#24485-a-JKK 

2008 SD 5

IN THE SUPREME COURT 

OF THE 

STATE OF SOUTH DAKOTA 

* * * * 

IN THE MATTER OF OTTER TAIL POWER 

COMPANY ON BEHALF OF BIG STONE II 

CO-OWNERS FOR AN ENERGY CONVERSION 

FACILITY PERMIT FOR THE CONSTRUCTION 

OF THE BIG STONE II PROJECT 

* * * * 

APPEAL FROM THE CIRCUIT COURT OF 

THE SIXTH JUDICIAL CIRCUIT 

HUGHES COUNTY, SOUTH DAKOTA 

* * * * 

HONORABLE LORI S. WILBUR 

Judge 

* * * * 

JANETTE K. BRIMMER of 

Minnesota Center For 

Environmental Advocacy Attorneys for appellants 

St. Paul, Minnesota Fresh Energy, Izaak Walton 

League of America-Midwest 

JOHN H. DAVIDSON Office, Union of Concerned 

Vermillion, South Dakota Scientists & Minnesota Center 

for Environmental Advocacy. 

THOMAS J. WELK 

CHRISTOPHER W. MADSEN of 

Boyce, Greenfield, Pashby & Welk Attorneys for appellee 

Sioux Falls, South Dakota Big Stone II Co-Owners. 

JOHN J. SMITH 

Assistant Attorney General 

SD Public Utilities Commission Attorneys for appellee 

Pierre, South Dakota SD Public Utilities Commission. 

* * * * 

ARGUED ON NOVEMBER 7, 2007 

 OPINION FILED 01/16/08 
-1- 

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KONENKAMP, Justice 

[¶1.] Otter Tail Power Company, on behalf of several utilities, applied for a 

permit to construct Big Stone II, a coal-fired energy conversion facility. Certain 

non-profit environmental organizations intervened to oppose the application. They 

asserted that the carbon dioxide (CO2) emissions from Big Stone II would contribute 

to global warming, thereby posing a threat of serious environmental injury. The 

South Dakota Public Utilities Commission (PUC) concluded that although the 

facility will emit CO2, the amount will not pose a threat of serious injury to the 

environment. It found that CO2 emissions are not currently regulated by Congress 

or South Dakota and that Big Stone II would only increase the national amount of 

emissions by seven hundredths of one percent. Because the PUC followed existing 

legal guidelines in approving the permit, and its findings were not clearly 

erroneous, we uphold its decision. 

Background 

[¶2.] The South Dakota Legislature acknowledged the significant impact 

energy development has on “the welfare of the population, the environmental 

quality, the location and growth of industry, and the use of the natural resources of 

the state.” SDCL 49-41B-1. It enacted legislation to “ensure that [energy 

conversion and transmission] facilities are constructed in an orderly and timely 

manner so that the energy requirements of the people of the state are fulfilled.” Id. 

The Legislature deemed it “necessary to ensure that the location, construction, and 

operation of facilities will produce minimal adverse effects on the environment and 

upon the citizens of this state by providing that a facility may not be constructed or 
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operated in this state without first obtaining a permit from the [PUC].” Id; SDCL 

49-41B-4. 

[¶3.] A permit application must include: 

(1) The name and address of the applicant; 

(2) Description of the nature and location of the facility; 

(3) Estimated date of commencement of construction and 

duration of construction; 

(4) Estimated number of employees employed at the site of the 

facility during the construction phase and during the operating 

life of the facility. Estimates shall include the number of 

employees who are to be utilized but who do not currently reside 

within the area to be affected by the facility; 

(5) Future additions and modifications to the facility which the 

applicant may wish to be approved in the permit; 

(6) A statement of the reasons for the selection of the proposed 

location; 

(7) Person owning the proposed facility and person managing the 

proposed facility; 

(8) The purpose of the facility; 

(9) Estimated consumer demand and estimated future energy 

needs of those consumers to be directly served by the facility; 

(10) The potential short and long range demands on any 

estimated tax revenues generated by the facility for the 

extension or expansion of public services within the affected 

areas; 

(11) Environmental studies prepared relative to the facility; 

(12) Estimated construction cost of the facility. 

SDCL 49-41B-11. 

