Sexually 

Transmitted 

Disease 

Surveillance 

1997 

Division of STD Prevention 

September 1998 

U.S. Department of Health and Human Services 

Public Health Service 

Centers for Disease Control and Prevention 

National Center for HIV, STD, and TB Prevention 

Division of STD Prevention 

Atlanta, Georgia 30333 

Centers for Disease Control and Prevention....................... Claire V. Broome, M.D. 

Acting Director

 National Center for

 HIV, STD, and TB Prevention ......................... Helene D. Gayle, M.D., M.P.H.

 Director

 Division of STD Prevention .....................Judith N. Wasserheit, M.D., M.P.H. 

Director

 Epidemiology and Surveillance Branch........... Michael E. St. Louis, M.D. 

Chief

 Surveillance and Special Studies

 Section ............................................. William C. Levine, M.D., M.Sc. 

Chief

 Statistics and Data Management Branch........Russell H. Roegner, Ph.D. 

Chief 

Melinda L. Flock, M.S.P.H. 

Deputy Chief 

iii 
Copyright Information 

All material contained in this report is in the public domain and may be used and reprinted without 

special permission; citation to source, however, is appreciated. 

Suggested Citation

 Division of STD Prevention. Sexually Transmitted Disease Surveillance, 1997. U.S. Department of 

Health and Human Services, Public Health Service. Atlanta: Centers for Disease Control and Prevention 

(CDC), September 1998.

 Copies can be obtained from the Office of Communications, National Center for HIV, STD, and TB 

Prevention, Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, 1600 Clifton Road, Mailstop E-06, Atlanta, 

Georgia 30333. 

The reports for 1993 through 1997 are available electronically on CDC WONDER. For information 

about registering for CDC WONDER, please contact CDC’s Epidemiology Program Office at (888) 

496-8347. These reports are also available from the Internet via the CDC home page address 

http://wonder.cdc.gov/rchtml/Convert/data/Reports.html. 

iv 
Foreword 

“STDs are hidden epidemics of enormous health and economic consequence in the United States. 

They are hidden because many Americans are reluctant to address sexual health issues in an open way 

and because of the biologic and social characteristics of these diseases. All Americans have an interest 

in STD prevention because all communities are impacted by STDs and all individuals directly or 

indirectly pay for the costs of these diseases. STDs are public health problems that lack easy solutions 

because they are rooted in human behavior and fundamental societal problems. Indeed, there are many 

obstacles to effective prevention efforts. The first hurdle will be to confront the reluctance of American 

society to openly confront issues surrounding sexuality and STDs. Despite the barriers, there are existing 

individual- and community-based interventions that are effective and can be implemented immediately. 

That is why a multifaceted approach is necessary to both the individual and community levels. 

To successfully prevent STDs, many stakeholders need to redefine their mission, refocus their efforts, 

modify how they deliver services, and accept new responsibilities. In this process, strong leadership, 

innovative thinking, partnerships, and adequate resources will be required. The additional investment 

required to effectively prevent STDs may be considerable, but it is negligible when compared with the 

likely return on the investment. The process of preventing STDs must be a collaborative one. No one 

agency, organization, or sector can effectively do it alone; all members of the community must do their 

part. A successful national initiative to confront and prevent STDs requires widespread public awareness 

and participation and bold national leadership from the highest levels”1

. 

1

Concluding statement from the Institute of Medicine’s Summary Report, The Hidden Epidemic: Confronting 

Sexually Transmitted Diseases, National Academy Press, Washington, D.C., 1997, p.43. 

v 
Preface 

Sexually Transmitted Disease Surveillance, 1997 presents statistics and trends of sexually transmitted 

diseases (STDs) in the United States through 1997. This annual publication is intended as a reference 

document for policy makers, program managers, health planners, researchers, and others who are 

concerned with the public health implications of these diseases. The figures and tables in this edition 

supersede those in earlier publications of these data. 

The surveillance information in this report is based on the following sources of data: (1) case reports 

from the STD project areas; (2) prevalence data from the Regional Infertility Prevention Projects, STD 

project areas, the U.S. Job Corps, and Jail STD Prevalence Monitoring Projects; (3) sentinel surveillance 

of gonococcal antimicrobial resistance from the Gonococcal Isolate Surveillance Project; and (4) 

national sample surveys implemented by federal and private organizations. 

The STD surveillance systems operated by state and local STD control programs, which provide the 

case report data, are the sources of most of the information in this publication. These systems are an 

integral part of program management at all levels of STD prevention and control in the United States. 

Sexually Transmitted Disease Surveillance, 1997 consists of four parts. The National Profile contains 

figures that provide an overview of STD morbidity in the United States. The accompanying text 

identifies major findings and trends for selected STDs. The Special Focus Profiles contain figures and 

text describing STDs in selected subgroups and populations that are a focus of national and state 

prevention efforts. The Detailed Tables provide statistical information about STDs at the state, county, 

city, and national levels. The Appendix includes the sources and limitations of the data used to produce 

this report; Table A1 displaying progress made toward Healthy People 2000 Priority Area 19 on Sexually 

Transmitted Diseases; and Figures A1-A3 showing progress made by states in converting from hardcopy 

aggregate reporting to electronic line-listed data submissions. 

Selected figures and tables in this document include a reference point that is used to monitor progress 

toward some of the Healthy People 2000 (HP2000) national health status objectives for STDs1

. The 

original HP2000 health status objectives were developed in 1989 and revised in 1995. The revisions 

are used as reference points in this edition of Sexually Transmitted Disease Surveillance, 1997. 

Any comments and suggestions that would improve the usefulness of future publications are 

appreciated and should be sent to Director, Division of STD Prevention, National Center for HIV, STD, 

and TB Prevention, Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, 1600 Clifton Road, Mailstop E-02, 

Atlanta, Georgia, 30333. 

1

Department of Health and Human Services. Healthy People 2000: Midcourse Review and 1995 Revisions. U.S. 

Department of Health and Human Services, Public Health Service, U.S. Government Printing Office, Washington, 

D.C., 1995. 

vi 
Acknowledgments 

Publication of this report would not have been possible without the contributions of the State and 

Territorial Health Departments and the Sexually Transmitted Disease Control Programs, who provided 

state and local surveillance data to the Centers for Disease Control and Prevention. 

This report was prepared by the following staff members of the Division of STD Prevention, National 

Center for HIV, STD, and TB Prevention, Centers for Disease Control and Prevention: Susan Bradley, 

Jim Braxton, Sharon Clanton, Darlene Davis, Kathleen B. Dry, Lyn Finelli, Kimberley K. Fox, LaZetta 

Grier, Alesia Jester-Harvey, Kristen Mertz, Debra Mosure, Raymond Ransom, LuEtta Schneider, Maya 

Sternberg, Emmett Swint, and Diane M. Vitro. 

vii 

Contents 

Foreword . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . v
 

Preface . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . vi
 

Acknowledgments. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . vii
 

List of Figures in the National Profile. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . xi
 

List of Additional Figures for the Special Focus Profiles . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . xiii
 

List of Tables. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . xv
 

Geographic Divisions of the United States. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . xviii
 

National Overview of Sexually Transmitted Diseases, 1997 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1
 

National Profile 

Introduction . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 3
 

Chlamydia . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 5
 

Gonorrhea. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 13
 

Syphilis. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 23
 

Other Sexually Transmitted Diseases . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 31
 

Special Focus Profiles 

Introduction . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 35
 

STDs in Women and Infants . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 37
 

STDs in Adolescents and Young Adults. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 45
 

STDs in Minorities. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 51
 

STDs in Persons Entering Corrections Facilities. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 57
 

STDs in the South . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 61
 

Detailed Tables 

Summary Tables. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 65
 

Chlamydia Tables. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 68
 

Gonorrhea Tables. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 80
 

Syphilis Tables. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 93
 

Chancroid Tables . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 118
 

Appendix 

Sources and Limitations of Data . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 121
 

Figures A1 - A3 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 126
 

Table A1. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 128
 

Contributors . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 132
 

ix 

Figures in the National Profile 

Chlamydia 

1.	 Chlamydia — Number of states that require reporting of Chlamydia trachomatis
 

infections: United States, 1987–1997. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 7
 

2.	 Chlamydia — Reported rates: United States, 1984–1997 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 7
 

3.	 Chlamydia — Rates by state: United States and outlying areas, 1997 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 8
 

4.	 Chlamydia — Rates by region: United States, 1984–1997 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 8
 

5.	 Chlamydia — Rates in selected U.S. cities of >200,000 population, 1984–1997. . . . . . . . . 9
 

6.	 Chlamydia — Rates by gender: United States, 1984–1997. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 9
 

7.	 Chlamydia — Age- and gender-specific rates: United States, 1997 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 10
 

8.	 Chlamydia — Positivity among women tested in family planning clinics by state:
 

Region X, 1988–1997. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 10
 

9.	 Chlamydia — Positivity among 15-24 year old women tested in family planning
 

clinics by state, 1997. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 11
 

10.	 Chlamydia — Trends in positivity among 15-44 year old women tested in 


family planning clinics by HHS regions . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 11
 

Gonorrhea 

11.	 Gonorrhea — Reported rates: United States, 1970–1997 and the Healthy People
 

year 2000 objective. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 15
 

12.	 Gonorrhea — Rates by state: United States and outlying areas, 1997 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 15
 

13.	 Gonorrhea — Rates by region: United States, 1981–1997 and the Healthy People
 

year 2000 objective. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 16
 

14.	 Gonorrhea — Rates in selected U.S. cities of >200,000 population, 1981–1997 and
 

the Healthy People year 2000 objective . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 16
 

15.	 Gonorrhea — Rates by gender: United States, 1981–1997 and the
 

Healthy People year 2000 objective . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 17
 

16.	 Gonorrhea — Rates by race and ethnicity: United States, 1981–1997 and the
 

Healthy People year 2000 objective . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 17
 

17.	 Gonorrhea — Age- and gender-specific rates: United States, 1997. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 18
 

18.	 Gonococcal Isolate Surveillance Project (GISP) — Location of participating clinics
 

and regional laboratories: United States, 1997 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 18
 

19.	 Gonococcal Isolate Surveillance Project (GISP) — Trends in plasmid-mediated
 

resistance to penicillin and tetracycline, 1988–1997 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 19
 

20.	 Gonococcal Isolate Surveillance Project (GISP) — Trends in chromosomally
 

mediated resistance to penicillin and tetracycline, 1988–1997 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 19
 

21.	 Gonococcal Isolate Surveillance Project (GISP) — Prevalence of Neisseria
 

gonorrhoeae with decreased susceptibility or resistance to ciprofloxacin, 1990–1997 . . . 20
 

22.	 Gonococcal Isolate Surveillance Project (GISP) — Proportion of men with
 

gonorrhea who had a previous gonorrhea infection within the past year, 1992–1997 . . . . 20
 

23.	 Gonococcal Isolate Surveillance Project (GISP) — Percent of Neisseria
 

gonorrhoeae isolates obtained from men who have sex with men for STD clinics in
 

nine cities, 1988–1997 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 21
 

Syphilis 

24.	 Syphilis — Reported cases by stage of illness: United States, 1941–1997 . . . . . . . . . . . . . 25
 

25.	 Primary and secondary syphilis — Reported rates: United States, 1970–1997 


and the Healthy People year 2000 objective . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 25
 

xi 
26. Primary and secondary syphilis — Rates by state: United States and outlying 

areas, 1997. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 26
 

27.	 Primary and secondary syphilis — Counties with rates above and counties with rates
 

below the Healthy People year 2000 objective: United States, 1997. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 26
 

28.	 Primary and secondary syphilis — Rates by region: United States, 1981–1997 and the
 

Healthy People year 2000 objective . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 27
 

29.	 Primary and secondary syphilis — Rates in selected U.S. cities of >200,000 population, 


1981–1997 and the Healthy People year 2000 objective . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 27
 

30.	 Primary and secondary syphilis — Rates by gender: United States, 1981–1997 and the
 

Healthy People year 2000 objective . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 28
 

31.	 Primary and secondary syphilis — Rates by race and ethnicity: United States,
 

1981–1997 and the Healthy People year 2000 objective . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 28
 

32.	 Primary and secondary syphilis — Age- and gender-specific rates: United States, 1997. . . 29
 

33.	 Congenital syphilis — Reported cases for infants <1 year of age and rates of primary
 

and secondary syphilis among women: United States, 1970–1997 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 29
 

34.	 Congenital syphilis — Rates for infants <1 year of age: United States, 1981–1997 and
 

the Healthy People year 2000 objective . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 30
 

Other Sexually Transmitted Diseases 

35.	 Chancroid — Reported cases: United States, 1981–1997. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 32
 

36.	 Genital herpes simplex virus infections — Initial visits to physicians’ offices: 


United States, 1966–1997 and the Healthy People year 2000 objective . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 32
 

37.	 Genital herpes simplex virus type 2 — Percent seroprevalence according to age in
 

NHANES II (1976-1980) and NHANES III (1988-1994). . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 33
 

38.	 Human papillomavirus (genital warts) — Initial visits to physicians’ offices: 


United States, 1966–1997 and the Healthy People year 2000 objective . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 33
 

39.	 Nonspecific urethritis — Initial visits to physicians’ offices by men: United States,
 

1966–1997. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 34
 

40.	 Trichomonal and other vaginal infections — Initial visits to physicians’ offices: 


United States, 1966–1997 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 34
 

xii 
Additional Figures in the Special Focus Profiles 

STDs in Women and Infants 

A.	 Chlamydia — Rates for women by state: United States and outlying areas, 1997 . . . . . . . 40
 

B.	 Gonorrhea — Rates for women by state: United States and outlying areas, 1997 . . . . . . . 40
 

C.	 Primary and secondary syphilis — Rates for women by state: United States and 


outlying areas, 1997 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 41
 

D.	 Congenital syphilis — Rates for infants <1 year of age by state: United States and 


outlying areas, 1997 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 41
 

E.	 Ectopic pregnancy — Hospitalizations of women 15-44 years of age: United States,
 

1980–1996. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 42
 

F.	 Pelvic inflammatory disease — Hospitalizations of women 15-44 years of age: 


United States, 1980–1996. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 42
 

G.	 Pelvic inflammatory disease — Initial visits to physicians’ offices by women 15-44
 

years of age: United States, 1980–1997 and the Healthy People year 2000 objective . . . . 43
 

STDs in Adolescents and Young Adults 

H.	 Chlamydia — Positivity among women tested in family planning clinics by
 

age group: Region X, 1988–1997. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 47
 

I.	 Chlamydia — Prevalence among 16-24 year-old women entering the U.S. Job
 

Corps by state of residence, 1997. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 47
 

J.	 Gonorrhea — Age-specific rates among women 10-44 years of age:
 

United States, 1981–1997. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 48
 

K.	 Gonorrhea — Age-specific rates among men 10-44 years of age:
 

United States, 1981–1997. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 48
 

L.	 Primary and secondary syphilis — Age-specific rates among women 10-44 years
 

of age: United States, 1981–1997. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 49
 

M.	 Primary and secondary syphilis — Age-specific rates among men 10-44 years of age:
 

United States, 1981–1997. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 49
 

STDs in Minorities 

N. 	 Chlamydia — Positivity among women tested in family planning clinics
 

by race and ethnicity: Region X, 1988–1997 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 53
 

O. 	 Gonorrhea — Reported rates for 15-19 year old females by race and ethnicity: 


United States, 1981–1997. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 53
 

P. 	 Gonorrhea — Reported rates for 15-19 year old males by race and ethnicity:
 

United States, 1981–1997. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 54
 

Q.	 Primary and secondary syphilis — Reported rates for 15-19 year old females by race
 

and ethnicity: United States, 1981–1997 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 54
 

R. 	 Primary and secondary syphilis — Reported rates for 15-19 year old males by race
 

and ethnicity: United States, 1981–1997 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 55
 

S. 	 Congenital syphilis — Rates for infants <1 year of age by race and ethnicity: 


United States, 1991–1997. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 55
 

STDs in Persons Entering Corrections Facilities 

T. 	 Chlamydia — Positivity in women entering juvenile and adult corrections
 

facilities, 1997. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 59
 

U. 	 Gonorrhea — Positivity in women entering juvenile and adult corrections
 

facilities, 1997. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 59
 

xiii 
V. Syphilis serologic tests — Percent seroreactivity in women entering adult 

corrections facilities, 1997 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 60
 

W.	 Syphilis serologic tests — Percent seroreactivity in men entering adult corrections
 

facilities, 1997 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 60
 

STDs in the South 

X.	 South — Primary and secondary syphilis case rates by county, 1997 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 63
 

Y.	 South — Increases and decreases in cases of primary and secondary syphilis in 1997
 

compared with 1996 cases, by county . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 63
 

Z. South — Chlamydia case rates by county, 1997 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 64
 

AA. South — Gonorrhea case rates by county, 1997. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 64
 

Appendix NETSS 

A1. Chlamydia — National electronic telecommunications surveillance system (NETSS)
 

transmission status by state, 1997. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 126
 

A2. Gonorrhea — National electronic telecommunications surveillance system (NETSS)
 

transmission status by state, 1997. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 126
 

A3. Primary and secondary syphilis — National electronic telecommunications surveillance
 

system (NETSS) transmission status by state, 1997. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 127
 

xiv 
Tables 

National Summary Tables 

1.	 Cases of sexually transmitted diseases reported by state health departments and
 

rates per 100,000 civilian population: United States, 1941–1997 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 65
 

2.	 Reported cases of sexually transmitted disease by gender and reporting source:
 

United States, 1997. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 67
 

Chlamydia 

3A. Chlamydia — Reported cases by age, gender, and race/ethnicity: United States,
 

1996-1997 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 68
 

3A. Chlamydia — Reported cases by age, gender, and race/ethnicity: United States,
 

1996-1997 (continued) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 69
 

3B. Chlamydia — Reported rates per 100,000 population by age, gender, and
 

race/ethnicity: United States, 1996-1997 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 70
 

3B. Chlamydia — Reported rates per 100,000 population by age, gender, and
 

race/ethnicity: United States, 1996-1997 (continued) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 71
 

4.	 Chlamydia — Reported cases and rates by state/area, ranked according to rates:
 

United States and outlying areas, 1997 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 72
 

5.	 Chlamydia — Reported cases and rates by state/area and region: United States
 

and outlying areas, 1993–1997. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 73
 

6.	 Chlamydia — Women — Reported cases and rates by state/area: United States
 

and outlying areas, 1993–1997. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 74
 

7.	 Chlamydia — Men — Reported cases and rates by state/area: United States and
 

outlying areas, 1993–1997 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 75
 

8.	 Chlamydia — Reported cases and rates in selected cities of >200,000 population,
 

ranked according to rates: United States and outlying areas, 1997 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 76
 

9.	 Chlamydia — Reported cases and rates in selected cities of >200,000 population:
 

United States and outlying areas, 1993–1997 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 77
 

10.	 Chlamydia — Women — Reported cases and rates in selected cities of >200,000
 

population: United States and outlying areas, 1993–1997. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 78
 

11.	 Chlamydia — Men — Reported cases and rates in selected cities of >200,000
 

population: United States and outlying areas, 1993–1997. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 79
 

Gonorrhea 

12A. Gonorrhea — Reported cases by age, gender, and race/ethnicity: United States,


 1994–1997 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 80
 

12A. Gonorrhea — Reported cases by age, gender, and race/ethnicity: United States,


 1994–1997 (continued) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 81
 

12B. Gonorrhea — Reported rates per 100,000 population by age, gender, and
 

race/ethnicity: United States, 1994–1997. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 82
 

12B. Gonorrhea — Reported rates per 100,000 population by age, gender, and
 

race/ethnicity: United States, 1994–1997 (continued). . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 83
 

13.	 Gonorrhea — Reported cases and rates by state/area, ranked according to rates:
 

United States and outlying areas, 1997 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 84
 

14.	 Gonorrhea — Reported cases and rates by state/area and region: United States and
 

outlying areas, 1993–1997 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 85
 

15.	 Gonorrhea — Women — Reported cases and rates by state/area: United States and
 

outlying areas, 1993–1997 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 86
 

xv 
16.	 Gonorrhea — Men — Reported cases and rates by state/area: United States and
 

outlying areas, 1993–1997 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 87
 

17.	 Gonorrhea — Reported cases and rates in selected cities of >200,000 population


 ranked according to rates: United States and outlying areas, 1997. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 88
 

18.	 Gonorrhea — Reported cases and rates in selected cities of >200,000 population:
 

United States and outlying areas, 1993–1997. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 89
 

19.	 Gonorrhea — Women — Reported cases and rates in selected cities of >200,000
 

population: United States and outlying areas, 1993–1997 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 90
 

20.	 Gonorrhea — Men — Reported cases and rates in selected cities of >200,000 population:
 

United States and outlying areas, 1993–1997. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 91
 

21.	 Gonococcal Isolate Surveillance Project (GISP) — Resistance of Neisseria gogorrhoeae
 

from selected cities to penicillin and tetracycline, 1994–1997 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 92
 

Syphilis 

22.	 All stages of syphilis — Reported cases and rates by state/area: United States and
 

outlying areas, 1993–1997 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 93
 

23.	 All stages of syphilis — Reported cases and rates in selected cities of >200,000
 

population: United States and outlying areas, 1993–1997 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 94
 

24A. Primary and secondary syphilis — Reported cases by age, gender, and race/ethnicity: 


United States, 1994–1997 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 96
 

24A. Primary and secondary syphilis — Reported cases by age, gender, and race/ethnicity:
 

United States, 1994–1997 (continued) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 97
 

24B. Primary and secondary syphilis — Reported rates per 100,000 population by age,
 

gender, and race/ethnicity: United States, 1994–1997 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 98
 

24B.	 Primary and secondary syphilis — Reported rates per 100,000 population by age,
 

gender, and race/ethnicity: United States, 1994–1997 (continued) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 99
 

25.	 Primary and secondary syphilis — Reported cases and rates by state/area, ranked
 

according to rates: United States and outlying areas, 1997 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 100
 

26.	 Primary and secondary syphilis — Reported cases and rates by state/area and region:


 United States and outlying areas, 1993–1997 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 101
 

27.	 Primary and secondary syphilis — Women — Reported cases and rates by state/area:
 

United States and outlying areas, 1993–1997. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 102
 

28.	 Primary and secondary syphilis — Men — Reported cases and rates by state/area:
 

United States and outlying areas, 1993–1997. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 103
 

29.	 Primary and secondary syphilis — Reported cases and rates in selected cities of
 

>200,000 population, ranked according to rates: United States and outlying areas, 1997 . . 104
 

30.	 Primary and secondary syphilis — Reported cases and rates in selected cities of
 

>200,000 population: United States and outlying areas, 1993–1997. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 105
 

31.	 Primary and secondary syphilis — Women — Reported cases and rates in selected
 

cities of >200,000 population: United States and outlying areas, 1993–1997 . . . . . . . . . . . . 106
 

32.	 Primary and secondary syphilis — Men — Reported cases and rates in selected cities
 

of >200,000 population: United States and outlying areas, 1993–1997 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 107
 

33.	 Primary and secondary syphilis — Counties and independent cities ranked by
 

number of reported cases: United States, 1997. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 108
 

34.	 Early latent syphilis — Reported cases and rates by state/area: United States and
 

outlying areas, 1993–1997 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 109
 

35.	 Early latent syphilis — Reported cases and rates in selected cities of >200,000
 

population: United States and outlying areas, 1993–1997 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 110
 

36.	 Late and late latent syphilis — Reported cases and rates by state/area: United States
 

and outlying areas, 1993–1997 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 111
 

xvi 
37.	 Late and late latent syphilis — Reported cases and rates in selected cities of >200,000
 

population: United States and outlying areas, 1993–1997. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 112
 

38.	 Congenital Syphilis — Reported cases and rates in infants <1 year of age: United States
 

(excluding outlying areas), 1963–1997 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 113
 

39.	 Congenital Syphilis — Reported cases and rates in infants <1 year of age by
 

state/area, ranked according to rates: United States and outlying areas, 1997 . . . . . . . . . 114
 

40.	 Congenital Syphilis — Reported cases and rates in infants <1 year of age by
 

state/area: United States and outlying areas, 1993–1997. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 115
 

41.	 Congenital Syphilis — Reported cases and rates in infants <1 year of age in selected
 

cities of >200,000 population, ranked according to rates: United States and outlying
 

areas, 1997 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 116
 

42.	 Congenital syphilis — Reported cases and rates in infants <1 year of age in selected
 

cities of >200,000 population: United States and outlying areas, 1993–1997. . . . . . . . . . 117
 

Chancroid 

43.	 Chancroid — Reported cases and rates by state/area: United States and outlying
 

areas, 1993–1997 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 118
 

44.	 Chancroid — Reported cases and rates in selected cities of >200,000 population:
 

United States and outlying areas, 1993–1997 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 119
 

Appendix 

A1.	 Healthy People 2000 Sexually Transmitted Diseases Objective Status . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 128
 

xvii 
Geographic Divisions of the United States 

West Midwest Northeast 

South 

West Midwest South Northeast 

Alaska Illinois Alabama Connecticut 

Arizona Indiana Arkansas Maine 

California Iowa Delaware Massachusetts 

Colorado Kansas District of Columbia New Hampshire 

Hawaii Michigan Florida New Jersey 

Idaho Minnesota Georgia New York 

Montana Missouri Kentucky Pennsylvania 

Nevada Nebraska Louisiana Rhode Island 

New Mexico North Dakota Maryland Vermont 

Oregon Ohio Mississippi 

Utah South Dakota North Carolina 

Washington Wisconsin Oklahoma 

Wyoming South Carolina 

Tennessee 

Texas 

Virginia 

West Virginia 

xviii 
National Overview of Sexually Transmitted Diseases, 1997 

The logo on the cover of Sexually Transmitted Disease Surveillance, 1997 is a reminder of the 

multifaceted, national dimensions of the morbidity, mortality, and costs that result from sexually 

transmitted diseases (STDs) in the United States. It highlights the central role of STD prevention 

in improving women’s and infants’ health and in promoting HIV prevention. Organized collaboration among interested, committed public and private organizations is the key to reducing STDs and 

their related health burdens in our population. As noted in the recent report of the Institute of 

Medicine, The Hidden Epidemic: Confronting Sexually Transmitted Diseases1, surveillance is a key 

component of our efforts to prevent and control these diseases. 

This overview summarizes national surveillance data on the three diseases for which we have 

federally-funded control programs: chlamydia, gonorrhea, and syphilis. Several observations for 

1997 are worthy of note. 

In 1997, the reported number of cases of genital Chlamydia trachomatis infections was 526,653, 

a rate of 207.0 per 100,000 persons. This rate exceeds that of all other notifiable infectious diseases 

in the United States. In 1997, the overall reported rate for women (335.8 per 100,000) was nearly 

five times that in men (70.4). This difference in reported cases is attributable to screening strategies 

that focus on women because the severe sequelae of chlamydia infections accrue principally to 

women, and because these infections are asymptomatic in the majority of cases among women. 

Using local, state, and federal resources, chlamydia prevention programs for screening of 

asymptomatic women have been established throughout the country. In 1997, state-specific chlamydia test positivity among women aged 15-24 years who were screened at family planning clinics 

ranged from 2.0% to 11.2%. These screening programs have consistently shown that the highest 

positivity of chlamydial infection in women is in adolescents. In addition, examination of chlamydial 

screening results for rural and urban disadvantaged women aged 16-24 years entering the U.S. Job 

Corps shows that chlamydia is highly prevalent in these economically disadvantaged young women, 

with state-specific prevalence in 1997 ranging from 4.0% to 18.1%. 

In parts of the United States where large-scale chlamydia programs have been instituted, 

prevalence of disease has steadily declined. During 1988-1997, among 15- to 44-year-old women 

participating in the screening programs in Health and Human Services (HHS) Region X family 

planning clinics, chlamydia test positivity declined 67% (from 9.3% to 3.1%). During 1994-1997, 

among women under 45 years of age in Region III, positivity declined 15% (from 4.7% to 4.0%), 

and in Region VIII, positivity declined 23% (from 3.9% to 3.0%). For definition of HHS regions, 

see the Appendix. 

Data on gonorrhea for 1997 show that the annual decreases that have generally been evident since 

the national gonorrhea control program began in the mid-1970s may be lessening. The gonorrhea 

rates for 1996 and 1997 are similar (123.1 and 122.5 per 100,000 persons, respectively). Although 

STD Surveillance 1997 Overview 1 
the 1997 gonorrhea rate is the lowest rate since national reporting began, it remains above the revised 

Healthy People 2000 (HP2000) objective of 100. 

With respect to gender, the 1997 gonorrhea rate decreased slightly from the 1996 rate of 127.3 

to 125.4 in males, and increased slightly in females, from 118.8 in 1996 to 119.3 in 1997. In contrast 

to earlier years, which generally exhibited decreasing age-specific rates, most age-specific categories showed little variation in rates between 1996 and 1997. The exceptions occurred among 15­

to 19-year-olds whose rates decreased from 571.8 in 1996 to 530.3 in 1997, and among 20- to 

24-year-olds whose rates increased from 523.8 in 1996 to 543.7 in 1997. Because men with 

gonorrhea are usually symptomatic and seek medical care, trends in males are probably a good 

measure of trends in disease incidence. Trends in women are determined more by screening 

practices. As for chlamydia, rates of gonorrhea in women are particularly high in adolescents, with 

the highest rates in 15- to 19-year-olds. 

With regard to antimicrobial resistance, a small proportion of Neisseria gonorrhoeae isolates 

tested through the Gonococcal Isolate Surveillance Project (0.5% in 1997) demonstrated decreased 

susceptibility to ciprofloxacin, one of the currently recommended treatments for gonorrhea. However, resistance to ciprofloxacin continued to be rare in 1997 (0.1%). 

The 8,550 cases of primary and secondary (P&S) syphilis reported in 1997 were the fewest cases 

reported in the United States since 1959. The P&S syphilis rate of 3.2 per 100,000 persons (the 

lowest since reporting began in 1941) is now below the HP2000 objective of 4 per 100,000. Syphilis 

continues to be reported only in specific areas of the country. In 1997, approximately 75% of U.S. 

counties reported no cases of P&S syphilis. However, P&S syphilis rates exceeded 4 per 100,000 

in 413 counties (13% of total counties). These 413 counties accounted for 82% of all reported P&S 

syphilis cases. Most notably, 91% (376 of 413) of these counties were in the South. In addition, 9 

of the 10 states or outlying areas with P&S syphilis rates greater than 4 per 100,000 were located 

in the South. These data suggest that comprehensive syphilis prevention efforts focused in the South 

could markedly reduce the number of U.S. syphilis cases. 

When STD statistics were examined by race or ethnicity, wide discrepancies in reported STD 

rates persisted between racial or ethnic groups. For example, the gonorrhea rate in blacks is 

approximately 31 times greater than the rate in whites. The rate of P&S syphilis in blacks is about 

44 times that in whites; P&S syphilis in Hispanics is about 3 times that in whites. However, in 1997, 

of the 1,034 reported congenital syphilis cases with known race or ethnicity of the mother, blacks 

and Hispanics accounted for 88% of these reported cases, while accounting for only 23% of the 

female population, and 33% of all births. Race and ethnicity in the United States serve as risk markers 

that correlate with other, more fundamental determinants of health status such as socioeconomic 

status, access to good quality medical care, and efforts to receive good quality medical care. 

Reporting biases also undoubtedly play a role in race differentials, while not explaining them 

completely. 

1

Institute of Medicine. The Hidden Epidemic: Confronting Sexually Transmitted Diseases, Committee on 

Prevention and Control of Sexually Transmitted Diseases, National Academy Press, Washington, D.C., 1997. 

2 Overview STD Surveillance 1997 
National Profile

 The National Profile section contains figures showing trends and distribution of sexually 

transmitted diseases (STDs) by age, gender, race/ethnicity, and location for the United States. Where 

relevant, the figures illustrate progress toward specific year 2000 goals for the nation published in 

Healthy People 2000: Midcourse Review and 1995 Revisions.* 

*See Appendix for Healthy People Year 2000 Revisions. 

STD Surveillance 1997 National Profile 3 

Chlamydia 

Infections due to Chlamydia trachomatis are among the most prevalent of all sexually transmitted 

diseases. In women these infections often result in pelvic inflammatory disease, which can cause 

infertility, ectopic pregnancy, and chronic pelvic pain. Data from a randomized controlled trial of 

chlamydia screening in a managed care setting suggest that such screening programs can reduce the 

incidence of PID by as much as 60%1. In addition, pregnant women infected with chlamydia can 

infect their babies during delivery. 

While case reporting of chlamydial infections is improving, it remains incomplete in many areas 

of the country. A combination of factors limit the documentation of the incidence and prevalence 

of genital chlamydial infection: variable compliance with public health laws and regulations that 

require health care providers and laboratories to report cases to local health authorities; large 

numbers of asymptomatic persons who can be identified only through screening; limited resources 

to support screening activities; and incomplete information management systems for collecting, 

maintaining, and analyzing case reporting and prevalence data. Thus, for most areas, the number of 

chlamydia cases reported to CDC by state health departments reflects many factors, only one of 

which is number of infections in the population. For defined populations of sexually active women, 

data on prevalence obtained through routine screening can provide a more accurate measure of the 

true burden of disease. 

•	 In 1997, 49 states and the District of Columbia required reporting of chlamydia and 

reported cases to CDC. Only cases from New York City were reported for the state of 

New York (Figure 1, Table 5). 

•	 In 1997, 526,653 chlamydial infections were reported to CDC from 49 states, the District 

of Columbia and New York City (Table 1). Reported cases of chlamydia far exceed 

reported cases of gonorrhea (324,901 gonorrhea cases in 1997, Table 1). 

•	 From 1987 through 1997 reported rates of chlamydia increased from 47.8 cases per 

100,000 persons to 207.0 (Figure 2). This trend reflects increased screening, recognition 

of asymptomatic infection (mainly in women), and improved reporting, as well as the 

continuing high burden of disease. 

•	 In 1996 and 1997, the chlamydia case rate (203.2 and 229.9, respectively) was highest in 

the South, reflecting a recent expansion of screening activity in this Region. Before 1996, 

reported chlamydia rates were highest in the West and Midwest, where substantial public 

resources had been committed for screening programs (e.g., in family planning clinics) 

(Table 5, Figures 3 and 4). 

•	 Between 1996 and 1997, rates of chlamydia reported from selected large cities (over 

200,000 population) increased 8% from 316.0 cases per 100,000 persons to 340.2 (Figure 

5, Table 9). 

•	 In 1997, reported rates of chlamydia for women (335.8 per 100,000 persons) exceeded 

those for men (70.4) (Figure 6, Tables 6, 7, 10, and 11). This is mainly due to detection 

STD Surveillance 1997 National Profile	 Chlamydia 5 
of asymptomatic infection in women through screening. The low rates in men suggest that 

many of the sex partners of women with chlamydia are not diagnosed or reported. In 

addition, men diagnosed as having non-gonococcal urethritis are treated but frequently 

not tested. A large proportion of these men are infected with chlamydia, but they are not 

detected by surveillance systems based on laboratory reporting of positive chlamydia tests. 

•	 Rates of chlamydia for women were highest in the 15- to 19- year-olds (2,044.3 per 

100,000) and in 20- to 24-year-olds (1,633.5). For men, age-specific rates were also 

highest in these age groups (Figure 7, Table 3B). 

•	 Chlamydia screening and prevalence monitoring activities were initiated in Health and 

Human Services (HHS) Region X in 1988 as a CDC-supported demonstration project. In 

1993, chlamydia screening services for women were initiated in three additional HHS 

regions (III, VII, and VIII) and, in 1995, in the remaining HHS regions (I, II, IV, V, VI, 

and IX). In some regions, federally-funded chlamydia screening supplements local- and 

state-funded screening programs. 

•	 In 1997, state-specific chlamydia test positivity among 15- to 24-year-old women 

screened varied from 2.0% to 11.2% among those attending family planning clinics 

(Figure 9). 

•	 The effectiveness of large-scale screening programs in reducing chlamydia prevalence in 

women has been well documented in areas where this intervention has been in place for 

several years. For example, the screening programs in Health and Human Services Region 

X (Alaska, Idaho, Oregon, Washington) family planning clinics have demonstrated a 

decline in chlamydia positivity of 67% since 1988 among 15- to 44-year-old women 

(Figure 10). 

•	 Additional information on chlamydia screening programs for women of reproductive age 

and chlamydia among adolescents and minority populations can be found in the Special 

Focus Profiles section. 

1

Scholes D, Stergachis A, Heidrich FE, Andrilla H, Holmes KK, Stamm WE. Prevention of pelvic inflammatory disease by screening for cervical chlamydial infection. N Engl J Med 1996;34(21):1362-66. 

6 Chlamydia	 National Profile STD Surveillance 1997 
Figure 1. Chlamydia — Number of states that require reporting of Chlamydia trachomatis 

infections: United States, 1987–1997 

No. of States 

50 

40 

30 

20 

10 

0 

1987 88 89 90 91 92 93 94 95 96 97 

Figure 2. Chlamydia — Reported rates: United States, 1984–1997 

Rate (per 100,000 population)
 

225
 

200 

175 

150 

125 

100 

75 

50 

25 

0 

1984 85 86 87 88 89 90 91 92 93 94 95 96 97 

Note: For further information on chlamydia reporting, see the Appendix. 

STD Surveillance 1997 National Profile Chlamydia 7 
 

Figure 3. Chlamydia — Rates by state: United States and outlying areas, 1997 

173.0 

130.3 140.2 85.7 

164.5 142.4 

143.7 198.0 185.2 * 131.9 223.0 

215.3 

121.8 

88.7 188.2 

167.5 

155.6 229.7 

172.1 

194.4 164.4 204.3 

174.0 

164.5 

170.2 

VT 

NH 

MA 

RI 

73.7 

70.2 

131.0 

208.9 

163.0 CT 185.2 

243.5 234.7 224.7 99.7 

235.0 

338.2 

233.6 NJ 

DE 

MD 

129.5 

360.5 

271.4 

Guam 260.8 290.8 203.7 216.4 Rate per 100,000 

population 

266.1 

264.9 

265.4 < 150 

150-300 

(n=15) 

(n=35) 

153.0 186.0 > 300 (n=2) 

Puerto Rico	 57.1 Virgin Is. 

12.6 

*The New York City rate was 385.7 per 100,000 population. No cases were reported outside of New York 

City. 

Note:	 The total rate of chlamydia for the United States and outlying areas (including Guam, Puerto Rico 

and Virgin Islands) was 204.7 per 100, 000 population. For further information on chlamydia 

reporting, see the Appendix. 

Figure 4. Chlamydia — Rates by region: United States, 1984–1997 

Rate (per 100,000 population) 

250 

225 South 

200 Midwest 

175 Northeast 

150 West 

125 

100 

75 

50 

25 

0 

1984 85 86 87 88 89 90 91 92 93 94 95 96 97 

Note: For further information on chlamydia reporting, see the Appendix. 

8 Chlamydia	 National Profile STD Surveillance 1997 
Figure 5. Chlamydia — Rates in selected U.S. cities of >200,000 population, 1984–1997 

Rate (per 100,000 population) 

350
 

300
 

250
 

200
 

150
 

100
 

50
 

0 

1984 85 86 87 88 89 90 91 92 93 94 95 96 97
 

Note: For further information on chlamydia reporting, see the Appendix. 

Figure 6. Chlamydia — Rates by gender: United States, 1984–1997 

Rate (per 100,000 population)
 

350
 

300
 

250
 

200
 

150
 

100
 

50
 

0 

1984 85 86 87 88 89 90 91 92 93 94 95 96 97
 

Women 

Men 

Note: For further information on chlamydia reporting, see the Appendix. 

STD Surveillance 1997 National Profile Chlamydia 9 
 

Figure 7. Chlamydia — Age- and gender-specific rates: United States, 1997 

Men Rate (per 100,000 population) Women 

Age 

2,100 1,800 1,500 1,200 900 600 300 0 0 300 600 900 1,200 1,500 1,800 2,100 

6.1 10-14 

265.6 15-19 

373.3 20-24 

176.3 25-29 

79.7 30-34 

39.1 35-39 

19.9 40-44 

9.6 45-54 

3.6 55-64 

2.5 65+ 

73.1 Total 

125.0 

2,044.3 

1,633.5 

546.7 

186.2 

76.9 

34.1 

12.6 

3.5 

5.8 

316.0 

Figure 8. 	 Chlamydia — Positivity among women tested in family planning clinics by state: 

Region X, 1988–1997 

Percent 

14 

12 

10 

8 

6 

4 

2 

0 

Washington 

Alaska 

Idaho 

Oregon 

1988 89 90 91 92 93 94 95 96 97 

Note: Women who met screening criteria were tested. 

SOURCE: Region X Chlamydia Project (Alaska, Idaho, Oregon and Washington) 

10 Chlamydia	 National Profile STD Surveillance 1997 
 

Figure 9. Chlamydia — Positivity among 15-24 year old women tested in family planning 

clinics by state, 1997 

< 4 

4.0-4.9 

10.7 

11.1 

5.8 

7.4 

3.9 

6.8 

5.8 

3.4 

3.6 

> 5.0 

5.7 

5.1 

5.3 5.9 

3.3 

4.4 

Positivity (%) 

VT 

NH 

MA 

RI 

CT 

NJ 

DE 

MD 

DC 

3.9 

4.7 

4.4 

NR 

5.5 

6.0 

6.6 

5.4 

4.4 

4.1 

4.5 

2.6 

2.0 

3.1 

2.7 

3.2 

3.5 

7.6 

2.4 

3.0 

10.6 

11.2 

5.6 

3.6 

10.2 

4.9 

3.7 

5.2 

6.2 

8.2 

4.0 3.5 

7.2 

11.0 

6.0 

2.9 

(n=17) 

(n=8) 

(n=26) 

Puerto Rico 8.3 

Note:	 States reported chlamydia positivity data on at least 500 women aged 15-24 years screened from 

January-December 1997 except for: Rhode Island - no chlamydia positivity data reported (NR); 

Puerto Rico - chlamydia positivity data reported for August-December only; and North Carolina - 

chlamydia positivity data reported for January-April only. 

SOURCE: Regional Infertility Prevention Programs; Office of Population Affairs; Local and State STD Control Programs; 

Centers for Disease Control and Prevention 

Figure 10. Chlamydia — Trends in positivity among 15-44 year old women tested in family planning 

clinics by HHS regions 

1988 89 90 91 92 93 94 95 96 

1996 

1996 

1994 95 96 

1996 

Region X 

Region IX 

Region VII 

Region IV 

Region III 

Region I 

9.3 

7.5 7.0 

5.8 5.2 

3.9 4.1 3.8 3.6 

3.2 

3.4 3.2 

4.0 

4.7 4.0 3.5 

3.1 

1994 95 96 

Region VIII 3.9 3.4 3.1 

1996 

Region V 4.7 

1996 

Region VI 5.1 

VI IV 

V III 

V 

IX 

V II III 

X 

I 

II 

3.1 

97 

3.0 

97 97 

4.7 

3.5 

97 

97 

4.0 

5.8 

97 

3.1 

5.8 

97 

97 

3.5 

1997 

3.7 

Region II 

1995 96 97 

Note:	 States reported chlamydia positivity data on at least 1,000 women aged 15-44 years during 1997. 

See Appendix for definition of Health and Human Services (HHS) regions. 

STD Surveillance 1997 National Profile	 Chlamydia 11 

Gonorrhea 

Infections due to Neisseria gonorrhoeae, like those due to Chlamydia trachomatis, remain a major 

cause of pelvic inflammatory disease, tubal infertility, ectopic pregnancy, and chronic pelvic pain 

in the United States. Epidemiologic studies provide strong evidence that gonococcal infections 

facilitate HIV transmission, and biological studies have begun to clarify the specific mechanisms 

through which this facilitation occurs1. Reporting of gonococcal infections has likely been biased 

towards reporting of infections in persons of minority race or ethnicity who attend public STD 

clinics.2 

In 1997, there were several indications that annual decreases observed in preceding years may be 

leveling off. 

•	 In 1997, 324,901 cases of gonorrhea were reported in the United States. Following the 

introduction of a national control program in the mid 1970s, the overall rate of gonorrhea 

has declined 74% since 1975. However, between 1996 and 1997 the rate decreased only 

slightly from 123.1 cases per 100,000 persons to 122.5 (Table 1 and Figure 11). 

•	 In 1997, 32 states or outlying areas reported gonorrhea rates below the Healthy People 

2000 (HP2000) national objective of 100 cases per 100,000 persons (Figure 12 and Table 

13). However, gonorrhea rates decreased between 1996 and 1997 in only 22 of 34 states 

reporting more than 1,000 cases in 1997, whereas rates in the previous year decreased in 

32 of 35 states with more than 1,000 cases (Table 14). 

•	 Three of the four regions (West, Midwest, and Northeast) exhibited much smaller 

decreases in their gonorrhea rates between 1996 and 1997 than in preceding years, and 

the 1997 gonorrhea rate in the South (187.9 per 100,000 persons) was slightly higher than 

the 1996 rate (187.6). The South continued to have a higher rate than other regions (Figure 

13). 

•	 In contrast to preceding years when consistent decreases occurred, the overall gonorrhea 

rate (229.1 per 100,000) for selected large cities (over 200,000 population) increased in 

1997 (Figure 14). Fifty-one (80%) of the 64 cities had rates exceeding the HP2000 

objective (Table 17). 

•	 In 1997, the gonorrhea rate in women increased slightly, and the gonorrhea rate in men 

decreased slightly. Rates in men and women were above the HP2000 objective in 22 and 

20 states, respectively (Figure 15, Tables 15 and 16). 

•	 Relative to 1996, gonorrhea rates in 1997 decreased for non-Hispanic blacks and 

American Indians/Alaska Natives, increased for Asian and Pacific Islanders, and were 

stable for non-Hispanic whites and Hispanics (Figure 16 and Table 12B). The gonorrhea 

rate for non-Hispanic blacks was above the HP2000 objective (Figure 16, Table 12B), 

and decreased by only 2%, from 826.5 cases per 100,000 persons in 1996 to 807.9 in 1997 

(Table 12B), but was about 31 times greater than the rate for non-Hispanic whites. 

STD Surveillance 1997 National Profile	 Gonorrhea 13 
•	 Between 1996 and 1997, the gonorrhea rates for 15- to 19-year-olds decreased from 571.8 

per 100,000 to 530.3 and for 20- to 24-year-old young adults increased from 523.8 to 

543.7. The rates for the other age groups showed little change between 1995 and 1996. 

These results contrasted with decreases observed in earlier years. Among women, 15- to 

19-year-olds had the highest rate, while among men, 20- to 24-year-olds had the highest 

rate (Table 12B). 

•	 Antimicrobial resistance remains an important consideration in the treatment of 

gonorrhea.3 Overall, 33.4% of isolates collected in 1997 by the Gonococcal Isolate 

Surveillance Project (GISP) were resistant to penicillin, tetracycline, or both (Table 21). 

The percentage of GISP isolates that were penicillinase-producing Neisseria gonorrhoeae 

(PPNG) declined from a peak of 11.0% in 1991 to 3.9% in 1997 (Figure 19). In contrast, 

the percentage of isolates with chromosomally mediated resistance to penicillin increased 

from 1.8% in 1991 to 4.0% in 1997 (Figure 20). The prevalence of chromosomally 

mediated tetracycline resistance, 8.3% in 1997, has been relatively stable since 1989, 

except for a transient increase in 1995. However, the prevalence of isolates with 

chromosomally mediated resistance to penicillin and tetracycline (CMRNG) increased 

from 3.0% in 1989 to 8.7% in 1997 (Figure 20). 

•	 The proportion of GISP isolates demonstrating decreased susceptibility to ciprofloxacin, 

one of the currently recommended treatments for gonorrhea, has decreased from a high 

of 1.3% in 1994 to 0.5% in 1997. Resistance to ciprofloxacin was first identified in GISP 

in 1991 but remains rare (0.1%) in 1997 (Figure 21). Reduced susceptibility and resistance 

to ciprofloxacin correlate with reduced susceptibility and resistance to other fluoroquinolone 

antibiotics. 

•	 The percentage of men with gonorrhea who have repeat infection within a one-year period, 

as measured by the Gonococcal Isolate Surveillance Project (GISP), decreased from 

21.5% in 1992 to 17.1% in 1997 (Figure 22), approaching the HP2000 objective of 15%. 

•	 The Gonococcal Isolate Surveillance Project (GISP) also reports the percentage of men 

with gonorrhea who have sex with men (MSM).4 This proportion increased from 4.0% 

in 1988 to 10.7% in 1997 for the 27 clinics. Among the nine GISP clinics reporting most 

MSM cases, the percentage of cases that were in MSM in 1997 ranged from 10.6% to 

64.0%, with an overall average of 25.0% (Figure 23). 

•	 Additional information about gonorrhea in racial and ethnic minority populations and 

adolescents can be found in the Special Focus Profiles section. 

1

Cohen MS, Hoffman IF, Royce RA, et al. Reduction of concentration of HIV-1 in semen after treatment of 

urethritis: implications for prevention of sexual transmission of HIV-1. Lancet 1997;349:1868-1873. 

2

Fox KK, Whittington W, Levine WC, Moran JS, Zaidi AA, Nakashima AN. Gonorrhea in the United States, 

1981-1996: demographic and geographic trends, Sex Transm Dis 1998;25(7):386-393. 

3

Fox KK, Knapp JS, Holmes KK, Hook III EW, Judson FN, Thompson SE, Washington JA, Whitting WL. 

Antimicrobial resistance in Neisseria gonorrhoeae in the United States, 1988-1994: the emergence of 

decreased susceptibility to the fluoroquinolones, J Infect Dis 1997;175:1396-1403. 

4

CDC. Gonorrhea among men who have sex with men - selected sexually transmitted disease clinics, 

1993-1996. MMWR 1997;46:889-92. 

14 Gonorrhea	 National Profile STD Surveillance 1997 
 

Figure 11. Gonorrhea — Reported rates: United States, 1970–1997 and the Healthy People 

year 2000 objective 

Rate (per 100,000 population) 

500 

400 

300 

200 

Gonorrhea 

100 2000 Objective 

0 

1970	 73 76 79 82 85 88 91 94 97 

Note:	 Georgia did not report gonorrhea statistics in 1994 (see Appendix). 

Figure 12. Gonorrhea — Rates by state: United States and outlying areas, 1997 

5.3 

< 100 

100.1-200 

123.1 

132.5 

281.6 

207.2 230.6 

310.6 

103.7 

164.0 

83.6 

155.5 

247.8 

34.2 73.2 

23.6 

10.6 

51.9 

52.4 

46.0 

7.5 

35.6 

24.1 

13.3 

11.2 

56.3 

13.9 

85.9 50.0 

60.7 

42.6 

Rate per 100,000 306.6 population 

VT 

NH 

MA 

RI 

CT 

NJ 

DE 

MD 

175.6 

228.1 

130.8 

139.1 

82.7 

105.4 

251.2 

67.6 

144.1 

64.6 

> 200 

Guam 33.3 

148.2 

133.9 

174.6 

9.0 

8.3 

36.5 

42.6 

92.4 

95.0 

(n=32) 

(n=13) 

(n=8) 

Puerto Rico 14.1 Virgin Is. 

36.1 

Note:	 The total rate of gonorrhea for the United States and outlying areas (including Guam, Puerto Rico 

and Virgin Islands) was 120.9 per 100,000 population. The Healthy People year 2000 objective 

is 100 per 100,000 population. 

STD Surveillance 1997 National Profile	 Gonorrhea 15 
 

Figure 13. Gonorrhea — Rates by region: United States, 1981–1997 and the Healthy People

 year 2000 objective 

Rate (per 100,000 population)
 

600
 South 

Midwest 

500 

400 

300 

200 

100 

Northeast 

West 

2000 Objective 

0 

1981 83 85 87 89 91 93 95 97 

Note: Georgia did not report gonorrhea statistics in 1994 (see Appendix). 

Figure 14. Gonorrhea — Rates in selected U.S. cities of >200,000 population, 1981–1997 and 

the Healthy People year 2000 objective 

Rate (per 100,000 population) 

900 

800 

700 

600 

500 

400 

300 

Cities 200
 

100
 2000 Objective 

0 

1981 83 85 87 89 91 93 95 97 

Note: Atlanta, GA did not report gonorrhea statistics in 1994 (see Appendix). 

16 Gonorrhea National Profile STD Surveillance 1997 
 

Figure 15. Gonorrhea — Rates by gender: United States, 1981–1997 and the 

Healthy People year 2000 objective 

Rate (per 100,000 population) 

Men 

Women 

2000 Objective 

600 

500 

400 

300 

200 

100 

0 

1981 83 85 87 89 91 93 95 97 

Note:	 Georgia did not report gonorrhea statistics in 1994 (see Appendix). 

Figure 16. Gonorrhea — Rates by race and ethnicity: United States, 1981–1997 and the 

Healthy People year 2000 objective 

2,200
 

2,000
 

1,800
 

1,600
 

1,400
 

1,200
 

1,000
 

800
 

600
 

400
 

200
 

0 

1981 83 85 87 89 91 93 95 97 

Rate (per 100,000 population) 

White 

Black 

Hispanic 

Other 

2000 

Objective 

Note:	 “Other” includes Asian/Pacific Islander and American Indian/Alaska Native populations. Georgia did 

not report gonorrhea statistics in 1994 (see Appendix). 

STD Surveillance 1997 National Profile	 Gonorrhea 17 
 

Cleveland

Figure 17. Gonorrhea — Age- and gender-specific rates: United States, 1997 

Men Rate (per 100,000 population) Women 

Age 800 600 400 200 0 0 200 400 600 800
 

127.4 

6.8 

17.6 

44.3 

88.1 

126.1 

182.0 

306.9 

532.6 

353.9 

8.4 53.8 

718.0 

555.4 

224.1 

104.9 

57.5 

24.5 

7.4 

2.0 

2.1 

120.0 

10-14
 

15-19
 

20-24
 

25-29
 

30-34
 

35-39
 

40-44
 

45-54
 

55-64
 

65+
 

Total
 

Figure 18. Gonococcal Isolate Surveillance Project (GISP) — Location of participating clinics
 

and regional laboratories: United States, 1997
 

Phoenix Albuquerque 

San Antonio 

San Diego 

Fort Lewis 

Orange Co. 

Kansas City 

Nassau Co. 

Portland 

Anchorage 

Laboratories 

STD Clinics 

New 

Orleans 

Honolulu 

Atlanta Birmingham 

Cleveland 

Denver 

Seattle 

San Francisco 

Long Beach 

Minneapolis 

Philadelphia 

Cincinnati Baltimore 

St. Louis 

Chicago 

West Palm 

Beach 

Ft. Bragg 

18 Gonorrhea National Profile STD Surveillance 1997
 
 

Figure 19. Gonococcal Isolate Surveillance Project (GISP) — Trends in plasmid-mediated 

resistance to penicillin and tetracycline, 1988–1997 

Percent
 

12
 

PPNG 

TRNG 

PPNG & TRNG 

10 

8 

6 

4 

2 

0 

1988 1989 1990 1991 1992 1993 1994 1995 1996 1997 

Note:	 "PPNG" (penicillinase-producing Neisseria gonorrhoeae) and "TRNG" (tetracyclineresistant N. gonorrhoeae) refer to plasmid-mediated resistance to penicillin and 


tetracycline, respectively.
 

