*

The Honorable Michael H. Watson, United States District Judge for the Southern District of

Ohio, sitting by designation.

RECOMMENDED FOR FULL-TEXT PUBLICATION

Pursuant to Sixth Circuit I.O.P. 32.1(b)

File Name: 13a0225p.06

UNITED STATES COURT OF APPEALS

FOR THE SIXTH CIRCUIT _________________

THE CONTRIBUTOR; CALVIN HART; ANDREW

HARRINGTON,

Plaintiffs-Appellants,

v.

CITY OF BRENTWOOD, TENNESSEE,

 Defendant-Appellee.

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No. 12-6598

Appeal from the United States District Court

for the Middle District of Tennessee at Nashville.

No. 3:11-cv-00624—Todd J. Campbell, Chief District Judge.

Argued: July 26, 2013

Decided and Filed: August 14, 2013 

Before: KEITH and McKEAGUE, Circuit Judges; WATSON, District Judge.*

_________________

COUNSEL

ARGUED: Irwin B. Venick, DOBBINS, VENICK, KUHN & BYASSEE,

PLLC,Nashville, Tennessee, for Appellants. Robert M. Burns, HOWELL & FISHER,

PLLC, Nashville, Tennessee, for Appellee. ON BRIEF: Irwin B. Venick, DOBBINS,

VENICK, KUHN & BYASSEE, PLLC,Nashville, Tennessee, Susan L. Kay, Nashville,

Tennessee, Thomas H. Castelli, AMERCIAN CIVIL LIBERTIES UNION

FOUNDATION OF TENNESSEE, Nashville, Tennessee, for Appellants. Robert M.

Burns, C. Mark Harrod, HOWELL & FISHER, PLLC, Nashville, Tennessee, for

Appellee. 

1
No. 12-6598 The Contributor, et al. v. City of Brentwood, Tenn. Page 2

_________________

OPINION

_________________

McKEAGUE, Circuit Judge. Calvin Hart and Andrew Harrington were vendors

for The Contributor, a newspaper written and sold by homeless and formerly homeless

persons. While standing on the sidewalk in Brentwood, Tennessee, attempting to sell

issues of The Contributor, Hart and Harrington were issued citations by City of

Brentwood police officers. Fearing the ordinance was unconstitutional, the City revised

it. The revisions did not satisfy Plaintiffs. They contend that the revised ordinance is

unconstitutional because it does not leave open adequate alternative channels of

communication for their speech. The district court disagreed. We now affirm.

I. 

A.

The facts in this case are not in dispute. The Contributor produces a street

newspaper to educate people about homelessness and poverty. The newspaper also helps

develop job skills for homeless and formerly homeless persons by employing them as

street vendors of The Contributor. Plaintiffs Calvin Hart and Andrew Harrington are two

such vendors.

In January 2011, Hart and Harrington attempted to sell issues of the newspaper

in the streets and on the sidewalks of Brentwood, Tennessee. They were issued citations

by Brentwood police officers for violating Brentwood Municipal Code section 58-1. At

the time, ordinance 58-1 provided that no person could use or occupy any portion of the

city street, alley, sidewalk or the public right-of-way to sell any goods or materials. Hart

and Harrington were each fined $125.

Fearing that this particular version of the ordinance was unconstitutional, the City

revised it. As relevant here, the revised ordinance (“the Ordinance”) provides as

follows: 
No. 12-6598 The Contributor, et al. v. City of Brentwood, Tenn. Page 3

(e) Nothing in this section or in any other part of this Code shall be

construed as prohibiting the sale or distribution of newspapers,

magazines, periodicals, handbills, flyers or similar materials, except that:

(1) Such activity shall be prohibited on any portion of

any street within the city.

(2) Such materials shall not be handed to the occupant

of any motor vehicle that is on a street, nor shall any

action be taken which is intended or reasonably

calculated to cause the vehicle occupant to hand anything

to the person selling or distributing the materials.

Brentwood Municipal Code Ordinance 58-1. 

