1

U.S. Department of Transportation Federal Aviation Administration 

# Advisory

Circular

Subject: Identification and Registration Marking Date: 1 0/01/15 Initiated By: AIR

- 100 AC No: 45

- 2E

1 P URPOSE

.

1.1 This advisory circular (AC) provides information about Title 14

, Code of Fede ral Regulations (14 CFR)

, part 45, Identification and Regist ration Marking. This AC is
not mandatory and doe s not constitute a regulation. This AC describes an acceptable

means , but not the only means , to comply with the requirements for identifying aircraft and a ircraft engines with identification plates, identifi cation marking requirements for propellers, and marking aircraft with nationality and registration marks. However, if you use the mea ns described in the AC, you must follow it in all important respects.

1.2 A list of other related sections of 14 CFR and relate d publications, and definitions pertinent to this AC are located in the appendixes to this AC.

2 AUDIENCE

.

2.1 This AC af

f ects

— 1. B uilders of civil aircraft, air craft engines, and propellers. ( For the purpose of this AC, the term “aircraft” includes powered parachutes and balloons

. )

2. A ll production approval holders (PAH) , including persons who export their products to the United States under the provisions of an agreement between the United States and an other country or jurisdiction.

3. R epair stations operating under 14 CFR part 1 45 and air carriers operating N

- numbered aircraf

t (see appendix C to this AC for the definition of “N

- number”)

.
2.2 The discussion of nationality and registration marks applies to owners and operators of civil aircraft, including aircraft o perated as public aircraft.

2.3 The discussion of marking requirements applies to all PAH s and manufacturers producing under type certificate ( TC ) only.1 0/01/15 AC 45

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2 3 EFFECTIVE D ATE.
This AC is effective 1 0 / 01 / 2015

.

4 EXPLANATION OF C HANGES.
This revision

— 1. Excludes f

ixed

- pitch wooden propellers from the § 45.11(c) fireproof marking requirement

. 2. C larif ies that a fireproof identification plate is one acceptable method for fireproof marking propellers, propeller blades, or propeller hubs , but is not a required method

. 3. In corporates the current AC formatting policy.

5 C ANCELLATION.
This AC cancels

, as of its effective date, AC 45

- 2 D

.

6 IDENTIFICATION OF A IRCRAFT, AIRCRAFT E NGINES, AND P ROPELLERS.

6.1 Information t o B e Included as Identification

. Under § 45.11, a ircraft propellers, propeller blades, and propeller hubs must display certain information using a n approved fireproof method , such as a plate, stamping, engraving, or etching

. F ixed

- pitch wooden propeller s must also display the following information, but are not required to use a f ireproof method

. Section 45.13 describes the informatio n a manufacturer must display :
1. The builder’s name , which may be the name of an individual, firm, co

- partnership, corporation, company, association, or joint

- stock association.

2. Model designatio n.
3. Builder’s serial number.

4. TC number, if any.

5. Production certificate ( PC ) number, if any.

6. For aircraft engines, the established rating.

7. For aircraft engines, t he date of manufacture

, that is, month (two digits) /
year ( four digits)

. 8. For aircraft engine s , the engine’s approved 14 CFR p art 34 designation

. ( P art 34 discusses fuel venting and exhaust emission requirements for turbine engine

powered airplanes.) A pproved designations include “ comply

, ” “ exempt , ” and

“ non

- U.S

. ” for engines specified in p art 34, manu factured on or after January 1, 1984.1 0/01/15 AC 45

- 2E

3 9. Section 45.13 (a) requires an identification plate to include, among other things, any information the FAA finds appropriate. For any product manufactured under a design data licensing agreement between an FAA TC and PC holder, the manufacturer should include the following information on the product’s identification plate (See § 45.13(a)(8)) : Manufactured by (insert PC holder’s name) under a licensing agreement program with (insert TC holder’s name)

Note: Design approval holders should include identification plate s as part of each product’s approved design data . This data usually takes the form of an engineering drawing describing such factors as material, size, required information entries, and mounting l ocation. If requested by the manufacturer, the FAA may permit the inclusion of a corporate logo or registered trademark on an identification plate, after review and approval by the FAA.