Figure 20. Gonococcal Isolate Surveillance Project (GISP) — Trends in chromosomally 

mediated resistance to penicillin and tetracycline, 1988–1997 

Percent
 

16
 

penicillin 

tetracycline 14 penicillin & tetracycline 

12 

10 

8 

6 

4 

2 

0 

1988 1989 1990 1991 1992 1993 1994 1995 1996 1997 

Note:	 Chromosomally mediated resistance to penicillin denotes a minimum inhibitory 

concentration (MIC) of greater than or equal to 2 μg penicillin/mL and beta-lactamase 

negative; chromosomally mediated resistance to tetracycline corresponds to a MIC 

of greater than or equal to 2 μg tetracycline/mL without plasmid-mediated tetracycline 

resistance. 

STD Surveillance 1997 National Profile	 Gonorrhea 19 
 

Figure 21. Gonococcal Isolate Surveillance Project (GISP) — Prevalence of Neisseria gonorrhoeae 

with decreased susceptibility or resistance to ciprofloxacin, 1990–1997 

 

Percent 

1.4 

1.2
 

1
 

0.8 

0.6 

0.4 

0.2
 

0
 

Decreased susceptibility (MIC 0.125-0.5 

Resistant (MIC>1.0 

μ g/ml) 

μ g/ml) 

1990 1991 1992 1993 1994 1995 1996 1997 

n=1,708 n=5,238 n=5,406 n=5,264 n=4,996 n=4,874 n=4,639 n=4,512 

Note:	 Numbers of isolates with decreased susceptibility are given in the bars. There were nineteen (19) 

resistant isolates: one in 1991, one in 1993, two in 1994, eight in 1995, two in 1996 and five in 1997. 

Susceptibility to ciprofloxacin was first measured in GISP in 1990. 

Figure 22. Gonococcal Isolate Surveillance Project (GISP) — Proportion of men with gonorrhea 

who had a previous gonorrhea infection within the past year, 1992–1997 

Percent 

0 

2 

4 

6 

8 

10 

12 

14 

16 

18 

20 

22 

1992 1993 1994 1995 1996 1997 

Note:	 GISP cases with no information on previous episodes of gonorrhea were excluded. Data on
 

previous episodes of gonorrhea were first collected in 1992. 


20 Gonorrhea 	 National Profile STD Surveillance 1997 
 

Figure 23. Gonococcal Isolate Surveillance Project (GISP) — Percent of Neisseria gonorrhoeae isolates 

obtained from men who have sex with men for STD clinics in nine cities, 1988–1997 

Percent 

70 

60 

50 

40 

30 

20 

10 

0 

Chicago 

Denver 

Honolulu 

Long Beach 

Orange County 

Portland 

San Diego 

San Francisco 

Seattle 

1988 89 90 91 92 93 94 95 96 97 

Note:	 These nine clinics reported 89.5% (394/440) of GISP gonorrhea cases in men who have sex with 

men. Orange County first participated in GISP in 1991 and Chicago first participated in 1996. 

STD Surveillance 1997 National Profile	 Gonorrhea 21 

Syphilis 

From 1990 to 1997, the U.S. primary and secondary (P&S) syphilis rate declined 84 percent to 

its lowest level since reporting began in 1941. While the U.S. syphilis rate is low and the disease is 

geographically concentrated, a concerted effort could lead to its elimination in the United States. 

Collaboration with diverse organizations, public health professionals, the private medical community, and other partners working in STD and HIV will be essential in this effort.1 

Despite the overall decline, syphilis remains an important problem in the South and in a small 

number of urban areas outside the South, particularly among African-Americans. Syphilis, a genital 

ulcerative disease, facilitates the transmission of HIV and may be particularly important in 

contributing to HIV transmission in those parts of the country, such as the South, where rates of 

both infections are high. Untreated early syphilis during pregnancy results in perinatal death in up 

to 40% of cases, and if acquired during the previous four years before pregnancy, may lead to 

infection of the fetus in over 70% of cases. For syphilis, as for other STDs, differential reporting of 

cases from public and private sectors may magnify the differences in reported rates by race and 

ethnicity. 

•	 In 1997, 8,550 cases of P&S syphilis were reported to CDC. This is the lowest number 

of cases reported since 1959. Between 1996 and 1997, the incidence of P&S syphilis in 

the U.S. declined from 4.3 to 3.2 cases per 100,000 persons (Figure 25, Table 1), which 

is now below the Healthy People 2000 (HP2000) national objective of 4.0 per 100,000 

persons. 

•	 Since 1990 the rate of early latent syphilis has exceeded the rate of P&S syphilis and has 

grown proportionately greater every year. There were approximately 0.8 reported cases 

of early latent syphilis for every reported case of P&S syphilis in the five years preceding 

1990 and 2 reported cases of early latent syphilis for every reported case of P&S syphilis 

in 1997 (Table 1). 

•	 Since the peak of late and late latent syphilis in 1993, the rate of late and late latent syphilis 

has exceeded the rate of P&S syphilis and has grown proportionately greater every year. 

There were approximately 0.6 reported cases of late and late latent syphilis for every 

reported case of P&S syphilis in the five years preceding 1993 and 2.4 reported cases of 

late and late latent syphilis for every reported case of P&S syphilis in 1997 (Table 1). 

•	 In 1997, P&S syphilis rates in 41 states and 2 outlying areas were below the HP2000 

national objective of 4 cases per 100,000 (Figure 26, Table 25). Fourteen states and 2 

outlying areas reported 5 or fewer cases of P&S syphilis in 1997. 

•	 In 1997, 2,324 (75%) of 3,115 counties in the U.S. reported no cases of P&S syphilis 

compared with 2,257 (72%) of counties in 1996. Of 791 counties reporting at least one 

case of P&S syphilis in 1997, 378 (48%) counties reported rates of 4 cases or fewer per 

100,000 persons. Therefore, rates of P&S syphilis were above the HP2000 objective for 

413 counties in 1997 (Figure 27). These counties (13% of the total number of counties in 

the U.S.) accounted for approximately 80% of the reported P&S syphilis cases. 

STD Surveillance 1997 National Profile	 Syphilis 23 
•	 In 1997, the largest numbers of reported cases of P&S syphilis were found in 28 counties, 

and the three independent cities of Baltimore, St. Louis, and the District of Columbia 

(Table 33). These 31 areas account for half of the total number of reported P&S syphilis 

cases. 

•	 In 1997, the rates of P&S syphilis continued to decline for all regions of the U.S. However, 

the rate of 6.6 cases per 100,000 persons in the South remained above the HP2000 

objective (Figure 28, Table 26). The P&S syphilis rates of the other 3 regions were below 

the HP2000 objective. 

•	 The overall rate of P&S syphilis in selected large cities over 200,000 population declined 

from 7.6 cases per 100,000 persons in 1996 to 6.1 in 1997 (Figure 29, Table 30). However, 

rates exceeded the HP2000 objective in 31 (48%) of 64 large cities in the United States 

and outlying areas for which data were available (Table 29). 

•	 During the period 1994 to 1997, the rates of P&S syphilis within racial and ethnic groups 

have generally declined (Figure 31, Table 24B). However, the 1997 rate for non-Hispanic 

blacks of 22.0 cases per 100,000 persons was 44 times greater than the rate for 

non-Hispanic whites (Figure 31, Table 24B). 

•	 Between 1996 and 1997, the overall rate of congenital syphilis decreased from 32.9 to 

26.9 cases per 100,000 live births (Figure 34, Table 38). However, compared with 1996, 

increases were observed in 1997 for 6 (Alabama, Arizona, Louisiana, Maryland, 

Michigan, and Wisconsin) of 23 states reporting more than 5 cases (Table 40). 

•	 In 1997, 7 states (Alabama, Arkansas, Maryland, Mississippi, New Jersey, Tennessee, 

and Texas) had congenital syphilis rates that exceeded the HP2000 objective of 40 cases 

per 100,000 live births (Table 39). 

•	 The HP2000 congenital syphilis objective of 40 cases per 100,000 live births was 

exceeded in 23 (36%) of the 64 selected cities with a population over 200,000 (Table 41). 

For 6 of these cities (Newark, Baltimore, Houston, Memphis, Birmingham, and Miami), 

the rate per 100,000 births was 5 to 15 times greater than the HP2000 objective. 

•	 Additional information on syphilis and congenital syphilis can be found in the Special 

Focus Profiles section. 

1

CDC. Primary and secondary syphilis--United States, 1997. MMWR 1998;24:493-497. 

24 Syphilis	 National Profile STD Surveillance 1997 
 

Figure 24. Syphilis — Reported cases by stage of illness: United States, 1941–1997 

Thousands of Cases 

600 

500 

400 

300 

200 

100 

0 

1941 45 50 55 60 65 70 75 80 85 90 94 97 

Total 

Syphilis 

Early 

Latent 

P&S 

Figure 25. Primary and secondary syphilis — Reported rates: United States, 1970–1997 

and the Healthy People year 2000 objective 

Rate (per 100,000 population)
 

25
 

20 

15 

10 

5 

0 

1970 73 76 79 82 85 88 91 94 97 

Primary & Secondary 

Syphilis 

2000 Objective 

STD Surveillance 1997 National Profile Syphilis 25 
Figure 26. Primary and secondary syphilis — Rates by state: United States and outlying areas, 1997 

0.3 

0.0 0.0 0.2 

0.3 0.3 

0.1 0.1 1.7 0.8 

0.0 1.6 

1.2 

0.6 

0.2 

0.4 

0.3 

1.1 

0.2 

2.1 

3.7 2.6 

2.0 

0.1 

1.0 

3.5 

VT 

NH 

MA 

RI 

CT 

0.0 

0.0 

1.3 

0.2 

1.9 

3.5 NJ 1.9 

3.0 

0.5 

3.5 

6.9 

14.0 

10.2 

9.8 DE 

MD 

3.0 

17.6 

Guam 0.0 

0.2 

3.5 

8.4 

14.4 9.6 7.0 

< 4 

4.1-12 

Rate per 100,000 

population 

(n=42) 

(n=7) 

2.1 > 12 (n=3) 

0.1 

Puerto Rico 6.7 Virgin Is. 

1.8 

Note:	 The total rate of primary and secondary syphilis for the United States and outlying areas 

(including Guam, Puerto Rico and Virgin Islands) was 3.3 per 100,000 population. 

The Healthy People year 2000 objective is 4.0 per 100,000 population. 

Figure 27. Primary and secondary syphilis — Counties with rates above and counties with 

rates below the Healthy People year 2000 objective: United States, 1997 

Rate per 100,000 

population 

<4 (n=2,702) 

>4 (n=413) 

26 Syphilis	 National Profile STD Surveillance 1997 
 

Figure 28. Primary and secondary syphilis — Rates by region: United States, 1981–1997 

and the Healthy People year 2000 objective 

Rate (per 100,000 population) 

35 

30 

25 

20 

15 

10 

5 

South 

Midwest 

Northeast 

West 

2000 Objective 

0 

1981 83 85 87 89 91 93 95 97 

Figure 29. Primary and secondary syphilis — Rates in selected U.S. cities of >200,000 population, 

1981–1997 and the Healthy People year 2000 objective 

Rate (per 100,000 population)
 

45
 

40
 

35
 

30
 

25
 

20
 

15
 

10
 

5
 

0
 

1981 83 85 87 89 91 93 95 97
 

Cities 

2000 Objective 

STD Surveillance 1997 National Profile Syphilis 27 
 

Figure 30. Primary and secondary syphilis — Rates by gender: United States, 1981–1997 

and the Healthy People year 2000 objective 

Rate (per 100,000 population) 

25 

20 

15 

10 

5 

Men 

Women 

2000 Objective 

0 

1981 83 85 87 89 91 93 95 97 

Figure 31. Primary and secondary syphilis — Rates by race and ethnicity: United States, 

1981–1997 and the Healthy People year 2000 objective 

Rate (per 100,000 population)
 

150
 

125 

100 

75 

50 

25 

0 

White 

Black 

Hispanic 

Other 

2000 

Objective 

1981 83 85 87 89 91 93 95 97 

Note: “Other” includes Asian/Pacific Islander and American Indian/Alaska Native populations. 

28 Syphilis National Profile STD Surveillance 1997 
 

Figure 32. Primary and secondary syphilis — Age- and gender-specific rates: United States, 1997 

Men Rate (per 100,000 population) Women 

Age 10 8 6 4 2 0 0 2 4 6 8 10 

10-14 

15-19 

20-24 

25-29 

30-34 

35-39 

40-44 

45-54 

55-64 

65+ 

3.6 Total 

0.7 

2.2 

3.6 

6.1 

6.9 

7.1 

7.5 

6.9 

2.6 

0.0 0.4 

5.8 

8.2 

7.5 

6.7 

5.5 

3.0 

1.2 

0.3 

0.0 

2.9 

0 

1,200 

2,400 

3,600 

4,800 

6,000 

7,200 

Congenital Syphilis 

cases 

1970 73 76 79 82 85 88 91 94 97 

0 

3 

6 

9 

12 

15 

18 

P&S rate 

(per 100,000 population) 

Kaufman Criteria 

CDC Surveillance Definition 

Primary & Secondary 

Syphilis 

Congenital 

Syphilis 

Figure 33. Congenital syphilis — Reported cases for infants <1 year of age and rates of 

primary and secondary syphilis among women: United States, 1970–1997 

Note: The surveillance case definition for congenital syphilis changed in 1988 (see Appendix). 

STD Surveillance 1997 National Profile Syphilis 29 
 

Rate (per 100,000 live births) 

120
 

Congenital 

100
 Syphilis 

80
 

60
 

2000
 40
 Objective 

20
 

0 

1981 83 85 87 89 91 93 95 97
 

Figure 34. Congenital syphilis — Rates for infants <1 year of age: United States, 1981–1997 

and the Healthy People year 2000 objective 

Note: The surveillance case definition for congenital syphilis changed in 1988 (see Appendix). 

30 Syphilis National Profile STD Surveillance 1997
 
Other Sexually Transmitted Diseases
 

Since 1987, reported cases of chancroid have declined steadily (Table 1, Figure 35). In 1997, a 

total of 243 cases of chancroid were reported from 19 states (Table 43). Four states (California, 

New York, South Carolina, and Texas) accounted for 85% of the 243 reported cases. Chancroid is 

difficult to culture and may be substantially underdiagnosed.1 

Comprehensive surveillance data for non-gonococcal urethritis, genital herpes simplex virus 

(HSV), human papillomavirus, and trichomoniasis are not available. Ongoing trend data are limited 

to estimates of trends in physicians’ office practices provided by the National Disease and 

Therapeutic Index (Figures 36 and 38-40). 

Data on genital herpes simplex virus type 2 (HSV-2) seroprevalence among the non-institutionalized U.S. population are available from the National Health and Nutrition Examination Survey 

(NHANES). In NHANES III (1988-1994), HSV-2 seroprevalence among persons at least 12 years 

of age was 21.9%. The HSV-2 seroprevalence in NHANES III was 30% higher than the age-adjusted 

HSV-2 seroprevalence from NHANES II (1976-1980). Increases in HSV-2 seroprevalence between 

NHANES II and NHANES III were concentrated in the younger age groups. There were statistically 

significant increases overall in the three youngest age groups, encompassing subjects from 12 to 39 

years of age (Figure 37).2 

For data on PID, see the Special Focus Profile on Women and Infants. 

1

Schulte JM, Martich FA, Schmid GP. Chancroid in the United States, 1981-1990: evidence for underreporting of cases. MMWR 1992;41(no. SS-3):57-61. 

2

Fleming DT, McQuillan GM, Johnson RE, Nahmias AJ, Aral SO, Lee FK, St. Louis ME. Herpes Simplex 

Virus Type 2 in the United States, 1976 to 1994, N Engl J Med 1997; 337:1105-11. 

STD Surveillance 1996 National Profile Other Sexually Transmitted Diseases 31 
 

Figure 35. Chancroid — Reported cases: United States, 1981–1997 

0 

1 

2 

3 

4 

5 

Cases (in thousands) 

1981 83 85 87 89 91 93 95 97 

Figure 36. Genital herpes simplex virus infections — Initial visits to physicians’ offices: 

United States, 1966–1997 and the Healthy People year 2000 objective 

Visits (in thousands) 

250 

225 

200 

175 

150 

125 

100 

75 

50 

25 

0 

Genital herpes 

simplex virus 

2000 

Objective 

1966 70 74 78 82 86 90 94 97 

Note: See Appendix.
 

SOURCE: National Disease and Therapeutic Index (IMS America, Ltd.)
 

32 Other Sexually Transmitted Diseases National Profile STD Surveillance 1997 
 

Figure 37. Genital herpes simplex virus type 2 — Percent seroprevalence according to age 

in NHANES* II (1976-1980) and NHANES III (1988-1994) 

Percent 

50 

40 

30 NHANES III 

NHANES II 

20 

10 

0 

12-19 20-29 30-39 40-49 50-59 60-69 >70 

Age Group 

Note: Bars indicate 95% confidence intervals. 

*National Health and Nutrition Examination Survey 

Figure 38. 	 Human papillomavirus (genital warts) — Initial visits to physicians’ offices:

 United States, 1966–1997 and the Healthy People year 2000 objective 

Visits (in thousands) 

360 

320 

280 

Genital warts 

2000 

240 Objective 

200 

160 

120 

80
 

40
 

0
 

1966 70 74 78 82 86 90 94 97 

Note: See Appendix.
 

SOURCE: National Disease and Therapeutic Index (IMS America, Ltd.)
 

STD Surveillance 1997	 National Profile Other Sexually Transmitted Diseases 33 
 

Figure 39. Nonspecific urethritis — Initial visits to physicians’ offices by men: 

United States, 1966–1997 

Visits (in thousands) 

450 

400 

350 

300 

250 

200 

150 

100 

50 

0 

1966 70 74 78 82 86 90 94 97 

Note: See Appendix.
 

SOURCE: National Disease and Therapeutic Index (IMS America, Ltd.)
 

Figure 40. Trichomonal and other vaginal infections — Initial visits to physicians’ offices: 

United States, 1966–1997 

Visits (in thousands) 

4,500 

4,000 

3,500 

3,000 

2,500 

2,000 

1,500 

1,000 

500 

0 

Other 

Vaginitis 

Trichomonal 

Infection 

1966 70 74 78 82 86 90 94 97 

Note: See Appendix.
 

SOURCE: National Disease and Therapeutic Index (IMS America, Ltd.)
 

34 Other Sexually Transmitted Diseases National Profile STD Surveillance 1997 
Special Focus Profiles 

The Special Focus Profiles section highlights trends and distribution of sexually transmitted 

diseases (STDs) in populations of particular interest for STD and HIV prevention programs in state 

and local health departments. These populations are most vulnerable to STDs and their consequences: women and infants; adolescents and young adults; minorities; persons entering corrections 

facilities; and populations in the southern United States. The Special Focus Profiles refer to figures 

located in disease-specific sections in the National Profile. In addition, there are figures (Figures 

A-AA) that highlight specific points made in the following text. 

STD Surveillance 1997 Special Focus Profiles 35 

STDs in Women and Infants
 

Public Health Impact 

Women and infants disproportionately bear the long term consequences of STDs. Women infected 

with Neisseria gonorrhoeae or Chlamydia trachomatis can develop pelvic inflammatory disease 

(PID), which, in turn, may lead to adverse reproductive consequences, e.g., ectopic pregnancy and 

tubal factor infertility. If not adequately treated, 20% to 40% of women infected with chlamydia1 

and 10% to 40% of women infected with gonorrhea2 develop PID. Among women with PID, scarring 

sequelae will cause involuntary infertility in 20%, ectopic pregnancy in 9%, and chronic pelvic pain 

in 18%3. Approximately 70% of chlamydial infections and 50% of gonococcal infections in women 

are asymptomatic4-6. These infections are detected primarily through screening programs. The vague 

symptoms associated with chlamydial and gonococcal PID cause 85% of women to delay seeking 

medical care, thereby increasing the risk of infertility and ectopic pregnancy7. Data from a 

randomized controlled trial of chlamydia screening in a managed care setting suggest that such 

screening programs can reduce the incidence of PID by as much as 60%.8 

Gonorrhea and chlamydia also result in adverse outcomes of pregnancy, including neonatal 

ophthalmia and, in the case of chlamydia, neonatal pneumonia. Although topical prophylaxis at 

delivery is effective for prevention of ophthalmia neonatorum, prevention of neonatal pneumonia 

requires antenatal detection and treatment. 

Infections with human papillomavirus (HPV) in women are a major concern because specific 

HPV subtypes (e.g., types 16, 18, 31, 33, and 35) have been associated epidemiologically with 

cervical dysplasia and cervical cancer. HPV types 6 and 11 in child bearing women can cause 

laryngeal papillomatosis in infants. 

When a woman has a syphilis infection during pregnancy, she may transmit the infection to the 

fetus in utero. This may result in fetal death or an infant born with physical and mental developmental 

disabilities. Most cases of congenital syphilis are preventable if women are screened for syphilis 

and treated early during prenatal care9. 

Observations 

•	 Between 1996 and 1997, the reported rate of chlamydial infections in women increased 

from 317.8 per 100,000 population to 335.8 (Figure 6, Table 6). This increase most likely 

reflects an increase in screening rather than an increase in number of cases in women; 

even as reported cases have increased, prevalence among women screened in the U.S. has 

declined (see section on Chlamydia). Despite considerable under-reporting, it is important 

to note that chlamydia rates exceed gonorrhea rates in women in many states (Figures A 

and B, Tables 6 and 15). 

STD Surveillance 1997	 Special Focus Profiles STDs in Women and Infants 37 
•	 For gonorrhea, the Healthy People year 2000 objective is 100 cases per 100,000 persons. 

Gonorrhea rates for women alone exceeded this HP2000 objective in 20 states (Figure B, 

Table 15). The highest rates of gonorrhea for women were concentrated in the South. 

•	 Like chlamydia, gonorrhea is often asymptomatic in women and can only be identified 

through screening. Large-scale screening programs for gonorrhea in women began in the 

late 1970s. After an initial increase in cases detected through screening, gonorrhea rates 

for both women and men declined steadily throughout the 1980s and early 1990s (Figure 

15, Tables 15 and 16). Gonorrhea rates increased slightly for women from 118.8 cases 

per 100,000 population in 1996 to 119.3 in 1997; rates in men declined from 127.3 to 

125.4 from 1996 to 1997. Men with gonorrhea are usually symptomatic and may seek 

care; therefore, trends in men may be a relatively good indicator of trends in incidence of 

disease. However, trends in women are determined more by screening practices, similar 

to chlamydia. 

•	 The Healthy People year 2000 objective for primary and secondary syphilis is 4.0 per 

100,000 persons. Primary and secondary syphilis rates for women exceeded the HP2000 

objective in 9 states and 1 outlying area (Figure C, Table 27). Three southern states 

(Maryland, Mississippi, and Tennessee) had rates for women that were at least 3 times 

greater than the HP2000 objective for primary and secondary syphilis (Table 27). For 

congenital syphilis, the Healthy People year 2000 objective is 40 per 100,000 live births. 

Six (Alabama, Arkansas, Maryland, Mississippi, Tennessee, and Texas) of 7 states that 

exceeded the HP2000 objective were in the South (Figure D, Table 39). 

•	 The rate of congenital syphilis closely follows the trend of P&S syphilis in women (Figure 

33). Peaks in congenital syphilis usually occur one year after peaks in P&S syphilis in 

women. The congenital syphilis rate peaked in 1991 at 107.3 cases per 100,000 live births 

and has declined 75% to 26.9 in 1997 (Figure 34, Table 38). The rate of P&S syphilis in 

women peaked at 17.3 per 100,000 persons in 1990 and declined 83% to 2.9 in 1997 

(Figures 30 and 33, Table 27). 

•	 Although the 1997 rate of congenital syphilis was below the Healthy People 2000 

objective of 40 cases per 100,000 live births, this objective is many times greater than the 

rate of congenital syphilis of most industrialized countries where syphilis and congenital 

syphilis have nearly been eliminated10. 

•	 Accurate estimates of pelvic inflammatory disease (PID) and tubal factor infertility from 

gonococcal and chlamydial infections are difficult to obtain. Definitive diagnosis of these 

conditions can be complex, requiring for example, laparoscopy or laparotomy, while tubal 

patency studies may be needed to accurately document these conditions. Most cases of 

PID are treated on the basis of interpretations of clinical findings, which vary between 

individual practitioners. In addition, the settings in which care is provided can vary 

considerably over time. For example, women with PID who would have been hospitalized 

in the 1980s may be treated in out-patient facilities during the 1990s. Trends in 

hospitalized PID have declined steadily throughout the 1980s and early 1990s (Figure F). 

However, these trends may be more reflective of changes in the etiologic spectrum (with 

increasing proportions of more indolent chlamydial infection) and clinical management 

of PID (from in-patient to out-patient) rather than true trends in disease11. 

•	 Recent evidence suggests that health care practices associated with ectopic pregnancy also 

changed in the late 1980s and early 1990s. Before that time, treatment of ectopic 

pregnancy usually required admission to a hospital. Hospitalization statistics were 

38 STDs in Women and Infants Special Focus Profiles	 STD Surveillance 1997 
therefore useful for monitoring trends in ectopic pregnancy (Figure E). Beginning in 1990, 

hospitalizations for ectopic pregnancy began to decline. Data from outpatient care surveys 

suggest that nearly half of all ectopic pregnancies are treated on an outpatient basis12. The 

total number of ectopic pregnancies in the U.S. in 1992 was estimated to be 108,800 (or 

19.7 cases per 1,000 pregnancies), the highest level in more than two decades12. 

•	 Initial visits to physicians’ offices for PID declined from 1993 to 1995, increased in 1996, 

and again decreased in 1997 (Figure G). Among women 15 to 44 years of age, the 

estimated number of PID cases diagnosed in emergency departments was 336,000 in 1995 

and 208,000 in 1996 (National Hospital Ambulatory Medical Care Survey, NCHS). These 

estimates have relative standard errors of 15% and 18% respectively. 

1

Stamm WE, Guinan ME, Johnson C. Effect of treatment regimens for Neisseria gonorrhoeae on simultaneous infections with Chlamydia trachomatis. N Engl J Med 1984;310:545-9. 

2

Platt R, Rice PA, McCormack WM. Risk of acquiring gonorrhea and prevalence of abnormal adnexal 

findings among women recently exposed to gonorrhea. JAMA 1983;250:3205-9. 

3

Westrom L, Joesoef R, Reynolds G, et al. Pelvic inflammatory disease and fertility: a cohort study of 1,844 

women with laparoscopically verified disease and 657 control women with normal laparoscopy. Sex Transm 

Dis 1992;19:185-92. 

4

Hook EW III, Handsfield HH. Gonococcal infections in the adult. In: Holmes KK, Mardh PA, Sparling PF, 

et al, eds. Sexually Transmitted Diseases, 2nd edition. New York City: McGraw-Hill, Inc, 1990:149-65. 

5

Stamm WE, Holmes KK. Chlamydia trachomatis infections in the adult. In: Holmes KK, Mardh PA, 

Sparling PF, et al, eds. Sexually Transmitted Diseases, 2nd edition. New York City: McGraw-Hill, Inc, 

1990:181-93. 

6

Zimmerman HL, Potterat JJ, Dukes RL, et al. Epidemiologic differences between chlamydia and gonorrhea. 

Am J Public Health 1990;80:1338-42. 

7

Hillis SD, Joesoef R, Marchbanks PA, et al. Delayed care of pelvic inflammatory disease as a risk factor for 

impaired fertility. Am J Obstet Gynecol 1993;168:1503-9. 

8

Scholes D, Stergachis A, Heidrich FE, Andrilla H, Holmes KK, Stamm WE. Prevention of pelvic inflammatory disease by screening for cervical chlamydial infection. N Engl J Med 1996;34(21):1362-66. 

9

CDC. Guidelines for prevention and control of congenital syphilis. MMWR 1988;37(No.S-1). 

10Division of STD/HIV Prevention. Healthy People 2000: National Health Promotion and Disease Objectives. Progress Review: Sexually Transmitted Diseases, October 26, 1994. 

11Rolfs RT, Galaid EI, Zaidi AA. Pelvic inflammatory disease: trends in hospitalization and office visits, 

1979 through 1988. Am J Obstet Gynecol 1992;166:983-90. 

12CDC. Ectopic pregnancy--United States, 1990-1992. MMWR 1995;44:46-8. 

STD Surveillance 1997	 Special Focus Profiles STDs in Women and Infants 39 
Figure A. Chlamydia — Rates for women by state: United States and outlying areas, 1997 

265.3 

213.3 141.3 212.3 

237.5	 209.9 

224.7 278.5 284.6 * 224.2	 371.9 

266.7	 276.0 271.4 211.6 342.3 VT 126.9 135.2 285.4 261.1 274.2 NH 108.3 284.4 327.7 MA 206.9 255.4	 300.3 391.1	 RI 338.3 

256.8	 CT 298.9 NJ 234.7 386.6 349.6 DE 557.1 

384.6	 371.5 MD 460.0 403.7	 181.1 581.7 

Guam 474.6 Rate per 100,000 483.3 358.4 369.4 population 441.7 < 150	 (n=6) 417.8 448.4 150-300 (n=25) 296.4 261.3 > 300	 (n=21) 

Puerto Rico 89.8 Virgin Is. 

22.6 

*The New York City rate was 659.1 per 100,000 population. No cases were reported outside of New York City. 

Note:	 The total rate of chlamydia for women in the United States and outlying areas (including Guam, 

Puerto Rico and Virgin Islands) was 332.1 per 100,000 population. For further information on 

chlamydia reporting see the Appendix. 

Figure B. Gonorrhea — Rates for women by state: United States and outlying areas, 1997 

35.0 

7.0 13.0 

5.2 

21.5 55.4 

14.0 

12.6 

23.4 89.4 

162.1 

136.2 

53.0 

28.0 

8.4 

72.7 58.7 

63.7 

79.5 

73.6 

143.3 

208.4 

268.2 

94.2 

111.6 

54.2 

52.1 

124.2 

86.3 

104.9 

154.6 

179.8 

144.9 

159.8 

VT 

NH 

MA 

RI 

CT 

NJ 

DE 

MD 

10.7 

9.7 

36.5 

51.2 

94.4 

86.9 

189.7 

221.6 

Guam 17.5 323.4 269.7 252.8 Rate per 100,000 

population 

142.6 < 100 (n=33) 

80.3 230.9 100.1-175 (n=11) 

128.4 > 175 (n=9) 

44.5 

Puerto Rico 11.1 Virgin Is. 

33.0 

Note:	 The total rate of gonorrhea for women in the United States and outlying areas (including Guam, 

Puerto Rico and Virgin Islands) was 117.7 per 100,000 population. The Healthy People year 2000 

objective is 175 per 100,000 population for women aged 15-44. 

40 STDs in Women and Infants Special Focus Profiles	 STD Surveillance 1997 
Figure C. Primary and secondary syphilis — Rates for women by state: United States and 

outlying areas, 1997 

0.3 

0.0 0.0 0.2 

0.1 0.2 

0.0 0.0 1.9 0.6 

0.0 1.4 

0.7 

0.8 

0.2 0.3 

0.2 

0.8 

0.3 

2.2 

3.2 2.7 1.8 

0.1 

0.8 

3.3 

VT 

NH 

MA 

RI 

CT 

0.0 

0.0 

1.0 

0.2 

1.5 3.3 NJ 1.4 

1.7 0.6 

3.1 7.9 

13.5 

9.0 

9.4 DE 

MD 

2.7 

15.4 

Guam 0.0 

0.0 

3.3 

8.3 

14.2 8.2 5.1 

< 4 

4.1-12 

Rate per 100,000 

population 

(n=43) 

(n=7) 

1.8 > 12 (n=3) 

0.0 

Puerto Rico 6.0 Virgin Is. 

0.0 

Note:	 The total rate of primary and secondary syphilis for women in the United States and outlying 

areas (including Guam, Puerto Rico and Virgin Islands) was 2.9 per 100,000 population. The 

Healthy People year 2000 objective is 4.0 per 100,000 population. 

Figure D.	 Congenital syphilis — Rates for infants <1 year of age by state: United States and 

outlying areas, 1997 

1.3 

0.0 0.0 0.0 

2.3	 0.0 

0.0 0.0 10.4 36.5 0.0 19.3 

0.0	 24.4 0.0 0.0 6.5 VT 0.0 0.0	 38.7 3.6 NH 0.0 0.0 29.5 0.0 MA 2.4 5.4 13.7 6.5 RI 0.0 9.5 CT 4.5 

NJ 73.2 21.7 41.0 DE 19.5 16.6 19.7 MD 77.4 0.0 88.1 29.5 

Rate per 100,000 Guam 0.0	 96.7 48.1 13.4 live births 

46.8 < 1 (n=21) 33.5 0.0 1.0-40.0 (n=25) 

38.7 > 40 (n=7) 0.0 

Puerto Rico 11.0 Virgin Is. 

0.0 

Note:	 The total rate of congenital syphilis for infants <1 year of age for the United States and outlying 

areas (including Guam, Puerto Rico and Virgin Islands) was 26.6 per 100,000 live births. The 

Healthy People year 2000 objective is 40.0 per 100,000 live births. 

STD Surveillance 1997	 Special Focus Profiles STDs in Women and Infants 41 
Figure E. Ectopic pregnancy — Hospitalizations of women 15-44 years of age: United States, 

1980–1996 

Number of Ectopic Pregnancies 

0 

15,000 

30,000 

45,000 

60,000 

75,000 

90,000 

1980 82 84 86 88 90 92 94 96 

Note:	 Some variations in 1981 and 1988 numbers may be due to changes in sampling procedures. 

The relative standard error for these estimates ranges from 8% to 12%. 

SOURCE: National Hospital Discharge Survey (National Center for Health Statistics, CDC) 

Figure F.	 Pelvic inflammatory disease — Hospitalizations of women 15-44 years of age: 

United States, 1980–1996 

0 

30 

60 

90 

120 

150 

180 

210 

240 

270 

300 

Hospitalizations (in thousands) 

1980 82 84 86 88 90 92 94 96 

Acute 

Unspecified 

Chronic 

Note:	 The relative standard error for the estimates of the overall total number of PID cases range 

from 6% to 9%. 

SOURCE: National Hospital Discharge Survey (National Center for Health Statistics, CDC). 

42 STDs in Women and Infants Special Focus Profiles	 STD Surveillance 1997 
Figure G.	 Pelvic inflammatory disease — Initial visits to physicians’ offices by women 15-44
 

years of age: United States, 1980–1997 and the Healthy People year 2000 objective
 

Visits (in thousands) 

500
 

450
 

400
 

350
 

300
 

250
 

200
 

150
 

100
 

50
 

0
 

Pelvic 

Inflammatory 

Disease 

2000
 

Objective
 

1980	 83 86 89 92 95 97
 

SOURCE: National Disease and Therapeutic Index (IMS America, Ltd.) 

STD Surveillance 1997	 Special Focus Profiles STDs in Women and Infants 43
 
STDs in Adolescents and Young Adults
 

Public Health Impact 

Compared to older adults, adolescents (10- to 19-year-olds) and young adults (20- to 24-year-olds) 

are at higher risk for acquiring STDs for a number of reasons: they may be more likely to have 

multiple (sequential or concurrent) sexual partners rather than a single, long-term relationship; they 

may be more likely to engage in unprotected intercourse; and they may select partners at higher 

risk. In addition, for some STDs, e.g., Chlamydia trachomatis, adolescent women may have a 

physiologically increased susceptibility to infection due to increased cervical ectopy and lack of 

immunity. During the past two decades, the age of initiation of sexual activity has steadily decreased 

and age at first marriage has increased, resulting in increases in premarital sexual experience among 

adolescent women and in an enlarging pool of young women at risk1,2,3. In addition, the higher 

prevalence of STDs among adolescents reflects multiple barriers to quality STD prevention services, 

including lack of insurance or other ability to pay, lack of transportation, discomfort with facilities 

and services designed for adults, and concerns about confidentiality. 

Observations 

•	 Numerous prevalence studies in various clinic populations have shown that sexually 

active adolescents have high rates of chlamydial infection4. The Chlamydia Regional 

Projects that perform large-scale screening among women attending family planning 

clinics demonstrate that younger women consistently have higher positivity rates of 

chlamydia than older women, even as prevalence declines. An example is the Region X 

Project, which has screened women since 19885 (Figure H). 

•	 Among women, 15- to 19-year-olds had the highest rate of gonorrhea in 1997 (Figure J, 

Table 12B), and 20- to 24-year-olds had the highest rate of primary and secondary syphilis 

(Figure L, Table 24B). Among men, 20- to 24-year-olds had the highest rate of gonorrhea 

and third highest rate of primary and secondary syphilis (Figures K and M, Tables 12B 

and 24B). 

•	 Rates of gonorrhea among male adolescents steadily decreased during the 4 year period 

1994-97 (Table 12B). In the 10- to 14-year-old group, the rate for males decreased from 

15.9 per 100,000 in 1994 to 8.4 in 1997, a decrease of 47%. In the 15- to 19-year-old 

group, the rate declined from 585.2 in 1994 to 353.9 in 1997, a 40% decrease. Among 

young adult men in the 20- to 24-year-old group, the rate of gonorrhea increased slightly 

between 1996 and 1997 (523.7 and 532.6, respectively); however, relative to the 1994 

rate of 739.1, the 1997 rate declined 28%. 

•	 Rates of gonorrhea among female adolescents also decreased over the 4 year period 

1994-97 (Table 12B). In the 10- to 14-year-old group, the rate for females decreased from 

82.3 per 100,000 in 1994 to 53.8 in 1997, a decrease of 35%. In the 15- to 19-year-old 

group, the rate declined from 890.2 in 1994 to 718.0 in 1997, a 19% decrease. Among 

young adult women in the 20- to 24-year-old group, the rate of gonorrhea increased from 

STD Surveillance 1997	 Special Focus Profiles STDs in Adolescents and Young Adults 45 
524.0 in 1996 to 555.4 in 1997; however, relative to the 1994 rate of 650.4, the 1997 rate 

declined 15%. 

•	 In 1997, the highest age-specific gonorrhea rates among women and the second highest 

rates among men were in the 15- to 19-year-old group (Figure 17). 

•	 Except for American Indians/Alaska Natives and Hispanics, gonorrhea rates increased 

among young adults between 1996 and 1997, and for adolescents in Asian and Pacific 

Islanders and American Indians/Alaska Natives (Table 12B). 

•	 Since 1990, approximately 20,000 female Job Corps entrants have been screened each 

year for chlamydia. The Job Corps, administered by the U.S. Department of Labor at 102 

sites throughout the country, is a residential occupational training program for urban and 

rural disadvantaged youth aged 16-24 years. Among women entering the Job Corps in 

1997, based on their place of residence just before program entry, state-specific chlamydia 

prevalence ranged from 4.0% to 18.1% (Figure I). Chlamydial infection is widespread 

geographically and highly prevalent among these economically disadvantaged young 

women. 

1

CDC. Premarital sexual experience among adolescent women--United States, 1970-1988. MMWR 

1991;39:929-32. 

2

CDC. Pregnancy, Sexually Transmitted Diseases and Related Risk Behaviors Among U.S. Adolescents. 

Atlanta: Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, 1994. Adolescent Health: State of the Nation monograph 

series, No. 2. CDC Publication No. 099-4630. 

3

Forrest JD. Timing of reproductive life stages. Obstet Gynecol 1993;82(1) 

4

CDC. Recommendations for the prevention and management of Chlamydia trachomatis infections, 1993. 

MMWR 1993;42(No. RR-12). 

5

Lossick J, Delisle S, Fine D, Mosure D, Lee V, Smith C. Regional program for widespread screening for 

Chlamydia trachomatis in family planning clinics. In: Bowie WR, Caldwell HD, Jones RP, et al., eds. 

Chlamydial Infections: Proceedings of the Seventh International Symposium of Human Chlamydial Infections, Cambridge, Cambridge, University Press, 1990, pp. 575-9. 

46 STDs in Adolescents and Young Adults Special Focus Profiles	 STD Surveillance 1997 
Figure H.	 Chlamydia — Positivity among women tested in family planning clinics by 

age group: Region X, 1988–1997 

Percent 

14 < 17 Years 

18-19 Years 12 

20-24 Years 

10 

25-29 Years 

8 > 30 Years 

6 

4 

2 

0 

1988 89 90 91 92 93 94 95 96 97 

Note: Women who met screening criteria were tested. 

SOURCE: Region X Chlamydia Project (Alaska, Idaho, Oregon and Washington) 

Figure I.	 Chlamydia — Prevalence among 16-24 year-old women entering the U.S. Job 

Corps by state of residence, 1997 

 

 

 

 

6.9 

6.3 4.0 

5.3 

10.1 

6.6 

6.0 10.6 

8.4 

7.0 

5.0 

6.5 8.4 11.1 

12.7 18.1 10.5 

7.1 

13.3 8.8 

VT 

NH 

MA 

RI 

CT 

NJ 

6.3 

10.6 

11.0 

10.8 6.5 11.0 10.9 

14.3 

13.0 

13.2 DE 

MD 

DC 

10.0 

14.1 

13.3 

12.9 13.0 13.0 See * 

Prevalence (%) 

(n=13) 

< 5 (n=1) 15.6 8.8 5.0 - 9.9	 (n=16) 

13.9 _	 >10.0 (n=23) 

Puerto Rico 7.0 

Virgin Is. 

*Fewer than 100 women residing in these states and entering the U.S. Job Corps were screened for 

chlamydia in 1997. 

Note:	 The overall chlamydia prevalence among female students entering the U.S. Job Corps was 

10.4%. The Healthy People year 2000 objective for chlamydia prevalence among women under 

25 years of age is 5.0%. 

SOURCE: U.S. Department of Labor 

STD Surveillance 1997	 Special Focus Profiles STDs in Adolescents and Young Adults 47 
Figure J. Gonorrhea — Age-specific rates among women 10-44 years of age: United States, 1981–1997 

Rate (per 100,000 population) 

10-14 

15-19 

1,500 

1,200 

900 

600 

300 

20-24 

25-29 

30-34 

35-39 

40-44 

0 

1981 83 85 87 89 91 93 95 97 

Figure K. Gonorrhea — Age-specific rates among men 10-44 years of age: United States, 1981–1997 

Rate (per 100,000 population) 

2,000 

1,600 

1,200 

800 

400 

0 

10-14 

15-19 

20-24 

25-29 

30-34 

35-39 

40-44 

1981 83 85 87 89 91 93 95 97 

48 STDs in Adolescents and Young Adults Special Focus Profiles STD Surveillance 1997 
Figure L. Primary and secondary syphilis — Age-specific rates among women 10-44 years of age: 

United States, 1981–1997 

Rate (per 100,000 population) 

70 

60 

50 

40 

30 

20 

10 

0 

10-14 

15-19 

20-24 

25-29 

30-34 

35-39 

40-44 

1981 83 85 87 89 91 93 95 97 

Figure M.	 Primary and secondary syphilis — Age-specific rates among men 10-44 years of age: 

United States, 1981–1997 

Rate (per 100,000 population) 

70 

10-14 

60 15-19 

20-24 50 

25-29 

40 

30-34 

30 35-39 

40-44 

20
 

10
 

0
 

1981 83 85 87 89 91 93 95 97 

STD Surveillance 1997	 Special Focus Profiles STDs in Adolescents and Young Adults 49 

STDs in Minorities
 

Public Health Impact 

Surveillance data show high rates of STDs for some minority racial or ethnic groups when 

compared with rates for whites. Race and ethnicity in the United States are risk markers that correlate 

with other more fundamental determinants of health status such as poverty, access to quality health 

care, health care seeking behavior, illicit drug use, and living in communities with high prevalence 

of STDs. Acknowledging the disparity in STD rates by race or ethnicity is one of the first steps in 

empowering affected communities to organize and focus on this problem. 

Surveillance data are based on cases of STDs reported to state and local health departments (see 

Appendix). In many areas, reporting from public sources (e.g., STD clinics) is more complete than 

reporting from private sources. Since minority populations may utilize public clinics more than 

whites, differences in rates between minorities and whites may be increased by this reporting bias. 

Observations 

•	 Although chlamydia is a widely distributed STD among all racial and ethnic groups, trends 

in positivity in women screened in Health and Human Services Region X (Alaska, Idaho, 

Oregon, and Washington) show consistently higher rates among minorities (Figure N). 

•	 In 1997, African-Americans accounted for about 77% of total reported cases of gonorrhea 

(Table 12A). The overall gonorrhea rates in 1997 were 807.9 cases per 100,000 population 

for African-Americans and 69.4 for Hispanics compared with 26.0 for non-Hispanic 

whites (Figure 16, Table 12B). Compared with 1996, 1997 rates decreased for 

African-Americans and American Indians/Alaska Natives, increased for Asian/Pacific 

Islanders, and were similar for whites and Hispanics. 

•	 Gonorrhea rates are high for African-American adolescents and young adults. In 1997, 

black females aged 15 to 19 years had a gonorrhea rate of 3,561.3 cases per 100,000 

population. Black men in this age group had a gonorrhea rate of 2,115.4. These rates were 

on average about 24 times higher than those of 15- to 19-year-old white adolescents (Table 

12B). Among 20- to 24-year-olds in 1997, the gonorrhea rate among blacks was almost 

28 times greater than that of whites (3,110.8 vs. 112.2, respectively) (Table 12B). 

•	 Despite declines in gonorrhea rates for most age and race/ethnic groups during the 1980s, 

African-American adolescents did not show declining trends in rates until 1991 (black 

women) and 1992 (black men). Between 1996 and 1997, gonorrhea rates declined 6.1% 

for black females aged 15 to 19 years and 10.3% for black males in this age group (Table 

12B, Figures O and P). 

•	 The most recent epidemic of syphilis was largely an epidemic in heterosexual, minority 

populations1

. Since 1990, rates of primary and secondary (P&S) syphilis have declined 

among all racial and ethnic groups except American Indian/Alaska Natives. However, 

rates for African-Americans and Hispanics continue to be higher than for non-Hispanic 

STD Surveillance 1997 Special Focus Profiles	 STDs in Minorities 51 
whites. In 1997, African-Americans accounted for about 82% of all reported cases of P&S 

syphilis (Table 24A). Although the rate for African-Americans declined from 30.2 cases 

per 100,000 population in 1996 to 22.0 in 1997, the latter rate was 44-fold greater than 

the non-Hispanic white rate of 0.5 per 100,000 population. Between 1996 and 1997, 

primary and secondary syphilis rates for black females aged 15 to 19 years declined by 

34.4%, and for black males in this age group, by 40.4% (Figures Q and R, Table 24B). 

Similarly, the P&S rates declined about 30% between 1996 and 1997 among young black 

adults aged 20 to 24 years. The 1997 rate of P&S syphilis in Hispanics was 1.6 (Figure 

31, Table 24B). 

•	 In 1997, the rate of congenital syphilis in African-Americans was 113.5 per 100,000 live 

births and 34.6 in Hispanics compared with 3.3 in whites (Figure S). Compared with 1996, 

this represented a 20% decrease for blacks and a 14% decrease for Hispanics. 

1

Nakashima AK, Rolfs RT, Flock ML, Kilmarx P, Greenspan JR. Epidemiology of syphilis in the United 

States, 1941 through 1993, Sex Transm Dis 1996;23:16-23. 

52 STDs in Minorities	 Special Focus Profiles STD Surveillance 1997 
Figure N. Chlamydia — Positivity among women tested in family planning clinics 

by race and ethnicity: Region X, 1988–1997 

Percent 

14 

Black 

12 

10 

8 

6 

4 

2 

0 

Nat Am/AK Nat 

Asian/Pac Isl 

Hispanic 

White 

1988 89 90 91 92 93 94 95 96 97 

Note: Women who met screening criteria were tested.
 

SOURCE: Region X Chlamydia Project (Alaska, Idaho, Oregon, and Washington)
 

Figure O. 	 Gonorrhea — Reported rates for 15-19 year old females by race and ethnicity: 

United States, 1981–1997 

Rate (per 100,000 population) 

Black 

Hispanic 

White 

Other 

7,000 

6,000 

5,000 

4,000 

3,000 

2,000 

1,000 

0 

1981 83 85 87 89 91 93 95 97 

Note: See Appendix. 

STD Surveillance 1997 Special Focus Profiles	 STDs in Minorities 53 
Figure P. Gonorrhea — Reported rates for 15-19 year old males by race and ethnicity: 

United States, 1981–1997 

7,000
 

6,000
 

5,000
 

4,000
 

3,000
 

2,000
 

1,000
 

0
 

Rate (per 100,000 population) 

White 

Black 

Hispanic 

Other 

1981 83 85 87 89 91 93 95 97 

Note: See Appendix. 

Figure Q. Primary and secondary syphilis — Reported rates for 15-19 year old females by race 

and ethnicity: United States, 1981–1997 

150 

100 

50 

0 

200 

250 

Rate (per 100,000 population) 

White 

Black 

Hispanic 

Other 

1981 83 85 87 89 91 93 95 97 

54 STDs in Minorities Special Focus Profiles STD Surveillance 1997 
Figure R. Primary and secondary syphilis — Reported rates for 15-19 year old males by race 

and ethnicity: United States, 1981–1997 

0 

25 

50 

75 

100 

125 

Rate (per 100,000 population) 

1981 83 85 87 89 91 93 95 97 

White 

Black 

Hispanic 

Other 

Figure S. 	 Congenital syphilis — Rates for infants <1 year of age by race and ethnicity: 

United States, 1991–1997 

Rate (per 100,000 live births) Black, Non-Hispanic 450
 

400
 

350
 

300
 

250
 

200
 

150
 

100
 

50
 

0
 

1991 92 93 94 95 96 97 

Hispanic 

White, Non-Hispanic 

Other, Non-Hispanic 

Year 2000 Objective 

Note: Less than 5% of cases had missing race/ethnicity information and were excluded. 

STD Surveillance 1997 Special Focus Profiles	 STDs in Minorities 55
 

 

STDs in Persons Entering Corrections Facilities
 

Public Health Impact 

Multiple studies and surveillance projects have demonstrated a high prevalence of STDs in 

persons entering jails and juvenile detention facilities. Routine screening, however, has been limited 

in these facilities.1 Screening for chlamydia, gonorrhea, and syphilis at intake offers an opportunity 

to identify infections, prevent complications, and reduce transmission in the community. In cities 

where routine screening in jails occurs, a substantial percentage of all reported cases are identified 

in jails.2 Compiling data and analyzing trends in STD prevalence in this population provides a 

method for monitoring trends in STD prevalence in the community. 

In 1998, the Council of State and Territorial Epidemiologists approved a resolution recommending that state and local health departments work with corrections officials to assess the feasibility 

of STD screening in corrections facilities, and if appropriate, to implement such screening. This 

resolution also recommended that CDC work with state and local health departments to develop a 

national picture of STD prevalence in these facilities. Because this is the first year we are presenting 

these data, data are lacking from many states. 

Observations 

•	 In 1997, 4 states reported chlamydia, gonorrhea, or syphilis data to CDC as part of the 

Jail STD Prevalence Monitoring Project, 4 states reported syphilis data as part of the 

Innovations in Syphilis Prevention Project, and 11 states reported data (at least 100 test 

results) from routine STD testing for a one-month period for the STD Correctional Health 

Care Assessment. 

•	 The maps shown below represent approximately 28,000 syphilis test results for men, and 

13,000 syphilis test results, 11,000 chlamydia test results, and 10,000 gonorrhea test 

results for women. 

•	 The positivity for chlamydia and gonorrhea was higher in women than in men and higher 

in juvenile facilities than in adult facilities. In adolescent women entering juvenile 

detention facilities, the positivity for chlamydia was greater than 10% in 5 (71%) of 7 

facilities (Figure T) and the positivity for gonorrhea was at least 3% in 5 (83%) of 6 

facilities (Figure U). 

•	 The percentage of reactive syphilis tests was higher for women than for men in all 13 

facilities reporting syphilis test results for both sexes (Figures V, W). Of women tested 

for syphilis, greater than 5% had reactive tests in 14 (88%) of 16 facilities reporting syphilis 

STD Surveillance 1997	 Special Focus Profiles Corrections Facilities 57 
test results for women (Figure V). The percentage of reactive syphilis tests representing 

new cases of syphilis varied from site to site. 

1

CDC. Assessment of sexually transmitted diseases services in city and county jails -- United States, 1997. 

MMWR 1998;47:429-31. 

2

CDC. Syphilis screening among women arrestees at the Cook County Jail -- Chicago, 1996. MMWR 

1998;47:432-3. 

58 Corrections Facilities Special Focus Profiles STD Surveillance 1997 
Figure T. Chlamydia — Positivity in women entering juvenile and adult corrections 

facilities†

, 1997 

3.6* 3.7 

2.3 

3.6 

1.4 

1.8 

2.8 (CT) 

Juvenile facility 

6.0 2.7 (NY) 

Adult facility 

8.4 

13.7 12.0

16.7 

18.2 

9.0 

12.6 

†

From facilities reporting >100 test results. 

*Data from STD Correctional Health Care Assessment, 1997.
 

SOURCE: Local and State STD Control Programs; Regional Infertility Prevention Programs; Centers for Disease Control and Prevention
 

Figure U. 	 Gonorrhea — Positivity in women entering juvenile and adult corrections 

facilities†

, 1997 

2.8 (CT) 

7.4* 

1.3 

2.5 4.3* 2.6 

1.6* (DC) 

Adult facility 

0.7 

2.3 (NY) 

Juvenile facility 

6.8 

3.4 3.0 

4.1 

3.8 

2.1 

†

From facilities reporting >100 test results. 

*Data from STD Correctional Health Care Assessment, 1997.
 

SOURCE: Local and State STD Control Programs; Regional Infertility Prevention Programs; Centers for Disease Control and Prevention
 

STD Surveillance 1997	 Special Focus Profiles Corrections Facilities 59 
Figure V. Syphilis serologic tests — Percent seroreactivity in women entering adult 

corrections facilities†

, 1997 

5.1* 

15.5 

8.3 

22.1 

28.0 

11.7* 

8.1* 

3.1 

9.9 

5.5* 

16.4 (MD) 

8.4* (CT) 

22.6 (NY) 

12.1 

20.4* 

†

From facilities reporting >100 test results. 

*Data from STD Correctional Health Care Assessment, 1997.
 

SOURCE: Local and State STD Control Programs; Regional Infertility Prevention Programs; Centers for Disease Control and Prevention
 

Figure W.	 Syphilis serologic tests — Percent seroreactivity in men entering adult 

corrections facilities†

, 1997 

9.2* 5.6 

5.4 

1.8* 

2.4* 

5.8 

1.7 

3.2* 

9.6 

3.4* 

5.2 

8.6 

4.8 (MD) 

4.3* (NJ) 

6.2* (MA) 

3.0 (MA) 

2.5* (NY) 

1.3* (NJ) 

4.8 (NY) 

†

From facilities reporting >100 test results. 

*Data from STD Correctional Health Care Assessment, 1997.
 

SOURCE: Local and State STD Control Programs; Regional Infertility Prevention Programs; Centers for Disease Control and Prevention
 

60 Corrections Facilities Special Focus Profiles	 STD Surveillance 1997 
STDs in the South
 

Public Health Impact 

The southern region of the U.S. (Alabama, Arkansas, Delaware, District of Columbia, Florida, 

Georgia, Kentucky, Louisiana, Maryland, Mississippi, North Carolina, Oklahoma, South Carolina, 

Tennessee, Texas, Virginia, and West Virginia) has higher rates of primary and secondary (P&S) 

syphilis and gonorrhea than other regions of the country. The reasons for regional differences in 

rates are not well understood, but may include differences in racial and ethnic distribution of the 

population, poverty, and availability and quality of health care services. These racial and ethnic 

differentials in STD rates are particularly disturbing in light of the fact that STDs facilitate HIV 

transmission at least two to five fold. High HIV prevalence among childbearing women living in 

the South may be due, in part, to the high rates of these other STDs. Data from a randomized 

controlled trial of STD treatment to prevent HIV infection suggest that as much as a 40% reduction 

in HIV incidence might be achieved in areas with high STD rates1. 

