TheAnnual Energy Review(AER) is the Energy Information Administration's(EIA) primary report of annual historical energy statistics. For many series, databegin with the year 1949. Included are statistics on total energy production,consumption, trade, and energy prices; overviews of petroleum, natural gas, coal,electricity, nuclear energy,renewable energy, and international energy; financialand environment indicators; and data unit conversions.Publication of this report is required under Public Law 95–91 (Department ofEnergy Organization Act),Section 205(c), and is in keeping with responsibilitiesgiven to the EIA under Section 205(a)(2), which states:“The Administrator shall be responsible for carrying out a central,comprehensive, and unified energy data and information programwhich will collect, evaluate, assemble, analyze, anddisseminate dataand information....”TheAERis intended for use by Members of Congress, Federal and State agencies,energy analysts, and the general public. EIA welcomes suggestions from readersregarding the content of theAERand other EIA publications.Important Notes About the DataData Displayed:For tables beginning in 1949, some early years (usually1951-1954, 1956-1959, 1961-1964, and 1966-1969) are not shown on the tables inthe printed report or the Portable Document Formats (PDF) files; however, allyears of data are shown in the Excel formats and the HyperText Markup Language(HTML) files.Comprehensive Changes:MostAER 2008tables and figures carry a newyear of data (usually 2008), which are often preliminary and likely to be revisednext year, and revisions to much of the 2007 data, which are now final in manycases.Monthly Data:The emphasis of theAERis on long-term trends. Analystsmay wish to use the data in this report in conjunction with EIA’s monthly releasesthat offer updates to the most recent years’ data. In particular, see theMonthlyEnergy Reviewat http://www.eia.doe.gov/mer for statistics that include updates tomany of the annual series in this report.This and other EIA publications may be purchased from the U.S. GovernmentPrinting Office:InternetU.S. Government Online BookstorePhoneDC Metro Area: 202-512-1800Toll-Free: 866-512-18007:00 a.m.-8:00 p.m., Eastern time, M-FFax202-512-2104MailSuperintendent of DocumentsP.O. Box 371954Pittsburgh, PA 15250-7954For additional information see, http://bookstore.gpo.gov/index.jsp.Complimentary copies are available tocertain groups, such as public and academiclibraries; Federal, State, local, and foreign governments; EIA survey respondents;and the media. For further information and answers to questions on energy statistics, contact:National Energy Information Center, EI–30Energy Information AdministrationForrestal Building, Room 1E-2101000 Independence Avenue, S.W.Washington, DC 20585202–586–88009:00 a.m.-5:00 p.m., Eastern time, M-FFax: 202–586–0114Email: infoctr@eia.doe.govGPO Stock No:061-003-01153-5Electronic AccessTheAERis available on EIA’s website in a variety of formats at:http://www.eia.doe.gov/aer.Full report and sections: PDF filesReport tables: Excel, HTML, and PDF filesTable data (unrounded): Excel filesGraphs: PDF filesNote:In many cases, PDF files display selected annual data; Excel and HTMLfiles display all years of data available. Excel files display the greatest data precision available.Annual Energy Review 2008 Ordering InformationReleased for printing: June 29, 2009Printed with soy ink on recycled paper.DOE/EIA-0384(2008)Annual Energy Review 2008June 2009Energy Information AdministrationOffice of Energy Markets and End UseU.S. Department of EnergyWashington, DC 20585This report was prepared by the Energy Information Administration, the independent statistical andanalytical agency within the U.S.Department of Energy. The information contained herein should beattributed to the Energy Information Administrationand should not be construed asadvocating or reflecting any policy of the Department of Energy or any other organization.TheAnnual Energy Review(AER) is prepared by the Energy Information Administration, Office ofEnergy Markets and End Use, Integrated Energy Statistics Division,Domestic Energy Statistics Team, under the direction of Katherine E. Seiferlein, 202-586-5695 (kitty.seiferlein@eia.doe.gov). Questions and comments about theAERmaybe referred to Ray Boyer, 202-586-1680 (ray.boyer@eia.doe.gov), the National Energy Information Center, 202-586-8800 (infoctr@eia.doe.gov), or to the followingsubject specialists:1. Energy Overview.......................................Ray Boyer ray.boyer@eia.doe.gov 202-586-16802. Energy Consumption by SectorManufacturing Energy Consumption Survey................Robert Adler robert.adler@eia.doe.gov 202-586-1134Residential Energy Consumption Survey...................James Berry james.berry@eia.doe.gov 202-586-5543Commercial Buildings Energy Consumption Survey..........Joelle Michaels joelle.michaels@eia.doe.gov 202-586-89523. Financial IndicatorsFinancial Reporting System.............................Robert Schmitt robert.schmitt@eia.doe.gov 202-586-86444. Energy ResourcesPetroleum and Natural Gas..............................Robert F. King robert.king@eia.doe.gov 202-586-4787Coal................................................George Warholic george.warholic@eia.doe.gov 202-586-2307Uranium............................................Douglas C. Bonnar douglas.bonnar@eia.doe.gov 202-586-10855. Petroleum............................................. Matthew Breslin matt.breslin@eia.doe.gov 202-586-2992Prices.............................................. Marlana Anderson marlana.anderson@eia.doe.gov 202-586-29706. Natural Gas...........................................Joseph Conklin joseph.conklin@eia.doe.gov 202-586-66647. Coal..................................................Paulette Young paulette.young@eia.doe.gov 202-586-17198. Electricity.............................................Channele Wirman channele.wirman@eia.doe.gov 202-586-53469. Nuclear Energy........................................John R. Moens john.moens@eia.doe.gov 202-586-150910. Renewable Energy......................................Louise Guey-Lee louise.guey-lee@eia.doe.gov 202-586-129311. International Energy....................................Michael J. Grillot michael.grillot@eia.doe.gov 202-586-657712. Environmental IndicatorsGreenhouse Gases.....................................Stephen E. Calopedis stephen.calopedis@eia.doe.gov 202-586-1156Environmental Equipment..............................Natalie Ko natalie.ko@eia.doe.gov 202-586-3139Energy Information Administration / Annual Energy Review 2008iiiContactsOn August 1, 2009, after nearly 40 years ofFederal government service, Katherine E.(Kitty) Seiferlein will retire. Kitty hasbeenthe driving force behind theAnnual Energy Reviewfor 30 years. Kitty’s determinationto provide timely, useful, and accuratedata to our customers while working cooperatively with her team and others in EIA is reflected in her receipt of the prestigious2008 Administrator’s Award for Special Achievement. She leaves with our best wishes for a long and happy life in retirement.TheAnnual Energy Review 2008(AER) provides comprehensive energy dataextending over nearly six decades. The longperspective allows energy analysts toevaluate events in today’s energy markets against the backdrop of history.While a long-term perspective is vital to understanding the energy history of theUnited States, a big-picture view of the current situation is imperative as well—evenwhen developed from preliminary data. For that purpose, we have incorporatedFigure 2.0, “Primary Energy Consumption by Source and Sector, 2008,” into thisyear’s report (see page 37) to offer another way to examine the Nation’s primaryenergy resources (petroleum, natural gas,coal, renewable energy, and nuclear electric power) as they are used by the demand sectors of the economy.Figure 2.0 illustrates that in 2008, petroleum and natural gas supplied most of theNation’s energy, followed by coal, nuclearelectric power, andrenewable energy.Among the demand sectors, the electric power sector used the largest share of thetotal primary energy supply, followed by the transportation, industrial, and residential and commercial sectors.Primary forms of energy vary widely in their appropriateness for end use. In 2008,71 percent of all petroleum consumed in the United States was used to meet transportation requirements; 23 percent went to the industrial sector; 5 percent to theresidential and commercial sector; and only 1percent to generate electricity. Natural gas was evenly used by the industrial sector and the residential and commercialsector (34 percent each); 29 percent to generate electricity; and just 3 percent fortransportation purposes. Coal was predominantly used to generate electricity—91percent of the resource—with most of the remaining supply used for industrialpurposes. Just over half (51 percent) ofall renewable energy was used to generateelectricity; 28 percent went into industrial processes; 11 percent for transportationuses, and 10 percent to the residential and commercial sector. All of the Nation’snuclear electric power supplied the electric power sector.From the demand-sector point of view, the transportation sector’s total requirementwas met largely by petroleum, which accounted for 95 percent of the sector’s totalsupply; renewable energyresources supplied 3 percent, and natural gas accountedfor the remaining 2 percent. The industrial sector’s needs were met 42 percent bypetroleum, 40 percent by natural gas, 10 percent by renewable energy, and 9 percentby coal. The residential and commercial sector was heavily supplied by naturalgas—76 percent of the sector’s total requirements—16 percent by petroleum (in theform of heating oil), 7 percent renewableenergy, and 1 percent coal. The electricpower sector’s total supply was met 51 percent from coal, 21 percent nuclear electric power, 17 percent natural gas, 9 percent renewable energy, and only 1 percentpetroleum.Electricity—a marvel of clean, readily available, adaptable energy—is a secondaryform of energy. That is, it is created by the consumption of the primary forms ofenergy. Electricity is vital tonearly every facet of society, and is used particularlyextensively in the residential and commercial sector. Figure 2.0 illustrates thesupply and demand of primary energy only;totalenergy used by the residentialand commercial, industrial, and transportation sectors comprises the primaryenergy used by each sector plus that sector’s share of all primary energy suppliedto the electric power sector to generate the electricity that is subsequently used bythe sector. For a full accounting of energyconsumed by the major sectors, including each sector’s share of electricityand the electrical system energy lossesaccrued from the generation of the electricity, its transmission in bulk from thesupply point to transformation sites, and its distribution to the final consumer, seeTables 2.1a-f in Section 2, “Energy Consumption by Sector,” in this report.The integrated tables and figures for production, consumption, and imports in thisreport do not include uranium as a primary energy source. For both production andconsumption, nuclear-generated electricity is included based on its fossil-fuelequivalent energy content.The more recent data in this report are more likely to incur revisions in subsequentreleases by the Energy Information Administration (EIA) as fresh data becomeavailable. This is particularly true of the 2008 data in the AER. EIA’sMonthlyEnergy Review(http://www.eia.doe.gov/mer) is the recommended source for themost current data for many of the series in the AER.The AER, including complete time series supporting the tables and graphs, is available on the EIA website at: http://www.eia.doe.gov/aer.Energy Information Administration / Annual Energy Review 2008vPrefaceContentsPageEnergy Perspectives. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . xixSections1. Energy Overview........................................................................................................... 12. Energy Consumption by Sector. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 353. Financial Indicators. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 674. Energy Resources. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 975. Petroleum. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1256. Natural Gas. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1837. Coal. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 2038. Electricity. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 2239. Nuclear Energy. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 27310. Renewable Energy. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 28111. International Energy. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 30512. Environmental Indicators. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 345AppendicesA. British Thermal Unit Conversion Factors. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 365B. Metric Conversion Factors, Metric Prefixes, and Other Physical Conversion Factors. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 377C. U.S. Census Regions and Divisions. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 381D. Population, U.S. Gross Domestic Product, and Implicit Price Deflator. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 383E. Estimated Primary Energy Consumption in the United States, 1635-1945. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 385Glossary. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 387Flow DiagramsEnergy Flow, 2008.......................................................................................................... 3Petroleum Flow, 2008. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 127Natural Gas Flow, 2008. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 185Coal Flow, 2008. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 205Electricity Flow, 2008. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 225Energy Information Administration / Annual Energy Review 2008 vii1. Energy Overview1.1 Primary Energy Overview, Selected Years, 1949-2008......................................................................51.2 Primary Energy Production by Source, Selected Years, 1949-2008............................................................ 71.3 Primary Energy Consumption by Source, Selected Years, 1949-2008.......................................................... 91.4 Primary Energy Trade by Source, Selected Years, 1949-2008. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 111.5 Energy Consumption, Expenditures, and Emissions Indicators, Selected Years, 1949-2008. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 131.6 State-Level Energy Consumption, Expenditures, and Prices, 2006. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 151.7 Heating Degree-Days by Month, Selected Years, 1949-2008. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 171.8 Cooling Degree-Days by Month, Selected Years, 1949-2008. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 191.9 Heating Degree-Days by Census Division, Selected Years, 1949-2008. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 211.10 Cooling Degree-Days by Census Division, Selected Years, 1949-2008. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 231.11 U.S. Government Energy Consumption by Agency, Fiscal Years 1975-2008. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 251.12 U.S. Government Energy Consumption by Source, Fiscal Years 1975-2008. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 271.13 U.S. Government Energy Consumption by Agency and Source, Fiscal Years 2003, 2007, and 2008. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 291.14 Fossil Fuel Production on Federally Administered Lands, Selected Years, 1949-2008. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 311.15 Fossil Fuel Consumption for Nonfuel Use, 1980-2008. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 332. Energy Consumption by Sector2.1a Energy Consumption by Sector, Selected Years, 1949-2008. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 402.1b Residential Sector Energy Consumption, Selected Years, 1949-2008. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 412.1c Commercial Sector Energy Consumption, Selected Years, 1949-2008. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 422.1d Industrial Sector Energy Consumption, Selected Years, 1949-2008. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 432.1e Transportation Sector Energy Consumption, Selected Years, 1949-2008. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 442.1f Electric Power Sector Energy Consumption, Selected Years, 1949-2008. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 452.2 Manufacturing Energy Consumption for All Purposes, 2002. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 472.3 Manufacturing Energy Consumption for Heat, Power, and Electricity Generation by End Use, 2002. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 492.4 Household Energy Consumption by Census Region, Selected Years, 1978-2005. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 512.5 Household Energy Consumption and Expenditures by End Use and Energy Source, Selected Years, 1978-2005. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 532.6 Household End Uses: Fuel Types and Appliances, Selected Years, 1978-2005. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 542.7 Type of Heating in Occupied Housing Units, Selected Years, 1950-2007. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 572.8 Motor Vehicle Mileage, Fuel Consumption, and Fuel Rates, Selected Years, 1949-2007. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 592.9 Commercial Buildings Consumption by Energy Source, Selected Years, 1979-2003. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 612.10 Commercial Buildings Energy Consumption and Expenditure Indicators, Selected Years, 1979-2003. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 632.11 Commercial Buildings Electricity Consumption by End Use, 2003. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 653. Financial Indicators3.1 Fossil Fuel Production Prices, Selected Years, 1949-2008. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 693.2 Value of Fossil Fuel Production, Selected Years, 1949-2008. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 713.3 Consumer Price Estimates for Energy by Source, 1970-2006. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 733.4 Consumer Price Estimates for Energy by End-Use Sector, 1970-2006. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 753.5 Consumer Expenditure Estimates for Energy by Source, 1970-2006. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 773.6 Consumer Expenditure Estimates for Energy by End-Use Sector, 1970-2006. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 793.7 Value of Fossil Fuel Imports, Selected Years, 1949-2008. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 81TablesPageviii Energy Information Administration / Annual Energy Review 20083. Financial Indicators—Continued3.8 Value of Fossil Fuel Exports, Selected Years, 1949-2008. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 833.9 Value of Fossil Fuel Net Imports, Selected Years, 1949-2008. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 853.10 Major U.S. Energy Companies’ Domestic Production and Refining, 1974-2007. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 873.11 Major U.S. Energy Companies’ Net Income, 1974-2007. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 893.12 Major U.S. Energy Companies’ Profitability, 1974-2007. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 913.13 U.S. Energy Activities by Foreign-Affiliated Companies, 1978-2006. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 933.14 Companies Reporting to the Financial Reporting System, 1974-2007. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 944. Energy Resources4.1 Technically Recoverable Crude Oil, Natural Gas, and Natural Gas Liquids Resource Estimates, 2007. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 994.2 Crude Oil and Natural Gas Cumulative Production, Proved Reserves, and Proved Ultimate Recovery, 1977-2007. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1014.3 Crude Oil, Natural Gas, and Natural Gas Liquids Proved Reserves, Selected Years, 1949-2007. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1034.4 Crude Oil and Natural Gas Rotary Rigs in Operation, Selected Years, 1949-2008. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1054.5 Crude Oil and Natural Gas Exploratory and Development Wells, Selected Years, 1949-2008. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1074.6 Crude Oil and Natural Gas Exploratory Wells, Selected Years, 1949-2008. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1094.7 Crude Oil and Natural Gas Development Wells, Selected Years, 1949-2008. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1114.8 Costs of Crude Oil and Natural Gas Wells Drilled, 1960-2007. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1134.9 Crude Oil, Natural Gas, and Natural Gas Liquids Gross Additions to Proved Reserves, and Explorationand Development Expenditures, 1974-2007. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1154.10 Major U.S. Energy Companies’ Expenditures for Crude Oil and Natural Gas Exploration and Development by Region, 1974-2007. . .. . . . 1174.11 Coal Demonstrated Reserve Base, January 1, 2008. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1194.12 Uranium Exploration and Development Drilling, Selected Years, 1949-2008. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1214.13 Uranium Reserves and Resources, 2003. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1235. Petroleum5.1 Petroleum Overview, Selected Years, 1949-2008. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1295.2 Crude Oil Production and Crude Oil Well Productivity, 1954-2008. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1315.3 Petroleum Imports by Type, Selected Years, 1949-2008. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1335.4 Petroleum Imports by Country of Origin, 1960-2008. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1355.5 Petroleum Exports by Type, Selected Years, 1949-2008. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1375.6 Petroleum Exports by Country of Destination, 1960-2008. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1395.7 Petroleum Net Imports by Country of Origin, 1960-2008. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1415.8 Refinery and Blender Net Inputs and Net Production, Selected Years, 1949-2008. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1435.9 Refinery Capacity and Utilization, Selected Years, 1949-2008. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1455.10 Natural Gas Plant Liquids Production, Selected Years, 1949-2008. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1475.11 Petroleum Products Supplied by Type, Selected Years, 1949-2008. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1495.12 Heat Content of Petroleum Products Supplied, Selected Years, 1949-2008. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1515.13a Estimated Petroleum Consumption: Residential and Commercial Sectors, Selected Years, 1949-2008. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1545.13b Estimated Petroleum Consumption: Industrial Sector, Selected Years, 1949-2008. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1555.13c Estimated Petroleum Consumption: Transportation Sector, Selected Years, 1949-2008. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1565.13d Petroleum Consumption: Electric Power Sector, Selected Years, 1949-2008. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 157TablesPageEnergy Information Administration / Annual Energy Review 2008 ix5. Petroleum—Continued5.14a Heat Content of Petroleum Consumption: Residential and Commercial Sectors, Selected Years, 1949-2008. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1595.14b Heat Content of Petroleum Consumption: Industrial Sector, Selected Years, 1949-2008. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1605.14c Heat Content of Petroleum Consumption: Transportation and Electric Power Sectors, Selected Years, 1949-2008. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1615.15 Fuel Oil and Kerosene Sales, 1984-2007. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1635.16 Petroleum Primary Stocks by Type, Selected Years, 1949-2008. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1655.17 Strategic Petroleum Reserve, 1977-2008. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1675.18 Crude Oil Domestic First Purchase Prices, Selected Years, 1949-2008. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1695.19 Landed Costs of Crude Oil Imports From Selected Countries, 1973-2008. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1715.20 Value of Crude Oil Imports From Selected Countries, 1973-2008. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1735.21 Crude Oil Refiner Acquisition Costs, 1968-2008. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1755.22 Refiner Sales Prices and Refiner Margins for Selected Petroleum Products, 1992-2008. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1775.23 All Sellers Sales Prices for Selected Petroleum Products, 1992-2008. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1795.24 Retail Motor Gasoline and On-Highway Diesel Fuel Prices, Selected Years, 1949-2008. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1816. Natural Gas6.1 Natural Gas Overview, Selected Years, 1949-2008. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1876.2 Natural Gas Production, Selected Years, 1949-2008. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1896.3 Natural Gas Imports, Exports, and Net Imports, Selected Years, 1949-2008. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1916.4 Natural Gas Gross Withdrawals and Natural Gas Well Productivity, 1960-2008. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1936.5 Natural Gas Consumption by Sector, Selected Years, 1949-2008. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1956.6 Natural Gas Underground Storage, 1954-2008. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1976.7 Natural Gas Wellhead, City Gate, and Imports Prices, Selected Years, 1949-2008. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1996.8 Natural Gas Prices by Sector, 1967-2008. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 2017. Coal7.1 Coal Overview, Selected Years, 1949-2008. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 2077.2 Coal Production, Selected Years, 1949-2008. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 2097.3 Coal Consumption by Sector, Selected Years, 1949-2008. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 2117.4 Coal Exports by Country of Destination, 1960-2008. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 2137.5 Coal Stocks by Sector, Selected Years, 1949-2008. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 2157.6 Coal Mining Productivity, Selected Years, 1949-2008. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 2177.7 Coke Overview, Selected Years, 1949-2008. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 2197.8 Coal Prices, Selected Years, 1949-2008. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 2218. Electricity8.1 Electricity Overview, Selected Years, 1949-2008. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 2278.2a Electricity Net Generation: Total (All Sectors), Selected Years, 1949-2008. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 2308.2b Electricity Net Generation: Electric Power Sector, Selected Years, 1949-2008. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 2318.2c Electricity Net Generation: Electric Power Sector by Plant Type, 1989-2008. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 2328.2d Electricity Net Generation: Commercial and Industrial Sectors, 1989-2008. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 2338.3a Useful Thermal Output at Combined-Heat-and-Power Plants: Total (All Sectors), 1989-2008. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 2358.3b Useful Thermal Output at Combined-Heat-and-Power Plants: Electric Power Sector, 1989-2008. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 2368.3c Useful Thermal Output at Combined-Heat-and-Power Plants: Commercial and Industrial Sectors, 1989-2008. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 237TablesPagex Energy Information Administration / Annual Energy Review 20088. Electricity—Continued8.4a Consumption for Electricity Generation by Energy Source: Total (All Sectors), Selected Years, 1949-2008. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 2398.4b Consumption for Electricity Generation by Energy Source: Electric Power Sector, Selected Years, 1949-2008. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 2408.4c Consumption for Electricity Generation by Energy Source: Commercial and IndustrialSectors, 1989-2008. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 2418.5a Consumption of Combustible Fuels for Electricity Generation: Total (All Sectors), Selected Years, 1949-2008. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 2448.5b Consumption of Combustible Fuels for Electricity Generation: Electric Power Sector, Selected Years, 1949-2008. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 2458.5c Consumption of Combustible Fuels for Electricity Generation: Electric Power Sector by Plant Type, 1989-2008. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 2468.5d Consumption of Combustible Fuels for Electricity Generation: Commercial and IndustrialSectors, 1989-2008. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 2478.6a Estimated Consumption of Combustible Fuels for Useful Thermal Output at Combined-Heat-and-Power Plants:Total (All Sectors), 1989-2008. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 2498.6b Estimated Consumption of Combustible Fuels for Useful Thermal Output at Combined-Heat-and-Power Plants:Electric Power Sector, 1989-2008. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 2508.6c Estimated Consumption of Combustible Fuels for Useful Thermal Output at Combined-Heat-and-Power Plants:Commercial and Industrial Sectors, 1989-2008. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 2518.7a Consumption of Combustible Fuels for Electricity Generation and Useful Thermal Output: Total (All Sectors), 1989-2008. . . . . . . . . . . . . 2538.7b Consumption of Combustible Fuels for Electricity Generation and Useful Thermal Output: ElectricPower Sector, 1989-2008. . . . . . . . . . . 2548.7c Consumption of Combustible Fuels for Electricity Generation and Useful Thermal Output:Commercial and Industrial Sectors, 1989-2008. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 2558.8 Stocks of Coal and Petroleum: Electric Power Sector, Selected Years, 1949-2008. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 2578.9 Electricity End Use, Selected Years, 1949-2008. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 2598.10 Average Retail Prices of Electricity, 1960-2008. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 2618.11a Electric Net Summer Capacity: Total (All Sectors), Selected Years, 1949-2007. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 2648.11b Electric Net Summer Capacity: Electric Power Sector, Selected Years, 1949-2007. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 2658.11c Electric Net Summer Capacity: Electric Power Sector by Plant Type, 1989-2007. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 2668.11d Electric Net Summer Capacity: Commercial and Industrial Sectors , 1989-2007. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 2678.12 Electric Noncoincident Peak Load and Capacity Margin, 1986-2008. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 2698.13 Electric Utility Demand-Side Management Programs, 1989-2007. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 2719. Nuclear Energy9.1 Nuclear Generating Units, 1953-2008. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 2759.2 Nuclear Power Plant Operations, 1957-2008. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 2779.3 Uranium Overview, Selected Years, 1949-2008. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 27910. Renewable Energy10.1 Renewable Energy Production and Consumption by Primary Energy Source, Selected Years, 1949-2008. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 28310.2a Renewable Energy Consumption: Residential and Commercial Sectors, Selected Years, 1949-2008. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 28610.2b Renewable Energy Consumption: Industrial and Transportation Sectors, Selected Years, 1949-2008. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 28710.2c Renewable Energy Consumption: Electric Power Sector, Selected Years, 1949-2008. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 28910.3 Fuel Ethanol Overview, 1981-2008. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 29110.4 Biodiesel Overview, 2001-2008. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 29310.5 Estimated Number of Alternative-Fueled Vehicles in Use and Fuel Consumption, 1992-2007. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 29510.6 Solar Thermal Collector Shipments by Type, Price, and Trade, 1974-2007. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 29710.7 Solar Thermal Collector Shipments by End Use, Market Sector, and Type, 2007. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 299TablesPageEnergy Information Administration / Annual Energy Review 2008 xi10. Renewable Energy—Continued10.8 Photovoltaic Cell and Module Shipments by Type, Trade, and Prices, 1982-2007. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 30110.9 Photovoltaic Cell and Module Shipments by End Use and Market Sector, 1989-2007. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 30311. International Energy11.1 World Primary Energy Production by Source, 1970-2006. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 30711.2 World Primary Energy Production by Region, 1997-2006. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 30911.3 World Primary Energy Consumption by Region, 1997-2006. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 31111.4 World Crude Oil and Natural Gas Reserves, January 1, 2008. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 31311.5 World Crude Oil Production, 1960-2008. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 31511.6 World Natural Gas Plant Liquids Production, 1973-2008. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 31711.7 Crude Oil Prices by Selected Type, 1970-2009. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 31911.8 Retail Motor Gasoline Prices in Selected Countries, 1990-2008. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 32111.9 World Crude Oil Refining Capacity, 1970-2008. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 32311.10 World Petroleum Consumption, 1960-2007. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 32511.11 World Dry Natural Gas Production, 1998-2007. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 32711.12 World Dry Natural Gas Consumption, 1980-2007. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 32911.13 World Recoverable Reserves of Coal, 2005. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 33111.14 World Coal Production, 1998-2007. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 33311.15 World Coal Consumption, 1980-2007. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 33511.16 World Net Generation of Electricity by Type, 1980, 1990, and 2006. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 33711.17 World Electrical Installed Capacity by Type, 1980, 1990, and 2006. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 33911.18 World Nuclear Electricity Net Generation, 1998-2007. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 34111.19 World Carbon Dioxide Emissions From Energy Consumption, 1997-2006. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 34312. Environmental Indicators12.1 Emissions of Greenhouse Gases, 1980-2007. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 34712.2 Carbon Dioxide Emissions From Energy Consumption by Sector, 1980-2007. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 34912.3 Carbon Dioxide Emissions From Energy Consumption by Sector by Energy Source, 2007. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 35112.4 Carbon Dioxide Emissions From Consumption of Energy for All Purposes in the Manufacturing Sector, 2002. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 35312.5 Methane Emissions, 1980-2007. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 35512.6 Nitrous Oxide Emissions, 1980-2007. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 35712.7a Emissions From Energy Consumption for Electricity Generation and Useful Thermal Output: Total (All Sectors), 1989-2007. . . . . . . . . . . . 35912.7b Emissions From Energy Consumption for Electricity Generation and Useful Thermal Output: Electric Power Sector, 1989-2007. .. . . . . . . 36012.7c Emissions From Energy Consumption for Electricity Generation and Useful Thermal Output:Commercial and Industrial Sectors, 1989-2007. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 36112.8 Installed Nameplate Capacity of Steam-Electric Generators With Environmental Equipment, 1985-2005. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 363Appendix A. Thermal Conversion FactorsA1. Approximate Heat Content of Petroleum Products. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 365A2. Approximate Heat Content of Petroleum Production, Imports, and Exports, Selected Years, 1949-2008. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 366A3. Approximate Heat Content of Petroleum Consumption and Biofuels Production, Selected Years, 1949-2008. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 367TablesPagexii Energy Information Administration / Annual Energy Review 2008Appendix A. Thermal Conversion Factors—ContinuedA4. Approximate Heat Content of Natural Gas, Selected Years, 1949-2008. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 368A5. Approximate Heat Content of Coal and Coal Coke, Selected Years, 1949-2008. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 369A6. Approximate Heat Rates for Electricity, and Heat Content of Electricity, Selected Years, 1949-2008. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 370Appendix B. Metric Conversion Factors, Metric Prefixes, and Other Physical Conversion FactorsB1. Metric Conversion Factors. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 378B2. Metric Prefixes. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 379B3. Other Physical Conversion Factors. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 379Appendix D. Population, U.S. Gross Domestic Product, and Implict Price DeflatorD1. Population, U.S. Gross Domestic Product, and Implicit Price Deflator, Selected Years, 1949-2008. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 383Appendix E. Estimated Energy Consumption in the United States, 1635-1945E1. Estimated Primary Energy Consumption in the United States, Selected Years, 1635-1945. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 385TablesPageEnergy Information Administration / Annual Energy Review 2008 xiii1. Energy Overview1.0 Energy Flow, 2008.................................................................................................. 31.1 Primary Energy Overview............................................................................................ 41.2 Primary Energy Production by Source...................................................................................61.3 Primary Energy Consumption by Source................................................................................. 81.4 Primary Energy Trade by Source, 1949-2008. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 101.5 Energy Consumption and Expenditures Indicators. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 121.6 State-Level Energy Consumption and Consumption per Person, 2006. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 141.7 Heating Degree-Days by Month, 1949-2008. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 161.8 Cooling Degree-Days by Month, 1949-2008. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 181.9 Heating Degree-Days by Census Division. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 201.10 Cooling Degree-Days by Census Division. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 221.11 U.S. Government Energy Consumption by Agency. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 241.12 U.S. Government Energy Consumption by Source, Fiscal Years 1975-2008. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 261.13 U.S. Government Energy Consumption by Agency and Source, Fiscal Years 2003, 2007, and 2008. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 281.14 Fossil Fuel Production on Federally Administered Lands. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 301.15 Fossil Fuel Consumption for Nonfuel Use. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 322. Energy Consumption by Sector2.0 Primary Energy Consumption by Source and Sector, 2008. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 372.1a Energy Consumption by Sector Overview. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 382.1b Energy Consumption by End-Use Sector, 1949-2008. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 392.2 Manufacturing Energy Consumption for All Purposes, 2002. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 462.3 Manufacturing Energy Consumption for Heat, Power, and Electricity Generation, 2002. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 482.4 Household Energy Consumption. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 502.5 Household Energy Consumption and Expenditures. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 522.6 Household End Uses: Fuel Types and Appliances. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 542.7 Type of Heating in Occupied Housing Units, 1950 and 2007. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 562.8 Motor Vehicle Mileage, Fuel Consumption, and Fuel Rates. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 582.9 Commercial Buildings Consumption by Energy Source. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 602.10 Commercial Buildings Energy Consumption and Expenditure Indicators, Selected Years, 1979-2003. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 622.11 Commercial Buildings Electricity Consumption by End Use, 2003. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 643. Financial Indicators3.1 Fossil Fuel Production Prices. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 683.2 Value of Fossil Fuel Production. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 703.3 Consumer Price Estimates for Energy by Source. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 723.4 Consumer Price Estimates for Energy by End-Use Sector, 2006. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 743.5 Consumer Expenditure Estimates for Energy by Source. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 763.6 Consumer Expenditure Estimates for Energy by End-Use Sector, 2006. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 783.7 Value of Fossil Fuel Imports. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 803.8 Value of Fossil Fuel Exports. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 82FiguresPagexiv Energy Information Administration / Annual Energy Review 20083. Financial Indicators—Continued3.9 Value of Fossil Fuel Net Imports, 1949-2008. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 843.10 Major U.S. Energy Companies’ Domestic Production and Refining. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 863.11 Major U.S. Energy Companies’ Net Income. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 883.12 Major U.S. Energy Companies’ Profitability. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 903.13 U.S. Energy Activities by Foreign-Affiliated Companies, 1978-2006. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 924. Energy Resources4.1 Technically Recoverable Crude Oil, Natural Gas, and Natural Gas Liquids Resource Estimates, 2007. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 984.2 Crude Oil and Natural Gas Cumulative Production, Proved Reserves, and Proved Ultimate Recovery, 1977-2007. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1004.3 Crude Oil, Natural Gas, and Natural Gas Liquids Proved Reserves. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1024.4 Crude Oil and Natural Gas Rotary Rigs in Operation. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1044.5 Crude Oil and Natural Gas Exploratory and Development Wells. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1064.6 Crude Oil and Natural Gas Exploratory Wells, 1949-2008. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1084.7 Crude Oil and Natural Gas Development Wells, 1949-2008. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1104.8 Costs of Crude Oil and Natural Gas Wells Drilled. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1124.9 Crude Oil, Natural Gas, and Natural Gas Liquids Gross Additions to Proved Reserves, and Explorationand Development Expenditures. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1144.10 Major U.S. Energy Companies’ Expenditures for Crude Oil and Natural Gas Exploration and Development by Region. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1164.11 Coal Demonstrated Reserve Base, January 1, 2008. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1184.12 Uranium Exploration and Development Drilling. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1204.13 Uranium Reserves and Resources, 2003. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1225. Petroleum5.0 Petroleum Flow, 2008. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1275.1 Petroleum Overview. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1285.2 Crude Oil Production and Crude Oil Well Productivity, 1954-2008. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1305.3 Petroleum Imports by Type. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1325.4 Petroleum Imports by Country of Origin. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1345.5 Petroleum Exports by Type. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1365.6 Petroleum Exports by Country of Destination. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1385.7 Petroleum Net Imports by Country of Origin, 1960-2008. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1405.8 Refinery and Blender Net Inputs and Net Production, 1949-2008. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1425.9 Refinery Capacity and Utilization, 1949-2008. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1445.10 Natural Gas Plant Liquids Production. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1465.11 Petroleum Products Supplied by Type. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1485.12 Heat Content of Petroleum Products Supplied. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1505.13a Estimated Petroleum Consumption by Sector. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1525.13b Estimated Petroleum Consumption by Product by Sector, 1949-2008. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1535.14 Heat Content of Petroleum Consumption by Product by Sector, 1949-2008. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1585.15 Fuel Oil and Kerosene Sales, 1984-2007. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1625.16 Petroleum Primary Stocks by Type. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1645.17 Strategic Petroleum Reserve, 1977-2008. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 166FiguresPageEnergy Information Administration / Annual Energy Review 2008 xv5. Petroleum—Continued5.18 Crude Oil Domestic First Purchase Prices. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1685.19 Landed Costs of Crude Oil Imports From Selected Countries. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1705.20 Value of Crude Oil Imports. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1725.21 Crude Oil Refiner Acquisition Costs, 1968-2008. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1745.22 Refiner Sales Prices for Selected Petroleum Products, 1992-2008. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1765.23 All Sellers Sales Prices for Selected Petroleum Products, 2008. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1785.24 Retail Motor Gasoline and On-Highway Diesel Fuel Prices. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1806. Natural Gas6.0 Natural Gas Flow, 2008. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1856.1 Natural Gas Overview. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1866.2 Natural Gas Production. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1886.3 Natural Gas Imports, Exports, and Net Imports. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1906.4 Natural Gas Gross Withdrawals and Natural Gas Well Productivity, 1960-2008. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1926.5 Natural Gas Consumption by Sector. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1946.6 Natural Gas Underground Storage. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1966.7 Natural Gas Wellhead, City Gate, and Imports Prices. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1986.8 Natural Gas Prices by Sector. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 2007. Coal7.0 Coal Flow, 2008. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 2057.1 Coal Overview. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 2067.2 Coal Production, 1949-2008. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 2087.3 Coal Consumption by Sector. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 2107.4 Coal Exports by Country of Destination. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 2127.5 Coal Stocks. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 2147.6 Coal Mining Productivity. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 2167.7 Coke Overview. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 2187.8 Coal Prices. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 2208. Electricity8.0 Electricity Flow, 2008. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 2258.1 Electricity Overview. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 2268.2a Electricity Net Generation, Total (All Sectors). . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 2288.2b Electricity Net Generation by Sector. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 2298.3 Useful Thermal Output at Combined-Heat-and-Power Plants. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 2348.4 Consumption for Electricity Generation. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 2388.5a Consumption of Combustible Fuels for Electricity Generation, 1989-2008. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 2428.5b Consumption of Combustible Fuels for Electricity Generation by Sector, 2008. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 243FiguresPagexvi Energy Information Administration / Annual Energy Review 20088. Electricity—Continued8.6 Estimated Consumption of Combustible Fuels for Useful Thermal Output at Combined-Heat-and-Power Plants by Sector, 1989-2008.. . . . 2488.7 Consumption of Combustible Fuels for Electricity Generation and Useful Thermal Output, 1989-2008. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 2528.8 Stocks of Coal and Petroleum: Electric Power Sector. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 2568.9 Electricity End Use. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 2588.10 Average Retail Prices of Electricity. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 2608.11a Electric Net Summer Capacity, Total (All Sectors). . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 2628.11b Electric Net Summer Capacity by Sector. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 2638.12 Electric Noncoincident Peak Load and Capacity Margin. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 2688.13 Electric Utility Demand-Side Management Programs. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 2709. Nuclear Energy9.1 Nuclear Generating Units. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 2749.2 Nuclear Power Plant Operations. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 2769.3 Uranium Overview. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 27810. Renewable Energy10.1 Renewable Energy Consumption by Major Sources. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 28210.2a Renewable Energy Consumption: End-Use Sectors, 1989-2008. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 28410.2b Renewable Energy Consumption: End-Use Sectors and Electric Power Sector. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 28510.2c Renewable Energy Consumption: Electric Power Sector. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 28810.3 Fuel Ethanol Overview. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 29010.4 Biodiesel Overview. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 29210.5 Estimated Number of Alternative-Fueled Vehicles in Use and Alternative Fuel Consumption. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 29410.6 Solar Thermal Collector Shipments by Type, Price, and Trade. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 29610.7 Solar Thermal Collector Domestic Shipments by End Use, Market Sector, and Type, 2007. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 29810.8 Photovoltaic Cell and Module Shipments, Trade, and Prices. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 30010.9 Photovoltaic Cell and Module Domestic Shipments by End Use and Market Sector, 2007. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 30211. International Energy11.1 World Primary Energy Production by Source. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 30611.2 World Primary Energy Production by Region and Country. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 30811.3 World Primary Energy Consumption. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 31011.4 World Crude Oil and Natural Gas Reserves, January 1, 2008. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 31211.5 World Crude Oil Production. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 31411.6 World Natural Gas Plant Liquids Production. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 31611.7 Crude Oil Prices by Selected Type. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 31811.8 Retail Motor Gasoline Prices in Selected Countries, 2008. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 32011.9 World Crude Oil Refining Capacity. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 32211.10 World Petroleum Consumption. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 32411.11 World Dry Natural Gas Production. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 32611.12 World Dry Natural Gas Consumption. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 328FiguresPageEnergy Information Administration / Annual Energy Review 2008 xvii11. International Energy—Continued11.13 World Recoverable Reserves of Coal, 2005. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 33011.14 World Coal Production. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 33211.15 World Coal Consumption. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 33411.16 World Net Generation of Electricity. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 33611.17 World Electrical Installed Capacity by Type. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 33811.18 World Nuclear Electricity Net Generation. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 34011.19 World Carbon Dioxide Emissions From Energy Consumption. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 34212. Environmental Indicators12.1 Emissions of Greenhouse Gases. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 34612.2 Carbon Dioxide Emissions From Energy Consumption by Sector. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 34812.3 Carbon Dioxide Emissions From Energy Consumption by Sector by Energy Source, 2007. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 35012.4 Carbon Dioxide Emissions From Consumption of Energy for All Purposes in the Manufacturing Sector, 2002. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 35212.5 Methane Emissions. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 35412.6 Nitrous Oxide Emissions. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 35612.7 Emissions From Energy Consumption for Electricity Generation and Useful Thermal Output. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 35812.8 Installed Nameplate Capacity of Steam-Electric Generators With Environmental Equipment. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 362Appendix C. U.S. Census Regions and DivisionC1. U.S. Census Regions and Divisions. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 381FiguresPagexviii Energy Information Administration / Annual Energy Review 2008Energy Information Administration / Annual Energy Review 2008xix1950 1960 1970 1980 1990 2000020406080100120

Quadrillion BtuThe United States was self-sufficientin energy until the late 1950s whenenergy consumption began tooutpace domestic production. At that point,the Nation began to import more energy to fill the gap. In2008, net importedenergy accounted for 26 percent of all energy consumed.Figure 1. Primary Energy OverviewOverviewExportsProductionImportsConsumption1950 1960 1970 1980 1990 20000510152025

Thousand Btu per Chained (2000) Doll aFigure 3. Energy Use per Dollar of Gross Domestic ProductAfter 1970, the amount of energy consumed to produce a dollar’s worth ofthe Nation’s output of goods and services trended down. The declineresulted from efficiency improvements and structural changes in the economy. The level in 2008 was 53 percent below that of 1970.8.52 in 2008Figure 3. Energy Consumption per Real Dollar1 of GrossDomestic Product

Thousand Btu p er Chained (2000) Dollar 11See “Chained Dollars” in Glossary.17.99 in 19701950 1960 1970 1980 1990 20000100200300400500

Million BtuFigure 2. Energy Consumption per PersonEnergy use per person stood at 214 million British thermal units (Btu) in1949. The rate generally increased untilthe oil price shocks of the mid1970s and early 1980s when the trend reversed for a few years. From 1988on, the rate held fairly steady.In 2008, 327 million Btu of energy wereconsumed per person, 52 percent above the 1949 rate.Figure 2. Energy Consumption per PersonPeak: 359 in 1978 and 1979327 in 2008214 in 1949Most energy consumed in the UnitedStates comes from fossil fuels.Renewable energy resources supply a relatively small but steady portion. Inthe late 1950s, nuclear fuel began tobe used to generate electricity, and inmost years since 1988, nuclear electric power surpassed renewableenergy.1950 1960 1970 1980 1990 20000255075100

Quadrillion BtuFigure 4. Energy Consumption by SourceNuclear Electric PowerFossil FuelsRenewable EnergyFigure 4. Primary Energy Consumption by SourcexxEnergy Information Administration / Annual Energy Review 2008Consumption by SourceIn the long view of American history, woodserved as the preeminent form of energyfor about half of the Nation’s history.Around 1885, coal surpassed wood’susage. Despite its tremendous and rapidexpansion, coal was in turn overtaken bypetroleum in the middle of the 20thcentury. Natural gas, too, experiencedrapid development into the second half ofthe 20th century, and coal began toexpand again. Late in the 20th century stillanother form of energy, nuclear electricpower, was developed and made significant contributions.While the Nation’s energy history is one oflarge-scale change as new forms ofenergy were developed, the outlook for thenext couple of decades (assuming currentlaws, regulations, and policies) is forcontinued reliance on fossil fuels (with coalgrowing faster than liquid fuels and naturalgas); modest growth in hydroelectric powerand nuclear electric power; and a doublingof non-hydroelectric renewable energy by2030.1650 1675 1700 1725 1750 1775 1800 1825 1850 1875 1900 1925 1950 1975 200001020304050

Quadrillion BtuFigure 5. Energy Consumption by SourceFigure 5. Primary Energy Consumption by Source, 1635-2008Petroleum2010201520202025203001020304050

Quadrillion BtuFigure 6. Energy Consumption History and Outlook1Petroleum-derived fuels and non-petroleum-derived fuels, such as fuel ethanol, biodiesel, and coal-based synthetic liquids.2Includes net imports of coal coke.Figure 6. Energy Consumption Outlook, 2009-2030Natural GasCoalHydroelectricPowerNatural GasNuclearElectricPowerLiquid Fuels1Coal2Hydroelectric PowerNuclear Electric PowerWoodNon-HydroelectricRenewable EnergyEnergy Information Administration / Annual Energy Review 2008xxiConsumption by Sector1950 1960 1970 1980 1990 2000010203040

Quadrillion BtuFigure 7. Energy Consumption by End-UseAll four major economic sectorsof the economy recorded tremendousgrowth in their use of energy. The industrial sector used the biggest share oftotal energy and showed the greatest volatility; in particular, steep dropsoccurred in the sector in1975, 1980-1982, 2001, 2005,and 2008 largely inresponse to high oilprices and economic slowdown.Figure 1. Energy OverviewFigure 7. Total Energy Consumption by End-Use SectorTransportationResidentialCommercialCoal, once the predominant form of energyin the industrial sector, gave wayto natural gas and petroleum in thelate 1950s. Both natural gas and petroleum use expanded rapidly until the early 1970s, and then fluctuated widelyover the following decades. Use of electricity and biomass trended upward.1 Energy lost during generation, transmission, and distribution of electricity.1950 1960 1970 1980 1990 2000036912

Quadrillion BtuFigure 9. Industrial Energy ConsumptionLosses1Figure 9. Industrial Total Energy Consumption, Major SourcesPetroleumElectricityNatural Gas1 Energy lost during generation, transmission, and distribution of electricity.1950 1960 1970 1980 1990 200006121824

Quadrillion BtuFigure 8. Residential and Commercial Energy ConsumptionIn the 1950s and 1960s, coal, which had been important to residentialand commercial consumers, was gradually replaced by other forms ofenergy. Petroleum consumption peakedin the early 1970s. Natural gasconsumption grew fastuntil the early 1970s, and then, with mild fluctuations, held fairly steady in the following years. Meanwhile, electricity use(and related losses) expanded dramatically.Figure 8. Residential and Commercial Total EnergyConsumption, Major SourcesLosses1Natural GasIndustrialCoalElectricityCoalPetroleumTransportation sector use of energyexperienced tremendous growth overallbut registered noticeable pausesin 1974, 1979-1982, 1990 and 1991, 2001and 2008. In 2008, petroleum accountedfor 94 percent of the transportationsector’s total use of energy. In Btu, motor gasoline accounted for 62 percentof all petroleum used in the sector;in barrels, motor gasoline accounted for64 percent .1950 1960 1970 1980 1990 200008162432

Quadrillion BtuFigure 10. Transportation Energy ConsumptionFigure 10. Transportation Total Energy ConsumptionTotalPetroleumBiomassxxiiEnergy Information Administration / Annual Energy Review 2008Production and Trade1950 1960 1970 1980 1990 20000510152025

Quadrillion BtuFigure 11. Energy Production by Major SourceMost energy produced in the United States came from fossil fuels—coal,natural gas, and crude oil. Coal, the leading source at themiddle of the 20thcentury, was surpassed by crude oil and then by natural gas. By the mid1980s, coal again became the leading energy source produced in the UnitedStates, and crude oil declined sharply.In the 1970s, electricity producedfrom nuclear fuel began to makea significant contribution and expandedrapidly in the following decades.Natural GasFigure 11. Primary Energy Production by Major SourceCrude OilCoalNuclear ElectricPowerBiomassThe United States almost alwaysproduced more than enough coal for itsown requirements. For many years,the United States was also selfsufficient in natural gas, but after1967, it produced lessthan it consumedeach year. Petroleum production fell far short of domestic demands, requiring the Nation to rely on imported supplies.1950 1960 1970 1980 1990 20000255075100125

PercentFigure 12. Fossil Fuel Production as ShareNGPL1HydroelectricPower1 Natural gas plant liquids.Figure 12. Production as Share of Consumption for Coal,Natural Gas, and PetroleumCoalNatural GasPetroleum1950 1960 1970 1980 1990 2000010203040

Quadrillion BtuFigure 13. Energy Imports and ExportsSince the mid-1950s, the Nation importedmore energy than it exported. In2008, the United Statesimported 33 quadrillion Btu ofenergy and exported 7quadrillion Btu. Most imported energy was in the form of petroleum; since1986, natural gas importsexpanded rapidly as well. Through 1992, mostexported energy was in the form of coal; after that, petroleum exports oftenexceeded coal exports.Figure 13. Primary Energy Imports and ExportsPetroleumExportsTotal ImportsPetroleumImportsTotalExportsCoal ExportsEnergy Information Administration / Annual Energy Review 2008xxiiiPetroleum Overview and Crude Oil Production1 Petroleum products supplied is used as an approximation for consumption.2 Crude oil and natural gas plant liquids production.1950 1960 1970 1980 1990 20000510152025

Million Barrels per DayFigure 14. Petroleum OverviewWhen U.S. petroleum production peakedat 11.3 million barrels per day in1970, net imports stood at 3.2 million barrels per day. By 1996, net importsexceeded production. In 2008, production was 6.7 million barrels per day,and net imports were 11.0 million barrels per day.Figure 14. Petroleum OverviewNet ImportsProduction 2Consumption1The amount of crude oil produced per day per well rose sharply in the 1960sand reached a peak of 18.6 barrels perday per well in 1972. After 1972,productivity generally declined. The 2008 rate of 9.4 barrels per day per wellwas 49 percent below the peak and the lowest level since the Energy Information Administration began reporting oil well productivity.1960 1970 1980 1990 200005101520

Barrels per Day per WellFigure 16. Crude Oil Well ProductivityFigure 16. Crude Oil Well Productivity9.4in 2008Crude oil production peaked in the 48 States at 9.4 million barrels per dayin 1970. As production fell in the48 States, Alaska’s production came online and helped supply U.S. needs.Alaskan production peaked at 2.0million barrels per day in 1988; in2008, Alaska’s production stood at 34percent of its peak level.Figure 15. 48 States and Alaskan Crude Oil Production1960 1970 1980 1990 20000246810

Million Barrels per Day48 States and Alaskan Crude Oil48 States1AlaskaFigure 15. 48 States and Alaskan Crude Oil Production1United States excluding Alaska and Hawaii.1950 1960 1970 1980 1990 2000012345 Thousand RigsFigure 17. Crude Oil and Natural Gas Rotary RigsFigure 17. Crude Oil and Natural Gas Rotary Rigs in OperationPeak: 18.6in 1972Peak: 3,970 rigs in 1981Rotary rig activity declined sharply from 1955 to 1971. After 1971, thenumber of rigs in operation began toclimb again, and a peak of nearly 4thousand rigs in operation was registered in 1981. In 2008, 1,879 rigs werein operation, more than double the level in 2002, but only 47 percent of thepeak level in 1981.xxivEnergy Information Administration / Annual Energy Review 2008Petroleum Consumption and Prices1 Petroleum products supplied is used as an approximation for consumption.2 Through 1988, electric utilities only; after 1988, also includes independent power producers.1950 1960 1970 1980 1990 2000051015

Million Barrels per DayFigure 18. Petroleum Consumption by SectorTransportation was the largest consuming sector of petroleum and the oneshowing the greatest expansion. In2008, 13.7 million barrels per day ofpetroleum products were consumed for transportation purposes, accountingfor 70 percent of all petroleum used.Figure 18. Petroleum Consumption1 by SectorMotor gasoline was the single largest petroleum product consumed in theUnited States. Its consumption stood at 9.0 million barrels per day in 2008,46 percent of all petroleumconsumption. Distillatefuel oil, liquefied petroleum gases (LPG), and jet fuel wereother important products. The use ofresidual fuel oil fell off sharply after 1977.1950 1960 1970 1980 1990 20000246810

Million Barrels per DayFigure 19. Petroleum Consumption by Selected ProductResidential and CommercialLPG2Distillate Fuel OilIndustrialElectric Power2Residual Fuel OilTransportationUnadjusted for inflation (nominal dollars), the refiner acquisition composite(domestic and foreign) cost of crude oil reached $35.24 per barrel in 1981.Over the years that followed, the price fell dramatically to a low of $12.52 perbarrel in 1998 before rising again. Thepreliminary nominal price reported for2008 was $94.73 per barrel, a new peak level and up 39 percent over the2007 price.1 Composite of domestic and imported crude oil. 2 In chained (2000) dollars, calculated byusing gross domestic product implicit price deflator. See “Chained Dollars” in Glossary.1970 1975 1980 1985 1990 1995 2000 2005020406080100

Dollars per BarrelFigure 20. Crude Oil Refiner Acquisition Cost1Figure 20. Crude Oil Refiner Acquisition Cost1NominalMotor GasolineReal2Figure 19. Petroleum Consumption1 by Selected ProductIn nominal (unadjusted for inflation)dollars, Americans paid an average of65¢ per gallon for motor gasoline in1978. The 2008 average price of $3.32was more than five times the 1978 rate; adjusted for inflation, it was 90percent higher.1 In chained (2000) dollars, calculated by using gross domestic product implicit price deflator.See “Chained Dollars” in Glossary.1980 1985 1990 1995 2000 20050.000.501.001.502.002.503.003.504.00

Dollars per GallonJet Fuel1 Petroleum products supplied is used as an approximation for consumption.2 Liquefied petroleum gases.Figure 21. Retail Price of Motor Gasoline, All Grades$3.32 in 2008 (Nominal)NominalReal1Energy Information Administration / Annual Energy Review 2008xxvPetroleum TradeU.S. crude oil imports grew rapidly from mid-20thcentury until the late 1970s,but fell sharply from 1979 to 1985 due toconservation efforts and improvedefficiency. After 1985, the upwardtrend resumed and stood at 9.8 millionbarrels per day in 2008. Petroleumproduct imports were 3.1 million barrelsper day in 2008. Exports totaled 1.8million barrels per day in 2008, mainlyin the form of petroleum coke and residual fuel oil.1950 1960 1970 1980 1990 2000024681012

Million Barrels per DayFigure 22. Petroleum TradeFigure 22. Petroleum TradeCrude Oil ImportsPetroleumProduct ImportsExportsU.S. petroleum imports rose sharply in the 1970s, and reliance on petroleumfrom the Organization of the Petroleum Exporting Countries (OPEC) grew.In 2008, 46 percent of U.S.petroleum imports came from OPEC countries,down from 70 percent in 1977. After 1992, more petroleum came into theUnited States from non-OPEC countries than from OPEC countries.Note: OPEC = Organization of the Petroleum Exporting Countries.1960 1970 1980 1990 20000246810

Million Barrels per DayOPECAmong OPEC countries, Saudi Arabia, Venezuela, and Nigeria—nationsfrom three different continents—were key suppliers of petroleum to the U.S.market. Each experienced wide fluctuation in the amountof petroleum itsold to the United Statesover the decades. In2008, 0.6 million barrels perday of petroleum came into the United States from Iraq.1960 1970 1980 1990 20000.00.51.01.52.0

Million Barrels per DayFigure 24. Imports From Selected OPEC CountriesFigure 24. Petroleum Imports From Selected OPEC CountriesSaudi ArabiaNigeriaVenezuelaIraqNote: OPEC = Organization of the Petroleum Exporting Countries.Figure 23. Petroleum Imports From OPEC and Non-OPECNon-OPEC1960 1970 1980 1990 20000.00.51.01.52.02.5

Million Barrels per DayFigure 25. Imports From Canada and MexicoFigure 25. Petroleum Imports From Canada and MexicoCanadaCanada and Mexico were the largest non-OPEC suppliers of petroleum tothe United States. In 2008, importsfrom Canada reached a new high of 2.5million barrels per day. Imports from Mexico were insignificant until the mid1970s, when they began to play a key role in U.S. supplies. Canadian andMexican petroleum togetheraccounted for 29 percentof all U.S. imports in2008.MexicoxxviEnergy Information Administration / Annual Energy Review 2008Petroleum Stocks1950 1960 1970 1980 1990 200002004006008001,0001,200

Million BarrelsThrough 1983, the Nation held most ofits petroleum storage in the form ofproducts, which were ready for the market. After 1983, most petroleum instorage was in the form of crude oil (including that held bythe government inthe Strategic Petroleum Reserve) that still needed to be refined into usableend products. At the end of 2008, petroleum stocks totaled 1.7 billionbarrels, 59 percent crude oil and 41 percent products.Figure 26. Stocks of Crude Oil and Petroleum ProductsPetroleumProductsCrude Oil11Includes crude oil and lease condensate stored in the Strategic Petroleum Reserve.1 Imported by the Strategic Petroleum Reserve (SPR) and imported by others for the SPR.1980 1985 1990 1995 2000 20050255075100

Million BarrelsFigure 28. Crude Oil Imports for SPR1Most crude oil in the SPR was imported and came in during the early 1980s.In fact, from 1991 through 1997, only 14 million barrels were imported for thereserve, and in 3 of those years, no oil at all was imported for the reserve.SPR imports picked up again after 1997, and stored another 159 millionbarrels from 1998 through 2008.Figure 28. Crude Oil Imports for the SPR1In 1977, the United States began filling the Strategic Petroleum Reserve(SPR), a national reserve of petroleumstocks in case of emergency. At theend of 2008, the SPR held 702 million barrelsof crude oil, 40 percent of allU.S. petroleum stocks.1950 1960 1970 1980 1990 200005001,0001,5002,000

Million Barrels (Cumulative)Figure 27. Total Petroleum Stocks and the SPR1TotalSPR1Non-SPR11Strategic Petroleum Reserve.Stocks are often measured by the numberof days of total net imports ofpetroleum that could be met by the reserve in an emergency. The peak leveloccurred in 1985 when the Strategic Petroleum Reserve (SPR) could havesupplied 115 days of petroleum net imports, at the 1985 level. The ratetrended down for many years, falling to 50 days in 2001. In 2008, SPR held64 days of net imports.1980 1985 1990 1995 2000 20050255075100125

DaysFigure 29. SPR Stocks as Days' Worth of Net ImportsFigure 29. SPR Stocks as Days of Petroleum Net ImportsgdEnergy Information Administration / Annual Energy Review 2008xxviiMotor VehiclesThe composite motor vehicle fuel rate (miles per gallon) rose 42 percent from1973 to 1991 and then varied little over the next 15 years. Mileage (miles pervehicle) grew steadily from 1980 to 1998, and then hovered around 12 thousand miles per vehicle per year through 2007. Fuel consumption (gallons pervehicle) fell 21 percent from 1973 to 1991, regained 9 percent from 1991 to1999, and then trended down through 2007.1950 1960 1970 1980 1990 20000255075100125150175

Index 1973=100Figure 30. Motor Vehicle IndicatorsFigure 30. Motor Vehicle IndicatorsFuel RateMileageFuel ConsumptionTruck miles traveled per year, whichgreatly exceeded other vehicle categories, grew by 124 percent from1966 to 2003, decreased 11 percent from2003 to 2007, and averaged 25.1 thousand miles per vehicle in 2007.Passenger cars averaged 12.3 thousand miles per vehicle in 2007. Vans,pickup trucks, and sport utility vehicles averaged 11.0 thousand miles pervehicle in 2007.1 Sport utility vehicles. 2 Motorcycles are included through 1989.1970 1975 1980 1985 1990 1995 2000 200508162432

Thousand Miles per VehicleFigure 32. Motor Vehicle MileageVans, Pickup Trucks,and SUVs1Passenger Cars2Figure 32. Motor Vehicle MileageNote: Motor vehicles include passenger cars, motorcycles, vans, pickup trucks, sport utility vehicles, trucks, and buses.1Sport utility vehicles. 2 Motorcycles are included through 1989.1970 1975 1980 1985 1990 1995 2000 2005012345 Thousand Gallons per VehicleFigure 31. Motor Vehicle Fuel ConsumptionFigure 31. Motor Vehicle Fuel ConsumptionAverage fuel consumption rates for trucks greatly exceeded those for othervehicles, and trended upward over time—doubling from 2.3 thousand gallonsper truck in 1966 to 4.6 thousand gallons per truck in 2002. Average fuelconsumption rates for passenger cars, and vans, pickup trucks, and sportutility vehicles were much lower and generally trended downward.TrucksTrucksPassenger Cars2Vans, Pickup Trucks, and SUVs1Fuel rates (miles per gallon) for passenger cars, and vans, pickup trucks,and sport utility vehicles (SUVs), improved noticeably from the late 1970sthrough the early 1990s. Fuel ratesfor passenger cars improved further insubsequent years; rates for vans, pickup trucks, and SUVs fell in 2002 and2003, but increased in 2005 through 2007. Fuel rates for trucks, which weremuch lower than for other vehicles, showed far less change overtime.1Sport utility vehicles. 2 Motorcycles are included through 1989.1970 1975 1980 1985 1990 1995 2000 20050510152025

Miles per GallonFigure 33. Motor Vehicle Fuel RatesFigure 33. Motor Vehicle Fuel RatesTrucksVans, Pickup Trucks,and SUVs1Passenger Cars2xxviiiEnergy Information Administration / Annual Energy Review 2008Natural GasU.S. natural gas production and consumption were nearly in balance through1986. After that, consumption beganto outpace production, and imports ofnatural gas rose to meet U.S. requirements for the fuel. In 2008, productionstood at 20.6 trillion cubic feet (Tcf), net imports at3.0 Tcf, and consumptionat 23.2 Tcf.1950 1960 1970 1980 1990 2000-50510152025-5

Trillion Cubic FeetFigure 34. Natural Gas OverviewFigure 34. Natural Gas OverviewProductionConsumptionNet ImportsNet imports of natural gas as a shareof consumption was in the 4- to 6-percent range from 1970 through 1987.Then, during a period whenconsumption outpaced production, the share rose from 4.2 percent in 1986to 16.4 percent in 2007. In 2008, the share was 12.7 percent.1960 1965 1970 1975 1980 1985 1990 1995 2000 200505101520

PercentFigure 36. Net Imports as Share of Consumption4.2% in 198612.7% in 2008Figure 36. Natural Gas Net Imports as Share of ConsumptionNatural gas well productivity, measured as gross withdrawals per day perwell, grew rapidly in the late1960s, peaked in 1971, and then fell sharplyuntil the mid-1980s. Productivity remained fairly steady from 1985 through1999, fell annually through 2006, and turned up slightly in 2007 and 2008.1960 1965 1970 1975 1980 1985 1990 1995 2000 20050100200300400500

per Day per Well

Thousand Cubic FeetFigure 35. Natural Gas Well Productivity113 in 2008Peak: 435 in 1971Figure 35. Natural Gas Well Average Productivity1Through 1988, electric utilities only; after 1988, also includes independent power producers.1950 1960 1970 1980 1990 2000024681012

Trillion Cubic FeetThe industrial sector was both the largest consuming sector of natural gasand the sector with the greatest volatility due to variability in industrial output.In 2008, the industrial sector accounted for 34 percent of all natural gasconsumption, and the electric power sector accounted for 29 percent.Figure 37. Natural Gas Consumption by SectorIndustrialElectric Power1ResidentialCommercialTransportationEnergy Information Administration / Annual Energy Review 2008xxixCoal1950 1960 1970 1980 1990 20000.00.30.60.91.2

Billion Short TonsFigure 38. Coal OverviewHistorically, U.S. coal production usuallysurpassed U.S. coal consumption.In 2004 and 2005, however, production andconsumption were in balance at1.11 billion short tons in 2004 and 1.13billion short tons in 2005. In 2006through 2008, production again slightlyexceeded consumption. Exports,which peaked at 113 million short tonsin 1981, stood at 82million short tonsin 2008.Figure 38. Coal OverviewProductionConsumptionExportsIn the 1950s, most coal was consumedin the industrial sector, many homeswere still heated by coal, and the transportation sector consumed coal insteam-driven trains and ships. By the 1960s, most coal was used for generating electricity. In 2008, the electric power sector accounted for 93 percentof all coal consumption, on a tonnage basis.1Through 1988, electric utilities only; after 1988, also includes independent power producers.1950 1960 1970 1980 1990 20000.00.30.60.91.2

Billion Short TonsFigure 39. Coal Consumption by Sector1950 1960 1970 1980 1990 20000300600900

Million Short TonsFigure 41. Production by Mining MethodIn 1949, one-fourth of U.S. coal came from surfacemines; by 1971, more than one-half was surface-mined;and in 2008, 69 percent came from above-groundmines.UndergroundImproved mining technology and the shift toward moresurface-mined coal promoteddramatic improvement inproductivity from the Nation’s mines from 1978 through2000, but productivity declined in 4 of the last 5 years.1950 1960 1970 1980 1990 200002468 Short Tons per Employee HourFigure 40. Coal Mining Productivity1.77 in 19785.99in 2008SurfacePeak: 6.99 in 2000Figure 40. Coal Mining ProductivityFigure 41. Coal Production by Mining MethodFigure 39. Coal Consumption by SectorElectric Power1Residential, Commercial,and TransportationIndustrial1950 1960 1970 1980 1990 20000200400600800

Million Short TonsFigure 42. Production by LocationWestern coal production expanded tremendously after1969 and surpassed Eastern production beginning in1999. In 2008, an estimated 58 percent of U.S. coalcame from West of the Mississippi.East of theMississippiFigure 42. Coal Production by LocationWest of theMississippixxxEnergy Information Administration / Annual Energy Review 2008Electricity Net Generation and Useful Thermal OutputTotal electricity net generation in allsectors grew from 0.3 trillion kilowatthours in 1949 to 4.1 trillion kilowatthoursin 2008, failing to increase in only 3years (1982, 2001, and 2008)over the entire span.Most generation was inthe electric power sector, but someoccurred in the commercial and industrialsectors.1950 1960 1970 1980 1990 20000.01.53.04.5

Trillion KilowatthoursTotal(All Sectors)Electric PowerFigure 43. Electricity Net Generation by SectorCommercialand IndustrialElectric PowerSectorMost generating facilities exist to produce only electricity, but some functionas combined-heat-and-power (CHP) plantsthat produce both electricity andheat from a single heat source. Ratherthan being wasted, the heat from aCHP plant is used for processes and applications in addition to electricitygeneration.1990 1992 1994 1996 1998 2000 2002 2004 2006 2008012345

Trillion KilowatthoursFigure 45. Net Generation at Combined-Heat-andCombined-Heat-and-Power PlantsElectricity-Only PlantsFigure 45. Electric Power Sector Net Generation by Plant TypeMost electricity net generation came from coal. In 2008, fossil fuels (coal,petroleum, and natural gas) accounted for 71 percent ofall net generation,while nuclear electric power contributed 20 percent, and renewable energyresources 9 percent. In 2008, 67 percent of the net generation from renewable energy resources was derived from conventional hydroelectric power.1950 1960 1970 1980 1990 20000.00.61.21.82.4

Trillion KilowatthoursFigure 44. Major sources of Net GenerationPetroleum andNatural GasFigure 44. Major Sources of Total Electricity Net GenerationCoalNuclearElectricPowerHydroelectric PowerThe non-electrical output at a CHP plant is called useful thermal output.Useful thermal output is thermal energy that is available from the plant foruse in industrial or commercial processes or heating or cooling applications. In 2008, the industrial sector generated 1.3 quadrillion Btu ofuseful thermal output; the electric power and commercial sectors generated much smallerquantities.1990 1992 1994 1996 1998 2000 2002 2004 2006 20080.00.51.01.52.02.5

Quadrillion BtuFigure 46. Useful Thermal Output at Combined-Heat-andPower Plants by SectorIndustrialCommercialElectric PowerEnergy Information Administration / Annual Energy Review 2008xxxiElectricity Prices, Sales, and TradeOver the decades, industrial consumers paid the lowest rates for electricity;residential customers usually paid the highest prices. Inflation-adjustedprices rose in all sectors in2005, 2006, and 2008 but remained well belowthe peak price levels of the mid-1980s.1960 1970 1980 1990 200001234567891011121314

Chained (2000) Cents per KilowatthourFigure 47. Average Real1 Retail Prices of Electricity by SectorEnormous growth occurred in the amountof electricity retail sales to thethree major sectors—residential, commercial, and industrial. Industrialsector sales showed the greatest volatility. Sales to residences exceededsales to industrial sites beginning in the early 1990s, and sales to commercial sites surpassed industrial sales beginning in the late 1990s.1950 1960 1970 1980 1990 20000.00.51.01.5

Trillion KilowatthoursTrillion KilowatthoursResidentialCommercialIndustrialTransportationFigure 48. Electricity Retail Sales by SectorTransportationOtherCommercialResidentialIndustrial1In chained (2000) dollars, calculated by using gross domestic product implicit pricedeflators. See “Chained Dollars” in Glossary.1950 1960 1970 1980 1990 2000015304560

Billion KilowatthoursFigure 49. Electricity TradeExcept for a few years in the 1960swhen imported and exported electricitywere nearly equal, the United States imported more electricity than itexported. Most electricity trade occurred with Canada; very small exchangesoccurred between the UnitedStates and Mexico. In2008, net imported electricity was less than 0.9 percent of all electricity used in the United States.Figure 49. Electricity TradeImportsExportsxxxiiEnergy Information Administration / Annual Energy Review 2008Nuclear Electric PowerThe U.S. nuclear industry’s first commercial plantopened in Shippingport, Pennsylvania, in 1957.Nuclear net summer capacity expanded sharply in the1970s and 1980s. Total net summer capacity stoodat 100 million kilowatts in 2008.1960 1970 1980 1990 20000306090120

Million KilowattsOver the latter part of the last century, nuclear electricpower began to play a key role in meeting the Nation'srapidly growing electricityrequirements. In 2008, 20percent of U.S. total electricity net generation camefrom nuclear electric power.1960 1970 1980 1990 20000510152025

PercentFigure 51. Nuclear Share of Electricity100in2008Figure 52. Nuclear Net Summer CapacityFigure 54. Nuclear Share of Net GenerationNuclear capacity factorsmeasure actual nuclearpower generation as a share of maximum possibleoutput. Factors for the industry, which were in the 50-to 60-percent range through the 1980s, generallyimproved in later yearsand stood at 92 percent in2008.1975 1980 1985 1990 1995 2000 20050255075100

PercentAtotal of 132 nuclear full-power operating licenses, or equivalent permission, wereissued in the United Statessince the nuclear industrygot its start in the 1950s.Most of the licenses were grantedbetween 1962 and 1990. After 1990, one licensewas issued in 1993 and one in 1996.20%in200892%in20081960 1970 1980 1990 20000306090120

Number of UnitsOperable Units1Figure 53. Nuclear Capacity Factor104 UnitsIn 2008Peak: 112 Unitsin 1990Figure 51. Nuclear Operable UnitsOut of the 132 nuclear units that weregranted full-power operating licenses, orequivalent permission, over time, 28 werepermanently shut down. The largestnumber of units ever operable in the United States was 112 in 1990. From 1998through 2008, 104 units were operable.1957 1967 1977 1987 1997 20070481216

NumberFull-Power Operating Licenses Issued2, 1957-2006Figure 50. Nuclear Full-Power Operating Licenses IssuedEnergy Information Administration / Annual Energy Review 2008xxxiiiRenewable Energy1Wood and wood-derived fuels.1950 1960 1970 1980 1990 20000246810

Quadrillion BtuTotal renewable energy consumptiongenerally followed the pattern ofhydroelectric power output, which wasthe largest component of the total formost of the years shown. In 2008,hydroelectric power accounted for 34percent of the total. Wood was the next largest source of renewable energy,followed by biofuels, wind, waste, geothermal, and solar/photovoltaic.Most renewable energy was consumed bythe electric power sector togenerate electricity. After 1958, the industrial sector was the second largestconsuming sector of renewable energy;the residential sector was the thirdlargest consuming sector of renewable energy until it was exceeded by thetransportation sector in 2006.1Through 1988, electric utilities only; after 1988, also includes independent power producers.1950 1960 1970 1980 1990 20000123456

Quadrillion BtuFigure 56. Renewable Energy Consumption by SectorFigure 55. Renewable Energy Total Consumptionand Major SourcesElectric Power1ResidentialIndustrialTotalWindBiofuelsWood1HydroelectricPowerAfter 1959, the industrial sector consumed the most biomass (wood, waste,fuel ethanol, and biodiesel). Residential use of biomass (wood) fell through1973, expanded from 1974 through 1985,and then trended downward again.Transportation consumption of biomass (fuel ethanol and biodiesel)expanded after 1996 and by 2006 exceeded the electric power sector’sconsumption of biomass(wood and waste).1Through 1988, electric utilities only; after 1988, also includes independent power producers.1950 1960 1970 1980 1990 20000.00.61.21.82.4

Quadrillion BtuFigure 57. Biomass Consumption by SectorFigure 57. Biomass Consumption by SectorTransportationElectric Power1Notes: • Data were not collected for 1985. • Shipments include all domestically manufacturedcollectors plus imports.CommercialResidentialIndustrialFigure 56. Renewable Energy Consumption by SectorTransportationCommercialShipments of solar thermal collectors grew strongly in the 1970s andreached a peak of 21 million square feet in 1981. Uneven performancewas recorded over the next decade, followed by a mild upward trend duringthe 1990s, a bump up in 2001 and 2002, and again in 2004 through 2006before declining in 2007. Imports reached a record level of 4.5 millionsquare feet in 2005.1975 1980 1985 1990 1995 2000 20050510152025

Million Square FeetFigure 58. Solar Collector Shipments and TradeImportsExportsTotal ShipmentsFigure 58. Solar Thermal Collector Shipments and TradexxxivEnergy Information Administration / Annual Energy Review 2008International EnergyFrom 1970 to 2006, world primary energy production grew by 118 percent,reaching 469 quadrillion Btu in 2006. Growthoccurred in all types of energy.In 2006, fossil fuels accounted for 86percent of all energy produced worldwide, renewable energy 8 percent, and nuclear electric power 6 percent.1970 1975 1980 1985 1990 1995 2000 200504590135180

Quadrillion BtuFigure 58. World Primary Energy Production By SourceFigure 59. World Primary Energy Production by SourceCrude Oiland NGPL1CoalRenewable EnergyNatural GasNuclear Electric Power1Natural gas plant liquids.1Organization of the Petroleum Exporting Countries.1960 1970 1980 1990 2000020406080100

Million Barrels per DayWorld crude oil production totaled 74 million barrelsper day in 2008, up 1 percentfrom the level in 2007.OPEC’s share of the world total in 2008 was 44percent, compared to the peaklevel of 53 percent in1973.From 1974 through 1991, the former U.S.S.R. was theworld’s leading crude oil producer. After 1991, SaudiArabia was the top producer until 2006, when Russia’sproduction exceeded Saudi Arabia’s for the first time.U.S. production peaked in 1970 but still ranked third in2008.1960 1970 1980 1990 200002468101214

Million Barrels per DayFigure 61. Leading Crude Oil ProducersFigure 61. World Crude Oil ProductionFigure 62. Leading Crude Oil ProducersWorldTwenty-one percent of the 469 quadrillion Btu of energy produced worldwidein 2006 came from North America.The largest regional energy producerwas Asia and Oceania with 26 percent of the world total in 2006.1997 1998 1999 2000 2001 2002 2003 2004 2005 20060255075100125150

Quadrillion BtuFigure 59. World Primary Energy Production by RegionOPEC1UnitedStatesSaudiArabiaRussiaFormer U.S.S.R.IranAsia and OceaniaFigure 60. World Primary Energy Production by RegionEurasiaMiddle EastEuropeNorth AmericaAfricaCentral and South AmericaThe United States accountedfor 24 percent of worldpetroleum consumption in2007. China and Japan, thenext two leading consumers, together accounted for15 percent. Russia, Germany, and India were thenext largest consumers of petroleum in 2007.1960 1970 1980 1990 200006121824

Million Barrels per DayFigure 62. Leading Petroleum ConsumersUnited StatesRussiaFormer U.S.S.R.JapanChinaFigure 63. Leading Petroleum ConsumersIndiaEnergy Information Administration / Annual Energy Review 2008xxxvEmissions1980 1985 1990 1995 2000 20050246810

Million Metric TonsThe combustion of fossil fuels—coal,petroleum, and natural gas—to releasetheir energy creates emissions of carbon dioxide, the most significant greenhouse gas. Total carbon dioxide emissions stood at 6 billion metric tons ofgas in 2007, 20 percent higher than the 1990 level.Carbon DioxideFigure 64. Greenhouse Gas Emissions, Based on GlobalWarming Potential

Billion Metric Tons Carbon Dioxide EquivalentTotalOther11Methane, nitrous oxide, hydrofluorocarbons (HFCs), perfluorocarbons (PFCs), and sulfurhexafluoride (SF6).While real gross domestic product (GDP) grew by 62 percent from 1990 to2007, energy-related carbon dioxide emissions grew by 19 percent. From2000 to 2007, GDP rose 17 percent, and energy-related carbon dioxideemissions rose 2 percent.1Based on chained (2000) dollars. See “Chained Dollars” in Glossary.1990 1992 1994 1996 1998 2000 2002 2004 20060255075100125150175

Index 1990=100Figure 65. GDP Growth and Carbon Dioxide EmissionsFigure 66. GDP Growth and Carbon Dioxide EmissionsIn 2007, methane emissions accounted for 10 percent of total U.S. greenhouse gas emissions, weighted by globalwarming potential. Most methane emissions came from energy, waste management, and agriculturalsources. The production, processing, and distribution of natural gasaccounted for 61 percent of theenergy-related methane emissions in2007.1980 1985 1990 1995 2000 2005051015

Million Metric Tons of MethaneInflation-AdjustedGross Domestic Product1Energy-RelatedCarbon DioxideEmissionsCarbon dioxide emitted by the industrial sector fell by 8 percent from 1980to 2007. By 1999, transportation sector carbon dioxide emissions exceededindustrial sector emissions. Of themajor sectors, the commercial sectorgenerated the least carbon dioxide, butrecorded the largest growth (67percent) since 1980.1980 1985 1990 1995 2000 20050.00.61.21.82.4

Billion Metric Tons Carbon DioxideFigure 64. Carbon Dioxide Emissions From Energy UseIndustrialTransportationResidentialCommercialFigure 65. Carbon Dioxide Emissions From Energy UseNote: Electric power sector emissions are distributed to the end-use sectors.Figure 67. Methane Emissions by SourceWaste ManagementEnergyAgricultureIndustrial Processes1. Table 1.1.2. Table 1.5.3. Table 1.5.4. Table 1.3.5. Tables 1.3, 10.1, and E1.6. Energy Information Administration,Annual Energy Outlook 2009(April 2009), Updated Reference Case Tables, Table 1, "TotalEnergy Supply and Disposition Summary."7. Table 2.1a.8. Tables 2.1b and 2.1c.9. Table 2.1d.10. Tables 2.1e, 5.13c, and 5.14c.11. Table 1.2.12. Tables 5.1, 6.1, and 7.1.13. Table 1.4.14. Table 5.1.15. Table 5.2.16. Table 5.2.17. Table 4.4.18. Tables 5.13a-d.19. Table 5.11.20. Table 5.21.21. Table 5.24.22. Tables 5.3 and 5.5.23. Table 5.4.24. Table 5.4.25. Table 5.4.26. Table 5.16.27. Table 5.16.28. Table 5.17.29. Table 5.17.30. Table 2.8.31. Table 2.8.32. Table 2.8.33. Table 2.8.34. Table 6.1.35. Table 6.4.36. Table 6.3.37. Table 6.5.38. Table 7.1.39. Table 7.3.40. Table 7.6.41. Table 7.2.42. Table 7.2.43. Tables 8.2a, 8.2b, and 8.2d.44. Table 8.2a.45. Table 8.2c.46. Tables 8.3b and 8.3c.47. Table 8.10.48. Table 8.9.49. Table 8.1.50. Table 9.1.51. Table 9.1.52. Table 9.2.53. Table 9.2.54. Table 9.2.55. Table 10.1.56. Tables 10.2a–10.2c.57. Tables 10.2a–10.2c.58. Table 10.6.59. Table 11.1.60. Table 11.2.61. Table 11.5.62. Table 11.5.63. Table 11.10.64. Table 12.1.65. Table 12.2.66. Tables 1.5 and 12.2.67. Tables 12.1 and 12.5.xxxviEnergy Information Administration / Annual Energy Review 2008Figure SourcesData forEnergy Perspectives, 1949-2008,figures and text are derived from the followingAnnual Energy Review 2008tables and additional sources:Energy Overview1The continental United States at night from orbit. Source: National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration satelliteimagery; mosaic provided by U.S. Geological Survey.Figure 1.0 Energy Flow, 2008(Quadrillion Btu)Energy Information Administration / Annual Energy Review 200831Includes lease condensate.2Natural gas plant liquids.3Conventional hydroelectric power, biomass, geothermal, solar/photovoltaic, and wind.4Crude oil and petroleum products. Includes imports into the Strategic Petroleum Reserve.5Natural gas, coal, coal coke, fuel ethanol, and electricity.6Adjustments, losses, and unaccounted for.7Coal, natural gas, coal coke, and electricity.8Natural gas only; excludes supplemental gaseous fuels.9Petroleum products, including natural gas plant liquids, and crude oil burned as fuel.10Includes 0.04 quadrillion Btu of coal coke net imports.11Includes 0.11 quadrillion Btu of electricity net imports.12Primary consumption, electricity retail sales, and electrical system energy losses, which areallocated to the end-use sectors in proportion toeach sector’s share of total electricity retailsales. See Note, “Electrical Systems Energy Losses,” at end of Section 2.Notes: • Data are preliminary. • Valuesare derived from source data prior to rounding forpublication. • Totals may not equal sum of components due to independent rounding.Sources: Tables 1.1, 1.2, 1.3, 1.4, and 2.1a.Figure 1.1 Primary Energy OverviewOverview, 1949-2008 Production and Consumption, 2008Overview, 2008 Energy Flow, 2008(Quadrillion Btu)4 Energy Information Administration / Annual Energy Review 2008ConsumptionProductionImportsProduction Consumption0306090120

Quadrillion Btu1950 1960 1970 1980 1990 20000306090120

Quadrillion Btu7433799Production Imports Exports Consumption0306090120

Quadrillion BtuFossilFuelsFossilFuelsNuclearNuclearRenewableRenewable7499Exports1Adjustments, losses, and unaccounted for.(s)=Less than 0.5 quadrillion Btu.Source: Table 1.1.Energy Information Administration / Annual Energy Review 2008 5**T able 1.1 Primary Energy Overview, Selected Years, 1949-2008** (Quadrillion Btu)**Year Production** **Trade Stock** **Change and** **Other**7**Consumption Fossil** **Fuels**2**Nuclear Electric** **Power Renewable** **Energy**3**Total Imports** **Exports Net Imports** 1**Fossil Fuels** 8**Nuclear Electric** **Power Renewable** **Energy**3**Total**9**Petroleum**4**Total**5**Coal Total** 6**Total**1949 28.748 0.000 2.974 31.722 1.427 1.448 0.877 1.592 -0.144 0.403 29.002 0.000 2.974 31.9821950 32.563 .000 2.978 35.540 1.886 1.913 .786 1.465 .448 -1.372 31.632 .000 2.978 34.6161955 37.364 .000 2.784 40.148 2.752 2.790 1.465 2.286 .504 -.444 37.410 .000 2.784 40.2081960 39.869 .006 2.929 42.804 3.999 4.188 1.023 1.477 2.710 -.427 42.137 .006 2.929 45.0871965 47.235 .043 3.398 50.676 5.402 5.892 1.376 1.829 4.063 -.722 50.577 .043 3.398 54.0171970 59.186 .239 4.076 63.501 7.470 8.342 1.936 2.632 5.709 -1.367 63.522 .239 4.076 67.8441971 58.042 .413 4.268 62.723 8.540 9.535 1.546 2.151 7.384 -.818 64.596 .413 4.268 69.2891972 58.938 .584 4.398 63.920 10.299 11.387 1.531 2.118 9.269 -.485 67.696 .584 4.398 72.7041973 58.241 .910 4.433 63.585 13.466 14.613 1.425 2.033 12.580 -.456 70.316 .910 4.433 75.7081974 56.331 1.272 4.769 62.372 13.127 14.304 1.620 2.203 12.101 -.482 67.906 1.272 4.769 73.9911975 54.733 1.900 4.723 61.357 12.948 14.032 1.761 2.323 11.709 -1.067 65.355 1.900 4.723 71.9991976 54.723 2.111 4.768 61.602 15.672 16.760 1.597 2.172 14.588 -.178 69.104 2.111 4.768 76.0121977 55.101 2.702 4.249 62.052 18.756 19.948 1.442 2.052 17.896 -1.948 70.989 2.702 4.249 78.0001978 55.074 3.024 5.039 63.137 17.824 19.106 1.078 1.920 17.186 -.337 71.856 3.024 5.039 79.9861979 58.006 2.776 5.166 65.948 17.933 19.460 1.753 2.855 16.605 -1.649 72.892 2.776 5.166 80.9031980 59.008 2.739 5.485 67.232 14.658 15.796 2.421 3.695 12.101 -1.212 69.826 2.739 5.485 78.1221981 58.529 3.008R5.478 67.014 12.639 13.719 2.944 4.307 9.412 -.258 67.570 3.008R5.478 76.1681982 57.458 3.131 6.034 66.623 10.777 11.861 2.787 4.608 7.253 -.724 63.888 3.131 6.034 73.1531983 54.416 3.203R6.562R64.181 10.647 11.752 2.045 3.693 8.059 .799 63.154 3.203R6.562R73.0391984 58.849 3.553R6.524R68.925 11.433 12.471 2.151 3.786 8.685 -.894 66.504 3.553R6.524R76.7151985 57.539 4.076R6.187R67.801 10.609 11.781 2.438 4.196 7.584 1.107 66.091 4.076R6.187R76.4931986 56.575 4.380R6.225R67.180 13.201 14.151 2.248 4.021 10.130 -.552 66.031 4.380R6.225R76.7591987 57.167 4.754R5.741R67.662 14.162 15.398 2.093 3.812 11.586 -.073 68.522 4.754R5.741R79.1751988 57.875 5.587R5.570R69.032 15.747 17.296 2.499 4.366 12.929 .860 71.556 5.587R5.570R82.8221989 57.483 5.602R6.394R69.479 17.162 18.766 2.637 4.661 14.105 1.362 72.913 5.602R6.394R84.9461990 58.560 6.104R6.208R70.872 17.117 18.817 2.772 4.752 14.065 -.283 72.333 6.104R6.208R84.6541991 57.872 6.422R6.240R70.534 16.348 18.335 2.854 5.141 13.194 .881 71.880 6.422R6.240R84.6091992 57.655 6.479R5.995R70.129 16.968 19.372 2.682 4.937 14.435 1.394 73.397 6.479R5.995R85.9581993 55.822 6.410R6.265R68.497 18.510 21.273 1.962 4.258 17.014 2.094 74.836 6.410R6.264R87.6051994 58.044 6.694R6.157R70.895 19.243 22.390 1.879 4.061 18.329 .038 76.258 6.694R6.157R89.2611995 57.540 7.075R6.705R71.320 18.881 22.260 2.318 4.511 17.750 2.104 77.258 7.075R6.707R91.1741996 58.387 7.087R7.168R72.642 20.284 23.702 2.368 4.633 19.069 2.466 79.783 7.087R7.169R94.1761997 58.857 6.597R7.181R72.635 21.740 25.215 2.193 4.514 20.701 1.430 80.874 6.597 7.178R94.7661998 59.314 7.068 6.659 73.041 22.908 26.581 2.092 4.299 22.281 -.139 81.370 7.068R6.658 95.1831999 57.614 7.610 6.683 71.907 23.133 27.252 1.525 3.715 23.537 1.373 82.428 7.610 6.681 96.8172000 57.366 7.862 6.262 71.490 24.531 28.973 1.528 4.006 24.967 2.518 84.733 7.862 6.264 98.9752001 58.541 8.033 5.318 71.892 25.398 30.157 1.265 3.770 26.386 -1.952 82.903 8.033 5.316 96.3262002 56.894 8.143 5.899R70.935R24.673 29.407 1.032 3.668 25.739 1.184 83.750 8.143R5.894 97.8582003 56.157 7.959R6.148 70.264R26.218 31.061 1.117 4.054 27.007 .938 84.078 7.959 6.150 98.2092004 55.914 8.222 6.248 70.384 28.196 33.543 1.253 4.433 29.110 .857 85.830 8.222R6.260 100.3512005 55.056 8.160R6.410R69.626R29.247 34.710 1.273 4.561 30.149 .710 85.817 8.160R6.423R100.4852006R55.968 8.214R6.857R71.039R29.162 34.673 1.264 4.868 29.805R-.969R84.690 8.214R6.908R99.8752007R56.246R8.458 6.800R71.504R28.762R34.685 1.507R5.448 29.238R.813R86.176R8.458R6.814R101.5542008P57.940 8.455 7.316 73.711 27.556 32.840 2.071 7.065 25.775 -.183 83.436 8.455 7.300 99.3041Net imports equal imports minus exports. Minus sign indicates exports are greater than imports.2Coal, natural gas (dry), crude oil, and natural gas plant liquids.3See Tables 10.1-10.2c for notes on series components and estimation.4Crude oil and petroleum products. Includes imports into the Strategic Petroleum Reserve.5Also includes natural gas, coal, coal coke, fuel ethanol, and electricity.6Also includes natural gas, petroleum, coal coke, and electricity.7Calculated as consumption and exports minus production and imports. Includes petroleum stockchange and adjustments; natural gas net storage withdrawals and balancing item; coal stock change,losses, and unaccounted for; and fuel ethanol stock change.8Coal, coal coke net imports, natural gas, and petroleum.9Also includes electricity net imports.R=Revised. P=Preliminary.Notes:•See "Primary Energy," "Primary Energy Production," and "Primary Energy Consumption"inGlossary.•Totals may not equal sum of components due to independent rounding.Web Page: For all data beginning in 1949, see http://www.eia.doe.gov/emeu/aer/overview.html.Sources: Tables 1.2, 1.3, and 1.4.Figure 1.2 Primary Energy Production by SourceBy Source Category, 1949-2008 By Major Source, 1949-2008By Source, 20086 Energy Information Administration / Annual Energy Review 20081950 1960 1970 1980 1990 20000255075

Quadrillion Btu1950 1960 1970 1980 1990 20000510152025

Quadrillion BtuFossil FuelsNuclear Electric PowerRenewable EnergyBiomass24211184221Coal Natural Crude Oil1 Nuclear Biomass Hydro- NGPL3 Geothermal,051015202530

Quadrillion BtuNatural GasCrude Oil1Nuclear ElectricPowerCoalHydroelectric Power2NGPL31Includes lease condensate.2Conventional hydroelectric power.3Natural gas plant liquids.Source: Table 1.2.Solar/PV,WindGaselectricPower2ElectricPowerEnergy Information Administration / Annual Energy Review 2008 7**T able 1.2 Primary Energy Production by Source, Selected Years, 1949-2008** (Quadrillion Btu)**Year Fossil Fuels** **Nuclear Electric** **Power Renewable Energy** 1**Total Coal** 2**Natural Gas** **(Dry) Crude** **Oil**3**NGPL**4**Total Hydro** **electric Power** 5**Geothermal Solar/PV** **Wind Biomass** **Total**1949 11.974 5.377 10.683 0.714 28.748 0.000 1.425 NA NA NA 1.549 2.974 31.7221950 14.060 6.233 11.447 .823 32.563 .000 1.415 NA NA NA 1.562 2.978 35.5401955 12.370 9.345 14.410 1.240 37.364 .000 1.360 NA NA NA 1.424 2.784 40.1481960 10.817 12.656 14.935 1.461 39.869 .006 1.608 .001 NA NA 1.320 2.929 42.8041965 13.055 15.775 16.521 1.883 47.235 .043 2.059 .004 NA NA 1.335 3.398 50.6761970 14.607 21.666 20.401 2.512 59.186 .239 2.634 .011 NA NA 1.431 4.076 63.5011971 13.186 22.280 20.033 2.544 58.042 .413 2.824 .012 NA NA 1.432 4.268 62.7231972 14.092 22.208 20.041 2.598 58.938 .584 2.864 .031 NA NA 1.503 4.398 63.9201973 13.992 22.187 19.493 2.569 58.241 .910 2.861 .043 NA NA 1.529 4.433 63.5851974 14.074 21.210 18.575 2.471 56.331 1.272 3.177 .053 NA NA 1.540 4.769 62.3721975 14.989 19.640 17.729 2.374 54.733 1.900 3.155 .070 NA NA 1.499 4.723 61.3571976 15.654 19.480 17.262 2.327 54.723 2.111 2.976 .078 NA NA 1.713 4.768 61.6021977 15.755 19.565 17.454 2.327 55.101 2.702 2.333 .077 NA NA 1.838 4.249 62.0521978 14.910 19.485 18.434 2.245 55.074 3.024 2.937 .064 NA NA 2.038 5.039 63.1371979 17.540 20.076 18.104 2.286 58.006 2.776 2.931 .084 NA NA 2.152 5.166 65.9481980 18.598 19.908 18.249 2.254 59.008 2.739 2.900 .110 NA NA 2.476 5.485 67.2321981 18.377 19.699 18.146 2.307 58.529 3.008 2.758 .123 NA NAR2.597R5.478 67.0141982 18.639 18.319 18.309 2.191 57.458 3.131 3.266 .105 NA NA 2.664 6.034 66.6231983 17.247 16.593 18.392 2.184 54.416 3.203 3.527 .129 NA (s)R2.906R6.562R64.1811984 19.719 18.008 18.848 2.274 58.849 3.553 3.386 .165 (s) (s)R2.973R6.524R68.9251985 19.325 16.980 18.992 2.241 57.539 4.076 2.970 .198 (s) (s)R3.018R6.187R67.8011986 19.509 16.541 18.376 2.149 56.575 4.380 3.071 .219 (s) (s)R2.934R6.225R67.1801987 20.141 17.136 17.675 2.215 57.167 4.754 2.635 .229 (s) (s)R2.877R5.741R67.6621988 20.738 17.599 17.279 2.260 57.875 5.587 2.334 .217 (s) (s)R3.019R5.570R69.0321989221.360 17.847 16.117 2.158 57.483 5.602 2.837 .317 .055 .022R3.162R6.394R69.4791990 22.488 18.326 15.571 2.175 58.560 6.104 3.046 .336 .060 .029R2.737R6.208R70.8721991 21.636 18.229 15.701 2.306 57.872 6.422 3.016 .346 .063 .031R2.784R6.240R70.5341992 21.694 18.375 15.223 2.363 57.655 6.479 2.617 .349 .064 .030R2.935R5.995R70.1291993 20.336 18.584 14.494 2.408 55.822 6.410 2.892 .364 .066 .031R2.912R6.265R68.4971994 22.202 19.348 14.103 2.391 58.044 6.694 2.683 .338 .069 .036R3.031R6.157R70.8951995 22.130 19.082 13.887 2.442 57.540 7.075 3.205 .294 .070 .033R3.103R6.705R71.3201996 22.790 19.344 13.723 2.530 58.387 7.087 3.590 .316 .071 .033R3.158R7.168R72.6421997 23.310 19.394 13.658 2.495 58.857 6.597 3.640 .325 .070 .034R3.112R7.181R72.6351998 24.045 19.613 13.235 2.420 59.314 7.068 3.297 .328 .070 .031 2.933 6.659 73.0411999 23.295 19.341 12.451 2.528 57.614 7.610 3.268 .331 .069 .046 2.969 6.683 71.9072000 22.735 19.662 12.358 2.611 57.366 7.862 2.811 .317 .066 .057 3.010 6.262 71.4902001223.547 20.166 12.282 2.547 58.541 8.033 2.242 .311 .065 .070 2.629 5.318 71.8922002 22.732 19.439 12.163 2.559 56.894 8.143 2.689 .328 .064 .105 2.712 5.899R70.9352003 22.094 19.691 12.026 2.346 56.157 7.959 2.825 .331 .064 .115 2.815R6.148 70.2642004 22.852 19.093 11.503 2.466 55.914 8.222 2.690 .341 .065 .142 3.011 6.248 70.3842005 23.185 18.574 10.963 2.334 55.056 8.160 2.703 .343 .066 .178R3.120R6.410R69.6262006 23.790R19.022 10.801 2.356R55.968 8.214 2.869 .343 .072 .264R3.309R6.857R71.0392007R23.493R19.623R10.721R2.409R56.246R8.458R2.446R.349R.081R.341R3.583 6.800R71.5042008P23.856 21.150 10.519 2.415 57.940 8.455 2.452 .358 .091 .514 3.900 7.316 73.7111Most data are estimates. See Tables 10.1-10.2c for notes on series components and estimation.2Beginning in 1989, includes waste coal supplied. Beginning in 2001, also includes a small amount ofrefuse recovery. See Table 7.1.3Includes lease condensate.4Natural gas plant liquids.5Conventional hydroelectric power.R=Revised. P=Preliminary. NA=Not available. (s)=Less than 0.0005 quadrillion Btu.Notes:•See "Primary Energy Production" in Glossary.•Totals may not equal sum of componentsdue to independent rounding.Web Page: For all data beginning in 1949, see http://www.eia.doe.gov/emeu/aer/overview.html.Sources: Tables 5.1, 6.1, 7.1, 8.2a, 10.1, A2, A4, A5, and A6.Figure 1.3 Primary Energy Consumption by SourceProduction and Consumption, 1949-2008 By Major Source, 1949-2008By Source, 20088 Energy Information Administration / Annual Energy Review 20081Petroleum products supplied, including naturalgas plant liquids and crude oil burned as fuel.Does not include the fuel ethanol portion ofmotor gasoline—fuel ethanol is included in“Biomass.”2Conventional hydroelectric power.Sources: Tables 1.2 and 1.3.1950 1960 1970 1980 1990 2000020406080100120