[¶4.] After a request for a permit is filed, the PUC must enlist a local review 

committee, which “shall meet to assess the extent of the potential social and 

economic effect to be generated by the proposed facility, to assess the affected area’s 

capacity to absorb those effects at various stages of construction, and formulate 

mitigation measures.” SDCL 49-41B-7. This committee issues a final report to the 

PUC with its findings and “recommendations of the committee as to mitigation 

measures and minority reports.” SDCL 49-41B-10. The PUC may also “prepare or 
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require the preparation of an environmental impact statement[.]” SDCL 49-41B-21. 

An applicant is required “to establish that: (1) The proposed facility will comply 

with all applicable laws and rules; (2) The facility will not pose a threat of serious 

injury to the environment nor to the social and economic condition of inhabitants or 

expected inhabitants in the siting area; (3) The facility will not substantially impair 

the health, safety or welfare of the inhabitants; and (4) The facility will not unduly 

interfere with the orderly development of the region with due consideration having 

been given the views of governing bodies of affected local units of government.” 

SDCL 49-41B-22. 

[¶5.] On November 8, 2004, in accord with SDCL 49-41B-5, the Otter Tail 

Corporation, doing business as Otter Tail Power Company, submitted a proposal to 

the PUC for permission to construct an energy conversion facility. Otter Tail 

submitted the proposal on behalf of Central Minnesota Municipal Power Agency, 

Great River Energy, Heartland Consumers Power District, Montana-Dakota 

Utilities Company, a division of MDU Resources Group, Inc., Southern Minnesota 

Municipal Power Agency, and Western Minnesota Municipal Power Agency 

(Applicants).1 As proposed, the facility would be a 600 megawatt (MW) coal-fired 

electric generating plant to be located in Grant County, South Dakota, east of 

1. As confirmed by counsel at oral argument, some utilities have since pulled 

out of the project. Otter Tail and Montana-Dakota Utilities Company 

indicate that they will proceed with a smaller facility. 
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Milbank and Northwest of Big Stone.2 The facility would be named Big Stone II 

and be situated next to an older facility, Big Stone I. 

[¶6.] Several organizations sought to intervene: Clean Water Action; South 

Dakota Chapter Sierra Club; Union of Concerned Scientists; Mary Jo Stueve; 

Minnesotans for an Energy-Efficient Economy; Izaak Walton League of America, 

Midwest Office; and Minnesota Center for Environmental Advocacy (Intervenors). 

The Intervenors opposed the application on multiple grounds related to the 

environmental impact of Big Stone II. The PUC granted intervention to all 

parties.3

[¶7.] The Applicants’ petition to the PUC triggered SDCL 49-41B-6, and a 

local review committee was established to prepare a social and economic assessment 

of Big Stone II. The assessment (1) examined the potential impacts of Big Stone II; 

(2) addressed the area’s ability to absorb those impacts; (3) identified a list of 

actions needed to ensure a smooth project; and (4) prepared a list of recommended 

mitigation measures. The committee’s findings relate to issues not implicated in 

this appeal, and therefore, will not be discussed. 

2. In 1972, various electrical utilities and other electrical industry participants 

voluntarily joined Mid-Continent Area Power Pool (MAPP), an association 

organized to promote efficiency and reliability in the industry by pooling 

power generation and transmission. MAPP noted that by the summer of 

2011, the MAPP United States region would have an 819 megawatt deficit. 

To alleviate the forecasted deficit, MAPP concluded that members would 

need to construct power generators, purchase additional capacity, and/or 

reduce the growth in demand. 

3. Clean Water Action and the Sierra Club later withdrew. 
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[¶8.] An environmental impact statement was also prepared. Among many 

other things, the impact statement assessed the air quality effects of Big Stone II. 

In so doing, the statement first identified the applicable regulations, stating 

The Clean Air Act, and its amendments (CAA), requires the 

Federal U.S. Environmental Protection Agency (USEPA) to set 

National Ambient Air Quality Standard (NAAQS) for pollutants 

considered harmful to public health and the environment. . . . 