Observations 

•	 The South has consistently had higher rates of both gonorrhea and P&S syphilis compared 

with other regions throughout the 1980s and 1990s (Figures 12, 13, 26, 28, Tables 14 and 

26). In 1997, the South also had the highest rate of chlamydia (Table 5) compared to the 

other regions. 

•	 In 1997, 6 of the 10 areas with the highest chlamydia rates were in the South (Table 4). 

Similarly, the 10 states with the highest rates of gonorrhea were all located in the South 

(Figure 12, Table 13). Nine southern states and one outlying area had rates of P&S syphilis 

above the HP2000 objective of 4 per 100,000 (Figures 26 and 27, Table 25). The nine 

southern states had rates of P&S syphilis that were 1.7 to 4.4 greater than the HP2000 

national objective (Figure 26, Table 25). 

•	 In 1997, 376 (91%) of 413 counties with P&S syphilis rates above the HP2000 objective 

were located in the South (Figure 27 and Figure X). 

•	 Of the 376 counties in the South that had a 1997 P&S syphilis rate above 4.0 per 100,000 

population, 78 (21%) had an increase in the rate from 1996 to 1997 (Figures X and Y). 

•	 County-specific rates of gonorrhea and chlamydia in 1997 were produced for those 

southern states submitting county level data (Figures Z and AA). These county level data 

were reported through the National Electronic Telecommunications System for 

Surveillance (NETSS), and are provisional for all states shown except Alabama, where 

STD Surveillance 1997 Special Focus Profiles	 STDs in the South 61 
hardcopy reports have been discontinued based on the submission of consistent, quality, 

and timely submissions of NETSS data. 

1

Grosskurth H, Mosha F, Todd J, et al. Impact of improved treatment of sexually transmitted diseases on 

HIV infection in rural Tanzania: randomized controlled trial. Lancet 1995;346:530-6. 

62 STDs in the South Special Focus Profiles STD Surveillance 1997 
Figure X. South — Primary and secondary syphilis case rates by county, 1997 

Rates per 100,000 population 

<4 (n=1,047) 

4.1-12 (n=233) 

>12 (n=143) 

Figure Y.	 South — Increases and decreases in cases of primary and secondary syphilis in 1997 

compared with 1996 cases, by county

Difference in 1996-1997 Cases 

No Change or 1997 Rate <4 (n=1,028) 

Decrease* (n=317) 

Increase* (n=78) 

*Decrease in cases in 1997 vs. 1996; 1997 rate >4.0/100,000 population. 

**Increase in cases in 1997 vs. 1996; 1997 rate >4.0/100,000 population. 

STD Surveillance 1997	 Special Focus Profiles STDs in the South 63 
Figure Z. South — Chlamydia case rates by county, 1997 

* 

* 

* 

* 

* 

* 

* Rates per 100,000 population 

See * (n=789) 

<150.0 (n=379) 

150.1-300.0 (n=158) 

>300.0 (n=97) 

*States not submitting county level data. 

SOURCE: National Electronic Telecommunications System for Surveillance (NETSS) data 

Figure AA. South — Gonorrhea case rates by county, 1997 

* 

* 

* 

* 

* 

* 

Rates per 100,000 population * 

See * (n=788) 

<100.0 (n=381)
 

100.1-200.0 (n=91)
 

>200.0 (n=163)
 

*States not submitting county level data.
 

SOURCE: National Electronic Telecommunications System for Surveillance (NETSS) data
 

64 STDs in the South Special Focus Profiles STD Surveillance 1997 
 

Year1 

Syphilis 

Chlamydia Gonorrhea Chancroid 

Granuloma 

Inguinale 

Lymphogranuloma 

All Stages Venereum 

Primary 

and 

Secondary 

Early 

Latent 

Late and 

Late Latent Congenital 

Cases Rate Cases Rate Cases Rate Cases Rate Cases 2 Rate Cases Rate Cases Rate Cases Rate Cases Rate Cases Rate 

1941 485,560 368.2 68,231 51.7 109,018 82.6 202,984 153.9 17,600 13.4 NR . 193,468 146.7 3,384 2.5 639 0.4 1,381 1.0 

1942 479,601 363.4 75,312 57.0 116,245 88.0 202,064 153.1 16,918 12.8 NR . 212,403 160.9 5,477 4.1 1,278 0.9 1,888 1.4 

1943 575,593 447.0 82,204 63.8 149,390 116.0 251,958 195.7 16,164 12.6 NR . 275,070 213.6 8,354 6.4 1,748 1.3 2,593 2.0 

1944 467,755 367.9 78,443 61.6 123,038 96.7 202,848 159.6 13,578 10.7 NR . 300,676 236.5 7,878 6.1 1,759 1.3 2,858 2.2 

1945 359,114 282.3 77,007 60.5 101,719 79.9 142,187 111.8 12,339 9.7 NR . 287,181 225.8 5,515 4.3 1,857 1.4 2,631 2.0 

1946 363,647 271.7 94,957 70.9 107,924 80.6 125,248 93.6 12,106 9.0 NR . 368,020 275.0 7,091 5.2 2,232 1.6 2,603 1.9 

1947 355,592 252.3 93,545 66.4 104,124 73.9 122,089 86.6 12,200 8.7 NR . 380,666 270.0 9,515 6.7 2,330 1.7 2,526 1.8 

1948 314,313 218.2 68,174 47.3 90,598 62.9 123,312 85.6 13,931 9.7 NR . 345,501 239.8 7,661 5.3 2,469 1.7 2,429 1.7 

1949 256,463 175.3 41,942 28.7 75,045 51.3 116,397 79.5 13,952 9.5 NR . 317,950 217.3 6,707 4.6 2,402 1.6 1,925 1.3 

1950 217,558 146.0 23,939 16.7 59,256 39.7 113,569 70.2 13,377 9.0 NR . 286,746 192.5 4,977 3.3 1,783 1.2 1,427 1.0 

1951 174,924 116.1 14,485 9.6 43,316 28.7 98,311 65.2 11,094 7.4 NR . 254,470 168.9 4,233 2.8 1,352 0.9 1,300 0.9 

1952 167,762 110.2 10,449 6.9 36,454 24.0 105,238 69.1 8,553 5.6 NR . 244,957 160.8 3,738 2.5 951 0.6 1,200 0.8 

1953 148,573 95.9 8,637 5.6 28,295 18.3 98,870 63.8 7,675 5.0 NR . 238,340 153.9 3,338 2.2 667 0.4 983 0.6 

1954 130,687 82.9 7,147 4.5 23,861 15.1 89,123 56.5 6,676 4.2 NR . 242,050 153.5 3,003 1.9 618 0.4 875 0.6 

1955 122,392 76.2 6,454 4.0 20,054 12.5 86,526 53.8 5,354 3.3 NR . 236,197 147.0 2,649 1.7 490 0.3 762 0.5 

1956 130,201 78.7 6,392 3.9 19,783 12.0 95,097 57.5 5,491 3.3 NR . 224,346 135.7 2,135 1.3 357 0.2 500 0.3 

1957 123,758 73.5 6,576 3.9 17,796 10.6 91,309 54.2 5,288 3.1 NR . 214,496 127.4 1,637 1.0 348 0.2 448 0.3 

1958 113,884 66.4 7,176 4.2 16,556 9.7 83,027 48.4 4,866 2.8 NR . 232,386 135.6 1,595 0.9 314 0.2 434 0.3 

1959 120,824 69.2 9,799 5.6 17,025 9.8 86,740 49.7 5,130 2.9 NR . 240,254 137.6 1,537 0.9 265 0.2 604 0.3 

1960 122,538 68.8 16,145 9.1 18,017 10.1 81,798 45.9 4,416 2.5 NR . 258,933 145.4 1,680 0.9 296 0.2 835 0.5 

1961 124,658 68.8 19,851 11.0 19,486 10.8 79,304 43.8 4,163 2.3 NR . 264,158 145.8 1,438 0.8 241 0.1 787 0.4 

1962 126,245 68.7 21,067 11.5 19,585 10.7 79,533 43.3 4,070 2.2 NR . 263,714 143.6 1,344 0.7 207 0.1 590 0.3 

1963 124,137 66.6 22,251 11.9 18,235 9.8 78,076 41.9 4,031 2.2 NR . 278,289 149.2 1,220 0.7 173 0.1 586 0.3 

1964 114,325 60.4 22,969 12.1 17,781 9.4 68,629 36.3 3,516 1.9 NR . 300,666 159.0 1,247 0.7 135 0.1 732 0.4 

1965 112,842 58.9 23,338 12.2 17,458 9.1 67,317 35.1 3,564 1.9 NR . 324,925 169.6 982 0.5 155 0.1 878 0.5 

1966 105,159 54.4 21,414 11.1 15,950 8.2 63,541 32.9 3,170 1.6 NR . 351,738 181.9 838 0.4 148 0.1 308 0.2 

1967 102,581 52.5 21,053 10.8 15,554 8.0 61,975 31.7 2,894 1.5 NR . 404,836 207.3 784 0.4 154 0.1 371 0.2 

1968 96,271 48.8 19,019 9.6 15,150 7.7 58,564 29.7 2,381 1.2 NR . 464,543 235.7 845 0.4 156 0.1 485 0.2 

1969 92,162 46.3 19,130 9.6 15,402 7.7 54,587 27.4 2,074 1.0 NR . 534,872 268.6 1,104 0.6 154 0.1 520 0.3 

1970 91,382 45.3 21,982 10.9 16,311 8.1 50,348 24.9 1,953 1.0 NR . 600,072 297.2 1,416 0.7 124 0.1 612 0.3 

1971 95,997 46.9 23,783 11.6 19,417 9.5 49,993 24.4 2,052 1.0 NR . 670,268 327.2 1,320 0.6 89 0.0 692 0.3 

1972 91,149 43.9 24,429 11.8 20,784 10.0 43,456 20.9 1,758 0.8 NR . 767,215 369.7 1,414 0.7 81 0.0 756 0.4 

1973 87,469 41.7 24,825 11.8 23,584 11.3 37,054 17.7 1,527 0.7 NR . 842,621 402.0 1,165 0.6 62 0.0 408 0.2 

1974 83,771 39.6 25,385 12.0 25,124 11.9 31,854 15.1 1,138 0.5 NR . 906,121 428.2 945 0.4 47 0.0 394 0.2 

1975 80,356 37.6 25,561 12.0 26,569 12.4 27,096 12.7 916 0.4 NR . 999,937 467.7 700 0.3 60 0.0 353 0.2 

1976 71,761 33.2 23,731 11.0 25,363 11.7 21,905 10.1 626 0.3 NR . 1,001,994 464.1 628 0.3 71 0.0 365 0.2 

1977 64,621 29.6 20,399 9.4 21,329 9.8 22,313 10.2 463 0.2 NR . 1,002,219 459.5 455 0.2 75 0.0 348 0.2 

1978 64,875 29.4 21,656 9.8 19,628 8.9 23,038 10.4 434 0.2 NR . 1,013,436 459.7 521 0.2 72 0.0 284 0.1 

1979 67,049 30.1 24,874 11.2 20,459 9.2 21,301 9.6 332 0.1 NR . 1,004,058 450.3 840 0.4 76 0.0 250 0.1 

1980 68,832 30.5 27,204 12.1 20,297 9.0 20,979 9.3 277 0.1 NR . 1,004,029 445.1 788 0.3 51 0.0 199 0.1 

1981 72,799 32.0 31,266 13.7 21,033 9.2 20,168 8.9 287 0.1 NR . 990,864 435.2 850 0.4 66 0.0 263 0.1 

1982 75,579 32.9 33,613 14.6 21,894 9.5 19,799 8.6 259 0.1 NR . 960,633 417.9 1,392 0.6 17 0.0 235 0.1 

1983 74,637 32.1 32,698 14.1 23,738 10.2 17,896 7.7 239 0.1 NR . 900.435 387.6 847 0.4 24 0.0 335 0.1 

1984 69,873 29.8 28,607 12.2 23,132 9.9 17,829 7.6 305 0.1 7,594 3.2 878,556 374.8 665 0.3 30 0.0 170 0.1 

1985 67,563 28.5 27,131 11.5 21,689 9.2 18,414 7.8 329 0.1 25,848 10.8 911,419 384.3 2,067 0.9 44 0.0 226 0.1 

Table 1. Cases of sexually transmitted diseases reported by state health departments and rates per 100,000 

civilian population: United States, 1941–1997* 

STD Surveillance 1997 National Summary Tables 65
 
Table 1. Cases of sexually transmitted diseases reported by state health departments and rates per 100,000 

civilian population: United States, 1941–1997* (continued) 

Year1 

Syphilis 

Chlamydia Gonorrhea Chancroid 

Granuloma 

Inguinale 

Lymphogranuloma 

All Stages Venereum 

Primary 

and 

Secondary 

Early 

Latent 

Late and 

Late Latent Congenital 

Cases Rate Cases Rate Cases Rate Cases Rate Cases 2 Rate Cases Rate Cases Rate Cases Rate Cases Rate Cases Rate 

1986 67,771 28.3 27,667 11.6 21,656 9.0 18,046 7.5 410 0.2 58,001 24.1 892,229 372.8 3,045 1.3 48 0.0 307 0.1 

1987 87,278 35.9 35,585 14.6 28,233 11.6 22,988 9.4 480 0.2 91,913 47.8 787,532 323.6 4,986 2.0 22 0.0 302 0.1 

1988 104,546 42.5 40,474 16.5 35,968 14.6 27,363 11.1 741 0.3 157,807 81.8 738,160 300.3 4,891 2.0 11 0.0 194 0.1 

1989 115,067 46.6 45,826 18.6 45,394 18.4 22,032 8.9 1,837 0.7 200,904 96.6 733,294 297.1 4,697 1.9 7 0.0 182 0.1 

1990 135,043 54.3 50,578 20.3 55,397 22.3 25,750 10.4 3,865 1.6 323,663 160.8 690,042 277.4 4,212 1.7 97 0.0 277 0.1 

1991 128,637 51.0 42,950 17.0 53,855 21.4 27,490 10.9 4,424 1.8 381,228 180.3 621,918 246.7 3,476 1.4 29 0.0 471 0.2 

1992 112,855 44.3 33,962 13.3 49,903 19.6 25,099 9.8 3,890 1.5 409,634 183.4 502,785 197.1 1,885 0.7 6 0.0 289 0.1 

1993 101,335 39.3 26,497 10.3 41,902 16.3 29,675 11.5 3,261 1.3 405,275 179.5 444,578 172.5 1,237 0.5 19 0.0 286 0.1 

1994 81,696 31.4 20,627 7.9 32,012 12.3 26,840 10.3 2,217 0.8 451,705 194.5 419,470 165.6 773 0.3 3 0.0 235 0.1 

1995 69,329 26.4 16,542 6.3 26,655 10.1 24,272 9.2 1,860 0.7 478,533 190.4 392,622 149.4 607 0.2 0 0.0 188 0.1 

1996 53,215 20.1 11,390 4.3 20,186 7.6 20,356 7.7 1,283 0.5 490,047 192.6 326,522 123.1 386 0.1 10 0.0 72 0.0 

1997 46,537 17.5 8,550 3.2 16,617 6.3 20,321 7.7 1,049 0.4 526,653 207.0 324,901 122.5 243 0.1 8 0.0 113 0.0 

*NR = No report 

1

For 1941-1946, data were reported for the federal fiscal year ending June 30 of the year indicated. From 1947 to the present, data were reported for the 

calendar year ending December 31. For 1941-1958, data for Alaska and Hawaii were not included. 

2

For 1941-1994, rates include all cases of congenitally acquired syphilis per 100,000 population. As of 1995, rates of congenital syphilis <1 year of age 

per 100,000 population are reported. For rates of congenital syphilis <1 year of age per 100,000 live births see Tables 38, 39 and 40. As of 1995, 

cases of congenital syphilis <1 year of age are obtained using case reporting form CDC 73.126. 

Note: Adjustments to the number of cases reported from state health departments were accepted through June 15, 1998 (see Appendix). The number of 

cases and the rates shown here supersede those published in previous reports. Military cases are no longer categorized separately and are included with 

civilian cases. Georgia did not report gonorrhea statistics for 1994 (see Appendix). Cases and rates shown in this table exclude the outlying 

areas of Guam, Puerto Rico and Virgin Islands. 

66 STD Surveillance 1997 National Summary Tables 
 

Table 2. Reported cases of sexually transmitted disease by gender and reporting source: United States, 

1997* 

Non-STD Clinic STD Clinic Total† 

Disease Male Female Total Male Female Total Male Female Total 

Total Chlamydia trachomatis 

Chlamydial PID‡ 41,269 

NA 

304,014 

1,567 

347,622 

1,567 

40,912 

NA 

114,118 

438 

155,289 

439 

87,640 

NA 

436,350 

2,014 

526,653 

2,015 

Ophthalmia Neonatorum 55 84 139 10 13 23 65 97 162 

Total Gonorrhea 60,756 102,055 163,156 101,973 59,512 161,585 162,793 161,658 324,901 

Gonococcal PID NA 1,779 1,779 NA 1,640 1,648 NA 3,425 3,433 

Ophthalmia Neonatorum 111 230 341 440 494 934 551 724 1,275 

Total Syphilis§ NA NA NA NA NA NA 24,103 22,340 46,537 

Primary 537 221 758 1,642 480 2,123 2,181 701 2,883 

Secondary 837 1,168 2,006 1,637 2,022 3,660 2,475 3,190 5,667 

Early Latent 2,642 3,148 5,797 5,593 5,214 10,814 8,239 8,364 16,617 

Late and Late Latent 4,364 4,378 8,752 6,343 5,195 11,544 10,721 9,584 20,321 

Neurosyphilis ¥ Congenital <1 year

137 

NR 

39 

NR 

176 

NR 

14 

NR 

3

NR 

17 

NR 

151 

487 

42 

501 

193 

1,049 

Chancroid 13 15 28 144 54 198 157 69 243 

Granuloma Inguinale 2 2 4 1 1 2 5 3 8 

Lymphogranuloma Venereum 20 22 42 64 7 71 84 29 113 

Genital Herpes ¤ 681 2,871 3,552 2,608 2,036 4,652 3,289 4,907 8,204 

Other and Nonspecified PID NA 2,050 2,052 NA 1,818 1,820 NA 4,211 4,215 

Nonspecific Urethritis in Men 1,799 NA 1,799 30,887 NA 30,933 34,430 NA 34,476 

*NA = Not applicable. NR = No report. 

†

Totals include unknown gender and reporting source.
 

¥

Cases of congenital syphilis <1 year of age are obtained using reporting form CDC 73.126. Clinic reporting source is not available from that form.
 

‡

PID = Pelvic inflammatory disease.
 

§

Neurosyphilis cases are not included with Total Syphilis cases.
 

¤

Herpes data are only available for a limited number of states.
 

STD Surveillance 1997 National Summary Tables 67 
 

Table 3A. Chlamydia — Reported cases by age, gender, and race/ethnicity: United States, 1996-1997 

1996 

Total White, Non-Hispanic Black, Non-Hispanic 

Age Group Total Male Female Total Male Female Total Male Female 

10-14 9,338 457 8,881 2,671 89 2,582 4,851 251 4,600 

15-19 151,120 16,860 134,260 52,580 4,155 48,425 68,515 9,116 59,399 

20-24 119,432 20,972 98,460 41,427 6,171 35,256 49,230 10,075 39,155 

25-29 46,997 10,418 36,579 14,906 3,128 11,778 18,579 4,747 13,832 

30-34 19,655 5,167 14,488 5,993 1,583 4,410 7,611 2,337 5,274 

35-39 9,319 2,616 6,703 3,086 862 2,224 3,614 1,188 2,426 

40-44 4,070 1,270 2,800 1,361 406 955 1,586 570 1,016 

45-54 2,590 935 1,655 979 356 623 959 422 537 

55-64 512 236 276 206 87 119 181 105 76 

65+ 475 114 361 205 62 143 143 29 114 

TOTAL 366,080 59,658 306,422 124,335 17,096 107,239 156,209 29,080 127,129 

1997 

Total White, Non-Hispanic Black, Non-Hispanic 

Age Group Total Male Female Total Male Female Total Male Female 

10-14 9,168 451 8,717 2,636 73 2,563 4,610 238 4,372 

15-19 158,554 19,298 139,256 53,114 4,381 48,733 72,581 10,514 62,067 

20-24 130,368 25,439 104,929 42,202 6,787 35,415 56,383 12,827 43,556 

25-29 51,178 12,625 38,553 15,249 3,361 11,888 21,057 6,212 14,845 

30-34 21,059 6,326 14,733 5,948 1,664 4,284 8,452 3,128 5,324 

35-39 9,721 3,280 6,441 2,937 893 2,044 3,916 1,618 2,298 

40-44 4,196 1,537 2,659 1,345 453 892 1,648 769 879 

45-54 2,660 1,124 1,536 897 381 516 989 516 473 

55-64 562 271 291 185 84 101 220 120 100 

65+ 1,142 266 876 354 67 287 453 122 331 

TOTAL 390,482 71,181 319,301 125,406 18,288 107,118 171,164 36,323 134,841 

NOTE: In most instances, if age or race/ethnicity was not specified, cases were prorated according to the distribution of cases for which these variables were specified. For 1996 and 1997 the following states/areas listed did not report race/ethnicity for most cases and were excluded: Colorado, 

Georgia, Maryland, Michigan, New Jersey, New York, Ohio, and South Carolina. Cases and population denominators have been excluded for these 

states/areas. Differences between total cases from this table and others in the report are due to different reporting forms and above listed exclusions. 

Cases and rates for the 0 to 9 year age group are not shown because some of these may not be due to sexual transmission; however, they are included in the totals. 

68 Chlamydia Tables STD Surveillance 1997 
Table 3A. Chlamydia — Reported cases by age, gender, and race/ethnicity: United States, 1996-1997

 (continued) 

1996 

Hispanic Asian/Pacific Islander American Indian/Alaska Native 

Age Group Total Male Female Total Male Female Total Male Female 

10-14 1,482 86 1,396 122 15 107 212 16 196 

15-19 24,753 2,956 21,797 1,931 212 1,719 3,341 421 2,920 

20-24 23,659 3,932 19,727 2,255 340 1,915 2,861 454 2,407 

25-29 11,143 2,101 9,042 1,115 195 920 1,254 247 1,007 

30-34 4,854 983 3,871 558 121 437 639 143 496 

35-39 1,996 452 1,544 292 62 230 331 52 279 

40-44 833 221 612 136 44 92 154 29 125 

45-54 470 121 349 93 24 69 89 12 77 

55-64 87 32 55 13 5 8 25 7 18 

65+ 106 15 91 10 5 5 11 3 8 

TOTAL 69,951 11,057 58,894 6,593 1,028 5,565 8,992 1,397 7,595 

1997 

Hispanic Asian/Pacific Islander American Indian/Alaska Native 

Age Group Total Male Female Total Male Female Total Male Female 

10-14 1,556 124 1,432 121 8 113 245 8 237 

15-19 27,463 3,798 23,665 2,258 280 1,978 3,138 325 2,813 

20-24 26,649 5,029 21,620 2,424 422 2,002 2,710 374 2,336 

25-29 12,455 2,636 9,819 1,206 241 965 1,211 175 1,036 

30-34 5,459 1,287 4,172 601 153 448 599 94 505 

35-39 2,252 639 1,613 320 62 258 296 68 228 

40-44 920 265 655 162 35 127 121 15 106 

45-54 574 178 396 120 38 82 80 11 69 

55-64 119 54 65 16 3 13 22 10 12 

65+ 214 54 160 86 19 67 35 4 31 

TOTAL 78,064 14,206 63,858 7,353 1,272 6,081 8,495 1,092 7,403 

STD Surveillance 1997 Chlamydia Tables 69 
Table 3B. Chlamydia — Reported rates per 100,000 population by age, gender, and race/ethnicity: 

United States, 1996-1997 

1996 

Total White, Non-Hispanic Black, Non-Hispanic 

Age Group Total Male Female Total Male Female Total Male Female 

10-14 64.8 6.2 126.3 27.4 1.8 54.4 261.6 26.7 503.6 

15-19 1,131.6 245.8 2,067.0 578.1 88.6 1,099.3 3,911.4 1,024.9 6,889.3 

20-24 881.7 303.5 1,483.9 450.0 131.7 780.0 2,924.5 1,208.1 4,609.7 

25-29 338.3 149.0 530.4 156.6 65.6 247.7 1,178.0 629.0 1,681.7 

30-34 119.5 62.7 176.4 50.7 26.7 74.8 435.4 284.1 569.9 

35-39 56.0 31.5 80.5 25.0 13.9 36.1 205.9 143.6 261.6 

40-44 27.4 17.2 37.4 12.0 7.2 16.9 106.8 82.0 128.5 

45-54 11.2 8.3 14.1 5.3 3.9 6.7 49.0 47.3 50.5 

55-64 3.3 3.2 3.4 1.6 1.4 1.8 13.8 18.4 10.3 

65+ 1.9 1.1 2.4 0.9 0.7 1.1 8.1 4.2 10.6 

TOTAL 186.5 62.1 305.8 85.9 24.2 145.0 753.7 294.8 1,170.5 

1997 

Total White, Non-Hispanic Black, Non-Hispanic 

Age Group Total Male Female Total Male Female Total Male Female 

10-14 64.1 6.1 125.0 27.3 1.5 54.6 249.2 25.3 480.1 

15-19 1,126.3 265.6 2,044.3 561.4 89.9 1,061.8 3,933.7 1,122.7 6,830.9 

20-24 984.8 373.3 1,633.5 480.6 151.5 823.7 3,458.0 1,588.6 5,292.1 

25-29 360.0 176.3 546.7 157.4 69.5 245.2 1,301.9 800.0 1,765.2 

30-34 132.9 79.7 186.2 53.2 29.8 76.5 492.2 386.5 586.6 

35-39 58.0 39.1 76.9 23.8 14.4 33.3 222.4 194.8 247.1 

40-44 27.1 19.9 34.1 11.5 7.7 15.2 106.4 105.9 106.9 

45-54 11.1 9.6 12.6 4.8 4.1 5.4 47.4 54.2 41.8 

55-64 3.5 3.6 3.5 1.4 1.4 1.5 16.4 20.6 13.2 

65+ 4.5 2.5 5.8 1.6 0.7 2.2 25.5 17.6 30.6 

TOTAL 196.8 73.1 316.0 86.5 25.8 144.6 817.2 364.4 1,228.4 

NOTE: For 1996 and 1997 the following the states/areas listed did not report race/ethnicity for most cases: Colorado, Georgia, Maryland, Michigan, 

New Jersey, New York, Ohio, and South Carolina. Cases and population denominators have been excluded for these states/areas. Rates for the 0 to 

9 year age group are not shown because some of these may not be due to sexual transmission; however, they are included in the totals. 

70 Chlamydia Tables STD Surveillance 1997 
Table 3B. Chlamydia — Reported rates per 100,000 population by age, gender, and race/ethnicity: 

United States, 1996-1997 (continued) 

1996 

Hispanic Asian/Pacific Islander American Indian/Alaska Native 

Age Group Total Male Female Total Male Female Total Male Female 

10-14 72.6 8.2 139.7 21.0 5.1 37.3 115.5 17.3 215.6 

15-19 1,330.2 310.6 2,397.4 390.6 84.5 705.5 2,196.2 547.8 3,878.9 

20-24 1,219.7 381.8 2,168.6 395.0 119.0 671.1 1,977.8 614.4 3,401.6 

25-29 537.1 187.0 950.3 189.8 68.7 302.9 966.1 376.3 1,569.5 

30-34 232.1 88.8 393.0 86.4 38.9 130.6 452.4 205.6 691.9 

35-39 113.3 49.5 181.8 47.0 21.0 70.6 245.8 79.4 403.2 

40-44 60.0 31.5 89.3 24.3 17.1 30.4 129.3 50.8 201.5 

45-54 26.1 13.7 38.0 12.1 6.8 16.6 52.0 14.6 86.6 

55-64 7.9 6.2 9.4 2.8 2.4 3.2 24.0 14.4 32.5 

65+ 8.7 2.9 12.9 2.0 2.4 1.7 9.5 6.2 12.0 

TOTAL 315.5 98.0 541.0 94.9 30.7 154.5 518.4 163.9 860.9 

1997 

Hispanic Asian/Pacific Islander American Indian/Alaska Native 

Age Group Total Male Female Total Male Female Total Male Female 

10-14 75.5 11.7 142.6 21.4 2.8 40.7 134.7 8.7 263.8 

15-19 1,317.5 342.4 2,426.4 430.3 105.0 766.0 1,937.0 397.6 3,504.4 

20-24 1,264.6 432.8 2,286.8 418.4 144.1 698.6 1,933.5 527.1 3,375.6 

25-29 585.6 225.0 1,027.7 185.9 78.0 283.8 886.1 251.6 1,543.9 

30-34 251.9 110.6 415.7 93.2 49.8 132.8 436.7 138.4 729.1 

35-39 118.1 63.6 179.0 50.8 20.6 78.3 217.0 102.2 326.5 

40-44 60.2 33.6 88.5 27.7 12.9 40.6 98.7 25.5 166.3 

45-54 29.1 18.1 40.0 14.3 9.8 18.2 44.9 12.9 74.5 

55-64 10.3 9.9 10.7 3.3 1.3 4.8 20.6 20.0 21.1 

65+ 16.4 9.7 21.4 15.6 8.2 21.1 29.2 7.9 44.8 

TOTAL 332.7 117.1 563.2 101.5 36.5 161.9 485.0 126.8 831.2 

STD Surveillance 1997 Chlamydia Tables 71 
Table 4. Chlamydia — Reported cases and rates by state/area, ranked according to rates: United States and 

outlying areas, 1997 

Rank State/Area Cases Rate per 100,000 Population 

1 New York1 28,468 385.7
 

2 Delaware 2,613 360.5
 

3 South Carolina 12,511 338.2
 

4 Mississippi 7,899 290.8
 

5 Maryland 13,763 271.4
 

6 Alaska 1,615 266.1
 

7 Louisiana 11,545 265.4
 

8 Texas 50,675 264.9
 

9 Guam 368 260.8
 

10 Arizona 10,783 243.5
 

11 Tennessee 12,502 235.0
 

12 New Mexico 4,021 234.7
 

13 North Carolina 17,108 233.6
 

14 Missouri 12,308 229.7
 

15 Oklahoma 7,416 224.7
 

16 Michigan 21,399 223.0
 

17 Georgia 15,911 216.4
 

18 California 68,647 215.3
 

19 Rhode Island 2,069 208.9
 

U.S.TOTAL2 526,653 207.0 

20 Ohio 22,827 204.3
 

21 Alabama 8,704 203.7
 

22 South Dakota 1,450 198.0
 

23 Illinois 23,024 194.4
 

24 Colorado 7,196 188.2
 

25 Florida 26,788 186.0
 

26 Connecticut 6,064 185.2
 

27 Wisconsin 9,554 185.2
 

28 Virginia 11,615 174.0
 

29 Washington 9,574 173.0
 

30 Iowa 4,907 172.1
 

31 West Virginia 3,108 170.2
 

32 Nebraska 2,767 167.5
 

33 Pennsylvania 19,838 164.5
 

34 Oregon 5,270 164.5
 

35 Indiana 9,600 164.4
 

36 Kentucky 6,332 163.0
 

37 Kansas 4,003 155.6
 

38 Hawaii 1,811 153.0
 

39 Idaho 1,709 143.7
 

40 Minnesota 6,631 142.4
 

41 North Dakota 902 140.2
 

42 Wyoming 635 131.9
 

43 Massachusetts 7,984 131.0
 

44 Montana 1,146 130.3
 

45 New Jersey 10,347 129.5
 

46 Nevada 1,952 121.8
 

47 Arkansas 2,503 99.7
 

48 Utah 1,774 88.7
 

49 Maine 1,066 85.7
 

50 Vermont 434 73.7
 

51 New Hampshire 816 70.2
 

52 Puerto Rico 2,123 57.1
 

53 Virgin Islands 14 12.6
 

1

New York’s cases and rate are based on New York City. No cases were reported outside of New York City.

2

Includes cases reported by Washington, D.C., but excludes outlying areas (Guam, Puerto Rico and Virgin Islands). 

72 Chlamydia Tables STD Surveillance 1997 
 

Table 5. Chlamydia — Reported cases and rates by state/area and region: United States and outlying areas, 

1993–1997* 

State/Area 1993 1994 

Cases 

1995 1996 1997 1993 

Rates per 100,000 Population 

1994 1995 1996 1997 

Alabama 

Alaska 

Arizona 

Arkansas 

California 

Colorado 

Connecticut 

Delaware 

Florida 

Georgia 

Hawaii 

Idaho 

Illinois 

Indiana 

Iowa 

Kansas 

Kentucky 

Louisiana 

Maine 

Maryland 

Massachusetts 

Michigan 

Minnesota 

Mississippi 

Missouri 

Montana 

Nebraska 

Nevada 

New Hampshire 

New Jersey 

New Mexico 

New York1 

North Carolina 

North Dakota 

Ohio 

Oklahoma 

Oregon 

Pennsylvania 

Rhode Island 

South Carolina 

South Dakota 

Tennessee 

Texas 

Utah 

Vermont 

Virginia 

Washington 

West Virginia 

Wisconsin 

Wyoming 

NR 

NR 

10,313 

668 

67,408 

51 

7,610 

1,610 

NR 

4,217 

2,632 

1,893 

23,424 

10,034 

5,214 

5,815 

5,479 

12,207 

1,580 

5,157 

8,339 

4,779 

7,511 

NR 

11,624 

1,594 

1,733 

3,385 

1,164 

2,742 

4,747 

15,320 

15,456 

933 

25,987 

4,737 

5,527 

22,552 

2,214 

8,063 

1,645 

5,684 

43,874 

1,589 

514 

12,582 

10,331 

1,935 

11,671 

934 

508 

NR 

9,211 

788 

72,713 

9,031 

7,146 

2,478 

NR 

168 

2,484 

1,752 

24,605 

10,346 

5,413 

6,391 

5,630 

10,650 

1,195 

6,709 

8,066 

17,686 

7,317 

NR 

12,249 

1,403 

3,336 

3,149 

967 

1,831 

5,037 

26,472 

17,796 

1,079 

32,475 

3,729 

5,495 

19,746 

2,095 

8,153 

1,427 

6,787 

46,046 

1,801 

522 

12,976 

10,577 

2,602 

11,769 

816 

3,188 

NR 

10,061 

680 

61,758 

6,650 

6,440 

2,701 

22,294 

11,193 

2,135 

1,739 

24,645 

9,102 

5,089 

5,314 

6,904 

9,111 

1,144 

10,378 

7,402 

21,666 

6,032 

912 

12,110 

1,198 

2,873 

3,049 

898 

4,056 

4,285 

26,686 

15,780 

1,324 

29,124 

5,065 

5,465 

22,961 

1,902 

8,591 

1,313 

13,154 

44,627 

1,676 

462 

12,285 

9,462 

2,326 

8,955 

703 

8,306 

1,360 

10,692 

2,111 

61,522 

7,282 

6,269 

2,271 

24,763 

13,555 

1,816 

1,524 

24,430 

10,334 

4,165 

4,449 

6,805 

11,020 

967 

11,901 

6,837 

19,865 

5,607 

4,351 

11,959 

1,124 

2,478 

2,847 

732 

12,273 

4,007 

26,455 

15,078 

1,016 

20,653 

7,379 

5,457 

19,275 

1,833 

9,391 

1,538 

13,125 

43,003 

1,598 

398 

11,756 

9,236 

2,325 

10,290 

621 

8,704 

1,615 

10,783 

2,503 

68,647 

7,196 

6,064 

2,613 

26,788 

15,911 

1,811 

1,709 

23,024 

9,600 

4,907 

4,003 

6,332 

11,545 

1,066 

13,763 

7,984 

21,399 

6,631 

7,899 

12,308 

1,146 

2,767 

1,952 

816 

10,347 

4,021 

28,468 

17,108 

902 

22,827 

7,416 

5,270 

19,838 

2,069 

12,511 

1,450 

12,502 

50,675 

1,774 

434 

11,615 

9,574 

3,108 

9,554 

635 

. 

. 

261.4 

27.5 

215.9 

1.4 

232.2 

230.2 

. 

61.1 

225.8 

172.0 

200.4 

175.9 

184.8 

229.4 

144.4 

284.5 

127.4 

104.1 

138.6 

50.5 

166.0 

. 

222.0 

189.5 

107.4 

244.9 

103.5 

34.9 

293.8 

209.1 

222.3 

146.5 

234.9 

146.5 

182.1 

187.5 

221.5 

222.1 

229.5 

111.6 

243.4 

85.4 

89.3 

194.4 

196.5 

106.4 

231.4 

198.8 

12.0 75.0 194.4 

. . 224.1 

226.0 238.5 241.5 

32.1 27.4 84.1 

231.3 195.5 193.0 

247.0 177.5 

218.2 196.7 191.5 

349.4 376.6 313.3 

. 157.4 172.0 

2.4 155.4 184.3 

210.8 179.9 153.4 

154.6 149.5 128.1 

209.4 208.3 206.2 

179.9 156.8 176.9 

191.3 179.1 146.0 

250.2 207.1 173.0 

147.1 178.9 175.2 

246.8 209.8 253.3 

96.3 92.2 77.8 

134.1 205.8 234.7 

133.5 121.9 112.2 

186.2 226.9 207.0 

160.2 130.9 120.4 

. 33.8 160.2 

232.1 227.5 223.2 

163.9 137.7 127.8 

205.5 175.5 150.0 

216.1 199.3 177.6 

85.1 78.2 63.0 

23.2 51.0 153.6 

304.6 254.2 233.9 

361.0 365.0 358.4 

251.8 219.3 205.9 

169.0 206.4 157.9 

292.5 261.2 184.9 

114.5 154.5 223.5 

178.0 174.0 170.3 

163.8 190.2 159.9 

210.2 192.2 185.1 

222.5 233.9 253.9 

197.2 180.1 210.0 

131.1 250.3 246.7 

250.5 238.3 224.8 

94.4 85.9 79.9 

90.0 79.0 67.6 

198.1 185.6 176.1 

198.0 174.2 166.9 

142.8 127.2 127.3 

231.6 174.8 199.4 

171.4 146.4 129.0 

203.7 

266.1 

243.5 

99.7 

215.3 

190.5 

185.2 

360.5 

186.0 

216.4 

153.0 

143.7 

194.4 

164.4 

172.1 

155.6 

163.0 

265.4 

85.7 

271.4 

131.0 

223.0 

142.4 

290.8 

229.7 

130.3 

167.5 

121.8 

70.2 

129.5 

234.7 

385.7 

233.6 

140.2 

204.3 

224.7 

164.5 

164.5 

208.9 

338.2 

198.0 

235.0 

264.9 

88.7 

73.7 

174.0 

173.0 

170.2 

185.2 

131.9 

U.S. TOTAL2 405,275 451,705 478,533 490,047 526,653 179.5 194.5 190.4 192.6 207.0 

Northeast 62,035 68,040 71,951 75,039 77,086 153.4 167.8 177.0 184.0 189.0 

Midwest 110,370 134,093 127,547 116,784 119,372 180.8 218.4 206.4 188.1 192.3 

South 122,466 126,103 170,854 189,138 214,062 177.8 170.3 185.9 203.2 229.9 

West 110,404 123,469 108,181 109,086 116,133 199.1 219.5 189.8 186.4 198.4 

Guam 

Puerto Rico 

Virgin Islands 

38 

601 

14 

275 

2,443 

50 

461 

2,305 

17 

304 

2,481 

11 

368 

2,123 

14 

26.9 

16.6 

12.6 

194.9 326.7 215.4 

66.3 62.0 66.7 

45.1 15.3 9.9 

260.8 

57.1 

12.6 

OUTLYING AREAS 653 2,768 2,783 2,796 2,505 16.9 70.3 70.1 70.4 63.1 

TOTAL 405,928 454,473 481,316 492,843 529,158 176.7 192.4 188.5 190.7 204.7 

*NR = No report (see Appendix). 

1

New York’s cases and rate are based on New York City. No cases were reported outside of New York City.

2

Includes cases reported by Washington, D.C., and rates exclude population of states that did not report. 

STD Surveillance 1997 Chlamydia Tables 73 
Table 6. Chlamydia — Women — Reported cases and rates by state/area: United States and outlying areas, 

1993–1997* 

State/Area 1993 1994 

Cases 

1995 1996 1997 1993 

Rates per 

1994 

100,000 Population 

1995 1996 1997 

Alabama 

Alaska 

Arizona 

Arkansas 

California 

Colorado 

Connecticut 

Delaware 

Florida 

Georgia 

Hawaii 

Idaho 

Illinois 

Indiana 

Iowa 

Kansas 

Kentucky 

Louisiana 

Maine 

Maryland 

Massachusetts 

Michigan 

Minnesota 

Mississippi 

Missouri 

Montana 

Nebraska 

Nevada 

New Hampshire 

New Jersey 

New Mexico 

New York1 

North Carolina 

North Dakota 

Ohio 

Oklahoma 

Oregon 

Pennsylvania 

Rhode Island 

South Carolina 

South Dakota 

Tennessee 

Texas 

Utah 

Vermont 

Virginia 

Washington 

West Virginia 

Wisconsin 

Wyoming 

NR 

NR 

8,771 

574 

55,573 

50 

6,783 

1,427 

NR 

3,460 

2,221 

1,524 

20,655 

8,417 

4,317 

4,699 

4,985 

9,701 

1,335 

4,545 

7,041 

3,876 

5,908 

NR 

10,471 

1,311 

1,422 

2,860 

1,001 

2,531 

4,279 

14,012 

13,145 

709 

22,311 

4,266 

4,325 

19,850 

1,858 

7,077 

1,308 

5,268 

37,472 

1,232 

470 

11,363 

8,093 

1,697 

9,137 

758 

425 

NR 

7,680 

654 

55,741 

NG 

6,288 

2,171 

NR 

148 

2,127 

1,411 

21,660 

8,637 

4,405 

5,225 

5,009 

8,540 

1,048 

6,036 

6,867 

14,938 

5,689 

NR 

11,199 

1,143 

2,661 

2,668 

817 

1,733 

4,536 

24,317 

14,907 

827 

27,881 

3,305 

4,023 

17,418 

1,753 

7,097 

1,114 

6,109 

39,314 

1,403 

457 

12,086 

8,458 

2,271 

9,086 

681 

2,888 

NR 

8,315 

596 

50,276 

NG 

5,624 

2,295 

18,251 

10,263 

1,878 

1,370 

20,443 

7,564 

4,210 

4,453 

5,995 

7,569 

1,024 

9,150 

6,237 

18,750 

4,681 

849 

10,866 

995 

2,346 

2,649 

725 

3,902 

3,721 

24,600 

13,589 

1,025 

24,883 

4,467 

4,145 

20,290 

1,598 

6,932 

1,039 

10,517 

38,517 

1,316 

408 

11,253 

7,508 

1,961 

6,860 

560 

7,623 

1,071 

8,635 

1,933 

47,629 

5,692 

5,321 

1,877 

20,160 

11,744 

1,568 

1,177 

21,111 

8,592 

3,443 

3,744 

5,604 

9,490 

829 

10,249 

5,783 

16,851 

4,328 

3,677 

10,578 

899 

2,020 

2,463 

578 

11,463 

3,417 

24,375 

13,072 

714 

18,050 

6,269 

4,095 

17,227 

1,600 

7,918 

1,184 

10,004 

37,240 

1,229 

336 

10,630 

7,194 

1,894 

8,170 

521 

7,953 

1,290 

8,597 

2,346 

52,152 

5,478 

5,030 

2,070 

21,953 

13,927 

1,532 

1,336 

17,302 

7,819 

3,900 

3,335 

5,128 

9,414 

899 

11,969 

6,522 

18,289 

4,953 

6,823 

10,799 

941 

2,288 

1,663 

639 

9,649 

3,503 

25,706 

14,553 

684 

19,727 

6,262 

3,848 

17,257 

1,738 

11,120 

1,034 

9,605 

42,750 

1,357 

379 

10,220 

7,368 

2,590 

7,459 

536 

. 

. 

439.3 

45.7 

356.4 

2.8 

401.4 

396.9 

. 

97.5 

386.3 

276.1 

344.1 

286.8 

297.4 

364.3 

254.9 

435.7 

210.0 

178.3 

225.5 

79.7 

256.7 

. 

386.6 

309.8 

172.1 

421.2 

174.6 

62.4 

521.6 

361.0 

367.3 

221.9 

389.8 

257.5 

280.8 

317.3 

357.7 

377.3 

359.6 

199.6 

409.9 

131.7 

160.3 

344.3 

305.6 

179.8 

355.3 

324.1 

19.4 

. 

372.6 

51.5 

354.8 

. 

372.5 

595.9 

. 

4.1 

365.6 

248.4 

358.9 

291.9 

302.9 

402.4 

254.0 

381.4 

164.7 

234.6 

219.1 

306.1 

245.1 

. 

410.4 

265.5 

320.4 

372.9 

141.0 

42.5 

540.6 

626.0 

409.6 

258.2 

485.5 

198.0 

257.0 

278.0 

338.5 

374.7 

303.3 

227.9 

421.9 

146.3 

154.8 

361.5 

314.3 

240.2 

350.9 

287.6 

130.5 

. 

389.8 

46.4 

318.3 

. 

333.2 

623.4 

249.9 

277.4 

320.2 

235.1 

336.6 

253.5 

288.4 

341.6 

301.4 

335.8 

160.7 

352.9 

198.1 

382.3 

199.9 

60.5 

395.0 

227.5 

280.2 

352.6 

124.0 

95.2 

435.2 

635.4 

366.8 

318.6 

431.6 

266.2 

260.4 

323.5 

310.8 

364.8 

280.8 

386.5 

405.9 

134.2 

137.2 

333.0 

274.6 

206.9 

262.9 

234.7 

343.6 

372.3 

386.3 

149.2 

299.3 

295.5 

316.2 

505.1 

272.2 

311.5 

267.4 

197.9 

348.3 

286.9 

235.5 

286.7 

280.6 

421.2 

130.3 

393.9 

183.5 

342.7 

183.4 

260.5 

383.1 

203.7 

239.7 

313.5 

98.0 

278.8 

393.8 

625.0 

347.3 

221.6 

313.2 

371.9 

252.7 

275.6 

311.5 

414.2 

318.9 

364.1 

384.8 

122.4 

112.5 

312.3 

259.1 

200.5 

311.7 

218.0 

358.4 

448.4 

384.6 

181.1 

327.7 

284.4 

298.9 

557.1 

296.4 

369.4 

261.3 

224.7 

285.4 

261.1 

266.7 

255.4 

256.8 

417.8 

141.3 

460.0 

206.9 

371.9 

209.9 

483.3 

391.1 

213.3 

271.4 

211.6 

108.3 

234.7 

403.7 

659.1 

386.6 

212.3 

342.3 

371.5 

237.5 

276.0 

338.3 

581.7 

278.5 

349.6 

441.7 

135.2 

126.9 

300.3 

265.3 

274.2 

284.6 

224.2 

U.S. TOTAL2 344,774 372,903 400,802 413,035 436,350 298.4 318.7 316.2 317.8 335.8 

Guam 

Puerto Rico 

Virgin Islands 

37 

345 

5 

227 

1,974 

39 

393 

1,905 

9 

260 

1,989 

11 

325 

1,722 

13 

54.0 

18.5 

8.7 

331.5 

103.9 

67.7 

573.9 

99.3 

15.6 

379.7 

103.7 

19.1 

474.6 

89.8 

22.6 

OUTLYING AREAS 387 2,240 2,307 2,260 2,060 19.4 110.5 112.8 110.5 100.8 

TOTAL 345,161 375,143 403,109 415,295 438,410 293.7 315.2 313.0 314.6 332.1 

*NR = No report (see Appendix). NG = Not reported by gender. 

1

New York’s cases and rate are based on New York City. No cases were reported outside of New York City.

2

Includes cases reported by Washington, D.C., and rates exclude population of states that did not report. 

NOTE: Cases and rates underestimated in some areas because of under-reporting or non-reporting by gender. 

74 Chlamydia Tables STD Surveillance 1997 
 

Table 7. Chlamydia — Men — Reported cases and rates by state/area: United States and outlying areas, 

1993–1997* 

State/Area 1993 1994 

Cases 

1995 1996 1997 1993 

Rates per 100,000 Population 

1994 1995 1996 1997 

Alabama 

Alaska 

Arizona 

Arkansas 

California 

Colorado 

Connecticut 

Delaware 

Florida 

Georgia 

Hawaii 

Idaho 

Illinois 

Indiana 

Iowa 

Kansas 

Kentucky 

Louisiana 

Maine 

Maryland 

Massachusetts 

Michigan 

Minnesota 

Mississippi 

Missouri 

Montana 

Nebraska 

Nevada 

New Hampshire 

New Jersey 

New Mexico 

New York1 

North Carolina 

North Dakota 

Ohio 

Oklahoma 

Oregon 

Pennsylvania 

Rhode Island 

South Carolina 

South Dakota 

Tennessee 

Texas 

Utah 

Vermont 

Virginia 

Washington 

West Virginia 

Wisconsin 

Wyoming 

NR 

NR 

1,542 

94 

11,189 

1 

827 

183 

NR 

757 

411 

369 

2,769 

1,617 

897 

1,116 

494 

2,506 

245 

612 

1,298 

903 

1,503 

NR 

1,152 

283 

310 

525 

163 

211 

468 

1,308 

2,311 

224 

3,676 

424 

1,202 

2,702 

356 

887 

337 

416 

6,402 

357 

44 

1,219 

2,238 

238 

2,534 

176 

68 

NR 

1,531 

134 

11,223 

NG 

858 

307 

NR 

20 

357 

341 

2,923 

1,709 

1,008 

1,166 

621 

2,110 

147 

673 

1,199 

2,748 

1,628 

NR 

1,050 

260 

647 

480 

149 

98 

501 

2,155 

2,889 

252 

4,594 

418 

1,472 

2,328 

342 

836 

313 

678 

6,732 

398 

65 

834 

2,119 

323 

2,683 

135 

285 

NR 

1,746 

79 

11,241 

NG 

816 

406 

4,043 

930 

257 

369 

4,202 

1,537 

879 

860 

909 

1,542 

120 

1,228 

1,165 

2,916 

1,351 

63 

1,244 

203 

526 

400 

173 

154 

564 

2,086 

2,191 

299 

4,048 

598 

1,320 

2,671 

304 

813 

274 

2,637 

6,110 

360 

54 

989 

1,954 

359 

2,095 

143 

662 

289 

2,057 

178 

11,859 

1,585 

948 

394 

4,603 

1,811 

248 

347 

3,319 

1,742 

722 

705 

1,201 

1,530 

138 

1,652 

1,054 

3,014 

1,279 

639 

1,381 

180 

452 

384 

154 

801 

590 

2,080 

2,006 

302 

2,405 

1,110 

1,362 

2,048 

233 

881 

354 

3,121 

5,763 

368 

62 

1,109 

2,042 

429 

2,120 

100 

710 

325 

2,186 

143 

14,564 

1,711 

1,034 

543 

4,835 

1,962 

279 

373 

5,722 

1,773 

1,007 

668 

1,182 

2,131 

167 

1,794 

1,462 

3,110 

1,678 

1,008 

1,506 

198 

474 

289 

177 

689 

518 

2,762 

2,555 

218 

2,884 

1,154 

1,422 

2,581 

331 

1,215 

415 

2,897 

7,925 

417 

55 

1,265 

2,206 

515 

2,095 

99 

. 

. 

79.1 

8.0 

71.6 

0.1 

52.1 

53.8 

. 

22.6 

69.6 

67.3 

48.7 

58.4 

65.5 

89.6 

26.9 

121.4 

40.5 

25.5 

44.8 

19.6 

67.6 

. 

45.6 

67.7 

39.4 

74.7 

29.6 

5.6 

58.8 

38.0 

68.5 

70.6 

68.9 

26.9 

80.4 

46.8 

74.1 

50.6 

95.4 

16.9 

72.1 

38.6 

15.6 

38.4 

85.7 

27.2 

102.5 

74.6 

3.4 14.0 32.2 

. . 90.5 

76.0 83.7 93.8 

11.3 6.6 14.7 

71.4 71.2 74.3 

. . 83.6 

54.1 51.4 59.6 

89.0 116.3 111.5 

. 58.9 65.8 

0.6 26.6 50.5 

59.8 42.8 41.5 

60.4 63.6 58.4 

51.1 73.0 57.4 

61.2 54.5 61.2 

73.3 63.6 52.0 

92.9 68.2 55.7 

33.5 48.6 63.7 

101.6 73.8 72.9 

24.3 19.9 22.7 

27.7 50.1 66.9 

41.2 39.8 35.8 

59.5 62.8 64.4 

72.5 59.6 55.7 

. 4.9 49.0 

41.2 48.4 53.2 

61.1 46.9 41.1 

81.6 65.8 55.9 

64.7 51.4 47.0 

26.7 30.7 26.9 

2.6 4.0 20.7 

61.5 67.9 69.8 

62.5 60.6 59.8 

84.2 62.8 56.4 

79.2 93.5 94.0 

85.7 75.2 44.5 

26.3 37.4 68.7 

96.8 85.2 86.0 

40.2 46.1 35.3 

71.4 63.9 48.9 

47.2 45.9 49.3 

87.8 76.3 98.0 

27.2 104.0 121.3 

74.3 66.2 61.0 

41.9 37.1 36.9 

22.8 18.8 21.4 

26.0 30.5 33.9 

79.9 72.5 74.1 

36.8 40.8 48.7 

107.7 83.3 83.5 

56.4 59.2 41.3 

34.6 

101.8 

99.7 

11.8 

91.2 

90.2 

65.0 

153.7 

69.1 

54.8 

46.7 

62.7 

98.9 

62.3 

72.5 

52.8 

62.6 

101.6 

27.5 

72.6 

49.7 

66.5 

73.0 

77.3 

58.0 

45.2 

58.6 

35.4 

30.9 

17.8 

61.3 

79.3 

71.8 

67.8 

53.3 

71.4 

89.8 

44.5 

69.5 

68.0 

114.9 

112.6 

83.9 

41.8 

19.0 

38.7 

80.0 

58.4 

82.5 

40.8 

U.S. TOTAL2 59,607 63,665 69,729 74,047 87,640 54.0 57.0 57.7 59.5 70.4 

Guam 

Puerto Rico 

Virgin Islands 

1 

256 

9 

48 

469 

11 

68 

400 

8 

44 

492 

NR 

43 

401 

1 

1.4 

14.6 

16.9 

66.1 93.6 60.6 

26.3 22.2 27.3 

20.7 15.0 . 

59.2 

22.3 

1.9 

OUTLYING AREAS 266 528 476 536 445 14.2 27.6 24.7 28.6 23.1 

TOTAL 59,873 64,193 70,205 74,583 88,085 53.4 56.5 57.2 59.0 69.7 

*NR = No report (see Appendix). NG = Not reported by gender.
 

1

New York’s cases and rate are based on New York City. No cases were reported outside of New York City.


2

Includes cases reported by Washington, D.C., and rates exclude population of states that did not report.
 