Quadrillion Btu1950 1960 1970 1980 1990 2000051015202530354045

Quadrillion BtuConsumptionProduction3724228421Petroleum1 Natural Coal Nuclear Biomass Hydro- Geothermal,0153045

Quadrillion BtuNatural GasHydroelectric Power2Nuclear Electric PowerCoalPetroleum1BiomassSolar/PV,WindGaselectricPower2ElectricPowerEnergy Information Administration / Annual Energy Review 2008 9**T able 1.3 Primary Energy Consumption by Source, Selected Years, 1949-2008** (Quadrillion Btu)**Year Fossil Fuels** **Nuclear Electric** **Power Renewable Energy** 1**Electricity Net** **Imports**2**Total Coal** **Coal Coke Net** **Imports**2**Natural Gas** 3**Petroleum**4**Total Hydro** **electric Power** 5**Geothermal Solar/PV** **Wind Biomass** **Total**1949 11.981 -0.007 5.145 11.883 29.002 0.000 1.425 NA NA NA 1.549 2.974 0.005 31.9821950 12.347 .001 5.968 13.315 31.632 .000 1.415 NA NA NA 1.562 2.978 .006 34.6161955 11.167 -.010 8.998 17.255 37.410 .000 1.360 NA NA NA 1.424 2.784 .014 40.2081960 9.838 -.006 12.385 19.919 42.137 .006 1.608 .001 NA NA 1.320 2.929 .015 45.0871965 11.581 -.018 15.769 23.246 50.577 .043 2.059 .004 NA NA 1.335 3.398 (s) 54.0171970 12.265 -.058 21.795 29.521 63.522 .239 2.634 .011 NA NA 1.431 4.076 .007 67.8441971 11.598 -.033 22.469 30.561 64.596 .413 2.824 .012 NA NA 1.432 4.268 .012 69.2891972 12.077 -.026 22.698 32.947 67.696 .584 2.864 .031 NA NA 1.503 4.398 .026 72.7041973 12.971 -.007 22.512 34.840 70.316 .910 2.861 .043 NA NA 1.529 4.433 .049 75.7081974 12.663 .056 21.732 33.455 67.906 1.272 3.177 .053 NA NA 1.540 4.769 .043 73.9911975 12.663 .014 19.948 32.731 65.355 1.900 3.155 .070 NA NA 1.499 4.723 .021 71.9991976 13.584 (s) 20.345 35.175 69.104 2.111 2.976 .078 NA NA 1.713 4.768 .029 76.0121977 13.922 .015 19.931 37.122 70.989 2.702 2.333 .077 NA NA 1.838 4.249 .059 78.0001978 13.766 .125 20.000 37.965 71.856 3.024 2.937 .064 NA NA 2.038 5.039 .067 79.9861979 15.040 .063 20.666 37.123 72.892 2.776 2.931 .084 NA NA 2.152 5.166 .069 80.9031980 15.423 -.035 20.235 34.202 69.826 2.739 2.900 .110 NA NA 2.476 5.485 .071 78.1221981 15.908 -.016 19.747 31.931 67.570 3.008 2.758 .123 NA NAR2.597R5.478 .113 76.1681982 15.322 -.022 18.356 30.232 63.888 3.131 3.266 .105 NA NA 2.664 6.034 .100 73.1531983 15.894 -.016 17.221 30.054 63.154 3.203 3.527 .129 NA (s)R2.906R6.562 .121R73.0391984 17.071 -.011 18.394 31.051 66.504 3.553 3.386 .165 (s) (s)R2.973R6.524 .135R76.7151985 17.478 -.013 17.703 30.922 66.091 4.076 2.970 .198 (s) (s)R3.018R6.187 .140R76.4931986 17.260 -.017 16.591 32.196 66.031 4.380 3.071 .219 (s) (s)R2.934R6.225 .122R76.7591987 18.008 .009 17.640 32.865 68.522 4.754 2.635 .229 (s) (s)R2.877R5.741 .158R79.1751988 18.846 .040 18.448 34.222 71.556 5.587 2.334 .217 (s) (s)R3.019R5.570 .108R82.8221989 19.070 .030 19.602 34.211 72.913 5.602 2.837 .317 .055 .022R3.162R6.394 .037R84.9461990 19.173 .005 19.603 33.553 72.333 6.104 3.046 .336 .060 .029R2.737R6.208 .008R84.6541991 18.992 .010 20.033 32.845 71.880 6.422 3.016 .346 .063 .031R2.784R6.240 .067R84.6091992 19.122 .035 20.714 33.527 73.397 6.479 2.617 .349 .064 .030R2.935R5.995 .087R85.9581993 19.835 .027 21.229 33.744 74.836 6.410 2.892 .364 .066 .031R2.912R6.264 .095R87.6051994 19.909 .058 21.728 34.562 76.258 6.694 2.683 .338 .069 .036R3.031R6.157 .153R89.2611995 20.089 .061 22.671 34.437 77.258 7.075 3.205 .294 .070 .033R3.105R6.707 .134R91.1741996 21.002 .023 23.085 35.673 79.783 7.087 3.590 .316 .071 .033R3.160R7.169 .137R94.1761997 21.445 .046 23.223 36.160 80.874 6.597 3.640 .325 .070 .034R3.109 7.178 .116R94.7661998 21.656 .067 22.830 36.817 81.370 7.068 3.297 .328 .070 .031R2.932R6.658 .088 95.1831999 21.623 .058 22.909 37.838 82.428 7.610 3.268 .331 .069 .046R2.968 6.681 .099 96.8172000 22.580 .065 23.824 38.264 84.733 7.862 2.811 .317 .066 .057 3.013 6.264 .115 98.9752001 21.914 .029 22.773 38.186 82.903 8.033 2.242 .311 .065 .070 2.627 5.316 .075 96.3262002 21.904 .061 23.558 38.227 83.750 8.143 2.689 .328 .064 .105R2.707R5.894 .072 97.8582003 22.321 .051 22.897 38.809 84.078 7.959 2.825 .331 .064 .115 2.817 6.150 .022 98.2092004 22.466 .138 22.931 40.294 85.830 8.222 2.690 .341 .065 .142 3.023R6.260 .039 100.3512005 22.797 .044 22.583 40.393 85.817 8.160 2.703 .343 .066 .178R3.133R6.423 .084R100.4852006 22.447 .061R22.224 39.958R84.690 8.214 2.869 .343 .072 .264R3.361R6.908 .063R99.8752007R22.749 .025R23.628R39.773R86.176R8.458R2.446R.349R.081R.341R3.597R6.814 .107R101.5542008P22.421 .041 23.838 37.137 83.436 8.455 2.452 .358 .091 .514 3.884 7.300 .112 99.3041Most data are estimates. See Tables 10.1-10.2c for notes on series components and estimation.2Net imports equal imports minus exports. Minus sign indicates exports are greater than imports.3Natural gas only; excludes supplemental gaseous fuels. See Note 1, "Supplemental Gaseous Fuels,"at end of Section 6.4Petroleum products supplied, including natural gas plant liquids and crude oil burned as fuel. Doesnot include the fuel ethanol portion of motor gasoline—fuel ethanol is included in "Biomass."5Conventional hydroelectric power.R=Revised. P=Preliminary. NA=Not available. (s)=Less than 0.0005 and greater than -0.0005quadrillion Btu.Notes:•See "Primary Energy Consumption" in Glossary.•See Table E1 for estimated energyconsumption for 1635-1945.•See Note 3, "Electricity Imports and Exports," at end of Section8.•Totals may not equal sum of components due to independent rounding.Web Page: For all data beginning in 1949, see http://www.eia.doe.gov/emeu/aer/overview.html.Sources: Tables 5.12, 6.1, 7.1, 7.7, 8.1, 8.2a, 10.1, 10.3, A4, A5, and A6.Figure 1.4 Primary Energy Trade by Source, 1949-2008Energy Net Imports Imports and Exports, 2008Energy Imports Energy Exports10 Energy Information Administration / Annual Energy Review 20081950 1960 1970 1980 1990 2000010203040

Quadrillion BtuPetroleum1950 1960 1970 1980 1990 200002468

Quadrillion Btu32.87.1Imports Exports010203040

Quadrillion BtuPetroleum 3.8TotalPetroleum27.6PetroleumTotalCoal1950 1960 1970 1980 1990 2000-505101520253035-5

Quadrillion BtuNote: Negative net imports are net exports. Source: Table 1.4.Energy Information Administration / Annual Energy Review 2008 11**T able 1.4 Primary Energy Trade by Source, Selected Years, 1949-2008** (Quadrillion Btu)**Year Imports** **Exports Net** **Imports**1**Coal Coal** **Coke Natural** **Gas Petroleum** **Bio fuels** 4**Elec- tricity** **Total Coal** **Coal Coke** **Natural Gas** **Petroleum Bio** **fuels**5**Elec- tricity** **Total Total** **Crude Oil** 2**Petroleum Products** 3**Total Crude** **Oil**2**Petroleum Products** 3**Total**1949 0.008 0.007 0.000 0.915 0.513 1.427 NA 0.006 1.448 0.877 0.014 0.021 0.192 0.488 0.680 NA 0.001 1.592 -0.1441950 .009 .011 .000 1.056 .830 1.886 NA .007 1.913 .786 .010 .027 .202 .440 .642 NA .001 1.465 .4481955 .008 .003 .011 1.691 1.061 2.752 NA .016 2.790 1.465 .013 .032 .067 .707 .774 NA .002 2.286 .5041960 .007 .003 .161 2.196 1.802 3.999 NA .018 4.188 1.023 .009 .012 .018 .413 .431 NA .003 1.477 2.7101965 .005 .002 .471 2.654 2.748 5.402 NA .012 5.892 1.376 .021 .027 .006 .386 .392 NA .013 1.829 4.0631970 .001 .004 .846 2.814 4.656 7.470 NA .021 8.342 1.936 .061 .072 .029 .520 .549 NA .014 2.632 5.7091971 .003 .004 .964 3.573 4.968 8.540 NA .024 9.535 1.546 .037 .083 .003 .470 .473 NA .012 2.151 7.3841972 .001 .005 1.047 4.712 5.587 10.299 NA .036 11.387 1.531 .031 .080 .001 .466 .467 NA .010 2.118 9.2691973 .003 .027 1.060 6.887 6.578 13.466 NA .057 14.613 1.425 .035 .079 .004 .482 .486 NA .009 2.033 12.5801974 .052 .088 .985 7.395 5.731 13.127 NA .053 14.304 1.620 .032 .078 .006 .458 .465 NA .009 2.203 12.1011975 .024 .045 .978 8.721 4.227 12.948 NA .038 14.032 1.761 .032 .074 .012 .427 .439 NA .017 2.323 11.7091976 .030 .033 .988 11.239 4.434 15.672 NA .037 16.760 1.597 .033 .066 .017 .452 .469 NA .008 2.172 14.5881977 .041 .045 1.037 14.027 4.728 18.756 NA .069 19.948 1.442 .031 .056 .106 .408 .514 NA .009 2.052 17.8961978 .074 .142 .995 13.460 4.364 17.824 NA .072 19.106 1.078 .017 .053 .335 .432 .767 NA .005 1.920 17.1861979 .051 .099 1.300 13.825 4.108 17.933 NA .077 19.460 1.753 .036 .056 .497 .505 1.002 NA .007 2.855 16.6051980 .030 .016 1.006 11.195 3.463 14.658 NA .085 15.796 2.421 .051 .049 .609 .551 1.160 NA .014 3.695 12.1011981 .026 .013 .917 9.336 3.303 12.639 NA .124 13.719 2.944 .029 .060 .482 .781 1.264 NA .010 4.307 9.4121982 .019 .003 .950 7.418 3.360 10.777 NA .112 11.861 2.787 .025 .052 .500 1.231 1.732 NA .012 4.608 7.2531983 .032 .001 .940 7.079 3.568 10.647 NA .132 11.752 2.045 .016 .055 .348 1.217 1.565 NA .011 3.693 8.0591984 .032 .014 .847 7.302 4.131 11.433 NA .144 12.471 2.151 .026 .055 .384 1.161 1.545 NA .009 3.786 8.6851985 .049 .014 .952 6.814 3.796 10.609 NA .157 11.781 2.438 .028 .056 .432 1.225 1.657 NA .017 4.196 7.5841986 .055 .008 .748 9.002 4.199 13.201 NA .139 14.151 2.248 .025 .062 .326 1.344 1.670 NA .016 4.021 10.1301987 .044 .023 .992 10.067 4.095 14.162 NA .178 15.398 2.093 .014 .055 .319 1.311 1.630 NA .020 3.812 11.5861988 .053 .067 1.296 11.027 4.720 15.747 NA .133 17.296 2.499 .027 .075 .329 1.412 1.741 NA .024 4.366 12.9291989 .071 .057 1.387 12.596 4.565 17.162 NA .089 18.766 2.637 .027 .109 .300 1.536 1.836 NA .052 4.661 14.1051990 .067 .019 1.551 12.766 4.351 17.117 NA .063 18.817 2.772 .014 .087 .230 1.594 1.824 NA .055 4.752 14.0651991 .085 .029 1.798 12.553 3.794 16.348 NA .075 18.335 2.854 .020 .132 .246 1.882 2.128 NA .008 5.141 13.1941992 .095 .052 2.161 13.253 3.714 16.968 NA .096 19.372 2.682 .017 .220 .188 1.819 2.008 NA .010 4.937 14.4351993 .205 .053 2.397 14.749 3.760 18.510 .001 .107 21.273 1.962 .026 .142 .208 1.907 2.115 NA .012 4.258 17.0141994 .222 .083 2.682 15.340 3.904 19.243 .001 .160 22.390 1.879 .024 .164 .209 1.779 1.988 NA .007 4.061 18.3291995 .237 .095 2.901 15.669 3.211 18.881 .001 .146 22.260 2.318 .034 .156 .200 1.791 1.991 NA .012 4.511 17.7501996 .203 .063 3.002 16.341 3.943 20.284 .001 .148 23.702 2.368 .040 .155 .233 1.825 2.059 NA .011 4.633 19.0691997 .187 .078 3.063 17.876 3.864 21.740 (s) .147 25.215 2.193 .031 .159 .228 1.872 2.100 NA .031 4.514 20.7011998 .218 .095 3.225 18.916 3.992 22.908 (s) .135 26.581 2.092 .028 .161 .233 1.740 1.972 NA .047 4.299 22.2811999 .227 .080 3.664 18.935 4.198 23.133 (s) .147 27.252 1.525 .022 .164 .250 1.705 1.955 NA .049 3.715 23.5372000 .313 .094 3.869 19.783 4.749 24.531 (s) .166 28.973 1.528 .028 .245 .106 2.048 2.154 NA .051 4.006 24.9672001 .495 .063 4.068 20.348R5.050 25.398 .002 .131 30.157 1.265 .033 .377 .043 1.996R2.038 (s) .056 3.770 26.3862002 .422 .080 4.104 19.920R4.753R24.673 .002 .125 29.407 1.032 .020 .520 .019 2.023 2.042 (s) .054 3.668 25.7392003 .626 .068 4.042 21.060R5.158R26.218 .002 .104 31.061 1.117 .018 .686 .026 2.124R2.150 .001 .082 4.054 27.0072004 .682 .170 4.365 22.082 6.114 28.196 .013 .117 33.543 1.253 .033 .862 .057R2.150R2.207 .001 .078 4.433 29.1102005 .762 .088 4.450 22.091R7.156R29.247 .013 .152 34.710 1.273 .043 .735 .067R2.373R2.441 .001 .068 4.561 30.1492006 .906 .101 4.291 22.085R7.077R29.162 .067 .146 34.673 1.264 .040 .730 .052R2.694R2.747 .004 .083 4.868 29.8052007 .909 .061R4.723R21.914R6.849R28.762 .055 .175R34.685 1.507 .036R.830 .058R2.914R2.972 .035 .069R5.448 29.2382008P.855 .089 4.061 21.389 6.167 27.556 .084 .195 32.840 2.071 .049 1.009 .061 3.707 3.768 .086 .082 7.065 25.7751Net imports equal imports minus exports. Minus sign indicates exports are greater than imports.2Crude oil and lease condensate. Imports data include imports into the Strategic Petroleum Reserve,which began in 1977.3Petroleum products, unfinished oils, pentanes plus, and gasoline blending components. Does notinclude biofuels.4Fuel ethanol and biodiesel.5Biodiesel only.R=Revised. P=Preliminary. NA=Not available. (s)=Less than 0.0005 quadrillion Btu.Notes:•Includes trade between the United States (50 States and the District of Columbia) and itsterritories and possessions.•See "Primary Energy" in Glossary.•See Note 3, "Electricity Imports andExports," at end of Section 8.•Totals may not equal sum of components due to independent rounding.Web Page: For all data beginning in 1949, see http://www.eia.doe.gov/emeu/aer/overview.html.Sources: Tables 5.1, 5.3, 5.5, 6.1, 7.1, 7.7, 8.1, 10.3, 10.4, A2, A3, A4, A5, and A6.Figure 1.5 Energy Consumption and Expenditures IndicatorsEnergy Consumption, 1949-2008 Energy Expenditures, 1970-2006 Energy Consumption per Real Dollar2 ofGross Domestic Product, 1949-2008Energy Consumption per Person, Energy Expenditures per Person, Energy Expenditures as Share of1949-2008 1970-2006 Gross Domestic Product, 1970-200612 Energy Information Administration / Annual Energy Review 20081970 1980 1990 200003006009001,200

Billion Nominal Dollars11950 1960 1970 1980 1990 2000020406080100120

Quadrillion Btu1950 1960 1970 1980 1990 20000510152025

Thousand Btu per Chained (2000) Dollar1 See “Nominal Dollars” in Glossary2 In chained (2000) dollars, calculated by using gross domestic product implicit price deflators,See Appendix D1.Source: Table 1.5.1950 1960 1970 1980 1990 20000100200300400500

Million Btu1970 1980 1990 200001,0002,0003,0004,000

Nominal Dollars11970 1980 1990 2000051015

PercentEnergy Information Administration / Annual Energy Review 2008 13**T able 1.5 Energy Consumption, Expenditures, and Emissions Indicators, Selected Years, 1949-2008** **Year Energy** **Consumption Energy** **Consumption per Person** **Energy Expenditures** 1**Energy Expenditures** 1**per Person Gross** **Domestic Product (GDP)** **Energy Expenditures** 1**as Share of GDP Gross** **Domestic Product (GDP)** **Energy Consumption per** **Real Dollar of GDP Greenhouse Gas** **Emissions**2**per Real Dollar of GDP** **Carbon Dioxide Emissions** 3**per Real Dollar of GDP** QuadrillionBtuMillionBtuMillionNominalDollars4NominalDollars4BillionNominalDollars4PercentBillionChained(2000) Dollars5Thousand Btuper Chained(2000) Dollar5Metric Tons CarbonDioxide Equivalentper Million Chained(2000) Dollars5Metric TonsCarbon Dioxideper Million Chained(2000) Dollars51949 31.98 214 NA NA 267.3 NA 1,634.6 19.57 NA NA1950 34.62 227 NA NA 293.8 NA 1,777.3 19.48 NA NA1955 40.21 242 NA NA 414.8 NA 2,212.8 18.17 NA NA1960 45.09 250 NA NA 526.4 NA 2,501.8 18.02 NA NA1965 54.02 278 NA NA 719.1 NA 3,191.1 16.93 NA NA1970 67.84 331 82,911 404 1,038.5 8.0 3,771.9 17.99 NA NA1971 69.29 334 90,071 434 1,127.1 8.0 3,898.6 17.77 NA NA1972 72.70 346 98,108 467 1,238.3 7.9 4,105.0 17.71 NA NA1973 75.71 357 111,928 528 1,382.7 8.1 4,341.5 17.44 NA NA1974 73.99 346 153,370 717 1,500.0 10.2 4,319.6 17.13 NA NA1975 72.00 333 171,846 796 1,638.3 10.5 4,311.2 16.70 NA NA1976 76.01 349 193,897 889 1,825.3 10.6 4,540.9 16.74 NA NA1977 78.00 354 220,461 1,001 2,030.9 10.9 4,750.5 16.42 NA NA1978 79.99 359 239,230 1,075 2,294.7 10.4 5,015.0 15.95 NA NA1979 80.90 359 297,543 1,322 2,563.3 11.6 5,173.4 15.64 NA NA1980 78.12 344R373,790R1,645 2,789.5 13.4 5,161.7 15.13 1,131 9171981 76.17 332R427,140R1,861 3,128.4 13.7 5,291.7 14.39 1,085 8721982 73.15 316R425,703R1,838 3,255.0 13.1 5,189.3 14.10 1,053 8431983 73.04 312R416,670R1,782 3,536.7 11.8 5,423.8 13.47 998 8001984R76.72 325R434,367R1,842 3,933.2R11.0 5,813.6 13.20 982 7881985 76.49R322R437,517R1,839 4,220.3 10.4 6,053.7 12.64 946 7551986 76.76 320R382,861R1,594 4,462.8 8.6 6,263.6 12.25 913 7311987R79.18 327R396,082R1,635 4,739.5 8.4 6,475.1 12.23 910 7321988 82.82 339R409,989R1,677 5,103.8 8.0 6,742.7 12.28 907 7351989R84.95 344R437,160R1,771 5,484.4 8.0 6,981.4 12.17 892 7231990 84.65 339R472,030R1,891 5,803.1 8.1 7,112.5 11.90R878R7061991 84.61 334R470,095R1,858 5,995.9 7.8 7,100.5 11.92R872R7001992 85.96 335R475,069R1,852 6,337.7 7.5 7,336.6 11.72R861R6911993R87.61 337R490,624R1,888 6,657.4 7.4 7,532.7 11.63R851R6871994 89.26 339R503,693R1,914 7,072.2 7.1 7,835.5 11.39R832R6711995 91.17 342R513,587R1,929 7,397.7 6.9 8,031.7 11.35R819R6611996R94.18 350R559,455R2,077 7,816.9 7.2 8,328.9 11.31R810R6601997 94.77 348R566,277R2,077 8,304.3 6.8 8,703.5 10.89R784R6411998 95.18 345R525,285R1,904 8,747.0 6.0 9,066.9 10.50R754R6191999 96.82 347R556,052R1,993 9,268.4 6.0 9,470.3 10.22R728 5992000 98.98 351R688,774R2,441 9,817.0 7.0 9,817.0 10.08R721 5962001 96.33 338R693,897 2,434 10,128.0 6.9 9,890.7 9.74R703R5822002 97.86 340R661,496R2,299 10,469.6 6.3 10,048.8 9.74R701R5792003 98.21 338R754,147R2,599 10,960.8 6.9 10,301.0 9.53R689R5702004 100.35R343R868,595R2,966 11,685.9 7.4 10,675.8 9.40R677R5592005R100.48 340R1,044,898R3,535R12,421.9 8.4R10,989.5R9.14R660 5442006R99.88R335R1,157,910R3,881R13,178.4R8.8R11,294.8R8.84R636R5232007R101.55 337 NA NAR13,807.5 NAR11,523.9R8.81R632R5202008P99.30 327 NA NA 14,264.6 NA 11,652.0 8.52 NA NA1Expenditures include taxes where data are available.2Greenhouse gas emissions from anthropogenic sources. See Table 12.1.3Carbon dioxide emissions from energy consumption. See Table 12.24See "Nominal Dollars" in Glossary.5See "Chained Dollars" in Glossary.R=Revised. P=Preliminary. NA=Not available.Web Page: For all data beginning in 1949, see http://www.eia.doe.gov/emeu/aer/overview.html.Sources:**Energy Consumption:**Table 1.3.**Energy Expenditures:**Table 3.5.**Gross Domest ic** **Product:**Table D1.**Population Data:**Table D1.**Greenhouse Gas Emissions:**Table 12.1.**Carbo n** **Dioxide Emissions:**Table 12.2.**Other Columns:**Calculated by EIA.Figure 1.6 State-Level Energy Consumption and Consumption per Person, 2006ConsumptionConsumption per Person14 Energy Information Administration / Annual Energy Review 2008TXCAFLILNYPAOHLAGAMIINNCNJVATNALWAKYMOMNWISCOKAZMAMDCOMSIAARORKSCTWVUTNVAKNMNEIDWYMEMTNDHINHDESDRIDCVT1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 13 14 15 16 17 18 19 20 21 22 23 24 25 26 27 28 29 30 31 32 33 34 35 36 37 38 39 40 41 42 43 44 45 46 47 48 49 50 5102468101214

Quadrillion BtuAKWYLANDTXKYALWVINMTOKMSARIASCKSTNNEMNDENM IDMESDOHGAVA USMOWIWAPAILNVUTORNJDC NC COMIVTHIMDFLAZCTNHCAMANYRI1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 13 14 15 16 17 18 19 20 21 22 23 24 25 26 27 28 29 30 31 32 33 34 35 36 37 38 39 40 41 42 43 44 45 46 47 48 49 50 510.00.20.40.60.81.01.2

Billion BtuSource: Table 1.6.Energy Information Administration / Annual Energy Review 2008 15**T able 1.6 State-Level Energy Consumption, Expenditures, and Prices, 2006** **Rank Consumption** **Consumption per Person Expenditures** 1**Expenditures**1**per Person Prices** 1Trillion BtuMillion BtuMillion Nominal Dollars2Nominal Dollars2Nominal Dollars2per Million Btu1 Texas 11,744.4 Alaska 1,112.2 Texas 132,131 Alaska 9,080 Hawaii 24.652 California 8,420.4 Wyoming 937.9 California 115,990 Wyoming 8,431 District of Columbia 24.203 Florida 4,609.5 Louisiana 896.1 New York 59,429 Louisiana 7,884 Massachusetts 23.224 Illinois 3,946.1 North Dakota 644.1 Florida 58,959 Texas 5,645 Connecticut 22.725 New York 3,939.9 Texas 501.7 Pennsylvania 46,650 North Dakota 5,565 Rhode Island 22.226 Pennsylvania 3,933.0 Kentucky 468.7 Ohio 45,037 Montana 4,959 New Hampshire 21.857 Ohio 3,892.9 Alabama 466.3 Illinois 43,322 Maine 4,587 Vermont 21.158 Louisiana 3,802.5 West Virginia 458.5 New Jersey 35,994 Oklahoma 4,537 New York 20.949 Georgia 3,146.4 Indiana 454.1 Michigan 34,914 Iowa 4,497 Florida 20.6510 Michigan 2,998.0 Montana 453.2 Georgia 34,542 Mississippi 4,487 Maryland 20.1411 Indiana 2,862.2 Oklahoma 448.1 Louisiana 33,455 Alabama 4,450 Nevada 20.0212 North Carolina 2,659.3 Mississippi 419.3 North Carolina 30,373 Kentucky 4,446 Arizona 19.7213 New Jersey 2,604.8 Arkansas 407.4 Virginia 28,575 Hawaii 4,438 Delaware 19.4514 Virginia 2,544.9 Iowa 406.2 Indiana 27,354 Indiana 4,340 California 19.3015 Tennessee 2,313.2 South Carolina 394.4 Massachusetts 24,499 West Virginia 4,315 New Jersey 18.9116 Alabama 2,140.5 Kansas 381.3 Tennessee 24,172 Delaware 4,227 New Mexico 18.4417 Washington 2,053.7 Tennessee 380.8 Missouri 21,533 Arkansas 4,225 North Carolina 17.9318 Kentucky 1,970.5 Nebraska 373.8 Washington 21,362 New Jersey 4,153 Pennsylvania 17.5219 Missouri 1,913.0 Minnesota 353.5 Wisconsin 20,717 Vermont 4,055 Maine 17.3520 Minnesota 1,822.0 Delaware 352.5 Alabama 20,428 Nebraska 4,044 Ohio 17.1221 Wisconsin 1,818.5 New Mexico 351.8 Minnesota 19,948 South Dakota 4,017 Colorado 16.9222 South Carolina 1,707.7 Idaho 351.6 Maryland 19,632 Nevada 4,012 Oregon 16.8523 Oklahoma 1,603.0 Maine 348.2 Arizona 18,945 South Carolina 4,010 Mississippi 16.8424 Arizona 1,530.9 South Dakota 344.9 Kentucky 18,693 Tennessee 3,979 Virginia 16.7525 Massachusetts 1,479.1 Ohio 339.6 South Carolina 17,364 Ohio 3,929 South Dakota 16.6926 Maryland 1,452.4 Georgia 336.8 Colorado 16,251 Connecticut 3,927 Texas 16.6827 Colorado 1,428.1 Virginia 333.1 Oklahoma 16,230 Kansas 3,890 Missouri 16.6728 Mississippi 1,215.7 Missouri 327.7 Connecticut 13,727 Minnesota 3,870 Wisconsin 16.6529 Iowa 1,207.4 Wisconsin 326.3 Iowa 13,368 New Hampshire 3,811 Michigan 16.6230 Arkansas 1,144.5 Washington 322.2 Mississippi 13,010 Massachusetts 3,807 Montana 16.4831 Oregon 1,111.8 Pennsylvania 317.1 Oregon 12,253 Pennsylvania 3,761 Alaska 16.4332 Kansas 1,050.9 Illinois 308.8 Arkansas 11,867 Virginia 3,740 Washington 16.4333 Connecticut 848.9 Nevada 307.6 Kansas 10,719 District of Columbia 3,738 Kansas 16.3334 West Virginia 829.2 Utah 304.7 Nevada 10,001 New Mexico 3,730 Tennessee 16.3135 Utah 785.9 Oregon 301.2 Utah 8,331 Wisconsin 3,718 Georgia 16.3036 Nevada 766.6 New Jersey 300.6 West Virginia 7,804 Georgia 3,697 Minnesota 16.1237 Alaska 753.5 District of Columbia 299.9 New Mexico 7,246 Missouri 3,689 Oklahoma 16.0938 New Mexico 683.3 North Carolina 299.8 Nebraska 7,133 Maryland 3,504 Nebraska 16.0339 Nebraska 659.3 Colorado 299.6 Alaska 6,151 Michigan 3,456 South Carolina 15.9540 Idaho 514.6 Michigan 296.8 Maine 6,031 Idaho 3,455 Illinois 15.9241 Wyoming 480.9 Vermont 263.7 Hawaii 5,674 North Carolina 3,424 Utah 15.8842 Maine 457.8 Hawaii 259.8 Idaho 5,058 Colorado 3,410 Arkansas 15.8543 Montana 429.1 Maryland 259.3 New Hampshire 4,999 Illinois 3,391 Iowa 15.7144 North Dakota 410.6 Florida 255.3 Montana 4,696 Washington 3,351 Idaho 15.1345 Hawaii 332.2 Arizona 248.3 Wyoming 4,323 Oregon 3,320 Kentucky 14.9546 New Hampshire 313.1 Connecticut 242.8 Delaware 3,605 Rhode Island 3,283 Alabama 14.9247 Delaware 300.6 New Hampshire 238.7 North Dakota 3,548 Florida 3,265 Wyoming 14.5248 South Dakota 271.9 California 232.3 Rhode Island 3,486 Utah 3,230 West Virginia 14.4949 Rhode Island 216.3 Massachusetts 229.9 South Dakota 3,167 California 3,200 Indiana 13.8750 District of Columbia 175.6 New York 204.3 Vermont 2,517 New York 3,082 Louisiana 13.7351 Vermont 163.7 Rhode Island 203.7 District of Columbia 2,188 Arizona 3,073 North Dakota 12.05**United States**3,4**99,521.1 United States 333.1 United States**5**1,157,910 United States**6**3,876 United States 17.35**1Prices and expenditures include taxes where data are available.2See "Nominal Dollars" in Glossary.3Includes 60.8 trillion Btu of coal coke net imports, which are not allocated to the States.4The U.S. consumption value in this table does not match those in Tables 1.1 and 1.3 because it:1) does not include biofuels losses and co-products, and biodiesel; 2) does not incorporate the latest datarevisions; and 3) is the sum of State values, which use State average heat contents to convert physicalunits of coal and natural gas to Btu.5Includes $509 million for coal coke net imports, which are not allocated to the States.6Based on population data prior to revisions shown on Table D1.Note: Rankings based on unrounded data.Web Page: For related information, see http://www.eia.doe.gov/emeu/states/_seds.html.Sources:•**Consumption:**Energy Information Administration (EIA), "State Energy Data 2006:Consumption" (November 2008), Tables R1 and R2.•**Expenditures and Prices:**EIA, "State EnergyData 2006: Prices and Expenditures" (November 2008), Table R1.•"State Energy Data 2006" includesState-level data by end-use sector and type of energy. Consumption estimates are annual 1960 through2006, and price and expenditure estimates are annual 1970 through 2006.Figure 1.7 Heating Degree-Days by Month, 1949-200816 Energy Information Administration / Annual Energy Review 2008162(1963)October November December January February March April02004006008001,0001,200

Heating Degree-DaysRecord High Monthly Value (Year of Record)2007- 2008 Heating Season30-Year Monthly Normal1Record Low Monthly Value (Year of Record)260(1981)(1985)1Based on calculations of data from 1971 through 2000. Source: Table 1.7.494(2000)577(1954)687(2006)683(1956)396(2001)449(1975)831(1960)367(1976)668(1976)1,188(1977)1,070(1989)958(1978)Energy Information Administration / Annual Energy Review 2008 17**T able 1.7 Heating Degree-Days by Month, Selected Years, 1949-2008** **Year January** **February March** **April May** **June July** **August September** **October November** **December Total** 1949 858 701 611 330 128 21 7 9 94 209 503 763 4,2341950 761 721 693 412 162 40 11 18 85 196 565 872 4,5361955 927 759 600 272 121 48 9 6 56 237 600 886 4,5211960 884 780 831 278 160 33 7 11 48 254 502 936 4,7241965 907 780 738 355 114 48 11 14 78 271 494 739 4,5491970 1,063 758 685 344 120 31 4 9 55 253 541 801 4,6641971 976 760 681 375 194 29 10 12 47 187 553 723 4,5471972 890 785 608 377 137 49 7 12 65 330 613 832 4,7051973 893 772 504 356 182 22 6 9 61 212 497 799 4,3131974 838 754 556 310 171 42 6 13 94 303 524 795 4,4061975 821 742 686 449 117 37 5 13 100 235 462 805 4,4721976 974 609 544 309 178 28 8 19 81 367 668 941 4,7261977 1,188 751 529 270 119 38 6 13 59 295 493 844 4,6051978 1,061 958 677 350 157 31 7 11 59 283 517 847 4,9581979 1,079 950 575 364 148 37 6 15 58 271 528 750 4,7811980 887 831 680 338 142 49 5 10 54 316 564 831 4,7071981 984 689 620 260 165 25 6 11 76 327 504 845 4,5121982 1,067 776 620 408 114 62 7 19 75 264 515 692 4,6191983 874 706 588 421 189 35 6 5 53 251 509 990 4,6271984 1,000 645 704 371 172 28 7 7 88 223 565 704 4,5141985 1,057 807 557 260 123 47 5 17 69 243 506 951 4,6421986 859 734 542 295 123 30 9 18 76 258 558 793 4,2951987 920 714 573 309 107 20 8 13 61 345 491 773 4,3341988 1,004 778 594 344 134 30 3 5 72 352 506 831 4,6531989 789 832 603 344 163 32 5 14 73 259 542 1,070 4,7261990 728 655 535 321 184 29 6 10 56 246 457 789 4,0161991 921 639 564 287 98 30 6 7 69 242 586 751 4,2001992 852 644 603 345 152 46 14 24 74 301 564 822 4,4411993 860 827 664 368 128 38 11 9 89 302 580 824 4,7001994 1,031 813 594 293 174 21 6 16 65 268 479 723 4,4831995 847 750 556 375 174 31 4 7 77 233 605 872 4,5311996 945 748 713 360 165 27 8 9 72 276 630 760 4,7131997 932 672 552 406 198 31 7 16 63 273 592 800 4,5421998 765 623 596 331 109 41 4 5 33 245 482 717 3,9511999 861 647 645 319 139 31 5 12 62 275 413 760 4,1692000 886 643 494 341 115 29 12 12 69 244 610 1,005 4,4602001 935 725 669 302 115 29 8 6 69 260 396 689 4,2032002 776 669 622 281 184 23 3 8 37 298 560 812 4,2732003 944 801 572 344 165 41 4 5 62 260 477 784 4,4592004 968 766 495 303 107 37 7 20 47 251 487 802 4,2902005 859 676 648 305 186 25 3 6 39 236 466 866 4,3152006 687 731 600 264 137 23 2 9 82 304 467 690 3,9962007 841 853 502 372 111 24 5 7 44 175 521 800 4,2552008P892 741 617 319 183 26 5 13 52 281 534 831 4,494Normal1917 732 593 345 159 39 9 15 77 282 539 817 4,5241Based on calculations of data from 1971 through 2000.P=Preliminary.Notes:•This table excludes Alaska and Hawaii.•Degree-days are relative measurements of outdoorair temperature. Heating degree-days are deviations below the mean daily temperature of 65°F. Forexample, a weather station recording a mean daily temperature of 40°F would report 25 heatingdegree-days.•Temperature information recorded by weather stations is used to calculate State-widedegree-day averages based on resident State population. Beginning in July 2001, data are weighted by the2000 population. The population-weighted State figures are aggregated into Census divisions and thenational average.Web Pages:•For all data beginning in 1949, see http://www.eia.doe.gov/emeu/aer/overview.html.•For current data, see http://www.eia.doe.gov/emeu/mer/overview.html.Source: U.S. Department of Commerce, National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration (NOAA),National Climatic Data Center, Asheville, North Carolina, Historical Climatology Series 5-1.Figure 1.8 Cooling Degree-Days by Month, 1949-200818 Energy Information Administration / Annual Energy Review 2008April May June July August September October0100200300400

Cooling Degree-DaysRecord High Monthly Value (Year of Record)2008 Cooling Season30-Year Monthly Normal1Record Low Monthly Value (Year of Record)83(1963)118(1967)27(1976)268(1950)147(1991)228(1992)64(1976)161(1955)1Based on calculations of data from 1971 through 2000. Source: Table 1.8.215(1998)(2005)13(1983)53(2006)388(2006)280(1952)366(2007)Energy Information Administration / Annual Energy Review 2008 19**T able 1.8 Cooling Degree-Days by Month, Selected Years, 1949-2008** **Year January** **February March** **April May** **June July** **August September** **October November** **December Total** 1949 16 14 14 27 110 253 367 294 131 70 12 10 1,3181950 27 12 13 21 105 201 268 244 128 78 9 4 1,1101955 6 7 20 45 121 161 381 355 182 50 10 6 1,3441960 7 4 6 37 76 215 301 302 181 59 15 3 1,2061965 9 7 10 42 125 179 280 273 155 48 19 6 1,1531970 3 4 10 36 104 201 323 313 185 48 6 9 1,2421971 8 7 10 22 68 244 288 269 182 77 12 17 1,2041972 15 6 22 36 88 174 299 276 169 44 9 8 1,1461973 7 3 24 18 75 236 318 303 166 66 21 4 1,2411974 21 6 28 29 101 173 317 267 120 40 10 5 1,1171975 14 11 14 24 117 203 301 296 120 55 12 5 1,1721976 5 11 23 27 64 208 282 243 127 27 8 4 1,0291977 2 5 21 35 121 212 351 293 180 44 15 6 1,2851978 3 1 10 31 93 218 310 300 180 52 19 9 1,2261979 4 4 13 32 82 187 295 266 160 53 11 6 1,1131980 9 4 13 23 95 199 374 347 192 42 10 5 1,3131981 3 6 10 52 75 257 333 275 138 43 12 5 1,2091982 6 10 21 26 115 165 318 262 140 47 15 11 1,1361983 6 5 9 13 72 193 353 362 172 58 12 5 1,2601984 5 6 14 24 92 233 291 312 143 70 9 15 1,2141985 3 5 22 39 108 193 313 269 145 68 25 4 1,1941986 8 10 17 33 106 231 340 259 161 52 23 9 1,2491987 5 7 13 23 127 244 334 298 156 40 14 8 1,2691988 5 5 13 28 89 218 359 348 149 45 18 6 1,2831989 15 7 19 36 88 208 312 266 138 49 16 2 1,1561990 15 14 21 29 86 234 316 291 172 57 16 9 1,2601991 10 9 19 42 147 235 336 305 149 62 8 9 1,3311992 6 10 15 29 77 170 286 228 150 49 13 7 1,0401993 13 5 11 19 91 207 347 317 146 47 11 4 1,2181994 7 9 18 37 76 262 328 263 141 50 20 9 1,2201995 7 7 18 29 91 202 348 363 150 61 12 5 1,2931996 7 6 8 26 116 226 299 287 139 45 14 7 1,1801997 8 11 31 19 81 189 315 268 171 48 10 5 1,1561998 12 7 10 23 135 228 350 337 215 62 20 11 1,4101999 12 11 12 40 94 219 374 305 152 55 17 6 1,2972000 10 10 25 28 131 221 284 302 156 50 8 4 1,2292001 3 12 11 37 114 220 302 333 138 46 18 11 1,2452002 8 6 17 53 92 243 370 332 202 57 11 5 1,3962003 5 7 24 30 110 187 336 345 156 65 21 4 1,2902004 6 6 28 29 138 208 299 252 177 67 17 5 1,2322005 10 7 12 24 82 250 367 351 215 55 20 4 1,3972006 13 5 18 53 109 236 388 337 138 46 14 11 1,3682007 10 5 29 23 119 236 310 366 191 82 16 12 1,3992008P7 11 17 31 91 264 334 283 171 48 12 8 1,277Normal18 8 18 33 104 216 323 292 160 56 16 8 1,2421Based on calculations of data from 1971 through 2000.P=Preliminary.Notes:•This table excludes Alaska and Hawaii.•Degree-days are relative measurements of outdoorair temperature. Cooling degree-days are deviations above the mean daily temperature of 65°F. Forexample, a weather station recording a mean daily temperature of 78°F would report 13 coolingdegree-days.•Temperature information recorded by weather stations is used to calculate State-widedegree-day averages based on resident State population. Beginning in 2002, data are weighted by the2000 population. The population-weighted State figures are aggregated into Census divisions and thenational average.Web Pages:•For all data beginning in 1949, see http://www.eia.doe.gov/emeu/aer/overview.html.•For current data, see http://www.eia.doe.gov/emeu/mer/overview.html.Source: U.S. Department of Commerce, National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration (NOAA),National Climatic Data Center, Asheville, North Carolina, Historical Climatology Series 5-2.Figure 1.9 Heating Degree-Days by Census DivisionU.S.1 Heating Degree-Days, 1949-2008Heating Degree-Days by Census Division, 200820 Energy Information Administration / Annual Energy Review 20081950 1955 1960 1965 1970 1975 1980 1985 1990 1995 2000 200501,0002,0003,0004,0005,0006,000

Degree-Days1Excludes Alaska and Hawaii.2Based on calculations of data from 1971 through 2000.Note: See Appendix C for map of Census divisions.Source: Table 1.9.Atlantic30-Year Normal2: 4,524Low: 3,951 (1998)High: 4,958 (1978)England Atlantic Central Central CentralCentral6,3955,6436,6967,1122,7823,6412,1785,1143,1866,6125,9106,4986,7502,8533,6032,2865,2093,226New Middle East North West North South East South West South Mountain Pacific102,0004,0006,0008,000

Degree-Days30-Year Normal22008Energy Information Administration / Annual Energy Review 2008 21**T able 1.9 Heating Degree-Days by Census Division, Selected Years, 1949-2008** **Year New** **England Middle** **Atlantic East North** **Central West North** **Central South** **Atlantic East South** **Central West South** **Central Mountain** **Pacific**1**United States** 11949 5,829 5,091 5,801 6,479 2,367 2,942 2,133 5,483 3,729 4,2341950 6,470 5,765 6,619 7,136 2,713 3,315 1,974 4,930 3,355 4,5361955 6,577 5,708 6,101 6,630 2,786 3,314 2,083 5,517 3,723 4,5211960 6,561 5,901 6,544 6,884 3,147 3,958 2,551 5,328 3,309 4,7241965 6,825 5,933 6,284 6,646 2,830 3,374 2,078 5,318 3,378 4,5491970 6,839 5,943 6,455 6,835 2,997 3,685 2,396 5,436 3,257 4,6641971 6,695 5,761 6,236 6,594 2,763 3,395 1,985 5,585 3,698 4,5471972 7,001 6,064 6,772 7,094 2,759 3,438 2,259 5,352 3,376 4,7051973 6,120 5,327 5,780 6,226 2,718 3,309 2,256 5,562 3,383 4,3131974 6,621 5,670 6,259 6,478 2,551 3,171 2,080 5,281 3,294 4,4061975 6,362 5,477 6,169 6,678 2,640 3,336 2,187 5,693 3,623 4,4721976 6,839 6,097 6,768 6,670 3,040 3,881 2,446 5,303 3,115 4,7261977 6,579 5,889 6,538 6,506 3,047 3,812 2,330 5,060 3,135 4,6051978 7,061 6,330 7,095 7,324 3,187 4,062 2,764 5,370 3,168 4,9581979 6,348 5,851 6,921 7,369 2,977 3,900 2,694 5,564 3,202 4,7811980 6,900 6,143 6,792 6,652 3,099 3,855 2,378 5,052 2,986 4,7071981 6,612 5,989 6,446 6,115 3,177 3,757 2,162 4,671 2,841 4,5121982 6,697 5,866 6,542 7,000 2,721 3,357 2,227 5,544 3,449 4,6191983 6,305 5,733 6,423 6,901 3,057 3,892 2,672 5,359 3,073 4,6271984 6,442 5,777 6,418 6,582 2,791 3,451 2,194 5,592 3,149 4,5141985 6,571 5,660 6,546 7,119 2,736 3,602 2,466 5,676 3,441 4,6421986 6,517 5,665 6,150 6,231 2,686 3,294 2,058 4,870 2,807 4,2951987 6,546 5,699 5,810 5,712 2,937 3,466 2,292 5,153 3,013 4,3341988 6,715 6,088 6,590 6,634 3,122 3,800 2,346 5,148 2,975 4,6531989 6,887 6,134 6,834 6,996 2,944 3,713 2,439 5,173 3,061 4,7261990 5,848 4,998 5,681 6,011 2,230 2,929 1,944 5,146 3,148 4,0161991 5,960 5,177 5,906 6,319 2,503 3,211 2,178 5,259 3,109 4,2001992 6,844 5,964 6,297 6,262 2,852 3,498 2,145 5,054 2,763 4,4411993 6,728 5,948 6,646 7,168 2,981 3,768 2,489 5,514 3,052 4,7001994 6,672 5,934 6,378 6,509 2,724 3,394 2,108 5,002 3,155 4,4831995 6,559 5,831 6,664 6,804 2,967 3,626 2,145 4,953 2,784 4,5311996 6,679 5,986 6,947 7,345 3,106 3,782 2,285 5,011 2,860 4,7131997 6,661 5,809 6,617 6,761 2,845 3,664 2,418 5,188 2,754 4,5421998 5,680 4,812 5,278 5,774 2,429 3,025 2,021 5,059 3,255 3,9511999 5,952 5,351 5,946 5,921 2,652 3,142 1,835 4,768 3,158 4,1692000 6,489 5,774 6,284 6,456 2,959 3,548 2,194 4,881 3,012 4,4602001 6,055 5,323 5,824 6,184 2,641 3,312 2,187 4,895 3,136 4,2032002 6,099 5,372 6,122 6,465 2,671 3,420 2,307 5,018 3,132 4,2732003 6,851 6,090 6,528 6,539 2,891 3,503 2,230 4,605 2,918 4,4592004 6,612 5,749 6,199 6,290 2,748 3,289 2,088 4,844 2,925 4,2902005 6,551 5,804 6,241 6,202 2,844 3,402 2,051 4,759 2,959 4,3152006 5,809 5,050 5,712 5,799 2,535 3,239 1,863 4,778 3,116 3,9962007 6,501 5,623 6,096 6,374 2,584 3,213 2,156 4,830 3,113 4,2552008P6,395 5,643 6,696 7,112 2,782 3,641 2,178 5,114 3,186 4,494Normal26,612 5,910 6,498 6,750 2,853 3,603 2,286 5,209 3,226 4,5241Excludes Alaska and Hawaii.2Based on calculations of data from 1971 through 2000.P=Preliminary.Notes:•Degree-days are relative measurements of outdoor air temperature. Heating degree-days aredeviations below the mean daily temperature of 65°F. For example, a weather station recording a meandaily temperature of 40°F would report 25 heating degree-days.•Temperature information recorded byweather stations is used to calculate State-wide degree-day averages based on resident State population.Beginning in July 2001, data are weighted by the 2000 population. The population-weighted State figuresare aggregated into Census divisions and the national average.•See Appendix C for map of Censusdivisions.Web Pages:•For all data beginning in 1949, see http://www.eia.doe.gov/emeu/aer/overview.html.•For current data, see http://www.eia.doe.gov/emeu/mer/overview.html.Source: U.S. Department of Commerce, National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration (NOAA),National Climatic Data Center, Asheville, North Carolina, Historical Climatology Series 5-1.Figure 1.10 Cooling Degree-Days by Census DivisionU.S.1 Cooling Degree-Days, 1949-2008Cooling Degree-Days by Census Division, 200822 Energy Information Administration / Annual Energy Review 20081950 1955 1960 1965 1970 1975 1980 1985 1990 1995 2000 200505001,0001,5002,000

Degree-Days1Excludes Alaska and Hawaii.2Based on calculations of data from 1971 through 2000.Note: See Appendix C for map of Census divisions.Source: Table 1.10.30-Year Normal2: 1,242Low: 1,029 (1976)High: 1,410 (1998)4977456988471,9871,5602,4941,5048684416657319491,9821,5642,4771,308755New Middle East North West North South East South West South Mountain Pacific101,0002,0003,0004,000

Degree-Days30-Year Normal22008AtlanticEngland Atlantic Central Central CentralCentralEnergy Information Administration / Annual Energy Review 2008 23**T able 1.10 Cooling Degree-Days by Census Division, Selected Years, 1949-2008** **Year New** **England Middle** **Atlantic East North** **Central West North** **Central South** **Atlantic East South** **Central West South** **Central Mountain** **Pacific**1**United States** 11949 654 901 949 1,038 2,128 1,776 2,510 1,198 593 1,3181950 353 542 602 729 1,919 1,568 2,473 1,120 597 1,1101955 602 934 1,043 1,238 2,045 1,791 2,643 1,124 560 1,3441960 368 640 722 961 1,926 1,613 2,492 1,308 770 1,2061965 352 638 688 914 1,931 1,634 2,579 961 542 1,1531970 479 779 827 1,066 2,007 1,662 2,375 1,163 689 1,2421971 465 730 783 960 1,932 1,577 2,448 1,074 685 1,2041972 364 614 643 908 1,843 1,525 2,513 1,141 698 1,1461973 551 830 864 1,009 2,000 1,665 2,359 1,123 624 1,2411974 393 614 626 878 1,842 1,382 2,342 1,188 690 1,1171975 467 708 788 1,003 2,011 1,520 2,261 1,031 547 1,1721976 402 597 619 939 1,675 1,232 2,035 1,058 620 1,0291977 407 689 823 1,122 2,020 1,808 2,720 1,256 715 1,2851978 378 615 741 1,027 1,972 1,685 2,638 1,174 738 1,2261979 434 588 618 871 1,833 1,412 2,242 1,164 770 1,1131980 487 793 816 1,217 2,075 1,834 2,734 1,202 658 1,3131981 436 657 658 924 1,889 1,576 2,498 1,331 876 1,2091982 321 541 643 859 1,958 1,537 2,502 1,121 619 1,1361983 538 799 934 1,178 1,925 1,579 2,288 1,174 776 1,2601984 468 649 724 955 1,865 1,508 2,469 1,190 956 1,2141985 372 627 643 830 2,004 1,596 2,599 1,210 737 1,1941986 301 626 738 1,021 2,149 1,792 2,618 1,188 664 1,2491987 406 729 918 1,115 2,067 1,718 2,368 1,196 706 1,2691988 545 782 975 1,230 1,923 1,582 2,422 1,320 729 1,2831989 426 658 652 864 1,977 1,417 2,295 1,330 685 1,1561990 477 656 647 983 2,143 1,622 2,579 1,294 827 1,2601991 511 854 959 1,125 2,197 1,758 2,499 1,182 672 1,3311992 276 460 449 637 1,777 1,293 2,201 1,206 905 1,0401993 486 764 735 817 2,092 1,622 2,369 1,113 708 1,2181994 548 722 664 887 2,005 1,448 2,422 1,436 801 1,2201995 507 803 921 985 2,081 1,671 2,448 1,234 754 1,2931996 400 623 629 821 1,867 1,474 2,515 1,381 856 1,1801997 395 586 574 873 1,886 1,393 2,361 1,335 921 1,1561998 505 788 889 1,138 2,277 1,928 3,026 1,271 732 1,4101999 631 882 855 970 2,024 1,733 2,645 1,242 635 1,2972000 317 542 658 1,023 1,929 1,736 2,787 1,488 756 1,2292001 519 722 744 1,028 1,891 1,535 2,565 1,498 794 1,2452002 570 863 933 1,087 2,209 1,808 2,545 1,543 739 1,3962003 522 685 645 946 2,007 1,494 2,522 1,639 941 1,2902004 402 670 604 752 2,037 1,549 2,485 1,376 823 1,2322005 642 990 960 1,094 2,081 1,696 2,636 1,457 728 1,3972006 528 778 752 1,079 2,037 1,670 2,776 1,586 916 1,3682007 484 788 900 1,135 2,212 1,927 2,488 1,663 811 1,3992008P497 745 698 847 1,987 1,560 2,494 1,504 868 1,277Normal2441 665 731 949 1,982 1,564 2,477 1,308 755 1,2421Excludes Alaska and Hawaii.2Based on calculations of data from 1971 through 2000.P=Preliminary.Notes:•Degree-days are relative measurements of outdoor air temperature. Cooling degree-days aredeviations above the mean daily temperature of 65°F. For example, a weather station recording a meandaily temperature of 78°F would report 13 cooling degree-days.•Temperature information recorded byweather stations is used to calculate State-wide degree-day averages based on resident State population.Beginning in 2002, data are weighted by the 2000 population. The population-weighted State figures areaggregated into Census divisions and the national average.•See Appendix C for map of Censusdivisions.Web Pages:•For all data beginning in 1949, see http://www.eia.doe.gov/emeu/aer/overview.html.•For current data, see http://www.eia.doe.gov/emeu/mer/overview.html.Source: U.S. Department of Commerce, National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration (NOAA),National Climatic Data Center, Asheville, North Carolina, Historical Climatology Series 5-2.Figure 1.11 U.S. Government Energy Consumption by AgencyTotal and U.S. Department of Defense, U.S. Department of Defense and Non-Defense Agencies, Fiscal Years1975-2008 Fiscal Years 1975-2008Non-Defense Agencies, Fiscal Year 200824 Energy Information Administration / Annual Energy Review 20081General Services Administration.2Health and Human Services.3National Aeronautics and Space Administration.4See Table 1.11 for list of agencies.Note: The U.S. Government’s fiscal yearwas October 1 through September 30, except in1975 and 1976 when it was July 1 through June 30.Source: Table 1.11.1975 1980 1985 1990 1995 2000 200504008001,2001,600

Trillion BtuTotalNon-DefenseNon-DefenseDefense1975 1980 1985 1990 1995 2000 200504008001,2001,600

Trillion BtuDefense46.429.528.118.818.410.310.27.56.64.835.2Postal Veterans Energy Justice GSA1 HHS2 NASA3 Interior Agriculture Transportation Other01020304050

Trillion Btu4Service AffairsEnergy Information Administration / Annual Energy Review 2008 25**T able 1.11 U.S. Government Energy Consumption by Agency, Fiscal Years 1975-2008** (Trillion Btu)**Year Agriculture** **Defense Energy** **GSA**1**HHS**2**Interior Justice** **NASA**3**Postal Service** **Trans portation** **Veterans Affairs** **Other**4**Total**1975 9.5 1,360.2 50.4 22.3 6.5 9.4 5.9 13.4 30.5 19.3 27.1 10.5 1,565.01976 9.3 1,183.3 50.3 20.6 6.7 9.4 5.7 12.4 30.0 19.5 25.0 11.2 1,383.41977 8.9 1,192.3 51.6 20.4 6.9 9.5 5.9 12.0 32.7 20.4 25.9 11.9 1,398.51978 9.1 1,157.8 50.1 20.4 6.5 9.2 5.9 11.2 30.9 20.6 26.8 12.4 1,360.91979 9.2 1,175.8 49.6 19.6 6.4 10.4 6.4 11.1 29.3 19.6 25.7 12.3 1,375.41980 8.6 1,183.1 47.4 18.1 6.0 8.5 5.7 10.4 27.2 19.2 24.8 12.3 1,371.21981 7.9 1,239.5 47.3 18.0 6.7 7.6 5.4 10.0 27.9 18.8 24.0 11.1 1,424.21982 7.6 1,264.5 49.0 18.1 6.4 7.4 5.8 10.1 27.5 19.1 24.2 11.6 1,451.41983 7.4 1,248.3 49.5 16.1 6.2 7.7 5.5 10.3 26.5 19.4 24.1 10.8 1,431.81984 7.9 1,292.1 51.6 16.2 6.4 8.4 6.4 10.6 27.7 19.8 24.6 10.7 1,482.51985 8.4 1,250.6 52.2 20.7 6.0 7.8 8.2 10.9 27.8 19.6 25.1 13.1 1,450.31986 6.8 1,222.8 46.9 14.0 6.2 6.9 8.6 11.2 28.0 19.4 25.0 10.8 1,406.71987 7.3 1,280.5 48.5 13.1 6.6 6.6 8.1 11.3 28.5 19.0 24.9 11.9 1,466.31988 7.8 1,165.8 49.9 12.4 6.4 7.0 9.4 11.3 29.6 18.7 26.3 15.8 1,360.31989 8.7 1,274.4 44.2 12.7 6.7 7.1 7.7 12.4 30.3 18.5 26.2 15.6 1,464.71990 9.6 1,241.7 43.5 17.5 7.1 7.4 7.0 12.4 30.6 19.0 24.9 17.5 1,438.01991 9.6 1,269.3 42.1 14.0 6.2 7.1 8.0 12.5 30.8 19.0 25.1 18.1 1,461.71992 9.1 1,104.0 44.3 13.8 6.8 7.0 7.5 12.6 31.7 17.0 25.3 15.7 1,294.81993 9.3 1,048.8 43.4 14.1 7.2 7.5 9.1 12.4 33.7 19.4 25.7 16.2 1,246.81994 9.4 977.0 42.1 14.0 7.5 7.9 10.3 12.6 35.0 19.8 25.6 17.1 1,178.21995 9.0 926.0 47.3 13.7 6.1 6.4 10.2 12.4 36.2 18.7 25.4 17.9 1,129.31996 9.1 904.5 44.6 14.5 6.6 4.3 12.1 11.5 36.4 19.6 26.8 18.5 1,108.51997 7.4 880.0 43.1 14.4 7.9 6.6 12.0 12.0 40.8 19.1 27.3 21.6 1,092.01998 7.9 837.1 31.5 14.1 7.4 6.4 15.8 11.7 39.5 18.5 27.6 20.3 1,037.91999 7.8 810.7 27.0 14.4 7.1 7.5 15.4 11.4 39.8 22.6 27.5 20.6 1,011.62000 7.4 779.1 30.5 17.6 8.0 7.8 19.7 11.1 43.3 21.2 27.0 21.0 993.82001 7.4 787.2 31.1 18.4 8.5 9.5 19.7 10.9 43.4 17.8 27.7 21.4 1,003.02002 7.2 837.5 30.7 17.5 8.0 8.2 17.7 10.7 41.6 18.3 27.7 19.8 1,044.82003 7.7 902.3 31.6 19.6 10.1 8.2 22.7 10.8 50.9 5.6 30.5 36.2 1,136.32004 7.0 960.7 31.4 18.3 8.8 8.7 17.5 9.9 50.5 5.2 29.9 39.2 1,187.02005 7.5 933.2 29.6 18.4 9.6 8.6 18.8 10.3 53.5 5.0 30.0 37.2 1,161.62006 6.8 843.7 32.9 18.2 9.3 8.1 23.5 10.2 51.8 4.6 29.3 33.2 1,071.52007 6.8 864.6R31.5 19.1R9.9 7.5R20.7 10.6 45.8 5.6R30.0 33.2R1,085.32008P6.6 889.1 28.1 18.4 10.3 7.5 18.8 10.2 46.4 4.8 29.5 35.2 1,104.81General Services Administration.2Health and Human Services.3National Aeronautics and Space Administration.4Includes National Archives and Records Administration, U.S. Department of Commerce, PanamaCanal Commission, Tennessee Valley Authority, U.S. Department of Labor, National Science Foundation,Federal Trade Commission, Federal Communications Commission, Environmental Protection Agency,U.S. Department of Homeland Security, U.S. Department of Housing and Urban Development, RailroadRetirement Board, Commodity Futures Trading Commission, Equal Employment Opportunity Commission,Nuclear Regulatory Commission, U.S. Department of State, U.S. Department of the Treasury, SmallBusiness Administration, Office of Personnel Management, Federal Emergency Management Agency,Central Intelligence Agency, Consumer Product Safety Commission, Social Security Administration, andU.S. Information Agency (International Broadcasting Bureau).R = Revised. P = Preliminary.Notes:•For 1975 and 1976, the U.S. Government’s fiscal year was July 1 through June 30. Beginningin 1977, the U.S. Government’s fiscal year is October 1 through September 30 (for example, fiscal year2007 is October 2006 through September 2007).•Data in this table are developed using the followingconversion factors (which in most cases are different from those in Tables A1-A6)—coal: 24.580 millionBtu/short ton; natural gas: 1,031 Btu/cubic foot; aviation gasoline: 5.250 million Btu/barrel; fuel oil: 5.8254million Btu/barrel; jet fuel: 5.460 million Btu/barrel; liquefied petroleum gases: 4.011 million Btu/barrel;motor gasoline: 5.250 million Btu/barrel; electricity: 3,412 Btu/kilowatthour; and purchased steam: 1,000Btu/pound.•Data include energy consumed at foreign installations and in foreign operations, includingaviation and ocean bunkering, primarily by the U.S. Department of Defense. U.S. Government energy usefor electricity generation and uranium enrichment is excluded.•Totals may not equal sum of componentsdue to independent rounding.Web Page: For related information, see http://www1.eere.energy.gov/femp/about/annual_report.html.Source: U.S. Department of Energy, Office of Energy Efficiency and Renewable Energy, FederalEnergy Management Program.Figure 1.12 U.S. Government Energy Consumption by Source, Fiscal Years 1975-2008Total U.S. Government Energy ConsumptionBy Major Energy Source By Selected Petroleum Product26 Energy Information Administration / Annual Energy Review 2008Jet Fuel1Noted in reference to Executive Order 13423(January 24, 2008), Sec. 2(a) that requiresFederal agencies to “improve energy efficiency and reduce greenhouse gasses...relative to thebaseline of the agency’s energy use in fiscal year 2003.”2Distillate fuel oil and residual fuel oil.3Includes ethanol blended into motor gasoline.Note: U.S. Government’s fiscal year was October 1 through September 30, except in 1975and 1976 when it was July 1 through June 30.Source: Table 1.12.1975 1980 1985 1990 1995 2000 200502004006008001,0001,200

Trillion Btu1975 1980 1985 1990 1995 2000 20050200400600800

Trillion Btu1.571.1411.101975 1977 1979 1981 1983 1985 1987 1989 1991 1993 1995 1997 1999 2001 2003 2005 20070.00.30.60.91.21.51.8

Quadrillion BtuElectricityNatural GasCoalPetroleumMotor Gasoline3Fuel Oil2Energy Information Administration / Annual Energy Review 2008 27**T able 1.12 U.S. Government Energy Consumption by Source, Fiscal Years 1975-2008** (Trillion Btu)**Year Coal** **Natural Gas** 1**Petroleum Electricity** **Purchased Steam** **and Other**6**Total Aviation** **Gasoline Fuel Oil** 2**Jet Fuel LPG** 3**and Other**4**Motor Gasoline** 5**Total**1975 77.9 166.2 22.0 376.0 707.4 5.6 63.2 1,174.2 141.5 5.1 1,565.01976 71.3 151.8 11.6 329.7 610.0 4.7 60.4 1,016.4 139.3 4.6 1,383.41977 68.4 141.2 8.8 348.5 619.2 4.1 61.4 1,042.1 141.1 5.7 1,398.51978 66.0 144.7 6.2 332.3 601.1 3.0 60.1 1,002.9 141.0 6.4 1,360.91979 65.1 148.9 4.7 327.1 618.6 3.7 59.1 1,013.1 141.2 7.1 1,375.41980 63.5 147.3 4.9 307.7 638.7 4.0 56.5 1,011.8 141.9 6.8 1,371.21981 65.1 142.2 4.6 351.3 653.3 3.7 53.2 1,066.2 144.5 6.2 1,424.21982 68.6 146.2 3.6 349.4 672.7 3.9 53.1 1,082.8 147.5 6.2 1,451.41983 62.4 147.8 2.6 329.5 673.4 4.0 51.6 1,061.1 151.5 9.0 1,431.81984 65.3 157.4 1.9 342.9 693.7 4.1 51.2 1,093.8 155.9 10.1 1,482.51985 64.8 149.9 1.9 292.6 705.7 4.0 50.4 1,054.6 167.2 13.9 1,450.31986 63.8 140.9 1.4 271.6 710.2 3.9 45.3 1,032.4 155.8 13.7 1,406.71987 67.0 145.6 1.0 319.5 702.3 4.0 43.1 1,069.9 169.9 13.9 1,466.31988 60.2 144.6 6.0 284.8 617.2 3.2 41.2 952.4 171.2 32.0 1,360.31989 48.7 152.4 .8 245.3 761.7 5.7 41.1 1,054.5 188.6 20.6 1,464.71990 44.3 159.4 .5 245.2 732.4 6.4 37.2 1,021.7 193.6 19.1 1,438.01991 45.9 154.1 .4 232.6 774.5 9.0 34.1 1,050.7 192.7 18.3 1,461.71992 51.7 151.2 1.0 200.6 628.2 11.4 35.6 876.8 192.5 22.5 1,294.81993 38.3 152.9 .7 187.0 612.4 9.3 34.5 843.9 193.1 18.6 1,246.81994 35.0 143.9 .6 198.5 550.7 10.9 29.5 790.2 190.9 18.2 1,178.21995 31.7 149.7 .3 178.5 522.3 11.4 31.9 744.4 185.3 18.2 1,129.31996 23.3 147.4 .2 170.6 513.0 21.7 27.6 733.2 184.5 20.1 1,108.51997 22.5 154.0 .3 180.1 475.7 17.2 39.0 712.2 184.0 19.2 1,092.01998 23.9 140.7 .2 174.6 445.5 9.4 43.1 672.8 181.8 18.8 1,037.91999 21.2 137.6 .1 162.2 444.7 2.9 41.1 650.9 180.4 21.5 1,011.62000 22.7 134.0 .2 171.4 403.1 4.3 43.9 622.9 194.0 20.2 993.82001 18.8 133.9 .2 177.0 415.2 7.9 42.5 642.9 188.8 18.6 1,003.02002 16.9 134.1 .2 165.7 472.9 6.0 41.3 686.1 189.1 18.5 1,044.82003 17.7 139.7 .3 189.8 517.9 6.6 45.7 760.3 196.1 22.5 1,136.32004 17.4 134.8 .2 259.8 508.2 6.0 43.5 817.8 195.4 21.6 1,187.02005 17.1 135.1 .4 239.8 492.2 9.0 48.2 789.6 195.9 23.9 1,161.62006 23.5 132.0 .6 207.8 442.6 4.7 47.8 703.5 194.9 17.7 1,071.52007 20.4 130.8 .4R211.4 461.1R5.6R46.0R724.5R193.2R16.4R1,085.32008P16.9 131.9 .3 179.7 504.4 18.1 46.9 749.4 189.8 16.9 1,104.81Natural gas, plus a small amount of supplemental gaseous fuels.2Distillate fuel oil and residual fuel oil.3Liquefied petroleum gases.4Other types of fuel used in vehicles and equipment, primarily alternative fuels like methanol, ethanol,compressed natural gas, and biodiesel.5Includes ethanol blended into motor gasoline.6"Other" is chilled water, renewable energy, and other fuels reported as used in facilities.R = Revised. P = Preliminary.Notes:•For 1975 and 1976, the U.S. Government’s fiscal year was July 1 through June 30. Beginningin 1977, the U.S. Government’s fiscal year is October 1 through September 30 (for example, fiscal year2007 is October 2006 through September 2007).•Data in this table are developed using the followingconversion factors (which in most cases are different from those in Tables A1-A6)—coal: 24.580 millionBtu/short ton; natural gas: 1,031 Btu/cubic foot; aviation gasoline: 5.250 million Btu/barrel; fuel oil: 5.8254million Btu/barrel; jet fuel: 5.460 million Btu/barrel; liquefied petroleum gases: 4.011 million Btu/barrel; motorgasoline: 5.250 million Btu/barrel; electricity: 3,412 Btu/kilowatthour; and purchased steam: 1,000Btu/pound.•Data include energy consumed at foreign installations and in foreign operations, includingaviation and ocean bunkering, primarily by the U.S. Department of Defense. U.S. Government energy usefor electricity generation and uranium enrichment is excluded.•Totals may not equal sum of componentsdue to independent rounding.Web Page: For related information, see http://www1.eere.energy.gov/femp/about/annual_report.html.Source: U.S. Department of Energy, Office of Energy Efficiency and Renewable Energy, Federal EnergyManagement Program.Figure 1.13 U.S. Government Energy Consumption by Agency and Source, Fiscal Years 2003, 2007, and 2008By AgencyBy Source28 Energy Information Administration / Annual Energy Review 20081Includes small amount of renewable energy; see Table 1.13, footnote 2.2Natural gas, plus a small amount of supplemental gaseous fuels.3Chilled water, renewable energy, and other fuels reported as used in facilities.4Distillate fuel oil and residual fuel oil.5Includes ethanol blended into motor gasoline.6Aviation gasoline, liquefied petroleum gas, and other types offuel used in vehicles andequipment, primarily alternative fuels like methanol, ethanol, compressed natural gas, andbiodiesel.Note: The U.S. Government’s fiscal year runs from October 1 through September 30.Source: Table 1.13.696101702354896210671101702354926114697101772863956313Petroleum1 Electricity Natural Gas2 Coal, Purchased Petroleum1 Electricity Natural Gas2 Coal, Purchased0200400600800

Trillion Btu200320072008All Other AgenciesDepartment of DefenseSteam, and Other3Steam, and Other3Steam, and Other6Petroleum6Gasoline55041804718749190132341105461211466725193131371085518190467760196140401136Jet Fuel Fuel Oil Motor All Other Total Electricity Natural Gas Coal, Purchased Total02004006008001,0001,200

Trillion Btu200320072008Petroleum14Energy Information Administration / Annual Energy Review 2008 29**T able 1.13 U.S. Government Energy Consumption by Agency and Source, Fiscal Years 2003, 2007, and 2008** (Trillion Btu)**Resource and Fiscal Years** **Agriculture Defense** **Energy GSA** 1**HHS**2**Interior Justice** **NASA**3**Postal Service** **Trans portation** **Veterans Affairs** **Other**4**Total C** **oal**2003 ..................................... 0.0 15.4 2.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.2 0.0 17.72007 ..................................... .0 15.4 4.8 .0 .0 .0 .0 .0 .0 .0 .2 .0 20.42008P.................................. .0 14.9 1.8 .0 .0 .0 .0 .0 .0 .0 .2 .0 16.9**N atural Gas** 52003 ..................................... 1.4 76.6 7.0 7.6 3.7 1.3 8.6 2.9 10.4 .7 15.6 4.2 139.72007 ..................................... 1.6 69.5 6.2 7.2 5.1 1.2 10.5 2.7 6.5 .8 15.5 4.0 130.82008P.................................. 1.2 69.5 5.9 6.8 5.6 1.1 10.1 2.8 9.3 .7 14.9 4.0 131.9**P etroleum** 2003 ..................................... 3.3 697.1 3.0 .2 1.5 4.4 6.5 1.4 18.2 1.6 2.8 20.3 760.32007 ..................................... 3.0 670.6 2.7 .2R1.0 4.1R3.4 1.6 16.5 1.5R1.9 18.1R724.52008P.................................. 3.2 695.5 2.4 .2 1.0 4.0 2.9 1.1 16.1 1.1 2.0 20.1 749.4Aviation Gasoline2003 .....................................R(s)R(s)R(s) .0 .0R(s) .1 .0 .0R(s) .0R(s) .32007 ..................................... .1 .1 .0 .0 .0 .0 .1 .0 .0 .0 .0 .1.42008P.................................. .1 .2 .0 .0 .0 .0 .0 .0 .0 .0 .0 .0 .3Fuel Oil62003 ..................................... .4 166.5 2.0 .1 .9 1.2 .4 .4 5.1 .3 1.9 10.7 189.82007 ..................................... .5 194.1 1.6 .1 .6 1.1R.3 .4 3.1 .6R1.1 7.9R211.42008P.................................. .5 161.4 1.4 .1 .6 1.1 .3 .3 2.7 .2 1.0 10.1 179.7Jet Fuel2003 ..................................... .0 509.9 .0 .0 .0 .1 1.5 .6 .0 .6 .0 5.2 517.92007 ..................................... .0 455.6 .0 .0 .0 .0 .0 1.0 .0 .5 .0 4.0 461.12008P.................................. .0 499.3 .0 .0 .0 .1 .0 .6 .0 .5 .0 4.0 504.4LPG7and Other82003 ..................................... .7 4.2 .1 .0 .1 .7 .0 .1 .2 .1 .0 .36.62007 ..................................... .3 3.1 .4 .0 .1 .9R.0 .1 .4 .0 .0 .2R5.62008P.................................. .4 15.5 .3 .0 .1 1.0 .0 .1 .1 .0 .1 .5 18.1Motor Gasoline92003 ..................................... 2.2 16.5 .9 .1 .5 2.4 4.5 .2 12.9 .7 .9 4.1 45.72007 ..................................... 2.1 17.8 .7 .0R.3 2.0R2.9 .1 12.9 .4 .8 5.9R46.02008P.................................. 2.1 19.2 .7 .1 .2 1.8 2.6 .1 13.2 .4 .8 5.4 46.9**E lectricity** 2003 ..................................... 2.6 101.1 18.0 10.0 3.6 2.4 7.0 5.8 21.7 3.2 10.2 10.5 196.12007 ..................................... 1.9 101.2R16.7 10.0 3.3 2.1 6.0 5.5 22.5 3.2 10.7 10.1R193.22008P.................................. 1.9 100.7 16.7 9.8 3.4 2.2 5.2 5.5 20.7 2.8 10.6 10.1 189.8**P urchased Steam and Other** 102003 ..................................... .3 12.2 1.6 1.8 1.3 .1 .7 .8 .7 .0 1.7 1.2 22.52007 ..................................... .2 7.9R1.2 1.7 .4 .1 .8 .8 .4 .0 1.7 1.0R16.42008P.................................. .3 8.5 1.4 1.6 .4 .2 .5 .9 .3 .2 1.7 1.1 16.9**T otal Energy** 2003 ..................................... 7.7 902.3 31.6 19.6 10.1 8.2 22.7 10.8 50.9 5.6 30.5 36.2 1,136.32007 ..................................... 6.8 864.6R31.5 19.1R9.9 7.5R20.7 10.6 45.8 5.6R30.0 33.2R1,085.32008P.................................. 6.6 889.1 28.1 18.4 10.3 7.5 18.8 10.2 46.4 4.8 29.5 35.2 1,104.81General Services Administration.2Health and Human Services.3National Aeronautics and Space Administration.4Includes National Archives and Records Administration, U.S. Department of Commerce, TennesseeValley Authority, U.S. Department of Labor, National Science Foundation, Federal Trade Commission,Federal Communications Commission, Environmental Protection Agency, U.S. Department of HomelandSecurity, U.S. Department of Housing and Urban Development, Railroad Retirement Board, EqualEmployment Opportunity Commission, Nuclear Regulatory Commission, U.S. Department of State, U.S.Department of the Treasury, Office of Personnel Management, Consumer Product Safety Commission,Central Intelligence Agency, Social Security Administration, U.S. Information Agency (InternationalBroadcasting Bureau).5Natural gas, plus a small amount of supplemental gaseous fuels.6Distillate fuel oil and residual fuel oil.7Liquefied petroleum gases.8Other types of fuel used in vehicles and equipment, primarily alternative fuels like methanol, ethanol,compressed natural gas, and biodiesel.9Includes ethanol blended into motor gasoline.10Chilled water, renewable energy, and other fuels reported as used in facilities.R=Revised. P=Preliminary. (s)=Less than 0.05 trillion.Notes:•For 1975 and 1976, the U.S. Government’s fiscal year was July 1 through June 30. Beginningin 1977, the U.S. Government’s fiscal year is October 1 through September 30 (for example, fiscal year2007 is October 2006 through September 2007).•Data in this table are developed using the followingconversion factors (which in most cases are different from those in Tables A1-A6)—coal: 24.580 millionBtu/short ton; natural gas: 1,031 Btu/cubic foot; aviation gasoline: 5.250 million Btu/barrel; fuel oil: 5.8254million Btu/barrel; jet fuel: 5.460 million Btu/barrel; liquefied petroleum gases: 4.011 million Btu/barrel; motorgasoline: 5.250 million Btu/barrel; electricity: 3,412 Btu/kilowatthour; and purchased steam: 1,000Btu/pound.•Data include energy consumed at foreign installations and in foreign operations, includingaviation and ocean bunkering, primarily by the U.S. Department of Defense. U.S. Government energy usefor electricity generation and uranium enrichment is excluded.•Totals may not equal sum of componentsdue to independent rounding.Web Page: See http://www1.eere.energy.gov/femp/about/annual_report.html for related information.Source: U.S. Department of Energy, Office of Energy Efficiency and Renewable Energy, Federal EnergyManagement Program.Figure 1.14 Fossil Fuel Production on Federally Administered LandsTotal, 1949-2008 Federal Lands Fossil Fuel Production as a Share ofU.S. Fossil Fuel Production, 1949-2008By Source, 1949-2008 Federal Lands Fossil Fuel Production as a Share ofU.S. Fossil Fuel Production, By Source, 200830 Energy Information Administration / Annual Energy Review 2008Notes: • Data through 2000 are on a calendar-year basis; data for 2001-2008 are on a fiscalyear basis (October–September). • “FederallyAdministered Lands” include all classes of landowned by the Federal Government, including acquired military, Outer Continental Shelf, andpublic lands.Source: Table 1.14.2008: 32%1950 1960 1970 1980 1990 20000510152025

Quadrillion Btu1950 1960 1970 1980 1990 20000918273645

Percent2008: 181950 1960 1970 1980 1990 2000024681012

Quadrillion Btu43262415Coal Crude Oil and Natural Gas Natural Gas01020304050

PercentLease CondensateNatural Gas Plant LiquidsPlant LiquidsCoalNatural GasCrude Oil andLease CondensateEnergy Information Administration / Annual Energy Review 2008 31**T able 1.14 Fossil Fuel Production on Federally Administered Lands, Selected Years, 1949-2008** **Year Crude Oil and Lease Condensate** **Natural Gas Plant Liquids**1**Natural Gas**2**Coal Fossil Fuels** MillionBarrels3QuadrillionBtuPercent ofU.S. TotalMillionBarrels3QuadrillionBtuPercent ofU.S. TotalTrillionCubic Feet3QuadrillionBtuPercent ofU.S. TotalMillionShort Tons3QuadrillionBtuPercent ofU.S. TotalQuadrillionBtuPercent ofU.S. Total**Calendar-Year Data**41949 95.2 0.55 5.2 4.4 0.02 2.8 0.15 0.15 2.8 9.5 0.24 2.0 0.96 3.31950 105.9 .61 5.4 4.4 .02 2.4 .14 .15 2.4 7.7 .19 1.4 .98 3.01955 159.5 .92 6.4 6.0 .03 2.1 .43 .45 4.8 5.9 .15 1.2 1.55 4.11960 277.3 1.61 10.8 11.6 .05 3.4 .95 .98 7.8 5.2 .13 1.2 2.77 6.91965 378.6 2.20 13.3 14.3 .06 3.2 1.56 1.61 10.2 8.2 .20 1.6 4.07 8.61970 605.6 3.51 17.2 40.6 .17 6.7 3.56 3.67 16.9 12.0 .29 2.0 7.64 12.91971 648.9 3.76 18.8 54.0 .22 8.7 3.95 4.08 18.3 17.3 .41 3.1 8.47 14.61972 630.5 3.66 18.2 56.7 .23 8.9 4.17 4.28 19.3 19.0 .44 3.1 8.61 14.61973 604.3 3.51 18.0 54.9 .22 8.7 4.37 4.46 20.1 24.2 .57 4.1 8.75 15.01974 570.2 3.31 17.8 61.9 .25 10.1 4.75 4.87 22.9 32.1 .74 5.3 9.16 16.31975 531.5 3.08 17.4 59.7 .24 10.0 4.57 4.67 23.8 43.6 1.00 6.7 8.99 16.41976 525.7 3.05 17.7 57.2 .23 9.7 4.81 4.91 25.2 86.4 1.98 12.6 10.16 18.61977 535.0 3.10 17.8 57.4 .23 9.7 4.94 5.04 25.8 74.8 1.69 10.7 10.06 18.31978 523.6 3.04 16.5 25.9 .10 4.5 5.60 5.71 29.3 79.2 1.76 11.8 10.61 19.31979 519.8 3.01 16.7 11.9 .05 2.1 5.93 6.05 30.1 84.9 1.91 10.9 11.02 19.01980 510.4 2.96 16.2 10.5 .04 1.8 5.85 6.01 30.2 92.9 2.08 11.2 11.09 18.81981 529.3 3.07 16.9 12.3 .05 2.1 6.15 6.31 32.1 138.8 3.10 16.8 12.53 21.41982 552.3 3.20 17.5 15.0 .06 2.7 5.97 6.14 33.5 130.0 2.89 15.5 12.29 21.41983 568.8 3.30 17.9 14.0 .05 2.5 5.17 5.33 32.1 124.3 2.74 15.9 11.43 21.01984 595.8 3.46 18.3 25.4 .10 4.3 5.88 6.07 33.7 136.3 3.00 15.2 12.62 21.41985 628.3 3.64 19.2 26.6 .10 4.5 5.24 5.41 31.8 184.6 4.04 20.9 13.19 22.91986 608.4 3.53 19.2 23.3 .09 4.1 4.87 5.01 30.3 189.7 4.16 21.3 12.79 22.61987 577.3 3.35 18.9 23.7 .09 4.1 5.56 5.73 33.4 195.2 4.28 21.2 13.45 23.51988 516.3 2.99 17.3 37.0 .14 6.2 5.45 5.61 31.9 225.4 4.92 23.7 13.67 23.61989 488.9 2.84 17.6 45.1 .17 8.0 5.32 5.49 30.7 236.3 5.14 24.1 13.64 23.71990 515.9 2.99 19.2 50.9 .19 8.9 6.55 6.74 36.8 280.6 6.12 27.2 16.05 27.41991 491.0 2.85 18.1 72.7 .28 12.0 5.99 6.17 33.8 285.1 6.18 28.5 15.47 26.71992 529.1 3.07 20.2 70.7 .27 11.4 6.25 6.43 35.0 266.7 5.78 26.6 15.55 27.01993 529.3 3.07 21.2 64.4 .24 10.2 6.56 6.74 36.3 285.7 6.12 30.0 16.17 29.01994 527.7 3.06 21.7 60.0 .23 9.5 6.78 6.97 36.0 321.4 6.88 30.9 17.14 29.51995 567.4 3.29 23.7 74.0 .28 11.5 6.78 6.96 36.4 376.9 8.04 36.2 18.56 32.31996 596.5 3.46 25.2 71.2 .27 10.6 7.31 7.50 38.8 354.5 7.56 33.0 18.79 32.21997 632.8 3.67 26.9 74.7 .28 11.3 7.43 7.62 39.3 362.6 7.72 33.0 19.29 32.819985606.353.52526.6560.35.2359.457.0657.27537.1 371.1 7.95 33.0518.97532.019996628.963.65629.3666.56.2569.967.2467.44638.4 414.5 8.73 37.4620.07634.82000 689.2 4.00 32.3 88.9 .33 12.7 7.14 7.32 37.2 440.2 9.27 40.7 20.92 36.5**Fiscal-Year Data**72001 676.5 3.92 32.0 93.0 0.35 14.0 6.98 7.17 35.7 425.4 8.87 38.1 20.31 34.92002 647.8 3.76 30.5 106.5 .40 15.2 6.78 6.96 35.4 507.8 10.51 45.7 21.63 37.620038422.682.45820.4 101.0 .38 16.0 6.01 6.19 31.5 446.7 9.18 41.3 18.19 32.42004 356.4 2.07 17.7 110.7 .41 16.8 7.38 7.59 39.4 551.1 11.27 49.7 21.33 38.12005 439.9 2.55 22.7 96.6 .36 14.8 6.70 6.89 36.6 431.0 8.78 37.8 18.58 33.42006 502.1 2.91 27.4 84.1 .31 13.7 4.96 5.10R27.4 466.2 9.47 40.1 17.80R32.32007 584.7 3.39R31.5 94.5 .35R14.7 5.73 5.89R30.4 467.5 9.51 40.4 19.14R34.12008 476.6 2.76 26.1 101.3 .38 15.2 4.96 5.09 24.4 506.1 10.25 43.3 18.48 32.11Includes only those quantities for which the royalties were paid on the basis of the value of the naturalgas plant liquids produced. Additional quantities of natural gas plant liquids were produced; however, theroyalties paid were based on the value of natural gas processed. These latter quantities are included withnatural gas.2Includes some quantities of natural gas processed into liquids at natural gas processing plants andfractionators.3Data from the U.S. Department of the Interior (DOI), U.S. Minerals Management Service (MMS), arefor sales volumes.4Through 2000, data are on a calendar-year (January through December) basis. The only exception isin 1949-1974 with production from Naval Petroleum Reserve No. 1, which is on a fiscal-year (July throughJune) basis.5There is a discontinuity in this time series between 1997 and 1998 due to the sale of "Elk Hills," NavalPetroleum Reserve No. 1.6There is a discontinuity in this time series between 1998 and 1999; beginning in 1999 Naval PetroleumReserve data have become insignificant and are no longer included.7Beginning in 2001, data are on a fiscal-year (October through September) basis; for example,fiscal-year 2006 data are for October 2005 through September 2006.8A significant amount of Federal offshore crude oil was diverted to the Strategic Petroleum Reserve.R=Revised.Note: "Federally Administered Lands" include all classes of land owned by the Federal Government,including acquired military, Outer Continental Shelf, and public lands.Web Pages:•For all data beginning in 1949, see http://www.eia.doe.gov/emeu/aer/overview.html.•For related information, see http://www.mrm.mms.gov.Sources: See end of section.Figure 1.15 Fossil Fuel Consumption for Nonfuel UseTotal, 1980-2008 As Share of Total Energy Consumption, 1980-2008By Fuel, 2008 By Petroleum Product, 200832 Energy Information Administration / Annual Energy Review 20081Liquefied petroleum gases.2Distillate fuel oil, residual fuel oil, waxes, and miscellaneous products.(s)=Less than 0.05 quadrillion Btu.Note: See Note 3, “Nonfuel Use of Fossil Fuels,” at end of section.Source: Table 1.15.1980 1985 1990 1995 2000 200502468

Quadrillion BtuNatural Gas1980 1985 1990 1995 2000 200502468

Percent2008: 5.4%TotalPetroleum ProductsCoal1.41.21.00.30.30.10.10.2LPG1 Petro- Asphalt Petro- Lubri- Pentanes Special Other20.00.61.21.8

