NOT RECOMMENDED FOR FULL

- TEXT PUBLICATION File Name: 15a0755n.06
Case No. 15

- 3216
UNITED STATES COURT OF APPEALS FOR THE SIXTH CIRCUIT ORTHOFIX, INC.,
Plaintiff

- Appellant ,

v.
E RIC W. HUNTER , Defendant

- Appellee

. ____________________________________/ ) ) ) ) ) ) ) ) ) ) ) ON APPEAL FROM THE UNITED STATES DISTRICT COURT FOR THE NORTHERN DISTRICT OF OHIO

B efore : MERRITT, McKEAGUE, and WHITE, Circuit Judges

. M ERRITT , Circuit Judge. T his case is about the relationship of three separate categories of business information: (1) “trade secrets,” (2 ) contractually protected “confidential information,” and (3) “general skills and knowledge.” The Restatement (Third) of Unfair Competition succinctly set s out the legal meaning of these three categories of information and how the three should be applied in this case. According to the Restatement, a trade secret is “any information that can be used in the operation of a business or other enterprise and is s ufficiently valuable and secret to afford an actual or potential economic advantage over others.” R ESTATEMENT (T HIRD ) OF U NFAIR C OMPETITION § 39 ( A M
. L AW I NST . 1995). Meanwhile, “ a non disclosure agreement prohibiting the use or disclosure of particular i nformation can clarify and extend th e scope of an employer’sCase No. 15

- 3216 , Orthofix, Inc. v. Hunter

- 2

-

rights ” beyond the prot ection afforded by trade secret statutes. R ESTATEMENT (T HIRD ) OF U NFAIR C OMPETITION § 42 cmt. g. ( A M
. L AW I NST
. 1995) (emphasis added). But the rules governing trade secr ets are still relevant in analyzing the reasonableness and enforceability of

non - disclosure provisions because, in order to justify the contractual restraint, information subject to non

- disclosure provisions must share at least some characteristics with in formation protected by trade secret statutes. Id. ; R ESTATEMENT (T HIRD ) OF U NFAIR C OMPETITION § 41 Reporters’ Note cmt. d. ( A M
. L AW I NST
. 1995). Finally, information forming the “general skill, knowledge, training, and experience of an employee cannot be” a trade secret or subject to a non

disclosure agreement. R ESTATEMENT (T HIRD ) OF U NFAIR C OMPETITION § 42 cmt. d. ( A M
. L AW I NST
. 1995). Whether particular information is part of an employee’s general skill or knowledge depends on the facts or circumstance s of a particular case. Id . But the “fact that other competitors have been unsuccessful in independent attempts to [obtain] the information may suggest that the information” does not constitute general skill or knowledge. Id . at 4. In this Ohio diversity case, the dispute over these three categories of business information is between plaintiff

- appellant Orthofix , Inc. and defendant

- appellee Eric W. Hunter, its former employee. Orthofix is suing Hunte r for the misappropriation of Orthofix’s trade secrets and the use and disclosure of “confidential information” covered by the non

- disclosure provision in Hun ter’s employment agreement

. Hunter left Orthofix for a competitor and immediately started selling his old customers the same medical devic e made by his new employer

. After a bench trial, the district c ourt held that Hunter was not liable to Orthofix because (1) Orthofix did not protect its trade secrets with measures “that are reasonable under the circumstances”; and (2) the non

- disclosure provision in Hunter’s employment agreementCase No. 15

- 3216 , Orthofix, Inc. v. Hunter

- 3

-

prohibited Hunter from using his general skills and knowledge and, therefore, formed an unenforceable non

- compete agreement
.
The district court’s primary error in this case arose because it confused Orthofix’s contract claim against Hunter for disclosure of “confidential information” with a claim for misappropriation of trade secrets under the Ohio Uniform Trade Secret s Act (“the Ohio Act”)