NOTE: Cases and rates underestimated in some areas because of under-reporting or non-reporting by gender.
 

STD Surveillance 1997 Chlamydia Tables 75 
Table 8. Chlamydia — Reported cases and rates in selected cities of >200,000 population, ranked according 

to rates: United States and outlying areas, 1997* 

Rank City Cases Rate per 100,000 Population 

1 Richmond, VA 2,181 1,100.0
 

2 Baltimore, MD 6,066 898.1
 

3 St Louis, MO 2,655 755.2
 

4 Kansas City, MO 3,241 726.7
 

5 Philadelphia, PA 10,480 709.1
 

6 Detroit, MI 7,222 691.5
 

7 Minneapolis, MN 2,473 641.7
 

8 New Orleans, LA 2,869 601.9
 

9 Atlanta, GA 4,208 585.8
 

10 Newark, NJ 1,669 584.3
 

11 Washington, DC 3,069 565.0
 

12 Milwaukee, WI 5,121 555.3
 

13 Denver, CO 2,569 516.0
 

14 Oklahoma City, OK 2,261 513.0
 

15 Memphis, TN 4,244 489.3
 

16 Indianapolis, IN 3,693 451.7
 

17 Boston, MA 2,450 438.1
 

18 Austin, TX 2,977 435.3
 

19 St Paul, MN 1,112 402.7
 

20 Dallas, TX 7,990 399.5
 

21 Tulsa, OK 1,478 386.2
 

22 Norfolk, VA 901 386.0
 

23 New York City, NY 28,468 385.7
 

24 Portland, OR 1,844 374.0
 

25 San Antonio, TX 4,838 367.0
 

26 Birmingham, AL 2,373 358.5
 

27 Houston, TX 10,756 344.0
 

28 Nashville, TN 1,820 340.2
 

29 Jacksonville, FL 2,402 333.1
 

30 Chicago, IL 9,375 320.5
 

31 Tampa, FL 2,836 316.0
 

32 Sacramento, CA 3,499 313.2
 

33 Corpus Christi, TX 986 312.3
 

34 Omaha, NE 1,366 311.3
 

35 Albuquerque, NM 1,635 310.5
 

36 Columbus, OH 3,133 309.1
 

37 Cincinnati, OH 2,617 305.1
 

38 San Francisco, CA 2,243 305.0
 

39 Oakland, CA 3,419 281.6
 

40 Los Angeles, CA 23,346 273.3
 

41 Jersey City, NJ 553 254.9
 

42 Phoenix, AZ 6,580 252.0
 

43 Tucson, AZ 1,888 245.9
 

44 San Diego, CA 6,397 240.9
 

45 Louisville, KY 1,598 237.4
 

46 Wichita, KS 996 235.8
 

47 Pittsburgh, PA 2,879 222.1
 

48 Cleveland, OH 3,056 218.0
 

49 El Paso, TX 1,439 210.2
 

50 St Petersburg, FL 1,789 205.9
 

51 Seattle, WA 3,201 197.7
 

52 Fort Worth, TX 2,402 184.0
 

53 Charlotte, NC 1,049 175.5
 

54 Miami, FL 3,579 172.4
 

55 San Jose, CA 2,751 172.0
 

56 Honolulu, HI 1,471 168.7
 

57 Akron, OH 852 160.6
 

58 Des Moines, IA 567 160.1
 

59 Dayton, OH 813 143.6
 

60 Toledo, OH 528 116.6
 

61 San Juan, PR 739 84.7
 

62 Buffalo, NY NR .
 

63 Rochester, NY NR .
 

64 Yonkers, NY NR .
 

*NR = No report (see Appendix). 

76 Chlamydia Tables STD Surveillance 1997 
 

 

Table 9. Chlamydia — Reported cases and rates in selected cities of >200,000 population: United States and 

outlying areas, 1993–1997* 

Cases Rates per 100,000 Population 

City 

Akron, OH 

Albuquerque, NM 

Atlanta, GA 

Austin, TX 

Baltimore, MD 

Birmingham, AL 

Boston, MA 

Buffalo, NY 

Charlotte, NC 

Chicago, IL 

Cincinnati, OH 

Cleveland, OH 

Columbus, OH 

Corpus Christi, TX 

Dallas, TX 

Dayton, OH 

Denver, CO 

Des Moines, IA 

Detroit, MI 

El Paso, TX 

Fort Worth, TX 

Honolulu, HI 

Houston, TX 

Indianapolis, IN 

Jacksonville, FL 

Jersey City, NJ 

Kansas City, MO 

Los Angeles, CA 

Louisville, KY 

Memphis, TN 

Miami, FL 

Milwaukee, WI 

Minneapolis, MN 

Nashville, TN 

New Orleans, LA 

New York City, NY 

Newark, NJ 

Norfolk, VA 

Oakland, CA 

Oklahoma City, OK 

Omaha, NE 

Philadelphia, PA 

Phoenix, AZ 

Pittsburgh, PA 

Portland, OR 

Richmond, VA 

Rochester, NY 

Sacramento, CA 

San Antonio, TX 

San Diego, CA 

San Francisco, CA 

San Jose, CA 

Seattle, WA 

St Louis, MO 

St Paul, MN 

St Petersburg, FL 

Tampa, FL 

Toledo, OH 

Tucson, AZ 

Tulsa, OK 

Washington, DC 

Wichita, KS 

Yonkers, NY 

U.S. CITY TOTAL1 

San Juan, PR 

TOTAL 

1993 

1,805 

2,145 

1,308 

2,060 

3,576 

NR 

2,668 

NR 

NR 

11,171 

2,614 

3,578 

5,198 

538 

4,528 

1,344 

17 

627 

193 

2,123 

1,464 

2,333 

9,174 

5,092 

NR 

37 

1,675 

19,832 

1,264 

1,768 

NR 

2,940 

2,378 

1,223 

3,144 

15,320 

545 

949 

1,284 

1,855 

892 

10,053 

5,732 

3,195 

2,105 

1,033 

NR 

1,631 

4,447 

7,250 

2,196 

2,645 

3,351 

2,850 

1,133 

NR 

NR 

1,767 

2,073 

1,191 

797 

1,362 

NR 

173,473 

377 

173,850 

1994 

2,132 

2,080 

NR 

2,572 

3,638 

273 

2,452 

NR 

NR 

11,984 

2,885 

7,036 

5,380 

567 

3,909 

1,372 

NR 

692 

4,496 

2,238 

2,437 

2,147 

9,377 

5,049 

NR 

83 

1,839 

20,459 

1,130 

2,489 

NR 

5,452 

2,394 

1,190 

2,733 

26,472 

292 

944 

2,679 

1,528 

1,808 

9,957 

5,218 

3,294 

2,072 

994 

NR 

2,443 

4,519 

6,387 

2,120 

3,900 

3,578 

3,013 

1,119 

NR 

NR 

2,181 

1,847 

831 

1,083 

1,642 

NR 

200,406 

821 

201,227 

1995 

1,457 

1,651 

4,411 

2,977 

5,638 

992 

2,179 

NR 

1,063 

11,687 

2,846 

5,770 

3,500 

1,167 

5,115 

869 

NR 

699 

9,026 

1,245 

2,540 

1,738 

8,075 

4,662 

1,611 

182 

1,997 

18,659 

1,618 

3,728 

2,004 

4,332 

1,922 

1,926 

3,107 

26,686 

1,077 

832 

3,462 

1,232 

1,335 

8,079 

5,896 

2,865 

1,945 

2,150 

NR 

3,762 

4,348 

5,250 

2,008 

2,838 

3,286 

2,796 

1,027 

1,579 

2,063 

968 

1,915 

1,028 

1,665 

1,324 

NR 

211,809 

742 

212,551 

1996 

711 

1,624 

4,091 

2,699 

4,812 

2,349 

1,985 

NR 

803 

12,356 

1,699 

3,465 

2,267 

1,070 

5,309 

509 

2,563 

727 

7,460 

2,457 

1,864 

1,473 

8,488 

4,814 

2,431 

647 

3,165 

20,196 

1,761 

4,474 

2,606 

5,568 

1,922 

1,965 

4,140 

26,455 

1,944 

801 

3,375 

2,154 

819 

8,118 

6,342 

2,494 

1,937 

2,036 

NR 

3,584 

4,338 

5,642 

1,819 

2,971 

3,229 

2,386 

1,054 

1,522 

2,083 

484 

2,201 

1,663 

1,998 

1,086 

NR 

217,005 

916 

217,921 

1997 1993 

852 343.7 

1,635 423.3 

4,208 193.3 

2,977 326.7 

6,066 499.9 

2,373 . 

2,450 482.9 

NR . 

1,049 . 

9,375 378.6 

2,617 300.1 

3,056 254.1 

3,133 520.0 

986 176.1 

7,990 235.0 

813 233.4 

2,569 3.4 

567 183.0 

7,222 18.1 

1,439 328.2 

2,402 118.7 

1,471 269.2 

10,756 305.2 

3,693 624.8 

2,402 . 

553 16.9 

3,241 383.1 

23,346 232.0 

1,598 188.3 

4,244 208.4 

3,579 . 

5,121 310.5 

2,473 624.8 

1,820 234.4 

2,869 645.2 

28,468 209.1 

1,669 186.7 

901 385.3 

3,419 106.8 

2,261 429.6 

1,366 208.3 

10,480 653.2 

6,580 252.6 

2,879 240.4 

1,844 438.2 

2,181 511.3 

NR . 

3,499 148.7 

4,838 353.9 

6,397 277.6 

2,243 299.7 

2,751 171.3 

3,201 212.3 

2,655 757.4 

1,112 410.0 

1,789 . 

2,836 . 

528 385.2 

1,888 292.0 

1,478 316.7 

3,069 137.9 

996 325.3 

NR . 

232,273 280.1 

739 43.2 

233,012 276.8 

1994 1995 1996 

403.8 274.8 134.0 

403.4 316.1 308.4 

. 629.5 569.5 

397.9 447.8 394.6 

517.5 815.8 712.5 

41.6 150.8 354.9 

446.6 392.0 354.9 

. . . 

. 183.4 134.4 

406.1 396.4 422.4 

332.5 329.4 198.1 

501.4 412.7 247.2 

535.2 346.2 223.6 

182.4 373.2 338.9 

201.3 261.1 265.4 

239.8 152.3 89.9 

. . 514.8 

200.1 200.0 205.3 

425.3 857.7 714.3 

336.6 183.5 359.0 

193.8 198.7 142.8 

245.6 198.1 169.0 

307.9 262.4 271.4 

617.2 570.2 588.9 

. 229.6 337.1 

38.0 83.7 297.4 

419.9 455.3 709.7 

238.9 218.1 236.4 

168.1 240.4 261.6 

290.2 431.0 515.8 

. 98.7 125.5 

581.2 465.2 603.7 

626.1 501.2 498.7 

225.7 362.8 367.3 

564.5 644.7 868.6 

361.0 365.0 358.4 

100.7 374.6 679.3 

391.0 350.2 343.1 

222.1 286.2 278.0 

350.5 281.8 488.7 

420.2 307.5 186.6 

653.2 539.0 549.3 

222.4 242.4 242.9 

249.4 218.7 192.4 

429.3 401.4 392.9 

493.3 1,084.3 1,026.9 

. . . 

222.5 340.9 320.8 

353.0 335.3 329.1 

242.7 198.6 212.5 

288.6 274.9 247.4 

250.4 181.3 185.7 

225.4 206.0 199.4 

818.3 779.5 678.7 

406.1 373.7 381.7 

. 181.3 175.2 

. 233.2 232.1 

476.6 212.7 106.9 

252.5 254.5 286.6 

220.0 271.9 434.5 

191.0 300.4 367.8 

391.5 315.7 257.1 

. . . 

324.8 313.2 316.0 

94.1 85.1 105.0 

321.6 310.3 313.3 

1997 

160.6 

310.5 

585.8 

435.3 

898.1 

358.5 

438.1 

. 

175.5 

320.5 

305.1 

218.0 

309.1 

312.3 

399.5 

143.6 

516.0 

160.1 

691.5 

210.2 

184.0 

168.7 

344.0 

451.7 

333.1 

254.9 

726.7 

273.3 

237.4 

489.3 

172.4 

555.3 

641.7 

340.2 

601.9 

385.7 

584.3 

386.0 

281.6 

513.0 

311.3 

709.1 

252.0 

222.1 

374.0 

1,100.0 

. 

313.2 

367.0 

240.9 

305.0 

172.0 

197.7 

755.2 

402.7 

205.9 

316.0 

116.6 

245.9 

386.2 

565.0 

235.8 

. 

338.2 

84.7 

335.0 

*NR = No report (see Appendix).


1

Rates exclude population of cities that did not report.
 

STD Surveillance 1997 Chlamydia Tables 77 
 

 

Table 10. Chlamydia — Women — Reported cases and rates in selected cities of >200,000 population: 

United States and outlying areas, 1993–1997* 

City 1993 1994 

Cases 

1995 1996 1997 1993 

Rates per 100,000 Population 

1994 1995 1996 1997 

Akron, OH 

Albuquerque, NM 

Atlanta, GA 

Austin, TX 

Baltimore, MD 

Birmingham, AL 

Boston, MA 

Buffalo, NY 

Charlotte, NC 

Chicago, IL 

Cincinnati, OH 

Cleveland, OH 

Columbus, OH 

Corpus Christi, TX 

Dallas, TX 

Dayton, OH 

Denver, CO 

Des Moines, IA 

Detroit, MI 

El Paso, TX 

Fort Worth, TX 

Honolulu, HI 

Houston, TX 

Indianapolis, IN 

Jacksonville, FL 

Jersey City, NJ 

Kansas City, MO 

Los Angeles, CA 

Louisville, KY 

Memphis, TN 

Miami, FL 

Milwaukee, WI 

Minneapolis, MN 

Nashville, TN 

New Orleans, LA 

New York City, NY 

Newark, NJ 

Norfolk, VA 

Oakland, CA 

Oklahoma City, OK 

Omaha, NE 

Philadelphia, PA 

Phoenix, AZ 

Pittsburgh, PA 

Portland, OR 

Richmond, VA 

Rochester, NY 

Sacramento, CA 

San Antonio, TX 

San Diego, CA 

San Francisco, CA 

San Jose, CA 

Seattle, WA 

St Louis, MO 

St Paul, MN 

St Petersburg, FL 

Tampa, FL 

Toledo, OH 

Tucson, AZ 

Tulsa, OK 

Washington, DC 

Wichita, KS 

Yonkers, NY 

1,523 

1,895 

1,035 

1,816 

3,250 

NR 

2,150 

NR 

NR 

10,152 

2,224 

3,186 

4,144 

399 

4,023 

1,212 

17 

520 

169 

1,857 

946 

1,936 

7,409 

3,989 

NR 

33 

1,524 

16,627 

1,172 

1,671 

NR 

2,268 

1,767 

1,077 

1,962 

14,012 

529 

882 

NR 

1,677 

726 

9,376 

4,845 

2,587 

1,569 

926 

NR 

NR 

3,956 

NR 

1,697 

NR 

2,546 

2,664 

861 

NR 

NR 

1,460 

1,726 

1,098 

686 

1,081 

NR 

1,804 

1,876 

NR 

2,257 

3,327 

231 

1,966 

NR 

NR 

10,927 

2,370 

6,163 

4,239 

430 

3,445 

1,244 

NR 

566 

4,138 

2,011 

1,905 

1,830 

7,665 

3,902 

NR 

83 

1,705 

17,112 

1,022 

2,256 

NR 

4,300 

1,791 

1,022 

1,840 

24,317 

284 

895 

825 

1,350 

1,435 

9,095 

4,247 

2,674 

1,460 

913 

NR 

767 

3,895 

NR 

1,637 

NR 

2,755 

2,810 

824 

NR 

NR 

1,926 

1,533 

774 

940 

1,253 

NR 

1,265 

1,403 

4,084 

2,600 

5,197 

867 

1,696 

NR 

926 

9,720 

2,176 

5,050 

2,862 

978 

3,950 

787 

NR 

571 

8,009 

1,112 

2,069 

1,502 

7,388 

3,629 

1,275 

176 

1,848 

15,119 

1,343 

3,090 

1,519 

3,275 

1,442 

1,431 

2,438 

24,600 

1,022 

768 

2,940 

1,069 

1,079 

7,446 

4,813 

2,353 

1,444 

1,955 

NR 

2,899 

3,785 

4,034 

1,535 

2,234 

2,474 

2,609 

784 

1,346 

1,646 

805 

1,545 

946 

1,449 

1,036 

NR 

616 

1,332 

3,190 

2,257 

4,442 

2,258 

1,584 

NR 

702 

11,428 

1,538 

3,059 

1,830 

888 

4,123 

471 

1,907 

583 

6,409 

2,241 

1,586 

1,244 

7,811 

3,718 

1,840 

628 

2,890 

15,813 

1,345 

3,427 

2,106 

4,574 

1,437 

1,428 

3,593 

24,375 

1,887 

705 

2,793 

1,887 

682 

7,483 

4,937 

2,064 

1,410 

1,835 

NR 

2,855 

3,775 

4,143 

1,324 

2,414 

2,352 

2,194 

782 

1,213 

1,707 

420 

1,796 

1,375 

1,764 

878 

NR 

666 

1,386 

3,596 

2,468 

5,607 

2,270 

1,842 

NR 

576 

6,362 

2,349 

2,672 

2,666 

802 

6,159 

756 

1,928 

430 

6,359 

1,263 

1,968 

1,222 

9,326 

2,680 

1,753 

536 

2,915 

17,911 

1,248 

3,325 

2,884 

4,051 

1,710 

1,308 

2,266 

25,706 

1,615 

802 

2,715 

1,984 

1,120 

9,300 

5,064 

2,416 

1,248 

1,936 

NR 

2,750 

4,093 

4,733 

1,426 

2,135 

2,296 

2,447 

830 

1,486 

2,371 

480 

1,510 

1,172 

2,658 

800 

NR 

556.8 

730.9 

292.5 

575.9 

851.8 

. 

749.8 

. 

. 

662.8 

484.9 

426.9 

800.8 

255.5 

411.2 

404.2 

6.7 

290.5 

30.2 

557.0 

151.9 

453.1 

490.3 

932.9 

. 

29.3 

665.4 

387.4 

330.6 

376.1 

. 

455.9 

901.1 

393.0 

751.2 

361.0 

343.6 

760.5 

. 

748.5 

327.3 

1,138.3 

421.0 

366.8 

636.9 

842.2 

. 

. 

610.9 

. 

462.0 

. 

318.3 

1,300.1 

597.5 

. 

. 

609.2 

475.6 

564.0 

222.7 

506.5 

. 

656.4 458.5 223.4 

711.5 525.3 495.3 

. 1,115.0 850.8 

698.5 782.5 658.1 

886.9 1,408.7 1,231.7 

66.0 247.5 641.7 

689.9 588.0 547.1 

. . . 

. 308.1 226.9 

713.5 635.2 755.1 

518.8 478.5 341.2 

828.8 681.7 412.6 

814.5 546.8 349.1 

270.6 611.9 552.1 

349.6 397.5 406.0 

417.6 265.0 160.0 

. . 745.8 

313.4 313.1 316.1 

744.1 1,446.8 1,168.1 

586.5 317.7 636.3 

300.1 320.6 240.1 

424.0 346.3 287.9 

501.0 478.1 497.0 

909.4 846.6 868.3 

. 354.4 494.6 

73.7 156.9 561.1 

743.3 804.8 1,240.3 

397.6 351.5 370.0 

287.9 378.0 379.3 

502.4 682.4 755.7 

. 143.2 195.4 

872.7 669.7 946.2 

909.3 730.4 725.6 

369.3 513.6 509.2 

708.8 943.0 1,406.5 

626.0 635.4 625.0 

185.7 674.5 1,254.8 

783.7 681.0 624.7 

134.4 477.2 451.1 

596.8 471.6 827.6 

644.3 480.4 300.9 

1,114.9 927.9 945.8 

357.1 390.5 373.7 

381.6 338.6 300.3 

590.0 581.5 558.9 

831.3 1,807.4 1,697.0 

. . . 

136.9 515.2 499.9 

590.4 566.3 555.7 

. 309.5 312.3 

443.6 417.7 356.2 

. 288.7 305.4 

342.3 306.0 287.2 

1,402.0 1,336.4 1,149.3 

573.7 547.5 544.7 

. 290.1 262.6 

. 362.8 371.7 

805.7 338.8 177.9 

410.2 401.9 459.2 

395.9 483.7 696.4 

310.8 490.0 610.7 

586.4 485.0 408.1 

. . . 

241.6 

515.3 

959.1 

719.6 

1,554.7 

645.1 

636.3 

. 

186.2 

420.4 

521.2 

360.4 

508.6 

498.6 

606.5 

256.8 

754.0 

233.1 

1,159.0 

358.6 

297.9 

282.8 

593.4 

625.9 

471.2 

479.9 

1,251.0 

419.1 

352.0 

733.2 

267.6 

838.0 

863.4 

466.4 

887.0 

659.1 

1,075.1 

710.6 

438.5 

870.1 

494.2 

1,175.5 

383.3 

351.5 

494.7 

1,790.4 

. 

481.5 

602.5 

356.8 

383.7 

270.1 

280.4 

1,281.8 

578.1 

321.6 

516.2 

203.4 

386.1 

593.6 

920.3 

371.8 

. 

U.S. CITY TOTAL1 136,857 160,036 179,413 183,348 190,353 477.7 539.1 515.0 518.8 538.6 

San Juan, PR 196 606 560 681 580 40.9 126.3 116.7 142.0 120.9 

TOTAL 137,053 160,642 179,973 184,029 190,933 470.5 532.5 509.5 513.7 533.0 

*NR = No report (see Appendix).


1

Rates exclude population of cities that did not report.
 

78 Chlamydia Tables STD Surveillance 1997 
 

 

Table 11. Chlamydia — Men — Reported cases and rates in selected cities of >200,000 population: 

United States and outlying areas, 1993–1997* 

Cases Rates per 100,000 Population 

City 1993 1994 1995 1996 1997 1993 1994 1995 1996 1997 

Akron, OH 

Albuquerque, NM 

Atlanta, GA 

Austin, TX 

Baltimore, MD 

Birmingham, AL 

Boston, MA 

Buffalo, NY 

Charlotte, NC 

Chicago, IL 

Cincinnati, OH 

Cleveland, OH 

Columbus, OH 

Corpus Christi, TX 

Dallas, TX 

Dayton, OH 

Denver, CO 

Des Moines, IA 

Detroit, MI 

El Paso, TX 

Fort Worth, TX 

Honolulu, HI 

Houston, TX 

Indianapolis, IN 

Jacksonville, FL 

Jersey City, NJ 

Kansas City, MO 

Los Angeles, CA 

Louisville, KY 

Memphis, TN 

Miami, FL 

Milwaukee, WI 

Minneapolis, MN 

Nashville, TN 

New Orleans, LA 

New York City, NY 

Newark, NJ 

Norfolk, VA 

Oakland, CA 

Oklahoma City, OK 

Omaha, NE 

Philadelphia, PA 

Phoenix, AZ 

Pittsburgh, PA 

Portland, OR 

Richmond, VA 

Rochester, NY 

Sacramento, CA 

San Antonio, TX 

San Diego, CA 

San Francisco, CA 

San Jose, CA 

Seattle, WA 

St Louis, MO 

St Paul, MN 

St Petersburg, FL 

Tampa, FL 

Toledo, OH 

Tucson, AZ 

Tulsa, OK 

Washington, DC 

Wichita, KS 

Yonkers, NY 

282 

250 

273 

244 

326 

NR 

518 

NR 

NR 

1,019 

390 

392 

1,054 

139 

505 

132 

NR 

107 

24 

266 

518 

397 

1,765 

1,103 

NR 

4 

151 

3,205 

92 

97 

NR 

672 

611 

146 

1,182 

1,308 

16 

67 

NR 

172 

166 

677 

887 

608 

536 

107 

NR 

NR 

491 

NR 

499 

NR 

805 

186 

272 

NR 

NR 

307 

347 

72 

111 

281 

NR 

328 

204 

NR 

315 

311 

33 

486 

NR 

NR 

1,057 

515 

873 

1,141 

137 

464 

128 

NR 

126 

358 

227 

532 

317 

1,712 

1,147 

NR 

NR 

134 

3,347 

108 

233 

NR 

1,154 

603 

168 

893 

2,155 

8 

42 

154 

176 

349 

862 

971 

620 

612 

79 

NR 

169 

624 

NR 

483 

NR 

823 

203 

295 

NR 

NR 

255 

314 

55 

143 

389 

NR 

191 

248 

327 

377 

441 

116 

483 

NR 

137 

1,967 

656 

697 

617 

189 

1,165 

79 

NR 

128 

1,017 

133 

471 

236 

687 

1,033 

336 

6 

149 

3,540 

275 

638 

485 

1,057 

480 

495 

669 

2,086 

55 

59 

522 

163 

256 

633 

1,083 

512 

501 

194 

NR 

824 

563 

1,141 

473 

587 

812 

187 

243 

233 

417 

160 

370 

82 

216 

288 

NR 

92 

292 

899 

442 

370 

85 

401 

NR 

101 

928 

155 

392 

429 

182 

1,186 

36 

655 

144 

1,051 

216 

278 

229 

677 

1,096 

591 

19 

275 

4,383 

416 

1,047 

500 

994 

485 

537 

547 

2,080 

56 

96 

582 

267 

137 

635 

1,405 

430 

527 

201 

NR 

714 

563 

1,304 

495 

538 

877 

192 

272 

309 

376 

63 

405 

288 

234 

208 

NR 

179 

249 

597 

509 

459 

101 

608 

NR 

174 

3,013 

247 

365 

459 

184 

1,831 

54 

636 

137 

863 

176 

434 

249 

1,430 

1,013 

649 

16 

325 

5,373 

349 

919 

695 

1,070 

763 

512 

603 

2,762 

52 

84 

704 

277 

241 

1,180 

1,516 

463 

596 

234 

NR 

725 

745 

1,477 

817 

607 

905 

207 

282 

303 

465 

44 

378 

306 

411 

196 

NR 

112.0 

101.0 

84.6 

77.4 

97.7 

. 

194.9 

. 

. 

71.8 

94.6 

59.2 

218.6 

93.1 

53.2 

47.8 

. 

65.4 

4.8 

84.9 

84.9 

90.4 

118.1 

284.7 

. 

3.8 

72.5 

75.3 

29.0 

24.0 

. 

149.5 

331.1 

58.9 

522.8 

38.0 

11.6 

51.4 

. 

82.8 

80.4 

94.6 

79.3 

97.5 

229.1 

116.2 

. 

. 

80.6 

. 

136.5 

. 

103.5 

108.5 

205.7 

. 

. 

140.1 

100.0 

39.7 

41.1 

136.9 

. 

129.6 

81.0 

. 

97.4 

94.9 

10.8 

184.0 

. 

. 

74.5 

125.3 

132.4 

235.4 

90.1 

48.5 

46.7 

. 

76.2 

71.4 

70.5 

85.5 

71.6 

113.0 

294.9 

. 

. 

64.2 

78.6 

34.0 

57.0 

. 

259.1 

325.2 

67.1 

397.7 

62.5 

5.8 

33.0 

26.0 

83.9 

168.1 

121.7 

83.9 

100.0 

260.2 

86.2 

. 

31.4 

100.6 

. 

132.1 

. 

105.2 

121.0 

223.7 

. 

. 

116.7 

87.8 

30.2 

54.0 

189.1 

. 

75.1 

97.2 

97.8 

113.4 

136.9 

37.7 

180.6 

. 

49.1 

138.7 

160.3 

106.0 

126.5 

123.6 

120.6 

28.9 

. 

76.6 

203.9 

40.5 

74.4 

53.2 

44.9 

265.6 

98.3 

5.7 

71.3 

83.2 

86.6 

154.8 

50.0 

239.0 

258.0 

196.3 

299.5 

60.6 

40.4 

47.3 

88.0 

77.4 

122.2 

90.9 

90.3 

83.3 

212.1 

215.3 

. 

152.4 

89.6 

85.1 

130.3 

74.2 

103.2 

114.4 

184.6 

57.3 

96.8 

73.6 

100.5 

44.9 

83.5 

140.0 

. 

36.1 

113.3 

261.8 

129.6 

117.6 

27.4 

148.6 

. 

35.0 

65.7 

38.1 

59.4 

87.6 

117.5 

120.4 

13.2 

270.5 

84.8 

212.0 

65.0 

43.1 

52.1 

43.5 

281.5 

169.3 

18.0 

129.1 

102.6 

130.6 

253.0 

50.1 

226.5 

258.9 

210.9 

247.3 

59.8 

41.2 

79.6 

97.8 

125.5 

64.6 

92.5 

108.9 

70.7 

218.9 

223.0 

. 

130.7 

88.1 

98.1 

136.1 

66.5 

109.6 

119.5 

205.2 

75.9 

85.8 

29.1 

107.5 

155.4 

92.0 

100.3 

. 

70.2 

96.6 

173.8 

149.3 

145.8 

32.6 

225.4 

. 

60.4 

213.4 

60.7 

55.3 

93.8 

118.8 

185.9 

19.9 

262.6 

80.7 

174.1 

53.0 

67.3 

56.6 

91.9 

260.2 

185.9 

15.2 

152.6 

125.8 

109.6 

222.0 

69.6 

243.8 

407.3 

201.1 

272.6 

79.3 

38.4 

69.7 

118.4 

130.2 

113.6 

171.8 

117.5 

76.1 

247.5 

259.6 

. 

132.7 

116.6 

111.2 

224.7 

75.0 

113.1 

128.8 

212.7 

74.5 

106.1 

20.3 

100.3 

165.1 

161.6 

94.6 

. 

U.S. CITY TOTAL1 23,779 26,832 32,185 33,384 41,218 89.4 96.8 98.2 100.1 123.6 

San Juan, PR 181 215 182 235 159 46.1 54.8 46.4 59.9 40.5 

TOTAL 23,960 27,047 32,367 33,619 41,377 88.8 96.2 97.5 99.7 122.7 

*NR = No report (see Appendix).
 1

Rates exclude population of cities that did not report.
 

STD Surveillance 1997 Chlamydia Tables 79 
 

1994 

Table 12A. Gonorrhea — Reported cases by age, gender, and race/ethnicity: United States, 1994–1997 

Total White, Non-Hispanic Black, Non-Hispanic 

Age Group Total Male Female Total Male Female Total Male Female 

10-14 

15-19 

20-24 

25-29 

30-34 

35-39 

40-44 

45-54 

55-64 

65+ 

TOTAL 

8,239 

117,189 

115,090 

56,554 

37,331 

22,840 

11,761 

8,056 

2,206 

1,552 

382,899 

1,391 

47,960 

62,217 

32,803 

23,779 

16,489 

9,411 

6,930 

1,993 

1,079 

204,920 

6,848 

69,229 

52,873 

23,751 

13,552 

6,351 

2,350 

1,126 

213 

473 

177,979 

1,244 

16,669 

13,958 

7,613 

5,561 

3,299 

1,745 

1,427 

370 

260 

52,332 

92 

2,822 

4,471 

3,393 

2,911 

1,988 

1,228 

1,092 

319 

159 

18,550 

1,152 

13,847 

9,487 

4,220 

2,650 

1,311 

517 

335 

51 

101 

33,782 

6,492 

94,699 

94,675 

45,374 

29,575 

18,332 

9,436 

6,203 

1,716 

1,116 

309,404 

1,220 

43,079 

54,464 

27,392 

19,503 

13,681 

7,793 

5,532 

1,577 

826 

175,832 

5,272 

51,620 

40,211 

17,982 

10,072 

4,651 

1,643 

671 

139 

290 

133,572 

1995 

Total White, Non-Hispanic Black, Non-Hispanic 

Age Group Total Male Female Total Male Female Total Male Female 

10-14 

15-19 

20-24 

25-29 

30-34 

35-39 

40-44 

45-54 

55-64 

65+ 

TOTAL 

6,959 

104,713 

100,061 

51,146 

33,739 

22,032 

11,520 

7,776 

1,988 

923 

342,967 

1,072 

40,298 

52,557 

29,782 

21,397 

15,471 

9,160 

6,725 

1,808 

754 

179,914 

5,887 

64,415 

47,504 

21,364 

12,342 

6,561 

2,360 

1,051 

180 

169 

163,053 

1,033 

15,654 

13,205 

7,438 

5,634 

3,615 

1,705 

1,465 

355 

161 

50,539 

71 

2,499 

4,068 

3,214 

3,005 

2,204 

1,196 

1,156 

308 

129 

17,947 

962 

13,155 

9,137 

4,224 

2,629 

1,411 

509 

309 

47 

32 

32,592 

5,439 

82,864 

80,349 

40,142 

25,850 

17,124 

9,199 

5,882 

1,512 

714 

270,776 

928 

35,639 

45,155 

24,525 

17,006 

12,422 

7,548 

5,243 

1,397 

597 

151,209 

4,511 

47,225 

35,194 

15,617 

8,844 

4,702 

1,651 

639 

115 

117 

119,567 

1996 

Total White, Non-Hispanic Black, Non-Hispanic 

Age Group Total Male Female Total Male Female Total Male Female 

10-14 

15-19 

20-24 

25-29 

30-34 

35-39 

40-44 

45-54 

55-64 

65+ 

TOTAL 

5,721 

92,134 

85,625 

44,577 

28,224 

18,451 

10,270 

7,055 

1,717 

927 

296,010 

808 

32,647 

43,515 

25,581 

17,757 

12,693 

7,939 

5,990 

1,553 

700 

149,655 

4,913 

59,487 

42,110 

18,996 

10,467 

5,758 

2,331 

1,065 

164 

227 

146,355 

883 

14,452 

11,725 

6,733 

4,906 

3,156 

1,677 

1,426 

331 

185 

45,737 

62 

2,634 

3,637 

3,010 

2,690 

1,910 

1,159 

1,111 

280 

132 

16,709 

821 

11,818 

8,088 

3,723 

2,216 

1,246 

518 

315 

51 

53 

29,028 

4,431 

71,843 

68,107 

34,556 

21,401 

14,135 

8,001 

5,242 

1,297 

675 

230,588 

697 

28,047 

37,093 

20,793 

13,902 

10,085 

6,400 

4,605 

1,203 

532 

123,705 

3,734 

43,796 

31,014 

13,763 

7,499 

4,050 

1,601 

637 

94 

143 

106,883 

1997 

Total White, Non-Hispanic Black, Non-Hispanic 

Age Group Total Male Female Total Male Female Total Male Female 

10-14 

15-19 

20-24 

25-29 

30-34 

35-39 

40-44 

45-54 

55-64 

65+ 

TOTAL 

5,238 

89,497 

86,247 

45,343 

27,381 

18,550 

10,474 

7,377 

1,802 

1,216 

294,151 

737 

30,796 

43,335 

26,306 

17,345 

12,729 

8,172 

6,291 

1,602 

841 

148,546 

4,501 

58,701 

42,912 

19,037 

10,036 

5,821 

2,302 

1,086 

200 

375 

145,605 

837 

13,588 

11,969 

6,942 

4,831 

3,513 

1,801 

1,403 

364 

223 

45,622 

60 

2,357 

3,719 

3,011 

2,648 

2,094 

1,263 

1,116 

283 

148 

16,734 

777 

11,231 

8,250 

3,931 

2,183 

1,419 

538 

287 

81 

75 

28,888 

4,003 

69,815 

68,311 

34,933 

20,442 

13,799 

8,042 

5,562 

1,338 

907 

227,926 

621 

26,492 

36,734 

21,329 

13,384 

9,840 

6,487 

4,891 

1,236 

636 

121,969 

3,382 

43,323 

31,577 

13,604 

7,058 

3,959 

1,555 

671 

102 

271 

105,957 

NOTE: In most instances, if age or race/ethnicity was not specified, cases were prorated according to the distribution of cases for which these variables were specified. For the following years, the states/areas listed did not report race/ethnicity for most cases and were excluded: 1994 (Georgia, 

New York City, and New York state); 1995 (Georgia, New Jersey, New York City, and New York state); 1996 (New Jersey, New York City and New 

York state) and 1997 (Idaho, New Jersey, New York City, and New York state). Differences between total cases from this table and others in the report are due to different reporting forms and above listed exclusions. Cases aged 0 to 9 years are not shown because some of these may not be due 

to sexual transmission; however, they are included in the totals. 

80 Gonorrhea Tables STD Surveillance 1997 
1994 

Table 12A. Gonorrhea — Reported cases by age, gender, and race/ethnicity: United States, 1994–1997 

(continued) 

Hispanic Asian/Pacific Islander American Indian/Alaska Native 

Age Group Total Male Female Total Male Female Total Male Female 

10-14 

15-19 

20-24 

25-29 

30-34 

35-39 

40-44 

45-54 

55-64 

65+ 

TOTAL 

408 

4,784 

5,268 

2,970 

1,801 

972 

472 

340 

100 

143 

17,331 

71 

1,775 

2,800 

1,749 

1,151 

666 

325 

245 

81 

74 

8,957 

337 

3,009 

2,468 

1,221 

650 

306 

147 

95 

19 

69 

8,374 

39 

466 

497 

264 

156 

120 

55 

43 

9 

25 

1,682 

6 

115 

168 

128 

98 

77 

36 

28 

7 

12 

676 

33 

351 

329 

136 

58 

43 

19 

15 

2 

13 

1,006 

56 

571 

692 

333 

238 

117 

53 

43 

11 

8 

2,150 

2 

169 

314 

141 

116 

77 

29 

33 

9 

8 

905 

54 

402 

378 

192 

122 

40 

24 

10 

2 

0 

1,245 

1995 

Hispanic Asian/Pacific Islander American Indian/Alaska Native 

Age Group Total Male Female Total Male Female Total Male Female 

10-14 

15-19 

20-24 

25-29 

30-34 

35-39 

40-44 

45-54 

55-64 

65+ 

TOTAL 

415 

5,287 

5,598 

3,024 

1,886 

1,081 

510 

356 

108 

31 

18,420 

62 

1,951 

2,977 

1,769 

1,203 

726 

351 

279 

90 

17 

9,465 

353 

3,336 

2,621 

1,255 

683 

355 

159 

77 

18 

14 

8,955 

35 

430 

430 

281 

158 

70 

46 

36 

9 

11 

1,512 

2 

94 

183 

161 

95 

45 

28 

23 

9 

7 

649 

33 

336 

247 

120 

63 

25 

18 

13 

0 

4 

863 

37 

478 

479 

261 

211 

142 

60 

37 

4 

6 

1,720 

9 

115 

174 

113 

88 

74 

37 

24 

4 

4 

644 

28 

363 

305 

148 

123 

68 

23 

13 

0 

2 

1,076 

1996 

Hispanic Asian/Pacific Islander American Indian/Alaska Native 

Age Group Total Male Female Total Male Female Total Male Female 

10-14 

15-19 

20-24 

25-29 

30-34 

35-39 

40-44 

45-54 

55-64 

65+ 

TOTAL 

345 

4,907 

4,833 

2,715 

1,547 

915 

463 

310 

74 

59 

16,297 

40 

1,775 

2,431 

1,516 

983 

562 

301 

230 

63 

32 

7,967 

305 

3,132 

2,402 

1,199 

564 

353 

162 

80 

11 

27 

8,330 

20 

363 

409 

255 

156 

95 

52 

37 

11 

6 

1,413 

4 

62 

173 

132 

89 

55 

31 

23 

5 

4 

580 

16 

301 

236 

123 

67 

40 

21 

14 

6 

2 

833 

42 

569 

551 

318 

214 

150 

77 

40 

4 

2 

1,975 

5 

129 

181 

130 

93 

81 

48 

21 

2 

0 

694 

37 

440 

370 

188 

121 

69 

29 

19 

2 

2 

1,281 

1997 

Hispanic Asian/Pacific Islander American Indian/Alaska Native 

Age Group Total Male Female Total Male Female Total Male Female 

10-14 

15-19 

20-24 

25-29 

30-34 

35-39 

40-44 

45-54 

55-64 

65+ 

TOTAL 

330 

5,080 

5,005 

2,917 

1,716 

1,045 

502 

324 

82 

78 

17,169 

49 

1,716 

2,500 

1,728 

1,099 

698 

352 

230 

69 

54 

8,531 

281 

3,364 

2,505 

1,189 

617 

347 

150 

94 

13 

24 

8,638 

22 

403 

454 

269 

197 

88 

63 

51 

9 

6 

1,566 

3 

93 

212 

124 

126 

51 

39 

36 

7 

1 

694 

19 

310 

242 

145 

71 

37 

24 

15 

2 

5 

872 

46 

611 

508 

282 

195 

105 

66 

37 

9 

2 

1,868 

4 

138 

170 

114 

88 

46 

31 

18 

7 

2 

618 

42 

473 

338 

168 

107 

59 

35 

19 

2 

0 

1,250 

STD Surveillance 1997 Gonorrhea Tables 81 
 

1994 

Table 12B. Gonorrhea — Reported rates per 100,000 population by age, gender, and race/ethnicity: 

United States, 1994–1997 

Total White, Non-Hispanic Black, Non-Hispanic 

Age Group Total Male Female Total Male Female Total Male Female 

10-14 48.3 15.9 82.3 10.6 1.5 20.2 276.4 102.5 455.2 

15-19 733.7 585.2 890.2 151.0 49.7 258.5 4,235.8 3,801.3 4,682.5 

20-24 695.5 739.1 650.4 121.5 76.7 167.8 4,357.0 5,092.9 3,643.9 

25-29 328.5 379.4 277.1 62.9 56.0 69.9 2,168.9 2,751.0 1,640.2 

30-34 187.2 238.9 135.7 38.1 39.8 36.4 1,299.3 1,833.0 830.9 

35-39 115.2 167.0 63.8 22.1 26.6 17.6 824.0 1,314.6 392.8 

40-44 66.1 106.9 26.1 12.7 17.9 7.5 501.3 892.0 162.9 

45-54 30.0 52.6 8.2 6.6 10.3 3.1 249.0 488.0 49.4 

55-64 11.6 22.1 2.1 2.4 4.3 0.6 100.0 210.2 14.4 

65+ 5.2 8.8 2.7 1.0 1.5 0.7 49.5 93.8 21.1 

TOTAL 162.9 178.3 148.1 29.8 21.6 37.6 1,163.0 1,393.3 955.2 

1995 

Total White, Non-Hispanic Black, Non-Hispanic 

Age Group Total Male Female Total Male Female Total Male Female 

10-14 41.3 12.4 71.6 8.9 1.2 17.1 236.7 79.7 398.3 

15-19 670.7 503.1 847.4 145.1 45.0 251.5 3,813.9 3,233.7 4,411.2 

20-24 632.8 653.5 611.3 120.9 73.3 170.1 3,840.1 4,375.1 3,319.2 

25-29 316.0 366.5 265.0 65.9 57.0 74.9 2,044.1 2,623.1 1,517.9 

30-34 175.6 222.9 128.3 40.3 42.9 37.7 1,183.3 1,664.4 760.6 

35-39 112.8 158.9 67.0 24.7 30.0 19.3 778.0 1,204.5 402.0 

40-44 66.0 105.9 26.8 12.7 17.8 7.6 491.1 866.6 164.8 

45-54 28.7 50.6 7.6 6.7 10.8 2.8 236.6 462.7 47.2 

55-64 10.9 20.8 1.9 2.4 4.3 0.6 91.7 194.1 12.4 

65+ 3.1 6.3 1.0 0.6 1.2 0.2 32.5 69.3 8.7 

TOTAL 149.5 160.3 139.1 29.6 21.5 37.3 1,045.5 1,229.8 878.9 

1996 

Total White, Non-Hispanic Black, Non-Hispanic 

Age Group Total Male Female Total Male Female Total Male Female 

10-14 32.9 9.1 57.9 7.4 1.0 14.2 178.8 55.5 305.7 

15-19 571.8 394.8 758.2 130.2 46.1 219.6 3,065.4 2,359.1 3,792.7 

20-24 523.8 523.7 524.0 104.1 63.6 146.0 3,020.1 3,340.7 2,709.2 

25-29 266.3 304.5 227.8 57.8 51.7 64.0 1,625.2 2,059.6 1,232.4 

30-34 142.0 178.9 105.2 34.0 37.2 30.8 903.0 1,257.2 593.2 

35-39 91.5 126.3 56.9 20.9 25.2 16.6 594.7 907.4 320.1 

40-44 57.0 89.0 25.6 12.2 16.8 7.5 395.7 681.3 147.9 

45-54 25.2 43.7 7.5 6.4 10.0 2.8 196.1 378.1 43.8 

55-64 9.1 17.3 1.7 2.2 3.8 0.6 73.8 157.2 9.5 

65+ 3.1 5.7 1.3 0.7 1.2 0.3 28.8 58.3 10.0 

TOTAL 125.1 129.3 121.0 26.0 19.4 32.3 826.5 935.0 728.7 

1997 

Total White, Non-Hispanic Black, Non-Hispanic 

Age Group Total Male Female Total Male Female Total Male Female 

10-14 30.5 8.4 53.8 7.2 1.0 13.7 162.2 49.6 278.3 

15-19 530.3 353.9 718.0 118.5 39.9 201.9 2,827.9 2,115.4 3,561.3 

20-24 543.7 532.6 555.4 112.2 68.4 157.7 3,110.8 3,391.8 2,837.3 

25-29 265.7 306.9 224.1 58.9 51.1 66.6 1,605.9 2,061.1 1,192.9 

30-34 143.4 182.0 104.9 35.5 38.9 32.0 875.5 1,227.2 567.3 

35-39 91.7 126.1 57.5 23.4 27.8 19.0 578.4 882.1 311.7 

40-44 56.0 88.1 24.5 12.7 17.8 7.6 382.3 662.4 138.3 

45-54 25.5 44.3 7.4 6.1 9.8 2.5 195.3 377.3 43.2 

55-64 9.5 17.6 2.0 2.4 3.8 1.0 74.7 158.5 10.1 

65+ 4.0 6.8 2.1 0.9 1.4 0.5 38.3 68.8 18.8 

TOTAL 123.6 127.4 120.0 26.0 19.5 32.3 807.9 911.6 714.3 

NOTE: For the following years, the states/areas listed did not report race/ethnicity for most cases: 1994 (Georgia, New York City, and New York 

state); 1995 (Georgia, New Jersey, New York City and New York state); 1996 (New Jersey, New York City and New York state) and 1997 (Idaho, 

New Jersey, New York City and New York state). Cases and population denominators have been excluded for these states/areas. Rates for the 0 to 

9 year age group are not shown; however, these cases are included in the calculation of total rates. 

82 Gonorrhea Tables STD Surveillance 1997 
1994 

Table 12B. Gonorrhea — Reported rates per 100,000 population by age, gender, and race/ethnicity: 

United States, 1994–1997 (continued) 

Hispanic Asian/Pacific Islander American Indian/Alaska Native 

Age Group Total Male Female Total Male Female Total Male Female 

10-14 

15-19 

20-24 

25-29 

30-34 

35-39 

40-44 

45-54 

55-64 

65+ 

TOTAL 

19.0 

240.3 

249.4 

133.1 

81.6 

52.7 

32.4 

18.0 

8.4 

11.2 

74.0 

6.5 

173.5 

248.2 

145.4 

99.0 

69.9 

44.2 

26.5 

14.5 

13.8 

75.1 

32.1 

310.9 

250.8 

118.8 

62.3 

34.3 

20.4 

9.9 

3.0 

9.3 

72.8 

6.3 

84.9 

79.5 

40.7 

21.9 

17.6 

9.0 

5.2 

1.8 

4.9 

22.3 

1.9 

41.3 

53.6 

40.7 

28.6 

23.8 

12.8 

7.3 

3.1 

5.5 

18.6 

10.7 

129.8 

105.5 

40.7 

15.7 

12.0 

5.8 

3.4 

0.7 

4.4 

25.8 

29.5 

355.0 

448.9 

231.8 

155.6 

81.2 

41.7 

23.8 

9.9 

6.7 

116.7 

2.1 

207.6 

398.8 

194.3 

154.2 

110.1 

47.4 

38.0 

17.2 

15.8 

99.9 

57.6 

506.1 

501.2 

270.0 

156.8 

54.0 

36.3 

10.7 

3.4 

0.0 

133.0 

1995 

Hispanic Asian/Pacific Islander American Indian/Alaska Native 

Age Group Total Male Female Total Male Female Total Male Female 

10-14 

15-19 

20-24 

25-29 

30-34 

35-39 

40-44 

45-54 

55-64 

65+ 

TOTAL 

19.3 

270.1 

275.2 

139.5 

85.9 

58.3 

34.9 

18.7 

9.3 

2.4 

79.1 

5.7 

195.1 

276.1 

151.0 

103.8 

75.7 

47.4 

29.9 

16.5 

3.2 

79.9 

33.6 

348.5 

274.2 

125.9 

66.0 

39.7 

22.0 

8.0 

2.9 

1.9 

78.3 

5.6 

81.0 

70.2 

44.4 

22.7 

10.5 

7.7 

4.3 

1.8 

2.1 

20.3 

0.6 

35.0 

59.9 

52.6 

28.3 

14.2 

10.1 

6.0 

4.0 

3.2 

18.1 

10.7 

128.0 

80.5 

36.7 

17.5 

7.1 

5.5 

2.9 

0.0 

1.3 

22.3 

19.0 

296.2 

309.5 

186.7 

138.9 

97.8 

46.6 

20.0 

3.6 

4.9 

92.9 

9.2 

141.1 

220.3 

159.4 

117.4 

104.6 

59.9 

26.9 

7.6 

7.8 

70.7 

29.1 

454.4 

402.4 

214.8 

159.8 

91.4 

34.3 

13.5 

0.0 

2.8 

114.3 

1996 

Hispanic Asian/Pacific Islander American Indian/Alaska Native 

Age Group Total Male Female Total Male Female Total Male Female 

10-14 

15-19 

20-24 

25-29 

30-34 

35-39 

40-44 

45-54 

55-64 

65+ 

TOTAL 

16.0 

249.4 

235.8 

124.1 

70.0 

49.0 

31.4 

16.2 

6.3 

4.6 

69.6 

3.6 

176.6 

223.6 

128.1 

84.1 

58.1 

40.4 

24.5 

11.5 

5.9 

66.8 

28.8 

325.5 

249.7 

119.4 

54.1 

39.2 

22.3 

8.2 

1.8 

3.6 

72.4 

3.2 

67.3 

65.7 

39.7 

22.0 

14.0 

8.5 

4.4 

2.2 

1.1 

18.7 

1.2 

22.7 

55.8 

42.5 

26.1 

17.0 

11.1 

5.9 

2.2 

1.8 

15.9 

5.1 

113.0 

75.7 

37.0 

18.3 

11.2 

6.4 

3.1 

2.2 

0.7 

21.2 

21.5 

350.5 

353.2 

225.2 

139.6 

102.3 

59.1 

21.4 

3.5 

1.6 

105.8 

5.1 

157.3 

227.2 

181.4 

122.9 

113.3 

76.8 

23.3 

3.8 

0.0 

75.6 

38.2 

547.7 

484.9 

270.4 

155.9 

91.8 

42.8 

19.6 

3.3 

2.8 

135.1 

1997 

Hispanic Asian/Pacific Islander American Indian/Alaska Native 

Age Group Total Male Female Total Male Female Total Male Female 

10-14 

15-19 

20-24 

25-29 

30-34 

35-39 

40-44 

45-54 

55-64 

65+ 

TOTAL 

15.2 

231.3 

226.1 

130.4 

75.2 

51.9 

31.1 

15.5 

6.7 

5.7 

69.4 

4.4 

147.0 

205.2 

140.4 

89.8 

65.8 

42.3 

22.1 

11.9 

9.2 

66.8 

26.6 

327.0 

251.6 

118.1 

58.3 

36.4 

19.2 

9.0 

2.0 

3.0 

72.2 

3.6 

70.3 

71.8 

37.8 

27.8 

12.7 

9.9 

5.5 

1.7 

1.0 

19.8 

1.0 

32.0 

66.5 

36.5 

37.2 

15.5 

13.1 

8.4 

2.9 

0.4 

18.2 

6.3 

109.9 

77.1 

39.0 

19.2 

10.3 

7.0 

3.0 

0.7 

1.5 

21.3 

23.8 

354.6 

339.6 

191.3 

132.0 

71.3 

49.7 

19.1 

7.8 

1.6 

99.7 

4.1 

158.7 

224.6 

151.5 

120.0 

63.9 

48.5 

19.4 

12.9 

3.7 

67.0 

44.1 

554.0 

457.4 

232.9 

143.7 

78.4 

50.7 

18.9 

3.3 

0.0 

131.4 

STD Surveillance 1997 Gonorrhea Tables 83 
Table 13. Gonorrhea — Reported cases and rates by state/area, ranked according to rates: United States and 

outlying areas, 1997 

Rank State/Area Cases Rate per 100,000 Population 

1 South Carolina 11,487 310.6
 

2 Mississippi 8,327 306.6
 

3 Alabama 12,032 281.6
 

4 Georgia 18,471 251.2
 

5 Louisiana 10,782 247.8
 

6 North Carolina 16,888 230.6
 

7 Maryland 11,568 228.1
 

8 Tennessee 11,023 207.2
 

9 Delaware 1,273 175.6
 

10 Arkansas 4,382 174.6
 

11 Michigan 15,736 164.0
 

12 Illinois 18,423 155.5
 

13 Missouri 7,941 148.2
 

14 Oklahoma 4,756 144.1
 

15 Texas 26,612 139.1
 

16 Ohio 14,961 133.9
 

17 Florida 19,079 132.5
 

18 Virginia 8,731 130.8
 

19 New York 22,393 123.1
 

U.S. TOTAL1 324,901 122.5 

20 Indiana 6,155 105.4
 

21 Kentucky 4,027 103.7
 

YEAR 2000 OBJECTIVE 100.0 

22 New Jersey 7,587 95.0
 

23 Connecticut 3,027 92.4
 

24 Arizona 3,802 85.9
 

25 Wisconsin 4,316 83.6
 

26 Pennsylvania 9,967 82.7
 

27 Nebraska 1,210 73.2
 

28 Kansas 1,740 67.6
 

29 Alaska 392 64.6
 

30 Colorado 2,320 60.7
 

31 California 17,941 56.3
 

32 West Virginia 957 52.4
 

33 Minnesota 2,417 51.9
 

34 New Mexico 857 50.0
 

35 Iowa 1,311 46.0
 

36 Rhode Island 422 42.6
 

37 Hawaii 504 42.6
 

38 Massachusetts 2,225 36.5
 

39 Virgin Islands 40 36.1
 

40 Washington 1,968 35.6
 

41 Nevada 549 34.2
 

42 Guam 47 33.3
 

43 Oregon 773 24.1
 

44 South Dakota 173 23.6
 

45 Puerto Rico 526 14.1
 

46 Utah 278 13.9
 

47 Idaho 158 13.3
 

48 Wyoming 54 11.2
 

49 North Dakota 68 10.6
 

50 Vermont 53 9.0
 

51 New Hampshire 96 8.3
 

52 Montana 66 7.5
 

53 Maine 66 5.3
 

1

Includes cases reported by Washington, D.C. but excludes outlying areas (Guam, Puerto Rico and Virgin Islands). 