NGNFBUS4.60.7Petroleum Products Natural Gas Coal012345

Quadrillion Btu(s)andRoad OilcantsleumCokePlus NaphthaschemicalFeedstocksEnergy Information Administration / Annual Energy Review 2008 33**T able 1.15 Fossil Fuel Consumption for Nonfuel Use, Selected Years, 1980-2008** **Year Petroleum Products** **Natural Gas** **Coal Total** **Percent of Total Energy** **Consumption Asphalt** **and Road Oil** **Liquefied Petroleum** **Gases Pentanes** **Plus Lubricants** **Petro chemical** **Feedstocks Petroleum** **Coke Special** **Naphthas Other** 1**Total**Physical Units21980 145 2303( ) 58 253 24 37 58 805 639 2.4 – – – –1985 156 265 13 53 144 15 30 41 718 500 1.1 – – – –1990 176 344 18 60 199 30 20 39 886 559 .6 – – – –1991 162 394 10 53 200 25 17 44 906 573 .6 – – – –1992 166 397 13 54 214 38 20 35 937 594 1.2 – – – –1993 174 389 60 55 216 21 20 33 969 607 .9 – – – –1994 176 437 56 58 222 23 15 35 1,022 673 .9 – – – –1995 178 450 66 57 215 22 13 34 1,035 668 .9 – – – –1996 177 470 69 55 217 25 14 34 1,061 681 .9 – – – –1997 184 473 65 58 250 20 14 35 1,100 706 .9 – – – –1998 190 494 44 61 252 35 20 39 1,137 762 .8 – – – –1999 200 520 57 62 238 47 28 37 1,188 753 .8 – – – –2000 192 479 51 61 243 23 19 38 1,106 767 .8 – – – –2001 189 445 44 56 214 34 15 39 1,036 732 .7 – – – –2002 187 465 37 55 229 32 20 38 1,063 657 .7 – – – –2003 184 441 37 51 247 27 15 36 1,038 655 .7 – – – –2004 196 453 37 52 287R40 10 34 1,110 678 .7 – – – –2005 199 428 33 51 266 38 12 34 1,061R681 .7 – – – –2006 185 439 23 42R265 43 13 37R1,047R691 .6 – – – –2007R180R449 30R52R242R71 15 36R1,075R692 .6 – – – –2008P152 419 24 48 206 54 16 37 956 670 .6 – – – –Quadrillion Btu1980 0.96 0.783( ) 0.35 1.43 0.14 0.19 0.34 4.19 0.65 0.08 4.92 6.31985 1.03 .90 .06 .32 .82 .09 .16 .24 3.63 .52 .03 4.18 5.51990 1.17 1.20 .08 .36 1.12 .18 .11 .23 4.45 .58 .02 5.05 6.01991 1.08 1.38 .04 .32 1.15 .15 .09 .26 4.47 .59 .02 5.08 6.01992 1.10 1.39 .06 .33 1.20 .23 .10 .20 4.63 .61 .04 5.28 6.11993 1.15 1.35 .28 .34 1.22 .12 .10 .20 4.76 .62 .03 5.41 6.21994 1.17 1.55 .26 .35 1.26 .14 .08 .20 5.01 .69 .03 5.73 6.41995 1.18 1.59 .30 .35 1.21 .13 .07 .20 5.03 .69 .03 5.75 6.31996 1.18 1.65 .32 .34 1.21 .15 .07 .20 5.11 .70 .03 5.84 6.21997 1.22 1.67 .30 .35 1.40 .12 .07 .21 5.34R.72 .03 6.10 6.41998 1.26 1.74 .20 .37 1.40 .21 .11 .23 5.54 .79 .03 6.35 6.71999 1.32 1.82 .26 .37 1.33 .28 .15 .22 5.76 .77 .03 6.56 6.82000 1.28 1.67 .24 .37 1.35 .14 .10 .22 5.35 .79 .03 6.17 6.22001 1.26 1.55 .20 .34 1.19 .21 .08 .23 5.06 .76 .02 5.84 6.12002 1.24 1.62 .17 .33 1.27 .19 .10 .22 5.16 .67 .02 5.85 6.02003 1.22 1.55 .17 .31 1.37 .16 .08 .21 5.07 .67 .02 5.76 5.92004 1.30 1.58 .17 .31 1.59R.24 .05 .20 5.45 .70 .02 6.17 6.12005 1.32 1.49 .15 .31 1.47 .23 .06 .20 5.24R.70 .02R5.96 5.92006 1.26 1.52 .11 .25R1.48 .26 .07 .22R5.16 .71 .02R5.89R5.92007R1.20 1.54 .14R.31R1.35R.43 .08 .21R5.26R.71 .02R5.99R5.92008P1.01 1.44 .11 .29 1.15 .32 .08 .21 4.63 .69 .02 5.33 5.41Distillate fuel oil, residual fuel oil, waxes, and miscellaneous products.2Petroleum—million barrels; natural gas—billion cubic feet; and coal—million short tons.3Included in "Liquefied Petroleum Gases."R=Revised. P=Preliminary. – – = Not applicable.Notes:•Estimates of consumption for nonfuel use shown in this table are included in total energyconsumption (see Table 1.3).•See Note, "Nonfuel Use of Fossil Fuels," at end of section.•Because ofchanges in methodology, data series may be revised annually.•Estimates of nonfuel use in this table areconsidered industrial uses with the exception of approximately half of the lubricants which are consideredtransportation use.•Totals may not equal sum of components due to independent rounding.Web Pages:•For all data beginning in 1980, see http://www.eia.doe.gov/emeu/aer/overview.html.•For related information, see http://www.eia.doe.gov/environment.html.Sources:**Petroleum Products:**•1980—Energy Information Administration (EIA), Energy DataReports,Petroleum Statement, AnnualandSales of Liquefied Petroleum Gases and Ethane in 1980.•1981 forward—EIA,Petroleum Supply Annual,annual reports, and unpublished data.**Natural Ga s:** •1980—Bureau of the Census, 1980 Survey of Manufactures,Hydrocarbon, Coal, and Coke MaterialsConsumed.•1981 forward—U.S. Department of Commerce.**Coal:**•1960-1995—U.S. InternationalTrade Commission,Synthetic Organic Chemicals, United States Production and Sales, 1995(January1997).•1996 forward—EIA estimates.**Percent of Total Energy Consumption:**Derived by dividingtotal by total consumption on Table 1.3.Energy OverviewNote. Nonfuel Use of Fossil Fuels.Most fossil fuels consumed in the UnitedStates and elsewhere are combusted to produce heat and power. However, some areused directly for nonfuel use as construction materials, lubricants, chemical feedstocks, solvents, and waxes. For example, asphalt and road oil are used for roofingand paving; liquefied petroleum gases are used to create intermediate products thatare used in making plastics; lubricants, including motor oil and greases, are used invehicles and various industrial processes;petrochemical feedstocks are used tomake plastics, synthetic fabrics, and related products; and natural gas is used tomake nitrogenous fertilizers and as feedstock in the chemical industry. For moreinformation, see Energy Information Administration, “Emissions of GreenhouseGases in the United States” (“Nonfuel Use of Energy Inputs” section in Chapter 2),at http://www.eia.doe.gov/environment.html.Table 1.14 Sources; Physical Data (Columns 1, 4, 7, and 10): • 1949-1980—U.S.Geological Survey (USGS),Federal and Indian Lands Oil and Gas Production,Royalty Income, and Related Statistics,andFederal and Indian Lands Coal, Phosphate, Potash, Sodium, and Other Mineral Production, Royalty Income, andRelated Statistics(June 1981). U.S. Department of Energy (DOE), Office of NavalPetroleum and Oil Shale Reserves (NPOSR), unpublished data; and USGS, NationalPetroleum Reserve in Alaska, unpublished data. • 1981-1983—DOI, MineralsManagement Service (MMS),Mineral Revenues Report on Receipts from Federaland Indian Leases, annual reports; DOE, NPOSR,unpublished data; and USGS,National Petroleum Reserve in Alaska, unpublished data. • 1984-1998—DOI, MMS,Mineral Revenues Report on Receipts from Federal and Indian Leases, annualreports; and DOE, NPOSR, unpublished data. • 1999 and 2000—DOI, MMS.Mineral Revenues Report on Receipts from Federal and American Indian Leases,annual reports. • 2001 forward—DOI, MMS, "2001-Forward MRM StatisticalInformation."Btu Data:Data in columns 2, 5, 8, and 11 are calculated by multiplying the physical data by approximate heat contents for total U.S. production inTables A2, A4, and A5. Data in column 13 are the sum of the other Btucolumns.Percent of U.S. Total:Percentages are calculated by dividingproduction on federally administered lands by total U.S. production, then multiplying by 100. Calendar-year values for total U.S. production are from Tables5.1, 6.1, and 7.1; fiscal-year values for total U.S. production are the sum ofOctober-September values from theMonthly Energy Review(May 2009), Tables3.1, 4.1, and 6.1.34 Energy Information Administration / Annual Energy Review 2008Energy Consumption by Sector2Office buildings, industries, residences, and transport systems, Baltimore, Maryland; east view from the inner harbor.Source: U.S. Department of Energy.Figure 2.0 Primary Energy Consumption by Source and Sector, 2008(Quadrillion Btu)Energy Information Administration / Annual Energy Review 200837Transportation27.81Does not include the fuel ethanol portion of motor gasoline—fuel ethanol is included in"Renewable Energy."2Excludes supplemental gaseous fuels.3Includes less than 0.1 quadrillion Btu of coal coke net imports.4Conventional hydroelectric power, geothermal, solar/PV, wind, and biomass.5Includes industrial combined-heat-and-power (CHP) and industrial electricity-only plants.6Includes commercial combined-heat-and-power (CHP) and commercial electricity-onlyplants.7Electricity-only and combined-heat-and-power (CHP) plants whose primary business is tosell electricity, or electricity and heat, to the public.Note: Sum of components may not equal 100 percent due to independentrounding.Sources: Energy Information Administration,Annual Energy Review 2008, Tables 1.3,2.1b-2.1f , 10.3, and 10.4.Figure 2.1a Energy Consumption by Sector OverviewTotal Consumption by End-Use Sector, 1949-2008 End-Use Sector Shares of Total Consumption, 2008Primary and Total Consumption by Sector, 2008 Electric Power Sector, 1949-200838 Energy Information Administration / Annual Energy Review 20081Conventional hydroelectric power, geothermal, solar/photovoltaic, wind, and biomass.Note: See Note 2, “Primary Energy Consumption,” at end of Section 1.Sources: Tables 2.1a and 2.1f.1950 1960 1970 1980 1990 2000010203040

Quadrillion BtuIndustrialTransportationResidential22%Transportation28%Industrial31%Commercial19%ResidentialCommercialPetroleumCoalNuclear ElectricPowerNatural GasRenewableEnergy121.618.531.227.940.16.84.020.627.8Residential Commercial Industrial Transportation Electric01020304050

Quadrillion BtuPrimary ConsumptionTotal ConsumptionPower1950 1960 1970 1980 1990 20000510152025

Quadrillion BtuFigure 2.1b Energy Consumption by End-Use Sector, 1949-2008Residential, By Major Source Commercial, By Major SourceIndustrial, By Major Source Transportation, By Major SourceEnergy Information Administration / Annual Energy Review 2008 39Natural Gas1 Electrical system energy losses associated with the generation, transmission, and distribution of energy in the form of electricity.Sources: Tables 2.1b–2.1e.1950 1960 1970 1980 1990 2000024681012

Quadrillion BtuNatural GasNatural Gas1950 1960 1970 1980 1990 2000024681012

Quadrillion BtuElectricalLosses1ElectricalLosses1ElectricalLosses1Renewable EnergyRenewable EnergyCoalCoalPetroleumElectricityPetroleumPetroleumElectricityPetroleum1950 1960 1970 1980 1990 2000024681012

Quadrillion Btu1950 1960 1970 1980 1990 2000051015202530

Quadrillion BtuElectricityNatural GasCoal40 Energy Information Administration / Annual Energy Review 2008**T able 2.1a Energy Consumption by Sector, Selected Years, 1949-2008** (Trillion Btu)**Year End-Use Sectors** **Electric Power** **Sector**3,4**Balancing Item** 7**Total**8**Residential Commercial** 1**Industrial**2**Transportation Primary** 5**Total**6**Primary**5**Total**6**Primary**5**Total**6**Primary**5**Total**6**Primary**51949 4,475 5,614 2,661 3,661 12,627 14,717 7,880 7,990 4,339 (s) 31,9821950 4,848 6,007 2,824 3,883 13,881 16,233 8,384 8,493 4,679 (s) 34,6161955 5,633 7,303 2,548 3,882 16,091 19,472 9,475 9,551 6,461 (s) 40,2081960 6,689 9,078 2,702 4,589 16,977 20,823 10,560 10,597 8,158 (s) 45,0871965 7,328 10,689 3,150 5,820 20,124 25,075 12,400 12,434 11,014 (s) 54,0171970 8,353 13,798 4,196 8,307 22,975 29,641 16,061 16,098 16,259 (s) 67,8441971 8,457 14,278 4,283 8,681 22,732 29,601 16,693 16,729 17,124 (s) 69,2891972 8,655 14,891 4,369 9,145 23,532 30,953 17,681 17,716 18,466 (s) 72,7041973 8,250 14,930 4,381 9,507 24,741 32,653 18,576 18,612 19,753 7 75,7081974 7,928 14,683 4,221 9,363 23,816 31,819 18,086 18,119 19,933 7 73,9911975 8,006 14,842 4,023 9,466 21,454 29,447 18,209 18,244 20,307 1 71,9991976 8,408 15,441 4,333 10,035 22,685 31,430 19,065 19,099 21,513 8 76,0121977 8,207 15,689 4,217 10,177 23,193 32,307 19,784 19,820 22,591 7 78,0001978 8,272 16,156 4,269 10,481 23,276 32,733 20,580 20,615 23,587 2 79,9861979 7,934 15,842 4,333 10,627R24,212 33,962 20,436 20,471 23,987 2 80,9031980 7,453 15,787 4,074 10,563 22,610 32,077 19,658 19,696 24,327 -1 78,1221981 7,058 15,295 3,805 10,602 21,338 30,756 19,476 19,513 24,488 3 76,1681982 7,154 15,557 3,835 10,847R19,076R27,657 19,051 19,088 24,034 4 73,1531983 6,841 15,457 3,806 10,923R18,578R27,481 19,132 19,175 24,679 3R73,0391984R7,221R15,998R3,969R11,436R20,198R29,625 19,607 19,654 25,719 3R76,7151985 7,161 16,088 3,695 11,444R19,468R28,877 20,041 20,087 26,132 -4R76,4931986 6,922 16,029 3,657 11,604R19,099R28,333 20,740 20,789 26,338 3R76,7591987 6,941 16,321 3,736 11,943R19,977R29,444 21,419 21,469 27,104 -3R79,1751988 7,372 17,186 3,958 12,575R20,884R30,739 22,267 22,318 28,338 3R82,8221989 7,586 17,858 4,004 13,203R20,897R31,398 22,425 22,479430,025 9R84,9461990 6,570 17,015 3,858 13,333R21,208R31,895 22,366 22,420 30,660 -9R84,6541991 6,758 17,490 3,906R13,513R20,854R31,487 22,065 22,118 31,025 1R84,6091992 6,963 17,427 3,951 13,454R21,787R32,661 22,363 22,416 30,893 (s)R85,9581993 7,156 18,289 3,934 13,836R21,785R32,721 22,716 22,770 32,025 -10R87,6051994 6,991 18,181 3,979 14,111R22,422R33,607 23,312 23,367 32,563 -6R89,2611995 6,946 18,578 4,063 14,698R22,748R34,047 23,793 23,849 33,621 3R91,1741996 7,471 19,562 4,235 15,181R23,444R34,989 24,384 24,439 34,638 4R94,1761997 7,040 19,026 4,257 15,694R23,722 35,288 24,697 24,752 35,045 6R94,7661998 6,424 19,021 3,964 15,979 23,211 34,928 25,203 25,258 36,385 -3 95,1831999 6,784 19,621 4,007 16,384 22,991 34,855 25,894 25,951 37,136 6 96,8172000 7,169 20,488 4,227 17,176 22,871 34,757 26,492 26,552 38,214 2 98,9752001 6,879 20,106 4,036 17,141 21,836 32,806R26,216R26,279 37,366 -6 96,3262002 6,938 20,874 4,099 17,367 21,857R32,764R26,788R26,849 38,171 5 97,8582003 7,252 21,208 4,239 17,351 21,576 32,650 26,928 27,002 38,218 -3 98,2092004 7,019 21,178 4,180 17,664 22,455 33,609 27,820 27,899 38,876 (s) 100,3512005R6,921R21,697 4,014 17,875R21,466R32,545 28,280 28,361 39,799 6R100,4852006R6,191R20,770R3,703R17,724R21,632R32,541R28,761R28,841 39,589 (s)R99,8752007R6,626R21,619R3,896R18,287R21,454R32,523R29,046R29,134R40,542R-10R101,5542008P6,778 21,637 3,972 18,541 20,630 31,210 27,842 27,925 40,090 -10 99,3041Commercial sector, including commercial combined-heat-and-power (CHP) and commercialelectricity-only plants.2Industrial sector, including industrial combined-heat-and-power (CHP) and industrial electricity-onlyplants.3Electricity-only and combined-heat-and-power (CHP) plants within the NAICS 22 category whoseprimary business is to sell electricity, or electricity and heat, to the public.4Through 1988, data are for electric utilities only; beginning in 1989, data are for electric utilities andindependent power producers.5See "Primary Energy Consumption" in Glossary.6Total energy consumption in the end-use sectors consists of primary energy consumption, electricityretail sales, and electrical system energy losses. See Note, "Electrical System Energy Losses," at end ofsection.7A balancing item. The sum of primary consumption in the five energy-use sectors equals the sumoftotal consumption in the four end-use sectors. However, total energy consumption does not equal the sumof the sectoral components due to the use of sector-specific conversion factors for natural gas and coal.8Primary energy consumption total. See Table 1.3.R=Revised. P=Preliminary. (s)=Less than 0.5 trillion Btu.Notes:•See Note 2, "Classification of Power Plants Into Energy-Use Sectors," at end of Section8.•Totals may not equal sum of components due to independent rounding.Web Page: For all data beginning in 1949, see http://www.eia.doe.gov/emeu/aer/consump.html.Sources: Tables 1.3 and 2.1b-2.1f.Energy Information Administration / Annual Energy Review 2008 41**T able 2.1b Residential Sector Energy Consumption, Selected Years, 1949-2008** (Trillion Btu)**Year Primary Consumption** 1**Electricity Retail** **Sales**4**Electrical System** **Energy Losses** 5**Total Fossil Fuels** **Renewable Energy**2**Total Primary** **Coal Natural Gas** 3**Petroleum Total** **Geothermal Solar/PV** **Biomass Total** 1949 1,272 1,027 1,121 3,420 NA NA 1,055 1,055 4,475 228 911 5,6141950 1,261 1,240 1,340 3,842 NA NA 1,006 1,006 4,848 246 913 6,0071955 867 2,198 1,792 4,858 NA NA 775 775 5,633 438 1,232 7,3031960 585 3,212 2,265 6,062 NA NA 627 627 6,689 687 1,701 9,0781965 352 4,028 2,481 6,860 NA NA 468 468 7,328 993 2,368 10,6891970 209 4,987 2,755 7,952 NA NA 401 401 8,353 1,591 3,854 13,7981971 172 5,126 2,777 8,075 NA NA 382 382 8,457 1,704 4,116 14,2781972 116 5,264 2,895 8,276 NA NA 380 380 8,655 1,838 4,397 14,8911973 94 4,977 2,825 7,896 NA NA 354 354 8,250 1,976 4,703 14,9301974 82 4,901 2,573 7,557 NA NA 371 371 7,928 1,973 4,783 14,6831975 63 5,023 2,495 7,580 NA NA 425 425 8,006 2,007 4,829 14,8421976 59 5,147 2,720 7,927 NA NA 482 482 8,408 2,069 4,963 15,4411977 57 4,913 2,695 7,666 NA NA 542 542 8,207 2,202 5,280 15,6891978 49 4,981 2,620 7,651 NA NA 622 622 8,272 2,301 5,582 16,1561979 37 5,055 2,114 7,206 NA NA 728 728 7,934 2,330 5,578 15,8421980 31 4,825 1,748 6,603 NA NA 850 850 7,453 2,448 5,885 15,7871981 30 4,614 1,543 6,188 NA NA 870 870 7,058 2,464 5,773 15,2951982 32 4,711 1,441 6,184 NA NA 970 970 7,154 2,489 5,914 15,5571983 31 4,478 1,362 5,871 NA NA 970 970 6,841 2,562 6,054 15,4571984 40 4,661R1,540R6,241 NA NA 980 980R7,221 2,662 6,116R15,9981985 39 4,534 1,578 6,151 NA NA 1,010 1,010 7,161 2,709 6,219 16,0881986 40 4,405 1,556 6,002 NA NA 920 920 6,922 2,795 6,313 16,0291987 37 4,420 1,634 6,091 NA NA 850 850 6,941 2,902 6,479 16,3211988 37 4,735 1,690 6,462 NA NA 910 910 7,372 3,046 6,768 17,1861989 31 4,899 1,679 6,608 5 53 920 978 7,586 3,090 7,182 17,8581990 31 4,491 1,407 5,929 6 56 580 641 6,570 3,153 7,291 17,0151991 25 4,667 1,392 6,085 6 58 610 674 6,758 3,260 7,472 17,4901992 26 4,805 1,427 6,257 6 60 640 706 6,963 3,193 7,270 17,4271993 26 5,063 1,448 6,537 7 62 550 618 7,156 3,394 7,739 18,2891994 21 4,960 1,420 6,401 6 64 520 590 6,991 3,441 7,750 18,1811995 17 4,954 1,383 6,355 7 65 520 591 6,946 3,557 8,075 18,5781996 17 5,354 1,488 6,859 7 65 540 612 7,471 3,694 8,397 19,5621997 16 5,093 1,428 6,537 8 65 430 503 7,040 3,671 8,315 19,0261998 12 4,646 1,314 5,971 8 65 380 452 6,424 3,856 8,741 19,0211999 14 4,835 1,473 6,322 9 64 390 462 6,784 3,906 8,931 19,6212000 11 5,105 1,563 6,679 9 61 420 490 7,169 4,069 9,250 20,4882001 12 4,889 1,539 6,440 9 60 370 439 6,879 4,100 9,127 20,1062002 12 5,014 1,463 6,489 10 59 380 449 6,938 4,317 9,619 20,8742003 12 5,230 1,539 6,781 13 58 400 471 7,252 4,353 9,603 21,2082004 11 4,986 1,539 6,537 14 59 410 483 7,019 4,408 9,750 21,1782005 8 4,951 1,455 6,414 16 61R430R507R6,921 4,638 10,139R21,6972006 6 4,476R1,233R5,715 18 67R390R475R6,191 4,611 9,968R20,7702007R8R4,840R1,251R6,099 22R75R430R527R6,626R4,750R10,243R21,6192008P7 4,994 1,178 6,179 26 83 490 599 6,778 4,706 10,152 21,6371See "Primary Energy Consumption" in Glossary.2Data are estimates. See Table 10.2a for notes on series components.3Natural gas only; excludes the estimated portion of supplemental gaseous fuels. See Note 1,"Supplemental Gaseous Fuels," at end of Seciton 6.4Electricity retail sales to ultimate customers reported by electric utilities and, beginning in 1996, otherenergy service providers.5Total losses are calculated as the primary energy consumed by the electric power sector minus theenergy content of electricity retail sales. Total losses are allocated to the end-use sectors in proportiontoeach sector’s share of total electricity retail sales. See Note, "Electrical System Energy Losses," at endofsection.R=Revised. P=Preliminary. NA=Not available.Note: Totals may not equal sum of components due to independent rounding.Web Page: For all data beginning in 1949, see http://www.eia.doe.gov/emeu/aer/consump.html.Sources: Tables 2.1f, 5.14a, 6.5, 7.3, 8.9, 10.2a, A4, A5, and A6.42 Energy Information Administration / Annual Energy Review 2008**T able 2.1c Commercial Sector Energy Consumption, Selected Years, 1949-2008** (Trillion Btu)**Year Primary Consumption** 1**Electricity Retail** **Sales**6**Electrical System** **Energy Losses** 7**Total Fossil Fuels** **Renewable Energy**2**Total Primary** **Coal Natural Gas** 3**Petroleum**4**Total Hydroelectric** **Power**5**Geothermal Biomass** **Total**1949 1,554 360 727 2,641 NA NA 20 20 2,661 200 800 3,6611950 1,542 401 862 2,805 NA NA 19 19 2,824 225 834 3,8831955 801 651 1,081 2,533 NA NA 15 15 2,548 350 984 3,8821960 407 1,056 1,228 2,690 NA NA 12 12 2,702 543 1,344 4,5891965 265 1,490 1,386 3,142 NA NA 9 9 3,150 789 1,880 5,8201970 165 2,473 1,551 4,189 NA NA 8 8 4,196 1,201 2,910 8,3071971 179 2,587 1,510 4,276 NA NA 7 7 4,283 1,288 3,111 8,6811972 153 2,678 1,530 4,362 NA NA 7 7 4,369 1,408 3,368 9,1451973 160 2,649 1,565 4,374 NA NA 7 7 4,381 1,517 3,609 9,5071974 175 2,617 1,423 4,214 NA NA 7 7 4,221 1,501 3,640 9,3631975 147 2,558 1,310 4,015 NA NA 8 8 4,023 1,598 3,845 9,4661976 144 2,718 1,461 4,323 NA NA 9 9 4,333 1,678 4,025 10,0351977 148 2,548 1,511 4,207 NA NA 10 10 4,217 1,754 4,206 10,1771978 165 2,643 1,450 4,257 NA NA 12 12 4,269 1,813 4,398 10,4811979 149 2,836 1,334 4,319 NA NA 14 14 4,333 1,854 4,439 10,6271980 115 2,651 1,287 4,053 NA NA 21 21 4,074 1,906 4,582 10,5631981 137 2,557 1,090 3,784 NA NA 21 21 3,805 2,033 4,763 10,6021982 155 2,650 1,008 3,813 NA NA 22 22 3,835 2,077 4,935 10,8471983 162 2,486 1,136 3,784 NA NA 22 22 3,806 2,116 5,001 10,9231984 169 2,582R1,195R3,946 NA NA 22 22R3,969 2,264 5,203R11,4361985 137 2,488 1,045 3,670 NA NA 24 24 3,695 2,351 5,398 11,4441986 135 2,367 1,126 3,629 NA NA 27 27 3,657 2,439 5,508 11,6041987 125 2,489 1,093 3,707 NA NA 30 30 3,736 2,539 5,669 11,9431988 131 2,731 1,063 3,925 NA NA 33 33 3,958 2,675 5,943 12,5751989 115 2,785 1,002 3,902 1 3 99 102 4,004 2,767 6,431 13,2031990 124 2,682 953 3,760 1 3 94 98 3,858 2,860 6,615 13,3331991 116 2,795 895 3,806 1 3 95 100 3,906 2,918 6,689R13,5131992 117 2,871 854 3,842 1 3 105 109 3,951 2,900 6,603 13,4541993 117 2,923 780 3,820 1 3 109 114 3,934 3,019 6,883 13,8361994 118 2,962 787 3,867 1 4 106 112 3,979 3,116 7,017 14,1111995 117 3,096 732 3,945 1 5 113 118 4,063 3,252 7,382 14,6981996 122 3,226 751 4,099 1 5 129 135 4,235 3,344 7,603 15,1811997 129 3,285 704 4,118 1 6 131 138 4,257 3,503 7,935 15,6941998 93 3,083 661 3,837 1 7 118 127 3,964 3,678 8,338 15,9791999 103 3,115 661 3,879 1 7 121 129 4,007 3,766 8,610 16,3842000 92 3,252 756 4,099 1 8 119 128 4,227 3,956 8,993 17,1762001 97 3,097 741 3,935 1 8 92 101 4,036 4,062 9,043 17,1412002 90 3,225 680 3,995 (s) 9 95 104 4,099 4,110 9,158 17,3672003 82 3,274 770 4,126 1 11 101 113 4,239 4,090 9,023 17,3512004 103 3,204 755 4,062 1 12 105 118 4,180 4,198 9,286 17,6642005 97 3,076 721 3,894 1 14 105 119 4,014 4,351 9,511 17,8752006R65R2,902R620R3,586 1 14 102 117R3,703 4,435 9,586R17,7242007R70R3,095R613R3,778 1 14R102R118R3,896R4,560R9,832R18,2872008P67 3,204 578 3,850 1 15 107 123 3,972 4,615 9,955 18,5411See "Primary Energy Consumption" in Glossary.2Most data are estimates. See Table 10.2a for notes on series components and estimation.3Natural gas only; excludes the estimated portion of supplemental gaseous fuels. See Note 1,"Supplemental Gaseous Fuels," at end of Section 6.4Does not include the fuel ethanol portion of motor gasoline—fuel ethanol is included in "Biomass."5Conventional hydroelectric power.6Electricity retail sales to ultimate customers reported by electric utilities and, beginning in 1996, otherenergy service providers.7Total losses are calculated as the primary energy consumed by the electric power sector minus theenergy content of electricity retail sales. Total losses are allocated to the end-use sectors in proportiontoeach sector’s share of total electricity retail sales. See Note, "Electrical System Energy Losses," at endofsection.R=Revised. P=Preliminary. NA=Not available. (s)=Less than 0.5 trillion Btu.Notes:•The commercial sector includes commercial combined-heat-and-power (CHP) and commercialelectricity-only plants. See Note 2, "Classification of Power Plants Into Energy-Use Sectors," at endofSection 8.•Totals may not equal sum of components due to independent rounding.Web Page: For all data beginning in 1949, see http://www.eia.doe.gov/emeu/aer/consump.html.Sources: Tables 2.1f, 5.14a, 6.5, 7.3, 8.9, 10.2a, A4, A5, and A6.Energy Information Administration / Annual Energy Review 2008 43**T able 2.1d Industrial Sector Energy Consumption, Selected Years, 1949-2008** (Trillion Btu)**Year Primary Consumption** 1**Electricity Retail** **Sales**6**Electrical System** **Energy Losses** 7**Total Fossil Fuels** **Renewable Energy**2**Total Primary** **Coal Coal Coke** **Net Imports Natural** **Gas**3**Petroleum**4**Total Hydroelectric** **Power**5**Geothermal Biomass** **Total**1949 5,433 -7 3,188 3,468 12,083 76 NA 468 544 12,627 418 1,672 14,7171950 5,781 1 3,546 3,951 13,279 69 NA 532 602 13,881 500 1,852 16,2331955 5,620 -10 4,701 5,111 15,421 38 NA 631 669 16,091 887 2,495 19,4721960 4,543 -6 5,973 5,747 16,258 39 NA 680 719 16,977 1,107 2,739 20,8231965 5,127 -18 7,339 6,789 19,236 33 NA 855 888 20,124 1,463 3,488 25,0751970 4,656 -58 9,536 7,787 21,922 34 NA 1,019 1,053 22,975 1,948 4,719 29,6411971 3,944 -33 9,892 7,856 21,659 34 NA 1,040 1,074 22,732 2,011 4,857 29,6011972 3,993 -26 9,884 8,534 22,385 34 NA 1,113 1,147 23,532 2,187 5,233 30,9531973 4,057 -7 10,388 9,104 23,541 35 NA 1,165 1,200 24,741 2,341 5,571 32,6531974 3,870 56 10,004 8,694 22,624 33 NA 1,159 1,192 23,816 2,337 5,666 31,8191975 3,667 14 8,532 8,146 20,359 32 NA 1,063 1,096 21,454 2,346 5,647 29,4471976 3,661 (s) 8,762 9,010 21,432 33 NA 1,220 1,253 22,685 2,573 6,171 31,4301977 3,454 15 8,635 9,774 21,879 33 NA 1,281 1,314 23,193 2,682 6,432 32,3071978 3,314 125 8,539 9,867 21,845 32 NA 1,400 1,432 23,276 2,761 6,696 32,7331979 3,593 63 8,549 10,568 22,773 34 NA 1,405 1,439R24,212 2,873 6,878 33,9621980 3,155 -35 8,333 9,525 20,977 33 NA 1,600 1,633 22,610 2,781 6,686 32,0771981 3,157 -16 8,185 8,285 19,610 33 NA 1,695 1,728 21,338 2,817 6,600 30,7561982 2,552 -22 7,068 7,795 17,393 33 NAR1,650R1,683R19,076 2,542 6,039R27,6571983 2,490 -16 6,776 7,420 16,670 33 NAR1,875R1,908R18,578 2,648 6,256R27,4811984 2,842 -11 7,405R8,010R18,246 33 NAR1,919R1,952R20,198 2,859 6,568R29,6251985 2,760 -13 7,032 7,738 17,516 33 NAR1,919R1,952R19,468 2,855 6,554R28,8771986 2,641 -17 6,646 7,880 17,150 33 NAR1,916R1,949R19,099 2,834 6,401R28,3331987 2,673 9 7,283 8,065 18,029 33 NAR1,915R1,948R19,977 2,928 6,538R29,4441988 2,828 40 7,655 8,339 18,861 33 NAR1,990R2,023R20,884 3,059 6,795R30,7391989 2,787 30 8,088 8,120 19,025 28 2R1,842R1,872R20,897 3,158 7,342R31,3981990 2,756 5 8,451 8,278 19,490 31 2R1,685R1,718R21,208 3,226 7,461R31,8951991 2,601 10 8,572 7,987 19,169 30 2R1,653R1,685R20,854 3,230 7,403R31,4871992 2,515 35 8,918 8,581 20,048 31 2R1,706R1,739R21,787 3,319 7,556R32,6611993 2,496 27 9,070 8,417 20,011 30 2R1,742R1,774R21,785 3,334 7,602R32,7211994 2,510 58 9,126 8,799 20,493 62 3R1,864R1,929R22,422 3,439 7,746R33,6071995 2,488 61 9,592 8,613 20,754 55 3R1,936R1,994R22,748 3,455 7,844R34,0471996 2,434 23 9,901 9,052 21,410 61 3 1,970R2,034R23,444 3,527 8,018R34,9891997 2,395 46 9,933 9,289 21,663 58 3R1,998R2,059R23,722 3,542 8,024 35,2881998 2,335 67 9,763 9,114 21,280 55 3 1,873 1,931 23,211 3,587 8,131 34,9281999 2,227 58 9,375 9,395 21,054 49 4 1,883 1,936 22,991 3,611 8,254 34,8552000 2,256 65 9,500 9,119 20,941 42 4 1,884 1,930 22,871 3,631 8,255 34,7572001 2,192 29 8,676 9,217 20,115 33 5 1,684 1,721 21,836 3,400 7,570 32,8062002 2,019 61 8,845 9,209 20,135 39 5 1,679R1,722 21,857 3,379 7,528R32,7642003 2,041 51 8,521 9,232 19,845 43 3 1,684R1,730 21,576 3,454 7,620 32,6502004 2,047 138 8,544 9,865 20,594 33 4 1,824R1,860 22,455 3,473 7,682 33,6092005 1,954 44 7,911 9,673 19,583 32 4R1,847R1,883R21,466 3,477 7,602R32,5452006 1,914 61R7,846R9,806R19,627 29 4R1,972R2,005R21,632 3,451 7,459R32,5412007R1,865 25R8,030R9,486R19,406R16 5R2,028R2,048R21,454R3,507R7,562R32,5232008P1,799 41 8,149 8,586 18,575 19 5 2,032 2,056 20,630 3,351 7,229 31,2101See "Primary Energy Consumption" in Glossary.2Most data are estimates. See Table 10.2b for notes on series components and estimation.3Natural gas only; excludes the estimated portion of supplemental gaseous fuels. See Note 1,"Supplemental Gaseous Fuels," at end of Section 6.4Does not include the fuel ethanol portion of motor gasoline—fuel ethanol is included in "Biomass."5Conventional hydroelectric power.6Electricity retail sales to ultimate customers reported by electric utilities and, beginning in 1996, otherenergy service providers.7Total losses are calculated as the primary energy consumed by the electric power sector minus theenergy content of electricity retail sales. Total losses are allocated to the end-use sectors in proportion toeach sector’s share of total electricity retail sales. See Note, "Electrical System Energy Losses," at endofsection.R=Revised. P=Preliminary. NA=Not available. (s)=Less than +0.5 trillion Btu and greater than -0.5trillion Btu.Notes:•The industrial sector includes industrial combined-heat-and-power (CHP) and industrialelectricity-only plants. See Note 2, "Classification of Power Plants Into Energy-Use Sectors," at endofSection 8.•Totals may not equal sum of components due to independent rounding.Web Page: For all data beginning in 1949, see http://www.eia.doe.gov/emeu/aer/consump.html.Sources: Tables 2.1f, 5.14b, 6.5, 7.3, 7.7, 8.9, 10.2b, A4, A5, and A6.44 Energy Information Administration / Annual Energy Review 2008**T able 2.1e Transportation Sector Energy Consumption, Selected Years, 1949-2008** (Trillion Btu)**Year Primary Consumption** 1**Electricity Retail** **Sales**5**Electrical System** **Energy Losses** 6**Total Fossil Fuels** **Renewable Energy**2**Total Primary** **Coal Natural Gas** 3**Petroleum**4**Total Biomass** 1949 1,727 NA 6,152 7,880 NA 7,880 22 88 7,9901950 1,564 130 6,690 8,384 NA 8,384 23 86 8,4931955 421 254 8,800 9,475 NA 9,475 20 56 9,5511960 75 359 10,126 10,560 NA 10,560 10 26 10,5971965 16 517 11,868 12,400 NA 12,400 10 24 12,4341970 7 745 15,310 16,061 NA 16,061 11 26 16,0981971 5 766 15,923 16,693 NA 16,693 10 25 16,7291972 4 787 16,891 17,681 NA 17,681 10 25 17,7161973 3 743 17,831 18,576 NA 18,576 11 25 18,6121974 2 685 17,399 18,086 NA 18,086 10 24 18,1191975 1 595 17,614 18,209 NA 18,209 10 24 18,2441976 (s) 559 18,506 19,065 NA 19,065 10 24 19,0991977 (s) 543 19,241 19,784 NA 19,784 10 25 19,82019787( ) 539 20,041 20,580 NA 20,580 10 24 20,61519797( ) 612 19,825 20,436 NA 20,436 10 24 20,47119807( ) 650R19,009 19,658 NA 19,658 11 27 19,69619817( ) 658 18,811 19,469 7 19,476 11 25 19,51319827( ) 612 18,420 19,032 19 19,051 11 26 19,08819837( ) 505 18,593 19,098 34 19,132 13 30 19,17519847( ) 545 19,020 19,565 42 19,607 14 33 19,65419857( ) 519 19,471 19,990 51 20,041 14 32 20,08719867( ) 499 20,182 20,681 59 20,740 15 34 20,78919877( ) 535 20,816 21,352 67 21,419 16 35 21,46919887( ) 632 21,567 22,198 68 22,267 16 35 22,31819897( ) 649 21,706 22,355 69 22,425 16 38 22,47919907( ) 680 21,625 22,305 62 22,366 16 37 22,42019917( ) 620 21,373 21,994 72 22,065 16 37 22,11819927( ) 608 21,674 22,282 81 22,363 16 37 22,41619937( ) 645 21,976 22,621 96 22,716 16 37 22,77019947( ) 709 22,496 23,205 107 23,312 17 38 23,36719957( ) 724 22,954 23,678 115 23,793 17 39 23,84919967( ) 737 23,565 24,302 82 24,384 17 38 24,43919977( ) 780 23,813 24,593 104 24,697 17 38 24,75219987( ) 666 24,422 25,088 115 25,203 17 38 25,25819997( ) 675 25,098 25,774 120 25,894 17 40 25,95120007( ) 672 25,682 26,354 138 26,492 18 42 26,55220017( ) 658 25,413 26,071 145R26,216 20 43R26,27920027( ) 702 25,913 26,615R173R26,788 19 42R26,84920037( ) 630 26,063 26,693R234 26,928 23 51 27,00220047( ) 603 26,922 27,525R295 27,820 25 55 27,89920057( ) 625 27,309 27,934 346 28,280 26 56 28,36120067( )R625R27,652R28,277R484R28,761 25 54R28,84120077( ) 667R27,766R28,432R614R29,046R28R60R29,1342008P7( ) 677 26,332 27,009 833 27,842 26 56 27,9251See "Primary Energy Consumption" in Glossary.2Data are estimates. See Table 10.2b for notes on series components.3Natural gas only; does not include supplemental gaseous fuels—see Note 1, "Supplemental GaseousFuels," at end of Section 6. Data are for natural gas consumed in the operation of pipelines (primarily incompressors) and small amounts consumed as vehicle fuel—see Table 6.5.4Does not include the fuel ethanol portion of motor gasoline—fuel ethanol is included in "Biomass."5Electricity retail sales to ultimate customers reported by electric utilities and, beginning in 1996, otherenergy service providers.6Total losses are calculated as the primary energy consumed by the electric power sector minus theenergy content of electricity retail sales. Total losses are allocated to the end-use sectors in proportiontoeach sector’s share of total electricity retail sales. See Note, "Electrical System Energy Losses," at endofsection.7Beginning in 1978, the small amounts of coal consumed for transportation are reported as industrialsector consumption.R=Revised. P=Preliminary. NA=Not available. (s)=Less than 0.5 trillion Btu.Note: Totals may not equal sum of components due to independent rounding.Web Page: For all data beginning in 1949, see http://www.eia.doe.gov/emeu/aer/consump.html.Sources: Tables 2.1f, 5.14c, 6.5, 7.3, 8.9, 10.2b, A4, A5, and A6.Energy Information Administration / Annual Energy Review 2008 45**T able 2.1f Electric Power Sector Energy Consumption, Selected Years, 1949-2008** (Trillion Btu)**Year Primary Consumption** 1**Fossil Fuels Nuclear** **Electric Power** **Renewable Energy**2**Electricity Net** **Imports**6**Total Primary** **Coal Natural** **Gas**3**Petroleum**4**Total Hydroelectric** **Power**5**Geothermal Solar/PV** **Wind Biomass** **Total**1949 1,995 569 415 2,979 0 1,349 NA NA NA 6 1,355 5 4,3391950 2,199 651 472 3,322 0 1,346 NA NA NA 5 1,351 6 4,6791955 3,458 1,194 471 5,123 0 1,322 NA NA NA 3 1,325 14 6,4611960 4,228 1,785 553 6,565 6 1,569 1 NA NA 2 1,571 15 8,1581965 5,821 2,395 722 8,938 43 2,026 4 NA NA 3 2,033 (s) 11,0141970 7,227 4,054 2,117 13,399 239 2,600 11 NA NA 4 2,615 7 16,2591971 7,299 4,099 2,495 13,893 413 2,790 12 NA NA 3 2,806 12 17,1241972 7,811 4,084 3,097 14,992 584 2,829 31 NA NA 3 2,864 26 18,4661973 8,658 3,748 3,515 15,921 910 2,827 43 NA NA 3 2,873 49 19,7531974 8,534 3,519 3,365 15,418 1,272 3,143 53 NA NA 3 3,199 43 19,9331975 8,786 3,240 3,166 15,191 1,900 3,122 70 NA NA 2 3,194 21 20,3071976 9,720 3,152 3,477 16,349 2,111 2,943 78 NA NA 3 3,024 29 21,5131977 10,262 3,284 3,901 17,446 2,702 2,301 77 NA NA 5 2,383 59 22,5911978 10,238 3,297 3,987 17,522 3,024 2,905 64 NA NA 3 2,973 67 23,5871979 11,260 3,613 3,283 18,156 2,776 2,897 84 NA NA 5 2,986 69 23,9871980 12,123 3,778 2,634 18,534 2,739 2,867 110 NA NA 5 2,982 71 24,3271981 12,583 3,730 2,202 18,516 3,008 2,725 123 NA NA 4 2,852 113 24,4881982 12,582 3,312 1,568 17,462 3,131 3,233 105 NA NA 3 3,341 100 24,0341983 13,213 2,972 1,544 17,729 3,203 3,494 129 NA (s) 4 3,627 121 24,6791984 14,019 3,199 1,286 18,504 3,553 3,353 165 (s) (s) 9 3,527 135 25,7191985 14,542 3,135 1,090 18,767 4,076 2,937 198 (s) (s) 14 3,150 140 26,1321986 14,444 2,670 1,452 18,566 4,380 3,038 219 (s) (s) 12 3,270 122 26,3381987 15,173 2,916 1,257 19,346 4,754 2,602 229 (s) (s) 15 2,846 158 27,1041988 15,850 2,693 1,563 20,106 5,587 2,302 217 (s) (s) 17 2,536 108 28,3381989716,137 3,173 1,703 21,013 5,602 2,808 308 3 22 232 3,372 37 30,0251990 16,261 3,309 1,289 20,859 6,104 3,014 326 4 29 317 3,689 8 30,6601991 16,250 3,377 1,198 20,825 6,422 2,985 335 5 31 354 3,710 67 31,0251992 16,466 3,512 991 20,968 6,479 2,586 338 4 30 402 3,360 87 30,8931993 17,196 3,538 1,124 21,857 6,410 2,861 351 5 31 415 3,662 95 32,0251994 17,261 3,977 1,059 22,297 6,694 2,620 325 5 36 434 3,420 153 32,5631995 17,466 4,302 755 22,523 7,075 3,149 280 5 33 422 3,889 134 33,6211996 18,429 3,862 817 23,109 7,087 3,528 300 5 33 438 4,305 137 34,6381997 18,905 4,126 927 23,957 6,597 3,581 309 5 34 446 4,375 116 35,0451998 19,216 4,675 1,306 25,197 7,068 3,241 311 5 31 444 4,032 88 36,3851999 19,279 4,902 1,211 25,393 7,610 3,218 312 5 46 453 4,034 99 37,1362000 20,220 5,293 1,144 26,658 7,862 2,768 296 5 57 453 3,579 115 38,2142001 19,614 5,458 1,277 26,348 8,033 2,209 289 6 70 337 2,910 75 37,3662002 19,783 5,767 961 26,511 8,143 2,650 305 6 105 380 3,445 72 38,1712003 20,185 5,246 1,205 26,636 7,959 2,781 303 5 115 397 3,601 22 38,2182004 20,305 5,595 1,212 27,112 8,222 2,656 311 6 142 388 3,503 39 38,8762005 20,737 6,015 1,235 27,986 8,160 2,670 309 6 178 406 3,568 84 39,7992006 20,462 6,375 648 27,485 8,214 2,839 306 5 264 412 3,827 63 39,5892007R20,808R7,005R657R28,470R8,458R2,430R308 6R341R423R3,508 107R40,5422008P20,547 6,823 463 27,833 8,455 2,432 312 8 514 423 3,690 112 40,0901See "Primary Energy Consumption" in Glossary.2See Table 10.2c for notes on series components.3Natural gas only; excludes the estimated portion of supplemental gaseous fuels. See Note 1,"Supplemental Gaseous Fuels," at end of Section 6.4See Table 5.14c for series components.5Conventional hydroelectric power.6Net imports equal imports minus exports.7Through 1988, data are for electric utilities only. Beginning in 1989, data are for electric utilities andindependent power producers.R=Revised. P=Preliminary. NA=Not available. (s)=Less than 0.5 trillion Btu.Notes:•Data are for fuels consumed to produce electricity and useful thermal output.•The electricpower sector comprises electricity-only and combined-heat-and-power (CHP) plants within the NAICS 22category whose primary business is to sell electricity, or electricity and heat, to the public.•See Note3,"Electricity Imports and Exports," at end of Section 8.•Totals may not equal sum of components duetoindependent rounding.Web Page: For all data beginning in 1949, see http://www.eia.doe.gov/emeu/aer/consump.html.Sources: Tables 5.14c, 6.5, 7.3, 8.1, 8.2b, 10.2c, A4, A5, and A6.Figure 2.2 Manufacturing Energy Consumption for All Purposes, 2002By Energy SourceBy North American Industry Classification System (NAICS) Code646 Energy Information Administration / Annual Energy Review 20081Liquefied petroleum gases.2Natural gas liquids.3See “Breeze” in Glossary.4Includes all other types of energy that respondents indicated were consumed or allocated.5Energy sources produced onsite from the use of other energy sources but sold or transferred to another entity.6See Table 2.2 for Manufacturing Group titles of industries that correspond to the 3-digitNAICS codes.(s)=Less than 0.05 quadrillion Btu.Source: Table 2.2.6.53.12.82.00.40.30.28.3-0.7Natural Gas LPG1 and NGL2 Net Coal Coal Coke Residual Distillate Other Shipments-20246810-2

Quadrillion BtuFuel Oil4 5and Breeze3ElectricityFuel Oil1.10.10.20.1(s) (s)0.42.40.16.86.50.41.12.10.40.2 0.2 0.20.40.1 0.1311 312 313 314 315 316 321 322 323 324 325 326 327 331 332 333 334 335 336 337 3390246810

Quadrillion BtuEnergy Information Administration / Annual Energy Review 2008 47**T able 2.2 Manufacturing Energy Consumption for All Purposes, 2002** (Trillion Btu )**NAICS**1**Code Manufacturing Group Coal** **Coal Coke and** **Breeze**2**Natural Gas Distillate** **Fuel Oil LPG** 3**and NGL** 4**Residual Fuel Oil** **Net Electricity** 5**Other**6**Shipments of Energy** **Sources**7**Total**8311 Food ................................................................................. 184 1 582 195 13 230 89 -0 1,123312 Beverage and Tobacco Products ..................................... 17 0 46 2 1 226 11 -0 105313 Textile Mills ....................................................................... 22 0 752 2 4 86 15 -0 207314 Textile Product Mills ......................................................... Q 0 29 Q1 2 17 Q -0 60315 Apparel ............................................................................. 0 0 161 (s) (s) 12 (s) -0 30316 Leather and Allied Products ............................................. 0 0 4 (s) (s) (s) 2 (s) -0 7321 Wood Products ................................................................. 1 0 57 135 1 72 228 -0 377322 Paper ................................................................................ 236 4 504 136 100 223 1,276 -0 2,363323 Printing and Related Support ........................................... 0 0 46 (s) 1(s) 50 1 -0 98324 Petroleum and Coal Products ........................................... Q 2 878 19 24 25127 5,520 -83 6,799325 Chemicals ......................................................................... 344 6 2,307 14 3,00187 522 687 -504 6,465326 Plastics and Rubber Products .......................................... Q 0 128 2 67 181 5 -0 351327 Nonmetallic Mineral Products ........................................... 309 11 422 34 3 3142 136 -0 1,059331 Primary Metals .................................................................. 515 355 704 153 1 493 178 -143 2,120332 Fabricated Metal Products ................................................ 1 Q 210 6 3Q 161 3 -0 388333 Machinery ......................................................................... 1 0 823 3 (s) 84 4 -0 177334 Computer and Electronic Products ................................... (s) 0 65 1 (s)1 131 3 -0 201335 Electrical Equipment, Appliances, and Components ........ (s) (s) 53 1 1 (s) 4770 -0 172336 Transportation Equipment ................................................ 8 Q 203 4 46 172 30 -0 429337 Furniture and Related Products ........................................ 1 0 25 1 1(s) 24 11 -0 64339 Miscellaneous ................................................................... 0 0 32 11 (s) 35 2 -0 71— Total Manufacturing .......................................................... 1,958 385 6,468 152 3,070 255 2,840 8,271 -730 22,6661North American Industry Classification System (NAICS).2See "Breeze" in Glossary.3Liquefied petroleum gases.4Natural gas liquids.5"Net Electricity" is the sum of purchases, transfers in, and onsite generation from noncombustiblerenewable energy sources, minus quantities sold and transferred out; it excludes onsite generation fromcombustible fuels.6Includes all other types of energy that respondents indicated were consumed or allocated, such asasphalt and road oil, lubricants, naphtha less than 401 degrees Fahrenheit, other oils greater than or equalto 401 degrees Fahrenheit, special naphthas, waxes, and miscellaneous nonfuel products, which arenonfuel products assigned to the petroleum refining industry group (NAICS Code 324110).7Energy sources produced onsite from the use of other energy sources but sold or transferred toanother entity. Note that shipments of energy sources are subtracted from consumption.8The sum of coal, coal coke and breeze, natural gas, distillate fuel oil, liquefied petroleum gases,natural gas liquids, residual fuel oil, net electricity, and other, minus shipments of energy sources.(s)=Less than 0.5 trillion Btu. Q=Data withheld because the relative standard error was greater than 50percent.Notes:•Data are estimates for the first use of energy for heat and power and as feedstocks or rawmaterial inputs. "First use" is the consumption of energy that was originally produced offsite or wasproduced onsite from input materials not classified as energy.•Totals may not equal sum of componentsdue to independent rounding.Web Page: For related information, see http://www.eia.doe.gov/emeu/mecs.Source: Energy Information Administration, Form EIA-846, "2002 Manufacturing Energy ConsumptionSurvey."Figure 2.3 Manufacturing Energy Consumption for Heat, Power, and Electricity Generation, 2002By Selected End Use1By Energy Source48 Energy Information Administration / Annual Energy Review 20081Excludes inputs of unallocated energy sources (6,006 trillion Btu).2Heating, ventilation, and air conditioning. Excludes steam and hot water.3Excludes coal coke and breeze.4Liquefied petroleum gases.5Natural gas liquids.Source: Table 2.3.3.61.60.70.20.20.20.1Process HeatingMachine DriveFacility HVAC2Electrochemical ProcessesProcess Cooling and RefrigerationFacility LightingConventional Electricity Generation0.0 0.5 1.0 1.5 2.0 2.5 3.0 3.5 4.0Quadrillion Btu5.82.81.20.20.1 0.1Natural Gas Net Electricity Coal 3 Residual Distillate LPG and01234567

Quadrillion BtuFuel Oil NGL5Fuel Oil4Energy Information Administration / Annual Energy Review 2008 49**T able 2.3 Manufacturing Energy Consumption for Heat, Power, and Electricity Generation by End Use, 2002** **End-Use Category Net Electricity** 1**Residual Fuel Oil Distillate Fuel Oil** **LPG**2**and NGL**3**Natural Gas Coal** 4**Total**5Million KilowatthoursMillion BarrelsBillion Cubic FeetMillion Short Tons**I ndirect End Use** (Boiler Fuel) .........................................**3,540 20 6 2 2,105 35 – –**Conventional Boiler Use ............................................. 2,496 12 4 2 1,27111 – –CHP6and/or Cogeneration Process .......................... 1,043 8 2 (s) 834 23 – –**D irect End Use** **All Process Uses**.........................................................**650,100 10 7 16 2,878 17 – –**Process Heating ........................................................ 100,541 9 4 15 2,67017 – –Process Cooling and Refrigeration ............................. 56,723 (s) (s) (s) 44(s) – –Machine Drive ............................................................. 417,998 (s) 3 1 106 (s) – –Electrochemical Processes ........................................ 71,045 – – – – – – – – – – – –Other Process Uses ................................................... 3,793 (s) (s) (s)58 (s) – –**All Non-Process Uses**.................................................**150,530 1 9 6 500 1 – –**Facility Heating, Ventilation, and Air Conditioning7... 76,840 1 1 1 406 (s) – –Facility Lighting ........................................................... 57,460 – – – – – – – –– – – –Other Facility Support ................................................. 14,087 (s) (s) (s) 29 (s) – –Onsite Transportation ................................................. 1,212 – – 6 5 2– – – –Conventional Electricity Generation ........................... – – (s) Q (s) 54 1 – –Other Non-Process Use ............................................. 931 (s) Q (s) 100 – –**E nd Use Not Reported** ...................................................**28,087 3 2 2 157 (s) – – T** **otal**.................................................................................**832,257 33 24 26 5,641 53 – –**Trillion Btu**I ndirect End Use** (Boiler Fuel) .........................................**12 127 35 8 2,162 776 3,120**Conventional Boiler Use ............................................. 9 76 25 8 1,306 2551,679CHP6and/or Cogeneration Process ......................... 4 51 10 (s) 857 521 1,443**D irect End Use** **All Process Uses**.........................................................**2,218 60 43 64 2,956 381 5,722**Process Heating ........................................................ 343 58 24 60 2,742 3683,595Process Cooling and Refrigeration ............................. 194 (s) 2 (s) 45 (s)241Machine Drive ............................................................. 1,426 2 16 4 1095 1,562Electrochemical Processes ........................................ 242 – – – – – – – – – – 242Other Process Uses ................................................... 13 (s) 1 (s) 607 81**All Non-Process Uses**.................................................**514 4 50 24 513 19 1,124**Facility Heating, Ventilation, and Air Conditioning7... 262 3 5 5 417 5 697Facility Lighting ........................................................... 196 – – – – – – – –– – 196Other Facility Support ................................................. 48 (s) 1 (s) 30(s) 79Onsite Transportation ................................................. 4 – – 35 18 2 –– 59Conventional Electricity Generation ........................... – – 1 Q (s) 55 14 70Other Non-Process Use ............................................. 3 (s) Q (s) 100 13**E nd Use Not Reported** ...................................................**96 17 12 6 162 6 299 T** **otal**.................................................................................**2,840 208 141 103 5,794 1,182 10,268**1"Net Electricity" is the sum of purchases, transfers in, and onsite generation from noncombustiblerenewable energy sources, minus quantities sold and transferred out; it excludes onsite generation fromcombustible fuels.2Liquefied petroleum gases.3Natural gas liquids.4Excludes coal coke and breeze.5Total of listed energy sources. Excludes inputs of unallocated energy sources (6,006 trillion Btu).6Combined-heat-and-power plants.7Excludes steam and hot water.– – = Not applicable. (s)=Estimate less than 0.5. Q=Withheld because relative standard error is greaterthan 50 percent.Notes:•Data are estimates for the total consumption of energy for the production of heat, power, andelectricity generation, regardless of where the energy was produced. Specifically, the estimates include thequantities of energy that were originally produced offsite and purchased by or transferred to theestablishment, plus those that were produced onsite from other energy or input materials not classified asenergy, or were extracted from captive (onsite) mines or wells.•Allocations to end uses are made on thebasis of reasonable approximations by respondents.•Totals may not equal sum of components duetoindependent rounding, the presence of estimates that round to zero, and the presence of estimates that arewithheld because the relative standard error is greater than 50 percent.Web Page: For related information, see http://www.eia.doe.gov/emeu/mecs.Source: Energy Information Administration, Form EIA-846, "2002 Manufacturing Energy ConsumptionSurvey."Figure 2.4 Household Energy ConsumptionConsumption by All Households, Selected Years, 1978-20051 Consumption by All Households, by Census Region, 2005Consumption per Household, Selected Years, 1978-20051 Consumption per Household, by Census Region, 200550 Energy Information Administration / Annual Energy Review 20081For years not shown, there are no data available. Notes: • Data include naturalgas, electricity, distillate fuel oil, kerosene, and liquefied petroleum gases; data do not include wood. • For years not shown, there are no data available.Data for 1978-1984 are for April of the year shown through March of following year; data for1987 forward are for the calendar year. • See Appendix C for map of Census regions.Source: Table 2.4.10.69.79.39.38.69.09.19.210.010.39.910.61978 1980 1982 1984 1987 1990 1993 1997 2001 2005024681012

Quadrillion Btu2.522.913.251.87Northeast Midwest South West01234

Quadrillion Btu1381261141121021051019810410192951978 1980 1982 1984 1987 1990 1993 1997 2001 2005050100150

Million Btu1221138077Northeast Midwest South West020406080100120140

Million BtuEnergy Information Administration / Annual Energy Review 2008 51**T able 2.4 Household Energy Consumption by Census Region, Selected Years, 1978-2005** (Quadrillion Btu, Except as Noted)**Census Region**1**1978 1979** **1980 1981** **1982 1984** **1987 1990** **1993 1997** **2001 2005** **N ortheast** (total does not include wood) ..............**2.89 2.50 2.44 2.36 2.19 2.29 2.37 2.30 2.38 2.38 2.16 2.52**Natural Gas ........................................................ 1.14 1.05 .94 1.01 .96 .93 1.03 1.03 1.11 1.03 .98 1.15Electricity2.......................................................... .39 .39 .41 .40 .37 .41 .44 .47 .47 .49 .53 .58Distillate Fuel Oil and Kerosene ......................... 1.32 1.03 1.07 .93 .83 .93 .87 .78 .78 .84 .60 .72Liquefied Petroleum Gases ................................ .03 .03 .03 .03 .02 .03 .02 .02 .03 .03 .05 .07Wood3................................................................ NA NA .26 .27 .24 .21 .17 .12 .14 .14 .10 .09Consumption per Household (million Btu)3....... 166 145 138 132 122 125 124 120 122 121 107 122**M idwest** (total does not include wood) ................**3.70 3.48 2.96 3.09 2.61 2.80 2.73 2.81 3.13 3.22 2.86 2.91**Natural Gas ........................................................ 2.53 2.48 2.05 2.22 1.78 1.99 1.83 1.88 2.07 2.20 1.84 1.72Electricity2.......................................................... .60 .59 .60 .56 .56 .55 .61 .66 .74 .75 .81 .94Distillate Fuel Oil and Kerosene ......................... .46 .31 .17 .19 .16 .13 .16 .13 .13 .11 .06 .06Liquefied Petroleum Gases ................................ .12 .10 .15 .13 .11 .13 .13 .13 .19 .17 .15 .18Wood3................................................................ NA NA .25 .25 .27 .27 .25 .17 .11 .08 .09 .13Consumption per Household (million Btu)3....... 180 168 141 146 122 129 123 122 134 134 117 113**S outh** (total does not include wood) ....................**2.43 2.30 2.57 2.41 2.45 2.50 2.61 2.60 2.95 3.01 3.21 3.25**Natural Gas ........................................................ .96 .91 1.12 1.15 1.14 1.15 1.09 1.03 1.18 1.13 1.13 .94Electricity2.......................................................... 1.00 .97 1.06 1.01 1.01 1.06 1.22 1.36 1.51 1.67 1.89 2.07Distillate Fuel Oil and Kerosene ......................... .32 .28 .25 .14 .18 .16 .17 .11 .13 .10 .08 .07Liquefied Petroleum Gases ................................ .15 .14 .14 .12 .12 .12 .12 .10 .13 .12 .12 .18Wood3................................................................ NA NA .23 .21 .33 .33 .26 .17 .17R.12 .09 .12Consumption per Household (million Btu)3....... 99 92 95 87 87 85 84 81 88 84 83 80**W est** (total does not include wood) ......................**1.54 1.47 1.34 1.42 1.33 1.45 1.42 1.51 1.55 1.63 1.63 1.87**Natural Gas ........................................................ .95 .88 .86 .90 .85 .91 .88 .92 .91 .93 .90 .98Electricity2.......................................................... .48 .47 .41 .46 .41 .47 .48 .54 .56 .64 .66 .76Distillate Fuel Oil and Kerosene ......................... .09 .09 .04 .03 .03 .04 .02 .02 .03 .03 .02 .03Liquefied Petroleum Gases ................................ .03 .04 .04 .04 .04 .03 .05 .03 .04 .04 .06 .10Wood3................................................................ NA NA .11 .13 .13 .17 .17 .12 .12 .10 .10 .09Consumption per Household (million Btu)3....... 110 100 84 87 81 85 78 78 76 75 70 77**U nited States** (total does not include wood) ........**10.56 9.74 9.32 9.29 8.58 9.04 9.13 9.22 10.01 10.25 9.86 10.55**Natural Gas ........................................................ 5.58 5.31 4.97 5.27 4.74 4.98 4.83 4.86 5.27 5.28 4.84 4.79Electricity2.......................................................... 2.47 2.42 2.48 2.42 2.35 2.48 2.76 3.03 3.28 3.54 3.89 4.35Distillate Fuel Oil and Kerosene ......................... 2.19 1.71 1.52 1.28 1.20 1.26 1.22 1.04 1.07 1.07 .75 .88Liquefied Petroleum Gases ................................ .33 .31 .35 .31 .29 .31 .32 .28 .38 .36 .38 .52Wood3................................................................ NA NA .85 .87 .97 .98 .85 .58 .55 .43 .37 .43Consumption per Household (million Btu)3....... 138 126 114 112 102 105 101 98 104 101 92 951See Appendix C for map of Census regions.2Retail electricity. One kilowatthour = 3,412 Btu.3Wood is not included in the region and U.S. totals, or in the consumption-per-household data.R=Revised. NA=Not available.Notes:•Data are estimates, and are for major energy sources only.•For years not shown, there areno data available.•Data for 1978-1984 are for April of year shown through March of following year; datafor 1987 forward are for the calendar year.•Totals may not equal sum of components due to independentrounding.Web Page: For related information, see http://www.eia.doe.gov/emeu/recs.Sources:•1978 and 1979—Energy Information Administration (EIA), Form EIA-84, "Residential EnergyConsumption Survey."•1980 forward—EIA, Form EIA-457, "Residential Energy Consumption Survey."Figure 2.5 Household Energy Consumption and ExpendituresConsumption by Energy Source, 2005 Expenditures1, Selected Years, 1978-20052Consumption1by End Use, 2005 Consumption1for Space Heating, 200552 Energy Information Administration / Annual Energy Review 20081Does not include wood, which is used for both space heating and ambiance.2For years not shown, there are no data available.3See “Nominal Dollars” in Glossary.4Distillate fuel oil and kerosene.5Liquefied petroleum gases.6Used for both space heating and ambiance.Source: Table 2.5.556376838797981101241361602011978 1980 1982 1984 1987 1990 1993 1997 2001 2005050100150200250

Billion Nominal Dollars34.84.40.90.50.4Natural Gas Electricity Fuel Oil LPG Wood0246

Quadrillion Btu4 64.303.252.120.88Space Heating Appliances Water Heating Air Conditioning0246

Quadrillion Btu52.950.750.280.32Natural Gas Fuel Oil Electricity LPG01234

Quadrillion Btu54Energy Information Administration / Annual Energy Review 2008 53**T able 2.5 Household Energy Consumption and Expenditures by End Use and Energy Source,** **Selected Years, 1978-2005 Year** **Space Heating**1**Air Conditioning** 2**Water Heating Appliances** 3,4**Total Natural** **Gas Elec** **tricity**5**Fuel Oil** 6**LPG**7**Electricity**5**Natural Gas** **Elec- tricity** 5**Fuel Oil** 6**LPG**7**Natural Gas** **Elec- tricity** 5**LPG**7**Natural Gas** 2**Elec- tricity** 5**Fuel Oil** 4,6**LPG**7**Wood**8**Consumption**(quadrillion Btu)1978 4.26 0.40 2.05 0.23R0.31 1.04 0.29 0.14 0.06 0.28R1.46 0.03 5.58 2.47 2.19 0.33 NA1979 NA NA NA NA NA NA NA NA NA NA NA NA 5.31 2.42 1.71 .31 NA1980 3.41 .27 1.30 .23 .36 1.15 .30 .22 .07 .36 1.54 .05 4.97 2.48 1.52 .35 .851981 3.69 .26 1.06 .21 .34 1.13 .30 .22 .06 .43 1.52 .05 5.27 2.42 1.28 .31 .871982 3.14 .25 1.04 .19 .31 1.15 .28 .15 .06 .43 1.50 .05 4.74 2.35 1.20 .29 .971984 3.51 .25 1.11 .21 .32 1.10 .32 .15 .06 .35 1.59 .04 4.98 2.48 1.26 .31 .981987 3.38 .28 1.05 .22 .44 1.10 .31 .17 .06 .34 1.72 .04 4.83 2.76 1.22 .32 .851990 3.37 .30 .93 .19 .48 1.16 .34 .11 .06 .33 1.91 .03 4.86 3.03 1.04 .28 .581993 3.67 .41 .95 .30 .46 1.31 .34 .12 .05 .29 2.08 .03 5.27 3.28 1.07 .38 .551997 3.61 .40 .91 .26 .42 1.29 .39 .16 .08 .37 2.33 .02 5.28 3.54 1.07 .36 .432001 3.32 .39 .62 .28 .62 1.15 .36 .13 .05 .37 2.52 .05 4.84 3.89 .75 .38 .372005 2.95 .28 .75 .32 .88 1.41 .42 .14 .15 .43 2.77 .05 4.79 4.35 .88 .52 .43**Expenditures**(billion nominal dollars9)1978 11.49 3.53 8.06 1.05R3.97 2.88R3.15 0.56 0.36 0.93R19.24 0.25 15.30 29.89 8.62 1.66 NA1979 NA NA NA NA NA NA NA NA NA NA NA NA 17.84 32.56 10.73 2.06 NA1980 13.22 3.78 10.48 1.78 5.84 4.51 4.45 1.76 .57 1.91 26.74 .44 19.77 40.81 12.24 2.80 NA1981 16.62 3.93 9.44 1.78 6.23 5.13 4.94 1.94 .51 2.17 29.70 .52 24.03 44.80R11.39 2.81 NA1982 17.74 4.21 8.80 1.69 6.23 6.51 5.00 1.28 .54 2.58 31.29 .52 26.96 46.74 10.07 2.75 NA1984 20.66 4.62 8.51 2.00 7.06 6.63 6.44 1.09 .58 2.31 36.36 .54 29.78 54.48 9.60 3.12 NA1987 18.05 5.53 6.25 1.85 9.77 6.02 6.45 .94 .50 2.02 39.83 .46 26.15 61.58 7.21 2.81 NA1990 18.59 6.16 7.42 2.01 11.23 6.59 7.21 .83 .65 2.03 46.95 .48 27.26 71.54 8.25 3.14 NA1993 21.95 8.66 6.24 2.81 11.31 8.08 7.58 .74 .58 1.98 53.52 .42 32.04 81.08 6.98 3.81 NA1997 24.11 8.56 6.57 2.79 10.20 8.84 8.99 1.04 .89 2.86 60.57 .36 35.81 88.33 7.61 4.04 NA2001 31.84 8.98 5.66 4.04 15.94 11.31 8.47 1.15 .69 3.83 66.94 .86 46.98 100.34 6.83 5.60 NA2005 31.97 7.42 10.99 6.35 25.26 15.57 11.13 2.00 3.28 4.80 80.92 1.37 52.37 124.74 12.99 11.00 NA1Wood used for space heating is included in "Total Wood."2A small amount of natural gas used for air conditioning is included in "Total Natural Gas."3Includes refrigerators.4A small amount of distillate fuel oil and kerosene used for appliances is included in "Fuel Oil" under"Total."5Retail electricity. One kilowatthour=3,412 Btu.6Distillate fuel oil and kerosene.7Liquefied petroleum gases.8Wood used for both space heating and ambience.9See "Nominal Dollars" in Glossary.R=Revised. NA=Not available.Notes:•Data are estimates.•For years not shown, there are no data available.•Totals may notequal sum of components due to independent rounding.Web Page: For related information, see http://www.eia.doe.gov/emeu/recs.Sources:•1978 and 1979—Energy Information Administration (EIA), Form EIA-84, "Residential EnergyConsumption Survey."•1980 forward—EIA, Form EIA-457, "Residential Energy Consumption Survey."Figure 2.6 Household End Uses: Fuel Types and AppliancesShare of Households With Selected Appliances and Electronics, 1980 and 2005Share of Households With Other Selected Appliances, 1980 and 2005 Space Heating by Main Fuel, 200554 Energy Information Administration / Annual Energy Review 20081Natural gas and electric.2Not collected in 1980.3Natural gas or liquefied petroleum gases.4Households with both central and individual room units are counted only under “Central.”5Liquefied petroleum gases.6Kerosene, coal, solar, other fuel, or no heat.Source: Table 2.6.10099 9988837968583210099981474613738Refrigerator Range/Stove/ Television Microwave Clothes Clothes Personal Dishwasher Separate020406080100

Percent19802005Dryer1(2)ComputerOvenOven1FreezerWasher3517782259251646148614273043Range/Stove Clothes One Two or Central Window or None020406080100

Percent1980200556Fuel OilAir Conditioning Equipment4DryerNatural Gas52%Electricity30%Other3%Wood3%LPG5%Distillate7%RefrigeratorMore Wall UnitGas Appliances3Oven SystemEnergy Information Administration / Annual Energy Review 2008 55**T able 2.6 Household End Uses: Fuel Types and Appliances, Selected Years, 1978-2005** **Appliance Year** **Change 1978** **1979 1980** **1981 1982** **1984 1987** **1990 1993** **1997 2001** **2005 1980 to 2005** **T otal Households (millions)** .............. 77 78 82 83 84 86 91 94 97 101 107 111 29Percent of Households**S pace Heating - Main Fuel** Natural Gas ........................................ 55 55 55 56 57 55 55 55 53R52 55 52 -3Electricity1.......................................... 16 17 18 17 16 17 20 23 26 29 29 30 12Liquefied Petroleum Gases ................ 4 5 5 4 5 5 5 5 5 5 5 5 0Distillate Fuel Oil ................................. 20 17 15 14 13 12 12 11 11 9R7 7 -8Wood .................................................. 2 4 6 6 7 7 6 4 3 2 2 3 -3Other2or No Space Heating .............. 3 2 2 3 3 3 3 2 2 2R2R3R1**A ir Conditioning - Equipment** Central System3................................ 23 24 27 27 28 30 34 39 44 47 55 59 32Window/Wall Unit3............................. 33 31 30 31 30 30 30 29 25 25 23 25 -5None ................................................... 44 45 43 42 42 40 36 32 32 28 23 16 -27**W ater Heating - Main Fuel** Natural Gas ........................................ 55 55 54 55 56 54 54 53 53 52 54 53 -1Electricity1.......................................... 33 33 32 33 32 33 35 37 38 39 38 39 7Liquefied Petroleum Gases ................ 4 4 4 4 4 4 3 3 3 3 3 4 0Distillate Fuel Oil ................................. 8 7 9 7 7 6 6 5 5 5 4 4 -5Other2or No Water Heating .............. 0 0 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 0 0 -1**A ppliances and Electronics** Refrigerator4...................................... 100 NA 100 100 100 100 100 100 100 100 100 100 0One ................................................... 86 NA 86 87 86 88 86 84 85 85 83 78 -8Two or More ..................................... 14 NA 14 13 13 12 14 15 15 15 17 22 8Separate Freezer ................................ 35 NA 38 38 37 37 34 34 35 33 32 32 -6Clothes Washer .................................. 74 NA 74 73 71 73 75 76 77 77 79 83 9Clothes Dryer - Total .......................... 59 NA 61 61 60 62 66 69 70 71 74 79 18Natural Gas ...................................... 14 NA 14 16 15 16 15 16R14R15R16R17R3Electric .............................................. 45 NA 47 45 45 46 51 53 57 55 57 61 14Dishwasher ......................................... 35 NA 37 37 36 38 43 45 45 50 53 58 21Range/Stove/Oven ............................. 99 NA 99 100 99 99 99 100 100 99 100 99 0Natural Gas ...................................... 48 NA 46 46 47 46 43 42 33 35 35 35 -11Electric .............................................. 53 NA 57 56 56 57 60 59 63 62 62 62 5Microwave Oven ................................. 8 NA 14 17 21 34 61 79 84 83 86 88 74Television ........................................... NA NA 98 98 98 98 98 99 99R99R99R99R1One or Two ....................................... NA NA 85 84 83 80 75 71 70 69 63 56 -29Three or More ................................... NA NA 14 14 15 18 23 28 28 29 36 43 29Personal Computer ............................. NA NA NA NA NA NA NARNARNA 35 56 68 NAOne ................................................... NA NA NA NA NA NA NA NA NA 29 42 45 NATwo or More ..................................... NA NA NA NA NA NA NA NA NA 6 15 23 NA1Retail electricity.2Kerosene, solar, or other fuel.3Households with both a central system and a window or wall unit are counted only under "CentralSystem."4Fewer than 0.5 percent of the households do not have a refrigerator.R=Revised. NA=Not available. (s)=Less than 0.5 percent.Notes:•Data are estimates.•For years not shown, there are no data available.Web Page: For related information, see http://www.eia.doe.gov/emeu/recs.Sources:•1978 and 1979—Energy Information Administration (EIA), Form EIA-84, "Residential EnergyConsumption Survey."•1980 forward—EIA, Form EIA-457, "Residential Energy Consumption Survey."Figure 2.7 Type of Heating in Occupied Housing Units, 1950 and 2007By Fuel TypeBy Fuel Type, Share of Total56 Energy Information Administration / Annual Energy Review 20081Sum of components do not equal total due to independent rounding.2Liquefied petroleum gases.3Includes coal coke.4Kerosene, solar, and other.(s)=Less than 0.5.Source: Table 2.7.5736961(s)211(s)914142Natural Gas Electricity Distillate Fuel Oil LPG2 Wood Coal3 Other and None0204060

Million Occupied Housing Units119502007445133861(s)126122210345Natural Gas Electricity Distillate Fuel Oil LPG2 Wood Coal3 Other and None0204060

Percent19502007Energy Information Administration / Annual Energy Review 2008 57**T able 2.7 Type of Heating in Occupied Housing Units, Selected Years, 1950-2007** **Year Coal** 1**Distillate Fuel Oil** **Kerosene Liquefied** **Petroleum Gases** **Natural Gas** **Electricity Wood** **Solar Other** 2**None**3**Total**Million Occupied Housing Units1950 14.48 9.464( ) 0.98 11.12 0.28 4.17 NA 0.77 1.57 42.831960 6.46 17.164( ) 2.69 22.85 .93 2.24 NA .22 .48 53.021970 1.82 16.474( ) 3.81 35.01 4.88 .79 NA .27 .40 63.451973 .80 17.244( ) 4.42 38.46 7.21 .60 NA .15 .45 69.341974 .74 16.844( ) 4.14 39.47 8.41 .66 NA .09 .48 70.831975 .57 16.304( ) 4.15 40.93 9.17 .85 NA .08 .47 72.521976 .48 16.454( ) 4.24 41.22 10.15 .91 NA .09 .46 74.011977 .45 15.62 .44 4.18 41.54 11.15 1.24 NA .15 .51 75.281978 .40 15.65 .42 4.13 42.52 12.26 1.07 NA .12 .60 77.171979 .36 15.30 .41 4.13 43.32 13.24 1.14 NA .10 .57 78.571980 .33 14.50 .37 4.17 44.40 14.21 1.38 NA .11 .61 80.071981 .36 14.13 .37 4.17 46.08 15.49 1.89 NA .10 .59 83.1819835.43 12.59 .45 3.87 46.70 15.68 4.09 NA .16 .68 84.641985 .45 12.44 1.06 3.58 45.33 18.36 6.25 .05 .37 .53 88.431987 .41 12.74 1.08 3.66 45.96 20.61 5.45 .05 .28 .66 90.891989 .34 12.47 1.07 3.66 47.40 23.06 4.59 .04 .40 .66 93.681991 .32 11.47 .99 3.88 47.02 23.71 4.44 .03 .41 .86 93.151993 .30 11.17 1.02 3.92 47.67 25.11 4.10 .03 .50 .91 94.731995 .21 10.98 1.06 4.25 49.20 26.77 3.53 .02 .64 1.04 97.691997 .18 10.10 .75 5.40 51.05 29.20 1.79 .03 .36 .62 99.491999 .17 10.03 .72 5.91 52.37 31.14 1.70 .02 .21 .54 102.8020016.13 9.81 .65 6.04 54.13 32.41 1.67 .02 .19 .39 105.442003 .13 9.50 .64 6.13 54.93 32.34 1.56 .02 .16 .44 105.842005 .10 9.38 .55 6.23 56.32 34.26 1.41 .02 .21 .40 108.872007 .09 8.74 .57 6.10 56.68 36.08 1.47 .02 .46 .48 110.69Percent1950 33.8 22.14( ) 2.3 26.0 0.6 9.7 NA 1.8 3.7 100.01960 12.2 32.44( ) 5.1 43.1 1.8 4.2 NA .4 .9 100.01970 2.9 26.04( ) 6.0 55.2 7.7 1.3 NA .4 .6 100.01973 1.2 24.94( ) 6.4 55.5 10.4 .9 NA .2 .7 100.01974 1.0 23.84( ) 5.8 55.7 11.9 .9 NA .1 .7 100.01975 .8 22.54( ) 5.7 56.4 12.6 1.2 NA .1 .6 100.01976 .7 22.24( ) 5.7 55.7 13.7 1.2 NA .1 .6 100.01977 .6 20.7 .6 5.6 55.2 14.8 1.6 NA .2 .7 100.01978 .5 20.3 .5 5.4 55.1 15.9 1.4 NA .2 .8 100.01979 .5 19.5 .5 5.3 55.1 16.9 1.4 NA .1 .7 100.01980 .4 18.1 .5 5.2 55.4 17.7 1.7 NA .1 .8 100.01981 .4 17.0 .4 5.0 55.4 18.6 2.3 NA .1 .7 100.019835.5 14.9 .5 4.6 55.2 18.5 4.8 NA .2 .8 100.01985 .5 14.1 1.2 4.1 51.3 20.8 7.1 .1 .4 .6 100.01987 .4 14.0 1.2 4.0 50.6 22.7 6.0 .1 .3 .7 100.01989 .4 13.3 1.1 3.9 50.6 24.6 4.9 (s) .4 .7 100.01991 .3 12.3 1.1 4.2 50.5 25.5 4.8 (s) .4 .9 100.01993 .3 11.8 1.1 4.1 50.3 26.5 4.3 (s) .5 1.0 100.01995 .2 11.2 1.1 4.4 50.4 27.4 3.6 (s) .7 1.1 100.01997 .2 10.2 .8 5.4 51.3 29.4 1.8 (s) .4 .6 100.01999 .2 9.8 .7 5.7 50.9 30.3 1.7 (s) .2 .5 100.020016.1 9.3 .6 5.7 51.3 30.7 1.6 (s) .2 .4 100.02003 .1 9.0 .6 5.8 51.9 30.6 1.5 (s) .1 .4 100.02005 .1 8.6 .5 5.7 51.7 31.5 1.3 (s) .2 .4 100.02007 .1 7.9 .5 5.5 51.2 32.6 1.3 (s) .4 .4 100.01Includes coal coke.2Includes briquettes (made of pitch and sawdust), coal dust, waste material (such as corncobs),purchased steam, and other fuels not separately displayed.3In 1950 and 1960, also includes nonreporting units, which totaled 997 and 2,000 units, respectively.4Included in "Distillate Fuel Oil."5Beginning in 1983, theAmerican Housing Survey for the United Stateshas been a biennial survey.6Beginning in 2001, data are consistent with the 2000 Census. For 2001 data consistent with the 1990Census, seeAmerican Housing Survey for the United States: 2001.NA=Not available. (s)=Less than 0.05 percent.Notes:•Includes mobile homes and individual housing units in apartment buildings. Housing units withmore than one type of heating system are classified according to the principal type of heating system.•Totals may not equal sum of components due to independent rounding.Web Page: For related information, see http://www.census.gov/hhes/www/ahs.html.Sources:•1950, 1960, and 1970—Bureau of the Census,Census of Population and Housing.•1973forward—Bureau of the Census,American Housing Survey for the United States,biennial surveys, Table2-5.Figure 2.8 Motor Vehicle Mileage, Fuel Consumption, and Fuel RatesAll Motor Vehicles,1 1949-2007Mileage, 1966-2007 Fuel Consumption, 1966-2007 Fuel Rates, 1966-200758 Energy Information Administration / Annual Energy Review 20081Passenger cars, motorcycles, vans, pickup trucks, sport utility vehicles, trucks, and buses.2Miles per gallon.3Miles per vehicle.4Gallons per vehicle.5Sport utility vehicle.6Through 1989, includes motorcycles.Source: Table 2.8.1950 1955 1960 1965 1970 1975 1980 1985 1990 1995 2000 20050255075100125150175

Index 1973=100Fuel Consumption4Passenger Cars6Vans, Pickup Trucks,and SUVs5Vans, Pickup Trucks, and SUVs5Vans, Pickup Trucks,and SUVs5TrucksTrucksFuel Rate2TrucksPassenger Cars6Passenger Cars61970 1980 1990 200008162432

Thousand Miles per Vehicle1970 1980 1990 2000012345

Thousand Gallons per Vehicle1970 1980 1990 20000510152025

Miles per GallonMileage3Energy Information Administration / Annual Energy Review 2008 59**T able 2.8 Motor Vehicle Mileage, Fuel Consumption, and Fuel Rates, Selected Years, 1949-2007** **Year Passenger Cars** 1**Vans, Pickup Trucks, and Sport Utility Vehicles**2**Trucks**3**All Motor Vehicles**4**Mileage Fuel** **Consumption Fuel Rate** **Mileage Fuel** **Consumption Fuel Rate** **Mileage Fuel** **Consumption Fuel Rate** **Mileage Fuel** **Consumption Fuel Rate** Miles perVehicleGallonsper VehicleMilesper GallonMiles perVehicleGallonsper VehicleMilesper GallonMiles pervehicleGallonsper vehicleMilesper GallonMiles perVehicleGallonsper VehicleMilesper Gallon1949 9,388 627 15.05( )5( )5( ) 9,712 1,080 9.0 9,498 726 13.11950 9,060 603 15.05( )5( )5( ) 10,316 1,229 8.4 9,321 725 12.81955 9,447 645 14.65( )5( )5( ) 10,576 1,293 8.2 9,661 761 12.71960 9,518 668 14.35( )5( )5( ) 10,693 1,333 8.0 9,732 784 12.41965 9,603 661 14.55( )5( )5( ) 10,851 1,387 7.8 9,826 787 12.51970 9,989 737 13.5 8,676 866 10.0 13,565 2,467 5.5 9,976 830 12.01971 10,097 743 13.6 9,082 888 10.2 14,117 2,519 5.6 10,133 839 12.11972 10,171 754 13.5 9,534 922 10.3 14,780 2,657 5.6 10,279 857 12.01973 9,884 737 13.4 9,779 931 10.5 15,370 2,775 5.5 10,099 850 11.91974 9,221 677 13.6 9,452 862 11.0 14,995 2,708 5.5 9,493 788 12.01975 9,309 665 14.0 9,829 934 10.5 15,167 2,722 5.6 9,627 790 12.21976 9,418 681 13.8 10,127 934 10.8 15,438 2,764 5.6 9,774 806 12.11977 9,517 676 14.1 10,607 947 11.2 16,700 3,002 5.6 9,978 814 12.31978 9,500 665 14.3 10,968 948 11.6 18,045 3,263 5.5 10,077 816 12.41979 9,062 620 14.6 10,802 905 11.9 18,502 3,380 5.5 9,722 776 12.51980 8,813 551 16.0 10,437 854 12.2 18,736 3,447 5.4 9,458 712 13.31981 8,873 538 16.5 10,244 819 12.5 19,016 3,565 5.3 9,477 697 13.61982 9,050 535 16.9 10,276 762 13.5 19,931 3,647 5.5 9,644 686 14.11983 9,118 534 17.1 10,497 767 13.7 21,083 3,769 5.6 9,760 686 14.21984 9,248 530 17.4 11,151 797 14.0 22,550 3,967 5.7 10,017 691 14.51985 9,419 538 17.5 10,506 735 14.3 20,597 3,570 5.8 10,020 685 14.61986 9,464 543 17.4 10,764 738 14.6 22,143 3,821 5.8 10,143 692 14.71987 9,720 539 18.0 11,114 744 14.9 23,349 3,937 5.9 10,453 694 15.11988 9,972 531 18.8 11,465 745 15.4 22,485 3,736 6.0 10,721 688 15.61989110,1571533119.0 11,676 724 16.1 22,926 3,776 6.1 10,932 688 15.91990 10,504 520 20.2 11,902 738 16.1 23,603 3,953 6.0 11,107 677 16.41991 10,571 501 21.1 12,245 721 17.0 24,229 4,047 6.0 11,294 669 16.91992 10,857 517 21.0 12,381 717 17.3 25,373 4,210 6.0 11,558 683 16.91993 10,804 527 20.5 12,430 714 17.4 26,262 4,309 6.1 11,595 693 16.71994 10,992 531 20.7 12,156 701 17.3 25,838 4,202 6.1 11,683 698 16.71995 11,203 530 21.1 12,018 694 17.3 26,514 4,315 6.1 11,793 700 16.81996 11,330 534 21.2 11,811 685 17.2 26,092 4,221 6.2 11,813 700 16.91997 11,581 539 21.5 12,115 703 17.2 27,032 4,218 6.4 12,107 711 17.01998 11,754 544 21.6 12,173 707 17.2 25,397 4,135 6.1 12,211 721 16.91999 11,848 553 21.4 11,957 701 17.0 26,014 4,352 6.0 12,206 732 16.72000 11,976 547 21.9 11,672 669 17.4 25,617 4,391 5.8 12,164 720 16.92001 11,831 534 22.1 11,204 636 17.6 26,602 4,477 5.9 11,887 695 17.12002 12,202 555 22.0 11,364 650 17.5 27,071 4,642 5.8 12,171 719 16.92003 12,325 556 22.2 11,287 697 16.2 28,093 4,215 6.7 12,208 718 17.02004 12,460 553 22.5 11,184 690 16.2 27,023 4,057 6.7 12,200 714 17.12005 12,510 567 22.1 10,920 617 17.7 26,235 4,385 6.0 12,082 706 17.12006R12,485 554R22.5R10,920 612R17.8R25,231R4,304 5.9R12,017R698 17.22007P12,293 547 22.5 10,952 609 18.0 25,141 4,270 5.9 11,910 692 17.21Through 1989, includes motorcycles.2Includes a small number of trucks with 2 axles and 4 tires, such as step vans.3Single-unit trucks with 2 axles and 6 or more tires, and combination trucks.4Includes buses and motorcycles, which are not separately displayed.5Included in "Trucks."R=Revised. P=Preliminary.Web Pages:•For all data beginning in 1949, see http://www.eia.doe.gov/aer/consump.html.•Forrelated information, see http://www.fhwa.dot.gov/policy/ohpi/hss/index.htm.Sources:**Passenger Cars, 1990-1994:**U.S. Department of Transportation, Bureau of TransportationStatistics,National Transportation Statistics 1998,Table 4-13.**All Other Data:**•1949-1994—FederalHighway Administration (FHWA),Highway Statistics Summary to 1995,Table VM-201A.•1995forward—FHWA,Highway Statistics,annual reports, Table VM-1.Figure 2.9 Commercial Buildings Consumption by Energy SourceBy Survey Year, 1979-2003By Census Region, 200360 Energy Information Administration / Annual Energy Review 20081Electricity only; excludes electrical system energy losses.2Distillate fuel oil, residual fuel oil, and kerosene.(s)=Less than 0.05 quadrillion Btu.Q=Data withheld because either the relative standard error was greater than 50 percent orfewer than 20 buildings were sampled.Note: See Appendix C for map of Census regions.Source: Table 2.9.1979 1983 1986 1989 1992 1995 1999 200301234

Quadrillion BtuElectricity1Natural GasDistrict HeatFuel Oil20.2 0.2 0.20.60.20.20.50.80.50.42.10.60.81.50.63.6Northeast Midwest South West United States01234

Quadrillion BtuElectricity1Natural GasFuel Oil2District Heat(s) (s)(s) QEnergy Information Administration / Annual Energy Review 2008 61**T able 2.9 Commercial Buildings Consumption by Energy Source, Selected Years, 1979-2003** (Trillion Btu)**Energy Source and Year** **Square Footage Category Principal Building Activity** **Census Region**1**All Buildings** **1,001 to 10,000** **10,001 to 100,000** **Over 100,000** **Education Food** **Sales Food** **Service Health** **Care Lodging** **Mercantile and Service** **Office All** **Other Northeast** **Midwest South** **West M** **ajor Sources**21979 ................ 1,255 2,202 1,508 5113( ) 336 469 278 894 861 1,616 1,217 1,826 1,395 526 4,9651983 ................ 1,242 1,935 1,646 4803( ) 414 463 362 812 1,018 1,274 858 1,821 1,462 682 4,8231986 ................ 1,273 2,008 1,696 633 147 247 456 299 985 1,008 1,202 1,037 1,585 1,459 896 4,9771989 ................ 1,259 2,402 2,127 704 139 255 449 425 1,048 1,230 1,538 1,354 1,659 1,648 1,126 5,7881992 ................ 1,258 2,301 1,932 637 137 307 403 463 892 1,247 1,404 1,090 1,578 1,825 998 5,49019954............. 1,332 2,152 1,838 614 137 332 561 461 973 1,019 1,225 1,035 1,497 1,684 1,106 5,3211999 ................ 1,381 2,300 2,053 649 201 447 515 450 1,145 1,089 1,237 1,116 1,509 1,961 1,147 5,7332003 ................ 1,248 2,553 2,721 820 251 427 594 510 1,333 1,134 1,455 1,396 1,799 2,265 1,063 6,523**E lectricity** 51979 ................ 429 872 608 1633( ) 171 129 119 361 424 543 425 593 662 227 1,9081983 ................ 469 903 758 1523( ) 212 147 151 426 509 532 324 673 801 331 2,1291986 ................ 654 927 809 179 99 121 132 120 536 641 563 430 584 867 510 2,3901989 ................ 572 1,145 1,056 217 105 113 154 138 550 781 715 586 609 975 604 2,7731992 ................ 586 991 1,033 235 113 138 138 189 444 704 649 419 622 1,002 566 2,60919954............. 618 1,064 926 221 119 166 211 187 508 676 521 436 558 1,027 587 2,6081999 ................ 698 1,235 1,164 257 165 216 232 196 659 767 606 543 662 1,247 645 3,0982003 ................ 685 1,405 1,469 371 208 217 248 235 883 719 679 587 799 1,542 631 3,559**N atural Gas** 1979 ................ 646 996 532 2143( ) 145 221 115 422 272 784 443 1,007 470 255 2,1741983 ................ 684 809 597 2463( ) 188 218 170 327 365 576 278 978 523 311 2,0911986 ................ 485 715 523 254 45 114 205 105 332 258 409 244 742 426 311 1,7231989 ................ 568 836 670 323 27 128 186 187 417 238 566 353 831 498 391 2,0731992 ................ 572 1,017 586 291 24 157 189 193 381 388 552 354 747 697 376 2,17419954............. 535 830 580 245 18 158 258 213 395 239 420 297 750 528 371 1,9461999 ................ 604 803 616 227 31 216 217 181 446 219 486 299 709 618 396 2,0232003 ................ 482 909 709 268 39 203 243 215 403 269 460 462 751 527 360 2,100**F uel Oil** 61979 ................ 177 272 231 1073( ) 15 97 20 103 107 232 285 133 237 26 6811983 ................ 85 140 90 613( ) Q 28 18 43 75 79 172 28 104 Q 3141986 ................ 114 206 121 103 Q Q Q 20 105 39 130 270 63 86 23 4421989 ................ 101 170 86 71 Q Q 17 10 76 43 122 237 61 50 Q 3571992 ................ 86 111 75 62 Q Q 21 16 55 47 67 194 26 48 Q 27219954............. 71 104 60 57 Q Q 21 Q 49 28 70 168 16 45 7 2351999 ................ 29 73 60 48 Q Q 19 Q 18 29 65 138 5 29 8 1792003 ................ 71 74 83 47 Q Q 11 35 41 18 68 181 24 15 9 228**D istrict Heat** 71979 ................ Q 61 136 273( ) Q 22 24 Q 58 57 64 93 Q Q 2011983 ................ Q 83 202 213( ) Q 70 22 Q 68 87 84 141 34 30 2891986 ................ Q 159 243 97 Q Q 80 Q 12 71 99 94 196 81 51 4221989 ................ 19 252 315 Q Q Q 92 Q Q 167 134 179 159 126 121 5851992 ................ Q 182 238 49 NC Q 55 65 Q 109 135 123 183 78 51 43519954............. Q 154 271 91 Q Q 70 57 Q 75 214 135 173 83 Q 5331999 ................ Q 158 213 117 Q Q 46 68 Q 74 126 136 132 67 98 4332003 ................ Q 165 460 134 NC Q Q Q Q 128 247 166 225 182 Q 6361See Appendix C for map of Census regions.2Includes electricity, natural gas, fuel oil, and district heat.3Included in "Food Service."4Beginning in 1995, excludes commercial buildings at multi-building manufacturing facilities, andparking garages.5Electricity only; excludes electricity system energy losses.6Distillate fuel oil, residual fuel oil, and kerosene.7Through 1983, includes purchased steam only. Beginning in 1986, includes purchased andnon-purchased steam and hot water.Q=Data withheld because either the relative standard error was greater than 50 percent or fewer than 20buildings were sampled. NC=No cases in the sample.Note: Data are estimates. Statistics for individual fuels are for all buildings using each fuel. Statistics for"Major Sources" are for the sum of "Electricity," "Natural Gas," "Fuel Oil," and "District Heat," across allbuildings using any of those fuels.Web Page: For related information, see http://www.eia.doe.gov/emeu/cbecs.Sources:•1979—Energy Information Administration (EIA), Form EIA-143, "Nonresidential BuildingsEnergy Consumption Survey."•1983—EIA, Form EIA-788, "Nonresidential Buildings EnergyConsumption Survey."•1986—EIA, Form EIA-871, "Nonresidential Buildings Energy ConsumptionSurvey."•1989 forward—EIA, Form EIA-871A-F, "Commercial Buildings Energy Consumption Survey."Figure 2.10 Commercial Buildings Energy Consumption and Expenditure Indicators, Selected Years, 1979-2003Buildings by Energy Source Used Consumption Consumption per Square FootSquare Footage per Building by Expenditures Expenditures Per Square FootEnergy Source Used62 Energy Information Administration / Annual Energy Review 20081Electricity only; excludes electrical system energy losses.2Distillate fuel oil, residual fuel oil, and kerosene.3See “Nominal Dollars” in Glossary.Note: For years not shown, there are no data available.Source: Table 2.10.District Heat1979 1983 1986 1989 1992 1995 1999 2003012345 Thousands of Buildings1979 1983 1986 1989 1992 1995 1999 20030255075100125

