* This order and judgment is not binding precedent, except under the doctrines of

law of the case, res judicata, and collateral estoppel. This court generally disfavors the

citation of orders and judgments; nevertheless, an order and judgment may be cited under

the terms and conditions of 10th Cir. R. 36.3.

F I L E D

United States Court of Appeals

Tenth Circuit

AUG 22 1997

PATRICK FISHER

Clerk

UNITED STATES COURT OF APPEALS

TENTH CIRCUIT

UNITED STATES OF AMERICA,

Plaintiff-Appellee,

v.

GERARDO OCHOA,

Defendant-Appellant.

No. 96-2147

(D.C. No. CR-95-353-04-JP)

(D. New Mexico)

ORDER AND JUDGMENT*

Before HENRY, LOGAN, and BRISCOE, Circuit Judges.

Defendant Gerardo Ochoa appeals following his conviction by a jury on cocaine

trafficking charges. He contends that the district court erred in (1) refusing to grant

immunity to codefendants who invoked their Fifth Amendment privilege to avoid

testifying at his trial, (2) denying his motion to suppress evidence and (3) refusing to treat

him as a minor participant for sentencing purposes.
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This case developed when government narcotics agents received an informant’s tip

that Richard Orosco would soon be transporting a large amount of cocaine from Mexico

into the United States. Government narcotics agents thus began surveilling Orosco’s Las

Cruces, New Mexico, residence. Over the next two days agents observed a van being

moved into the garage, then driven out and replaced with a camper. Late on the third day

the agents observed Orosco and Daniel Golay hook the camper to a Chevrolet Blazer and

drive around briefly before returning to Orosco’s residence. Within two hours the Blazer,

still pulling the camper, left again. Several minutes later a Toyota pickup driven by

defendant began following the Blazer as it traveled onto the interstate.

The agents followed the vehicles and observed the Blazer and pickup alternate as

the front vehicle in the “lead-car” and “load-car” pattern frequently used by drug couriers. 

The vehicles stopped together at least three times over an approximate 200-mile route. 

Agents once observed defendant talking with those in the Blazer. The agents drove ahead

where they met two other officers in Ruidoso and agreed to stop both vehicles.

When agents stopped the vehicles outside of Roswell defendant was in the pickup

and Orosco, Golay, Edwina Coddington, and two others were in the Blazer. Coddington,

who owned the Blazer and camper, consented to a search of the camper which revealed

approximately 500 kilograms of cocaine. Coddington implicated Orosco, Golay and

defendant. During questioning after the agents gave defendant his Miranda warnings

defendant denied knowing the others or anything about what they were doing.
1

 Golay’s plea agreement provided for his cooperation if called as a prosecution

witness. The district court had not accepted either plea agreement before defendant’s

trial, deferring the change of plea hearings until preparation of presentence reports. The

government, thus, could withdraw the plea offer if Golay testified untruthfully.

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The agents prepared affidavits and obtained warrants to search the residences of

those arrested, including defendant’s home in Deming, New Mexico. The affidavits

included background information about individuals associated with the Deming residence

and their connection with drug trafficking and money laundering. The search of

defendant’s residence yielded records, documents, and other items corroborating his

involvement in drug trafficking.

A grand jury charged defendant, along with four codefendants, with conspiracy to

possess cocaine in violation of 21 U.S.C. § 846 and possession with intent to distribute

cocaine in violation of 21 U.S.C. § 841(a)(1) and (b)(1)(A). Defendant moved to

suppress evidence seized from him, his truck and his residence. The district court denied

the motion and the case proceeded to trial before a jury.