The USEPA Office of Air Quality Planning and Standards has 

set NAAQS for six principal pollutants, which are called ‘criteria’ 

pollutants.4

Draft Environmental Impact Statement May 2006 at 3-1, 3-2. The statement also 

recognized applicable regulations from Prevention of Significant Deterioration 

(PSD), New Source Performance Standards (NSPS), Best Available Control 

Technology (BACT), and the Clean Air Mercury Rule (CAMR). Id. at 4-2. 

[¶9.] Although CO2 is not regulated, the statement recognized that Big 

Stone II was estimated to emit approximately 4.7 million tons of CO2 per year. It 

remarked, however, that “[p]rojected emissions of all hazardous air pollutants from 

the existing and proposed plants would be reduced by approximately 41 [million] 

tons/year (from approximately 63 [million] tons/year by the existing plant to 

approximately 22 [million] tons/year by the combined existing and proposed plant 

operations).” Id. at ES-18. Moreover, the statement noted that “[t]he proposed 

super-critical combustion technology for the proposed Project is three-to-four 

percent more efficient, and would result in lower CO2 emissions per MWh 

4. These include: carbon monoxide (CO), lead, nitrogen dioxide, two types of 

particulate matter, ozone, and sulfur dioxides. 
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[megawatt hours] of electrical energy output as compared to the sub-critical boiler 

technology.” Id. at 4-11.

[¶10.] The statement summarized the air quality effects of Big Stone II: 

Overall, no air quality impacts exceed significance criteria for air 

resources. The long-term impacts from the proposed Project for 

NAAQS and PSD increment would be less than significant. The 

Grant County, South Dakota area is in attainment or is 

unclassifiable for all criteria pollutants. Emissions from the 

proposed project would not conflict with or obstruct 

implementation of any applicable air quality plan. Since the 

increase in criteria pollutant emissions would either be less than 

the PSD significance levels or well within the NAAQS and PSD 

increments, the proposed Project long-term and short-term 

emissions impacts on distant air quality areas that are not in 

compliance with NAAQS is unlikely. In addition, visibility 

impacts to Class I and Class II areas would be less than 

significant. . . . 

Id. at 4-13. Nevertheless, according to the statement, “[t]he proposed Big Stone II 

plant would generate unavoidable emissions of air pollutants that would be an 

adverse impact.” Id. at 5-1. This was determined notwithstanding that Big Stone 

II “would operate under [an] appropriate air emission permit from the state of 

South Dakota that requires operation of the plant under regulatory limits. . . . Even 

with the permit requirements and air emission control equipment, these impacts 

would be adverse and unavoidable.” Id.

[¶11.] In accord with SDCL 49-41B-16, the PUC is required to hold a public 

hearing near the proposed facility’s location. Two public hearings were held. At the 

first hearing, fifteen people provided testimony. At the second hearing, twenty 

people attended, with twelve giving testimony. In addition to the public hearings, 

the Applicants, Intervenors, and the PUC exchanged substantial written discovery, 

with the Applicants answering more than 500 discovery requests and making 
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available more than 47,000 pages of documents. All parties submitted pre-filed 

testimony and a formal evidentiary hearing was held on June 26-29, 2006. Oral 

argument was heard by the PUC on July 11, 2006. 

[¶12.] Through their testimony, the Applicants asserted that Big Stone II 

would provide the energy necessary to serve consumers in South Dakota, North 

Dakota, Minnesota, Iowa, Montana, and Wisconsin. Big Stone II is projected to 

produce 4.6 million MW hours of electricity per year. The estimated cost to 

construct Big Stone II is $1 billion in 2011 dollars. The Applicants claimed that if 

construction of Big Stone II was delayed or prohibited, the member companies 

would not be able to generate sufficient energy, which would affect the reliability of 

their systems and harm consumers. 

[¶13.] The Intervenors opposed construction of Big Stone II. They asserted 

that Big Stone II would pose a threat of serious injury to the environment under 

SDCL 49-41B-22 and should not be constructed. The threat of serious injury, the 

Intervenors alleged, would be caused by the amount of CO2 Big Stone II would emit. 

These emissions, according to the Intervenors, would contribute to global warming, 

which they contend seriously harms the environment. 