Thousand BtuFuel Oil21979 1983 1986 1989 1992 1995 1999 200301234

Quadrillion BtuElectricity1Natural GasDistrict HeatDistrict HeatNatural GasNatural GasElectricity1Fuel Oil2Fuel Oil2Fuel Oil2Electricity11979 1983 1986 1989 1992 1995 1999 20030306090

Thousand Square Feet1979 1983 1986 1989 1992 1995 1999 200300.30.60.91.21.5

Nominal Dollars21979 1983 1986 1989 1992 1995 1999 20030306090

Billion Nominal Dollars3Natural GasNatural GasFuel Oil2Fuel Oil2Electricity1Electricity1Electricity1Natural GasDistrict HeatDistrict HeatDistrict HeatEnergy Information Administration / Annual Energy Review 2008 63**T able 2.10 Commercial Buildings Energy Consumption and Expenditure Indicators, Selected Years, 1979-2003** **Energy Source and Year** **Building Characteristics Energy Consumption** **Energy Expenditures Number of** **Buildings Total** **Square Feet Square Feet** **per Building Total** **Per Building** **Per Square Foot** **Per Employee** **Total Per** **Building Per** **Square Foot Per** **Million Btu**ThousandsMillionsThousandsTrillion BtuMillion BtuThousand BtuMillion BtuMillionNominal Dollars1ThousandNominal Dollars1NominalDollars1NominalDollars1**M ajor Sources** 21979 ...................... 3,073 43,546 14.2 5,008 1,630 115.0 85.0 33,821 11.0 0.78 6.751983 ...................... 3,185 49,471 15.5 4,856 1,525 98.2 65.7 55,764 17.5 1.13 11.481986 ...................... 4,154 58,199 14.0 5,040 1,213 86.6 68.6 60,762 14.6 1.04 12.061989 ...................... 4,528 63,184 14.0 5,788 1,278 91.6 81.9 70,826 15.6 1.12 12.241992 ...................... 4,806 67,876 14.1 5,490 1,142 80.9 77.1 71,821 14.9 1.06 13.0819953................... 4,579 58,772 12.8 5,321 1,162 90.5 69.3 69,918 15.3 1.19 13.141999 ...................... 4,657 67,338 14.5 5,733 1,231 85.1 70.0 81,552 17.5 1.21 14.222003 ...................... 4,859 71,658 14.7 6,523 1,342 91.05( ) 107,897 22.2 1.51 16.54**E lectricity** 41979 ...................... 3,001 43,153 14.4 1,908 636 44.2 32.4 23,751 7.9 .55 12.451983 ...................... 3,052 48,327 15.8 2,129 697 44.1 28.9 39,279 12.9 .81 18.451986 ...................... 3,965 56,508 14.3 2,390 603 42.3 32.7 47,186 11.9 .84 19.741989 ...................... 4,294 61,563 14.3 2,773 646 45.0 39.3 55,943 13.0 .91 20.171992 ...................... 4,611 66,525 14.4 2,609 566 39.2 36.6 57,619 12.5 .87 22.0919953................... 4,343 57,076 13.1 2,608 600 45.7 34.1 56,621 13.0 .99 21.711999 ...................... 4,395 65,716 15.0 3,098 706 47.1 37.9 66,424 15.1 1.01 21.442003 ...................... 4,617 70,181 15.2 3,559 771 50.75( ) 82,783 17.9 1.18 23.26**N atural Gas** 1979 ...................... 1,864 30,477 16.4 2,174 1,167 71.3 52.5 5,814 3.1 .19 2.671983 ...................... 1,904 33,935 17.8 2,091 1,098 61.6 40.6 11,443 6.0 .34 5.471986 ...................... 2,214 37,263 16.8 1,723 778 46.2 35.2 8,355 3.8 .22 4.851989 ...................... 2,420 41,143 17.0 2,073 857 50.4 43.2 9,204 3.8 .22 4.441992 ...................... 2,657 44,994 16.9 2,174 818 48.3 42.5 9,901 3.7 .22 4.5519953................... 2,478 38,145 15.4 1,946 785 51.0 38.7 9,018 3.6 .24 4.631999 ...................... 2,670 45,525 17.1 2,023 758 44.4 36.0 10,609 4.0 .23 5.242003 ...................... 2,538 48,473 19.1 2,100 828 43.35( ) 16,010 6.3 .33 7.62**F uel Oil** 61979 ...................... 641 11,397 17.8 681 1,063 59.7 40.5 2,765 4.3 .24 4.061983 ...................... 441 9,409 21.3 314 714 33.4 19.8 2,102 4.8 .22 6.681986 ...................... 534 11,005 20.6 442 827 40.1 27.7 2,059 3.9 .19 4.661989 ...................... 581 12,600 21.7 357 614 28.3 21.0 1,822 3.1 .14 5.111992 ...................... 560 13,215 23.6 272 487 20.6 15.1 1,400 2.5 .11 5.1419953................... 607 14,421 23.7 235 387 16.3 10.2 1,175 1.9 .08 5.001999 ...................... 434 13,285 30.6 179 412 13.5 9.1 956 2.2 .07 5.352003 ...................... 465 16,265 35.0 228 490 14.05( ) 1,826 3.9 .11 8.01**D istrict Heat** 71979 ...................... 47 3,722 79.0 201 4,267 54.0 26.5 1,267 26.9 .34 6.301983 ...................... 64 4,643 72.9 289 4,530 62.1 34.4 2,627 41.2 .57 9.101986 ...................... 77 4,625 59.7 422 5,446 91.2 52.4 2,620 33.8 .57 6.211989 ...................... 98 6,578 67.0 585 5,964 89.0 56.5 3,857 39.3 .59 6.591992 ...................... 95 5,245 55.4 435 4,596 82.9 60.9 2,901 30.7 .55 6.6719953................... 110 5,658 51.5 533 4,849 94.1 51.2 3,103 28.3 .55 5.831999 ...................... 117 5,891 50.2 433 3,692 73.6 50.1 3,564 30.4 .60 8.232003 ...................... 67 5,576 83.0 636 9,470 114.05( ) 7,279 108.4 1.31 11.451See "Nominal Dollars" in Glossary.2Includes electricity, natural gas, fuel oil, and district heat.3Beginning in 1995, excludes commercial buildings at multi-building manufacturing facilities, andparking garages.4Electricity only; excludes electricity system energy losses.5Total number of employees not collected in 2003.6Distillate fuel oil, residual fuel oil, and kerosene.7Through 1983, includes purchased steam only. Beginning in 1986, includes purchased andnon-purchased steam and hot water.Note: Data are estimates. Statistics for individual fuels are for all buildings using each fuel. Statistics formajor sources are for all buildings, even buildings using no major fuel.Web Page: For related information, see http://www.eia.doe.gov/emeu/cbecs.Sources:•1979—Energy Information Administration (EIA), Form EIA-143, "Nonresidential BuildingsEnergy Consumption Survey."•1983—EIA, Form EIA-788, "Nonresidential Buildings EnergyConsumption Survey."•1986—EIA, Form EIA-871, "Nonresidential Buildings Energy ConsumptionSurvey."•1989 forward—EIA, Form EIA-871A-F, "Commercial Buildings Energy Consumption Survey."Figure 2.11 Commercial Buildings Electricity Consumption by End Use, 2003By End UseBy Principal Building Activity64 Energy Information Administration / Annual Energy Review 20081,340481436381167156886924418Lighting Cooling Ventilation Refrigeration Space Computers Water Office Cooking Other105001,0001,500

Trillion BtuHeatingHeatingEquipmentand StorageAssembly733719371248244235217208167149267Mercantile Office Education Health Care Warehouse Lodging Food Service Food Sales Public Service Other20200400600800

Trillion Btu (Cumulative)All Other Building ActivitiesCoolingLighting1Examples of “other” include medical, electronic, and testing equipment; conveyors, wrappers,hoists, and compactors; washers, disposals,dryers, and cleaning equipment; escalators, elevators, dumb waiters, and window washers; shop tools and electronic testing equipment; signmotors, time clocks, vending machines, phoneequipment, and sprinkler controls; scoreboards,fire alarms, intercoms, television sets, radios, projectors, and door operators.2Religious worship, public order and safety, vacant, and buildings that do not fit into any ofthe other named categories.Note: Data are estimates for electricity consumption, excluding electrical system energylosses.Source: Table 2.11.Energy Information Administration / Annual Energy Review 2008 65**T able 2.11 Commercial Buildings Electricity Consumption by End Use, 2003** (Trillion Btu)**End Use Space** **Heating Cooling** **Ventilation Water** **Heating Lighting** **Cooking Refrigeration** **Office Equipment** **Computers Other** 1**Total A** **ll Buildings**.................................... 167 481 436 88 1,340 24 381 69 156 418 3,559**P rincipal Building Activity** Education ...................................... 15 74 83 11 113 2 16 4 32 21 371Food Sales ................................... 6 12 7 Q 46 2 119 2 2 10 208Food Service ................................ 10 28 24 10 42 13 70 2 2 15 217Health Care .................................. 6 34 42 2 105 1 8 4 10 36 248Inpatient ..................................... 3 25 38 2 76 1 4 2 7 21178Outpatient .................................. 3 9 4 (s) 28 (s) 4 2 3 1569Lodging ......................................... 14 24 14 12 124 2 12 Q 6 24 235Mercantile ..................................... 58 109 68 38 308 2 49 8 11 83 733Retail (Other Than Mall) ............ 6 25 16 2 111 (s) 22 3 4 22 211Enclosed and Strip Malls ........... 52 84 51 36 197 2 27 5 8 61 523Office ............................................ 33 101 63 7 281 1 35 32 74 91 719Public Assembly ........................... 5 35 63 (s) 27 (s) 9 Q 3 23 167Public Order and Safety ............... 2 8 10 3 18 (s) 3 1 2 10 57Religious Worship ......................... 3 11 5 (s) 17 (s) 6 (s) 1 1862Service .......................................... 6 15 24 (s) 63 Q 9 1 3 28149Warehouse and Storage ............... 5 13 20 2 132 Q 36 2 5 30 244Other2.......................................... 2 16 11 Q 59 Q 10 Q 5 22 133Vacant .......................................... 1 2 1 Q 4 Q (s) Q (s) 7151Examples of "other" include medical, electronic, and testing equipment; conveyors, wrappers, hoists,and compactors; washers, disposals, dryers and cleaning equipment; escalators, elevators, dumb waiters,and window washers; shop tools and electronic testing equipment; sign motors, time clocks, vendingmachines, phone equipment, and sprinkler controls; scoreboards, fire alarms, intercoms, television sets,radios, projectors, and door operators.2Includes buildings that do not fit into any of the other named categories.(s)=Less than 0.5 trillion Btu. Q=Data withheld because either the relative standard error was greaterthan 50 percent or fewer than 20 buildings were sampled.Notes:•Data are estimates for electricity consumption, excluding electrical system energy losses.•One kilowatthour = 3,412 Btu.Web Page: For related information, see http://www.eia.doe.gov/emeu/cbecs.Source: Energy Information Administration, "Commercial Buildings Energy Consumption Survey 2003,"Table E3A.Energy Consumption by SectorNote. Electrical System Energy Losses.Electrical system energy losses arecalculated as the difference between total primary consumption by the electricpower sector—see Table 2.1f—and the total energy content of electricity retailsales—see Tables 8.9 and A6. Most of these losses occur at steam-electricpower plants (conventional and nuclear) in the conversion of heat energy intomechanical energy to turn electric generators. The loss is a thermodynamicallynecessary feature of the steam-electric cycle. Part of the energy input-to-outputlosses is a result of imputing fossil energy equivalent inputs for hydroelectric,solar, and wind energy sources, since there is no generally accepted practice formeasuring those thermal conversion rates. In addition to conversion losses,other losses include power plant use of electricity, transmission and distribution ofelectricity from power plants to end-useconsumers (also called "line losses"), andunaccounted for electricity. Total losses are allocated to the end-use sectors inproportion to each sector's share of total electricity sales. Overall, about twothirds of total energy input is lost in conversion. Currently, of electricity generated, approximately 5 percent is lost in plant use and 7 percent is lost in transmission and distribution.66 Energy Information Administration / Annual Energy Review 2008Financial Indicators3Figure 3.1 Fossil Fuel Production PricesPrices, 1949-2008Fossil Fuel Composite Price2, Change From Previous Year, 1950-200868 Energy Information Administration / Annual Energy Review 2008Fossil Fuel CompositeNaturalGasCoal1Calculated by using gross domestic product implicit price deflators in Table D1. See“Chained Dollars” in Glossary.2Based on real prices.Source: Table 3.1.1950 1955 1960 1965 1970 1975 1980 1985 1990 1995 2000 200502468101214

Chained (2000) Dollars1 per Million BtuCrude Oil1950 1955 1960 1965 1970 1975 1980 1985 1990 1995 2000 2005-60-40-200204060

PercentEnergy Information Administration / Annual Energy Review 2008 69**T able 3.1 Fossil Fuel Production Prices, Selected Years, 1949-2008** (Dollars per Million Btu)**Year Coal** 1**Natural Gas**2**Crude Oil**3**Fossil Fuel Composite**4**Nominal**5**Real**6**Nominal**5**Real**6**Nominal**5**Real**6**Nominal**5**Real**6**Percent Change** 71949 0.21 1.29 0.05 0.33 0.44 2.68 0.26 1.60 – –1950 .21 1.25 .06 .38 .43 2.62 .26 1.54 -3.61955 .19 .99 .09 .48 .48 2.55 .27 1.45 -3.71960 .19 .92 .13 .60 .50 2.36 .28 1.35 -2.31965 .18 .82 .15 .65 .49 2.19 .28 1.23 -1.51970 .27 .97 .15 .56 .55 1.99 .32 1.15 .81971 .30 1.05 .16 .56 .58 2.02 .34 1.18 2.11972 .33 1.09 .17 .57 .58 1.94 .35 1.16 -1.41973 .37 1.15 .20 .63 .67 2.11 .40 1.25 7.71974 .69 1.98 .27 .79 1.18 3.41 .68 1.95 55.81975 .85 2.22 .40 1.06 1.32 3.48 .82 2.16 10.91976 .86 2.13 .53 1.32 1.41 3.51 .90 2.24 3.81977 .88 2.07 .72 1.69 1.48 3.46 1.01 2.36 5.11978 .98 2.15 .84 1.83 1.55 3.39 1.12 2.44 3.41979 1.06 2.14 1.08 2.18 2.18 4.40 1.42 2.86 17.31980 1.10 2.04 1.45 2.68 3.72 6.89 2.04 3.78 32.11981 1.18 2.00 1.80 3.04 5.48 9.27 2.75 4.64 22.91982 1.23 1.95 2.22 3.54 4.92 7.84 2.76 4.40 -5.31983 1.18 1.81 2.32 3.56 4.52 6.93 2.70 4.14 -5.81984 1.16 1.72 2.40 3.55 4.46 6.60 2.65 3.91 -5.61985 1.15 1.65 2.26 3.24 4.15 5.96 2.51 3.60 -7.81986 1.09 1.52 1.75 2.45 2.16 3.03 1.65 2.32 -35.61987 1.05 1.44 1.50 2.05 2.66 3.63 1.70 2.32 .11988 1.01 1.34 1.52 2.01 2.17 2.87 1.53 2.03 -12.81989 1.00 1.28 1.53 1.94 2.73 3.48 1.67 2.13 5.01990 1.00 1.22 1.55 1.90 3.45 4.23 1.84 2.26 6.21991 .99 1.17 1.48 1.75 2.85 3.38 1.67 1.98 -12.51992 .97 1.12 1.57 1.82 2.76 3.19 1.66 1.92 -3.01993 .93 1.05 1.84 2.09 2.46 2.78 1.67 1.89 -1.51994 .91 1.01 1.67 1.86 2.27 2.52 1.53 1.69 -10.41995 .88 .96 1.40 1.52 2.52 2.74 1.47 1.60 -5.51996 .87 .92 1.96 2.09 3.18 3.39 1.82 1.94 21.31997 .85 .89 2.10 2.20 2.97 3.11 1.81 1.89 -2.41998 .83 .86 1.77 1.83 1.87 1.94 1.41 1.46 -22.81999 .79 .81 1.98 2.02 2.68 2.74 1.65 1.69 15.42000 .80 .80 3.32 3.32 4.61 4.61 2.60 2.60 54.22001 .84 .82 3.62 3.54 3.77 3.68 2.53 2.47 -4.92002 .87 .84 2.67 2.56 3.88 3.73 2.21 2.12 -14.22003 .87 .82 4.41 4.15 4.75 4.47 3.09 2.91 37.12004 .98 .89 4.94 4.51 6.34 5.79 3.61 3.30 13.42005 1.16 1.03 6.63 5.87 8.67 7.67 4.73 4.19R27.02006 1.24 1.06R5.79R4.97 10.29R8.82 4.73R4.05R-3.32007R1.29R1.08R5.77R4.82 11.47R9.57 4.99R4.16R2.72008P1.61 1.32 7.31 5.97 16.21 13.24 6.58 5.38 29.21Free-on-board (f.o.b.) rail/barge prices, which are the f.o.b. prices of coal at the point of first sale,excluding freight or shipping and insurance costs. See "Free on Board (F.O.B.)" in Glossary.2Wellhead prices (converted to dollars per million Btu using marketed production heat contents). See"Natural Gas Wellhead Price" in Glossary.3Domestic first purchase prices. See "Crude Oil Domestic First Purchase Price" in Glossary.4Derived by multiplying the price per Btu of each fossil fuel by the total Btu content of the production ofeach fossil fuel and dividing this accumulated value of total fossil fuel production by the accumulated Btucontent of total fossil fuel production.5See "Nominal Dollars" in Glossary.6In chained (2000) dollars, calculated by using gross domestic product implicit price deflators in TableD1. See "Chained Dollars" in Glossary.7Based on real values.R=Revised. P=Preliminary. – – = Not applicable.Web Page: For all data beginning in 1949, see http://www.eia.doe.gov/emeu/aer/finan.html.Sources: Tables 5.18, 6.7, 7.8, A2, A4, and A5.Figure 3.2 Value of Fossil Fuel ProductionOverview, 1949-2008 By Fuel, 1949-2008Overview, 200870 Energy Information Administration / Annual Energy Review 2008Production1In chained (2000) dollars, calculated by using gross domestic product implicit price deflators in Table D1. See “Chained Dollars” in Glossary.2See “Nominal Dollars” in Glossary.Sources: Tables 3.2, 3.7, and 3.8.1950 1960 1970 1980 1990 20000255075100125150175

Billion Chained (2000) Dollars1NaturalGas1950 1960 1970 1980 1990 2000050100150200250300350400450

Billion Chained (2000) Dollars1ProductionCrude OilCoalExportsImports38248878Production Imports Exports0100200300400500600

Billion Nominal Dollars2Energy Information Administration / Annual Energy Review 2008 71**T able 3.2 Value of Fossil Fuel Production, Selected Years, 1949-2008** (Billion Dollars)**Year Coal** 1**Natural Gas**2**Crude Oil**3,4**Total Nominal** 5**Real**6**Nominal**5**Real**6**Nominal**5**Real**6**Nominal**5**Real**61949 2.52 15.40 0.33 1.99 4.68 28.61 7.52 46.001950 2.91 17.59 .44 2.66 4.95 29.97 8.30 50.221955 2.30 12.28 .94 5.02 6.88 36.72 10.12 54.021960 2.10 9.97 1.79 8.50 7.42 35.24 11.30 53.711965 2.40 10.64 2.57 11.39 8.15 36.15 13.11 58.181970 3.88 14.11 3.73 13.53 11.19 40.62 18.80 68.271971 4.01 13.87 4.05 14.00 11.71 40.50 19.77 68.381972 4.65 15.42 4.28 14.19 11.71 38.83 20.65 68.441973 5.14 16.14 4.98 15.64 13.07 41.05 23.20 72.841974 9.65 27.79 6.48 18.66 22.00 63.36 38.13 109.811975 12.67 33.33 8.85 23.28 23.45 61.70 44.96 118.311976 13.40 33.33 11.57 28.79 24.37 60.64 49.34 122.761977 13.91 32.53 15.82 37.00 25.79 60.32 55.52 129.861978 14.65 32.02 18.18 39.72 28.60 62.51 61.43 134.251979 18.55 37.44 24.16 48.75 39.45 79.63 82.16 165.821980 20.45 37.84 32.09 59.37 67.93 125.70 120.47 222.911981 21.75 36.79 39.51 66.84 99.40 168.13 160.66 271.751982 22.84 36.41 45.71 72.88 90.03 143.53 158.58 252.811983 20.32 31.16 43.73 67.06 83.05 127.36 147.10 225.581984 22.94 33.91 48.69 71.97 84.10 124.31 155.74 230.191985 22.27 31.94 43.35 62.18 78.88 113.16 144.50 207.281986 21.18 29.73 32.71 45.90 39.63 55.63 93.52 131.261987 21.20 28.96 29.11 39.77 46.93 64.12 97.24 132.851988 20.97 27.71 30.28 40.01 37.48 49.51 88.73 117.221989 21.40 27.24 30.58 38.93 44.07 56.10 96.05 122.271990 22.39 27.45 31.80 38.97 53.77 65.91 107.96 132.321991 21.40 25.35 30.39 35.99 44.77 53.02 96.57 114.361992 20.98 24.28 32.56 37.69 41.97 48.58 95.50 110.561993 18.77 21.23 38.72 43.81 35.61 40.29 93.10 105.341994 20.06 22.23 36.46 40.40 32.07 35.53 88.59 98.161995 19.45 21.12 30.24 32.83 35.00 38.00 84.69 91.951996 19.68 20.97 42.99 45.81 43.68 46.54 106.35 113.321997 19.77 20.72 46.09 48.30 40.57 42.52 106.43 111.551998 19.75 20.47 39.12 40.56 24.80 25.71 83.68 86.741999 18.30 18.70 43.37 44.32 33.40 34.13 95.08 97.152000 18.02 18.02 74.33 74.33 56.93 56.93 149.27 149.272001 19.60 19.14 82.28 80.35 46.25 45.16 148.13 144.662002 19.68 18.88 58.66 56.30 47.21 45.31 125.54 120.502003 19.13 17.98 97.47 91.61 57.14 53.71 173.75 163.292004 22.16 20.25 106.57 97.35 72.93 66.62 201.66 184.222005 26.69R23.61 138.74R122.74 95.03R84.08 260.46R230.432006 29.25R25.07R124.03R106.30 111.16R95.27R264.44R226.652007R30.04R25.07R127.52R106.43R122.96R102.62R280.52R234.132008P38.18 31.19 173.14 141.43 170.56 139.32 381.88 311.941Coal values are based on free-on-board (f.o.b.) rail/barge prices, which are the f.o.b. prices of coal atthe point of first sale, excluding freight or shipping and insurance costs. See "Free on Board (F.O.B.)" inGlossary.2Natural gas values are for marketed production based on wellhead prices. See "Natural GasMarketed Production" and "Natural Gas Wellhead Price" in Glossary.3Includes lease condensate.4Crude oil values are based on domestic first purchase prices. See "Crude Oil Domestic FirstPurchase Price" in Glossary.5See "Nominal Dollars" in Glossary.6In chained (2000) dollars, calculated by using gross domestic product implicit price deflators in TableD1. See "Chained Dollars" in Glossary.R=Revised. P=Preliminary.Note: Totals may not equal sum of components due to independent rounding.Web Page: For all data beginning in 1949, see http://www.eia.doe.gov/emeu/aer/finan.html.Sources: Tables 5.1, 5.18, 6.2, 6.7, 7.2, and 7.8.Figure 3.3 Consumer Price Estimates for Energy by SourceTotal Energy, 1970-2006 By Energy Type, 2006Prices3 by Energy Type, Indexed, 1970-2006 By Petroleum Product, 200672 Energy Information Administration / Annual Energy Review 2008Fuel OilGasoline$17.35 in 20061See “Nominal Dollars” in Glossary.2Wood and waste; excludes ethanol and biodiesel.3Based on nominal dollars.4Liquefied petroleum gases.5Consumption-weighted averageprice for asphalt and road oil,aviation gasoline, kerosene,lubricants, petrochemical feedstocks, petroleum coke, special naphthas, waxes, and miscellaneous petroleum products.Source: Table 3.3.Electricity1970 1975 1980 1985 1990 1995 2000 2005036912151821

Nominal Dollars1 per Million Btu26.1517.899.623.181.780.44Retail Petroleum Natural Biomass2 Coal Nuclear051015202530

Nominal Dollars1 per Million BtuGasFuel1970 1975 1980 1985 1990 1995 2000 2005048121620

Index: 1970=1.00Natural Gas5Petroleum20.2718.5216.9514.807.9213.16Motor Distillate LPG Jet Fuel Residual Other03691215182124

Nominal Dollars1 per Million BtuNuclear FuelCoalBiomass24Fuel OilEnergy Information Administration / Annual Energy Review 2008 73**T able 3.3 Consumer Price Estimates for Energy by Source, 1970-2006** (Nominal Dollars1per Million Btu)**Year Primary Energy** 2**Electric Power** **Sector**11,12**Retail Electricity** 13**Total Energy** 9,10,14**Coal Natural** **Gas**3**Petroleum Nuclear** **Fuel Biomass** 8**Total**9,10**Distillate Fuel Oil** **Jet Fuel** 4**LPG**5**Motor Gasoline** 6**Residual Fuel Oil** **Other**7**Total**1970 0.38 0.59 1.16 0.73 1.46 2.85 0.42 1.38 1.72 0.18 1.29 1.08 0.32 4.98 1.651971 .42 .63 1.22 .77 1.49 2.90 .58 1.45 1.79 .18 1.31 1.15 .38 5.30 1.761972 .45 .68 1.22 .79 1.52 2.88 .62 1.49 1.78 .18 1.33 1.18 .42 5.54 1.841973 .48 .73 1.46 .92 2.02 3.10 .75 1.58 1.97 .19 1.39 1.29 .47 5.86 2.021974 .88 .89 2.44 1.58 2.81 4.32 1.82 2.60 3.06 .20 1.50 1.94 .87 7.42 2.871975 1.03 1.18 2.60 2.05 2.97 4.65 1.93 2.94 3.35 .24 1.50 2.19 .97 8.61 3.331976 1.04 1.46 2.77 2.25 3.21 4.84 1.90 3.08 3.47 .25 1.53 2.34 1.03 9.13 3.571977 1.11 1.76 3.11 2.59 3.65 5.13 2.14 3.27 3.73 .27 1.58 2.58 1.17 10.11 3.981978 1.27 1.95 3.26 2.87 3.60 5.24 2.08 3.45 3.84 .30 1.61 2.71 1.27 10.92 4.231979 1.36 2.31 4.69 3.90 4.50 7.11 2.83 4.70 5.23 .34 1.88 3.47 1.50 11.78 5.211980 1.46 2.86 6.70 6.36 5.64 9.84 3.88 7.04 7.40 .43 2.26 4.57 1.77 13.95R6.901981 1.64R3.42 8.03 7.57 6.18 10.94 4.91 8.67 8.68 .48 2.52 5.25 2.04 16.14R8.041982 1.73R4.22 7.78 7.23 6.66 10.39 4.65 7.87 8.40 .54 2.60 5.33 2.05 18.16R8.471983 1.70 4.72 7.32 6.53 7.17 9.12 4.50 7.60 7.77 .58 2.44 5.12 2.02 18.62R8.401984 1.71R4.74 7.37 6.25 6.93 8.89 4.75 7.67 7.68 .67 2.53 5.03 2.02 18.50R8.291985 1.69 4.61 7.22 5.91 6.55 9.01 4.30 7.55 7.63 .71 2.47 4.92R1.90 19.05 8.371986 1.62 4.07 5.68 3.92 6.44 6.79 2.37 5.80 5.73 .70 2.12 3.97 1.60 19.05R7.311987 1.53 3.77 5.97 4.03 6.07 7.23 2.86 5.63 6.04 .71 2.07 4.00 1.57 18.74 7.341988 1.50R3.77 5.83 3.80 5.88 7.33 2.35 5.26 5.91 .73 2.09 3.89 1.49 18.68R7.271989 1.48 3.82 6.43 4.39 5.54 8.02 2.72 5.50 6.43 .70 1.42 4.07 1.51 18.98R7.561990 1.49R3.81 7.68 5.68 6.77 9.12 3.17 5.82 7.47 .67 1.32 4.46 1.48 19.32 8.251991 1.48 3.74 7.29 4.83 6.81 8.93 2.62 5.74 7.20 .63 1.39 4.29 1.40 19.84R8.211992 1.45 3.83 7.09 4.52 6.21 8.96 2.28 5.52 7.07 .59 1.32 4.24 1.38 20.06R8.141993 1.42 4.10 7.08 4.29 6.23 8.83 2.26 5.50 7.01 .56 1.28 4.26 1.40 20.38R8.261994 1.39R4.07 6.99 3.95 6.66 8.96 2.32 5.47 7.06 .56 1.39 4.27 1.36 20.33R8.311995 1.37 3.73 6.98 4.00 6.56 9.22 2.46 5.74 7.29 .54 1.40 4.23 1.29 20.29R8.291996 1.33 4.25 7.87 4.82 8.03 9.85 2.80 6.19 8.02 .51 1.25 4.63 1.35 20.16R8.761997 1.32R4.52 7.66 4.53 7.43 9.81 2.93 5.88 7.86 .51 1.15 4.66 1.38 20.13 8.801998 1.29 4.13 6.57 3.35 6.01 8.45 2.15 5.04 6.64 .50 1.27 4.08 1.32 19.80 8.201999 1.27R4.15 7.19 4.01 6.65 9.31 2.51 5.30 7.33 .48 1.34 4.37 1.33 19.52R8.542000 1.24 5.62 9.86 6.64 10.20 12.01 4.32 6.97 9.91 .46 1.58 5.73 1.71 20.03 10.342001 1.29 6.87 9.17 5.72 9.61 11.35 3.99 6.36 9.32 .44R2.08R5.83R1.85 21.41R10.742002 1.30 5.27 8.63 5.33 8.15 10.67 3.91 6.54 8.82 .43R2.19R5.24R1.54 21.15R10.042003 1.32 7.00 10.04 6.46 10.41 12.34 4.75 7.55 10.31 .42R1.98R6.26R1.84 21.85R11.382004 1.41R7.94R12.21 8.93 12.33 14.57 4.92 8.48R12.22 .42R2.17 7.36R2.00 22.38R12.872005 1.62R9.91R16.40412.86 14.65 17.83 6.65R10.83R15.50 .43R3.13R9.22R2.61 23.92R15.522006 1.78 9.62 18.52 14.80 16.95 20.27 7.92 13.16 17.89 .44 3.18 10.20 2.48 26.15 17.351See "Nominal Dollars" in Glossary.2Consumption-weighted average prices for all sectors, including the electric power sector.3Natural gas only; excludes supplemental gaseous fuels.4Through 2004, includes kerosene-type and naphtha-type jet fuel. Beginning in 2005, includeskerosene-type jet fuel only.5Liquefied petroleum gases.6Beginning in 1993, includes ethanol blended into motor gasoline.7Consumption-weighted average price for asphalt and road oil, aviation gasoline, kerosene, lubricants,petrochemical feedstocks, petroleum coke, special naphthas, waxes, and miscellaneous petroleumproducts.8Wood and waste; excludes ethanol and biodiesel.9Includes coal coke imports and exports, which are not separately displayed. In 2006, coal cokeimports averaged 6.31 dollars per million Btu, and coal coke exports averaged 3.19 dollars per million Btu.10Includes electricity imports, which are not separately displayed. Also, in 1981-1992, includes ethanolblended into motor gasoline that is not included in the motor gasoline data for those years.11Electricity-only and combined-heat-and-power (CHP) plants within the NAICS (North AmericanIndustry Classification System) 22 category whose primary business is to sell electricity, or electricity andheat, to the public. Through 1988, data are for electric utilities only; beginning in 1989, data are for electricutilities and independent power producers.12Consumption-weighted average electric power sector price for coal, natural gas, petroleum, nuclearfuel, wood, waste, and electricity imports.13Retail electricity prices paid by ultimate customers, reported by electric utilities and, beginning in 1996,other energy service providers.14Consumption-weighted average price for primary energy and retail electricity in the four end-usesectors (residential, commercial, industrial, and transportation); excludes energy in the electric powersector.R=Revised.Notes:•Prices include taxes where data are available.•There are no direct fuel costs forhydroelectric, geothermal, wind, or solar energy.Web Page: For related information, see http://www.eia.doe.gov/emeu/states/_seds.html.Source: Energy Information Administration, "State Energy Data 2006: Prices and Expenditures"(November 2008), U.S. Table 1.Figure 3.4 Consumer Price Estimates for Energy by End-Use Sector, 2006By Sector Residential Sector by Major SourcesCommercial Sector by Major Sources Industrial Sector by Major Sources74 Energy Information Administration / Annual Energy Review 200821.5620.6411.3319.11Residential Commercial Industrial Transportation05101520253035

Nominal Dollars1 per Million Btu30.4919.8913.36Retail Petroleum Natural05101520253035

Nominal Dollars1 per Million BtuGasElectricity18.0214.148.762.832.66Retail Petroleum Natural Coal Biomass205101520253035

Nominal Dollars1 per Million Btu27.7215.8411.58Retail Petroleum Natural05101520253035

Nominal Dollars1 per Million BtuGas GasElectricityElectricity1See “Nominal Dollars” in Glossary.2Wood and waste; excludes ethanol and biodiesel.Notes: • Consumer prices are intended to represent prices paid by consumers. As suchthey include taxes where data are available. • There are no direct fuel costs for hydroelectric,geothermal, wind, or solar energy.Source: Table 3.4.Energy Information Administration / Annual Energy Review 2008 75**T able 3.4 Consumer Price Estimates for Energy by End-Use Sector, 1970-2006** (Nominal Dollars1per Million Btu)**Year Residential** **Commercial Industrial** **Transportation Natural** **Gas**2**Petroleum Retail** **Electricity**3**Total**4**Natural Gas** 2**Petroleum**5**Retail Electricity** 3**Total**6**Coal Natural** **Gas**2**Petroleum**5**Biomass**7**Retail Electricity** 3**Total**8**Petroleum**5**Total**91970 1.06 1.56 6.51 2.10 0.75 0.90 6.09 1.98 0.45 0.38 0.98 1.59 2.99 0.84 2.31 2.311971 1.12 1.61 6.80 2.24 .80 1.01 6.44 2.16 .50 .41 1.05 1.59 3.22 .92 2.37 2.371972 1.18 1.63 7.09 2.37 .86 1.04 6.71 2.33 .55 .46 1.05 1.59 3.40 .99 2.38 2.381973 1.26 2.11 7.44 2.72 .91 1.20 7.06 2.56 .63 .50 1.18 1.60 3.66 1.10 2.57 2.571974 1.42 2.87 9.09 3.38 1.05 2.25 8.91 3.41 1.22 .67 2.24 1.60 4.95 1.78 3.70 3.701975 1.67 3.04 10.29 3.81 1.32 2.39 10.11 4.08 1.50 .95 2.46 1.60 6.07 2.20 4.02 4.021976 1.94 3.26 10.93 4.13 1.61 2.49 10.82 4.39 1.50 1.21 2.57 1.60 6.48 2.43 4.20 4.211977 2.30 3.66 11.87 4.77 2.00 2.84 11.99 5.13 1.56 1.48 2.84 1.59 7.33 2.78 4.47 4.481978 2.52 3.79 12.63 5.13 2.20 2.92 12.78 5.51 1.73 1.66 2.96 1.60 8.18 3.03 4.59 4.591979 2.92 5.33 13.60 6.00 2.69 4.15 13.72 6.28 1.75 1.96 3.99 1.60 8.94 3.63 6.19 6.191980 3.60 7.26 15.71R7.49R3.31 5.64 16.06R7.87 1.87R2.51 5.75 1.67 10.81 4.71 8.60 8.611981R4.18 8.68 18.17R8.86R3.90 7.00 18.44R9.52 2.06 3.07 6.84 1.67 12.57 5.52 9.83 9.841982R5.04 8.69 20.11R9.81 4.70 6.65 20.11R10.40 2.09 3.80 6.51 1.67 14.51R6.06 9.42 9.431983 5.88 8.43 21.04R10.69R5.42 6.51 20.57R10.97 1.91 4.10 6.57 1.67 14.54 6.21 8.44 8.451984 5.95 8.47 20.96R10.70 5.40 6.49 20.89R11.12 1.91R4.12 6.56 1.67 14.16 6.12 8.25 8.261985 5.94 8.17 21.66R10.94 5.34 6.38 21.30R11.68 1.90R3.86 6.29 1.67 14.57R6.04 8.26 8.271986R5.68 6.82 21.75R10.78 4.94 4.32 21.10R11.25 1.80R3.19 4.92 1.65 14.45 5.36 6.21 6.221987R5.40 6.66 21.82R10.74 4.64 4.65 20.44R11.00 1.67 2.88 4.96 1.65 13.98 5.17 6.57 6.591988R5.33 6.63 21.92R10.68 4.51 4.38 20.34R10.85 1.68R2.89 4.62 1.65 13.78 5.00 6.56 6.571989 5.47 7.59 22.41R11.04 4.61 4.99 20.77R11.30 1.68 2.93 4.69 1.20 13.85 4.92 7.17 7.181990 5.63 8.75 22.96R11.91 4.70 5.95 21.20R11.92 1.69 2.95 5.48 .99 13.92 5.23 8.27 8.281991 5.66 8.56 23.57R12.11 4.69 5.44 21.73R12.10 1.67 2.80 5.31 1.14 14.18R5.19 7.98 7.991992 5.73 7.89 24.06R12.01R4.74 5.23 22.15R12.20 1.69 2.91 5.00 1.13 14.18R5.14 7.91 7.931993 5.99 7.73 24.40R12.31 5.08 5.00 22.40R12.61 1.63 3.12 4.93 1.12 14.22 5.16 7.87 7.881994 6.23 7.81 24.57R12.65 5.35 4.89 22.35R12.77 1.62R3.08 5.04 1.15 14.00 5.15 7.91 7.921995R5.90 7.75 24.63R12.65 4.94 4.97 22.29R12.66 1.63R2.79 5.20 1.21 13.68R4.98 8.08 8.091996R6.17 8.92 24.50R12.76 5.26 6.01 22.17R12.80 1.62 3.30 6.04 1.01 13.49 5.40 8.76 8.771997 6.75R8.91 24.71R13.32 5.67 5.92 22.03R13.07 1.62 3.53 5.68 1.01 13.29 5.34 8.69 8.701998 6.61 7.88 24.21R13.50 5.38 4.88 21.48R13.09 1.58 3.16 4.54 1.24 13.13 4.91 7.47 7.481999R6.51R8.10 23.93R13.21 5.22 5.35 21.01R12.89 1.58R3.20 5.07 1.38 12.98 5.12 8.23 8.232000 7.64R11.53 24.14R14.29R6.55 8.09 21.52R13.95 1.55 4.61 7.50 1.43 13.60 6.49 10.78 10.792001R9.43 11.65 25.16R15.70 8.32 7.64 22.99R15.58 1.63 5.71 6.75R1.95 14.78R6.87 10.21 10.212002 7.71R10.37 24.75R14.73 6.49 6.96 22.81R14.70 1.75R4.36 6.43R2.11 14.30R6.24 9.63 9.632003 9.23 12.30 25.56R15.87 8.02 8.38 23.54R15.63 1.74 6.03 7.78R1.62 14.97R7.39 11.20 11.212004 10.52R13.83 26.22R17.13R9.23 9.89 23.95R16.61 1.99 7.08 9.32R1.79 15.38R8.46 13.36 13.372005 12.34 17.29 27.68 19.21R10.95R13.47 25.40R18.60 2.56 9.07 11.85R2.73 16.77R10.36R16.85R16.852006 13.36 19.89 30.49 21.56 11.58 15.84 27.72 20.64 2.83 8.76 14.14 2.66 18.02 11.33 19.11 19.111See "Nominal Dollars" in Glossary.2Natural gas only; excludes supplemental gaseous fuels.3Retail electricity prices paid by ultimate customers, reported by electric utilities and, beginning in 1996,other energy service providers.4Includes coal and wood, which are not separately displayed.5Beginning in 1993, includes ethanol blended into motor gasoline.6Includes coal, wood, and waste, which are not separately displayed.7Wood and waste; excludes ethanol and biodiesel.8Includes coal coke imports and exports, which are not separately displayed.9Includes coal, natural gas, and retail electricity, which are not separately displayed. Also,in1981-1992, includes ethanol blended into motor gasoline that is not included in the petroleum data for thoseyears.R=Revised.Notes:•Prices include taxes where data are available.•There are no direct fuel costs forhydroelectric, geothermal, wind, or solar energy.Web Page: For related information, see http://www.eia.doe.gov/emeu/states/_seds.html.Source: Energy Information Administration, "State Energy Data 2006: Prices and Expenditures"(November 2008), U.S. Tables 2-5.Figure 3.5 Consumer Expenditure Estimates for Energy by SourceTotal Energy, 1970-2006 By Energy Type, 2006Expenditures3 by Energy Type, Indexed, 1970-2006 By Petroleum Product, 200676 Energy Information Administration / Annual Energy Review 20081See “Nominal Dollars” in Glossary.2Wood and waste; excludes ethanol and biodiesel.3Based on nominal dollars.4Liquefied petroleum gases.5Asphalt and road oil, aviation gasoline, kerosene, lubricants, petrochemical feedstocks,petroleum coke, special naphthas, waxes, and miscellaneous petroleum products.Source: Table 3.5.1970 1975 1980 1985 1990 1995 2000 200503006009001,200

Billion Nominal Dollars1Electricity Gas$1,158 billion in 20066813241904064Petroleum Retail Natural Coal Biomass2 Nuclear0100200300400500600700800

Billion Nominal Dollars1Fuel1970 1975 1980 1985 1990 1995 2000 2005048121620

Index: 1970=1.00Gasoline Fuel OilRetailElectricity35716450461252Motor Distillate Jet Fuel LPG Residual Other0100200300400

Billion Nominal Dollars1PetroleumNaturalGas4Coal5Fuel OilEnergy Information Administration / Annual Energy Review 2008 77**T able 3.5 Consumer Expenditure Estimates for Energy by Source, 1970-2006** (Million Nominal Dollars1)**Year Primary Energy** 2**Electric Power** **Sector**11,12**Retail Electricity** 13**Total Energy** 10,14**Coal Coal Coke** **Net Imports** 3**Natural Gas** 4**Petroleum Nuclear** **Fuel Biomass** 9**Total**10**Distillate Fuel Oil** **Jet Fuel** 5**LPG**6**Motor Gasoline** 7**Residual Fuel Oil** **Other**8**Total**1970 4,630 -75 10,891 6,253 1,441 2,446 31,596 2,046 4,172 47,955 44 438 63,923 -4,357 23,345 82,9111971 4,902 -40 12,065 6,890 1,582 2,531 33,478 2,933 4,449 51,864 73 446 69,360 -5,491 26,202 90,0711972 5,415 -26 13,198 7,552 1,682 2,889 35,346 3,458 4,777 55,702 104 476 74,947 -6,551 29,712 98,1081973 6,243 7 13,933 9,524 2,001 3,933 39,667 4,667 5,318 65,109 177 502 86,106 -7,952 33,774 111,9281974 11,118 150 16,380 15,217 3,208 5,273 54,194 10,547 8,284 96,723 259 544 125,341 -14,558 42,586 153,3701975 13,021 82 20,061 15,680 4,193 5,231 59,446 10,374 8,493 103,416 448 534 137,712 -16,545 50,680 171,8461976 14,051 44 25,097 18,402 4,567 5,993 64,977 11,648 9,925 115,513 520 622 156,003 -19,078 56,972 193,8971977 15,416 67 29,602 22,004 5,517 6,824 70,591 14,381 11,790 131,106 743 694 177,952 -23,715 66,225 220,4611978 17,551 362 33,185 23,587 6,205 6,621 74,513 13,747 13,348 138,021 915 782 191,196 -26,125 74,159 239,2301979 20,376 259 40,785 32,854 8,603 9,383 95,916 17,656 18,785 183,197 941 964 246,963 -31,472 82,051 297,5431980 22,607 -78R50,488 40,797 13,923 10,926 124,408 21,573 26,049 237,676 1,189R1,232R313,705R-38,010 98,095R373,7901981 26,159 -31R59,785 48,200 15,607 11,900 138,138 22,668 28,571 265,084 1,436 1,429R354,937R-44,252 116,455R427,1401982 26,349 -52R67,539 44,087 14,974 12,925 130,305 17,632 22,447 242,372 1,684 1,510R340,645R-42,336 127,393R425,7031983 26,987 -44R71,231 41,846 13,979 14,083 115,803 14,099 21,573 221,382 1,859 1,517R324,484R-42,546 134,731R416,6701984 29,025 -22R76,537 44,668 15,097 14,143 114,429 14,410 22,646 225,392 2,384 1,608R336,616R-44,669 142,420R434,3671985 29,678 -34R72,255 43,972 14,747 13,579 118,048 11,493 22,088 223,928 2,878 1,597R332,238R-43,953 149,233R437,5171986 27,855 -40R59,147 35,113 10,505 12,726 91,529 7,486 17,647 175,005 3,061 1,352R268,078R-37,009 151,793R382,8611987 27,532 7R57,575 37,729 11,448 12,887 99,864 8,062 17,687 187,677 3,378 1,300R279,569R-38,172 154,685R396,0821988 28,333 116R60,643 38,776 11,318 12,806 103,323 7,259 16,779 190,260 4,057 1,378R286,470R-38,544 162,063R409,9891989 28,284 137R65,736 43,159 13,434 12,187 112,720 8,357 17,060 206,917 3,939 2,270R308,647R-40,819 169,332R437,1601990 28,602 22R64,752 49,335 17,784 13,715 126,558 8,721 19,255 235,368 4,104 1,997R335,949R-40,609 176,691R472,0301991 28,129 44R65,474 45,269 14,609 14,976 123,118 6,784 18,231 222,987 4,073 2,165R324,062R-38,735 184,767R470,0951992 27,776 126R69,553 45,019 13,559 14,213 125,249 5,585 18,363 221,988 3,802 2,194R326,811R-38,648 186,906R475,0691993 28,229 96R76,490 45,732 13,002 14,018 126,560 5,449 18,318 223,079 3,597 2,193R334,391R-40,298 196,532R490,6241994 27,715 214R78,054 47,002 12,474 16,361 130,068 5,296 18,701 229,901 3,777 2,521R343,197R-40,336 200,831R503,6931995 27,431 234R74,544 47,533 12,525 16,306 136,647 4,676 19,218 236,905 3,810 2,938R346,769R-39,058 205,876R513,5871996 28,028 156R86,388 56,455 15,770 21,208 148,344 5,313 21,086 268,176 3,624 2,668R389,985R-41,635 211,105R559,4551997 28,277 170R92,857R55,922 15,000 19,905 149,668 5,206 21,578R267,279 3,369R2,425R395,363R-42,929 213,843R566,2771998 27,888 188R83,147 48,350 11,239 15,388 132,730 4,280 19,912 231,898 3,555 2,477R350,214R-43,291 218,361R525,2851999 27,310 140R84,485R54,565 13,878 19,184 149,260 4,686 21,221R262,793 3,643R2,659R382,309R-44,670 218,413R556,0522000 28,080 146R118,530R78,182 23,777 29,879 193,947 8,870 26,208R360,864 3,628R3,194R517,223R-60,026 231,577R688,7742001 28,202 82R138,742R74,920 19,602 25,734 185,892 7,266 22,911R336,325 3,524R3,494R513,058R-64,644 245,483R693,8972002 28,511 180R110,948R69,228 17,802 23,148 179,511 6,156 23,996R319,841 3,504R4,005R468,113R-54,215 247,598R661,4962003 29,402 169R143,952R83,768 21,096R28,400 209,592 8,325 27,786 378,967 3,362R3,599R560,821R-64,669 257,995R754,1472004R31,764 1,125R162,166R105,624 30,219R34,662R253,218 9,717 34,911R468,351 3,445R3,692R672,159R-71,699 268,136R868,5952005R36,932 633R199,605R143,523544,679R39,074R311,082 13,951R43,552R595,862R3,469R6,022R845,035R-95,927 295,789R1,044,8982006 40,004 509 189,640 164,123 50,007 45,617 357,119 12,426 52,152 681,443 3,637 6,247 924,002 -90,058 323,965 1,157,9101See "Nominal Dollars" in Glossary.2Expenditures by all sectors, including the electric power sector.3Values derive from U.S. Department of Commerce, Bureau of the Census, "Monthly Report IM-145"and "Monthly Report EM-545," and may differ slightly from those shown on Table 3.9, which derive fromBureau of the Census,U.S. International Trade in Goods and Services,FT600 series.4Natural gas only; excludes supplemental gaseous fuels.5Through 2004, includes kerosene-type and naphtha-type jet fuel. Beginning in 2005, includeskerosene-type jet fuel only.6Liquefied petroleum gases.7Beginning in 1993, includes ethanol blended into motor gasoline.8Asphalt and road oil, aviation gasoline, kerosene, lubricants, petrochemical feedstocks, petroleumcoke, special naphthas, waxes, and miscellaneous petroleum products.9Wood and waste; excludes ethanol and biodiesel.10Includes electricity imports, which are not separately displayed. Also, in 1981-1992, includes ethanolblended into motor gasoline that is not included in the motor gasoline data for those years.11Electricity-only and combined-heat-and-power (CHP) plants within the NAICS (North American IndustryClassification System) 22 category whose primary business is to sell electricity, or electricity and heat, to thepublic. Through 1988, data are for electric utilities only; beginning in 1989, data are for electric utilities andindependent power producers.12Expenditures by the electric power sector for coal, natural gas, petroleum, nuclear fuel, wood, waste,and electricity imports. Values are negative so the columns will sum to the "Total Energy" column.13Retail electricity expenditures by ultimate customers, reported by electric utilities and, beginningin1996, other energy service providers.14Expenditures for primary energy and retail electricity by the four end-use sectors (residential,commercial, industrial, and transportation); excludes expenditures for energy by the electric power sector.R=Revised.Notes:•Expenditures include taxes where data are available.•There are no direct fuel costs forhydroelectric, geothermal, wind, or solar energy.•Totals may not equal the sum of components duetoindependent rounding.Web Page: For related information, see http://www.eia.doe.gov/emeu/states/_seds.html.Source: Energy Information Administration, "State Energy Data 2006: Prices and Expenditures"(November 2008), U.S. Table 1.Figure 3.6 Consumer Expenditure Estimates for Energy by End-Use Sector, 2006By Sector Residential Sector by Major Sources2Commercial Sector by Major Sources3 Industrial Sector by Major Sources478 Energy Information Administration / Annual Energy Review 2008226167227538Residential Commercial Industrial Transportation0100200300400500600

Billion Nominal Dollars11416025Retail Electricity Natural Gas Petroleum050100150

Billion Nominal Dollars1106605253Petroleum Retail Natural Coal Biomass0255075100125

Billion Nominal Dollars11233410Retail Natural Petroleum0255075100125150

Billion Nominal Dollars1GasElectricityElectricity Gas51See “Nominal Dollars” in Glossary.2Expenditures for coal and wood are not displayed.3Expenditures for coal, wood, and waste are not displayed.4Expenditures for imports and exports of coal coke are not displayed.5Wood and waste; excludes ethanol and biodiesel.Notes: • Petroleum accounts for nearly all transportation sector expenditures. • There are nodirect fuel costs for hydroelectric, geothermal, wind, or solar energy. • Totals may not equalthe sum of components due to independent rounding.Source: Table 3.6.Energy Information Administration / Annual Energy Review 2008 79**T able 3.6 Consumer Expenditure Estimates for Energy by End-Use Sector, 1970-2006** (Million Nominal Dollars1)**Year Residential** **Commercial Industrial** **Transportation Natural** **Gas**2**Petroleum Retail** **Electricity**3**Total**4**Natural Gas** 2**Petroleum**5**Retail Electricity** 3**Total**6**Coal Natural** **Gas**2**Petroleum**5**Biomass**7**Retail Electricity** 3**Total**8**Petroleum**5**Total**91970 5,272 4,286 10,352 20,213 1,844 1,391 7,319 10,628 2,082 2,625 6,069 366 5,624 16,691 35,327 35,3791971 5,702 4,466 11,589 22,033 2,060 1,523 8,301 11,970 1,971 3,019 6,663 374 6,256 18,244 37,766 37,8241972 6,223 4,731 13,034 24,203 2,289 1,599 9,443 13,410 2,212 3,335 7,180 404 7,173 20,278 40,154 40,2181973 6,282 5,957 14,712 27,137 2,421 1,881 10,707 15,094 2,527 3,936 8,600 425 8,284 23,779 45,846 45,9181974 6,949 7,392 17,924 32,563 2,741 3,205 13,373 19,494 4,704 4,971 15,408 421 11,184 36,837 64,368 64,4761975 8,410 7,582 20,644 36,932 3,385 3,133 16,157 22,869 5,498 5,844 15,544 386 13,760 41,113 70,813 70,9331976 9,992 8,857 22,621 41,785 4,379 3,638 18,148 26,345 5,448 7,484 18,384 443 16,083 47,887 77,759 77,8801977 11,324 9,872 26,132 47,694 5,094 4,297 21,023 30,611 5,360 8,958 22,190 464 18,956 55,996 86,047 86,1601978 12,565 9,926 29,069 51,949 5,812 4,230 23,166 33,443 5,722 10,114 23,203 511 21,798 61,710 92,003 92,1281979 14,772 11,276 31,683 58,267 7,623 5,534 25,433 38,819 6,247 12,110 33,705 512 24,797 77,630 122,688 122,8261980R17,217 12,695 38,458R69,138R8,722 7,267 30,611R46,796 5,888R16,210 42,765 529 28,863R94,176 163,517 163,6801981R19,138 13,394 44,780R78,265R9,905 7,628 37,484R55,283 6,441R20,239 47,171 558 34,007R108,388 184,946R185,2041982R23,612 12,526 50,045R87,244R12,376 6,706 41,759R61,155 5,301R20,333 41,841 540 35,364R103,332 173,553R173,9721983R26,188 11,486 53,918R92,572R13,422 7,392 43,529R64,647 4,735R21,268 38,437 610 37,017R102,027 156,841R157,4231984R27,567 12,433 55,777R96,864R13,847 8,121 47,304R69,602 5,420R23,619 41,563 622 39,050R110,258 156,979R157,6431985R26,817 12,894 58,672R99,453R13,187 6,671 50,092R70,219 5,252R21,448 38,876 619 40,190R106,361 160,745R161,4841986R24,878 10,613 60,776R97,084R11,618 4,869 51,449R68,188 4,745R16,352 30,567 639 39,271R91,542 125,353R126,0471987R23,720 10,875 63,318R98,645R11,477 5,078 51,900R68,676 4,448R15,805 31,092 636 39,109R91,107 136,807R137,6541988R25,127 11,204 66,793R103,898R12,251 4,655 54,411R71,548 4,744R17,150 29,123 662 40,507R92,312 141,382R142,2311989R26,731 12,739 69,243R109,550R12,775 4,998 57,460R75,483 4,650R18,671 28,561 1,323 42,255R95,606 155,591R156,5211990R25,205 12,308 72,378R110,863R12,536 5,669 60,627R79,143 4,636R19,218 34,132 906 43,358R102,281 178,852R179,7431991R26,290 11,916 76,828R115,995R13,041 4,871 63,407R81,610 4,332R18,800 32,511 1,034 44,201R100,934 170,589R171,5561992R27,370 11,264 76,848R116,402R13,544 4,469 64,233R82,540 4,245R20,405 32,225 1,079 45,474R103,569 171,482R172,5581993R30,287 11,200 82,814R125,104R14,819 3,903 67,626R86,642 4,060R22,217 31,550 1,146 45,726R104,795 173,704 174,0821994R30,805 11,089 84,552R127,172R15,789 3,847 69,637R89,556 4,060R22,406 33,626 1,279 46,257R107,842 178,724 179,1231995R29,155 10,715 87,610R128,181R15,254 3,638 72,481R91,658 4,068R21,362 34,170 1,699 45,402R106,934 186,411 186,8131996R32,996 13,278 90,503R137,600R16,965 4,518 74,121R95,912 3,943R26,031 40,796 1,432 46,102R118,460 207,078 207,4831997R34,367R12,725 90,704R138,465R18,619 4,168 77,153R100,260 3,887R28,263 39,833 1,435 45,610R119,199 207,940 208,3531998R30,675 10,352 93,360R134,902R16,550 3,222 78,999R99,022 3,566R24,378 32,220 1,600 45,634R107,586 183,368 183,7751999R31,374R11,934 93,482R137,346R16,234 3,540 79,141R99,173 3,457R23,942 36,937 1,786 45,429R111,691 207,433 207,8432000R38,727R18,025 98,209R155,829R21,195 6,121 85,129R112,725 3,507R34,464 53,509 1,888 47,859R141,374 278,398 278,8462001R45,929R17,920 103,158R167,733R25,717 5,666 93,402R125,069 3,572R38,401 46,983R2,216 48,519R139,772 260,813 261,3232002R38,326R15,165 106,834R160,994R20,817 4,741 93,763R119,609 3,526R30,899 45,505R2,592 46,606R129,308 251,107 251,5852003R48,058R18,924 111,249R179,069R26,270 6,464 96,263R129,317 3,552R41,008 53,953R1,935 49,962R150,579R294,537R295,1822004R52,058R21,304 115,577R189,913R29,376 7,442 100,546R137,762 4,064R47,157 70,718R1,919 51,491R176,473R363,762R364,4482005R60,942 25,150 128,393R215,879R33,662 9,724 110,522R154,390 5,004R55,027R87,658R3,451 56,229R208,003R465,766R466,6262006 59,647 24,590 140,582 226,272 33,575 9,845 122,914 166,758 5,405 52,001 105,700 3,493 59,764 226,871 537,058 538,0081See "Nominal Dollars" in Glossary.2Natural gas only; excludes supplemental gaseous fuels.3Retail electricity expenditures by ultimate customers, reported by electric utilities and, beginning in1996, other energy service providers.4Includes coal and wood, which are not separately displayed.5Beginning in 1993, includes ethanol blended into motor gasoline.6Includes coal, wood, and waste, which are not separately displayed.7Wood and waste; excludes ethanol and biodiesel.8Includes coal coke imports and exports, which are not separately displayed.9Includes coal, natural gas, and retail electricity, which are not separately displayed. Also, in1981-1992, includes ethanol blended into motor gasoline that is not included in the petroleum data for thoseyears.R=Revised.Notes:•Expenditures include taxes where data are available.•There are no direct fuel costs forhydroelectric, geothermal, wind, or solar energy.•Totals may not equal the sum of components duetoindependent rounding.Web Page: For related information, see http://www.eia.doe.gov/emeu/states/_seds.html.Source: Energy Information Administration, "State Energy Data 2006: Prices and Expenditures"(November 2008), U.S. Tables 2-5.Figure 3.7 Value of Fossil Fuel ImportsTotal, 1949-2008 By Fuel, 1949-2008By Fuel, 200880 Energy Information Administration / Annual Energy Review 20081Calculated by using gross domestic product implicit price deflators in Table D1. See“Chained Dollars” in Glossary.2See “Nominal Dollars” in Glossary.3Natural gas, coal, and coal coke.Source: Table 3.7.Crude Oil1950 1960 1970 1980 1990 20000100200300400500

Billion Chained (2000) Dollars11950 1960 1970 1980 1990 2000050100150200250300350

Billion Chained (2000) Dollars1PetroleumProductsOther335496344Crude Petroleum Natural Coal and0100200300400

Billion Nominal Dollars2Oil Products Gas Coal CokeEnergy Information Administration / Annual Energy Review 2008 81**T able 3.7 Value of Fossil Fuel Imports, Selected Years, 1949-2008** (Billion Dollars)**Year Coal** **Coal Coke Natural Gas** **Crude Oil**1**Petroleum Products**2**Total Nominal** 3**Real**4**Nominal**3**Real**4**Nominal**3**Real**4**Nominal**3**Real**4**Nominal**3**Real**4**Nominal**3**Real**41949 (s) 0.01 (s) 0.02 0.00 0.00 0.30 1.86 0.14 0.84 0.45 2.741950 (s) .02 .01 .03 .00 .00 .37 2.23 .21 1.30 .59 3.581955 (s) .01 (s) .01 (s) .01 .65 3.49 .44 2.36 1.10 5.881960 (s) .01 (s) .01 .03 .13 .90 4.25 .73 3.48 1.66 7.881965 (s) .01 (s) .01 .11 .47 1.12 4.97 .92 4.10 2.15 9.551970 (s) (s) (s) .01 .26 .94 1.26 4.58 1.48 5.38 3.00 10.911971 (s) .01 .01 .02 .31 1.08 1.69 5.84 1.66 5.73 3.66 12.671972 (s) (s) (s) .02 .31 1.04 2.37 7.85 1.99 6.59 4.68 15.511973 (s) .01 .04 .12 .36 1.14 4.24 13.31 3.50 10.98 8.14 25.561974 .06 .17 .19 .56 .53 1.53 15.25 43.92 11.01 31.71 27.05 77.891975 .02 .06 .16 .41 1.15 3.03 18.29 48.13 6.77 17.81 26.39 69.441976 .02 .04 .11 .28 1.66 4.13 25.46 63.33 6.65 16.55 33.90 84.331977 .04 .09 .13 .31 2.00 4.68 33.59 78.57 8.42 19.69 44.18 103.341978 .07 .16 .41 .89 2.06 4.50 32.30 70.59 7.30 15.96 42.15 92.111979 .05 .10 .34 .69 3.13 6.31 46.06 92.96 10.45 21.09 60.03 121.151980 .03 .06 .05 .10 4.21 7.80 61.90 114.54 12.54 23.21 78.74 145.691981 .03 .05 .04 .07 4.41 7.46 61.46 103.96 14.30 24.18 80.24 135.731982 .02 .04 .01 .01 4.69 7.48 45.72 72.89 13.86 22.10 64.31 102.531983 .04 .07 (s) (s) 4.39 6.73 36.49 55.96 14.84 22.76 55.77 85.521984 .05 .07 .05 .07 3.44 5.08 36.44 53.87 17.87 26.41 57.84 85.491985 .07 .10 .04 .06 3.05 4.37 32.90 47.20 17.47 25.05 53.53 76.791986 .08 .11 .03 .04 1.82 2.56 22.61 31.73 12.18 17.10 36.72 51.531987 .06 .08 .05 .08 1.93 2.64 29.13 39.80 12.37 16.89 43.54 59.481988 .06 .08 .19 .26 2.38 3.14 27.55 36.39 12.43 16.43 42.62 56.301989 .10 .12 .22 .28 2.51 3.19 35.53 45.23 13.50 17.18 51.85 66.001990 .09 .11 .07 .09 2.97 3.64 43.78 53.66 16.90 20.72 63.83 78.231991 .11 .13 .09 .11 3.24 3.83 36.90 43.70 13.17 15.60 53.51 63.371992 .13 .15 .14 .17 3.96 4.58 38.55 44.63 11.98 13.87 54.77 63.401993 .25 .29 .17 .19 4.77 5.40 38.47 43.53 11.74 13.28 55.40 62.681994 .27 .30 .27 .30 4.90 5.43 38.48 42.63 11.14 12.35 55.07 61.011995 .32 .35 .33 .35 4.23 4.59 42.81 46.48 9.95 10.80 57.64 62.581996 .27 .29 .24 .26 5.79 6.17 54.93 58.53 15.27 16.27 76.51 81.521997 .26 .27 .25 .27 6.50 6.81 54.23 56.83516.93517.74 78.16 81.911998 .28 .29 .29 .30 6.21 6.44 37.25 38.61 13.01 13.49 57.05 59.131999 .28 .29 .23 .23 8.03 8.21 50.89 52.00 16.28 16.64 75.71 77.362000 .38 .38 .25 .25 14.94 14.94 89.88 89.88 29.38 29.38 134.81 134.812001 .67 .66 .19 .19 17.62 17.21 74.29 72.55 28.45 27.79 121.23 118.392002 .60 .58 .24 .23 12.61 12.10 79.25 76.07 23.52 22.57 116.22 111.552003 .79 .74 .24 .22 20.39 19.16 101.80 95.67 30.64 28.79 153.85 144.592004 1.02 .94 1.23 1.13 24.74 22.60 136.03 124.27 43.24 39.50 206.26 188.432005 1.42 1.26 .78 .69 35.25R31.18 182.94R161.85 67.12R59.38 287.52R254.372006 1.78 1.53 .64 .55 28.80R24.69 225.16R192.98 74.56R63.90 330.93R283.632007 1.73 1.45 .48 .40R31.65R26.42R245.77R205.12R81.85R68.31R361.48R301.702008P2.05P1.67P1.68P1.37E34.45E28.14P353.60P288.84P96.30P78.67P488.08P398.681Beginning in 1977, includes imports into the Strategic Petroleum Reserve.2Includes petroleum preparations, liquefied propane and butane, and, beginning in 1997, other mineralfuels.3See "Nominal Dollars" in Glossary.4In chained (2000) dollars, calculated by using gross domestic product implicit price deflators in TableD1. See "Chained Dollars" in Glossary.5There is a discontinuity in this time series between 1996 and 1997 due to the addition of thecommodity category "Other Mineral Fuels."R=Revised. P=Preliminary. E=Estimate. (s)=Less than 0.005 billion.Notes:•Includes value of imports into Puerto Rico from foreign countries; excludes receipts into the 50States and the District of Columbia from the Virgin Islands and Puerto Rico.•Totals may not equal sum ofcomponents due to independent rounding.Web Page: For all data beginning in 1949, see http://www.eia.doe.gov/emeu/aer/finan.html.Sources:**Coal**and**Coal Coke:**Bureau of the Census, Foreign Trade Division, upublished data.**Natural Gas:**•1949-1962—Bureau of the Census,U.S. Imports of Merchandise for Consumption,FT110.•1963—Bureau of the Census,U.S. Imports of Merchandise for Consumption,FT125.•1964-1971—Bureau of the Census,U.S. Imports for Consumption and General Imports,FT246.•1972and 1973—Federal Power Commission,Pipeline Imports and Exports of Natural Gas - Imports and Exportsof LNG.•1974-1977—Federal Power Commission,United States Imports and Exports of Natural Gas,annual reports.•1978-1981—Energy Information Administration (EIA),U.S. Imports and ExportsofNatural Gas,annual reports.•1982-2006—EIA,Natural Gas Monthly (NGM),monthly reports.•2007—EIA,NGM(March 2009), Table 4.•2008—EIA estimate.**Crude Oil**and**Petroleum Products :** •1949-1962—Bureau of the Census,U.S. Imports of Merchandise for Consumption,FT110.•1963—Bureau of the Census,U.S. Imports of Merchandise for Consumption,FT125.•1964-1988—Bureau of the Census,U.S. Imports for Consumption,FT135.•1989 forward—Bureauofthe Census, Foreign Trade Division,U.S. Merchandise Trade,FT900, "Exhibit 15. Exports and ImportsofGoods by Principal SITC Commodity Groupings," December issues.Figure 3.8 Value of Fossil Fuel ExportsTotal, 1949-2008 By Fuel, 1949-2008By Fuel, 200882 Energy Information Administration / Annual Energy Review 200859983Petroleum Natural Coal Crude Oil010203040506070

Billion Nominal Dollars21Calculated by using gross domestic product implicit price deflators in Table D1. See“Chained Dollars” in Glossary.2See “Nominal Dollars” in Glossary.3Natural gas, crude oil, and coal coke.Source: Table 3.8.1950 1960 1970 1980 1990 2000010203040506070

Billion Chained (2000) Dollars11950 1960 1970 1980 1990 20000102030405060

Billion Chained (2000) Dollars1PetroleumProductsOther3CoalGas andCoal CokeProductsEnergy Information Administration / Annual Energy Review 2008 83**T able 3.8 Value of Fossil Fuel Exports, Selected Years, 1949-2008** (Billion Dollars)**Year Coal** **Coal Coke Natural Gas** **Crude Oil Petroleum Products** 1**Total Nominal** 2**Real**3**Nominal**2**Real**3**Nominal**2**Real**3**Nominal**2**Real**3**Nominal**2**Real**3**Nominal**2**Real**31949 0.30 1.82 0.01 0.05 (s) 0.01 0.10 0.60 0.46 2.82 0.87 5.301950 .27 1.63 .01 .04 (s) .02 .10 .62 .39 2.39 .78 4.691955 .48 2.59 .01 .04 .01 .03 .04 .21 .60 3.20 1.14 6.071960 .35 1.68 .01 .03 (s) .02 .01 .04 .47 2.22 .84 3.991965 .48 2.12 .02 .07 .01 .03 (s) .02 .44 1.95 .95 4.191970 .96 3.49 .08 .29 .03 .11 .02 .07 .50 1.82 1.59 5.781971 .90 3.12 .04 .16 .04 .13 .01 .02 .50 1.74 1.49 5.161972 .98 3.26 .03 .10 .04 .13 (s) .01 .49 1.62 1.55 5.121973 1.01 3.18 .03 .10 .04 .13 (s) .01 .57 1.80 1.66 5.221974 2.44 7.02 .04 .13 .05 .16 .01 .04 .87 2.51 3.42 9.851975 3.26 8.58 .07 .20 .09 .24 (s) (s) 1.01 2.65 4.43 11.661976 2.91 7.24 .07 .17 .10 .25 .03 .07 1.07 2.66 4.17 10.391977 2.66 6.21 .07 .17 .11 .25 .21 .49 1.14 2.66 4.18 9.781978 2.05 4.48 .05 .11 .11 .24 .39 .85 1.23 2.69 3.83 8.381979 3.40 6.86 .08 .16 .13 .26 .39 .80 1.58 3.20 5.58 11.271980 4.63 8.56 .13 .24 .23 .42 .75 1.39 2.12 3.92 7.86 14.541981 5.92 10.01 .07 .13 .35 .59 .58 .98 3.24 5.48 10.16 17.181982 5.99 9.55 .06 .10 .30 .48 .47 .75 5.86 9.34 12.68 20.221983 4.06 6.22 .05 .07 .28 .43 .22 .34 4.88 7.48 9.48 14.541984 4.13 6.11 .07 .10 .27 .40 .19 .27 4.62 6.82 9.27 13.711985 4.47 6.41 .08 .11 .26 .38 .23 .32 4.90 7.02 9.93 14.241986 3.93 5.52 .07 .09 .17 .24 .12 .16 3.77 5.29 8.05 11.301987 3.40 4.65 .05 .07 .17 .23 .13 .17 3.80 5.19 7.54 10.301988 4.01 5.30 .08 .10 .20 .27 .08 .10 2.72 3.60 7.09 9.371989 4.29 5.46 .08 .10 .27 .34 .21 .26 2.65 3.38 7.49 9.541990 4.51 5.53 .05 .06 .27 .32 .14 .17 4.23 5.19 9.20 11.271991 4.62 5.47 .05 .06 .33 .40 .03 .04 4.65 5.51 9.69 11.481992 4.24 4.91 .04 .05 .49 .56 .03 .04 4.27 4.94 9.07 10.501993 3.09 3.49 .06 .07 .36 .41 .02 .02 4.15 4.69 7.68 8.691994 2.85 3.16 .04 .04 .40 .45 .05 .05 3.36 3.72 6.71 7.431995 3.57 3.87 .05 .05 .37 .40 .01 .01 3.56 3.87 7.55 8.201996 3.69 3.93 .06 .07 .46 .49 .56 .60 4.25 4.53 9.02 9.611997 3.39 3.55 .05 .06 .47 .50 1.04 1.0947.5547.91 12.51 13.111998 3.04 3.15 .04 .05 .39 .40 .90 .93 5.68 5.89 10.04 10.411999 2.13 2.18 .03 .03 .43 .44 .77 .79 6.35 6.48 9.71 9.922000 2.04 2.04 .05 .05 1.00 1.00 .46 .46 9.73 9.73 13.28 13.282001 1.80 1.76 .11 .11 1.56 1.53 .19 .18 8.68 8.48 12.34 12.052002 1.60 1.54 .06 .06 1.76 1.69 .09 .09 8.65 8.30 12.17 11.682003 1.55 1.45 .07 .07 3.77 3.54 .16 .15 10.05 9.45 15.59 14.652004 2.60 2.37 .11 .10 5.20 4.75 .28 .25 12.85 11.74 21.04 19.222005 3.35R2.96 .15 .13 5.53 4.89 .60 .53 18.56 16.42 28.18R24.932006 3.52 3.02 .13 .11 4.94 4.24 .85 .73 27.32R23.41 36.77R31.512007 4.16 3.47 .13 .11R5.69R4.75R1.02R.85R32.28R26.94R43.27R36.122008P7.96P6.50P.21P.17E8.55E6.98P2.30P1.88P59.27P48.42P78.29P63.951Includes petroleum preparations, liquefied propane and butane, and, beginning in 1997, other mineralfuels.2See "Nominal Dollars" in Glossary.3In chained (2000) dollars, calculated by using gross domestic product implicit price deflators in TableD1. See "Chained Dollars" in Glossary.4There is a discontinuity in this time series between 1996 and 1997 due to the addition of thecommodity category "Other Mineral Fuels."R=Revised. P=Preliminary. E=Estimate. (s)=Less than 0.005 billion.Notes:•Includes value of exports from Puerto Rico to foreign countries; excludes shipments from the50 States and the District of Columbia to the Virgin Islands and Puerto Rico.•Totals may not equal sumof components due to independent rounding.Web Page: For all data beginning in 1949, see http://www.eia.doe.gov/emeu/aer/finan.html.Sources:**Coal**and**Coal Coke:**Bureau of the Census, Foreign Trade Division, unpublished data.**Natural Gas:**•1949-1971—Bureau of the Census,U.S. Exports,FT410.•1972 and 1973—FederalPower Commission,Pipeline Imports and Exports of Natural Gas - Imports and Exports of LNG.•1974-1977—Federal Power Commission,United States Imports and Exports of Natural Gas,annualreports.•1978-1981—Energy Information Administration (EIA),U.S. Imports and Exports of Natural Gas,annual reports.•1982-2006—EIA,Natural Gas Monthly (NGM),monthly reports.•2007—EIA,NGM(March 2009), Table 4.•2008—EIA estimate.**Crude Oil**and**Petroleum Product s:** •1949-1988—Bureau of the Census,U.S. Exports,FT410.•1989 forward—Bureau of the Census,Foreign Trade Division,U.S. Merchandise Trade,FT900, "Exhibit 15. Exports and Imports of Goods byPrincipal SITC Commodity Groupings," December issues.Figure 3.9 Value of Fossil Fuel Net Imports, 1949-2008Value of Fossil Fuel Net ImportsValue of Fossil Fuel Net Imports by Fuel84 Energy Information Administration / Annual Energy Review 20081Calculated by using gross domestic product implicit price deflators in Table D1. See“Chained Dollars” in Glossary.2Includes small amounts of coal coke.Note: Negative imports indicate that the value of exports is greater than the value of imports.Source: Table 3.9.1950 1955 1960 1965 1970 1975 1980 1985 1990 1995 2000 2005-50050100150200250300350400-50

Billion Chained (2000) Dollars11950 1955 1960 1965 1970 1975 1980 1985 1990 1995 2000 2005-50050100150200250300350-50

Billion Chained (2000) Dollars1Coal2Natural GasCrude Oil andPetroleum ProductsEnergy Information Administration / Annual Energy Review 2008 85**T able 3.9 Value of Fossil Fuel Net Imports, Selected Years, 1949-2008** (Billion Dollars)**Year Coal** **Coal Coke Natural Gas** **Crude Oil Petroleum Products** 1**Total Nominal** 2**Real**3**Nominal**2**Real**3**Nominal**2**Real**3**Nominal**2**Real**3**Nominal**2**Real**3**Nominal**2**Real**31949 -0.29 -1.80 (s) -0.03 (s) -0.01 0.21 1.26 -0.32 -1.98 -0.42 -2.561950 -.27 -1.61 (s) -.01 (s) -.02 .27 1.61 -.18 -1.09 -.18 -1.111955 -.48 -2.57 -.01 -.04 -.01 -.03 .62 3.29 -.16 -.84 -.04 -.191960 -.35 -1.67 -.01 -.03 .02 .12 .89 4.22 .26 1.26 .82 3.891965 -.48 -2.11 -.01 -.07 .10 .44 1.11 4.95 .48 2.15 1.21 5.361970 -.96 -3.49 -.08 -.27 .23 .83 1.24 4.51 .98 3.56 1.41 5.141971 -.90 -3.11 -.04 -.14 .27 .95 1.68 5.82 1.15 3.99 2.17 7.501972 -.98 -3.26 -.03 -.09 .28 .91 2.37 7.85 1.50 4.97 3.13 10.391973 -1.01 -3.18 .01 .02 .32 1.01 4.24 13.31 2.93 9.19 6.48 20.341974 -2.38 -6.85 .15 .43 .48 1.37 15.24 43.89 10.14 29.20 23.63 68.041975 -3.24 -8.52 .08 .22 1.06 2.79 18.29 48.13 5.76 15.16 21.96 57.781976 -2.89 -7.20 .04 .11 1.56 3.88 25.43 63.26 5.58 13.89 29.72 73.941977 -2.62 -6.12 .06 .14 1.89 4.43 33.38 78.08 7.28 17.03 40.00 93.561978 -1.98 -4.32 .36 .79 1.95 4.26 31.91 69.73 6.07 13.27 38.31 83.731979 -3.35 -6.75 .26 .52 3.00 6.05 45.66 92.16 8.87 17.89 54.44 109.881980 -4.60 -8.51 -.08 -.14 3.98 7.37 61.15 113.15 10.42 19.28 70.88 131.151981 -5.89 -9.96 -.03 -.05 4.06 6.87 60.88 102.98 11.06 18.71 70.09 118.551982 -5.97 -9.52 -.05 -.08 4.39 7.00 45.25 72.15 8.00 12.76 51.63 82.311983 -4.01 -6.16 -.04 -.07 4.11 6.30 36.27 55.62 9.96 15.28 46.28 70.981984 -4.09 -6.04 -.02 -.03 3.17 4.68 36.26 53.59 13.25 19.58 48.57 71.791985 -4.39 -6.30 -.03 -.05 2.79 4.00 32.68 46.87 12.57 18.03 43.60 62.551986 -3.85 -5.40 -.04 -.06 1.65 2.32 22.49 31.57 8.42 11.81 28.67 40.231987 -3.35 -4.58 .01 .01 1.76 2.41 29.00 39.63 8.57 11.71 36.00 49.181988 -3.95 -5.22 .12 .15 2.18 2.88 27.47 36.29 9.71 12.83 35.53 46.931989 -4.19 -5.33 .14 .17 2.24 2.85 35.32 44.97 10.85 13.81 44.35 56.461990 -4.42 -5.41 .02 .03 2.71 3.32 43.65 53.50 12.67 15.53 54.63 66.961991 -4.51 -5.34 .04 .05 2.90 3.43 36.87 43.66 8.52 10.09 43.82 51.901992 -4.11 -4.76 .10 .11 3.47 4.02 38.52 44.59 7.72 8.93 45.70 52.901993 -2.83 -3.21 .11 .12 4.41 4.99 38.45 43.50 7.59 8.59 47.72 54.001994 -2.58 -2.86 .23 .26 4.50 4.98 38.43 42.58 7.78 8.62 48.37 53.581995 -3.24 -3.52 .27 .30 3.86 4.19 42.81 46.48 6.39 6.94 50.09 54.381996 -3.41 -3.64 .18 .19 5.33 5.68 54.37 57.93 11.01 11.74 67.49 71.911997 -3.13 -3.28 .20 .21 6.02 6.31 53.19 55.7449.3749.82 65.65 68.801998 -2.75 -2.86 .25 .26 5.82 6.03 36.36 37.69 7.33 7.60 47.00 48.721999 -1.85 -1.90 .20 .20 7.61 7.77 50.12 51.21 9.94 10.15 66.00 67.442000 -1.66 -1.66 .20 .20 13.94 13.94 89.41 89.41 19.65 19.65 121.53 121.532001 -1.13 -1.10 .08 .08 16.05 15.68 74.11 72.37 19.77 19.31 108.89 106.342002 -1.00 -.96 .18 .17 10.85 10.41 79.16 75.98 14.87 14.27 104.06 99.872003 -.76 -.71 .17 .16 16.62 15.62 101.64 95.52 20.59 19.35 138.26 129.932004 -1.57 -1.44 1.12 1.03 19.54 17.85 135.75 124.02 30.38 27.76 185.23 169.222005 -1.93 -1.71 .63 .56 29.72R26.29 182.35R161.32 48.56R42.96 259.34R229.432006 -1.74 -1.49 .51 .44 23.86R20.45 224.30R192.24 47.24R40.49 294.17R252.122007 -2.42R-2.02 .35 .29R25.96R21.67R244.76R204.28R49.57R41.37R318.21R265.582008P-5.92P-4.83P1.47P1.20E25.90E21.16P351.31P286.96P37.03P30.25P409.79P334.731Includes petroleum preparations, liquefied propane and butane, and, beginning in 1997, other mineralfuels.2See "Nominal Dollars" in Glossary.3In chained (2000) dollars, calculated by using gross domestic product implicit price deflators in TableD1. See "Chained Dollars" in Glossary.4There is a discontinuity in this time series between 1996 and 1997 due to the addition of thecommodity category "Other Mineral Fuels."R=Revised. P=Preliminary. E=Estimate. (s)=Less than 0.005 billion.Notes:•Net imports equal imports minus exports. Minus sign indicates that the value of exportsisgreater than the value of imports.•Totals may not equal sum of components due to independentrounding.•Data on this table may not equal data on Table 3.7 minus data on Table 3.8 duetoindependent rounding.Web Page: For all data beginning in 1949, see http://www.eia.doe.gov/emeu/aer/finan.html.Sources: Tables 3.7 and 3.8.Figure 3.10 Major U.S. Energy Companies’ Domestic Production and RefiningCrude Oil and Natural Gas Liquids Production Dry Natural Gas Production Coal Productionby Major Energy Companies, 1974-2007 by Major Energy Companies, 1974-2007 by Major Energy Companies, 1974-2005Major Energy Companies’ Shares of U.S. Total Production, Major Energy Companies’ Shares of U.S. Refining Capacity and Output,1974-2007 1974-200786 Energy Information Administration / Annual Energy Review 2008Note: “Major U.S. Energy Companies” are the top publicly-owned, U.S.-based crude oil andnatural gas producers and petroleum refiners thatform the Financial Reporting System (FRS).See Table 3.14.Source: Table 3.10.1975 1980 1985 1990 1995 2000 200502468 Million Barrels per Day1975 1980 1985 1990 1995 2000 200503691215

Trillion Cubic Feet1975 1980 1985 1990 1995 2000 20050100200300400

Million Short TonsDry Natural GasNote: Expanded coverage of refiningin 1998 Financial Reporting System.1975 1980 1985 1990 1995 2000 20050255075100

Percent1975 1980 1985 1990 1995 2000 2005010203040506070

PercentUraniumOutputCoalCapacityCrude Oil and Natural Gas LiquidsEnergy Information Administration / Annual Energy Review 2008 87**T able 3.10 Major U.S. Energy Companies’ Domestic Production and Refining, 1974-2007** **Year Production** **Refining Crude Oil and** **Natural Gas Liquids**1**Dry Natural Gas**1**Coal**2**Uranium Capacity** 3**Output**4Million Barrelsper DayPercent ofU.S. TotalTrillionCubic FeetPercent ofU.S. TotalMillionShort TonsPercent ofU.S. TotalMillionPounds5Percent ofU.S. Total6Million Barrelsper DayPercent ofU.S. Total7Million Barrelsper DayPercent ofU.S. Total71974 5.9 56.0 11.6 56.1 87.4 14.3 NA NA 13.3 88.8 11.8 87.61975 5.6 56.1 11.0 57.4 88.1 13.5 4.3 18.6 13.4 88.2 12.0 87.41976 5.4 55.7 10.6 55.6 89.0 13.0 3.3 13.0 14.2 86.7 12.6 86.21977 5.5 55.3 10.3 53.6 89.1 12.8 16.0 53.4 14.6 85.6 13.5 85.01978 5.8 56.8 10.1 52.7 85.5 12.8 17.3 46.8 14.8 84.7 13.5 84.51979 5.7 56.3 9.9 50.3 123.3 15.8 16.7 44.7 14.4 79.9 13.2 83.91980 5.7 56.1 9.3 47.7 142.3 17.2 19.0 43.5 15.1 81.0 12.2 83.31981 5.7 55.8 9.2 47.8 154.8 18.8 14.5 37.7 14.6 81.4 11.2 80.31982 5.7 55.9 8.3 46.7 195.2 23.3 9.2 34.2 13.6 80.9 10.6 79.01983 5.6 55.1 7.4 45.8 185.2 23.7 6.6 31.4 13.0 80.6 10.3 78.71984 5.7 54.3 7.9 45.5 226.0 25.2 4.1 27.8 12.8 81.6 10.9 80.01985 5.8 54.9 7.3 44.6 230.4 26.1 2.1 18.9 12.6 81.6 10.8 78.91986 5.7 56.0 7.1 44.5 227.6 25.6 1.6 12.1 12.5 80.5 11.4 78.51987 5.7 57.0 7.2 43.4 255.3 27.8 NA NA 12.5 78.3 11.7 79.71988 5.5 56.2 7.7 45.1 285.3 30.0 NA NA 12.3 78.4 12.0 79.91989 5.2 57.2 7.5 43.2 286.9 29.3 NA NA 11.5 73.8 11.4 75.21990 5.0 55.8 7.6 42.6 282.0 27.4 NA NA 11.4 72.5 11.3 74.01991 5.0 54.9 7.5 42.4 289.6 29.1 NA NA 11.2 71.4 11.1 72.91992 4.8 53.9 7.9 44.2 251.9 25.3 .0 .0 11.0 72.4 11.0 71.41993 4.5 52.1 7.7 42.3 197.3 20.9 .0 .0 10.7 71.3 10.8 68.61994 4.4 52.1 8.0 42.5 179.7 17.4 .0 .0 10.6 69.0 10.8 68.51995 4.3 51.7 8.1 43.3 165.4 16.0 .0 .0 10.4 68.0 10.7 66.61996 4.2 50.5 8.2 43.4 169.4 15.9 .0 .0 10.5 67.8 11.0 67.11997 4.0 48.3 8.3 43.9 163.3 15.0 .0 .0 9.4 59.9 10.0 59.91998 3.8 47.5 8.4 44.1 73.9 6.6 .0 .0814.3887.8814.9887.71999 3.6 46.3 8.0 42.4 44.0 4.0 .0 .0 14.2 85.7R14.5R85.62000 3.5 44.8 8.3 43.5 34.6 3.2 .0 .0 14.4 86.9R14.4R83.62001 3.7 48.7 8.8 45.1 31.3 2.8 .0 .0 15.2 90.3R14.9R86.42002 3.7 48.4 8.7 46.0 27.8 2.5 .0 .0 14.2 84.7R14.7R85.02003 3.5 47.3 8.3 43.7 16.8 1.6 .0 .0 14.3 84.5R14.6R83.42004 3.3 45.7 8.2 44.0 18.1 1.6 .0 .0 14.4 84.1R15.1R84.72005 3.1 44.5 7.8 43.1 18.0 1.6 .0 .0 14.5 83.8R15.0R84.52006 2.9 43.1 7.9R42.8 NA NA .0 .0 14.7 84.0R14.7R81.92007 2.8 41.6 8.4 43.8 NA NA .0 .0 14.1 80.1 14.2 78.71Production is on a net ownership basis. "Net ownership" is all reserve quantities owned, regardless oftype of ownership (e.g., working interest or royalty).2Bituminous coal, subbituminous coal, and lignite.3Operable capacity as of January 1 of the following year.4Includes refinery output at own refineries for own account and at others’ refineries for own account.5Production of uranium oxide (U3O8). See "Uranium Oxide" in Glossary.6Percent of U.S. total uranium concentrate production. See "Uranium Concentrate" in Glossary.7The Financial Reporting System (FRS) data include Puerto Rico and the Virgin Islands; U.S. Totals donot include Puerto Rico and the Virgin Islands.8There is a discontinuity in this time series between 1997 and 1998 due to the expanded coverage ofthe FRS.R=Revised. NA=Not available.Note: "Major U.S. Energy Companies" are the top publicly-owned, U.S.-based crude oil and natural gasproducers and petroleum refiners that form the FRS. See Table 3.14.Web Page: For related information, see http://www.eia.doe.gov/emeu/finance.Sources:**Production and Refining:**•1974-1976—Energy Information Administration (EIA), FormEIA-28, "Financial Reporting System" database, November 1998.•1977 forward—EIA,PerformanceProfiles of Major Energy Producers,annual reports.**Percent of U.S. Total:**Tables 5.1, 5.8, 5.9, 6.1, 7.1,and 9.3.Figure 3.11 Major U.S. Energy Companies’ Net IncomeTotal, 1974-2007 Total by Type of Business, 2007U.S. Petroleum, 1977-2007 Foreign Petroleum, 1977-200788 Energy Information Administration / Annual Energy Review 20081See “Nominal Dollars” in Glossary.2Coal, nuclear, renewable fuels, and nonconventional energy.3 Beginning in 2003, includes International Marine.Note: “Major U.S. Energy Companies” are the top publicly-owned, U.S.-based crude oil andnatural gas producers and petroleum refiners that form the Financial Reporting System (FRS).See Table 3.14.Source: Table 3.11.Energy2Power1975 1980 1985 1990 1995 2000 2005050100150

Billion Nominal Dollars11980 1985 1990 1995 2000 200501020304050-5

Billion Nominal Dollars11980 1985 1990 1995 2000 20050102030405060-5

Billion Nominal Dollars11199-216Petroleum Downstream Electric Other Non--20020406080100120140

