NOT FINAL UNTIL TIME EXPIRES TO FILE REHEARING MOTION AND, IF FILED, DETERMINED

IN THE DISTRICT COURT OF APPEAL OF FLORIDA SECOND DISTRICT

STATE OF FLORIDA , ) ) Appellant, ) ) v. ) Case No. 2D 14

- 4181 ) EMERSON ADONIS HERRERA , ) ) Appellee. ) ) Opinion filed September 28, 2016. Appeal from the Circuit Court for Manatee County; John F. Lakin, Judge. Pamela Jo Bondi, Attorney General, Tallahassee, and Cerese Crawford Taylor, Assistant Attorney General, Tampa, for Appellant. Howard L. Dimmig, II, Public Defender, and Kevin Briggs, Assistant Public Defender, Bartow, for Appellee.

SALARIO, J udge

.

The State charged Emerson Herrera with being an accessory after the fact to murder. Mr. Herrera was sixteen years old at the time of the alleged offense. The trial court granted a motion to suppress his confess ion, holding that the State failed to
prove that Mr. Herrera had knowingly , intelligently, and voluntarily waived his rights- 2

-

under Miranda v. Arizona , 384 U.S. 4 3 6 (1966). Reviewing de novo the legal question of whether the Miranda waiver was knowing, intelligent, and voluntary, we reverse.
I. This prosecution arises from the murder of a sixteen

- year - old victim named Dakota Smith . After a n interrogation by Detect ives James Curulla and Jeff Beckley of the Bradenton Police Department, Mr. Herrera confessed that he assisted
hi s cousin in disposing of the murder weapon. At an evidentiary hearing on the motion to suppress , Detectives Curulla and B eckley testified , and audio recording s of the Miranda warnings and a portion of the interrogation , a video recording of most of the interrogation, and a transcript of the entire interrogation were receiv ed in evidence. The following facts emerge d.

Not long after Smith ' s murder , Mr. Herrera was being held in a juvenile detention center on an unrelated offense

. While there, h e told a sergeant who worked at the center that he was involved in the Smith murder. The sergeant passed that information on to Detective Curulla, w ho reviewed Mr. Herrera ' s juvenile " face sheet " and learned that he had a lengthy history of criminal charges and was serving a term of juvenile probation

. Detective Curulla asked Dete ctive Beckley to go to the home of Mr. Herrera

— w h o had by then been released from the detention center

— t o see whether he was complying with the curfew term of his probation. Mr. Herrera was not at home

w hen Detective Beckley arrived

.

The next day , Detective Curul la arrest ed Mr. Herrera on the probation violation. He read the Miranda rights from a card issued by the p olice d epartment :

[Detective Curulla]: Emerson, how old are you? [Mr. Herrera]: 16 year [ s ] old.- 3

- [Detective Curulla]: 16? Okay. I want to read you your Miranda rights, okay? I need you to say yes or no after, so that if you understand what I ' m gonna say to you okay?

. . . What grade are you in?

. . . [Mr. Herrera]: Ninth grade. [Detective Curulla]: Ninth grade. Okay. You have the right to remain silent. Do you understand that right? [Mr. Herrera]: Y ep. [Detective Curulla]: Okay. Anything you say can and will be used against you in a court of law. Do you understand that right? [Mr. Herrera]: Yeah. [Detective Curulla]: You have the right to talk to an attorney and have him or her present with you be fore and during questioning[.] Do you undersan d that right? [Mr. Herrera]: Yeah. [Detective Curulla]: If you cannot afford to hire an attorney, one will be appointed to represent you at no cost before and during questioning, if you wish. Do you understa nd that right? [Mr. Herrera]: Yeah. [Detective Curulla]: You can decide at any time, to exercise these rights, and not answer any questions or make any statements. Do you understand . . . that right? [Mr. Herrera]: Yeah. [Detective Curulla]: Okay. So yo u understand at any time you don ' t want to talk, you don ' t have to, right? [Mr. Herrera]: Yeah. Mr. Herrera was handcuffed and t aken to the police sta tion, where he was put in an interview room with one hand cuffed to a chair. Prior to arresting Mr. Herrera, Detecti ve Curulla tried to call his mother at a number on the face sheet, but no one answered and there was no system to leave a message.- 4

