986.0 333.6 

146.8 

80.1 

49.2 

160.3 

95.0 

61.4 

132.6 

64.2 

36.4 

37.3 44.3 31.3 

27.0 33.5 21.4 

16.2 21.3 11.7 

186.5 127.1 248.0 

1999

139.1 124.8 153.6 

89.3 74.2 104.2 

40-44 62.9 96.5 29.9 14.5 20.3 8.8 413.7 695.3 167.5 29.5 37.5 21.3 8.1 9.3 7.1 47.6 57.4 38.3 

45-54 28.9 49.5 9.2 6.6 10.2 3.1 211.7 404.6 52.3 14.8 21.8 8.2 4.9 7.1 2.9 31.0 36.2 26.3 

55-64 10.1 19.0 1.9 2.7 4.8 0.7 76.4 163.4 10.2 6.5 10.7 2.8 1.9 3.1 0.8 8.2 12.7 4.3 

65+ 2.6 5.0 0.9 0.7 1.3 0.2 22.7 47.3 6.9 3.4 6.2 1.4 0.7 0.4 0.9 6.2 4.6 7.3 

TOTAL 131.9 135.0 129.0 26.9 20.1 33.4 848.3 947.0 759.4 70.0 67.3 72.7 20.9 18.9 22.7 109.9 66.3 152.0 

10-14 28.9 7.9 50.9 5.8 0.7 11.2 147.9 43.2 255.8 13.2 5.1 21.7 5.1 0.4 10.0 22.6 6.4 39.5 

15-19 504.7 320.6 699.3 111.6 38.5 188.3 2,692.7 1,889.3 3,514.0 216.8 137.1 307.6 81.8 43.2 121.8 322.7 128.2 525.5 

20-24 592.3 559.5 626.6 131.4 80.4 183.5 3,322.1 3,511.8 3,142.4 227.5 200.6 260.4 100.0 97.5 102.6 397.5 247.8 551.6 

25-29 

30-34 

35-39 

288.6 

155.1 

99.5 

335.1 

199.6 

139.3 

241.0 

110.0 

60.0 

64.5 54.7 74.5 

42.6 46.6 38.6 

29.5 37.3 21.6 

1,685.0 2,194.7 1,223.5 

881.4 1,255.0 545.8 

567.3 872.5 296.7 

123.3 

75.1 

51.1 

132.4 

88.9 

63.3 

112.7 

59.4 

37.9 

53.7 67.9 40.1 

37.5 55.7 20.2 

25.9 38.6 14.0 

233.5 158.6 308.9 

2000

140.8 147.1 134.5 

103.3 105.9 100.9 

40-44 60.3 92.0 29.1 16.6 22.5 10.8 366.5 614.6 147.3 29.0 38.1 19.4 14.0 22.6 6.3 58.6 66.2 51.6 

45-54 27.4 46.9 8.7 7.1 11.0 3.2 185.6 348.1 46.0 17.9 26.7 9.2 7.1 10.9 3.7 25.7 33.3 18.5 

55-64 9.5 17.8 1.8 2.6 4.7 0.6 69.1 143.4 9.4 6.7 11.3 2.6 3.7 4.9 2.6 15.4 25.0 6.4 

65+ 2.6 5.0 0.8 0.6 1.2 0.3 22.8 49.2 6.5 2.9 6.3 0.5 0.2 0.0 0.4 10.4 10.8 10.1 

TOTAL 127.5 130.1 124.9 27.7 21.7 33.5 788.2 873.5 711.0 69.4 66.2 72.8 27.8 30.2 25.5 108.7 75.2 141.4 

10-14 29.4 8.2 51.7 6.4 0.8 12.4 147.8 44.8 253.9 13.9 5.0 23.3 7.0 1.6 12.7 21.6 2.7 41.3 

15-19 499.8 307.5 703.2 114.3 39.0 193.2 2,635.3 1,794.1 3,495.2 223.7 136.9 322.5 93.2 49.0 139.1 346.3 127.5 574.6 

20-24 612.9 563.8 664.1 143.1 89.7 197.8 3,387.4 3,484.0 3,295.9 246.9 214.6 286.3 99.7 80.2 119.1 472.2 276.6 673.5 

25-29 

30-34 

35-39 

289.4 

158.6 

96.0 

328.5 

203.9 

134.4 

249.4 

112.7 

57.8 

69.7 58.5 81.1 

44.9 50.6 39.1 

29.7 38.0 21.3 

1,659.3 2,123.1 1,239.3 

888.2 1,263.2 551.3 

535.3 824.8 278.7 

130.5 

84.4 

57.7 

134.9 

98.7 

71.5 

125.3 

68.0 

42.6 

48.7 54.4 43.2 

32.4 41.8 23.5 

16.6 24.8 8.9 

222.1 160.3 284.3 

2001

141.6 119.5 163.5 

86.4 70.5 101.4 

40-44 60.6 90.5 31.2 17.6 23.5 11.7 360.6 591.0 157.0 33.0 43.6 21.8 12.4 21.8 4.0 61.5 58.1 64.7 

45-54 27.7 46.8 9.4 8.2 12.6 3.9 181.0 336.9 46.9 17.3 25.7 9.1 5.8 8.9 3.2 30.8 36.4 25.5 

55-64 9.3 17.2 2.0 3.0 5.5 0.7 63.8 130.2 10.4 7.2 11.3 3.7 2.8 4.2 1.6 9.6 17.4 2.3 

65+ 2.4 4.5 0.9 0.7 1.3 0.3 19.7 41.4 6.3 3.3 4.0 2.7 2.0 3.2 1.2 5.5 6.0 5.1 

TOTAL 128.5 128.6 128.5 29.4 23.3 35.3 782.3 849.6 721.4 74.2 69.5 79.1 26.7 25.3 28.0 114.4 71.2 156.5 

NOTE: These tables should be used only for race/ethnicity comparisons, not for age, sex, or overall totals. This is because, if age or race/ethnicity was not 

specified, cases were prorated according to the distribution of cases for which these variables were specified. For the following years, the states listed did not 

report age and/or race/ethnicity for most cases and were excluded: 1997 (ID, NJ, NY); 1998 (ID, NJ). Cases and population denominators have been excluded for these states/areas. Differences between total cases from this table and others in the report are due to different reporting forms and above listed 

exclusions. The 0 to 9 year age group is not shown because some of these may not be due to sexual transmission; however, they are included in the totals. 

STD Surveillance 2001 Gonorrhea Tables 107 
Table 23. All stages of syphilis — Reported cases and rates by state/area and region listed in alphabetical 

order: United States and outlying areas, 1997–2001 

State/Area 

Cases Rates per 100,000 Population 

1997 1998 1999 2000 2001 1997 1998 1999 2000 2001 

Alabama 1,486 1,139 1,019 752 720 34.4 26.2 23.3 16.9 16.2 

Alaska 12 13 13 6 9 2.0 2.1 2.1 1.0 1.4 

Arizona 600 697 833 847 1,147 13.2 14.9 17.4 16.5 22.4 

Arkansas 572 506 364 366 239 22.7 19.9 14.3 13.7 8.9 

California 3,828 2,869 2,859 3,354 3,050 11.9 8.8 8.6 9.9 9.0 

Colorado 153 122 91 63 149 3.9 3.1 2.2 1.5 3.5 

Connecticut 325 177 126 151 165 9.9 5.4 3.8 4.4 4.8 

Delaware 113 114 72 45 79 15.4 15.3 9.6 5.7 10.1 

Florida 2,746 2,540 2,690 2,770 2,914 18.7 17.0 17.8 17.3 18.2 

Georgia 2,835 1,836 1,974 1,640 1,985 37.9 24.0 25.3 20.0 24.2

Hawaii 47 18 11 22 41 4.0 1.5 0.9 1.8 3.4 

Idaho 24 15 13 11 11 2.0 1.2 1.0 0.9 0.9 

Illinois 1,956 1,946 1,966 1,638 1,541 16.4 16.2 16.2 13.2 12.4 

Indiana 522 509 802 751 529 8.9 8.6 13.5 12.4 8.7 

Iowa 72 48 37 55 44 2.5 1.7 1.3 1.9 1.5 

Kansas 169 116 95 67 88 6.5 4.4 3.6 2.5 3.3 

Kentucky 403 339 302 253 191 10.3 8.6 7.6 6.3 4.7 

Louisiana 1,808 1,651 1,423 973 793 41.5 37.8 32.5 21.8 17.7 

Maine 13 4 1 7 16 1.0 0.3 0.1 0.5

Maryland 2,455 2,156 1,385 1,172 937 48.2 42.0 26.8 22.1 17.7 

Massachusetts 730 568 385 448 446 11.9 9.2 6.2 7.1 7.0 

Michigan 794 692 780 986 1,147 8.1 7.0 7.9 9.9 11.5 

Minnesota 124 75 71 77 132 2.6 1.6 1.5 1.6 2.7 

Mississippi 1,441 1,161 906 685 653 52.8 42.2 32.7 24.1 23.0 

Missouri 503 379 396 299 174 9.3 7.0 7.2 5.3 3.1 

Montana 5 0 3 0 0 0.6 0.0 0.3 0.0

Nebraska 34 35 24 7 16 2.1 2.1 1.4 0.4 0.9 

Nevada 120 139 92 52 62 7.2 8.0 5.1 2.6 3.1 

New Hampshire 26 14 17 19 20 2.2 1.2 1.4 1.5 1.6 

New Jersey 1,166 836 803 802 1,040 14.5 10.3 9.9 9.5 12.4 

New Mexico 103 76 80 98 73 6.0 4.4 4.6 5.4 4.0 

New York 5,645 5,148 4,094 2,946 3,604 31.1 28.3 22.5 15.5 19.0 

North Carolina 2,202 2,133 1,713 1,494 1,422 29.7 28.3 22.4 18.6 17.7 

North Dakota 0 0 0 1 2 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.2

Ohio 761 474 364 282 297 6.8 4.2 3.2 2.5 2.6 

Oklahoma 410 369 539 327 288 12.4 11.0 16.1 9.5 8.3 

Oregon 48 32 37 49 48 1.5 1.0 1.1 1.4 1.4 

Pennsylvania 1,182 910 932 685 726 9.8 7.6 7.8 5.6 5.9 

Rhode Island 84 55 55 38 39 8.5 5.6 5.6 3.6 3.7 

South Carolina 1,139 876 929 860 913 30.3 22.8 23.9 21.4 22.8 

South Dakota 8 3 3 1 1 1.1 0.4 0.4 0.1

Tennessee 2,368 1,754 1,737 1,709 1,478 44.1 32.3 31.7 30.0 26.0 

Texas 5,382 3,967 3,699 3,297 3,660 27.7 20.1 18.5 15.8 17.6 

Utah 57 58 49 59 25 2.8 2.8 2.3 2.6 1.1 

Vermont 1 6 3 0 8 0.2 1.0 0.5 0.0

Virginia 1,118 719 722 539 524 16.6 10.6 10.5 7.6 7.4 

Washington 137 143 205 171 174 2.4 2.5 3.6 2.9 3.0 

West Virginia 20 11 15 13 7 1.1 0.6 0.8 0.7 0.4 

Wisconsin 317 257 192 184 131 6.1 4.9 3.7 3.4 2.4 

Wyoming 4 2 0 5 4 0.8 0.4 0.0 1.0

U.S. TOTAL1 46,712 38,286 35,379 31,592 32,221 17.5 14.2 13.0 11.2 11.4 

Northeast 9,172 7,718 6,416 5,096 6,064 17.8 14.9 12.4 9.5 11.3 

Midwest 5,260 4,534 4,730 4,348 4,102 8.4 7.2 7.5 6.8 6.4 

South 27,142 21,850 19,947 17,411 17,262 28.8 22.9 20.7 17.4 17.2 

West 5,138 4,184 4,286 4,737 4,793 8.6 6.9 7.0 7.5 7.6 

Guam 

Puerto Rico 

Virgin Islands 

1 

1,577 

10 

3

1,461 

35 

12 

1,463 

13 

9

1,340 

11 

30 

1,267 

9 

0.6 

41.2 

9.1 

1.9 

37.8 

31.9 

7.3 

37.6 

11.5 

5.8 

35.2 

10.1 

19.4 

33.3 

8.3 

OUTLYING AREAS 1,588 1,499 1,488 1,360 1,306 38.8 36.3 35.7 33.4 32.1 

TOTAL 48,300 39,785 36,867 32,952 33,527 17.8 14.5 13.3 11.5 11.7 

1.3 

0.0 

0.3 

0.1 

1.3 

0.8 

1

Includes cases reported by Washington, D.C. 

108 Syphilis Tables STD Surveillance 2001 
Table 24. All stages of syphilis — Reported cases and rates in selected cities of >200,000 population listed in 

alphabetical order: United States and outlying areas, 1997–2001 

City 

Cases Rates per 100,000 Population 

1997 1998 1999 2000 2001 1997 1998 1999 2000 2001 

Akron, OH 4 7 6 2 4 0.8 1.3 1.1 0.4

Albuquerque, NM 56 45 50 63 42 10.6 8.6 9.6 11.3 7.5 

Atlanta, GA 872 591 580 384 797 120.7 79.9 77.9 47.1 97.7 

Austin, TX 98 56 62 59 115 14.1 7.9 8.5 7.3 14.2 

Baltimore, MD 1,781 1,472 941 728 477 271.0 228.0 148.7 111.8 73.3 

Birmingham, AL 474 246 278 212 149 72.0 37.3 42.3 32.0 22.5

Boston, MA 305 240 164 160 157 54.7 43.1 29.5 26.8 26.3 

Buffalo, NY 23 12 6 10 12 7.2 3.8 1.9 3.1 3.7 

Charlotte, NC 153 211 194 151 130 24.9 33.4 29.9 21.7 18.7 

Chicago, IL 1,314 1,371 1,322 1,090 1,090 45.1 46.0 44.4 35.3 35.3 

Cincinnati, OH 93 32 12 14 16 10.9 3.8 1.4 1.7 1.9 

Cleveland, OH 250 151 88 42 39 18.0 10.9 6.4 3.0 2.8 

Columbus, OH 117 115 109 90 140 11.5 11.3 10.6 8.4 13.1 

Corpus Christi, TX 22 27 20 10 10 6.9 8.5 6.3 3.2 3.2 

Dallas, TX 717 736 695 587 702 35.4 35.9 33.7 26.5 31.6 

Dayton, OH 126 39 16 17 18 22.4 7.0 2.8 3.0 3.2 

Denver, CO 72 35 46 23 64 14.4 7.0 9.2 4.1 11.5 

Des Moines, IA 26 20 7 18 15 7.3 5.6 1.9 4.8 4.0 

Detroit, MI 548 477 569 756 902 50.3 37.8 45.4 61.6 73.5 

El Paso, TX 112 81 79 92 106 16.0 11.5 11.3 13.5 15.6 

Fort Worth, TX 299 175 177 191 267 22.5 12.9 12.8 13.2 18.5 

Honolulu, HI 42 18 8 15 30 4.8 2.1 0.9 1.7 3.4 

Houston, TX 1,937 1,401 1,111 849 921 61.3 43.7 34.2 25.0 27.1 

Indianapolis, IN 125 239 553 521 306 15.4 29.4 68.2 60.5 35.6

Jacksonville, FL 206 154 74 125 139 28.1 20.9 10.0 16.0 17.8 

Jersey City, NJ 85 34 42 27 39 39.0 15.4 19.2 11.2 16.2 

Kansas City, MO 13 14 66 46 30 2.9 3.1 14.6 10.2 6.6 

Los Angeles, CA 1,630 1,264 1,189 1,857 1,339 19.0 14.7 13.6 20.8 15.0 

Louisville, KY 232 213 174 149 100 34.6 31.7 25.9 21.5 14.4 

Memphis, TN 1,435 1,036 927 882 896 165.7 119.2 106.2 98.3 99.8 

Miami, FL 874 773 795 829 1,044 42.7 35.9 36.5 36.8 46.3 

Milwaukee, WI 275 233 166 151 98 30.3 25.6 18.3 16.1 10.4 

Minneapolis, MN 53 34 28 34 63 13.8 9.3 7.6 8.9 16.4 

Nashville, TN 412 416 505 523 379 77.2 77.9 95.3 91.8 66.5 

New Orleans, LA 463 348 228 124 101 98.7 74.8 49.5 25.6 20.8 

New York City, NY 4,961 4,652 3,736 2,711 3,300 67.6 62.7 50.3 33.9 41.2 

Newark, NJ 241 191 172 265 377 84.7 67.2 60.7 88.1 125.3 

Norfolk, VA 158 108 84 85 82 68.9 50.2 37.2 36.3 35.0 

Oakland, CA 128 129 127 91 109 10.2 10.1 9.8 6.9 8.3 

Oklahoma City, OK 110 181 300 193 160 25.0 44.4 73.2 45.4 37.6 

Omaha, NE 17 26 10 6 3 3.9 5.9 2.2 1.3 0.6 

Philadelphia, PA 1,093 804 825 618 646 75.3 56.0 58.2 40.7 42.6 

Phoenix, AZ 473 572 722 736 957 17.5 20.5 25.2 24.0 31.2 

Pittsburgh, PA 21 12 7 7 15 1.6 0.9 0.6 0.5 1.2 

Portland, OR 23 17 19 30 29 4.7 3.4 3.8 5.8 5.6 

Richmond, VA 137 81 64 40 58 71.2 41.7 33.7 20.2 29.3 

Rochester, NY 32 39 16 7 4 13.3 16.2 6.7 2.8 1.6 

Sacramento, CA 55 31 20 25 33 4.9 2.7 1.7 2.0 2.7 

San Antonio, TX 309 237 228 287 364 23.2 17.5 16.6 20.6 26.1 

San Diego, CA 259 187 251 232 151 9.5 6.7 8.9 8.2 5.4 

San Francisco, CA 171 129 128 163 301 23.4 17.3 17.1 21.0 38.8 

San Jose, CA 93 62 56 43 92 5.8 3.8 3.4 2.6 5.5 

Seattle, WA 62 69 123 116 110 3.8 4.2 7.4 6.7 6.3 

St Louis, MO 261 170 165 115 63 76.3 50.1 49.4 33.0 18.1 

St Paul, MN 8 10 6 9 16 2.9 3.7 2.2 3.2 5.6 

St Petersburg, FL 79 56 38 64 40 9.1 6.4 4.3 6.9 4.3 

Tampa, FL 207 177 111 132 148 22.8 19.1 11.8 13.2 14.8 

Toledo, OH 25 23 21 18 3 5.5 5.1 4.7 4.0 0.7 

Tucson, AZ 52 36 42 36 72 6.7 4.6 5.2 4.3 8.5 

Tulsa, OK 36 75 109 32 22 9.3 19.7 28.4 8.1 5.6 

Washington, DC 644 579 458 516 459 121.7 110.7 88.2 90.2 80.2 

Wichita, KS 85 21 34 10 15 19.4 4.7 7.5 2.2 3.3 

Yonkers, NY 34 22 12 10 13 17.6 11.4 6.2 5.0 6.5 

U.S. CITY TOTAL 25,018 21,012 19,171 17,428 18,379 35.9 29.8 27.0 23.6 24.9 

San Juan, PR 719 673 682 545 483 82.4 64.3 64.8 53.4 47.3 

TOTAL 25,737 21,685 19,853 17,973 18,862 36.5 30.3 27.6 24.0 25.2 

0.7 

STD Surveillance 2001 Syphilis Tables 109 
Table 25. Primary and secondary syphilis — Reported cases and rates by state/area, ranked by rates: United 

States, 2001 

Rank 2 State/Area Cases Rate per 100,000 Population 

1 South Carolina 235 5.9 

2 Tennessee 331 5.8 

3 North Carolina 445 5.5 

4 Georgia 414 5.1 

5 Maryland 266 5.0 

6 Mississippi 140 4.9 

7 Michigan 428 4.3 

8 Louisiana 173 3.9 

9 Arizona 180 3.5 

10 Illinois 409 3.3 

11 Alabama 142 3.2 

12 Florida 484 3.0 

13 Indiana 151 2.5 

14 Texas 478 2.3 

U.S. TOTAL1 6,103 2.2 

15 Arkansas 49 1.8 

16 Delaware 14 1.8 

17 Oklahoma 60 1.7 

18 California 545 1.6 

19 New York 304 1.6 

20 New Jersey 137 1.6 

21 Virginia 102 1.4 

22 Kentucky 48 1.2 

23 Washington 57 1.0 

24 New Mexico 19 1.0 

25 Hawaii 12 1.0 

26 Kansas 25 0.9 

27 Rhode Island 9 0.9 

28 Pennsylvania 100 0.8 

29 Ohio 81 0.7 

30 Massachusetts 46 0.7 

31 Minnesota 33 0.7 

32 Nebraska 10 0.6 

33 Missouri 26 0.5 

34 Colorado 23 0.5 

35 Utah 11 0.5 

36 Vermont 3 0.5 

37 Wisconsin 22 0.4 

38 Oregon 13 0.4 

39 Connecticut 12 0.4 

40 Nevada 8 0.4 

41 West Virginia 5 0.3 

YEAR 2010 OBJECTIVE 0.2 

42 Iowa 5 0.2 

43 Wyoming 1 0.2 

44 Idaho 1 0.1 

45 Maine 1 0.1 

46 New Hampshire 1 0.1 

47 South Dakota 1 0.1 

Alaska 0 0.0 

Montana 0 0.0 

North Dakota 0 0.0 

1

Total includes cases reported by Washington, D.C., but excludes outlying areas (Guam with 12 cases, and rate of 7.8, Puerto Rico with 244 cases
 

and rate of 6.4, and Virgin Islands with 0 cases).
 

2

States were ranked in descending order by rate, number of cases, and alphabetically by state. States with no cases were not ranked.
 

110 Syphilis Tables STD Surveillance 2001 
Table 26. Primary and secondary syphilis — Counties and independent cities* ranked by number of reported 

cases: United States, 2001** 

Rank 1 County/Independent City Cases Rate per 100,000 Population Cumulative Percent 

1 Wayne County, MI 379 18.4 6 

2 Cook County, IL 339 6.3 11 

3 Fulton County, GA 224 27.5 15 

4 Los Angeles County, CA 211 2.2 18 

5 Shelby County, TN 208 23.2 22 

6 Dade County, FL 185 8.2 25 

7 Baltimore (City), MD 161 24.7 27 

8 Maricopa County, AZ 148 4.8 30 

9 New York County, NY 145 9.4 32 

10 San Francisco County, CA 138 17.8 35 

11 Marion County, IN 128 14.9 37 

12 Dallas County, TX 121 5.5 39 

13 Harris County, TX 103 3.0 40 

14 Robeson County, NC 90 73.0 42 

15 Essex County, NJ 79 10.0 43 

16 Philadelphia County, PA 78 5.1 44 

17 Davidson County, TN 76 13.3 46 

18 Bexar County, TX 71 5.1 47 

19 Kings County, NY 71 2.9 48 

20 Guilford County, NC 70 16.6 49 

21 Franklin County, OH 62 5.8 50 

*Accounting for 50% of reported primary and secondary syphilis cases. 

**Corrections to the reported number of cases in the future could alter the ranking and/or inclusion of the counties and independent cities in this table. 1

Counties were ranked in descending order by number of cases, rate, and alphabetically by state. 