Billion Nominal Dollars1EnergyNatural GasCrude Oil andNatural GasProductionRefiningandMarketingRateRegulatedPipelinesCrude Oil andNatural GasProductionRefiningandMarketing3International MarineEnergy Information Administration / Annual Energy Review 2008 89**T able 3.11 Major U.S. Energy Companies’ Net Income, 1974-2007** (Billion Nominal Dollars1)**Year Petroleum** 2**Down stream** **Natural Gas** 2,3**Electric Power** **Coal Other** **Energy**4**Non Energy** **Total**5**United States Foreign** **Total Petroleum** **Crude Oil and Natural Gas** **Production Refining** **and Marketing** **Rate Regulated** **Pipelines Total** **Crude Oil and Natural Gas** **Production Refining** **and Marketing** **Inter national** **Marine Total** 1974 NA NA NA NA NA NA NA NA NA NA NA NA NA NA 13.61975 NA NA NA NA NA NA NA NA NA NA NA NA NA NA 10.31976 NA NA NA NA NA NA NA NA NA NA NA NA NA NA 12.01977 6.4 1.5 .8 8.6 3.6 .7 .1 4.4 13.06( )7( ) .2 (s) 1.7 12.71978 6.7 1.6 1.2 9.5 3.5 1.8 -.1 5.2 14.76( )7( ) .1 -.1 1.8 13.91979 9.4 2.3 1.7 13.4 5.2 4.3 .1 9.7 23.06( )7( ) .3 -.1 2.8 23.51980 13.8 2.5 1.7 17.9 6.9 4.3 .1 11.2 29.16( )7( ) .3 (s) 2.3 31.01981 16.8 1.3 1.8 19.9 8.0 1.6 -.1 9.6 29.56( )7( ) .4 -.3 1.6 30.01982 14.1 1.9 2.3 18.3 6.1 .8 -.3 6.7 25.06( )7( ) .4 -.3 .4 21.81983 12.2 1.6 2.0 15.9 7.2 1.3 -.5 8.2 24.06( )7( ) .5 (s) 1.8 21.91984 13.3 .1 2.5 15.8 7.5 .7 -.4 7.8 23.66( )7( ) .6 -.1 2.9 21.31985 12.1 2.3 2.3 16.7 8.0 .5 -.4 8.1 24.86( )7( ) .4 -.3 2.5 17.41986 .9 1.6 2.6 5.2 4.7 2.9 .1 7.7 12.96( )7( ) .2 (s) 2.8 9.21987 4.7 1.1 2.6 8.4 5.4 1.0 -.1 6.4 14.86( )7( ) .4 (s) 7.1 11.31988 3.2 5.4 2.0 10.6 4.3 2.4 .1 6.9 17.56( )7( ) .6 -.1 10.8 22.31989 3.1 4.5 1.9 9.5 4.7 1.8 .2 6.7 16.26( )7( ) .4 -.1 8.7 19.81990 8.7 2.2 2.1 12.9 7.4 2.8 .2 10.5 23.46( )7( ) .3 .1 4.3 21.61991 5.1 .9 2.0 7.9 5.4 4.1 .3 9.8 17.76( )7( ) .6 .1 1.6 14.71992 5.6 -.2 2.1 7.5 4.7 2.2 (s) 6.9 14.46( )7( ) -.5 .1 1.2 1.81993 4.8 1.7 1.6 8.1 5.2 3.2 (s) 8.4 16.56( )7( ) .4 .1 2.7 15.51994 4.8 1.8 1.8 8.5 4.0 2.0 (s) 5.9 14.46( )7( ) .2 .2 6.2 16.51995 3.7 .5 2.2 6.4 5.9 2.4 (s) 8.3 14.76( )7( ) .3 .2 12.6 21.11996 11.8 2.3 1.6 15.7 9.2 2.0 (s) 11.2 26.96( )7( ) .5 .2 8.0 32.01997 11.6 3.1 1.3 16.0 9.6 3.6 .1 13.3 29.36( )7( ) .3 .3 6.3 32.11998 .5 5.9 1.4 7.8 2.0 2.9 .1 5.1 12.86( )7( ) .5 .9 1.8 12.51999 7.4 4.9 2.4 14.8 8.2 1.9 (s) 10.1 24.86( )7( ) .2 .7 2.8 22.92000 21.9 7.7 2.3 31.8 18.5 2.9 (s) 21.4 53.36( )7( ) (s) 2.7 3.6 53.22001 17.6 12.0 3.3 32.9 14.6 3.1 .2 17.8 50.86( )7( ) .1 2.0 -2.7 37.72002 15.0 -1.4 1.7 15.4 12.9 -.4 (s) 12.5 27.96( )7( ) (s) -1.5 1.8 20.62003222.627.42.8230.9221.32,82.98( )224.3255.1 3.6 1.07( ) .1 .9 57.42004 30.1 15.2 .4 45.8 28.687.08( ) 35.5 81.3 3.3 .67( ) 1.1 4.2 81.12005 40.5 21.0 .5 61.9 48.787.88( ) 56.5 118.5 2.2 .47( ) 1.0 4.2 119.22006R41.8 24.3 .2R66.3R51.487.58( )R58.9R125.2R3.7 1.27( ) .6 6.2R131.42007 40.1 22.4 .3 62.7 47.089.28( ) 56.2 118.9 8.8 -1.67( ) .8 5.6 124.81See "Nominal Dollars" in Glossary.2Through 2002, natural gas operations are included in the "Petroleum" line of business. Beginning in2003, downstream natural gas operations are included in their own line of business.3"Downstream Natural Gas" is a line of business that begins with the procurement of natural gas,processes and gathers natural gas, produces natural gas liquids, imports liquefied natural gas, marketsand trades natural gas and natural gas liquids, and delivers wholesale and retail volumes of natural gasand natural gas liquids.4Through 2002, includes electric power, nuclear, renewable fuels, and nonconventional energy(including oil shale, tar sands, coal liquefaction and gasification, geothermal, and solar). Beginning in2003, includes coal, nuclear, renewable fuels, and nonconventional energy.5Total is sum of components shown, minus eliminations and nontraceables (see Notes).6Included in "Petroleum."7Included in "Other Energy."8"International Marine" is included with "Foreign Refining and Marketing" to prevent disclosure.R=Revised. NA=Not available. (s)=Less than 0.05 billion and greater than -0.05 billion.Notes:•"Major U.S. Energy Companies" are the top publicly-owned, U.S.-based crude oil and naturalgas producers and petroleum refiners that form the Financial Reporting System. See Table 3.14.•"Netincome" is operating income plus other income and extraordinary income less operating expenses, taxes,interest charges, other deductions, and extraordinary deductions.•"Eliminations" are revenues andexpenses resulting from transactions between segments of the energy industry. Consolidated companyaccounts do not include intersegment revenues and expenses. Therefore, such intersegment transactionsmust be eliminated.•"Nontraceables" are energy companies’ revenues, costs, assays, and liabilities thatcannot be directly attributed to a type of business by use of a reasonable allocation method developed onthe basis of operating-level utilities.Web Page: For related information, see http://www.eia.doe.gov/emeu/finance.Sources:•1974-1976—Energy Information Administration (EIA), Form EIA-28, "Financial ReportingSystem" database, November 1997.•1977 forward—EIA,Performance Profiles of Major EnergyProducers,annual reports.Figure 3.12 Major U.S. Energy Companies’ ProfitabilityTotal, 1974-2007 Total by Activity, 2007U.S. Petroleum, 1977-2007 Foreign Petroleum, 1977-200790 Energy Information Administration / Annual Energy Review 20081Coal, nuclear, renewable fuels, and nonconventional energy.Note: “Major U.S. Energy Companies” are the top publicly-owned crude oil and natural gasproducers and petroleum refiners that form the Financial Reporting System (FRS). See Table3.14.Source: Table 3.12.StreamNaturalGas1975 1980 1985 1990 1995 2000 200505101520

Percent1980 1985 1990 1995 2000 2005-5051015202530-5

Percent1980 1985 1990 1995 2000 2005-20-100102030-20

PercentEnergyPower Energy117.815.6-31.3612.5Petroleum Down- Electric Other Non--35-30-25-20-15-10-50510152025

PercentCrude Oil andNatural GasProductionRateRegulatedPipelinesRefiningandMarketingCrude Oil andNatural GasProductionRefiningandMarketingInternationalMarineEnergy Information Administration / Annual Energy Review 2008 91**T able 3.12 Major U.S. Energy Companies’ Profitability, 1974-2007** (Percent)**Year Petroleum** 1**Down stream** **Natural Gas** 1,2**Electric Power** **Coal Other** **Energy**3**Non Energy** **Total United States** **Foreign Total** **Petroleum Crude Oil and** **Natural Gas Production** **Refining and** **Marketing Rate** **Regulated Pipelines** **Total Crude Oil and** **Natural Gas Production** **Refining and** **Marketing Inter** **national Marine** **Total**1974 NA NA NA NA NA NA NA NA NA NA NA NA NA NA 14.61975 NA NA NA NA NA NA NA NA NA NA NA NA NA NA 9.71976 NA NA NA NA NA NA NA NA NA NA NA NA NA NA 10.01977 17.5 7.2 7.3 12.5 21.8 5.1 2.6 12.4 12.54( )5( ) 8.8 -2.6 7.1 9.41978 16.4 7.5 10.9 12.8 18.2 12.7 -1.0 13.6 13.14( )5( ) 4.1 -4.2 6.5 9.41979 18.2 9.8 15.1 15.5 23.8 29.1 2.6 23.1 18.04( )5( ) 6.3 -3.7 8.8 13.81980 20.9 9.8 15.1 17.5 25.1 26.4 2.4 23.0 19.24( )5( ) 5.6 -.7 5.9 15.31981 20.2 4.4 15.6 16.1 25.5 9.0 -1.1 17.7 16.64( )5( ) 6.1 -6.8 3.5 12.41982 14.0 6.0 20.8 12.7 17.4 4.7 -6.3 11.8 12.54( )5( ) 4.4 -5.2 .6 7.71983 11.3 4.8 16.6 10.3 19.6 7.7 -13.2 14.1 11.34( )5( ) 5.0 .5 2.9 7.41984 10.8 .3 20.8 9.4 18.8 4.5 -14.0 13.3 10.44( )5( ) 6.2 -1.8 4.8 6.91985 9.5 6.5 15.0 9.4 20.0 3.3 -19.0 13.8 10.54( )5( ) 4.6 -8.4 4.2 5.51986 .8 4.5 13.2 3.0 11.6 16.3 5.3 12.8 5.54( )5( ) 2.7 -.8 5.1 3.01987 4.1 2.9 12.8 4.9 12.4 4.7 -3.6 9.5 6.24( )5( ) 5.1 .5 12.2 3.61988 2.8 14.7 9.6 6.3 9.2 11.6 6.8 9.9 7.34( )5( ) 6.7 -2.5 20.3 7.21989 2.9 11.5 10.2 5.8 8.9 8.0 12.4 8.7 6.74( )5( ) 5.0 -2.3 17.3 6.41990 8.5 5.1 11.2 7.9 13.1 11.2 11.7 12.5 9.54( )5( ) 3.3 2.6 7.8 6.81991 5.1 2.0 10.7 4.9 9.1 14.6 15.6 11.0 7.04( )5( ) 8.7 2.8 2.9 4.51992 5.9 -.4 8.4 4.4 8.2 7.8 -1.2 7.9 5.64( )5( ) -9.3 1.8 2.1 .51993 5.3 3.4 6.4 4.9 8.6 10.6 1.2 9.2 6.44( )5( ) 7.6 4.1 4.7 4.71994 5.5 3.6 7.6 5.2 6.5 6.1 -2.0 6.2 5.64( )5( ) 4.0 4.8 10.5 4.91995 4.4 1.0 9.1 4.0 9.3 7.2 -2.5 8.4 5.74( )5( ) 6.9 6.1 19.4 6.21996 14.1 4.4 6.9 9.9 12.8 6.0 2.2 10.6 10.14( )5( ) 9.9 7.9 15.0 9.51997 12.5 6.6 6.7 10.0 12.5 10.5 11.8 11.9 10.84( )5( ) 7.2 7.0 10.9 9.21998 .5 7.9 4.4 3.8 2.2 8.2 8.9 4.0 3.94( )5( ) 26.4 13.2 4.5 3.21999 7.6 6.5 6.4 7.0 8.5 5.1 .8 7.6 7.24( )5( ) 9.5 7.6 5.8 5.62000 17.7 9.6 6.0 13.2 17.1 8.7 6.4 15.1 13.94( )5( ) 1.7 11.0 7.3 11.42001 13.1 14.5 9.7 13.1 11.2 9.5 25.9 10.9 12.24( )5( ) 9.0 9.0 -6.6 7.72002 10.5 -1.7 5.2 6.0 9.2 -1.1 -6.2 7.2 6.54( )5( ) -8.5 -6.8 4.7 4.12003116.519.3111.5113.7114.217.7 W113.0113.4 8.8 5.25( ) 2.8 2.4 10.92004 20.0 18.6 4.4 18.9 17.1 17.6 W 17.3 18.2 5.9 3.15( ) 24.7 10.7 14.02005 22.5 23.5 5.8 22.4 26.3 20.8 W 25.5 23.7 4.0 1.75( ) 22.2 11.6 19.02006R18.2 25.6 2.7R19.9R23.7 18.6 WR22.9R21.2R5.7 5.65( ) 11.1 14.6R17.92007 15.2 21.6 2.9 16.7 18.8 21.9 W 19.2 17.8 15.6 -31.35( ) 6.0 12.5 15.61Through 2002, natural gas operations are included in the "Petroleum" line of business. Beginning in2003, downstream natural gas operations are included in their own line of business.2"Downstream Natural Gas" is a line of business that begins with the procurement of natural gas,processes and gathers natural gas, produces natural gas liquids, imports liquefied natural gas, marketsand trades natural gas and natural gas liquids, and delivers wholesale and retail volumes of natural gasand natural gas liquids.3Through 2002, includes electric power, nuclear, renewable fuels, and nonconventional energy(including oil shale, tar sands, coal liquefaction and gasification, geothermal, and solar). Beginning in2003, includes coal, nuclear, renewable fuels, and nonconventional energy.4Included in "Petroleum."5Included in "Other Energy."R=Revised. NA=Not available. W=Value withheld to avoid disclosure of individual company data.Notes:•"Major U.S. Energy Companies" are the top publicly-owned, U.S.-based crude oil and naturalgas producers and petroleum refiners that form the Financial Reporting System. See Table 3.14.•Data are for return on investment, measured as net income divided by net investment in place. "Netincome" is operating income plus other income and extraordinary income less operating expenses, taxes,interest charges, other deductions, and extraordinary deductions. "Net investment in place" is net property,plant, and equipment plus investments and advances to unconsolidated affiliates.Web Page: For related information, see http://www.eia.doe.gov/emeu/finance.Sources:•1974-1976—Energy Information Administration (EIA), Form EIA-28, "Financial ReportingSystem" database, October 1996.•1977 forward—EIA,Performance Profiles of Major Energy Producers,annual reports.Figure 3.13 U.S. Energy Activities by Foreign-Affiliated Companies, 1978-2006Petroleum Activities Petroleum Activities Share of U.S. Total Share of U.S. Total Production by Fuel TypeDry Natural Gas Production Coal Production Expenditures for Exploration andDevelopment of Uranium92 Energy Information Administration / Annual Energy Review 20081Crude oil and natural gas liquids.2Natural gas liquids.3See “Nominal Dollars” in Glossary.*1999-2002 uranium values are withheld to avoid disclosure of individual company data;2003-2005 values are not available.Source: Table 3.13.1980 1985 1990 1995 2000 20050246 Million Barrels per Day1980 1985 1990 1995 2000 2005010203040

Percent1980 1985 1990 1995 2000 2005020406080100

Percent1980 1985 1990 1995 2000 20050.00.61.21.82.4

Trillion Cubic Feet1980 1985 1990 1995 2000 20050100200300400

Million Short Tons* * * * * * **1980 1985 1990 1995 2000 200501020304050

Million Nominal Dollars3RefiningCapacitySales ofMotor GasolineUraniumCrude Oiland NGL2Sales ofMotor GasolineRefiningCapacityProduction1Production1Dry Natural GasCoalEnergy Information Administration / Annual Energy Review 2008 93**T able 3.13 U.S. Energy Activities by Foreign-Affiliated Companies, 1978-2006** **Year Production** **Refining Capacity**1**Sales of Motor Gasoline** **Expenditures for Exploration and** **Development of Uranium Crude Oil and** **Natural Gas Liquids Dry Natural Gas** **Coal Uranium** ThousandBarrelsper DayPercent ofU.S. TotalBillionCubic FeetPercent ofU.S. TotalMillionShort TonsPercent ofU.S. TotalThousandPounds2Percent ofU.S. Total3ThousandBarrelsper DayPercent ofU.S. TotalThousandBarrelsper DayPercent ofU.S. TotalMillionNominalDollars4Percent ofU.S. Total1978 1,076 10.5 783 3.9 24 3.1 NA NA 1,895 10.9 1,066 13.6 39 12.51979 1,145 11.3 786 4.0 29 3.8 NA NA 1,984 11.0 948 13.5 34 10.81980 1,280 12.6 776 4.0 31 3.8 NA NA 2,066 11.1 926 14.1 38 14.11981 1,438 14.1 1,080 5.6 106 12.9 NA NA 2,595 14.5 1,114 16.9 25 17.01982 1,421 13.9 1,055 5.9 138 16.6 NA NA 2,423 14.4 1,092 16.7 15 19.81983 1,325 12.9 924 5.8 128 16.5 NA NA 2,337 14.4 1,022 15.4 5 13.01984 1,365 12.9 1,075 6.2 153 17.3 NA NA 2,276 14.5 1,066 15.9 7 24.91985 1,455 13.7 1,093 6.7 147 16.8 NA NA 2,656 17.2 1,285 18.8 6 27.91986 1,523 14.8 1,276 8.0 146 16.5 NA NA 3,133 20.1 1,565 22.2 12 54.31987 1,614 16.1 1,318 8.0 181 19.8 NA NA 3,342 21.0 1,586 22.0 12 60.41988 1,659 16.9 1,392 8.1 195 20.6 NA NA 3,356 21.4 1,673 22.8 9 44.21989 1,553 16.8 1,452 8.4 207 21.2 NA NA 4,243 27.2 2,084 28.4 6 41.21990 1,481 16.5 1,457 8.2 254 24.7 NA NA 4,379 27.9 2,282 31.5 3 14.61991 1,469 16.0 1,360 7.7 238 24.0 NA NA 4,312 27.5 2,299 32.0 4 19.71992 1,392 15.5 1,368 7.7 259 26.0 NA NA 4,256 28.1 2,369 32.6 8 55.21993 1,299 14.7 1,451 8.0 254 27.0 NA NA 4,440 29.5 2,362 31.6 9 76.01994 1,261 14.6 1,439 7.7 295 28.6 NA NA 4,479 29.2 2,346 30.9 2 51.01995 1,103 12.8 1,191 6.4 316 30.7 NA NA 4,164 27.1 2,204 29.0 2 35.01996 1,105 12.8 1,265 6.7 332 31.2 NA NA 4,050 26.2 2,145 26.5 4 44.01997 1,028 11.9 1,332 7.0 327 30.0 NA NA 3,637 23.0 1,998 24.4 4 14.01998 1,149 13.7 1,881 10.1 199 17.8 NA NA 4,940 30.4 2,721 32.4 (s) 1.01999 1,118 13.8 1,805 9.6 300 27.253,745581.2 4,877 29.5 2,737 32.0 W W2000 1,027 12.7 2,112 11.0 284 26.4 3,443 87.0 4,831 29.1 2,971 35.3 W W2001 994 13.0 2,167 11.0 302 26.8 2,440 92.5 4,797 28.6 3,027 35.1 W W2002 1,214 15.9 2,344 12.4 291 26.6 2,280 97.3 4,733 28.2 3,090 35.0 W W2003 1,147 15.5 2,331 12.2 289 27.0 2,0246NM 4,761 28.2 2,914 33.0 NA NA2004 1,073 14.8 2,140 11.4 155 13.9 2,000 87.6 4,683 27.3 2,900 32.7 NA NA2005R970R14.0R2,031R11.3R160R14.1 2,147 79.8R4,942R28.5 2,845 31.6 NA NA2006 888 13.0 1,960 10.6 158 13.6 2,980 72.6 4,844 27.8 NA NA NA NA1Operable capacity as of January 1 of the following year.2Production of uranium oxide (U3O8). See "Uranium Oxide" in Glossary.3Percent of U.S. total uranium concentrate production. See "Uranium Concentrate" in Glossary.4See "Nominal Dollars" in Glossary.5Includes a small amount produced by a U.S. company, which left the industry by the close of 1999.6Total U.S. uranium production is slightly below that of the foreign-affiliated companies shown in thistable. The U.S. data were rounded to avoid disclosure of individual company data.R=Revised. NA=Not available. NM=Not meaningful. (s)=Less than 0.5 million dollars. W=Valuewithheld to avoid disclosure of individual company data.Web Page: For related information, see http://www.eia.doe.gov/emeu/finance.Sources:•1978—U.S. Department of Energy,Secretary’s Annual Report to Congress,(September1983).•1979-1992—Energy Information Administration (EIA),Profiles of Foreign Direct Investment in U.S.Energy,annual reports.•1993-1996—EIA,Performance Profiles of Major Energy Producers,annualreports.•1997 forward—EIA,Foreign Direct Investment in U.S. Energy,annual reports.94 Energy Information Administration / Annual Energy Review 2008**T able 3.14 Companies Reporting to the Financial Reporting System, 1974-2007** **Company 1974-81** **1982 1983-84** **1985-86 1987** **1988 1989-90** **1991 1992-93** **1994-96 1997** **1998 1999** **2000 2001** **2002 2003-06** **2007**Alenco, Inc. .......................................................XAmerican Petrofina, Inc.1................................. X X X X X X XAnadarko Petroleum Corporation2..................X X X X X X X XX X XApache Corporation ..........................................X XX X XAshland Inc.3................................................... X X X X X XX X X XXAtlantic Richfield Co. (ARCO)4........................ X X X X X XX X X XXXXBP America, Inc.5,6.......................................... X XX X X XXXX XX XBP Amoco Corporation4,5,7.............................. X X X X X XX X X XXXXXXBurlington Northern Inc.8................................. X X X X XBurlington Resources Inc.8,9............................ XX X X X X X X X XX XChesapeake Energy Corporation .....................X XChevron Corporation10,11,12,13.......................... X X X X X XX X X X X X X X XX X XCitgo Petroleum Corporation ............................X X X XX X XCities Service14................................................ X XConocoPhillips, Inc.9,15,16,17............................. XX X X XX X XDevon Energy Corporation ...............................X XX X XDominion Resources ........................................X XX XE.I. du Pont de Nemours and Co.15,16............. X X X X XX X X XXEl Paso Energy Corporation18.........................X X XX X XEnron Corporation ............................................X XXXXXEOG Resources ...............................................X XX X XEquilon Enterprises, LLC19..............................XXXXEquitable Resources, Inc. .................................X XExxon Mobil Corporation20.............................. X X X X X XX X X X X X X X XX X XGetty Oil21........................................................ X X XGulf Oil11.......................................................... X X XHess Corporation .............................................. X X X X X XX X X X X X X X XX X XKerr-McGee Corporation2,22............................ X X X X X XX X X X X X X X XX XLYONDELLBASELL23.....................................X X X XX X XMarathon24...................................................... XXX XMobil Corporation20,25...................................... X X X X X XX X X XXXMotiva Enterprises, LLC26...............................X X X XX X XNerco, Inc.27....................................................XOccidental Petroleum Corporation14............... X X X X X XX X X X X X X X XX X XOryx Energy Company22,28.............................. XX X X XXPhillips Petroleum Company17,29..................... X X X X X XX X X X X X X X XXPremcor Refining Group30,31...........................X X X XX XShell Oil Company ............................................ X X X X X XX X X X X X X X XX X XSonat Inc. .........................................................X XStandard Oil Co. (Ohio) (Sohio)6..................... X X X XSunoco, Inc.28,32.............................................. X X X X X XX X X X X X X XX X XSuperior Oil25................................................... X X XTenneco Inc.33................................................. X X X X X XTesoro Petroleum Corporation .........................X X X XX X XTexaco Inc.12,21............................................... X X X X X XX X X XXXXXThe Coastal Corporation18.............................. X X X X X XX X X XXXXXThe Williams Companies, Inc ...........................X X X XX X XTosco Corporation29........................................XXXXTotal Holdings, USA,1,34,35...............................X X X X X X X XX X XTotal Petroleum (North America) Ltd.36........... X XUltramar Diamond Shamrock Corporation37...XXXXUnion Pacific Resources Group, Inc.38,39........ X X X X X XX X X XXXXUnocal Corporation13....................................... X X X X X XX X X X X X X X XX XUSX Corporation .............................................. X X X X X XX X X XXXXXXValero Energy Corporation31,37.......................X X X XX X XXTO Energy, Inc. ..............................................XX XFootnotes: See the following two pages.Note: "X" indicates that the company was included in the Financial Reporting System for the yearindicated.Web Page: For related information, see http://www.eia.doe.gov/emeu/finance.Source: Energy Information Administration, Form EIA-28, "Financial Reporting System."Footnotes for Table 3.141American Petrofina, Inc. changed its name to Fina, Inc., effective April 17, 1991.2Kerr-McGee merged with Anadarko on August 10, 2007. Anadrako's 2005 submission includes data for Kerr-McGee after August 10, 2007. Data for Kerr-McGee weresubmitted separately for the period from January 1, 2005, to August 10, 2007.3Ashland was dropped from the FRS system for 1998 after spinning off downstream and coal operations and disposing of upstream operations.4BP Amoco acquired Atlantic Richfield Company (ARCO) in April of 2000. Thereporting was consolidated under BP Amoco for 2000. Data for ARCO is notincluded in the database for the period from January 1, 2000, to April 14, 2000.5Amoco merged with British Petroleum plc and became BP Amoco plc on December 31, 1998. BP America was renamed BP Amoco, Inc. The companies reportedseparately for 1998 and 1999.6In 1987, British Petroleum acquired all shares in Standard Oil Company (Ohio)that it did not already control and renamed its U.S. affiliate, BP America, Inc.7Formerly Standard Oil Company (Indiana).8Burlington Resources was added to the FRS system and Burlington Northern wasdropped for 1988. Data for Burlington Resources cover the full year 1988 eventhough that company was not created until May of that year.9Burlington Resources merged withConocoPhillips on March 30, 2007. ConocoPhillip's 2007 submission includes data for Burlington Resources after March 30,2007. Data for Burlington Resources weresubmitted separately for the period fromJanuary 1, 2007, to March 30, 2007.10Formerly Standard Oil Company of California.11Chevron acquired Gulf Oil in 1984, but separate data for Gulf continued to beavailable for the full 1984 year.12In October 2000, Chevron and Texaco agreed to merge. Both companies reportedseparately for 2000.13Unocal merged with Chevron on August 10, 2005. Chevron's 2005 submissionincludes data for Unocal after August 10,2005. Data for Unocal were submittedseparately for the period from January 1, 2005, to August 10, 2005.14Occidental acquired Cities Service in 1982. Separate financial reports were available for 1982, so each company continued to be treated separately until 1983.15DuPont acquired Conoco in 1981. Separatedata for Conoco were available for1981; DuPont was included in the FRS system in 1982.16Dupont was dropped from the FRS system when Conoco was spun-off in 1998.Conoco began reporting separately again in 1998.17In November 2001, Phillips and Conoco agreed to merge forming ConocoPhillipsin 2002. Both companies reported separately in 2001. The companies reportedseparately in 2002 until the time of the merger.18In January 2001, Coastal merged with a wholly owned subsidiary of El PasoEnergy Corporation. The name was changed to El Paso CGP Company. Data werereported separately in 2000 under the name The Coastal Company.19Equilon is a joint venture combining Shell's and Texaco's western and midwesternU.S. refining and marketing businesses and nationwide trading transportation andlubricants businesses. Net income is duplicated in the FRS system since Shell andTexaco account for this investment using the equity method.20In December 1998, Exxon and Mobil agreedto merge. Both companies reportedseparately for 1998.21Texaco acquired Getty in 1984; however, Getty was treated as a separate FRScompany for that year.22In 1998, Kerr-McGee and Oryx merged. The financial reporting for both wasconsolidated under Kerr-McGee for 1998.23LYONDELL-CITGO is a limited partnership owned by Lyondell ChemicalCompany and Citgo. There will be someduplication of net income since Citgoaccounts for its investment using the equity method.24U.S. Steel (now USX) acquired Marathon in 1982.25Mobil acquired Superior in 1984, but bothcompanies were treated separately forthat year.26Motiva is a joint venture approximately equally owned by Shell, Texaco, andSaudi Refining, Inc. The joint venture combines the company's Gulf and east coastrefining and marketing businesses. Duplication exists for the net income related toShell and Texaco's interests, which are accounted for under the equity method.27RTZ America acquired the common stock of Nerco, Inc., on February 17, 1994.In September 1993, Nerco, Inc. sold NercoOil & Gas, Inc., its subsidiary. Nerco's1993 submission includes operations of Nerco Oil & Gas, Inc., through September28, 1993.28Sun Company spun off Sun Exploration and Development Company (laterrenamed Oryx Energy Company) during 1988. Both companies were included inthe FRS system for 1988; therefore, some degree of duplication exists for that year.29In September 2001, Phillips acquired Tosco.Both companies reported separatelyin 2001.30In May 2000, Clark Refining & Marketing changed its name to Premcor RefiningGroup.31Premcor merged with Valero on September 1, 2005. Valero's 2005 submissionincludes data for Premcor after September 1, 2005. Data for Premcor were submitted separately for the period from January 1, 2005, to September 1, 2005.32Sun company withdrew from oil and gas exploration and production in 1996.Sun's 1996 submission includes oil and gas exploration and production activitiesthrough September 30, 1996. Refining/marketing activities are included for theentire 1996 calendar year. In 1998 the company changed its name to Sunoco, Inc.33Tenneco sold its worldwide oil and gasassets and its refining and marketingassets in 1988. Other FRS companies purchased approximately 70 percent ofTenneco's assets.Energy Information Administration / Annual Energy Review 2008 9534Prior submissions were reported at the FINA, Inc. level. FINA, Inc. was the parentof Fina Oil and Chemical Company, which is now ATOFINA Petrochemicals. Dueto a series of mergers and acquisitions, beginning in 2000, the submission isreported at the American Petrofina Holding Company level, which is the holdingcompany of ATOFINA.35In 2002, the name was changed to Total Fina Elf and changed to Total Holdings,USA in 2003.36Effective June 1, 1991, Total's exploration, production, and marketing operationsin Canada were spun off to Total Oil & Gas, a new public entity.37In December 2001, Valero and UltramarDiamond Shamrock agreed to merge.Both companies reported separately in 2001.38Effective October 15, 1996, Union Pacific Corporation distributed its ownership inthe Union Pacific Resources Group, Inc. to its shareholders. Prior to 1996, the FRSsystem included Union Pacific Corporation. The FRS system includes only UnionPacific Resources Group, Inc. for 1996.39Union Pacific merged with Anadarko on July 14, 2000. Anadarko's 2000 submission includes data for Union Pacific after July 14, 2000. Data for Union Pacific werenot submitted for the period from January 1, 2000, to July 14, 2000.96 Energy Information Administration / Annual Energy Review 2008Energy Resources4Semisubmersible drilling rig in the Gulf of Mexico. Source: U.S. Department of Energy.Figure 4.1 Technically Recoverable Crude Oil, Natural Gas, and Natural Gas Liquids Resource Estimates, 2007Natural Gas Liquids30 billionbarrelsNatural Gas (Dry)1,533 trillioncubic feetCrude Oil178 billionbarrelsUndiscovered Conventionally Discovered Conventionally U.S. TotalReservoired Fields Reservoired Fields1Reservoired Fields98 Energy Information Administration / Annual Energy Review 200873%1%26%61%26%13%47%32%21%Undiscovered Conventionally Reservoired FieldsDiscovered Conventionally Reservoired Fields1Unconventionally Reservoired Fields1Ultimate recovery appreciation. Source: Table 4.1.403629606471Crude Natural Natural0255075100

Percent48 StatesAlaska15608594100Crude Natural Natural0255075100

PercentU.S. Onshore and StateOffshoreU.S. Federal Onshore522904871100Crude Natural Natural0255075100

PercentU.S. Onshore andState OffshoreFederal OffshoreOil Gas(Dry)GasLiquidsOilGas(Dry)GasLiquidsOilGas(Dry)GasLiquidsEnergy Information Administration / Annual Energy Review 2008 99**T able 4.1 Technically Recoverable Crude Oil, Natural Gas, and Natural Gas Liquids Resource Estimates, 2007** **Region Crude Oil** 1**Natural Gas (Dry) Natural Gas Liquids** 1Billion BarrelsTrillion Cubic FeetBillion Barrels**U ndiscovered Conventionally Reservoired Fields** 2.......................................................................**130.16 724.84 7.79**Alaska Onshore and State Offshore3................................................................................................ 26.04 126.75 2.23Alaska Federal Offshore4.................................................................................................................. 26.61 132.06 .0048 States Onshore and State Offshore3............................................................................................ 18.24 178.21 5.5648 States Federal Offshore4.............................................................................................................. 59.27 287.82.00**D iscovered Conventionally Reservoired Fields** 2**Ultimate Recovery Appreciation**5..................**45.54 485.71 18.26**U.S. Onshore and State Offshore3.................................................................................................... 38.66 454.80 18.26U.S. Federal Offshore4...................................................................................................................... 6.8830.91 .00**U nconventionally Reservoired Fields** 6**( Continuous-Type Deposits (all onshore))** .......................................................................................**2.13 322.27 3.80 U** **.S. Total**.............................................................................................................................................**177.83 1,532.82 29.85**U.S. Onshore and State Offshore3.................................................................................................... 85.07 1,082.03 29.85Federal Offshore4..............................................................................................................................92.76 450.79 .001To the extent that lease condensate is measured or estimated it is included in "Natural Gas Liquids";otherwise, lease condensate is included in "Crude Oil."2Conventionally reservoired deposits are discrete subsurface accumulations of crude oil or natural gasusually defined, controlled, or limited by hydrocarbon/water contacts.3Onshore plus State offshore waters (near-shore, shallow-water areas under State jurisdiction).4Federal offshore jurisdictions (Outer Continental Shelf and deeper water areas seaward of Stateoffshore).5Proved reserves (see Table 4.2) are not included in these estimates. Ultimate recovery appreciation(reserve growth) is the volume by which the estimate of total recovery from a known crude oil or natural gasreservoir or aggregation of such reservoirs is expected to increase during the time between discovery andpermanent abandonment.6Unconventionally reservoired deposits (continuous-type accumulations) are geographically extensivesubsurface accumulations of crude oil or natural gas that generally lack well-defined hydrocarbon/watercontacts. Examples include coalbed methane, "tight gas," and self-sourced oil- and gas-shale reservoirs.Notes:•"Technically recoverable" resources are those that are producible using current technologywithout reference to the economic viability thereof.•For purposes of comparison, the Potential GasCommittee, an industry-sponsored group of experts, biennially provides another geologically-basedestimate of the Nation’s natural gas resources. The latest mean estimate, published in "Potential SupplyofNatural Gas in the United States," December 31, 2006, is 1,321 trillion cubic feet. This volume includesundiscovered conventionally reservoired deposits, expected ultimate recovery appreciation, coalbedmethane, and tight gas where it is believed to be technically recoverable and marketable at reasonablecosts.•A value of zero indicates either that none exists in this area or that no estimate of this resourcehas been made for this area.•"48 States" is the United States excluding Alaska and Hawaii.Sources:•National Oil and Gas Resource Assessment Team, 2007 Assessment Updates UnitedStates Geological Survey, Washington, D.C., December 2007 at http://energy.cr.usgs.gov/oilgas/noga/assessment_updates.html.•Resource Evaluation Division, Assessment of Undiscovered TechnicallyRecoverable Oil and Gas Resources of the Nation’s Outer Continental Shelf, 2006 MMS Fact SheetRED-2006-01b, Minerals Management Service, Washington, D.C., February 2006,athttp://www.mms.gov/revaldiv/PDFs/2006NationalAssessmentBrochure.pdf.•The ultimate recoveryappreciation estimates for Alaska and the Lower 48 States Onshore Plus State Waters were developed bythe Energy Information Administration, Reserves and Production Division, Office of Oil and Gas, based ondata available as of year-end 2006.Figure 4.2 Crude Oil and Natural Gas Cumulative Production, Proved Reserves, and Proved UltimateRecovery, 1977-2007Crude Oil Natural Gas (Dry)Cumulative Production and Proved Reserves, Indexed100 Energy Information Administration / Annual Energy Review 2008Notes: • Data are at end of year. • Crude oil includes lease condensate. Source: Table 4.2.Natural Gas (Dry)Cumulative ProductionCrude OilCumulative ProductionNatural Gas (Dry)Proved ReservesCrude OilProved Reserves1977 1980 1983 1986 1989 1992 1995 1998 2001 2004 2007050100150200250

Index: 1977=1001977 1980 1983 1986 1989 1992 1995 1998 2001 2004 200702004006008001,0001,2001,400

Trillion Cubic Feet1977 1980 1983 1986 1989 1992 1995 1998 2001 2004 2007050100150200250

Billion BarrelsCumulative ProductionCumulative ProductionProved ReservesProved ReservesProvedUltimate RecoveryProvedUltimate RecoveryEnergy Information Administration / Annual Energy Review 2008 101**T able 4.2 Crude Oil and Natural Gas Cumulative Production, Proved Reserves, and Proved Ultimate Recovery,** **1977-2007 Year** **Crude Oil and Lease Condensate**1**Natural Gas (Dry) Cumulative Production** **Proved Reserves Proved Ultimate Recovery** **Cumulative Production Proved Reserves** **Proved Ultimate Recovery**Billion BarrelsTrillion Cubic Feet1977 118.1 31.8 149.9 514.4 207.4 721.91978 121.3 31.4 152.6 533.6 208.0 741.61979 124.4 31.2 155.6 553.2 201.0 754.21980 127.5 31.3 158.9 572.6 199.0 771.61981 130.7 31.0 161.7 591.8 201.7 793.51982 133.8 29.5 163.3 609.6 201.5 811.11983 137.0 29.3 166.3 625.7 200.2 826.01984 140.2 30.0 170.2 643.2 197.5 840.71985 143.5 29.9 173.4 659.6 193.4 853.01986 146.7 28.3 175.0 675.7 191.6 867.31987 149.7 28.7 178.4 692.3 187.2 879.51988 152.7 28.2 180.9 709.4 168.0 877.41989 155.5 27.9 183.4 726.7 167.1 893.91990 158.2 27.6 185.7 744.5 169.3 913.91991 160.9 25.9 186.8 762.2 167.1 929.31992 163.5 25.0 188.5 780.1 165.0 945.11993 166.0 24.1 190.2 798.2 162.4 960.61994 168.4 23.6 192.0 817.0 163.8 980.81995 170.8 23.5 194.4 835.6 165.1 1,000.71996 173.2 23.3 196.5 854.5 166.5 1,020.91997 175.6 23.9 199.4 873.4 167.2 1,040.61998 177.8 22.4 200.2 892.4 164.0 1,056.41999 180.0 23.2 203.1 911.2 167.4 1,078.62000 182.1 23.5 205.6 930.4 177.4 1,107.82001 184.2 23.8 208.1 950.0 183.5 1,133.52002 186.3 24.0 210.4 968.9 186.9 1,155.92003 188.4 23.1 211.5 988.0 189.0 1,177.12004 190.4 22.6 213.0 1,006.6 192.5 1,199.12005 192.3 23.0 215.3 1,024.6 204.4 1,229.02006 194.1 22.1 216.3 1,043.1 211.1 1,254.22007 196.1 22.8 218.9 1,062.2 237.7 1,299.91Lease condensate is the portion of natural gas liquids that is separated from the wellhead gas streamat a lease or field separation facility.Notes:•Data are at end of year.•See "Proved Reserves, Crude Oil," "Proved Reserves, LeaseCondensate," "Proved Reserves, Natural Gas," and "Proved Reserves, Natural Gas Liquids" in Glossary.Web Pages: See http://www.eia.doe.gov/oil_gas/petroleum/info_glance/petroleum.html and http://www.eia.doe.gov/oil_gas/natural_gas/info_glance/natural_gas.html for related information.Sources:**Cumulative Production:**Calculated from Energy Information Administration (EIA),PetroleumSupply Annual,annual reports andNatural Gas Annual,annual reports.**Proved Reserve s:** •1977-2006—EIA,U.S. Crude Oil, Natural Gas, and Natural Gas Liquids Reserves,annual reports.•2007—EIA,U.S. Crude Oil, Natural Gas, and Natural Gas Liquids Reserves 2007 Annual Report(February 2009), Tables 6, 8, and 15.**Proved Ultimate Recovery:**Calculated as the sum of cumulativeproduction and proved reserves.Figure 4.3 Crude Oil, Natural Gas, and Natural Gas Liquids Proved ReservesTotal, 1949-2007 By Type, 2007By Type, 1949-2007102 Energy Information Administration / Annual Energy Review 20081COE=crude oil equivalent.2 To the extent that lease condensate is measured or estimated it is included in “Natural GasLiquids”; otherwise, lease condensate is included in “Crude Oil.”Notes: • Data are at end of year. • API=American Petroleum Institute. AGA=American GasAssociation. EIA=Energy Information Administration.Source: Table 4.3.EIA DataAPI and AGA Data: 1949-1979EIA Data: 1977-2007Crude Oil2Natural GasNatural Gas Liquids21950 1960 1970 1980 1990 20000255075100

Billion Barrels COE1API andAGA Data42216Natural Gas Crude Oil2 Natural Gas Liquids201020304050

Billion Barrels COE11950 1955 1960 1965 1970 1975 1980 1985 1990 1995 2000 20050204060

Billion Barrels COE1Energy Information Administration / Annual Energy Review 2008 103**T able 4.3 Crude Oil, Natural Gas, and Natural Gas Liquids Proved Reserves, Selected Years, 1949-2007** **Year Crude Oil** 1**Natural Gas (Dry) Natural Gas Liquids** 1**Total**Billion BarrelsTrillion Cubic Feet2Billion Barrels COE3Billion BarrelsBillion Barrels COE3Billion Barrels COE3**American Petroleum Institute and American Gas Association Data**1949 24.6 179.4 32.0 3.7 3.1 59.71950 25.3 184.6 32.9 4.3 3.5 61.71955 30.0 222.5 39.7 5.4 4.4 74.11960 31.6 262.3 46.8 6.8 5.4 83.81965 31.4 286.5 51.0 8.0 6.3 88.61970 39.0 290.7 51.7 7.7 5.9 96.61971 38.1 278.8 49.6 7.3 5.5 93.21972 36.3 266.1 47.1 6.8 5.1 88.51973 35.3 250.0 44.0 6.5 4.8 84.11974 34.2 237.1 41.9 6.4 4.7 80.81975 32.7 228.2 40.2 6.3 4.6 77.51976 30.9 216.0 38.0 6.4 4.7 73.61977 29.5 208.9 36.8 6.0 4.4 70.61978 27.8 200.3 35.2 5.9 4.3 67.31979 27.1 194.9 34.3 5.7 4.1 65.5**Energy Information Administration Data**1977 31.8 207.4 36.5 NA NA NA1978 31.4 208.0 36.5 6.8 5.0 73.01979 29.8 201.0 35.4 6.6 4.9 70.11980 29.8 199.0 35.2 6.7 5.0 70.01981 29.4 201.7 35.7 7.1 5.2 70.41982 27.9 201.5 35.7 7.2 5.3 68.81983 27.7 200.2 35.6 7.9 5.7 69.01984 28.4 197.5 35.1 7.6 5.5 69.01985 28.4 193.4 34.4 7.9 5.6 68.51986 26.9 191.6 34.0 8.2 5.8 66.71987 27.3 187.2 33.3 8.1 5.8 66.31988 26.8 168.0 29.8 8.2 5.8 62.41989 26.5 167.1 29.7 7.8 5.5 61.71990 26.3 169.3 30.0 7.6 5.4 61.71991 24.7 167.1 29.7 7.5 5.3 59.61992 23.7 165.0 29.3 7.5 5.2 58.31993 23.0 162.4 28.8 7.2 5.1 56.81994 22.5 163.8 29.0 7.2 5.0 56.51995 22.4 165.1 29.2 7.4 5.2 56.81996 22.0 166.5 29.4 7.8 5.5 56.91997 22.5 167.2 29.6 8.0 5.6 57.71998 21.0 164.0 29.2 7.5 5.3 55.51999 21.8 167.4 29.6 7.9 5.5 56.92000 22.0 177.4 31.4 8.3 5.8 59.22001 22.4 183.5 32.5 8.0 5.6 60.52002 22.7 186.9 33.1 8.0 5.6 61.32003 21.9 189.0 33.6 7.5 5.2 60.72004 21.4 192.5 34.1 7.9 5.5 60.92005 21.8 204.4 36.3 8.2 5.6 63.62006R21.0 211.1 37.4 8.5 5.8R64.22007 21.3 237.7 42.1 9.1 6.3 69.71To the extent that lease condensate is measured or estimated it is included in "Natural Gas Liquids";otherwise, lease condensate is included in "Crude Oil."2The American Gas Association estimates of natural gas proved reserves include volumes of naturalgas held in underground storage. In 1979, this volume amounted to 4.9 trillion cubic feet. EnergyInformation Administration (EIA) data do not include natural gas in underground storage.3Natural gas is converted to crude oil equivalent (COE) by multiplying by the natural gas dry productionapproximate heat content (see Table A4) and then dividing by the crude oil production approximate heatcontent (see Table A2). The lease condensate portion of natural gas liquids is converted to COE bymultiplying by the lease condensate production approximate heat content (5.5 million Btu per barrel) andthen dividing by the crude oil production approximate heat content. Other natural gas liquids are convertedto COE by multiplying by the natural gas plant liquids production approximate heat content (see Table A2)and then dividing by the crude oil production approximate heat content.R=Revised. NA=Not available.Notes:•Data are at end of year.•See "Proved Reserves, Crude Oil," "Proved Reserves, NaturalGas," and "Proved Reserves, Natural Gas Liquids" in Glossary.Web Pages:•For all data beginning in 1949, see http://www.eia.doe.gov/emeu/aer/resource.html.•For related information, see http://www.eia.doe.gov/oil_gas/petroleum/info_glance/petroleum.htmlSources:**American Petroleum Institute and American Gas Association Data:**American PetroleumInstitute, American Gas Association, and Canadian Petroleum Association (published jointly),ReservesofCrude Oil, Natural Gas Liquids and Natural Gas in the United States and Canada as of December 31,1979,Volume 34 (June 1980).**Energy Information Administraton Data:**•1977-1996—EIA,U.S. CrudeOil, Natural Gas, and Natural Gas Liquids Reserves,annual reports.•1997 forward—EIA,U.S. Crude Oil,Natural Gas, and Natural Gas Liquids Reserves 2007 Annual Report(February 2009), Table 1.Figure 4.4 Crude Oil and Natural Gas Rotary Rigs in OperationBy Site, 1949-2008By Site, 2008By Type, 1949-2008By Type1, 2008104 Energy Information Administration / Annual Energy Review 20081Rigs drilling for miscellaneous purposes, suchas service wells, injection wells, and stratigraphic tests, are not shown.Source: Table 4.4.1,81465Onshore Offshore05001,0001,5002,000

Number of Rigs1950 1960 1970 1980 1990 2000012345

Thousand RigsPeak: 3,970 rigs in 1981TotalOffshoreOnshore1950 1960 1970 1980 1990 2000012345 Thousand RigsTotalCrude Oil1,491379Natural Gas Crude Oil05001,0001,5002,000

Number of RigsNatural GasEnergy Information Administration / Annual Energy Review 2008 105**T able 4.4 Crude Oil and Natural Gas Rotary Rigs in Operation, Selected Years, 1949-2008** (Number of Rigs)**Year By Site** **By Type Total** 1**Onshore Offshore** **Crude Oil Natural Gas** 1949 NA NA NA NA 2,0171950 NA NA NA NA 2,1541955 NA NA NA NA 2,6861960 NA NA NA NA 1,7481965 NA NA NA NA 1,3881970 NA NA NA NA 1,0281971 NA NA NA NA 9761972 NA NA NA NA 1,1071973 1,110 84 NA NA 1,1941974 1,378 94 NA NA 1,4721975 1,554 106 NA NA 1,6601976 1,529 129 NA NA 1,6581977 1,834 167 NA NA 2,0011978 2,074 185 NA NA 2,2591979 1,970 207 NA NA 2,1771980 2,678 231 NA NA 2,9091981 3,714 256 NA NA 3,9701982 2,862 243 NA NA 3,1051983 2,033 199 NA NA 2,2321984 2,215 213 NA NA 2,4281985 1,774 206 NA NA 1,9801986 865 99 NA NA 9641987 841 95 NA NA 9361988 813 123 554 354 9361989 764 105 453 401 8691990 902 108 532 464 1,0101991 779 81 482 351 8601992 669 52 373 331 7211993 672 82 373 364 7541994 673 102 335 427 7751995 622 101 323 385 7231996 671 108 306 464 7791997 821 122 376 564 9431998 703 123 264 560 8271999 519 106 128 496 6252000 778 140 197 720 9182001 1,003 153 217 939 1,1562002 717 113 137 691 8302003 924 108 157 872 1,0322004 1,095 97 165 1,025 1,1922005R1,287R94 194R1,184R1,3812006 1,559 90 274 1,372 1,6492007 1,695 72 297 1,466 1,7682008 1,814 65 379 1,491 1,8791Sum of rigs drilling for crude oil, rigs drilling for natural gas, and other rigs (not shown) drilling formiscellaneous purposes, such as service wells, injection wells, and stratigraphic tests.R=Revised. NA=Not available.Notes:•Data are not for the exact calendar year but are an average for the 52 or 53 consecutive wholeweeks that most nearly coincide with the calendar year.•Geographic coverage is the 50 States and theDistrict of Columbia.•Totals may not equal sum of components due to independent rounding.Web Page: For all data beginning in 1949, see http://www.eia.doe.gov/emeu/aer/resource.html.Source: Baker Hughes, Inc., Houston, Texas,Rotary Rigs Running—By State.Figure 4.5 Crude Oil and Natural Gas Exploratory and Development WellsTotal Wells Drilled, 1949-2008 Total Wells Drilled by Type, 1949-2008 Successful Wells, 1949-2008Wells Drilled, 2008 Footage Drilled, 2008 Average Depth, 2008106 Energy Information Administration / Annual Energy Review 2008Sources: Tables 4.5–4.7.Total1950 1960 1970 1980 1990 20000255075100

Thousand Wells1950 1960 1970 1980 1990 200001020304050

Thousand Wells1950 1960 1970 1980 1990 2000020406080100

PercentTotalDevelopmentExploratoryDevelopmentExploratoryNaturalGas WellsCrudeOil WellsDry Holes17.432.65.616.429.73.91.02.91.8Crude Oil Natural Gas Dry Holes05101520253035

Thousand WellsExploratoryDevelopmentTotal8821231811952071711Crude Oil Natural Gas Dry Holes050100150200250

Million FeetExploratoryDevelopmentTotal5.16.55.54.96.65.27.85.96.2Crude Oil Natural Gas Dry Holes0369

Thousand Feet per WellExploratoryDevelopmentTotalEnergy Information Administration / Annual Energy Review 2008 107**T able 4.5 Crude Oil and Natural Gas Exploratory and Development Wells, Selected Years, 1949-2008** **Year Wells Drilled** **Successful Wells** **Footage Drilled**1**Average Depth Crude Oil** 2**Natural Gas**3**Dry Holes**4**Total Crude Oil** 2**Natural Gas**3**Dry Holes**4**Total Crude Oil** 2**Natural Gas**3**Dry Holes**4**Total**NumberPercentThousand FeetFeet per Well1949 21,352 3,363 12,597 37,312 66.2 79,428 12,437 43,754 135,619 3,720 3,698 3,473 3,6351950 23,812 3,439 14,799 42,050 64.8 92,695 13,685 50,977 157,358 3,893 3,979 3,445 3,7421955 30,432 4,266 20,452 55,150 62.9 121,148 19,930 85,103 226,182 3,981 4,672 4,161 4,1011960 22,258 5,149 18,212 45,619 60.1 86,568 28,246 77,361 192,176 3,889 5,486 4,248 4,2131965 18,065 4,482 16,226 38,773 58.2 73,322 24,931 76,629 174,882 4,059 5,562 4,723 4,5101970 12,968 4,011 11,031 28,010 60.6 56,859 23,623 58,074 138,556 4,385 5,860 5,265 4,9431971 11,853 3,971 10,309 26,133 60.6 49,109 23,460 54,685 127,253 4,126 5,890 5,305 4,8581972 11,378 5,440 10,891 27,709 60.7 49,269 30,006 58,556 137,831 4,330 5,516 5,377 4,9741973 10,167 6,933 10,320 27,420 62.4 44,416 38,045 55,761 138,223 4,369 5,488 5,403 5,0411974 13,647 7,138 12,116 32,901 63.2 52,025 38,449 62,899 153,374 3,812 5,387 5,191 4,6621975 16,948 8,127 13,646 38,721 64.8 66,819 44,454 69,220 180,494 3,943 5,470 5,073 4,6611976 17,688 9,409 13,758 40,855 66.3 68,892 49,113 68,977 186,982 3,895 5,220 5,014 4,5771977 18,745 12,122 14,985 45,852 67.3 75,451 63,686 76,728 215,866 4,025 5,254 5,120 4,7081978 19,181 14,413 16,551 50,145 67.0 77,041 75,841 85,788 238,669 4,017 5,262 5,183 4,7601979 20,851 15,254 16,099 52,204 69.2 82,688 80,468 81,642 244,798 3,966 5,275 5,071 4,6891980 32,959 17,461 20,785 71,205 70.8 125,262 92,106 99,575 316,943 3,801 5,275 4,791 4,4511981 43,887 20,250 27,953 92,090 69.6 172,167 108,353 134,934 415,454 3,923 5,351 4,827 4,5111982 39,459 19,076 26,379 84,914 68.9 149,674 107,149 123,746 380,569 3,793 5,617 4,691 4,4821983 37,366 14,684 24,355 76,405 68.1 136,849 78,108 105,222 320,179 3,662 5,319 4,320 4,1911984 42,906 17,338 25,884 86,128 69.9 162,653 91,480 119,860 373,993 3,791 5,276 4,631 4,3421985 35,261 14,324 21,211 70,796 70.0 137,728 76,293 100,388 314,409 3,906 5,326 4,733 4,4411986 19,213 8,599 12,799 40,611 68.5 76,825 45,039 60,961 182,825 3,999 5,238 4,763 4,5021987 16,210 8,096 11,167 35,473 68.5 66,358 42,584 53,588 162,530 4,094 5,260 4,799 4,5821988 13,646 8,578 10,119 32,343 68.7 58,639 45,363 52,517 156,519 4,297 5,288 5,190 4,8391989 10,230 9,522 8,236 27,988 70.6 43,266 49,081 42,099 134,446 4,229 5,154 5,112 4,8041990R12,479R11,112R8,226R31,817R74.1R55,943R56,829R42,511R155,283R4,483R5,114R5,168R4,8811991R12,152R9,538R7,461R29,151R74.4R55,368R50,238R37,817R143,424R4,556R5,267R5,069R4,9201992R8,994R7,992R5,847R22,833R74.4R45,034R44,301R29,451R118,786R5,007R5,543R5,037R5,2021993R8,618R9,759R6,075R24,452R75.2R43,857R58,130R31,090R133,078R5,089R5,957R5,118R5,4421994R7,100R9,264R5,063R21,427R76.4R38,300R58,108R27,756R124,163R5,394R6,272R5,482R5,7951995R7,919R7,975R4,804R20,698R76.8R40,667R49,600R26,395R116,662R5,135R6,219R5,494R5,6361996R8,612R8,943R4,877R22,432R78.3R42,114R56,050R27,828R125,992R4,890R6,267R5,706R5,6171997R11,046R11,440R5,855R28,341R79.3R56,134R71,416R33,735R161,286R5,082R6,243R5,762R5,6911998R7,559R11,512R4,754R23,825R80.0R38,471R70,082R28,561R137,114R5,089R6,088R6,008R5,7551999R4,738R11,902R3,518R20,158R82.5R21,900R60,096R20,617R102,613R4,622R5,049R5,861R5,0902000R7,991R16,942R4,130R29,063R85.8R36,702R83,414R24,060R144,175R4,593R4,923R5,826R4,9612001R8,812R21,973R4,546R35,331R87.1R43,122R110,523R26,072R179,716R4,894R5,030R5,735R5,0872002R6,731R17,237R3,721R27,689R86.6R30,842R92,885R21,129R144,856R4,582R5,389R5,678R5,2322003R8,048R20,627R3,924R32,599 88.0R38,495R115,833R22,539R176,867R4,783R5,616R5,744R5,4262004R8,705R24,060R4,012R36,777R89.1R42,032R138,503R23,462R203,997R4,829R5,757R5,848R5,5472005ER10,651R28,451R4,645R43,747R89.4R51,511R164,353R25,104R240,969R4,836R5,777R5,405R5,5082006ER13,133R32,478R5,231R50,842R89.7R63,649R193,595R28,154R285,398R4,846R5,961R5,382R5,6132007ER13,016R32,622R5,187R50,825R89.8R66,527R212,753R28,931R308,210R5,111R6,522R5,578R6,0642008E17,351 32,630 5,646 55,627 89.9 88,382 212,079 31,280 331,740 5,094 6,500 5,540 5,9641See "Footage Drilled" in Glossary.2See "Crude Oil Well" in Glossary.3See "Natural Gas Well" in Glossary.4See "Dry Hole" in Glossary.R=Revised. E=Estimate.Notes:•Data are for exploratory and development wells combined; see Table 4.6 for exploratory wellsonly, and Table 4.7 for development wells only.•Service wells, stratigraphic tests, and core tests areexcluded.•For 1949-1959, data represent wells completed in a given year. For 1960-1969, data are forwell completion reports received by the American Petroleum Institute during the reporting year. For 1970forward, the data represent wells completed in a given year. The as-received well completion data forrecent years are incomplete due to delays in the reporting of wells drilled. The Energy InformationAdministration (EIA) therefore statistically imputes the missing data.•Revisions for 1990-2007 are due toupdates through September 2008 in the source files, including the addition of data for new wells that areclassified as horizontal or lateral, which were previously not included in this table.•Totals may not equalsum of components due to independent rounding. Average depth may not equal average of componentsdue to independent rounding.Web Pages:•For all data beginning in 1949, see http://www.eia.doe.gov/emeu/aer/resource.html.•For related information, see http://www.eia.doe.gov/oil_gas/petroleum/info_glance/petroleum.html.Sources:•1949-1965—Gulf Publishing Company,World Oil,"Forecast-Review" issue.•1966-1969—American Petroleum Institute (API),Quarterly Review of Drilling Statistics for the UnitedStates,annual summaries and monthly reports.•1970-1989—EIA computations based on well reportssubmitted to the API.•1990 forward—EIA computations based on well reports submitted to IHS, Inc.,Denver, CO. For current data see the EIA,Monthly Energy Review,Table 5.2.Figure 4.6 Crude Oil and Natural Gas Exploratory Wells, 1949-2008Exploratory Wells Drilled by Well Type Exploratory Footage Drilled by Well TypeExploratory Wells Average Depth, All Wells Exploratory Wells Average Depth by Well Type108 Energy Information Administration / Annual Energy Review 2008Note: These graphs depict exploratory wells only; see Figure 4.5 for all wells and Figure 4.7for development wells only.Source: Table 4.6.Dry Holes1950 1960 1970 1980 1990 2000051015

Thousand Wells1950 1960 1970 1980 1990 2000020406080

Million FeetCrude Oil WellsNatural Gas WellsCrude Oil WellsNatural Gas WellsDry HolesCrude OilWellsNatural Gas WellsDry Holes1950 1960 1970 1980 1990 20000246810

Thousand Feet Per Well1950 1960 1970 1980 1990 20000246810

Thousand Feet per WellEnergy Information Administration / Annual Energy Review 2008 109**T able 4.6 Crude Oil and Natural Gas Exploratory Wells, Selected Years, 1949-2008** **Year Wells Drilled** **Successful Wells** **Footage Drilled**1**Average Depth Crude Oil** 2**Natural Gas**3**Dry Holes**4**Total Crude Oil** 2**Natural Gas**3**Dry Holes**4**Total Crude Oil** 2**Natural Gas**3**Dry Holes**4**Total**NumberPercentThousand FeetFeet per Well1949 1,406 424 7,228 9,058 20.2 5,950 2,409 26,439 34,798 4,232 5,682 3,658 3,8421950 1,583 431 8,292 10,306 19.5 6,862 2,356 30,957 40,175 4,335 5,466 3,733 3,8981955 2,236 874 11,832 14,942 20.8 10,774 5,212 53,220 69,206 4,819 5,964 4,498 4,6321960 1,321 868 9,515 11,704 18.7 6,829 5,466 43,535 55,831 5,170 6,298 4,575 4,7701965 946 515 8,005 9,466 15.4 5,366 3,757 40,081 49,204 5,672 7,295 5,007 5,1981970 757 477 6,162 7,396 16.7 4,729 3,678 35,123 43,530 6,247 7,695 5,700 5,8851971 659 470 5,952 7,081 15.9 3,786 3,610 34,499 41,895 5,745 7,649 5,796 5,9151972 685 656 6,134 7,475 17.9 4,028 4,847 36,081 44,956 5,880 7,400 5,882 6,0151973 642 1,067 5,952 7,661 22.3 4,008 7,038 34,571 45,618 6,243 6,596 5,808 5,9551974 859 1,190 6,833 8,882 23.1 5,029 7,683 38,603 51,315 5,855 6,456 5,649 5,7771975 982 1,248 7,129 9,359 23.8 5,806 8,422 40,448 54,677 5,913 6,748 5,674 5,8421976 1,086 1,346 6,772 9,204 26.4 6,527 9,121 37,969 53,617 6,010 6,777 5,607 5,8251977 1,164 1,548 7,283 9,995 27.1 6,870 10,255 40,823 57,949 5,902 6,625 5,605 5,7981978 1,171 1,771 7,965 10,907 27.0 7,105 11,798 46,295 65,197 6,067 6,662 5,812 5,9781979 1,321 1,907 7,437 10,665 30.3 7,941 12,643 42,512 63,096 6,011 6,630 5,716 5,9161980 1,777 2,099 9,081 12,957 29.9 10,177 13,862 50,249 74,288 5,727 6,604 5,533 5,7331981 2,651 2,522 12,400 17,573 29.4 15,515 17,079 69,214 101,808 5,853 6,772 5,582 5,7931982 2,437 2,133 11,307 15,877 28.8 13,413 14,763 60,680 88,856 5,504 6,921 5,367 5,5971983 2,030 1,605 10,206 13,841 26.3 10,437 10,264 48,989 69,690 5,141 6,395 4,800 5,0351984 2,209 1,528 11,321 15,058 24.8 12,294 9,935 58,624 80,853 5,565 6,502 5,178 5,3691985 1,680 1,200 8,954 11,834 24.3 9,854 8,144 47,604 65,602 5,865 6,787 5,317 5,5441986 1,084 797 5,567 7,448 25.3 6,579 5,401 30,325 42,305 6,069 6,777 5,447 5,6801987 926 756 5,052 6,734 25.0 5,652 5,064 26,746 37,462 6,104 6,698 5,294 5,5631988 855 747 4,711 6,313 25.4 5,286 4,992 27,079 37,357 6,182 6,683 5,748 5,9171989 607 706 3,934 5,247 25.0 3,659 4,664 21,947 30,270 6,028 6,606 5,579 5,7691990R778R812R3,650R5,240R30.3R5,320R5,765R20,752R31,837R6,838R7,100R5,685R6,0761991R673R648R3,189R4,510R29.3R4,469R4,615R18,042R27,127R6,641R7,122R5,658R6,0151992R571R513R2,381R3,465R31.3R3,957R3,543R13,047R20,548R6,930R6,907R5,480R5,9301993R539R609R2,328R3,476R33.0R3,572R3,947R13,465R20,984R6,627R6,482R5,784R6,0371994R595R780R2,240R3,615R38.0R3,970R5,120R13,288R22,377R6,671R6,564R5,932R6,1901995R570R557R2,023R3,150R35.8R3,934R3,489R11,922R19,345R6,901R6,264R5,893R6,1411996R489R576R1,955R3,020R35.3R3,655R3,901R12,134R19,690R7,474R6,773R6,207R6,5201997R491R561R2,111R3,163R33.3R3,946R4,032R13,499R21,478R8,037R7,188R6,395R6,7901998R327R566R1,588R2,481R36.0R2,740R4,092R10,809R17,641R8,378R7,230R6,807R7,1101999R196R565R1,156R1,917R39.7R1,428R3,963R7,671R13,062R7,283R7,015R6,636R6,8142000R288R658R1,339R2,285R41.4R2,095R4,834R9,194R16,123R7,275R7,347R6,866R7,0562001R356R1,047R1,715R3,118R45.0R2,608R7,318R11,387R21,313R7,326R6,990R6,640R6,8362002R257R843R1,275R2,375R46.3R1,738R5,729R8,663R16,130R6,761R6,796R6,795R6,7922003R353R997R1,287R2,637R51.2R2,453R6,569R8,763R17,785R6,950R6,589R6,809R6,7442004R386R1,681R1,335R3,402R60.8R3,141R9,998R9,243R22,382R8,136R5,948R6,924R6,5792005ER532R2,154R1,452R4,138R64.9R4,262R12,347R9,347R25,955R8,011R5,732R6,437R6,2722006ER671R2,590R1,528R4,789R68.1R4,998R14,945R9,688R29,630R7,448R5,770R6,340R6,1872007ER832R3,386R1,630R5,848R72.1R6,271R19,982R10,281R36,534R7,537R5,901R6,307R6,2472008E950 2,893 1,786 5,629 68.3 7,389 17,066 11,130 35,585 7,778 5,899 6,232 6,3221See "Footage Drilled" in Glossary.2See "Crude Oil Well" in Glossary.3See "Natural Gas Well" in Glossary.4See "Dry Hole" in Glossary.R=Revised. E=Estimate.Notes:•Data are for exploratory wells only; see Table 4.5 for exploratory and development wellscombined, and Table 4.7 for development wells only.•For 1949-1959, data represent wells completed inagiven year. For 1960-1969, data are for well completion reports received by the American PetroleumInstitute (API) during the reporting year. For 1970 forward, the data represent wells completed in a givenyear. The as-received well completion data for recent years are incomplete due to delays in the reportingof wells drilled. The Energy Information Administration (EIA) therefore statistically imputes the missingdata.•Revisions for 1990-2007 are due to updates through September 2008 in the source files, includingthe addition of data for new wells that are classified as horizontal or lateral, which were previously notincluded in this table.•Totals may not equal sum of components due to independent rounding. Averagedepth may not equal average of components due to independent rounding.Web Pages:•For all data beginning in 1949, see http://www.eia.doe.gov/emeu/aer/resource.html.•For related information, see http://www.eia.doe.gov/oil_gas/petroleum/info_glance/petroleum.html.Sources:•1949-1965—Gulf Publishing Company,World Oil,"Forecast-Review" issue.•1966-1969—American Petroleum Institute (API),Quarterly Review of Drilling Statistics for the UnitedStates,annual summaries and monthly reports.•1970-1989—EIA computations based on well reportssubmitted to the API.•1990 forward—EIA computations based on well reports submitted to IHS, Inc.,Denver, CO. For current data see the EIA,Monthly Energy Review,Table 5.2.Figure 4.7 Crude Oil and Natural Gas Development Wells, 1949-2008Development Wells Drilled by Well Type Development Footage Drilled by Well TypeDevelopment Wells Average Depth, All Wells Development Wells Average Depth by Well Type110 Energy Information Administration / Annual Energy Review 2008Note: These graphs depict development wellsonly; see Figure 4.5 for all wells and Figure4.6 for exploratory wells only.Source: Table 4.7.1950 1960 1970 1980 1990 200001020304050

Thousand Wells1950 1960 1970 1980 1990 2000050100150200250

Million FeetCrude Oil WellsDry HolesNatural Gas WellsCrude Oil WellsDry HolesNatural Gas WellsDry Holes1950 1960 1970 1980 1990 200002468

Thousand Feet per Well1950 1960 1970 1980 1990 200002468

Thousand Feet per WellNatural Gas WellsCrude Oil WellsEnergy Information Administration / Annual Energy Review 2008 111**T able 4.7 Crude Oil and Natural Gas Development Wells, Selected Years, 1949-2008** **Year Wells Drilled** **Successful Wells** **Footage Drilled**1**Average Depth Crude Oil** 2**Natural Gas**3**Dry Holes**4**Total Crude Oil** 2**Natural Gas**3**Dry Holes**4**Total Crude Oil** 2**Natural Gas**3**Dry Holes**4**Total**NumberPercentThousand FeetFeet per Well1949 19,946 2,939 5,369 28,254 81.0 73,478 10,028 17,315 100,821 3,684 3,412 3,225 3,5681950 22,229 3,008 6,507 31,744 79.5 85,833 11,329 20,020 117,183 3,861 3,766 3,077 3,6911955 28,196 3,392 8,620 40,208 78.6 110,374 14,718 31,883 156,976 3,915 4,339 3,699 3,9041960 20,937 4,281 8,697 33,915 74.4 79,739 22,780 33,826 136,345 3,809 5,321 3,889 4,0201965 17,119 3,967 8,221 29,307 71.9 67,956 21,174 36,548 125,678 3,970 5,337 4,446 4,2881970 12,211 3,534 4,869 20,614 76.4 52,130 19,945 22,951 95,026 4,269 5,644 4,714 4,6101971 11,194 3,501 4,357 19,052 77.1 45,323 19,850 20,186 85,358 4,049 5,670 4,633 4,4801972 10,693 4,784 4,757 20,234 76.5 45,241 25,159 22,475 92,875 4,231 5,259 4,725 4,5901973 9,525 5,866 4,368 19,759 77.9 40,408 31,007 21,190 92,605 4,242 5,286 4,851 4,6871974 12,788 5,948 5,283 24,019 78.0 46,996 30,766 24,296 102,059 3,675 5,173 4,599 4,2491975 15,966 6,879 6,517 29,362 77.8 61,013 36,032 28,772 125,817 3,821 5,238 4,415 4,2851976 16,602 8,063 6,986 31,651 77.9 62,365 39,992 31,008 133,365 3,756 4,960 4,439 4,2141977 17,581 10,574 7,702 35,857 78.5 68,581 53,431 35,905 157,917 3,901 5,053 4,662 4,4041978 18,010 12,642 8,586 39,238 78.1 69,936 64,043 39,493 173,472 3,883 5,066 4,600 4,4211979 19,530 13,347 8,662 41,539 79.1 74,747 67,825 39,130 181,702 3,827 5,082 4,517 4,3741980 31,182 15,362 11,704 58,248 79.9 115,085 78,244 49,326 242,655 3,691 5,093 4,214 4,1661981 41,236 17,728 15,553 74,517 79.1 156,652 91,274 65,720 313,646 3,799 5,149 4,226 4,2091982 37,022 16,943 15,072 69,037 78.2 136,261 92,386 63,066 291,713 3,681 5,453 4,184 4,2251983 35,336 13,079 14,149 62,564 77.4 126,412 67,844 56,233 250,489 3,577 5,187 3,974 4,0041984 40,697 15,810 14,563 71,070 79.5 150,359 81,545 61,236 293,140 3,695 5,158 4,205 4,1251985 33,581 13,124 12,257 58,962 79.2 127,874 68,149 52,784 248,807 3,808 5,193 4,306 4,2201986 18,129 7,802 7,232 33,163 78.2 70,246 39,638 30,636 140,520 3,875 5,080 4,236 4,2371987 15,284 7,340 6,115 28,739 78.7 60,706 37,520 26,842 125,068 3,972 5,112 4,390 4,3521988 12,791 7,831 5,408 26,030 79.2 53,353 40,371 25,438 119,162 4,171 5,155 4,704 4,5781989 9,623 8,816 4,302 22,741 81.1 39,607 44,417 20,152 104,176 4,116 5,038 4,684 4,5811990R11,701R10,300R4,576R26,577R82.8R50,623R51,064R21,759R123,447R4,326R4,958R4,755R4,6451991R11,479R8,890R4,272R24,641R82.7R50,899R45,623R19,774R116,296R4,434R5,132R4,629R4,7201992R8,423R7,479R3,466R19,368R82.1R41,077R40,758R16,404R98,238R4,877R5,450R4,733R5,0721993R8,079R9,150R3,747R20,976R82.1R40,285R54,183R17,625R112,093R4,986R5,922R4,704R5,3441994R6,505R8,484R2,823R17,812R84.2R34,330R52,988R14,468R101,786R5,278R6,246R5,125R5,7141995R7,349R7,418R2,781R17,548R84.2R36,734R46,111R14,473R97,317R4,998R6,216R5,204R5,5461996R8,123R8,367R2,922R19,412R84.9R38,460R52,149R15,694R106,302R4,735R6,233R5,371R5,4761997R10,555R10,879R3,744R25,178R85.1R52,188R67,384R20,236R139,808R4,944R6,194R5,405R5,5531998R7,232R10,946R3,166R21,344R85.2R35,731R65,990R17,752R119,473R4,941R6,029R5,607R5,5981999R4,542R11,337R2,362R18,241R87.1R20,473R56,133R12,946R89,551R4,507R4,951R5,481R4,9092000R7,703R16,284R2,791R26,778R89.6R34,607R78,579R14,866R128,052R4,493R4,826R5,326R4,7822001R8,456R20,926R2,831R32,213 91.2R40,514R103,204R14,684R158,402R4,791R4,932R5,187R4,9172002R6,474R16,394R2,446R25,314R90.3R29,104R87,156R12,466R128,726R4,496R5,316R5,096R5,0852003R7,695R19,630R2,637R29,962R91.2R36,042R109,263R13,777R159,082R4,684R5,566R5,224R5,3092004R8,319R22,379R2,677R33,375R92.0R38,892R128,505R14,219R181,615R4,675R5,742R5,311R5,4422005ER10,119R26,297R3,193R39,609R91.9R47,249R152,006R15,758R215,014R4,669R5,780R4,935R5,4282006ER12,462R29,888R3,703R46,053R92.0R58,651R178,650R18,466R255,768R4,706R5,977R4,987R5,5542007ER12,184R29,236R3,557R44,977R92.1R60,256R192,771R18,650R271,676R4,945R6,594R5,243R6,0402008E16,401 29,737 3,860 49,998 92.3 80,993 195,013 20,149 296,155 4,938 6,558 5,220 5,9231See "Footage Drilled" in Glossary.2See "Crude Oil Well" in Glossary.3See "Natural Gas Well" in Glossary.4See "Dry Hole" in Glossary.R=Revised. E=Estimate.Notes:•Data are for development wells only; see Table 4.5 for exploratory and development wellscombined, and Table 4.6 for exploratory wells only.•Service wells, stratigraphic tests, and core tests areexcluded.•For 1949-1959, data represent wells completed in a given year. For 1960-1969, data are forwell completion reports received by the American Petroleum Institute during the reporting year. For 1970forward, the data represent wells completed in a given year. The as-received well completion data forrecent years are incomplete due to delays in the reporting of wells drilled. The Energy InformationAdministration (EIA) therefore statistically imputes the missing data.•Revisions for 1990-2007 are due toupdates through September 2008 in the source files, including the addition of data for new wells that areclassified as horizontal or lateral, which were previously not included in this table.•Totals may not equalsum of components due to independent rounding. Average depth may not equal average of componentsdue to independent rounding.Web Pages:•For all data beginning in 1949, see http://www.eia.doe.gov/emeu/aer/resource.html.•For related information, see http://www.eia.doe.gov/oil_gas/petroleum/info_glance/petroleum.html.Sources:•1949-1965—Gulf Publishing Company,World Oil,"Forecast-Review" issue.•1966-1969—American Petroleum Institute (API),Quarterly Review of Drilling Statistics for the UnitedStates,annual summaries and monthly reports.•1970-1989—EIA computations based on well reportssubmitted to the API.•1990 forward—EIA computations based on well reports submitted to IHS, Inc.,Denver, CO. For current data see the EIA,Monthly Energy Review,Table 5.2.Figure 4.8 Costs of Crude Oil and Natural Gas Wells DrilledCosts per Well, All Wells, 1960-2007 Costs per Foot, All Wells, 1960-2007Costs per Well by Well Type, 2007 Costs per Foot by Well Type, 2007112 Energy Information Administration / Annual Energy Review 20081In chained (2000) dollars, calculated by using gross domestic product implicit price deflators. See Table D1.2See “Nominal Dollars” in Glossary.Source: Table 4.8.Real1Nominal2Real1Nominal21960 1965 1970 1975 1980 1985 1990 1995 2000 200501,0002,0003,0004,0005,000

Thousand Dollars1960 1965 1970 1975 1980 1985 1990 1995 2000 20050200400600800

Dollars7176041,132688Crude Oil Natural Gas Dry Holes All02004006008001,0001,200

Nominal Dollars24,0003,9076,1314,172Crude Oil Natural Gas Dry Holes All01,0002,0003,0004,0005,0006,0007,000

Thousand Nominal Dollars2Energy Information Administration / Annual Energy Review 2008 113**T able 4.8 Costs of Crude Oil and Natural Gas Wells Drilled, 1960-2007** **Year Thousand Dollars per Well** **Dollars per Foot Crude Oil** 1**Natural Gas**2**Dry Holes**3**All Crude Oil** 1**Natural Gas**2**Dry Holes**3**All Nominal** 4**Nominal**4**Nominal**4**Nominal**4**Real**5**Nominal**4**Nominal**4**Nominal**4**Nominal**4**Real**51960 52.2 102.7 44.0 54.9 261.1 13.22 18.57 10.56 13.01 61.831961 51.3 94.7 45.2 54.5 256.2 13.11 17.65 10.56 12.85 60.391962 54.2 97.1 50.8 58.6 271.8 13.41 18.10 11.20 13.31 61.711963 51.8 92.4 48.2 55.0 252.4 13.20 17.19 10.58 12.69 58.221964 50.6 104.8 48.5 55.8 252.2 13.12 18.57 10.64 12.86 58.111965 56.6 101.9 53.1 60.6 269.1 13.94 18.35 11.21 13.44 59.641966 62.2 133.8 56.9 68.4 295.1 15.04 21.75 12.34 14.95 64.511967 66.6 141.0 61.5 72.9 305.1 16.61 23.05 12.87 15.97 66.841968 79.1 148.5 66.2 81.5 327.0 18.63 24.05 12.88 16.83 67.561969 86.5 154.3 70.2 88.6 338.7 19.28 25.58 13.23 17.56 67.151970 86.7 160.7 80.9 94.9 344.6 19.29 26.75 15.21 18.84 68.421971 78.4 166.6 86.8 94.7 327.6 18.41 27.70 16.02 19.03 65.821972 93.5 157.8 94.9 106.4 352.8 20.77 27.78 17.28 20.76 68.821973 103.8 155.3 105.8 117.2 367.8 22.54 27.46 19.22 22.50 70.651974 110.2 189.2 141.7 138.7 399.5 27.82 34.11 26.76 28.93 83.311975 138.6 262.0 177.2 177.8 467.9 34.17 46.23 33.86 36.99 97.341976 151.1 270.4 190.3 191.6 476.7 37.35 49.78 36.94 40.46 100.661977 170.0 313.5 230.2 227.2 531.4 41.16 57.57 43.49 46.81 109.491978 208.0 374.2 281.7 280.0 611.8 49.72 68.37 52.55 56.63 123.761979 243.1 443.1 339.6 331.4 668.8 58.29 80.66 64.60 67.70 136.641980 272.1 536.4 376.5 367.7 680.4 66.36 95.16 73.70 77.02 142.521981 336.3 698.6 464.0 453.7 767.4 80.40 122.17 90.03 94.30 159.511982 347.4 864.3 515.4 514.4 820.0 86.34 146.20 104.09 108.73 173.341983 283.8 608.1 366.5 371.7 570.1 72.65 108.37 79.10 83.34 127.811984 262.1 489.8 329.2 326.5 482.5 66.32 88.80 67.18 71.90 106.271985 270.4 508.7 372.3 349.4 501.2 66.78 93.09 73.69 75.35 108.091986 284.9 522.9 389.2 364.6 511.7 68.35 93.02 76.53 76.88 107.901987 246.0 380.4 259.1 279.6 382.0 58.35 69.55 51.05 58.71 80.211988 279.4 460.3 366.4 354.7 468.6 62.28 84.65 66.96 70.23 92.781989 282.3 457.8 355.4 362.2 461.1 64.92 86.86 67.61 73.55 93.631990 321.8 471.3 367.5 383.6 470.2 69.17 90.73 67.49 76.07 93.231991 346.9 506.6 441.2 421.5 499.1 73.75 93.10 83.05 82.64 97.861992 362.3 426.1 357.6 382.6 442.9 69.50 72.83 67.82 70.27 81.351993 356.6 521.2 387.7 426.8 482.9 67.52 83.15 72.56 75.30 85.201994 409.5 535.1 491.5 483.2 535.4 70.57 81.90 86.60 79.49 88.071995 415.8 629.7 481.2 513.4 557.4 78.09 95.97 84.60 87.22 94.701996 341.0 616.0 541.0 496.1 528.6 70.60 98.67 95.74 88.92 94.741997 445.6 728.6 655.6 603.9 632.9 90.48 117.55 115.09 107.83 113.011998 566.0 815.6 973.2 769.1 797.2 108.88 127.94 157.79 128.97 133.691999 783.0 798.4 1,115.5 856.1 874.8 156.45 138.42 182.99 152.02 155.332000 593.4 756.9 1,075.4 754.6 754.6 125.96 138.39 181.83 142.16 142.162001 729.1 896.5 1,620.4 943.2 921.1 153.72 172.05 271.63 181.94 177.682002 882.8 991.9 1,673.4 1,054.2 1,011.9 194.55 175.78 284.17 195.31 187.462003 1,037.3 1,106.0 2,065.1 1,199.5 1,127.4 221.13 189.95 345.94 216.27 203.252004 1,441.8 1,716.4 1,977.3 1,673.1 1,528.5 298.45 284.78 327.91 292.57 267.282005 1,920.4 1,497.6 2,392.9 1,720.7R1,522.3 314.36 280.03 429.92 306.50R271.162006 2,238.6 1,936.2 2,664.6 2,101.7R1,801.3 402.45 348.36 479.33 378.03R324.002007 4,000.4 3,906.9 6,131.2 4,171.7 3,481.8 717.13 604.06 1,132.09 688.30 574.461See "Crude Oil Well" in Glossary.2See "Natural Gas Well" in Glossary.3See "Dry Hole" in Glossary.4See "Nominal Dollars" in Glossary.5In chained (2000) dollars, calculated by using gross domestic product implicit price deflators in TableD1. See "Chained Dollars" in Glossary.R=Revised.Notes:•The information reported for 1965 and prior years is not strictly comparable to that in morerecent surveys.•Average cost is the arithmetic mean and includes all costs for drilling and equippingwells and for surface-producing facilities. Wells drilled include exploratory and development wells; excludesservice wells, stratigraphic tests, and core tests. See "Development Well" and "Exploratory Well"inGlossary.Web Page: For related information, see http://www.api.org/statistics/accessapi/surveys/index.cfm.Source: American Petroleum Institute,2007 Joint Association Survey on Drilling Costs(January 2009).Figure 4.9 Crude Oil, Natural Gas, and Natural Gas Liquids Gross Additions to Proved Reserves, andExploration and Development ExpendituresGross Additions to Proved Reserves of Crude Oil, Natural Gas, and Natural Gas Liquids, 1974-2007Crude Oil and Natural Gas Exploration and Development Expenditures per Barrel of Reserve Additions, 1975-2006Expenditures, 1974-2007 Three-Year Moving Average114 Energy Information Administration / Annual Energy Review 20081Crude oil equivalent.2See “Nominal Price” in Glossary.Note: “Major U.S. Energy Companies” are the top publicly-owned crude oil and natural gasproducers and petroleum refiners that form the Financial Reporting System (FRS). See Table3.14.Source: Table 4.9.U.S. TotalMajor U.S. Energy Companies-United States1974 1977 1980 1983 1986 1989 1992 1995 1998 2001 2004 2007-2024681012-2

Billion Barrels COE1Major U.S. Energy Companies–ForeignMajor U.S. EnergyCompanies–United StatesMajor U.S. Energy Companies–United StatesMajor U.S. EnergyCompanies–Foreign1974 1977 1980 1983 1986 1989 1992 1995 1998 2001 2004 2007020406080100120

Billion Nominal Dollars 2Major U.S. EnergyCompanies–Foreign1975 1980 1985 1990 1995 2000 200507142128

Nominal Dollars2 per Barrel COE1Energy Information Administration / Annual Energy Review 2008 115**T able 4.9 Crude Oil, Natural Gas, and Natural Gas Liquids Gross Additions to Proved Reserves,** **and Exploration and Development Expenditures, 1974-2007 Year** **Gross Additions to Proved Reserves**1**of Crude Oil, Natural Gas, and Natural Gas Liquids Crude Oil and Natural Gas** **Exploration and Development Expenditures Expenditures per Barrel of Reserve Additions,** **Three-Year Moving Average U.S. Total** **Major U.S. Energy Companies**2**Major U.S. Energy Companies**2**Major U.S. Energy Companies**2**United States Foreign** **United States Foreign** **United States Foreign** Million Barrels COE3Billion Nominal Dollars4Nominal Dollars4per Barrel COE31974 NA 2,205 NA 8.7 3.8 NA NA1975 3,846 -634 NA 7.8 5.3 8.05 NA1976 3,224 1,663 1,459 9.5 5.2 8.64 NA1977 3,765 2,210 1,055 10.7 5.6 5.12 4.641978 3,679 2,383 1,191 11.8 6.4 7.34 5.731979 5,071 1,37851,208 21.3 7.8 9.3455.751980 6,723 2,590 1,977 26.2 11.0 11.80 7.451981 7,304 2,848 1,006 33.0 12.4 11.63 8.741982 5,030 2,482 1,332 39.1 14.2610.6268.781983 6,412 3,427 1,918 27.1 10.7 9.20 9.281984 6,653 3,941 1,298 48.1 17.368.2168.631985 6,19073,129 1,192 28.5 10.178.27 9.031986 4,866 2,17851,375 17.4 7.5 6.6755.281987 6,05973,698 2,516 14.3 9.274.58 4.691988 7,156 3,359 2,460 21.0 13.0 5.05 5.181989 5,385 2,798 2,043 15.0 14.1 5.62 5.941990 6,275 2,979 2,355 15.1 13.6 5.87 6.341991 4,227 1,772 2,135 14.2 13.7 6.52 6.501992 5,006 1,332 1,694 10.3 12.9 7.02 6.551993 4,814 1,945 2,147 10.9 12.5 5.66 5.331994 6,021 2,703 3,173 12.6 11.9 4.74 4.631995 6,558 2,929 2,799 12.4 13.2 5.11 4.511996 6,707 2,131 3,280 14.6 16.6 7.61 5.101997 7,233 1,367 3,279 21.8 17.9 9.67 5.181998 3,628 2,798 5,206 24.4 26.4 11.15 5.221999 7,929 1,197 3,360 13.5 17.5 10.25 5.982000 8,725 4,392 3,593 48.0 28.8 9.67 6.012001 7,449 4,271 6,744 33.9 35.9 10.44 7.192002 7,056 2,232 3,036 31.8 31.4 10.65 6.912003 5,189 2,216 4,047 27.2 28.2 12.57 10.712004 6,624 2,825 841 32.4 25.3 11.99 15.382005 8,543 3,818 1,664 46.6 47.3R19.93R25.092006R6,479R2,175 2,747R96.7R59.2R21.75R27.642007 11,745 3,560 985 64.4 42.7 NA NA1Gross additions to proved reserves equal annual change in proved reserves plus annual production.See "Proved Reserves, Crude Oil," "Proved Reserves, Natural Gas," and "Proved Reserves, Natural GasLiquids" in Glossary.2"Major U.S. Energy Companies" are the top publicly-owned, U.S.-based crude oil and natural gasproducers and petroleum refiners that form the Financial Reporting System (FRS) (see Table 3.14).3Crude oil equivalent: converted to Btu on the basis of annual average conversion factors. SeeAppendix A.4See "Nominal Dollars" in Glossary.5Data for 1979 exclude downward revisions of 1,225 million barrels COE due to Iranian policies. Datafor 1986 exclude downward revisions due to Libyan sanctions.6Data for 1982 and 1984 are adjusted to exclude purchases of proved reserves associated withmergers among the FRS companies.7Data for 1985 and 1987 exclude downward revisions of 1,477 million barrels COE and 2,396 millionbarrels COE, respectively, of Alaska North Slope natural gas reserves.R=Revised. NA=Not available.Web Page: For related information, see http://www.eia.doe.gov/emeu/finance.Sources:**Major U.S. Energy Companies:**•1974-1976—Energy Information Administration (EIA),Form EIA-28, "Financial Reporting System" database, November 1997.•1977 forward—EIA,Performance Profiles of Major Energy Producers,annual reports.**U.S. Total, Gross Additions to Prove d** **Reserves:**•1975-1979—American Gas Association, American Petroleum Institute, and CanadianPetroleum Association (published jointly),Reserves of Crude Oil, Natural Gas Liquids, and Natural Gasinthe United States and Canada as of December 31, 1979,Volume 34 (June 1980).•1980 forward—EIA,U.S. Crude Oil, Natural Gas, and Natural Gas Liquids Reserves,annual reports.Figure 4.10 Major U.S. Energy Companies’ Expenditures for Crude Oil and Natural Gas Exploration andDevelopment by RegionTotal, 1974-2007 U.S. and Foreign, 1974-2007 U.S. Onshore and Offshore, 1977-2007By Region, 2007116 Energy Information Administration / Annual Energy Review 20081See “Nominal Dollars” in Glossary.2Includes all Europe except countries that werepart of the former U.S.S.R. See “Union ofSoviet Socialist Republics (U.S.S.R.)” in Glossary.3Includes only countries that were part of the former U.S.S.R. See “Eurasia” and “Union ofSoviet Socialist Republics (U.S.S.R.)” in Glossary.4This region includes areas that are eastwardof the Greenwich prime meridian to 180° longitude and that are not included in other domestic or foreign classifications.5This region includes areas that are westward of the Greenwich prime meridian to 180°longitude and that are not included in other domestic or foreign classifications.Note: “Major U.S. Energy Companies” are the top publicly-owned, U.S.-based crude oil andnatural gas producers and petroleum refiners thatform the Financial Reporting System (FRS).See Table 3.14.Source: Table 4.10.1975 1980 1985 1990 1995 2000 200504080120160

Billion Nominal Dollars11975 1980 1985 1990 1995 2000 20050255075100

Billion Nominal Dollars11980 1985 1990 1995 2000 20050255075

Billion Nominal Dollars1OnshoreOffshoreUnited StatesForeign64.45.88.12.912.53.26.83.4United States Canada Europe2 Eurasia3 Africa Middle East Other Eastern Other Western0255075

Billion Nominal Dollars1Hemisphere4Hemisphere5Energy Information Administration / Annual Energy Review 2008 117**T able 4.10 Major U.S. Energy Companies’ Expenditures for Crude Oil and Natural Gas Exploration and Development** **by Region, 1974-2007**(Billion Nominal Dollars1)**Year United States** **Foreign Total** **Onshore Offshore** **Total Canada** **Europe**2**Eurasia**3**Africa Middle** **East Other** **Eastern Hemisphere** 4**Other Western** **Hemisphere**5**Total**1974 NA NA 8.7 NA NA – – NA NA NA NA 3.8 12.51975 NA NA 7.8 NA NA – – NA NA NA NA 5.3 13.11976 NA NA 9.5 NA NA – – NA NA NA NA 5.2 14.71977 6.7 4.0 10.7 1.5 2.5 – – .7 .2 .3 .4 5.6 16.31978 7.5 4.3 11.8 1.6 2.6 – – .8 .3 .4 .6 6.4 18.21979 13.0 8.3 21.3 2.3 3.0 – – .8 .2 .5 .8 7.8 29.11980 16.8 9.4 26.2 3.1 4.3 – – 1.4 .2 .8 1.0 11.0 37.21981 19.9 13.0 33.0 1.8 5.0 – – 2.1 .3 1.9 1.3 12.4 45.41982 27.2 11.9 39.1 1.9 6.3 – – 2.1 .4 2.4 1.1 14.2 53.31983 16.0 11.1 27.1 1.6 4.3 – – 1.7 .5 2.0 .6 10.7 37.71984 32.1 16.0 48.1 5.4 5.5 – – 3.4 .5 2.0 .5 17.3 65.31985 20.0 8.5 28.5 1.9 3.7 – – 1.6 .9 1.3 .7 10.1 38.61986 12.5 4.9 17.4 1.1 3.2 – – 1.1 .3 1.2 .6 7.5 24.91987 9.7 4.5 14.3 1.9 3.0 – – .8 .4 2.8 .5 9.2 23.51988 12.9 8.1 21.0 5.4 4.3 – – .8 .4 1.4 .7 13.0 34.11989 9.0 6.0 15.0 6.3 3.5 – – 1.0 .4 2.3 .6 14.1 29.11990 10.2 4.9 15.1 1.8 6.6 – – 1.4 .6 2.4 .7 13.6 28.71991 9.6 4.6 14.2 1.7 6.8 – – 1.5 .5 2.4 .7 13.7 27.91992 7.3 3.0 10.3 1.1 6.8 – – 1.4 .6 2.4 .6 12.9 23.21993 7.2 3.7 10.9 1.6 5.5 .3 1.5 .7 2.5 .6 12.5 23.51994 7.8 4.8 12.6 1.8 4.4 .3 1.4 .4 2.8 .7 11.9 24.51995 7.7 4.7 12.4 1.9 5.2 .4 2.0 .4 2.4 .9 13.2 25.61996 7.9 6.7 14.6 1.6 5.6 .5 2.8 .5 4.1 1.6 16.6 31.31997 13.0 8.8 21.8 2.0 7.1 .6 3.0 .6 3.0 1.6 17.9 39.81998 13.5 11.0 24.4 4.8 8.6 1.3 3.1 .9 3.9 3.7 26.4 50.81999 6.6 6.9 13.5 2.1 4.1 .6 3.1 .4 3.4 3.8 17.5 31.02000 27.1 21.0 48.0 4.9 7.5 .9 2.7 .6 6.8 5.4 28.8 76.82001 24.2 9.6 33.9 15.3 5.4 .9 5.5 .7 5.0 3.1 35.9 69.82002 22.3 9.5 31.8 6.7 9.8 1.3 5.1 .8 6.2 1.6 31.4 63.22003 14.7 12.5 27.2 4.9 5.7 2.1 9.2 1.0 4.2 1.1 28.2 55.42004 21.9 10.5 32.4 5.3 4.4 2.0 6.9 1.3 3.8 1.6 25.3 57.72005 35.2 11.3 46.6 9.1 6.1 6.3 10.7 1.5 12.0 1.7 47.3 93.82006R69.9R26.8R96.7 17.029.032.4 12.9 3.1R6.6R8.2R59.2R155.92007 50.3 14.1 64.4 5.8 8.1 2.9 12.5 3.2 6.8 3.4 42.7 107.11See "Nominal Dollars" in Glossary.2Through 2005, includes Austria, Belgium, Denmark, Finland, France, Germany (the Federal Republicof), Greece, Ireland, Italy, Luxembourg, Netherlands, Norway, Portugal, Spain, Sweden, Switzerland,Turkey, and the United Kingdom. Beginning in 2006, includes all Europe except countries that were part ofthe former U.S.S.R. See "Union of Soviet Socialist Republics (U.S.S.R.)" in Glossary.3Through 2005, includes countries that were part of the former U.S.S.R. as well as Albania, Bosnia andHerzegovina, Bulgaria, Croatia, Czech Republic, Macedonia, Serbia and Montenegro, Slovakia, andSlovenia. Beginning in 2006, includes only countries that were part of the former U.S.S.R. See "Eurasia"and "Union of Soviet Socialist Republics (U.S.S.R.)" in Glossary.4This region includes areas that are eastward of the Greenwich prime meridian to 180°longitude andthat are not included in other domestic or foreign classifications.5This region includes areas that are westward of the Greenwich prime meridian to 180°longitude andthat are not included in other domestic or foreign classifications.R=Revised. NA=Not available. – – = Not applicable.Notes:•"Major U.S. Energy Companies" are the top publicly-owned, U.S.-based crude oil and naturalgas producers and petroleum refiners that form the Financial Reporting System (FRS). See Table 3.14.•Totals may not equal sum of components due to independent rounding.Web Page: For related information, see http://www.eia.doe.gov/emeu/finance.Sources:•1974-1976—Energy Information Administration (EIA), Office of Energy Markets and End Use,FRS Database, November 1997.•1977 forward—EIA,Performance Profiles of Major Energy Producers,annual reports.Figure 4.11 Coal Demonstrated Reserve Base, January 1, 2008By Key StateBy RegionWest and East of the Mississippi By Mining Method By Rank118 Energy Information Administration / Annual Energy Review 2008Source: Table 4.11.11910463333027231612129Montana Illinois Wyo- West Ken- Penn- Ohio Colo- Texas New Indiana0153045607590105120135