- Detective Curulla began an interrogation of Mr. Herrera and was later joined by Detect ive Beckley

. He advis ed Mr. Herrera that he wanted to discuss the Smith murder. Throughout the interrogation , the detectives reminded Mr. Herrera how serious a charge of murder was . They told him that they did not believe he murdered Smith and that if t he killing was in self

- defense or there was some other explanation they needed to know. Mr. Herrera repeatedly denied involvement in the murder, telling the detectives that he was with his girlfriend at the time

. After one hour , Detective Curulla asked for and obtained a number to contact Mr. Herrera ' s mother, left the room, and later returned. Around that time , the detectives learned that Mr. Herrera was unable to read.

The detectives confronte d Mr. Herrera with his statements to the sergeant
at the detention center

. He told them that he and his cousin claimed responsibility for the murder to bolster their street credibility and named two p eople

— Christian and Emilio

— w ho c ould verify that

. Around then , roughly t wo hours into the interrogation, Mr

. Herrera asked if he could speak to his mother. The detectives said that they had left a message on h er voicemail. Mr. Herrera then provided his grandmother ' s phone number. Shortly thereafter , Mr. He rrera asked when he could speak to his mother. The detectives again told him that they had left a message for her , and Detective Beckley contacted Mr. Herrera ' s grandmother to see if she had his juvenile probation officer ' s phone number. Detective Curull a specifically asked Detective Beckley, " Can you let her know that he ' s been arrested? We ' ve been trying to get a hold of his mother. "

After a pproximately two hours and fiv e minutes , the detectives left for the stated purpose of visiting Emilio to see if he would corroborate Mr. Herrera ' s account. Mr. Herrera was placed in Detective Beckley ' s office, and the interrogation ceased until- 5

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the detectives returned. They did so roughly one hour later, advis ing Mr. Herrera that Emilio did not corroborate his st ory and resum ing the interrogation. At one point, while emphasizing the bad position Mr. Herrera was in because of his statements to the sergeant, Detective Curulla stated that Mr. Herrera had admitted to a murder, that

" murderers don ' t stay in juvenile detention, " and that Mr. Herrera would go to " real jail " where he would be " some big man ' s bitch

. " A fter 2.5 hours of interrogation, Mr. Herrera explained that he was present when his cousin shot Smith after a physical confrontation and that he then helpe d his cousin dispose of the gun. 1 Ap proximately twenty minutes after that , he repeated t he same story. When asked why the detectives should believ e him after he had previously lied to them, Mr. Herrera stated that he had thought about Detective Curulla ' s statements about going to adult jail and being someone else ' s

" bitch. " Approximately twenty minutes later , the detect ives again got in touch with Mr. Herrera ' s grandmother, who then got in touch with his mother. Q uestioning ceased , with the exception of inconsequential small talk, for one hour and twenty minutes while they waited for his family to arrive

. T he detectives e xplained to Mr. Herrera's mother that she controlled the interrogation and that they would stop if she did not want it to continue

. S he verified that Mr. Herrera had been with his co us in on the night of the murder, allowed the interrogation to proceed , and encourag ed Mr. Herrera to cooperate

.

1 The trial court found that the confession came after " 3 1⁄2 hours of constant interrogation. " That finding is not supported by competent substantial evidence. The video and transcript of the interrogation show that Mr. Herrera was questioned for approximately two hours and five minutes before the detectives left him alone for one hour and that h e was questioned again for twenty

- five minutes before confessing. Rather than 3.5 hours of cons tant interrogation, that is 2.5 hours of interrogation separated by a one

- hour break in the questioning

.- 6

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Mr. Herrera repeated the story involving his cousin and , at h is mother ' s urging, went with the detectives to the crime scene and showed them where Smith ' s body had fallen.