6.2 Type and Placement of Identification Plate

. The identification is required to be located on a fireproof plate, placed on a surface where it is not likely to be defaced or removed during normal service

. The identification cannot be placed on an inspection plate, removable fairing, or access cover. Refer to T able 1 for add itional identification plate location information.1 0/01/15 AC 45

- 2E

4 Table 1. Identification Plate Location

Aircraft or Equipment Location Comments

Aircraft (to include light

- sport aircraft), except for balloons (1) Outside the aircraft so that it is legible

from the ground, either just behind and next to the rear

- most entrance door or on the side or bottom of the fuselage near the tail surface. (2) The following aircraft are excluded from the requirement to display identification information on the aircraft exterior: Aircraft operated under p art 121 ; commuter aircraft ; gliders that operate under a Federal Aviation Administration ( FAA )

- approved continuous airworthiness maintenance program ; and all aircraft manufactur ed for export

. (3) If the aircraft was manufactured before March 7, 1988, some other interior or exterior location near an entrance, so that it is legible from the ground, either just behind and next to the rear

- most entrance door or on the underside of t he fuselage near the tail surface. The mo del and serial numbers also are required to be displayed on the fuselage exterior. T he FAA accepts locations where you have to open a door or remove items

, such as baggage or carry

- on items, to make the plate visible. The plate may be covered or enclosed if it can be uncovered without using tools or removing aircraft components.

Powered parachute and weight

- shift

control aircraft On the fuselage exterior so that it is

legible from the ground.

Balloons On the balloon envelope and where it is

legible to the operator when the balloon is inflated. Mark the basket and heater assembly with the manufacturer’s name, part number (or equivalent), and serial number (or equivalent). Engines At an accessible place where it will not

likely be lost or destroyed in an accident. Propellers, propeller blades, or propeller hubs On a non

- critical surface where it will not

likely be lost or destroyed in an accident

. If possible, where it is visible without disassembly of the propeller.1 0/01/15 AC 45

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5 6.3 Manufacturer

- I nstalled I dentification P late.

6.3.1 The FAA has previously approved factory

- installed identification plates on the fuselage exterior near th e tail surface on some models. These models do not need an additional plate.

6.3.2 The manufacturer

- installed identification plate on some models may not f ollow the guidance in this AC; however, the FAA may have previously determined the identification plate to be acceptable. In all cases, it is important that the manufacturer comply with the guidance in § 45.13 , Identification data, that requires FAA approval for the removal of an identification plate, except as required during maintenance operations. If those models do not follow the guidance in this AC, do not remove the identification plate without written approval from the FAA.

6.4 I dentification Plate Requirements for Aircraft Built from Spare or Surplus Parts

. Information to be displayed as identification is described in paragraph 6.1

. In addition, the following guidelines should be followed:

6.4.1 You should use t he builder’s name as your name (the person who assembled the aircraft), not the name of the manufacturer who buil ds the same model of aircraft.

6.4.2 You may assign any serial number if it is clear that the manufacturer who builds the same model of aircraft did n ot assign an identical number. You should add a letter prefix or suffix, such as your name or initials, to the serial number to provide positiv e identification.

6.5 Removing an Identification Plate D uring Maintenance

. If necessary, y ou may remove an identification plate for performing maintenance in accordance with methods, techniques, and practices acceptable to the FAA. However,
once you complete the maintenance, you are required to reinstall the identification plate on the same product

—

 At the same location, using the original means of attachment

, or

 In another location and/or by using another means of attachment in accordance with FAA

- approved technical data, including Instruction s for Continued Airworthiness

.

6.6 Acquiring a New Identification Plate F rom the Manufacturer

.