STD Surveillance 2001 Syphilis Tables 111 
Table 27. Primary and secondary syphilis — Reported cases and rates by state/area and region listed in 

alphabetical order: United States and outlying areas, 1997–2001 

State/Area 

Cases Rates per 100,000 Population 

1997 1998 1999 2000 2001 1997 1998 1999 2000 2001 

Alabama 410 274 202 123 142 9.5 6.3 4.6 2.8 3.2 

Alaska 1 1 1 0 0 0.2 0.2 0.2 0.0

Arizona 132 185 212 189 180 2.9 4.0 4.4 3.7 3.5 

Arkansas 173 108 87 104 49 6.9 4.3 3.4 3.9 1.8 

California 386 327 283 325 545 1.2 1.0 0.9 1.0 1.6 

Colorado 15 10 8 11 23 0.4 0.3 0.2 0.3 0.5 

Connecticut 62 26 16 16 12 1.9 0.8 0.5 0.5 0.4 

Delaware 22 21 10 9 14 3.0 2.8 1.3 1.1 1.8 

Florida 296 294 343 413 484 2.0 2.0 2.3 2.6 3.0 

Georgia 515 333 430 402 414 6.9 4.4 5.5 4.9 5.1 

Hawaii 1 4 3 2 12 0.1 0.3 0.3 0.2

Idaho 1 2 1 1 1 0.1 0.2 0.1 0.1

Illinois 435 396 422 412 409 3.7 3.3 3.5 3.3 3.3 

Indiana 151 215 450 351 151 2.6 3.6 7.6 5.8 2.5 

Iowa 7 5 9 11 5 0.2 0.2 0.3 0.4 0.2 

Kansas 32 14 14 6 25 1.2 0.5 0.5 0.2 0.9 

Kentucky 135 106 101 85 48 3.5 2.7 2.5 2.1 1.2 

Louisiana 364 430 306 209 173 8.4 9.8 7.0 4.7 3.9 

Maine 2 1 0 1 1 0.2 0.1 0.0 0.1

Maryland 891 648 343 300 266 17.5 12.6 6.6 5.7 5.0 

Massachusetts 78 46 37 68 46 1.3 0.7 0.6 1.1 0.7 

Michigan 153 211 249 330 428 1.6 2.1 2.5 3.3 4.3 

Minnesota 16 9 10 16 33 0.3 0.2 0.2 0.3 0.7 

Mississippi 390 261 194 137 140 14.3 9.5 7.0 4.8 4.9 

Missouri 118 109 96 29 26 2.2 2.0 1.8 0.5 0.5 

Montana 0 0 1 0 0 0.0 0.0 0.1 0.0

Nebraska 3 8 6 2 10 0.2 0.5 0.4 0.1

Nevada 11 15 5 5 8 0.7 0.9 0.3 0.3

New Hampshire 0 2 1 2 1 0.0 0.2 0.1 0.2

New Jersey 150 107 68 71 137 1.9 1.3 0.8 0.8 1.6 

New Mexico 9 14 12 16 19 0.5 0.8 0.7 0.9 1.0 

New York 138 119 150 132 304 0.8 0.7 0.8 0.7 1.6 

North Carolina 721 723 464 483 445 9.7 9.6 6.1 6.0 5.5 

North Dakota 0 0 0 0 0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0

Ohio 218 134 92 69 81 1.9 1.2 0.8 0.6 0.7 

Oklahoma 117 98 187 116 60 3.5 2.9 5.6 3.4 1.7 

Oregon 10 6 8 12 13 0.3 0.2 0.2 0.4 0.4 

Pennsylvania 123 98 84 77 100 1.0 0.8 0.7 0.6 0.8 

Rhode Island 2 1 3 4 9 0.2 0.1 0.3 0.4

South Carolina 378 271 269 229 235 10.1 7.1 6.9 5.7 5.9 

South Dakota 1 1 0 0 1 0.1 0.1 0.0 0.0

Tennessee 747 567 641 532 331 13.9 10.4 11.7 9.4 5.8 

Texas 676 443 473 396 478 3.5 2.2 2.4 1.9 2.3 

Utah 5 4 2 2 11 0.2 0.2 0.1 0.1

Vermont 0 4 3 0 3 0.0 0.7 0.5 0.0

Virginia 237 149 153 126 102 3.5 2.2 2.2 1.8 1.4 

Washington 17 44 77 66 57 0.3 0.8 1.3 1.1 1.0 

West Virginia 1 3 5 3 5 0.1 0.2 0.3 0.2

Wisconsin 89 78 41 48 22 1.7 1.5 0.8 0.9 0.4 

Wyoming 0 1 0 1 1 0.0 0.2 0.0 0.2

U.S. TOTAL1 8,556 7,007 6,617 5,979 6,103 3.2 2.6 2.4 2.1 2.2 

Northeast 555 404 362 371 613 1.1 0.8 0.7 0.7 1.1 

Midwest 1,223 1,180 1,389 1,274 1,191 2.0 1.9 2.2 2.0 1.8 

South 6,190 4,810 4,253 3,704 3,429 6.6 5.0 4.4 3.7 3.4 

West 588 613 613 630 870 1.0 1.0 1.0 1.0 1.4 

Guam 

Puerto Rico 

Virgin Islands 

0

249 

2 

0

177 

7 

2

146 

1 

1

175 

3 

12 

244 

0 

0.0 

6.5 

1.8 

0.0 

4.6 

6.4 

1.2 

3.8 

0.9 

0.6

4.6 

2.8

6.4 

OUTLYING AREAS 251 184 149 179 256 6.1 4.5 3.6 4.4 6.3 

TOTAL 8,807 7,191 6,766 6,158 6,359 3.2 2.6 2.4 2.2 2.2 

0.0 

1.0 

0.1 

0.1 

0.0 

0.6 

0.4 

0.1 

0.0 

0.9 

0.1 

0.5 

0.5 

0.3 

0.2 

7.8 

0.0 

1

Includes cases reported by Washington, D.C. 

112 Syphilis Tables STD Surveillance 2001 
Table 28. Primary and secondary syphilis — Women – Reported cases and rates by state/area and region 

listed in alphabetical order: United States and outlying areas, 1997–2001 

State/Area 

Cases Rates per 100,000 Population 

1997 1998 1999 2000 2001 1997 1998 1999 2000 2001 

Alabama 183 133 102 63 67 8.2 5.9 4.5 2.7 2.9 

Alaska 0 0 0 0 0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0

Arizona 37 67 65 80 50 1.6 2.8 2.7 3.1 1.9 

Arkansas 103 59 44 58 27 7.9 4.5 3.3 4.2 2.0 

California 116 132 76 51 42 0.7 0.8 0.5 0.3 0.2 

Colorado 5 3 6 1 5 0.3 0.1 0.3 0.0

Connecticut 25 16 6 7 2 1.5 0.9 0.4 0.4

Delaware 10 11 1 1 5 2.7 2.9 0.3 0.2

Florida 131 116 143 163 135 1.7 1.5 1.8 2.0 1.6 

Georgia 194 130 160 159 129 5.1 3.3 4.0 3.8 3.1 

Hawaii 0 0 2 1 0 0.0 0.0 0.3 0.2

Idaho 0 0 0 0 0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0

Illinois 194 158 180 181 91 3.2 2.6 2.9 2.9 1.4 

Indiana 82 113 225 196 71 2.7 3.7 7.4 6.3 2.3 

Iowa 4 0 6 6 1 0.3 0.0 0.4 0.4

Kansas 12 6 8 1 11 0.9 0.4 0.6 0.1

Kentucky 66 49 45 42 17 3.3 2.4 2.2 2.0 0.8 

Louisiana 187 196 153 97 83 8.3 8.6 6.7 4.2 3.6 

Maine 1 0 0 0 0 0.2 0.0 0.0 0.0

Maryland 400 302 164 115 113 15.3 11.4 6.2 4.2 4.1 

Massachusetts 33 15 15 19 4 1.0 0.5 0.5 0.6 0.1 

Michigan 68 86 95 141 161 1.4 1.7 1.9 2.8 3.2 

Minnesota 4 4 5 5 16 0.2 0.2 0.2 0.2

Mississippi 201 128 93 70 69 14.2 8.9 6.4 4.8 4.7 

Missouri 63 50 49 11 8 2.3 1.8 1.7 0.4 0.3 

Montana 0 0 0 0 0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0

Nebraska 0 3 3 1 8 0.0 0.4 0.4 0.1

Nevada 6 3 3 2 1 0.7 0.3 0.3 0.2

New Hampshire 0 1 1 0 0 0.0 0.2 0.2 0.0

New Jersey 59 37 32 23 44 1.4 0.9 0.8 0.5 1.0 

New Mexico 5 8 3 5 6 0.6 0.9 0.3 0.5

New York 56 28 34 12 23 0.6 0.3 0.4 0.1 0.2 

North Carolina 353 347 202 234 191 9.3 8.9 5.1 5.7 4.7 

North Dakota 0 0 0 0 0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0

Ohio 101 72 43 26 26 1.8 1.2 0.7 0.4 0.4 

Oklahoma 53 45 77 54 28 3.1 2.6 4.5 3.1 1.6 

Oregon 2 2 5 4 2 0.1 0.1 0.3 0.2

Pennsylvania 52 31 27 30 28 0.8 0.5 0.4 0.5 0.4 

Rhode Island 1 1 1 2 0 0.2 0.2 0.2 0.4

South Carolina 173 131 117 96 101 8.9 6.6 5.8 4.7 4.9 

South Dakota 0 1 0 0 0 0.0 0.3 0.0 0.0

Tennessee 370 284 283 247 158 13.3 10.1 10.0 8.5 5.4 

Texas 315 183 182 152 169 3.2 1.8 1.8 1.4 1.6 

Utah 2 0 0 1 2 0.2 0.0 0.0 0.1

Vermont 0 1 2 0 0 0.0 0.3 0.7 0.0

Virginia 112 61 71 44 43 3.3 1.8 2.0 1.2 1.2 

Washington 8 7 3 8 7 0.3 0.2 0.1 0.3

West Virginia 1 2 3 1 1 0.1 0.2 0.3 0.1

Wisconsin 49 40 18 24 13 1.9 1.5 0.7 0.9 0.5 

Wyoming 0 0 0 1 1 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.4

U.S. TOTAL1 3,895 3,096 2,777 2,445 1,967 2.9 2.2 2.0 1.7 1.4 

Northeast 227 130 118 93 101 0.9 0.5 0.4 0.3 0.4 

Midwest 577 533 632 592 406 1.8 1.7 1.9 1.8 1.2 

South 2,910 2,211 1,864 1,606 1,344 6.0 4.5 3.8 3.1 2.6 

West 181 222 163 154 116 0.6 0.7 0.5 0.5 0.4 

Guam 

Puerto Rico 

Virgin Islands 

0

116 

0 

0

81 

1 

0

73 

1 

0

76 

2 

5 

130 

0 

0.0 

5.8 

0.0 

0.0 

4.0 

1.7 

0.0 

3.6 

1.9 

0.0

3.8 

3.5

6.6 

OUTLYING AREAS 116 82 74 78 135 5.5 3.8 3.4 3.7 6.4 

TOTAL 4,011 3,178 2,851 2,523 2,102 2.9 2.3 2.0 1.7 1.4 

0.0 

0.2 

0.1 

1.2 

0.0 

0.0 

0.1 

0.8 

0.0 

0.6 

0.0 

0.9 

0.1 

0.0 

0.6 

0.0 

0.1 

0.0 

0.0 

0.2 

0.0 

0.2 

0.1 

0.4 

6.6 

0.0 

1

Includes cases reported by Washington, D.C. Cases reported with unknown sex are not included in this table. 

STD Surveillance 2001 Syphilis Tables 113 
0.5 

Table 29. Primary and secondary syphilis — Men – Reported cases and rates by state/area listed in 

alphabetical order: United States and outlying areas, 1997–2001 

0.0 

2.4 

2.0 

0.2 

0.3 

1.1 

0.2 

0.0 

0.2 

0.7 

0.2 

0.0 

0.6 

1.8 

0.3 

0.8 

1.0 

0.0 

8.8 

State/Area 

Cases Rates per 100,000 Population 

1997 1998 1999 2000 2001 1997 1998 1999 2000 2001 

Alabama 227 141 100 60 75 10.9 6.8 4.8 2.8 3.5 

Alaska 1 1 1 0 0 0.3 0.3 0.3 0.0

Arizona 95 118 147 109 130 4.2 5.1 6.2 4.3 5.1 

Arkansas 70 49 43 46 22 5.7 4.0 3.5 3.5 1.7 

California 270 195 206 272 501 1.7 1.2 1.2 1.6 3.0 

Colorado 10 7 2 10 18 0.5 0.4 0.1 0.5 0.8 

Connecticut 37 10 10 9 10 2.3 0.6 0.6 0.5 0.6 

Delaware 12 10 9 8 9 3.4 2.8 2.5 2.1

Florida 165 178 199 250 349 2.3 2.5 2.7 3.2 4.5 

Georgia 321 203 269 243 285 8.8 5.5 7.1 6.0 7.1 

Hawaii 1 4 1 1 12 0.2 0.7 0.2 0.2

Idaho 1 2 1 1 1 0.2 0.3 0.2 0.2

Illinois 241 238 242 231 318 4.1 4.1 4.1 3.8 5.2 

Indiana 69 102 225 155 80 2.4 3.6 7.8 5.2 2.7 

Iowa 3 5 3 5 4 0.2 0.4 0.2 0.3

Kansas 20 8 6 5 14 1.6 0.6 0.5 0.4

Kentucky 69 57 56 43 31 3.6 3.0 2.9 2.2 1.6 

Louisiana 177 234 153 112 90 8.4 11.1 7.3 5.2 4.2 

Maine 1 1 0 1 1 0.2 0.2 0.0 0.2

Maryland 490 346 179 185 153 19.8 13.9 7.1 7.2 6.0 

Massachusetts 45 31 22 49 42 1.5 1.0 0.7 1.6 1.4 

Michigan 85 125 154 189 267 1.8 2.6 3.2 3.9 5.5 

Minnesota 12 5 5 11 17 0.5 0.2 0.2 0.5 0.7 

Mississippi 189 131 101 67 71 14.4 9.9 7.6 4.9 5.2 

Missouri 55 59 47 18 18 2.1 2.2 1.8 0.7 0.7 

Montana 0 0 1 0 0 0.0 0.0 0.2 0.0

Nebraska 3 5 3 1 2 0.4 0.6 0.4 0.1

Nevada 5 12 2 3 7 0.6 1.3 0.2 0.3

New Hampshire 0 1 0 2 1 0.0 0.2 0.0 0.3

New Jersey 91 70 36 48 93 2.3 1.8 0.9 1.2 2.3 

New Mexico 4 6 9 11 13 0.5 0.7 1.1 1.2 1.5 

New York 82 91 116 120 281 0.9 1.0 1.3 1.3 3.1 

North Carolina 368 376 262 249 254 10.2 10.3 7.1 6.3 6.4 

North Dakota 0 0 0 0 0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0

Ohio 117 62 49 43 55 2.2 1.1 0.9 0.8 1.0 

Oklahoma 64 53 110 62 32 3.9 3.2 6.7 3.7 1.9 

Oregon 8 4 3 8 11 0.5 0.2 0.2 0.5

Pennsylvania 71 67 57 47 72 1.2 1.2 1.0 0.8 1.2 

Rhode Island 1 0 2 2 9 0.2 0.0 0.4 0.4

South Carolina 205 140 152 133 134 11.3 7.6 8.1 6.8 6.9 

South Dakota 1 0 0 0 1 0.3 0.0 0.0 0.0

Tennessee 377 283 358 285 173 14.5 10.8 13.5 10.3 6.2 

Texas 361 260 289 244 309 3.8 2.7 2.9 2.4 3.0 

Utah 3 4 2 1 9 0.3 0.4 0.2 0.1

Vermont 0 3 1 0 3 0.0 1.0 0.3 0.0

Virginia 125 88 82 82 59 3.8 2.7 2.4 2.4 1.7 

Washington 9 37 74 58 50 0.3 1.3 2.6 2.0 1.7 

West Virginia 0 1 2 2 4 0.0 0.1 0.2 0.2

Wisconsin 40 38 23 24 9 1.6 1.5 0.9 0.9 0.3 

Wyoming 0 1 0 0 0 0.0 0.4 0.0 0.0

U.S. TOTAL1 4,660 3,909 3,835 3,532 4,134 3.6 3.0 2.9 2.6 3.0 

Northeast 328 274 244 278 512 1.3 1.1 1.0 1.1 2.0 

Midwest 646 647 757 682 785 2.1 2.1 2.5 2.2 2.5 

South 3,279 2,597 2,385 2,098 2,085 7.1 5.6 5.1 4.3 4.3 

West 407 391 449 474 752 1.4 1.3 1.5 1.5 2.4 

Guam 

Puerto Rico 

Virgin Islands 

0 

133 

2 

0 

96 

6 

2 

73 

0 

1 

99 

1 

7 

114 

0 

0.0 

7.2 

3.8 

0.0 

5.2 

11.3 

2.3 

3.9 

0.0 

1.3

5.4 

1.9 

6.2 

0.0 

OUTLYING AREAS 135 102 75 101 121 6.8 5.1 3.7 5.1 6.2 

TOTAL 4,795 4,011 3,910 3,633 4,255 3.6 3.0 2.9 2.6 3.0 

1

Includes cases reported by Washington, D.C. Cases reported with unknown sex are not included in this table. 

114 Syphilis Tables STD Surveillance 2001 
5

10

15

20

25

30

35

40

45

50

55

60

Table 30. Primary and secondary syphilis — Reported cases and rates in selected cities of >200,000 

population, ranked by rates: United States, 2001 

Rank 1 City* Cases Rate per 100,000 Population 

1 Detroit, MI 351 28.6 

2 Atlanta, GA 224 27.5 

3 Baltimore, MD 161 24.7 

4 Memphis, TN 208 23.2 

Newark, NJ 58 19.3 

6 San Francisco, CA 139 17.9 

7 Indianapolis, IN 128 14.9 

8 Norfolk, VA 35 14.9 

9 Nashville, TN 76 13.3 

Chicago, IL 317 10.3 

11 Miami, FL 185 8.2 

12 Oklahoma City, OK 35 8.2 

13 Washington, DC 43 7.5 

14 Minneapolis, MN 23 6.0 

Dallas, TX 121 5.5 

16 Philadelphia, PA 79 5.2 

17 San Antonio, TX 71 5.1 

18 Columbus, OH 54 5.1 

19 New Orleans, LA 24 5.0 

Jacksonville, FL 38 4.9 

21 Phoenix, AZ 148 4.8 

22 Richmond, VA 9 4.6 

23 St Louis, MO 15 4.3 

24 Charlotte, NC 29 4.2 

New York City, NY 282 3.5 

26 Houston, TX 103 3.0 

27 Boston, MA 18 3.0 

28 Fort Worth, TX 40 2.8 

29 Louisville, KY 19 2.7 

Denver, CO 15 2.7 

31 Tucson, AZ 22 2.6 

32 Seattle, WA 41 2.4 

33 Los Angeles, CA 186 2.1 

34 Austin, TX 17 2.1 

Jersey City, NJ 5 2.1 

36 Milwaukee, WI 18 1.9 

37 Birmingham, AL 12 1.8 

38 El Paso, TX 12 1.8 

39 St Paul, MN 5 1.8 

Oakland, CA 23 1.7 

41 Portland, OR 9 1.7 

42 Tampa, FL 15 1.5 

43 Albuquerque, NM 8 1.4 

44 Tulsa, OK 5 1.3 

St Petersburg, FL 11 1.2 

46 Buffalo, NY 4 1.2 

47 Honolulu, HI 10 1.1 

48 Kansas City, MO 5 1.1 

49 San Diego, CA 27 1.0 

Wichita, KS 4 0.9 

51 Rochester, NY 2 0.8 

52 San Jose, CA 10 0.6 

53 Omaha, NE 3 0.6 

54 Pittsburgh, PA 7 0.5 

Yonkers, NY 1 0.5 

56 Dayton, OH 2 0.4 

57 Sacramento, CA 4 0.3 

58 Des Moines, IA 1 0.3 

59 Corpus Christi, TX 1 0.3 

YEAR 2010 OBJECTIVE 0.2 

Cleveland, OH 3 0.2 

61 Cincinnati, OH 2 0.2 

62 Akron, OH 1 0.2 

63 Toledo, OH 1 0.2 

*Excludes outlying areas (San Juan, PR, with 68 cases and rate of 6.7).
 

1

Cities were ranked in descending order by rate, number of cases, and alphabetically by state.
 