The detectives testified that Mr. Herrera appeared " street smart, " that he appeared to understand what was happening during the interrogation , and that he offered no indication that he had any difficulty understanding

. Their perception is borne out by the interrogation recordings and the audio of the Miranda warnings.

T he trial court granted Mr. Herrera ' s motion to suppress. It found that the detectives " conducted themselves wi th the utmost dignity and ethics " and that the tactics used " were not mean
- spirited, aggressive, or outside the realm of reasonable police interrogation. " Nonetheless, it held that the detectives " erred . . . in not taking special care to ensure that this juvenile knowingly, intelligently and voluntarily waived his Miranda rights. " In reaching that conclusion, the trial court r elied primarily on three circumstances that it believed undermined Mr. Herrera ' s waiver of his Miranda rights

— that the Miranda war nings were read only once and were not " in language understandable to a teen, " that th e detectives adopted a good

- cop/ bad

- cop approach to which Mr. Herrera " fell prey " after a lengthy interrogation, and the fact that Mr. Herrera ' s mother was not present at the interrogation. The State timely appeals.
II.
A defendant ' s waiver of Miranda rights is valid only when " made voluntarily, knowingly and intelligently. " Miranda , 384 U.S. at 444. There are two elements to a voluntary, knowing, and intelligent waiver: (1) it must be " voluntary in the

sense that it wa s the product of free and deliberate choice rather than intimidation , coercion, or deception, " and (2) it must be " made with a full awareness of both the nature of the right being abandoned and the c onsequences of the decision to abandon- 7

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it. " Ramirez v. State , 739 So. 2d 568, 575 (Fla. 1999) (quoting Moran v. Burbine , 475 U.S. 412, 421 (1986) )

. Whether these el ements are present depends on the totality of the circumstances, a n analysis that requires examination of " all the circumstances surrounding the interrogation. " Fare v. Michael C

. , 442 U.S. 707, 725 (1979). When the defendant is a juvenile, those circumstances include consideration of the " juvenile ' s age, experience, background, and intelligence, and into whether he has the capacity to understand the warnings given him. " Id.

It is t he State 's burden to prove that , under the totality of the circumstances, a Miranda waiver i s knowing, voluntary, and intelligent by a preponderance of t he evidence. Colorado v. Connelly , 479 U.S. 157, 167

- 68 (1986). A trial court ' s findings of the historical facts relevant to this issue will be sustained if supported by competent substantial evidence. Thomas v. State , 894 So. 2d 126, 136 (Fla. 2004) (ci ting Connor v. State , 803 So. 2d 598, 608 (Fla. 2001)). W hether under those historical facts a Miranda waiver i s knowing, voluntary, and intelligent is a question of law that we independently review de novo. Id. ; see also Ross v. State , 45 So. 3d 403 , 41 4 (Fla. 2010)

. Applying this s tandard to the totality of the circumstances revealed by the record of the interrogation and testimony at the evidentiary hearing , we hold that the trial court erred in concluding that the State failed to meet its burden of proving that Mr. Herrera ' s waiver of his Miranda rights was knowing, voluntary, and intelligent

. In Florida, the leading decision on Miranda waivers by juvenile s is Ramirez , up on w hich the trial court relied in suppressing Mr. Herrera ' s confession

. The defendant in that case was seventeen when interrogated and before that had only limited contact with the justice system. 739 So. 2d at 574. After being implicated in a- 8

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murder, h e was taken into custody and brought to the police station for questionin g

. Id.
at 572. The police did not tell him his Miranda rights , but they question ed him anyway and got him to confess to breaking into the victim ' s house. Id. A fter the defendant made that admission , the police advise d him of his Miranda rights, which they minimized by saying that they " don ' t think that ' s going to change [his] desire to cooperate with us " and t elling h im that he was not under arrest. Id. The defendant confessed to the murder, after which he was asked to and did sign a written wa iver of his Miranda rights. Id. The defendant ' s parents were not present during any of the questioning , and the police made only " perfunctory " efforts to contact them. Id. at 578.