Billion Short Tons232157100Western Interior Appalachian050100150200250300350

Billion Short Tonsming Virginia tucky sylvania rado Mexico260179437Bitu- Subbitu- Lignite Anthra050100150200250300350

Billion Short Tons256233West of the East of the050100150200250300350

Billion Short TonsMississippi333156Underground Surface050100150200250300350

Billion Short TonsMississippiciteminous minousEnergy Information Administration / Annual Energy Review 2008 119**T able 4.11 Coal Demonstrated Reserve Base, January 1, 2008** (Billion Short Tons)**Region and State Anthracite** **Bituminous Coal Subbituminous Coal** **Lignite Total** **Underground Surface** **Underground Surface** **Underground Surface** **Surface**1**Underground Surface** **Total A** **ppalachian**..............................................**4.0 3.4 69.5 22.4 0.0 0.0 1.1 73.4 26.8 100.3**Alabama ................................................... .0 .0 1.0 2.1 .0 .0 1.1 1.0 3.24.1Kentucky, Eastern .................................... .0 .0 1.0 9.2 .0 .0 .0 1.0 9.2 10.2Ohio .......................................................... .0 .0 17.5 5.7 .0 .0 .0 17.5 5.723.2Pennsylvania ............................................ 3.8 3.4 19.2 .9 .0 .0 .0 23.0 4.2 27.2Virginia ...................................................... .1 .0 .9 .5 .0 .0 .0 1.1.5 1.6West Virginia ............................................ .0 .0 28.8 3.6 .0 .0 .0 28.8 3.6 32.5Other2...................................................... .0 .0 1.1 .3 .0 .0 .0 1.1 .3 1.4**I nterior** .......................................................**.1 .0 117.0 27.2 .0 .0 12.7 117.1 39.9 157.1**Illinois ........................................................ .0 .0 87.8 16.5 .0 .0 .0 87.8 16.5 104.3Indiana ...................................................... .0 .0 8.7 .7 .0 .0 .0 8.7 .79.4Iowa .......................................................... .0 .0 1.7 .5 .0 .0 .0 1.7 .5 2.2Kentucky, Western ................................... .0 .0 15.8 3.6 .0 .0 .0 15.8 3.6 19.4Missouri .................................................... .0 .0 1.5 4.5 .0 .0 .0 1.5 4.56.0Oklahoma ................................................. .0 .0 1.2 .3 .0 .0 .0 1.2 .31.5Texas ........................................................ .0 .0 .0 .0 .0 .0 12.3 .0 12.312.3Other3...................................................... .1 .0 .3 1.1 .0 .0 0.4 .4 1.5 1.9**W estern** .....................................................**.0 (s) 21.4 2.3 121.2 57.8 29.3 142.7 89.3 232.0**Alaska ....................................................... .0 .0 .6 .1 4.8 .6 (s) 5.4 .76.1Colorado ................................................... .0 (s) 7.6 .6 3.7 .0 4.2 11.3 4.8 16.1Montana .................................................... .0 .0 1.4 .0 69.6 32.4 15.8 71.0 48.2 119.1New Mexico .............................................. .0 (s) 2.7 .9 3.5 5.0 .0 6.1 5.9 12.1North Dakota ............................................ .0 .0 .0 .0 .0 .0 9.0 .0 9.0 9.0Utah .......................................................... .0 .0 5.0 .3 (s) .0 .0 5.0 .35.3Washington ............................................... .0 .0 .3 .0 1.0 .0 (s) 1.3 .0 1.3Wyoming ................................................... .0 .0 3.8 .5 38.7 19.7 .0 42.5 20.2 62.7Other4...................................................... .0 .0 .0 .0 (s) (s) .4 .0 .4 .4**U .S. Total** ...................................................**4.1 3.4 207.9 51.9 121.2 57.8 43.1 333.2 156.1 489.3**States East of the Mississippi River ......... 4.0 3.4 181.8 43.2 .0 .0 1.1 185.7 47.7 233.4States West of the Mississippi River ........ .1 .0 26.2 8.6 121.2 57.8 42.0 147.5 108.4 255.91Lignite resources are not mined underground in the United States.2Georgia, Maryland, North Carolina, and Tennessee.3Arkansas, Kansas, Louisiana, and Michigan.4Arizona, Idaho, Oregon, and South Dakota.(s)=Less than 0.05 billion short tons.Notes:•SeeU.S. Coal Reserves: 1997 Updateon the Web Page for a description of the methodologyused to produce these data.•Data represent remaining measured and indicated coal resources, analyzedand on file, meeting minimum seam and depth criteria, and in the ground as of January 1, 2008. Thesecoal resources are not totally recoverable. Net recoverability with current mining technologies ranges from0 percent (in far northern Alaska) to more than 90 percent. Fifty-four percent of the demonstrated reservebase of coal in the United States is estimated to be recoverable.•Totals may not equal sumofcomponents due to independent rounding.Web Page: For related information, see http://www.eia.doe.gov/fuelcoal.html.Source: Energy Information Administration, Coal Reserves Database.Figure 4.12 Uranium Exploration and Development DrillingTotal Holes Drilled, 1958-2001 and 2004-2008 Holes Drilled, Selected YearsTotal Footage Drilled, 1949-2001 and 2004-2008 Footage Drilled, Selected Years120 Energy Information Administration / Annual Energy Review 2008Source: Table 4.12.202935438752151968 1978 1988 1998 2008020406080

ThousandsExplorationDevelopment1950 1960 1970 1980 1990 2000020406080100120

Thousands81924316291131968 1978 1988 1998 2008048121620242832

Million FeetExplorationDevelopment1950 1960 1970 1980 1990 20000102030405060

Million FeetEnergy Information Administration / Annual Energy Review 2008 121**T able 4.12 Uranium Exploration and Development Drilling, Selected Years, 1949-2008** **Year Exploration** 1**Development**2**Total Holes Drilled** **Footage Drilled Holes Drilled** **Footage Drilled Holes Drilled** **Footage Drilled**ThousandsMillion FeetThousandsMillion FeetThousandsMillion Feet1949 NA 0.36 NA 0.05 NA 0.411950 NA .57 NA .21 NA .781955 NA 5.27 NA .76 NA 6.031960 7.34 1.40 24.40 4.21 31.73 5.611965 6.23 1.16 7.33 .95 13.56 2.111970 43.98 17.98 14.87 5.55 58.85 23.531971 28.42 11.40 10.44 4.05 38.86 15.451972 26.91 11.82 9.71 3.61 36.62 15.421973 22.56 10.83 11.70 5.59 34.26 16.421974 27.40 14.72 12.30 6.84 39.70 21.561975 34.29 15.69 21.60 9.73 55.89 25.421976 40.41 20.36 27.23 14.44 67.64 34.801977 62.60 27.96 30.86 17.62 93.45 45.581978 75.07 28.95 29.29 19.15 104.35 48.101979 60.46 28.07 30.19 13.01 90.65 41.081980 39.61 19.60 20.19 8.59 59.80 28.191981 17.75 10.87 8.67 3.35 26.42 14.221982 6.97 4.23 3.00 1.13 9.97 5.361983 4.29 2.09 3.01 1.08 7.30 3.171984 4.80 2.26 .72 .29 5.52 2.551985 2.88 1.42 .77 .34 3.65 1.761986 1.99 1.10 1.85 .97 3.83 2.071987 1.82 1.11 1.99 .86 3.81 1.971988 2.03 1.28 3.18 1.73 5.21 3.011989 2.09 1.43 1.75 .80 3.84 2.231990 1.51 .87 1.91 .81 3.42 1.681991 1.62 .97 1.57 .87 3.20 1.841992 .94 .56 .83 .50 1.77 1.061993 .36 .22 1.67 .89 2.02 1.111994 .52 .34 .48 .32 1.00 .661995 .58 .40 1.73 .95 2.31 1.351996 1.12 .88 3.58 2.16 4.70 3.051997 1.94 1.33 5.86 3.56 7.79 4.881998 1.37 .89 5.23 3.75 6.60 4.641999 .27 .18 2.91 2.33 3.18 2.502000 W W W W 1.55 1.022001 .00 .00 1.02 .66 1.02 .662002 W W W W W W2003 NA NA NA NA W W2004 W W W W 2.19 1.252005 W W W W 3.14 1.672006 1.47 .82 3.43 1.89 4.90 2.712007 4.35 2.20 5.00 2.95 9.35 5.152008 5.20 2.54 4.16 2.55 9.36 5.091Includes surface drilling in search of new ore deposits or extensions of known deposits and drilling atthe location of a discovery up to the time the company decides sufficient ore reserves are present to justifycommercial exploitation.2Includes all surface drilling on an ore deposit to determine more precisely size, grade, andconfiguration subsequent to the time that commercial exploitation is deemed feasible.NA=Not available. W=Value withheld to avoid disclosure of individual company data.Note: Totals may not equal sum of components due to independent rounding.Web Pages:•For all data beginning in 1949, see http://www.eia.doe.gov/emeu/aer/resource.html.•For related information, see http://www.eia.doe.gov/fuelnuclear.html.Sources:•1949-1981—U.S. Department of Energy, Grand Junction Office,Statistical Data of theUranium Industry, January 1, 1983,Report No. GJO-100 (1983), Table VIII-5.•1982-2002—EnergyInformation Administration (EIA),Uranium Industry Annual,annual reports.•2003 forward—EIA,"Domestic Uranium Production Report" (May 2009).Figure 4.13 Uranium Reserves and Resources, 2003ReservesReserves and Resources(Million Pounds Uranium Oxide)122 Energy Information Administration / Annual Energy Review 20081California, Idaho, Nebraska, Nevada, North Dakota, Oregon, South Dakota, and Washington.2See “Nominal Dollars” in Glossary.Notes: • See “Uranium Oxide” in Glossary. • Data are at end of year.Source: Table 4.13.AZUTCONESDNDTXCAORWAIDNV 

# N M 5 6 6

3 4 1

8 4WY58236310638236Forward-Cost Category(nominal dollars2 per pound)$30 or Less$50 or Less$100 or Less17012345Sum of AZ, CO, and UT584024Sum of Other States1 Billion Pounds Uranium Oxide1.32.23.52.23.34.90.30.91.4$30 or Less $50 or Less $100 or Less(nominal dollars2 per pound)Forward-Cost Category0123456ReservesEstimated Additional ResourcesSpeculative ResourcesEnergy Information Administration / Annual Energy Review 2008 123**T able 4.13 Uranium Reserves and Resources, 2003** (Million Pounds Uranium Oxide)**Resource Category and State Forward-Cost** 1**Category**(nominal dollars2per pound)**$30 or Less $50 or Less** **$100 or Less R** **eserves**3.........................................................................................................................**265 890 1,414**New Mexico .................................................................................................................. 84 341 566Wyoming ....................................................................................................................... 106 363 582Texas ............................................................................................................................ 6 23 38Arizona, Colorado, Utah ...............................................................................................45 123 170Others4........................................................................................................................ 2440 58**P otential Resources** 5Estimated Additional Resources ..................................................................................... 2,180 3,310 4,850Speculative Resources ................................................................................................... 1,310 2,230 3,4801Forward costs are all operating and capital costs yet to be incurred in the production of uranium fromestimated resources. Excluded are previous expenditures (such as exploration and land acquisitions),taxes, profit, and the cost of money. Generally, forward costs are lower than market prices. Resourcevalues in forward-cost categories are cumulative; that is, the quantity at each level of forward cost includesall reserves/resources at the lower cost in that category.2See "Nominal Dollars" in Glossary.3The Energy Information Administration (EIA) category of uranium reserves is equivalent to theinternationally reported category of "Reasonably Assured Resources" (RAR).4California, Idaho, Nebraska, Nevada, North Dakota, Oregon, South Dakota, and Washington.5Shown are the mean values for the distribution of estimates for each forward-cost category, roundedto the nearest million pounds uranium oxide.Notes:•Data are at end of year.•Until further notice, these estimates will not be updated annually.•See "Uranium Oxide" in Glossary.Web Page: For related information, see http://www.eia.doe.gov/fuelnuclear.html.Sources:•**Forward Costs $30 or Less and $50 or Less:**EIA, "U.S. Uranium Reserves Estimates"(June 2004).•**Forward Costs $100 or Less:**EIA, Office of Coal, Nuclear, Electric and Alternate Fuelsdatabase as of June 2004.Petroleum5Oil pumping unit and drilling rig, Texas. Source: U.S. Department of Energy.Figure 5.0. Petroleum Flow, 2008(Million Barrels per Day)Energy Information Administration / Annual Energy Review 20081271Unfinished oils, other hydrocarbons/hydrogen, and motor gasoline and aviation gasolineblending components.2Net imports (1.51) and adjustments (0.39) minus stock change (0.04) and product supplied(-0.02).3Finished petroleum products, liquefied petroleum gases, and pentanes plus.4Natural gas plant liquids.5Production minus refinery input.Notes: • Data are preliminary. • Valuesare derived from source data prior to rounding forpublication. • Totals may not equal sum of components due to independent rounding.Sources: Tables 5.1, 5.3, 5.5, 5.8, 5.11, 5.13a-5.13d, 5.16, andPetroleum Supply Monthly,February 2009, Table 4.Figure 5.1 Petroleum OverviewOverview, 1949-2008 Overview, 2008Crude Oil and Natural Gas Plant Liquids Production, 1949-2008 Trade, 1949-2008128 Energy Information Administration / Annual Energy Review 20081Petroleum products supplied is used as an approximation for consumption.2Crude oil and natural gas plant liquids production.Sources: Tables 5.1 and 5.3.1950 1960 1970 1980 1990 20000510152025

Million Barrels per Day6.712.91.819.4Production 2 Imports Exports Consumption10510152025

Million Barrels per DayProduction2Consumption1Net Imports5.00 in2008Natural Gas Plant LiquidsPeak: 9.64in 1970Crude OilCrude Oil ImportsProduct Imports1950 1960 1970 1980 1990 20000246810

Million Barrels per Day1950 1960 1970 1980 1990 2000036912

Million Barrels per DayExportsEnergy Information Administration / Annual Energy Review 2008 129**T able 5.1 Petroleum Overview, Selected Years, 1949-2008** (Thousand Barrels per Day)**Year Field Production** 1**Processing Gain** 5**Trade Stock** **Change**8**Adjust ments** 9**Petroleum Products** **Supplied Crude Oil** 2**Natural Gas Plant Liquids** 4**Total Imports** 6**Exports Net** **Imports**7**48 States**3**Alaska Total** 1949 5,046 0 5,046 430 5,477 -2 645 327 318 -8 -38 5,7631950 5,407 0 5,407 499 5,906 2 850 305 545 -56 -51 6,4581955 6,807 0 6,807 771 7,578 34 1,248 368 880 (s) -37 8,4551960 7,034 2 7,035 929 7,965 146 1,815 202 1,613 -83 -8 9,7971965 7,774 30 7,804 1,210 9,014 220 2,468 187 2,281 -8 -10 11,5121970 9,408 229 9,637 1,660 11,297 359 3,419 259 3,161 103 -16 14,6971971 9,245 218 9,463 1,693 11,155 382 3,926 224 3,701 71 45 15,2121972 9,242 199 9,441 1,744 11,185 388 4,741 222 4,519 -232 43 16,3671973 9,010 198 9,208 1,738 10,946 453 6,256 231 6,025 135 18 17,3081974 8,581 193 8,774 1,688 10,462 480 6,112 221 5,892 179 -2 16,6531975 8,183 191 8,375 1,633 10,007 460 6,056 209 5,846 32 41 16,3221976 7,958 173 8,132 1,604 9,736 477 7,313 223 7,090 -58 101 17,4611977 7,781 464 8,245 1,618 9,862 524 8,807 243 8,565 548 28 18,4311978 7,478 1,229 8,707 1,567 10,275 496 8,363 362 8,002 -94 -20 18,8471979 7,151 1,401 8,552 1,584 10,135 527 8,456 471 7,985 173 38 18,5131980 6,980 1,617 8,597 1,573 10,170 597 6,909 544 6,365 140 64 17,0561981 6,962 1,609 8,572 1,609 10,180 508 5,996 595 5,401 160 129 16,0581982 6,953 1,696 8,649 1,550 10,199 531 5,113 815 4,298 -147 121 15,2961983 6,974 1,714 8,688 1,559 10,246 488 5,051 739 4,312 -20 165 15,2311984 7,157 1,722 8,879 1,630 10,509 553 5,437 722 4,715 280 228 15,7261985 7,146 1,825 8,971 1,609 10,581 557 5,067 781 4,286 -103 200 15,7261986 6,814 1,867 8,680 1,551 10,231 616 6,224 785 5,439 202 197 16,2811987 6,387 1,962 8,349 1,595 9,944 639 6,678 764 5,914 41 209 16,6651988 6,123 2,017 8,140 1,625 9,765 655 7,402 815 6,587 -28 249 17,2831989 5,739 1,874 7,613 1,546 9,159 661 8,061 859 7,202 -43 260 17,3251990 5,582 1,773 7,355 1,559 8,914 683 8,018 857 7,161 107 338 16,9881991 5,618 1,798 7,417 1,659 9,076 715 7,627 1,001 6,626 -10 287 16,7141992 5,457 1,714 7,171 1,697 8,868 772 7,888 950 6,938 -68 386 17,0331993 5,264 1,582 6,847 1,736 8,582 766 8,620 1,003 7,618 151 422 17,2371994 5,103 1,559 6,662 1,727 8,388 768 8,996 942 8,054 15 523 17,7181995 5,076 1,484 6,560 1,762 8,322 774 8,835 949 7,886 -246 496 17,7251996 5,071 1,393 6,465 1,830 8,295 837 9,478 981 8,498 -151 528 18,3091997 5,156 1,296 6,452 1,817 8,269 850 10,162 1,003 9,158 143 487 18,6201998 5,077 1,175 6,252 1,759 8,011 886 10,708 945 9,764 239 495 18,9171999 4,832 1,050 5,881 1,850 7,731 886 10,852 940 9,912 -422 567 19,5192000 4,851 970 5,822 1,911 7,733 948 11,459 1,040 10,419 -69 532 19,7012001 4,839 963 5,801 1,868 7,670 903 11,871 971 10,900 325 501 19,6492002 4,761 984 5,746 1,880 7,626 957 11,530 984 10,546 -105 527 19,7612003 4,706 974 5,681 1,719 7,400 974 12,264 1,027 11,238 56 478 20,0342004 4,510 908 5,419 1,809 7,228 1,051 13,145 1,048 12,097 209 564 20,7312005 4,314 864 5,178 1,717 6,895 989 13,714 1,165 12,549 145 513 20,8022006 4,361 741 5,102 1,739 6,841 994 13,707 1,317 12,390 60 522 20,6872007R4,342R722R5,064R1,783R6,847R996R13,468R1,433R12,036R-148R653R20,6802008P4,273 683 4,955 1,781 6,737 971 12,872 1,831 11,041 201 871 19,4191Crude oil production on leases, and natural gas liquids (liquefied petroleum gases, pentanes plus, andasmall amount of finished petroleum products) production at natural gas processing plants. Excludes whatwas previously classified as "Field Production" of finished motor gasoline, motor gasoline blendingcomponents, and other hydrocarbons and oxygenates; these are now included in "Adjustments."2Includes lease condensate.3United States excluding Alaska and Hawaii.4See Table 5.10.5Refinery and blender net production minus refinery and blender net inputs. See Table 5.8.6Includes crude oil imports for the Strategic Petroleum Reserve, which began in 1977. See Table 5.17.7Net imports equal imports minus exports.8A negative value indicates a decrease in stocks and a positive value indicates an increase. Includescrude oil stocks in the Strategic Petroleum Reserve, but excludes distillate fuel oil stocks in the NortheastHeating Oil Reserve. See Table 5.16.9An adjustment for crude oil, finished motor gasoline, motor gasoline blending components, fuelethanol, and distillate fuel oil. See EIA,Petroleum Supply Monthly,Appendix B, Note 3.R=Revised. P=Preliminary. (s)=Less than 500 barrels per day.Notes:•See Note 1, "Petroleum Products Supplied and Petroleum Consumption," Note 2, "Adjustmentto Total Petroleum Products Supplied," and Note 3, "Changes Affecting Petroleum Production and ProductSupplied Statistics," at end of section.•Totals may not equal sum of components due to independentrounding.Web Pages:•For all data beginning in 1949, see http://www.eia.doe.gov/emeu/aer/petro.html.•For related information, see http://www.eia.doe.gov/oil_gas/petroleum/info_glance/petroleum.html.Sources:•1949-1975—Bureau of Mines, Mineral Industry Surveys,Petroleum Statement, Annual,annual reports.•1976-1980—Energy Information Administration (EIA), Energy Data Reports,PetroleumStatement, Annual,annual reports.•1981-2007—EIA,Petroleum Supply Annual,annual reports.•2008—EIA,Petroleum Supply Monthly(February 2009).Figure 5.2 Crude Oil Production and Crude Oil Well Productivity, 1954-2008By Geographic Location By Site48 States1 and Alaska Number of Producing Wells Average Productivity130 Energy Information Administration / Annual Energy Review 20081United States excluding Alaska and Hawaii.Note: Crude oil includes lease condensate.Source: Table 5.2.Total1960 1970 1980 1990 20000246810

Million Barrels per Day (Cumulative)Total1960 1970 1980 1990 20000246810

Million Barrels per Day (Cumulative)48 States1OffshoreAlaskaOnshoreAlaska1960 1970 1980 1990 20000246810

Million Barrels per Day48 States11960 1970 1980 1990 20000200400600800

Thousand Wells1960 1970 1980 1990 200005101520

Barrels per Day per Well1985: 647thousand wells2008: 525thousand wellsPeak: 18.6 in 19729.4in 2008Energy Information Administration / Annual Energy Review 2008 131**T able 5.2 Crude Oil Production and Crude Oil Well Productivity, Selected Years, 1954-2008** **Year Geographic Location** **Site Type** **Total Production** **Crude Oil Well**1**Productivity 48 States** 2**Alaska Onshore** **Offshore Crude Oil** **Lease Condensate Producing Wells** 3**Average Productivity**4Thousand Barrels per DayThousandsBarrels per Day per Well1954 6,342 0 6,209 133 6,3425( ) 6,342 511 12.41955 6,807 0 6,645 162 6,8075( ) 6,807 524 13.01960 7,034 2 6,716 319 7,0355( ) 7,035 591 11.91965 7,774 30 7,140 665 7,8045( ) 7,804 589 13.21970 9,408 229 8,060 1,577 9,180 457 9,637 531 18.11975 8,183 191 7,012 1,362 8,007 367 8,375 500 16.81976 7,958 173 6,868 1,264 7,776 356 8,132 499 16.31977 7,781 464 7,069 1,176 7,875 370 8,245 507 16.31978 7,478 1,229 7,571 1,136 8,353 355 8,707 517 16.81979 7,151 1,401 7,485 1,067 8,181 371 8,552 531 16.11980 6,980 1,617 7,562 1,034 8,210 386 8,597 548 15.71981 6,962 1,609 7,537 1,034 8,176 395 8,572 557 15.41982 6,953 1,696 7,538 1,110 8,261 387 8,649 580 14.91983 6,974 1,714 7,492 1,196 8,6885( ) 8,688 603 14.41984 7,157 1,722 7,596 1,283 8,8795( ) 8,879 621 14.31985 7,146 1,825 7,722 1,250 8,9715( ) 8,971 647 13.91986 6,814 1,867 7,426 1,254 8,6805( ) 8,680 623 13.91987 6,387 1,962 7,153 1,196 8,3495( ) 8,349 620 13.51988 6,123 2,017 6,949 1,191 8,1405( ) 8,140 612 13.31989 5,739 1,874 6,486 1,127 7,6135( ) 7,613 603 12.61990 5,582 1,773 6,273 1,082 7,3555( ) 7,355 602 12.21991 5,618 1,798 6,245 1,172 7,4175( ) 7,417 614 12.11992 5,457 1,714 5,953 1,218 7,1715( ) 7,171 594 12.11993 5,264 1,582 5,606 1,241 6,8475( ) 6,847 584 11.71994 5,103 1,559 5,291 1,370 6,6625( ) 6,662 582 11.41995 5,076 1,484 5,035 1,525 6,5605( ) 6,560 574 11.41996 5,071 1,393 4,902 1,562 6,4655( ) 6,465 574 11.31997 5,156 1,296 4,803 1,648 6,4525( ) 6,452 573 11.31998 5,077 1,175 4,560 1,692 6,2525( ) 6,252 562 11.11999 4,832 1,050 4,132 1,750 5,8815( ) 5,881 546 10.82000 4,851 970 4,049 1,773 5,8225( ) 5,822 534 10.92001 4,839 963 3,879 1,923 5,8015( ) 5,801 530 10.92002 4,761 984 3,743 2,003 5,7465( ) 5,746 529 10.92003 4,706 974 3,668 2,012 5,6815( ) 5,681 513 11.12004 4,510 908 3,536 1,883 5,4195( ) 5,419 510 10.62005 4,314 864 3,466 1,712 5,1785( ) 5,178 498 10.42006 4,361 741 3,401 1,701 5,1025( ) 5,102 497 10.32007R4,342R722R3,407R1,657R5,0645( )R5,064 500R10.12008P4,273P683E3,585E1,371P4,9555( )P4,955P525P9.41See "Crude Oil Well" in Glossary.2United States excluding Alaska and Hawaii.3As of December 31.4Through 1976, average productivity is based on the average number of producing wells. Beginning in1977, average productivity is based on the number of wells producing at end of year.5Included in "Crude Oil."R=Revised. P=Preliminary. E=Estimate.Note: Totals may not equal sum of components due to independent rounding.Web Page: See http://www.eia.doe.gov/oil_gas/petroleum/info_glance/petroleum.html for relatedinfomation.Sources:**Onshore:**•1954-1975—Bureau of Mines, Mineral Industry Surveys,Petroleum Statement(PS), Annual,annual reports.•1976-1980—Energy Information Administration (EIA), Energy DataReports,PS, Annual,annual reports.•1981-2007—EIA,Petroleum Supply Annual (PSA),annual reports.•2008—EIA estimate.**Offshore:**•1954-1969—U.S. Geological Survey,Outer Continental ShelfStatistics(June 1979).•1970-1975—Bureau of Mines, Mineral Industry Surveys,PS, Annual,annualreports.•1976-1980—EIA, Energy Data Reports,PS, Annual,annual reports.•1981-2007—EIA,PSA,annual reports.•2008—EIA estimate.**Producing Wells:**•1954-1975—Bureau of Mines,MineralsYearbook,"Crude Petroleum and Petroleum Products" chapter.•1976-1980—EIA, Energy Data Reports,PS, Annual,annual reports.•1981-1994—Independent Petroleum Association of America,The OilProducing Industry in Your State.•1995 forward—Gulf Publishing Co.,World Oil,February issues.**A ll** **Other Data:**•1954-1975—Bureau of Mines, Mineral Industry Surveys,PS, Annual,annual reports.•1976-1980—EIA, Energy Data Reports,PS, Annual,annual reports.•1981-2007—EIA,PSA,annualreports.•2008—EIA,Petroleum Supply Monthly(February 2009).Figure 5.3 Petroleum Imports by TypeTotal, 1949-2008 By Selected Product, 1949-2008By Product, 2008132 Energy Information Administration / Annual Energy Review 20081Liquefied petroleum gases.2Aviation gasoline and blending components, kerosene, lubricants, pentanes plus, petrochemical feedstocks, petroleum coke, special naphthas, waxes, other hydrocarbons andoxygenates, and miscellaneous products.Source: Table 5.3.1950 1960 1970 1980 1990 2000051015

Million Barrels per Day1950 1960 1970 1980 1990 20000.00.51.01.52.0

Million Barrels per DayTotalCrudeOilResidualFuel OilDistillateFuel OilMotor Gasoline,Including BlendingComponentsPetroleumProducts78876334830424621110222333Motor Gasoline Unfinished Oils Residual Motor LPG1 Distillate Jet Fuel Asphalt and Other Products202004006008001,000

Thousand Barrels per DayFuel OilGasolineFuel OilBlendingComponentsRoad OilEnergy Information Administration / Annual Energy Review 2008 133**T able 5.3 Petroleum Imports by Type, Selected Years, 1949-2008** (Thousand Barrels per Day)**Year Crude** **Oil**1,2**Petroleum Products Total** **Petroleum Asphalt and** **Road Oil Distillate** **Fuel Oil Jet** **Fuel**3**Liquefied Petroleum Gases Motor** **Gasoline**5**Motor Gasoline Blending** **Components Residual** **Fuel Oil Unfinished** **Oils Other** **Products**6**Total Propane** 4**Total**1949 421 3 53( ) 0 0 0 0 206 10 0 224 6451950 487 5 73( ) 0 0 (s)7( ) 329 21 1 363 8501955 782 9 123( ) 0 0 137( ) 417 15 0 466 1,2481960 1,015 17 35 34 NA 4 277( ) 637 45 (s) 799 1,8151965 1,238 17 36 81 NA 21 287( ) 946 92 10 1,229 2,4681970 1,324 17 147 144 26 52 677( ) 1,528 108 32 2,095 3,4191971 1,681 20 153 180 32 70 597( ) 1,583 124 56 2,245 3,9261972 2,216 25 182 194 43 89 687( ) 1,742 125 101 2,525 4,7411973 3,244 23 392 212 71 132 1347( ) 1,853 137 129 3,012 6,2561974 3,477 31 289 163 59 123 2047( ) 1,587 121 117 2,635 6,1121975 4,105 14 155 133 60 112 1847( ) 1,223 36 95 1,951 6,0561976 5,287 11 146 76 68 130 1317( ) 1,413 32 87 2,026 7,3131977 6,615 4 250 75 86 161 2177( ) 1,359 31 95 2,193 8,8071978 6,356 2 173 86 57 123 1907( ) 1,355 27 50 2,008 8,3631979 6,519 4 193 78 88 217 1817( ) 1,151 59 54 1,937 8,4561980 5,263 4 142 80 69 216 1407( ) 939 55 72 1,646 6,9091981 4,396 4 173 38 70 244 157 24 800 112 48 1,599 5,9961982 3,488 5 93 29 63 226 197 42 776 174 84 1,625 5,1131983 3,329 7 174 29 44 190 247 47 699 234 94 1,722 5,0511984 3,426 18 272 62 67 195 299 83 681 231 171 2,011 5,4371985 3,201 35 200 39 67 187 381 67 510 318 130 1,866 5,0671986 4,178 29 247 57 110 242 326 72 669 250 153 2,045 6,2241987 4,674 36 255 67 88 190 384 60 565 299 146 2,004 6,6781988 5,107 31 302 90 106 209 405 57 644 360 196 2,295 7,4021989 5,843 31 306 106 111 181 369 66 629 348 183 2,217 8,0611990 5,894 32 278 108 115 188 342 62 504 413 198 2,123 8,0181991 5,782 28 205 67 91 147 297 36 453 413 198 1,844 7,6271992 6,083 27 216 82 85 131 294 41 375 443 195 1,805 7,8881993 6,787 32 184 100 103 160 247 27 373 491 219 1,833 8,6201994 7,063 37 203 117 124 183 356 20 314 413 291 1,933 8,9961995 7,230 36 193 106 102 146 265 48 187 349 276 1,605 8,8351996 7,508 27 230 111 119 166 336 166 248 367 319 1,971 9,4781997 8,225 32 228 91 113 169 309 200 194 353 360 1,936 10,1621998 8,706 28 210 124 137 194 311 209 275 302 350 2,002 10,7081999 8,731 34 250 128 122 182 382 217 237 317 375 2,122 10,8522000 9,071 28 295 162 161 215 427 223 352 274 414 2,389 11,4592001 9,328 26 344 148 140 206 454 298 295 378 393 2,543 11,8712002 9,140 27 267 107 145 183 498 311 249 410 337 2,390 11,5302003 9,665 12 333 109 168 225 518 367 327 335 373 2,599 12,2642004 10,088 43 325 127 209 263 496 451 426 490 436 3,057 13,1452005 10,126 43 329 190 233 328 603 510 530 582 473 3,588 13,7142006 10,118 50 365 186 228 332 475 669 350 689 473 3,589 13,7072007R10,031R40R304 217R182R247R413R753R372R717R375R3,437R13,4682008P9,756 22 211 102 182 246 304 788 348 763 333 3,116 12,8721Includes lease condensate.2Includes imports for the Strategic Petroleum Reserve, which began in 1977. See Table 5.17.3Through 1955, naphtha-type jet fuel is included in "Motor Gasoline." Through 1964, kerosene-type jetfuel is included with kerosene in "Other Products." Beginning in 2005, naphtha-type jet fuel is included in"Other Products."4Includes propylene.5Finished motor gasoline. Through 1955, also includes naphtha-type jet fuel. Through 1963, alsoincludes aviation gasoline and special naphthas. Through 1980, also includes motor gasoline blendingcomponents.6Aviation gasoline blending components, kerosene, lubricants, pentanes plus, petrochemicalfeedstocks, petroleum coke, waxes, other hydrocarbons and oxygenates, and miscellaneous products.Through 1964, also includes kerosene-type jet fuel. Beginning in 1964, also includes aviation gasoline andspecial naphthas. Beginning in 2005, also includes naphtha-type jet fuel.7Included in "Motor Gasoline."R=Revised. P=Preliminary. NA=Not available. (s)=Less than 500 barrels per day.Notes:•Includes imports from U.S. possessions and territories.•Totals may not equal sumofcomponents due to independent rounding.Web Pages:•For all data beginning in 1949, see http://www.eia.doe.gov/emeu/aer/petro.html.•For related information, see http://www.eia.doe.gov/oil_gas/petroleum/info_glance/petroleum.html.Sources:•1949-1975—Bureau of Mines, Mineral Industry Surveys,Petroleum Statement, Annual,annual reports.•1976-1980—Energy Information Administration (EIA), Energy Data Reports,PetroleumStatement, Annual,annual reports.•1981-2007—EIA,Petroleum Supply Annual,annual reports.•2008—EIA,Petroleum Supply Monthly(February 2009).Figure 5.4 Petroleum Imports by Country of OriginTotal, OPEC, and Non-OPEC, 1960-2008 Selected Countries, 2008Selected OPEC Countries, 1960-2008 Selected Non-OPEC Countries, 1960-2008134 Energy Information Administration / Annual Energy Review 2008Note: OPEC=Organization of the Petroleum Exporting Countries. Source: Table 5.4.TotalNon-OPECOPEC1960 1965 1970 1975 1980 1985 1990 1995 2000 200503691215

Million Barrels per Day2.51.51.31.21.00.60.50.30.2Canada Saudi Mexico Vene- Nigeria Iraq Russia Brazil United0.00.40.81.21.62.02.42.8

Million Barrels per DayKingdomSaudi ArabiaVenezuelaNigeriaArabiaIraqzuelaCanadaRussiaMexicoUnited Kingdom1960 1965 1970 1975 1980 1985 1990 1995 2000 20050.00.51.01.52.0

Million Barrels per Day1960 1965 1970 1975 1980 1985 1990 1995 2000 20050.00.51.01.52.02.53.0

Million Barrels per DayEnergy Information Administration / Annual Energy Review 2008 135**T able 5.4 Petroleum Imports by Country of Origin, 1960-2008** **Year Persian** **Gulf**2**Selected OPEC**1**Countries Selected Non-OPEC** 1**Countries Total** **Imports Imports From** **Persian Gulf**2**as Share of Total Imports** **Imports From OPEC** 1**as Share of Total Imports** **Iraq Nigeria** **Saudi Arabia** 3**Venezuela Total** **OPEC**4**Brazil Canada** **Mexico Russia** 5**United Kingdom** **Total Non-OPEC** 4Thousand Barrels per DayPercent1960 NA 226( ) 84 911 1,233 1 120 16 0 (s) 581 1,815 NA 68.01961 346 256( ) 73 879 1,224 7 190 40 0 1 693 1,917 18.0 63.81962 272 26( ) 74 906 1,265 5 250 49 0 2 816 2,082 13.0 60.81963 303 16( ) 108 900 1,282 6 265 48 0 3 840 2,123 14.3 60.41964 315 06( ) 131 933 1,352 1 299 47 0 (s) 907 2,259 13.9 59.81965 345 166( ) 158 994 1,439 0 323 48 0 (s) 1,029 2,468 14.0 58.31966 306 266( ) 147 1,018 1,444 0 384 45 0 6 1,129 2,573 11.9 56.11967 198 56( ) 92 938 1,247 2 450 49 0 11 1,290 2,537 7.8 49.21968 202 06( ) 74 886 1,287 (s) 506 45 0 28 1,553 2,840 7.1 45.31969 179 06( ) 65 875 1,286 0 608 43 2 20 1,879 3,166 5.7 40.61970 121 06( ) 30 989 1,294 2 766 42 3 11 2,126 3,419 3.5 37.81971 299 11 102 128 1,020 1,673 3 857 27 0 10 2,253 3,926 7.6 42.61972 471 4 251 190 959 2,046 5 1,108 21 8 9 2,695 4,741 9.9 43.21973 848 4 459 486 1,135 2,993 9 1,325 16 26 15 3,263 6,256 13.6 47.81974 1,039 0 713 461 979 3,256 2 1,070 8 20 8 2,856 6,112 17.0 53.31975 1,165 2 762 715 702 3,601 5 846 71 14 14 2,454 6,056 19.2 59.51976 1,840 26 1,025 1,230 700 5,066 0 599 87 11 31 2,247 7,313 25.2 69.31977 2,448 74 1,143 1,380 690 6,193 0 517 179 12 126 2,614 8,807 27.8 70.31978 2,219 62 919 1,144 646 5,751 0 467 318 8 180 2,612 8,363 26.5 68.81979 2,069 88 1,080 1,356 690 5,637 1 538 439 1 202 2,819 8,456 24.5 66.71980 1,519 28 857 1,261 481 4,300 3 455 533 1 176 2,609 6,909 22.0 62.21981 1,219 (s) 620 1,129 406 3,323 23 447 522 5 375 2,672 5,996 20.3 55.41982 696 3 514 552 412 2,146 47 482 685 1 456 2,968 5,113 13.6 42.01983 442 10 302 337 422 1,862 41 547 826 1 382 3,189 5,051 8.8 36.91984 506 12 216 325 548 2,049 60 630 748 13 402 3,388 5,437 9.3 37.71985 311 46 293 168 605 1,830 61 770 816 8 310 3,237 5,067 6.1 36.11986 912 81 440 685 793 2,837 50 807 699 18 350 3,387 6,224 14.7 45.61987 1,077 83 535 751 804 3,060 84 848 655 11 352 3,617 6,678 16.1 45.81988 1,541 345 618 1,073 794 3,520 98 999 747 29 315 3,882 7,402 20.8 47.61989 1,861 449 815 1,224 873 4,140 82 931 767 48 215 3,921 8,061 23.1 51.41990 1,966 518 800 1,339 1,025 4,296 49 934 755 45 189 3,721 8,018 24.5 53.61991 1,845 0 703 1,802 1,035 4,092 22 1,033 807 29 138 3,535 7,627 24.2 53.71992 1,778 0 681 1,720 1,170 4,092 20 1,069 830 18 230 3,796 7,888 22.5 51.91993 1,782 0 740 1,414 1,300 4,273 33 1,181 919 55 350 4,347 8,620 20.7 49.61994 1,728 0 637 1,402 1,334 4,247 31 1,272 984 30 458 4,749 8,996 19.2 47.21995 1,573 0 627 1,344 1,480 4,002 8 1,332 1,068 25 383 4,833 8,835 17.8 45.31996 1,604 1 617 1,363 1,676 4,211 9 1,424 1,244 25 308 5,267 9,478 16.9 44.41997 1,755 89 698 1,407 1,773 4,569 5 1,563 1,385 13 226 5,593 10,162 17.3 45.01998 2,136 336 696 1,491 1,719 4,905 26 1,598 1,351 24 250 5,803 10,708 19.9 45.81999 2,464 725 657 1,478 1,493 4,953 26 1,539 1,324 89 365 5,899 10,852 22.7 45.62000 2,488 620 896 1,572 1,546 5,203 51 1,807 1,373 72 366 6,257 11,459 21.7 45.42001 2,761 795 885 1,662 1,553 5,528 82 1,828 1,440 90 324 6,343 11,871 23.3 46.62002 2,269 459 621 1,552 1,398 4,605 116 1,971 1,547 210 478 6,925 11,530 19.7 39.92003 2,501 481 867 1,774 1,376 5,162 108 2,072 1,623 254 440 7,103 12,264 20.4 42.12004 2,493 656 1,140 1,558 1,554 5,701 104 2,138 1,665 298 380 7,444 13,145 19.0 43.42005 2,334 531 1,166 1,537 1,529 5,587 156 2,181 1,662 410 396 8,127 13,714 17.0 40.72006 2,211 553 1,114 1,463 1,419 5,517 193 2,353 1,705 369 272 8,190 13,707 16.1 40.22007R2,163R484R1,134R1,485R1,361R5,980R200R2,455R1,532R414R277R7,489R13,468 16.1R44.42008P2,373 627 990 1,532 1,191 5,958 258 2,459 1,299 463 233 6,914 12,872 18.4 46.31See "Organization of the Petroleum Exporting Countries (OPEC)" in Glossary.2Bahrain, Iran, Iraq, Kuwait, Qatar, Saudi Arabia, United Arab Emirates, and the Neutral Zone (betweenKuwait and Saudi Arabia).3Through 1970, includes half the imports from the Neutral Zone. Beginning in 1971, includes importsfrom the Neutral Zone that are reported to U.S. Customs as originating in Saudi Arabia.4On this table, "Total OPEC" for all years includes Iran, Iraq, Kuwait, Saudi Arabia, Venezuela, and theNeutral Zone (between Kuwait and Saudi Arabia); beginning in 1961, also includes Qatar; beginning in1962, also includes Indonesia and Libya; beginning in 1967, also includes United Arab Emirates; beginningin 1969, also includes Algeria; beginning in 1971, also includes Nigeria; for 1973-1992, also includesEcuador (although Ecuador rejoined OPEC in November 2007, on this table Ecuador is included in "TotalNon-OPEC" for 2007); for 1975-1994, also includes Gabon; and beginning in 2007, also includes Angola.Data for all countries not included in "Total OPEC" are included in "Total Non-OPEC."5Through 1992, may include imports from republics other than Russia in the former U.S.S.R. See"U.S.S.R." in Glossary.6Nigeria joined OPEC in 1971. For 1960-1970, Nigeria is included in "Total Non-OPEC."R=Revised. P=Preliminary. NA=Not available. (s)=Less than 500 barrels per day.Notes:•The country of origin for refined petroleum products may not be the country of origin for thecrude oil from which the refined products were produced. For example, refined products imported fromrefineries in the Caribbean may have been produced from Middle East crude oil.•Data include anyimports for the Strategic Petroleum Reserve, which began in 1977.•Totals may not equal sumofcomponents due to independent rounding.Web Page: See http://www.eia.doe.gov/oil_gas/petroleum/info_glance/petroleum.html for relatedinformation.Sources:•1960-1975—Bureau of Mines,Minerals Yearbook,"Crude Petroleum and PetroleumProducts" chapter.•1976-1980—Energy Information Administration (EIA), Energy Data Reports,P.A.D.Districts Supply/Demand, Annual,annual reports.•1981-2007—EIA,Petroleum Supply Annual,annualreports.•2008—EIA,Petroleum Supply Monthly(February 2009).Figure 5.5 Petroleum Exports by TypeTotal, 1949-2008 By Selected Product, 1949-2008By Product, 2008136 Energy Information Administration / Annual Energy Review 20081Liquefied petroleum gases.2 Asphalt and road oil, aviation gasoline,kerosene, motor gasoline blending components,pentanes plus, waxes, other hydrocarbons and oxygenates, and miscellaneous products.Source: Table 5.5.TotalProductsCrude Oil1950 1960 1970 1980 1990 200005001,0001,5002,000

Thousand Barrels per Day1950 1960 1970 1980 1990 20000100200300400500600

Thousand Barrels per DayDistillateFuel OilResidualFuel OilPetroleumCokeMotorGasolineNaphthasFuel OilCoke Fuel Oil Gasoline52739535517267616013153Distillate Petroleum Residual Motor LPG1 Jet Fuel Lubricants Special Other Products20100200300400500600

Thousand Barrels per DayEnergy Information Administration / Annual Energy Review 2008 137**T able 5.5 Petroleum Exports by Type, Selected Years, 1949-2008** (Thousand Barrels per Day)**Year Crude** **Oil**1**Petroleum Products Total** **Petroleum Distillate** **Fuel Oil Jet** **Fuel**2**Liquefied Petroleum Gases Lubricants** **Motor Gasoline** 4**Petroleum Coke** **Petrochemical Feedstocks** **Residual Fuel Oil** **Special Naphthas** **Other Products** 5**Total Propane** 3**Total**1949 91 342( ) NA 4 35 108 7 0 35 NA 15 236 3271950 95 352( ) NA 4 39 68 7 0 44 NA 12 210 3051955 32 67 (s) NA 12 39 95 12 0 93 NA 18 336 3681960 8 27 (s) NA 8 43 37 19 0 51 NA 9 193 2021965 3 10 3 NA 21 45 2 32 5 41 4 20 184 1871970 14 2 6 6 27 44 1 84 10 54 4 12 245 2591971 1 8 4 13 26 43 1 74 14 36 4 12 223 2241972 1 3 3 18 31 41 1 85 13 33 4 8 222 2221973 2 9 4 15 27 35 4 96 19 23 5 8 229 2311974 3 2 3 14 25 33 2 113 15 14 4 7 218 2211975 6 1 2 13 26 25 2 102 22 15 3 6 204 2091976 8 1 2 13 25 26 3 103 30 12 7 6 215 2231977 50 1 2 10 18 26 2 102 24 6 4 7 193 2431978 158 3 1 9 20 27 1 111 23 13 2 2 204 3621979 235 3 1 8 15 23 (s) 146 31 9 5 3 236 4711980 287 3 1 10 21 23 1 136 29 33 5 4 258 5441981 228 5 2 18 42 19 2 138 26 118 11 4 367 5951982 236 74 6 31 65 16 20 156 24 209 5 4 579 8151983 164 64 6 43 73 16 10 195 20 185 3 3 575 7391984 181 51 9 30 48 15 6 193 21 190 2 6 541 7221985 204 67 13 48 62 15 10 187 19 197 1 4 577 7811986 154 100 18 28 42 23 33 238 22 147 1 8 631 7851987 151 66 24 24 38 23 35 213 20 186 2 7 613 7641988 155 69 28 31 49 26 22 231 23 200 7 6 661 8151989 142 97 27 24 35 19 39 233 26 215 12 15 717 8591990 109 109 43 28 40 20 55 220 26 211 11 13 748 8571991 116 215 43 28 41 18 82 235 0 226 15 9 885 1,0011992 89 219 43 33 49 16 96 216 0 193 14 16 861 9501993 98 274 59 26 43 19 105 258 0 123 4 20 904 1,0031994 99 234 20 24 38 22 97 261 0 125 20 26 843 9421995 95 183 26 38 58 25 104 277 0 136 21 25 855 9491996 110 190 48 28 51 34 104 285 0 102 21 36 871 9811997 108 152 35 32 50 31 137 306 0 120 22 44 896 1,0031998 110 124 26 25 42 25 125 267 0 138 18 70 835 9451999 118 162 32 33 50 28 111 242 0 129 16 52 822 9402000 50 173 32 53 74 26 144 319 0 139 20 64 990 1,0402001 20 119 29 31 44 26 133 336 0 191 23 50 951 9712002 9 112 15 55 67 33 124 337 0 177 15 94 975 9842003 12 107 20 37 56 37 125 361 0 197 22 89 1,014 1,0272004 27 110 40 28 43 41 124 350 0 205 27 82 1,021 1,0482005 32 138 53 37 53 40 136 347 0 251 21 94 1,133 1,1652006 25 215 41 45 56 55 142 366 0 283 14 121 1,292 1,3172007 27R268 41 42 57R59 127 366 0R330 18 140R1,405R1,4332008P29 527 61 53 67 60 172 395 0 355 13 153 1,803 1,8311Includes lease condensate.2Through 1952, naphtha-type jet fuel is included in the products from which it was blended: gasoline,kerosene, and distillate fuel oil. Through 1964, kerosene-type jet fuel is included with kerosene in "OtherProducts." Beginning in 2005, naphtha-type jet fuel is included in "Other Products."3Includes propylene.4Finished motor gasoline. Through 1963, also includes aviation gasoline.5Asphalt and road oil, kerosene, motor gasoline blending components, pentanes plus, waxes, otherhydrocarbons and oxygenates, and miscellaneous products. Through 1964, also includes kerosene-typejet fuel. Beginning in 1964, also includes aviation gasoline. Beginning in 2005, also includes naphtha-typejet fuel.R=Revised. P=Preliminary. NA=Not available. (s)=Less than 500 barrels per day.Notes:•Includes exports to U.S. possessions and territories.•Totals may not equal sumofcomponents due to independent rounding.Web Pages:•For all data beginning in 1949, see http://www.eia.doe.gov/emeu/aer/petro.html.•For related information, see http://www.eia.doe.gov/oil_gas/petroleum/info_glance/petroleum.html.Sources:•1949-1975—Bureau of Mines, Mineral Industry Surveys,Petroleum Statement, Annual,annual reports.•1976-1980—Energy Information Administration (EIA), Energy Data Reports,PetroleumStatement, Annual,annual reports.•1981-2007—EIA,Petroleum Supply Annual,annual reports.•2008—EIA,Petroleum Supply Monthly(February 2009).Figure 5.6 Petroleum Exports by Country of DestinationTotal Exports and Exports to Canada and Mexico, 1960-2008 By Selected Country, 1960-2008By Selected Country, 2008138 Energy Information Administration / Annual Energy Review 2008Source: Table 5.6.Total ExportsJapan1960 1965 1970 1975 1980 1985 1990 1995 2000 20050100200300400

Thousand Barrels per DayExports toCanada and Mexico1960 1965 1970 1975 1980 1985 1990 1995 2000 200505001,0001,5002,000

Thousand Barrels per DayCanadaMexicoNetherlandsandLuxembourg350264131585655412819181713Mexico Canada Netherlands Japan Brazil Spain Italy France South Belgium United U.S. Virgin0100200300400

Thousand Barrels per DayIslands andPuerto RicoKorea KingdomEnergy Information Administration / Annual Energy Review 2008 139**T able 5.6 Petroleum Exports by Country of Destination, 1960-2008** (Thousand Barrels per Day)**Year Belgium** **and Luxembourg** **Brazil Canada** **France Italy** **Japan Mexico** **Nether lands** **South Korea** **Spain United** **Kingdom U.S. Virgin** **Islands and Puerto Rico** **Other Total** 1960 3 4 34 4 6 62 18 6 NA NA 12 1 52 2021961 4 4 23 4 5 59 12 4 NA NA 10 1 48 1741962 3 5 21 3 5 54 14 5 NA NA 8 1 50 1681963 9 4 22 4 8 58 19 13 NA NA 11 1 59 2081964 4 4 27 4 8 56 24 9 NA NA 10 2 55 2021965 3 3 26 3 7 40 27 10 NA NA 12 1 54 1871966 3 4 32 4 7 36 39 9 NA NA 12 3 49 1981967 5 6 50 3 9 51 36 13 NA NA 62 7 65 3071968 4 8 39 4 8 56 31 10 NA NA 14 2 55 2311969 4 7 44 4 9 47 33 9 NA NA 13 2 59 2331970 5 7 31 5 10 69 33 15 NA NA 12 2 71 2591971 7 9 26 5 8 39 42 11 NA NA 9 3 67 2241972 13 9 26 5 9 32 41 12 NA 4 10 4 59 2221973 15 8 31 5 9 34 44 13 NA 4 9 3 56 2311974 13 9 32 4 9 38 35 17 NA 4 6 6 48 2211975 9 6 22 6 10 27 42 23 NA 4 7 12 40 2091976 12 7 28 6 10 25 35 22 NA 4 13 22 39 2231977 16 6 71 9 10 25 24 17 NA 5 9 11 39 2431978 15 8 108 9 10 26 27 18 NA 5 7 86 42 3621979 19 7 100 13 15 34 21 28 2 9 7 170 45 4711980 20 4 108 11 14 32 28 23 2 8 7 220 70 5441981 12 1 89 15 22 38 26 42 10 18 5 220 97 5951982 17 8 85 24 32 68 53 85 28 24 14 212 165 8151983 22 2 76 23 35 104 24 49 15 34 8 144 202 7391984 21 1 83 18 39 92 35 37 17 29 14 152 182 7221985 26 3 74 11 30 108 61 44 27 28 14 162 193 7811986 30 3 85 11 39 110 56 58 12 39 8 113 222 7851987 17 2 83 12 42 120 70 39 25 31 6 136 179 7641988 25 3 84 12 29 124 70 26 24 36 9 147 226 8151989 23 5 92 11 37 122 89 36 17 28 9 141 249 8591990 20 2 91 17 48 92 89 54 60 33 11 101 240 8571991 22 13 70 27 55 95 99 72 66 23 13 117 330 1,0011992 22 20 64 9 38 100 124 52 80 21 12 95 315 9501993 21 16 72 8 34 105 110 45 74 30 10 108 370 1,0031994 26 15 78 11 35 74 124 30 66 30 10 104 338 9421995 21 16 73 11 46 76 125 33 57 38 14 123 317 9491996 27 29 94 18 32 102 143 43 60 34 9 72 318 9811997 21 15 119 11 30 95 207 41 50 42 12 18 340 1,0031998 14 18 148 8 30 64 235 33 33 30 11 4 317 9451999 11 27 119 7 25 84 261 38 49 26 9 8 276 9402000 14 28 110 10 34 90 358 42 20 40 10 10 277 1,0402001 16 23 112 13 33 62 274 45 14 51 13 4 312 9712002 19 26 106 12 29 74 254 23 11 54 12 9 354 9842003 13 27 141 9 39 69 228 15 10 39 6 9 421 1,0272004 20 27 158 18 32 63 209 36 12 42 14 10 408 1,0482005 21 39 181 14 28 56 268 25 16 35 21 11 449 1,1652006 23 42 159 13 39 58 255 83 21 42 28 10 543 1,3172007R13 46R189 24 34 54R279R81R16 48R9 10R629R1,4332008P18 56 264 28 41 58 350 131 19 55 17 13 782 1,831R=Revised. P=Preliminary. NA=Not available.Note: Totals may not equal sum of components due to independent rounding.Web Page: See http://www.eia.doe.gov/oil_gas/petroleum/info_glance/petroleum.html for relatedinformation.Sources:•1960-1975—Bureau of Mines, Mineral Industry Surveys,Petroleum Statement, Annual,annual reports.•1976-1980—Energy Information Administration (EIA), Energy Data Reports,PetroleumStatement, Annual,annual reports.•1981-2007—EIA,Petroleum Supply Annual,annual reports.•2008—EIA,Petroleum Supply Monthly(February 2009).Figure 5.7 Petroleum Net Imports by Country of Origin, 1960-2008Total, OPEC, and Non-OPEC By Selected CountryTotal Net Imports as Share of Consumption Net Imports From OPEC140 Energy Information Administration / Annual Energy Review 2008Note: OPEC=Organization of the Petroleum Exporting Countries. Source: Table 5.7.OPECNonOPECSaudi ArabiaCanadaand Mexico1960 1965 1970 1975 1980 1985 1990 1995 2000 200502468101214

Million Barrels per Day1960 1965 1970 1975 1980 1985 1990 1995 2000 200501234

Million Barrels per DayVenezuelaTotalShare ofTotal Net ImportsShare ofConsumption2008: 56.9%2008:53.5%2008:30.4%1960 1965 1970 1975 1980 1985 1990 1995 2000 20050255075100

Percent1960 1965 1970 1975 1980 1985 1990 1995 2000 20050255075100

Percent1985: 27.3%1973: 34.8%Energy Information Administration / Annual Energy Review 2008 141**T able 5.7 Petroleum Net Imports by Country of Origin, Selected Years, 1960-2008** **Year Persian** **Gulf**2**Selected OPEC**1**Countries Selected Non-OPEC** 1**Countries Total** **Net Imports** **Total Net Imports as** **Share of Consumption** 5**Net Imports From OPEC**1**Algeria Nigeria** **Saudi Arabia** 3**Venezuela Total** **OPEC**4**Canada Mexico** **United Kingdom** **U.S. Virgin Islands and** **Puerto Rico Total** **Non-OPEC**4**Share of Total Net** **Imports**6**Share of Consumption** 7Thousand Barrels per DayPercent1960 NA8( )9( ) 84 910 1,232 86 -2 -12 34 381 1,613 16.5 76.4 12.61965 NA8( )9( ) 158 994 1,438 297 21 -11 45 843 2,281 19.8 63.0 12.51970 NA 89( ) 30 989 1,294 736 9 -1 270 1,867 3,161 21.5 40.9 8.81971 NA 15 102 128 1,019 1,671 831 -14 1 365 2,030 3,701 24.3 45.1 11.01972 NA 92 251 189 959 2,044 1,082 -20 -1 428 2,475 4,519 27.6 45.2 12.51973 NA 136 459 485 1,134 2,991 1,294 -28 6 426 3,034 6,025 34.8 49.6 17.31974 NA 190 713 461 978 3,254 1,038 -27 1 475 2,638 5,892 35.4 55.2 19.51975 NA 282 762 714 702 3,599 824 29 7 484 2,248 5,846 35.8 61.6 22.11976 NA 432 1,025 1,229 699 5,063 571 53 19 488 2,027 7,090 40.6 71.4 29.01977 NA 559 1,143 1,379 689 6,190 446 155 117 560 2,375 8,565 46.5 72.3 33.61978 NA 649 919 1,142 644 5,747 359 291 173 436 2,255 8,002 42.5 71.8 30.51979 NA 636 1,080 1,354 688 5,633 438 418 196 353 2,352 7,985 43.1 70.5 30.41980 NA 488 857 1,259 478 4,293 347 506 169 256 2,071 6,365 37.3 67.5 25.21981 1,215 311 620 1,128 403 3,315 358 497 370 169 2,086 5,401 33.6 61.4 20.61982 692 170 512 551 409 2,136 397 632 442 154 2,163 4,298 28.1 49.7 14.01983 439 240 299 336 420 1,843 471 802 374 178 2,469 4,312 28.3 42.7 12.11984 502 323 215 324 544 2,037 547 714 388 184 2,679 4,715 30.0 43.2 13.01985 309 187 293 167 602 1,821 696 755 295 114 2,465 4,286 27.3 42.5 11.61986 909 271 440 685 788 2,828 721 642 342 152 2,611 5,439 33.4 52.0 17.41987 1,074 295 535 751 801 3,055 765 585 346 158 2,859 5,914 35.5 51.7 18.31988 1,529 300 618 1,064 790 3,513 916 677 306 117 3,074 6,587 38.1 53.3 20.31989 1,858 269 815 1,224 861 4,124 839 678 206 212 3,078 7,202 41.6 57.3 23.81990 1,962 280 800 1,339 1,016 4,285 843 666 179 213 2,876 7,161 42.2 59.8 25.21991 1,833 253 703 1,796 1,020 4,065 963 707 125 153 2,561 6,626 39.6 61.3 24.31992 1,773 196 680 1,720 1,161 4,071 1,005 706 219 180 2,867 6,938 40.7 58.7 23.91993 1,774 219 736 1,413 1,296 4,253 1,109 809 340 175 3,365 7,618 44.2 55.8 24.71994 1,723 243 637 1,402 1,322 4,233 1,194 860 448 246 3,822 8,054 45.5 52.6 23.91995 1,563 234 626 1,343 1,468 3,980 1,260 943 369 170 3,906 7,886 44.5 50.5 22.51996 1,596 256 616 1,362 1,667 4,193 1,330 1,101 299 262 4,305 8,498 46.4 49.3 22.91997 1,747 285 693 1,407 1,758 4,542 1,444 1,178 214 298 4,616 9,158 49.2 49.6 24.41998 2,132 290 693 1,491 1,700 4,880 1,451 1,116 239 305 4,884 9,764 51.6 50.0 25.81999 2,459 259 655 1,478 1,480 4,934 1,421 1,063 356 284 4,978 9,912 50.8 49.8 25.32000 2,483 225 896 1,571 1,530 5,181 1,697 1,015 356 297 5,238 10,419 52.9 49.7 26.32001 2,758 278 884 1,662 1,540 5,510 1,717 1,166 311 268 5,390 10,900 55.5 50.5 28.02002 2,265 264 620 1,551 1,387 4,589 1,864 1,292 467 224 5,958 10,546 53.4 43.5 23.22003 2,497 381 866 1,774 1,364 5,144 1,932 1,395 434 279 6,094 11,238 56.1 45.8 25.72004 2,489 452 1,139 1,557 1,548 5,688 1,980 1,456 366 321 6,409 12,097 58.4 47.0 27.42005 2,330 478 1,165 1,536 1,515 5,567 2,001 1,394 375 317 6,982 12,549 60.3 44.4 26.82006 2,208 657 1,111 1,462 1,392 5,480 2,194 1,450 244 318 6,910 12,390 59.9 44.2 26.52007R2,159 663R1,133R1,483R1,339 5,946R2,266R1,254R268 336R6,090R12,036 58.2 49.4R28.82008P2,371 547 983 1,531 1,164 5,903 2,195 949 216 307 5,138 11,041 56.9 53.5 30.41See "Organization of the Petroleum Exporting Countries (OPEC)" in Glossary.2Bahrain, Iran, Iraq, Kuwait, Qatar, Saudi Arabia, United Arab Emirates, and the Neutral Zone(between Kuwait and Saudi Arabia).3Through 1970, includes half the imports from the Neutral Zone. Beginning in 1971, includes importsfrom the Neutral Zone that are reported to U.S. Customs as originating in Saudi Arabia.4On this table, "Total OPEC" for all years includes Iran, Iraq, Kuwait, Saudi Arabia, Venezuela, and theNeutral Zone (between Kuwait and Saudi Arabia); beginning in 1961, also includes Qatar; beginning in1962, also includes Indonesia and Libya; beginning in 1967, also includes United Arab Emirates; beginningin 1969, also includes Algeria; beginning in 1971, also includes Nigeria; for 1973-1992, also includesEcuador (although Ecuador rejoined OPEC in November 2007, on this table Ecuador is included in "TotalNon-OPEC" for 2007); for 1975-1994, also includes Gabon; and beginning in 2007, also includes Angola.Data for all countries not included in "Total OPEC" are included in "Total Non-OPEC."5Calculated by dividing total net petroleum imports by total U.S. petroleum products supplied(consumption).6Calculated by dividing net petroleum imports from OPEC countries by total net petroleum imports.7Calculated by dividing net petroleum imports from OPEC countries by total U.S. petroleum productsupplied (consumption).8Algeria joined OPEC in 1969. For 1960-1968, Algeria is included in "Total Non-OPEC."9Nigeria joined OPEC in 1971. For 1960-1970, Nigeria is included in "Total Non-OPEC."R=Revised. P=Preliminary. NA=Not available.Notes:•The country of origin for refined petroleum products may not be the country of origin for thecrude oil from which the refined products were produced. For example, refined products imported fromrefineries in the Caribbean may have been produced from Middle East crude oil.•Net imports equalimports minus exports. Minus sign indicates exports are greater than imports.•Data include any importsfor the Strategic Petroleum Reserve, which began in 1977.•Totals may not equal sum of componentsdue to independent rounding.Web Page: See http://www.eia.doe.gov/oil_gas/petroleum/info_glance/petroleum.html for relatedinformation.Sources:•1960-1975—Bureau of Mines,Minerals Yearbook,"Crude Petroleum and PetroleumProducts" chapter.•1976-1980—Energy Information Administration (EIA), Energy Data Reports,P.A.D.Districts Supply/Demand, Annual,annual reports.•1981-2007—EIA,Petroleum Supply Annual,annualreports.•2008—EIA,Petroleum Supply Monthly(February 2009).Figure 5.8 Refinery and Blender Net Inputs and Net Production, 1949-2008Refinery and Blender Net Inputs Refinery and Blender Net Production of Selected Products142 Energy Information Administration / Annual Energy Review 20081See Table 5.8, footnote 4. Source: Table 5.8.Residual Fuel Oil1950 1960 1970 1980 1990 20000481216

Million Barrels per Day1950 1960 1970 1980 1990 20000481216

Million Barrels per DayCrude OilMotor GasolineJet FuelDistillate Fuel OilNatural Gas Plant Liquidsand Other Liquids1Energy Information Administration / Annual Energy Review 2008 143**T able 5.8 Refinery and Blender Net Inputs and Net Production, Selected Years, 1949-2008** (Thousand Barrels per Day)**Year Refinery and Blender Net Inputs** 1**Refinery and Blender Net Production**2**Processing Gain** **Crude Oil** 3**Natural Gas Plant** **Liquids Other** **Liquids**4**Total Asphalt** **and Road Oil** **Distillate Fuel Oil** **Jet Fuel** 5**Liquefied Petroleum** **Gases Motor** **Gasoline**6**Petroleum Coke** **Residual Fuel Oil** **Still Gas** **Other Products** 7**Total**1949 5,327 234 28 5,588 155 9345( ) 64 2,572 46 1,164 226 425 5,587 -21950 5,739 259 19 6,018 179 1,0935( ) 80 2,735 47 1,165 229 492 6,019 21955 7,480 345 32 7,857 251 1,651 155 119 3,648 78 1,152 319 518 7,891 341960 8,067 455 61 8,583 286 1,823 241 212 4,126 164 908 354 616 8,729 1461965 9,043 618 88 9,750 357 2,096 523 293 4,507 236 736 395 827 9,970 2201970 10,870 763 121 11,754 428 2,454 827 345 5,699 296 706 483 876 12,113 3591971 11,199 781 136 12,116 454 2,495 835 357 5,970 299 753 474 861 12,498 3821972 11,696 826 168 12,691 446 2,630 847 356 6,281 327 799 507 886 13,080 3881973 12,431 815 155 13,401 480 2,820 859 375 6,527 362 971 518 940 13,854 4531974 12,133 746 138 13,018 470 2,668 836 338 6,358 339 1,070 521 900 13,498 4801975 12,442 710 72 13,225 408 2,653 871 311 6,518 354 1,235 523 811 13,685 4601976 13,416 725 59 14,200 391 2,924 918 340 6,838 356 1,377 541 993 14,677 4771977 14,602 673 74 15,349 431 3,277 973 352 7,031 369 1,754 572 1,114 15,874 5241978 14,739 639 92 15,470 482 3,167 970 355 7,167 369 1,667 603 1,186 15,966 4961979 14,648 510 78 15,236 467 3,152 1,012 340 6,837 376 1,687 598 1,296 15,763 5271980 13,481 462 81 14,025 393 2,661 999 330 6,492 370 1,580 581 1,215 14,622 5971981 12,470 524 488 13,482 340 2,613 968 315 6,400 390 1,321 565 1,078 13,990 5081982 11,774 515 572 12,861 329 2,606 978 270 6,336 410 1,070 554 839 13,391 5311983 11,685 460 505 12,650 372 2,456 1,022 328 6,338 420 852 550 801 13,138 4881984 12,044 500 581 13,126 386 2,680 1,132 363 6,453 439 891 559 776 13,679 5531985 12,002 509 681 13,192 401 2,686 1,189 391 6,419 455 882 584 743 13,750 5571986 12,716 479 711 13,906 410 2,796 1,293 417 6,752 506 889 641 818 14,522 6161987 12,854 466 667 13,987 434 2,729 1,343 449 6,841 512 885 643 791 14,626 6391988 13,246 511 610 14,367 443 2,857 1,370 499 6,956 544 926 670 758 15,022 6551989 13,401 499 613 14,513 424 2,899 1,403 554 6,963 542 954 681 755 15,175 6611990 13,409 467 713 14,589 449 2,925 1,488 499 6,959 552 950 673 778 15,272 6831991 13,301 472 768 14,541 430 2,962 1,438 536 6,975 568 934 651 761 15,256 7151992 13,411 469 745 14,626 419 2,974 1,399 607 7,058 596 892 659 796 15,398 7721993 13,613 491 917 15,021 451 3,132 1,422 592 7,304 619 835 653 780 15,787 7661994 13,866 465 691 15,023 451 3,205 1,448 611 7,181 622 826 657 790 15,791 7681995 13,973 471 775 15,220 467 3,155 1,416 654 7,459 630 788 647 778 15,994 7741996 14,195 450 843 15,487 459 3,316 1,515 662 7,565 664 726 654 764 16,324 8371997 14,662 416 832 15,909 485 3,392 1,554 691 7,743 689 708 661 836 16,759 8501998 14,889 403 853 16,144 498 3,424 1,526 674 7,892 712 762 656 886 17,030 8861999 14,804 372 927 16,103 505 3,399 1,565 684 7,934 713 698 656 835 16,989 8862000 15,067 380 849 16,295 525 3,580 1,606 705 7,951 727 696 659 793 17,243 9482001 15,128 429 825 16,382 485 3,695 1,530 667 8,022 767 721 670 729 17,285 9032002 14,947 429 941 16,316 492 3,592 1,514 671 8,183 781 601 667 771 17,273 9572003 15,304 419 791 16,513 496 3,707 1,488 658 8,194 798 660 702 784 17,487 9742004 15,475 422 866 16,762 508 3,814 1,547 645 8,265 836 655 704 838 17,814 1,0512005 15,220 441 1,149 16,811 512 3,954 1,546 573 8,318 835 628 684 752 17,800 9892006 15,242 501 1,238 16,981 506 4,040 1,481 627 8,364 848 635 709 764 17,975 9942007R15,156R505R1,337R16,999R456R4,133 1,448R655R8,358R823R673R697 752R17,994R9962008P14,645 487 1,873 17,006 412 4,288 1,474 628 8,395 816 621 669 674 17,977 9711See "Refinery and Blender Net Inputs" in Glossary.2See "Refinery and Blender Net Production" in Glossary.3Includes lease condensate.4Unfinished oils (net), other hydrocarbons, and hydrogen. Beginning in 1981, also includes aviationand motor gasoline blending components (net). Beginning in 1993, also includes oxygenates (net). SeeNote 2, "Adjustment to Total Petroleum Products Supplied," at end of section.5Through 1951, naphtha-type jet fuel is included in the products from which it was blended: in 1952, 71percent gasoline, 17 percent kerosene, and 12 percent distillate fuel oil. Through 1964, kerosene-type jetfuel is included with kerosene in "Other Products." Beginning in 2005, naphtha-type jet fuel is included in"Other Products."6Finished motor gasoline. Through 1963, also includes aviation gasoline and special naphthas.Beginning in 1993, also includes ethanol blended into motor gasoline.7Kerosene, lubricants, petrochemical feedstocks, waxes, and miscellaneous products. Through 1964,also includes kerosene-type jet fuel. Beginning in 1964, also includes aviation gasoline and specialnaphthas. Beginning in 2005, also includes naphtha-type jet fuel.R=Revised. P=Preliminary.Note: Totals may not equal sum of components due to independent rounding.Web Pages:•For all data beginning in 1949, see http://www.eia.doe.gov/emeu/aer/petro.html.•For related information, see http://www.eia.doe.gov/oil_gas/petroleum/info_glance/petroleum.html.Sources:•1949-1975—Bureau of Mines, Mineral Industry Surveys,Petroleum Statement, Annual,annual reports.•1976-1980—Energy Information Administration (EIA), Energy Data Reports,PetroleumStatement, Annual,annual reports.•1981-2007—EIA,Petroleum Supply Annual,annual reports.•2008—EIA,Petroleum Supply Monthly(February 2009).Figure 5.9 Refinery Capacity and Utilization, 1949-2008Number of Operable Refineries UtilizationCapacity144 Energy Information Administration / Annual Energy Review 20081 Operable refineries capacity on January 1. Source: Table 5.9.324 in 198168.6% in 1981150 in 200885.4% in 20081950 1960 1970 1980 1990 20000100200300400

Total Units1950 1960 1970 1980 1990 2000020406080100

Percent1955 1965 1975 1985 1995 200505101520

Million Barrels per DayCapacity1UnusedCapacityGross Input to Distillation UnitsEnergy Information Administration / Annual Energy Review 2008 145**T able 5.9 Refinery Capacity and Utilization, Selected Years, 1949-2008** **Year Operable** **Refineries**1**Operable Refineries Capacity Gross Input** **to Distillation Units**3**Utilization**4**On January 1 Annual Average** 2NumberThousand Barrels per DayThousand Barrels per DayPercent1949 336 6,231 NA 5,556 89.21950 320 6,223 NA 5,980 92.51955 296 8,386 NA 7,820 92.21960 309 9,843 NA 8,439 85.11965 293 10,420 NA 9,557 91.81970 276 12,021 NA 11,517 92.61971 272 12,860 NA 11,881 90.91972 274 13,292 NA 12,431 92.31973 268 13,642 NA 13,151 93.91974 273 14,362 NA 12,689 86.61975 279 14,961 NA 12,902 85.51976 276 15,237 NA 13,884 87.81977 282 16,398 NA 14,982 89.61978 296 17,048 NA 15,071 87.41979 308 17,441 NA 14,955 84.41980 319 17,988 NA 13,796 75.41981 324 18,621 18,603 12,752 68.61982 301 17,890 17,432 12,172 69.91983 258 16,859 16,668 11,947 71.71984 247 16,137 16,035 12,216 76.21985 223 15,659 15,671 12,165 77.61986 216 15,459 15,459 12,826 82.91987 219 15,566 15,642 13,003 83.11988 213 15,915 15,927 13,447 84.71989 204 15,655 15,701 13,551 86.61990 205 15,572 15,623 13,610 87.11991 202 15,676 15,707 13,508 86.01992 199 15,696 15,460 13,600 87.91993 187 15,121 15,143 13,851 91.51994 179 15,034 15,150 14,032 92.61995 175 15,434 15,346 14,119 92.01996 170 15,333 15,239 14,337 94.11997 164 15,452 15,594 14,838 95.21998 163 15,711 15,802 15,113 95.61999 159 16,261 16,282 15,080 92.62000 158 16,512 16,525 15,299 92.62001 155 16,595 16,582 15,352 92.62002 153 16,785 16,744 15,180 90.72003 149 16,757 16,748 15,508 92.62004 149 16,894 16,974 15,783 93.02005 148 17,125 17,196 15,578 90.62006 149 17,339 17,385 15,602 89.72007 149 17,443R17,450R15,450 88.52008P150 17,594 17,606 15,027 85.41Through 1956, includes only those refineries in operation on January 1; beginning in 1957, includes all"operable" refineries on January 1. See "Operable Refineries" in Glossary.2Weighted average of monthly capacity data.3See Note 4, "Gross Input to Distillation Units," at end of section.4Through 1980, utilization is calculated by dividing gross input to distillation units by one-half of the sumof the current year’s January 1 capacity and the following year’s January 1 capacity. Beginning in 1981,utilization is calculated by dividing gross input to distillation units by the annual average capacity.R=Revised. P=Preliminary. NA=Not available.Web Pages:•For all data beginning in 1949, see http://www.eia.doe.gov/emeu/aer/petro.html.•For related information, see http://www.eia.doe.gov/oil_gas/petroleum/info_glance/petroleum.html.Sources:**Operable Refineries**and**Operable Refineries Capacity:**•1949-1961—Bureau of MinesInformation Circular, "Petroleum Refineries, Including Cracking Plants in the United States."•1962-1977—Bureau of Mines, Mineral Industry Surveys,Petroleum Refineries, Annual,annual reports.•1978-1981—Energy Information Administration (EIA), Energy Data Reports,Petroleum Refineries in theUnited States.•1982-2007—EIA,Petroleum Supply Annual,annual reports.•2008—EIA,RefineryCapacity Report(June 2008), Table 1.**Gross Input to Distillation Units:**•1949-1966—BureauofMines,Minerals Yearbook,"Natural Gas Liquids" and "Crude Petroleum and Petroleum Products" chapters.•1967-1977—Bureau of Mines, Mineral Industry Surveys,Petroleum Refineries, Annual,annual reports.•1978-1980—EIA, Energy Data Reports,Petroleum Refineries in the United States and U.S. Territories.•1981-2007—EIA,Petroleum Supply Annual,annual reports.•2008—EIA,Petroleum Supply Monthly(January-December 2008 issues).**Utilization:**•1949-1980—Calculated.•1981-2007—EIA,PetroleumSupply Annual,annual reports.•2008—Calculated.Figure 5.10 Natural Gas Plant Liquids ProductionTotal, 1949-2008 By Product, 2008By Selected Product, 1949-2008146 Energy Information Administration / Annual Energy Review 20081Natural gas plant liquids.2Liquefied petroleum gases.Source: Table 5.10.LPG21950 1960 1970 1980 1990 200005001,0001,5002,000

Thousand Barrels per DayNGPL1702512261173134Ethane Propane Pentanes Isobutane Normal0200400600800

Thousand Barrels per DayPlus ButaneIsobutaneNormal ButanePropane1950 1955 1960 1965 1970 1975 1980 1985 1990 1995 2000 20050200400600800

Thousand Barrels per DayPentanes PlusEthaneEnergy Information Administration / Annual Energy Review 2008 147**T able 5.10 Natural Gas Plant Liquids Production, Selected Years, 1949-2008** (Thousand Barrels per Day)**Year Finished** **Petroleum Products** 1**Liquefied Petroleum Gases Pentanes** **Plus**4**Total Ethane** 2**Isobutane Normal** **Butane**3**Propane**2,3**Total**1949 53 8 11 61 74 155 223 4301950 66 12 13 69 101 195 238 4991955 68 34 30 120 205 390 313 7711960 47 51 45 161 291 549 333 9291965 41 92 67 185 390 734 434 1,2101970 25 201 84 248 561 1,095 540 1,6601971 25 221 88 249 586 1,144 523 1,6931972 21 275 92 249 600 1,215 507 1,7441973 16 296 92 249 587 1,225 497 1,7381974 7 323 92 244 569 1,227 454 1,6881975 7 337 90 237 552 1,217 409 1,6331976 6 365 82 227 521 1,195 403 1,6041977 5 397 81 223 513 1,214 399 1,6181978 3 406 75 210 491 1,182 382 1,5671979 26 400 104 212 500 1,216 342 1,5841980 23 396 105 210 494 1,205 345 1,5731981 18 397 117 224 519 1,256 334 1,6091982 11 426 109 204 519 1,258 282 1,5501983 12 456 100 217 541 1,314 233 1,5591984 4 505 99 203 527 1,334 292 1,6301985 14 493 127 171 521 1,313 282 1,6091986 4 485 128 157 508 1,277 269 1,5511987 4 499 141 157 503 1,300 291 1,5951988 4 501 144 167 506 1,319 302 1,6251989 NA 466 149 151 471 1,237 309 1,5461990 NA 477 151 149 474 1,250 309 1,5591991 NA 530 169 150 487 1,336 324 1,6591992 NA 541 189 137 499 1,365 332 1,6971993 NA 556 192 142 513 1,402 334 1,7361994 NA 559 195 136 510 1,400 326 1,7271995 NA 573 185 151 519 1,428 335 1,7621996 NA 627 192 150 525 1,494 336 1,8301997 NA 637 191 144 528 1,499 318 1,8171998 NA 607 181 148 513 1,450 309 1,7591999 NA 675 187 155 529 1,547 303 1,8502000 NA 717 188 160 539 1,605 306 1,9112001 NA 692 198 133 538 1,562 307 1,8682002 NA 700 201 131 549 1,581 300 1,8802003 NA 625 183 129 506 1,444 275 1,7192004 NA 686 168 152 526 1,532 277 1,8092005 NA 649 168 134 499 1,451 266 1,7172006 NA 676 163 136 501 1,476 263 1,7392007 NAR709 176R128R507R1,520R263R1,7832008PNA 702 173 134 512 1,520 261 1,7811Motor gasoline, aviation gasoline, special naphthas, distillate fuel oil, and miscellaneous products.2Reported production of ethane-propane mixtures has been allocated 70 percent ethane and 30percent propane.3Reported production of butane-propane mixtures has been allocated 60 percent butane and 40percent propane.4Through 1983, "Pentanes Plus" was reported separately as natural gasoline, isopentane, and plantcondensate.R=Revised. P=Preliminary. NA=Not available.Note: Totals may not equal sum of components due to independent rounding.Web Pages:•For all data beginning in 1949, see http://www.eia.doe.gov/emeu/aer/petro.html.•For related information, see http://www.eia.doe.gov/oil_gas/petroleum/info_glance/petroleum.html.Sources:•1949-1968—Bureau of Mines,Minerals Yearbook,"Crude Petroleum and PetroleumProducts" chapter.•1969-1975—Bureau of Mines, Mineral Industry Surveys,Petroleum Statement,Annual,annual reports.•1976-1980—Energy Information Administration (EIA), Energy Data Reports,Petroleum Statement, Annual,annual reports.•1981-2007—EIA,Petroleum Supply Annual,annualreports.•2008—EIA,Petroleum Supply Monthly(February 2009).Figure 5.11 Petroleum Products Supplied by TypeBy Selected Product, 1949-2008By Product, 2008 Motor Gasoline’s Share of Total Petroleum Products Supplied,1949-2008148 Energy Information Administration / Annual Energy Review 20081Liquefied petroleum gases.2Asphalt and road oil, aviation gasoline, kerosene, lubricants, naphtha-type jet fuel, pentanesplus, petrochemical feedstocks, special naphthas, still gas (refinery gas), waxes, miscellaneous products, and crude oil burned as fuel.Source: 5.11.Distillate Fuel OilMotor GasolineResidual Fuel OilLPG1Jet Fuel9.03.91.91.50.60.42.0Motor Distillate LPG1 Jet Residual Petroleum Other20246810

Million Barrels per Day1950 1955 1960 1965 1970 1975 1980 1985 1990 1995 2000 20050246810

Million Barrels per DayGasoline46% in 20081950 1960 1970 1980 1990 200001020304050

PercentCokeFuel OilFuelFuel OilEnergy Information Administration / Annual Energy Review 2008 149**T able 5.11 Petroleum Products Supplied by Type, Selected Years, 1949-2008** (Thousand Barrels per Day)**Year Asphalt and** **Road Oil Aviation** **Gasoline Distillate** **Fuel Oil Jet Fuel** 1**Kerosene Liquefied Petroleum Gases** **Lubricants Motor** **Gasoline**3**Petroleum Coke** **Residual Fuel Oil** **Other**4**Total Percentage** **Change From Previous Year** 5**Propane**2**Total**1949 157 93 9021( ) 281 NA 187 91 2,410 40 1,359 243 5,763 – –1950 180 108 1,0821( ) 323 NA 234 106 2,616 41 1,517 250 6,458 12.11955 254 192 1,592 154 320 NA 404 116 3,463 67 1,526 366 8,455 9.01960 302 161 1,872 371 271 NA 621 117 3,969 149 1,529 435 9,797 3.11965 368 120 2,126 602 267 NA 841 129 4,593 202 1,608 657 11,512 4.21970 447 55 2,540 967 263 776 1,224 136 5,785 212 2,204 866 14,697 4.01971 458 49 2,661 1,010 249 794 1,251 135 6,014 219 2,296 870 15,212 3.51972 468 46 2,913 1,045 235 893 1,420 144 6,376 241 2,529 949 16,367 7.91973 522 45 3,092 1,059 216 872 1,449 162 6,674 261 2,822 1,005 17,308 5.51974 481 44 2,948 993 176 830 1,406 155 6,537 239 2,639 1,034 16,653 -3.81975 419 39 2,851 1,001 159 783 1,333 137 6,675 247 2,462 1,001 16,322 -2.01976 411 37 3,133 987 169 830 1,404 152 6,978 243 2,801 1,145 17,461 7.31977 436 38 3,352 1,039 175 821 1,422 160 7,177 268 3,071 1,294 18,431 5.31978 479 39 3,432 1,057 175 778 1,413 172 7,412 256 3,023 1,391 18,847 2.31979 476 38 3,311 1,076 188 849 1,592 180 7,034 246 2,826 1,546 18,513 -1.81980 396 35 2,866 1,068 158 754 1,469 159 6,579 237 2,508 1,581 17,056 -7.61981 342 31 2,829 1,007 127 773 1,466 153 6,588 252 2,088 1,176 16,058 -6.11982 342 25 2,671 1,013 129 798 1,499 140 6,539 248 1,716 973 15,296 -4.71983 373 26 2,690 1,046 127 751 1,509 146 6,622 229 1,421 1,042 15,231 -.41984 408 24 2,845 1,175 115 833 1,572 156 6,693 247 1,369 1,120 15,726 3.51985 425 27 2,868 1,218 114 883 1,599 145 6,831 264 1,202 1,032 15,726 -.31986 448 32 2,914 1,307 98 831 1,512 142 7,034 268 1,418 1,105 16,281 3.51987 467 25 2,976 1,385 95 924 1,612 161 7,206 299 1,264 1,176 16,665 2.41988 468 27 3,122 1,449 96 923 1,656 155 7,336 312 1,378 1,286 17,283 4.01989 453 26 3,157 1,489 84 990 1,668 159 7,328 307 1,370 1,284 17,325 (s)1990 483 24 3,021 1,522 43 917 1,556 164 7,235 339 1,229 1,373 16,988 -1.91991 444 23 2,921 1,471 46 982 1,689 146 7,188 328 1,158 1,299 16,714 -1.61992 454 22 2,979 1,454 41 1,032 1,755 149 7,268 382 1,094 1,434 17,033 2.21993 474 21 3,041 1,469 50 1,006 1,734 152 7,476 366 1,080 1,373 17,237 .91994 484 21 3,162 1,527 49 1,082 1,880 159 7,601 361 1,021 1,454 17,718 2.81995 486 21 3,207 1,514 54 1,096 1,899 156 7,789 365 852 1,381 17,725 (s)1996 484 20 3,365 1,578 62 1,136 2,012 151 7,891 379 848 1,518 18,309 3.61997 505 22 3,435 1,599 66 1,170 2,038 160 8,017 377 797 1,605 18,620 1.41998 521 19 3,461 1,622 78 1,120 1,952 168 8,253 447 887 1,508 18,917 1.61999 547 21 3,572 1,673 73 1,246 2,195 169 8,431 477 830 1,532 19,519 3.22000 525 20 3,722 1,725 67 1,235 2,231 166 8,472 406 909 1,458 19,701 1.22001 519 19 3,847 1,655 72 1,142 2,044 153 8,610 437 811 1,481 19,649 -.52002 512 18 3,776 1,614 43 1,248 2,163 151 8,848 463 700 1,474 19,761 .62003 503 16 3,927 1,578 55 1,215 2,074 140 8,935 455 772 1,579 20,034 1.42004 537 17 4,058 1,630 64 1,276 2,132 141 9,105 524 865 1,657 20,731 3.82005 546 19 4,118 1,679 70 1,229 2,030 141 9,159 515 920 1,605 20,802 .12006 521 18 4,169 1,633 54 1,215 2,052 137 9,253 522 689 1,640 20,687 -.62007R494 17R4,196R1,622R32R1,235R2,085R142R9,286 490R723R1,593R20,680 (s)2008P417 15 3,938 1,518 31 1,151 1,944 130 8,964 445 620 1,397 19,419 -5.81Through 1951, naphtha-type jet fuel is included in the products from which it was blended: in 1952, 71percent gasoline, 17 percent kerosene, and 12 percent distillate fuel oil. Beginning in 1952, includesnaphtha-type jet fuel. Beginning in 1957, also includes kerosene-type jet fuel. Beginning in 2005,naphtha-type jet fuel is included in "Other."2Includes propylene.3Finished motor gasoline. Through 1963, also includes special naphthas. Beginning in 1993, alsoincludes ethanol blended into motor gasoline.4Pentanes plus, petrochemical feedstocks, still gas (refinery gas), waxes, and miscellaneous products.Beginning in 1964, also includes special naphthas. Beginning in 1981, also includes negative barrels perday of distillate and residual fuel oil reclassified as unfinished oils, and other products (from both primaryand secondary supply) reclassified as gasoline blending components. Beginning in 1983, also includescrude oil burned as fuel. Beginning in 2005, also includes naphtha-type jet fuel.5Percent change from previous year calculated from data in thousand barrels per year.R=Revised. P=Preliminary. NA=Not available. – – = Not applicable. (s)=Less than 0.05 percent andgreater than -0.05 percent.Notes:•Petroleum products supplied is an approximation of petroleum consumption andissynonymous with the term "petroleum consumption" in Tables 5.13a-d and 5.14a-c.•See Note1,"Petroleum Products Supplied and Petroleum Consumption," Note 2, "Adjustment to Total PetroleumProducts Supplied," and Note 3, "Changes Affecting Petroleum Production and Product SuppliedStatistics," at end of section.•Totals may not equal sum of components due to independent rounding.Web Pages:•For all data beginning in 1949, see http://www.eia.doe.gov/emeu/aer/petro.html.•For related information, see http://www.eia.doe.gov/oil_gas/petroleum/info_glance/petroleum.html.Sources:•1949-1975—Bureau of Mines, Mineral Industry Surveys,Petroleum Statement, Annual,annual reports.•1976-1980—Energy Information Administration (EIA), Energy Data Reports,PetroleumStatement, Annual,annual reports.•1981-2007—EIA,Petroleum Supply Annual,annual reports.•2008—EIA,Petroleum Supply Monthly(February 2009).Figure 5.12 Heat Content of Petroleum Products SuppliedPetroleum Products Supplied as Share Total Petroleum and Motor Gasoline Product Supplied,of Total Energy Consumption, 1949-2008 1949-2008By Product, 2008 By Selected Product, 1949-2008150 Energy Information Administration / Annual Energy Review 20081Liquefied petroleum gases.2Aviation gasoline, kerosene, lubricants,naphtha-type jet fuel, pentanes plus, petrochemicalfeedstocks, petroleum coke, special naphthas,still gas (refinery gas), waxes, miscellaneousproducts, and crude burned as fuel.Sources: Tables 1.3 and 5.12.38%in 20081950 1960 1970 1980 1990 20000204060

Percent1950 1960 1970 1980 1990 200001020304050

Quadrillion BtuPeak48% in 197746% in 1973Motor GasolineMotor GasolineDistillate Fuel OilTotal PetroleumResidual Fuel OilJet FuelFuel Oil37% in 19491950 1960 1970 1980 1990 200005101520

Quadrillion Btu17.18.43.22.61.41.04.3Motor Distillate Jet LPG1 Residual Asphalt Other205101520