. In its conclusions of law, the district court said that “because Ortho fix cannot maintain a misappropriation c laim [under the Ohio Act ], it cannot maintain a breach of contract claim” under Texas contract law governing the disclosure of “ confidential information.” This conclusion of l aw le d the court to its subsequent conclusion that the “ non - disclosure provision here [forms] a lifetime non

- compete clause ” under Texas law because it prohibit s Hunter from using his general skills and knowledge. We conclude that Hunter breached his employmen t agreement with Orthofix by using and disclosing “ confidential information ” that , while not necessarily qualifying as trade secrets, did not constitute his gener al skills or knowledge. Therefore, we REVERSE the court’s judgment in favor of Hunter on Orth ofix’s breach of contract claim

. Because Orthofix prevail s on its breach of contract claim, we need not reach Orthofix’s alternative trade secret misappropriation claim

. 1
I. Background Eric Hunter is a medical

- device salesman. This case centers on his possession and use of the aggregate of information about physicians in his sales territory

— information that Orthofix

1 Orthofix explained that the relief it seeks under its Ohio statutory claim is identical to the relief it seeks under its breach

- of

- contract claim, except that it may be entitled to attorneys’ fees only under the latter. (Reply Br. 19).Case No. 15

- 3216 , Orthofix, Inc. v. Hunter

- 4

-

colloquially refers to as its “playbook.” Hunter claims that his possession and use of this information was innoc ent. Orthofix employed Hunter , who had no previous experience selling medical devices, from 2000 to November 2012. As an Orthofix salesman, Hunter primarily sold bone growth stimulators, 2 de vices typically worn on the skin of patients who have fractured a bone or undergone spinal fusion surgery. Three main competitors

— Orthofix, DonJoy Orthopedics, and Biomet

— control the bone growth stimulator field. Upon hiring Hunter, Orthofix presented him with an employment agreement containing both non

- co mpete and non - disclosure provisions

. 3 Before signing the agreement, Hunter consulted with an attorney and underlined the term “confidential information” on the signed copy of the agreement. Hunter began his employment at Orthofix as a territory sales manager for n orthwest Ohio and a portion of southeast Michigan. He worked to make contacts with orthopedic doctor s , podiatrists, and neurosurgeons in the Toledo area. Hunter developed customers and acquired detailed information about practices of the doctors in his t erritory, inquiring about their schedules, prescribing habits, and preferred brand s of bone growth stimulators. Over time, Hunter became a district sales manager and his territory expanded to include part of northern Indiana and Metro Detroit.

2 “Bone growth stimulators” are devices that use either electrical stimulation or ultrasonic waves to augment bone repair. A noninvasive electrical stimulator “is characterized by an external power source which is attached to a coil or electrodes placed on the skin or on a cast or brace over a fracture or fusion site” while an ultrasonic stimulator applies an ultrasound signal “to the skin surface at the fracture loc ation via ultrasound conductive coupling gel in order to stimulate fracture healing.” Bone Growth Stimulators, http:/ /www.aetna.com/cpb/medical/data/300_399/0343.html (last visited Sept. 16, 2015). 3 The contract between Orthofix and Hunter provides in pertinent part for the confidentiality of Orthofix information as follows: Employee agrees that he/she will never use or disclose any confidential information which employee has acquired during the term of his/her employment with the corporation .

. . . The term “confidential information” shall include customer lists or identification, trade secrets, processes .