The supreme court held that the defendant ' s Miranda waiver was not volunt ary. Id. I t highlighted five factors that it considered significant as part of the totality of the circumstances presented by the facts of that case :

(1) the manner in which the Miranda rights were administered, including any cajoling or trickery; (2) the suspect ' s age, experience, background and intelligence; (3) the fact that the suspect ' s parents were not contacted and the juvenile was not given an opportunity to consult with his pare nts before questioning; (4) the fact that the questioning took place in the station house ; and (5) the fact that the interrogators did not secure a written waiver of the Miranda rights at the outset. Id. at 576 (citation s omitted)

. T he court emphasized the first factor most heavily , concluding (1) that " the Miranda warnings were not given until Ramirez had made significant admissions of guilt, " (2) that the police decision to downplay the Miranda rights, " thus suggesting that they have no significance, undermines the very purpose of Miranda , " and (3) that the police decision to tell the defendant he was not under arrest

was " intended to lull a young defendant into a false sense of security and calculated to delude him as to his true position at the very moment that the Miranda warnings [were]- 9

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about to be administered. " Id. at 576

- 77. The court found the third factor signific ant because the defendant ' s parents were not present and no meaningful effort to contact them had been made. Id. at 577. While explaining that the absence of a defendant ' s parents during questioning does not automatically render a waiver involuntary, the court found that it was a factor militating against admissibility, " especially in light of the manner in which the Miranda warnings were administered in this case. " Id.

In this case, unlike Ramirez , the trial court did not find and the record does
not show any coercive , lulling, or otherwise improper conduct by the police that would have affected either Mr. Herrera ' s understanding of his rights or his freedom to stand on them instead of talking

. T he police did not delay advising Mr. Herrera of his Mira nda rights ; t hey advised him of them immediately upon taking him into custody. The police did not downplay the importance of th e Miranda rights or lull Mr. Herrera into a false sense of security about his condition ; they communicated them directly without editorializing and , during questioning, emphasized the seriousness of Mr. Herrera ' s situation

. A lthough Mr. Herrera ' s parents were not present when he first confessed to his involvement in the Smith murder , there is no indication in this record t hat their absence had anything to do with his willingness to speak; indeed, hi s mother ' s repeated instruction upon arrival at the station was to cooperate with the detectives . The trial
court found that the detectives conducted themselves " with the utmost dignity and ethics " and that the tactics they employed were consistent with " reasonable police investigation. " On the face of it, and in contrast to cases in which juvenile Miranda waivers have been found involuntary, Mr. Herrera ' s waiver of his Miranda rights in this

case appears to be a free, deliberate, and informed choice. Cf. B.M.B. v. State , 927 So. 2d 219, 222

- 23 (Fla. 2d DCA 2006) (reversing order denying suppression of confession- 10

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by fourteen

- year - old where there was no record of the Miranda warnings , police downplayed the gravity of the juvenile ' s situation, and police made no effort to contact her parents); J.G. v. State , 883 So. 2d 915, 926 ( Fla. 1 st DCA 2004) ( reversing adjudication of delinquency because trial court erroneously den i ed th e motion to
suppress confession by thirteen

- year - old where girlfriend of victim ' s mother participated in interrogation and lulled victim into believing that " everything was going to be O.K. " and used "deceptive questioning tactics (in which [the detective] actively participated)," thus " delud [ing] Appellant as to his ' true position ' " ).