6.6.1 The owner or owner ’s authorized representative is required to obtain a new identification plate from the manufacturer w hen an id entific ation plate is lost, stolen,

or damaged during maintenance operations

. T he owner or owner’s authorized representative should contact the appropriate F light S tandards D istrict Office (FSDO) or M anufacturing I nspection D istrict O ffice (M I DO) to get FA A assistance and approval for obtaining the replacement.1 0/01/15 AC 45

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6 6.6.2 You do not need to get FAA approval as described in paragraph 6.6.1 w hen

—

 A new or additional identification plate is required as a result of rebuilding or alteration action under 14 CFR p art 43

, Maintenance, Preventive Maintenance, Rebuilding, and Alteration ; and

 I nstructed by specific FAA

- approved maintenance procedures contai ned in manufacturers’ manuals, letters, or bulletins

.

6.7 Changing Identification Plate Information

. You may c hang e the identification data required by § 45.13(a) only when such changes compl y with specific FAA

- approved or

- accepted data (for example, design data, maintenance procedures, and rebuilding or alteration procedures contained in manufacturers’ manuals, letters, bulletins )

. Note: When an aircraft has been modified to conform to another model of the same make, a new identification plate is required to be a ttached as close as physically possible to the original identification plate. The or iginal identification plate is not to be removed or altered in any manner.

6.8 Acquiring an Identification Plate from Somewhere Other Than the Manufacturer

.

6.8.1 You are required t o have the FAA’s approval to remove, change information on, or install an identification pla te for other than maintenance.

6.8.2 You are prohibited from using an identification plate from a scrapped or destroye d aircraft or aircraft engine.

6.8.3 You are required to buy identification plates from an approved source after going through the process described in paragraph 6.6

.
6.8.4 If you install an identification pla te without the FAA’s approval, you are in violation of § 45.13(b), (c), and/or (e).

7 NATIONALITY AND R EGISTRATION M ARKING R EQUIREMENTS FOR A IRCRAFT (THE N

- N UMBER)

. T he FAA Civil Aviation Registry issues the aircraft N

- number. To get an available N

- number, you may contact the Civil Aviation Registry at (405) 954

- 4206 or use the online services at http://www.faa.gov/licenses_certificates/aircraft_certi fication/aircraft_registry/n_numbers/

.

7.1 Placing Other Text or Graphics be tween the Two Parts of an N

- N umber

.

7.1.1 You may not place any text or graphic between any of the letters or numbers in the N

- number unless the aircraft is an antique aircraft.1 0/01/15 AC 45

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7 7.1.2 You may insert the symbol (“C,” standard; “R,” restricted; “L,” limited; or “X,” experimental or provisionally certificated) appropriate to the airwort hiness certificate of the three t ypes of aircraft listed below. The symbol may be placed between the nationality designation and the registration number, for example, NX1234

. 1. A U.S.

- registered aircraft built at least 30 years ago,

2. A U.S.

- registered aircraft with the same external configuration as an aircraft built at least 30 years ago that is operating under a special airworthiness certificate as an exhibition aircraft, or

3. An amateur

- built aircraft with the same external configuration as an aircraft built at least 30 years ago.

7.2 Placing Text or Graphics Elsewhere on the Aircraft

. You may put text or graphics on areas of the aircraft other than th ose reserved for the N

- number. Ask a local FAA inspector to ensure that the text or graphic does not impede or degrade th e legibility of the N

- number.

7.3 N

- N umber Legibility

. The N

- num ber is required to be legible and wri tten in capital Roman style lett ers without any ornamentation. You may use shading or a border only if it makes the number more legible. Use the following guidelines:

7.3.1 Make sure the color contrasts sufficiently with the color of the fuselage to make it
easy to read. Be especially careful when the background is highl y decorated, as in checkering. Consider applying the requirements of 14 CFR 23.811(c)(7)(ii) or 14 CFR 25.811(f)(2), Emergency exit marking, as a tes t of whether the color of the N

- number cont rasts sufficiently with the background.