. . busines s and trade practices, sales or distribution methods and techniques , regulatory agreements and business strategies, and other confidential information pertaining to the Corporation’s business or financial affairs

. . . which are developed by corporation at considerable time and expense, and which could be unfairly utilized in com petition with the corporation.Case No. 15

- 3216 , Orthofix, Inc. v. Hunter

- 5

-

In July 2012, Hunter and his fellow employee, Bob Lemanski, began negotiations to join DonJoy Orthopedics, Orthofix’s competitor. Richard Spina, DonJ oy’s area vice president of sales for the central United States, contacted Hunter, and negotiations progressed qu ickly. B y August 2012, Hunter had disclosed to Spina much of the information he had acquired over
t welve years that he would use if he transferred his business to DonJoy, including his Orthofix employment agreement, his W

- 2 wage statement, copies of his O rthofix sales reports, and an
account

- by

- account breakdown of some of his sales of bone growth stimulators. The three men then developed a plan for Lemanski and Hunter to join DonJoy while trying to avoid legal issues presented by the non

- disclosure and non - compete provisions in their Orthofix employment agreements. Upon joining DonJoy, Hunter would, through an introduction by Lemanski, sell bone growth stimulators to those doctors who were former Lemanski clients. Hunter would cease selling bone growth stimulators to his Orthofix customers a nd would instead introduce his customers to other DonJoy representative s . Hunter resigned, effective immediately, from Orthofix via email just after mi dnight on November 13, 2012. L ater that morning, he signed an employment agreement with DonJoy. Hunter resigned with no notice in order to thwart any Orthofix efforts to send in a new sales representative to service Hunter’s existing Orthofix sales accounts before Hunter could contact them on behalf of DonJoy. Upon resigning from Orthof ix, Hunter maintained Orthofix “confidential information ” in the form of documents and spreadsheets on his personal laptop and in his memory. Orthofix claims that its “ playbook ” is protected as a trade secret or as “ confidential information ” under Hunter’s employm ent agreement. The “playbook” includes: customer lists, wholesale price information, sales data, staff contacts, physician schedules and preferences, and physicians’Case No. 15

- 3216 , Orthofix, Inc. v. Hunter

- 6

-

p rescribing habits. At the time of Hunter’s resignation, Orthofix had no protocol in place for departing employees to return or destroy Orthofix “confidential information. ” Consequently, no Orthofix employee directed Hunter to return or destroy his “ playb ook. ” Hunter disclosed and used Orthofix’s “confidential information” when, as a D onJoy employee, he introduced other DonJoy representative s to his former Orthofix customers and provided information on their buying and use habits

. Orthofix’s damages exp ert calculated $2,224,490 in annual lost sales and $1,623,877 in total lost profits for accounts serviced by Hunter and Lemanski. Orthofix filed this diversity suit against Hunter in the United States District Court for the Northern District of Ohio al leging (1) misappropriation of trade se crets under R.C. §§ 133.61

- 69, the Ohio Act ; (2) breach of contract for violating the non

- disclosure and non

- compete provision s of Hunter’s employment agreement; and (3) tortious interference with Orthofix sales contr acts. Hunter filed a counterclaim for disputed unpaid commissions. On October 24th, 2014, the District Court found in favor of Hunte r on Orthofix’s claims of trade

- secret misappro priation and breach of non

- disclosure provision and in favor of Orthofix on its tortious interference claim. The court awarded Orthofix $62,039 in damages for Hunter’s tortious interference. The Court found in favor of Hunter on his counterclaim and awarded Hunter $8,710 for unpaid commissions. 4
II . Analysis A. The Non - dis closure Provision T he district court made two related errors in finding that Hunter was not liable for breaching the non

- disclosure provision in his employment agreement

. First, the court

4 Previously, the parties jointly moved to reform the non

- compete provision because it was overbroad and unenforceable. The district court granted th e motion, which had the practical effect of dismissing the non

- compete claim from the case.Case No. 15

- 3216 , Orthofix, Inc. v. Hunter

- 7

-

misinterpreted Hunter’s non

- disclosure provision when it determine d that “ confidential in formation ” covered only trade secrets instead of the full measure of information agreed to by the parties as set forth in the agreement. Second, the court misinterpreted Texas law when it held that Hunter’s non

- disclosure provision constituted an unenforceable non

- compete agreement without limitation as to time or geography. We address each of these error s in turn. Without regard to established conflict