C ourts confronted with circumstances akin to those in this case have deemed the juvenile ' s Miranda waiver knowing, intelligent, and voluntary. In James v. State , 814 So. 2d 1155 (Fla. 5th DCA 2002), for example, a seventeen
- year - old who dropped out of school in ninth grade and could barely read or spell was arrested for robbery, burglary, and battery and was questioned while in custody at a juvenile assessment center. Aft er trying without success to contact the defendant ' s mother, the police read him his Miranda rights from a card

. Id. at 1157. The defendant acknowledged that he understood each warning and, after interrogation, confessed. Id. Affirming the trial court ' s order denying a motion to suppress, the Fifth District emphasized that there was " no evidence of coercion or improper conduct on the part of the law enforcement officers " and that the evidence was sufficient to show that the defendant was aware of the na ture and consequences of the waiver of Miranda rights. Id. The court noted that the failure to notify a parent wa s relevant but did not affect the result because " [t]here is nothing in the record to suggest that the fact that [the defendant ' s ] mother was absent affected the voluntariness of his statement. " Id.- 11

- Likewise, in Padmore v. State , 743 So. 2d 1203 (Fla. 4th DCA 1999), a defendant in a first

- degr ee murder case argued that his post arrest confession should have been suppressed because " [he] was 16 years old, he was intellectually slow, and police did not attempt to contact appellant ' s mother until more than two hours had passed in the interview. " Id. at 1206. The Fourth District affirmed the trial court ' s order denying the defendant's motion to suppress his confession , reasoning as follows:

Sufficient competent evidence was introduced during the motio n to suppress hearing . . . showing that appellant understood his rights and voluntarily waived them. For example, he had been read his rights and waived them on previous occasions. He was not threatened during his police interview, nor was he promised anything in exchange for his confession. His taped statement to the police demonstrates that appellant is able to plan, think rationally, and relate relevant facts in good detail when necessary. Additionally, law enforcement officers testified that appellant never interrupted them w hen he was read his rights, that appellant never told them that he did not understand what was being read to him, and that the officers explained appellant ' s rights in simple terms. Id. Other cases have reached similar results on similar facts

. See Reza v. State , 163 So. 3d 572, 580

- 81 (Fla. 3d DCA 2015) (reversing order suppr essing confession where sixteen

- year - old could read and write English and was aware of the penalties he faced and where there was no compelling evidence of misconduct or coercion, even though defendant had asked to speak to his mother , who was not present); McIntosh v. State , 37 So. 3d 914, 917

- 18 (Fla. 3d DCA 2010) (holding that seventeen
- year - old ' s Miranda waiver was kno wing, intelligent, and voluntary where defendant had history of encounters with law enforcement and demonstrated no difficulties in comprehension and there was no coercion, cajolery, or trickery); State v. S.V. , 958 So. 2d 609, 611 (Fla.
4 th DCA 2007) ( hol d ing seventeen

- year - old ' s Miranda waiver knowing, intelligent, and- 12

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voluntary where defendant had previously been arrested, understood English, answered questions , and appeared calm and where law enforcement did not do anything wrong).

As did the courts i n these cases, w e conclude that the totality of the circumstances , including the circumstances deemed relevant in Ramirez , 2 w ere sufficient to show by a preponderance of the evidence that Mr. Herrera ' s Miranda waiver was knowing, intelligent, and voluntary. Mr. Herrera was sixteen years old and had significant experience with the criminal justice system. Before he was arrested, he voluntarily told a sergeant at the juvenile detention center that he was involv ed in the Smith murder. Although he could not read, t he Miranda rights were accurately read to him one

- by

- one. There was no " cajoling or trickery " of the type that concerned the court
in Ramirez . Mr. Herrera separately acknowledged that he understood ea ch of his Miranda rights

. The audio recording reflects that each acknowledgement was provided confidently and without hesitation. Mr. Herrera did not indicate that he did not understand his rights or ask any questions about them.