STD Surveillance 2001 Syphilis Tables 115 
0.3 

0.4 

2.1 

0.5 

1.2 

Table 31. Primary and secondary syphilis — Reported cases and rates in selected cities of >200,000 

population listed in alphabetical order: United States and outlying areas, 1997–2001 

0.2 

1.2 

0.2 

2.7 

0.3 

1.8 

1.1 

1.1 

6.0 

0.6 

0.8 

0.3 

0.6 

1.8 

0.2 

2.6 

0.9 

0.5 

City 

Cases Rates per 100,000 Population 

1997 1998 1999 2000 2001 1997 1998 1999 2000 2001 

Akron, OH 4 3 0 0 1 0.8 0.6 0.0 0.0

Albuquerque, NM 9 11 11 11 8 1.7 2.1 2.1 2.0 1.4 

Atlanta, GA 204 163 213 116 224 28.2 22.0 28.6 14.2 27.5 

Austin, TX 8 15 19 8 17 1.2 2.1 2.6 1.0 2.1 

Baltimore, MD 669 466 246 218 161 101.8 72.2 38.9 33.5 24.7 

Birmingham, AL 107 36 24 24 12 16.2 5.5 3.7 3.6 1.8 

Boston, MA 52 23 16 25 18 9.3 4.1 2.9 4.2 3.0 

Buffalo, NY 2 4 1 1 4 0.6 1.3 0.3 0.3

Charlotte, NC 48 69 53 45 29 7.8 10.9 8.2 6.5 4.2 

Chicago, IL 346 310 282 292 317 11.9 10.4 9.5 9.5 10.3 

Cincinnati, OH 34 12 1 0 2 4.0 1.4 0.1 0.0

Cleveland, OH 61 30 12 4 3 4.4 2.2 0.9 0.3 0.2 

Columbus, OH 54 55 43 40 54 5.3 5.4 4.2 3.7 5.1 

Corpus Christi, TX 2 0 1 1 1 0.6 0.0 0.3 0.3

Dallas, TX 148 126 151 100 121 7.3 6.1 7.3 4.5 5.5 

Dayton, OH 28 6 2 5 2 5.0 1.1 0.4 0.9

Denver, CO 8 3 4 4 15 1.6 0.6 0.8 0.7

Des Moines, IA 0 3 0 1 1 0.0 0.8 0.0 0.3

Detroit, MI 94 152 189 274 351 8.6 12.1 15.1 22.3 28.6 

El Paso, TX 3 2 9 6 12 0.4 0.3 1.3 0.9

Fort Worth, TX 39 26 22 22 40 2.9 1.9 1.6 1.5 2.8 

Honolulu, HI 1 4 3 1 10 0.1 0.5 0.3 0.1

Houston, TX 180 99 77 70 103 5.7 3.1 2.4 2.1 3.0 

Indianapolis, IN 71 165 407 301 128 8.7 20.3 50.2 35.0 14.9 

Jacksonville, FL 36 16 7 24 38 4.9 2.2 0.9 3.1 4.9 

Jersey City, NJ 9 1 3 1 5 4.1 0.5 1.4 0.4

Kansas City, MO 2 6 8 1 5 0.4 1.3 1.8 0.2

Los Angeles, CA 108 120 83 133 186 1.3 1.4 1.0 1.5 2.1 

Louisville, KY 107 91 67 57 19 16.0 13.5 10.0 8.2 2.7 

Memphis, TN 343 260 258 246 208 39.6 29.9 29.6 27.4 23.2 

Miami, FL 49 31 82 126 185 2.4 1.4 3.8 5.6 8.2 

Milwaukee, WI 84 71 39 43 18 9.2 7.8 4.3 4.6 1.9 

Minneapolis, MN 12 4 6 9 23 3.1 1.1 1.6 2.3

Nashville, TN 203 210 250 200 76 38.0 39.3 47.2 35.1 13.3 

New Orleans, LA 132 105 51 22 24 28.1 22.6 11.1 4.5 5.0 

New York City, NY 97 81 130 117 282 1.3 1.1 1.8 1.5 3.5 

Newark, NJ 26 27 22 28 58 9.1 9.5 7.8 9.3 19.3 

Norfolk, VA 44 33 20 37 35 19.2 15.3 8.9 15.8 14.9 

Oakland, CA 7 11 10 11 23 0.6 0.9 0.8 0.8 1.7 

Oklahoma City, OK 39 61 114 82 35 8.9 15.0 27.8 19.3 8.2 

Omaha, NE 1 4 5 2 3 0.2 0.9 1.1 0.4

Philadelphia, PA 108 89 69 67 79 7.4 6.2 4.9 4.4 5.2 

Phoenix, AZ 118 173 195 172 148 4.4 6.2 6.8 5.6 4.8 

Pittsburgh, PA 5 0 2 3 7 0.4 0.0 0.2 0.2

Portland, OR 3 4 5 11 9 0.6 0.8 1.0 2.1 1.7 

Richmond, VA 49 22 13 5 9 25.5 11.3 6.9 2.5 4.6 

Rochester, NY 2 7 0 1 2 0.8 2.9 0.0 0.4

Sacramento, CA 4 1 2 1 4 0.4 0.1 0.2 0.1

San Antonio, TX 27 26 31 67 71 2.0 1.9 2.3 4.8 5.1 

San Diego, CA 23 24 25 27 27 0.8 0.9 0.9 1.0 1.0 

San Francisco, CA 52 25 29 53 139 7.1 3.4 3.9 6.8 17.9 

San Jose, CA 5 3 3 2 10 0.3 0.2 0.2 0.1

Seattle, WA 11 33 65 50 41 0.7 2.0 3.9 2.9 2.4 

St Louis, MO 64 58 51 11 15 18.7 17.1 15.3 3.2 4.3 

St Paul, MN 0 3 2 2 5 0.0 1.1 0.7 0.7

St Petersburg, FL 11 8 4 7 11 1.3 0.9 0.5 0.8

Tampa, FL 34 32 15 20 15 3.7 3.5 1.6 2.0 1.5 

Toledo, OH 6 8 6 2 1 1.3 1.8 1.3 0.4

Tucson, AZ 12 7 8 8 22 1.5 0.9 1.0 0.9

Tulsa, OK 8 14 45 8 5 2.1 3.7 11.7 2.0 1.3 

Washington, DC 117 81 45 37 43 22.1 15.5 8.7 6.5 7.5 

Wichita, KS 16 3 7 2 4 3.6 0.7 1.5 0.4

Yonkers, NY 2 1 1 1 1 1.0 0.5 0.5 0.5

U.S. CITY TOTAL 4,148 3,537 3,564 3,265 3,525 6.0 5.0 5.0 4.4 4.8 

San Juan, PR 99 79 61 68 68 11.4 7.5 5.8 6.7 6.7 

TOTAL 4,247 3,616 3,625 3,333 3,593 6.0 5.1 5.0 4.5 4.8 

116 Syphilis Tables STD Surveillance 2001 
Table 32. Primary and secondary syphilis — Women – Reported cases and rates in selected cities of >200,000 

population listed in alphabetical order: United States and outlying areas, 1997–2001 

City 

Cases Rates per 100,000 Population 

1997 1998 1999 2000 2001 1997 1998 1999 2000 2001 

Akron, OH 2 1 0 0 0 0.7 0.4 0.0 0.0

Albuquerque, NM 5 6 3 3 1 1.9 2.2 1.1 1.1

Atlanta, GA 67 62 85 37 67 17.8 16.0 21.8 8.9 16.2 

Austin, TX 3 6 2 2 3 0.9 1.7 0.5 0.5

Baltimore, MD 309 222 112 92 77 87.9 64.4 33.2 26.5 22.2 

Birmingham, AL 43 15 10 15 8 12.3 4.3 2.9 4.3 2.3 

Boston, MA 19 5 5 5 1 6.6 1.7 1.7 1.6

Buffalo, NY 1 1 0 1 0 0.6 0.6 0.0 0.6

Charlotte, NC 18 36 18 24 12 5.7 11.0 5.3 6.8 3.4 

Chicago, IL 145 119 116 129 61 9.6 7.7 7.5 8.1 3.8 

Cincinnati, OH 13 8 0 0 2 2.9 1.8 0.0 0.0

Cleveland, OH 27 15 3 2 2 3.7 2.1 0.4 0.3

Columbus, OH 30 32 21 14 17 5.7 6.0 3.9 2.5 3.1 

Corpus Christi, TX 0 0 1 1 1 0.0 0.0 0.6 0.6

Dallas, TX 66 46 57 36 49 6.4 4.4 5.4 3.2 4.4 

Dayton, OH 15 3 0 1 1 5.1 1.0 0.0 0.3

Denver, CO 3 2 3 0 2 1.2 0.8 1.2 0.0

Des Moines, IA 0 0 0 1 0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.5

Detroit, MI 45 67 74 121 136 7.9 10.1 11.2 19.0 21.3 

El Paso, TX 0 0 2 1 2 0.0 0.0 0.5 0.3

Fort Worth, TX 12 9 4 7 16 1.8 1.3 0.6 1.0

Honolulu, HI 0 0 2 0 0 0.0 0.0 0.5 0.0

Houston, TX 84 44 30 27 28 5.3 2.7 1.8 1.6 1.6 

Indianapolis, IN 36 87 204 170 60 8.5 20.4 48.0 38.2 13.5 

Jacksonville, FL 12 8 3 11 18 3.2 2.1 0.8 2.7 4.5 

Jersey City, NJ 5 0 0 1 2 4.5 0.0 0.0 0.8

Kansas City, MO 1 2 5 0 2 0.4 0.8 2.1 0.0

Los Angeles, CA 32 50 25 19 9 0.7 1.1 0.6 0.4 0.2 

Louisville, KY 51 45 30 26 9 14.5 12.7 8.4 7.2 2.5 

Memphis, TN 165 134 126 123 106 36.4 29.4 27.5 26.2 22.6 

Miami, FL 16 11 24 40 40 1.5 1.0 2.1 3.4 3.4 

Milwaukee, WI 46 35 17 21 12 9.7 7.3 3.6 4.3 2.5 

Minneapolis, MN 3 2 3 3 12 1.5 1.1 1.6 1.5

Nashville, TN 97 93 102 83 29 34.7 33.1 36.6 28.2 9.9 

New Orleans, LA 57 41 24 8 11 22.7 16.4 9.7 3.1 4.3 

New York City, NY 37 18 28 10 19 1.0 0.5 0.7 0.2 0.5 

Newark, NJ 12 14 10 9 21 8.0 9.4 6.7 5.7 13.3 

Norfolk, VA 25 13 7 14 20 22.5 11.9 6.4 12.2 17.5 

Oakland, CA 0 5 2 3 1 0.0 0.8 0.3 0.4

Oklahoma City, OK 15 26 42 39 18 6.6 12.3 19.7 17.8 8.2 

Omaha, NE 0 1 2 1 1 0.0 0.4 0.9 0.4

Philadelphia, PA 43 30 21 25 24 5.5 3.9 2.8 3.1 3.0 

Phoenix, AZ 31 64 62 75 39 2.3 4.5 4.3 4.9 2.5 

Pittsburgh, PA 4 0 0 2 1 0.6 0.0 0.0 0.3

Portland, OR 1 1 3 4 1 0.4 0.4 1.2 1.5

Richmond, VA 21 8 7 2 3 20.0 7.5 6.7 1.9 2.8 

Rochester, NY 1 4 0 0 1 0.8 3.2 0.0 0.0

Sacramento, CA 2 0 1 1 1 0.3 0.0 0.2 0.2

San Antonio, TX 12 8 10 23 24 1.7 1.1 1.4 3.2 3.4 

San Diego, CA 5 7 6 6 6 0.4 0.5 0.4 0.4

San Francisco, CA 8 4 1 5 2 2.2 1.1 0.3 1.3

San Jose, CA 0 1 0 0 1 0.0 0.1 0.0 0.0

Seattle, WA 6 1 2 4 1 0.7 0.1 0.2 0.5

St Louis, MO 36 25 28 3 6 19.4 13.6 15.5 1.6 3.2 

St Paul, MN 0 2 1 1 1 0.0 1.4 0.7 0.7

St Petersburg, FL 7 4 2 3 2 1.5 0.9 0.4 0.6

Tampa, FL 21 20 7 10 6 4.5 4.2 1.4 2.0 1.2 

Toledo, OH 3 4 5 0 0 1.3 1.7 2.1 0.0

Tucson, AZ 5 1 1 2 5 1.3 0.2 0.2 0.5

Tulsa, OK 4 6 22 4 1 2.0 3.0 11.1 2.0 0.5 

Washington, DC 58 34 24 10 8 20.7 12.2 8.7 3.3 2.6 

Wichita, KS 4 1 4 1 1 1.8 0.4 1.7 0.4

Yonkers, NY 0 1 0 0 0 0.0 1.0 0.0 0.0

U.S. CITY TOTAL1 1,789 1,510 1,409 1,281 1,010 5.0 4.1 3.8 3.4 2.7 

San Juan, PR 41 38 34 32 38 8.5 7.0 6.2 6.0 7.2 

TOTAL 1,830 1,548 1,443 1,313 1,048 5.0 4.2 3.9 3.4 2.7 

0.0 

0.4 

0.8 

0.3 

0.0 

0.5 

0.3 

0.6 

0.3 

0.7 

0.0 

0.6 

2.2 

0.0 

1.6 

0.9 

6.2 

0.1 

0.4 

0.1 

0.4 

0.8 

0.2 

0.4 

0.5 

0.1 

0.1 

0.7 

0.4 

0.0 

1.2 

0.4 

0.0 

1

Cases reported with unknown sex are not included in this table. 

STD Surveillance 2001 Syphilis Tables 117 
Table 33. Primary and secondary syphilis — Men – Reported cases and rates in selected cities of >200,000 

population listed in alphabetical order: United States and outlying areas, 1997–2001 

City 

Cases Rates per 100,000 Population 

1997 1998 1999 2000 2001 1997 1998 1999 2000 2001 

Akron, OH 2 2 0 0 1 0.8 0.8 0.0 0.0

Albuquerque, NM 4 5 8 8 7 1.6 2.0 3.1 2.9

Atlanta, GA 137 101 128 79 157 39.6 28.6 36.0 19.7 39.1 

Austin, TX 5 9 16 6 14 1.4 2.5 4.4 1.4 3.4 

Baltimore, MD 359 244 134 126 84 117.4 81.0 45.4 41.5 27.7 

Birmingham, AL 64 21 14 9 4 20.8 6.8 4.6 2.9 1.3 

Boston, MA 33 18 11 20 17 12.3 6.7 4.1 6.9 5.9 

Buffalo, NY 1 3 1 0 4 0.7 2.0 0.7 0.0

Charlotte, NC 30 33 35 21 17 10.1 10.9 11.2 6.2 5.0 

Chicago, IL 201 191 166 163 256 14.3 13.3 11.6 10.9 17.1 

Cincinnati, OH 21 4 1 0 0 5.2 1.0 0.3 0.0

Cleveland, OH 34 15 9 2 1 5.2 2.3 1.4 0.3

Columbus, OH 24 23 22 26 37 4.9 4.7 4.4 5.0 7.1 

Corpus Christi, TX 2 0 0 0 0 1.3 0.0 0.0 0.0

Dallas, TX 82 80 94 64 72 8.2 7.9 9.3 5.8 6.5 

Dayton, OH 13 3 2 4 1 4.8 1.1 0.7 1.5

Denver, CO 5 1 1 4 13 2.1 0.4 0.4 1.4

Des Moines, IA 0 3 0 0 1 0.0 1.7 0.0 0.0

Detroit, MI 49 85 115 153 215 9.5 14.2 19.4 26.0 36.5 

El Paso, TX 3 2 7 5 10 0.9 0.6 2.1 1.5

Fort Worth, TX 27 17 18 15 24 4.1 2.5 2.6 2.1 3.4 

Honolulu, HI 1 4 1 1 10 0.2 0.9 0.2 0.2

Houston, TX 96 55 47 43 75 6.1 3.5 2.9 2.5 4.4 

Indianapolis, IN 35 78 203 131 68 9.0 20.2 52.7 31.5 16.3 

Jacksonville, FL 24 8 4 13 20 6.8 2.2 1.1 3.4 5.3 

Jersey City, NJ 4 1 3 0 3 3.8 0.9 2.8 0.0

Kansas City, MO 1 4 3 1 3 0.5 1.9 1.4 0.5

Los Angeles, CA 76 70 57 112 175 1.8 1.6 1.3 2.5 4.0 

Louisville, KY 56 46 37 31 10 17.6 14.5 11.6 9.3 3.0 

Memphis, TN 178 126 132 123 102 43.1 30.5 31.8 28.7 23.8 

Miami, FL 33 20 58 86 145 3.4 1.9 5.6 7.9 13.3 

Milwaukee, WI 38 36 22 22 6 8.8 8.3 5.1 4.9 1.3 

Minneapolis, MN 9 2 3 6 11 4.8 1.1 1.7 3.2

Nashville, TN 106 117 148 117 47 41.7 46.2 58.9 42.4 17.0 

New Orleans, LA 75 64 27 14 13 34.5 29.7 12.6 6.2 5.7 

New York City, NY 60 63 102 107 263 1.7 1.8 2.9 2.8 6.9 

Newark, NJ 14 13 12 19 37 10.4 9.7 8.9 13.3 25.9 

Norfolk, VA 19 20 13 23 15 16.1 18.9 11.2 19.2 12.5 

Oakland, CA 7 6 8 8 22 1.1 1.0 1.3 1.2

Oklahoma City, OK 24 35 72 43 17 11.3 17.9 36.6 20.8 8.2 

Omaha, NE 1 3 3 1 2 0.5 1.4 1.4 0.4

Philadelphia, PA 65 59 48 42 55 9.6 8.9 7.3 6.0 7.8 

Phoenix, AZ 87 109 133 97 109 6.5 7.9 9.4 6.3 7.1 

Pittsburgh, PA 1 0 2 1 6 0.2 0.0 0.3 0.2

Portland, OR 2 3 2 7 8 0.8 1.2 0.8 2.7

Richmond, VA 28 14 6 3 6 32.1 16.0 7.0 3.3 6.5 

Rochester, NY 1 3 0 1 1 0.9 2.6 0.0 0.8

Sacramento, CA 2 1 1 0 3 0.4 0.2 0.2 0.0

San Antonio, TX 15 18 20 44 47 2.3 2.8 3.0 6.5 6.9 

San Diego, CA 18 17 19 21 21 1.3 1.2 1.3 1.5 1.5 

San Francisco, CA 44 21 28 48 137 12.2 5.7 7.6 12.2 34.7 

San Jose, CA 5 2 3 2 9 0.6 0.2 0.4 0.2

Seattle, WA 5 32 63 46 40 0.6 3.9 7.7 5.3 4.6 

St Louis, MO 28 33 23 8 9 17.9 21.2 15.0 4.9 5.5 

St Paul, MN 0 1 1 1 4 0.0 0.8 0.8 0.7

St Petersburg, FL 4 4 2 4 9 1.0 1.0 0.5 0.9

Tampa, FL 13 12 8 10 9 2.9 2.7 1.7 2.0 1.8 

Toledo, OH 3 4 1 2 1 1.4 1.9 0.5 0.9

Tucson, AZ 7 6 7 6 17 1.8 1.6 1.8 1.5

Tulsa, OK 4 8 23 4 4 2.1 4.4 12.4 2.1 2.1 

Washington, DC 59 47 21 27 35 23.8 19.2 8.6 10.0 13.0 

Wichita, KS 12 2 3 1 3 5.6 0.9 1.4 0.4

Yonkers, NY 2 0 1 1 1 2.2 0.0 1.1 1.1

U.S. CITY TOTAL1 2,358 2,027 2,152 1,982 2,513 7.0 5.9 6.3 5.5 7.0 

San Juan, PR 58 41 27 36 30 14.8 8.2 5.3 7.4 6.1 

TOTAL 2,416 2,068 2,179 2,018 2,543 7.1 6.0 6.2 5.5 7.0 

0.4 

2.6 

2.6 

0.0 

0.2 

0.0 

0.4 

4.6 

0.6 

3.1 

2.3 

2.5 

1.4 

5.8 

3.4 

0.9 

1.0 

3.1 

0.8 

0.5 

1.1 

2.9 

2.1 

0.5 

4.1 

1.3 

1.1 

1

Cases reported with unknown sex are not included in this table. 

118 Syphilis Tables STD Surveillance 2001 
Table 34. Primary and secondary syphilis — Reported cases and rates per 100,000 population by age and sex: 

United States, 1997–2001 

Year Age 

Group 

Cases 

Total Male Female 

Rates 

Total Male Female 

10-14 43 4 39 0.2 0.0 0.4 

15-19 778 255 523 4.1 2.6 5.7 

20-24 1,318 619 699 7.5 6.9 8.2 

25-29 1,435 721 714 7.6 7.6 7.6 

30-34 1,477 761 716 7.1 7.4 6.9 

1997 35-39 1,407 780 627 6.2 6.9 5.5 

40-44 944 628 317 4.4 5.9 2.9 

45-54 771 565 205 2.3 3.4 1.2 

55-64 256 224 32 1.2 2.2 0.3 

65+ 107 99 8 0.3 0.7 0.0 

TOTAL 8,548 4,660 3,888 3.2 3.6 2.8 

10-14 39 5 34 0.2 0.1 0.4 

15-19 612 193 418 3.1 1.9 4.4 

20-24 1,030 509 521 5.8 5.7 6.0 

25-29 1,029 508 521 5.5 5.5 5.6 

30-34 1,179 626 553 5.8 6.3 5.4 

1998 35-39 1,178 683 494 5.2 6.1 4.3 

40-44 831 533 298 3.8 4.9 2.7 

45-54 780 577 203 2.3 3.4 1.1 

55-64 232 194 37 1.0 1.8 0.3 

65+ 102 86 16 0.3 0.6 0.1 

TOTAL 7,018 3,918 3,100 2.6 3.0 2.2 

10-14 25 2 23 0.1 0.0 0.2 

15-19 522 183 340 2.6 1.8 3.5 

20-24 963 510 452 5.3 5.6 5.1 

25-29 992 508 483 5.4 5.6 5.3 

30-34 1,084 589 495 5.5 6.0 5.0 

1999 35-39 1,153 676 477 5.1 6.0 4.2 

40-44 808 537 271 3.6 4.9 2.4 

45-54 753 572 181 2.1 3.3 1.0 

55-64 228 188 40 1.0 1.7 0.3 

65+ 74 65 9 0.2 0.5 0.0 

TOTAL 6,613 3,833 2,780 2.4 2.9 2.0 

10-14 23 4 19 0.1 0.0 0.2 

15-19 457 162 295 2.3 1.6 3.0 

20-24 881 419 462 4.6 4.3 5.0 

25-29 902 527 376 4.7 5.4 3.9 

30-34 957 553 404 4.7 5.4 4.0 

2000 35-39 1,006 606 400 4.4 5.3 3.5 

40-44 782 502 280 3.5 4.5 2.5 

45-54 706 528 178 1.9 2.9 0.9 

55-64 179 157 22 0.7 1.3 0.2 

65+ 76 68 8 0.2 0.5 0.0 

TOTAL 5,973 3,528 2,445 2.1 2.6 1.7 

10-14 19 2 17 0.1 0.0 0.2 

15-19 387 142 245 1.9 1.4 2.5 

20-24 836 482 354 4.4 5.0 3.8 

25-29 876 583 293 4.5 5.9 3.1 

30-34 964 660 304 4.7 6.4 3.0 

2001 35-39 1,146 818 328 5.0 7.2 2.9 

40-44 808 587 221 3.6 5.3 2.0 

45-54 805 632 173 2.1 3.4 0.9 

55-64 193 167 26 0.8 1.4 0.2 

65+ 64 57 7 0.2 0.4 0.0 

TOTAL 6,100 4,132 1,968 2.2 3.0 1.4 

NOTE: This table should be used only for age comparisons. This is because, if age was not specified, cases were prorated according to the 

distribution of cases for which age was known. Differences between total cases from this table and others in the report are due to different reporting 

forms. The 0 to 9 year age group is not shown because some of these may not be due to sexual transmission; however, they are included in the 

totals. 