- of

- laws rules, the parties agree that Hunter’s non

- disclosure provision is gove rned by Texas law. 5 1) The “ Confidential Information ” in Hunter’s Non - Disclosure Provision Covers more than Trade Secrets Orthofix argues that the district court erred in interpreting Hunter’s non

- disclosure provision to cover only trade secrets because T exas law provides for the enforcement of non

disclosure provisions covering confidential information that does not qualify as a trade secret. The interpretation of a contract is a question of law that this Court reviews de novo

. Merid i an Leasing, Inc. v. Assoc. Aviation Underwriters , Inc. , 409 F.3d 342, 346 (6th Cir. 2005); Healthcar e Cable Sys., Inc. v. Good Shephe rd Hosp., Inc. , 180 S.W.3 d 787, 791 (Tex. App. 2005). Both Texas courts and federal courts apply ing Texas law have given effect to non

disclo sure provisions regardless of whether the information covered b y the provisions achieves trade

- secret status. See Corp. Relocation, Inc. v. Martin , No. 3:06

- CV

- 232

- L, 2006 WL 4101944, at *15 n.17 (N.D. Tex. Sept. 12, 2006) (“Regardless of whether the info rmation contained in the 24 missing files qualifies for trade secret status, the court is satisfied that such

5 Under both Texas and Ohio law, Restatement (Second) of Conflict of Laws § 187 provides the framework for determining whether the parties’ agreement as to choice of law is enforceable. Sekeres v. Arbaugh , 508 N.E.2d 941, 942 (Ohio 1987); Exxon Mobil Corp. v. Drenne n , 452 S.W.3d 319, 324 (Tex. 2013). Section 187(2)(b) indicates that a court should not apply the law of the chosen state if application of the chosen state law “would be contrary to a fundamental policy of a state which has a materially greater interest than the chosen state in the determination of the particular issue and which .

. . would be the state of applicable law” in the absence of the choice o f law provision. R ESTATEMENT (S ECOND ) OF C ONFLICT OF L AWS § 187 ( A M
. L AW I NST
. 1971)

.Case No. 15

- 3216 , Orthofix, Inc. v. Hunter

- 8

-

information is confidential pursuant to Section 5(a) of the Employment Agreement, to which the parties expressly agreed .” ); Trilogy Software, Inc. v. Callidus Software, Inc. , 143 S.W.3d 452, 471 (Tex. App. 2004) (“Liu’s non

- disclosure obligations under the PIA are not limited solely to protection of trade secrets.”); Simplified Telesys, Inc. v. Live Oak Telecom, L.L.C. , 68 S.W.3d 6 88, 6 93 (Tex. App. 2000) (“Whether the plaintiffs have any valuable secret or not[,] the defendant knows the facts, whatever they are, through a special confidence that he accepted; and while a trade

- secret status may be denied, the confidence cannot be.”) (alterations in t he original) (internal quotation marks and citations omitted ) ; see also R ESTATEMENT (T HIRD ) OF U NFAIR C OMPETITION § 42 cmt. g. ( A M
. L AW I NST
. 1995) (stating that a non

- disclosure provision’s prohibition on use or disclosure of partic ular information “can clarify and extend ” the scope of an employer’s rights beyond the protection afforded by a trade

- secret statute.) (emphasis added)

. Finally , Texas courts have foun d that non

- disclosure provisions may protect information maintained in an employee’s memory

. See , e.g. , M.N. Dannenbaum, Inc. v. Brummershop , 840 S.W.2d 624, 632 (Tex. App. 1993) (stating memorized information may constitute confidential information i f the inform ation is not readily accessible ). Here , Hunter promised that he would “never use o r disclose any confid ential information which [he] .