7.3.2 Check the ref

lectance of external markings. Using electro

- optical instruments or photometer card sets is an acceptable means of verifying reflectance

, but these instruments are not requ ired to establish reflectance. The FAA considers a 12

- inch number legible if you can read it from 500 feet away, in a horizontal line, and perpendicular to the side of the aircraft during daylight hours, without using an optical aid such as binoculars.

7.3.3 If you question whether an N

- num ber is legible

, because of either color or reflectance

, check with your local FAA inspector.

7.4 Applying the N

- N umber on Aircraft

.

7.4.1 You are required to apply the N

- number in a permanent way. Use paint that needs thinners or stripper s to remove it, or use dec als. Do not use tape that can be peeled off and do not use water

- soluble paint, such as poster paint.1 0/01/15 AC 45

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8 7.4.2 You may use removable materials if the aircraft

— 1. Has a temporary nationality designation and registration number.

2. Is intended for immediate delivery to a non

- U.S. purchaser.

3. Will be flown into an Air Defense Identification Zone or a Distant Early Warning Identification Zone and does not have permanent markings.

7.5 Displaying the N

- N umber on Aircraft

. Except as provided in T able 3, Exceptions to Displaying the N

- Number, mark aircraft in accordance with T able 2 below

.

Table 2. Displaying the N

- Number on an Aircraft

Aircraft Type or Category Minimum

Height Location Orientation Comments
Airships 3 inches (1) On the u pper surface of the right horizontal stabilizer and on the under surface of the left horizontal stabilizer

, with the top of the marks toward the leading edge of each stabilizer, and (2) On e ach side of the bottom half of the vertical stabilizer. Horizontal

Antique aircraft 2 inches (1) On both sides of the fuselage between the trailing edge of the wing and the leading edge of the horizontal stabilizer, or (2) On the vertical tail surface, either over or under the horizontal stabilizer. Horizontal or Vertical You may display the

ca tegory symbol between the nationality designation and the registration number. You may not display any other mark beginning with the nationality designation elsewhere on the aircraft. Antique aircraft registered

a s N

- numbered aircraft may display markings as they were applied at the time of initial certification.1 0/01/15 AC 45

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9 Table 2. Displaying the N

- Number on an Aircraft

Aircraft Type or Category Minimum

Height Location Orientation Comments
Experimental aircraft

— exhibition,
amateur

- built, and light

- sport aircraft with a maximum cruising speed of 180 knots or less 3 inches

(with exceptions as shown in T able 3) (1) On both sides of the

fuselage between the trailing edge of the wing and the leading edge of the horizontal stabilizer, or (2) On both sides of the vertical tail surface. Horizontal (with exceptions

as shown in T able 3) No markings are required

on certain exhibition aircraft, if the registration marks would be inconsistent with exhibition of that aircraft. Operations without markings are limited to those operat ions and procedures listed in § 45.22, Exhibition, antique, and othe r aircraft: Special ru les . E ach flight is required to receive prior approval. See details in T able 3.
Fixed

- wing aircraft 12 inches

(with exceptions as shown in T able 3) (1) On both surfaces of a

single vertical tail or on the outer surfaces of a multi

- vertical tail, or (2) On the fuselage surfaces, on both sides of the fuselage between the trailing edge of the wing and the leading edge of the horizontal stabilizer. If engine pods or other equipment are located in this area and are an integral part of the fuselage side su rfaces, you may place the marks on those pods or equipment. Horizontal

Gliders 3 inches (1) On both surfaces of a single vertical tail or o n the outer surfaces of a multi

- vertical tail, or (2) On the fuselage surfaces, on both sides of the fuselage between the trailing edge of the wing and the leading edge of the horizontal stabilizer. Horizontal

or V ertical

Horizontal1 0/01/15 AC 45

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10 Table 2. Displaying the N