In enacting the Ordinance, the City relied on a letter from its attorney explaining

the changes, a letter from a traffic consultant, and a summary of the revisions, as well

as common sense and personal experience. The Ordinance went into effect on July 29,

2011.

Hart and Harrington have not sold issues of The Contributor in Brentwood since

the Ordinance took effect because they fear that they will be fined under the Ordinance.

They allege that they would sell issues directly to motor-vehicle occupants but for the

Ordinance. The Contributor alleges that it would like to expand sales into Brentwood

but has not done so out of fear that its vendors will be cited under the Ordinance.

Plaintiffs brought suit to enjoin the enforcement of the Ordinance, claiming that the law

violates their First Amendment rights.

B.

In the court below, Plaintiffs alleged that the Ordinance was a content-based

restriction on protected speech that was not necessary to a compelling government

interest. They argued in the alternative that if the court found the law was a contentneutral regulation, the law was not narrowly tailored to serve a significant governmental

interest and did not leave open adequate alternative channels of communication.

On cross-motions for summary judgment, the district court ruled in favor of the

City. The district court found that the ordinance was a content-neutral regulation of a

traditional public forum. Further, the court found that the ordinance was enacted with
No. 12-6598 The Contributor, et al. v. City of Brentwood, Tenn. Page 4

a sufficient factual basis and was a reasonable time, place, and manner restriction

promoting a substantial government interest. The court determined that the law was

narrowly tailored because the City’s “achievement of the goals of traffic safety and flow

would be significantly less effective without this regulation.” The court concluded that

the law left open adequate alternative channels of communication. The court found that

The Contributor could sell its newspapers “door-to-door, through subscriptions, on

private property with permission, to pedestrians on sidewalks, or in appropriately placed

news racks.” This appeal followed.

II.

We review the district court’s grant of summary judgment de novo. Jacob v.

Twp. of W. Bloomfield, 531 F.3d 385, 388 (6th Cir. 2008). “The court shall grant

summary judgment if the movant shows that there is no genuine dispute as to any

material fact and the movant is entitled to judgment as a matter of law.” Fed. R. Civ. P.

56(a).

On appeal, Plaintiffs have abandoned most of the arguments they made below.

They concede that the law is a content-neutral time, place, and manner restriction of a

traditional public forum. Such a law comports with the First Amendment if (1) it serves

a significant government interest; (2) it is narrowly tailored to that interest; and (3) it

leaves open adequate alternative channels of communication for the information. Ward

v. Rock Against Racism, 491 U.S. 781, 791 (1989) (internal quotation marks omitted).

Plaintiffs concede that the law serves a significant public interest and is narrowly

tailored to that interest. Our review is therefore limited to determining whether the law

leaves open adequate alternative channels of communication.

Plaintiffs make three points in arguing it does not. Primarily, they argue that the

alternatives are inadequate because the Ordinance acts as a “de facto forum closure and

leaves open only alternatives that are not used by a unique publication such as The

Contributor.” In other words, they argue that street sales to motor-vehicle occupants are

the only adequate form of communication for a unique publication such as The

Contributor. Second, they argue that the City was required to present evidence that the
No. 12-6598 The Contributor, et al. v. City of Brentwood, Tenn. Page 5

proffered alternatives would be adequate. Third, they argue that because the Ordinance

completely closes a public forum, it does not leave open adequate alternative channels

of communication. We consider each argument in turn. 

A.

The City suggested five alternative avenues of communication in the court

below: mail subscriptions; email distribution; news boxes; sales to pedestrians on

sidewalks; and door-to-door sales. During oral argument before this Court, it offered

two more: sales in city parks and in front of churches. We have previously held that

pedestrian sales and door-to-door solicitation are adequate alternative channels of

communication. See Jobe v. City of Catlettsburg, 409 F.3d 261, 270 (6th Cir. 2005).

Plaintiffs do not contend that they could not use news boxes, mail subscriptions, or email

distribution. These alternatives are therefore potential alternative avenues of

communication. But are they adequate?

