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										Featured ArticlesBooster seat: After outgrowing their forward-facing car seat and until the seat belt fits properly.
**Belt fit for children in vehicle seats with and without belt-positioning boosters**
Seat belts fit significantly better when older children use booster seats, according to new CDC research that used 3D technology to measure seat belt fit in children ages 6–12 years with and without booster seats.
**Urban and Rural Child Deaths from Motor Vehicle Crashes: United States, 2015-2019**
New study from CDC describes how motor vehicle crash deaths among child passengers differ by race/ethnicity, rurality, restraint use, and state child passenger restraint laws.Journal ArticlesWest BA, Reed MP, Benedick A, De Leonardis D, Huey R, Sauber-Schatz E. Belt fit for children in vehicle seats with and without belt-positioning boosters. *Traffic Inj Prev*. 2022;1–6. doi:10.1080/15389588.2022.2112676
Shaw KM, West B, Kendi S, Zonfrillo MR, Sauber-Schatz E. Urban and rural child deaths from motor vehicle crashes: United States, 2015-2019. *J Pediatr*. 2022;S0022-3476(22)00620-5. doi:10.1016/j.jpeds.2022.07.001
West BA, Yellman MA, Rudd RA. Use of child safety seats and booster seats in the United States: A comparison of parent/caregiver-reported and observed use estimates. *J Safety Res*. 2021;79:110–116. doi:10.1016/j.jsr.2021.08.011
West BA, Rudd RA, Sauber-Schatz EK, Ballesteros MF. Unintentional injury deaths in children and youth, 2010–2019. *J Safety Res*. 2021;78:322–330. doi:10.1016/j.jsr.2021.07.001
Dellinger A, Gilchrist J. Leading Causes of Fatal and Nonfatal Unintentional Injury for Children and Teens and the Role of Lifestyle Clinicians. *Am J Lifestyle Med*. 2019;13(1):7–21. doi:10.1177/1559827617696297
Ballesteros MF, Williams DD, Mack KA, Simon TR, Sleet DA. The Epidemiology of Unintentional and Violence-Related Injury Morbidity and Mortality among Children and Adolescents in the United States. *Int J Environ Res Public Health*. 2018;15(4):616. doi:10.3390/ijerph15040616
Billie H, Crump CE, Letourneau RJ, West BA. Child safety and booster seat use in five tribal communities, 2010–2014. *J Safety Res*. 2016;59:113–117. doi:10.1016/j.jsr.2016.09.002
Zonfrillo MR, Sauber-Schatz EK, Hoffman BD, Durbin DR. Pediatricians’ Self-Reported Knowledge, Attitudes, and Practices about Child Passenger Safety. *J Pediatr*. 2014;165(5):1040–1045.e2. doi:10.1016/j.jpeds.2014.07.041
Quinlan K, Shults RA, Rudd RA. Child passenger deaths involving alcohol-impaired drivers. *Pediatrics*. 2014;133(6):966–972. doi:10.1542/peds.2013-2318
Borse NN, Rudd RA, Dellinger AM, Sleet DA. Years of potential life lost from unintentional child and adolescent injuries — United States, 2000–2009. *J Safety Res*. 2013;45:127–131. doi:10.1016/j.jsr.2013.02.001
Baldwin G, Sleet D, Gilchrist J, Degutis L. Fulfilling a promise: the national action plan for child injury prevention. *Inj Prev*. 2012;18(3):207. doi:10.1136/injuryprev-2012-040402
Greenspan AI, Dellinger AM, Chen J. Restraint use and seating position among children less than 13 years of age: Is it still a problem?. *J Safety Res*. 2010;41(2):183–185. doi:10.1016/j.jsr.2010.03.001
Borse NN, Gilchrist J, Dellinger AM, Rudd RA, Ballesteros MF, Sleet DA. Unintentional childhood injuries in the United States: Key findings from the CDC childhood injury report. *J Safety Res*. 2009;40(1):71–74. doi:10.1016/j.jsr.2009.01.002
Borse N, Sleet DA. CDC Childhood Injury Report: Patterns of Unintentional Injuries Among 0- to 19-Year Olds in the United States, 2000–2006. *Fam Community Health*. 2009;32(2):189. doi:10.1097/01.FCH.0000347986.44810.59