- Number on an Aircraft

Aircraft Type or Category Minimum

Height Location Orientation Comments

Non

- spherical balloons 3 inches On each side near its maximum cross

- s ection

, and immediately above either the rigging band or the points of attachment of the basket or cabin suspension cables. Horizontal

Spherical balloons, powered parachutes, and weight

- shift

control aircraft 3 inches In two places diametrically opposite on any fuselage structural member and near the maximum horizontal circumference. Horizontal

Rotorcraft 12 inches

(with exceptions as shown in T able 3) Both external side

surfaces: Engine nacelles, roof structure, and fixed surfaces visible from 500 feet away, in a horizontal line

. Also, perpendicular to the side of the aircraft during daylight hours, without using an optical aid such as binoculars.
Allowable locations include

— (1) The cabin or fuselage, including the roof structure, and hin ge or sliding doors, but not where the N

- number will be covered by doors that can be opened in flight. The appropriate controls should be in place to prevent the loss of the required identifi cation when the door panels

are replaced. (2) Boom. Side surface s. (3) Tail. Outboard surfaces of the vertical tail(s), if the rotor blade, guards, or other equipment do not obstruct the display. Horizontal If none of the approved surfaces are large enough for 12

- inch letters, make them as large as practicable and put them on the largest of the authorized surfaces.1 0/01/15 AC 45

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11 7.6 N

- Numbers as Part of the Type Design of an Aircraft

. N

- number s are not design requirements. T he FAA does not approve them as part of the type design, although they may appear in type design drawings and data as points of reference. The N

- number is required to comply with the requirements specified in
p art 45.

7.7 Exceptions to Displaying the N

- N umber. There are exceptions to how and wh ere you display your N

- number. T able 3 below lists the circumstances and explains the exceptions.

Table 3. Exceptions to Displaying the N

- Number

Circumstance Exception Displaying an N

- number on an exhibition aircraft If displaying the N

- number is inconsistent with the purpose of the exhibition (for example, during the taping of a motion picture or television production, or during an airshow), you may operate the aircraf t without displaying the N

- number. (1) You may operate unmarked exhibition aircraft only

— (a) For practice and test flights necessary for exhibition, (b ) At the exhibition, (c) Between exhibition locations, or (d) Between those locations and the base of operations of the aircraft. (2) For each flight in the United States , you are required to either

— (a) File a flight plan under 14 CFR p art 91, General Operating and Flight Rules, § 91.153 or § 91.169, or (b ) Get prior approval from the F SDO if the flight is within the lateral boundaries of the surface areas of class B, class C, class D,

or class E airspace designated for the takeoff airport ; or within 4.4 nautical miles of that airport if it is within class G airs pace. Displaying an N

- number on a limited or restricted category aircraft or experimental or provisionally certificated aircraft Unless you’ve included the aircraft’s category letter in the N

- number between the nationality designation and the registrati on numbe r (for example, NR1234 for a restric ted aircraft), the aircraft is required
to display near each entrance to the cabin or cockpit the term “limited,” “restricted,” “experimental,” or “provisional airworthiness,” as appropriate. The term should be v isible to anyone entering the aircraft and should be 2 to 6 inches high. Displaying an N

- number on

an aircraft with multiple airworthiness certificates You may use a removable category placard for the term “limited,” “restricted,” “experimental,” and “provisional airworthiness,” as appropriate. The term should be 2 to 6 inches high.1 0/01/15 AC 45

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12 Table 3. Exceptions to Displaying the N

- Number

Circumstance Exception Displaying nationality and registration marks on an aircraft intended f

or export (1) If you manufactured an aircraft, are preparing that aircraft for export, and the aircraft is registered in the United States, you may mark the aircraft with the nationality and registration marks assigned by the country you will be delivering it to. You may operate the aircraft in the United States with that number to transport it to the purchaser or, for a limited time, for test or demonstration flights. (2) If the aircraft is already registered in the importing country, you may not display an N