84 Gonorrhea Tables STD Surveillance 1997 
 

Table 14. Gonorrhea — Reported cases and rates by state/area and region: United States and outlying areas, 

1993–1997* 

Cases Rates per 100,000 Population 

State/Area 1993 1994 1995 1996 1997 1993 1994 1995 1996 1997 

Alabama 

Alaska 

Arizona 

Arkansas 

California 

Colorado 

Connecticut 

Delaware 

Florida 

Georgia 

Hawaii 

Idaho 

Illinois 

Indiana 

Iowa 

Kansas 

Kentucky 

Louisiana 

Maine 

Maryland 

Massachusetts 

Michigan 

Minnesota 

Mississippi 

Missouri 

Montana 

Nebraska 

Nevada 

New Hampshire 

New Jersey 

New Mexico 

New York 

North Carolina 

North Dakota 

Ohio 

Oklahoma 

Oregon 

Pennsylvania 

Rhode Island 

South Carolina 

South Dakota 

Tennessee 

Texas 

Utah 

Vermont 

Virginia 

Washington 

West Virginia 

Wisconsin 

Wyoming 

15,793 

678 

4,176 

7,590 

31,270 

3,803 

4,658 

1,586 

23,899 

31,483 

864 

171 

28,412 

8,656 

1,915 

3,771 

4,627 

13,323 

80 

13,548 

3,118 

18,014 

2,543 

10,468 

13,148 

81 

714 

1,869 

83 

6,444 

1,014 

30,127 

24,187 

54 

22,286 

4,759 

1,189 

18,225 

427 

10,953 

270 

14,285 

30,123 

350 

25 

12,022 

3,740 

635 

6,875 

85 

15,881 

918 

3,603 

6,892 

28,995 

3,632 

4,767 

2,038 

24,367 

NR 

700 

98 

26,571 

9,757 

1,645 

3,673 

5,127 

11,992 

93 

15,137 

3,159 

18,215 

3,346 

11,455 

12,557 

85 

1,335 

1,736 

103 

5,269 

1,130 

30,997 

28,936 

35 

24,746 

4,888 

978 

13,184 

478 

13,067 

243 

15,745 

29,757 

303 

40 

13,414 

2,893 

805 

7,776 

82 

14,683 

660 

3,844 

5,630 

24,577 

2,803 

4,055 

2,201 

20,874 

21,025 

563 

149 

21,747 

8,880 

1,723 

2,797 

4,751 

9,292 

94 

12,984 

2,658 

18,220 

2,852 

9,511 

11,326 

65 

1,133 

1,237 

118 

5,783 

1,054 

25,992 

23,961 

38 

23,176 

5,077 

854 

13,038 

545 

12,120 

237 

13,892 

30,801 

306 

69 

10,340 

2,765 

860 

5,524 

51 

13,169 

466 

3,709 

5,056 

18,637 

2,021 

3,388 

1,456 

19,181 

19,806 

497 

98 

17,964 

6,638 

1,145 

2,044 

4,229 

9,315 

55 

11,592 

2,189 

15,130 

2,697 

6,742 

8,421 

38 

1,164 

1,025 

153 

8,721 

890 

20,604 

18,229 

37 

14,946 

4,897 

887 

10,803 

486 

11,661 

176 

11,709 

23,124 

277 

47 

9,293 

2,020 

736 

4,481 

41 

12,032 

392 

3,802 

4,382 

17,941 

2,320 

3,027 

1,273 

19,079 

18,471 

504 

158 

18,423 

6,155 

1,311 

1,740 

4,027 

10,782 

66 

11,568 

2,225 

15,736 

2,417 

8,327 

7,941 

66 

1,210 

549 

96 

7,587 

857 

22,393 

16,888 

68 

14,961 

4,756 

773 

9,967 

422 

11,487 

173 

11,023 

26,612 

278 

53 

8,731 

1,968 

957 

4,316 

54 

377.8 

113.4 

105.9 

312.9 

100.2 

106.7 

142.1 

226.7 

174.1 

456.1 

74.1 

15.5 

243.1 

151.7 

67.9 

148.7 

122.0 

310.5 

6.5 

273.5 

51.8 

190.4 

56.2 

396.5 

251.1 

9.6 

44.2 

135.2 

7.4 

82.0 

62.8 

165.9 

347.9 

8.5 

201.5 

147.2 

39.2 

151.5 

42.7 

301.7 

37.7 

280.4 

167.1 

18.8 

4.3 

185.7 

71.1 

34.9 

136.3 

18.1 

376.4 

151.7 

88.4 

281.0 

92.2 

99.4 

145.5 

287.3 

174.7 

. 

59.4 

8.6 

226.1 

169.6 

58.1 

143.8 

134.0 

277.9 

7.5 

302.6 

52.3 

191.8 

73.3 

429.1 

237.9 

9.9 

82.2 

119.1 

9.1 

66.7 

68.3 

170.6 

409.3 

5.5 

222.9 

150.0 

31.7 

109.4 

48.0 

356.6 

33.6 

304.2 

161.9 

15.9 

6.9 

204.8 

54.1 

44.2 

153.0 

17.2 

345.2 

109.3 

91.1 

226.7 

77.8 

74.8 

123.8 

306.9 

147.4 

292.0 

47.4 

12.8 

183.8 

153.0 

60.6 

109.0 

123.1 

214.0 

7.6 

257.5 

43.8 

190.8 

61.9 

352.6 

212.8 

7.5 

69.2 

80.8 

10.3 

72.8 

62.5 

143.3 

333.0 

5.9 

207.8 

154.9 

27.2 

108.0 

55.1 

330.0 

32.5 

264.3 

164.5 

15.7 

11.8 

156.2 

50.9 

47.0 

107.8 

10.6 

308.2 

76.8 

83.8 

201.5 

58.5 

52.9 

103.5 

200.9 

133.2 

269.4 

42.0 

8.2 

151.6 

113.7 

40.2 

79.5 

108.9 

214.1 

4.4 

228.6 

35.9 

157.7 

57.9 

248.2 

157.1 

4.3 

70.5 

63.9 

13.2 

109.2 

51.9 

113.3 

248.9 

5.7 

133.8 

148.4 

27.7 

89.6 

49.1 

315.3 

24.0 

220.1 

120.9 

13.8 

8.0 

139.2 

36.5 

40.3 

86.8 

8.5 

281.6 

64.6 

85.9 

174.6 

56.3 

60.7 

92.4 

175.6 

132.5 

251.2 

42.6 

13.3 

155.5 

105.4 

46.0 

67.6 

103.7 

247.8 

5.3 

228.1 

36.5 

164.0 

51.9 

306.6 

148.2 

7.5 

73.2 

34.2 

8.3 

95.0 

50.0 

123.1 

230.6 

10.6 

133.9 

144.1 

24.1 

82.7 

42.6 

310.6 

23.6 

207.2 

139.1 

13.9 

9.0 

130.8 

35.6 

52.4 

83.6 

11.2 

1 U.S. TOTAL 444,578 419,470 392,622 326,522 324,901 172.5 165.6 149.4 123.1 122.5 

Northeast 63,187 58,090 52,352 46,446 45,836 123.2 113.0 101.7 90.0 88.9 

Midwest 106,658 109,899 97,653 74,843 74,451 174.7 179.0 158.0 120.6 119.9 

South 225,443 206,328 203,689 174,627 174,952 252.1 246.7 221.7 187.6 187.9 

West 49,290 45,153 38,928 30,606 29,662 87.9 79.4 67.6 52.3 50.7 

Guam 

Puerto Rico 

Virgin Islands 

83 

527 

84 

110 

500 

60 

90 

618 

31 

56 

648 

12 

47 

526 

40 

58.8 

14.6 

75.8 

77.9 

13.6 

54.2 

63.8 

16.6 

28.0 

39.7 

17.4 

10.8 

33.3 

14.1 

36.1 

OUTLYING AREAS 694 670 739 716 613 17.9 17.0 18.6 18.0 15.4 

TOTAL 445,272 420,140 393,361 327,238 325,514 170.2 163.3 147.5 121.5 120.9 

*NR = No report (see Appendix).
 

1

Includes cases reported by Washington, D.C.
 

STD Surveillance 1997 Gonorrhea Tables 85 
Table 15. Gonorrhea — Women — Reported cases and rates by state/area: United States and outlying areas, 

1993–1997*
 

Cases Rates per 100,000 Population 

State/Area 

Alabama 

Alaska 

Arizona 

Arkansas 

California 

Colorado 

Connecticut 

Delaware 

Florida 

Georgia 

Hawaii 

Idaho 

Illinois 

Indiana 

Iowa 

Kansas 

Kentucky 

Louisiana 

Maine 

Maryland 

Massachusetts 

Michigan 

Minnesota 

Mississippi 

Missouri 

Montana 

Nebraska 

Nevada 

New Hampshire 

New Jersey 

New Mexico 

New York 

North Carolina 

North Dakota 

Ohio 

Oklahoma 

Oregon 

Pennsylvania 

Rhode Island 

South Carolina 

South Dakota 

Tennessee 

Texas 

Utah 

Vermont 

Virginia 

Washington 

West Virginia 

Wisconsin 

Wyoming 

U.S. TOTAL1 

Guam 

Puerto Rico 

Virgin Islands 

OUTLYING AREAS 

TOTAL 

1993 

6,679 

364 

1,885 

3,550 

14,106 

1,941 

2,335 

770 

10,086 

6,544 

356 

102 

11,159 

3,993 

1,027 

1,897 

2,126 

5,122 

35 

5,725 

1,426 

8,987 

1,271 

5,548 

5,859 

50 

434 

652 

43 

2,798 

547 

15,051 

10,749 

32 

11,051 

2,356 

565 

8,472 

194 

3,935 

148 

6,442 

13,889 

165 

13 

5,089 

1,755 

354 

3,507 

51 

193,544 

40 

160 

36 

236 

193,780 

1994 

6,816 

431 

1,601 

3,316 

13,328 

1,765 

2,439 

1,074 

11,144 

NR 

369 

53 

13,199 

4,485 

864 

1,968 

2,229 

4,838 

58 

7,644 

1,562 

8,319 

1,683 

6,003 

5,876 

44 

700 

630 

50 

2,263 

646 

16,470 

13,039 

13 

12,774 

2,512 

438 

6,452 

241 

4,486 

116 

6,780 

13,670 

127 

24 

6,025 

1,370 

429 

3,892 

44 

197,117 

58 

138 

27 

223 

197,340 

1995 

6,938 

318 

1,700 

2,592 

11,334 

1,401 

2,075 

1,171 

9,439 

9,995 

290 

68 

11,027 

4,143 

950 

1,528 

2,259 

4,003 

56 

6,323 

1,231 

8,117 

1,488 

5,218 

5,315 

27 

600 

448 

70 

2,706 

583 

13,999 

11,101 

15 

11,978 

2,764 

387 

6,805 

274 

4,597 

117 

6,197 

15,008 

121 

43 

4,886 

1,301 

459 

2,713 

30 

188,445 

49 

205 

14 

268 

188,713 

1996 

6,730 

242 

1,690 

2,506 

8,827 

1,028 

1,815 

799 

9,409 

9,806 

244 

53 

9,112 

3,305 

666 

1,084 

2,013 

3,923 

27 

5,692 

1,146 

7,780 

1,383 

3,537 

4,193 

19 

604 

362 

95 

3,743 

459 

10,952 

8,482 

18 

8,161 

2,610 

418 

5,730 

245 

4,807 

94 

5,106 

11,933 

95 

23 

4,495 

929 

363 

2,343 

25 

160,962 

30 

219 

4 

253 

161,215 

1997 1993 

5,985 307.0 

231 129.0 

1,625 94.4 

2,071 282.6 

8,439 90.5 

1,227 108.0 

1,588 138.2 

705 214.2 

9,513 142.5 

9,532 184.4 

261 61.9 

83 18.5 

6,765 185.9 

3,141 136.0 

762 70.8 

961 147.1 

1,882 108.7 

5,202 230.0 

33 5.5 

5,767 224.6 

1,151 45.7 

7,969 184.8 

1,307 55.2 

4,566 403.4 

4,269 216.3 

31 11.8 

670 52.5 

220 96.0 

57 7.5 

3,573 68.9 

509 66.7 

12,833 159.6 

7,844 300.3 

42 10.0 

8,349 193.1 

2,416 142.2 

348 36.7 

5,396 135.4 

263 37.3 

5,128 209.8 

87 40.7 

4,940 244.1 

13,797 151.9 

84 17.6 

32 4.4 

4,227 154.2 

972 66.3 

512 37.5 

2,344 136.4 

30 21.8 

161,658 146.6 

12 58.4 

212 8.6 

19 62.5 

243 11.8 

161,901 144.6 

1994 1995 1996 

310.5 313.6 303.3 

150.6 111.4 84.1 

77.7 79.7 75.6 

261.2 201.7 193.4 

84.8 71.8 55.5 

95.7 74.1 53.4 

144.5 122.9 107.9 

294.8 318.1 215.0 

154.9 129.2 127.0 

. 270.2 260.1 

63.4 49.4 41.6 

9.3 11.7 8.9 

218.7 181.6 150.3 

151.6 138.9 110.4 

59.4 65.1 45.6 

151.6 117.2 83.0 

113.0 113.6 100.8 

216.1 177.6 174.1 

9.1 8.8 4.2 

297.1 243.9 218.8 

49.8 39.1 36.4 

170.5 165.5 158.2 

72.5 63.6 58.6 

431.7 371.5 250.6 

215.3 193.2 151.9 

10.2 6.2 4.3 

84.3 71.7 71.7 

88.1 59.6 46.1 

8.6 12.0 16.1 

55.5 66.0 91.0 

77.0 68.2 52.9 

174.5 148.7 116.2 

358.3 299.7 225.3 

4.1 4.7 5.6 

222.4 207.8 141.6 

150.5 164.7 154.8 

28.0 24.3 25.8 

103.0 108.5 91.7 

46.5 53.3 47.7 

236.9 241.9 251.4 

31.6 31.6 25.3 

252.9 227.7 185.9 

146.7 158.2 123.3 

13.2 12.3 9.5 

8.1 14.5 7.7 

180.2 144.6 132.1 

50.9 47.6 33.5 

45.4 48.4 38.4 

150.3 104.0 89.4 

18.6 12.6 10.5 

152.1 140.2 118.8 

84.7 71.6 43.8 

7.3 10.7 11.4 

46.9 24.3 6.9 

11.0 13.1 12.4 

149.9 138.2 117.2 

1997 

269.7 

80.3 

72.7 

159.8 

53.0 

63.7 

94.4 

189.7 

128.4 

252.8 

44.5 

14.0 

111.6 

104.9 

52.1 

73.6 

94.2 

230.9 

5.2 

221.6 

36.5 

162.1 

55.4 

323.4 

154.6 

7.0 

79.5 

28.0 

9.7 

86.9 

58.7 

136.2 

208.4 

13.0 

144.9 

143.3 

21.5 

86.3 

51.2 

268.2 

23.4 

179.8 

142.6 

8.4 

10.7 

124.2 

35.0 

54.2 

89.4 

12.6 

119.3 

17.5 

11.1 

33.0 

11.9 

117.7 

*NR = No report (see Appendix). 

1

Includes cases reported by Washington, D.C. 

NOTE: Cases and rates underestimated in some areas because of under-reporting or non-reporting by gender. 

86 Gonorrhea Tables STD Surveillance 1997
 
Table 16. Gonorrhea — Men — Reported cases and rates by state/area: United States and outlying areas, 

1993–1997*
 

Cases Rates per 100,000 Population 

State/Area 

Alabama 

Alaska 

Arizona 

Arkansas 

California 

Colorado 

Connecticut 

Delaware 

Florida 

Georgia 

Hawaii 

Idaho 

Illinois 

Indiana 

Iowa 

Kansas 

Kentucky 

Louisiana 

Maine 

Maryland 

Massachusetts 

Michigan 

Minnesota 

Mississippi 

Missouri 

Montana 

Nebraska 

Nevada 

New Hampshire 

New Jersey 

New Mexico 

New York 

North Carolina 

North Dakota 

Ohio 

Oklahoma 

Oregon 

Pennsylvania 

Rhode Island 

South Carolina 

South Dakota 

Tennessee 

Texas 

Utah 

Vermont 

Virginia 

Washington 

West Virginia 

Wisconsin 

Wyoming 

U.S. TOTAL1 

Guam 

Puerto Rico 

Virgin Islands 

OUTLYING AREAS 

TOTAL 

1993 

9,114 

314 

2,291 

4,040 

17,149 

1,862 

2,323 

816 

13,813 

9,197 

508 

69 

17,253 

4,663 

888 

1,874 

2,501 

8,201 

45 

7,823 

1,692 

9,027 

1,272 

4,920 

7,289 

31 

279 

1,217 

40 

3,646 

467 

15,076 

13,438 

22 

11,235 

2,389 

624 

9,753 

233 

6,918 

122 

7,843 

16,234 

185 

12 

6,933 

1,985 

281 

3,368 

34 

235,162 

43 

367 

48 

458 

235,620 

1994 

8,943 

487 

2,002 

3,576 

15,440 

1,867 

2,328 

964 

13,223 

NR 

331 

45 

13,371 

5,272 

781 

1,705 

2,898 

7,154 

35 

7,493 

1,597 

9,896 

1,663 

5,452 

6,681 

41 

619 

1,106 

53 

3,006 

484 

14,527 

15,897 

22 

11,972 

2,366 

540 

6,732 

237 

8,382 

127 

8,965 

16,087 

176 

16 

7,349 

1,523 

376 

3,884 

38 

221,738 

52 

362 

33 

447 

222,185 

1995 

7,698 

342 

2,144 

3,031 

13,107 

1,402 

1,980 

1,030 

11,435 

11,030 

273 

81 

10,720 

4,737 

773 

1,269 

2,492 

5,289 

38 

6,661 

1,427 

10,103 

1,364 

4,284 

6,011 

38 

532 

789 

48 

3,077 

471 

11,993 

12,860 

23 

10,940 

2,313 

467 

6,233 

271 

7,388 

120 

7,695 

15,793 

185 

26 

5,414 

1,464 

401 

2,811 

21 

203,543 

41 

413 

17 

471 

204,014 

1996 

6,409 

224 

2,019 

2,536 

9,712 

992 

1,573 

657 

9,772 

10,000 

253 

45 

8,852 

3,331 

479 

960 

2,216 

5,392 

28 

5,897 

1,043 

7,350 

1,314 

3,158 

4,228 

19 

551 

663 

58 

4,972 

431 

9,652 

9,747 

19 

6,672 

2,287 

469 

5,073 

241 

6,828 

82 

6,603 

11,191 

182 

24 

4,783 

1,091 

373 

2,138 

16 

165,196 

26 

429 

8 

463 

165,659 

1997 1993 

6,018 454.6 

161 99.5 

2,177 117.6 

2,295 345.4 

9,437 109.8 

1,093 105.4 

1,439 146.3 

568 240.0 

9,566 207.8 

8,916 274.3 

243 86.0 

75 12.6 

11,658 303.6 

3,006 168.3 

549 64.8 

779 150.5 

2,137 136.1 

5,580 397.4 

33 7.4 

5,801 325.3 

1,074 58.4 

7,767 196.3 

1,110 57.2 

3,700 388.9 

3,636 288.5 

35 7.4 

537 35.4 

329 173.1 

39 7.3 

4,011 95.9 

348 58.7 

9,560 172.8 

9,044 398.4 

26 6.9 

6,506 210.5 

2,340 151.6 

425 41.7 

4,571 168.9 

159 48.5 

6,340 394.3 

86 34.5 

6,083 319.5 

12,815 182.8 

194 20.0 

21 4.2 

4,432 218.5 

996 76.0 

445 32.1 

1,972 136.2 

24 14.4 

162,793 186.9 

35 59.2 

314 20.9 

21 90.2 

370 24.4 

163,163 184.5 

1994 1995 1996 

442.0 377.2 312.0 

152.6 107.5 70.2 

99.4 102.8 92.1 

302.3 252.9 208.9 

98.2 83.0 60.8 

103.1 75.5 52.3 

146.7 124.8 98.8 

279.4 295.1 186.0 

195.7 166.6 139.7 

. 315.0 279.1 

55.5 45.5 42.4 

8.0 14.0 7.6 

233.9 186.2 153.0 

188.7 168.0 117.0 

56.8 55.9 34.5 

135.8 100.6 75.8 

156.3 133.2 117.4 

344.6 253.3 257.1 

5.8 6.3 4.6 

308.5 271.9 238.8 

54.9 48.8 35.5 

214.3 217.5 157.2 

74.0 60.1 57.2 

426.3 331.4 242.1 

262.1 233.6 162.8 

9.6 8.8 4.3 

78.1 66.5 68.1 

149.1 101.3 81.1 

9.5 8.5 10.1 

78.6 80.0 128.3 

59.4 56.7 51.0 

166.3 137.5 110.2 

463.6 368.5 273.9 

6.9 7.2 5.9 

223.4 203.1 123.3 

148.9 144.6 141.6 

35.5 30.2 29.6 

116.3 107.5 87.4 

49.5 57.0 50.6 

473.5 416.7 382.1 

35.6 33.4 22.7 

359.4 303.6 256.7 

177.6 171.0 118.4 

18.5 19.1 18.3 

5.6 9.0 8.3 

229.1 167.1 146.2 

57.4 54.3 39.6 

42.9 45.5 42.3 

155.9 111.8 84.2 

15.9 8.7 6.6 

179.3 158.7 127.3 

71.6 56.4 35.8 

20.3 22.9 23.8 

62.0 32.0 15.0 

23.4 24.4 24.0 

177.0 156.7 125.7 

1997 

292.9 

50.4 

99.3 

189.0 

59.1 

57.6 

90.4 

160.8 

136.8 

248.8 

40.7 

12.6 

201.5 

105.6 

39.5 

61.5 

113.3 

266.0 

5.4 

234.9 

36.5 

166.1 

48.3 

283.6 

140.0 

8.0 

66.4 

40.2 

6.8 

103.5 

41.2 

109.1 

254.2 

8.1 

120.3 

144.9 

26.8 

78.8 

33.4 

354.8 

23.8 

236.5 

135.6 

19.5 

7.2 

135.5 

36.1 

50.5 

77.7 

9.9 

125.4 

48.2 

17.4 

39.5 

19.2 

123.9 

*NR = No report (see Appendix). 

1

Includes cases reported by Washington, D.C. 

NOTE: Cases and rates underestimated in some areas because of under-reporting or non-reporting by gender. 

STD Surveillance 1997 Gonorrhea Tables 87
 
Table 17. Gonorrhea — Reported cases and rates in selected cities of >200,000 population, ranked according 

to rates: United States and outlying areas, 1997 

Rank City Cases Rate per 100,000 Population 

1 Baltimore, MD 6,693 991.0
 

2 Washington, DC 4,557 838.9
 

3 St Louis, MO 2,901 825.2
 

4 Rochester, NY 1,867 769.6
 

5 Atlanta, GA 5,468 761.2
 

6 Detroit, MI 7,887 755.2
 

7 Richmond, VA 1,466 739.4
 

8 Newark, NJ 1,967 688.6
 

9 Norfolk, VA 1,462 626.3
 

10 New Orleans, LA 2,743 575.5
 

11 Memphis, TN 4,876 562.1
 

12 Oklahoma City, OK 2,080 471.9
 

13 Birmingham, AL 3,104 468.9
 

14 Kansas City, MO 2,000 448.5
 

15 Philadelphia, PA 6,504 440.1
 

16 Chicago, IL 11,498 393.0
 

17 Nashville, TN 2,050 383.2
 

18 Minneapolis, MN 1,430 371.1
 

19 Buffalo, NY 1,172 362.4
 

20 Milwaukee, WI 3,303 358.1
 

21 Indianapolis, IN 2,912 356.2
 

22 Dallas, TX 6,645 332.2
 

23 Cincinnati, OH 2,552 297.6 

24 Jacksonville, FL 2,089 289.7 

25 Charlotte, NC 1,703 285.0 

26 Tulsa, OK 1,048 273.8 

27 Louisville, KY 1,817 270.0 

28 Tampa, FL 2,246 250.2 

29 Denver, CO 1,147 230.4 

30 Austin, TX 1,531 223.8 

31 Columbus, OH 2,218 218.8 

32 Houston, TX 6,606 211.3 

33 New York City, NY 15,592 211.2 

34 San Francisco, CA 1,510 205.4 

35 Cleveland, OH 2,743 195.7 

36 Dayton, OH 1,070 188.9 

37 Omaha, NE 819 186.6 

38 Jersey City, NJ 373 171.9 

39 Boston, MA 939 167.9 

40 St Paul, MN 383 138.7 

41 St Petersburg, FL 1,201 138.2 

42 Fort Worth, TX 1,759 134.8 

43 San Antonio, TX 1,751 132.8 

44 Oakland, CA 1,559 128.4 

45 Akron, OH 669 126.1 

46 Wichita, KS 527 124.8 

47 Sacramento, CA 1,380 123.5 

48 Phoenix, AZ 3,007 115.2 

49 Corpus Christi, TX 351 111.2 

50 Miami, FL 2,168 104.4 

51 Albuquerque, NM 544 103.3 

YEAR 2000 OBJECTIVE 100.0 

52 Portland, OR 478 96.9 

53 Des Moines, IA 330 93.2 

54 Pittsburgh, PA 1,026 79.2 

55 Toledo, OH 346 76.4 

56 Tucson, AZ 575 74.9 

57 Los Angeles, CA 5,810 68.0 

58 Seattle, WA 926 57.2 

59 San Diego, CA 1,509 56.8 

60 Honolulu, HI 478 54.8 

61 Yonkers, NY 79 41.1 

62 San Jose, CA 471 29.4 

63 San Juan, PR 233 26.7 

64 El Paso, TX 155 22.6 

88 Gonorrhea Tables STD Surveillance 1997 
Table 18. Gonorrhea — Reported cases and rates in selected cities of >200,000 population: United States and 

outlying areas, 1993–1997* 

Cases Rates per 100,000 Population 

City 1993 1994 1995 1996 1997 1993 1994 1995 1996 1997 

Akron, OH 

Albuquerque, NM 

Atlanta, GA 

Austin, TX 

Baltimore, MD 

Birmingham, AL 

Boston, MA 

Buffalo, NY 

Charlotte, NC 

Chicago, IL 

Cincinnati, OH 

Cleveland, OH 

Columbus, OH 

Corpus Christi, TX 

Dallas, TX 

Dayton, OH 

Denver, CO 

Des Moines, IA 

Detroit, MI 

El Paso, TX 

Fort Worth, TX 

Honolulu, HI 

Houston, TX 

Indianapolis, IN 

Jacksonville, FL 

Jersey City, NJ 

Kansas City, MO 

Los Angeles, CA 

Louisville, KY 

Memphis, TN 

Miami, FL 

Milwaukee, WI 

Minneapolis, MN 

Nashville, TN 

New Orleans, LA 

New York City, NY 

Newark, NJ 

Norfolk, VA 

Oakland, CA 

Oklahoma City, OK 

Omaha, NE 

Philadelphia, PA 

Phoenix, AZ 

Pittsburgh, PA 

Portland, OR 

Richmond, VA 

Rochester, NY 

Sacramento, CA 

San Antonio, TX 

San Diego, CA 

San Francisco, CA 

San Jose, CA 

Seattle, WA 

St Louis, MO 

St Paul, MN 

St Petersburg, FL 

Tampa, FL 

Toledo, OH 

Tucson, AZ 

Tulsa, OK 

Washington, DC 

Wichita, KS 

Yonkers, NY 

1,410 

560 

5,002 

1,271 

8,591 

5,433 

1,205 

1,945 

2,669 

19,123 

4,355 

5,226 

3,119 

362 

6,820 

1,518 

2,031 

482 

9,275 

279 

2,722 

834 

7,732 

4,254 

3,501 

324 

3,160 

10,984 

2,420 

6,997 

3,204 

3,487 

1,481 

2,388 

5,003 

19,240 

1,354 

2,503 

1,177 

1,859 

566 

10,580 

3,218 

3,730 

750 

2,029 

2,575 

1,435 

1,759 

3,264 

2,048 

763 

1,562 

5,726 

493 

1,280 

2,395 

1,556 

529 

1,359 

6,162 

1,279 

107 

1,285 

759 

. 

1,349 

9,099 

5,309 

1,199 

1,768 

4,137 

16,868 

2,822 

6,580 

4,009 

344 

6,170 

1,925 

1,735 

431 

8,637 

171 

2,752 

675 

7,429 

5,430 

3,555 

298 

2,997 

9,143 

2,637 

6,973 

2,857 

6,284 

1,933 

3,110 

4,056 

19,491 

1,464 

2,519 

1,185 

1,763 

1,060 

8,026 

2,797 

2,602 

706 

2,621 

2,876 

1,570 

1,738 

2,837 

1,885 

735 

1,213 

5,228 

656 

1,787 

2,181 

2,262 

439 

1,444 

6,827 

1,078 

131 

1,043 

625 

7,330 

1,600 

6,928 

4,321 

917 

1,691 

2,146 

12,586 

2,590 

5,746 

2,887 

373 

8,027 

1,603 

1,375 

362 

8,553 

159 

2,442 

543 

6,984 

4,709 

2,476 

223 

3,186 

7,935 

2,441 

6,108 

2,338 

4,160 

1,689 

2,622 

3,353 

16,499 

2,222 

1,679 

2,195 

2,028 

880 

6,565 

3,149 

1,598 

543 

2,371 

2,210 

1,828 

1,914 

2,176 

1,853 

492 

1,295 

4,425 

560 

1,545 

1,833 

944 

359 

1,452 

5,687 

713 

121 

646 

560 

5,211 

1,363 

6,495 

3,239 

821 

1,284 

1,823 

11,383 

1,442 

3,362 

1,480 

367 

5,795 

954 

992 

310 

7,048 

157 

1,331 

457 

5,999 

3,178 

2,352 

371 

2,401 

5,716 

2,059 

5,242 

2,317 

3,528 

1,548 

2,033 

3,013 

12,998 

2,710 

1,451 

1,714 

1,986 

612 

6,415 

2,906 

1,058 

564 

1,737 

2,126 

1,393 

1,349 

1,815 

1,626 

481 

925 

2,890 

597 

1,165 

1,574 

419 

518 

1,284 

4,432 

585 

98 

669 

544 

5,468 

1,531 

6,693 

3,104 

939 

1,172 

1,703 

11,498 

2,552 

2,743 

2,218 

351 

6,645 

1,070 

1,147 

330 

7,887 

155 

1,759 

478 

6,606 

2,912 

2,089 

373 

2,000 

5,810 

1,817 

4,876 

2,168 

3,303 

1,430 

2,050 

2,743 

15,592 

1,967 

1,462 

1,559 

2,080 

819 

6,504 

3,007 

1,026 

478 

1,466 

1,867 

1,380 

1,751 

1,509 

1,510 

471 

926 

2,901 

383 

1,201 

2,246 

346 

575 

1,048 

4,557 

527 

79 

268.4 

110.5 

739.2 

201.5 

1,201.1 

827.7 

218.1 

591.1 

486.5 

648.0 

500.0 

371.1 

312.0 

118.5 

353.9 

263.6 

412.0 

140.7 

871.4 

43.1 

220.8 

96.2 

257.2 

521.9 

498.2 

148.4 

722.8 

128.5 

360.5 

824.7 

160.0 

368.3 

389.1 

457.7 

1,026.7 

262.6 

463.7 

1,016.3 

97.9 

430.5 

132.1 

687.4 

141.8 

280.6 

156.1 

1,004.3 

1,053.4 

130.8 

140.0 

125.0 

279.5 

49.4 

99.0 

1,521.7 

178.4 

148.0 

276.4 

339.2 

74.5 

361.4 

1,066.1 

305.5 

56.2 

243.4 

147.2 

. 

208.7 

1,294.3 

808.5 

218.4 

539.0 

733.9 

571.6 

325.2 

468.9 

398.8 

110.7 

317.7 

336.5 

351.5 

124.6 

817.0 

25.7 

218.9 

77.2 

244.0 

663.8 

505.3 

136.6 

684.3 

106.8 

392.2 

813.1 

141.1 

669.9 

505.5 

589.9 

837.8 

265.8 

504.7 

1,043.4 

98.3 

404.4 

246.3 

526.6 

119.2 

197.0 

146.3 

1,300.9 

1,177.5 

143.0 

135.8 

107.8 

256.6 

47.2 

76.4 

1,419.8 

238.1 

206.1 

249.5 

494.3 

60.0 

382.3 

1,203.9 

257.1 

68.5 

196.7 

119.7 

1,046.1 

240.7 

1,002.4 

656.9 

165.0 

518.5 

370.3 

426.9 

299.8 

411.0 

285.6 

119.3 

409.7 

281.0 

278.1 

103.6 

812.7 

23.4 

191.0 

61.9 

227.0 

575.9 

352.9 

102.6 

726.4 

92.8 

362.7 

706.1 

115.1 

446.7 

440.5 

494.0 

695.8 

225.6 

772.8 

706.7 

181.5 

464.0 

202.7 

438.0 

129.5 

122.0 

112.1 

1,195.8 

909.5 

165.7 

147.6 

82.3 

253.6 

31.4 

81.2 

1,233.6 

203.8 

177.4 

207.2 

207.5 

47.7 

384.0 

1,026.1 

170.0 

63.2 

121.8 

106.3 

725.4 

199.3 

961.7 

489.3 

146.8 

397.0 

305.1 

389.1 

168.1 

239.9 

146.0 

116.2 

289.7 

168.5 

199.3 

87.5 

674.8 

22.9 

102.0 

52.4 

191.8 

388.7 

326.2 

170.5 

538.4 

66.9 

305.9 

604.3 

111.6 

382.5 

401.7 

380.0 

632.2 

176.1 

947.0 

621.6 

141.2 

450.6 

139.5 

434.0 

111.3 

81.6 

114.4 

876.1 

876.4 

124.7 

102.3 

68.3 

221.1 

30.1 

57.1 

822.0 

216.2 

134.1 

175.4 

92.6 

67.5 

335.5 

815.9 

138.5 

51.0 

126.1 

103.3 

761.2 

223.8 

991.0 

468.9 

167.9 

362.4 

285.0 

393.0 

297.6 

195.7 

218.8 

111.2 

332.2 

188.9 

230.4 

93.2 

755.2 

22.6 

134.8 

54.8 

211.3 

356.2 

289.7 

171.9 

448.5 

68.0 

270.0 

562.1 

104.4 

358.1 

371.1 

383.2 

575.5 

211.2 

688.6 

626.3 

128.4 

471.9 

186.6 

440.1 

115.2 

79.2 

96.9 

739.4 

769.6 

123.5 

132.8 

56.8 

205.4 

29.4 

57.2 

825.2 

138.7 

138.2 

250.2 

76.4 

74.9 

273.8 

838.9 

124.8 

41.1 

U.S. CITY TOTAL 220,465 213,847 191,207 153,705 158,070 322.6 314.5 277.6 221.4 227.6 

San Juan, PR 292 256 349 343 233 33.5 29.4 40.0 39.3 26.7 

TOTAL 220,757 214,103 191,556 154,048 158,303 319.0 310.9 274.6 219.1 225.2 

*NR = No report (see Appendix).
 

STD Surveillance 1997 Gonorrhea Tables 89
 
Table 19. Gonorrhea — Women — Reported cases and rates in selected cities of >200,000 population: 

United States and outlying areas, 1993–1997* 

Cases Rates per 100,000 Population 

City 1993 1994 1995 1996 1997 1993 1994 1995 1996 1997 

Akron, OH 

Albuquerque, NM 

Atlanta, GA 

Austin, TX 

Baltimore, MD 

Birmingham, AL 

Boston, MA 

Buffalo, NY 

Charlotte, NC 

Chicago, IL 

Cincinnati, OH 

Cleveland, OH 

Columbus, OH 

Corpus Christi, TX 

Dallas, TX 

Dayton, OH 

Denver, CO 

Des Moines, IA 

Detroit, MI 

El Paso, TX 

Fort Worth, TX 

Honolulu, HI 

Houston, TX 

Indianapolis, IN 

Jacksonville, FL 

Jersey City, NJ 

Kansas City, MO 

Los Angeles, CA 

Louisville, KY 

Memphis, TN 

Miami, FL 

Milwaukee, WI 

Minneapolis, MN 

Nashville, TN 

New Orleans, LA 

New York City, NY 

Newark, NJ 

Norfolk, VA 

Oakland, CA 

Oklahoma City, OK 

Omaha, NE 

Philadelphia, PA 

Phoenix, AZ 

Pittsburgh, PA 

Portland, OR 

Richmond, VA 

Rochester, NY 

Sacramento, CA 

San Antonio, TX 

San Diego, CA 

San Francisco, CA 

San Jose, CA 

Seattle, WA 

St Louis, MO 

St Paul, MN 

St Petersburg, FL 

Tampa, FL 

Toledo, OH 

Tucson, AZ 

Tulsa, OK 

Washington, DC 

Wichita, KS 

Yonkers, NY 

739 

307 

2,194 

599 

3,576 

2,387 

495 

990 

1,174 

6,741 

2,000 

2,407 

1,511 

106 

3,020 

800 

1,009 

234 

4,469 

138 

1,707 

347 

2,803 

2,072 

1,432 

111 

1,548 

5,062 

1,071 

3,189 

705 

1,722 

670 

958 

1,410 

9,680 

473 

996 

612 

1,005 

285 

4,586 

1,403 

1,848 

351 

848 

1,324 

1,009 

883 

213 

617 

400 

673 

2,253 

264 

585 

1,048 

784 

269 

593 

2,309 

627 

46 

761 

418 

. 

705 

4,592 

2,423 

585 

1,029 

1,578 

8,430 

1,253 

3,323 

2,085 

139 

2,631 

1,083 

827 

210 

3,290 

93 

1,371 

353 

2,813 

2,565 

1,399 

108 

1,465 

3,987 

1,057 

2,904 

937 

3,266 

877 

1,222 

1,262 

10,383 

458 

1,004 

494 

946 

553 

3,809 

1,171 

1,335 

311 

1,015 

1,565 

975 

866 

291 

697 

351 

541 

2,206 

354 

875 

986 

1,071 

229 

668 

2,818 

555 

69 

600 

324 

3,426 

815 

3,065 

2,145 

432 

984 

823 

6,507 

1,268 

2,856 

1,498 

192 

3,758 

876 

646 

181 

3,080 

72 

1,239 

284 

2,976 

2,186 

1,025 

100 

1,556 

3,361 

1,039 

2,711 

767 

1,954 

808 

1,035 

1,088 

8,792 

994 

722 

1,316 

1,115 

462 

3,330 

1,325 

875 

243 

1,067 

1,219 

1,013 

998 

834 

598 

270 

533 

1,897 

298 

706 

830 

466 

194 

715 

2,237 

394 

62 

366 

261 

2,437 

714 

3,054 

1,668 

405 

772 

737 

5,710 

1,007 

1,881 

797 

192 

3,121 

458 

474 

169 

3,312 

75 

748 

223 

2,636 

1,550 

1,129 

175 

1,212 

2,612 

889 

2,303 

1,048 

1,832 

740 

779 

1,216 

6,788 

998 

614 

1,004 

1,010 

314 

3,387 

1,243 

574 

272 

817 

1,107 

736 

708 

883 

390 

254 

349 

1,302 

314 

619 

752 

221 

283 

670 

1,841 

301 

54 

356 

306 

2,544 

860 

3,279 

1,566 

445 

720 

644 

3,087 

1,515 

1,573 

1,214 

163 

3,319 

502 

582 

160 

3,743 

76 

1,014 

249 

3,082 

1,401 

1,009 

204 

1,164 

2,645 

745 

2,175 

987 

1,707 

737 

845 

1,226 

9,101 

848 

632 

901 

1,012 

459 

3,507 

1,209 

543 

203 

648 

959 

765 

955 

660 

298 

205 

409 

1,449 

203 

648 

1,214 

162 

285 

509 

1,919 

271 

35 

270.2 

118.4 

620.1 

190.0 

937.2 

682.5 

172.6 

575.4 

412.4 

440.1 

436.1 

322.5 

292.0 

67.9 

308.7 

266.8 

398.6 

130.7 

798.3 

41.4 

274.1 

81.2 

85.5 

484.6 

397.9 

98.6 

675.9 

118.0 

302.1 

717.7 

67.5 

346.2 

341.7 

349.6 

539.8 

249.4 

307.3 

858.8 

100.1 

448.6 

128.5 

556.8 

121.9 

262.0 

142.5 

771.3 

1,043.5 

180.4 

136.4 

16.6 

168.0 

52.5 

84.1 

1,099.5 

183.2 

127.0 

235.9 

327.1 

74.1 

304.6 

749.4 

293.8 

46.0 

276.9 

158.5 

. 

218.2 

1,224.2 

692.7 

205.3 

600.3 

539.6 

550.4 

274.3 

446.9 

400.6 

87.5 

267.0 

363.6 

326.1 

116.3 

591.6 

27.1 

216.0 

81.8 

183.9 

597.8 

388.0 

95.9 

638.7 

92.6 

297.7 

646.7 

88.7 

662.8 

445.3 

441.5 

486.1 

267.3 

299.5 

879.2 

80.5 

418.2 

248.3 

466.9 

98.5 

190.5 

125.7 

924.2 

1,234.9 

174.1 

131.3 

22.5 

188.9 

45.6 

67.2 

1,100.6 

246.4 

189.4 

219.9 

448.0 

61.3 

341.7 

931.6 

259.7 

68.9 

217.5 

121.3 

935.4 

245.3 

830.8 

612.3 

149.8 

577.7 

273.9 

425.2 

278.8 

385.5 

286.2 

120.1 

378.2 

295.0 

254.3 

99.2 

556.4 

20.6 

192.0 

65.5 

192.6 

509.9 

284.9 

89.2 

677.6 

78.1 

292.4 

598.7 

72.3 

399.6 

409.2 

371.5 

420.8 

227.1 

656.0 

640.2 

213.6 

491.9 

205.7 

415.0 

107.5 

125.9 

97.9 

986.4 

967.4 

180.0 

149.3 

64.0 

162.7 

34.9 

65.9 

971.7 

208.1 

152.2 

182.9 

196.1 

50.5 

365.6 

756.4 

184.4 

61.8 

132.8 

97.0 

650.0 

208.2 

846.8 

474.0 

139.9 

457.5 

238.2 

377.3 

223.4 

253.7 

152.0 

119.4 

307.3 

155.6 

185.4 

91.6 

603.6 

21.3 

113.2 

51.6 

167.7 

362.0 

303.5 

156.4 

520.2 

61.1 

250.7 

507.8 

97.2 

379.0 

373.6 

277.8 

476.0 

174.1 

663.6 

544.0 

162.2 

443.0 

138.5 

428.1 

94.1 

83.5 

107.8 

755.6 

881.1 

128.9 

104.2 

66.6 

104.9 

32.1 

42.6 

682.0 

218.7 

134.0 

163.7 

93.6 

72.4 

339.3 

637.4 

139.9 

53.7 

129.1 

113.8 

678.5 

250.8 

909.2 

445.0 

153.7 

426.7 

208.1 

204.0 

336.1 

212.2 

231.6 

101.3 

326.8 

170.5 

227.6 

86.8 

682.2 

21.6 

153.5 

57.6 

196.1 

327.2 

271.2 

182.7 

499.6 

61.9 

210.1 

479.6 

91.6 

353.1 

372.1 

301.3 

479.9 

233.4 

564.5 

560.0 

145.5 

443.8 

202.5 

443.3 

91.5 

79.0 

80.5 

599.3 

763.3 

133.9 

140.6 

49.7 

80.2 

25.9 

49.9 

759.0 

141.4 

140.3 

264.3 

68.6 

72.9 

257.8 

664.4 

126.0 

34.8 

U.S. CITY TOTAL 95,687 97,637 89,182 74,507 75,853 271.8 278.8 251.3 208.5 212.3 

San Juan, PR 77 52 102 102 83 16.1 10.8 21.3 21.3 17.3 

TOTAL 95,764 97,689 89,284 74,609 75,936 268.3 275.2 248.2 206.0 209.7 

*NR = No report 

90 Gonorrhea Tables STD Surveillance 1997
 

(see Appendix).
 
 

Table 20. Gonorrhea — Men — Reported cases and rates in selected cities of >200,000 population: 

United States and outlying areas, 1993–1997* 

City 1993 1994 

Cases 

1995 1996 1997 1993 

Rates per 100,000 Population 

1994 1995 1996 1997 

Akron, OH 

Albuquerque, NM 

Atlanta, GA 

Austin, TX 

Baltimore, MD 

Birmingham, AL 

Boston, MA 

Buffalo, NY 

Charlotte, NC 

Chicago, IL 

Cincinnati, OH 

Cleveland, OH 

Columbus, OH 

Corpus Christi, TX 

Dallas, TX 

Dayton, OH 

Denver, CO 

Des Moines, IA 

Detroit, MI 

El Paso, TX 

Fort Worth, TX 

Honolulu, HI 

Houston, TX 

Indianapolis, IN 

Jacksonville, FL 

Jersey City, NJ 

Kansas City, MO 

Los Angeles, CA 

Louisville, KY 

Memphis, TN 

Miami, FL 

Milwaukee, WI 

Minneapolis, MN 

Nashville, TN 

New Orleans, LA 

New York City, NY 

Newark, NJ 

Norfolk, VA 

Oakland, CA 

Oklahoma City, OK 

Omaha, NE 

Philadelphia, PA 

Phoenix, AZ 

Pittsburgh, PA 

Portland, OR 

Richmond, VA 

Rochester, NY 

Sacramento, CA 

San Antonio, TX 

San Diego, CA 

San Francisco, CA 

San Jose, CA 

Seattle, WA 

St Louis, MO 

St Paul, MN 

St Petersburg, FL 

Tampa, FL 

Toledo, OH 

Tucson, AZ 

Tulsa, OK 

Washington, DC 

Wichita, KS 

Yonkers, NY 

671 

253 

2,808 

672 

5,015 

3,046 

710 

955 

1,495 

12,382 

2,355 

2,819 

1,608 

256 

3,800 

718 

1,022 

248 

4,806 

141 

1,015 

487 

4,929 

2,182 

2,069 

213 

1,612 

5,922 

1,349 

3,808 

2,499 

1,765 

811 

1,430 

3,593 

9,560 

881 

1,507 

565 

846 

280 

5,994 

1,815 

1,882 

399 

1,180 

1,251 

426 

876 

3,051 

1,431 

363 

889 

3,473 

229 

695 

1,347 

772 

260 

764 

3,853 

652 

61 

524 

341 

. 

644 

4,507 

2,801 

614 

739 

2,559 

8,438 

1,569 

3,257 

1,924 

205 

3,539 

842 

908 

221 

5,347 

78 

1,381 

322 

4,616 

2,865 

2,156 

190 

1,532 

5,156 

1,580 

4,069 

1,920 

3,018 

1,056 

1,888 

2,794 

9,108 

1,006 

1,501 

640 

814 

492 

4,217 

1,626 

1,267 

395 

1,600 

1,311 

594 

872 

1,824 

1,188 

384 

672 

3,022 

302 

912 

1,195 

1,191 

210 

776 

4,009 

523 

62 

440 

301 

3,904 

785 

3,863 

2,146 

485 

707 

1,323 

6,079 

1,308 

2,855 

1,371 

181 

4,269 

726 

729 

181 

5,473 

87 

1,203 

259 

4,008 

2,523 

1,451 

123 

1,630 

4,574 

1,402 

3,397 

1,571 

2,206 

871 

1,587 

2,265 

7,707 

1,228 

945 

879 

913 

417 

3,235 

1,824 

723 

300 

1,301 

991 

805 

916 

1,237 

1,255 

219 

762 

2,528 

262 

839 

1,003 

478 

165 

737 

3,449 

319 

59 

277 

299 

2,774 

649 

3,441 

1,569 

416 

512 

1,086 

5,673 

432 

1,462 

675 

175 

2,674 

493 

517 

141 

3,736 

82 

583 

234 

3,363 

1,627 

1,223 

195 

1,189 

3,104 

1,170 

2,939 

1,269 

1,696 

808 

1,254 

1,797 

6,210 

1,712 

834 

710 

976 

296 

3,028 

1,663 

484 

292 

919 

1,019 

655 

641 

859 

1,236 

220 

576 

1,588 

283 

546 

822 

196 

235 

614 

2,591 

284 

44 

310 

238 

2,917 

671 

3,414 

1,531 

494 

452 

1,059 

8,411 

1,023 

1,153 

997 

188 

3,326 

566 

565 

170 

4,144 

79 

745 

229 

3,524 

1,511 

1,081 

169 

834 

3,165 

1,071 

2,701 

1,181 

1,596 

693 

1,205 

1,517 

6,491 

1,119 

815 

658 

1,068 

358 

2,997 

1,798 

483 

275 

809 

908 

606 

796 

805 

1,212 

264 

517 

1,439 

180 

553 

1,032 

184 

290 

539 

2,637 

256 

44 

266.6 

102.3 

869.7 

213.1 

1,502.7 

993.2 

267.2 

608.2 

566.4 

872.3 

571.0 

425.9 

333.5 

171.4 

400.5 

260.1 

426.2 

151.6 

952.5 

45.0 

166.3 

110.9 

329.8 

563.2 

603.6 

201.4 

774.3 

139.1 

425.9 

942.4 

260.8 

392.7 

439.5 

577.2 

1,589.1 

277.5 

638.2 

1,156.5 

95.6 

407.2 

135.6 

837.7 

162.3 

301.7 

170.5 

1,281.5 

1,064.2 

79.3 

143.9 

229.8 

391.6 

46.4 

114.3 

2,026.4 

173.2 

172.1 

319.1 

352.4 

74.9 

421.2 

1,427.5 

317.7 

67.3 

207.1 173.1 108.7 

135.4 117.9 116.0 

. 1,167.4 807.8 

199.2 236.1 190.3 

1,374.6 1,198.9 1,093.2 

912.9 697.9 506.1 

232.5 181.3 154.2 

471.9 453.7 331.0 

943.4 474.3 376.8 

594.4 428.6 401.8 

381.9 319.7 106.2 

493.8 434.3 221.5 

396.9 281.2 137.9 

134.9 118.4 113.0 

369.9 442.1 271.6 

307.0 265.4 181.3 

378.3 303.3 213.5 

133.7 108.3 83.1 

1,067.1 1,097.2 753.7 

24.2 26.5 24.7 

221.9 190.0 90.5 

72.7 58.4 53.2 

304.7 261.7 216.2 

736.6 648.7 417.9 

628.6 424.4 350.3 

179.9 116.9 184.6 

734.4 780.1 558.3 

121.0 107.6 72.7 

498.0 441.4 367.4 

995.8 824.0 710.1 

198.3 161.8 127.1 

677.6 498.8 386.5 

569.5 468.2 431.3 

753.9 629.3 492.5 

1,244.3 1,014.0 812.5 

264.1 224.0 178.4 

733.4 903.0 1,260.7 

1,179.8 757.2 691.7 

108.1 148.1 119.4 

388.0 433.8 458.8 

237.0 199.0 139.5 

595.2 464.5 440.9 

140.5 152.0 128.9 

204.4 117.6 79.5 

168.0 127.0 121.3 

1,745.7 1,443.7 1,019.6 

1,115.5 847.1 871.3 

110.4 148.9 119.9 

140.6 145.8 100.3 

136.5 92.3 64.6 

324.9 345.7 339.9 

48.7 27.7 27.2 

85.9 96.9 72.0 

1,801.1 1,546.3 988.4 

229.0 199.0 213.5 

225.1 206.2 134.2 

280.6 232.8 187.6 

544.8 219.9 90.5 

58.7 44.8 62.4 

425.8 403.8 331.4 

1,515.1 1,334.1 1,018.5 

254.3 155.1 137.0 

68.2 64.7 48.1 

121.6 

92.4 

849.4 

196.8 

1,084.7 

493.8 

183.1 

292.2 

367.5 

595.7 

251.4 

174.7 

203.7 

121.4 

337.8 

208.2 

233.3 

100.2 

836.0 

23.8 

115.6 

52.1 

226.6 

388.1 

309.6 

160.5 

391.6 

74.1 

336.3 

652.6 

118.3 

363.7 

369.9 

473.3 

685.9 

186.5 

826.2 

676.0 

110.6 

502.0 

168.7 

436.4 

139.4 

79.4 

114.2 

897.5 

776.4 

111.0 

124.6 

60.6 

333.3 

32.6 

64.6 

895.6 

135.8 

135.9 

235.5 

84.9 

77.0 

290.9 

1,036.6 

123.5 

48.1 

U.S. CITY TOTAL 124,766 115,313 101,779 79,067 82,063 376.6 349.8 304.8 234.6 243.5 

San Juan, PR 215 204 247 241 150 54.8 52.0 62.9 61.4 38.2 

TOTAL 124,981 115,517 102,026 79,308 82,213 372.8 346.3 302.0 232.6 241.1 

*NR = No report (see Appendix).
 

STD Surveillance 1997 Gonorrhea Tables 91
 
 

mmmmmmmmmmmm mmmmmmmmmmmmm

mmmmmmmmmmmm mmmmmmmmmmmmm

Table 21. Gonococcal Isolate Surveillance Project (GISP) — Resistance of Neisseria gonorrhoeae from 

selected cities to penicillin and tetracycline, 1994–1997* 

Clinic 

Total 

Isolates 

Penicillin 

Resistance 

No. 

1994 

% 

Tetracycline 

Resistance

 No. % 

Total 

Isolates 

Penicillin 

Resistance 

No. 

1995 

% 

Tetracycline 

Resistance 

No. % 

Albuquerque, NM 

Anchorage, AK 

Atlanta, GA 

Baltimore, MD 

Birmingham, AL 

Chicago, IL 

Cincinnati, OH 

Cleveland, OH 

Denver, CO 

Fort Bragg, NC 

Fort Lewis, WA 

Honolulu, HI 

Kansas City, MO 

Long Beach, CA 

Minneapolis, MN 

Nassau County, NY 

New Orleans, LA 

Orange County, CA 

Philadelphia, PA 

Phoenix, AZ 

Portland, OR 

San Diego, CA 

Seattle, WA 

San Francisco, CA 

St Louis, MO 

San Antonio, TX 

West Palm Beach, FL 

158 

171 

229 

240 

240 

NR 

218 

240 

240 

NR 

78 

74 

240 

214 

240 

161 

210 

201 

228 

228 

240 

240 

206 

240 

NR 

221 

239 

19 

1 

46 

41 

37 

NR 

39 

42 

32 

NR 

9 

23 

24 

44 

22 

61 

37 

51 

58 

18 

20 

32 

14 

26 

NR 

32 

68 

12.0 34 

0.6 3 

20.1 86 

17.1 63 

15.4 110 

NR .NR 

17.9 136 

17.5 64 

13.3 33 

NR NR 

11.5 14 

31.1 22 

10.0 13 

20.6 34 

9.2 25 

37.9 56 

17.6 79 

25.4 18 

25.4 67 

7.9 18 

8.3 17 

13.3 31 

6.8 25 

10.8 36 

NR NR 

14.5 55 

28.5 86 

21.5 

1.8 

37.6 

26.3 

45.8 

NR 

62.4 

26.7 

13.8 

NR 

17.9 

29.7 

5.4 

15.9 

10.4 

34.8 

37.6 

9.0 

29.4 

7.9 

7.1 

12.9 

12.1 

15.0 

NR 

24.9 

36.0 

167 

123 

227 

240 

239 

NR 

173 

227 

240 

NR 

68 

61 

240 

217 

240 

180 

190 

144 

232 

240 

240 

240 

230 

240 

93 

154 

229 

5 

5 

51 

50 

53 

NR 

23 

34 

14 

NR 

12 

18 

8 

44 

14 

54 

25 

24 

52 

16 

5 

20 

21 

13 

16 

17 

105 

3.0 25 15.0 

4.1 7 5.7 

22.5 124 54.6 

20.8 76 31.7 

22.2 60 25.1 

NR NR NR 

13.3 98 56.6 

15.0 88 38.8 

5.8 21 8.8 

NR NR NR 

17.6 6 8.8 

29.5 14 23.0 

3.3 9 3.8 

20.3 46 21.2 

5.8 13 5.4 

30.0 30 16.7 

13.2 142 74.7 

16.7 36 25.0 

22.4 32 13.8 

6.7 24 10.0 

2.1 15 6.3 

8.3 24 10.0 

9.1 52 22.6 

5.4 45 18.8 

17.2 29 31.2 

11.0 84 54.5 

45.9 135 59.0 

TOTAL 4,996 796 15.9 1,125 22.5 4,874 699 14.3 1,235 25.3 

Clinic 

Total 

Isolates 

Penicillin 

Resistance 

No. 