Lee KC, Shults RA, Greenspan AI, Haileyesus T, Dellinger AM. Child passenger restraint use and emergency department–reported injuries: A special study using the National Electronic Injury Surveillance System–All Injury Program, 2004. *J Safety Res*. 2008;39(1):25–31. doi:10.1016/j.jsr.2007.10.007
St Louis RM, Parow JE, Eby DW, Bingham CR, Hockanson HM, Greenspan AI. Evaluation of community-based programs to increase booster seat use. *Accid Anal Prev*. 2008;40(1):295–302. doi:10.1016/j.aap.2007.06.004
Greenspan AI, Durbin DR, Kallan MJ. Short-term physical limitations in children following motor vehicle crashes. *Accid Anal Prev*. 2008;40(6):1949–1954. doi:10.1016/j.aap.2008.07.006
Bingham CR, Eby DW, Hockanson HM, Greenspan AI. Factors influencing the use of booster seats: A state-wide survey of parents. *Accid Anal Prev*. 2006;38(5):1028–1037. doi:10.1016/j.aap.2006.04.014
Staunton C, Davidson S, Kegler S, Dawson L, Powell K, Dellinger A. Critical Gaps in Child Passenger Safety Practices, Surveillance, and Legislation: Georgia, 2001. *Pediatrics*. 2005;115(2):372–379. doi:10.1542/peds.2004-0530
Zaza S, Sleet DA, Thompson RS, Sosin DM, Bolen JC; Task Force on Community Preventive Services. Reviews of evidence regarding interventions to increase use of child safety seats. *Am J Prev Med*. 2001;21(4 Suppl):31–47. doi:10.1016/s0749-3797(01)00377-4
Quinlan KP, Brewer RD, Sleet DA, Dellinger AM. Characteristics of Child Passenger Deaths and Injuries Involving Drinking Drivers. *JAMA*. 2000;283(17):2249–2252. doi:10.1001/jama.283.17.2249
MMWR ArticlesSauber-Schatz EK, Thomas AM, Cook LJ. Motor Vehicle Crashes, Medical Outcomes, and Hospital Charges Among Children Aged 1–12 Years — Crash Outcome Data Evaluation System, 11 States, 2005–2008. *MMWR Surveill Summ*. 2015;64(8):1–32. doi:10.15585/mmwr.ss6408a1
Sauber-Schatz EK, West BA, Bergen G. Vital Signs: Restraint Use and Motor Vehicle Occupant Death Rates Among Children Aged 0–12 Years — United States, 2002–2011. *MMWR Morb Mortal Wkly Rep*. 2014;63(5):113–118. *(Website Summarizing the Science:**https://www.cdc.gov/vitalsigns/childpassengersafety/index.html**)*
Gilchrist J, Ballesteros MF, Parker EM. Vital Signs: Unintentional Injury Deaths Among Persons Aged 0–19 Years — United States, 2000–2009. *MMWR Morb Mortal Wkly Rep*. 2012;61:270–276.
Shults RA. Child Passenger Deaths Involving Drinking Drivers — United States, 1997–2002. *MMWR Morb Mortal Wkly Rep*. 2004;53(4):77–79.
Bernard SJ, Paulozzi LJ, Wallace DL. Fatal Injuries among Children by Race and Ethnicity — United States, 1999–2002. *MMWR Surveill Summ*. 2007;56(5):1–16.
Shults RA, Greenspan A, Dellinger A, Haileyesus T, Lee KC. Nonfatal Injuries and Restraint Use Among Child Passengers — United States, 2004. *MMWR Morb Mortal Wkly Rep*. 2006;55(22):624–627.
Centers for Disease Control and Prevention (CDC). Motor-Vehicle Occupant Fatalities and Restraint Use Among Children Aged 4-8 Years United States, 1994-1998. *MMWR Morb Mortal Wkly Rep*. 2000;49(7):135–137.
Centers for Disease Control and Prevention (CDC). Update: Fatal Air Bag-Related Injuries to Children – United States, 1993-1996. *MMWR Morb Mortal Wkly Rep*. 1996;45(49):1073–1076.
Centers for Disease Control and Prevention (CDC). Air-Bag Associated Fatal Injuries to Infants and Children Riding in Front Passenger Seats – United States. *MMWR Morb Mortal Wkly Rep*. 1995;44(45):845–847.
							
					
							Last Reviewed:  October 14, 2022						Source: 	Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, National Center for Injury Prevention and Control
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