- number during operations in the United States

. You are required to display the nationality and registration marks of the importing country and obtain a special flight authorization under § 91.715, Special flight authorizations for foreign civil aircra ft,
to operate the aircraft in the United States. (3) You may not display the marks of the United States and those of oth er countries at the same time. This could cause confusion as to the correct marks. Displaying a minimum

- height N

- number on a fixed

- wing aircraft On an aircraft displaying 2

- inch mar ks before November 1, 1981, and on aircraft manufactured betwee n November 2, 1981, and January 1, 1983, you may display those marks until the aircraft is repainted or the marks are repain ted, restored, or changed. Once the aircraft is repainted or the marks are repainted, restore d, or changed, the N

- number is required to be 12 inches high. Displaying a minimum

- height N

- number on a rotorcraft On a rotorcraft manufactured and marked befor e December 3 1, 1983, you may display those marks until the rotorcraft is repainted or the marks are repainted, restored, or changed. Once the rotorcraft is repainted or the marks are repainted, restored , or chan ged, the N

- number is required to be 12 inches high. Displaying a minimum

- height N

- number on exhibition,
amateur

- built, or light

- sport aircraft with a maximum cruising speed of 180 knots or less (1) If you display N

- numbers on each side of the vertical tail surface, the minimum height for a newly painted mark is 3 inches, except for antique aircraft, or aircraft with the same external configuration as an aircraf t built at least 30 years ago. Details are found in § 45.22(b)(1), Exhibition, antique, and oth er aircraft: Special rules. (2) If you disp lay N

- numbers vertically, follow the requirements of § 45.25(b)(1), Location of marks on fixed

- wing aircraft. Displaying required marks on a surface not large enough to meet size requirements (1) If one of the surfaces authorized for displaying required marks is large enough to display marks meeting the size requirement, and the other authorized surfa ce is not large enough, you are required to display full

- size marks on the larger surface. (2) If neither authorized surface is large enough for full

- size marks,
y ou are required to display marks as large as practicable on the largest authorized surface. Displaying an N

- number on an aircraft, but not as specified in this AC You may ask the FAA for authority to display the number in some other way. Contact your local FSDO or M I DO for assistance.10/01/15 AC 45

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13 8 WHERE TO FIND THIS AC

.

8.1 You can find this AC at http://www.faa.gov/regulations_policies/advisory_circulars/

.
8.2 If you have any suggestions for improvements or changes, you may use the template provided at the end of this AC.

Susan J. M. Cabler Acting Manager, Design, Manufacturing, &

Airworthiness Division Aircraft Certification Service1 0/01/15 AC 45

- 2E Appendix A

A

- 1 Appendix A. Related Sections of 14 CFR

A.1 14 CFR P ART 1, DEFINITIONS A ND ABBREVIATIONS

. Part 1 defines the words and terms used in subchapters A through K of chapter 1 of 14 CFR.

A.2 14 CFR P ART 21, CERTIFICATION PR OCEDURES FOR PRODUCT S, ARTICLES , AND P ARTS.
Part 21 sets forth rules for the issu ance of and change to TCs, and issuance of PCs

, airworthiness certificates, and e xport airworthiness approvals. It also sets forth the rules governing the holders of these certificates and the a pproval of certain products and articles.

A.3 14 CFR P AR T 23, AIRWORTHINESS STANDARDS: NORMAL, UTILITY, ACROBATIC, AN D COMMUTER CATEGORY AIRPLANES.
Part 23 sets forth airworthiness standards for the issuance of TCs and c hanges to those certificates for normal, utility, acrobatic, and commuter category airplanes.

A.4 14 CFR P AR T 25, AIRWORTHINESS STANDARDS: TRANSPORT CATEGORY AIRPLANES. Part 25 sets forth airworthiness standards for the issuance of TCs and changes to those

ce rtificates for transport category airplanes.