1996 

% 

Tetracycline 

Resistance

 No. % 

Total 

Isolates 

Penicillin 

Resistance 

No. 

1997mmmmmmmmmmmm 

% 

Tetracycline 

Resistance

 No. % 

Albuquerque, NM 171 25 14.6 55 32.2 181 38 21.0 50 27.6 

Anchorage, AK 49 0 0.0 1 2.0 16 4 25.0 1 6.3 

Atlanta, GA 193 24 12.4 80 41.5 202 31 15.3 64 31.7 

Baltimore, MD 240 51 21.3 95 39.6 237 52 21.9 61 25.7 

Birmingham, AL 240 67 27.9 95 39.6 240 57 23.8 93 38.8 

Chicago, IL 178 37 20.8 37 20.8 223 41 18.4 34 15.2 

Cincinnati, OH 181 22 12.2 57 31.5 184 25 13.6 68 37.0 

Cleveland, OH 240 45 18.8 78 32.5 215 29 13.5 67 31.2 

Denver, CO 240 29 12.1 18 7.5 239 33 13.8 23 9.6 

Fort Bragg, NC NR NR NR NR NR 46 4 8.7 7 15.2 

Fort Lewis, WA 44 5 11.4 8 18.2 32 6 18.8 7 21.9 

Honolulu, HI 77 8 10.4 8 10.4 42 8 19.0 10 23.8 

Kansas City, MO 240 10 4.2 17 7.1 240 15 6.3 22 9.2 

Long Beach, CA 129 30 23.3 27 20.9 163 38 23.3 43 26.4 

Minneapolis, MN 240 30 12.5 21 8.8 240 37 15.4 36 15.0 

Nassau County, NY 63 11 17.5 11 17.5 40 4 10.0 6 15.0 

New Orleans, LA 137 19 13.9 47 34.3 158 25 15.8 43 27.2 

Orange County, CA 138 27 19.6 25 18.1 94 24 25.5 27 28.7 

Philadelphia, PA 239 35 14.6 40 16.7 228 21 9.2 45 19.7 

Phoenix, AZ 240 37 15.4 46 19.2 223 49 22.0 29 13.0 

Portland, OR 235 28 11.9 18 7.7 214 75 35.0 73 34.1 

San Diego, CA 220 34 15.5 25 11.4 212 33 15.6 66 31.1 

Seattle, WA 173 36 20.8 46 26.6 162 53 32.7 62 38.3 

San Francisco, CA 240 13 5.4 37 15.4 240 48 20.0 86 35.8 

St Louis, MO 231 41 17.7 66 28.6 226 37 16.4 70 31.0 

San Antonio, TX 87 9 10.3 35 40.2 39 5 12.8 7 17.9 

West Palm Beach, FL 174 28 16.1 64 36.8 176 14 8.0 67 38.1 

TOTAL 4,639 701 15.1 1,057 22.8 4,512 806 17.9 1,167 25.9 

*NR = No report available 

NOTE: Resistance categories include both plasmid-mediated and chromosomally mediated resistance. Penicillin and tetracycline resistance 

categories are not mutually exclusive; many isolates are resistant to both antibiotics. 

92 Gonorrhea Tables STD Surveillance 1997 
 

Table 22. All stages of syphilis — Reported cases and rates by state/area: United States and outlying areas, 

1993–1997 

State/Area 1993 1994 

Cases 

1995 1996 1997 1993 

Rates per 100,000 Population 

1994 1995 1996 1997 

Alabama 2,334 1,933 1,640 1,889 1,481 55.8 45.8 38.6 44.2 34.7 

Alaska 51 22 20 15 12 8.5 3.6 3.3 2.5 2.0 

Arizona 557 419 417 468 600 14.1 10.3 9.9 10.6 13.5 

Arkansas 1,600 1,328 1,271 843 562 66.0 54.1 51.2 33.6 22.4 

California 9,488 7,321 5,747 4,420 3,823 30.4 23.3 18.2 13.9 12.0 

Colorado 287 296 303 162 154 8.1 8.1 8.1 4.2 4.0 

Connecticut 562 337 270 334 320 17.1 10.3 8.2 10.2 9.8 

Delaware 274 138 129 124 113 39.2 19.5 18.0 17.1 15.6 

Florida 7,417 5,048 3,470 2,911 2,746 54.0 36.2 24.5 20.2 19.1 

Georgia 4,077 3,185 3,666 2,954 2,833 59.1 45.1 50.9 40.2 38.5 

Hawaii 41 41 25 30 44 3.5 3.5 2.1 2.5 3.7 

Idaho 15 10 12 24 24 1.4 0.9 1.0 2.0 2.0 

Illinois 4,881 3,877 3,712 2,071 1,953 41.8 33.0 31.4 17.5 16.5 

Indiana 1,019 844 870 674 522 17.9 14.7 15.0 11.5 8.9 

Iowa 175 235 170 86 72 6.2 8.3 6.0 3.0 2.5 

Kansas 293 187 150 136 145 11.6 7.3 5.8 5.3 5.6 

Kentucky 651 534 503 399 403 17.2 14.0 13.0 10.3 10.4 

Louisiana 6,854 5,422 3,692 2,409 1,808 159.8 125.7 85.0 55.4 41.6 

Maine 29 9 4 4 13 2.3 0.7 0.3 0.3 1.0 

Maryland 1,865 1,538 1,680 2,232 2,453 37.6 30.7 33.3 44.0 48.4 

Massachusetts 935 622 506 633 731 15.5 10.3 8.3 10.4 12.0 

Michigan 1,952 1,234 1,202 851 785 20.6 13.0 12.6 8.9 8.2 

Minnesota 261 201 187 116 124 5.8 4.4 4.1 2.5 2.7 

Mississippi 4,269 4,547 4,532 2,366 1,439 161.7 170.3 168.0 87.1 53.0 

Missouri 2,500 1,985 1,265 618 494 47.8 37.6 23.8 11.5 9.2 

Montana 4 9 13 4 5 0.5 1.1 1.5 0.5 0.6 

Nebraska 35 46 35 27 32 2.2 2.8 2.1 1.6 1.9 

Nevada 139 171 193 142 102 10.1 11.7 12.6 8.9 6.4 

New Hampshire 50 18 32 29 23 4.4 1.6 2.8 2.5 2.0 

New Jersey 2,556 2,188 1,469 1,458 1,129 32.5 27.7 18.5 18.3 14.1 

New Mexico 172 178 138 78 103 10.6 10.8 8.2 4.6 6.0 

New York 12,493 9,376 8,881 6,530 5,639 68.8 51.6 49.0 35.9 31.0 

North Carolina 4,448 4,023 3,066 2,670 2,206 64.0 56.9 42.6 36.5 30.1 

North Dakota 4 1 0 0 0 0.6 0.2 0.0 0.0 0.0 

Ohio 2,889 2,740 1,938 1,324 761 26.1 24.7 17.4 11.9 6.8 

Oklahoma 721 497 589 467 405 22.3 15.3 18.0 14.1 12.3 

Oregon 179 100 67 70 48 5.9 3.2 2.1 2.2 1.5 

Pennsylvania 4,257 2,738 1,946 1,440 1,182 35.4 22.7 16.1 11.9 9.8 

Rhode Island 146 141 90 72 84 14.6 14.1 9.1 7.3 8.5 

South Carolina 2,339 1,945 1,666 1,282 1,135 64.4 53.1 45.4 34.7 30.7 

South Dakota 3 8 7 2 7 0.4 1.1 1.0 0.3 1.0 

Tennessee 3,241 2,978 2,604 2,321 2,366 63.6 57.5 49.5 43.6 44.5 

Texas 9,904 9,028 7,926 5,897 5,384 55.0 49.1 42.3 30.8 28.1 

Utah 68 51 50 49 56 3.7 2.7 2.6 2.4 2.8 

Vermont 1 1 0 1 1 0.2 0.2 0.0 0.2 0.2 

Virginia 1,970 1,919 1,590 1,265 1,103 30.4 29.3 24.0 19.0 16.5 

Washington 360 281 212 129 132 6.8 5.3 3.9 2.3 2.4 

West Virginia 195 179 65 59 19 10.7 9.8 3.6 3.2 1.0 

Wisconsin 1,113 797 585 496 315 22.1 15.7 11.4 9.6 6.1 

Wyoming 9 3 2 8 1 1.9 0.6 0.4 1.7 0.2 

U.S. TOTAL1 101,335 81,696 69,329 53,215 46,537 39.3 31.4 26.4 20.1 17.5 

Guam 5 7 6 3 1 3.5 5.0 4.3 2.1 0.7 

Puerto Rico 2,482 2,018 1,619 1,470 1,575 68.5 54.8 43.5 39.5 42.3 

Virgin Islands 39 30 19 17 10 35.2 27.1 17.1 15.3 9.0 

OUTLYING AREAS 2,526 2,055 1,644 1,490 1,586 65.2 52.2 41.4 37.5 39.9 

TOTAL 103,861 83,751 70,973 54,705 48,123 39.7 31.7 26.6 20.3 17.9 

1

Includes cases reported by Washington, D.C. 

STD Surveillance 1997 Syphilis Tables 93 
 

Table 23. All stages of syphilis — Reported cases and rates in selected cities of >200,000 population: 

United States and outlying areas, 1993–1997 

City 1993 1994 

Cases 

1995 1996 1997 1993 

Rates per 100,000 Population 

1994 1995 1996 1997 

Akron, OH 13 13 8 8 4 2.5 2.5 1.5 1.5 0.8 

Albuquerque, NM 84 87 41 33 56 16.6 16.9 7.8 6.3 10.6 

Atlanta, GA 1,226 917 1,079 835 870 181.2 132.8 154.0 116.2 121.1 

Austin, TX 292 260 183 88 98 46.3 40.2 27.5 12.9 14.3 

Baltimore, MD 507 673 1,089 1,552 1,780 70.9 95.7 157.6 229.8 263.5 

Birmingham, AL 765 664 640 703 477 116.5 101.1 97.3 106.2 72.1 

Boston, MA 338 219 193 257 305 61.2 39.9 34.7 46.0 54.5 

Buffalo, NY 117 52 32 22 23 35.6 15.9 9.8 6.8 7.1 

Charlotte, NC 535 506 347 312 153 97.5 89.8 59.9 52.2 25.6 

Chicago, IL 3,368 2,335 2,244 1,254 1,314 114.1 79.1 76.1 42.9 44.9 

Cincinnati, OH 668 839 399 166 93 76.7 96.7 46.2 19.4 10.8 

Cleveland, OH 1,525 1,160 752 378 250 108.3 82.7 53.8 27.0 17.8 

Columbus, OH 70 71 31 89 117 7.0 7.1 3.1 8.8 11.5 

Corpus Christi, TX 49 83 62 29 22 16.0 26.7 19.8 9.2 7.0 

Dallas, TX 1,322 1,130 1,025 790 717 68.6 58.2 52.3 39.5 35.8 

Dayton, OH 129 236 400 367 126 22.4 41.2 70.1 64.8 22.2 

Denver, CO 146 177 179 67 70 29.6 35.9 36.2 13.5 14.1 

Des Moines, IA 77 110 92 34 26 22.5 31.8 26.3 9.6 7.3 

Detroit, MI 1,190 775 709 525 586 111.8 73.3 67.4 50.3 56.1 

El Paso, TX 222 183 141 118 114 34.3 27.5 20.8 17.2 16.7 

Fort Worth, TX 834 592 491 378 299 67.6 47.1 38.4 29.0 22.9 

Honolulu, HI 40 41 22 26 39 4.6 4.7 2.5 3.0 4.5 

Houston, TX 3,450 2,909 2,691 2,054 1,944 114.8 95.5 87.5 65.7 62.2 

Indianapolis, IN 283 176 168 186 125 34.7 21.5 20.5 22.8 15.3 

Jacksonville, FL 217 289 192 228 206 30.9 41.1 27.4 31.6 28.6 

Jersey City, NJ 208 171 138 96 120 95.3 78.4 63.5 44.1 55.2 

Kansas City, MO 287 168 68 39 16 65.6 38.4 15.5 8.7 3.6 

Los Angeles, CA 9,367 8,139 2,987 2,186 1,627 109.6 95.0 34.9 25.6 19.0 

Louisville, KY 434 325 272 228 232 64.7 48.3 40.4 33.9 34.5 

Memphis, TN 1,899 1,738 1,596 1,370 1,433 223.8 202.7 184.5 157.9 165.2 

Miami, FL 2,041 1,453 1,007 876 875 101.9 71.8 49.6 42.2 42.1 

Milwaukee, WI 943 688 464 397 273 99.6 73.3 49.8 43.0 29.6 

Minneapolis, MN 132 122 86 52 53 34.7 31.9 22.4 13.5 13.8 

Nashville, TN 381 234 202 293 412 73.0 44.4 38.1 54.8 77.0 

New Orleans, LA 1,120 845 649 520 462 229.8 174.5 134.7 109.1 96.9 

New York City, NY 10,513 8,001 7,883 5,802 4,957 143.5 109.1 107.8 78.6 67.2 

Newark, NJ 563 518 396 368 356 192.8 178.6 137.7 128.6 124.4 

Norfolk, VA 234 247 279 224 155 95.0 102.3 117.4 96.0 66.4 

Oakland, CA 431 336 162 131 126 35.8 27.9 13.4 10.8 10.4 

Oklahoma City, OK 391 299 291 231 211 90.6 68.6 66.6 52.4 47.9 

Omaha, NE 24 28 21 1 15 5.6 6.5 4.8 0.2 3.4 

Philadelphia, PA 3,752 2,394 1,694 1,293 1,093 243.8 157.1 113.0 87.5 74.0 

Phoenix, AZ 325 237 270 343 474 14.3 10.1 11.1 13.1 18.2 

Pittsburgh, PA 58 39 27 16 21 4.4 3.0 2.1 1.2 1.6 

Portland, OR 107 63 42 45 23 22.3 13.1 8.7 9.1 4.7 

Richmond, VA 203 128 122 171 136 100.5 63.5 61.5 86.2 68.6 

Rochester, NY 239 200 104 68 32 97.8 81.9 42.8 28.0 13.2 

Sacramento, CA 123 128 79 55 50 11.2 11.7 7.2 4.9 4.5 

San Antonio, TX 518 491 394 378 309 41.2 38.4 30.4 28.7 23.4 

San Diego, CA 535 492 365 222 243 20.5 18.7 13.8 8.4 9.2 

San Francisco, CA 160 89 84 150 171 21.8 12.1 11.5 20.4 23.3 

San Jose, CA 131 72 74 68 92 8.5 4.6 4.7 4.3 5.8 

Seattle, WA 180 126 93 59 58 11.4 7.9 5.8 3.6 3.6 

St Louis, MO 1,525 1,212 738 333 256 405.3 329.2 205.7 94.7 72.8 

St Paul, MN 37 27 28 17 8 13.4 9.8 10.2 6.2 2.9 

St Petersburg, FL 419 317 168 86 79 48.5 36.6 19.3 9.9 9.1 

Tampa, FL 524 355 277 314 207 60.5 40.6 31.3 35.0 23.1 

Toledo, OH 208 79 52 63 25 45.3 17.3 11.4 13.9 5.5 

Tucson, AZ 152 104 78 61 52 21.4 14.2 10.4 7.9 6.8 

Tulsa, OK 151 52 106 106 66 40.2 13.8 28.0 27.7 17.2 

Washington, DC 1,652 967 721 626 645 285.8 170.5 130.1 115.2 118.7 

Wichita, KS 37 27 42 58 69 8.8 6.4 10.0 13.7 16.3 

Yonkers, NY 80 74 64 33 34 42.0 38.7 33.4 17.2 17.7 

U.S. CITY TOTAL 57,551 45,482 35,333 27,878 25,280 84.2 66.2 51.3 40.1 36.4 

San Juan, PR 1,298 1,015 692 721 718 148.8 116.4 79.3 82.7 82.3 

TOTAL 58,849 46,497 36,025 28,599 25,998 85.0 66.9 51.6 40.7 37.0 

94 Syphilis Tables STD Surveillance 1997 

 

1994 

Table 24A. Primary and secondary syphilis — Reported cases by age, gender, and race/ethnicity: 

United States, 1994–1997 

Total White, Non-Hispanic Black, Non-Hispanic 

Age Group Total Male Female Total Male Female Total Male Female 

10-14 

15-19 

20-24 

25-29 

30-34 

35-39 

40-44 

45-54 

55-64 

65+ 

TOTAL 

118 

2,234 

4,071 

3,819 

3,755 

2,893 

1,632 

1,364 

504 

195 

20,618 

9 

747 

1,821 

1,759 

1,922 

1,722 

1,079 

1,013 

409 

168 

10,666 

109 

1,487 

2,250 

2,060 

1,833 

1,171 

553 

351 

95 

27 

9,952 

10 

167 

291 

304 

382 

272 

168 

164 

74 

23 

1,856 

1 

44 

102 

134 

189 

162 

121 

119 

64 

21 

957 

9 

123 

189 

170 

193 

110 

47 

45 

10 

2 

899 

105 

1,996 

3,603 

3,321 

3,198 

2,492 

1,396 

1,150 

392 

159 

17,843 

8 

662 

1,619 

1,507 

1,609 

1,474 

912 

862 

312 

137 

9,119 

97 

1,334 

1,984 

1,814 

1,589 

1,018 

484 

288 

80 

22 

8,724 

1995 

Total White, Non-Hispanic Black, Non-Hispanic 

Age Group Total Male Female Total Male Female Total Male Female 

10-14 

15-19 

20-24 

25-29 

30-34 

35-39 

40-44 

45-54 

55-64 

65+ 

TOTAL 

106 

1,796 

3,067 

2,853 

2,919 

2,412 

1,471 

1,272 

385 

186 

16,502 

11 

604 

1,476 

1,390 

1,482 

1,369 

979 

939 

311 

149 

8,728 

95 

1,192 

1,591 

1,463 

1,437 

1,043 

492 

333 

74 

37 

7,774 

5 

132 

242 

258 

255 

253 

153 

140 

51 

29 

1,519 

0 

28 

99 

121 

130 

146 

100 

108 

45 

23 

801 

5 

104 

143 

137 

125 

107 

53 

32 

6 

6 

718 

98 

1,601 

2,683 

2,433 

2,506 

2,043 

1,264 

1,067 

317 

139 

14,185 

11 

555 

1,303 

1,174 

1,260 

1,148 

839 

784 

254 

111 

7,456 

87 

1,046 

1,380 

1,259 

1,246 

895 

425 

283 

63 

28 

6,729 

1996 

Total White, Non-Hispanic Black, Non-Hispanic 

Age Group Total Male Female Total Male Female Total Male Female 

10-14 

15-19 

20-24 

25-29 

30-34 

35-39 

40-44 

45-54 

55-64 

65+ 

TOTAL 

49 

1,125 

1,933 

1,889 

2,001 

1,854 

1,122 

967 

281 

107 

11,339 

6 

388 

875 

919 

1,026 

1,022 

703 

714 

234 

93 

5,982 

43 

737 

1,058 

970 

975 

832 

419 

253 

47 

14 

5,357 

3 

107 

162 

211 

197 

203 

110 

130 

55 

18 

1,197 

0 

28 

41 

99 

103 

107 

65 

97 

48 

18 

606 

3 

79 

121 

112 

94 

96 

45 

33 

7 

0 

591 

43 

968 

1,645 

1,562 

1,704 

1,563 

962 

795 

210 

78 

9,540 

6 

340 

762 

738 

853 

854 

605 

585 

172 

66 

4,983 

37 

628 

883 

824 

851 

709 

357 

210 

38 

12 

4,557 

1997 

Total White, Non-Hispanic Black, Non-Hispanic 

Age Group Total Male Female Total Male Female Total Male Female 

10-14 

15-19 

20-24 

25-29 

30-34 

35-39 

40-44 

45-54 

55-64 

65+ 

TOTAL 

43 

775 

1,317 

1,434 

1,469 

1,405 

941 

770 

255 

108 

8,529 

4 

253 

618 

720 

756 

779 

625 

565 

223 

100 

4,648 

39 

522 

699 

714 

713 

626 

316 

205 

32 

8 

3,881 

4 

70 

110 

143 

161 

197 

106 

108 

52 

26 

978 

0 

16 

44 

67 

72 

101 

74 

82 

44 

25 

525 

4 

54 

66 

76 

89 

96 

32 

26 

8 

1 

453 

36 

647 

1,115 

1,179 

1,221 

1,151 

785 

620 

186 

74 

7,025 

3 

213 

517 

568 

627 

637 

520 

456 

162 

67 

3,775 

33 

434 

598 

611 

594 

514 

265 

164 

24 

7 

3,250 

NOTE: In most instances, if age or race/ethnicity was not specified, cases were prorated according to the distribution of cases for which these variables were specified. In 1996, cases from Rhode Island were excluded because race was not reported for most cases. Differences between total 

cases from this table and others in the report are due to different reporting forms and above exclusions. Cases aged 0 to 9 years are not shown because some of these may not be due to sexual transmission; however, they are included in the totals. 

96 Syphilis Tables STD Surveillance 1997 
 

1994 

Table 24A. Primary and secondary syphilis — Reported cases by age, gender, and race/ethnicity: United States, 

1994–1997 (continued) 

Hispanic Asian/Pacific Islander American Indian/Alaska Native 

Age Group Total Male Female Total Male Female Total Male Female 

10-14 

15-19 

20-24 

25-29 

30-34 

35-39 

40-44 

45-54 

55-64 

65+ 

TOTAL 

3 

62 

160 

160 

153 

108 

64 

47 

35 

11 

804 

0 

38 

90 

99 

109 

74 

43 

31 

31 

9 

524 

3 

24 

70 

61 

44 

34 

21 

16 

4 

2 

280 

0 

5 

12 

22 

13 

12 

1 

3 

3 

2 

73 

0 

1 

8 

15 

11 

8 

1 

1 

2 

1 

48 

0 

4 

4 

7 

2 

4 

0 

2 

1 

1 

25 

0 

4 

5 

12 

9 

9 

3 

0 

0 

0 

42 

0 

2 

2 

4 

4 

4 

2 

0 

0 

0 

18 

0 

2 

3 

8 

5 

5 

1 

0 

0 

0 

24 

1995 

Hispanic Asian/Pacific Islander American Indian/Alaska Native 

Age Group Total Male Female Total Male Female Total Male Female 

10-14 

15-19 

20-24 

25-29 

30-34 

35-39 

40-44 

45-54 

55-64 

65+ 

TOTAL 

3 

53 

126 

141 

134 

108 

46 

57 

16 

14 

698 

0 

20 

70 

86 

81 

72 

36 

43 

11 

11 

430 

3 

33 

56 

55 

53 

36 

10 

14 

5 

3 

268 

0 

3 

12 

9 

15 

5 

4 

3 

1 

2 

54 

0 

0 

1 

3 

6 

1 

2 

1 

1 

2 

17 

0 

3 

11 

6 

9 

4 

2 

2 

0 

0 

37 

0 

7 

4 

12 

9 

3 

4 

5 

0 

2 

46 

0 

1 

3 

6 

5 

2 

2 

3 

0 

2 

24 

0 

6 

1 

6 

4 

1 

2 

2 

0 

0 

22 

1996 

Hispanic Asian/Pacific Islander American Indian/Alaska Native 

Age Group Total Male Female Total Male Female Total Male Female 

10-14 

15-19 

20-24 

25-29 

30-34 

35-39 

40-44 

45-54 

55-64 

65+ 

TOTAL 

3 

43 

106 

100 

85 

78 

40 

32 

16 

9 

512 

0 

18 

65 

72 

63 

55 

30 

22 

14 

7 

346 

3 

25 

41 

28 

22 

23 

10 

10 

2 

2 

166 

0 

5 

13 

10 

6 

6 

5 

3 

0 

2 

50 

0 

1 

5 

6 

3 

4 

3 

3 

0 

2 

27 

0 

4 

8 

4 

3 

2 

2 

0 

0 

0 

23 

0 

2 

7 

6 

9 

4 

5 

7 

0 

0 

40 

0 

1 

2 

4 

4 

2 

0 

7 

0 

0 

20 

0 

1 

5 

2 

5 

2 

5 

0 

0 

0 

20 

1997 

Hispanic Asian/Pacific Islander American Indian/Alaska Native 

Age Group Total Male Female Total Male Female Total Male Female 

10-14 

15-19 

20-24 

25-29 

30-34 

35-39 

40-44 

45-54 

55-64 

65+ 

TOTAL 

3 

54 

79 

101 

74 

49 

38 

31 

17 

8 

454 

1 

23 

53 

76 

52 

37 

24 

20 

17 

8 

311 

2 

31 

26 

25 

22 

12 

14 

11 

0 

0 

143 

0 

3 

6 

4 

7 

3 

5 

4 

0 

0 

32 

0 

1 

1 

4 

3 

2 

2 

2 

0 

0 

15 

0 

2 

5 

0 

4 

1 

3 

2 

0 

0 

17 

0 

1 

7 

7 

6 

5 

7 

7 

0 

0 

40 

0 

0 

3 

5 

2 

2 

5 

5 

0 

0 

22 

0 

1 

4 

2 

4 

3 

2 

2 

0 

0 

18 

STD Surveillance 1997 Syphilis Tables 97 
 

1994 

Table 24B. Primary and secondary syphilis — Reported rates per 100,000 population by age, gender, and 

race/ethnicity: United States, 1994–1997 

Total White, Non-Hispanic Black, Non-Hispanic 

Age Goup Total Male Female Total Male Female Total Male Female 

10-14 0.6 0.1 1.2 0.1 0.0 0.1 3.8 0.6 7.2 

15-19 12.7 8.3 17.3 1.4 0.7 2.1 76.5 50.1 103.5 

20-24 22.2 19.6 25.0 2.3 1.6 3.0 141.9 129.9 153.4 

25-29 19.9 18.3 21.6 2.3 2.0 2.6 134.2 128.3 139.5 

30-34 16.9 17.4 16.5 2.4 2.4 2.4 118.8 128.2 110.5 

35-39 13.2 15.8 10.6 1.7 2.0 1.3 95.5 121.3 73.1 

40-44 8.3 11.1 5.5 1.1 1.6 0.6 63.2 89.4 40.7 

45-54 4.6 6.9 2.3 0.7 1.0 0.4 38.9 64.5 17.8 

55-64 2.4 4.1 0.9 0.4 0.8 0.1 19.4 35.6 7.0 

65+ 0.6 1.2 0.1 0.1 0.2 0.0 6.1 13.6 1.4 

TOTAL 7.9 8.4 7.5 1.0 1.0 0.9 57.2 61.8 53.1 

1995 

Total White, Non-Hispanic Black, Non-Hispanic 

Age Group Total Male Female Total Male Female Total Male Female 

10-14 0.6 0.1 1.0 0.0 0.0 0.1 3.5 0.8 6.4 

15-19 10.1 6.6 13.8 1.1 0.4 1.8 60.9 41.6 80.6 

20-24 17.0 16.1 17.9 2.0 1.6 2.4 105.9 104.5 107.2 

25-29 15.3 14.9 15.8 2.0 1.9 2.1 100.5 102.1 99.1 

30-34 13.2 13.4 12.9 1.6 1.6 1.6 92.7 99.9 86.4 

35-39 10.8 12.3 9.3 1.5 1.8 1.3 76.1 91.6 62.5 

40-44 7.4 9.9 4.9 1.0 1.3 0.7 55.4 79.6 34.6 

45-54 4.1 6.2 2.1 0.6 0.9 0.3 34.6 56.3 16.8 

55-64 1.8 3.1 0.7 0.3 0.6 0.1 15.6 28.8 5.5 

65+ 0.6 1.1 0.2 0.1 0.2 0.0 5.3 10.8 1.7 

TOTAL 6.3 6.8 5.8 0.8 0.8 0.7 44.9 49.9 40.4 

1996 

Total White, Non-Hispanic Black, Non-Hispanic 

Age Group Total Male Female Total Male Female Total Male Female 

10-14 0.3 0.1 0.5 0.0 0.0 0.0 1.6 0.4 2.7 

15-19 6.4 4.3 8.6 0.9 0.5 1.4 36.9 25.5 48.5 

20-24 10.8 9.6 12.0 1.3 0.7 2.0 65.0 61.2 68.7 

25-29 10.2 9.9 10.5 1.7 1.6 1.8 64.6 64.3 64.9 

30-34 9.1 9.3 8.8 1.2 1.3 1.2 63.1 67.7 59.1 

35-39 8.3 9.2 7.4 1.2 1.3 1.2 58.3 68.2 49.6 

40-44 5.6 7.1 4.2 0.7 0.9 0.6 42.2 57.5 29.1 

45-54 3.1 4.7 1.6 0.5 0.8 0.3 25.8 42.0 12.5 

55-64 1.3 2.4 0.4 0.3 0.6 0.1 10.3 19.5 3.3 

65+ 0.3 0.7 0.1 0.1 0.2 0.0 3.0 6.5 0.7 

TOTAL 4.3 4.7 4.0 0.6 0.6 0.6 30.2 33.4 27.4 

1997 

Total White, Non-Hispanic Black, Non-Hispanic 

Age Group Total Male Female Total Male Female Total Male Female 

10-14 0.2 0.0 0.4 0.0 0.0 0.1 1.3 0.2 2.4 

15-19 4.2 2.6 5.8 0.6 0.2 0.9 23.4 15.2 31.8 

20-24 7.5 6.9 8.2 0.9 0.7 1.1 45.2 42.5 47.9 

25-29 7.5 7.5 7.5 1.1 1.0 1.2 47.9 48.5 47.3 

30-34 6.9 7.1 6.7 1.1 1.0 1.2 45.9 50.5 41.9 

35-39 6.2 6.9 5.5 1.2 1.2 1.2 42.7 50.6 35.8 

40-44 4.5 6.1 3.0 0.7 0.9 0.4 33.1 47.4 20.8 

45-54 2.4 3.6 1.2 0.4 0.7 0.2 19.0 30.9 9.1 

55-64 1.2 2.2 0.3 0.3 0.5 0.1 9.0 18.0 2.0 

65+ 0.3 0.7 0.0 0.1 0.2 0.0 2.8 6.4 0.4 

TOTAL 3.2 3.6 2.9 0.5 0.6 0.5 22.0 25.0 19.3 

NOTE: In 1996, cases from Rhode Island were excluded because race was not reported for most cases. Rates for the 0-9 year age group are not 

shown; however, these cases are included in the calculation of total rates. 

98 Syphilis Tables STD Surveillance 1997 
 

1994 

Table 24B. Primary and secondary syphilis — Reported rates per 100,000 population by age, gender and 

race/ethnicity: United States, 1994–1997 (continued) 

Hispanic Asian/Pacific Islander American Indian/Alaska Native 

Age Goup Total Male Female Total Male Female Total Male Female 

10-14 0.1 0.0 0.3 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 

15-19 2.8 3.4 2.2 0.8 0.3 1.3 2.4 2.4 2.4 

20-24 6.8 7.2 6.4 1.7 2.3 1.1 3.1 2.5 3.8 

25-29 6.4 7.4 5.3 3.0 4.2 1.9 8.0 5.3 10.8 

30-34 6.2 8.4 3.8 1.6 2.8 0.5 5.7 5.1 6.2 

35-39 5.2 7.0 3.4 1.6 2.2 1.0 6.0 5.5 6.5 

40-44 3.9 5.3 2.6 0.1 0.3 0.0 2.3 3.1 1.5 

45-54 2.2 3.0 1.5 0.3 0.2 0.4 0.0 0.0 0.0 

55-64 2.6 4.9 0.6 0.5 0.8 0.3 0.0 0.0 0.0 

65+ 0.8 1.5 0.2 0.4 0.4 0.3 0.0 0.0 0.0 

TOTAL 3.1 4.0 2.2 0.9 1.2 0.6 2.2 1.9 2.5 

1995 

Hispanic Asian/Pacific Islander American Indian/Alaska Native 

Age Group Total Male Female Total Male Female Total Male Female 

10-14 0.1 0.0 0.3 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 

15-19 2.4 1.8 3.0 0.5 0.0 1.0 4.2 1.2 7.3 

20-24 5.4 5.7 5.1 1.7 0.3 3.1 2.5 3.7 1.3 

25-29 5.6 6.4 4.8 1.2 0.8 1.6 8.2 8.1 8.3 

30-34 5.3 6.0 4.4 1.8 1.5 2.1 5.6 6.3 5.0 

35-39 5.0 6.5 3.4 0.6 0.3 1.0 2.0 2.7 1.3 

40-44 2.7 4.2 1.2 0.6 0.6 0.5 3.0 3.1 2.8 

45-54 2.5 3.9 1.2 0.3 0.2 0.4 2.6 3.2 2.0 

55-64 1.2 1.7 0.7 0.2 0.4 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 

65+ 0.9 1.8 0.3 0.3 0.8 0.0 1.6 3.7 0.0 

TOTAL 2.6 3.2 2.0 0.6 0.4 0.8 2.4 2.5 2.2 

1996 

Hispanic Asian/Pacific Islander American Indian/Alaska Native 

Age Group Total Male Female Total Male Female Total Male Female 

10-14 0.1 0.0 0.3 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 

15-19 1.9 1.6 2.3 0.8 0.3 1.3 1.2 1.2 1.2 

20-24 4.6 5.3 3.7 1.8 1.4 2.2 4.4 2.4 6.4 

25-29 4.0 5.4 2.4 1.4 1.7 1.0 4.1 5.4 2.8 

30-34 3.3 4.7 1.8 0.7 0.7 0.7 5.7 5.1 6.2 

35-39 3.6 5.0 2.2 0.8 1.0 0.5 2.6 2.7 2.6 

40-44 2.4 3.5 1.2 0.7 0.9 0.5 3.7 0.0 7.1 

45-54 1.4 2.0 0.9 0.3 0.7 0.0 3.6 7.5 0.0 

55-64 1.2 2.2 0.3 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 

65+ 0.6 1.1 0.2 0.3 0.8 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 

TOTAL 1.9 2.5 1.3 0.6 0.6 0.5 2.1 2.1 2.0 

1997 

Hispanic Asian/Pacific Islander American Indian/Alaska Native 

Age Group Total Male Female Total Male Female Total Male Female 

10-14 0.1 0.1 0.2 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 

15-19 2.2 1.7 2.7 0.5 0.3 0.6 0.6 0.0 1.1 

20-24 3.2 3.9 2.3 0.8 0.3 1.4 4.5 3.8 5.2 

25-29 4.0 5.5 2.2 0.5 1.0 0.0 4.5 6.3 2.6 

30-34 2.8 3.7 1.8 0.8 0.7 0.9 3.9 2.6 5.1 

35-39 2.1 3.1 1.1 0.4 0.5 0.2 3.2 2.7 3.8 

40-44 2.0 2.5 1.5 0.7 0.6 0.8 5.0 7.5 2.8 

45-54 1.3 1.7 0.9 0.4 0.4 0.3 3.5 5.1 1.9 

55-64 1.2 2.5 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 

65+ 0.5 1.2 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 

TOTAL 1.6 2.1 1.0 0.3 0.3 0.4 2.0 2.3 1.8 

STD Surveillance 1997 Syphilis Tables 99 
 

 

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50

Table 25. Primary and secondary syphilis — Reported cases and rates by state/area, ranked according to 

rates: United States and outlying areas, 1997 

Rank State/Area Cases Rate per 100,000 Population 

1 Maryland 891 17.6
 

2 Mississippi 390 14.4
 

3 Tennessee 747 14.0
 

4 South Carolina 378 10.2
 

North Carolina 721 9.8
 

6 Alabama 410 9.6
 

7 Louisiana 364 8.4
 

8 Georgia 515 7.0
 

9 Arkansas 173 6.9
 

Puerto Rico 249 6.7 

YEAR 2000 OBJECTIVE 4.0 

11 Illinois 435 3.7
 

12 Kentucky 135 3.5
 

13 Oklahoma 117 3.5
 

14 Texas 676 3.5
 

Virginia 236 3.5
 

U.S.TOTAL1 8,550 3.2 

16 Arizona 132 3.0
 

17 Delaware 22 3.0
 

18 Indiana 151 2.6
 

19 Florida 296 2.1
 

Missouri 114 2.1
 

21 Ohio 218 2.0
 

22 Connecticut 62 1.9
 

23 New Jersey 151 1.9
 

24 Virgin Islands 2 1.8
 

Wisconsin 89 1.7
 

26 Michigan 153 1.6
 

27 Massachusetts 78 1.3
 

28 California 386 1.2
 

29 Kansas 29 1.1
 

Pennsylvania 123 1.0
 

31 New York 138 0.8
 

32 Nevada 10 0.6
 

33 New Mexico 9 0.5
 

34 Colorado 15 0.4
 

Minnesota 16 0.3
 

36 Nebraska 5 0.3
 

37 Oregon 10 0.3
 

38 Washington 17 0.3
 

39 Alaska 1 0.2
 

Iowa 7 0.2
 

41 Maine 2 0.2
 

42 Rhode Island 2 0.2
 

43 Utah 5 0.2
 

44 Hawaii 1 0.1
 

Idaho 1 0.1
 

46 South Dakota 1 0.1
 

47 West Virginia 1 0.1
 

48 Montana 0 0.0
 

49 New Hampshire 0 0.0
 

North Dakota 0 0.0
 

51 Vermont 0 0.0
 

52 Wyoming 0 0.0
 

53 Guam 0 0.0
 

1

Includes cases reported by Washington, D.C. but excludes outlying areas (Guam, Puerto Rico and Virgin Islands). 

100 Syphilis Tables STD Surveillance 1997 
 

Table 26. Primary and secondary syphilis — Reported cases and rates by state/area and region: United States 

and outlying areas, 1993–1997 

State/Area 1993 1994 

Cases 

1995 1996 1997 1993 

Rates per 100,000 Population 

1994 1995 1996 1997 

Alabama 869 661 612 528 410 20.8 15.7 14.4 12.4 9.6 

Alaska 11 3 2 0 1 1.8 0.5 0.3 0.0 0.2 

Arizona 95 50 46 102 132 2.4 1.2 1.1 2.3 3.0 

Arkansas 559 446 495 262 173 23.0 18.2 19.9 10.4 6.9 

California 1,073 807 583 509 386 3.4 2.6 1.8 1.6 1.2 

Colorado 90 126 100 26 15 2.5 3.4 2.7 0.7 0.4 

Connecticut 158 105 86 103 62 4.8 3.2 2.6 3.1 1.9 

Delaware 94 27 19 35 22 13.4 3.8 2.6 4.8 3.0 

Florida 1,191 745 383 368 296 8.7 5.3 2.7 2.6 2.1 

Georgia 1,052 820 901 689 515 15.2 11.6 12.5 9.4 7.0 

Hawaii 7 4 0 3 1 0.6 0.3 0.0 0.3 0.1 

Idaho 2 2 0 4 1 0.2 0.2 0.0 0.3 0.1 

Illinois 1,489 1,099 1,026 501 435 12.7 9.4 8.7 4.2 3.7 

Indiana 362 286 321 207 151 6.3 5.0 5.5 3.5 2.6 

Iowa 64 75 48 23 7 2.3 2.7 1.7 0.8 0.2 

Kansas 130 73 47 28 29 5.1 2.9 1.8 1.1 1.1 

Kentucky 331 208 185 154 135 8.7 5.4 4.8 4.0 3.5 

Louisiana 2,598 1,608 1,024 533 364 60.6 37.3 23.6 12.3 8.4 

Maine 8 4 2 1 2 0.6 0.3 0.2 0.1 0.2 

Maryland 359 325 554 729 891 7.2 6.5 11.0 14.4 17.6 

Massachusetts 122 90 69 85 78 2.0 1.5 1.1 1.4 1.3 

Michigan 543 292 304 183 153 5.7 3.1 3.2 1.9 1.6 

Minnesota 66 56 45 16 16 1.5 1.2 1.0 0.3 0.3 

Mississippi 1,761 2,084 1,952 819 390 66.7 78.1 72.4 30.2 14.4 

Missouri 1,354 987 584 221 114 25.9 18.7 11.0 4.1 2.1 

Montana 1 3 4 0 0 0.1 0.4 0.5 0.0 0.0 

Nebraska 14 10 14 6 5 0.9 0.6 0.9 0.4 0.3 

Nevada 20 31 36 20 10 1.4 2.1 2.4 1.2 0.6 

New Hampshire 26 4 0 1 0 2.3 0.4 0.0 0.1 0.0 

New Jersey 328 240 188 177 151 4.2 3.0 2.4 2.2 1.9 

New Mexico 34 18 13 3 9 2.1 1.1 0.8 0.2 0.5 

New York 1,390 802 449 214 138 7.7 4.4 2.5 1.2 0.8 

North Carolina 1,937 1,672 1,132 1,052 721 27.9 23.7 15.7 14.4 9.8 

North Dakota 1 0 0 0 0 0.2 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 

Ohio 1,180 1,187 896 584 218 10.7 10.7 8.0 5.2 2.0 

Oklahoma 282 157 197 179 117 8.7 4.8 6.0 5.4 3.5 

Oregon 39 22 5 9 10 1.3 0.7 0.2 0.3 0.3 

Pennsylvania 697 404 248 164 123 5.8 3.4 2.1 1.4 1.0 

Rhode Island 16 16 4 4 2 1.6 1.6 0.4 0.4 0.2 

South Carolina 921 799 570 402 378 25.4 21.8 15.5 10.9 10.2 

South Dakota 2 2 0 0 1 0.3 0.3 0.0 0.0 0.1 

Tennessee 1,156 1,044 906 850 747 22.7 20.2 17.2 16.0 14.0 

Texas 2,530 1,913 1,557 890 676 14.0 10.4 8.3 4.7 3.5 

Utah 10 12 4 3 5 0.5 0.6 0.2 0.1 0.2 

Vermont 1 0 0 0 0 0.2 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 

Virginia 660 796 600 393 236 10.2 12.2 9.1 5.9 3.5 

Washington 67 36 17 9 17 1.3 0.7 0.3 0.2 0.3 

West Virginia 8 8 16 7 1 0.4 0.4 0.9 0.4 0.1 

Wisconsin 494 298 185 176 89 9.8 5.9 3.6 3.4 1.7 

Wyoming 4 0 1 2 0 0.9 0.0 0.2 0.4 0.0 

U.S. TOTAL1 26,497 20,627 16,542 11,390 8,550 10.3 7.9 6.3 4.3 3.2 

Northeast 2,746 1,665 1,046 749 556 5.4 3.2 2.0 1.5 1.1 

Midwest 5,699 4,365 3,470 1,945 1,218 9.3 7.1 5.6 3.1 2.0 

South 16,599 13,483 11,215 8,006 6,189, 18.6 14.9 12.2 8.6 6.6 

West 1,453 1,114 811 690 587 2.6 2.0 1.4 1.2 1.0 

Guam 0 2 0 0 0 0.0 1.4 0.0 0.0 0.0 

Puerto Rico 470 311 285 208 249 13.0 8.4 7.7 5.6 6.7 

Virgin Islands 12 7 2 11 2 10.8 6.3 1.8 9.9 1.8 

OUTLYING AREAS 482 320 287 219 251 12.4 8.1 7.2 5.5 6.3 

TOTAL 26,979 20,947 16,829 11,609 8,801 10.3 7.9 6.3 4.3 3.3 

1

Includes cases reported by Washington, D.C. 

STD Surveillance 1997 Syphilis Tables 101 
 

Table 27. Primary and secondary syphilis — Women — Reported cases and rates by state/area: United States 

and outlying areas, 1993–1997 

State/Area 1993 1994 

Cases 

1995 1996 1997 1993 

Rates Per 100,000 Population 

1994 1995 1996 1997 

Alabama 389 289 257 244 183 17.9 13.2 11.6 11.0 8.2 

Alaska 3 1 1 0 0 1.1 0.3 0.4 0.0 0.0 

Arizona 34 13 14 43 37 1.7 0.6 0.7 1.9 1.7 

Arkansas 300 229 267 144 103 23.9 18.0 20.8 11.1 7.9 

California 369 308 219 187 116 2.4 2.0 1.4 1.2 0.7 

Colorado 37 48 42 10 5 2.1 2.6 2.2 0.5 0.3 

Connecticut 79 54 34 58 25 4.7 3.2 2.0 3.4 1.5 

Delaware 57 12 7 14 10 15.9 3.3 1.9 3.8 2.7 

Florida 500 337 189 172 131 7.1 4.7 2.6 2.3 1.8 

Georgia 447 350 360 284 194 12.6 9.7 9.7 7.5 5.1 

Hawaii 1 0 0 1 0 0.2 0.0 0.0 0.2 0.0 

Idaho 0 2 0 3 0 0.0 0.4 0.0 0.5 0.0 

Illinois 702 536 500 246 194 11.7 8.9 8.2 4.1 3.2 

Indiana 168 147 151 115 82 5.7 5.0 5.1 3.8 2.7 

Iowa 30 41 31 16 4 2.1 2.8 2.1 1.1 0.3 

Kansas 60 46 22 10 11 4.7 3.5 1.7 0.8 0.8 

Kentucky 147 108 83 81 66 7.5 5.5 4.2 4.1 3.3 

Louisiana 1,357 853 505 271 187 60.9 38.1 22.4 12.0 8.3 

Maine 3 3 0 0 1 0.5 0.5 0.0 0.0 0.2 

Maryland 142 129 233 329 400 5.6 5.0 9.0 12.6 15.4 

Massachusetts 56 39 27 30 33 1.8 1.2 0.9 1.0 1.0 

Michigan 269 138 132 82 68 5.5 2.8 2.7 1.7 1.4 

Minnesota 28 23 25 8 4 1.2 1.0 1.1 0.3 0.2 

Mississippi 943 1,058 1,000 430 200 68.6 76.1 71.2 30.5 14.2 

Missouri 638 450 283 103 60 23.6 16.5 10.3 3.7 2.2 

Montana 1 3 2 0 0 0.2 0.7 0.5 0.0 0.0 

Nebraska 7 3 4 4 2 0.8 0.4 0.5 0.5 0.2 

Nevada 9 9 12 10 6 1.3 1.3 1.6 1.3 0.8 

New Hampshire 8 0 0 0 0 1.4 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 

New Jersey 147 113 72 81 59 3.6 2.8 1.8 2.0 1.4 

New Mexico 11 10 3 1 5 1.3 1.2 0.4 0.1 0.6 

New York 580 322 218 92 56 6.1 3.4 2.3 1.0 0.6 

North Carolina 931 838 536 484 353 26.0 23.0 14.5 12.9 9.4 

North Dakota 0 0 0 0 0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 

Ohio 601 601 417 287 101 10.5 10.5 7.2 5.0 1.8 

Oklahoma 133 70 90 80 53 8.0 4.2 5.4 4.7 3.1 

Oregon 10 11 2 3 2 0.6 0.7 0.1 0.2 0.1 

Pennsylvania 280 164 92 62 52 4.5 2.6 1.5 1.0 0.8 

Rhode Island 6 7 2 1 1 1.2 1.4 0.4 0.2 0.2 

South Carolina 472 403 285 182 173 25.2 21.3 15.0 9.5 9.0 

South Dakota 0 0 0 0 0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 

Tennessee 525 510 432 422 370 19.9 19.0 15.9 15.4 13.5 

Texas 1,188 993 770 437 315 13.0 10.7 8.1 4.5 3.3 

Utah 4 4 0 0 2 0.4 0.4 0.0 0.0 0.2 

Vermont 0 0 0 0 0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 

Virginia 319 400 299 204 111 9.7 12.0 8.8 6.0 3.3 

Washington 29 11 6 2 8 1.1 0.4 0.2 0.1 0.3 

West Virginia 2 1 11 6 1 0.2 0.1 1.2 0.6 0.1 

Wisconsin 276 170 93 85 49 10.7 6.6 3.6 3.2 1.9 

Wyoming 2 0 0 1 0 0.9 0.0 0.0 0.4 0.0 

U.S. TOTAL1 12,423 9,929 7,776 5,382 3,891 9.4 7.5 5.8 4.0 2.9 

Guam 0 1 0 0 0 0.0 1.5 0.0 0.0 0.0 

Puerto Rico 216 152 141 100 116 11.6 8.0 7.3 5.2 6.0 

Virgin Islands 7 4 0 5 0 12.2 6.9 0.0 8.7 0.0 

OUTLYING AREAS 223 157 141 105 116 11.2 7.7 6.9 5.1 5.7 

TOTAL 12,646 10,086 7,917 5,487 4,007 9.4 7.5 5.8 4.0 2.9 

1

Includes cases reported by Washington, D.C.
 

NOTE: Cases and rates underestimated in some areas because of under-reporting or non-reporting by gender.
 

102 Syphilis Tables STD Surveillance 1997 
 

Table 28. Primary and secondary syphilis — Men — Reported cases and rates by state/area: United States 

and outlying areas, 1993–1997 

State/Area 1993 1994 

Cases 

1995 1996 1997 1993 

Rates Per 100,000 Population 

1994 1995 1996 1997 

Alabama 480 372 355 284 227 23.9 18.4 17.4 13.8 11.1 

Alaska 8 2 1 0 1 2.5 0.6 0.3 0.0 0.3 

Arizona 61 37 32 59 95 3.1 1.8 1.5 2.7 4.3 

Arkansas 259 217 228 118 70 22.1 18.3 19.0 9.7 5.8 

California 704 499 362 322 270 4.5 3.2 2.3 2.0 1.7 

Colorado 53 78 58 16 10 3.0 4.3 3.1 0.8 0.5 

Connecticut 79 51 52 45 37 5.0 3.2 3.3 2.8 2.3 

Delaware 37 15 12 21 12 10.9 4.3 3.4 5.9 3.4 

Florida 691 408 194 196 165 10.4 6.0 2.8 2.8 2.4 

Georgia 605 470 541 405 321 18.0 13.7 15.5 11.3 9.0 

Hawaii 6 4 0 2 1 1.0 0.7 0.0 0.3 0.2 

Idaho 2 0 0 1 1 0.4 0.0 0.0 0.2 0.2 

Illinois 787 563 526 255 241 13.8 9.8 9.1 4.4 4.2 

Indiana 194 139 169 92 69 7.0 5.0 6.0 3.2 2.4 

Iowa 34 34 17 7 3 2.5 2.5 1.2 0.5 0.2 

Kansas 70 27 25 18 18 5.6 2.2 2.0 1.4 1.4 

Kentucky 184 100 102 73 69 10.0 5.4 5.5 3.9 3.7 

Louisiana 1,241 755 519 262 177 60.1 36.4 24.9 12.5 8.4 

Maine 5 1 2 1 1 0.8 0.2 0.3 0.2 0.2 

Maryland 217 163 321 400 490 9.0 6.7 13.1 16.2 19.8 

Massachusetts 66 51 42 55 45 2.3 1.8 1.4 1.9 1.5 

Michigan 274 154 172 101 85 6.0 3.3 3.7 2.2 1.8 

Minnesota 38 33 20 8 12 1.7 1.5 0.9 0.3 0.5 

Mississippi 818 1,026 952 388 189 64.7 80.2 73.6 29.7 14.5 

Missouri 716 537 301 118 54 28.3 21.1 11.7 4.5 2.1 

Montana 0 0 2 0 0 0.0 0.0 0.5 0.0 0.0 

Nebraska 7 7 10 2 3 0.9 0.9 1.3 0.2 0.4 

Nevada 11 22 24 10 4 1.6 3.0 3.1 1.2 0.5 

New Hampshire 18 4 0 1 0 3.3 0.7 0.0 0.2 0.0 

New Jersey 181 127 116 96 92 4.8 3.3 3.0 2.5 2.4 

New Mexico 23 8 10 2 4 2.9 1.0 1.2 0.2 0.5 

New York 810 480 231 122 82 9.3 5.5 2.6 1.4 0.9 

North Carolina 1,006 834 596 568 368 29.8 24.3 17.1 16.0 10.3 

North Dakota 1 0 0 0 0 0.3 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 

Ohio 579 586 479 297 117 10.8 10.9 8.9 5.5 2.2 

Oklahoma 149 87 107 99 64 9.5 5.5 6.7 6.1 4.0 

Oregon 29 11 3 6 8 1.9 0.7 0.2 0.4 0.5 

Pennsylvania 417 240 156 102 71 7.2 4.1 2.7 1.8 1.2 

Rhode Island 10 9 2 3 1 2.1 1.9 0.4 0.6 0.2 

South Carolina 449 396 285 220 205 25.6 22.4 16.1 12.3 11.5 

South Dakota 2 2 0 0 1 0.6 0.6 0.0 0.0 0.3 

Tennessee 631 534 474 428 377 25.7 21.4 18.7 16.6 14.7 

Texas 1,342 920 787 453 361 15.1 10.2 8.5 4.8 3.8 

Utah 6 8 4 3 3 0.6 0.8 0.4 0.3 0.3 

Vermont 1 0 0 0 0 0.4 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 

Virginia 341 396 301 189 124 10.7 12.3 9.3 5.8 3.8 

Washington 38 25 11 7 9 1.5 0.9 0.4 0.3 0.3 

West Virginia 6 7 5 1 0 0.7 0.8 0.6 0.1 0.0 

Wisconsin 218 128 92 91 40 8.8 5.1 3.7 3.6 1.6 

Wyoming 2 0 1 1 0 0.8 0.0 0.4 0.4 0.0 

U.S. TOTAL1 14,074 10,665 8,763 6,007 4,656 11.2 8.4 6.8 4.6 3.6 

Guam 0 1 0 0 0 0.0 1.4 0.0 0.0 0.0 

Puerto Rico 254 159 144 108 133 14.5 8.9 8.0 6.0 7.4 

Virgin Islands 5 3 2 6 2 9.4 5.6 3.8 11.3 3.8 

OUTLYING AREAS 259 163 146 114 135 13.8 8.5 7.6 5.9 7.0 

TOTAL 14,333 10,828 8,909 6,121 4,791 11.2 8.4 6.8 4.6 3.6 

1

Includes cases reported by Washington, D.C.
 

NOTE: Cases and rates underestimated in some areas because of under-reporting or non-reporting by gender.
 