Orosco and Golay pleaded guilty. The government elected not to call either as a

prosecution witness in defendant’s trial, and when asked to testify for defendant each

indicated he would invoke his Fifth Amendment privilege. Because they were awaiting

sentencing, Golay and Orosco retained their Fifth Amendment privilege against selfincrimination.1

 United States v. De La Cruz, 996 F.2d 1307, 1312-13 (1st Cir. 1993);

United States v. Bahadar, 954 F.2d 821, 824 (2d Cir. 1992); United States v. Hernandez,
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962 F.2d 1152, 1161 (5th Cir. 1992). The district court refused to compel their testimony

by granting immunity. Defendant’s counsel made a record of the questions he would ask

Golay, and indicated Golay would testify that defendant was not present when the

vehicles left Las Cruces. Golay had made similar statements to the prosecution, but not

under oath. Defense counsel offered an affidavit Orosco purportedly signed stating that

defendant did not know about the cocaine and merely offered assistance when Orosco had

difficulty with his Blazer. The jury convicted Ochoa as charged; he received a 324-month

sentence.

I

Defendant contends that because he wanted to call Golay and Orosco as defense

witnesses, the district court should have compelled the government to request immunity

for them. This is an issue we review de novo. See United States v. Gabaldon, 91 F.3d

91, 93 (10th Cir. 1996) (district court decision on prosecutorial misconduct is mixed

question of law and fact).

The executive branch alone has the authority to request an order compelling

witness testimony in exchange for a grant of immunity from prosecution when a witness

refuses to testify or to provide other information by invoking his Fifth Amendment

privilege. 18 U.S.C. §§ 6002-03. The discretion to grant immunity rests with the

government. See United States v. Doe, 465 U.S. 605, 616-17 (1984); Pillsbury Co. v.

Conboy, 459 U.S. 248, 260-61 (1983); see also McGee v. Crist, 739 F.2d 505, 509 (10th
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Cir. 1984) (district court lacks authority “to order immunity absent the application of the

government”); United States v. Hunter, 672 F.2d 815, 818 (10th Cir. 1982) (rejecting

Government of Virgin Islands v. Smith, 615 F.2d 964 (3d Cir. 1980), which held a court

had authority to immunize a witness in limited circumstances after the prosecution

refused to do so).

A defendant’s Sixth Amendment right to present witnesses on his behalf does not

allow displacing a witness’ claim of privilege by forcing the prosecution to grant

immunity except in extraordinary circumstances. See United States v. Bahadar, 954 F.2d

821, 826 (2d Cir.) (government should be required to grant immunity only when there is

(1) discriminatory use by the government of immunity, (2) material, exculpatory and

noncumulative witness testimony, and (3) the testimony is otherwise unobtainable), cert.

denied, 506 U.S. 850 (1992). To hold otherwise would effectively impair the

prosecutorial discretion involved in determining who should receive immunity and avoid

prosecution. See United States v. Turkish, 623 F.2d 769, 774-76 (2d Cir. 1980), cert.

denied, 449 U.S. 1077 (1981) (discussing balancing of competing interests, including

general Fifth Amendment due process fairness accorded to defendants).

The record here does not reveal that the government coerced witnesses to invoke

their Fifth Amendment privilege or that the government’s refusal to grant immunity was

“a deliberate attempt to distort the fact finding process.” See United States v. Chalan,

812 F.2d 1302, 1310 (10th Cir. 1987) (quotation omitted). The government’s statement
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in court that it would not be bound by the plea agreement if Golay testified untruthfully

merely restated the legal consequences embodied in the agreement. The record is

somewhat unclear as to what Golay’s testimony would be to aid defendant, but it would

appear to address only whether defendant participated in accepting delivery or reloading

the cocaine. This testimony, even if believed, would not have exonerated defendant and

would not have materially challenged the testimony about defendant’s scout or lead-car

role and the evidence obtained at his residence. The same is true if Orosco simply denied

defendant’s knowledge of cocaine trafficking. Further, there was another woman,

Rhonda Sieberlist, in the house and the Blazer who was not a codefendant nor apparently

regarded as culpable whom defendant could, but did not, call to provide at least some of

the evidence he sought to elicit from Golay and Orosco. The district court’s refusal to

compel the government to seek immunity for these witnesses did not violate defendant’s

Sixth Amendment right or “constitutionally protected fairness” at trial. Turkish, 623 F.2d

at 777.