A.5 14 CFR P ART 27, AIRWORTHINE SS STANDARDS: NORMAL CATEGORY ROTORCRAFT. Part 27 sets forth the airworthiness standards for issuance of TCs and changes to those certificates for normal category rotorcraft.

A.6 14 CFR P A RT 29, AIRWORTHINESS STANDARDS: TRANSPORT CATEGORY ROTORCRAFT. Part 29 sets forth airworthiness standards for the issuance of TCs and changes to those certificates for transport category rotorcraft.

A.7 14 CFR P AR T 31, AIRWORTHINESS STANDARDS: MANNED FR EE B ALLOONS. Part 31 sets forth airworthiness standards for the issuance of TCs and changes to those certificates for manned free balloons.1 0/01/15 AC 45

- 2E Appendix A

A

- 2 A.8 14 CFR P AR T 33, AIRWORTHINESS STANDARDS: AIRCRAFT ENGINES.
Part 33 sets forth airworthiness standards for the issuance of TCs and changes to those certificates for aircraft engines.

A.9 14 CFR P ART 34, FUEL VENTING AND EXHAUST EMISSION REQUIREMENTS FOR TUR BINE ENGINE POWERED AIRPLANES. Part 34 provides for the approval or acceptance by the FAA or the Administrator of the Environmental Protection Agency of testing and sampling methods, analytical techniques, and related equipment not identical to those specified in part 34.

A.10 14 CFR P AR T 35, AIRWORTHINESS ST ANDARDS: PROPELLERS. Part 35 sets forth airworthiness standards for the issuance of TCs and changes to those certificates for propellers.

A.11 14 CFR P ART 43, MAINTENANCE, PREVENTIVE MAINTENAN C E, REBUILDING, AND ALTE RATION.
Part 43 sets f

orth rules for maintenance, preventi ve maintenance, rebuilding, and alteration.

A.12 14 CFR P ART 45, IDENTIFICA TION AND REGISTRATIO N MARKING. Part 45 sets forth rules for the display of nationality and registration marks; display of special airworthiness class ification marks; identification plates for aircraft, aircraft engines, and propellers; and identification of certain replacement and critical aircraft parts and components.

A.13 14 CFR P ART 47, AIRCRAFT REG ISTRATION. Part 47 sets forth the requirements for reg istering aircraft.

A.14 14 CFR PART 91, GENE RAL OPERATING A ND FLIGHT RULES. Part 91 prescribes rules governing the operation of aircraft within the United States , and prescribes flight rules governing the operation of aircraft within the United States and with in 12 nautical miles from the coast of the United States.

A.15 14 CFR P AR T 121, OPERATING REQ UIREMENTS: DOMESTIC, FLAG, AND SUPPLEMENTAL OPERATI O NS. Part 121 sets forth operating requirements for domestic, flag, and supplemental operations.1 0/01/15 AC 45

- 2E Appendix A

A

- 3 A.16 14 CFR P AR T 135, O PERATING REQUIREMENT S: COMMUTER AND ON DEMAND OPERATIONS AN D RULES GOVERNING P ERSONS ON BOARD SUCH AIRCRAFT. Part 135 sets forth operating requirements for commuter and on

- demand operations and rules governing persons aboard such aircraft.1 0/01/15 AC 45

- 2E Appendix B

B

- 1 Appendix B. Related Reference Material

B.1 ADVISORY CIRCULARS.

B.1.1 U.S. Department of Transportation, Federal Aviation Administration, AC 20

- 62, Eligibility, Quality, and Identification of Aeronautical Replacement Parts , current edition

. AC 20

- 62 provides information on how to determine the quality, eligibility, and traceability of aeronautical parts and materials intende d for installati on on U.S. type

- certificated products.

B.1.2 U.S. Department of Transportation, Federal Aviation Administration, AC 20

- 65, U.S. Airworthiness Certificates and Authorizations for Operation of Domestic and Foreign Aircraft , current edition

. AC 20

- 65 provides gen eral information on issuing airworthiness certificates and special flight authorizations for certain aircraft.