STD Surveillance 2001 Syphilis Tables 119 
Table 35A. Primary and secondary syphilis — Reported cases by age, sex, and race/ethnicity: United States, 

1997–2001 

Age 

Group Total 

Total 

Male Female 

White, Non-Hispanic 

Total Male Female 

Black, Non-Hispanic 

Total Male Female Total 

Hispanic 

Male Female 

Asian/Pacific Islander 

Total Male Female 

American Indian/ 

Alaska Native 

Total Male Female 

10-14 43 4 39 4 0 4 36 3 33 3 1 2 0 0 0 0 0 0 

15-19 778 255 523 70 16 54 649 214 435 55 24 31 3 1 2 1 0 1 

20-24 1,318 619 699 110 44 66 1,115 517 598 80 54 27 6 1 5 7 3 4 

199725-29 

30-34 

35-39 

1,435 

1,477 

1,407 

721 

761 

780 

714 

716 

627 

142 66 76 

161 73 88 

196 100 97 

1,180 569 611 

1,229 632 597 

1,153 639 514 

102 

74 

50 

77 

52 

38 

26 

23 

12 

4 4 0 

7 3 4 

3 2 1 

7 5 2 

6 2 4 

5 2 3 

40-44 944 628 317 107 75 32 787 522 265 38 24 14 5 2 3 7 5 2 

45-54 771 565 205 107 82 26 622 456 166 30 20 10 4 2 2 7 5 2 

55-64 256 224 32 52 44 8 186 162 24 17 17 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 

65+ 107 99 8 25 24 1 74 67 7 9 9 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 

TOTAL 8,548 4,660 3,888 975 523 453 7,040 3,785 3,255 459 315 145 33 15 17 41 23 18 

10-14 39 5 34 4 0 4 34 5 29 1 0 1 0 0 0 0 0 0 

15-19 612 193 418 54 11 43 504 163 342 43 16 27 3 0 3 7 3 4 

20-24 1,029 509 521 105 30 75 835 418 417 73 52 21 5 3 2 11 6 5 

199825-29 

30-34 

35-39 

1,028 

1,179 

1,178 

508 

626 

683 

520 

553 

494 

130 50 79 

146 77 69 

172 104 68 

782 383 398 

949 484 465 

927 523 404 

100 

65 

65 

65 

54 

46 

35 

11 

18 

5 4 1 

9 7 2 

7 6 1 

12 5 7 

9 4 5 

7 4 3 

40-44 831 533 298 129 95 35 653 404 250 40 30 10 3 2 1 5 3 2 

45-54 780 577 203 123 102 20 610 439 171 45 35 10 1 1 0 1 0 1 

55-64 232 194 37 51 48 3 161 129 32 16 14 2 2 2 0 2 2 0 

65+ 102 86 16 21 18 3 71 60 11 9 7 2 0 0 0 1 1 0 

TOTAL 7,018 3,918 3,100 936 536 400 5,534 3,009 2,524 457 319 138 36 26 10 56 29 28 

10-14 25 2 23 3 1 2 21 1 20 1 0 1 0 0 0 0 0 0 

15-19 522 182 340 49 16 32 421 139 282 44 24 19 1 1 0 8 2 6 

20-24 963 510 452 120 46 74 717 381 336 110 75 35 5 3 2 10 5 5 

199925-29 

30-34 

35-39 

991 

1,084 

1,153 

508 

589 

677 

482 

496 

476 

137 67 70 

168 98 70 

189 112 77 

741 364 376 

801 411 390 

883 501 382 

94 

97 

69 

67 

73 

56 

26 

24 

12 

7 7 0 

12 6 6 

4 4 0 

11 2 9 

6 1 5 

8 3 5 

40-44 808 538 271 142 98 44 601 390 211 56 46 9 8 3 4 2 0 2 

45-54 753 572 181 139 96 43 561 430 130 42 36 6 5 5 0 6 4 2 

55-64 228 188 40 53 41 12 151 129 22 22 16 5 1 0 1 1 1 0 

65+ 74 65 9 24 22 2 46 39 7 4 4 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 

TOTAL 6,612 3,833 2,779 1,026 598 428 4,950 2,788 2,163 538 399 139 43 30 13 54 18 36 

10-14 23 4 19 2 0 2 20 4 16 0 0 0 0 0 0 1 0 1 

15-19 457 162 295 47 11 35 365 129 236 41 21 19 1 0 1 4 1 3 

20-24 881 419 462 110 40 70 653 310 344 101 66 35 4 1 3 13 3 10 

200025-29 

30-34 

35-39 

902 

957 

1,006 

527 

553 

606 

376 

404 

400 

146 93 53 

182 119 62 

216 143 72 

631 338 293 

665 350 314 

664 374 291 

108 

94 

113 

82 

72 

81 

27 

22 

32 

8 7 1 

12 10 2 

5 4 1 

9 7 2 

5 2 3 

7 3 4 

40-44 782 502 280 173 118 55 550 341 209 51 38 13 2 2 0 5 3 2 

45-54 706 528 178 145 114 31 511 375 136 43 32 11 4 4 0 4 4 0 

55-64 179 157 22 42 40 2 124 106 18 11 10 1 0 0 0 2 1 1 

65+ 76 68 8 21 19 2 50 44 6 3 3 0 1 1 0 1 1 0 

TOTAL 5,972 3,527 2,445 1,083 698 385 4,233 2,369 1,864 567 405 162 37 29 8 52 26 26 

10-14 19 2 17 0 0 0 17 1 16 2 1 1 0 0 0 0 0 0 

15-19 387 142 245 32 13 19 290 97 193 59 29 29 2 1 1 4 2 2 

20-24 836 482 354 114 72 42 562 296 266 138 105 34 6 5 1 15 4 11 

2001

25-29 

30-34 

35-39 

876 

964 

1,146 

583 

660 

818 

293 

304 

328 

152 121 31 

236 192 44 

332 281 51 

554 323 231 

563 330 233 

653 397 255 

140 

137 

134 

115 

117 

120 

26 

20 

13 

13 13 0 

12 12 0 

15 14 1 

18 11 6 

17 9 7 

13 5 7 

40-44 808 587 221 227 193 34 505 335 170 59 48 11 2 2 0 15 10 5 

45-54 805 632 173 220 196 24 513 377 137 61 52 9 4 3 1 6 4 2 

55-64 193 167 26 51 48 3 121 100 21 18 16 2 2 2 0 2 2 0 

65+ 64 57 7 23 22 1 36 30 6 4 4 0 0 0 0 1 1 0 

TOTAL 6,100 4,132 1,968 1,387 1,138 249 3,813 2,286 1,527 754 607 146 55 51 4 90 49 41 

NOTE: These tables should be used only for race/ethnicity comparisons, not for age, sex or overall totals. This is because, if age or race/ethnicity was not 

specified, cases were prorated according to the distribution of cases for which these variables were specified. For the following years, the states listed did 

not report age and/or race/ethnicity for most cases and were excluded: 1997 (ID, NJ, NY); 1998 (ID, NJ); 1999 (NH). Cases and population denominators 

have been excluded for these states/areas. Differences between total cases from this table and others in the report are due to different reporting forms 

and above exclusions. The 0 to 9 year age group is not shown because some of these may not be due to sexual transmission; however, they are included 

in the totals. 

120 Syphilis Tables STD Surveillance 2001 
Table 35B. Primary and secondary syphilis — Reported rates per 100,000 population by age, sex, and 

race/ethnicity: United States, 1997–2001 

Age 

Group Total 

Total 

Male Female 

White, Non-Hispanic 

Total Male Female 

Black, Non-Hispanic 

Total Male Female Total 

Hispanic 

Male Female 

Asian/Pacific Islander 

Total Male Female 

American Indian/ 

Alaska Native 

Total Male Female 

10-14 0.2 0.0 0.4 0.0 0.0 0.1 1.3 0.2 2.4 0.1 0.1 0.2 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 

15-19 4.1 2.6 5.7 0.5 0.2 0.9 23.0 14.9 31.3 2.1 1.7 2.6 0.4 0.3 0.6 0.5 0.0 1.1 

20-24 7.5 6.9 8.2 0.9 0.7 1.2 45.2 42.5 47.9 3.1 3.8 2.3 0.9 0.3 1.4 4.6 3.9 5.3 

25-29 

30-34 

35-39 

7.6 

7.1 

6.2 

7.6 

7.4 

6.9 

7.6 

6.9 

5.5 

1.1 1.0 1.2 

1.1 1.0 1.2 

1.2 1.2 1.2 

47.6 48.2 47.1 

47.1 51.8 42.9 

42.4 50.3 35.5 

4.0 

2.8 

2.1 

5.5 

3.6 

3.0 

2.2 

1.8 

1.1 

0.5 1.0 0.0 

0.9 0.8 0.9 

0.4 0.5 0.2 

4.6 6.4 2.7 

1997

4.1 2.7 5.4 

3.3 2.7 3.9 

40-44 4.4 5.9 2.9 0.7 0.9 0.4 31.9 45.5 20.1 1.9 2.4 1.5 0.6 0.6 0.7 5.0 7.4 2.7 

45-54 2.3 3.4 1.2 0.4 0.6 0.2 18.1 29.5 8.8 1.2 1.5 0.8 0.4 0.4 0.3 3.4 5.1 1.9 

55-64 1.2 2.2 0.3 0.3 0.5 0.1 8.7 17.6 2.0 1.2 2.4 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 

65+ 0.3 0.7 0.0 0.1 0.2 0.0 2.7 6.3 0.4 0.5 1.2 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 

TOTAL 3.2 3.6 2.8 0.5 0.5 0.5 21.8 24.8 19.1 1.6 2.1 1.0 0.3 0.3 0.4 2.1 2.3 1.8 

10-14 0.2 0.1 0.4 0.0 0.0 0.1 1.2 0.3 2.1 0.0 0.0 0.1 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 

15-19 3.1 1.9 4.4 0.4 0.2 0.7 17.5 11.2 24.1 1.6 1.2 2.0 0.4 0.0 0.8 3.7 3.2 4.3 

20-24 5.8 5.7 6.0 0.9 0.5 1.3 33.4 33.9 33.0 2.8 3.8 1.7 0.7 0.9 0.6 7.1 7.7 6.5 

25-29 

30-34 

35-39 

5.5 

5.8 

5.2 

5.5 

6.3 

6.1 

5.6 

5.4 

4.3 

1.0 0.8 1.3 

1.0 1.1 1.0 

1.1 1.3 0.8 

31.4 32.3 30.6 

36.9 40.3 33.9 

33.9 40.9 27.7 

3.9 

2.5 

2.6 

5.0 

3.9 

3.6 

2.8 

0.9 

1.5 

0.6 1.0 0.2 

1.1 1.8 0.4 

0.8 1.5 0.2 

7.7 6.3 9.1 

1998

6.2 5.5 6.9 

4.6 5.3 3.9 

40-44 3.8 4.9 2.7 0.8 1.2 0.4 25.6 34.0 18.3 1.9 2.9 1.0 0.4 0.5 0.2 3.5 4.4 2.7 

45-54 2.3 3.4 1.1 0.5 0.8 0.2 17.0 27.2 8.7 1.6 2.6 0.7 0.1 0.2 0.0 0.5 0.0 0.9 

55-64 1.0 1.8 0.3 0.3 0.5 0.0 7.3 13.6 2.6 1.0 1.9 0.2 0.3 0.6 0.0 1.6 3.3 0.0 

65+ 0.3 0.6 0.1 0.1 0.1 0.0 2.6 5.6 0.7 0.5 1.0 0.2 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.7 1.7 0.0 

TOTAL 2.6 3.0 2.2 0.5 0.6 0.4 16.9 19.4 14.6 1.5 2.1 0.9 0.4 0.5 0.2 2.8 2.9 2.7 

10-14 0.1 0.0 0.2 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.7 0.1 1.4 0.0 0.0 0.1 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 

15-19 2.7 1.8 3.6 0.4 0.2 0.5 14.6 9.4 19.8 1.6 1.7 1.4 0.1 0.3 0.0 4.2 2.1 6.4 

20-24 5.4 5.6 5.1 1.0 0.8 1.3 28.0 30.2 26.0 4.1 5.4 2.7 0.7 0.9 0.6 6.5 6.4 6.6 

25-29 

30-34 

35-39 

5.5 

5.5 

5.1 

5.6 

6.1 

6.1 

5.3 

5.0 

4.2 

1.1 1.1 1.2 

1.2 1.5 1.0 

1.2 1.4 1.0 

29.9 30.9 29.1 

31.8 34.9 29.1 

32.2 39.0 26.1 

3.6 

3.6 

2.7 

5.1 

5.3 

4.2 

2.1 

1.9 

1.0 

0.9 1.9 0.0 

1.3 1.5 1.2 

0.5 1.0 0.0 

7.2 2.5 12.0 

1999

4.3 1.4 7.1 

5.3 4.0 6.7 

40-44 3.6 4.9 2.4 0.9 1.2 0.5 23.0 31.9 15.1 2.6 4.2 0.9 0.9 0.8 1.0 1.4 0.0 2.8 

45-54 2.1 3.3 1.0 0.5 0.7 0.3 14.9 25.3 6.3 1.4 2.5 0.4 0.4 0.8 0.0 2.8 3.8 1.8 

55-64 1.0 1.7 0.3 0.3 0.5 0.1 6.7 13.3 1.7 1.3 2.1 0.6 0.2 0.0 0.3 0.8 1.6 0.0 

65+ 0.2 0.5 0.0 0.1 0.2 0.0 1.7 3.6 0.4 0.2 0.5 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 

TOTAL 2.4 2.9 2.0 0.5 0.6 0.4 15.0 17.8 12.4 1.7 2.5 0.9 0.4 0.6 0.3 2.7 1.9 3.5 

10-14 0.1 0.0 0.2 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.6 0.3 1.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.5 0.0 1.0 

15-19 2.3 1.6 3.0 0.4 0.2 0.6 12.4 8.7 16.2 1.3 1.3 1.3 0.1 0.0 0.3 2.0 1.0 3.1 

20-24 4.6 4.3 5.0 0.9 0.7 1.2 24.8 24.2 25.4 3.0 3.5 2.3 0.5 0.2 0.7 8.0 3.7 12.4 

25-29 

30-34 

35-39 

4.7 

4.7 

4.4 

5.4 

5.4 

5.3 

3.9 

4.0 

3.5 

1.2 1.5 0.9 

1.3 1.7 0.9 

1.4 1.8 0.9 

24.8 27.9 21.9 

25.4 28.3 22.8 

23.5 28.1 19.4 

3.2 

3.0 

4.0 

4.5 

4.3 

5.5 

1.7 

1.5 

2.3 

0.8 1.4 0.2 

1.1 1.9 0.4 

0.5 0.9 0.2 

6.0 9.3 2.6 

2000

3.3 2.7 3.9 

4.2 3.7 4.6 

40-44 3.5 4.5 2.5 1.1 1.4 0.7 20.4 26.9 14.6 2.2 3.2 1.2 0.2 0.5 0.0 3.1 3.9 2.4 

45-54 1.9 2.9 0.9 0.5 0.8 0.2 12.5 19.9 6.2 1.4 2.1 0.7 0.3 0.6 0.0 1.6 3.3 0.0 

55-64 0.7 1.3 0.2 0.2 0.4 0.0 5.2 10.0 1.4 0.6 1.3 0.1 0.0 0.0 0.0 1.4 1.4 1.3 

65+ 0.2 0.5 0.0 0.1 0.2 0.0 1.8 4.1 0.3 0.2 0.4 0.0 0.1 0.3 0.0 0.8 1.9 0.0 

TOTAL 2.1 2.6 1.7 0.5 0.7 0.4 12.2 14.4 10.2 1.6 2.2 0.9 0.3 0.5 0.1 2.4 2.4 2.4 

10-14 0.1 0.0 0.2 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.5 0.1 1.0 0.1 0.1 0.1 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 

15-19 1.9 1.4 2.5 0.2 0.2 0.3 9.9 6.5 13.3 1.8 1.7 2.0 0.3 0.3 0.3 2.1 2.1 2.1 

20-24 4.4 5.0 3.8 1.0 1.2 0.7 21.4 23.1 19.7 4.1 5.6 2.2 0.7 1.1 0.2 9.3 4.9 13.9 

25-29 

30-34 

35-39 

4.5 

4.7 

5.0 

5.9 

6.4 

7.2 

3.1 

3.0 

2.9 

1.2 2.0 0.5 

1.7 2.8 0.6 

2.1 3.5 0.6 

21.7 26.7 17.3 

21.5 26.6 16.9 

23.1 29.9 17.0 

4.1 

4.4 

4.7 

6.3 

7.0 

8.2 

1.6 

1.4 

1.0 

1.2 2.4 0.0 

1.1 2.4 0.0 

1.5 3.0 0.2 

11.4 14.8 8.0 

2001

10.7 12.2 9.2 

7.3 6.3 8.1 

40-44 3.6 5.3 2.0 1.4 2.4 0.4 18.7 26.4 11.9 2.6 4.0 1.0 0.2 0.5 0.0 8.9 12.0 6.1 

45-54 2.1 3.4 0.9 0.8 1.4 0.2 12.6 20.0 6.2 2.0 3.3 0.6 0.3 0.5 0.1 2.4 3.4 1.6 

55-64 0.8 1.4 0.2 0.3 0.5 0.0 5.1 9.4 1.6 1.0 1.9 0.2 0.3 0.5 0.0 1.4 3.0 0.0 

65+ 0.2 0.4 0.0 0.1 0.2 0.0 1.3 2.8 0.3 0.2 0.6 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.8 1.8 0.0 

TOTAL 2.2 3.0 1.4 0.7 1.2 0.2 11.0 13.8 8.4 2.1 3.3 0.9 0.5 1.0 0.1 4.2 4.7 3.8 

NOTE: These tables should be used only for race/ethnicity comparisons, not for age, sex or overall totals. This is because, if age or race/ethnicity was not 

specified, cases were prorated according to the distribution of cases for which these variables were specified. For the following years, the states listed did 

not report age and/or race/ethnicity for most cases and were excluded: 1997 (ID, NJ, NY); 1998 (ID, NJ); 1999 (NH). Cases and population denominators 

have been excluded for these states/areas. Differences between total cases from this table and others in the report are due to different reporting forms 

and above exclusions. The 0 to 9 year age group is not shown because some of these may not be due to sexual transmission; however, they are included 

in the totals. 

STD Surveillance 2001 Syphilis Tables 121 
Table 36. Early latent syphilis — Reported cases and rates by state/area and region listed in alphabetical 

order: United States and outlying areas, 1997–2001 

State/Area 

Cases Rates per 100,000 Population 

1997 1998 1999 2000 2001 1997 1998 1999 2000 2001 

Alabama 623 440 367 219 192 14.4 10.1 8.4 4.9 4.3 

Alaska 0 0 1 1 0 0.0 0.0 0.2 0.2

Arizona 201 206 290 248 266 4.4 4.4 6.1 4.8 5.2 

Arkansas 237 185 123 117 60 9.4 7.3 4.8 4.4 2.2 

California 961 783 591 353 408 3.0 2.4 1.8 1.0 1.2 

Colorado 13 10 6 7 14 0.3 0.3 0.1 0.2 0.3 

Connecticut 86 37 12 9 20 2.6 1.1 0.4 0.3 0.6 

Delaware 37 44 16 10 18 5.1 5.9 2.1 1.3 2.3 

Florida 1,179 1,092 1,085 1,165 947 8.0 7.3 7.2 7.3 5.9 

Georgia 1,085 740 729 521 703 14.5 9.7 9.4 6.4 8.6

Hawaii 0 0 1 3 7 0.0 0.0 0.1 0.2

Idaho 5 0 1 0 0 0.4 0.0 0.1 0.0

Illinois 1,032 596 639 382 386 8.7 4.9 5.3 3.1 3.1 

Indiana 169 121 172 184 120 2.9 2.1 2.9 3.0 2.0 

Iowa 27 20 4 8 6 0.9 0.7 0.1 0.3

Kansas 58 39 19 9 18 2.2 1.5 0.7 0.3 0.7 

Kentucky 122 101 81 62 38 3.1 2.6 2.0 1.5 0.9 

Louisiana 550 446 404 231 194 12.6 10.2 9.2 5.2 4.3 

Maine 2 0 0 0 3 0.2 0.0 0.0 0.0

Maryland 1,218 848 610 518 362 23.9 16.5 11.8 9.8 6.8 

Massachusetts 127 104 65 83 64 2.1 1.7 1.1 1.3 1.0 

Michigan 354 261 302 406 368 3.6 2.7 3.1 4.1 3.7 

Minnesota 21 8 9 18 16 0.4 0.2 0.2 0.4 0.3 

Mississippi 962 650 553 409 329 35.2 23.6 20.0 14.4 11.6 

Missouri 202 165 99 52 33 3.7 3.0 1.8 0.9 0.6 

Montana 4 0 2 0 0 0.5 0.0 0.2 0.0

Nebraska 5 3 6 1 1 0.3 0.2 0.4 0.1

Nevada 24 38 28 9 7 1.4 2.2 1.5 0.5 0.4 

New Hampshire 0 1 1 0 2 0.0 0.1 0.1 0.0

New Jersey 236 231 99 109 234 2.9 2.8 1.2 1.3 2.8 

New Mexico 8 8 2 25 18 0.5 0.5 0.1 1.4 1.0 

New York 763 679 700 467 566 4.2 3.7 3.8 2.5 3.0 

North Carolina 879 846 740 618 483 11.8 11.2 9.7 7.7 6.0 

North Dakota 0 0 0 1 0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.2

Ohio 331 227 168 119 100 3.0 2.0 1.5 1.0 0.9 

Oklahoma 179 158 249 128 121 5.4 4.7 7.4 3.7 3.5 

Oregon 14 7 6 19 9 0.4 0.2 0.2 0.6 0.3 

Pennsylvania 668 424 414 278 260 5.6 3.5 3.5 2.3 2.1 

Rhode Island 7 0 1 1 1 0.7 0.0 0.1 0.1

South Carolina 481 383 407 394 394 12.8 10.0 10.5 9.8 9.8 

South Dakota 2 0 1 0 0 0.3 0.0 0.1 0.0

Tennessee 984 659 647 627 553 18.3 12.1 11.8 11.0 9.7 

Texas 1,863 1,480 1,273 1,171 964 9.6 7.5 6.4 5.6 4.6 

Utah 2 3 5 10 0 0.1 0.1 0.2 0.4 0.0 

Vermont 0 2 0 0 1 0.0 0.3 0.0 0.0

Virginia 379 230 212 140 133 5.6 3.4 3.1 2.0 1.9 

Washington 13 16 17 20 19 0.2 0.3 0.3 0.3 0.3 

West Virginia 1 2 3 3 1 0.1 0.1 0.2 0.2

Wisconsin 169 115 90 72 43 3.3 2.2 1.7 1.3 0.8 

Wyoming 0 0 0 0 0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0

U.S. TOTAL1 16,631 12,696 11,534 9,465 8,701 6.2 4.7 4.2 3.4 3.1 

Northeast 1,889 1,478 1,292 947 1,151 3.7 2.9 2.5 1.8 2.1 

Midwest 2,370 1,555 1,509 1,252 1,091 3.8 2.5 2.4 1.9 1.7 

South 11,127 8,592 7,783 6,571 5,711 11.8 9.0 8.1 6.6 5.7 

West 1,245 1,071 950 695 748 2.1 1.8 1.6 1.1 1.2 

Guam 

Puerto Rico 

Virgin Islands 

0

679 

8 

0

659 

28 

0

680 

12 

1

663 

5 

2 

600 

8 

0.0 

17.7 

7.3 

0.0 

17.1 

25.5 

0.0 

17.5 

10.6 

0.6

17.4 

4.6 

15.8 

7.4 

OUTLYING AREAS 687 687 692 669 610 16.8 16.6 16.6 16.4 15.0 

TOTAL 17,318 13,383 12,226 10,134 9,311 6.4 4.9 4.4 3.5 3.3 

0.0 

0.6 

0.0 

0.2 

0.2 

0.0 

0.1 

0.2 

0.0 

0.1 

0.0 

0.2 

0.1 

0.0 

1.3 

1

Includes cases reported by Washington, D.C. 