At the commencement of the interrogation, the detectives explained that Mr. Herrera was being questioned about the Smith murder. They repeatedly emphasized the seriousness of the subject. Throughout the interrogation, Mr. Herrera did not have difficulty understanding the dete ctives or communicating with them , and he adjusted his story as new information was introduced

. The police did not coerce or threaten Mr. Herrera or make any p romises in exchange for a confession . T he trial

2 The first three Ramirez factors are the ones most rele vant to this case. As to the fourth, there is no dispute the questioning took place at the police station. With respect to the fifth, although Mr. Herrera was not presented with a written Miranda waiver, the trial court found that he would have been unab le to read it , and the record is clear that he understood spoken English

.- 13

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court found that the tactics employed were consistent with reasonable police interrogation. Although Mr. Herrera ' s mothe r was not present until after his initial confession, the fact of her absence was not aggravated by police misconduct in the administration of the Miranda warnings as it was in R amirez . Furthermore, once his mother arrived, she encouraged Mr. Herrera to continue to cooperate with police . With his mother ' s blessing , Mr. Herrera again confessed and traveled with the detectives to the crime scene to show them where Smith ' s body had fallen. Based on the record of the interrogation and the detective s ' testimony , the tot ality of the circumstances was sufficient to meet the State ' s burden of proof.

The trial court ' s concern that the Miranda warnings contained on the department

- issued card read to Mr. Herrera were not " in language understandable to a
teen " and were read only once does not alter our conclusion. The trial court di d not find that Mr. Herrera failed to understand the nature of his Miranda rights or the consequences of waiving them , which is the ultimate issue here

. See Ramirez , 739 So. 2d at 575 (cit ing Moran , 475 U.S. at 4 21); see also Fare , 442 U.S. at 726

. A s described above, the State presented sufficient evidence to support the conc lusion that Mr. Herrera understood his rights and the significance of waiving them. There was no indication in the record that the language on the department

- issued card or the fact that the Miranda warnings were given once

— taken together with the other f acts of record

— had any bearing on whether Mr. Herrera underst ood his rights. 3 See Fare , 442 U.S. at

3 To the extent that the trial court ' s conclusion that the Miranda warnings read to Mr. Herrera were not " understandable to a teen " can be considered a finding of fact that teens generally cannot understand those warnings, it is unsupported by competent substantial evidenc e. There is no evidence in the record that speaks to the ability of teenagers to understand the language of the d epartment
- issued card. The trial court ' s unsubstantiated conclusion that the language here

— which was direct and- 14

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726 (finding Miranda waiver knowing in part because " [t]here is no indication in the record that respondent failed to understand what the officers told him " ).

Likewise, we cannot agree that the length and manner of the interrogation and the fact that Mr. Herrera was scared , when considered in the totality of the other circumstances , rendered Mr. Herrera ' s confession involuntary

. The trial court concluded , and the record supports, that Detectives Curulla and Beckley behaved ethically and that the tactics employed were not mean

- spirited, aggressive, or otherwise unreasonable. T he employment o f a good

- cop/ bad

- cop strategy and the detectives ' explicit stateme nts to Mr. Herrera concerning the seriousness of the situation w ere doubtless intended to encourage Mr. Herrera to confess. However, in light of the evidence show ing that Mr. Herrera understood both his Miranda rights and the gravity of the offense involved and that there was no intimidation, coercion, or deception in the interrogation , these tactics did not render his waiver anything other than a free and deliberate choice. See, e.g. , Reza , 163 So. 3d at 581 n.7 ( " The interrogating detective admit ted on the record that they used these techniques [ , i.e., misstatements and embellishments of certain facts , ] to encourage Reza into confessing any involvement. We conclude these tactics did not stray into the realm of ' improper

. ' " ) ; McIntosh , 37 So. 3d at 917 ( " The ' verbal browbeating ' McIntosh was allegedly subjected to during the booking process does not rise to the level of coercion, cajolery or trickery. " ). Nor does the fact that Mr. H errera was interrogated for 2.5 hours

— with an hour

- long break in the

straightforward

— was not " understandable to a teen " is not a substitute for evidence showing that to be the case