. . acquired during the term of his [] employment with [Orthofix].” According to the agreement, “confidential information ” included, among other items, Orthofix “customer lists or identification,” “business and trade practices,” “sa les or distribution methods and techniques,” “business strategies, ” and “other confidential information pertaining to [Orthofix’s] business or financial affairs.” Hunter’s understandi ng and acceptance of the agreement’s definition of

“ confidential information ” is only underscored by his underlining of the term “confidential information” and his consultation with an attorney before signing the agreement. Finally, theCase No. 15

- 3216 , Orthofix, Inc. v. Hunter

- 9

-

record establishes that the information Hunter retained

— both through tangible documents and in his memory

— and eventually disclosed to DonJoy meets the agreement’s definition of “confidential information.” See O rthofix, Inc. v. Hunter , 55 F. Supp. 3d 1005, 1013 (N.D. Ohio 20 14) (determining that Orthofix information disclosed by Hunter was “as a whole, valuable, not readily available, and acquired at great expense and effort by Orthofix and its sales force (including Hunter).” ); Because Texas law provides for the enforcement of non - disclosure provisions covering information that is not a protected trade secret, Hunter’s non

- disclosure provision may prohibit Hunter from disclosing “confidential information” that does not qualify

as a trade secret. 6 Still, Hunter arg ues that Texas law requires information subject to a non

- di sclosure provision to be secret, and thus argues that the district court was correct in finding that

‘ “confidential information ’ protected by the non

- disclosure provision is coterminous with information pro tected ” by the Ohio Act

. Orthofix , Inc. , 55 F. Supp

. 3d at 1015. But neither of the Texas cases Hunter cites to s upport this contention address es a claim based on the breach of a

non - disclosure provision. M.N. Dannenbaum , 840 S.W.2d at 631; Tom James of Dallas, Inc. v. Cobb , 109 S.W.3d 877, 888 (Tex. App. 2003). While Hunter makes much of the court’s statement in Tom James that “[t]o warrant protection, the information must have a substantial element of secrecy,” this statement refers to trade secrets, not information subject to a non

disclosure provision. Tom James , 109 S.W.3d at 888. S imilarly, the court’s reasoning in M.N. Dannenbaum , which Hunter relies upon to support his secrecy argument , is based on a wrongful

6 In limiting the scope of Hunter’s non

- disclosure provision, the district court seemed to rely , in part, on its finding that the i nformation in the provision did not achieve trade

- secret status under the Ohio Act. Orthofix, Inc. , 55 F. Supp

. 3d at 1015; T he Ohio Act , however, has no effect on the scope of Hunter’s non

- disclosure prov ision because the contractual provision is governed by Texas law. B ecause the non

- di sclosure provision is enforceable under Texas law regardless of whether the covered information qualifies as a trade secret, this Court need not determine whether information covered by Hunter’s non

- disclosure provision would qualify for protection under T exas’s trade secret act.Case No. 15

- 3216 , Orthofix, Inc. v. Hunter

- 10

-

misappropriation of information cla im, not a breach of contract claim. M.N. Dannenbaum , 840 S.W.2d at 631

. Finally, Hunter argues Orthofix cannot claim that the scope of Hunter’s non

- disclosure provision extends beyond trade secrets because Orthofix failed to “ articulate [at the post

- trial hearing] information that would constitute confidential information but not be classified a s a trade secret

. ” Orthofix, Inc. , 55 F. Supp. 3d at 1015

. This argument is without merit. Orthofix was unwilling to identify specific confidential informat ion that did not qualify as a trade secret because it claimed all of the information covered by Hunter’s non

- disclosure provision also qualified as a trade secret. Although it sought to bring all of the information covered by Hunter’s

non - disclosure provi sio n within the scope of its trade

- secrets claim, Orthofix never conceded that its breach

- of

- contract claim must rise and fall with its trade

- secrets claim. Counsel for Orthofix reemphasized this point in a post

- trial hearing: I have always envisioned [the relationship between confidential informati on and trade secrets] as a [Ven n ] diagram, a big circle I call confidential information. There’s a circle within that that I call trade secrets, and the Court is going to decide whether that interior circle i s smaller than the confidential information circle .