122 Syphilis Tables STD Surveillance 2001 
Table 37. Early latent syphilis — Reported cases and rates in selected cities of >200,000 population listed in 

alphabetical order: United States and outlying areas, 1997–2001 

City 

Cases Rates per 100,000 Population 

1997 1998 1999 2000 2001 1997 1998 1999 2000 2001 

Akron, OH 0 4 6 1 2 0.0 0.7 1.1 0.2

Albuquerque, NM 6 5 2 19 8 1.1 1.0 0.4 3.4 1.4 

Atlanta, GA 367 303 241 173 398 50.8 41.0 32.4 21.2 48.8 

Austin, TX 33 19 23 27 31 4.8 2.7 3.2 3.3 3.8 

Baltimore, MD 975 646 472 384 257 148.3 100.1 74.6 59.0 39.5 

Birmingham, AL 225 95 103 62 35 34.2 14.4 15.7 9.4 5.3 

Boston, MA 62 60 41 29 26 11.1 10.8 7.4 4.8 4.3 

Buffalo, NY 5 2 1 1 0 1.6 0.6 0.3 0.3

Charlotte, NC 86 97 99 63 69 14.0 15.4 15.3 9.1 9.9 

Chicago, IL 918 518 521 292 298 31.5 17.4 17.5 9.5 9.7 

Cincinnati, OH 26 11 5 2 2 3.1 1.3 0.6 0.2

Cleveland, OH 164 98 63 29 31 11.8 7.1 4.6 2.1 2.2 

Columbus, OH 34 42 34 32 33 3.3 4.1 3.3 3.0 3.1 

Corpus Christi, TX 6 13 9 3 1 1.9 4.1 2.9 1.0

Dallas, TX 306 405 384 361 247 15.1 19.7 18.6 16.3 11.1 

Dayton, OH 28 5 5 2 4 5.0 0.9 0.9 0.4

Denver, CO 7 7 4 1 4 1.4 1.4 0.8 0.2

Des Moines, IA 19 11 2 6 4 5.4 3.1 0.5 1.6

Detroit, MI 254 180 223 328 293 23.3 14.3 17.8 26.7 23.9 

El Paso, TX 34 14 9 11 14 4.8 2.0 1.3 1.6 2.1 

Fort Worth, TX 192 121 66 80 60 14.5 8.9 4.8 5.5 4.1 

Honolulu, HI 0 0 1 1 4 0.0 0.0 0.1 0.1

Houston, TX 528 367 248 134 137 16.7 11.4 7.6 3.9 4.0 

Indianapolis, IN 33 44 102 125 82 4.1 5.4 12.6 14.5 9.5 

Jacksonville, FL 81 69 37 46 54 11.1 9.4 5.0 5.9 6.9 

Jersey City, NJ 10 2 1 1 6 4.6 0.9 0.5 0.4

Kansas City, MO 6 6 16 4 1 1.3 1.3 3.5 0.9 0.2 

Los Angeles, CA 649 525 330 187 203 7.6 6.1 3.8 2.1 2.3 

Louisville, KY 66 64 38 40 20 9.8 9.5 5.6 5.8 2.9 

Memphis, TN 591 382 338 325 356 68.2 44.0 38.7 36.2 39.7 

Miami, FL 427 242 294 329 221 20.9 11.2 13.5 14.6 9.8 

Milwaukee, WI 140 94 84 55 35 15.4 10.3 9.3 5.9 3.7 

Minneapolis, MN 14 5 7 11 8 3.7 1.4 1.9 2.9 2.1 

Nashville, TN 173 148 201 173 137 32.4 27.7 37.9 30.4 24.0 

New Orleans, LA 119 84 65 32 31 25.4 18.0 14.1 6.6 6.4 

New York City, NY 670 645 659 447 548 9.1 8.7 8.9 5.6 6.8 

Newark, NJ 30 56 23 58 74 10.5 19.7 8.1 19.3 24.6 

Norfolk, VA 87 50 34 23 25 37.9 23.2 15.1 9.8 10.7 

Oakland, CA 33 25 22 4 12 2.6 2.0 1.7 0.3 0.9 

Oklahoma City, OK 50 70 147 86 73 11.3 17.2 35.9 20.2 17.2 

Omaha, NE 2 3 2 1 0 0.5 0.7 0.4 0.2

Philadelphia, PA 648 407 394 261 248 44.6 28.3 27.8 17.2 16.3 

Phoenix, AZ 189 193 266 220 243 7.0 6.9 9.3 7.2 7.9 

Pittsburgh, PA 2 1 1 1 4 0.2 0.1 0.1 0.1

Portland, OR 8 5 5 12 7 1.6 1.0 1.0 2.3 1.3 

Richmond, VA 58 36 34 18 28 30.1 18.5 17.9 9.1 14.2 

Rochester, NY 9 9 2 0 1 3.7 3.7 0.8 0.0

Sacramento, CA 10 12 3 2 5 0.9 1.0 0.3 0.2

San Antonio, TX 96 63 72 102 120 7.2 4.7 5.2 7.3 8.6 

San Diego, CA 17 21 23 10 16 0.6 0.8 0.8 0.4 0.6 

San Francisco, CA 16 15 14 18 47 2.2 2.0 1.9 2.3 6.1 

San Jose, CA 4 5 11 4 12 0.2 0.3 0.7 0.2 0.7 

Seattle, WA 5 8 6 16 14 0.3 0.5 0.4 0.9 0.8 

St Louis, MO 83 63 40 21 15 24.3 18.6 12.0 6.0 4.3 

St Paul, MN 1 1 1 1 4 0.4 0.4 0.4 0.4

St Petersburg, FL 28 19 15 23 6 3.2 2.2 1.7 2.5 0.7 

Tampa, FL 83 76 51 56 51 9.1 8.2 5.4 5.6 5.1 

Toledo, OH 6 5 5 3 1 1.3 1.1 1.1 0.7

Tucson, AZ 6 6 14 14 8 0.8 0.8 1.7 1.7 0.9 

Tulsa, OK 16 44 40 8 5 4.1 11.6 10.4 2.0 1.3 

Washington, DC 348 288 284 238 219 65.8 55.1 54.7 41.6 38.3 

Wichita, KS 45 13 11 1 7 10.3 2.9 2.4 0.2 1.5 

Yonkers, NY 5 2 2 0 0 2.6 1.0 1.0 0.0

U.S. CITY TOTAL 9,139 6,829 6,256 5,017 4,905 13.1 9.7 8.8 6.8 6.6 

San Juan, PR 305 300 296 250 232 35.0 28.7 28.1 24.5 22.7 

TOTAL 9,444 7,129 6,552 5,267 5,137 13.4 10.0 9.1 7.0 6.9 

0.4 

0.0 

0.2 

0.3 

0.7 

0.7 

1.1 

0.5 

2.5 

0.0 

0.3 

0.4 

0.4 

1.4 

0.2 

0.0 

STD Surveillance 2001 Syphilis Tables 123 
0.1 

Table 38. Late and late latent syphilis — Reported cases and rates by state/area and region listed in 

alphabetical order: United States and outlying areas, 1997–2001 

0.9 

0.0 

0.3 

0.0 

0.7 

0.6 

0.0 

State/Area 

Cases Rates per 100,000 Population 

1997 1998 1999 2000 2001 1997 1998 1999 2000 2001 

Alabama 422 413 443 403 380 9.8 9.5 10.1 9.1 8.5 

Alaska 11 12 11 5 9 1.8 2.0 1.8 0.8 1.4 

Arizona 255 281 307 385 672 5.6 6.0 6.4 7.5 13.1 

Arkansas 121 183 140 130 124 4.8 7.2 5.5 4.9 4.6 

California 2,319 1,637 1,897 2,590 2,038 7.2 5.0 5.7 7.6 6.0 

Colorado 125 100 76 45 111 3.2 2.5 1.9 1.0 2.6 

Connecticut 175 114 97 125 131 5.4 3.5 3.0 3.7 3.8 

Delaware 52 49 46 26 47 7.1 6.6 6.1 3.3 6.0 

Florida 1,198 1,082 1,231 1,150 1,446 8.2 7.3 8.1 7.2 9.0 

Georgia 1,218 749 799 695 850 16.3 9.8 10.3 8.5 10.4 

Hawaii 46 14 7 17 22 3.9 1.2 0.6 1.4 1.8 

Idaho 18 13 11 10 10 1.5 1.1 0.9 0.8 0.8 

Illinois 414 883 851 794 706 3.5 7.3 7.0 6.4 5.7 

Indiana 199 173 173 212 245 3.4 2.9 2.9 3.5 4.0 

Iowa 38 23 24 36 33 1.3 0.8 0.8 1.2 1.1 

Kansas 77 63 62 50 43 3.0 2.4 2.3 1.9 1.6 

Kentucky 141 127 120 103 104 3.6 3.2 3.0 2.5 2.6 

Louisiana 872 767 701 526 426 20.0 17.6 16.0 11.8 9.5 

Maine 9 3 1 6 12 0.7 0.2 0.1 0.5

Maryland 288 616 405 338 305 5.7 12.0 7.8 6.4 5.8 

Massachusetts 524 416 283 296 334 8.6 6.8 4.6 4.7 5.3 

Michigan 258 202 207 232 347 2.6 2.1 2.1 2.3 3.5 

Minnesota 87 58 52 43 83 1.9 1.2 1.1 0.9 1.7 

Mississippi 48 235 147 125 175 1.8 8.5 5.3 4.4 6.2 

Missouri 173 90 191 215 110 3.2 1.7 3.5 3.8 2.0 

Montana 1 0 0 0 0 0.1 0.0 0.0 0.0

Nebraska 26 24 12 4 5 1.6 1.4 0.7 0.2 0.3 

Nevada 85 86 59 38 47 5.1 4.9 3.3 1.9 2.4 

New Hampshire 26 11 14 17 17 2.2 0.9 1.2 1.4 1.4 

New Jersey 696 411 587 599 637 8.6 5.1 7.2 7.1 7.6 

New Mexico 86 54 66 57 36 5.0 3.1 3.8 3.1 2.0 

New York 4,639 4,291 3,201 2,308 2,701 25.6 23.6 17.6 12.2 14.2 

North Carolina 584 540 490 375 475 7.9 7.2 6.4 4.7 5.9 

North Dakota 0 0 0 0 2 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0

Ohio 202 109 98 89 115 1.8 1.0 0.9 0.8 1.0 

Oklahoma 105 97 94 82 102 3.2 2.9 2.8 2.4 3.0 

Oregon 23 19 23 18 26 0.7 0.6 0.7 0.5 0.8 

Pennsylvania 354 367 427 321 362 2.9 3.1 3.6 2.6 2.9 

Rhode Island 75 54 51 33 29 7.6 5.5 5.1 3.1 2.8 

South Carolina 261 198 230 206 268 6.9 5.2 5.9 5.1 6.7 

South Dakota 5 1 1 1 0 0.7 0.1 0.1 0.1

Tennessee 605 515 439 525 580 11.3 9.5 8.0 9.2 10.2 

Texas 2,694 1,930 1,885 1,659 2,145 13.9 9.8 9.4 8.0 10.3 

Utah 50 50 42 46 14 2.4 2.4 2.0 2.1 0.6 

Vermont 1 0 0 0 4 0.2 0.0 0.0 0.0

Virginia 495 334 354 266 287 7.4 4.9 5.2 3.8 4.1 

Washington 107 82 110 85 98 1.9 1.4 1.9 1.4 1.7 

West Virginia 17 6 7 7 1 0.9 0.3 0.4 0.4

Wisconsin 50 58 52 60 64 1.0 1.1 1.0 1.1 1.2 

Wyoming 4 1 0 4 3 0.8 0.2 0.0 0.8

U.S. TOTAL1 20,447 17,743 16,653 15,594 16,976 7.6 6.6 6.1 5.5 6.0 

Northeast 6,499 5,667 4,661 3,705 4,227 12.6 11.0 9.0 6.9 7.9 

Midwest 1,529 1,684 1,723 1,736 1,753 2.4 2.7 2.7 2.7 2.7 

South 9,289 8,043 7,660 6,853 7,910 9.9 8.4 7.9 6.8 7.9 

West 3,130 2,349 2,609 3,300 3,086 5.3 3.9 4.3 5.2 4.9 

Guam 

Puerto Rico 

Virgin Islands 

1 

640 

0 

3 

597 

0 

10 

614 

0 

7 

485 

3 

15 

402 

0 

0.6 

16.7 

0.0 

1.9 

15.5 

0.0 

6.1 

15.8 

0.0 

4.5 

12.7 

2.8

9.7 

10.6 

OUTLYING AREAS 641 600 624 495 417 15.7 14.5 15.0 12.2 10.2 

TOTAL 21,088 18,343 17,277 16,089 17,393 7.8 6.7 6.2 5.6 6.1 

1

Includes cases reported by Washington, D.C. 

124 Syphilis Tables STD Surveillance 2001 
Table 39. Late and late latent syphilis — Reported cases and rates in selected cities of >200,000 population 

listed in alphabetical order: United States and outlying areas, 1997–2001 

City 

Cases Rates per 100,000 Population 

1997 1998 1999 2000 2001 1997 1998 1999 2000 2001 

Akron, OH 0 0 0 1 1 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.2

Albuquerque, NM 41 29 37 33 26 7.8 5.5 7.1 5.9 4.7 

Atlanta, GA 289 120 119 88 168 40.0 16.2 16.0 10.8 20.6 

Austin, TX 57 22 20 24 64 8.2 3.1 2.8 3.0 7.9 

Baltimore, MD 81 331 202 111 57 12.3 51.3 31.9 17.0 8.8 

Birmingham, AL 136 110 149 124 101 20.6 16.7 22.7 18.7 15.3 

Boston, MA 191 155 107 106 113 34.3 27.9 19.2 17.7 18.9 

Buffalo, NY 13 6 4 8 7 4.1 1.9 1.3 2.5

Charlotte, NC 19 44 39 40 31 3.1 7.0 6.0 5.8 4.5 

Chicago, IL 0 494 475 468 444 0.0 16.6 15.9 15.2 14.4 

Cincinnati, OH 33 9 6 12 12 3.9 1.1 0.7 1.4 1.4 

Cleveland, OH 19 20 11 7 5 1.4 1.4 0.8 0.5 0.4 

Columbus, OH 28 17 30 18 52 2.8 1.7 2.9 1.7 4.9 

Corpus Christi, TX 14 13 10 6 8 4.4 4.1 3.2 1.9 2.6 

Dallas, TX 260 187 156 120 326 12.9 9.1 7.6 5.4 14.7 

Dayton, OH 70 28 9 10 12 12.5 5.0 1.6 1.8 2.1 

Denver, CO 57 24 37 18 45 11.4 4.8 7.4 3.2 8.1 

Des Moines, IA 7 6 5 11 10 2.0 1.7 1.4 2.9 2.7 

Detroit, MI 175 131 136 145 257 16.1 10.4 10.9 11.8 21.0 

El Paso, TX 73 65 60 73 78 10.4 9.2 8.5 10.7 11.5 

Fort Worth, TX 62 27 87 85 159 4.7 2.0 6.3 5.9 11.0 

Honolulu, HI 41 14 4 13 16 4.7 1.6 0.5 1.5 1.8 

Houston, TX 1,128 879 755 614 661 35.7 27.4 23.2 18.1 19.4 

Indianapolis, IN 21 30 38 92 87 2.6 3.7 4.7 10.7 10.1

Jacksonville, FL 89 69 30 53 47 12.1 9.4 4.1 6.8 6.0 

Jersey City, NJ 62 28 38 22 26 28.5 12.7 17.4 9.1 10.8 

Kansas City, MO 4 2 41 39 24 0.9 0.4 9.1 8.6 5.3 

Los Angeles, CA 806 557 740 1,496 923 9.4 6.5 8.5 16.8 10.4 

Louisville, KY 56 54 69 51 61 8.4 8.0 10.3 7.4 8.8 

Memphis, TN 473 383 321 297 324 54.6 44.1 36.8 33.1 36.1 

Miami, FL 367 463 409 356 628 17.9 21.5 18.8 15.8 27.9 

Milwaukee, WI 42 62 36 49 43 4.6 6.8 4.0 5.2 4.6 

Minneapolis, MN 27 25 15 14 32 7.0 6.9 4.1 3.6 8.3 

Nashville, TN 36 58 54 145 162 6.7 10.9 10.2 25.4 28.4 

New Orleans, LA 208 157 108 70 46 44.3 33.7 23.4 14.4 9.5 

New York City, NY 4,110 3,881 2,907 2,115 2,442 56.0 52.3 39.1 26.4 30.5 

Newark, NJ 159 82 115 170 237 55.9 28.8 40.6 56.5 78.8 

Norfolk, VA 26 25 30 22 22 11.3 11.6 13.3 9.4 9.4 

Oakland, CA 86 91 92 75 71 6.9 7.1 7.1 5.7 5.4 

Oklahoma City, OK 16 39 34 25 50 3.6 9.6 8.3 5.9 11.8 

Omaha, NE 14 19 3 3 0 3.2 4.3 0.7 0.6

Philadelphia, PA 300 287 355 281 315 20.7 20.0 25.0 18.5 20.8 

Phoenix, AZ 156 187 245 324 546 5.8 6.7 8.6 10.5 17.8 

Pittsburgh, PA 14 11 4 3 4 1.1 0.9 0.3 0.2

Portland, OR 11 8 9 7 13 2.2 1.6 1.8 1.3

Richmond, VA 29 20 17 17 20 15.1 10.3 9.0 8.6 10.1 

Rochester, NY 21 21 13 6 1 8.7 8.7 5.4 2.4 0.4 

Sacramento, CA 36 16 13 20 24 3.2 1.4 1.1 1.6 2.0 

San Antonio, TX 182 143 121 113 167 13.7 10.6 8.8 8.1 12.0 

San Diego, CA 206 135 196 195 103 7.6 4.9 6.9 6.9 3.7 

San Francisco, CA 101 88 84 91 114 13.8 11.8 11.2 11.7 14.7 

San Jose, CA 83 54 40 36 68 5.2 3.3 2.4 2.1 4.0 

Seattle, WA 46 28 51 50 55 2.8 1.7 3.1 2.9 3.2 

St Louis, MO 109 46 69 82 30 31.9 13.6 20.7 23.6 8.6 

St Paul, MN 7 6 3 6 7 2.5 2.2 1.1 2.1

St Petersburg, FL 40 29 18 34 23 4.6 3.3 2.0 3.7 2.5 

Tampa, FL 83 65 41 55 76 9.1 7.0 4.4 5.5 7.6 

Toledo, OH 13 10 10 13 1 2.9 2.2 2.2 2.9 0.2 

Tucson, AZ 34 23 20 14 42 4.4 2.9 2.5 1.7 5.0 

Tulsa, OK 11 14 23 16 12 2.9 3.7 6.0 4.1 3.0 

Washington, DC 168 202 129 237 195 31.8 38.6 24.9 41.4 34.1 

Wichita, KS 22 5 16 7 4 5.0 1.1 3.5 1.5 0.9 

Yonkers, NY 27 17 9 9 12 14.0 8.8 4.6 4.5 6.0 

U.S. CITY TOTAL 11,095 10,171 9,024 8,845 9,710 15.9 14.4 12.7 12.0 13.1 

San Juan, PR 312 293 322 222 178 35.8 28.0 30.6 21.8 17.4 

TOTAL 11,407 10,464 9,346 9,067 9,888 16.2 14.6 13.0 12.1 13.2 

0.2 

2.2 

0.0 

0.3 

2.5 

2.5 

STD Surveillance 2001 Syphilis Tables 125 
Table 40. Congenital syphilis — Reported cases and rates in infants <1 year of age: United States (excluding 

outlying areas), 1963–2001 

Year* Cases Rate per 100,000 Live Births 

1963 367 9.2 

1964 336 8.7 

1965 335 8.9 

1966 333 8.8 

1967 156 4.1 

1968 274 7.3 

1969 264 7.0 

1970 323 8.6 

1971 422 11.9 

1972 360 11.0 

1973 295 9.4 

1974 250 7.9 

1975 169 5.3 

1976 160 5.1 

1977 134 4.0 

1978 104 3.0 

1979 123 3.5 

1980 107 3.0 

1981 160 4.4 

1982 159 4.3 

1983 158 4.3 

1984 247 6.7 

1985 266 7.1 

1986 357 9.5 

1987 444 11.7 

1988 658 16.8 

1989 1,807 44.7 

1990 3,816 91.8 

1991 4,410 107.3 

1992 4,024 99.0 

1993 3,395 84.9 

1994 2,435 61.6 

1995 1,860 47.7 

1996 1,280 32.9 

1997 1,078 27.8 

1998 840 21.3 

1999 575 14.5 

2000 554 14.0 

2001 441 11.1 

*Years 1963-1966 are fiscal years. 

NOTE: The surveillance case definition for congenital syphilis changed in 1988 (see Appendix). As of 1995, cases of congenital syphilis <1 year of 

age are obtained using case reporting form CDC 73.126. Yearly case counts in this table correspond to confirmed diagnoses of congenital syphilis 

among those known to be less than one year of age. As a result, the case counts in this table are a subset of those listed in Table 1 for the years prior 

to 1995. 

126 Syphilis Tables STD Surveillance 2001 
Table 41. Congenital syphilis — Reported cases and rates in infants <1 year of age by state/area, ranked 

by rates: United States, 2001 

Rank2	 State/ Area3 Cases Rate per 100,000 Live Births 

1 Arizona 29 35.7 

2 South Carolina 16 29.1 

3 New Jersey 32 28.0 

4 Illinois 40 22.0 

5 Mississippi 9 21.1 

6 Texas 73 20.9 

7 Florida 37 18.8 

8 Tennessee 14 18.0 

9 North Carolina 19 16.7 

10 Arkansas 6 16.3 

11 Indiana 13 15.1 

12 Georgia 18 14.2 

13 New York 33 12.9 

14 California 59 11.4 

U.S. TOTAL1 441 11.1 

15 Oklahoma 5 10.2 

16 Alabama 6 9.7 

17 Missouri 5 6.6 

18 Maryland 4 5.6 

19 Kansas 2 5.2 

20 Connecticut 2 4.6 

21 Michigan 4 3.0 

22 Wisconsin 2 2.9 

23 Pennsylvania 4 2.8 

24 Massachusetts 2 2.5 

25 Virginia 2 2.1 

26 Kentucky 1 1.8 

27 Colorado 1 1.6 

YEAR 2010 OBJECTIVE	 1.0 

28	 Ohio 1 0.7 

Alaska 0 0.0 

Delaware 0 0.0 

Hawaii 0 0.0 

Idaho 0 0.0 

Iowa 0 0.0 

Louisiana 0 0.0 

Maine 0 0.0 

Minnesota 0 0.0 

Montana 0 0.0 

Nebraska 0 0.0 

Nevada 0 0.0 

New Hampshire 0 0.0 

New Mexico 0 0.0 

North Dakota 0 0.0 

Oregon 0 0.0 

Rhode Island 0 0.0 

South Dakota 0 0.0 

Utah 0 0.0 

Vermont 0 0.0 

Washington 0 0.0 

West Virginia 0 0.0 

Wyoming 0 0.0 

1

Total includes cases reported by Washington, D.C. but excludes outlying areas (Guam with 1 case and rate of 24.9, Puerto Rico with 21 cases and
 

rate of 35.3, and Virgin Islands with 1 case and rate of 59.8).
 

2

States were ranked in descending order by rate, number of cases, and alphabetically by state. States with no cases were not ranked.
 3

Mother’s state of residence used to assign case.
 