II

Defendant argues that the district court erred in failing to grant his motion to

suppress evidence because the search warrant lacked particularity. We review de novo

the legal question whether a search warrant is overly broad. United States v. Janus, 48

F.3d 1548, 1554 (10th Cir.), cert. denied, 116 S. Ct. 87 (1995).
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The supporting affidavit, after describing the surveillance, arrest, Coddington’s

implication of defendant, and documents seized from defendant’s pickup, asked for a

search warrant for defendant’s residence in the following language:

The affiant knows based upon his training and experience that it is

common for distributors of controlled substances typically to maintain

documents such as telephone numbers of distributors and sources of supply

for controlled substances, ledgers indicating distribution of controlled

substances, and other items which tend to indicate the possession, use or

distribution of controlled substances. It is also common for narcotics

distributors to conceal the nature, source or location of assets, through

fictitious names or straw owners. However, the affiant believes that it is

common for the actual owner to maintain financial records or other

documents indicating the transfer of narcotic proceeds.

Appellant’s App. 9-10, Affidavit of Steven Woodson ¶ 10.

As the affidavit requested, the search warrant permitted a search of defendant’s

property for

Proceeds from the sale of controlled substances, records, documents,

ledgers, financial records, documents indicating the location of assets

obtained with proceeds of controlled substances, telephone records,

telephone numbers.

Id. at 3, att. D.

The district court found that “the type of criminal activity under investigation is a

drug trafficking business--exactly the kind of business that, according to recent decisions

by the Tenth Circuit, makes it difficult to specify the books and documents that evidence

such activities.” Id. at 26. It concluded that the affidavit and warrant were “as specific as

circumstances would allow.” Id. at 27. We agree with the analysis of the district court
- 8 -

and reject defendant’s contention that the warrant authorizing the search of his residence

was too broad or, alternatively, that the government agents executing that warrant lacked

a good faith belief that it was valid.

The search warrant contained language limiting it to the crime of drug trafficking

only, to seizure of proceeds from the sale of controlled substances, and to “documents

indicating the location of assets obtained with [those proceeds.]” Id. at 26. The language

was relatively broad, but when searching for evidence of drug trafficking we permit a more

generic description of items to be seized. Janus, 48 F.3d at 1551, 1553-54; United States v.

Emmons, 24 F.3d 1210, 1216 (10th Cir. 1994) (quoting United States v. Harris, 903 F.2d

770, 774 (10th Cir. 1990) (“[w]hen the circumstances of the crime make an exact description

of the fruits and instrumentalities a virtual impossibility, the searching officer can only be

expected to describe the generic class of items he is seeking”)). The record also supports the

officers’ beliefs in the warrant’s validity.

III

Finally defendant contends that the district court erred in refusing to sentence him as

a minor participant under USSG § 3B1.2. Whether a defendant is a minor or minimal

participant is a finding of fact that we review for clear error. United States v. RangelArreola, 991 F.2d 1519, 1524 (10th Cir. 1993).

The record supports the district court’s refusal to adjust defendant’s offense level.

Defendant used his own truck as a scout vehicle, see United States v. Calderon-Porras, 911
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F.2d 421, 423 (10th Cir. 1990); the delivery involved a large amount of contraband, see

United States v. Donaldson, 915 F.2d 612, 615 (10th Cir. 1990); and defendant had a pager

and other evidence linking him to the Mexican cocaine source to whom he reported the

progress of the delivery. See United States v. Arredondo-Santos, 911 F.2d 424, 426 (10th

Cir. 1990) (couriers are indispensable to success of drug trafficking operation); Donaldson,

915 F.2d at 615 (court considers defendant’s culpability compared with other participants,

“not status or position”). 

AFFIRMED.

Entered for the Court

James K. Logan

Circuit Judge