[¶14.] To support their contention that global warming harms the 

environment and CO2 emissions contribute to global warming, the Intervenors 

submitted expert testimony from Dr. Ezra Hausman. Dr. Hausman is employed 

with Synapse Energy Economic, Inc., a company specializing in energy and 

environmental concerns. Dr. Hausman holds a Ph.D. in Atmospheric Science from 
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Harvard University, a master’s degree in Applied Physics from Harvard, and a 

master’s degree in Water Resource Engineering from Tufts University. 

[¶15.] Dr. Hausman testified that “[h]uman induced climate change is a 

grave and increasing threat to the environment and to human societies around the 

globe.” According to Dr. Hausman, an increase in many greenhouse gases has 

caused a 0.6° C increase in global temperature in the twentieth century. More 

notably, he opined, “This means that the planet as a whole does not lose heat to 

space as efficiently as it otherwise would, so the system as a whole is warming up. 

This is the phenomenon commonly referred to as ‘global warming.’” 

[¶16.] According to Dr. Hausman, the increase in global temperature “has 

come primarily from the burning of fossil fuels (coal, oil, and natural gas), and also 

from changes in land use such as deforestation.” Of the fossil fuels, he stated that 

“coal emits the most CO2 per unit of energy obtained.” Dr. Hausman said that 

“[t]here is an unequivocal scientific consensus on many aspects of the issue of global 

climate change.” Specifically, according to Dr. Hausman, there is a consensus that: 

(1) “the CO2 content of the atmosphere is increasing rapidly;” 

(2) “this rate of increase, and resulting abundance of CO2 in the 

atmosphere, is unprecedented in at least the past 200,000 years and 

probably much longer;” 

(3) “the primary source of the increase is the combustion of fossil fuels 

by human industrialized societies, i.e., that is the anthropogenic CO2;”5

(4) “the increased abundance of CO2 has a direct radiative forcing effect 

on climate by altering the heat transfer characteristics of the 

atmosphere;” 

(5) “this change in the heat transfer properties of the atmosphere will 

have an impact on the climate of the planet;” 

5. According to Dr. Hausman, the term “anthropogenic” refers to human caused 

emissions of CO2. 
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(6) “the climate of the earth is currently changing in ways that are 

consistent with model predictions based on the increased radiative 

forcing due to the anthropogenic increase in the atmospheric CO2[;]” 

(7) “the magnitude of climate impacts will increase with increasing 

atmospheric CO2 content;” and 

(8) “once the atmospheric abundance of CO2 has been increased, it will 

only return to equilibrium levels through natural processes on a 

timescale of several centuries.” 

[¶17.] In regard to coal-fired power plants in general, Dr. Hausman testified 

that the ones “in the United States already emit almost one-third of the U.S. 

emissions, or 8% of all the world’s anthropogenic CO2 into the atmosphere, a 

staggering contribution to the global buildup of greenhouse gases.” Moreover, he 

testified that because “base load coal plants in the United States are built to 

produce electricity for decades, as long as 70 years in the case of some of the older 

plants still operating today”, the threat to the environment “is becoming 

increasingly obvious and severe.” 

[¶18.] With respect to Big Stone II, Dr. Hausman testified that it would “add 

over 4.5 million tons of CO2 to the atmosphere every year of its operational life, 

inexorably and significantly contributing to the buildup of greenhouse gases in the 

atmosphere.” This amount represents a 34% increase in South Dakota’s emission 

record from the EPA in 2001. Further, he said that “[a]t 4.5 million tons per year, 

emissions from Big Stone II would be equivalent to emissions from almost 670,000 

cars.” The emissions from Big Stone II, Dr. Hausman explained, “would cause 

irreversible damage to the environment, especially considering its expected lifetime 

of 50 years or more and the slow recovery time for atmospheric CO2.” He stated, 

“Human societies and ecosystems will find themselves poorly adapted to their local 

climate and this will result in disruption of ecosystems[.]” He also predicted that 
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the warming in a region like South Dakota will cause increased temperatures in the 

summer, resulting in more droughts and reduced crop yields. 

[¶19.] He concluded that the emissions from Big Stone II will cause “a 

significant and irreversible impact on the environment, both globally and in South 

Dakota. . . . My opinion is that this facility will have a cumulative effect, in 

combination with other operating energy conversion facilities, both existing and 

under construction, of causing the level of atmospheric carbon dioxide to be 

significantly elevated relative to what it would be without this plant. . . . In my 

opinion, the environmental effects of this facility will pose a threat of serious injury 

to the environment in South Dakota and in the broader region.” 