STD Surveillance 2001	 Syphilis Tables 127 
Table 42. Congenital syphilis — Reported cases and rates in infants <1 year of age by state/area and region 

listed in alphabetical order: United States and outlying areas, 1997–2001 

State/Area* 

Cases Rates per 100,000 Population 

1997 1998 1999 2000 2001 1997 1998 1999 2000 2001 

Alabama 31 12 7 7 6 50.9 19.3 11.3 11.3 9.7 

Alaska 0 0 0 0 0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0

Arizona 12 25 24 25 29 15.9 32.0 29.6 30.8 35.7 

Arkansas 41 30 14 15 6 112.4 81.4 38.1 40.8 16.3 

California 162 122 88 86 59 30.9 23.4 17.0 16.6 11.4 

Colorado 0 2 1 0 1 0.0 3.4 1.6 0.0 1.6

Connecticut 2 0 1 1 2 4.6 0.0 2.3 2.3 4.6

Delaware 2 0 0 0 0 19.5 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 

Florida 73 72 31 42 37 37.9 36.8 15.7 21.3 18.8 

Georgia 17 14 16 22 18 14.4 11.4 12.6 17.4 14.2 

Hawaii 0 0 0 0 0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0

Idaho 0 0 0 0 0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0

Illinois 75 71 54 50 40 41.5 38.9 29.7 27.5 22.0 

Indiana 3 0 7 4 13 3.6 0.0 8.1 4.6 15.1 

Iowa 0 0 0 0 0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0

Kansas 2 0 0 2 2 5.4 0.0 0.0 5.2 5.2

Kentucky 5 5 0 3 1 9.4 9.2 0.0 5.5 1.8

Louisiana 22 8 12 7 0 33.3 12.0 17.9 10.4 0.0 

Maine 0 0 0 0 0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0

Maryland 58 44 27 16 4 82.6 61.1 37.5 22.2 5.6 

Massachusetts 1 2 0 1 2 1.2 2.5 0.0 1.2 2.5

Michigan 29 18 22 18 4 21.7 13.5 16.5 13.5 3.0 

Minnesota 0 0 0 0 0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0

Mississippi 41 15 12 14 9 98.7 34.9 28.1 32.8 21.1 

Missouri 10 15 10 3 5 13.5 19.9 13.3 4.0 6.6 

Montana 0 0 0 0 0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0

Nebraska 0 0 0 0 0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0

Nevada 0 0 0 0 0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0

New Hampshire 0 0 1 0 0 0.0 0.0 7.1 0.0 0.0

New Jersey 84 87 49 23 32 74.2 75.9 42.9 20.2 28.0 

New Mexico 0 0 0 0 0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0

New York 105 59 43 39 33 40.8 22.8 16.8 15.3 12.9 

North Carolina 18 24 19 18 19 16.8 21.5 16.7 15.8 16.7 

North Dakota 0 0 0 0 0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0

Ohio 10 4 6 5 1 6.6 2.6 3.9 3.3 0.7

Oklahoma 9 16 9 1 5 18.6 32.3 18.4 2.0 10.2 

Oregon 1 0 0 0 0 2.3 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0

Pennsylvania 37 21 7 9 4 25.7 14.4 4.8 6.2 2.8 

Rhode Island 0 0 0 0 0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0

South Carolina 19 24 23 31 16 36.4 44.5 41.9 56.4 29.1 

South Dakota 0 1 1 0 0 0.0 9.7 9.5 0.0 0.0

Tennessee 32 13 10 25 14 43.0 16.8 12.9 32.1 18.0 

Texas 149 114 68 71 73 44.6 33.3 19.5 20.3 20.9 

Utah 0 1 0 1 0 0.0 2.2 0.0 2.2 0.0

Vermont 0 0 0 0 0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0

Virginia 7 6 3 7 2 7.6 6.4 3.1 7.3 2.1

Washington 0 1 1 0 0 0.0 1.3 1.3 0.0 0.0

West Virginia 1 0 0 0 0 4.8 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0

Wisconsin 9 6 9 4 2 13.5 8.9 13.2 5.9 2.9 

Wyoming 0 0 0 0 0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0

U.S. TOTAL1 1,078 840 575 554 441 27.8 21.3 14.5 14.0 11.1 

Northeast 229 169 101 73 73 33.4 24.4 14.7 10.6 10.6 

Midwest 138 115 109 86 67 15.8 13.1 12.4 9.7 7.6 

South 536 405 251 283 212 38.7 28.5 17.5 19.7 14.7 

West 175 151 114 112 89 18.6 15.9 12.0 11.7 9.3 

Guam 

Puerto Rico 

Virgin Islands 

0

9 

0 

0

28 

0 

0

23 

0 

0

17 

0 

1 

21 

1 

0.0 

14.0 

0.0 

0.0 

46.3 

0.0 

0.0 

38.6 

0.0 

0.0 

28.5 

0.0 

24.9 

35.3 

59.8 

OUTLYING AREAS 9 28 23 17 23 12.8 42.1 35.2 26.1 35.2 

TOTAL 1,087 868 598 571 464 27.5 21.7 14.9 14.2 11.5 

*Mother’s state of residence used to assign case. 

1

Includes cases reported by Washington, D.C. 

128 Syphilis Tables STD Surveillance 2001 
Table 43. Congenital syphilis — Reported cases and rates in infants <1 year of age in selected cities of 

>200,000 population, ranked by rates: United States, 2001 

Rank 1	 City* Cases Rate per 100,000 Live Births 

1 Newark, NJ 8 163.8 

2 Phoenix, AZ 20 83.0 

3 Atlanta, GA 7 78.2 

4 Fort Worth, TX 8 76.7 

5 Miami, FL 10 76.5 

6 Tampa, FL 6 71.3 

7 Memphis, TN 8 70.2 

8 Indianapolis, IN 9 65.4 

9 Chicago, IL 31 61.4 

10 St Louis, MO 3 54.3 

11 Jersey City, NJ 2 51.6 

12 Nashville, TN 4 47.9 

13 Oakland, CA 3 47.5 

14 Houston, TX 20 46.5 

15 Los Angeles, CA 27 41.6 

16 Richmond, VA 1 34.1 

17 Dallas, TX 8 33.5 

18 San Antonio, TX 6 27.5 

19 San Diego, CA 5 27.0 

20 Washington, DC 2 26.6 

21 Oklahoma City, OK 2 26.5 

22 Austin, TX 3 25.4 

23 New York City, NY 28 23.5 

24 Birmingham, AL 1 22.3 

25 Buffalo, NY 1 21.5 

26 Baltimore, MD 2 19.4 

27 Philadelphia, PA 4 18.4 

28 Milwaukee, WI 2 17.8 

29 El Paso, TX 2 15.7 

30 San Jose, CA 2 12.5 

31 San Francisco, CA 1 12.3 

32 Charlotte, NC 1 10.3 

33 Columbus, OH 1 9.4 

34	 Detroit, MI 1 6.3 

YEAR 2010 OBJECTIVE 1.0 

Tucson, AZ 0 0.0 

Sacramento, CA 0 0.0 

Denver, CO 0 0.0 

Jacksonville, FL 0 0.0 

St Petersburg, FL 0 0.0 

Honolulu, HI 0 0.0 

Des Moines, IA 0 0.0 

Wichita, KS 0 0.0 

Louisville, KY 0 0.0 

New Orleans, LA 0 0.0 

Boston, MA 0 0.0 

Minneapolis, MN 0 0.0 

St Paul, MN 0 0.0 

Kansas City, MO 0 0.0 

Omaha, NE 0 0.0 

Albuquerque, NM 0 0.0 

Rochester, NY 0 0.0 

Yonkers, NY 0 0.0 

Akron, OH 0 0.0 

Cincinnati, OH 0 0.0 

Cleveland, OH 0 0.0 

Dayton, OH 0 0.0 

Toledo, OH 0 0.0 

Tulsa, OK 0 0.0 

Portland, OR 0 0.0 

Pittsburgh, PA 0 0.0 

Corpus Christi, TX 0 0.0 

Norfolk, VA 0 0.0 

Seattle, WA 0 0.0 

*Mother’s residence used to assign case. Excludes outlying areas (San Juan, PR, with 5 cases and rate of 72.0).
 

1

Cities were ranked in descending order by rate, number of cases, and alphabetically by state. Cities with no cases were not ranked.
 

STD Surveillance 2001	 Syphilis Tables 129 
Table 44. Congenital syphilis — Reported cases and rates in infants <1 year of age in selected cities of 

>200,000 population listed in alphabetical order: United States and outlying areas, 1997–2001 

City* 

Cases Rates per 100,000 Live Births 

1997 1998 1999 2000 2001 1997 1998 1999 2000 2001 

Akron, OH 0 0 0 0 0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0

Albuquerque, NM 0 0 0 0 0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0

Atlanta, GA 12 5 7 7 7 142.7 57.2 78.2 78.2 78.2 

Austin, TX 0 0 0 0 3 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 25.4 

Baltimore, MD 56 29 21 15 2 573.4 295.6 203.9 145.6 19.4 

Birmingham, AL 6 5 2 2 1 139.2 112.6 44.6 44.6 22.3 

Boston, MA 0 2 0 0 0 0.0 25.4 0.0 0.0 0.0 

Buffalo, NY 3 0 0 0 1 62.7 0.0 0.0 0.0 21.5 

Charlotte, NC 0 1 3 3 1 0.0 10.8 31.0 31.0 10.3 

Chicago, IL 50 49 44 38 31 97.7 95.2 87.1 75.2 61.4 

Cincinnati, OH 0 0 0 0 0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0

Cleveland, OH 6 3 2 2 0 63.2 33.5 23.4 23.4 0.0 

Columbus, OH 1 1 2 0 1 9.1 8.9 18.7 0.0 9.4 

Corpus Christi, TX 0 1 0 0 0 0.0 21.6 0.0 0.0 0.0 

Dallas, TX 3 18 4 6 8 13.3 77.4 16.8 25.1 33.5 

Dayton, OH 0 0 0 0 0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0

Denver, CO 0 1 1 0 0 0.0 10.2 9.8 0.0 0.0 

Des Moines, IA 0 0 0 0 0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0

Detroit, MI 25 14 21 9 1 149.4 85.2 132.9 56.9 6.3 

El Paso, TX 2 0 1 2 2 15.2 0.0 7.9 15.7 15.7 

Fort Worth, TX 6 1 2 4 8 63.2 10.1 19.2 38.4 76.7 

Honolulu, HI 0 0 0 0 0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0

Houston, TX 101 56 31 31 20 242.8 133.2 72.0 72.0 46.5 

Indianapolis, IN 0 0 6 3 9 0.0 0.0 43.6 21.8 65.4 

Jacksonville, FL 0 0 0 2 0 0.0 0.0 0.0 17.6 0.0 

Jersey City, NJ 4 3 0 3 2 101.9 76.4 0.0 77.3 51.6 

Kansas City, MO 1 0 1 2 0 13.1 0.0 13.7 27.4 0.0 

Los Angeles, CA 67 62 36 41 27 98.6 94.2 55.5 63.2 41.6 

Louisville, KY 3 4 0 1 0 46.0 58.5 0.0 14.5 0.0 

Memphis, TN 28 11 10 14 8 248.5 96.6 87.7 122.8 70.2 

Miami, FL 31 37 10 18 10 218.4 278.7 76.5 137.6 76.5 

Milwaukee, WI 9 6 7 4 2 83.8 54.5 62.2 35.5 17.8 

Minneapolis, MN 0 0 0 0 0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0

Nashville, TN 0 0 0 5 4 0.0 0.0 0.0 59.9 47.9 

New Orleans, LA 4 2 4 0 0 51.7 26.4 52.1 0.0 0.0 

New York City, NY 84 45 40 32 28 70.6 37.5 33.5 26.8 23.5 

Newark, NJ 26 26 12 9 8 509.4 536.7 245.7 184.3 163.8 

Norfolk, VA 1 0 0 3 0 25.5 0.0 0.0 77.7 0.0 

Oakland, CA 2 2 3 1 3 31.2 31.4 47.5 15.8 47.5 

Oklahoma City, OK 5 11 5 0 2 65.6 142.8 66.3 0.0 26.5 

Omaha, NE 0 0 0 0 0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0

Philadelphia, PA 37 21 7 9 4 167.6 95.0 32.2 41.4 18.4 

Phoenix, AZ 10 19 16 20 20 44.2 82.0 66.4 83.0 83.0 

Pittsburgh, PA 0 0 0 0 0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0

Portland, OR 1 0 0 0 0 14.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 

Richmond, VA 1 3 0 0 1 30.5 105.2 0.0 0.0 34.1 

Rochester, NY 0 2 1 0 0 0.0 46.3 25.8 0.0 0.0 

Sacramento, CA 5 2 2 2 0 47.6 18.8 18.9 18.9 0.0 

San Antonio, TX 4 5 4 5 6 18.6 22.9 18.3 22.9 27.5 

San Diego, CA 13 7 7 0 5 69.6 37.8 37.8 0.0 27.0 

San Francisco, CA 2 1 1 1 1 24.4 12.3 12.3 12.3 12.3 

San Jose, CA 1 0 2 1 2 6.2 0.0 12.5 6.2 12.5 

Seattle, WA 0 0 1 0 0 0.0 0.0 13.6 0.0 0.0 

St Louis, MO 5 3 5 1 3 86.7 53.4 90.5 18.1 54.3 

St Paul, MN 0 0 0 0 0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0

St Petersburg, FL 0 0 1 0 0 0.0 0.0 29.5 0.0 0.0 

Tampa, FL 7 4 4 1 6 100.6 50.8 47.5 11.9 71.3 

Toledo, OH 0 0 0 0 0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0

Tucson, AZ 0 0 0 0 0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0

Tulsa, OK 1 3 1 0 0 15.7 45.1 15.2 0.0 0.0 

Washington, DC 11 8 0 4 2 138.8 104.1 0.0 53.2 26.6 

Wichita, KS 2 0 0 0 0 32.2 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 

Yonkers, NY 0 2 0 0 0 0.0 74.3 0.0 0.0 0.0 

U.S. CITY TOTAL 636 475 327 301 239 80.3 59.4 40.9 37.7 29.9 

San Juan, PR 3 1 3 5 5 43.2 15.3 43.2 72.0 72.0 

TOTAL 639 476 330 306 244 80.0 59.1 40.9 38.0 30.3 

0.0 

0.0 

0.0 

0.0 

0.0 

0.0 

0.0 

0.0 

0.0 

0.0 

0.0 

0.0 

*Mother’s residence used to assign case. 

130 Syphilis Tables STD Surveillance 2001 
Table 45. Congenital syphilis — Reported cases and rates in infants <1 year of age by race/ethnicity of 

mother, 1997–2001 

Year of Birth Race/Ethnicity Cases Rate per 100,000 Live Births* 

White/Non-Hispanic 85 3.6 

Black/Non-Hispanic 717 122.4 

Hispanic 238 33.5 

Asian/Pacific Islander 14 8.4 1997 Native American/Alaskan Native 4 11.0

Other 3 NA 

Unknown 17 NA 

Total 1078 27.8 

White/Non-Hispanic 76 3.2 

Black/Non-Hispanic 529 88.6 

Hispanic 204 27.8 

Asian/Pacific Islander 8 4.7 1998 Native American/Alaskan Native 5 13.2 

Other 8 NA 

Unknown 10 NA 

Total 840 21.3 

White/Non-Hispanic 47 2.0 

Black/Non-Hispanic 350 59.1 

Hispanic 148 19.4 

Asian/Pacific Islander 8 4.5 1999 Native American/Alaskan Native 6 15.9 

Other 4 NA 

Unknown 12 NA 

Total 575 14.5 

White/Non-Hispanic 36 1.5 

Black/Non-Hispanic 313 52.8 

Hispanic 168 22.0 

Asian/Pacific Islander 11 6.2 2000 Native American/Alaskan Native 5 13.2 

Other 3 NA 

Unknown 18 NA 

Total 554 14.0 

White/Non-Hispanic 44 1.8 

Black/Non-Hispanic 224 37.8 

Hispanic 154 20.1 

Asian/Pacific Islander 3 1.7 2001 Native American/Alaskan Native 5 13.2 

Other 1 NA 

Unknown 10 NA 

Total 441 11.1 

*NA = Not applicable. 

STD Surveillance 2001 Syphilis Tables 131 
Table 46. Chancroid — Reported cases and rates by state/area listed in alphabetical order: United States and 

outlying areas, 1997–2001 

State/Area 

Cases Rates per 100,000 Population 

1997 1998 1999 2000 2001 1997 1998 1999 2000 2001 

Alabama 1 1 1 1 0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.

Alaska 0 0 0 0 0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.

Arizona 0 2 0 0 0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.

Arkansas 1 7 0 0 0 0.0 0.3 0.0 0.0 0.

California 19 7 7 3 2 0.1 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.

Colorado 0 0 0 1 0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.

Connecticut 0 2 0 0 0 0.0 0.1 0.0 0.0 0.

Delaware 0 0 0 0 0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.

Florida 3 3 2 0 2 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.

Georgia 1 2 1 0 0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.

Hawaii 0 0 0 0 0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.

Idaho 0 0 0 0 0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.

Illinois 5 0 0 0 0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.

Indiana 0 1 0 0 0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.

Iowa 0 0 0 0 0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.

Kansas 0 1 0 0 0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.

Kentucky 0 0 0 0 0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.

Louisiana 3 1 9 6 0 0.1 0.0 0.2 0.1 0.

Maine 0 0 0 0 0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.

Maryland 1 0 0 0 0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.

Massachusetts 4 0 1 2 2 0.1 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.

Michigan 0 0 0 0 0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.

Minnesota 0 0 1 0 0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.

Mississippi 1 3 0 0 0 0.0 0.1 0.0 0.0 0.

Missouri 0 0 0 0 0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.

Montana 0 0 0 0 0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.

Nebraska 0 0 0 0 0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.

Nevada 2 0 0 0 0 0.1 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.

New Hampshire 0 0 0 0 0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.

New Jersey 0 0 0 0 4 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.

New Mexico 0 0 0 0 0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.

New York 119 82 39 26 3 0.7 0.5 0.2 0.1 0.0 

North Carolina 9 9 7 5 3 0.1 0.1 0.1 0.1 0.

North Dakota 0 0 0 0 0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.

Ohio 3 3 0 1 0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.

Oklahoma 0 0 0 0 0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.

Oregon 1 0 1 0 0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.

Pennsylvania 0 0 0 0 0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.

Rhode Island 0 0 1 0 0 0.0 0.0 0.1 0.0 0.

South Carolina 15 19 48 10 15 0.4 0.5 1.2 0.2 0.4 

South Dakota 0 0 0 0 0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.

Tennessee 1 0 0 0 0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.

Texas 53 34 16 19 6 0.3 0.2 0.1 0.1 0.0 

Utah 0 0 0 0 1 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.

Vermont 0 0 0 0 0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.

Virginia 1 7 3 2 0 0.0 0.1 0.0 0.0 0.

Washington 2 1 0 0 0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.

West Virginia 0 0 0 0 0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.

Wisconsin 0 3 4 2 0 0.0 0.1 0.1 0.0 0.

Wyoming 1 1 1 0 0 0.2 0.2 0.2 0.0 0.

U.S. TOTAL1 246 189 142 78 38 0.1 0.1 0.1 0.0 0.0 

Guam 

Puerto Rico 

Virgin Islands 

0

1 

0 

0

2 

0 

0

1 

0 

0

3 

1 

0 

4 

0 

0.0 

0.0 

0.0 

0.0 

0.1 

0.0 

0.0 

0.0 

0.0 

0.0 

0.1 

0.9 

0.

0.

0.

OUTLYING AREAS 1 2 1 4 4 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.1 0.

TOTAL 247 191 143 82 42 0.1 0.1 0.1 0.0 0.0 

0 

0 

0 

0 

0 

0 

0 

0 

0 

0 

0 

0 

0 

0 

0 

0 

0 

0 

0 

0 

0 

0 

0 

0 

0 

0 

0 

0 

0 

0 

0 

0 

0 

0 

0 

0 

0 

0 

0 

0 

0 

0 

0 

0 

0 

0 

0 

0 

1 

0 

1 

1

Includes cases reported by Washington, D.C. 

132 Chancroid Tables STD Surveillance 2001 
.0 

.0 

.0 

.0 

.0 

.0 

.1 

.0 

.0 

.0 

.0 

.0 

.0 

.0 

.0 

.0 

.0 

.0 

.1 

.0 

.0 

.0 

.0 

.0 

.0 

.0 

.3 

.0 

.1 

.0 

.0 

.0 

.0 

.0 

.0 

.0 

.1 

.0 

.0 

.0 

.0 

.0 

.0 

.0 

.0 

.0 

.0 

.0 

.1 

Table 47. Chancroid — Reported cases and rates in selected cities of >200,000 population listed in 

alphabetical order: United States and outlying areas, 1997–2001 

.0 

.0 

.0 

.0 

0.0 

0.0 

0.0 

0.0 

0.0 

0.0 

0.0 

0.0 

0.0 

0.0 

City 

Cases Rates per 100,000 Population 

1997 1998 1999 2000 2001 1997 1998 1999 2000 2001 

Akron, OH 0 0 0 0 0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0

Albuquerque, NM 0 0 0 0 0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0

Atlanta, GA 1 1 0 0 0 0.1 0.1 0.0 0.0 0

Austin, TX 0 0 0 0 0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0

Baltimore, MD 0 0 0 0 0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0

Birmingham, AL 0 0 0 0 0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0

Boston, MA 3 0 0 0 0 0.5 0.0 0.0 0.0 0

Buffalo, NY 0 0 0 0 0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0

Charlotte, NC 1 0 1 0 1 0.2 0.0 0.2 0.0 0

Chicago, IL 5 0 0 0 0 0.2 0.0 0.0 0.0 0

Cincinnati, OH 0 0 0 0 0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0

Cleveland, OH 0 2 0 0 0 0.0 0.1 0.0 0.0 0

Columbus, OH 3 1 0 0 0 0.3 0.1 0.0 0.0 0

Corpus Christi, TX 0 0 1 0 0 0.0 0.0 0.3 0.0 0

Dallas, TX 13 6 4 6 1 0.6 0.3 0.2 0.3 0

Dayton, OH 0 0 0 0 0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0

Denver, CO 0 0 0 0 0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0

Des Moines, IA 0 0 0 0 0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0

Detroit, MI 0 0 0 0 0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0

El Paso, TX 2 4 0 1 0 0.3 0.6 0.0 0.1 0

Fort Worth, TX 1 0 2 2 0 0.1 0.0 0.1 0.1 0

Honolulu, HI 0 0 0 0 0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0

Houston, TX 23 20 7 3 1 0.7 0.6 0.2 0.1 0

Indianapolis, IN 0 0 0 0 0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0

Jacksonville, FL 0 0 0 0 1 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0

Jersey City, NJ 0 0 0 0 0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0

Kansas City, MO 0 0 0 0 0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0

Los Angeles, CA 12 0 1 1 0 0.1 0.0 0.0 0.0

Louisville, KY 0 0 0 0 0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0

Memphis, TN 0 0 0 0 0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0

Miami, FL 0 0 0 0 0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0

Milwaukee, WI 0 2 2 0 0 0.0 0.2 0.2 0.0 0

Minneapolis, MN 0 0 1 0 0 0.0 0.0 0.3 0.0 0

Nashville, TN 0 0 0 0 0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0

New Orleans, LA 3 0 4 6 0 0.6 0.0 0.9 1.2 0

New York City, NY 119 82 39 26 3 1.6 1.1 0.5 0.3 0.0 

Newark, NJ 0 0 0 0 1 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0

Norfolk, VA 0 0 1 0 0 0.0 0.0 0.4 0.0 0

Oakland, CA 1 0 1 0 1 0.1 0.0 0.1 0.0 0

Oklahoma City, OK 0 0 0 0 0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0

Omaha, NE 0 0 0 0 0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0

Philadelphia, PA 0 0 0 0 0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0

Phoenix, AZ 0 2 0 0 0 0.0 0.1 0.0 0.0 0

Pittsburgh, PA 0 0 0 0 0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0

Portland, OR 0 0 0 0 0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0

Richmond, VA 0 0 0 0 0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0

Rochester, NY 0 0 0 0 0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0

Sacramento, CA 0 0 0 0 0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0

San Antonio, TX 0 0 0 1 0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.1 0

San Diego, CA 0 0 0 0 0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0

San Francisco, CA 3 4 0 0 1 0.4 0.5 0.0 0.0 0

San Jose, CA 0 0 0 0 0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0

Seattle, WA 1 0 0 0 0 0.1 0.0 0.0 0.0 0

St Louis, MO 0 0 0 0 0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0

St Paul, MN 0 0 0 0 0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0

St Petersburg, FL 0 0 0 0 0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0

Tampa, FL 0 0 0 0 0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0

Toledo, OH 0 0 0 0 0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0

Tucson, AZ 0 0 0 0 0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0

Tulsa, OK 0 0 0 0 0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0

Washington, DC 0 0 0 0 0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0

Wichita, KS 0 0 0 0 0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0

Yonkers, NY 0 0 0 0 0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0

U.S. CITY TOTAL 191 124 64 46 10 0.3 0.2 0.1 0.1 0.0 

San Juan, PR 0 1 1 2 1 0.0 0.1 0.1 0.2 0

TOTAL 191 125 65 48 11 0.3 0.2 0.1 0.1 0.0 

STD Surveillance 2001 Chancroid Tables 133 

Sources and Limitations of Data
 

CDC Surveillance Data 

Much of the information in this document is based on cases of sexually transmitted diseases 

(STDs) reported to the Division of STD Prevention (DSTD), National Center for HIV, STD, and TB 

Prevention (NCHSTP), Centers for Disease Control and Prevention (CDC), by the STD control programs and health departments in the 50 states, the District of Columbia, selected cities, 3,139 U.S. 

counties, U.S. dependencies and possessions, and independent nations in free association with the 

United States. Included among the dependencies, possessions, and independent nations are 

Guam, Puerto Rico, and the Virgin Islands. These entities are identified as “outlying areas” of the 

United States in selected figures and tables. 