. . . I think an alternative finding that what does not fall under the Ohio trade secret statute does fall within the confidential information definition of the nondisclosure agreement, I think that is p rudent, it is judicial economy at work, and of course it has the added benefit of affording Orthofix all of the economic relief to which it is entitled. Because Orthofix articulated that information covered by Hunter’s non

- disclosure provision could co nstitute confidential information but not be classi fied as a trade secret, Hunter’ s estoppel and waiver arguments fail

. 2) The Non - D isclosure Provision Is N ot an Unenforceable Non - Compete Agreement under Texas Law Orthofix argues that the distric t court erred in finding Hunter’s non

- disclosure provisio n to be an unenforceable non

- compete clause without limit ation as to time or geography. TheCase No. 15

- 3216 , Orthofix, Inc. v. Hunter

- 11

-

district c ourt’s conclusion regarding the enforceability of the agreement is a question of law that this Court rev iews de novo

. Chi. Title Ins. Corp. v. Magnuson , 487 F.3d 985, 990 (6th Cir. 2007) ; Zep Mfg . Co. v. Ha r thcock , 824 S .W.2d 654, 663 (Tex. App. 1992 ). Under Texas law, “non

- disclosure covenants are more readily enforced than non

competition covenants becaus e they are not restraints on trade, do not prevent the employee from making use of the general experience he acquired during his employment, and do not offend public policy.” CDX Holdings, Inc. v. Heddon , No. 3:12

- CV

- 126

- N, 2012 WL 11019355, a t *11 (N.D. Tex. Mar. 2, 2012); see also Alliantgroup, L.P. v. Feingold , 803 F. Supp. 2d 610, 622 (S.D. Tex. 2011) (stating that a non

- disclosure provision may be enforceable when a c ovenant not to compete is not). In addition, non

- disclosure provisions need not cont ain geographic and durational limits to be enforceable. See Marsh USA Inc. v. Cook , 354 S.W.3d 764, 768 (Tex. 2011) (stating that non

- disclosure agreements are not expressly governed by the Texas Covenants Not to Compete Act, which requires reasonable temporal and geographic restrictions); Zep Mfg. Co. , 824 S.W.2 d at 662

- 63 (finding no law requiring that non

- disclosure agreements contain durational and geographic limitations). Indeed, the Restatement (Third) of Unfair Competition parallels Texas law in concluding that the absence of geographic and durational limitations in a non

- disclo sure agreem ent does not render it unenforceable. R ESTATEMENT (T HIRD ) OF U NFAIR C OMPETITION §41 cmt. d. ( A M
. L AW I NST
. 1995 ). However, a non

- disclosure agreement prohibiting employees from using general knowledge, skill, and experience acquired in their f ormer employment is more properly cha racterized as a non

- compete agreement. Oxford Global R es. , 2005 WL 350580 at *2 . Texas law does subject non - compete agreements to durational and geographic limitations. See Tex.Case No. 15

- 3216 , Orthofix, Inc. v. Hunter

- 12

-

Bus. & Com. Code §§ 15.50(a) (West 198 3) (stating that a non

- compete agreement is enforceable if it is reasonable in time, scope, and geography). When the district court erroneously determined that the scope of Hunter’ s non - disclosure provision validly extended only to trade secrets, it necessarily made a subsequent finding that the provision constituted an unenforceable non

- compete agreement bec ause it attempted to cover “confidential information” that , in the court’s view, concerned Hunter’s general knowledge or skill s, not trade secrets

. Orthofix, Inc. , 55 F. Supp. 3d at 1015. This subsequent finding was also in error. A s we have already determined ( supra , 8

- 9), Texas law is clear: “ confidential information ” is generally defined by the parties, and not by achievin g trade

- secret status , so long

as it does not encompass publicly available information or an employee’s general knowledge or skills