B.1.3 U.S. Department of Transportation, Federal Aviation Administration, AC 45

- 3 A , Installation, Removal, or Change of Identification Data and Identi fication Plates on Aircraft Engines , current edition

. AC 45

- 3 provides information concerning installing, removing, or changing identification data and identification plates on aircraft engines.1 0/01/15 AC 45

- 2E Appendix C

C

- 1 Appendix C. Definitions

C.1 ANTIQUE AIRCRAFT. Paragraphs 1 through 3 below define antique aircraft. Paragraphs 2 and 3 below include restored or replica aircraft even if the aircraft is not identical to the original in every detail. Minor differences in configuration due to modern equipment and components are acceptable. Examples of such differences include using a tail wheel instead of a tailskid, main wheel brakes, or a modern type propell er.
1. A U.S.

- registered aircraft built at least 30 years ago,

2. A U.S.

- registered aircraft possessing a special airworthiness certificate in the experimental category for the purpose of exhibition with the same external configuration as an aircraft built at l east 30 years ago, or

3. A U.S.

- registered aircraft possessing a special airworthiness certificate in the experimental category for the purpose of operating an amateur

- built aircraft with the same external configuration as an aircraft built at least 30 years ago.

C.2 ARTICLE. A material, part, component, process, or appliance.

C.3 BUILDER. Includes amateur

- builders and manufacturers of aircraft, aircraft engines, and propellers.

C.4 FIREPROOF. As stated in § 1.1, General definitions, the capacity to withstand the heat associated with fire at least as well as steel.

C.5 LIGHT

- SPORT AIRCRAFT. A category of simple, very basic, small lightwei ght, low performance aircraft. It is an aircraft other than a helicopter or powered

- lift. Also see definition in § 1.1.

C.6 N

- NUMBER. An ident ifier unique to each aircraft. The letter prefix designates the country where the aircraft is registered. The United States is “N,” which is why this number is c ommonly called the “N

- number.” The rest of the number is the aircraft’s individual registration number, for example, N1234, or a combination of numbers and letter suffixes as described in § 47.15(b), Identification number.1 0/01/15 AC 45

- 2E Appendix C

C

- 2 C.7 POWERED P ARACHUTE. A powered aircraft compris ed of a flexible or semi

- rigid wing connected to a fuselage so that the wing is not in position for flight until the aircraft is in motion. The fuselage of a powered parachute contains the aircraft engine and a seat for each occupant, and is attached to th e aircraft’s landing gear.

C.8 PRODUCT. An aircraft, aircraft engine

, or propeller.

C.9 TEXT OR GRAPHIC. Includes any company name, decoration, emblem, sym bol, trademark, or unique paint scheme.

C.10 WEIGHT

- SHIFT

- CONTROL A IRCRAFT. A powered aircraft with a framed pivoting wing and a fuselage controllable only in pitch and roll by the pilot’s ability to change the aircraft center of gra vity with respect to the wing. Flight control of the aircraft depends on the wing’s ability to flexibly deform rather than the use of control surfaces.1 0/01/15 AC 45

- 2E Appendix D

D

- 1 Appendix D. Advisory Circular Feedback Form

If you find an error in this AC, have recommendations for improving it, or have suggestions for new items/subjects to be added, you may let us know by (1) emailing this form to 9

- AWA

- AVS

- AIR500

- Coord@faa.gov or (2) faxing it to the attention of the AIR Directives Managem ent Officer at 202

- 267

- 3983.

Subject: ____________________________ Date: ____________________

Please check all appropriate line items:

 An error (procedural or typographical) has been noted in paragraph __________________ on
page _________________ _________.
 Recommend paragraph ____________ on page ______________ be changed as follows:

 In a future change to this AC, please cover the following subject: (Briefly describe what you want added.)

 Other comments:

 I would like to discuss the above. Please contact me.

Submitted by: __________________________________ Date: ________________________