At present, STD data are submitted to CDC on a variety of hardcopy summary reporting forms 

(monthly, quarterly, and annually) and electronically either in summary or individual case-specific 

(line-listed) format via the National Electronic Telecommunications System for Surveillance 

(NETSS). Data reported through NETSS comprise the notifiable disease information that is published in the Morbidity and Mortality Weekly Report (MMWR). DSTD is currently working with project areas on converting from hardcopy reporting of summary data to electronic submission of 

line-listed (i.e., case-specific) data through NETSS. As of December 31, 2001, 39 states have been 

reporting primary and secondary (P&S) syphilis, chlamydia and gonorrhea as line-listed extended 

electronic data. See Figures A1-A3 in this Appendix for type of electronic reporting by state and 

disease. “Summary” refers to aggregate electronic data. “Case” refers to limited line-listed electronic data in conjunction with hardcopy reporting. “Extended case” refers to expanded line-listed 

electronic data in conjunction with hardcopy reporting. “Discontinued hardcopy” refers to those 

states that consistently submitted high quality line-listed electronic data and were, therefore, notified by CDC to discontinue hardcopy reporting. 

The data used in this report are based on a combination of aggregated final NETSS electronic 

data and summary hardcopy reporting forms. Monthly hardcopy reporting forms (CDC 73.998) include summary data for syphilis by county and state. Quarterly hardcopy reporting forms (CDC 

73.688) include summary data for early syphilis, gonorrhea, chlamydia, and other STDs by sex and 

source of report (STD clinic or non-STD clinic) for the 50 states, 64 large cities (most with a population of 200,000 or more persons in 1980), and outlying areas of the United States. Annual hardcopy 

reporting forms (CDC 73.2638) include summary data for P&S syphilis, gonorrhea, and chlamydia 

by age, race, and sex for the 50 states and six large cities. 

Areas differ in their ability to resolve differences in total cases derived from hardcopy monthly, 

quarterly, and annual reports (as well as electronically submitted case-listed data). Thus, depending 

on the database used, there may be discrepancies in the total number of cases among the figures 

and tables. In most instances, these discrepancies are less than 5% of total reported cases and have 

minimal impact on national case totals and rates. However, for a specific area, the discrepancies 

may be larger. 

STD Surveillance 2001 Appendix Sources and Limitations of Data 135 
Reports and corrections sent to CDC on hardcopy forms and for NETSS electronic data through 

May 3, 2002 have been included in this report. Data received after this date will appear in subsequent issues. The data in the figures and tables in this document supersede those in all earlier 

publications. 

Population Denominators and Rate Calculations 

Crude incidence rates (new cases/population) were calculated on an annual basis per 100,000 

population. In this report, the 2001 rates for the U.S., all states, cities and outlying areas were calculated by dividing the number of cases reported from each area in 2001 by the estimated area-specific 2000 population. For the United States, rates were calculated using Bureau of the Census 

population estimates for 1981 through 1989 (Bureau of the Census; United States Population Estimates by Age, Sex and Race: 1980-1989 [Series P-25, No. 1045]; Washington: U.S. Government 

Printing Office, 1990; and United States Population Estimates by Age, Sex and Race: 1989 [Series 

P-25, No. 1057]; Washington: U.S. Government Printing Office, 1990). Rates for states and counties were calculated using published intercensal estimates based on Bureau of the Census population estimates for 1980-1989 (Irwin R; 1980-1989 Intercensal Population Estimates by Race, Sex, 

and Age; Alexandria, [VA]: Demo-Detail, 1992; machine-readable data file). Rates for 1990 were 

calculated using population data from the 1990 census (Census of Population and Housing, 1990: 

Summary Tape File 1 (All States) [machine-readable file]; Washington: Bureau of the Census, 

1991), which included information on area (County, State), age (5-year age groups), race (White, 

Black, Asian/Pacific Islander, American Indian/Alaska Native) and ethnicity (Hispanic). Rates for 

1991-2001 were updated from previous issues of this report using postcensal population estimates 

based on the Bureau of the Census data (U.S. Bureau of the Census; 1991-2000 Estimates of the 

Population of Counties by Age, Sex and Race/Hispanic Origin: 1990 to 2000; machine-readable 

data files). 

Many cities do not have a separate health jurisdiction that collects and reports cases of STDs. For 

these cities, case numbers and crude incidence rates are equal to those of the county or combination 

of counties in which the city is located. These city population numbers are updated yearly, based on 

estimates from the Bureau of Census, and verified by the city project areas. 

Population estimates for 1980-1988 for areas outside the United States were obtained from the 

Bureau of the Census (Bureau of the Census; population estimates for Puerto Rico and the outlying 

areas: 1980 to 1988; Current Population Reports [Series P-25, No. 1049]; Washington: U.S. Government Printing Office, 1989). After 1988, population estimates for outlying areas were obtained 

from the health departments located in these areas. Population estimates for the Virgin Islands were 

used to calculate the rates through 1999. Population estimates for Guam were projected for each 

year through 1999 based on the 1990 census. Population estimates for both Guam and Virgin Islands were available from the Bureau of the Census for 2000 and were used to calculate 2000-2001 

rates. Puerto Rico’s population estimates from 1997 to 2000 were obtained from the Bureau of the 

Census. 

The percentage of reported cases for which race/ethnicity and age information were missing differed substantially by year and area. States were excluded from comparison across race/ethnicity 

categories if race/ethnicity data were missing from 50% or more of the state’s reported cases. Similarly, states in which age information was missing from the majority of reported cases were excluded 

from comparison across age categories. Missing values for race/ethnicity and age were imputed for 

records missing these data for states in which more than half of the reported cases contained 

136 Sources and Limitations of Data Appendix STD Surveillance 2001 
race/ethnicity and age information. In previous years, missing age and race/ethnicity information 

was not imputed if a record was missing either of these pieces of information. Beginning in 2000, 

the imputation method was altered so that missing data were not imputed only for records missing 

both age and sex information. As a result, some age- and/or race/ethnicity-specific case counts and 

rates presented in this report may differ from earlier publications. Values cited in this report 

supercede those presented earlier. 

Rates of congenital syphilis for 1989-2001 were calculated using live births from the National 

Center for Health Statistics (NCHS) (Vital Statistics: Natality Tapes 1989-1999 or Vital Statistics Reports, United States 1999, Vol. 48 No.10-Natality). Race-specific rates for 1999-2001 were calculated using live births for 1999. Rates before 1989 were calculated using published live birth data 

(NCHS; Vital Statistics Report, United States, 1988 [Vol.1–Natality]). 

Reporting Practices 

Although most areas generally adhere to the case definitions for STDs found in Case Definitions 

for Infectious Conditions Under Public Health Surveillance1

, there may be differences in the policies 

and systems for collecting surveillance data. Thus, comparisons of case numbers and rates among 

areas should be interpreted with caution. However, since case definitions and surveillance activities 

within a given area remain relatively stable, trends should be minimally affected. In many areas, the 

reporting from publicly supported institutions (e.g., STD clinics) was more complete than from 

other sources (e.g., private practitioners). Thus, the trends may not be representative of all segments 

of the population. Military cases are not reported as a separate category. 

Reporting of Chlamydia Cases 

New York City has been reporting chlamydia cases since 1984. However, the State of New York, 

with the exception of New York City, initiated chlamydia reporting during the year 2000. As a result, 

the number of chlamydia cases reported by the state of New York (including the cities of Buffalo, 

Rochester and Yonkers) prior to the year 2001 may be incomplete and the rate for New York State is 

underestimated. To be consistent with the practice used in earlier years, New York State chlamydia 

reporting data was included in the calculation of overall national chlamydia rates. The number of 

chlamydia cases occurring in the fourth quarter of 2000 for the State of Colorado was projected 

based on case counts from the first three quarters. 

Trends in many areas were more reflective of changes in reporting of cases rather than actual 

trends in disease. Cases and rates of chlamydia reported in sex-specific tables are underestimated 

due to some reported cases with unknown sex. Despite problems with under-reporting, it is important to publish available data to emphasize the large numbers of cases of chlamydia being detected 

in the United States. As areas develop chlamydia prevention and control programs, including improved surveillance systems to monitor trends, the data should improve and become more representative of true trends in disease. 

Reporting of Syphilis Cases 

“Total syphilis” or “all stages of syphilis” includes primary, secondary, early latent, late (including 

neurosyphilis, late latent, late with clinical manifestations, and unknown latent), and congenital 

syphilis. Cases of unknown duration, neurosyphilis, and late syphilis with clinical manifestations are 

included in late and late latent syphilis totals. 

STD Surveillance 2001 Appendix Sources and Limitations of Data 137 
Reporting of Congenital Syphilis Cases 

In 1988, the surveillance case definition for congenital syphilis was changed. This case definition 

has greater sensitivity than the former definition.2 In addition, many areas have greatly enhanced 

active case finding for congenital syphilis since 1988. For these reasons, the number of reported 

cases increased dramatically during 1989-1991. As a result of this change in surveillance activity a 

period of transition during which trends cannot be clearly interpreted has resulted; however, all reporting areas had implemented the new case definition for reporting all cases of congenital syphilis 

by January 1, 1992. Therefore, the reliability of trends is expected to have stabilized after this date. 

In addition to changing the case definition for congenital syphilis, CDC introduced a new data 

collection form (CDC 73.126) in 1990. Beginning with 1995, the data collected on this form are 

used for reporting congenital syphilis reported cases and associated rates. This form is used to collect individual case information which allows more thorough analysis of cases. For the purpose of 

analyses by race/ethnicity, if either the race or ethnicity question was answered, the case was included. For example, if “white” race was marked, but ethnicity was left blank, the individual was 

counted as “non-Hispanic white.” Congenital syphilis cases were reported by state and city of residence of the mother for 1995 through 2001. 

Chlamydia, gonorrhea, and syphilis prevalence monitoring 

Chlamydia and gonorrhea test positivity for women attending family planning clinics, prenatal 

clinics, Indian Health Service clinics, the National Job Training Program, and men and women entering jail and juvenile detention facilities was calculated by dividing the number of persons testing 

positive for chlamydia or gonorrhea (numerator) by the total number of persons screened for each 

disease (denominator) and was expressed as a percentage. Except for the National Job Training 

Program screening data, the denominators for these data sources may include more than one test 

from the same individual if that person was tested more than once during a year. Various laboratory 

test methods were used for all of these data sources except the National Job Training Program and, 

for most of the figures shown, no adjustments of test positivity were made based on laboratory test 

type and sensitivity. However, for Figure 8, the chlamydia test results for each test type were 

weighted to reflect the sensitivity of the test used.3 The weights used in this adjustment are the reciprocals of the sensitivities of the laboratory test methods used. These test-specific sensitivities were 

defined as the midpoints of the range of published values for the sensitivities for each technology 

type (e.g., non-amplified, nucleic acid amplification, and culture) based on expert consultation regarding test evaluation studies.4,5 Limitations of this adjustment include: unknown dates when laboratories changed tests, missing information on the test method, variation of test sensitivity within a 

technology type, and no adjustment for supplemental testing such as negative grey zone testing. 

For more details on chlamydia prevalence, refer to the following annual publication: Centers for 

Disease Control and Prevention. Sexually Transmitted Disease Surveillance 2001 Supplement: 

Chlamydia Prevalence Monitoring Project Annual Report 2001. Atlanta, GA: U.S. Department of 

Health and Human Services (in press). 

Data on antimicrobial susceptibility in Neisseria gonorrhoeae were collected through the Gonococcal Isolate Surveillance Project (GISP), a sentinel system of 26 STD clinics and five regional laboratories located throughout the United States. For more details on GISP gonorrhea cases, refer to 

the following annual publication: Centers for Disease Control and Prevention. Sexually Transmitted 

138 Sources and Limitations of Data Appendix STD Surveillance 2001 
Disease Surveillance 2001 Supplement: Gonococcal Isolate Surveillance Project (GISP) Annual 

Report 2001 Atlanta, GA: U.S. Department of Health and Human Services (in press). 

Syphilis seroreactivity data on men and women entering jails and juvenile detention facilities 

were calculated by dividing the number of persons with a reactive syphilis serologic test (numerator) 

by the total number of persons screened for syphilis (denominator) and expressed as a percentage. 

These seroreactivity data in most instances do not reflect confirmatory testing and thus biologic false 

positive test results were not systematically excluded. The extent to which these data reflect prevalence of active syphilis infection varies by site. Further details from each site, including prevalence of 

high titer infections (> 1:8) which may be more indicative of active infection, are provided in Centers for Disease Control and Prevention. Sexually Transmitted Disease Surveillance 2001 Supplement: Syphilis Surveillance Annual Report 2001. Atlanta, GA: U.S. Department of Health and 

Human Services (in press). 

Prevalence data for region- and state-specific figures were published with permission from the 

Regional Infertility Prevention Program, selected state STD prevention programs, the National Job 

Training Program, U.S. Department of Labor, and the Indian Health Service. 

Definition of HHS Regions 

The ten Health and Human Services (HHS) regions referred to in the text and figures are as follows: Region I = Connecticut, Maine, Massachusetts, New Hampshire, Rhode Island, and Vermont; 

Region II = New Jersey, New York, Puerto Rico, and U.S. Virgin Islands; Region III = Delaware, District of Columbia, Maryland, Pennsylvania, Virginia, and West Virginia; Region IV = Alabama, 

Florida, Georgia, Kentucky, Mississippi, North Carolina, South Carolina, and Tennessee; Region V 

= Illinois, Indiana, Michigan, Minnesota, Ohio, and Wisconsin; Region VI = Arkansas, Louisiana, 

New Mexico, Oklahoma, and Texas; Region VII = Iowa, Kansas, Missouri, and Nebraska; Region 

VIII = Colorado, Montana, North Dakota, South Dakota, Utah, and Wyoming; Region IX = Arizona, California, Guam, Hawaii, and Nevada; and Region X = Alaska, Idaho, Oregon, and 

Washington. 

Definition of IHS Areas 

The 12 Indian Health Service (IHS) Areas referred to in the text and figures are as follows, with 

overlap in some states: Aberdeen Area (Iowa, North Dakota, Nebraska, and South Dakota); Alaska 

Area (Alaska); Albuquerque Area (Colorado and New Mexico); Bemidji Area (Illinois, Indiana, 

Michigan, Minnesota, and Wisconsin); Billings Area (Montana and Wyoming); California Area 

(California); Nashville Area (Alabama, Connecticut, Florida, Louisiana, Maine, Maryland, Massachusetts, Mississippi, New York, North Carolina, Rhode Island, South Carolina, and Tennessee); 

Navajo Area (Arizona, New Mexico, and Utah); Oklahoma City Area (Kansas, Oklahoma, and 

Texas); Phoenix Area (Arizona, Nevada and Utah); Portland Area (Idaho, Oregon, and Washington); and Tucson Area (Arizona). 

Other Data Sources 

The information on the number of initial visits to private physicians’ offices for sexually transmitted 

diseases was based on analysis of data from the National Disease and Therapeutic Index (NDTI) (machine-readable files or summary statistics for years 1966-2001). For more information on this 

STD Surveillance 2001 Appendix Sources and Limitations of Data 139 
database, contact IMS Health, 660 W. Germantown Pike, Plymouth Meeting, PA 19462; Telephone: 

(800) 523-5333. 

The information on patients hospitalized for pelvic inflammatory disease or ectopic pregnancy 

was based on analysis of data from the National Hospital Discharge Survey (machine-readable files 

for years 1980-1999), an ongoing nationwide sample survey of short-stay hospitals in the United 

States, conducted by the National Center for Health Statistics. For more information, see Graves 

EJ; 1988 Summary: National Hospital Discharge Survey; Advance data No. 185; Hyattsville (MD): 

National Center for Health Statistics, 1990. The National Hospital Ambulatory Medical Care Survey (NHAMCS-ER) (machine-readable files for 1995-1999) was used to obtain estimates of the 

number of emergency room visits for pelvic inflammatory disease among women ages 15 to 44. 

Data on HSV-2 seroprevalence among the non-institutionalized U.S. population were obtained 

from the National Health and Nutrition Examination Survey (NHANES). The estimates generated 

using these data sources (NHDS, NHAMCS, and NHANES) are based on statistical surveys and 

therefore have sampling variability associated with the estimates. 

Healthy People Year 2010 Objectives 

In January 2000, CDC released objectives for Healthy People 2010 (HP2010).6 The year 2010 

rate objectives for the diseases addressed in this report are: primary and secondary syphilis–0.2 

case per 100,000 population; congenital syphilis–1.0 case per 100,000 live births; and gonorrhea–19.0 cases per 100,000 population. An additional target established in the HP2010 objectives 

is to reduce the Chlamydia trachomatis test positivity to 3.0% among females aged 15 to 24 years 

who attend family planning and STD clinics and among males aged 15 to 24 who attend STD clinics 

(Table A1). 

1	 Centers for Disease Control and Prevention. Case Definitions for infectious conditions under public health 

surveillance, 1997. MMWR 1997;46(No. RR-10;1). 

2	 Kaufman RE, Jones, OG, Blount, JH, Wiesner PJ. Questionnaire survey of reported early congenital 

syphilis: problems in diagnosis, prevention, and treatment. Sex Transm Dis 1977;4:135-9. 

3	 Webster Dicker L, Mosure DJ, Levine WC, Black CM, Berman SM. The impact of switching laboratory 

tests on reported trends in Chlamydia trachomatis infections. Am J Epidemiol 2000;151:430-435. 

4	 Newhall WJ, DeLisle, S, Fine D, et al. Head-to-head evaluation of five different non-culture chlamydia 

tests relative to a quality-assured culture standard. Sex Transm Dis 1994;21:S165-6. 

5	 Centers for Disease Control and Prevention. Screening tests to detect Chlamydia trachomatis and 

Neisseria gonorrhea infections-2002 (in press). 

6	 U.S. Department of Health and Human Services. Healthy People 2010. 2ndnd ed. With Understanding and 

Improving Health and Objectives for Improving Health. 2 vols. Washington, DC: U.S. Government 

Printing Office, November 2000 

140 Sources and Limitations of Data Appendix	 STD Surveillance 2001 
Figure A1. Chlamydia — National Electronic Telecommunications System for Surveillance 

(NETSS) transmission status by state, 2001 

Guam NETSS Data: 

Summary 

Case 

Case Extended 

Discontinued 

Hardcopy 

Puerto Rico Virgin Is. 

Note: Unless noted, large city projects transmit records in the same format as states. San Francisco 

and Los Angeles projects report case extended chlamydia records to NETSS. 

Figure A2. Gonorrhea — National Electronic Telecommunications System for Surveillance 

(NETSS) transmission status by state, 2001 

Guam NETSS Data: 

Summary 

Case 

Case Extended 

Discontinued 

Hardcopy 

Puerto Rico Virgin Is. 

Note: Unless noted, large city projects transmit records in the same format as states. San Francisco 

and Los Angeles projects report case extended gonorrhea records to NETSS. 

STD Surveillance 2001 National Profile Sources and Limitations of Data 141 
Figure A3. Primary and secondary syphilis — National Electronic Telecommunications 

System for Surveillance (NETSS) transmission status by state, 2001 

Guam NETSS Data: 

Summary 

Case 

Case Extended 

Discontinued 

Hardcopy 

Puerto Rico Virgin Is. 

Note: Unless noted, large city projects transmit records in the same format as states. 

142 Sources and Limitations of Data National Profile STD Surveillance 2001 
Table A1. Healthy People 2010 Sexually Transmitted Diseases Objective Status 

Objective 

Baseline 

Year Baseline 1997 1998 1999 2000 2001 

2010 

Objective 

25-1 Reduce the proportion of adolescents and 

young adults with Chlamydia trachomatis 

infections 

a. Females aged 15 to 24 years attending family planning clinics 1997 5.0% 5.0%* 6.1%* 5.6%* 5.9%* 5.8* 3.0% 

b. Females aged 15 to 24 years attending STD clinics 1997 12.2% 12.2%* 13.5%* 13.7%* 13.5%* 13.3* 3.0% 

c. Males aged 15 to 24 years attending STD clinics 1997 15.7% 15.7%* 16.9%* 17.0%* 16.4%* 17.0* 3.0% 

25-2 Reduce gonorrhea (cases per 100,000 

population) 

1997 123.0 122.4 131.9 132.3 129.0 128.5 19.0 

25-3 Eliminate sustained domestic transmission of 

primary and secondary syphilis (cases per 

100,000 population) 

1997 3.2 3.2 2.6 2.4 2.1 2.2 0.2 

25-4 Reduce the proportion of adults aged 20 to 29 

years with genital herpes infection 

1988-94 17.0% —-­ —­ —­ —­ 14.0% 

25-6 Reduce the proportion of females aged 15 to 

44 years who have ever required treatment 

for pelvic inflammatory disease (PID) 

1995 8.0% —­ —­ —-­ —­ 5.0% 

25-7 Reduce the proportion of childless females 

with fertility problems who have had a 

sexually transmitted disease or who have 

required treatment for pelvic inflammatory 

disease (PID) 

1995 27.0% —­ —­ —­ —-­ 15.0% 

25-9 Reduce congenital syphilis (cases per 

100,000 live births) 

1997 27.0 27.8 21.3 14.5 14.0 11.1 1.0 

—-Data not available.
 

NOTE: Data include revisions and, therefore, may differ from data previously published in these reports and other publications.
 

Data Sources 

Objective number Data Source 

25-1 STD Surveillance System, CDC, NCHSTP. 

25-2 STD Surveillance System, CDC, NCHSTP. 

25-3 STD Surveillance System, CDC, NCHSTP. 

25-4 National Health and Nutrition Examination Survey (NHANES), CDC, NCHS. 

25-6 National Survey of Family Growth (NSFG), CDC, NCHS. 

25-7 National Survey of Family Growth (NSFG), CDC, NCHS. 

25-9 STD Surveillance System, CDC, NCHSTP. 

*Positivity not adjusted for changes in laboratory test method in 1997-2001 and associated increases in test sensitivity. 

NOTE: Healthy People 2010 developmental objectives are not addressed in this report. 