[¶20.] In response to Dr. Hausman’s testimony, the Applicants presented the 

rebuttal testimony of Ward Uggerud, Otter Tail’s senior vice-president. Uggerud 

testified that Dr. Hausman’s opinion that Big Stone II will have a significant 

adverse impact on South Dakota “lacks perspective, to say the least.” Although he 

conceded that “Big Stone II will emit approximately 4.7 million short tons of carbon 

dioxide per year,” Uggerud explained: 

The Energy Information Administration (EIA) reports that U.S. 

anthropogenic carbon dioxide emissions for 2010 are projected to 

be 6,365 million metric tons. . . . This means that Big Stone II’s 

share of total U.S. anthropogenic carbon dioxide emissions in 

2010 (assuming the plant came on line then) would be 0.0007 

(0.07%, or seven hundredths of one percent). According to EIA, 

global anthropogenic CO2 emissions in 2010 will be 30,005 

million metric tons. Big Stone II’s share of this amount will be 

0.00014 (0.014% or less than two one-hundredths of one 

percent). 

 

Moreover, Uggerud asserted that “[c]arbon dioxide is not the only greenhouse gas. 

Other gasses, such as methane and water vapor, also trap heat in the atmosphere. 
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Water vapor is by far the most dominant greenhouse gas.” He thought, therefore, 

that “the evidence is simply insufficient to conclude that CO2 emissions associated 

with the proposed Big Stone II will cause [a] ‘costly adverse impact on the 

environment both in South Dakota and throughout the region, the continent and 

the planet.’” 

[¶21.] After considering Dr. Hausman’s and Uggerud’s testimony and the 

voluminous record, the PUC issued a thirty-four page letter decision, which, among 

other things, identified the applicable rules and regulations, the site description, 

alternative locations, and the impact of the plant on the environment. It also 

evaluated the regulatory and environmental costs associated with construction of 

Big Stone II. The PUC found that Big Stone II complied with all rules and 

regulations under SDCL Chapter 49-41B and ARSD Chapter 20:10:22. As for 

alternative energy sources, the PUC considered a study submitted by the 

Applicants from Burns & McDonnell Engineering Co. It examined alternative 

baseload generation technologies, such as wind, biomass, hydropower, solar, landfill 

gas, geothermal energy, distributed generation, atmospheric circulating fluidized 

bed, combined cycle natural gas turbine, and integrated coal gasification combined 

cycle. The PUC concluded that “there were no renewable generation options 

available to address the need for 600 MW of baseload power within the timeframe 

required, and that other fossil fuel sources were more expensive and less desirable.” 

Further, according to the PUC, there was no single next best alternative source 

where the Applicants could obtain the needed energy and the “Intervenors have not 
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proposed an alternative to provide base load capacity through natural gas or oil 

instead of coal” and “have not suggested any specific alternative to Big Stone II. . . .” 

[¶22.] The PUC also addressed an issue that arose at the hearing where the 

Intervenors argued that the Applicants should pay the costs associated with 

possible future regulation of CO2 emissions. Because neither Congress nor South 

Dakota has regulated CO2 emissions, and the PUC found it speculative whether 

such regulations would be established, it concluded that imposing costs would be 

unwarranted. 

[¶23.] The PUC considered the environmental impact statement filed by the 

Applicants. The statement indicated that Big Stone II would emit approximately 

4.7 million tons of CO2 each year and over 225 million tons of CO2 over the expected 

life of the plant. But the plant would “produce about 18% less CO2 than other 

existing coal-fired plants because the super-critical boiler proposed here is more 

efficient than other forms of coal-fired technologies.” Thus, the PUC found that Big 

Stone II “will not contribute materially to the increase in the production of 

anthropogenic carbon dioxide[.]” The PUC also found that Big Stone II “would 

increase U.S. emissions of carbon dioxide by approximately .0007, or sevenhundredths of one percent[.]” 

[¶24.] In sum, considering the voluminous record, including the pre-filed 

testimony, the committee report, the environmental impact statement, and the 

applicable rules and regulations, the PUC concluded that “if constructed in 

accordance with the terms and conditions” set forth in its decision, Big Stone II “will 
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not pose a threat of serious injury to the environment or to the social and economic 

conditions of the inhabitants or expected inhabitants in the siting area.” 