An alternative channel of communication can be adequate even when the speaker

is denied its best or favored means of communication. Phelps-Roper v. Strickland,

539 F.3d 356, 372 (6th Cir. 2008). The key for purposes of the adequate-alternatives

analysis is whether the proffered alternatives allow the speaker to reach its intended

audience. Id. (discussing ability to reach intended audience); Prime Media, Inc. v. City

of Franklin, 181 F. App’x at 536, 541 (6th Cir. 2006). Plaintiffs rely upon cases that

illustrate this point.

In Weinberg v. City of Chicago, 310 F.3d 1029 (7th Cir. 2002), the Seventh

Circuit struck down a law prohibiting the distribution of written material within

1000 feet of the United Center, the site of the Chicago Blackhawks’ home games.

Weinberg wanted to sell copies of his book—which excoriated the Blackhawks’ former

CEO—at the United Center before hockey games. The Seventh Circuit held that the law

did not leave open adequate alternative channels of communication—Weinberg wanted

to target Blackhawks’ fans specifically, and they represent “a fundamentally different

market than the market for bookstore readers or Internet users.” Id. at 1042. The
No. 12-6598 The Contributor, et al. v. City of Brentwood, Tenn. Page 6

alternatives were inadequate because they “require[d] Herculean efforts by Weinberg or

his customers to complete the sale.” Id. That is, because the alternatives did not allow

Weinberg to reach his intended audience without tremendous effort, the law did not

leave open adequate alternative channels of communication. 

In Comite De Jornaleros De Redondo Beach v. City of Redondo Beach, 657 F.3d

936, 956 (9th Cir. 2011) (en banc), the ordinance at issue effectively barred day laborers

from congregating anywhere in the city for the purpose of obtaining temporary

employment. The majority in Redondo Beach did not address whether the ordinance left

open adequate alternative channels of communication. But in two concurrences, Judges

Gould and Smith contended that it did not. Judge Gould believed that the City of

Redondo Beach needed to designate a permissible area for day laborers to congregate.

Id. at 951. Judge Smith, joined by Judge Thomas, concluded that the city had to provide

evidence establishing that the proffered alternatives were adequate and would not

substantially increase the costs of obtaining employment. Id. at 955. Soliciting

pedestrians and door-to-door canvassing were simply inadequate. Id. at 956. In dissent,

Judge Kozinski, joined by Judge Bea, argued that there were adequate alternatives: day

laborers could advertise via newspaper or on Craigslist and could go to day-laborer

centers. Judge Kozinski concluded that the inconvenience of these alternatives did not

render them inadequate. Id. at 967.

The key distinction between Weinberg and Redondo Beach and this case is the

speakers’ ability to reach the intended audience. A day laborer wants to find a person

who will hire him. Absent an area to meet with potential employers, the day laborer is

potentially left going door-to-door or soliciting pedestrians on a needle-in-a-haystack

search for work. A person selling a book decrying the reign of the Blackhawks former

CEO wants to find other Blackhawks’ fans who dislike the person or those that might

be so persuaded. Absent an opportunity to meet with Blackhawks’ fans where they

congregate—the arena where the Blackhawks play—it would be difficult to reach the

intended audience.
No. 12-6598 The Contributor, et al. v. City of Brentwood, Tenn. Page 7

Plaintiffs’ intended audience, on the other hand, is the general citizenry of

Brentwood. Plaintiffs can easily reach this audience by going door-to-door, by seeking

out people on sidewalks, or by distributing The Contributor via the mail, email, and

news boxes. Plaintiffs offer no reason to suggest they cannot reach their intended

audience by employing the City’s proffered alternatives. Additionally, if Plaintiffs wish

to engage in the desired face-to-face interaction with people, they may do so by going

door-to-door or by seeking out pedestrians. 

Instead, Plaintiffs argue that door-to-door sales are inadequate for two reasons.