STD Surveillance 1997 Syphilis Tables 103 
 

5

10

15

20

25

30

35

40

45

50

55

60

 

Table 29. Primary and secondary syphilis — Reported cases and rates in selected cities of >200,000 

population, ranked according to rates: United States and outlying areas, 1997 

Rank City Cases Rate per 100,000 Population 

1 Baltimore, MD 669 99.1
 

2 Memphis, TN 343 39.5
 

3 Nashville, TN 203 37.9
 

4 Atlanta, GA 204 28.4
 

New Orleans, LA 132 27.7
 

6 Richmond, VA 49 24.7
 

7 Washington, DC 117 21.5
 

8 Norfolk, VA 44 18.8
 

9 St Louis, MO 60 17.1
 

Oklahoma City, OK 73 16.6
 

11 Birmingham, AL 107 16.2
 

12 Louisville, KY 107 15.9
 

13 Chicago, IL 346 11.8
 

14 San Juan, PR 99 11.4
 

Detroit, MI 101 9.7
 

16 Boston, MA 52 9.3
 

17 Milwaukee, WI 84 9.1
 

18 Newark, NJ 26 9.1
 

19 Indianapolis, IN 71 8.7
 

Charlotte, NC 48 8.0
 

21 Dallas, TX 148 7.4
 

22 Philadelphia, PA 108 7.3
 

23 San Francisco, CA 52 7.1
 

24 Houston, TX 180 5.8
 

Tulsa, OK 21 5.5
 

26 Columbus, OH 54 5.3
 

27 Jacksonville, FL 36 5.0
 

28 Dayton, OH 28 4.9
 

29 Phoenix, AZ 118 4.5
 

Cleveland, OH 61 4.4
 

31 Jersey City, NJ 9 4.1
 

YEAR 2000 OBJECTIVE 4.0 

32 Cincinnati, OH 34 4.0
 

33 Tampa, FL 34 3.8
 

34 Wichita, KS 14 3.3
 

Minneapolis, MN 12 3.1
 

36 Fort Worth, TX 39 3.0
 

37 Miami, FL 49 2.4
 

38 San Antonio, TX 27 2.0
 

39 Albuquerque, NM 9 1.7
 

Denver, CO 8 1.6
 

41 Tucson, AZ 12 1.6
 

42 Toledo, OH 6 1.3
 

43 New York City, NY 97 1.3
 

44 St Petersburg, FL 11 1.3
 

Los Angeles, CA 108 1.3
 

46 Austin, TX 8 1.2
 

47 Yonkers, NY 2 1.0
 

48 San Diego, CA 23 0.9
 

49 Rochester, NY 2 0.8
 

Akron, OH 4 0.8
 

51 Seattle, WA 11 0.7
 

52 Corpus Christi, TX 2 0.6
 

53 Buffalo, NY 2 0.6
 

54 Portland, OR 3 0.6
 

Oakland, CA 7 0.6
 

56 Kansas City, MO 2 0.4
 

57 El Paso, TX 3 0.4
 

58 Pittsburgh, PA 5 0.4
 

59 Sacramento, CA 4 0.4
 

San Jose, CA 5 0.3
 

61 Omaha, NE 1 0.2
 

62 Honolulu, HI 1 0.1
 

63 Des Moines, IA 0 0.0
 

64 St Paul, MN 0 0.0
 

104 Syphilis Tables STD Surveillance 1997 
 

Table 30. Primary and secondary syphilis — Reported cases and rates in selected cities of >200,000 

population: United States and outlying areas, 1993–1997 

City 1993 1994 

Cases 

1995 1996 1997 1993 

Rates per 100,000 Population 

1994 1995 1996 1997 

Akron, OH 6 2 1 0 4 1.1 0.4 0.2 0.0 0.8 

Albuquerque, NM 14 13 6 2 9 2.8 2.5 1.1 0.4 1.7 

Atlanta, GA 335 261 320 247 204 49.5 37.8 45.7 34.4 28.4 

Austin, TX 100 60 17 9 8 15.9 9.3 2.6 1.3 1.2 

Baltimore, MD 144 192 417 553 669 20.1 27.3 60.3 81.9 99.1 

Birmingham, AL 295 260 264 202 107 44.9 39.6 40.1 30.5 16.2 

Boston, MA 34 24 40 42 52 6.2 4.4 7.2 7.5 9.3 

Buffalo, NY 33 8 2 6 2 10.0 2.4 0.6 1.9 0.6 

Charlotte, NC 209 214 125 135 48 38.1 38.0 21.6 22.6 8.0 

Chicago, IL 1,016 648 582 343 346 34.4 22.0 19.7 11.7 11.8 

Cincinnati, OH 395 473 252 76 34 45.3 54.5 29.2 8.9 4.0 

Cleveland, OH 517 411 263 130 61 36.7 29.3 18.8 9.3 4.4 

Columbus, OH 8 8 7 54 54 0.8 0.8 0.7 5.3 5.3 

Corpus Christi, TX 17 20 8 0 2 5.6 6.4 2.6 0.0 0.6 

Dallas, TX 410 292 268 236 148 21.3 15.0 13.7 11.8 7.4 

Dayton, OH 76 127 244 201 28 13.2 22.2 42.8 35.5 4.9 

Denver, CO 44 83 68 11 8 8.9 16.8 13.8 2.2 1.6 

Des Moines, IA 33 37 27 6 0 9.6 10.7 7.7 1.7 0.0 

Detroit, MI 277 153 130 92 101 26.0 14.5 12.4 8.8 9.7 

El Paso, TX 17 5 2 10 3 2.6 0.8 0.3 1.5 0.4 

Fort Worth, TX 351 190 140 95 39 28.5 15.1 10.9 7.3 3.0 

Honolulu, HI 6 4 0 3 1 0.7 0.5 0.0 0.3 0.1 

Houston, TX 571 443 417 151 180 19.0 14.5 13.6 4.8 5.8 

Indianapolis, IN 120 62 74 85 71 14.7 7.6 9.1 10.4 8.7 

Jacksonville, FL 73 108 50 75 36 10.4 15.4 7.1 10.4 5.0 

Jersey City, NJ 22 14 27 10 9 10.1 6.4 12.4 4.6 4.1 

Kansas City, MO 162 73 24 7 2 37.1 16.7 5.5 1.6 0.4 

Los Angeles, CA 531 346 273 213 108 6.2 4.0 3.2 2.5 1.3 

Louisville, KY 275 147 128 104 107 41.0 21.9 19.0 15.5 15.9 

Memphis, TN 549 533 477 397 343 64.7 62.1 55.1 45.8 39.5 

Miami, FL 266 175 51 38 49 13.3 8.6 2.5 1.8 2.4 

Milwaukee, WI 460 279 150 158 84 48.6 29.7 16.1 17.1 9.1 

Minneapolis, MN 43 38 24 4 12 11.3 9.9 6.3 1.0 3.1 

Nashville, TN 149 100 97 193 203 28.6 19.0 18.3 36.1 37.9 

New Orleans, LA 397 203 221 169 132 81.5 41.9 45.9 35.5 27.7 

New York City, NY 1,132 629 364 138 97 15.5 8.6 5.0 1.9 1.3 

Newark, NJ 100 60 43 25 26 34.2 20.7 15.0 8.7 9.1 

Norfolk, VA 89 122 130 92 44 36.1 50.5 54.7 39.4 18.8 

Oakland, CA 76 51 16 10 7 6.3 4.2 1.3 0.8 0.6 

Oklahoma City, OK 177 115 106 114 73 41.0 26.4 24.3 25.9 16.6 

Omaha, NE 8 5 7 0 1 1.9 1.2 1.6 0.0 0.2 

Philadelphia, PA 515 298 199 141 108 33.5 19.6 13.3 9.5 7.3 

Phoenix, AZ 55 28 43 89 118 2.4 1.2 1.8 3.4 4.5 

Pittsburgh, PA 11 9 4 2 5 0.8 0.7 0.3 0.2 0.4 

Portland, OR 24 18 4 7 3 5.0 3.7 0.8 1.4 0.6 

Richmond, VA 55 39 37 66 49 27.2 19.4 18.7 33.3 24.7 

Rochester, NY 71 59 18 13 2 29.0 24.2 7.4 5.4 0.8 

Sacramento, CA 8 9 5 6 4 0.7 0.8 0.5 0.5 0.4 

San Antonio, TX 81 62 50 25 27 6.4 4.8 3.9 1.9 2.0 

San Diego, CA 106 98 53 36 23 4.1 3.7 2.0 1.4 0.9 

San Francisco, CA 69 45 32 33 52 9.4 6.1 4.4 4.5 7.1 

San Jose, CA 27 4 2 3 5 1.7 0.3 0.1 0.2 0.3 

Seattle, WA 22 11 5 1 11 1.4 0.7 0.3 0.1 0.7 

St Louis, MO 908 651 361 142 60 241.3 176.8 100.6 40.4 17.1 

St Paul, MN 10 7 7 3 0 3.6 2.5 2.5 1.1 0.0 

St Petersburg, FL 154 74 20 8 11 17.8 8.5 2.3 0.9 1.3 

Tampa, FL 25 31 33 44 34 2.9 3.5 3.7 4.9 3.8 

Toledo, OH 97 35 22 30 6 21.1 7.6 4.8 6.6 1.3 

Tucson, AZ 32 12 1 10 12 4.5 1.6 0.1 1.3 1.6 

Tulsa, OK 61 9 48 40 21 16.2 2.4 12.7 10.5 5.5 

Washington, DC 291 170 112 116 117 50.3 30.0 20.2 21.4 21.5 

Wichita, KS 6 10 16 15 14 1.4 2.4 3.8 3.6 3.3 

Yonkers, NY 11 5 2 0 2 5.8 2.6 1.0 0.0 1.0 

U.S. CITY TOTAL 12,176 8,672 6,936 5,266 4,196 17.8 12.6 10.1 7.6 6.0 

San Juan, PR 189 131 70 74 99 21.7 15.0 8.0 8.5 11.4 

TOTAL 12,365 8,803 7,006 5,340 4,295 17.9 12.7 10.0 7.6 6.1 

STD Surveillance 1997 Syphilis Tables 105 
 

Table 31. Primary and secondary syphilis — Women — Reported cases and rates in selected cities of 

>200,000 population: United States and outlying areas, 1993–1997 

City 1993 1994 

Cases 

1995 1996 1997 1993 

Rates per 100,000 Population 

1994 1995 1996 1997 

Akron, OH 3 0 0 0 2 1.1 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.7 

Albuquerque, NM 4 8 2 1 5 1.5 3.0 0.7 0.4 1.9 

Atlanta, GA 114 87 110 86 67 32.2 24.1 30.0 22.9 17.9 

Austin, TX 45 29 7 6 3 14.3 9.0 2.1 1.7 0.9 

Baltimore, MD 47 72 166 240 309 12.3 19.2 45.0 66.5 85.7 

Birmingham, AL 133 106 109 81 43 38.0 30.3 31.1 23.0 12.2 

Boston, MA 14 8 15 14 19 4.9 2.8 5.2 4.8 6.6 

Buffalo, NY 16 4 1 1 1 9.3 2.3 0.6 0.6 0.6 

Charlotte, NC 93 102 61 64 18 32.7 34.9 20.3 20.7 5.8 

Chicago, IL 469 287 254 169 145 30.6 18.7 16.6 11.2 9.6 

Cincinnati, OH 189 250 121 39 13 41.2 54.7 26.6 8.7 2.9 

Cleveland, OH 282 215 128 61 27 37.8 28.9 17.3 8.2 3.6 

Columbus, OH 3 2 5 27 30 0.6 0.4 1.0 5.2 5.7 

Corpus Christi, TX 6 10 6 0 0 3.8 6.3 3.8 0.0 0.0 

Dallas, TX 198 130 135 113 66 20.2 13.2 13.6 11.1 6.5 

Dayton, OH 36 53 100 96 15 12.0 17.8 33.7 32.6 5.1 

Denver, CO 15 31 25 6 3 5.9 12.2 9.8 2.3 1.2 

Des Moines, IA 15 19 19 5 0 8.4 10.5 10.4 2.7 0.0 

Detroit, MI 140 72 54 40 46 25.0 12.9 9.8 7.3 8.4 

El Paso, TX 8 0 0 3 0 2.4 0.0 0.0 0.9 0.0 

Fort Worth, TX 167 97 73 41 12 26.8 15.3 11.3 6.2 1.8 

Honolulu, HI 1 0 0 1 0 0.2 0.0 0.0 0.2 0.0 

Houston, TX 244 231 215 84 84 16.1 15.1 13.9 5.3 5.3 

Indianapolis, IN 57 30 34 48 36 13.3 7.0 7.9 11.2 8.4 

Jacksonville, FL 37 52 22 38 12 10.3 14.4 6.1 10.2 3.2 

Jersey City, NJ 12 6 8 3 5 10.7 5.3 7.1 2.7 4.5 

Kansas City, MO 66 36 15 2 1 28.8 15.7 6.5 0.9 0.4 

Los Angeles, CA 171 140 95 86 32 4.0 3.3 2.2 2.0 0.7 

Louisville, KY 121 78 60 57 51 34.1 22.0 16.9 16.1 14.4 

Memphis, TN 255 279 238 199 165 57.4 62.1 52.6 43.9 36.4 

Miami, FL 88 69 19 14 16 8.4 6.5 1.8 1.3 1.5 

Milwaukee, WI 263 158 75 76 46 52.9 32.1 15.3 15.7 9.5 

Minneapolis, MN 18 14 14 2 3 9.2 7.1 7.1 1.0 1.5 

Nashville, TN 64 49 43 97 97 23.4 17.7 15.4 34.6 34.6 

New Orleans, LA 161 98 88 70 57 61.6 37.8 34.0 27.4 22.3 

New York City, NY 466 247 180 61 37 12.0 6.4 4.6 1.6 0.9 

Newark, NJ 44 25 14 14 12 28.6 16.4 9.2 9.3 8.0 

Norfolk, VA 42 61 62 51 25 36.2 53.4 55.0 45.2 22.2 

Oakland, CA 35 24 8 3 0 5.7 3.9 1.3 0.5 0.0 

Oklahoma City, OK 88 51 49 51 31 39.3 22.5 21.6 22.4 13.6 

Omaha, NE 3 3 2 0 0 1.4 1.3 0.9 0.0 0.0 

Philadelphia, PA 202 110 72 51 43 24.5 13.5 9.0 6.4 5.4 

Phoenix, AZ 21 7 13 35 31 1.8 0.6 1.1 2.6 2.3 

Pittsburgh, PA 3 1 2 0 4 0.4 0.1 0.3 0.0 0.6 

Portland, OR 6 9 1 3 1 2.4 3.6 0.4 1.2 0.4 

Richmond, VA 25 18 19 31 21 22.7 16.4 17.6 28.7 19.4 

Rochester, NY 35 25 10 6 1 27.6 19.7 7.9 4.8 0.8 

Sacramento, CA 2 3 2 2 2 0.4 0.5 0.4 0.4 0.4 

San Antonio, TX 42 37 27 16 12 6.5 5.6 4.0 2.4 1.8 

San Diego, CA 43 32 20 11 5 3.3 2.5 1.5 0.8 0.4 

San Francisco, CA 18 13 5 3 8 4.9 3.5 1.4 0.8 2.2 

San Jose, CA 9 3 1 0 0 1.2 0.4 0.1 0.0 0.0 

Seattle, WA 11 3 1 0 6 1.4 0.4 0.1 0.0 0.7 

St Louis, MO 431 304 165 66 33 210.3 151.7 84.5 34.6 17.3 

St Paul, MN 5 3 4 0 0 3.5 2.1 2.8 0.0 0.0 

St Petersburg, FL 66 31 9 2 7 14.3 6.7 1.9 0.4 1.5 

Tampa, FL 9 15 19 22 21 2.0 3.3 4.2 4.8 4.6 

Toledo, OH 50 19 9 17 3 20.9 7.9 3.8 7.2 1.3 

Tucson, AZ 12 3 0 5 5 3.3 0.8 0.0 1.3 1.3 

Tulsa, OK 25 2 23 14 11 12.8 1.0 11.8 7.1 5.6 

Washington, DC 123 72 48 57 58 39.9 23.8 16.2 19.7 20.1 

Wichita, KS 4 6 8 6 3 1.9 2.8 3.7 2.8 1.4 

Yonkers, NY 4 2 1 0 0 4.0 2.0 1.0 0.0 0.0 

U.S. CITY TOTAL 5,379 3,951 3,091 2,397 1,809 15.3 11.2 8.7 6.7 5.1 

San Juan, PR 94 65 40 38 41 19.6 13.6 8.3 7.9 8.5 

TOTAL 5,473 4,016 3,131 2,435 1,850 15.3 11.2 8.7 6.7 5.1 

106 Syphilis Tables STD Surveillance 1997 
 

Table 32. Primary and secondary syphilis — Men — Reported cases and rates in selected cities of >200,000 

population: United States and outlying areas, 1993–1997 

City 1993 1994 

Cases 

1995 1996 1997 1993 

Rates per 100,000 Population 

1994 1995 1996 1997 

Akron, OH 3 2 1 0 2 1.2 0.8 0.4 0.0 0.8 

Albuquerque, NM 10 5 4 1 4 4.0 2.0 1.6 0.4 1.6 

Atlanta, GA 221 174 210 161 137 68.4 52.8 62.8 46.9 39.9 

Austin, TX 55 31 10 3 5 17.4 9.6 3.0 0.9 1.5 

Baltimore, MD 97 87 251 313 359 29.1 26.5 77.9 99.4 114.1 

Birmingham, AL 162 154 155 121 64 52.8 50.2 50.4 39.0 20.6 

Boston, MA 20 16 25 28 33 7.5 6.1 9.3 10.4 12.2 

Buffalo, NY 17 4 1 5 1 10.8 2.6 0.6 3.2 0.6 

Charlotte, NC 116 112 64 71 30 43.9 41.3 22.9 24.6 10.4 

Chicago, IL 547 361 328 174 201 38.5 25.4 23.1 12.3 14.2 

Cincinnati, OH 206 223 131 37 21 49.9 54.3 32.0 9.1 5.2 

Cleveland, OH 235 196 135 69 34 35.5 29.7 20.5 10.5 5.2 

Columbus, OH 5 6 2 27 24 1.0 1.2 0.4 5.5 4.9 

Corpus Christi, TX 11 10 2 0 2 7.4 6.6 1.3 0.0 1.3 

Dallas, TX 212 162 133 123 82 22.3 16.9 13.8 12.5 8.3 

Dayton, OH 40 74 144 105 13 14.5 27.0 52.6 38.6 4.8 

Denver, CO 29 52 43 5 5 12.1 21.7 17.9 2.1 2.1 

Des Moines, IA 18 18 8 1 0 11.0 10.9 4.8 0.6 0.0 

Detroit, MI 137 81 76 52 55 27.2 16.2 15.2 10.5 11.1 

El Paso, TX 9 5 2 7 3 2.9 1.6 0.6 2.1 0.9 

Fort Worth, TX 184 93 67 54 27 30.2 14.9 10.6 8.4 4.2 

Honolulu, HI 5 4 0 2 1 1.1 0.9 0.0 0.5 0.2 

Houston, TX 327 212 202 67 96 21.9 14.0 13.2 4.3 6.2 

Indianapolis, IN 63 32 40 37 35 16.3 8.2 10.3 9.5 9.0 

Jacksonville, FL 36 56 28 37 24 10.5 16.3 8.2 10.6 6.9 

Jersey City, NJ 10 8 19 7 4 9.5 7.6 18.1 6.6 3.8 

Kansas City, MO 96 37 9 5 1 46.1 17.7 4.3 2.3 0.5 

Los Angeles, CA 360 206 176 127 76 8.5 4.8 4.1 3.0 1.8 

Louisville, KY 154 69 68 47 56 48.6 21.7 21.4 14.8 17.6 

Memphis, TN 294 254 239 198 178 72.8 62.2 58.0 47.8 43.0 

Miami, FL 178 106 32 24 33 18.6 10.9 3.3 2.4 3.3 

Milwaukee, WI 197 121 75 82 38 43.8 27.2 17.0 18.7 8.7 

Minneapolis, MN 25 24 10 2 9 13.5 12.9 5.4 1.1 4.8 

Nashville, TN 85 51 54 96 106 34.3 20.4 21.4 37.7 41.6 

New Orleans, LA 236 105 133 99 75 104.4 46.8 59.5 44.8 33.9 

New York City, NY 666 382 184 77 60 19.3 11.1 5.3 2.2 1.7 

Newark, NJ 56 35 29 11 14 40.6 25.5 21.3 8.1 10.3 

Norfolk, VA 47 61 68 41 19 36.1 47.9 54.5 34.0 15.8 

Oakland, CA 41 27 8 7 7 6.9 4.6 1.3 1.2 1.2 

Oklahoma City, OK 89 64 57 63 42 42.8 30.5 27.1 29.6 19.7 

Omaha, NE 5 2 5 0 1 2.4 1.0 2.4 0.0 0.5 

Philadelphia, PA 313 188 127 90 65 43.7 26.5 18.2 13.1 9.5 

Phoenix, AZ 34 21 30 54 87 3.0 1.8 2.5 4.2 6.7 

Pittsburgh, PA 8 8 2 2 1 1.3 1.3 0.3 0.3 0.2 

Portland, OR 18 9 3 4 2 7.7 3.8 1.3 1.7 0.8 

Richmond, VA 30 21 18 35 28 32.6 22.9 20.0 38.8 31.1 

Rochester, NY 36 34 8 7 1 30.6 28.9 6.8 6.0 0.9 

Sacramento, CA 6 6 3 4 2 1.1 1.1 0.6 0.7 0.4 

San Antonio, TX 39 25 23 9 15 6.4 4.0 3.7 1.4 2.3 

San Diego, CA 63 66 33 25 18 4.7 4.9 2.5 1.9 1.4 

San Francisco, CA 51 32 27 30 44 14.0 8.8 7.4 8.2 12.1 

San Jose, CA 18 1 1 3 5 2.3 0.1 0.1 0.4 0.6 

Seattle, WA 11 8 4 1 5 1.4 1.0 0.5 0.1 0.6 

St Louis, MO 477 347 196 76 27 278.3 206.8 119.9 47.3 16.8 

St Paul, MN 5 4 3 3 0 3.8 3.0 2.3 2.3 0.0 

St Petersburg, FL 88 43 11 6 4 21.8 10.6 2.7 1.5 1.0 

Tampa, FL 16 16 14 22 13 3.8 3.8 3.2 5.0 3.0 

Toledo, OH 47 16 13 13 3 21.5 7.3 6.0 6.0 1.4 

Tucson, AZ 20 9 1 5 7 5.8 2.5 0.3 1.3 1.9 

Tulsa, OK 36 7 25 26 10 19.8 3.8 13.7 14.0 5.4 

Washington, DC 168 98 64 59 59 62.2 37.0 24.8 23.2 23.2 

Wichita, KS 2 4 8 9 11 1.0 1.9 3.9 4.3 5.3 

Yonkers, NY 7 3 1 0 2 7.7 3.3 1.1 0.0 2.2 

U.S. CITY TOTAL 6,797 4,688 3,843 2,869 2,386 20.5 14.1 11.5 8.5 7.1 

San Juan, PR 95 66 30 36 58 24.2 16.8 7.6 9.2 14.8 

TOTAL 6,892 4,754 3,873 2,905 2,444 20.6 14.1 11.5 8.5 7.2 

STD Surveillance 1997 Syphilis Tables 107 
 

 

Table 33. Primary and secondary syphilis — Counties and independent cities* ranked by number of reported 

cases: United States, 1997 

Rank County/Independent City Cases Rate per 100,000 Population Cumulative Percent 

1 Baltimore (city), MD 665 98.5 8
 

2 Cook Co, IL (includes Chicago) 379 7.4 12
 

3 Shelby County, TN 343 39.5 17
 

4 Davidson County, TN 203 37.9 19
 

5 Fulton County, GA 190 26.5 21
 

6 Harris County, TX 180 5.8 23
 

7 Guilford County, NC 149 39.3 25
 

8 Dallas County, TX 148 7.4 27
 

9 Los Angeles County, CA 134 1.5 28
 

10 Orleans County, LA 132 27.7 30
 

11 Maricopa County, AZ 118 4.5 31
 

12 Washington, DC 117 21.5 33
 

13 Philadelphia County, PA 109 7.4 34
 

14 Jefferson County, AL 107 16.2 35
 

15 Jefferson County, KY 107 15.9 37
 

16 Wayne County, MI 101 5.0 38
 

17 Milwaukee County, WI 92 10.0 39
 

18 Prince Georges County, MD 86 11.1 40
 

19 Forsyth County, NC 79 27.8 41
 

20 Oklahoma County, OK 73 11.6 42
 

21 Cuyahoga County, OH 71 5.1 43
 

22 Baltimore County, MD 65 9.1 43
 

23 Fresno County, CA 64 8.5 44
 

24 Marion County, IN 64 7.8 45
 

25 Tuscaloosa County, AL 63 39.7 46
 

26 Hinds County, MS 61 24.4 46
 

27 St. Louis (city), MO 60 17.1 47
 

28 Franklin County, OH 54 5.3 48
 

29 DeKalb County, GA 52 8.8 48
 

30 Cumberland County, NC 52 18.3 49
 

31 Dade County, FL 50 2.4 50
 

*Accounting for 50% of reported primary and secondary syphilis cases. 

108 Syphilis Tables STD Surveillance 1997 
 

Table 34. Early latent syphilis — Reported cases and rates by state/area: United States and outlying areas, 

1993–1997 

State/Area 1993 1994 

Cases 

1995 1996 1997 1993 

Rates per 100,000 Population 

1994 1995 1996 1997 

Alabama 978 799 676 801 623 23.4 18.9 15.9 18.7 14.6 

Alaska 1 1 3 0 0 0.2 0.2 0.5 0.0 0.0 

Arizona 116 97 113 129 201 2.9 2.4 2.7 2.9 4.5 

Arkansas 879 656 529 446 237 36.2 26.7 21.3 17.8 9.4 

California 2,571 1,825 1,424 1,148 960 8.2 5.8 4.5 3.6 3.0 

Colorado 70 51 68 21 13 2.0 1.4 1.8 0.5 0.3 

Connecticut 188 104 92 104 87 5.7 3.2 2.8 3.2 2.7 

Delaware 115 59 57 40 37 16.4 8.3 7.9 5.5 5.1 

Florida 3,544 2,320 1,484 1,323 1,179 25.8 16.6 10.5 9.2 8.2 

Georgia 2,208 1,639 1,616 1,304 1,085 32.0 23.2 22.4 17.7 14.8 

Hawaii 7 5 0 2 0 0.6 0.4 0.0 0.2 0.0 

Idaho 1 0 1 5 5 0.1 0.0 0.1 0.4 0.4 

Illinois 2,316 1,685 1,774 917 1,032 19.8 14.3 15.0 7.7 8.7 

Indiana 464 338 377 265 169 8.1 5.9 6.5 4.5 2.9 

Iowa 82 90 77 38 27 2.9 3.2 2.7 1.3 0.9 

Kansas 75 48 40 46 50 3.0 1.9 1.6 1.8 1.9 

Kentucky 156 179 166 126 122 4.1 4.7 4.3 3.2 3.1 

Louisiana 2,787 2,314 1,598 959 550 65.0 53.6 36.8 22.0 12.6 

Maine 3 5 0 2 2 0.2 0.4 0.0 0.2 0.2 

Maryland 634 651 703 1,152 1,218 12.8 13.0 13.9 22.7 24.0 

Massachusetts 329 200 154 178 127 5.5 3.3 2.5 2.9 2.1 

Michigan 977 589 567 413 354 10.3 6.2 5.9 4.3 3.7 

Minnesota 96 81 55 29 21 2.1 1.8 1.2 0.6 0.5 

Mississippi 2,058 2,160 2,389 1,483 962 77.9 80.9 88.6 54.6 35.4 

Missouri 791 707 506 259 202 15.1 13.4 9.5 4.8 3.8 

Montana 3 5 9 4 4 0.4 0.6 1.0 0.5 0.5 

Nebraska 8 13 3 5 3 0.5 0.8 0.2 0.3 0.2 

Nevada 64 75 68 32 21 4.6 5.1 4.4 2.0 1.3 

New Hampshire 17 4 3 3 0 1.5 0.4 0.3 0.3 0.0 

New Jersey 579 357 294 303 237 7.4 4.5 3.7 3.8 3.0 

New Mexico 32 17 25 5 8 2.0 1.0 1.5 0.3 0.5 

New York 4,278 2,682 2,100 1,203 763 23.6 14.8 11.6 6.6 4.2 

North Carolina 1,678 1,488 1,231 1,071 879 24.1 21.1 17.1 14.6 12.0 

North Dakota 3 1 0 0 0 0.5 0.2 0.0 0.0 0.0 

Ohio 1,462 1,105 723 508 331 13.2 10.0 6.5 4.5 3.0 

Oklahoma 343 230 280 216 179 10.6 7.1 8.5 6.5 5.4 

Oregon 32 21 17 9 14 1.1 0.7 0.5 0.3 0.4 

Pennsylvania 3,072 1,897 1,212 883 668 25.5 15.7 10.0 7.3 5.5 

Rhode Island 16 11 14 8 7 1.6 1.1 1.4 0.8 0.7 

South Carolina 1,019 793 791 581 481 28.1 21.6 21.5 15.7 13.0 

South Dakota 1 0 1 0 2 0.1 0.0 0.1 0.0 0.3 

Tennessee 1,416 1,289 1,129 957 984 27.8 24.9 21.5 18.0 18.5 

Texas 4,388 3,869 3,015 2,167 1,863 24.3 21.1 16.1 11.3 9.7 

Utah 10 3 7 8 2 0.5 0.2 0.4 0.4 0.1 

Vermont 0 0 0 0 0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 

Virginia 625 613 546 406 377 9.7 9.4 8.2 6.1 5.6 

Washington 46 35 12 5 13 0.9 0.7 0.2 0.1 0.2 

West Virginia 17 17 11 8 1 0.9 0.9 0.6 0.4 0.1 

Wisconsin 509 382 299 243 169 10.1 7.5 5.8 4.7 3.3 

Wyoming 1 0 0 0 0 0.2 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 

U.S. TOTAL1 41,902 32,012 26,655 20,186 16,617 16.3 12.3 10.1 7.6 6.3 

Guam 2 1 0 0 0 1.4 0.7 0.0 0.0 0.0 

Puerto Rico 1,174 934 738 631 679 32.4 25.3 19.8 17.0 18.3 

Virgin Islands 26 23 17 6 8 23.5 20.8 15.3 5.4 7.2 

OUTLYING AREAS 1,202 958 755 637 687 31.0 24.3 19.0 16.0 17.3 

TOTAL 43,104 32,970 27,410 20,823 17,304 16.5 12.5 10.3 7.7 6.4 

1

Includes cases reported by Washington, D.C. 

STD Surveillance 1997 Syphilis Tables 109 
 

Table 35. Early latent syphilis — Reported cases and rates in selected cities of >200,000 population: 

United States and outlying areas, 1993–1997 

City 1993 1994 

Cases 

1995 1996 1997 1993 

Rates per 

1994 

100,000 Population 

1995 1996 1997 

Akron, OH 5 5 6 4 0 1.0 0.9 1.1 0.8 0.0 

Albuquerque, NM 10 5 9 0 6 2.0 1.0 1.7 0.0 1.1 

Atlanta, GA 714 515 531 383 367 105.5 74.6 75.8 53.3 51.1 

Austin, TX 119 149 79 49 33 18.9 23.0 11.9 7.2 4.8 

Baltimore, MD 204 371 466 896 975 28.5 52.8 67.4 132.7 144.4 

Birmingham, AL 337 264 289 341 225 51.3 40.2 43.9 51.5 34.0 

Boston, MA 111 94 65 83 62 20.1 17.1 11.7 14.8 11.1 

Buffalo, NY 38 19 6 6 5 11.5 5.8 1.8 1.9 1.5 

Charlotte, NC 245 243 180 144 86 44.7 43.1 31.1 24.1 14.4 

Chicago, IL 1,888 1,307 1,400 745 918 64.0 44.3 47.5 25.5 31.4 

Cincinnati, OH 216 260 115 43 26 24.8 30.0 13.3 5.0 3.0 

Cleveland, OH 922 599 361 202 164 65.5 42.7 25.8 14.4 11.7 

Columbus, OH 34 18 11 32 34 3.4 1.8 1.1 3.2 3.4 

Corpus Christi, TX 24 45 29 10 6 7.9 14.5 9.3 3.2 1.9 

Dallas, TX 545 520 410 335 306 28.3 26.8 20.9 16.7 15.3 

Dayton, OH 43 42 98 93 28 7.5 7.3 17.2 16.4 4.9 

Denver, CO 36 34 46 7 7 7.3 6.9 9.3 1.4 1.4 

Des Moines, IA 39 60 54 23 19 11.4 17.3 15.4 6.5 5.4 

Detroit, MI 608 388 364 271 274 57.1 36.7 34.6 25.9 26.2 

El Paso, TX 37 42 21 44 34 5.7 6.3 3.1 6.4 5.0 

Fort Worth, TX 302 283 280 216 192 24.5 22.5 21.9 16.5 14.7 

Honolulu, HI 7 5 0 0 0 0.8 0.6 0.0 0.0 0.0 

Houston, TX 1,622 1,157 892 703 528 54.0 38.0 29.0 22.5 16.9 

Indianapolis, IN 128 69 55 56 33 15.7 8.4 6.7 6.8 4.0 

Jacksonville, FL 117 128 111 104 81 16.7 18.2 15.8 14.4 11.2 

Jersey City, NJ 53 36 30 17 11 24.3 16.5 13.8 7.8 5.1 

Kansas City, MO 93 78 29 13 9 21.3 17.8 6.6 2.9 2.0 

Los Angeles, CA 1,755 1,139 952 718 649 20.5 13.3 11.1 8.4 7.6 

Louisville, KY 98 109 81 71 66 14.6 16.2 12.0 10.5 9.8 

Memphis, TN 852 717 652 548 591 100.4 83.6 75.4 63.2 68.1 

Miami, FL 1,022 686 499 437 427 51.0 33.9 24.6 21.0 20.6 

Milwaukee, WI 446 310 229 183 140 47.1 33.0 24.6 19.8 15.2 

Minneapolis, MN 56 49 24 16 14 14.7 12.8 6.3 4.2 3.6 

Nashville, TN 153 79 97 99 173 29.3 15.0 18.3 18.5 32.3 

New Orleans, LA 354 311 215 153 119 72.6 64.2 44.6 32.1 25.0 

New York City, NY 3,769 2,364 1,945 1,077 670 51.4 32.2 26.6 14.6 9.1 

Newark, NJ 170 56 77 55 42 58.2 19.3 26.8 19.2 14.7 

Norfolk, VA 98 82 110 101 85 39.8 34.0 46.3 43.3 36.4 

Oakland, CA 129 115 55 25 33 10.7 9.5 4.5 2.1 2.7 

Oklahoma City, OK 177 142 140 89 100 41.0 32.6 32.0 20.2 22.7 

Omaha, NE 4 9 3 0 2 0.9 2.1 0.7 0.0 0.5 

Philadelphia, PA 2,829 1,708 1,100 839 648 183.8 112.1 73.4 56.8 43.8 

Phoenix, AZ 81 63 79 108 189 3.6 2.7 3.2 4.1 7.2 

Pittsburgh, PA 20 10 13 3 2 1.5 0.8 1.0 0.2 0.2 

Portland, OR 15 11 11 6 8 3.1 2.3 2.3 1.2 1.6 

Richmond, VA 87 60 70 78 59 43.1 29.8 35.3 39.3 29.8 

Rochester, NY 75 59 23 23 9 30.7 24.2 9.5 9.5 3.7 

Sacramento, CA 55 33 21 15 10 5.0 3.0 1.9 1.3 0.9 

San Antonio, TX 245 240 161 115 96 19.5 18.7 12.4 8.7 7.3 

San Diego, CA 94 98 60 43 17 3.6 3.7 2.3 1.6 0.6 

San Francisco, CA 29 21 14 11 16 4.0 2.9 1.9 1.5 2.2 

San Jose, CA 29 5 4 6 4 1.9 0.3 0.3 0.4 0.3 

Seattle, WA 15 7 1 0 5 1.0 0.4 0.1 0.0 0.3 

St Louis, MO 424 391 289 136 82 112.7 106.2 80.6 38.7 23.3 

St Paul, MN 13 14 9 2 1 4.7 5.1 3.3 0.7 0.4 

St Petersburg, FL 161 140 83 35 28 18.6 16.1 9.5 4.0 3.2 

Tampa, FL 201 100 79 139 83 23.2 11.4 8.9 15.5 9.2 

Toledo, OH 97 28 27 23 6 21.1 6.1 5.9 5.1 1.3 

Tucson, AZ 16 22 29 14 6 2.3 3.0 3.9 1.8 0.8 

Tulsa, OK 77 27 44 48 23 20.5 7.1 11.6 12.5 6.0 

Washington, DC 837 502 396 371 348 144.8 88.5 71.4 68.3 64.1 

Wichita, KS 15 8 12 30 38 3.6 1.9 2.9 7.1 9.0 

Yonkers, NY 31 26 16 12 5 16.3 13.6 8.4 6.2 2.6 

U.S. CITY TOTAL 23,026 16,477 13,557 10,449 9,223 33.7 24.0 19.7 15.0 13.3 

San Juan, PR 558 406 313 308 305 64.0 46.6 35.9 35.3 35.0 

TOTAL 23,584 16,883 13,870 10,757 9,528 34.1 24.3 19.9 15.3 13.6 

110 Syphilis Tables STD Surveillance 1997 
 

Table 36. Late and late latent syphilis — Reported cases and rates by state/area: United States and outlying 

areas, 1993–1997 

Cases Rates per 100,000 Population 

State/Area 1993 1994 1995 1996 1997 1993 1994 1995 1996 1997 

Alabama 460 453 334 538 419 11.0 10.7 7.9 12.6 9.8 

Alaska 39 18 15 15 11 6.5 3.0 2.5 2.5 1.8 

Arizona 330 256 248 231 255 8.4 6.3 5.9 5.2 5.8 

Arkansas 154 197 217 103 121 6.3 8.0 8.7 4.1 4.8 

California 5,544 4,493 3,394 2,567 2,314 17.8 14.3 10.7 8.1 7.3 

Colorado 119 115 134 112 126 3.3 3.1 3.6 2.9 3.3 

Connecticut 206 122 86 125 169 6.3 3.7 2.6 3.8 5.2 

Delaware 62 47 52 49 52 8.9 6.6 7.3 6.8 7.2 

Florida 2,447 1,909 1,489 1,128 1,198 17.8 13.7 10.5 7.8 8.3 

Georgia 738 683 1,104 931 1,218 10.7 9.7 15.3 12.7 16.6 

Hawaii 27 32 25 25 43 2.3 2.7 2.1 2.1 3.6 

Idaho 12 8 11 14 18 1.1 0.7 0.9 1.2 1.5 

Illinois 708 835 728 549 414 6.1 7.1 6.2 4.6 3.5 

Indiana 192 209 172 197 199 3.4 3.6 3.0 3.4 3.4 

Iowa 28 64 45 25 38 1.0 2.3 1.6 0.9 1.3 

Kansas 85 64 62 62 64 3.4 2.5 2.4 2.4 2.5 

Kentucky 155 134 143 113 141 4.1 3.5 3.7 2.9 3.6 

Louisiana 1,311 1,409 1,034 902 872 30.6 32.7 23.8 20.7 20.0 

Maine 18 0219 1.5 0.0 0.2 0.1 0.7 

Maryland 842 553 394 317 288 17.0 11.1 7.8 6.3 5.7 

Massachusetts 478 326 283 364 524 7.9 5.4 4.7 6.0 8.6 

Michigan 348 325 304 233 252 3.7 3.4 3.2 2.4 2.6 

Minnesota 90 62 85 69 87 2.0 1.4 1.8 1.5 1.9 

Mississippi 380 247 126 10 47 14.4 9.3 4.7 0.4 1.7 

Missouri 258 219 135 123 168 4.9 4.1 2.5 2.3 3.1 

Montana 01001 0.0 0.1 0.0 0.0 0.1 

Nebraska 12 23 18 16 24 0.7 1.4 1.1 1.0 1.5 

Nevada 52 62 89 89 71 3.8 4.3 5.8 5.6 4.4 

New Hampshire 7 10 29 25 23 0.6 0.9 2.5 2.2 2.0 

New Jersey 1,482 1,411 893 888 657 18.9 17.9 11.2 11.1 8.2 

New Mexico 106 143 100 70 86 6.6 8.6 5.9 4.1 5.0 

New York 6,077 5,503 6,005 4,957 4,639 33.5 30.3 33.1 27.3 25.5 

North Carolina 779 819 670 516 584 11.2 11.6 9.3 7.0 8.0 

North Dakota 0 0 0 0 0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 

Ohio 176 377 281 217 202 1.6 3.4 2.5 1.9 1.8 

Oklahoma 85 95 95 62 100 2.6 2.9 2.9 1.9 3.0 

Oregon 104 57 45 52 23 3.4 1.8 1.4 1.6 0.7 

Pennsylvania 326 322 420 335 354 2.7 2.7 3.5 2.8 2.9 

Rhode Island 113 112 72 60 75 11.3 11.2 7.3 6.1 7.6 

South Carolina 316 252 266 259 261 8.7 6.9 7.2 7.0 7.1 

South Dakota 0 6 6 2 4 0.0 0.8 0.8 0.3 0.5 

Tennessee 617 588 540 480 605 12.1 11.4 10.3 9.0 11.4 

Texas 2,740 3,022 3,152 2,674 2,694 15.2 16.4 16.8 14.0 14.1 

Utah 48 36 39 38 49 2.6 1.9 2.0 1.9 2.4 

Vermont 01001 0.0 0.2 0.0 0.0 0.2 

Virginia 662 492 419 450 484 10.2 7.5 6.3 6.7 7.3 

Washington 243 207 181 114 101 4.6 3.9 3.3 2.1 1.8 

West Virginia 164 152 38 44 17 9.0 8.3 2.1 2.4 0.9 

Wisconsin 81 99 90 74 50 1.6 1.9 1.8 1.4 1.0 

Wyoming 4 3 1 6 1 0.9 0.6 0.2 1.2 0.2 

U.S. TOTAL1 29,675 26,840 24,272 20,356 20,321 11.5 10.3 9.2 7.7 7.7 

Guam 34631 2.1 2.8 4.3 2.1 0.7 

Puerto Rico 820 753 582 620 640 22.6 20.4 15.6 16.7 17.2 

Virgin Islands 0 0 0 0 0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 

OUTLYING AREAS 823 757 588 623 641 21.2 19.2 14.8 15.7 16.1 

TOTAL 30,498 27,597 24,860 20,979 20,962 11.7 10.4 9.3 7.8 7.8 

1

Includes cases reported by Washington, D.C. 

STD Surveillance 1997 Syphilis Tables 111 
 

Table 37. Late and late latent syphilis — Reported cases and rates in selected cities of >200,000 population: 

United States and outlying areas, 1993–1997 

Cases Rates per 100,000 Population 

City 1993 1994 1995 1996 1997 1993 1994 1995 1996 1997 

Akron, OH 1 6 1 4 0 0.2 1.1 0.2 0.8 0.0 

Albuquerque, NM 60 69 26 31 41 11.8 13.4 5.0 5.9 7.8 

Atlanta, GA 141 130 207 190 289 20.8 18.8 29.5 26.5 40.2 

Austin, TX 64 48 87 30 57 10.1 7.4 13.1 4.4 8.3 

Baltimore, MD 154 109 191 73 81 21.5 15.5 27.6 10.8 12.0 

Birmingham, AL 126 132 78 149 136 19.2 20.1 11.9 22.5 20.5 

Boston, MA 190 97 88 130 191 34.4 17.7 15.8 23.2 34.2 

Buffalo, NY 40 24 23 8 13 12.2 7.3 7.1 2.5 4.0 

Charlotte, NC 71 46 41 31 19 12.9 8.2 7.1 5.2 3.2 

Chicago, IL 189 203 141 100 0 6.4 6.9 4.8 3.4 0.0 

Cincinnati, OH 45 91 26 46 33 5.2 10.5 3.0 5.4 3.8 

Cleveland, OH 39 106 108 40 19 2.8 7.6 7.7 2.9 1.4 

Columbus, OH 27 44 13 3 28 2.7 4.4 1.3 0.3 2.8 

Corpus Christi, TX 8 18 24 19 14 2.6 5.8 7.7 6.0 4.4 

Dallas, TX 345 308 334 217 260 17.9 15.9 17.0 10.8 13.0 

Dayton, OH 5 62 50 66 70 0.9 10.8 8.8 11.7 12.4 

Denver, CO 63 57 65 48 55 12.8 11.5 13.1 9.6 11.0 

Des Moines, IA 5 10 11 5 7 1.5 2.9 3.1 1.4 2.0 

Detroit, MI 233 211 192 144 188 21.9 20.0 18.2 13.8 18.0 

El Paso, TX 150 126 115 60 73 23.2 19.0 17.0 8.8 10.7 

Fort Worth, TX 168 112 60 63 62 13.6 8.9 4.7 4.8 4.8 

Honolulu, HI 27 32 22 23 38 3.1 3.7 2.5 2.6 4.4 

Houston, TX 1,138 1,223 1,283 1,095 1,128 37.9 40.2 41.7 35.0 36.1 

Indianapolis, IN 35 42 39 45 21 4.3 5.1 4.8 5.5 2.6 

Jacksonville, FL 19 51 30 48 89 2.7 7.2 4.3 6.7 12.3 

Jersey City, NJ 126 112 70 68 93 57.7 51.3 32.2 31.3 42.7 

Kansas City, MO 21 10 13 18 4 4.8 2.3 3.0 4.0 0.9 

Los Angeles, CA 3,075 2,254 1,605 1,165 806 36.0 26.3 18.8 13.6 9.4 

Louisville, KY 54 59 59 49 56 8.0 8.8 8.8 7.3 8.3 

Memphis, TN 463 453 442 399 473 54.6 52.8 51.1 46.0 54.5 

Miami, FL 640 573 409 364 367 32.0 28.3 20.1 17.5 17.7 

Milwaukee, WI 32 81 74 53 42 3.4 8.6 7.9 5.7 4.6 

Minneapolis, MN 28 34 36 31 27 7.4 8.9 9.4 8.0 7.0 

Nashville, TN 76 54 7 0 36 14.6 10.2 1.3 0.0 6.7 

New Orleans, LA 314 307 213 198 208 64.4 63.4 44.2 41.5 43.6 

New York City, NY 4,958 4,678 5,291 4,455 4,110 67.7 63.8 72.4 60.4 55.7 

Newark, NJ 219 346 232 256 235 75.0 119.3 80.7 89.5 82.1 

Norfolk, VA 37 41 31 24 25 15.0 17.0 13.0 10.3 10.7 

Oakland, CA 219 170 91 96 86 18.2 14.1 7.5 7.9 7.1 

Oklahoma City, OK 31 30 32 20 31 7.2 6.9 7.3 4.5 7.0 

Omaha, NE 11 14 11 1 12 2.6 3.3 2.5 0.2 2.7 

Philadelphia, PA 255 282 329 255 300 16.6 18.5 21.9 17.3 20.3 

Phoenix, AZ 178 133 142 143 156 7.8 5.7 5.8 5.5 6.0 

Pittsburgh, PA 25 19 10 11 14 1.9 1.4 0.8 0.8 1.1 

Portland, OR 66 34 27 32 11 13.7 7.0 5.6 6.5 2.2 

Richmond, VA 61 29 14 27 27 30.2 14.4 7.1 13.6 13.6 

Rochester, NY 86 78 59 31 21 35.2 31.9 24.3 12.8 8.7 

Sacramento, CA 60 86 53 34 36 5.5 7.8 4.8 3.0 3.2 

San Antonio, TX 183 179 174 231 182 14.6 14.0 13.4 17.5 13.8 

San Diego, CA 326 296 252 143 203 12.5 11.2 9.5 5.4 7.6 

San Francisco, CA 55 19 37 105 101 7.5 2.6 5.1 14.3 13.7 

San Jose, CA 74 63 68 59 83 4.8 4.0 4.3 3.7 5.2 

Seattle, WA 141 106 87 58 42 8.9 6.7 5.5 3.6 2.6 

St Louis, MO 127 121 60 43 105 33.7 32.9 16.7 12.2 29.9 

St Paul, MN 12 6 12 12 7 4.3 2.2 4.4 4.3 2.5 

St Petersburg, FL 93 103 63 42 40 10.8 11.9 7.2 4.8 4.6 

Tampa, FL 286 218 156 115 83 33.0 24.9 17.6 12.8 9.2 

Toledo, OH 11 16 3 10 13 2.4 3.5 0.7 2.2 2.9 

Tucson, AZ 102 67 47 35 34 14.4 9.2 6.2 4.6 4.4 

Tulsa, OK 9 15 13 18 21 2.4 4.0 3.4 4.7 5.5 

Washington, DC 450 267 201 125 168 77.9 47.1 36.3 23.0 30.9 

Wichita, KS 16 9 14 13 15 3.8 2.1 3.3 3.1 3.6 

Yonkers, NY 31 35 43 21 27 16.3 18.3 22.4 10.9 14.1 

U.S. CITY TOTAL 16,294 14,754 13,735 11,428 11,212 23.8 21.5 19.9 16.5 16.1 

San Juan, PR 540 468 309 339 312 61.9 53.7 35.4 38.9 35.8 

TOTAL 16,834 15,222 14,044 11,767 11,524 24.3 21.9 20.1 16.7 16.4 

112 Syphilis Tables STD Surveillance 1997 
 

 

Table 38. Congenital Syphilis — Reported cases and rates in infants <1 year of age: United States (excluding 

outlying areas), 1963–1997 

Year Cases Rate per 100,000 Live Births 

1963 367 9.2 

1964 336 8.7 

1965 335 8.9 

1966 333 8.8 

1967 156 4.1 

1968 274 7.3 

1969 264 7.0 

1970 323 8.6 

1971 422 11.9 

1972 360 11.0 

1973 295 9.4 

1974 250 7.9 

1975 169 5.3 

1976 160 5.1 

1977 134 4.0 

1978 104 3.0 

1979 123 3.5 

1980 107 3.0 

1981 160 4.4 

1982 159 4.3 

1983 158 4.3 

1984 247 6.7 

1985 266 7.0 

1986 357 9.5 

1987 444 11.6 

1988 658 16.8 

1989 1,807 44.7 

1990 3,816 91.0 

1991 4,410 107.3 

1992 3,851 94.7 

1993 3,237 80.9 

1994 2,204 55.8 

1995 1,860 47.7 

1996 1,283 32.9 

1997 1,049 26.9 

Years 1963-1966 are fiscal years. 

NOTE: The surveillance case definition for congenital syphilis changed in 1988 (see Appendix). As of 1995, cases of congenital syphilis <1 year of 

age are obtained using case reporting form CDC 73.126. 

STD Surveillance 1997 Syphilis Tables 113 
 

 

5

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15

20

25

30

35

40

45

50

Table 39. Congenital Syphilis — Reported cases and rates in infants <1 year of age by state/area, ranked 

according to rates: United States and outlying areas, 1997 

Rank State/Area Cases Rate per 100,000 Live Births 

1 Mississippi 40 96.7
 

2 Arkansas 31 88.1
 

3 Maryland 56 77.4
 

4 New Jersey 84 73.2
 

Alabama 29 48.1
 

6 Texas 151 46.8
 

7 Tennessee 30 41.0
 

YEAR 2000 OBJECTIVE 40.0 

8 Florida 73 38.7
 

9 Illinois 72 38.7
 

New York 99 36.5
 

11 Louisiana 22 33.5
 

12 California 163 29.5
 

13 South Carolina 15 29.5
 

U.S.TOTAL1 1,049 26.9 

14 Pennsylvania 37 24.4 

North Carolina 22 21.7
 

16 Oklahoma 9 19.7
 

17 Delaware 2 19.5
 

18 Michigan 26 19.3
 

19 Arizona 12 16.6
 

Missouri 10 13.7
 

21 Georgia 15 13.4
 

22 Puerto Rico 7 11.0
 

23 Wisconsin 7 10.4
 

24 Kentucky 5 9.5
 

Ohio 10 6.5
 

26 Virginia 6 6.5
 

27 Kansas 2 5.4
 

28 Connecticut 2 4.5
 

29 Indiana 3 3.6
 

Massachusetts 2 2.4
 

31 Oregon 1 2.3
 

32 Washington 1 1.3
 

33 Alaska 0 0.0
 

34 Colorado 0 0.0
 

Hawaii 0 0.0
 

36 Idaho 0 0.0
 

37 Iowa 0 0.0
 

38 Maine 0 0.0
 

39 Minnesota 0 0.0
 

Montana 0 0.0
 

41 Nebraska 0 0.0
 

42 Nevada 0 0.0
 

43 New Hampshire 0 0.0
 

44 New Mexico 0 0.0
 

North Dakota 0 0.0
 

46 Rhode Island 0 0.0
 

47 South Dakota 0 0.0
 

48 Utah 0 0.0
 

49 Vermont 0 0.0
 

West Virginia 0 0.0
 

51 Wyoming 0 0.0
 

52 Guam 0 0.0
 

53 Virgin Islands 0 0.0
 

1

Includes cases reported by Washington, D.C. but excludes outlying areas (Guam, Puerto Rico and Virgin Islands). 

114 Syphilis Tables STD Surveillance 1997 
 

Table 40. Congenital Syphilis — Reported cases and rates in infants <1 year of age by state/area: 

United States and outlying areas, 1993–1997 

State/Area 1993 1994 

Cases 

1995 1996 1997 1993 

Rates per 100,000 Live Births 

1994 1995 1996 1997 

Alabama 27 18 18 22 29 43.8 29.5 29.8 36.5 48.1 

Alaska 0 0 0 0 0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 

Arizona 16 16 10 6 12 23.2 22.6 13.8 8.3 16.6 

Arkansas 8 29 30 32 31 23.3 83.5 85.3 91.0 88.1 

California 298 194 346 196 163 50.9 34.2 62.7 35.5 29.5 

Colorado 8 4 1 3 0 14.8 7.4 1.8 5.5 0.0 

Connecticut 10 6 6 2 2 21.4 13.1 13.5 4.5 4.5 

Delaware 3 5 1 0 2 28.4 48.0 9.7 0.0 19.5 

Florida 235 74 114 92 73 122.1 38.8 60.4 48.7 38.7 

Georgia 79 42 45 30 15 71.4 37.8 40.1 26.7 13.4 

Hawaii 0 0 0 0 0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 

Idaho 0 0 0 1 0 0.0 0.0 0.0 5.5 0.0 

Illinois 368 258 184 104 72 192.9 136.3 99.0 56.0 38.7 

Indiana 1 11 0 5 3 1.2 13.3 0.0 6.0 3.6 

Iowa 1 6 0 0 0 2.6 16.2 0.0 0.0 0.0 

Kansas 3 2 1 0 2 8.0 5.4 2.7 0.0 5.4 

Kentucky 9 13 9 6 5 17.0 24.5 17.2 11.5 9.5 

Louisiana 144 87 36 15 22 207.5 128.3 54.8 22.9 33.5 

Maine 0 0 0 0 0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 

Maryland 30 9 29 34 56 40.0 12.2 40.1 47.0 77.4 

Massachusetts 6 6 0 6 2 7.1 7.2 0.0 7.3 2.4 

Michigan 84 28 27 22 26 60.1 20.3 20.1 16.3 19.3 

Minnesota 9 2 2 2 0 13.9 3.1 3.2 3.2 0.0 

Mississippi 70 56 65 54 40 166.1 133.5 157.2 130.6 96.7 

Missouri 97 72 40 15 10 128.9 97.9 54.8 20.5 13.7 

Montana 0 0 0 0 0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 

Nebraska 1 0 0 0 0 4.3 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 

Nevada 3 3 0 1 0 13.4 12.5 0.0 4.0 0.0 

New Hampshire 0 0 0 0 0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 

New Jersey 161 178 94 90 84 136.8 151.5 81.9 78.4 73.2 

New Mexico 0 0 0 0 0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 

New York 748 388 327 156 99 264.9 139.4 120.5 57.5 36.5 

North Carolina 54 44 33 31 22 53.3 43.4 32.5 30.5 21.7 

North Dakota 0 0 0 0 0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 

Ohio 71 71 38 15 10 44.7 45.5 24.7 9.7 6.5 

Oklahoma 11 15 17 10 9 23.8 32.8 37.2 21.9 19.7 

Oregon 4 0 0 0 1 9.6 0.0 0.0 0.0 2.3 

Pennsylvania 161 115 66 58 37 100.1 73.2 43.5 38.2 24.4 

Rhode Island 1 2 0 0 0 7.2 14.9 0.0 0.0 0.0 

South Carolina 82 100 39 40 15 152.3 192.1 76.6 78.5 29.5 

South Dakota 0 0 0 0 0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 

Tennessee 52 57 29 34 30 71.2 77.9 39.6 46.5 41.0 

Texas 246 224 202 166 151 76.4 69.8 62.6 51.4 46.8 

Utah 0 0 0 0 0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 

Vermont 0 0 0 1 0 0.0 0.0 0.0 14.7 0.0 

Virginia 23 18 25 16 6 24.2 18.9 27.0 17.3 6.5 

Washington 4 3 2 1 1 5.1 3.9 2.6 1.3 1.3 

West Virginia 6 2 0 0 0 27.5 9.4 0.0 0.0 0.0 

Wisconsin 29 18 11 3 7 41.6 26.4 16.3 4.4 10.4 

Wyoming 0 0 0 0 0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 

U.S. TOTAL1 3,237 2,204 1,860 1,283 1,049 80.9 55.8 47.7 32.9 26.9 

Guam 0 0 0 0 0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 

Puerto Rico 18 20 14 11 7 28.1 31.1 22.1 17.3 11.0 

Virgin Islands 1 0 0 0 0 45.1 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 

OUTLYING AREAS 19 20 14 11 7 27.3 28.2 20.1 15.8 10.0 

TOTAL 3,256 2,224 1,874 1,294 1,056 80.0 55.3 47.2 32.6 26.6 

1

Includes cases reported by Washington, D.C.
 