. See Thomas , 894 So. 2d at 136 (explaining that in assessing the totality of the circumstances, a trial court's factual determinations must be supported by competent substantial evidence) ; see also James , 814 So. 2d at 1156 (hol ding confes sion knowing and intelligent where Miranda warn ings were read to a seventeen
- year - old defendant from a card).- 15

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questioning after two hours and five minutes

— demonstrate an inter rogation so lengthy that we would deem the resultant confession involuntary. See, e.g. , State v. Roman , 983 So. 2d 731, 737 (Fla. 3d DCA 2008) (reversing order su ppressing confession of sixteen

- year - old defendant after two hours of interrogat ion and fifteen hours at the police station ); Padmore , 743 So. 2d at 1206 (affirming the denial of motion to su ppress juvenile's confession und er facts that included a more than two

- hour interview ); W.M. v. State , 585 So. 2d 979 , 984 (Fla. 4th DCA 1991) (affirming denial of ten

- year - old defendant's motion to suppress his confession made while spending "nearly 6 hours in a police station or police vehicle " ).

Finally, the trial court ' s statement th at it was " not convinced that the detectives made a good

- faith, diligent effort to reach the Defendant ' s mother before questioning " does not affect the outcome here. T h e trial court stopped short of actually find ing as a fact that the detectives did not make such an effort. Nor would such a finding have been supported by competent substantial evidence. Detective Curulla tried to contact Mr. Herrera ' s mother prior to arresting him and continued attempts to contact her during the interrogation. When Mr. Herrera asked for his mother, Detective Curulla told him they were trying to reach her and had left messages and had also called his grandmother twice

. Mr. Herrera did not say, in words or by conduct, that he did not want to talk to the detectives until his mother could be contacted or present, and he continued to talk with them notwithstanding her absence. 4 When his mother did arrive,

4 Although police questioning must cease when " a juvenile indicates to police that he or she does not wish to speak to them until he or she has had an opportunity to speak with parent s, " Frances v. State , 857 So. 2d 1002 , 1004 (Fla. 5th DCA 2003) , that is not what happened here. Mr. Herrera asked to speak to his mother, but he did not indicate that he did not want to talk until s he was present. See Reza , 163 So. 3d at 580 (describing analogous request as " equivocal and not an invocation of [the- 16

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she encouraged him to continue doing what he had already done: cooperate. W here a juvenile confesses prior to speaking with his parents, it militates against a determination th at the confession was voluntary but does not require such a determination

. Ramirez , 739 So. 2d at 568. In view of these specific circumstances, and the others described above, we do not attribute s ignificant weight to any asserted delay in contacting Mr. Herrera ' s mother or in her arrival at the station. See Reza , 163 So. 3d at 579

- 80 (holding that police officer ' s statements, in response to juvenile defendant ' s request to see his mother that they could not arrange it , did not render Miranda waiver involuntary under the totality of the circumstances); Brancaccio v. State , 773 So. 2d 582, 584 (Fla.
4th DCA 2000) (holding, in a case where police lied in response to juvenile ' s question about whether his parents had been notified, that " the audio tape supports the finding that in substance [ the ] defendant did not actually ask for his parents to be present and that he voluntarily confessed anyway " ); Padmore , 743 So. 2d at 1206 ( holding that two

hour delay in contacting defendant ' s mother did not render confession involuntary under the totality of the circumstances).
III.

Under the totality of the circumstances, the State met its burden to show that Mr. Herrera ' s waiver of his Mir anda rights was knowing, intelligent, and voluntary. As such, the trial court erred by granting Mr. Herrera ' s motion to suppress. The trial
court ' s order doing so is reversed, and the case is remanded for further proceedings consistent with this opinion.

juvenile ' s] right to remain silent " until a parent could arrive); Brancaccio v. State , 773 So. 2d 582, 584 (Fla. 4th DCA 2000) (holding that juvenile ' s inquiry ab out whether his mother had been contacted was not a request " for his parents to be present " ).- 17

- R everse d and remand ed

.

KELLY and LaROSE , JJ., Concur.