Quadrillion BtuFuelGasolineFuel OilandRoad OilEnergy Information Administration / Annual Energy Review 2008 151**T able 5.12 Heat Content of Petroleum Products Supplied, Selected Years, 1949-2008** (Trillion Btu)**Year Asphalt and** **Road Oil Aviation** **Gasoline Distillate** **Fuel Oil Jet Fuel** 1**Kerosene Liquefied Petroleum Gases** **Lubricants Motor** **Gasoline**3**Petroleum Coke** **Residual Fuel Oil** **Other**4**Total Percentage** **Change From Previous Yea** **r Propane** 2**Total**1949 380 172 1,9181( ) 582 NA 274 201 4,621 87 3,118 530 11,883 – –1950 435 199 2,3001( ) 668 NA 343 236 5,015 90 3,482 546 13,315 12.11955 615 354 3,385 301 662 NA 592 258 6,640 147 3,502 798 17,255 8.91960 734 298 3,992 739 563 NA 912 259 7,631 328 3,517 947 19,919 3.11965 890 222 4,519 1,215 553 NA 1,232 286 8,806 444 3,691 1,390 23,246 4.21970 1,082 100 5,401 1,973 544 1,086 1,689 301 11,091 465 5,057 1,817 29,521 4.21971 1,108 90 5,658 2,061 515 1,111 1,723 299 11,532 481 5,269 1,825 30,561 3.51972 1,137 85 6,210 2,141 487 1,254 1,955 320 12,259 532 5,820 2,001 32,947 7.81973 1,264 83 6,575 2,167 447 1,221 1,981 359 12,797 573 6,477 2,117 34,840 5.71974 1,165 82 6,267 2,030 365 1,163 1,914 344 12,535 524 6,056 2,173 33,455 -4.01975 1,014 71 6,061 2,047 329 1,097 1,807 304 12,798 542 5,649 2,107 32,731 -2.21976 998 67 6,679 2,026 351 1,166 1,907 338 13,415 537 6,445 2,410 35,175 7.51977 1,056 70 7,126 2,126 363 1,150 1,908 354 13,760 589 7,047 2,722 37,122 5.51978 1,160 71 7,296 2,164 363 1,089 1,892 380 14,211 562 6,936 2,930 37,965 2.31979 1,153 70 7,039 2,204 389 1,189 2,138 397 13,487 541 6,485 3,219 37,123 -2.21980 962 64 6,110 2,190 329 1,059 1,976 354 12,648 522 5,772 3,275 34,202 -7.91981 828 56 6,014 2,062 263 1,082 1,949 339 12,631 553 4,791 2,445 31,931 -6.61982 829 47 5,679 2,072 266 1,117 1,978 309 12,538 545 3,939 2,029 30,232 -5.31983 904 48 5,720 2,141 263 1,051 1,990 324 12,697 503 3,260 2,204 30,054 -.61984 992 44 6,065 2,414 239 1,170 2,071 346 12,867 545 3,151 2,317 31,051 3.31985 1,029 50 6,098 2,497 236 1,236 2,103 322 13,098 582 2,759 2,149 30,922 -.41986 1,086 59 6,196 2,682 203 1,163 2,009 315 13,487 590 3,255 2,313 32,196 4.11987 1,130 46 6,328 2,843 196 1,294 2,153 356 13,816 657 2,901 2,440 32,865 2.11988 1,136 49 6,655 2,982 200 1,296 2,213 343 14,105 687 3,170 2,681 34,222 4.11989 1,096 48 6,712 3,059 174 1,387 2,243 352 14,050 676 3,144 2,658 34,211 (s)1990 1,170 45 6,422 3,129 88 1,284 2,059 362 13,872 745 2,820 2,840 33,553 -1.91991 1,077 42 6,210 3,025 96 1,374 2,227 324 13,781 722 2,657 2,685 32,845 -2.11992 1,102 41 6,351 3,001 86 1,449 2,328 330 13,973 843 2,518 2,953 33,527 2.11993 1,149 38 6,466 3,028 103 1,409 2,282 337 14,335 804 2,479 2,821 33,841 .91994 1,173 38 6,723 3,154 101 1,515 2,494 352 14,511 793 2,342 2,988 34,670 2.41995 1,178 40 6,818 3,132 112 1,534 2,512 346 14,825 802 1,955 2,834 34,553 -.31996 1,176 37 7,175 3,274 128 1,594 2,660 335 15,064 837 1,952 3,119 35,757 3.51997 1,224 40 7,304 3,308 136 1,638 2,690 354 15,254 829 1,828 3,298 36,266 1.41998 1,263 35 7,359 3,357 162 1,568 2,575 371 15,701 982 2,036 3,093 36,934 1.81999 1,324 39 7,595 3,462 151 1,745 2,897 375 16,036 1,048 1,905 3,128 37,960 2.82000 1,276 36 7,935 3,580 140 1,734 2,945 369 16,155 895 2,091 2,981 38,404 1.22001 1,257 35 8,179 3,426 150 1,598 2,697 338 16,373 961 1,861 3,056 38,333 -.22002 1,240 34 8,028 3,340 90 1,747 2,852 334 16,819 1,018 1,605 3,041 38,401 .22003 1,220 30 8,349 3,265 113 1,701 2,747 309 16,981 1,000 1,772 3,260 39,047 1.72004 1,304 31 8,652 3,383 133 1,791 2,824 313 17,379 1,156 1,990 3,429 40,594 4.02005 1,323 35 8,755 3,475 144 1,721 2,682 312 17,444 1,133 2,111 3,320 40,735 .32006 1,261 33 8,864 3,379 111 1,701 2,701 303 17,622 1,148 1,581 3,416 40,420 -.82007R1,197 32R8,921 3,358R67R1,729R2,733R313R17,689R1,077R1,659R3,308R40,353R-.22008P1,012 28 8,396 3,150 64 1,616 2,559 289 17,120 981 1,426 2,920 37,946 -6.01Through 1951, naphtha-type jet fuel is included in the products from which it was blended: in 1952, 71percent gasoline, 17 percent kerosene, and 12 percent distillate fuel oil. Beginning in 1952, includesnaphtha-type jet fuel. Beginning in 1957, also includes kerosene-type jet fuel. Beginning in 2005,naphtha-type jet fuel is included in "Other."2Includes propylene.3Finished motor gasoline. Through 1963, also includes special naphthas. Beginning in 1993, alsoincludes ethanol blended into motor gasoline.4Pentanes plus, petrochemical feedstocks, still gas (refinery gas), waxes, and miscellaneous products.Beginning in 1964, also includes special naphthas. Beginning in 1981, also includes negative barrels perday of distillate and residual fuel oil reclassified as unfinished oils, and other products (from both primaryand secondary supply) reclassified as gasoline blending components. Beginning in 1983, also includescrude oil burned as fuel. Beginning in 2005, also includes naphtha-type jet fuel.R=Revised. P=Preliminary. NA=Not available. – – = Not applicable. (s)=Less than 0.05 percent andgreater than -0.05 percent.Notes:•Petroleum products supplied is an approximation of petroleum consumption andissynonymous with the term "petroleum consumption" in Tables 5.13a-d and 5.14a-c.•See Note1,"Petroleum Products Supplied and Petroleum Consumption," Note 2, "Adjustment to Total PetroleumProducts Supplied," and Note 3, "Changes Affecting Petroleum Production and Product SuppliedStatistics," at end of section.•Totals may not equal sum of components due to independent rounding.Web Pages:•For all data beginning in 1949, see http://www.eia.doe.gov/emeu/aer/petro.html.•For related information, see http://www.eia.doe.gov/oil_gas/petroleum/info_glance/petroleum.htmlSources: Tables 5.11, A1, and A3.Figure 5.13a Estimated Petroleum Consumption by SectorBy Sector, 1949-2008By Sector, 2008 Sectors Shares, 1949 and 2008152 Energy Information Administration / Annual Energy Review 20081Includes combined-heat-and-power plants and a small number of electricity-only plants.2Electricity-only and combined-heat-and-power plants whose primary business is to sellelectricity, or electricity and heat, to the public.Note: See related Figure 5.13b.Sources: Tables 5.13a–5.13d.1950 1955 1960 1965 1970 1975 1980 1985 1990 1995 2000 2005051015

Million Barrels per DayTransportationResidential and Commercial1Industrial1Electric Power20.70.34.613.70.2Residential Commercial1 Industrial1 Transportation Electric051015

Million Barrels per Day422470110628543Residential Commercial1 Industrial1 Transportation Electric0255075

Percent19492008Power2Power2Figure 5.13b Estimated Petroleum Consumption by Product by Sector, 1949-2008Residential and Commercial1 Sectors, Selected Products Industrial1 Sector, Selected ProductsTransportation Sector, Selected Products Electric Power Sector3Energy Information Administration / Annual Energy Review 2008 1531Includes combined-heat-and-power plants and a small number of electricity-only plants.2Liquefied petroleum gases.3Electricity-only and combined-heat-and-power plants whose primary business is to sell electricity, or electricity and heat, to the public.Note: See related Figure 5.13a.Sources: Tables 5.13a–5.13d.Distillate Fuel OilResidual Fuel OilLPG21950 1955 1960 1965 1970 1975 1980 1985 1990 1995 2000 20050.00.51.01.5

Million Barrels per DayKerosene1950 1955 1960 1965 1970 1975 1980 1985 1990 1995 2000 20050.00.51.01.52.0

Million Barrels per DayLPG2Distillate Fuel OilPetroleum CokeAsphalt and Road Oil1950 1955 1960 1965 1970 1975 1980 1985 1990 1995 2000 2005036912

Million Barrels per DayMotor GasolineDistillate Fuel OilJet Fuel1950 1955 1960 1965 1970 1975 1980 1985 1990 1995 2000 20050.00.51.01.52.0

Million Barrels per DayPetroleum154 Energy Information Administration / Annual Energy Review 2008**T able 5.13a Estimated Petroleum Consumption: Residential and Commercial Sectors, Selected Years, 1949-2008** (Thousand Barrels per Day)**Year Residential Sector** **Commercial Sector Distillate** **Fuel Oil Kerosene** **Liquefied Petroleum** **Gases Total** **Distillate Fuel Oil Kerosene** **Liquefied Petroleum** **Gases Motor** **Gasoline**3**Petroleum Coke** **Residual Fuel Oil Total** **CHP**1**Other**2**Total CHP** 1**Other**2**Total**1949 329 140 90 5594( ) 104 104 19 16 48 NA4( ) 153 153 3401950 390 168 112 6704( ) 123 123 23 20 52 NA4( ) 185 185 4031955 562 179 155 8964( ) 177 177 24 27 69 NA4( ) 209 209 5081960 736 171 234 1,1404( ) 232 232 23 41 35 NA4( ) 243 243 5731965 805 161 296 1,2634( ) 251 251 26 52 40 NA4( ) 281 281 6511970 883 144 420 1,4474( ) 276 276 30 74 45 NA4( ) 311 311 7361971 892 143 425 1,4604( ) 280 280 27 75 44 NA4( ) 293 293 7181972 936 131 456 1,5234( ) 296 296 27 81 45 NA4( ) 280 280 7291973 942 110 435 1,4874( ) 303 303 31 77 45 NA4( ) 290 290 7461974 867 89 401 1,3574( ) 280 280 26 71 43 NA4( ) 259 259 6791975 850 78 389 1,3164( ) 276 276 24 69 46 NA4( ) 214 214 6291976 932 89 404 1,4254( ) 308 308 21 71 50 NA4( ) 247 247 6971977 938 81 397 1,4164( ) 318 318 25 70 52 NA4( ) 256 256 7221978 917 74 386 1,3774( ) 313 313 26 68 56 NA4( ) 232 232 6951979 765 64 264 1,0934( ) 274 274 38 47 54 NA4( ) 220 220 6341980 617 51 242R9104( ) 243 243 20 43 56 NA4( ) 245 245 6061981 540 41 234 8154( ) 215 215 34 41 48 NA4( ) 182 182 5191982 494 46 224 7644( ) 207 207 15 40 46 NA4( ) 174 174 4801983 435 41 267 7434( ) 306 306 54 47 53 NA4( ) 91 91 5521984 512R77 220R8094( ) 345 345R17 39 56 NA4( ) 115 115R5721985 514 77 249 8394( ) 297 297 16 44 50 NA4( ) 99 99 5061986 523 59 243 8254( ) 293 293 24 43 55 NA4( ) 126 126 5421987 544 57 269 8704( ) 286 286 24 48 58 NA4( ) 114 114 5291988 558 69 267 8944( ) 281 281 13 47 57 NA4( ) 115 115 5131989 546 57 299 901 3 267 270 13 53 53 0 2 97 99 4881990 460 31 276 767 3 249 252 6 49 58 0 3 97 100 4651991 438 35 295 768 2 241 243 6 52 44 0 2 91 92 4381992 460 31 288 779 1 236 238 5 51 41 (s) 2 80 82 4181993 458 37 303 797 2 230 232 7 53 15 (s) 2 73 75 3831994 451 31 298 781 3 233 236 9 53 13 (s) 2 73 75 3861995 426 36 306 767 2 223 225 11 54 10 (s) 1 61 62 3611996 434 43 358 835 2 225 227 10 63 14 (s) 1 58 60 3731997 411 45 349 805 3 206 209 12 62 22 (s) 1 47 48 3531998 363 52 329 744 2 199 202 15 58 20 (s) 3 35 37 3321999 389 54 404 847 2 204 206 13 71 15 (s) 2 30 32 3382000 424 46 427 897 2 228 230 14 75 23 (s) 2 38 40 3832001 427 46 406 879 3 236 239 15 72 20 (s) 2 28 30 3762002 404 29 412 845 2 207 209 8 73 24 (s) 1 34 35 3482003 425 34 426 885 2 225 226 9 75 32 (s) 2 46 48 3912004 433 41 401 875 3 218 221 10 71 25 (s) 2 51 53 3802005 402 40 391 833 2 208 210 10 69 24 (s) 2 48 50 3652006 335 32R345R712 1 188 189 7R61R26 (s) 1 31 33R3152007R342R21R367R730 1R180R181 4R65R32 (s) 1R32R33R3152008P321 21 342 684 1 169 170 4 60 31 (s) (s) 30 31 2961Commercial combined-heat-and-power (CHP) and a small number of commercial electricity-onlyplants. See Note 2, "Classification of Power Plants Into Energy-Use Sectors," at end of Section 8.2All commercial sector fuel use other than that in "CHP."3Finished motor gasoline. Through 1963, also includes special naphthas. Beginning in 1993, alsoincludes ethanol blended into motor gasoline.4Included in "Other."R=Revised. P=Preliminary. NA=Not available. (s)=Less than 500 barrels per day.Notes:•For total petroleum consumption by all sectors, see petroleum products supplied data in Table5.11. Petroleum products supplied is an approximation of petroleum consumption and is synonymous withthe term "petroleum consumption" in Tables 5.13a-d and 5.14a-c.•See Note 1, "Petroleum ProductsSupplied and Petroleum Consumption," at end of section.•Totals may not equal sum of components dueto independent rounding.Web Pages:•For all data beginning in 1949, see http://www.eia.doe.gov/emeu/aer/petro.html.•For related information, see http://www.eia.doe.gov/emeu/states/_seds.html.Sources:**CHP**and**Petroleum Coke:**Table 8.7c.**All Other Data:**•1949-1959—Bureau of Mines,Mineral Industry Surveys,Petroleum Statement, Annual,annual reports, and Energy InformationAdministration (EIA) estimates.•1960-2007—EIA, "State Energy Data 2007: Consumption" (March 2009),U.S. Tables 8 and 9.•2008—EIA estimates.Energy Information Administration / Annual Energy Review 2008 155**T able 5.13b Estimated Petroleum Consumption: Industrial Sector, Selected Years, 1949-2008** (Thousand Barrels per Day)**Year Industrial Sector** **Asphalt and** **Road Oil Distillate Fuel Oil** **Kerosene Liquefied** **Petroleum Gases** **Lubricants Motor** **Gasoline**3**Petroleum Coke Residual Fuel Oil** **Other Petroleum** 4**Total CHP** 1**Other**2**Total CHP** 1**Other**2**Total CHP** 1**Other**2**Total**1949 1575( ) 265 265 123 80 36 1215( ) 40 405( ) 534 534 243 1,5981950 1805( ) 328 328 132 100 43 1315( ) 41 415( ) 617 617 250 1,8221955 2545( ) 466 466 116 212 47 1735( ) 67 675( ) 686 686 366 2,3871960 3025( ) 476 476 78 333 48 1985( ) 149 1495( ) 689 689 435 2,7081965 3685( ) 541 541 80 470 62 1795( ) 202 2025( ) 689 689 657 3,2471970 4475( ) 577 577 89 699 70 1505( ) 203 2035( ) 708 708 866 3,8081971 4585( ) 596 596 80 715 69 1435( ) 211 2115( ) 705 705 870 3,8451972 4685( ) 648 648 77 846 73 1325( ) 233 2335( ) 765 765 949 4,1911973 5225( ) 691 691 75 902 88 1335( ) 254 2545( ) 809 809 1,005 4,4791974 4815( ) 633 633 61 901 85 1235( ) 230 2305( ) 753 753 1,034 4,3011975 4195( ) 630 630 58 844 68 1165( ) 246 2465( ) 658 658 1,001 4,0381976 4115( ) 717 717 59 895 75 1105( ) 242 2425( ) 792 792 1,145 4,4471977 4365( ) 809 809 69 918 82 1025( ) 266 2665( ) 844 844 1,294 4,8211978 4795( ) 823 823 75 921 88 935( ) 250 2505( ) 748 748 1,391 4,8671979 4765( ) 830 830 86 1,266 92 845( ) 243 2435( ) 721 721 1,546 5,3431980 3965( ) 621 621 87 1,172 82 825( ) 234 2345( ) 586 586 1,581 4,8421981 3425( ) 653 653 52 1,166 79 835( ) 250 2505( ) 471 471 1,176 4,2731982 3425( ) 617 617 68 1,211 72 725( ) 246 2465( ) 456 456 973 4,0581983 3735( ) 537 537 32 1,166 75 595( ) 225 2255( ) 345 345 1,042 3,8541984 4085( ) 564 564R21 1,283 80 835( ) 244 2445( ) 386 386 1,120R4,1911985 4255( ) 526 526 21 1,285 75 1145( ) 261 2615( ) 326 326 1,032 4,0651986 4485( ) 546 546 16 1,207 73 1085( ) 264 2645( ) 321 321 1,105 4,0871987 4675( ) 537 537 14 1,279 83 1075( ) 294 2945( ) 253 253 1,176 4,2101988 4685( ) 530 530 14 1,326 80 1005( ) 306 3065( ) 237 237 1,286 4,3471989 453 5 531 536 14 1,300 82 104 5 295 300R57 121 178 1,284 4,2511990 483 7 534 541 6 1,215 84 97 25 300 325R63R116 179 1,373 4,3041991 444 12 495 507 5 1,326 75 101 22 293 315 55 91 146 1,299 4,2191992 454 10 509 519 5 1,402 77 101 26 336 362 59 109 168 1,434 4,5221993 474 10 515 525 6 1,363 78 94 22 308 330 65 129 194 1,373 4,4381994 484 10 513 522 8 1,505 82 101 25 304 329 69 113 183 1,454 4,6671995 486 6 526 532 7 1,527 80 105 26 302 328 60 87 147 1,381 4,5941996 484 8 549 557 9 1,580 78 105 27 317 343 66 80 146 1,518 4,8191997 505 8 558 566 9 1,617 82 111 37 294 331 56 71 127 1,605 4,9531998 521 16 554 570 11 1,553 86 105 29 362 390 60 40 100 1,508 4,8441999 547 16 542 558 6 1,709 87 80 31 395 426 52 38 90 1,532 5,0352000 525 10 553 563 8 1,720 86 79 19 342 361 48 57 105 1,458 4,9032001 519 9 602 611 11 1,557 79 155 15 375 390 46 42 89 1,481 4,8922002 512 6 561 566 7 1,668 78 163 21 362 383 37 46 83 1,474 4,9342003 503 10 525 534 12 1,561 72 171 17 358 375 38 58 96 1,579 4,9032004 537 9 561 570 14 1,647 73 195 18 405 423 46 62 108 1,657 5,2232005 546 11 583 594 19 1,549 72 187 14 390 404 46 77 123 1,605 5,1002006 521 5 589 594 14R1,627 71R198 21 404 425 33 71 104 1,640R5,1932007R494R4R591R595R6R1,637R73R161R22R390R412R30R54R84R1,593 5,0562008P417 3 556 559 6 1,526 67 155 19 355 375 16 63 79 1,397 4,5811Industrial combined-heat-and-power (CHP) and a small number of industrial electricity-only plants.See Note 2, "Classification of Power Plants Into Energy-Use Sectors," at end of Section 8.2All industrial sector fuel use other than that in "CHP."3Finished motor gasoline. Through 1963, also includes special naphthas. Beginning in 1993, alsoincludes ethanol blended into motor gasoline.4Pentanes plus, petrochemical feedstocks, still gas (refinery gas), waxes, and miscellaneous products.Beginning in 1964, also includes special naphthas. Beginning in 1981, also includes negative barrels perday of distillate and residual fuel oil reclassified as unfinished oils, and other products (from both primaryand secondary supply) reclassified as gasoline blending components. Beginning in 1983, also includescrude oil burned as fuel. Beginning in 2005, also includes naphtha-type jet fuel.5Included in "Other."R=Revised. P=Preliminary.Notes:•For total petroleum consumption by all sectors, see petroleum products supplied data in Table5.11. Petroleum products supplied is an approximation of petroleum consumption and is synonymous withthe term "petroleum consumption" in Tables 5.13a-d and 5.14a-c.•See Note 1, "Petroleum ProductsSupplied and Petroleum Consumption," at end of section.•Totals may not equal sum of components dueto independent rounding.Web Pages:•For all data beginning in 1949, see http://www.eia.doe.gov/emeu/aer/petro.html.•For related information, see http://www.eia.doe.gov/emeu/states/_seds.html.Sources:**CHP:**Table 8.7c.**All Other Data:**•1949-1959—Bureau of Mines, Mineral Industry Surveys,Petroleum Statement, Annual,annual reports, and Energy Information Administration (EIA) estimates.•1960-2007—EIA, "State Energy Data 2007: Consumption" (March 2009), U.S. Table 10.•2008—EIAestimates.156 Energy Information Administration / Annual Energy Review 2008**T able 5.13c Estimated Petroleum Consumption: Transportation Sector, Selected Years, 1949-2008** (Thousand Barrels per Day)**Year Transportation Sector** **Aviation Gasoline** **Distillate Fuel Oil** **Jet Fuel Liquefied** **Petroleum Gases Lubricants** **Motor Gasoline** 2**Residual Fuel Oil** **Total Kerosene Type** **Total**11949 93 190 01( ) 1 54 2,241 504 3,0841950 108 226 01( ) 2 64 2,433 524 3,3561955 192 372 0 154 9 70 3,221 440 4,4581960 161 418 91 371 13 68 3,736 367 5,1351965 120 514 334 602 23 67 4,374 336 6,0361970 55 738 718 967 32 66 5,589 332 7,7781971 49 800 751 1,010 37 67 5,827 305 8,0951972 46 910 779 1,021 38 71 6,199 280 8,5661973 45 1,045 825 1,042 35 74 6,496 317 9,0541974 44 1,036 757 979 33 71 6,372 304 8,8381975 39 998 782 992 31 70 6,512 310 8,9511976 37 1,073 777 976 33 77 6,817 358 9,3721977 38 1,171 814 1,022 36 78 7,022 396 9,7611978 39 1,260 845 1,044 38 83 7,264 431 10,1601979 38 1,366 867 1,067 16 87 6,896 535 10,0051980 35 1,311 845 1,062 13 77 6,441 608 9,5461981 31 1,365 808R1,006 24 74 6,456 531 9,4871982 25 1,312 803 1,011 24 68 6,421 444 9,3071983 26 1,367 839 1,046 29 71 6,510 358 9,4061984 24 1,383 953 1,175 30 76 6,554 351 9,5921985 27 1,491 1,005 1,218 21 71 6,667 342 9,8381986 32 1,514 1,105 1,307 19 69 6,871 379 10,1911987 25 1,568 1,181 1,385 15 78 7,041 392 10,5051988 27 1,701 1,236 1,449 17 75 7,179 399 10,8461989 26 1,734 1,284 1,489 16 77 7,171 423 10,9371990 24 1,722 1,340 1,522 16 80 7,080 443 10,8881991 23 1,694 1,296 1,471 15 71 7,042 447 10,7631992 22 1,728 1,310 1,454 14 72 7,125 465 10,8811993 21 1,785 1,357 1,469 14 74 7,367 393 11,1241994 21 1,896 1,480 1,527 24 77 7,487 385 11,4171995 21 1,973 1,497 1,514 13 76 7,674 397 11,6681996 20 2,096 1,575 1,578 11 73 7,772 370 11,9211997 22 2,198 1,598 1,599 10 78 7,883 310 12,0991998 19 2,263 1,623 1,622 13 81 8,128 294 12,4201999 21 2,352 1,675 1,673 10 82 8,336 290 12,7652000 20 2,422 1,725 1,725 8 81 8,370 386 13,0122001 19 2,489 1,656 1,655 10 74 8,435 255 12,9382002 18 2,536 1,621 1,614 10 73 8,662 295 13,2082003 16 2,665 1,578 1,578 12 68 8,733 249 13,3212004 17 2,783 1,630 1,630 14 69 8,885 321 13,7182005 19 2,858 1,679 1,679 20 68 8,948 365 13,9572006 18 3,017 1,633 1,633 20 67R9,029 395R14,1782007 17R3,037R1,622R1,622R16R69R9,093R433R14,2872008P15 2,855 1,518 1,518 15 63 8,778 406 13,6511Through 1951, naphtha-type jet fuel is included in the products from which jet fuel was blended: in1952, 71 percent gasoline, 17 percent kerosene, and 12 percent distillate fuel oil. Beginning in 1952,includes naphtha-type jet fuel. Beginning in 1957, also includes kerosene-type jet fuel. Beginning in 2005,includes kerosene-type jet fuel only.2Finished motor gasoline. Through 1963, also includes special naphthas. Beginning in 1993, alsoincludes ethanol blended into motor gasoline.R=Revised. P=Preliminary.Notes:•For total petroleum consumption by all sectors, see petroleum products supplied data in Table5.11. Petroleum products supplied is an approximation of petroleum consumption and is synonymous withthe term "petroleum consumption" in Tables 5.13a-d and 5.14a-c.•See Note 1, "Petroleum ProductsSupplied and Petroleum Consumption," at end of section.•Totals may not equal sum of components dueto independent rounding.Web Pages:•For all data beginning in 1949, see http://www.eia.doe.gov/emeu/aer/petro.html.•For related information, see http://www.eia.doe.gov/emeu/states/_seds.html.Sources:•1949-1959—Bureau of Mines, Mineral Industry Surveys,Petroleum Statement, Annual,annual reports, and Energy Information Administration (EIA) estimates.•1960-2007—EIA, "State EnergyData 2007: Consumption" (March 2009), U.S. Table 11.•2008—EIA estimates.Energy Information Administration / Annual Energy Review 2008 157**T able 5.13d Petroleum Consumption: Electric Power Sector, Selected Years, 1949-2008** (Thousand Barrels per Day)**Year Electric Power Sector** 1**Electricity Only Combined Heat and Power (CHP)** **Total Distillate** **Fuel Oil**2**Petroleum Coke** **Residual Fuel Oil** 3**Total Distillate** **Fuel Oil**2**Petroleum Coke** **Residual Fuel Oil** 3**Total Distillate** **Fuel Oil**2**Petroleum Coke** **Residual Fuel Oil** 3**Total**1949 13 NA 169 182 NA NA NA NA 13 NA 169 1821950 15 NA 192 207 NA NA NA NA 15 NA 192 2071955 15 NA 191 206 NA NA NA NA 15 NA 191 2061960 10 NA 231 241 NA NA NA NA 10 NA 231 2411965 14 NA 302 316 NA NA NA NA 14 NA 302 3161970 66 9 853 928 NA NA NA NA 66 9 853 9281971 94 8 992 1,095 NA NA NA NA 94 8 992 1,0951972 146 9 1,203 1,358 NA NA NA NA 146 9 1,203 1,3581973 129 7 1,406 1,542 NA NA NA NA 129 7 1,406 1,5421974 146 9 1,324 1,478 NA NA NA NA 146 9 1,324 1,4781975 107 1 1,280 1,388 NA NA NA NA 107 1 1,280 1,3881976 114 1 1,405 1,520 NA NA NA NA 114 1 1,405 1,5201977 134 1 1,575 1,710 NA NA NA NA 134 1 1,575 1,7101978 130 5 1,612 1,747 NA NA NA NA 130 5 1,612 1,7471979 84 4 1,350 1,437 NA NA NA NA 84 4 1,350 1,4371980 79 2 1,069 1,151 NA NA NA NA 79 2 1,069 1,1511981 58 2 904 964 NA NA NA NA 58 2 904 9641982 42 2 642 686 NA NA NA NA 42 2 642 6861983 45 4 627 676 NA NA NA NA 45 4 627 6761984 42 3 517 562 NA NA NA NA 42 3 517 5621985 40 3 435 478 NA NA NA NA 40 3 435 4781986 39 4 592 636 NA NA NA NA 39 4 592 6361987 42 5 504 551 NA NA NA NA 42 5 504 5511988 51 6 627 683 NA NA NA NA 51 6 627 6831989470 7 663 740 2 0 6 8 72 7 669 7481990 41 14 497 551 4 0 10 15 45 14 507 5661991 38 13 469 520 1 0 4 5 39 13 473 5261992 33 18 371 422 2 2 8 12 34 20 379 4341993 37 21 409 467 4 15 9 27 41 36 418 4941994 46 16 369 431 11 15 10 36 56 32 379 4671995 44 15 237 296 7 22 9 38 51 37 247 3341996 47 14 263 325 4 22 10 36 51 36 273 3601997 48 23 301 373 4 23 10 37 52 46 311 4101998 61 30 448 539 3 26 8 37 64 56 456 5761999 63 26 409 497 3 25 9 38 66 51 418 5352000 77 20 370 466 6 25 8 39 82 45 378 5052001 76 25 430 531 4 22 7 33 80 47 437 5642002 59 54 281 394 1 26 6 33 60 80 287 4272003 71 66 373 510 5 14 6 24 76 79 379 5342004 49 83 376 509 3 17 6 26 52 101 382 5352005 51 94 376 521 3 17 6 26 54 111 382 5472006 34 82 151 267 1 15 6 22 35 97 157 2892007R40R65R167R272 2 13 6R21R42R78R173R2932008P32 58 98 188 1 12 6 19 33 70 103 2071Electricity-only and combined-heat-and-power (CHP) plants within the NAICS 22 category whoseprimary business is to sell electricity, or electricity and heat, to the public. Electric utility CHP plants areincluded in "Electricity Only."2Fuel oil nos. 1, 2, and 4. For 1949-1979, data are for gas turbine and internal combustion plant use ofpetroleum. For 1980-2000, electric utility data also include small amounts of kerosene and jet fuel.3Fuel oil nos. 5 and 6. For 1949-1979, data are for steam plant use of petroleum. For 1980-2000,electric utility data also include a small amount of fuel oil no. 4.4Through 1988, data are for electric utilities only. Beginning in 1989, data are for electric utilities andindependent power producers.R=Revised. P=Preliminary. NA=Not available.Notes:•For total petroleum consumption by all sectors, see petroleum products supplied data in Table5.11. Petroleum products supplied is an approximation of petroleum consumption and is synonymous withthe term "petroleum consumption" in Tables 5.13a-d and 5.14a-c.•See Tables 8.5a-8.5d for the amountof petroleum used to produce electricity and Tables 8.6a-8.6c for the amount of petroleum used to produceuseful thermal output.•See Note 1, "Petroleum Products Supplied and Petroleum Consumption," at endof section.•Totals may not equal sum of components due to independent rounding.Web Pages:•For all data beginning in 1949, see http://www.eia.doe.gov/emeu/aer/petro.html.•For related information, see http://www.eia.doe.gov/fuelelectric.html.Sources: Tables 8.5b, 8.5c, 8.6b, and 8.7b.Figure 5.14 Heat Content of Petroleum Consumption by Product by Sector, 1949-2008Residential and Commercial1Sectors, Selected Products Industrial1Sector, Selected ProductsTransportation Sector, Selected Products Electric Power Sector3158 Energy Information Administration / Annual Energy Review 20081Includes combined-heat-and-power plants and a small number of electricity-only plants.2Liquefied petroleum gases.3Electricity-only and combined-heat-and-power plants whose primary business is to sellelectricity, or electricity and heat, to the public.Sources: Tables 5.14a–5.14c.PetroleumDistillate Fuel OilResidual Fuel OilLPG2KeroseneDistillate Fuel OilLPG2Asphalt andRoad Oil1950 1960 1970 1980 1990 20000.00.51.01.52.02.5

Quadrillion Btu1950 1960 1970 1980 1990 20000.00.51.01.52.02.53.0

Quadrillion BtuMotor Gasoline1950 1960 1970 1980 1990 2000012345

Quadrillion BtuJet FuelDistillate Fuel Oil1950 1960 1970 1980 1990 200005101520

Quadrillion BtuEnergy Information Administration / Annual Energy Review 2008 159**T able 5.14a Heat Content of Petroleum Consumption: Residential and Commercial Sectors, Selected Years, 1949-2008** (Trillion Btu)**Year Residential Sector** **Commercial Sector Distillate** **Fuel Oil Kerosene** **Liquefied Petroleum** **Gases Total** **Distillate Fuel Oil** **Kerosene Liquefied** **Petroleum Gases** **Motor Gasoline** 1**Petroleum Coke** **Residual Fuel Oil** **Total**1949 700 289 132 1,121 221 39 23 92 NA 351 7271950 829 347 164 1,340 262 47 29 100 NA 424 8621955 1,194 371 227 1,792 377 51 40 133 NA 480 1,0811960 1,568 354 343 2,265 494 48 61 67 NA 559 1,2281965 1,713 334 434 2,481 534 54 77 77 NA 645 1,3861970 1,878 298 579 2,755 587 61 102 86 NA 714 1,5511971 1,897 295 585 2,777 595 55 103 84 NA 672 1,5101972 1,996 271 628 2,895 632 55 111 87 NA 645 1,5301973 2,003 227 595 2,825 644 65 105 87 NA 665 1,5651974 1,844 184 546 2,573 596 55 96 83 NA 593 1,4231975 1,807 161 528 2,495 587 49 93 89 NA 492 1,3101976 1,987 184 549 2,720 656 44 97 97 NA 567 1,4611977 1,994 167 533 2,695 676 52 94 101 NA 588 1,5111978 1,951 153 516 2,620 666 55 91 107 NA 532 1,4501979 1,626 133 355 2,114 584 78 63 104 NA 505 1,3341980 1,316 107 325 1,748 518 41 57 107 NA 565 1,2871981 1,147 85 311 1,543 457 69 55 92 NA 417 1,0901982 1,050 95 296 1,441 440 30 52 88 NA 399 1,0081983 924 85 352 1,362 651 111 62 102 NA 208 1,1361984 1,091R160 290R1,540 735R36 51 107 NA 266R1,1951985 1,092 159 327 1,578 631 33 58 96 NA 228 1,0451986 1,111 121 323 1,556 623 50 57 106 NA 290 1,1261987 1,156 119 360 1,634 607 49 63 111 NA 263 1,0931988 1,190 144 356 1,690 600 26 63 110 NA 264 1,0631989 1,160 117 402 1,679 574 28 71 102 0 228 1,0021990 978 64 365 1,407 536 12 64 111 0 230 9531991 930 72 389 1,392 517 12 69 85 0 212 8951992 980 65 382 1,427 507 11R67 80 (s) 189 8541993 974 76 399 1,448 493 14 70 30 (s) 173 7801994 960 65 395 1,420 501 19 70 25 (s) 172 7871995 905 74 404 1,383 479 22 71 18 (s) 141 7321996 926 89 473 1,488 483 21 84 27 (s) 137 7511997 874 93 461 1,428 444 25 81 43 (s) 111 7041998 772 108 434 1,314 429 31 77 39 (s) 85 6611999 828 111 534 1,473 438 27 94 28 (s) 73 6612000 905 95 564 1,563 491 30 99 45 (s) 92 7562001 908 95 535 1,539 508 31 94 37 (s) 70 7422002 860 60 543 1,463 444 16 96 45 (s) 80 6812003 905 70 564 1,539 481 19 100 60 (s) 111 7712004 924 85 531 1,539 470 20 94 49 (s) 122 7562005 854 84 517 1,455 447 22 91 46 (s) 116 7222006 712 66R454R1,233 401 15R80R49 (s) 75R6212007R726R44R481R1,251R384 9R85R61 (s)R75R6152008P684 43 451 1,178 362 9 80 59 (s) 71 5811Finished motor gasoline. Through 1963, also includes special naphthas. Beginning in 1993, alsoincludes ethanol blended into motor gasoline.R=Revised. P=Preliminary. NA=Not available. (s)=Less than 0.5 trillion Btu.Notes:•Data are estimates.•For total heat content of petroleum consumption by all sectors, see datafor heat content of petroleum products supplied in Table 5.12. Petroleum products supplied is anapproximation of petroleum consumption and is synonymous with the term "petroleum consumption"inTables 5.13a-d and 5.14a-c.•Totals may not equal sum of components due to independent rounding.Web Pages:•For all data beginning in 1949, see http://www.eia.doe.gov/emeu/aer/petro.html.•For related information, see http://www.eia.doe.gov/emeu/sedr/contents.html.Sources: Tables 5.13a, A1, and A3.160 Energy Information Administration / Annual Energy Review 2008**T able 5.14b Heat Content of Petroleum Consumption: Industrial Sector, Selected Years, 1949-2008** (Trillion Btu)**Year Industrial Sector** **Asphalt and** **Road Oil Distillate** **Fuel Oil Kerosene** **Liquefied Petroleum** **Gases Lubricants** **Motor Gasoline** 1**Petroleum Coke Residual** **Fuel Oil Other** **Petroleum**2**Total**1949 380 564 254 117 80 231 87 1,225 530 3,4681950 435 698 274 147 94 251 90 1,416 546 3,9511955 615 991 241 310 103 332 147 1,573 798 5,1111960 734 1,016 161 489 107 381 328 1,584 947 5,7471965 890 1,150 165 688 137 342 444 1,582 1,390 6,7891970 1,082 1,226 185 964 155 288 446 1,624 1,817 7,7871971 1,108 1,266 165 984 152 275 463 1,618 1,825 7,8561972 1,137 1,381 160 1,164 163 254 513 1,761 2,001 8,5341973 1,264 1,469 156 1,233 195 255 558 1,858 2,117 9,1041974 1,165 1,346 126 1,227 187 235 506 1,728 2,173 8,6941975 1,014 1,339 119 1,144 149 223 540 1,509 2,107 8,1461976 998 1,530 123 1,216 166 211 535 1,822 2,410 9,0101977 1,056 1,719 143 1,232 182 196 586 1,937 2,722 9,7741978 1,160 1,750 156 1,233 195 178 550 1,716 2,930 9,8671979 1,153 1,764 177 1,700 204 162 533 1,655 3,219 10,5681980 962 1,324 181 1,577 182 158 516 1,349 3,275 9,5251981 828 1,389 108 1,551 175 160 549 1,081 2,445 8,2851982 829 1,313 141 1,598 159 138 541 1,047 2,029 7,7951983 904 1,142 66 1,537 167 112 495 791 2,204 7,4201984 992 1,203R43 1,691 178 160 538 889 2,317R8,0101985 1,029 1,119 44 1,690 166 218 575 748 2,149 7,7381986 1,086 1,160 32 1,603 162 206 581 736 2,313 7,8801987 1,130 1,141 28 1,709 183 206 646 582 2,440 8,0651988 1,136 1,130 30 1,772 177 193 675 546 2,681 8,3391989 1,096 1,139 30 1,748 181 199 660 410 2,658 8,1201990 1,170 1,150 12 1,608 186 185 714 411 2,840 8,2781991 1,077 1,078 11 1,749 167 193 693 334 2,685 7,9871992 1,102 1,107 10 1,860 170 194 798 387 2,953 8,5811993 1,149 1,117 13 1,794 173 180 725 446 2,821 8,4181994 1,173 1,111 17 1,997 181 192 723 419 2,988 8,8011995 1,178 1,131 15 2,019 178 200 721 337 2,834 8,6141996 1,176 1,187 18 2,089 173 200 757 335 3,119 9,0531997 1,224 1,203 19 2,134 182 212 727 291 3,298 9,2901998 1,263 1,211 22 2,048 191 199 858 230 3,093 9,1161999 1,324 1,187 13 2,256 193 152 936 207 3,128 9,3962000 1,276 1,200 16 2,271 190 150 796 241 2,981 9,1202001 1,257 1,300 23 2,054 174 295 858 203 3,056 9,2202002 1,240 1,204 14 2,200 172 309 842 190 3,041 9,2132003 1,220 1,136 24 2,068 159 324 825 220 3,260 9,2372004 1,304 1,214 28 2,181 161 372 934 249 3,429 9,8722005 1,323 1,264 39 2,047 160 356 889 281 3,320 9,6802006 1,261 1,263 30R2,140 156R376 934 239 3,416R9,8152007R1,197R1,265R13R2,146R161R306R906R193R3,308R9,4962008P1,012 1,192 13 2,009 148 296 826 182 2,920 8,6001Finished motor gasoline. Through 1963, also includes special naphthas. Beginning in 1993, alsoincludes ethanol blended into motor gasoline.2Pentanes plus, petrochemical feedstocks, still gas (refinery gas), waxes, and miscellaneous products.Beginning in 1964, also includes special naphthas. Beginning in 1983, also includes crude oil burned asfuel.R=Revised. P=Preliminary.Notes:•Data are estimates.•For total heat content of petroleum consumption by all sectors, see datafor heat content of petroleum products supplied in Table 5.12. Petroleum products supplied is anapproximation of petroleum consumption and is synonymous with the term "petroleum consumption"inTables 5.13a-d and 5.14a-c.•Totals may not equal sum of components due to independent rounding.Web Pages:•For all data beginning in 1949, see http://www.eia.doe.gov/emeu/aer/petro.html.•For related information, see http://www.eia.doe.gov/emeu/sedr/contents.html.Sources: Tables 5.13b, A1, and A3.Energy Information Administration / Annual Energy Review 2008 161**T able 5.14c Heat Content of Petroleum Consumption: Transportation and Electric Power Sectors,** **Selected Years, 1949-2008**(Trillion Btu)**Year Transportation Sector** **Electric Power Sector**1**Aviation Gasoline** **Distillate Fuel Oil** **Jet Fuel Liquefied** **Petroleum Gases** **Lubricants Motor** **Gasoline**3**Residual Fuel Oil** **Total Distillate** **Fuel Oil**4**Petroleum Coke** **Residual Fuel Oil** 5**Total Kerosene Type** **Total**21949 172 405 0 0 2 120 4,298 1,156 6,152 28 NA 387 4151950 199 480 0 0 3 141 4,664 1,201 6,690 32 NA 440 4721955 354 791 0 301 14 155 6,175 1,009 8,800 32 NA 439 4711960 298 892 188 739 20 152 7,183 844 10,126 22 NA 530 5531965 222 1,093 691 1,215 33 149 8,386 770 11,868 29 NA 693 7221970 100 1,569 1,486 1,973 44 147 10,716 761 15,310 141 19 1,958 2,1171971 90 1,701 1,554 2,061 50 147 11,173 701 15,923 200 18 2,277 2,4951972 85 1,941 1,617 2,091 52 158 11,918 645 16,891 310 19 2,768 3,0971973 83 2,222 1,707 2,131 48 163 12,455 727 17,831 273 15 3,226 3,5151974 82 2,202 1,566 2,001 44 156 12,217 697 17,399 309 19 3,038 3,3651975 71 2,121 1,619 2,029 42 155 12,485 711 17,614 226 2 2,937 3,1661976 67 2,288 1,613 2,002 45 172 13,107 824 18,506 243 2 3,232 3,4771977 70 2,489 1,684 2,090 48 172 13,464 908 19,241 283 3 3,614 3,9011978 71 2,679 1,750 2,138 52 184 13,927 990 20,041 276 12 3,699 3,9871979 70 2,905 1,795 2,186 21 193 13,221 1,228 19,825 178 8 3,097 3,2831980 64 2,795 1,754 2,179 17 172 12,383 1,398R19,009 169 5 2,459 2,6341981 56 2,901 1,671 2,058 32 165 12,379 1,219 18,811 124 4 2,073 2,2021982 47 2,790 1,661 2,069 32 150 12,312 1,020 18,420 89 4 1,474 1,5681983 48 2,905 1,736 2,141 38 157 12,482 821 18,593 96 8 1,440 1,5441984 44 2,948 1,977 2,414 40 168 12,600 807 19,020 88 8 1,190 1,2861985 50 3,170 2,079 2,497 28 156 12,784 786 19,471 85 7 998 1,0901986 59 3,218 2,287 2,682 26 153 13,174 870 20,182 83 9 1,359 1,4521987 46 3,335 2,444 2,843 21 173 13,499 900 20,816 90 10 1,157 1,2571988 49 3,626 2,565 2,982 22 167 13,802 919 21,567 109 12 1,442 1,5631989 48 3,687 2,658 3,059 22 171 13,749 971 21,706 152 16 1,535 1,7031990 45 3,661 2,774 3,129 22 176 13,575 1,016 21,625 97 30 1,163 1,2891991 42 3,601 2,681 3,025 20 157 13,503 1,026 21,373 84 29 1,085 1,1981992 41 3,684 2,718 3,001 18 161 13,699 1,070 21,674 74 45 872 9911993 38 3,796 2,809 3,028 19 163 14,126 901 22,072 86 79 959 1,1241994 38 4,032 3,063 3,154 32 171 14,293 883 22,603 120 70 869 1,0591995 40 4,195 3,099 3,132 17 168 14,607 911 23,069 108 81 566 7551996 37 4,469 3,268 3,274 15 163 14,837 851 23,647 109 80 628 8171997 40 4,672 3,307 3,308 13 172 14,999 712 23,917 111 102 715 9271998 35 4,812 3,359 3,357 17 180 15,463 674 24,537 136 124 1,047 1,3061999 39 5,001 3,466 3,462 13 182 15,855 665 25,218 140 112 959 1,2112000 36 5,165 3,580 3,580 11 179 15,960 888 25,820 175 99 871 1,1442001 35 5,292 3,427 3,426 13 164 16,041 586 25,556 171 103 1,003 1,2772002 34 5,392 3,354 3,340 13 162 16,465 677 26,084 127 175 659 9612003 30 5,666 3,266 3,265 16 150 16,597 571 26,296 161 175 869 1,2052004 31 5,932 3,382 3,383 18 152 16,959 740 27,214 111 222 879 1,2122005 35 6,076 3,475 3,475 27 151 17,043 837 27,644 115 243 876 1,2352006 33 6,414 3,379 3,379R26 147R17,197 906R28,103 74 214 361 6482007 32R6,457 3,358 3,358R21R152R17,321R994R28,334R89R171R397R6572008P28 6,087 3,150 3,150 19 140 16,765 935 27,124 70 155 238 4631Electricity-only and combined-heat-and-power (CHP) plants within the NAICS 22 category whoseprimary business is to sell electricity, or electricity and heat, to the public. Through 1988, data are forelectric utilities only; beginning in 1989, data are for electric utilities and independent power producers.2Through 1951, naphtha-type jet fuel is included in the products from which jet fuel was blended: in1952, 71 percent gasoline, 17 percent kerosene, and 12 percent distillate fuel oil. Beginning in 1952,includes naphtha-type jet fuel. Beginning in 1957, also includes kerosene-type jet fuel. Beginning in 2005,includes kerosene-type jet fuel only.3Finished motor gasoline. Through 1963, also includes special naphthas. Beginning in 1993, alsoincludes ethanol blended into motor gasoline.4Fuel oil nos. 1, 2, and 4. For 1949-1979, data are for gas turbine and internal combustion plant use ofpetroleum. For 1980-2000, electric utility data also include small amounts of kerosene and jet fuel.5Fuel oil nos. 5 and 6. For 1949-1979, data are for steam plant use of petroleum. For 1980-2000,electric utility data also include a small amount of fuel oil no. 4.R=Revised. P=Preliminary. NA=Not available.Notes:•Data for "Transportation Sector" are estimates.•For total heat content of petroleumconsumption by all sectors, see data for heat content of petroleum products supplied in Table 5.12.Petroleum products supplied is an approximation of petroleum consumption and is synonymous with theterm "petroleum consumption" in Tables 5.13a-d and 5.14a-c.•Totals may not equal sum of componentsdue to independent rounding.Web Pages:•For all data beginning in 1949, see http://www.eia.doe.gov/emeu/aer/petro.html.•For related information, see http://www.eia.doe.gov/emeu/sedr/contents.html.Sources: Tables 5.13c, 5.13d, A1, and A3.Figure 5.15 Fuel Oil and Kerosene Sales, 1984-2007Total by Fuel Distillate Fuel Oil by Selected End UseResidual Fuel Oil by Major End Use Kerosene by Major End Use162 Energy Information Administration / Annual Energy Review 2008Source: Table 5.15.On-HighwayDieselCommercialRailroad1985 1990 1995 2000 2005012345

Million Barrels per DayResidentialDistillate Fuel Oil1985 1990 1995 2000 20050.00.51.01.52.02.53.0

Million Barrels per DayKeroseneResidual Fuel OilVesselBunkeringIndustrialCommercialCommercialIndustrialFarmElectric Power1985 1990 1995 2000 20050150300450600750

Thousand Barrels per DayResidential1985 1990 1995 2000 2005020406080

Thousand Barrels per DayEnergy Information Administration / Annual Energy Review 2008 163**T able 5.15 Fuel Oil and Kerosene Sales, 1984-2007** (Thousand Barrels per Day)**Year Distillate Fuel Oil** **Residential Commercial** **Industrial Oil** **Company Farm** **Electric Power** 1**Railroad Vessel** **Bunkering On-Highway** **Diesel Military** **Off-Highway Diesel** **Other Total** 1984 534 360 166 55 208 42 192 115 1,093 46 114 46 2,9711985 504 291 159 45 202 34 182 111 1,127 43 99 11 2,8091986 528 296 175 41 218 38 186 127 1,169 47 108 10 2,9441987 534 280 184 40 196 37 186 122 1,185 46 102 5 2,9171988 554 279 167 41 206 47 201 130 1,304 54 109 4 3,0951989 564 279 178 45 219158 211 147 1,378 56 110 2 3,2481990 475 260 169 49 222 50 203 135 1,393 46 118 (s) 3,1201991 442 246 151 48 206 39 188 133 1,336 53 107 (s) 2,9491992 474 245 150 43 228 35 206 144 1,391 42 114 (s) 3,0751993 475 241 139 46 222 36 196 141 1,485 32 137 (s) 3,1501994 472 246 148 44 213 43 205 143 1,594 40 140 (s) 3,2891995 447 237 146 45 227 39 224 153 1,668 30 142 – – 3,3571996 450 234 149 48 234 43 224 162 1,754 30 146 – – 3,4721997 426 216 151 56 231 41 214 168 1,867 28 149 – – 3,5461998 380 211 161 51 222 55 207 169 1,967 23 162 – – 3,6081999 411 218 162 43 223 53 211 158 2,091 23 162 – – 3,7562000 444 241 152 45 225 66 214 147 2,155 20 168 – – 3,8772001 433 243 161 49 234 88 198 133 2,167 26 177 – – 3,9082002 416 215 156 50 223 49 212 136 2,238 23 154 – – 3,8712003 452 240 156 33 209 75 239 145 2,420 27 169 – – 4,1652004 432 220 151 31 207 54 198 139 2,415 23 179 – – 4,0502005 401 210 160 31 210 59 225 131 2,482 18 193 – – 4,1202006 325 183 161 42 213 43 232 124 2,552 21 162 – – 4,0572007 335 177 161 51 209 44 237 126 2,596 24 164 – – 4,123**Residual Fuel Oil Kerosene** **Commercial Industrial** **Oil Company** **Electric Power** 1**Vessel Bunkering** **Military Other** 2**Total Residential** **Commercial Industrial** **Farm Other** **Total**1984 100 228 81 454 298 6 26 1,194 77 17 8 3 10 1151985 89 218 62 359 299 8 13 1,048 77 16 10 3 9 1141986 130 263 52 610 384E7 15 1,462 59 24 7 2 6 9819873119 217 44 537 398 10 331,328 57 24 6 2 6 9519883121 211 36 616 413 8 431,409 69 13 8 2 5 9619893112 174 241632 469 6 231,419 57 13 8 2 4 841990395 147 21 566 413 7 231,250 31 6 4 1 1 431991 93 126 20 461 442 8 1 1,150 35 6 3 1 1 461992 77 138 18 388 427 6 1 1,054 31 5 3 1 (s) 411993 67 155 17 394 345 5 (s) 983 37 7 4 2 1 501994 69 152 16 374 351 4 (s) 967 31 9 6 2 1 491995 60 129 14 213 384 3 (s) 804 36 11 6 1 (s) 541996 60 136 11 280 371 4 1 862 43 10 7 2 (s) 621997 52 124 10 300 327 3 (s) 816 45 12 7 1 (s) 661998 47 117 8 420 367 2 (s) 961 52 15 8 2 1 781999 42 111 8 326 381 2 (s) 869 54 13 4 2 1 732000 43 103 10 284 417 2 (s) 859 46 14 6 2 (s) 672001 42 114 9 368 353 1 (s) 888 46 15 9 2 (s) 722002 37 82 7 233 316 (s) (s) 676 29 8 5 1 (s) 432003 49 92 5 344 253 1 (s) 744 34 9 11 1 (s) 552004 51 100 3 306 305 2 (s) 767 41 10 13 1 (s) 642005 47 109 5 376 338 2 (s) 877 40 10 17 1 (s) 702006 31 95 4 163 375 1 (s) 670 32 7 13 1 (s) 542007 31 77 3 173 413 1 (s) 698 21 4 6 1 (s) 321Electricity-only and combined-heat-and-power (CHP) plants within the NAICS 22 category whoseprimary business is to sell electricity, or electricity and heat, to the public.2Sales to railroads are included in "Other."3Value has been revised since publication in the reports cited after "Sources."E = Annual estimate based on eleven months of data. – – = Not applicable. (s)=Less than 0.5 thousandbarrels per day.Web Page: See http://www.eia.doe.gov/oil_gas/petroleum/info_glance/petroleum.html for relatedinformation.Sources:•1984—EIA,Petroleum Marketing Annual 1988(October 1989), Tables A1-A3, andunpublished revision.•1985-2002—EIA,Fuel Oil and Kerosene Sales,annual reports, Tables 1-3, andunpublished revisions.•2003 forward—EIA,Fuel Oil and Kerosene Sales 2007(December 2008), Tables1-3.Figure 5.16 Petroleum Primary Stocks by TypeTotal, Crude Oil1, and Products, 1949-2008 Total Stocks andStrategic Petroleum Reserve (SPR) Stocks, 1949-2008By Type, 2008164 Energy Information Administration / Annual Energy Review 20081Includes lease condensate and crude oil stored in the Strategic Petroleum Reserve (SPR).2Crude oil stocks in the SPR include non-U.S.stocks held under foreign or commercial storage agreements. See Figure 5.17 for additional information about the SPR.3Asphalt and road oil, aviation gasoline andblending components, kerosene, lubricants,naphtha-type jet fuel, pentanes plus, petrochemicalfeedstocks, petroleum coke, special naphthas, waxes, other hydrocarbons and oxygenates, and miscellaneous products.Note: Stocks are at end of year.Sources: Table 5.16.1950 1960 1970 1980 1990 200005001,0001,5002,000

Million BarrelsTotal1950 1955 1960 1965 1970 1975 1980 1985 1990 1995 2000 200505001,0001,5002,000

Million Barrels (Cumulative)TotalCrude Oil1ProductsSPR2Petroleum ProductsandNon-SPR Crude Oil1,02621314611383383679Crude Oil1 Motor Gasoline Distillate Liquefied Unfinished Jet Fuel Residual Other Products302004006008001,0001,200

Million BarrelsFuel OilFuel OilNonSPRSPR2Petroleum GasesOilsEnergy Information Administration / Annual Energy Review 2008 165**T able 5.16 Petroleum Primary Stocks by Type, Selected Years, 1949-2008** (Million Barrels)**Year Crude Oil and Lease Condensate** **Petroleum Products Total** **Petroleum SPR** 1**Non-SPR**2,3**Total**3**Distillate Fuel Oil** 4**Jet Fuel** 5**Liquefied Petroleum Gases Motor** **Gasoline**7**Residual Fuel Oil** **Unfinished Oils** **Other Products** 8**Total Products** **Propane**6**Total**1949 0 253 253 755( )9( ) 1 110 60 66 37 350 6031950 0 248 248 725( )9( ) 2 116 41 70 34 334 5831955 0 266 266 111 39( ) 7 165 39 68 55 449 7151960 0 240 240 138 79( ) 23 195 45 62 76 545 7851965 0 220 220 155 199( ) 30 175 56 89 92 616 8361970 0 276 276 195 289( ) 67 209 54 99 89 741 1,0181971 0 260 260 191 289( ) 95 219 60 101 92 784 1,0441972 0 246 246 154 259( ) 86 213 55 95 84 713 9591973 0 242 242 196 29 65 99 209 53 99 80 766 1,0081974 0 265 265 200 29 69 113 218 60 106 82 809 1,0741975 0 271 271 209 30 82 125 235 74 106 82 862 1,1331976 0 285 285 186 32 74 116 231 72 110 78 826 1,1121977 7 340 348 250 35 81 136 258 90 113 82 964 1,3121978 67 309 376 216 34 87 132 238 90 109 82 901 1,2781979 91 339 430 229 39 64 111 237 96 118 82 911 1,3411980 108 358 466 205 42 65 120 261 92 124 82 926 1,3921981 230 363 594 192 41 76 135 253 78 111 80 890 1,4841982 294 350 644 179 37 54 94 235 66 105 70 786 1,4301983 379 344 723 140 39 48 101 222 49 108 72 731 1,4541984 451 345 796 161 42 58 101 243 53 94 67 760 1,5561985 493 321 814 144 40 39 74 223 50 107 67 705 1,5191986 512 331 843 155 50 63 103 233 47 94 68 750 1,5931987 541 349 890 134 50 48 97 226 47 93 70 718 1,6071988 560 330 890 124 44 50 97 228 45 100 70 707 1,5971989 580 341 921 106 41 32 80 213 44 106 70 660 1,5811990 586 323 908 132 52 49 98 220 49 99 63 712 1,6211991 569 325 893 144 49 48 92 219 50 98 72 724 1,6171992 575 318 893 141 43 39 89 216 43 95 73 699 1,5921993 587 335 922 141 40 51 106 226 44 88 78 725 1,6471994 592 337 929 145 47 46 99 215 42 91 84 724 1,6531995 592 303 895 130 40 43 93 202 37 86 79 668 1,5631996 566 284 850 127 40 43 86 195 46 88 76 658 1,5071997 563 305 868 138 44 44 89 210 40 89 81 692 1,5601998 571 324 895 156 45 65 115 216 45 91 85 752 1,6471999 567 284 852 125 41 43 89 193 36 86 70 641 1,4932000 541 286 826 118 45 41 83 196 36 87 77 641 1,4682001 550 312 862 145 42 66 121 210 41 88 78 724 1,5862002 599 278 877 134 39 53 106 209 31 76 76 671 1,5482003 638 269 907 137 39 50 94 207 38 76 71 661 1,5682004 676 286 961 126 40 55 104 218 42 81 72 683 1,6452005 685 324 1,008 136 42 57 109 208 37 86 71 689 1,6982006 689 312 1,001 144 39 62 113 212 42 84 85 719 1,7202007 697 286 983 134 39 52R96R218 39R81 75R682R1,6652008P702 324 1,026 146 38 55 113 213 36 83 79 709 1,7351"SPR" is the Strategic Petroleum Reserve, which began in 1977. Crude oil stocks in the SPR includenon-U.S. stocks held under foreign or commercial storage agreements.2All crude oil and lease condensate stocks other than those in "SPR."3Beginning in 1981, includes stocks of Alaskan crude oil in transit.4Does not include stocks that are held in the Northeast Heating Oil Reserve.5Through 1951, naphtha-type jet fuel is included in the products from which it was blended: in 1952, 71percent gasoline, 17 percent kerosene, and 12 percent distillate fuel oil. Through 1964, kerosene-type jetfuel is included with kerosene in "Other Products." Beginning in 2005, naphtha-type jet fuel is included in"Other Products."6Includes propylene.7Finished motor gasoline, motor gasoline blending components, and gasohol. Through 1963, alsoincludes aviation gasoline and special naphthas.8Asphalt and road oil, aviation gasoline blending components, kerosene, lubricants, pentanes plus,petrochemical feedstocks, petroleum coke, waxes, other hydrocarbons and oxygenates, and miscellaneousproducts. Through 1964, also includes kerosene-type jet fuel. Beginning in 1964, also includes aviationgasoline and special naphthas. Beginning in 2005, also includes naphtha-type jet fuel.9Included in "Liquefied Petroleum Gases Total."R=Revised. P=Preliminary.Notes:•Stocks are at end of year.•Totals may not equal sum of components due to independentrounding.Web Pages:•For all data beginning in 1949, see http://www.eia.doe.gov/emeu/aer/petro.html.•For related information, see http://www.eia.doe.gov/oil_gas/petroleum/info_glance/petroleum.htmlSources:•1949-1975—Bureau of Mines, Mineral Industry Surveys,Petroleum Statement, Annual,annual reports.•1976-1980—Energy Information Administration (EIA), Energy Data Reports,PetroleumStatement, Annual,annual reports.•1981-2007—EIA,Petroleum Supply Annual,annual reports.•2008—EIA,Petroleum Supply Monthly(February 2009).Figure 5.17 Strategic Petroleum Reserve, 1977-2008End-of-Year Stocks in SPR Crude Oil Imports for SPR1SPR as Share of Domestic Stocks SPR Stocks as Days of Petroleum Net Imports2166 Energy Information Administration / Annual Energy Review 20081Imported by SPR and imported by others for SPR.2Derived by dividing end-of-year SPR stocksby annual average daily net imports of allpetroleum.Note: SPR=Strategic Petroleum Reserve.Source: Table 5.17.1980 1985 1990 1995 2000 20050200400600800

Million Barrels702 in 200885924169360857243182719201004540108759412334193371980 1985 1990 1995 2000 20050255075100

Million Barrels181117436888961159491858182868377737567625957525057 5756555658641980 1985 1990 1995 2000 20050255075100125

Days1980 1985 1990 1995 2000 2005020406080100

Percent68% in 200840% in 2008Crude OilTotalPetroleumEnergy Information Administration / Annual Energy Review 2008 167**T able 5.17 Strategic Petroleum Reserve, 1977-2008** (Million Barrels, Except as Noted)**Year Foreign Crude Oil Receipts** **Domestic Crude Oil Receipts Withdrawals** **End-of-Year Stocks Days of** **Petroleum Net Imports** 5**Imported by SPR** **Imported by Others** 1,2**Purchases Exchanges** 2**Sales Exchanges** **Quantity**3**Percent of Crude Oil** 4**Stocks Percent of** **Total Petroleum Stocks** 1977 7.54 0.0060.37 0.00 0.00 0.00 7.46 2.1 0.6 11978 58.80 .00 .00 .00 .00 .00 66.86 17.8 5.2 81979 24.43 .00 (s) .00 .00 .00 91.19 21.2 6.8 111980 16.07 .00 1.30 .00 .00 .00 107.80 23.1 7.7 171981 93.30 .00 28.79 .00 .00 .00 230.34 38.8 15.5 431982 60.19 .00 3.79 .00 .00 .00 293.83 45.7 20.5 681983 85.29 .00 .42 .00 .00 .00 379.09 52.4 26.1 881984 72.04 .00 .05 .00 .00 .00 450.51 56.6 28.9 961985 43.12 .00 .17 .00 .00 .00 493.32 60.6 32.5 1151986 17.56 .00 1.21 .00 .00 .00 511.57 60.7 32.1 941987 26.52 .00 2.69 .00 .00 .00 540.65 60.8 33.6 911988 18.76 .00 .01 .00 .00 .00 559.52 62.9 35.0 851989 20.35 .00 .00 .00 .00 .00 579.86 62.9 36.7 811990 9.77 .00 .00 .00 3.91 .00 585.69 64.5 36.1 821991 .00 .00 .00 .00 17.22 .00 568.51 63.7 35.2 861992 3.59 .00 2.60 .00 .00 .00 574.72 64.4 36.1 831993 5.37 .00 6.96 .00 .00 .00 587.08 63.6 35.6 771994 4.49 .00 .11 .00 .00 .00 591.67 63.7 35.8 731995 .00 .00 .00 .00 .00 .00 591.64 66.1 37.9 751996 .00 .90 .00 .00 25.82 .90 565.82 66.6 37.5 671997 .00 .00 .00 .00 2.33 .00 563.43 64.9 36.1 621998 .00 7.98 .00 .00 .00 .00 571.41 63.8 34.7 591999 3.04 3.60 .00 1.42 .00 10.75 567.24 66.6 38.0 572000 3.01 1.50 .00 2.29 .00733.35 540.68 65.4 36.8 522001 3.91 5.07 .58 .00 .00 .00 550.24 63.8 34.7 502002 5.77 35.59 .00 7.64 .00 .00 599.09 68.3 38.7 572003 .00 22.94 .00 16.40 .00 .00 638.39 70.4 40.7 572004 .00 34.24 .00 8.47 .00 5.44 675.60 70.3 41.1 562005 .00 18.88 .00 8.41 11.03 9.82 684.54 67.9 40.3 552006 .00 3.31 .00 2.44 .00 1.57 688.61 68.8 40.0 562007 .00R2.70 .00 1.68 .00 .00 696.94 70.9R41.8 582008 .00 7.11 .00 3.20 .00 5.40 701.82 68.4 40.4 641Imported crude oil received represents volumes of imported crude oil received at SPR storage facilitiesfor which the costs associated with the importation and delivery of crude oil are the responsibility of thecommercial importer under contract to supply the SPR.2The values shown for 1998 and 1999 represent an exchange agreement in which SPR receivedapproximately 8.5 million barrels of high quality oil in exchange for approximately 11 million barrels of lowerquality crude oil shipped from SPR during 1999 and 2000. Also, beginning in 1999, a portion of the crudeoil in-kind royalties from Federal leases in the Gulf of Mexico was transferred to the Department of Energyand exchanged with commercial entities for crude oil to fill the SPR. Crude oil exchange barrels deliveredto SPR could be either domestic or imported as long as the crude oil met the specification requirements ofSPR. All exchange barrels of imported crude oil are included in "Foreign Crude Oil Receipts, Imported byOthers," while exchange barrels of domestic crude oil are included in "Domestic Crude Oil Receipts,Exchanges."3Stocks do not include imported quantities in transit to SPR terminals, pipeline fill, and above-groundstorage.4Includes lease condensate stocks.5Derived by dividing end-of-year SPR stocks by annual average daily net imports of all petroleum.Calculated prior to rounding.6The quantity of domestic fuel oil which was in storage prior to injection of foreign crude oil.7Includes 30 million barrels released to increase heating oil stocks in exchange for a like quantity plusabonus percentage to be returned in 2001 and 2002, as well as additional barrels to create a NortheastHome Heating Oil Reserve.R=Revised. (s)=Less than 0.005 million barrels.Note: "SPR" is the Strategic Petroleum Reserve—petroleum stocks maintained by the FederalGovernment for use during periods of major supply interruption.Web Page: See http://www.eia.doe.gov/oil_gas/petroleum/info_glance/petroleum.html for relatedinformation.Sources:**Imported by SPR**and**End-of-Year Stocks, Quantity:**•1977-1980—Energy InformationAdministration (EIA), Energy Data Report,Petroleum Statement, Annual,annual reports.•1981-2007—EIA,Petroleum Supply Annual,annual reports.•2008—EIA,Petroleum Supply Monthly(February 2009).**Imported by Others, Domestic Crude Oil Receipts,**and**Withdrawals:**U.S.Department of Energy, Assistant Secretary for Fossil Energy, unpublished data.**All Other Data:**Calculated.Figure 5.18 Crude Oil Domestic First Purchase PricesU.S. Average Real1 and Nominal2 Prices, 1949-2008Alaska North Slope, California, and Texas 1977-2008168 Energy Information Administration / Annual Energy Review 20081In chained (2000) dollars, calculated by using gross domestic product implicit price deflators. See Table D1.2See “Nominal Dollars” in Glossary.3Alaska North Slope.Source: Table 5.18.Real1Nominal21950 1955 1960 1965 1970 1975 1980 1985 1990 1995 2000 2005020406080100

Dollars per BarrelTexasTexas1980 1985 1990 1995 2000 20050255075100125

Nominal Dollars2 per BarrelNominal2 Prices1980 1985 1990 1995 2000 20050100200300400500600100

Index: 1977=100Real1 Prices, Indexed 1977=100ANS3CaliforniaTexas1980 1985 1990 1995 2000 20050255075100

Chained (2000) Dollars1 per BarrelReal1 PricesCaliforniaANS3CaliforniaANS3Energy Information Administration / Annual Energy Review 2008 169**T able 5.18 Crude Oil Domestic First Purchase Prices, Selected Years, 1949-2008** (Dollars per Barrel)**Year Alaska North Slope** **California Texas** **U.S. Average Nominal** 1**Real**2**Nominal**1**Real**2**Nominal**1**Real**2**Nominal**1**Real**21949 – – – – NA NA NA NA 2.54 15.531950 – – – – NA NA NA NA 2.51 15.181955 – – – – NA NA NA NA 2.77 14.781960 NA NA NA NA NA NA 2.88 13.691965 NA NA NA NA NA NA 2.86 12.691970 NA NA NA NA NA NA 3.18 11.551971 NA NA NA NA NA NA 3.39 11.731972 NA NA NA NA NA NA 3.39 11.241973 NA NA NA NA NA NA 3.89 12.211974 NA NA NA NA NA NA 6.87 19.781975 NA NA NA NA NA NA 7.67 20.181976 NA NA NA NA NA NA 8.19 20.38197736.29314.71 7.92 18.53 8.58 20.07 8.57 20.051978 5.21 11.39 8.58 18.75 9.29 20.30 9.00 19.671979 10.57 21.33 12.78 25.79 12.65 25.53 12.64 25.511980 16.87 31.22 23.87 44.17 21.84 40.41 21.59 39.951981 23.23 39.29 26.80 45.33 35.06 59.30 31.77 53.741982 19.92 31.76 24.58 39.19 31.77 50.65 28.52 45.471983 17.69 27.13 22.61 34.67 29.35 45.01 26.19 40.161984 17.91 26.47 22.09 32.65 28.87 42.67 25.88 38.251985 16.98 24.36 22.14 31.76 26.80 38.44 24.09 34.561986 6.45 9.05 11.90 16.70 14.73 20.67 12.51 17.561987 10.83 14.80 13.92 19.02 17.55 23.98 15.40 21.041988 8.43 11.14 10.97 14.49 14.71 19.43 12.58 16.621989 12.00 15.28 14.06 17.90 17.81 22.67 15.86 20.191990 15.23 18.67 17.81 21.83 22.37 27.42 20.03 24.551991 11.57 13.70 13.72 16.25 19.04 22.55 16.54 19.591992 11.73 13.58 13.55 15.69 18.32 21.21 15.99 18.511993 10.84 12.27 12.11 13.70 16.19 18.32 14.25 16.121994 9.77 10.82 12.12 13.43 14.98 16.60 13.19 14.611995 11.12 12.07 14.00 15.20 16.38 17.78 14.62 15.871996 15.32 16.32 16.72 17.82 20.31 21.64 18.46 19.671997 14.84 15.55 15.78 16.54 18.66 19.56 17.23 18.061998 8.47 8.78 9.55 9.90 12.28 12.73 10.87 11.271999 12.46 12.73 14.08 14.39 17.29 17.67 15.56 15.902000 23.62 23.62 24.82 24.82 28.60 28.60 26.72 26.722001 18.18 17.75 20.11 19.64 23.41 22.86 21.84 21.332002 19.37 18.59 21.87 20.99 23.77 22.81 22.51 21.612003 23.78 22.35 26.43 24.84 29.13 27.38 27.56 25.902004 33.03 30.17 34.47 31.49 38.79 35.44 36.77 33.592005 47.05R41.62 47.08R41.65 52.61R46.54 50.28R44.482006 56.86R48.73 57.34R49.14 61.31R52.55 59.69R51.162007 63.69R53.16 65.07R54.31R68.30R57.00 66.52R55.522008P90.10 73.60 90.47 73.90 96.86 79.12 94.04 76.821See "Nominal Dollars" in Glossary.2In chained (2000) dollars, calculated by using gross domestic product implicit price deflators in TableD1. See "Chained Dollars" in Glossary.3Average for July through December only.R=Revised. P=Preliminary. NA=Not available. – – = Not applicable.Note: Prices are for the marketed first sales price of domestic crude oil. See Note 5, "Crude OilDomestic First Purchase Prices," at end of section.Web Pages:•For all data beginning in 1949, see http://www.eia.doe.gov/emeu/aer/petro.html.•For related information, see http://www.eia.doe.gov/oil_gas/petroleum/info_glance/petroleum.htmlSources:•1949-1973—Bureau of Mines,Minerals Yearbook,"Crude Petroleum and PetroleumProducts" chapter.•1974-January 1976—Federal Energy Administration (FEA), Form FEA-90, "CrudePetroleum Production Monthly Report."•February 1976-1977—FEA, Form FEA-P-124, "Domestic CrudeOil Purchaser’s Monthly Report."•1978-1982—Energy Information Administration (EIA), Form ERA-182,"Domestic Crude Oil First Purchaser’s Report."•1983 forward—EIA,Petroleum Marketing Monthly(April2009), Table 18.Figure 5.19 Landed Costs of Crude Oil Imports From Selected CountriesTotal, 19731-2008 By Selected Country, 2008By Selected OPEC Country, 19731-2008 By Selected Non-OPEC Country, 19731-2008170 Energy Information Administration / Annual Energy Review 200811973 cost is based on October, November, and December data only.2See “Nominal Dollars” in Glossary.Note: OPEC=Organization of the Petroleum Exporting Countries.Source: Table 5.19.1975 1980 1985 1990 1995 2000 20050306090120

Nominal Dollars2 per Barrel10610497 979491 918786Nigeria Nor- Saudi United Colom- Vene- Canada Kuwait Mexico0306090120

Nominal Dollars2 per BarrelbiaKingdomNigeriaArabiazuela1975 1980 1985 1990 1995 2000 2005020406080100120

Nominal Dollars2 per Barrel1975 1980 1985 1990 1995 2000 2005020406080100

Nominal Dollars2 per BarrelwayVenezuelaSaudiArabiaUnitedKingdomMexicoCanadaEnergy Information Administration / Annual Energy Review 2008 171**T able 5.19 Landed Costs of Crude Oil Imports From Selected Countries, 1973-2008** (Norminal Dollars1per Barrel)**Year Persian** **Gulf**3**Selected OPEC**2**Countries Selected Non-OPEC** 2**Countries Total** **Kuwait Nigeria** **Saudi Arabia** **Venezuela Total** **OPEC**4**Canada Colombia** **Mexico Norway** **United Kingdom** **Total Non-OPEC** 4197355.91 W 9.08 5.37 5.99 6.85 5.33 W – – – 5.64 6.411974 12.21 W 13.16 11.63 11.25 12.49 11.48 W W – – 11.81 12.321975 12.64 W 12.70 12.50 12.36 12.70 12.84 – 12.61 12.80 – 12.70 12.701976 13.03 W 13.81 13.06 11.89 13.32 13.36 – 12.64 13.74 W 13.35 13.321977 13.85 W 15.29 13.69 13.11 14.35 14.13 – 13.82 14.93 14.83 14.42 14.361978 14.01 W 14.88 13.94 12.84 14.34 14.41 – 13.56 14.68 14.53 14.38 14.351979 20.42 W 22.97 18.95 17.65 21.29 20.22 – 20.77 22.55 22.97 22.10 21.451980 30.59 W 37.15 29.80 25.92 33.56 30.11 W 31.77 36.82 35.68 33.99 33.671981 34.61 – 39.66 34.20 29.91 36.60 32.32 – 33.70 38.70 37.29 36.14 36.471982 34.94 – 36.16 34.99 24.93 34.81 27.15 – 28.63 34.70 34.25 31.47 33.181983 29.37 – 30.85 29.27 22.94 29.84 25.63 – 25.78 30.72 30.87 28.08 28.931984 29.07 W 30.36 29.20 25.19 29.06 26.56 – 26.85 30.05 29.45 28.14 28.541985 25.50 – 28.96 24.72 24.43 26.86 25.71 – 25.63 28.32 28.36 26.53 26.671986 12.92 11.70 15.29 12.84 11.52 13.46 13.43 12.85 12.17 15.98 14.63 13.52 13.491987 17.47 18.14 19.32 16.81 15.76 17.64 17.04 18.43 16.69 19.10 18.78 17.66 17.651988 13.51 12.84 15.88 13.37 13.66 14.18 13.50 14.47 12.58 15.43 15.82 13.96 14.081989 17.37 16.90 19.19 17.34 16.78 17.78 16.81 18.10 16.35 19.06 18.74 17.54 17.681990 20.55 17.01 23.33 21.82 20.31 21.23 20.48 22.34 19.64 21.11 22.65 20.98 21.131991 17.34 18.48 21.39 17.22 15.92 18.08 17.16 19.55 15.89 21.44 21.37 17.93 18.021992 17.58 16.99 20.78 17.48 15.13 17.81 17.04 18.46 15.60 20.90 20.63 17.67 17.751993 15.26 14.23 18.73 15.40 13.39 15.68 15.27 16.54 14.11 18.99 17.92 15.78 15.721994 15.00 14.49 17.21 15.11 13.12 15.08 14.83 15.80 14.09 17.09 16.64 15.29 15.181995 16.78 16.47 18.25 16.84 14.81 16.61 16.65 17.45 16.19 18.06 17.91 16.95 16.781996 20.45 20.32 21.95 20.49 18.59 20.14 19.94 22.02 19.64 21.34 20.88 20.47 20.311997 17.44 17.03 20.64 17.52 16.35 17.73 17.63 19.71 17.30 20.26 20.64 18.45 18.111998 11.18 11.00 14.14 11.16 10.16 11.46 11.62 13.26 11.04 13.83 13.55 12.22 11.841999 17.37 16.77 17.63 17.48 15.58 16.94 17.54 18.09 16.12 19.06 18.26 17.51 17.232000 26.77 26.28 30.04 26.58 26.05 27.29 26.69 29.68 26.03 30.13 29.26 27.80 27.532001 20.73 19.66 26.55 20.98 19.81 21.52 20.72 25.88 19.37 25.77 25.32 22.17 21.822002 24.13 23.04 26.45 24.77 21.93 23.83 22.98 25.28 22.09 26.60 26.35 23.97 23.912003 27.54 26.82 31.07 27.50 25.70 27.70 26.76 30.55 25.48 30.51 30.62 27.68 27.692004 36.53 35.89 40.95 37.11 33.79 36.84 34.51 39.03 32.25 39.92 39.28 35.29 36.072005 49.68 48.36 57.55 50.31 47.87 51.36 44.73 53.42 43.47 56.23 55.28 47.31 49.292006 58.92 57.64 68.26 59.19 57.37 61.21 53.90 62.13 53.76 64.39 67.44 57.14 59.112007R69.83R66.01R78.01R70.78R66.13R71.14R60.38R70.91R62.31R71.66R72.47R63.96R67.972008P95.70 87.14 106.07 97.06 91.06 96.98 90.57 93.82 86.45 104.13 96.95 91.66 94.631See "Nominal Dollars" in Glossary.2See "Organization of the Petroleum Exporting Countries (OPEC)" in Glossary.3Bahrain, Iran, Iraq, Kuwait, Qatar, Saudi Arabia, United Arab Emirates, and the Neutral Zone (betweenKuwait and Saudi Arabia).4On this table, "Total OPEC" for all years includes Algeria, Indonesia, Iran, Iraq, Kuwait, Libya, Nigeria,Qatar, Saudi Arabia, United Arab Emirates, and Venezuela; for 1973-1992 and beginning in 2008, alsoincludes Ecuador (although Ecuador rejoined OPEC in November 2007, on this table Ecuador is included in"Total Non-OPEC" for 2007); for 1974-1995, also includes Gabon (although Gabon was a member ofOPEC for only 1975-1994); and beginning in 2007, also includes Angola. Data for all countries not includedin "Total OPEC" are included in "Total Non-OPEC."5Based on October, November, and December data only.R=Revised. P=Preliminary. – = No data reported. W=Value withheld to avoid disclosure of individualcompany data.Notes:•Data are for landed costs of crude oil imports only; they do not account for refined petroleumproducts imported into the United States.•See "Crude Oil Landed Cost" in Glossary.•Totals may notequal sum of components due to independent rounding.Web Page: See http://www.eia.doe.gov/oil_gas/petroleum/info_glance/petroleum.html for relatedinformation.Sources:•1973-September 1977—Federal Energy Administration, Form FEA-F701-M-0, "TransferPricing Report."•October 1977-December 1978—Energy Information Administration (EIA), FormFEA-F701-M-0, "Transfer Pricing Report."•January 1979-September 1982—EIA, Form ERA-51,"Transfer Pricing Report."•October 1982-June 1984—EIA, Form EP-51, "Monthly Foreign Crude OilTransaction Report."•July 1984 forward—EIA,Petroleum Marketing Monthly(March 2009), Table 22;and EIA, Form EIA-856, "Monthly Foreign Crude Oil Acquisition Report."Figure 5.20 Value of Crude Oil ImportsTotal, 1973-2008 Totals, 2008By Selected Country, 2008172 Energy Information Administration / Annual Energy Review 20081See “Nominal Dollars” in Glossary.Note: OPEC=Organization of the Petroleum Exporting Countries.Source: Table 5.20.1975 1980 1985 1990 1995 2000 2005060120180240300360

Billion Nominal Dollars1$338 billion in 200833819214682Total OPEC Non-OPEC Persian Gulf060120180240300360

Billion Nominal Dollars1Nations64.053.537.535.834.76.66.12.71.1Canada Saudi Arabia Mexico Nigeria Venezuela Kuwait Colombia United Kingdom Norway010203040506070

Billion Nominal Dollars1Energy Information Administration / Annual Energy Review 2008 173**T able 5.20 Value of Crude Oil Imports From Selected Countries, 1973-2008** (Billion Nominal Dollars1)**Year Persian** **Gulf**3**Selected OPEC**2**Countries Selected Non-OPEC** 2**Countries Total** 5**Kuwait Nigeria** **Saudi Arabia** **Venezuela Total** **OPEC**4**Canada Colombia** **Mexico Norway** **United Kingdom** **Total Non-OPEC** 41973 1.7 W 1.5 0.9 0.8 5.2 1.9 W – 0.0 0.0 2.4 7.61974 4.4 W 3.3 1.9 1.3 11.6 3.3 .0 W – .0 4.1 15.61975 5.2 W 3.5 3.2 1.8 14.9 2.8 .0 .3 .1 – 4.1 19.01976 8.7 W 5.1 5.8 1.0 22.2 1.8 – .4 .2 W 3.6 25.81977 12.2 W 6.3 6.9 1.2 29.6 1.4 .0 .9 .3 .5 5.1 34.71978 11.3 W 4.9 5.8 .8 27.1 1.3 .0 1.6 .6 .9 6.2 33.31979 15.3 W 9.0 9.3 1.9 39.7 2.0 .0 3.3 .6 1.7 11.3 51.01980 16.9 W 11.4 13.6 1.5 47.5 2.2 .0 5.9 1.9 2.3 17.4 64.91981 15.1 .0 8.8 13.9 1.6 39.0 1.9 .0 5.8 1.6 5.0 19.5 58.51982 8.4 – 6.7 6.8 1.4 22.0 2.1 .0 6.7 1.3 5.5 20.2 42.21983 4.3 – 3.4 3.4 1.4 16.1 2.6 .0 7.2 .7 4.1 19.1 35.21984 4.8 W 2.3 3.3 2.3 16.1 3.3 .0 6.5 1.2 4.1 19.7 35.81985 2.3 – 3.0 1.2 2.7 12.9 4.4 .0 6.7 .3 2.9 18.3 31.21986 3.8 .1 2.4 2.9 1.8 10.4 2.8 .3 2.8 .3 1.7 10.2 20.61987 6.0 .5 3.7 3.9 2.8 15.5 3.8 .8 3.7 .5 2.1 14.7 30.11988 6.7 .4 3.5 4.4 2.2 14.0 3.4 .6 3.1 .3 1.5 12.3 26.31989 11.0 1.0 5.6 7.1 3.0 21.9 3.9 .9 4.3 .9 1.1 15.8 37.71990 13.5 .5 6.7 9.5 4.9 27.2 4.8 1.1 4.9 .7 1.3 18.2 45.51991 11.0 (s) 5.3 10.7 3.9 22.3 4.7 .9 4.4 .6 .8 15.7 38.01992 10.5 .2 5.1 10.2 4.6 22.2 5.0 .7 4.5 .9 1.5 17.3 39.51993 9.1 1.8 4.9 7.2 4.9 20.7 5.0 .9 4.4 .9 2.0 18.3 38.91994 8.8 1.6 3.9 7.2 5.0 19.7 5.3 .8 4.8 1.2 2.4 19.4 39.11995 9.1 1.3 4.1 7.7 6.2 21.6 6.3 1.3 6.1 1.7 2.2 22.6 44.31996 11.1 1.8 4.8 9.4 8.9 25.3 7.8 1.8 8.7 2.3 1.6 30.5 55.81997 10.4 1.6 5.2 8.3 8.3 24.4 7.7 1.9 8.6 2.1 1.3 29.9 54.41998 8.3 1.2 3.6 5.7 5.1 17.4 5.4 1.7 5.3 1.1 .8 20.2 37.61999 15.0 1.5 4.0 8.8 6.5 26.1 7.5 3.0 7.4 1.8 1.9 28.8 54.92000 23.6 2.5 9.6 14.8 11.7 45.4 13.2 3.5 12.5 3.3 3.1 46.0 91.42001 20.2 1.7 8.2 12.3 9.3 38.1 10.3 2.5 9.9 2.6 2.3 36.2 74.32002 19.5 1.8 5.7 13.7 9.6 35.5 12.1 2.2 12.1 3.4 3.9 44.3 79.82003 24.4 2.0 9.4 17.3 11.1 46.3 15.1 1.8 14.6 2.0 4.0 51.4 97.72004 32.1 3.2 16.2 20.3 16.0 68.0 20.4 2.0 18.9 2.1 3.4 65.2 133.22005 40.0 4.0 22.6 26.5 21.7 90.3 26.7 3.0 24.7 2.4 4.5 91.9 182.22006 46.5 3.8 25.8 30.7 23.9 106.9 35.5 3.2 30.9 2.3 3.2 111.4 218.32007R53.9 4.2R30.9R37.4 27.7R139.9R41.6R3.6 32.0 1.5R2.7R109.0R248.92008P82.0 6.6 35.8 53.5 34.7 192.4 64.0 6.1 37.5 1.1 2.7 145.5 337.91See "Nominal Dollars" in Glossary.2See "Organization of the Petroleum Exporting Countries (OPEC)" in Glossary.3Bahrain, Iran, Iraq, Kuwait, Qatar, Saudi Arabia, United Arab Emirates, and the Neutral Zone (betweenKuwait and Saudi Arabia).4On this table, "Total OPEC" for all years includes Algeria, Indonesia, Iran, Iraq, Kuwait, Libya, Nigeria,Qatar, Saudi Arabia, United Arab Emirates, and Venezuela; for 1973-1992 and beginning in 2008, alsoincludes Ecuador (although Ecuador rejoined OPEC in November 2007, on this table Ecuador is included in"Total Non-OPEC" for 2007); for 1974-1995, also includes Gabon (although Gabon was a member ofOPEC for only 1975-1994); and beginning in 2007, also includes Angola. Data for all countries not includedin "Total OPEC" are included in "Total Non-OPEC."5Data shown here represent landed value; they differ from data in Table 3.7, which are data from U.S.Customs that represent crude oil value at the port of loading.R=Revised. P=Preliminary. – = No data reported. (s)=Less than $0.05 billion. W=Value withheldtoavoid disclosure of individual company data.Notes:•Crude oil import volumes used to calculate values in this table are for the 50 States and theDistrict of Columbia.•Totals may not equal sum of components due to independent rounding.Web Page: See http://www.eia.doe.gov/oil_gas/petroleum/info_glance/petroleum.html for relatedinformation.Sources: Calculated by using prices on Table 5.19 and volume data from the following sources:•1973-1975—U.S. Department of the Interior, Bureau of Mines,Petroleum Statement, Annual,annualreports.•1976-1980—Energy Information Administration (EIA),Petroleum Statement, Annual,annualreports.•1981-2007—EIA,Petroleum Supply Annual,annual reports.•2008—EIA,Petroleum SupplyMonthly(February 2009).Figure 5.21 Crude Oil Refiner Acquisition Costs, 1968-2008Summary Composite CostsDomestic Costs Imported Costs174 Energy Information Administration / Annual Energy Review 20081See “Nominal Dollars” in Glossary.2In chained (2000) dollars, calculated by using gross domestic product implicit price deflators. See Table D1.Source: Table 5.21.1970 1975 1980 1985 1990 1995 2000 2005020406080100120

Nominal Dollars1 per BarrelComposite1970 1975 1980 1985 1990 1995 2000 2005020406080100

Dollars per BarrelReal2ImportedDomesticNominal1Nominal1Real21970 1975 1980 1985 1990 1995 2000 2005020406080100120

Dollars per Barrel1970 1975 1980 1985 1990 1995 2000 2005020406080100

Dollars per BarrelNominal1Real2Energy Information Administration / Annual Energy Review 2008 175**T able 5.21 Crude Oil Refiner Acquisition Costs, 1968-2008** (Dollars per Barrel)**Year Domestic** **Imported Composite** **Nominal**1**Real**2**Nominal**1**Real**2**Nominal**1**Real**21968E3.21 12.88 2.90 11.64 3.17 12.721969E3.37 12.89 2.80 10.71 3.29 12.581970E3.46 12.57 2.96 10.75 3.40 12.351971E3.68 12.73 3.17 10.96 3.60 12.451972E3.67 12.17 3.22 10.67 3.58 11.871973E4.17 13.09 4.08 12.81 4.15 13.031974 7.18 20.68 12.52 36.05 9.07 26.121975 8.39 22.08 13.93 36.66 10.38 27.311976 8.84 21.99 13.48 33.54 10.89 27.091977 9.55 22.34 14.53 33.99 11.96 27.981978 10.61 23.19 14.57 31.84 12.46 27.231979 14.27 28.80 21.67 43.74 17.72 35.761980 24.23 44.83 33.89 62.71 28.07 51.941981 34.33 58.07 37.05 62.67 35.24 59.611982 31.22 49.77 33.55 53.49 31.87 50.811983 28.87 44.27 29.30 44.93 28.99 44.461984 28.53 42.17 28.88 42.69 28.63 42.321985 26.66 38.24 26.99 38.72 26.75 38.371986 14.82 20.80 14.00 19.65 14.55 20.421987 17.76 24.26 18.13 24.77 17.90 24.451988 14.74 19.47 14.56 19.24 14.67 19.381989 17.87 22.75 18.08 23.02 17.97 22.881990 22.59 27.69 21.76 26.67 22.22 27.231991 19.33 22.89 18.70 22.14 19.06 22.571992 18.63 21.57 18.20 21.07 18.43 21.331993 16.67 18.86 16.14 18.26 16.41 18.571994 15.67 17.36 15.51 17.18 15.59 17.271995 17.33 18.82 17.14 18.61 17.23 18.711996 20.77 22.13 20.64 21.99 20.71 22.071997 19.61 20.55 18.53 19.42 19.04 19.961998 13.18 13.66 12.04 12.48 12.52 12.981999 17.90 18.29 17.26 17.64 17.51 17.892000 29.11 29.11 27.70 27.70 28.26 28.262001 24.33 23.76 22.00 21.48 22.95 22.412002 24.65 23.66 23.71 22.76 24.10 23.132003 29.82 28.03 27.71 26.04 28.53 26.812004 38.97 35.60 35.90 32.80 36.98 33.782005 52.94R46.84 48.86R43.23 50.24R44.452006 62.62R53.67 59.02R50.58 60.24R51.632007R69.65R58.13R67.04R55.95R67.94R56.702008P98.44 80.41 92.78 75.79 94.73 77.381See "Nominal Dollars" in Glossary.2In chained (2000) dollars, calculated by using gross domestic product implicit price deflators in TableD1. See "Chained Dollars" in Glossary.R=Revised. P=Preliminary. E=Estimate.Note: Costs are for crude oil to refiners, including transportation and other fees; they do not includecrude oil purchased for the Strategic Petroleum Reserve. The cost for each category and for the compositeis derived by dividing the sum of the total purchasing (acquisition) costs of all refiners by the total volume ofall refiners’ purchases.Web Page: See http://www.eia.doe.gov/oil_gas/petroleum/info_glance/petroleum.html for relatedinformation.Sources:•1968-1973—Energy Information Administration (EIA) estimates. The cost of domestic crudeoil was derived by adding estimated transportation costs to the reported average domestic first purchasevalue. The cost of imported crude oil was derived by adding an estimated ocean transport cost based onthe published "Average Freight Rate Assessment" to the average "Free Alongside Ship" value published bythe U.S. Bureau of the Census. The composite cost was derived by weighting domestic costs and importedcosts on the basis of quantities produced and imported.•1974-January 1976—Federal EnergyAdministration (FEA), Form FEA-96, "Monthly Cost Allocation Report."•February 1976-June 1978—FEA,Form FEA-P110-M-1, "Refiners’ Monthly Cost Allocation Report."•July 1978-1982—EIA, Form ERA-49,"Domestic Crude Oil Entitlements Program Refiners’ Monthly Report."•1983 forward—EIA,PetroleumMarketing Monthly(April 2009), Table 1.Figure 5.22 Refiner Sales Prices for Selected Petroleum Products, 1992-2008To Resellers To End Users176 Energy Information Administration / Annual Energy Review 20081See “Nominal Price” in Glossary. Source: Table 5.22.Residual Fuel Oil1992 1994 1996 1998 2000 2002 2004 2006 20080255075100125150175200225250275300325

Nominal Cents1 per Gallon, Excluding TaxesMotor GasolineResidual Fuel OilMotor GasolineNo. 2DistillatePropane1992 1994 1996 1998 2000 2002 2004 2006 20080255075100125150175200225250275300325350