[¶25.] Accordingly, the PUC granted the Applicants a permit to construct Big 

Stone II in compliance with the terms and conditions of the PUC’s decision. In 

circuit court, the Intervenors’ appeal was affirmed. They now appeal to this Court 

asserting that the PUC’s decision (1) violated the plain language of SDCL 49-41B22; and (2) was clearly erroneous in light of the evidence as a whole. 

Standard of Review 

[¶26.] Our review of the PUC’s decision granting the Applicant’s request for a 

permit to construct Big Stone II is controlled by SDCL 1-26-36. See Tebben v. Gil 

Haugen Const., Inc., 2007 SD 18, ¶15, 729 NW2d 166, 171 (quoting Wells v. Howe 

Heating & Plumbing, Inc., 2004 SD 37, ¶9, 677 NW2d 586, 590 (quoting SDCL 1-26-

36)). The PUC’s findings of fact are reviewed under the clearly erroneous standard, 

while its conclusions of law are reviewed de novo. See id. “A reviewing court must 

consider the evidence in its totality and set the [PUC’s] findings aside if the court is 

definitely and firmly convinced a mistake has been made.” Id. (citing Sopko v. C & 

R Transfer Co., Inc., 1998 SD 8, ¶7, 575 NW2d 225, 228-29). 

Analysis and Decision 

[¶27.] According to the Intervenors, the PUC erroneously applied SDCL 49-

41B-22, and therefore, our review must be de novo, and we should accord no 

deference to the PUC’s decision that Big Stone II will not pose a threat of serious 

injury to the environment. They argue that the PUC “was duty-bound to recognize” 

the findings by the scientific community concerning the impact of CO2 emissions on 
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global warming. Moreover, they argue that the PUC’s finding that Big Stone II will 

emit 4.7 million tons of CO2 each year clearly demonstrates that the plant will pose 

a threat of serious harm to the environment. 

[¶28.] The Applicants respond that there are no regulations governing the 

emission of CO2, and thus there are no standards by which to conclusively establish 

what amount of emission constitutes a threat of serious injury to the environment. 

According to the Applicants, the PUC was required to determine if Big Stone II, not 

all coal-fired facilities, will pose a threat of serious injury to the environment. 

Because Big Stone II is calculated to increase U.S. emissions by 0.0007, or seven 

hundredths of one percent, the Applicants contend that the PUC’s conclusion is not 

clearly erroneous in light of all the evidence. Moreover, the PUC required that the 

Applicants report annually on any CO2 regulations and their efforts to bring Big 

Stone II into compliance. 

[¶29.] We review the PUC’s decision and decide whether, based on the 

evidence as a whole, we are left with a definite and firm conviction that a mistake 

has been made. See Sopko, 1998 SD 8, ¶6, 575 NW2d at 228. While we give due 

regard to an agency’s well-reasoned and fully informed decision, we will not uphold 

clear errors of judgment or conclusions unsupported in fact. Our task in this appeal 

is to decide the narrow question of whether the PUC’s conclusion that Big Stone II 

will not pose a threat of serious injury to the environment was clearly erroneous in 

light of all the evidence. See id.

[¶30.] There were over 1,400 pages of documentary evidence submitted in 

this case. The Applicants offered evidence of studies conducted concerning the 
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effect Big Stone II might have on the environment and the community. They also 

submitted evidence regarding the alternative sources of energy they considered, but 

ruled out. The Intervenors do not dispute the Applicants’ need for the additional 

wattage. Nor do they present an argument that there exists a viable alternative to 

Big Stone II’s coal-fired facility. More significantly, the Intervenors suggest no 

standards by which the PUC may assess what amount of CO2 emissions are 

tolerable. Rather, they maintain that CO2 emissions, at any measurable level, 

seriously harm the environment. 