STD Surveillance 2001 Appendix Healthy People 2010 143 

STD Surveillance Case Definitions 

PART 1. CASE DEFINITIONS FOR NATIONALLY NOTIFIABLE INFECTIOUS DISEASES 

Chancroid (Revised 9/96)

Clinical description

A sexually transmitted disease characterized by painful genital ulceration and inflammatory inguinal adenopathy. The disease is caused by infection with Haemophilus ducreyi. 

Laboratory criteria for diagnosis

•	 Isolation of H. ducreyi from a clinical specimen 

Case classification

Probable: a clinically compatible case with both a) no evidence of Treponema pallidum infection by 

darkfield microscopic examination of ulcer exudate or by a serologic test for syphilis performed > 7 

days after onset of ulcers and b) either a clinical presentation of the ulcer(s) not typical of disease 

caused by herpes simplex virus (HSV) or a culture negative for HSV. 

Confirmed: a clinically compatible case that is laboratory confirmed 

Chlamydia trachomatis, Genital Infections (Revised 9/96)

Clinical description

Infection with Chlamydia trachomatis may result in urethritis, epididymitis, cervicitis, acute 

salpingitis, or other syndromes when sexually transmitted; however, the infection is often asymptomatic in women. Perinatal infections may result in inclusion conjunctivitis and pneumonia in newborns. Other syndromes caused by C. trachomatis include lymphogranuloma venereum (see 

Lymphogranuloma Venereum) and trachoma. 

Laboratory criteria for diagnosis

•	 Isolation of C. trachomatis by culture or 

•	 Demonstration of C. trachomatis in a clinical specimen by detection of antigen or
 

nucleic acid
 

Case classification

Confirmed: a case that is laboratory confirmed 

Gonorrhea (Revised 9/96)

Clinical description

A sexually transmitted infection commonly manifested by urethritis, cervicitis, or salpingitis. 

Infection may be asymptomatic. 

Laboratory criteria for diagnosis

•	 Isolation of typical gram-negative, oxidase-positive diplococci (presumptive
 

Neisseria gonorrhoeae) from a clinical specimen, or
 

STD Surveillance 2001	 Appendix STD Surveillance Case Definitions 145 
•	 Demonstration of N. gonorrhoeae in a clinical specimen by detection of antigen or 

nucleic acid, or 

•	 Observation of gram-negative intracellular diplococci in a urethral smear obtained 

from a male 

Case classification

Probable: a) demonstration of gram-negative intracellular diplococci in an endocervical smear obtained from a female or b) a written morbidity report of gonorrhea submitted by a physician 

Confirmed: a case that is laboratory confirmed 

Syphilis (All Definitions Revised 9/96)

Syphilis is a complex sexually transmitted disease that has a highly variable clinical course. Classification by a clinician with expertise in syphilis may take precedence over the following case definitions developed for surveillance purposes. 

Syphilis, primary

Clinical description

A stage of infection with Treponema pallidum characterized by one or more chancres (ulcers); 

chancres might differ considerably in clinical appearance. 

Laboratory criteria for diagnosis

•	 Demonstration of T. pallidum in clinical specimens by darkfield microscopy, direct 

fluorescent antibody (DFA-TP), or equivalent methods 

Case classification

Probable: a clinically compatible case with one or more ulcers (chancres) consistent with primary 

syphilis and a reactive serologic test (nontreponemal: Venereal Disease Research Laboratory 

[VDRL] or rapid plasma reagin [RPR]; treponemal: fluorescent treponemal antibody absorbed 

[FTA-ABS] or microhemagglutination assay for antibody to T. pallidum [MHA-TP]) 

Confirmed: a clinically compatible case that is laboratory confirmed 

Syphilis, secondary

Clinical description

A stage of infection caused by T. pallidum and characterized by localized or diffuse 

mucocutaneous lesions, often with generalized lymphadenopathy. The primary chancre may still 

be present. 

Laboratory criteria for diagnosis

•	 Demonstration of T. pallidum in clinical specimens by darkfield microscopy, DFATP, 

or equivalent methods 

Case classification

Probable: a clinically compatible case with a nontreponemal (VDRL or RPR) titer >4 

Confirmed: a clinically compatible case that is laboratory confirmed 

146 STD Surveillance Case Definitions Appendix	 STD Surveillance 2001 
Syphilis, latent

Clinical description

A stage of infection caused by T. pallidum in which organisms persist in the body of the infected 

person without causing symptoms or signs. Latent syphilis is subdivided into early, late, and unknown categories based on the duration of infection. 

Case classification

Probable: no clinical signs or symptoms of syphilis and the presence of one of the following: 

•	 No past diagnosis of syphilis, a reactive nontreponemal test (i.e., VDRL or RPR), and 

a reactive treponemal test (i.e., FTA-ABS or MHA-TP) 

•	 A past history of syphilis therapy and a current nontreponemal test titer 

demonstrating fourfold or greater increase from the last nontreponemal test titer 

Syphilis, early latent

Clinical description

A subcategory of latent syphilis. When initial infection has occurred within the previous 12 

months, latent syphilis is classified as early latent. 

Case classification

Probable: latent syphilis (see Syphilis, latent) in a person who has evidence of having acquired 

the infection within the previous 12 months based on one or more of the following criteria: 

•	 Documented seroconversion or fourfold or greater increase in titer of a 

nontreponemal test during the previous 12 months 

•	 A history of symptoms consistent with primary or secondary syphilis during the 

previous 12 months 

•	 A history of sexual exposure to a partner who had confirmed or probable primary or 

secondary syphilis or probable early latent syphilis (documented independently as 

duration <1 year) 

•	 Reactive nontreponemal and treponemal tests from a person whose only possible 

exposure occurred within the preceding 12 months 

Syphilis, late latent

Clinical description

A subcategory of latent syphilis. When initial infection has occurred >1 year previously, latent 

syphilis is classified as late latent. 

Case classification

Probable: latent syphilis (see Syphilis, latent) in a patient who has no evidence of having acquired 

the disease within the preceding 12 months (see Syphilis, early latent) and whose age and titer do 

not meet the criteria specified for latent syphilis of unknown duration. 

Syphilis, latent, of unknown duration

Clinical description

A subcategory of latent syphilis. When the date of initial infection cannot be established as having 

occurred within the previous year and the patient’s age and titer meet criteria described below, latent syphilis is classified as latent syphilis of unknown duration. 

STD Surveillance 2001	 Appendix STD Surveillance Case Definitions 147 
Case classification

Probable: latent syphilis (see Syphilis, latent) that does not meet the criteria for early latent syphilis, and the patient is aged 13–35 years and has a nontreponemal titer >32 

Neurosyphilis

Clinical description

Evidence of central nervous system infection with T. pallidum

Laboratory criteria for diagnosis

•	 A reactive serologic test for syphilis and reactive VDRL in cerebrospinal fluid (CSF) 

Case classification 

Case classification

Probable: syphilis of any stage, a negative VDRL in CSF, and both the following: 

•	 Elevated CSF protein or leukocyte count in the absence of other known causes of 

these abnormalities 

•	 Clinical symptoms or signs consistent with neurosyphilis without other known causes 

for these clinical abnormalities 

Confirmed: syphilis of any stage that meets the laboratory criteria for neurosyphilis 

Syphilis, late, with clinical manifestations other than neurosyphilis (late benign syphilis

and cardiovascular syphilis)

Clinical description

Clinical manifestations of late syphilis other than neurosyphilis may include inflammatory lesions 

of the cardiovascular system, skin, and bone. Rarely, other structures (e.g., the upper and lower respiratory tracts, mouth, eye, abdominal organs, reproductive organs, lymph nodes, and skeletal 

muscle) may be involved. Late syphilis usually becomes clinically manifest only after a period of 

15–30 years of untreated infection. 

Laboratory criteria for diagnosis

Demonstration of T. pallidum in late lesions by fluorescent antibody or special stains (although organisms are rarely visualized in late lesions) 

Case classification

Probable: characteristic abnormalities or lesions of the cardiovascular system, skin, bone, or 

other structures with a reactive treponemal test, in the absence of other known causes of these abnormalities, and without CSF abnormalities and clinical symptoms or signs consistent with 

neurosyphilis 

Confirmed: a clinically compatible case that is laboratory confirmed 

Comment

Analysis of CSF for evidence of neurosyphilis is necessary in the evaluation of late syphilis with 

clinical manifestations. 

148 STD Surveillance Case Definitions Appendix	 STD Surveillance 2001 
Syphilitic Stillbirth

Clinical description

A fetal death that occurs after a 20-week gestation or in which the fetus weighs >500 g and the 

mother had untreated or inadequately treated* syphilis at delivery 

Comment

For reporting purposes, syphilitic stillbirths should be reported as cases of congenital syphilis. 

Syphilis, Congenital (Revised 9/96)

Clinical description

A condition caused by infection in utero with Treponema pallidum. A wide spectrum of severity 

exists, and only severe cases are clinically apparent at birth. An infant or child (aged <2 years) may 

have signs such as hepatosplenomegaly, rash, condyloma lata, snuffles, jaundice (nonviral hepatitis), pseudoparalysis, anemia, or edema (nephrotic syndrome and/or malnutrition). An older child 

may have stigmata (e.g., interstitial keratitis, nerve deafness, anterior bowing of shins, frontal bossing, mulberry molars, Hutchinson teeth, saddle nose, rhagades, or Clutton joints). 

Laboratory criteria for diagnosis

Demonstration of T. pallidum by darkfield microscopy, fluorescent antibody, or other specific 

stains in specimens from lesions, placenta, umbilical cord, or autopsy material 

Case classification

Probable: a condition affecting an infant whose mother had untreated or inadequately treated* 

syphilis at delivery, regardless of signs in the infant, or an infant or child who has a reactive 

treponemal test for syphilis and any one of the following: 

•	 Any evidence of congenital syphilis on physical examination 

•	 Any evidence of congenital syphilis on radiographs of long bones 

•	 A reactive cerebrospinal fluid (CSF) venereal disease research laboratory (VDRL) 

•	 An elevated CSF cell count or protein (without other cause) 

•	 A reactive fluorescent treponemal antibody absorbed—19S-IgM antibody test or IgM 

enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay 

Confirmed: a case that is laboratory confirmed

Comment

Congenital and acquired syphilis may be difficult to distinguish when a child is seropositive after 

infancy. Signs of congenital syphilis may not be obvious, and stigmata may not yet have developed. 

Abnormal values for CSF VDRL, cell count, and protein, as well as IgM antibodies, may be found in 

either congenital or acquired syphilis. Findings on radiographs of long bones may help because radiographic changes in the metaphysis and epiphysis are considered classic signs of congenitally acquired syphilis. The decision may ultimately be based on maternal history and clinical judgment. In 

a young child, the possibility of sexual abuse should be considered as a cause of acquired rather 

than congenital syphilis, depending on the clinical picture. For reporting purposes, congenital syphilis includes cases of congenitally acquired syphilis among infants and children as well as syphilitic 

stillbirths. 

*Inadequate treatment consists of any nonpenicillin therapy or penicillin administered <30 days 

before delivery. 

STD Surveillance 2001	 Appendix STD Surveillance Case Definitions 149 
PART 2. CASE DEFINITIONS FOR NON-NOTIFIABLE INFECTIOUS DISEASES 

Genital Herpes (Herpes Simplex Virus) (Revised 9/96)

Clinical description

A condition characterized by visible, painful genital or anal lesions 

Laboratory criteria for diagnosis

•	 Isolation of herpes simplex virus from cervix, urethra, or anogenital lesion, or 

•	 Demonstration of virus by antigen detection technique in clinical specimens from 

cervix, urethra, or anogenital lesion, or 

•	 Demonstration of multinucleated giant cells on a Tzanck smear of scrapings from an 

anogenital lesion 

Case classification

Probable: a clinically compatible case (in which primary and secondary syphilis have been excluded by appropriate serologic tests and darkfield microscopy, when available) with either a diagnosis of genital herpes based on clinical presentation (without laboratory confirmation) or a history 

of one or more previous episodes of similar genital lesions 

Confirmed: a clinically compatible case that is laboratory confirmed 

Comment

Genital herpes should be reported only once per patient. The first diagnosis for a patient with no 

previous diagnosis should be reported. 

Genital Warts (Revised 9/96)

Clinical description

An infection characterized by the presence of visible, exophytic (raised) growths on the internal or 

external genitalia, perineum, or perianal region 

Laboratory criteria for diagnosis

•	 Histopathologic changes characteristic of human papillomavirus infection in 

specimens obtained by biopsy or exfoliative cytology or 

•	 Demonstration of virus by antigen or nucleic acid detection in a lesion biopsy 

Case classification

Probable: a clinically compatible case without histopathologic diagnosis and without microscopic 

or serologic evidence that the growth is the result of secondary syphilis 

Confirmed: a clinically compatible case that is laboratory confirmed 

Comment

Genital warts should be reported only once per patient. The first diagnosis for a patient with no 

previous diagnosis should be reported. 

Granuloma Inguinale

Clinical description

A slowly progressive ulcerative disease of the skin and lymphatics of the genital and perianal area 

caused by infection with Calymmatobacterium granulomatis. A clinically compatible case would 

have one or more painless or minimally painful granulomatous lesions in the anogenital area. 

150 STD Surveillance Case Definitions Appendix	 STD Surveillance 2001 
Laboratory criteria for diagnosis

•	 Demonstration of intracytoplasmic Donovan bodies in Wright or Giemsa-stained 

smears or biopsies of granulation tissue 

Case classification

Confirmed: a clinically compatible case that is laboratory confirmed 

Lymphogranuloma Venereum

Clinical description

Infection with L1, L2, or, L3 serovars of Chlamydia trachomatis may result in a disease characterized by genital lesions, suppurative regional lymphadenopathy, or hemorrhagic proctitis. The infection is usually sexually transmitted. 

Laboratory criteria for diagnosis

•	 Isolation of C. trachomatis, serotype L1, L2, or L3 from clinical specimen, or 

•	 Demonstration by immunofluorescence of inclusion bodies in leukocytes of an 

inguinal lymph node (bubo) aspirate, or 

•	 Positive microimmunofluorescent serologic test for a lymphogranuloma venereum 

strain of C. trachomatis

Case classification

Probable: a clinically compatible case with one or more tender fluctuant inguinal lymph nodes or 

characteristic proctogenital lesions with supportive laboratory findings of a single C. trachomatis

complement fixation titer of >64 

Confirmed: a clinically compatible case that is laboratory confirmed 

Mucopurulent Cervicitis (Revised 9/96)

Clinical description

Cervical inflammation that is not the result of infection with Neisseria gonorrhoeae or 

Trichomonas vaginalis. Cervical inflammation is defined by the presence of one of the following 

criteria: 

•	 Mucopurulent secretion (from the endocervix) that is yellow or green when viewed on
 

a white, cotton-tipped swab (positive swab test)
 

•	 Induced endocervical bleeding (bleeding when the first swab is placed in the 

endocervix) 

Laboratory criteria for diagnosis

•	 No evidence of N. gonorrhoeae by culture, Gram stain, or antigen or nucleic acid 

detection, and no evidence of T. vaginalis on wet mount 

Case classification

Confirmed: a clinically compatible case in a female who does not have either gonorrhea or 

trichomoniasis 

Comment

Mucopurulent cervicitis (MPC) is a clinical diagnosis of exclusion. The syndrome may result from 

infection with any of several agents (see Chlamydia trachomatis, Genital Infections). If gonorrhea, 

trichomoniasis, and chlamydia are excluded, a clinically compatible illness should be classified as 

STD Surveillance 2001	 Appendix STD Surveillance Case Definitions 151 
MPC. An illness in a female that meets the case definition of MPC and C. trachomatis infection 

should be classified as chlamydia. 

Nongonococcal Urethritis (Revised 9/96)

Clinical description

Urethral inflammation that is not the result of infection with Neisseria gonorrhoeae. Urethral inflammation may be diagnosed by the presence of one of the following criteria: 

•	 A visible abnormal urethral discharge, or 

•	 A positive leukocyte esterase test from a male aged <60 years who does not have a 

history of kidney disease or bladder infection, prostate enlargement, urogenital 

anatomic anomaly, or recent urinary tract instrumentation, or 

•	 Microscopic evidence of urethritis (>5 white blood cells per high-power field) on a 

Gram stain of a urethral smear 

Laboratory criteria for diagnosis

•	 No evidence of N. gonorrhoeae infection by culture, Gram stain, or antigen or nucleic 

acid detection 

Case classification

Confirmed: a clinically compatible case in a male in whom gonorrhea is not found, either by culture, 

Gram stain, or antigen or nucleic acid detection 

Comment

Nongonococcal urethritis (NGU) is a clinical diagnosis of exclusion. The syndrome may result 

from infection with any of several agents (see Chlamydia trachomatis, Genital Infection). If gonorrhea and chlamydia are excluded, a clinically compatible illness should be classified as NGU. An illness in a male that meets the case definition of NGU and C. trachomatis infection should be 

classified as chlamydia. 

Pelvic Inflammatory Disease (Revised 9/96)

Clinical case definition

A clinical syndrome resulting from the ascending spread of microorganisms from the vagina and 

endocervix to the endometrium, fallopian tubes, and/or contiguous structures. In a female who has 

lower abdominal pain and who has not been diagnosed as having an established cause other than 

pelvic inflammatory disease (PID) (e.g., ectopic pregnancy, acute appendicitis, and functional 

pain), all the following clinical criteria must be present: 

•	 Lower abdominal tenderness, and 

•	 Tenderness with motion of the cervix, and 

• Adnexal tenderness 

In addition to the preceding criteria, at least one of the following findings must also be present: 

•	 Meets the surveillance case definition of C. trachomatis infection or gonorrhea 

•	 Temperature >100.4 F (>38.0 C) 

•	 Leukocytosis >10,000 white blood cells/mm3 

•	 Purulent material in the peritoneal cavity obtained by culdocentesis or laparoscopy 

152 STD Surveillance Case Definitions Appendix	 STD Surveillance 2001 
•	 Pelvic abscess or inflammatory complex detected by bimanual examination or by 

sonography 

•	 Patient is a sexual contact of a person known to have gonorrhea, chlamydia, or 

nongonococcal urethritis 

Case classification

Confirmed: a case that meets the clinical case definition 

Comment

For reporting purposes, a clinician’s report of PID should be counted as a case. 

STD Surveillance 2001	 Appendix STD Surveillance Case Definitions 153 
STD Project Directors, STD Program Managers, and State and Territorial Epidemiologists 

We gratefully acknowledge the contributions of state STD project directors, STD program managers, and state and territorial 

epidemiologists to this report. The persons listed were in the positions shown as of August 2, 2002. 

STD Project Directors STD Program Managers State Epidemiologists 

Alabama Charles H. Woernle Mike O’Cain J.P. Lofgren 

Alaska Allison Bell Donna Cecere John P. Middaugh 

Arizona Vacant Frank Slaughter Victorio Vaz 

Arkansas Renee Patrick Kaleemulla Sayyed Thomas McChesney 

California Gail Bolan Romni Neiman Duc J. Vugia 

Los Angeles Peter Kerndt Kerry Kenney Duc J. Vugia 

San Francisco Jeffrey Klausner Wendy Wolf Duc J. Vugia 

Colorado Ellen Mangione Terry Tiller-Taylor Richard E. Hoffman 

Connecticut James L. Hadler Heidi Jenkins James L. Hadler 

Delaware James C. Welch Catherine Mosley A. LeRoy Hathcock 

District of Columbia Karen Berry John Heath John Davis-Cole 

Florida Landis Crockett Karla Schmitt Steve Wiersma 

Georgia Kathleen Toomey Veronica Hartwell Paul Blake 

Hawaii Peter Whiticar Roy Ohye Paul Effler 

Idaho Russell Duke Anne Williamson Christine G. Hahn 

Illinois Charlie Rabins Charlie Rabins Mark Dworkin 

Chicago Chris Brown Janice M. Johnson Mark Dworkin 

Indiana Michael Butler Jim Beall Robert Teclaw 

Iowa Julie McMahon John Katz Patricia Quinlisk 

Kansas Sharon Patnode R. Allen Mayer Gianfranco Pezzino 

Kentucky Barry Wainscott David Raines Steven Englender 

Louisiana Jim Scioneaux Dennis Dorst Raoult Ratard 

Maine Sally Lou Patterson Bob Woods Kathleen F. Gensheimer 

Maryland Nancy Hoyt Scott Tulloch David Blythe 

Baltimore Ricardo Branic Glen Oltoff David Blythe 

Massachusetts Paul Etkind Paul Etkind Alfred DeMaria 

Michigan Loretta Davis-Satterla Mark A. Miller Matthew L. Boulton 

Minnesota Julia Ashley Julia Ashley Harry Hull 

Mississippi Mary Jane Coleman Mike Cassell Mary Currier 

Missouri Mary Menges Nyla DeArmitt Eduardo Simoes 

Montana Terry Krantz Bruce Deitle Todd A. Damrow 

Nebraska Christine M. Newlon Dan Harrah Thomas J. Safranek 

Nevada Yvonne Sylva Vener DeFriez Randall Todd 

New Hampshire David R. Ayotte David R. Ayotte Jesse Greenblatt 

New Jersey Janet DeGraaf Jerry Carolina Eddy A. Bresnitz 

New Mexico Susan Eastman Al Chowning C. Mack Sewell 

New York F. Bruce Coles Steve Brooks Perry F. Smith 

New York City Susan Blank Steve Rubin Perry F. Smith 

North Carolina Evelyn M. Foust Evelyn M. Foust J. Steven Cline 

North Dakota Larry Shireley Kirby Kruger Larry Shireley 

Ohio J. Nick Baird Timothy Bahns Forrest W. Smith 

Oklahoma William R. Pierson Mark Turner Michael Crutcher 

Oregon Mark Loveless Jan Karius Melvin Kohn 

Pennsylvania Weston Ruhrig Steve Kowalewski James T. Rankin, Jr. 

Philadelphia Robert Levenson Martin Goldberg James T. Rankin, Jr. 

Rhode Island Larry Reynolds Larry Reynolds Utpala Bandy 

South Carolina Lynda Kettinger Lynda Kettinger James Jerry Gibson 

South Dakota Laurie Gill David Morgan Lon Kightlinger 

Tennessee Keith Williams Drema Mace Allen Craig 

Texas Casey S. Blass Casey S. Blass Dennis M. Perrotta 

Utah Teresa Garrett John Contreras Robert T. Rolfs 

Vermont Peter D. Galbraith Marilyn Richards-Proulx Ann Fingar 

Virginia Casey Riley Casey Riley Robert B. Stroube 

Washington Larry Klopfenstein Larry Klopfenstein Jo Hofmann (acting) 

West Virginia Loretta E. Haddy Margaret Taylor Loretta E. Haddy 

Wisconsin Herb Bostrom Anthony Wade Henry Anderson 

Wyoming Jimm Murray Roger Burr Karl Musgrave 

American Samoa Joseph Tufa Tai Ripley Joseph Tufa 

Federated States of 

Micronesia Eliuel K. Pretrick Kidsen K. Iohp Jean Paul Chaine 

Government of the 

Marshall Islands Donald F. Copelle Altina Anien Tom D. Kijiner 

Guam Dennis Rodriguez Bernadette Schumann Robert L. Haddock 

Puerto Rico Angeles Rodriguez Trinidad Garcia Carmen Deseda 

Republic of Palau Uedo Masao Caleb T. Otto Jill McCready 

Virgin Islands Mavis Matthews Lucien Moolenaar Vacant 

154 Contributors Appendix STD Surveillance 2001