NOTE: As of 1995, cases of congenital syphilis <1 year of age are obtained using case reporting form CDC 73.126.
 

STD Surveillance 1997 Syphilis Tables 115 
 

 

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25

30

35

40

45

50

55

60

Table 41. Congenital Syphilis — Reported cases and rates in infants <1 year of age in selected cities 

of >200,000 population, ranked according to rates: United States and outlying areas, 1997 

Rank City Cases Rate per 100,000 Live Births 

1 Newark, NJ 32 592.3
 

2 Baltimore, MD 55 516.5
 

3 Houston, TX 108 266.7
 

4 Memphis, TN 26 234.8
 

Birmingham, AL 9 219.0
 

6 Miami, FL 32 206.1
 

7 Philadelphia, PA 37 152.9
 

8 St Louis, MO 9 149.3
 

9 Atlanta, GA 12 147.3
 

Washington, DC 12 133.1
 

11 Detroit, MI 23 130.7
 

12 Jersey City, NJ 4 100.1
 

13 Oklahoma City, OK 7 98.7
 

14 Tampa, FL 7 96.0
 

Chicago, IL 50 91.7
 

16 Los Angeles, CA 65 91.3
 

17 Fort Worth, TX 6 65.9
 

18 New York City, NY 80 63.5
 

19 Cleveland, OH 6 63.2
 

Milwaukee, WI 7 62.6
 

21 Buffalo, NY 3 58.2
 

22 Phoenix, AZ 11 49.6
 

23 Louisville, KY 3 46.7
 

YEAR 2000 OBJECTIVE 40.0 

24 New Orleans, LA 3 37.1 

Wichita, KS 2 34.9
 

26 Richmond, VA 1 34.7
 

27 El Paso, TX 4 28.8
 

28 San Francisco, CA 2 23.3
 

29 Norfolk, VA 1 22.9
 

San Juan, PR 2 22.8
 

31 San Antonio, TX 4 19.1
 

32 Tulsa, OK 1 16.8
 

33 Kansas City, MO 1 14.6
 

34 Portland, OR 1 13.9
 

Dallas, TX 3 13.9
 

36 Columbus, OH 1 9.8
 

37 Tucson, AZ 0 0.0
 

38 Oakland, CA 0 0.0
 

39 Sacramento, CA 0 0.0
 

San Diego, CA 0 0.0
 

41 San Jose, CA 0 0.0
 

42 Denver, CO 0 0.0
 

43 Jacksonville, FL 0 0.0
 

44 St Petersburg, FL 0 0.0
 

Honolulu, HI 0 0.0
 

46 Indianapolis, IN 0 0.0
 

47 Des Moines, IA 0 0.0
 

48 Boston, MA 0 0.0
 

49 Minneapolis, MN 0 0.0
 

St Paul, MN 0 0.0
 

51 Omaha, NE 0 0.0
 

52 Albuquerque, NM 0 0.0
 

53 Rochester, NY 0 0.0
 

54 Yonkers, NY 0 0.0
 

Charlotte, NC 0 0.0
 

56 Akron, OH 0 0.0
 

57 Cincinnati, OH 0 0.0
 

58 Dayton, OH 0 0.0
 

59 Toledo, OH 0 0.0
 

Pittsburgh, PA 0 0.0
 

61 Nashville, TN 0 0.0
 

62 Austin, TX 0 0.0
 

63 Corpus Christi, TX 0 0.0
 

64 Seattle, WA 0 0.0
 

116 Syphilis Tables STD Surveillance 1997 
 

Table 42. Congenital syphilis — Reported cases and rates in infants <1 year of age in selected cities of 

>200,000 population: United States and outlying areas, 1993–1997 

Cases Rates per 100,000 Live Births 

City 1993 1994 1995 1996 1997 1993 1994 1995 1996 1997 

Akron, OH 1 0 0 0 0 27.2 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 

Albuquerque, NM 0 0 0 0 0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 

Atlanta, GA 36 11 21 15 10 421.6 129.3 257.8 184.1 122.7 

Austin, TX 9 3 0 0 0 96.4 31.6 0.0 0.0 0.0 

Baltimore, MD 5 1 15 30 55 40.7 8.6 140.9 281.7 516.5 

Birmingham, AL 7 7 9 11 9 159.2 164.6 219.0 267.7 219.0 

Boston, MA 3 4 0 2 0 34.0 47.2 0.0 24.8 0.0 

Buffalo, NY 6 1 1 2 3 100.1 17.7 19.4 38.8 58.2 

Charlotte, NC 10 3 1 2 0 139.4 42.4 12.5 25.0 0.0 

Chicago, IL 275 177 121 66 50 465.8 308.7 221.9 121.0 91.7 

Cincinnati, OH 12 15 6 1 0 181.5 249.0 105.4 17.6 0.0 

Cleveland, OH 47 44 20 6 6 446.2 446.6 210.6 63.2 63.2 

Columbus, OH 1 1 0 0 1 9.3 9.6 0.0 0.0 9.8 

Corpus Christi, TX 0 0 1 0 0 0.0 0.0 21.2 0.0 0.0 

Dallas, TX 22 10 13 2 3 102.6 47.0 60.1 9.2 13.9 

Dayton, OH 5 5 8 7 0 149.4 164.4 273.1 239.0 0.0 

Denver, CO 3 3 0 1 0 34.3 34.8 0.0 11.5 0.0 

Des Moines, IA 0 2 0 0 0 0.0 58.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 

Detroit, MI 72 19 23 18 23 353.9 98.0 130.7 102.3 130.7 

El Paso, TX 18 10 3 4 4 125.1 71.0 21.6 28.8 28.8 

Fort Worth, TX 13 7 11 4 6 144.4 79.8 120.8 43.9 65.9 

Honolulu, HI 0 0 0 0 0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 

Houston, TX 119 86 99 105 108 290.7 214.8 244.5 259.3 266.7 

Indianapolis, IN 0 3 0 0 0 0.0 22.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 

Jacksonville, FL 8 1 1 1 0 70.7 9.1 9.2 9.2 0.0 

Jersey City, NJ 7 9 11 1 4 166.3 213.5 275.2 25.0 100.1 

Kansas City, MO 11 7 2 1 1 149.8 107.3 29.3 14.6 14.6 

Los Angeles, CA 256 190 157 90 64 310.7 258.5 220.5 126.4 89.9 

Louisville, KY 7 10 4 4 3 116.1 160.5 62.2 62.2 46.7 

Memphis, TN 35 35 25 26 26 288.9 302.1 225.8 234.8 234.8 

Miami, FL 113 14 48 37 32 659.1 86.4 309.1 238.3 206.1 

Milwaukee, WI 5 15 11 3 7 41.0 127.7 98.4 26.8 62.6 

Minneapolis, MN 5 1 2 1 0 82.8 16.9 34.9 17.4 0.0 

Nashville, TN 3 1 1 1 0 36.8 12.5 12.4 12.4 0.0 

New Orleans, LA 54 23 0 0 3 592.4 264.6 0.0 0.0 37.1 

New York City, NY 654 329 283 132 80 504.7 257.7 224.5 104.7 63.5 

Newark, NJ 73 55 44 32 32 1,383.4 985.8 814.4 592.3 592.3 

Norfolk, VA 10 2 8 7 1 194.5 43.7 183.0 160.1 22.9 

Oakland, CA 7 0 0 0 0 96.8 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 

Oklahoma City, OK 6 12 13 8 7 83.5 167.9 183.2 112.8 98.7 

Omaha, NE 1 0 0 0 0 18.7 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 

Philadelphia, PA 152 106 66 58 37 563.8 406.8 272.7 239.6 152.9 

Phoenix, AZ 11 13 6 3 11 53.6 60.8 27.0 13.5 49.6 

Pittsburgh, PA 2 1 0 0 0 39.6 21.1 0.0 0.0 0.0 

Portland, OR 2 0 0 0 1 30.5 0.0 0.0 0.0 13.9 

Richmond, VA 0 0 1 0 1 0.0 0.0 34.7 0.0 34.7 

Rochester, NY 7 4 4 1 0 125.5 81.1 89.9 22.5 0.0 

Sacramento, CA 0 0 0 0 0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 

San Antonio, TX 9 10 9 7 4 43.4 47.2 42.9 33.4 19.1 

San Diego, CA 9 0 0 0 0 41.8 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 

San Francisco, CA 7 4 1 1 2 77.5 44.1 11.6 11.6 23.3 

San Jose, CA 1 0 0 0 0 6.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 

Seattle, WA 2 2 0 0 0 27.9 27.6 0.0 0.0 0.0 

St Louis, MO 66 49 28 12 9 880.9 729.1 464.5 199.1 149.3 

St Paul, MN 2 0 0 0 0 41.1 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 

St Petersburg, FL 11 0 2 1 0 315.1 0.0 59.6 29.8 0.0 

Tampa, FL 12 4 9 16 7 162.2 53.5 123.5 219.5 96.0 

Toledo, OH 3 0 0 0 0 49.7 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 

Tucson, AZ 2 3 1 2 0 22.6 33.7 11.8 23.6 0.0 

Tulsa, OK 4 1 1 0 1 62.3 16.3 16.8 0.0 16.8 

Washington, DC 74 28 12 14 12 696.2 282.0 133.1 155.3 133.1 

Wichita, KS 0 0 0 0 2 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 34.9 

Yonkers, NY 7 8 3 0 0 247.6 279.8 110.8 0.0 0.0 

U.S. CITY TOTAL 2,302 1,349 1,105 735 625 268.7 162.7 136.7 90.9 77.3 

San Juan, PR 11 10 0 0 2 121.0 110.8 0.0 0.0 22.8 

TOTAL 2,313 1,359 1,105 735 627 267.1 162.1 135.3 90.0 76.8 

NOTE: As of 1995, cases of congenital syphilis <1 year of age are obtained using case reporting form CDC 73.126.
 

STD Surveillance 1997 Syphilis Tables 117
 
 

Table 43. Chancroid — Reported cases and rates by state/area: United States and outlying areas, 1993–1997 

State/Area 1993 1994 

Cases 

1995 1996 1997 1993 

Rates per 100,000 Population 

1994 1995 1996 1997 

Alabama 23 24 7 0 1 0.6 0.6 0.2 0.0 0.0 

Alaska 0 0 0 0 0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 

Arizona 3 3 2 2 0 0.1 0.1 0.0 0.0 0.0 

Arkansas 0 0 1 1 1 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 

California 12 25 8 8 19 0.0 0.1 0.0 0.0 0.1 

Colorado 0 0 0 0 0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 

Connecticut 0 0 0 0 0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 

Delaware 1 0 0 0 0 0.1 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 

Florida 46 20 24 3 3 0.3 0.1 0.2 0.0 0.0 

Georgia 29 0 2 0 1 0.4 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 

Hawaii 0 0 0 0 0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 

Idaho 0 0 0 0 0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 

Illinois 91 38 21 20 5 0.8 0.3 0.2 0.2 0.0 

Indiana 3 0 0 1 0 0.1 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 

Iowa 0 1 0 0 0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 

Kansas 1 5 2 2 0 0.0 0.2 0.1 0.1 0.0 

Kentucky 4 0 0 0 0 0.1 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 

Louisiana 310 209 129 58 3 7.2 4.8 3.0 1.3 0.1 

Maine 0 0 0 0 0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 

Maryland 0 0 0 2 1 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 

Massachusetts 2 1 7 2 4 0.0 0.0 0.1 0.0 0.1 

Michigan 0 0 0 0 0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 

Minnesota 1 0 0 0 0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 

Mississippi 0 0 0 1 0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 

Missouri 1 2 0 0 0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 

Montana 0 0 0 0 0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 

Nebraska 0 0 0 0 0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 

Nevada 0 0 2 0 0 0.0 0.0 0.1 0.0 0.0 

New Hampshire 3 0 0 1 0 0.3 0.0 0.0 0.1 0.0 

New Jersey 0 0 4 4 0 0.0 0.0 0.1 0.1 0.0 

New Mexico 0 0 0 0 0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 

New York 618 365 336 182 119 3.4 2.0 1.9 1.0 0.7 

North Carolina 13 10 18 14 9 0.2 0.1 0.3 0.2 0.1 

North Dakota 0 0 0 0 0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 

Ohio 21 8 5 6 3 0.2 0.1 0.0 0.1 0.0 

Oklahoma 0 0 0 0 0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 

Oregon 0 5 0 0 1 0.0 0.2 0.0 0.0 0.0 

Pennsylvania 0 0 0 0 0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 

Rhode Island 0 0 0 0 0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 

South Carolina 0 0 0 8 15 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.2 0.4 

South Dakota 0 0 0 0 0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 

Tennessee 8 3 2 2 1 0.2 0.1 0.0 0.0 0.0 

Texas 37 51 26 65 53 0.2 0.3 0.1 0.3 0.3 

Utah 4 0 0 0 0 0.2 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 

Vermont 0 0 0 0 0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 

Virginia 3 0 2 1 1 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 

Washington 0 1 5 1 2 0.0 0.0 0.1 0.0 0.0 

West Virginia 1 0 1 0 0 0.1 0.0 0.1 0.0 0.0 

Wisconsin 0 2 3 2 0 0.0 0.0 0.1 0.0 0.0 

Wyoming 1 0 0 0 1 0.2 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.2 

U.S. TOTAL1 1,237 773 607 386 243 0.5 0.3 0.2 0.1 0.1 

Guam 0 0 0 0 0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 

Puerto Rico 25 32 1 2 1 0.7 0.9 0.0 0.1 0.0 

Virgin Islands 5 1 2 0 0 4.5 0.9 1.8 0.0 0.0 

OUTLYING AREAS 30 33 3 2 1 0.8 0.8 0.1 0.1 0.0 

TOTAL 1,267 806 610 388 244 0.5 0.3 0.2 0.1 0.1 

1

Includes cases reported by Washington, D.C. 

STD Surveillance 1997 Chancroid Tables 118 
 

 

Table 44. Chancroid — Reported cases and rates in selected cities of >200,000 population: United States and 

outlying areas, 1993–1997 

City 1993 1994 

Cases 

1995 1996 1997 1993 

Rates per 100,000 Population 

1994 1995 1996 1997 

Akron, OH 0 0 0 0 0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 

Albuquerque, NM 0 0 0 0 0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 

Atlanta, GA 10 0 0 0 1 1.5 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.1 

Austin, TX 2 5 0 0 0 0.3 0.8 0.0 0.0 0.0 

Baltimore, MD 0 0 0 1 0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.1 0.0 

Birmingham, AL 0 0 0 0 0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 

Boston, MA 0 0 2 0 3 0.0 0.0 0.4 0.0 0.5 

Buffalo, NY 0 0 0 0 0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 

Charlotte, NC 10 0 3 4 1 1.8 0.0 0.5 0.7 0.2 

Chicago, IL 81 36 21 20 5 2.7 1.2 0.7 0.7 0.2 

Cincinnati, OH 2 3 1 0 0 0.2 0.3 0.1 0.0 0.0 

Cleveland, OH 0 2 0 0 0 0.0 0.1 0.0 0.0 0.0 

Columbus, OH 0 0 0 0 3 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.3 

Corpus Christi, TX 0 0 1 0 0 0.0 0.0 0.3 0.0 0.0 

Dallas, TX 0 0 12 13 13 0.0 0.0 0.6 0.6 0.6 

Dayton, OH 19 3 1 1 0 3.3 0.5 0.2 0.2 0.0 

Denver, CO 0 0 0 0 0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 

Des Moines, IA 0 1 0 0 0 0.0 0.3 0.0 0.0 0.0 

Detroit, MI 0 0 0 0 0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 

El Paso, TX 0 1 0 1 2 0.0 0.2 0.0 0.1 0.3 

Fort Worth, TX 0 0 0 0 1 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.1 

Honolulu, HI 0 0 0 0 0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 

Houston, TX 34 38 0 25 23 1.1 1.2 0.0 0.8 0.7 

Indianapolis, IN 0 0 0 0 0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 

Jacksonville, FL 0 0 0 0 0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 

Jersey City, NJ 0 0 0 0 0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 

Kansas City, MO 0 0 0 0 0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 

Los Angeles, CA 12 20 4 2 12 0.1 0.2 0.0 0.0 0.1 

Louisville, KY 1 0 0 0 0 0.1 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 

Memphis, TN 8 3 2 2 0 0.9 0.3 0.2 0.2 0.0 

Miami, FL 1 0 0 0 0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 

Milwaukee, WI 0 0 0 1 0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.1 0.0 

Minneapolis, MN 0 0 0 0 0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 

Nashville, TN 0 0 0 0 0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 

New Orleans, LA 281 201 125 52 3 57.7 41.5 25.9 10.9 0.6 

New York City, NY 613 357 334 181 119 8.4 4.9 4.6 2.5 1.6 

Newark, NJ 0 0 1 0 0 0.0 0.0 0.3 0.0 0.0 

Norfolk, VA 0 0 1 0 0 0.0 0.0 0.4 0.0 0.0 

Oakland, CA 0 0 2 0 1 0.0 0.0 0.2 0.0 0.1 

Oklahoma City, OK 0 0 0 0 0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 

Omaha, NE 0 0 0 0 0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 

Philadelphia, PA 0 0 0 0 0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 

Phoenix, AZ 2 3 0 1 0 0.1 0.1 0.0 0.0 0.0 

Pittsburgh, PA 0 0 0 0 0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 

Portland, OR 0 2 0 0 0 0.0 0.4 0.0 0.0 0.0 

Richmond, VA 0 0 0 0 0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 

Rochester, NY 0 0 0 0 0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 

Sacramento, CA 0 0 0 0 0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 

San Antonio, TX 0 0 0 0 0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 

San Diego, CA 0 2 2 2 0 0.0 0.1 0.1 0.1 0.0 

San Francisco, CA 0 2 0 1 3 0.0 0.3 0.0 0.1 0.4 

San Jose, CA 0 0 0 0 0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 

Seattle, WA 0 0 4 0 1 0.0 0.0 0.3 0.0 0.1 

St Louis, MO 1 1 0 0 0 0.3 0.3 0.0 0.0 0.0 

St Paul, MN 0 0 0 0 0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 

St Petersburg, FL 0 0 0 0 0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 

Tampa, FL 0 0 0 0 0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 

Toledo, OH 0 0 0 0 0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 

Tucson, AZ 0 0 0 1 0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.1 0.0 

Tulsa, OK 0 0 0 0 0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 

Washington, DC 1 0 0 0 0 0.2 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 

Wichita, KS 0 0 0 1 0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.2 0.0 

Yonkers, NY 0 0 0 0 0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 

U.S. CITY TOTAL 1,078 680 516 309 191 1.6 1.0 0.7 0.4 0.3 

San Juan, PR 7 10 0 1 0 0.8 1.1 0.0 0.1 0.0 

TOTAL 1,085 690 516 310 191 1.6 1.0 0.7 0.4 0.3 

119 Chancroid Tables STD Surveillance 1997 

Sources and Limitations of Data 


CDC Surveillance Data 

Much of the information in this document was based on cases of sexually transmitted 

diseases (STDs) reported to the Division of STD Prevention (DSTDP), Centers for Disease 

Control and Prevention (CDC), by the STD control programs and health departments in the 

50 states, the District of Columbia, selected cities, U.S. dependencies and possessions, and 

independent nations in free association with the United States. Included among the dependencies, possessions, and independent nations are Guam, Puerto Rico, and the Virgin Islands. 

These entities are identified as "outlying areas of the U.S." in selected tables and figures. 

At present, STD data are submitted to CDC on a variety of hardcopy summary reports 

(monthly, quarterly, and annually) and electronically either in summary or individual caselisted format via the National Electronic Telecommunications System for Surveillance 

(NETSS) -- the system that provides notifiable disease information that is published in the 

Morbidity and Mortality Weekly Report, or MMWR. DSTDP is currently working with project 

areas on converting from hardcopy reporting of summary data to electronic submission of 

line-listed (i.e., case-specific) data through NETSS. As of 1997, 20 states have been notified 

to discontinue hardcopy reporting and are sending primary and secondary syphilis, chlamydia 

and gonorrhea as line-listed extended, electronic data. See Figures A1-A3 in this Appendix 

for type of reporting by state and disease. “Summary” refers to aggregate electronic data. 

“Case” refers to case-specific, 60-byte core records. “Extended case” refers to case-specific, 

60-byte core records plus STD-specific information beyond the core 60-byte record. “Discontinue hardcopy” refers to those states that sent consistent, quality case-extended data and were 

notified to discontinue hardcopy reporting.

 The data used in this report are predominantly based on the summary hardcopy reports. 

Monthly reports included summary data for syphilis by county and state. Quarterly reports 

included summary data for syphilis, gonorrhea, chlamydia, and other STDs by gender and 

source of report (STD clinic or non-STD clinic) for the 50 states, 64 large cities (most with a 

population over 200,000 in 1980), and outlying areas of the United States. Annual reports 

included summary data for syphilis, gonorrhea, and chlamydia by age, race, and gender for 

the 50 states and six large cities. In addition, data on antimicrobial susceptibility in Neisseria 

gonorrhoeae were collected through the Gonococcal Isolate Surveillance Project (GISP), a 

sentinel system of 26 STD clinics and five laboratories located throughout the United States. 

Provisional data on syphilis, gonorrhea, and chlamydia reported to CDC weekly by states for 

inclusion in the Morbidity and Mortality Weekly Report were not included in this document. 

Areas differ in their ability to resolve differences in total cases derived from hardcopy 

monthly, quarterly, and annual reports (as well as electronically submitted case-listed data). 

Thus, depending on the database used, there may be discrepancies in total cases in the tables 

and figures. In most instances, these discrepancies are less than 5% of total reported cases and 

STD Surveillance 1997 Appendix Sources and Limitations of Data 121 
have minimal impact on national total cases and rates. However, for a specific area, the 

discrepancies may be larger. 

Reports and corrections sent to CDC through June 15, 1998 have been included. Those 

received after this date will appear in subsequent issues. The data in the tables and figures in 

this document supersede those in all earlier publications. 

Population Denominators and Rate Calculations 

Crude incidence rates (new cases/population) were calculated on an annual basis per 100,000 

population. For the United States, rates were calculated using Bureau of the Census population 

estimates for 1981 through 1989 (Bureau of the Census; United States Population Estimates 

by Age, Sex and Race: 1980-1989 [Series P-25, No. 1045]; Washington: US Government 

Printing Office, 1990; and United States Population Estimates by Age, Sex and Race: 1989 

[Series P-25, No. 1057]; Washington: US Government Printing Office, 1990). Rates for states 

and counties were calculated using published intercensal estimates based on Bureau of the 

Census population estimates for 1980-1989 (Irwin R; 1980-1989 Intercensal Population 

Estimates by Race, Sex, and Age; Alexandria, [VA]: Demo-Detail, 1992; machine-readable 

data file). Rates for 1990 were calculated using population data from the 1990 census (Census 

of Population and Housing, 1990: Summary Tape File 1 (All States) [machine-readable file]; 

Washington: Bureau of the Census, 1991), which included information on area (county, state), 

age (5-year age groups), race (White, Black, Asian/Pacific Islander, American Indian/Alaska 

Native) and ethnicity (Hispanic). Rates for 1991-1996 were updated from previous issues of 

this report using postcensal population estimates based on the Bureau of the Census data (U.S. 

Bureau of the Census; 1991-1996 Estimates of the Population of Counties by Age, Sex and 

Race/Hispanic Origin: 1990 to 1996; machine-readable data files). Rates for 1997 use 

population estimates for 1996. 

Many cities do not have a separate health jurisdiction that collects and reports cases of STDs. 

For these cities, case numbers and crude incidence rates are equal to those of the county or 

counties in which the city is located. For the remaining cities, incidence rates were calculated 

by using population estimates based on the Bureau of the Census (Irwin R, see above) and a 

marketing survey (Market Statistics, Inc; Sales and Marketing Management; New York: Bill 

Communications, Inc, August 1989). 

1980-1988 population estimates for areas outside the United States were obtained from the 

Bureau of the Census (Bureau of the Census; population estimates for Puerto Rico and the 

outlying areas: 1980 to 1988; Current Population Reports [Series P-25, No. 1049]; Washington: US Government Printing Office, 1989). After 1988, population estimates for outlying 

areas were obtained directly from the health departments in these areas. For Puerto Rico, 

population estimates for 1996 and 1997 were based on 1995 population estimates. For the 

Virgin Islands, rates for 1993-1997 were based on 1992 population estimates, and for Guam, 

rates for 1991-1997 were based on 1990 population estimates. 

The percentage of cases for which race/ethnicity and age were unknown or unspecified 

differed considerably by year and area. States were excluded from analysis if race/ethnicity 

and age were not reported for the majority of cases. Otherwise, if race/ethnicity or age was 

unknown or unspecified, cases were distributed according to the distribution of cases for which 

these data were available. In this edition, 1981 through 1997 age- and race-specific rates (for 

122 Sources and Limitations of Data Appendix STD Surveillance 1997 
chlamydia (1996-97 only), gonorrhea, and syphilis in the National Profile, Special Focus 

Profiles and Detailed Tables) are calculated from estimates based on this redistribution. 

Rates of congenital syphilis for 1989-1997 were calculated using live births from the 

National Center for Health Statistics (NCHS) (Vital Statistics: Natality Tapes 1989-1995 or 

Vital Statistics Reports, United States 1997, Vol. 45 No.6--Natality). Race-specific rates for 

1996-1997 were calculated using live births for 1995. Rates before 1989 were calculated using 

published live birth data (NCHS; Vital Statistics Report, United States, 1988 [Vol.1--Natality]). 

Case Definitions and Reporting Practices 

Although most areas generally adhere to the case definitions for STDs found in Case 

Definitions for Infectious Conditions Under Public Health Surveillance (MMWR 1997;46(RR10):1-56), there are differences between individual areas in case definitions as well as in the 

policies and systems for collecting surveillance data. Thus, comparisons of case numbers and 

rates between areas should be interpreted with caution. However, since case definitions and 

surveillance activities within a given area remain relatively stable, trends should be minimally 

affected. In many areas, reporting from publicly supported institutions (e.g., STD clinics) was 

more complete than from other sources (e.g., private practitioners). Thus, the trends may not 

be representative of all segments of the population. Military cases are not reported as a separate 

category. 

Reporting of Congenital Syphilis Cases 

In 1989, a new surveillance case definition for congenital syphilis was introduced. The new 

case definition has greater sensitivity than the former definition. In addition, many areas greatly 

enhanced active case finding for congenital syphilis during this time. For these reasons, the 

number of reported cases increased dramatically during 1989-1991. As is true of any change, 

a period of transition during which trends cannot be clearly interpreted has resulted; however, 

all reporting areas had implemented the new case definition for reporting all cases of congenital 

syphilis after January 1, 1992. Therefore, the reliability of trends is expected to have stabilized 

after this date. 

In addition to changing the case definition, CDC introduced a new data collection form (CDC 

73.126) in 1990. Beginning with 1995, the data collected on this form are used for reporting 

congenital syphilis reported cases and associated rates. This form collects individual case 

information which allows more thorough analysis of cases. For the purposes of these analyses 

if either the race or ethnicity question was answered, the case was included. For example, if 

"white" race was marked, but ethnicity was left blank, the individual was counted as "non-Hispanic white". 

Reporting of Gonorrhea Cases 

In 1994, Georgia reported gonorrhea cases to CDC for only part of a year. Therefore, Georgia 

cases and population were excluded from gonorrhea figures and tables for 1994. The city of 

Atlanta was also excluded from city gonorrhea figures and tables for 1994. 

Reporting of Chlamydia Cases 

In 1997, New York was the only state that did not yet have laws or policies for uniform 

reporting of Chlamydia trachomatis cases. Chlamydia cases for New York were exclusively 

based on cases reported by New York City (i.e., no cases were reported outside of New York 

STD Surveillance 1997 Appendix Sources and Limitations of Data 123 
City). When calculating U.S. total rates, the population denominators were adjusted to include 

only the New York City population. Trends in many areas were more representative of increases 

in reporting of cases rather than actual trends in disease. Cases and rates of chlamydia reported 

in gender-specific tables are underestimated due to some reported cases with unknown gender. 

Despite problems with under-reporting, it is important to publish the data to emphasize the 

large numbers of cases of chlamydia being detected in the United States. As areas develop 

chlamydia prevention and control programs, including improved surveillance systems to 

monitor trends, the data should improve and become more representative of true trends in 

disease. 

Chlamydia test positivity was calculated by dividing the number of women testing positive 

for chlamydia (numerator) by the total number of women tested for chlamydia (denominator) 

and was expressed as a percentage. While not common, the denominator may contain multiple 

tests from the same individual if that person was tested more than once during a year. Various 

chlamydia test methods were used and no adjustments of test positivity were made based on 

test type. Chlamydia testing data for region- and state-specific figures were published with 

permission from the HHS Regional Infertility Prevention Programs, selected state STD 

prevention programs, and the Job Corps, U.S. Department of Labor. Health and Human 

Services (HHS) regions are as follows: Region I=Connecticut, Maine, Massachusetts, New 

Hampshire, Rhode Island, and Vermont; Region II=New Jersey, New York, Puerto Rico, and 

U.S. Virgin Islands; Region III=Delaware, District of Columbia, Maryland, Pennsylvania, 

Virginia, and West Virginia; Region IV=Alabama, Florida, Georgia, Kentucky, Mississippi, 

North Carolina, South Carolina, and Tennessee; Region V=Illinois, Indiana, Michigan, Minnesota, Ohio, and Wisconsin; Region VI=Arkansas, Louisiana, New Mexico, Oklahoma, and 

Texas; Region VII=Iowa, Kansas, Missouri, and Nebraska; Region VIII=Colorado, Montana, 

North Dakota, South Dakota, Utah, and Wyoming; Region IX=Arizona, California, Guam, 

Hawaii, and Nevada; and Region X=Alaska, Idaho, Oregon, and Washington. 

Other Data Sources 

The information on the number of initial visits to private physicians’ offices for sexually 

transmitted diseases was based on analysis of data from the National Disease and Therapeutic 

Index (NDTI) (machine-readable files or summary statistics for years 1966-1997). For more 

information on this database, contact IMS America, Ltd., 660 West Germantown Pike, 

Plymouth Meeting, PA 19462; Telephone: (610) 834-5000. 

The information on patients hospitalized for pelvic inflammatory disease or ectopic pregnancy was based on analysis of data from the National Hospital Discharge Survey (machinereadable files for years 1980-1995), an ongoing nationwide sample survey of short-stay 

hospitals in the United States, conducted by the National Center for Health Statistics. For more 

information, see Graves EJ; 1988 Summary: National Hospital Discharge Survey; Advance 

data No. 185; Hyattsville (MD): National Center for Health Statistics, 1990. The National 

Hospital Ambulatory Medical Care Survey (NHAMCS-ER) (machine-readable files for 1995­

1996) was used to obtain estimates of the number of emergency room visits for pelvic 

inflammatory disease among women ages 15 to 44. Data on HSV-2 seroprevalence among the 

non-institutionalized U.S. population were obtained from the National Health and Nutrition 

Examination Survey (NHANES). The estimates generated using these data sources (NHDS, 

NHAMCS, and NHANES) are based on statistical surveys and therefore have sampling 

variability associated with the estimates. 

124 Sources and Limitations of Data Appendix STD Surveillance 1997 
Healthy People Year 2000 Revisions 

In 1995, the Healthy People year 2000 objectives were revised1

. The year 2000 objectives 

for the diseases in this report were revised as follows: primary and secondary syphilis--10 per 

100,000 population to 4; congenital syphilis--50 per 100,000 livebirths to 40; and gonorrhea 

--225 per 100,000 population to 100. 

1

Department of Health and Human Services. Healthy People 2000: Midcourse Review and 1995 

Revisions. U.S. Department of Health and Human Services, Public Health Service. U.S. Government 

Printing Office, Washington, D.C., 1995. 

STD Surveillance 1997 Appendix Sources and Limitations of Data 125 
Figure A1. Chlamydia — National electronic telecommunications surveillance system (NETSS) 

transmission status by state, 1997 

*
 

Guam NETSS Data: 

Summary 

Case 

Case Extended 

Discontinued 

Hardcopy 

Puerto Rico * Virgin Is. * 

*Upstate New York (New York City reports summary chlamydia records to NETSS), Washington, DC, 

Puerto Rico and Virgin Islands did not report. 

Note:	 Unless noted, large city projects transmit records in the same format as states. San Francisco, CA 

project reports case extended chlamydia records to NETSS. 

Figure A2. Gonorrhea — National electronic telecommunications surveillance system (NETSS) 

transmission status by state, 1997 

NETSS Data: Guam 

Summary 

Case 

Case Extended 

Discontinued 

Hardcopy 

Puerto Rico Virgin Is. * 

* Virgin Islands did not report. 

Note:	 Unless noted, large city projects transmit records in the same format as states. San Francisco, CA 

project reports case extended gonorrhea records to NETSS. New York City and Washington, DC 

projects report summary gonorrhea records to NETSS. 

126 NETSS	 Appendix STD Surveillance 1997 
Figure A3. Primary and secondary syphilis — National electronic telecommunications surveillance 

system (NETSS) transmission status by state, 1997 

NETSS Data: Guam 

Summary 

Case 

Case Extended 

Discontinued 

Hardcopy 

Puerto Rico * Virgin Is. * 

*Puerto Rico and Virgin Islands did not report. 

Note:	 Unless noted, large city projects transmit records in the same format as states. Los Angeles, CA 

project reports summary syphilis records to NETSS. 

STD Surveillance 1997 Appendix	 NETSS 127 
Table A1. Healthy People 2000 Sexually Transmitted Diseases Objective Status 

Healthy People 2000 Objective 

Baseline 

Year Baseline 1990 1991 1992 1993 1994 1

19.1 Gonorrhea (per 100,000) 

a. Blacks (non-Hispanic) b. Adolescents 15-19 years c. Females 15-44 years 

1989 1989 1989 1989 

300 

1,990 1,123 

501 

278 

1,941 1,114 

495 

247 

1,714 1,031 

417 

197 

1,408 

869 

364 

172 

1,175 

728 

309 

163 

1,163 

734 

316 

1

1,0

6

3

19.2 Chlamydia prevalence among females 15-24 

 years 

Females 15-19 years Females 20-24 years 

1988 1988 

12.2% 

8.5% 

--­

--­

--­

--­

--­

--­

--­

--­

--­

--­

6.

4.

19.3 Primary and secondary syphilis (per 100,000) 

a. Blacks 

1989 1989 

18.1 

118 

20.3 

143 

17.0 

122 

13.3 

97 

10.3 

75 

7.9 

57 

19.4 Congenital syphilis (per 100,000 live births) 

a. Blacks b. Hispanics 

1990 1992 1992 

91.0 a417.8 

a134.6 

. . . 

. . . . . . 

107.3 

. . . . . . 

94.7 

. . . . . . 

80.7 

357.3 103.8 

55.6 

230.6 

78.6 

4

17

5

19.5 Annual number of first time consultations 1 

Genital herpes Genital warts 

1988 1988 

163,000 290,000 

2172,000 2275,000 

235,000 282,000 

139,000 218,000 

172,000 167,000 

142,000 238,000 

160,0253,0

19.6 Pelvic inflammatory disease 

Hospitalizations per 100,000 females 15-44 years Initial visits to physicians (number of visits)1 

Hospitalizations per 100,000 females a. Blacks 15-44 years b. Adolescents 15-19 years 

1988 1988 1988 1988 

311 

430,800 

655 342 

261 

357,522 

567 279 

233 

376,540 

523 239 

212 

334,793 

539 205 

196 

386,860 

399 159 

177 

312,000 

378 184 

1

245,0

21

19.7* Sexually transmitted Hepatitis B (number of 

cases) 1987 47,593 47,881 58,393 52,882 35,849 35,077 329,4

19.8 Repeat gonorrhea infection 

a. Blacks 

1987 1992 

20% 

21.3% 

--­

. . . 

--­

. . . 

16.7% 

. . . 

16.1% 

19.9% 

13.8% 

15.6% 

14.

16.

19.9* Adolescents engaging in sexual intercourse 

Adolescents 15 years 

All females In-school females All males In-school males 

a. All black males 

In-school non-Hispanic black males 

Adolescents 17 years 

All females In-school females All males 

1988 

. . . 

1988 

. . . 

1988 

. . . 

1988 

. . . 

1988 

27% 

--­

33% 

--­

69% 

--­

50% 

--­

66% 

--­

35% 

--­

48% 

--­

--­

--­

62% 

--­

--­

36% 

--­

44% 

--­

79% 

--­

66% 

--­

--­

--­

--­

--­

--­

--­

--­

--­

--­

--­

37% 

--­

45% 

--­

82% 

--­

66% 

--­

--­

--­

--­

--­

--­

--­

--­

--­

--­

2

3

2

4

6

7

5

6
Table A1. Healthy People 2000 Sexually Transmitted Diseases Objective Status (continued) 

Healthy People 2000 Objective 

Baseline 

Year Baseline 1990 1991 1992 1993 

In-school males . . . --­ 73% 68% --­ 68% 

b. All black males 1988 90% --­ --­ --­ --­

In-school non-Hispanic black males . . . --­ --­ 90% --­ 92% 

c. All black females (15-17 years) 1988 66% --­ --­ --­ --­

In-school non-Hispanic black females . . . --­ --­ 84% --­ 80% 

1994 

--­

--­

--­

--­

--­

1

6

8

44

7

19.10* Condom use at last sexual intercourse 

Sexually active unmarried females 15-44 years (by 

their partners) 1988 19% --­ --­ --­ --­

a. Sexually active females 15-19 years (by their 

partners) 1988 26% --­ --­ --­ --­

Sexually active females 15-19 years in 

grades 9-12 (by their partners) . . . --­ 40% 38% --­ 46% 

b. Sexually active males 15-19 years 1988 57% --­ --­ --­ --­

Sexually active males 15-19 years in grades 9-12 . . . --­ 49% 54% --­ 59% 

c. Injecting drug users 1992 534% . . . . . . . . . --­d. Black females 15-44 years (by their partners) 1988 12.4% --­ --­ --­ --­

--­--­

--­

--­

--­

--­

--­

23

46

42

19.11* Clinic services for HIV and other sexually 

transmitted diseases . . . --­ --­ --­ --­ --­

Family planning clinics 1989 40% --­ --­ --­ --­Title X funded family planning clinics 

STD testing (excluding HIV) . . . --­ --­ --­ --­ --­

STD counseling (excluding HIV) . . . --­ --­ --­ --­ --­STD treatment (excluding HIV) . . . --­ --­ --­ --­ --­

Gonorrhea 

Client testing6 . . . --­ 97% --­ --­ --­

Client treatment . . . --­ 82% --­ --­ --­Partner notification7 . . . --­ 23% --­ --­ --­Partner testing . . . --­ 60% --­ --­ --­Partner treatment . . . --­ 62% --­ --­ --­

Syphilis 

Client testing6 . . . --­ 86% --­ --­ --­

Client treatment . . . --­ 48% --­ --­ --­Partner notification7 . . . --­ 29% --­ --­ --­Partner testing . . . --­ 57% --­ --­ --­Partner treatment . . . --­ 40% --­ --­ --­

Chlamydia 

Client testing6 . . . --­ 66% --­ --­ --­

Client treatment . . . --­ 73% --­ --­ --­Partner notification7 . . . --­ 15% --­ --­ --­Partner testing . . . --­ 29% --­ --­ --­Partner treatment . . . --­ 50% --­ --­ --­

HIV 

Client pretest counseling . . . --­ 66% --­ --­ --­

Client testing . . . --­ 60% --­ --­ --­

--­

--­

95.1% 97.8% 92.7% 

--­--­--­--­--­--­--­--­--­--­--­--­--­--­--­

81.8% 73.5% 
Table A1. Healthy People 2000 Sexually Transmitted Diseases Objective Status (continued) 

Healthy People 2000 Objective 

Baseline 

Year Baseline 1990 1991 1992 1993 

19.12* HIV and other STD education curricula in schools 1988 95% --­ --­ --­ --­

Proportion of middle and senior high schools 

HIV prevention included in required courses . . . --­ --­ --­ --­ --­

STD prevention included in required courses . . . --­ --­ --­ --­ --­

1994 

--­

86% 84% 

1

19.13 Correct management of sexually transmitted 

disease cases by primary care providers 1988 70% --­ --­ --­ --­ --­ 

19.14* Clinician counseling to prevent HIV and other 

sexually transmitted diseases8 1987 10% --­ --­ --­ --­

Percent of clinicians routinely providing service to 

81-100% of patients 

a. Providers practicing in high incidence areas . . . --­ --­ --­ --­ --­b. Family physicians 1992 27% . . . . . . . . . --­c. Internists 1992 30% . . . . . . . . . --­d. Nurse practitioners 1992 50% . . . . . . . . . --­e. Obstetricians/gynecologists 1992 46% . . . . . . . . . --­f. Pediatricians 1992 46% . . . . . . . . . --­g. Mental health care providers . . . --­ --­ --­ --­ --­

--­

--­

--­--­--­--­--­

--­

19.15 Partner notification of exposure to sexually

 transmitted diseases 

Patients with bacterial sexually transmitted 

diseases 1988 20% --­ --­ --­ --­ --­ 

19.16* Adolescent abstinence from sexual intercourse

 for previous 3 months 

All sexually active females 15-17 years 1988 23.6% --­ --­ --­ --­

In-school sexually active females 15-17 years . . . --­ 24% 25% --­ 25% All sexually active males 15-17 years 1988 33% --­ --­ --­ --­In-school sexually active males 15-17 years . . . --­ 30% 36% --­ 33% 

--­

--­

--­

--­

2

23

19.17* HIV and STD education for students at colleges

 and universities 

Students given: 

AIDS or HIV infection prevention information 1995 49.1% . . . . . . . . . . . 

STD prevention information 1995 43.4% . . . . . . . . . . . . 

Students taught about AIDS or HIV in a college 

class 1995 41.4% . . . . . . . . . . . 

. . . 

. . . 

. . . 

---Data not available.
 . . .Category not applicable.
 aBaseline has been revised.
 1As measured by first-time visits to physicians’ offices.
21989 data.
 3Data are provisional.
4Data are for non-Hispanic black females.
 
Table A1. Healthy People 2000 Sexually Transmitted Diseases Objective Status (continued) 

5Data are for male and female injecting drug users (married and unmarried) who report having vaginal sex within the last six months and reported 

 "always" or "sometimes." 

6Includes testing at initial visit, at annual visit, or if symptomatic.7By family planning clinic staff via telephone or mail.8Data are for new patients. 

NOTE: Data include revisions and, therefore, may differ from data previously published in these reports and other publications. Data Sources Objective number Data source 19.1,19a-c Sexually Transmitted Disease Surveillance System, CDC, NCHSTP. 19.2 Sexually Transmitted Disease Surveillance System, CDC, NCHSTP. 19.3, 19.3a Sexually Transmitted Disease Surveillance System, CDC, NCHSTP. 19.4 Sexually Transmitted Disease Surveillance System, CDC, NCHSTP. 19.5 National Disease and Therapeutic Index, IMS America, Ltd. 19.6, 19.6a-b For hospitalizations, National Hospital Discharge Survey, CDC, NCHS. 

For number of visits, National Disease and Therapeutic Index, IMS America, Ltd. 

19.7* Viral Hepatitis Surveillance System, CDC, NCID. 19.8 Gonococcal Isolate Surveillance Project, CDC, NCHSTP. 19.9* Baseline and update for all females and all black females: National Survey of Family Growth, CDC, NCHS. 

Baseline and update for all males and all black males: National Survey of Adolescent Males (NSAM), NIH, NICHD. 1990 Data for in-school females and males: National School-based Youth Risk Behavior Survey, CDC, NCCDPHP. 1991-95 Data for in-school females and males: Youth Risk Behavior Survey (YRBS), CDC, NCCDPHP. 

19.10*, 19.10d National Survey of Family Growth, CDC, NCHS. 19.10a Baseline: National Survey of Family Growth, CDC, NCHS. 

1990 Update: National School-based Youth Risk Behavior Survey, CDC, NCCDPHP. 1991-95 Updates: Youth Risk Behavior Survey, CDC, NCCDPHP. 

19.10b Baseline: National Survey of Adolescent Males, NIH, NICHD. 

1990 Update: National School-based Youth Risk Behavior Survey,CDC, NCCDPHP. 1991-95 Updates: Youth Risk Behavior Survey, CDC, NCCDPHP. 

19.10c National AIDS Demonstration Research Program, NIH, NIDA. 19.11* Baseline: State Family Planning Directors. 

1990 Updates: National Questionnaire on Provision of STD and HIV Services by Family Planning Clinics, PHS, OPA. 1994 Updates: The Urban Institute. Family planning clinics: Current status and recent changes in services, clients, staffing

19.12* 1988 Data: AIDS education: Public school programs require more student information and teacher training, GAO, 1990. 

1994 Baseline: School Health Policies and Programs Study, CDC, NCCDPHP. 

19.13 National Disease and Therapeutic Index, IMS America, Ltd. 19.14* 1987 Baseline: Sexual history-taking and counseling practices of primary care physicians, Lewis CE and Freeman HE. W

Medicine, 147: 165-7. 1987. 

1992 Baselines: Primary Care Provider Surveys, OASH, ODPHP. 

19.15 Sexually Transmitted Disease Surveillance System, CDC, NCPS. 19.16* Baseline and update for all females: National Survey of Family Growth, CDC, NCHS; 

Baseline for all males: National Survey of Adolescent Males, NIH, NICHD. Data for in-school males and females for 1990: National School-based Youth Risk Behavior Survey, CDC, NCCDPHP. 1991-95 Updates: Youth Risk Behavior Survey, CDC, NCCDPHP. 

19.17* College Youth Risk Behavior Survey, CDC, NCCDPHP. *Duplicate objective. 
STD Project Directors, STD Program Managers, and State and Territorial Epidemiologists 

We gratefully acknowledge the contributions of state STD project directors, STD program managers, and state and territorial epidemiologists to this 

report. The persons listed were in the positions shown as of August 27, 1998. 

Project Directors Program Managers Epidemiologists 

Alabama Charles H. Woernle, M.D., M.P.H. Mike O’Cain J.P. Lofgren, M.D. 

Alaska John P. Middaugh, M.D. Wendy Craytor John P. Middaugh, M.D. 

Arizona Chris Brown Frank Slaughter Bob England, M.D., M.P.H. 

Arkansas Martha Hiett Gary Horton Thomas McChesney, D.V.M. 

California Gail Bolan, M.D. Tom Ault Stephen H. Waterman, M.D., M.P.H. 

Los Angeles Gary Richwald, M.D., M.P.H. A. Michael Lawrence, M.P.A. Stephen H. Waterman, M.D., M.P.H. 

San Francisco Jeffrey Klausner, M.D. Wendy Wolf, M.P.A. Stephen H. Waterman, M.D., M.P.H. 

Colorado Ellen Mangione, M.D., M.P.H. Nancy Spencer, M.P.H. Richard E. Hoffman, M.D., M.P.H. 

Connecticut James L. Hadler, M.D., M.P.H. Heidi Jenkins James L. Hadler, M.D., M.P.H. 

Delaware James C. Welch, R.N. Paulette Jackson A. LeRoy Hathcock, Ph.D. 

District of Columbia Vacant Peter Moore Adenike Bitto, M.D., M.P.H., Dr.P.H. 

Florida Landis Crockett, M.D., M.P.H. Jack E. Wroten Richard S. Hopkins, M.D., M.S.P.H. 

Georgia William C. Fields Mark Schrader Kathleen E. Toomey, M.D., M.P.H. 

Hawaii Peter Whiticar Roy Ohye Paul Effler, M.D., M.P.H. 

Idaho Roger Perotto Anne Williamson, M.H.E. Christine G. Hahn, M.D. 

Illinois Charlie Rabins, M.P.H. Charlie Rabins, M.P.H. Byron J. Francis, M.D. 

Chicago Christine Kosmos Janice M. Johnson Byron J. Francis, M.D. 

Indiana Lori Phillips (acting) Jim Beall Gregory Steele, Dr.P.H., M.P.H. 

Iowa John R. Kelly John Katz Patricia Quinlisk, M.D., M.P.H. 

Kansas Paula Marmet, M.A. R. Allen Mayer Gianfranco Pezzino, M.D., M.P.H. 

Kentucky Clarkson Palmer, M.D., M.P.H. David Raines Glyn G. Caldwell, M.D. 

Louisiana Thomas Farley, M.D., M.P.H. Jim Scioneaux Louise McFarland, Dr.P.H. 

Maine Sally Lou Patterson Bob Woods Kathleen F. Gensheimer, M.D., M.P.H. 

Maryland Rafiq Miazad, M.D., M.P.H. Dave Akers Diane M. Dwyer, M.D. 

Baltimore David C. Rose, M.D., F.A.A.P. Wayne Brathwaite Diane M. Dwyer, M.D. 

Massachusetts Paul Etkind, M.P.H. Paul Etkind, M.P.H. Alfred DeMaria, Jr., M.D. 

Michigan David R. Johnson, M.D., M.P.H. Mark A. Miller David R. Johnson, M.D., M.P.H. 

Minnesota Jill M. DeBoer, M.P.H. Jill M. DeBoer, M.P.H. Michael T. Osterholm, Ph.D., M.P.H. 

Mississippi Robert Hotchkiss, M.D. Mike Cassell Mary Currier, M.D., M.P.H. 

Missouri Pam Walker Mary Hayes (acting) H. Denny Donnell, Jr., M.D., M.P.H. 

Montana Kathleen Martin Sally Klein, R.N. Todd Damrow, Ph.D., M.P.H. 

Nebraska Christine M. Newlon Dan Harrah Thomas J. Safranek, M.D. 

Nevada Yvonne Silva Robert Nellis Randall Todd, Dr.P.H. 

New Hampshire David R. Ayotte, M.S.P.H. David R. Ayotte, M.S.P.H. Jesse Greenblatt, M.D., M.P.H. 

New Jersey Janet DeGraaf, M.P.A. Jerry Carolina Herman Ellis, M.D. 

New Mexico Susan Eastman Al Chowning C. Mack Sewell, Dr.P.H., M.S. 

New York F. Bruce Coles, D.O. F. Bruce Coles, D.O. Perry F. Smith, M.D. 

New York City Isaac Weisfuse, M.D., M.P.H. Steve Rubin Perry F. Smith, M.D. 

North Carolina Evelyn M. Foust, M.P.H. Paul Esbrandt J. Newton MacCormack, M.D., M.P.H. 

North Dakota Pamela Vukelic Kirby Kruger Larry Shireley, M.S., M.P.H. 

Ohio Juliet C. Dorris-Mason, M.S.W. Juliet C. Dorris-Mason, M.S.W. Thomas J. Halpin, M.D., M.P.H. 

Oklahoma William R. Pierson, M.B.A. Mark Turner, M.P.H. Michael Crutcher, M.D., M.P.H. 

Oregon Dave Fleming, M.D. Doug Harger David W. Fleming, M.D. 

Pennsylvania George Schelzel (acting) Susan Arrowsmith (acting) James T. Rankin, Jr., D.V.M., Ph.D., M.P.H. 

Philadelphia Robert Levenson Martin Goldberg James T. Rankin, Jr., D.V.M., Ph.D., M.P.H. 

Rhode Island Paul Loberti, Jr., M.P.H. Janet O’Connell, R.N., M.P.H. Utpala Bandy, M.D., M.P.H. 

South Carolina Lynda Kettinger, M.P.H. Tim Lindman James Jerome Gibson, M.D., M.P.H. 

South Dakota Rex Van Den Berg David Morgan Susan E. Lance, D.V.M., Ph.D. 

Tennessee William L. Moore, Jr., M.D. Chris Freeman William L. Moore, Jr., M.D. 

Texas Sharilyn K. Stanley, M.D. Casey S. Blass Diane M. Simpson, M.D., Ph.D. 

Utah Craig R. Nichols, M.P.A. Cristie Chesler Craig R. Nichols, M.P.A. 

Vermont Peter D. Galbraith, D.M.D., M.P.H. Marilyn Richards Peter D. Galbraith, D.M.D., M.P.H. 

Virginia Vacant Casey Riley Suzanne R. Jenkins, V.M.D., M.P.H. 

Washington Larry Klopfenstein Larry Klopfenstein Paul Stehr-Green, Dr.P.H., M.P.H. 

West Virginia Loretta E. Haddy, M.S., M.A. Robert Johnson Loretta E. Haddy, M.S. 

Wisconsin Jerald L. Young, M.P.H. Anthony Wade Jeffrey P. Davis, M.D. 

Wyoming Jimm Murray Roger Burr Gayle L. Miller, D.V.M., M.P.H. 

American Samoa Joseph Tufa, M.D. Tai Ripley, R.N. Edgar C. Reid, D.S.M., M.P.H. 

Federated States 

of Micronesia Eliuel K. Pretrick, M.O., M.P.H. Kidsen K. Iohp, M.P.H. Jean Paul Chaine 

Government of the Donald F. Copelle Peter Bien Tom D. Kijiner 

Marshall Islands 

Guam Dennis Rodriguez Josie O’Mallen Robert L. Haddock, D.V.M., M.P.H. 

Puerto Rico Janice Ferrer, M.D. Nelson Colon-Cartagena Carmen Deseda, M.D. 

Republic of Palau Anthony Pollai, M.D. Caleb T. Otto, M.D. Jill McCready, M.S., M.P.H. 

Virgin Islands Jose Poblete, M.D. Stanley Phillips Jose Poblete, M.D.