[¶31.] Global warming presents a momentous and complex threat to our 

planet. A resolution for this problem, critical though it is, cannot be made in the 

isolation of judicial proceedings. The social, economic, and environmental 

consequences of global warming implicate policy decisions constitutionally reserved 

for the executive and legislative branches. To date, no CO2 emission standards have 

been enacted by our political leaders. “Congress has recognized that carbon dioxide 

emissions cause global warming and that global warming will have severe adverse 

impacts in the United States, but it has declined to impose any formal limits on 

such emissions.” Connecticut v. American Elec. Power Co., Inc., 406 FSupp2d 265, 

268-69 (SDNY 2005) (citing The Global Climate Protection Act of 1987, PL 100-204, 

Title XI, §§1102-03, reprinted at 15 USC §2901 note).6 

 (continued . . .) 

6. Recently, the United States Supreme Court ruled that the EPA was 

authorized to regulate CO2 when the Court interpreted the phrase “any air 

pollutant” in the Clean Air Act to include automobile carbon dioxide 

emissions. See Massachusetts v. E.P.A., -- US --, 127 SCt 1438, 1460-61, 167 

LEd2d 248 (2007). The Court reasoned that the use of the word “any” 
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__________________ 

(. . . continued) 

[¶32.] As members of the judiciary, we refrain from settling policy questions 

more properly left for the Governor, the Legislature, and Congress. No matter how 

grave our concerns on global warming, we cannot allow personal views to impair our 

role under the Constitution. In South Dakota, the Legislature designated the PUC 

as the responsible agency for this question of granting a permit. We must uphold 

the PUC’s decision unless we conclude that the ruling was “clearly erroneous in 

light of the entire evidence in the record or arbitrary or capricious or characterized 

by abuse of discretion or clearly unwarranted exercise of discretion.” See Korzan v. 

City of Mitchell, 2006 SD 4, ¶12, 708 NW2d 683, 686 (citing SDCL 1-26-36). 

[¶33.] The PUC, in its thirty-four page decision, entered several findings of 

fact concerning the issue of global warming and CO2 emissions. It recognized that 

despite the asserted scientific consensus on the harm caused from global warming, 

neither Congress nor the South Dakota Legislature has chosen to regulate CO2

emissions. Therefore, the PUC addressed the potential harm from Big Stone II by 

comparing the projected level of CO2 emissions from Big Stone II to the level of 

emissions nationally. Because Big Stone II would increase CO2 emissions by 

0.0007, or seven hundredths of one percent, the PUC concluded the threat of harm 

would not result in serious injury. Nonetheless, as a condition on the permit, the 

indicated that the statute was intended to require regulation of all air 

pollutants. Id. 
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PUC required that the Applicants submit annual reviews of any regulations on CO2

emissions and their efforts to comply with those regulations.7

[¶34.] Our review of the record shows the PUC entered a well-reasoned and 

informed decision when it concluded that Big Stone II would not pose a threat of 

serious injury to the environment. It addressed the parties’ contentions regarding 

global warming and CO2 emissions and also provided a detailed explanation of why 

it rejected the findings proposed by the Intervenors. 

[¶35.] While global warming and CO2 emissions are considered harmful by 

the scientific community, what will pose a threat of serious injury to the 

environment under SDCL 49-41B-22 is a judgment call initially vested with the 

PUC by the Legislature. Nothing in SDCL Chapter 49-41B so restricts the PUC as 

to require it to prohibit facilities posing any threat of injury to the environment. 

Rather, it is a question of the acceptability of a possible threat. Resolving what is 

acceptable for the people of South Dakota is not for this Court. The Legislature and 

Congress must balance the competing interests of economic development and 

protection of our environment. Based on all the evidence and our limited scope of 

review, the PUC’s decision was not clearly erroneous. 

7. The Applicants must “submit an annual report to the [PUC] on CO2” which 

“shall review any federal or state action taken to regulate carbon dioxide, 

how the operator plans to act to come into compliance with those regulations, 

the expected costs of those compliance efforts and the estimated effect of such 

compliance on rate-payers. The report should also evaluate operational 

techniques and commercially-available equipment being used to control CO2

emissions at pulverized coal plants, the cost of those techniques or 

equipment, and whether or not the operator has evaluated the prudence of 

implementing those techniques or equipment.” 
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[¶36.] Affirmed. 

[¶37.] GILBERTSON, Chief Justice, and SABERS, ZINTER, and 

MEIERHENRY, Justices, concur.