. See , e.g. , Corp. Relocation , 2006 WL 4101944, at *15 n.17 (“Regardless of whether the information contained in the 24 missing files qualifies for trade secret status, the court is satisfied that such information is confidential pursuant to Section 5(a) of the Employment Agreement, to which the parties expressly agreed.”) ; Glattl y v. Air Starter Components, Inc. , 332 S.W.3d 620, 629 , 639

- 40 (Tex. App. 2010) (affirming the trial court’s finding that a non

- disclosure provision prohibiting an employee from ever selling a competing product to a list of companies on hi s former employer’s customer list constitutes a covenant not to compete). Here, the “confidential information” covered by Hunter’s non

- disclosure provision does not merely concern publicly available information or Hunter’ s general knowledge. Nor does it prevent Hunter from working for DonJoy or competing with Orthofix. Id. Instead, the provision on ly ensures Orthofix may recover damages for Hunter’s use and disclosure of its information

— information which the district court found , “as a whole, [to be] va luable, not readily available, and acquired at great expense and effort by Orthofix and its sales force (including Hunter). ” Orthofix, Inc. , 55 F.Case No. 15

- 3216 , Orthofix, Inc. v. Hunter

- 13

-

Supp. 3d at 1013; Because Hunter’s non - disclosure provision protects Ortho fix’s confidential information, and not Hunter’s general knowledge, the provision is not an unenforceable non compete agreement under Texas law

. 3) Application of Texas Law to Orthofix’s Breach of Contract Claim Because the dis trict court misinterpreted Texas law and left this court with a full record on review, we now apply Texas law to determine whet her Hunter breached his employment agreement. To prevail on its breach of contract claim under Texas l aw, Orthofix must establish (1) the existence of a bi nding contract; (2) that Hunter breached the contract; and (3) that it suffered damages caused by Hunter’s alleged breach. E. Tex. Med. Ctr. Cancer Inst. v

. Anderson , 991 S.W.2d 55, 62 ( Tex. App. 1998 ). T he trial record demonstrates that Hunter and Orthofix are parties to a valid and binding
contract. Orthofix, Inc. , 55 F. Supp. 3d at 1007; While the district court found that the non

disclosure provision in Hunter’s contract acted as an unenforceable non

- compete agreement , we have already determin ed that this provision is valid under Texas law. Supra , 11

. Hunter breached the non

- disclosure provision of his employment agreement when he turned over to a competitor his old company’s confidential information. First, Hunter breached his non - disclosure provision when he disclosed to DonJoy an account

- by

- account breakdown of his Orthofix bone growth stimulator sales, information that qualifies as “confidential information” under the agreement. Hunter also breached his agreement when he failed to return to Orthofix forty

- six converted customer orders, which underlie Orthofix’s tortious interference recovery and contain confidential Orthofix information. Orthofix, Inc. , 55 F. Supp. 3d at 1015

- 16; Finally, Hunter breached the non

- disclos ure provision of his contract when he drew upon hisCase No. 15

- 3216 , Orthofix, Inc. v. Hunter

- 14

-

knowledge of his former customers’ prescribing habits, schedules, and contact information in introducing Do nJ oy representatives to these very customers. While Hunter may not be liable under Texas law for his general use o r disclosure of publicly available information, the compilation of information Hunter acquired as an Orthofix employee and la ter used to introduce DonJ oy representatives to his former customers extends far beyond information that could reasonably be considered public

. See Orthofix, Inc. , 55 F. Supp. 3d at 1013; ( f inding that Orthofix’s confidential information “is, as a whole, valuable, not readily available, and acquired at great expense and effort by Orthofix and its sales force (incl uding Hunter).” ); ( Hunter ’s admission that it could take as long as six months for someone to acquire his level of detailed knowledge about a surgeon)

. Because Orthofix has demonstrated both the existence and breach of a valid contract under Texas law, the judgment of the district court is REVERSED and the case is REMANDED to the district court for the calculation of damages and further proceedings consistent with this opinion

.