 First, Plaintiffs argue that door-to-door sales provide an inadequate alternative because

of the City’s Peddler Ordinance. Specifically, Plaintiffs argue that the Peddler

Ordinance is unduly restrictive because it requires inter alia two references to attest to

the peddlers moral reputation and business responsibility; proof that the person has not

been convicted of a municipal ordinance; and payment of a $1000 bond. If the Peddler

Ordinance applied, door-to-door sales might not be an adequate alternative means of

communication.

But it does not apply. Ordinance 18.84 exempts “newsboys” and “bona fide

charitable . . . organizations” from the Peddler Ordinance. The Contributor is a

charitable organization: it is listed as a 501(3)(c) charitable organization. Its street

vendors are newsboys: “one who delivers or sells newspapers at retail.” Webster’s Third

New Int’l Dictionary 1524 (1984). Therefore, by its terms the Peddler Ordinance does

not apply to Plaintiffs, and they cannot contend that door-to-door sales are an inadequate

alternative means of communication based on the Peddler Ordinance.

Second, Plaintiffs argue that door-to-door sales is an inadequate alternative

because it would require a change in sales tactics and require Plaintiffs to foist

themselves upon people. But an alternative is not inadequate simply because the speaker

must change its tactics. If this were so, then a speaker could limit the adequacy of

alternatives by choosing its method of communication and limiting its tactics to a

specific form of communication. Such a rule would largely deprive the government of

the ability to enact reasonable time, place, and manner restrictions.
No. 12-6598 The Contributor, et al. v. City of Brentwood, Tenn. Page 8

Because Plaintiffs can easily reach their intended audience, the Ordinance leaves

open adequate alternative channels of communication.

B.

Plaintiffs’ other arguments merit little discussion. They argue that the city must

offer proof that the alternatives will be adequate. But we have never placed an onerous

burden on a municipality to prove the adequacy of alternative channels of

communication. Instead, we have only required a municipality to proffer a list of

potential alternative avenues of communication that are reasonable and made in good

faith. See Prime Media, Inc., 181 F. App’x at 541 (“intended audience . . . can be

reached through newspapers, radio, television, smaller signs . . . , and other traditional

means of communication (such as leafletting)”); Jobe, 409 F.3d at 270. A plaintiff may

then counter the government’s proof by “showing that the remaining avenues of

communication are inadequate.” Ward, 491 U.S. at 802; see also Prime Media, Inc.,

181 F. App’x at 541 (“Prime Media has presented no evidence that these alternatives are

inadequate to convey its messages”). Plaintiffs have wholly failed to offer any evidence

to make this showing. Instead, they argue that face-to-face interaction is intertwined

with the newspaper’s message and therefore traditional modes of distribution are

inadequate. But this is simply a rehash of their argument above that the only adequate

means of communication is their preferred means of communication, an argument we

rejected.

Plaintiffs also argue that when an entire forum is closed to certain speech

activity, a government restriction does not leave open adequate alternative means of

communication. The cases cited by Plaintiffs do not support such a broad statement. In

those cases, it was not the fact that a public forum was closed that made the law

unconstitutional; instead, it was the fact that all public fora were closed to the plaintiffs.

Loper v. New York City Police Dept., 999 F.2d 699, 701–03 (2d Cir. 1993); Bery v. City

of New York, 97 F.3d 689, 698 (2d Cir. 1996). Plaintiffs, on the other hand, have public

fora to which they might turn (including public areas where they can place news boxes;

the Internet; and pedestrian sales on sidewalks). Because Plaintiffs have failed to show
No. 12-6598 The Contributor, et al. v. City of Brentwood, Tenn. Page 9

that the proffered alternatives are inadequate, we conclude that the Ordinance leaves

open adequate alternative channels of communication.

III.

It might be easier for The Contributor and its street vendors to return to its

practice of selling to motor-vehicle occupants, but “there has been no showing that the

remaining avenues of communication are inadequate.” Ward, 491 U.S. at 802. We

therefore AFFIRM the decision of the district court.