Nominal Cents1 per Ga llon, Excluding TaxesPropaneNo. 2DistillateEnergy Information Administration / Annual Energy Review 2008 177**T able 5.22 Refiner Sales Prices and Refiner Margins for Selected Petroleum Products, 1992-2008** (Nominal Cents1per Gallon, Excluding Taxes)**Product 1992** **1993 1994** **1995 1996** **1997 1998** **1999 2000** **2001 2002** **2003 2004** **2005 2006** **2007 2008** P**S ales Prices to Resellers:** 2Aviation Gasoline ............................ 99.1 96.5 93.3 97.5 105.5 106.5 91.2 100.7 133.0 125.6 114.6 128.8 162.7 207.6 249.0R275.8 333.5Motor Gasoline ............................... 67.7 62.6 59.9 62.6 71.3 70.0 52.6 64.5 96.3 88.6 82.8 100.2 128.8 167.0 196.9 218.2 258.5Leaded Regular ............................ 69.3 NA NA NA NA NA NA NA NA NA NA NA NA NA NA NANAUnleaded Regular ......................... 64.5 59.3 56.6 59.3 68.5 67.3 49.9 62.0 94.2 86.5 80.6 98.1 126.9 165.4 195.0R216.1 256.9Unleaded Midgrade ...................... 70.8 66.0 63.8 67.0 75.9 74.9 57.6 69.6 101.3 94.5 88.5 106.1 134.0 170.8 201.6R224.5 261.1Premium ....................................... 77.4 72.2 69.5 72.2 80.3 79.2 61.7 72.6 105.5 98.0 92.8 111.3 140.8 178.9 211.7 235.7 274.6Kerosene ........................................ 63.2 60.4 61.8 58.0 71.4 65.3 46.5 55.0 96.9 82.1 75.2 95.5 127.1 175.7 200.7 224.9 286.2Jet Fuel, Kerosene-Type ................ 60.5 57.7 53.4 53.9 64.6 61.3 45.0 53.3 88.0 76.3 71.6 87.1 120.8 172.3 196.1R217.1 302.1No. 1 Distillate ............................... 65.2 64.6 61.5 62.5 75.1 72.3 51.3 63.4 101.9 88.3 80.5 103.3 128.9 180.1 204.4R243.0 271.0No. 2 Distillate ............................... 58.5 55.9 52.2 53.0 65.3 60.2 43.9 53.6 89.6 77.9 71.8 88.2 117.8 172.0 199.1 219.0 297.2No. 2 Fuel Oil ................................ 57.9 54.4 50.6 51.1 63.9 59.0 42.2 49.3 88.6 75.6 69.4 88.1 112.5 162.3 183.4R207.2 274.6No. 2 Diesel Fuel .......................... 59.1 57.0 52.9 53.8 65.9 60.6 44.4 54.6 89.8 77.5 72.4 88.3 118.7 173.7 201.2R220.3 299.6No. 4 Fuel3.................................... 49.5 48.8 46.2 46.3 60.3 55.1 38.3 43.0 77.8 69.7 66.3 79.3 103.3 137.7 139.5 155.1 215.7Residual Fuel Oil ............................ 30.8 29.3 31.7 36.3 42.0 38.7 28.0 35.4 56.6 47.6 53.0 66.1 68.1 97.1 113.6 135.0 186.9Sulfur <= 1%4.............................. 35.1 33.7 34.5 38.3 45.6 41.5 29.9 38.2 62.7 52.3 54.6 72.8 76.4 111.5 120.2 140.6 191.7Sulfur > 1%4................................ 28.6 25.6 28.7 33.8 38.9 36.6 26.9 32.9 51.2 42.8 50.8 58.8 60.1 84.2 108.5 131.4 184.7Propane (Consumer Grade) ........... 32.8 35.1 32.4 34.4 46.1 41.6 28.8 34.2 59.5 54.0 43.1 60.7 75.1 93.3 103.1 119.4 141.6**S ales Prices to End Users:** 2Aviation Gasoline ............................ 102.7 99.0 95.7 100.5 111.6 112.8 97.5 105.9 130.6 132.3 128.8 149.3 181.9 223.1 268.2 284.9 331.1Motor Gasoline ............................... 78.7 75.9 73.8 76.5 84.7 83.9 67.3 78.1 110.6 103.2 94.7 115.6 143.5 182.9 212.8 234.5 277.7Leaded Regular ............................ 78.5 NA NA NA NA NA NA NA NA NA NA NA NA NA NA NANAUnleaded Regular ......................... 74.3 71.2 68.9 71.7 80.7 79.8 63.0 74.2 107.3 99.7 91.2 112.3 140.4 180.2 209.9 231.5 275.0Unleaded Midgrade ...................... 82.7 80.5 78.5 80.8 89.6 89.5 72.8 83.5 116.8 110.0 101.0 121.8 149.9 189.3 221.3 243.8 288.8Premium ....................................... 91.4 88.9 86.5 89.0 97.2 97.3 80.5 90.6 124.2 117.5 108.8 130.5 159.6 199.2 232.0R255.2 296.3Kerosene ........................................ 78.8 75.4 66.0 58.9 74.0 74.5 50.1 60.5 112.3 104.5 99.0 122.4 116.0 195.7 224.4R226.3 326.5Jet Fuel, Kerosene-Type ................ 61.0 58.0 53.4 54.0 65.1 61.3 45.2 54.3 89.9 77.5 72.1 87.2 120.7 173.5 199.8R216.5 305.3No. 1 Distillate ............................... 66.6 66.6 64.0 62.0 72.6 68.9 55.1 62.1 98.8 90.2 82.8 101.7 126.2 183.2 213.7R228.6 296.5No. 2 Distillate ............................... 62.0 60.2 55.6 56.0 68.0 64.2 49.2 58.0 93.4 84.0 75.9 94.2 123.5 177.7 209.1R226.6 314.3No. 2 Fuel Oil ................................ 62.7 60.2 57.2 56.2 67.3 63.6 48.2 55.8 92.7 82.9 73.7 93.3 117.3 170.5 198.2 224.1 298.7No. 2 Diesel Fuel .......................... 61.9 60.2 55.4 56.0 68.1 64.2 49.4 58.4 93.5 84.2 76.2 94.4 124.3 178.6 209.6R226.7 315.0No. 4 Fuel3.................................... 52.6 50.1 50.1 50.5 60.3 56.5 42.8 47.4 76.9 67.9 65.7 85.6 101.7 W W W WResidual Fuel Oil ............................ 33.6 33.7 35.2 39.2 45.5 42.3 30.5 37.4 60.2 53.1 56.9 69.8 73.9 104.8 121.8R137.4 196.4Sulfur <= 1%4.............................. 38.9 39.7 40.1 43.6 52.6 48.8 35.4 40.5 70.8 64.2 64.0 80.4 83.5 116.8 134.2 143.6 214.3Sulfur > 1%4................................ 31.2 30.3 33.0 37.7 43.3 40.3 28.7 36.2 56.6 49.2 54.4 65.1 69.2 97.4 117.3R135.0 188.9Propane (Consumer Grade) ........... 64.3 67.3 53.0 49.2 60.5 55.2 40.5 45.8 60.3 50.6 41.9 57.7 83.9 108.9 135.8R148.9 184.4**R efiner Margins** 5Motor Gasoline ............................... 23.8 23.5 22.8 21.6 22.0 24.7 22.8 22.8 29.0 34.0 25.4 32.3 40.8 47.4 53.5R56.4 33.0Jet Fuel, Kerosene-Type ................ 16.5 18.6 16.3 12.9 15.3 16.0 15.2 11.6 20.7 21.7 14.2 19.2 32.8 52.7 52.7R55.3 76.6No. 2 Distillate ............................... 14.6 16.8 15.1 12.0 16.0 14.9 14.1 11.9 22.3 23.3 14.4 20.3 29.8 52.4 55.7R57.2 71.7Residual Fuel Oil ............................ -13.2 -9.8 -5.4 -4.8 -7.2 -6.6 -1.8 -6.3 -10.7 -7.0 -4.4 -1.8 -19.9 -22.5 -29.8R-26.8 -38.6Composite6.................................... 19.8 19.0 19.8 18.1 19.4 20.0 19.5 18.9 26.1 29.7 21.6 28.1 36.7 48.4 53.0R55.3 45.31See "Nominal Price" in Glossary.2Sales for resale (wholesale sales) are those made to purchasers who are other than ultimateconsumers. Sales to end users are those made directly to the ultimate consumer, including bulkcustomers, such as agriculture, industry, and utilities, as well as residential and commercial customers.3Includes No. 4 fuel oil and No. 4 diesel fuel.4Sulfur content by weight.5In this table, refiner margin is the difference between the composite refiner acquisition price of crudeoil (see Table 5.21) and the price to resellers.6A volume weighted average of the refiner prices to resellers for aviation gasoline, kerosene-type jetfuel, kerosene, motor gasoline, distillate fuel nos. 1, 2, and 4, and residual fuel oil.R=Revised. P=Preliminary. NA=Not available. W=Value withheld to avoid disclosure of individualcompany data.Web Page: See http://www.eia.doe.gov/oil_gas/petroleum/info_glance/petroleum.html for relatedinformation.Source: Energy Information Administration,Petroleum Marketing Monthly(April 2009), Tables 1, 2, 4,6,and 16.Figure 5.23 All Sellers Sales Prices for Selected Petroleum Products, 2008Motor Gasoline, Selected GradesDistillate Fuel Oil, Residual Fuel Oil, and Propane178 Energy Information Administration / Annual Energy Review 20081See “Nominal Price” in Glossary.2Includes oxygenated motor gasoline.3> 15 and <= 500 parts per million by weight.4> 500 parts per million by weight.- - = Not applicable.Note: Data are preliminary.Source: Table 5.23.277275273281285282296259257256258264261275All Finished Unleaded Unleaded Unleaded Unleaded Unleaded Premium050100150200250300350

Nominal Cents1 per Gallon (Excluding Taxes)To ResellersTo End UsersMidgradeConventional2MidgradeRegularRefomulatedRegularConventional2RegularMotor Gasoline(- -)322322323326319194223298302300289185144No. 2 No. 2 Distillate No. 2 Diesel No. 2 Diesel No. 2 Diesel Residual Propane050100150200250300350

Nominal Cents1 per Gallon (Excluding Taxes)To ResellersTo End Users(Consumer Grade)Fuel OilFuel, High Sulfur4Fuel, Low Sulfur3FuelFuel Oil to ResidencesDistillateEnergy Information Administration / Annual Energy Review 2008 179**T able 5.23 All Sellers Sales Prices for Selected Petroleum Products, 1992-2008** (Nominal Cents1per Gallon, Excluding Taxes)**Product 1992** **1993 1994** **1995 1996** **1997 1998** **1999 2000** **2001 2002** **2003 2004** **2005 2006** **2007 2008** P**S ales Prices to Resellers** 2Motor Gasoline ......................................... 68.0 62.8 60.2 63.0 71.5 70.3 53.0 64.5 96.6 88.8 83.2 100.1 128.8 167.5 197.3R218.6 258.7Unleaded Regular ................................... 64.9 59.7 57.1 59.9 68.9 67.7 50.4 62.1 94.6 86.8 81.3 98.2 127.1 165.9 195.6R216.5 257.1Conventional3...................................... NA NA 56.5 58.3 67.2 65.8 48.4 59.6 91.8 83.8 79.4 95.0 124.1 163.9 193.03,R214.53256.4Oxygenated3........................................ NA NA 62.7 66.2 74.5 75.4 57.5 69.0 101.6 94.7 85.8 103.1 128.9 166.7 195.13( )3( )Reformulated ........................................ NA NA 63.2 64.6 73.3 72.5 55.1 67.6 100.6 93.0 85.6 105.8 133.9 170.8 202.2R221.5 258.4Unleaded Midgrade ................................ 71.3 66.4 64.1 67.3 76.0 75.1 57.9 69.4 101.4 94.5 88.6 105.6 133.8 171.9 202.4 225.2 263.7Conventional3...................................... NA NA 63.3 65.1 73.7 72.3 55.0 65.8 97.7 90.1 85.2 101.5 130.4 169.7 199.23223.53261.3Oxygenated3........................................ NA NA 68.9 71.1 78.9 79.1 59.9 69.5 102.1 96.5 88.5 104.3 130.5 168.2 199.93( )3( )Reformulated ........................................ NA NA 72.2 71.9 80.2 80.1 63.2 75.8 108.0 102.2 95.2 115.0 141.0 179.0 212.7 231.1 272.8Premium ................................................. 77.6 72.2 69.6 72.4 80.4 79.4 61.8 72.4 105.5 98.0 92.9 110.5 140.0 179.2 212.2 236.2 274.7Conventional3...................................... NA NA 68.6 69.5 77.7 76.4 58.7 68.8 101.3 93.3 89.7 105.5 135.1 175.6 208.33,R233.03274.3Oxygenated3........................................ NA NA 75.7 78.7 85.1 85.6 67.4 77.9 111.9 102.0 95.2 113.1 139.0 176.1 204.93( )3( )Reformulated ........................................ NA NA 76.9 77.9 85.1 84.5 67.1 78.7 111.7 105.4 98.6 118.9 146.7 184.4 218.1R240.7 275.3No. 2 Distillate .......................................... 59.1 56.6 52.9 53.6 66.0 61.1 45.0 53.8 90.1 78.5 72.8 89.1 117.8 172.7 199.9R220.8 297.9No. 2 Diesel Fuel .................................... NA NA 53.8 54.6 66.7 61.6 45.4 55.2 90.4 79.1 73.5 89.1 119.1 175.4 202.9R223.0 301.8Ultra-Low Sulfur (<= 15 ppm)4............. NA NA NA NA NA NA NA NA NA NA NA NA NA NA NAR225.8 302.4Low Sulfur (> 15 and <= 500 ppm)4.... NA NA 54.2 55.1 67.3 61.9 45.7 55.7 90.9 79.4 73.8 89.5 119.7 176.1 204.5R221.1 300.0High Sulfur (> 500 ppm)4..................... NA NA 51.9 52.4 63.9 60.2 43.7 51.9 87.5 77.1 71.2 87.0 114.6 170.4 191.5R195.9 288.8Residual Fuel Oil ...................................... 32.6 30.1 32.2 36.6 42.7 39.6 28.4 35.5 57.9 49.6 52.6 67.5 68.2 100.6 114.1 134.2 185.3Sulfur <= 1%4........................................ 36.8 34.1 35.0 38.3 46.1 42.4 30.5 38.2 63.8 54.2 54.8 73.2 74.0 110.7 120.5 137.7 189.8Sulfur > 1%4.......................................... 30.0 27.2 29.8 34.4 39.7 37.5 27.1 33.3 52.3 43.8 50.2 62.1 63.8 89.9 108.7 131.4 182.4Propane (Consumer Grade) ..................... NA NA 33.6 35.4 47.1 42.6 29.7 35.4 60.3 55.6 44.0 61.5 76.1 93.9 104.1 120.6 143.9**S ales Prices to End Users** 2Motor Gasoline ......................................... 78.7 75.3 72.9 76.1 84.3 83.1 66.0 76.2 109.1 102.2 94.3 113.5 142.3 182.8 212.1R233.8 277.3Unleaded Regular ................................... 75.0 71.4 69.0 72.1 80.9 79.7 62.3 72.8 106.3 99.3 91.5 110.8 139.9 180.7 209.8 231.3 275.1Conventional3...................................... NA NA 68.5 71.4 80.1 78.5 61.0 70.8 104.4 96.8 90.1 108.2 137.3 178.9 207.33229.73273.2Oxygenated3........................................ NA NA 73.7 77.3 86.1 88.7 69.4 78.2 111.8 105.9 96.4 114.2 141.4 176.8 207.63( )3( )Reformulated ........................................ NA NA 74.3 74.1 83.3 82.2 65.1 77.7 110.9 105.1 94.9 118.3 147.8 186.1 216.8R235.7 280.6Unleaded Midgrade ................................ 82.4 79.2 77.0 80.2 88.5 88.0 71.1 81.2 114.6 108.6 100.2 119.5 148.2 187.7 218.3 241.2 284.8Conventional3...................................... NA NA 76.6 79.3 87.4 86.5 69.5 78.7 112.2 105.2 98.5 116.6 145.3 185.5 215.13238.93281.8Oxygenated3........................................ NA NA 82.1 83.8 92.9 96.4 76.3 85.3 118.5 112.0 103.1 119.3 145.9 182.4 213.83( )3( )Reformulated ........................................ NA NA 85.1 82.9 91.6 91.5 74.8 86.9 119.7 115.6 104.2 127.7 156.9 194.5 227.3 247.6 293.7Premium ................................................. 90.6 87.5 85.2 88.3 96.2 95.5 78.6 88.0 121.8 115.4 108.1 128.2 158.0 198.8 230.3R252.9 296.1Conventional3...................................... NA NA 84.6 87.1 95.0 93.9 76.9 85.6 119.2 111.9 106.3 124.5 153.8 195.8 226.33249.73293.8Oxygenated3........................................ NA NA 90.8 93.8 101.9 105.4 84.5 94.0 127.9 121.8 112.8 130.7 156.8 191.5 223.63( )3( )Reformulated ........................................ NA NA 93.7 91.4 99.1 98.8 82.2 93.1 126.7 121.7 111.6 135.5 166.0 204.3 237.3R258.4 299.8No. 2 Distillate .......................................... 72.6 71.0 67.5 67.3 79.3 75.3 59.9 67.8 104.4 94.8 87.4 105.8 133.9 189.5 217.6R236.5 322.1No. 2 Distillate to Residences5.............. 93.4 91.1 88.4 86.7 98.9 98.4 85.2 87.6 131.1 125.0 112.9 135.5 154.8 205.2 236.5R259.2 322.0No. 2 Diesel Fuel .................................... NA NA 62.8 63.6 75.7 71.4 56.2 65.4 100.6 91.2 83.7 100.8 131.6 188.6 216.5 234.8 322.9Ultra-Low Sulfur (<= 15 ppm)4............. NA NA NA NA NA NA NA NA NA NA NA NA NA NA NAR238.6 322.3Low Sulfur (> 15 and <= 500 ppm)4.... NA NA 64.2 64.5 76.7 71.9 56.5 66.3 101.4 91.7 84.1 101.4 132.5 189.9 218.3R231.7 325.8High Sulfur (> 500 ppm)4..................... NA NA 59.8 61.4 73.2 69.8 55.5 62.0 98.1 89.2 82.2 98.6 128.1 183.3 208.4R218.7 319.3Residual Fuel Oil ...................................... 34.6 34.1 35.8 39.7 46.4 42.9 31.1 37.8 60.9 53.3 56.1 69.6 72.5 104.1 121.2R137.6 194.4Sulfur <= 1%4........................................ 39.4 39.3 40.3 43.3 52.9 47.2 35.6 40.6 68.3 62.0 61.2 78.5 79.4 114.8 132.2R144.5 209.8Sulfur > 1%4.......................................... 31.9 31.2 32.7 37.6 43.0 40.7 29.2 36.6 57.6 49.8 54.0 65.1 68.7 98.5 117.5R135.4 189.6Propane (Consumer Grade) ..................... NA NA 77.6 76.6 88.6 87.8 77.4 78.1 104.8 109.4 95.8 115.0 130.7 153.0 172.7R188.8 223.21See "Nominal Price" in Glossary.2Sales for resale (wholesale sales) are those made to purchasers who are other than ultimateconsumers. Sales to end users are those made directly to the ultimate consumer, including bulkcustomers, such as agriculture, industry, and utilities, as well as residential and commercial customers.3Beginning in 2007, oxygenated motor gasoline is included with conventional motor gasoline.4Sulfur content by weight ("ppm" is parts per million).5See Note 6, "Historical Residential Heating Oil Prices," at end of section for historical data.R=Revised. P=Preliminary. NA=Not available.Web Page: See http://www.eia.doe.gov/oil_gas/petroleum/info_glance/petroleum.html for relatedinformation.Sources:•1992-2007—Energy Information Administration (EIA),Petroleum Marketing Annual,annualreports.•2008—EIA,Petroleum Marketing Monthly(April 2009); EIA, Form EIA-782A, "Refiners’/GasPlant Operators’ Monthly Petroleum Product Sales Report"; and EIA, Form EIA-782B, "Resellers’/Retailers’Monthly Petroleum Product Sales Report."Figure 5.24 Retail Motor Gasoline and On-Highway Diesel Fuel PricesMotor Gasoline, All Grades, 1978-2008 Regular Motor Gasoline by Area Type and On-Highway Diesel Fuel, 2008Motor Gasoline by Grade, 1949-2008 Motor Gasoline Price and Consumption, 1978-2008, Indexed to 1978180 Energy Information Administration / Annual Energy Review 20081In chained (2000) dollars, calculated by using gross domestic product implicit price deflators in Table D1. See “Chained Dollars” in Glossary.2See “Nominal Dollars” in Glossary.3Any area that does not require the sale of reformulated gasoline.4“Reformulated Gasoline Areas” are ozone nonattainment areas designated by the Environmental Protection Agency that require the use of reformulated gasoline.5All grades, in chained (2000) dollars.Sources: Tables 5.11 and 5.24.Nominal21980 1985 1990 1995 2000 20050.000.751.502.253.003.75

Dollars per Gallon3.213.313.253.80Conventional Reformulated All Areas On-Highway0.001.503.004.50

Nominal Dollars2 per Gallon$3.32 in 2008(Nominal)Real1Gasoline Areas3 Gasoline Areas4Diesel FuelRegular Motor GasolineUnleadedPremiumConsumptionLeaded Regular1950 1960 1970 1980 1990 20000.001.002.003.004.00

Nominal Dollars2 per Gallon1980 1985 1990 1995 2000 20050.00.51.01.52.0

Index: 1978=1.0Price5UnleadedRegularEnergy Information Administration / Annual Energy Review 2008 181**T able 5.24 Retail Motor Gasoline and On-Highway Diesel Fuel Prices, Selected Years, 1949-2008** (Dollars per Gallon)**Year Motor Gasoline by Grade** **Regular Motor Gasoline by Area Type On-Highway** **Diesel Fuel Leaded Regular** **Unleaded Regular Unleaded Premium** **All Grades Conventional** **Gasoline Areas**1,2**Reformulated Gasoline Areas** 3,4**All Areas Nominal** 5**Real**6**Nominal**5**Real**6**Nominal**5**Real**6**Nominal**5**Real**6**Nominal**5**Nominal**5**Nominal**5**Nominal**51949 0.27 1.64 NA NA NA NA NA NA NA NA NA NA1950 .27 1.62 NA NA NA NA NA NA NA NA NA NA1955 .29 1.55 NA NA NA NA NA NA NA NA NA NA1960 .31 1.48 NA NA NA NA NA NA NA NA NA NA1965 .31 1.39 NA NA NA NA NA NA NA NA NA NA1970 .36 1.30 NA NA NA NA NA NA NA NA NA NA1971 .36 1.26 NA NA NA NA NA NA NA NA NA NA1972 .36 1.20 NA NA NA NA NA NA NA NA NA NA1973 .39 1.22 NA NA NA NA NA NA NA NA NA NA1974 .53 1.53 NA NA NA NA NA NA NA NA NA NA1975 .57 1.49 NA NA NA NA NA NA NA NA NA NA1976 .59 1.47 .61 1.53 NA NA NA NA NA NA NA NA1977 .62 1.46 .66 1.53 NA NA NA NA NA NA NA NA1978 .63 1.37 .67 1.46 NA NA .65 1.43 NA NA NA NA1979 .86 1.73 .90 1.82 NA NA .88 1.78 NA NA NA NA1980 1.19 2.20 1.25 2.30 NA NA 1.22 2.26 NA NA NA NA1981 1.31 2.22 1.38 2.33 1.47 2.49 1.35 2.29 NA NA NA NA1982 1.22 1.95 1.30 2.07 1.42 2.26 1.28 2.04 NA NA NA NA1983 1.16 1.77 1.24 1.90 1.38 2.12 1.23 1.88 NA NA NA NA1984 1.13 1.67 1.21 1.79 1.37 2.02 1.20 1.77 NA NA NA NA1985 1.12 1.60 1.20 1.72 1.34 1.92 1.20 1.72 NA NA NA NA1986 .86 1.20 .93 1.30 1.09 1.52 .93 1.31 NA NA NA NA1987 .90 1.23 .95 1.30 1.09 1.49 .96 1.31 NA NA NA NA1988 .90 1.19 .95 1.25 1.11 1.46 .96 1.27 NA NA NA NA1989 1.00 1.27 1.02 1.30 1.20 1.52 1.06 1.35 NA NA NA NA1990 1.15 1.41 1.16 1.43 1.35 1.65 1.22 1.49 NA NA NA NA1991 NA NA 1.14 1.35 1.32 1.56 1.20 1.42 1.10 NA 1.10 NA1992 NA NA 1.13 1.31 1.32 1.52 1.19 1.38 1.09 NA 1.09 NA1993 NA NA 1.11 1.25 1.30 1.47 1.17 1.3321.07 NA 1.07 NA1994 NA NA 1.11 1.23 1.31 1.45 1.17 1.3021.07 NA 1.08 NA1995 NA NA 1.15 1.25 1.34 1.45 1.21 1.3121.1041.16 1.11 1.111996 NA NA 1.23 1.31 1.41 1.51 1.29 1.3721.1941.28 1.22 1.241997 NA NA 1.23 1.29 1.42 1.48 1.29 1.3521.1941.25 1.20 1.201998 NA NA 1.06 1.10 1.25 1.30 1.12 1.1621.0241.08 1.03 1.041999 NA NA 1.17 1.19 1.36 1.39 1.22 1.2521.1241.20 1.14 1.122000 NA NA 1.51 1.51 1.69 1.69 1.56 1.5621.4641.54 1.48 1.492001 NA NA 1.46 1.43 1.66 1.62 1.53 1.50 1.38 1.50 1.42 1.402002 NA NA 1.36 1.30 1.56 1.49 1.44 1.38 1.31 1.41 1.35 1.322003 NA NA 1.59 1.50 1.78 1.67 1.64 1.54 1.52 1.66 1.56 1.512004 NA NA 1.88 1.72 2.07 1.89 1.92 1.76 1.81 1.94 1.85 1.812005 NA NA 2.30 2.03 2.49 2.20 2.34 2.07 2.24 2.34 2.27 2.402006 NA NA 2.59 2.22 2.81R2.40 2.64 2.26 2.53 2.65 2.57 2.712007 NA NA 2.80 2.34 3.03R2.53 2.85 2.38 2.77 2.86 2.80 2.892008 NA NA 3.27 2.67 3.52 2.87 3.32 2.71 3.21 3.31 3.25 3.801Any area that does not require the sale of reformulated gasoline.2For 1993-2000, data collected for oxygenated areas are included in "Conventional Gasoline Areas."3"Reformulated Gasoline Areas" are ozone nonattainment areas designated by the EnvironmentalProtection Agency that require the use of reformulated gasoline.4For 1995-2000, data collected for combined oxygenated and reformulated areas are included in"Reformulated Gasoline Areas."5See "Nominal Dollars" in Glossary.6In chained (2000) dollars, calculated by using gross domestic product implicit price deflators in TableD1. See "Chained Dollars" in Glossary.R=Revised. NA=Not available.Note: See "Motor Gasoline Grades," "Motor Gasoline, Conventional," "Motor Gasoline, Oxygenated,"and "Motor Gasoline, Reformulated" in Glossary.Web Pages:•For all data beginning in 1949, see http://www.eia.doe.gov/emeu/aer/petro.html.•For related information, see http://www.eia.doe.gov/oil_gas/petroleum/info_glance/petroleum.htmlSources:**Motor Gasoline by Grade:**•1949-1973—Platt’s Oil Price Handbook and Oilmanac, 1974,51st Edition.•1974 forward—Energy Information Administration (EIA), annual averages of monthly datafrom the U.S. Department of Labor, Bureau of Labor Statistics,U.S. City Average Gasoline Prices.**Regular Motor Gasoline by Area Type:**EIA, weighted annual averages of data from "Weekly U.S. RetailGasoline Prices, Regular Grade."**On-Highway Diesel Fuel:**EIA, weighted annual averages of data from"Weekly Retail On-Highway Diesel Prices."PetroleumNote 1. Petroleum Products Supplied and Petroleum Consumption.Totalpetroleum products supplied is the sum ofthe products supplied for each petroleumproduct, crude oil, unfinished oils, andgasoline blending components. For each ofthese, except crude oil, product supplied is calculated by adding refineryproduction, natural gas plant liquids production, new supply of other liquids,imports, and stock withdrawals, and subtracting stock additions, refinery inputs, andexports. Crude oil product supplied is thesum of crude oil burned on leases and atpipeline pump stations as reported on Form EIA-813, “Monthly Crude Oil Report.”Prior to 1983, crude oil burned on leases and at pipeline pump stations was reportedas either distillate or residual fuel oiland was included as product supplied for theseproducts. Petroleum product supplied (see Table 5.11) is an approximation of petroleum consumption and is synonymous with the term “Petroleum Consumption” inTables 5.13a-d. The sector allocation ofproduct supplied in Tables 5.13a-d forproducts used in more than one sector isderived from sales to ultimate consumersby refiners, marketers, distributors, and dealers (see Energy Information Administration (EIA) reportFuel Oil and Kerosene Sales) and from EIA electric powersector petroleum consumption data (see Tables 8.7b and 8.7c).Note 2. Adjustment to Total Petroleum Products Supplied.Accurate calculation of the quantity of petroleum products supplied to the domestic market iscomplicated by the recycling of products at the refinery, the renaming of productsinvolved in a transfer, and the receipt ofproducts from outside the primary supplysystem. Beginning in 1981, asingle adjustment (alwaysa negative quantity) is madeto total product supplied tocorrect this accounting problem. The calculation of thisadjustment, called “reclassified,” involves only unfinished oils and gasoline blending components. It is the sum of their net changes in primary stocks (net withdrawals is a plus quantity; net additions is aminus quantity) plus imports minus net inputto refineries.Note 3. Changes Affecting PetroleumProduction and Product Supplied Statistics.Beginning in January 1981, several Energy Information Administration surveyforms and calculation methodologies were changed to reflect new developments inrefinery and blending plant practices andto improve data integrity. Those changesaffect production and product supplied statistics for motor gasoline, distillate fueloil, and residual fuel oil, and stocks of motor gasoline. On the basis of thosechanges, motor gasoline production during the last half of 1980 would have averaged 289,000 barrels per day higher than that which was published on the old basis.Distillate and residual fuel oil production and product supplied for all of 1980would have averaged, respectively, 105,000 and 54,000 barrels per day higher thanthe numbers that were published.Note 4. Gross Input to Distillation Units.The methods of deriving Gross Inputto Distillation Units (GIDU) in this report are as follows: for 1949-1966, GIDU isestimated by summing annual crude oil runsto stills, net unfinished oil reruns atrefineries, and shipments of natural gasoline and plant condensate from natural gasprocessing plants to refineries; for 1967-1973, GIDU is estimated by summingannual crude oil runs to stills, net unfinishedoil reruns, and refinery input of naturalgasoline and plant condensate; for 1974-1980, GIDU is published annual data; andfor 1981 forward, GIDU is the sum of reported monthly data.Note 5. Crude Oil Domestic First Purchase Prices.Crude oil domestic firstpurchase prices were derived as follows: for 1949-1973, weighted average domesticfirst purchase values as reported by Stateagencies and calculated by the Bureau ofMines; for 1974 and 1975, weighted averages of a sample survey of major firstpurchasers’ purchases; for 1976 forward, weighted averages of all first purchasers’purchases.Note 6. Historical Residential Heating Oil Prices.Residential heating oil pricesfor 1956 through 1986 were formerly published in theAnnual Energy Review.Those data, in cents per gallon, are: 1956—15.2; 1957—16.0; 1958—15.1;1959—15.3; 1960—15.0; 1961—15.6;1962—15.6; 1963—16.0; 1964—16.1;1965—16.0; 1966—16.4; 1967—16.9;1968—17.4; 1969—17.8; 1970—18.5;1971—19.6; 1972—19.7; 1973—22.8;1974—36.0; 1975—37.7; 1976—40.6;1977—46.0; 1978—49.0; 1979—70.4;1980—97.4; 1981—119.4; 1982—116.0;1983—107.8; 1984—109.1; 1985—105.3;1986—83.6; and 1987—80.3. Thesources of these data are: 1956-1974—Bureau of Labor Statistics, “Retail Prices andIndexes of Fuels and Utilities for Residential Usage,” monthly; January1975–September 1977—Federal Energy Administration, Form FEA-P112-M-1,“No. 2 Heating Oil Supply/Price Monitoring Report”; October 1977–December1977—Energy Information Administration (EIA), Form EIA-9, “No. 2 Heating OilSupply/Price Monitoring Report”; 1978 forward—EIA,Petroleum MarketingAnnual, Table 15.182 Energy Information Administration / Annual Energy Review 2008Natural Gas6Natural gas pipeline, El Paso County, Texas. Source: U.S. Department of Energy.Figure 6.0 Natural Gas Flow, 2008(Trillion Cubic Feet)Energy Information Administration / Annual Energy Review 20081851Quantities lost and imbalances in data due to differences among data sources.2Natural gas consumed in the operation of pipelines (primarily in compressors), and as fuel inthe delivery of natural gas to consumers; plus a small quantity used as vehicle fuel.Notes: • Data are preliminary. • Valuesare derived from source data prior to rounding forpublication. • Totals may not equal sum of components due to independent rounding.Sources: Tables 6.1, 6.2, and 6.5.Figure 6.1 Natural Gas OverviewOverview, 1949-2008 Overview, 2008Storage Additions and Withdrawals, 1949-2008186 Energy Information Administration / Annual Energy Review 20081Dry gas.2Underground storage. For 1980-2007, also includes liquefied natural gas in above-groundtanks.Source: Table 6.1.Production1Additions to Storage2Net ImportsWithdrawals from Storage2Consumption1950 1960 1970 1980 1990 2000-50510152025-5

Trillion Cubic Feet20.64.01.023.2Production1 Imports Exports Consumption0510152025

Trillion Cubic Feet1950 1955 1960 1965 1970 1975 1980 1985 1990 1995 2000 200501234

Trillion Cubic FeetEnergy Information Administration / Annual Energy Review 2008 187**T able 6.1 Natural Gas Overview, Selected Years, 1949-2008** (Billion Cubic Feet)**Year Dry Gas** **Production Supplemental** **Gaseous Fuels**2**Trade Storage** 1**Activity Balancing Item** 5**Consumption**6**Imports Exports** **Net Imports**3**Withdrawals Additions** **Net Withdrawals**41949 5,195 NA 0 20 -20 106 172 -66 -139 4,9711950 6,022 NA 0 26 -26 175 230 -54 -175 5,7671955 9,029 NA 11 31 -20 437 505 -68 -247 8,6941960 12,228 NA 156 11 144 713 844 -132 -274 11,9671965 15,286 NA 456 26 430 960 1,078 -118 -319 15,2801970 21,014 NA 821 70 751 1,459 1,857 -398 -228 21,1391971 21,610 NA 935 80 854 1,508 1,839 -332 -339 21,7931972 21,624 NA 1,019 78 941 1,757 1,893 -136 -328 22,1011973 21,731 NA 1,033 77 956 1,533 1,974 -442 -196 22,0491974 20,713 NA 959 77 882 1,701 1,784 -84 -289 21,2231975 19,236 NA 953 73 880 1,760 2,104 -344 -235 19,5381976 19,098 NA 964 65 899 1,921 1,756 165 -216 19,9461977 19,163 NA 1,011 56 955 1,750 2,307 -557 -41 19,5211978 19,122 NA 966 53 913 2,158 2,278 -120 -287 19,6271979 19,663 NA 1,253 56 1,198 2,047 2,295 -248 -372 20,2411980 19,403 155 985 49 936 1,972 1,949 23 -640 19,8771981 19,181 176 904 59 845 1,930 2,228 -297 -500 19,4041982 17,820 145 933 52 882 2,164 2,472 -308 -537 18,0011983 16,094 132 918 55 864 2,270 1,822 447 -703 16,8351984 17,466 110 843 55 788 2,098 2,295 -197 -217 17,9511985 16,454 126 950 55 894 2,397 2,163 235 -428 17,2811986 16,059 113 750 61 689 1,837 1,984 -147 -493 16,2211987 16,621 101 993 54 939 1,905 1,911 -6 -444 17,2111988 17,103 101 1,294 74 1,220 2,270 2,211 59 -453 18,0301989 17,311 107 1,382 107 1,275 2,854 2,528 326 101719,1191990 17,810 123 1,532 86 1,447 1,986 2,499 -513 307719,1741991 17,698 113 1,773 129 1,644 2,752 2,672 80 27719,5621992 17,840 118 2,138 216 1,921 2,772 2,599 173 176720,2281993 18,095 119 2,350 140 2,210 2,799 2,835 -36 401 20,7901994 18,821 111 2,624 162 2,462 2,579 2,865 -286 139 21,2471995 18,599 110 2,841 154 2,687 3,025 2,610 415 396 22,2071996 18,854 109 2,937 153 2,784 2,981 2,979 2 860 22,6091997 18,902 103 2,994 157 2,837 2,894 2,870 24 871 22,7371998 19,024 102 3,152 159 2,993 2,432 2,961 -530 657 22,2461999 18,832 98 3,586 163 3,422 2,808 2,636 172 -119 22,4052000 19,182 90 3,782 244 3,538 3,550 2,721 829 -306 23,3332001 19,616 86 3,977 373 3,604 2,344 3,510 -1,166 99 22,2392002 18,928 68 4,015 516 3,499 3,180 2,713 467 45 23,0072003 19,099 68 3,944 680 3,264 3,161 3,358 -197 44 22,2772004 18,591 60 4,259 854 3,404 3,088 3,202 -114 448 22,3892005 18,051 64 4,341 729 3,612 3,107 3,055 52 232 22,0112006R18,504 66 4,186 724 3,462 2,527 2,963 -436R89R21,6852007R19,089R63R4,608R822R3,785R3,380R3,187R193R-83R23,0472008P20,574 55 3,962 1,000 2,962 3,367 3,335 32 -380 23,2431Underground storage. For 1980-2007, also includes liquefied natural gas in above-ground tanks.2See Note 1, "Supplemental Gaseous Fuels," at end of section.3Net imports equal imports minus exports. Minus sign indicates exports are greater than imports.4Net withdrawals equal withdrawals minus additions. Minus sign indicates additions are greater thanwithdrawals.5Quantities lost and imbalances in data due to differences among data sources. Since 1980, excludesintransit shipments that cross the U.S.-Canada border (i.e., natural gas delivered to its destination via theother country).6See Note 2, "Natural Gas Consumption," at end of section.7For 1989-1992, a small amount of consumption at independent power producers may be counted inboth "Other Industrial" and "Electric Power Sector" on Table 6.5. See Note 3, "Natural Gas Consumption,1989-1992," at end of section.R=Revised. P=Preliminary. NA=Not available.Notes:•Beginning with 1965, all volumes are shown on a pressure base of 14.73 p.s.i.a. at 60°F. Forprior years, the pressure base was 14.65 p.s.i.a. at 60°F.•Totals may not equal sum of components dueto independent rounding.Web Pages:•For all data beginning in 1949, see http://www.eia.doe.gov/emeu/aer/natgas.html.•For related information, see http://www.eia.doe.gov/oil_gas/natural_gas/info_glance/natural_gas.html.Sources:**Dry Gas Production:**Table 6.2.**Supplemental Gaseous Fuels:**•1980-2003—EnergyInformation Administration (EIA),Natural Gas Annual (NGA),annual reports.•2004 forward—EIA,NaturalGas Monthly (NGM)(March 2009), Table 1.**Trade:**Table 6.3.**Storage Activity:**•1949-2007—EIA,NGA,annual reports.•2008—EIA,NGM(March 2009), Table 6.**Balancing Item:**Calculated asconsumption minus dry gas production, supplemental gaseous fuels, net imports, and net withdrawals.**Consumption:**Table 6.5.Figure 6.2 Natural Gas ProductionGross Withdrawals and Dry Gas Production, 1949-2008 Production Flow, 2008(Trillion Cubic Feet)Gross Withdrawals by Well Type, 2008188 Energy Information Administration / Annual Energy Review 2008Dry GasProduction1Volume reduction resulting from the removalof natural gas plant liquids, which are transferred to petroleum supply.Source: Table 6.2.Gross Withdrawals1950 1960 1970 1980 1990 2000051015202530

Trillion Cubic Feet19.46.6Natural Gas Crude Oil0510152025

Trillion Cubic FeetWellsWellsEnergy Information Administration / Annual Energy Review 2008 189**T able 6.2 Natural Gas Production, Selected Years, 1949-2008** (Billion Cubic Feet)**Year Natural Gas Gross Withdrawals** **Repressuring Nonhydrocarbon** **Gases Removed Vented** **and Flared Marketed** **Production Extraction** **Loss**1**Dry Gas Production** **Natural Gas Wells Crude Oil Wells** **Total**1949 4,986 2,561 7,547 1,273 NA 854 5,420 224 5,1951950 5,603 2,876 8,480 1,397 NA 801 6,282 260 6,0221955 7,842 3,878 11,720 1,541 NA 774 9,405 377 9,0291960 10,853 4,234 15,088 1,754 NA 563 12,771 543 12,2281965 13,524 4,440 17,963 1,604 NA 319 16,040 753 15,2861970 18,595 5,192 23,786 1,376 NA 489 21,921 906 21,0141971 18,925 5,163 24,088 1,310 NA 285 22,493 883 21,6101972 19,043 4,974 24,016 1,236 NA 248 22,532 908 21,6241973 19,372 4,696 24,067 1,171 NA 248 22,648 917 21,7311974 18,669 4,181 22,850 1,080 NA 169 21,601 887 20,7131975 17,380 3,723 21,104 861 NA 134 20,109 872 19,2361976 17,191 3,753 20,944 859 NA 132 19,952 854 19,0981977 17,416 3,681 21,097 935 NA 137 20,025 863 19,1631978 17,394 3,915 21,309 1,181 NA 153 19,974 852 19,1221979 18,034 3,849 21,883 1,245 NA 167 20,471 808 19,6631980 17,573 4,297 21,870 1,365 199 125 20,180 777 19,4031981 17,337 4,251 21,587 1,312 222 98 19,956 775 19,1811982 15,809 4,463 20,272 1,388 208 93 18,582 762 17,8201983 14,153 4,506 18,659 1,458 222 95 16,884 790 16,0941984 15,513 4,754 20,267 1,630 224 108 18,304 838 17,4661985 14,535 5,071 19,607 1,915 326 95 17,270 816 16,4541986 14,154 4,977 19,131 1,838 337 98 16,859 800 16,0591987 14,807 5,333 20,140 2,208 376 124 17,433 812 16,6211988 15,467 5,532 20,999 2,478 460 143 17,918 816 17,1031989 15,709 5,366 21,074 2,475 362 142 18,095 785 17,3111990 16,054 5,469 21,523 2,489 289 150 18,594 784 17,8101991 16,018 5,732 21,750 2,772 276 170 18,532 835 17,6981992 16,165 5,967 22,132 2,973 280 168 18,712 872 17,8401993 16,691 6,035 22,726 3,103 414 227 18,982 886 18,0951994 17,351 6,230 23,581 3,231 412 228 19,710 889 18,8211995 17,282 6,462 23,744 3,565 388 284 19,506 908 18,5991996 17,737 6,376 24,114 3,511 518 272 19,812 958 18,8541997 17,844 6,369 24,213 3,492 599 256 19,866 964 18,9021998 17,729 6,380 24,108 3,427 617 103 19,961 938 19,0241999 17,590 6,233 23,823 3,293 615 110 19,805 973 18,8322000 17,726 6,448 24,174 3,380 505 91 20,198 1,016 19,1822001 18,129 6,371 24,501 3,371 463 97 20,570 954 19,6162002 17,795 6,146 23,941 3,455 502 99 19,885 957 18,9282003 17,882 6,237 24,119 3,548 499 98 19,974 876 19,0992004 17,885 6,084 23,970 3,702 654 96 19,517 927 18,5912005 17,472 5,985 23,457 3,700 711 119 18,927 876 18,0512006R17,996R5,539R23,535 3,265 731R129R19,410 906R18,5042007R18,739R5,852R24,591R3,788R632R151R20,019R930R19,0892008E19,400E6,647P26,046E3,817E644E130P21,455P881P20,5741Volume reduction resulting from the removal of natural gas plant liquids, which are transferred topetroleum supply (see Tables 5.1 and 5.10).R=Revised. P=Preliminary. E=Estimate. NA=Not available.Notes:•Beginning with 1965 data, all volumes are shown on a pressure base of 14.73 p.s.i.a. at 60°F.For prior years, the pressure base was 14.65 p.s.i.a. at 60°F.•Totals may not equal sum of componentsdue to independent rounding.Web Pages:•For all data beginning in 1949, see http://www.eia.doe.gov/emeu/aer/natgas.html.•For related information, see http://www.eia.doe.gov/oil_gas/natural_gas/info_glance/natural_gas.html.Sources:**Natural Gas Wells**and**Crude Oil Wells:**•1949-1966—Bureau of Mines,MineralsYearbook,"Natural Gas" chapter.•1967-2007—Energy Information Administration (EIA),Natural GasAnnual (NGA),annual reports.•2008—EIA estimates.**Total Gross Withdrawals, Markete d** **Production, Extraction Loss,**and**Dry Gas Production:**•1949-2003—EIA,NGA,annual reports.•2004 forward—EIA,Natural Gas Monthly(March 2009), Table 1.**All Other Data:**•1949-2007—EIA,NGA,annual reports.•2008—EIA estimates.Figure 6.3 Natural Gas Imports, Exports, and Net ImportsTrade Overview, 1949-2008Trade, 2008 Net Imports as Share of Consumption, 1958-2008190 Energy Information Administration / Annual Energy Review 20081By pipeline, except for very small amounts of liquefied natural gas in 1973, 1977, and 1981.2By pipeline.3As liquefied natural gas.4By pipeline from Mexico, and as liquefied natural gas from Egypt, Nigeria, Norway, and Qatar.5By pipeline, except for very small amounts of liquefied natural gas.Source: Table 6.3.andTobago3Imports by Selected Country of OriginImports from Canada11950 1955 1960 1965 1970 1975 1980 1985 1990 1995 2000 2005012345

Trillion Cubic Feet12.7% in 2008Total Imports4.2% in 198653.570.260.130.580.370.05Canada2 Trinidad Canada2 Mexico Japan3012345

Trillion Cubic Feet1960 1965 1970 1975 1980 1985 1990 1995 2000 200505101520

PercentOther4Exports byCountry of DestinationTotal ExportsEnergy Information Administration / Annual Energy Review 2008 191**T able 6.3 Natural Gas Imports, Exports, and Net Imports, Selected Years, 1949-2008** (Billion Cubic Feet, Except as Noted)**Year Imports by Country of Origin** **Exports by Country of Destination Net Imports** 1**Algeria**2**Canada**3**Egypt**2**Mexico**3**Nigeria**2**Oman**2**Qatar**2**Trinidad and Tobago** 2**Other**2,4**Total Canada** 3**Japan**2**Mexico**3**Total Total** **Percent of U.S .** **Consumption**1949 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 (s) 0 20 20 -205( )1950 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 3 0 23 26 -265( )1955 0 11 0 (s) 0 0 0 0 0 11 11 0 20 31 -205( )1960 0 109 0 47 0 0 0 0 0 156 6 0 6 11 144 1.21965 0 405 0 52 0 0 0 0 0 456 18 0 8 26 430 2.81970 1 779 0 41 0 0 0 0 0 821 11 44 15 70 751 3.61971 1 912 0 21 0 0 0 0 0 935 14 50 16 80 854 3.91972 2 1,009 08 0 0 0 0 0 1,019 16 48 15 78 941 4.31973 3 1,028 02 0 0 0 0 0 1,033 15 48 14 77 956 4.31974 0 959 0 (s) 0 0 0 0 0 959 13 50 13 77 882 4.21975 5 948 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 953 10 53 9 73 880 4.51976 10 954 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 964 8 50 7 65 899 4.51977 11 997 0 2 0 0 0 0 0 1,011 (s) 52 4 56 955 4.91978 84 881 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 966 (s) 48 4 53 913 4.71979 253 1,001 00 0 0 0 0 0 1,253 (s) 51 4 56 1,198 5.91980 86 797 0 102 0 0 0 0 0 985 (s) 45 4 49 936 4.71981 37 762 0 105 0 0 0 0 0 904 (s) 56 3 59 845 4.41982 55 783 0 95 0 0 0 0 0 933 (s) 50 2 52 882 4.91983 131 712 0 75 0 0 0 0 0 918 (s) 53 2 55 864 5.11984 36 755 0 52 0 0 0 0 0 843 (s) 53 2 55 788 4.41985 24 926 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 950 (s) 53 2 55 894 5.21986 0 749 0 0 0 0 0 0 2 750 9 50 2 61 689 4.21987 0 993 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 993 3 49 2 54 939 5.51988 17 1,276 00 0 0 0 0 0 1,294 20 52 2 74 1,220 6.81989 42 1,339 00 0 0 0 0 0 1,382 38 51 17 107 1,275 6.71990 84 1,448 00 0 0 0 0 0 1,532 17 53 16 86 1,447 7.51991 64 1,710 00 0 0 0 0 0 1,773 15 54 60 129 1,644 8.41992 43 2,094 00 0 0 0 0 0 2,138 68 53 96 216 1,921 9.51993 82 2,267 02 0 0 0 0 0 2,350 45 56 40 140 2,210 10.61994 51 2,566 07 0 0 0 0 0 2,624 53 63 47 162 2,462 11.61995 18 2,816 07 0 0 0 0 0 2,841 28 65 61 154 2,687 12.11996 35 2,883 0 14 0 0 0 0 5 2,937 52 68 34 153 2,784 12.31997 66 2,899 0 17 0 0 0 0 12 2,994 56 62 38 157 2,837 12.51998 69 3,052 0 15 0 0 0 0 17 3,152 40 66 53 159 2,993 13.51999 76 3,368 0 55 0 0 20 51 17 3,586 39 64 61 163 3,422 15.32000 47 3,544 0 12 13 10 46 99 11 3,782 73 66 106 244 3,538 15.22001 65 3,729 0 10 38 12 23 98 2 3,977 167 66 141 373 3,604 16.22002 27 3,785 0 2 8 3 35 151 5 4,015 189 63 263 516 3,499 15.22003 53 3,437 0 0 50 9 14 378 3 3,944 271 66 343 680 3,264 14.72004 120 3,607 0 0 12 9 12 462 36 4,259 395 62 397 854 3,404 15.22005 97 3,700 739 8 2 3 439 94,341 358 65 305 729 3,612 16.42006 17 3,590 120 13 57 0 0 389 0 4,186 341 61 322 724 3,462 16.02007R77R3,783R115 54 95 0 18R448 18R4,608R482 47R292R,6822R3,785R16.42008P0 3,567 55 43 12 0 3 264 17 3,962 585 50 365 1,000 2,962 12.71Net imports equal imports minus exports.2As liquefied natural gas.3By pipeline, except for very small amounts of liquefied natural gas imported from Canada in 1973,1977, and 1981, and exported to Mexico beginning in 1998.4Australia in 1997-2001 and 2004; Brunei in 2002; Equatorial Guinea in 2007; Indonesia in 1986 and2000; Malaysia in 1999 and 2002-2005; United Arab Emirates in 1996-2000; Norway in 2008; and Other(unassigned) in 2004.5Not meaningful because there were net exports during this year.6Includes 2 billion cubic feet to Russia.R=Revised. P=Preliminary. (s)=Less than 0.5 billion cubic feet.Note: Totals may not equal sum of components due to independent rounding.Web Pages:•For all data beginning in 1949, see http://www.eia.doe.gov/emeu/aer/natgas.html.•For related information, see http://www.eia.doe.gov/oil_gas/natural_gas/info_glance/natural_gas.html.Sources:**Percent of U.S. Consumption:**Calculated.**All Other Data:**•1949-1954—EnergyInformation Administration (EIA), Office of Oil and Gas, Reserves and Natural Gas Division, unpublisheddata.•1955-1971—EIA, Federal Power Commission, by telephone.•1972-1987—EIA, Form FPC-14,"Annual Report for Importers and Exporters of Natural Gas."•1988-2006—EIA,Natural Gas Annual,annual reports.•2007 and 2008—EIA,Natural Gas Monthly(March 2009), Table 4.Figure 6.4 Natural Gas Gross Withdrawals and Natural Gas Well Productivity, 1960-2008Gross Withdrawals by Location Number of Producing WellsGross Withdrawals by State and Federal Gulf of Mexico Natural Gas Well Average Productivity192 Energy Information Administration / Annual Energy Review 20081960 1965 1970 1975 1980 1985 1990 1995 2000 2005051015202530

Trillion Cubic Feet (Cumulative)1Through 1996, includes gross withdrawals in Federal offshore areas of the Gulf of Mexico;beginning in 1997, these are included in “Federal Gulf of Mexico.”2Gulf of Mexico.Source: Table 6.4.OnshoreTotal1960 1965 1970 1975 1980 1985 1990 1995 2000 20050100200300400500

Thousands468 in 2008OffshorePeak productivity: 435 in 1971113 in 20081960 1965 1970 1975 1980 1985 1990 1995 2000 200503691215

Trillion Cubic FeetLouisiana11960 1965 1970 1975 1980 1985 1990 1995 2000 20050100200300400500

Thousand Cubic Feet per Day per WellOtherStates1Texas1FederalGOM2OklahomaEnergy Information Administration / Annual Energy Review 2008 193**T able 6.4 Natural Gas Gross Withdrawals and Natural Gas Well Productivity, 1960-2008** **Year Natural Gas Gross Withdrawals From Crude Oil and Natural Gas Wells** **Natural Gas Well Productivity State** **Location Gross** **Withdrawals From** **Natural Gas Wells Producing** **Wells**5**Average Productivity** **Texas**1**Louisiana**1**Oklahoma Other** **States**1**Federal Gulf of Mexico** 2**Total Onshore** 3**Offshore**4**Total**Billion Cubic FeetBillion Cubic FeetBillion Cubic FeetThousandsThousand Cubic FeetPer Day Per Well1960 6,965 3,313 1,133 3,6772( ) 15,088 14,815 273 15,088 10,853 91 326.71961 7,020 3,571 1,160 3,7102( ) 15,460 15,142 318 15,460 11,195 97 316.81962 7,199 3,854 1,222 3,7642( ) 16,039 15,587 452 16,039 11,702 100 319.81963 7,452 4,250 1,347 3,9242( ) 16,973 16,409 564 16,973 12,606 103 335.41964 7,622 4,515 1,423 3,9752( ) 17,536 16,914 622 17,536 13,106 103 347.41965 7,741 4,764 1,414 4,0442( ) 17,963 17,318 646 17,963 13,524 112 331.81966 7,935 5,365 1,502 4,2322( ) 19,034 18,026 1,007 19,034 13,894 112 338.41967 8,292 6,087 1,621 4,2522( ) 20,252 19,065 1,187 20,252 15,345 112 374.31968 8,566 6,778 1,607 4,3752( ) 21,325 19,801 1,524 21,325 16,540 114 395.11969 8,915 7,561 1,742 4,4622( ) 22,679 20,725 1,954 22,679 17,489 114 418.61970 9,399 8,076 1,811 4,5012( ) 23,786 21,368 2,419 23,786 18,595 117 433.61971 9,519 8,319 1,809 4,4422( ) 24,088 21,311 2,777 24,088 18,925 119 434.81972 9,550 8,160 1,928 4,3782( ) 24,016 20,978 3,039 24,016 19,043 121 429.41973 9,290 8,491 1,890 4,3962( ) 24,067 20,856 3,212 24,067 19,372 124 427.41974 8,859 7,920 1,757 4,3142( ) 22,850 19,335 3,515 22,850 18,669 126 404.91975 7,989 7,242 1,721 4,1522( ) 21,104 17,555 3,549 21,104 17,380 130 365.31976 7,666 7,143 1,842 4,2932( ) 20,944 17,348 3,596 20,944 17,191 138 341.51977 7,496 7,351 1,888 4,3622( ) 21,097 17,165 3,932 21,097 17,416 148 323.11978 6,988 7,639 1,892 4,7902( ) 21,309 16,953 4,356 21,309 17,394 157 302.71979 7,594 7,359 1,958 4,9732( ) 21,883 17,061 4,822 21,883 18,034 170 290.81980 7,656 7,008 2,019 5,1872( ) 21,870 16,967 4,902 21,870 17,573 182 263.81981 7,452 6,830 2,019 5,2872( ) 21,587 16,597 4,991 21,587 17,337 199 238.91982 6,976 6,217 1,985 5,0942( ) 20,272 15,499 4,773 20,272 15,809 211 205.51983 6,429 5,379 1,780 5,0712( ) 18,659 14,477 4,182 18,659 14,153 222 174.71984 6,712 5,888 2,046 5,6202( ) 20,267 15,560 4,707 20,267 15,513 234 181.21985 6,577 5,218 1,993 5,8182( ) 19,607 15,421 4,186 19,607 14,535 243 163.61986 6,656 4,965 1,972 5,5382( ) 19,131 14,945 4,186 19,131 14,154 242 160.61987 6,688 5,205 2,073 6,1742( ) 20,140 15,468 4,672 20,140 14,807 249 162.81988 6,919 5,248 2,167 6,6652( ) 20,999 16,253 4,747 20,999 15,467 257 164.31989 6,881 5,143 2,237 6,8132( ) 21,074 16,303 4,771 21,074 15,709 262 164.01990 6,907 5,303 2,258 7,0542( ) 21,523 16,476 5,047 21,523 16,054 269 163.41991 6,846 5,100 2,154 7,6512( ) 21,750 16,900 4,850 21,750 16,018 276 158.81992 6,708 4,977 2,017 8,4292( ) 22,132 17,361 4,772 22,132 16,165 275 160.41993 6,817 5,047 2,050 8,8122( ) 22,726 17,960 4,766 22,726 16,691 282 162.11994 6,912 5,226 1,935 9,5082( ) 23,581 18,585 4,996 23,581 17,351 292 162.91995 6,873 5,163 1,812 9,8962( ) 23,744 18,802 4,942 23,744 17,282 299 158.61996 7,028 5,351 1,735 9,9992( ) 24,114 18,867 5,246 24,114 17,737 302 160.6199715,73011,538 1,70419,999 5,242 24,213 18,897 5,316 24,213 17,844 311 157.21998 5,799 1,579 1,669 9,950 5,110 24,108 18,923 5,185 24,108 17,729 317 153.31999 5,575 1,599 1,594 10,002 5,053 23,823 18,692 5,131 23,823 17,590 302 159.42000 5,723 1,485 1,613 10,386 4,968 24,174 19,130 5,044 24,174 17,726 342 141.72001 5,752 1,525 1,615 10,542 5,066 24,501 19,364 5,137 24,501 18,129 373 133.12002 5,661 1,382 1,582 10,769 4,548 23,941 19,326 4,615 23,941 17,795 388 125.72003 5,791 1,378 1,558 10,944 4,447 24,119 19,614 4,505 24,119 17,882 393 124.62004 5,734 1,377 1,656 11,202 4,001 23,970 19,914 4,055 23,970 17,885 406 120.32005 6,007 1,310 1,639 11,350 3,151 23,457 20,252 3,205 23,457 17,472 426 112.42006R6,326 1,378 1,689R11,227 2,914R23,535R20,580 2,955R23,535R17,996R441R111.92007R6,929R1,381R1,744R11,723R2,813R24,591R21,732R2,859R24,591R18,739R453R113.42008E6,915E1,223E1,744E12,613E3,551P26,046E21,758E4,289P26,046E19,400E468E113.31Through 1996, includes gross withdrawals in Federal offshore areas of the Gulf of Mexico; beginningin 1997, these are included in "Federal Gulf of Mexico."2Gross withdrawals from Federal offshore areas of the Gulf of Mexico. Through 1996, these grosswithdrawals are included in "Texas," "Louisiana," and "Other States."3Includes State offshore gross withdrawals.4Excludes State offshore gross withdrawals; includes Federal offshore (Outer Continental Shelf) grosswithdrawals.5As of December 31 each year.R=Revised. P=Preliminary. E=Estimate.Note: Totals may not equal sum of components due to independent rounding.Web Page: See http://www.eia.doe.gov/oil_gas/natural_gas/info_glance/natural_gas.html for relatedinformation.Sources:**Offshore:**•1960-1981—U.S. Geological Survey.•1982-1985—U.S. Minerals ManagementService,Mineral Revenues—The 1989 Report on Receipts from Federal and Indian Leases,andpredecessor annual reports.•1986-2007—Energy Information Administration (EIA),Natural Gas Annual(NGA),annual reports.•2008—EIA estimate.**Total (Gross Withdrawals):**•1960-2003—EIA,NGA,annual reports.•2004 forward—EIA,Natural Gas Monthly(March 2009), Table 1.**Averag e** **Productivity:**Calculated as gross withdrawals from natural gas wells divided by the number of producingwells, and then divided by the number of days in the year.**All Other Data:**•1960-1966—BureauofMines,Natural Gas Production and Consumption.•1967-2007—EIA,NGA,annual reports andunpublished revisions.•2008—EIA estimates.Figure 6.5 Natural Gas Consumption by SectorBy Sector, 1949-2008By Sector, 2008 Sector Shares, 1950 and 2008194 Energy Information Administration / Annual Energy Review 2008Electric Power3Transportation2Commercial1Residential1Includes combined-heat-and-power plants and a small number of electricity-only plants.2Natural gas consumed in the operation of pipelines (primarily in compressors), and as fuel inthe delivery of natural gas to consumers; plus a small quantity used as vehicle fuel.3Electricity-only and combined-heat-and-power plants whose primary business is to sell electricity, or electricity and heat, to the public.Source: Table 6.5.Industrial11950 1955 1960 1965 1970 1975 1980 1985 1990 1995 2000 2005024681012

Trillion Cubic Feet4.93.17.90.76.7Residential Commercial1 Industrial1 Transportation2 Electric0246810

Trillion Cubic Feet21133432926948314Residential Commercial1 Industrial1 Transportation2 Electric0255075

Percent19502008Power3Power3Energy Information Administration / Annual Energy Review 2008 195**T able 6.5 Natural Gas Consumption by Sector, Selected Years, 1949-2008** (Billion Cubic Feet)**Year Residential** **Sector Commercial Sector** **Industrial Sector Transportation Sector** **Electric Power Sector**1**Total CHP** 2**Other**3**Total Lease and** **Plant Fuel Other Industrial** **Total Pipelines** 6**and Dis tribution** 7**Vehicle Fuel** 8**Total Electricity** **Only CHP** **Total CHP** 4**Non-CHP**5**Total**1949 9939( ) 348 348 83510( ) 2,245 2,245 3,081 NA NA NA 550 NA 550 4,9711950 1,1989( ) 388 388 92810( ) 2,498 2,498 3,426 126 NA 126 629 NA 629 5,7671955 2,1249( ) 629 629 1,13110( ) 3,411 3,411 4,542 245 NA 245 1,153 NA 1,153 8,6941960 3,1039( ) 1,020 1,020 1,23710( ) 4,535 4,535 5,771 347 NA 347 1,725 NA 1,725 11,9671965 3,9039( ) 1,444 1,444 1,15610( ) 5,955 5,955 7,112 501 NA 501 2,321 NA 2,321 15,2801970 4,8379( ) 2,399 2,399 1,39910( ) 7,851 7,851 9,249 722 NA 722 3,932 NA 3,932 21,1391971 4,9729( ) 2,509 2,509 1,41410( ) 8,181 8,181 9,594 743 NA 743 3,976 NA 3,976 21,7931972 5,1269( ) 2,608 2,608 1,45610( ) 8,169 8,169 9,624 766 NA 766 3,977 NA 3,977 22,1011973 4,8799( ) 2,597 2,597 1,49610( ) 8,689 8,689 10,185 728 NA 728 3,660 NA 3,660 22,0491974 4,7869( ) 2,556 2,556 1,47710( ) 8,292 8,292 9,769 669 NA 669 3,443 NA 3,443 21,2231975 4,9249( ) 2,508 2,508 1,39610( ) 6,968 6,968 8,365 583 NA 583 3,158 NA 3,158 19,5381976 5,0519( ) 2,668 2,668 1,63410( ) 6,964 6,964 8,598 548 NA 548 3,081 NA 3,081 19,9461977 4,8219( ) 2,501 2,501 1,65910( ) 6,815 6,815 8,474 533 NA 533 3,191 NA 3,191 19,5211978 4,9039( ) 2,601 2,601 1,64810( ) 6,757 6,757 8,405 530 NA 530 3,188 NA 3,188 19,6271979 4,9659( ) 2,786 2,786 1,49910( ) 6,899 6,899 8,398 601 NA 601 3,491 NA 3,491 20,2411980 4,7529( ) 2,611 2,611 1,02610( ) 7,172 7,172 8,198 635 NA 635 3,682 NA 3,682 19,8771981 4,5469( ) 2,520 2,520 92810( ) 7,128 7,128 8,055 642 NA 642 3,640 NA 3,640 19,4041982 4,6339( ) 2,606 2,606 1,10910( ) 5,831 5,831 6,941 596 NA 596 3,226 NA 3,226 18,0011983 4,3819( ) 2,433 2,433 97810( ) 5,643 5,643 6,621 490 NA 490 2,911 NA 2,911 16,8351984 4,5559( ) 2,524 2,524 1,07710( ) 6,154 6,154 7,231 529 NA 529 3,111 NA 3,111 17,9511985 4,4339( ) 2,432 2,432 96610( ) 5,901 5,901 6,867 504 NA 504 3,044 NA 3,044 17,2811986 4,3149( ) 2,318 2,318 92310( ) 5,579 5,579 6,502 485 NA 485 2,602 NA 2,602 16,2211987 4,3159( ) 2,430 2,430 1,14910( ) 5,953 5,953 7,103 519 NA 519 2,844 NA 2,844 17,2111988 4,6309( ) 2,670 2,670 1,09610( ) 6,383 6,383 7,479 614 NA 614 2,636 NA 2,636 18,0301989 4,781 30 2,688 2,718 1,070 914115,903116,816 7,886 629 NA 629112,79111315113,1051119,1191990 4,391 46 2,576 2,623 1,236 1,055115,963117,018 8,255 660 (s) 660112,79411451113,2451119,1741991 4,556 52 2,676 2,729 1,129 1,061116,170117,231 8,360 601 (s) 602112,82211494113,3161119,5621992 4,690 62 2,740 2,803 1,171 1,107116,420117,527 8,698 588 2 590112,82911619113,4481120,2281993 4,956 65 2,796 2,862 1,172 1,124 6,576 7,700 8,872 624 3 627 2,755 718 3,473 20,7901994 4,848 72 2,823 2,895 1,124 1,176 6,613 7,790 8,913 685 3 689 3,065 838 3,903 21,2471995 4,850 78 2,953 3,031 1,220 1,258 6,906 8,164 9,384 700 5 705 3,288 949 4,237 22,2071996 5,241 82 3,076 3,158 1,250 1,289 7,146 8,435 9,685 711 6 718 2,824 983 3,807 22,6091997 4,984 87 3,128 3,215 1,203 1,282 7,229 8,511 9,714 751 8 760 3,039 1,026 4,065 22,7371998 4,520 87 2,912 2,999 1,173 1,355 6,965 8,320 9,493 635 9 645 3,544 1,044 4,588 22,2461999 4,726 84 2,961 3,045 1,079 1,401 6,678 8,079 9,158 645 12 657 3,729 1,090 4,820 22,4052000 4,996 85 3,098 3,182 1,151 1,386 6,757 8,142 9,293 642 13 655 4,093 1,114 5,206 23,3332001 4,771 79 2,944 3,023 1,119 1,310 6,035 7,344 8,463 625 15 640 4,164 1,178 5,342 22,2392002 4,889 74 3,070 3,144 1,113 1,240 6,267 7,507 8,620 667 15 682 4,258 1,413 5,672 23,0072003 5,079 58 3,121 3,179 1,122 1,144 6,007 7,150 8,273 591 18 610 3,780 1,355 5,135 22,2772004 4,869 72 3,057 3,129 1,098 1,191 6,052 7,243 8,341 566 21 587 4,142 1,322 5,464 22,3892005 4,827R68R2,931 2,999 1,112 1,084 5,514 6,597 7,709 584 23 607 4,592 1,277 5,869 22,0112006 4,368R68R2,764R2,832R1,142 1,115R5,398R6,512R7,654 584R24R608 5,091 1,131 6,222R21,6852007R4,717R70R2,947R3,017R1,199R1,050R5,574R6,625R7,823R623R25R648R5,612R1,230R6,841R23,0472008P4,866 61 3,061 3,122 1,285 946 5,706 6,652 7,937 628 30 658 5,538 1,123 6,661 23,2431Electricity-only and combined-heat-and-power (CHP) plants within the NAICS 22 category whoseprimary business is to sell electricity, or electricity and heat, to the public. Through 1988, data are for electricutilities only; beginning in 1989, data are for electric utilities and independent power producers. Electricutility CHP plants are included in "Electricity Only."2Commercial combined-heat-and-power (CHP) and a small number of commercial electricity-only plants.3All commercial sector fuel use other than that in "Commercial CHP."4Industrial combined-heat-and-power (CHP) and a small number of industrial electricity-only plants.5All industrial sector fuel use other than that in "Lease and Plant Fuel" and "Industrial CHP."6Natural gas consumed in the operation of pipelines, primarily in compressors.7Natural gas used as fuel in the delivery of natural gas to consumers.8Vehicle fuel data do not reflect revised data shown in Table 10.4. See Note 4, "Natural Gas VehicleFuel," at end of section.9Included in "Commercial Other."10Included in "Industrial Non-CHP."11For 1989-1992, a small amount of consumption at independent power producers may be counted inboth "Other Industrial" and "Electric Power Sector." See Note 3, "Natural Gas Consumption, 1989-1992," atend of section.R=Revised. P=Preliminary. NA=Not available. (s)=Less than 0.5 billion cubic feet.Notes:•Data are for natural gas, plus a small amount of supplemental gaseous fuels. See Note 1,"Supplemental Gaseous Fuels," at end of section.•See Tables 8.5a-8.5d for the amount of natural gasused to produce electricity and Tables 8.6a-8.6c for the amount of natural gas used to produce usefulthermal output.•See Note 2, "Natural Gas Consumption," at end of section.•Beginning with 1965, allvolumes are shown on a pressure base of 14.73 p.s.i.a. at 60°F. For prior years, the pressure base was14.65 p.s.i.a. at 60°F.•Totals may not equal sum of components due to independent rounding.Web Pages:•For all data beginning in 1949, see http://www.eia.doe.gov/emeu/aer/natgas.html.•For related information, see http://www.eia.doe.gov/oil_gas/natural_gas/info_glance/natural_gas.html.Sources:**Residential, Commercial Total, Lease and Plant Fuel, Other Industrial Total,**and**Pipeline s** **and Distribution:**•1949-2003—Energy Information Administration (EIA),Natural Gas Annual (NGA),annual reports and unpublished revisions.•2004 forward—EIA,Natural Gas Monthly (NGM)(March 2009),Table 2.**Commercial CHP**and**Industrial CHP:**Table 8.7c.**Vehicle Fuel:**•1990 and 1991—EIA,NGA2000(November 2001), Table 95.•1992-1998—EIA, "Alternatives to Traditional Transportation Fuels1999" (October 1999), Table 10, and "Alternatives to Traditional Transportation Fuels 2003" (February2004), Table 10. Data for compressed natural gas and liquefied natural gas in gasoline-equivalent gallonswere converted to cubic feet by multiplying by the motor gasoline conversion factor (see Table A3) anddividing by the natural gas end-use sectors conversion factor (see Table A4).•1999-2003—EIA,NGA,annual reports.•2004 forward—EIA,NGM(March 2009), Table 2.**Electric Power Sector:**Tables 8.5b,8.5c, 8.6b, and 8.7b.**All Other Data:**Calculated.Figure 6.6 Natural Gas Underground StorageUnderground Storage, 1954-2008 Underground Storage Capacity, 1975-2008Base Gas and Working Gas in Underground Storage, 1954-2008 End-of-Year Storage as Share of Total Consumption, 1954-2008196 Energy Information Administration / Annual Energy Review 20081Working-gas and base-gas data were not collected in 1959, 1960, and 1961.Note: Storage is at end of year.Sources: Tables 6.5 and 6.6.1955 1960 1965 1970 1975 1980 1985 1990 1995 2000 200502468

Trillion Cubic Feet1975 1980 1985 1990 1995 2000 20050246810

Trillion Cubic Feet30%in 20081955 1960 1965 1970 1975 1980 1985 1990 1995 2000 2005012345

Trillion Cubic FeetPeak: 40% in 19861955 1960 1965 1970 1975 1980 1985 1990 1995 2000 200501020304050

PercentBase Gas1Working Gas1Energy Information Administration / Annual Energy Review 2008 197**T able 6.6 Natural Gas Underground Storage, 1954-2008** (Billion Cubic Feet)**Year Natural Gas in Underground Storage** **Natural Gas Underground** **Storage Capacity** **Base Gas**1**Working Gas Total** **Traditional Storage Salt Caverns** **Total Traditional Storage** **Salt Caverns Total** **Traditional Storage Salt Caverns** **Total**1954 NA NA 817 NA NA 465 NA NA 1,281 NA1955 NA NA 863 NA NA 505 NA NA 1,368 NA1956 NA NA 919 NA NA 583 NA NA 1,502 NA1957 NA NA 1,001 NA NA 673 NA NA 1,674 NA1958 NA NA 1,056 NA NA 708 NA NA 1,764 NA1959 NA NA NA NA NA NA NA NA 1,901 NA1960 NA NA NA NA NA NA NA NA 2,184 NA1961 NA NA NA NA NA NA NA NA 2,344 NA1962 NA NA 1,571 NA NA 933 NA NA 2,504 NA1963 NA NA 1,738 NA NA 1,007 NA NA 2,745 NA1964 NA NA 1,781 NA NA 1,159 NA NA 2,940 NA1965 NA NA 1,848 NA NA 1,242 NA NA 3,090 NA1966 NA NA 1,958 NA NA 1,267 NA NA 3,225 NA1967 NA NA 2,058 NA NA 1,318 NA NA 3,376 NA1968 NA NA 2,128 NA NA 1,366 NA NA 3,495 NA1969 NA NA 2,181 NA NA 1,421 NA NA 3,602 NA1970 NA NA 2,326 NA NA 1,678 NA NA 4,004 NA1971 NA NA 2,485 NA NA 1,840 NA NA 4,325 NA1972 NA NA 2,751 NA NA 1,729 NA NA 4,480 NA1973 NA NA 2,864 NA NA 2,034 NA NA 4,898 NA1974 NA NA 2,912 NA NA 2,050 NA NA 4,962 NA1975 NA NA 3,162 NA NA 2,212 NA NA 5,374 6,2801976 NA NA 3,323 NA NA 1,926 NA NA 5,250 6,5441977 NA NA 3,391 NA NA 2,475 NA NA 5,866 6,6781978 NA NA 3,473 NA NA 2,547 NA NA 6,020 6,8901979 NA NA 3,553 NA NA 2,753 NA NA 6,306 6,9291980 NA NA 3,642 NA NA 2,655 NA NA 6,297 7,4341981 NA NA 3,752 NA NA 2,817 NA NA 6,569 7,8051982 NA NA 3,808 NA NA 3,071 NA NA 6,879 7,9151983 NA NA 3,847 NA NA 2,595 NA NA 6,442 7,9851984 NA NA 3,830 NA NA 2,876 NA NA 6,706 8,0431985 NA NA 3,842 NA NA 2,607 NA NA 6,448 8,0871986 NA NA 3,819 NA NA 2,749 NA NA 6,567 8,1451987 NA NA 3,792 NA NA 2,756 NA NA 6,548 8,1241988 NA NA 3,800 NA NA 2,850 NA NA 6,650 8,1241989 NA NA 3,812 NA NA 2,513 NA NA 6,325 8,1201990 NA NA 3,868 NA NA 3,068 NA NA 6,936 7,7941991 NA NA 3,954 NA NA 2,824 NA NA 6,778 7,9931992 NA NA 4,044 NA NA 2,597 NA NA 6,641 7,9321993 NA NA 4,327 NA NA 2,322 NA NA 6,649 7,9891994 4,317 44 4,360 2,536 70 2,606 6,853 113 6,966 8,0431995 4,290 60 4,349 2,082 72 2,153 6,371 131 6,503 7,9531996 4,277 64 4,341 2,087 85 2,173 6,364 149 6,513 7,9801997 4,283 67 4,350 2,092 83 2,175 6,375 150 6,525 8,3321998 4,259 67 4,326 2,626 104 2,730 6,884 171 7,056 8,1791999 4,314 69 4,383 2,423 100 2,523 6,738 169 6,906 8,2292000 4,282 70 4,352 1,647 72 1,719 5,929 142 6,071 8,2412001 4,224 77 4,301 2,789 115 2,904 7,013 191 7,204 8,4152002 4,265 75 4,340 2,273 102 2,375 6,539 177 6,715 8,2072003 4,227 76 4,303 2,438 125 2,563 6,665 201 6,866 8,2062004 4,129 72 4,201 2,598 98 2,696 6,727 170 6,897 8,2552005 4,122 78 4,200 2,513 123 2,635 6,635 201 6,835 8,2682006 4,134 77 4,211 2,926 144 3,070 7,059 222 7,281 8,3302007 4,154 80 4,234 2,756 123 2,879 6,910 203 7,113R8,4022008P4,143 86 4,229 2,686 154 2,840 6,829 240 7,069 8,4471Includes native gas.R=Revised. P=Preliminary. NA=Not available.Notes:•Storage and capacity are at end of year.•Beginning with 1965, all volumes are shown on apressure base of 14.73 p.s.i.a. at 60°F. For prior years, the pressure base was 14.65 p.s.i.a. at 60°F.•Totals may not equal sum of components due to independent rounding.Web Page: See http://www.eia.doe.gov/oil_gas/natural_gas/info_glance/natural_gas.html for relatedinformation.Sources:•1954-1974—American Gas Association,Gas Facts.•1975-1978—Federal EnergyAdministration, Form FEA-G318-M-O, "Underground Gas Storage Report," and Federal PowerCommission, Form FPC-8, "Underground Gas Storage Report."•1979-1984—Energy InformationAdministration (EIA), Form EIA-191, "Underground Gas Storage Report," and Federal Energy RegulatoryCommission, Form FERC-8, "Underground Gas Storage Report."•1985-2007—EIA,Natural GasMonthly (NGM),monthly reports, andNatural Gas Annual,annual reports.•2008—EIA,NGM(March2009), Tables 6, 8, and 9, and Form EIA-191M, "Monthly Underground Gas Storage Report."Figure 6.7 Natural Gas Wellhead, City Gate, and Imports PricesWellhead, City Gate, and Imports, 2008 Wellhead, City Gate, and Imports, 1949-2008Wellhead, 1949-2008 Imports, 1972-2008198 Energy Information Administration / Annual Energy Review 20081See “Nominal Dollars” in Glossary.2In chained (2000) dollars, calculated by usinggross domestic product implicit price deflators.See Table D1.Source: Table 6.7.ImportsCity Gate8.079.158.51Wellhead City Gate Imports0246810

Nominal Dollars1 per Thousand Cubic FeetWellhead1950 1960 1970 1980 1990 2000036912

Nominal Dollars1 per Thousand Cubic Feet1950 1960 1970 1980 1990 20000246810

Dollars per Thousand Cubic FeetReal21975 1980 1985 1990 1995 2000 20050369

Dollars per Thousand Cubic FeetReal2Nominal1Nominal1Energy Information Administration / Annual Energy Review 2008 199**T able 6.7 Natural Gas Wellhead, City Gate, and Imports Prices, Selected Years, 1949-2008** (Dollars per Thousand Cubic Feet)**Year Wellhead** 1**City Gate**2**Imports Nominal** 3**Real**4**Nominal**3**Real**4**Nominal**3**Real**41949 0.06 0.37 NA NA NA NA1950 .07 .42 NA NA NA NA1955 .10 .53 NA NA NA NA1960 .14 .67 NA NA NA NA1965 .16 .71 NA NA NA NA1970 .17 .62 NA NA NA NA1971 .18 .62 NA NA NA NA1972 .19 .63 NA NA .31 1.031973 .22 .69 NA NA .35 1.101974 .30 .86 NA NA .55 1.581975 .44 1.16 NA NA 1.21 3.181976 .58 1.44 NA NA 1.72 4.281977 .79 1.85 NA NA 1.98 4.631978 .91 1.99 NA NA 2.13 4.661979 1.18 2.38 NA NA 2.49 5.031980 1.59 2.94 NA NA 4.28 7.921981 1.98 3.35 NA NA 4.88 8.251982 2.46 3.92 NA NA 5.03 8.021983 2.59 3.97 NA NA 4.78 7.331984 2.66 3.93 3.95 5.84 4.08 6.031985 2.51 3.60 3.75 5.38 3.21 4.601986 1.94 2.72 3.22 4.52 2.43 3.411987 1.67 2.28 2.87 3.92 1.95 2.661988 1.69 2.23 2.92 3.86 1.84 2.431989 1.69 2.15 3.01 3.83 1.82 2.321990 1.71 2.10 3.03 3.71 1.94 2.381991 1.64 1.94 2.90 3.43 1.83 2.171992 1.74 2.01 3.01 3.48 1.85 2.141993 2.04 2.31 3.21 3.63 2.03 2.301994 1.85 2.05 3.07 3.40 1.87 2.071995 1.55 1.68 2.78 3.02 1.49 1.621996 2.17 2.31 3.34 3.56 1.97 2.101997 2.32 2.43 3.66 3.84 2.17 2.271998 1.96 2.03 3.07 3.18 1.97 2.041999 2.19 2.24 3.10 3.17 2.24 2.292000 3.68 3.68 4.62 4.62 3.95 3.952001 4.00 3.91 5.72 5.59 4.43 4.332002 2.95 2.83 4.12 3.95 3.15 3.022003 4.88 4.59 5.85 5.50 5.17 4.862004 5.46 4.99 6.65 6.08 5.81 5.312005 7.33R6.48 8.67 7.67 8.12R7.182006R6.39R5.48 8.61R7.38 6.88 5.902007R6.37R5.32R8.12 6.78R6.87R5.732008P8.07P6.59P9.15P7.47E8.51E6.951See "Natural Gas Wellhead Price" in Glossary.2See "City Gate" in Glossary.3See "Nominal Dollars" in Glossary.4In chained (2000) dollars, calculated by using gross domestic product implicit price deflators in TableD1. See "Chained Dollars" in Glossary.R=Revised. P=Preliminary. E=Estimate. NA=Not available.Web Pages:•For all data beginning in 1949, see http://www.eia.doe.gov/emeu/aer/natgas.html.•For related information, see http://www.eia.doe.gov/oil_gas/natural_gas/info_glance/natural_gas.html.Sources:**Wellhead**and**City Gate:**•1949-2003—Energy Information Administration (EIA),NaturalGas Annual (NGA),annual reports.•2004 forward—EIA,Natural Gas Monthly (NGM)(March 2009),Table 3.**Imports:**•1972 and 1973—Federal Power Commission (FPC),Pipeline Imports and ExportsofNatural Gas—Imports and Exports of LNG.•1974-1976—FPC,United States Imports and ExportsofNatural Gas,annual reports.•1977-2006—EIA,NGA,annual reports.•2007—EIA,NGM(March 2009),Table 4.•2008—EIA estimates.Figure 6.8 Natural Gas Prices by SectorNominal1 Prices, 2008 Real6Prices, Indexed, 1980-2008Real6Prices, 1967-2008200 Energy Information Administration / Annual Energy Review 20081See “Nominal Dollars” in Glossary.2Based on 98.1 percentof volume delivered.3Based on 75.1 percent of volume delivered.4Based on 20.3 percent of volume delivered.5Based on 100.6 percent of volume delivered.For an explanation of values over 100 percent,see Table 6.8, footnote 8.6In chained (2000) dollars, calculated by using gross domestic product implicit price deflators.See Table D1.Source: Table 6.8.1980 1985 1990 1995 2000 20050.000.501.001.502.00

Index: 1980=1.00ResidentialCommercialIndustrialElectric Power13.6811.989.619.35Residential2 Commercial3 Industrial Electric03691215

Dollars per Thousand Cubic Feet4Power5ResidentialIndustrialCommercialElectric PowerVehicle Fuel1970 1975 1980 1985 1990 1995 2000 200502468101214

Dollars per Thousand Cubic FeetEnergy Information Administration / Annual Energy Review 2008 201**T able 6.8 Natural Gas Prices by Sector, 1967-2008** (Dollars per Thousand Cubic Feet, Except as Noted)**Year Residential Sector** **Commercial Sector**1**Industrial Sector**2**Transportation Sector Electric Power Sector** 3**Prices Percentage** **of Sector** 7**Prices Percentage** **of Sector** 7**Prices Percentage** **of Sector** 7**Vehicle Fuel**4**Prices Prices** **Percentage of** **Sector**7,8**Nominal**5**Real**6**Nominal**5**Real**6**Nominal**5**Real**6**Nominal**5**Real**6**Nominal**5**Real**61967 1.04 4.35 NA 0.74 3.10 NA 0.34 1.42 NA NA NA 0.28 1.17 NA1968 1.04 4.17 NA .73 2.93 NA .34 1.36 NA NA NA .22 .88 NA1969 1.05 4.02 NA .74 2.83 NA .35 1.34 NA NA NA .27 1.03 NA1970 1.09 3.96 NA .77 2.80 NA .37 1.34 NA NA NA .29 1.05 NA1971 1.15 3.98 NA .82 2.84 NA .41 1.42 NA NA NA .32 1.11 NA1972 1.21 4.01 NA .88 2.92 NA .45 1.49 NA NA NA .34 1.13 NA1973 1.29 4.05 NA .94 2.95 NA .50 1.57 NA NA NA .38 1.19 92.11974 1.43 4.12 NA 1.07 3.08 NA .67 1.93 NA NA NA .51 1.47 92.71975 1.71 4.50 NA 1.35 3.55 NA .96 2.53 NA NA NA .77 2.03 96.11976 1.98 4.93 NA 1.64 4.08 NA 1.24 3.08 NA NA NA 1.06 2.64 96.21977 2.35 5.50 NA 2.04 4.77 NA 1.50 3.51 NA NA NA 1.32 3.09 97.11978 2.56 5.59 NA 2.23 4.87 NA 1.70 3.72 NA NA NA 1.48 3.23 98.01979 2.98 6.01 NA 2.73 5.51 NA 1.99 4.02 NA NA NA 1.81 3.65 96.11980 3.68 6.81 NA 3.39 6.27 NA 2.56 4.74 NA NA NA 2.27 4.20 96.91981 4.29 7.26 NA 4.00 6.77 NA 3.14 5.31 NA NA NA 2.89 4.89 97.61982 5.17 8.24 NA 4.82 7.68 NA 3.87 6.17 85.1 NA NA 3.48 5.55 92.61983 6.06 9.29 NA 5.59 8.57 NA 4.18 6.41 80.7 NA NA 3.58 5.49 93.91984 6.12 9.05 NA 5.55 8.20 NA 4.22 6.24 74.7 NA NA 3.70 5.47 94.41985 6.12 8.78 NA 5.50 7.89 NA 3.95 5.67 68.8 NA NA 3.55 5.09 94.01986 5.83 8.18 NA 5.08 7.13 NA 3.23 4.53 59.8 NA NA 2.43 3.41 91.71987 5.54 7.57 NA 4.77 6.52 93.1 2.94 4.02 47.4 NA NA 2.32 3.17 91.61988 5.47 7.23 NA 4.63 6.12 90.7 2.95 3.90 42.6 NA NA 2.33 3.08 89.61989 5.64 7.18 99.9 4.74 6.03 89.1 2.96 3.77 36.9R4.17R5.31 2.43 3.09 79.61990 5.80 7.11 99.2 4.83 5.92 86.6 2.93 3.59 35.2 3.39 4.15 2.38 2.92 76.81991 5.82 6.89 99.2 4.81 5.70 85.1 2.69 3.19 32.7 3.96 4.69 2.18 2.58 79.31992 5.89 6.82 99.1 4.88 5.65 83.2 2.84 3.29 30.3 4.05 4.69 2.36 2.73 76.51993 6.16 6.97 99.1 5.22 5.91 83.9 3.07 3.47 29.7 4.27 4.83 2.61 2.95 74.11994 6.41 7.10 99.1 5.44 6.03 79.3 3.05 3.38 25.5 4.11 4.55 2.28 2.53 73.41995 6.06 6.58 99.0 5.05 5.48 76.7 2.71 2.94 24.5 3.98 4.32 2.02 2.19 71.41996 6.34 6.76 99.0 5.40 5.75 77.6 3.42 3.64 19.4 4.34 4.62 2.69 2.87 68.41997 6.94 7.27 98.8 5.80 6.08 70.8 3.59 3.76 18.1 4.44 4.65 2.78 2.91 68.01998 6.82 7.07 97.7 5.48 5.68 67.0 3.14 3.25 16.1 4.59 4.76 2.40 2.49 63.71999 6.69 6.84 95.2 5.33 5.45 66.1 3.12 3.19 18.8 4.34 4.43 2.62 2.68 58.32000 7.76 7.76 92.6 6.59 6.59 63.9 4.45 4.45 19.8 5.54 5.54 4.38 4.38 50.52001 9.63 9.40 92.4 8.43 8.23 66.0 5.24 5.12 20.8 6.60 6.45 4.61 4.50 40.22002 7.89 7.57 97.9 6.63 6.36 77.4 4.02 3.86 22.7 5.10 4.9033.6833.53383.92003 9.63 9.05 97.5 8.40 7.89 78.2 5.89 5.54 22.1 6.19 5.82 5.57 5.23 91.22004 10.75 9.82 97.7 9.43 8.61 78.0 6.53 5.97 23.7 7.16 6.54 6.11 5.58 89.82005 12.70 11.24 98.2 11.34R10.03 82.1 8.56R7.57 24.1 9.14 8.09R8.45R7.48R89.12006R13.73R11.77 98.1R12.00R10.28R80.8R7.87R6.75R23.4R8.72R7.48 7.11R6.09 93.42007R13.06R10.90 98.0R11.32 9.45R80.5R7.68R6.41R22.3R8.45R7.05 7.31R6.10R92.22008P13.68P11.17E98.1P11.98P9.79P75.1P9.61P7.85P20.3 NA NAP9.35P7.64P8100.61Commercial sector, including commercial combined-heat-and-power (CHP) and commercialelectricity-only plants.2Industrial sector, including industrial combined-heat-and-power (CHP) and industrial electricity-onlyplants.3Electricity-only and combined-heat-and-power (CHP) plants within the NAICS 22 category whoseprimary business is to sell electricity, or electricity and heat, to the public. Through 2001, data are forelectric utilities only; beginning in 2002, data are for electric utilities and independent power producers. SeeNote 5, "Coverage of Electric Power Sector Natural Gas Prices," at end of section.4Much of the natural gas delivered for vehicle fuel represents deliveries to fueling stations that are usedprimarily or exclusively by fleet vehicles. Thus, the prices are often those associated with the cost of gas inthe operation of fleet vehicles.5See "Nominal Dollars" in Glossary.6In chained (2000) dollars, calculated by using gross domestic product implicit price deflators in TableD1. See "Chained Dollars" in Glossary.7The percentage of the sector’s consumption in Table 6.5 for which price data are available.8Percentages exceed 100 percent when reported natural gas receipts are greater than reported naturalgas consumption—this can occur when combined-heat-and-power (CHP) plants report fuel receipts relatedto non-electric generating activities.R=Revised. P=Preliminary. E=Estimate. NA=Not available.Notes:•Prices are for natural gas, plus a small amount of supplemental gaseous fuels.•The averagefor each end-use sector is calculated by dividing the total value of the natural gas consumed by each sectorby the total quantity consumed.•Prices are intended to include all taxes.•See Note 2, "ClassificationofPower Plants Into Energy-Use Sectors," at end of Section 8.Web Page: See http://www.eia.doe.gov/oil_gas/natural_gas/info_glance/natural_gas.html for relatedinformation.Sources:**Residential Percentage of Sector:**•1989-2007—Energy Information Administration (EIA),Form EIA-176, "Annual Report of Natural and Supplemental Gas Supply and Disposition."•2008—EIAestimate.**Vehicle Fuel:**EIA,NGA,annual reports.**Electric Power Price:**•1967-2003—EIA,NGA,annual reports.•2004-2007—EIA,Natural Gas Monthly (NGM)(March 2009), Table 3.•2008—EIA,Form EIA-923, "Power Plant Operations Report."**Electric Power Percentage of Secto r:** •1973-2001—Calculated by EIA as the quantity of natural gas receipts by electric utilities reported onForm FERC-423, "Monthly Report of Cost and Quantity of Fuels for Electric Utility Plants" (and predecessorforms), divided by the quantity of natural gas consumed by the electric power sector (for 1973-1988, seeTable 8.5b; for 1989-2001, see Table 8.7b).•2002-2007—Calculated by EIA as the quantity of naturalgas receipts by electric utilities and independent power producers reported on Forms FERC-423, "MonthlyReport of Cost and Quantity of Fuels for Electric Utility Plants," and EIA-423, "Monthly Cost and QualityofFuels for Electric Plants Report," divided by the quantity of natural gas consumed by the electric powersector (see Table 8.7b).•2008—Calculated by EIA as the quantity of natural gas receipts by electricutilities and independent power producers reported on Form EIA-923, "Power Plant Operations Report,"divided by the quantity of natural gas consumed by the electric power sector (see Table 8.7b).**All Othe r** **Data:**•1967-2003—EIA,NGA,annual reports.•2004 forward—EIA,NGM(March 2009), Table 3.Natural GasNote 1. Supplemental Gaseous Fuels.Supplemental gaseous fuels are anysubstances that, introduced into or commingled with natural gas, increase thevolume available for disposition. Such substances include, but are not limited to,propane-air, refinery gas, coke oven gas, still gas, manufactured gas, biomass gas,or air or inert gases added for British thermal unit (Btu) stabilization.Annual data beginning with 1980 are from the Energy Information Administration(EIA),Natural Gas Annual. Unknown quantities of supplemental gaseous fuels areincluded in consumption data for 1979 and earlier years.Although the total amount of supplemental gaseous fuels consumed is known for1980 forward, EIA estimates the amount consumed by each energy-use sector. It isassumed that supplemental gaseous fuels arecommingled with natural gas consumed bythe residential, commercial, other industrial,and electric power sectors, but are notcommingled with natural gas used for lease and plant fuel, pipelines and distribution, orvehicle fuel. The estimated consumption of supplemental gaseous fuels by each sector(residential, commercial, other industrial,and electric power) is calculated as thatsector’s natural gas consumption (see Table 6.5) divided by the sum of natural gasconsumption by the residential, commercial,other industrial, and electric power sectors(see Table 6.5), and then multiplied by total supplemental gaseous fuels consumption(see Table 6.1). For estimated sectoral consumption of supplemental gaseous fuels inBtu, the residential, commercial, and other industrial values in cubic feet are multipliedby the “End-Use Sectors” conversion factors (see Table A4), and the electric powervalues in cubic feet are multiplied by the “Electric Power Sector” conversionfactors (see Table A4). Total supplemental gaseous fuels consumption in Btu iscalculated as the sum of the Btu values for the sectors.Note 2. Natural Gas Consumption.Natural gas consumption statistics arecompiled from surveys of natural gas production, transmission, and distributioncompanies and from surveys of electric power generation. Consumption by sectorfrom these surveys is compiled on a national and individual State basis and thenbalanced with national and individual State supply data. Included in the data are thefollowing:Residential Sector—Consumption by private households for spaceheating, cooking, andother household uses;Commercial Sector—Consumption bynonmanufacturing establishments; municipalities for institutional heating and lighting; and, through 1995, those engaged inagriculture, forestry, and fishing. Thecommercial sector includes generators that produce electricity and/or useful thermaloutput primarily to support the activitiesof the above-mentioned commercial establishments;Industrial Sector—Consumption by establishments engaged primarilyin processing unfinished materials into another form of product (including mining;petroleum refining; manufacturing; and, beginning in 1996, agriculture, forestry,and fishing), and natural gas industry use for lease and plant fuel. The industrialsector includes generators that produce electricity and/or useful thermal outputprimarily to support the above-mentioned industrial activities;TransportationSector—Natural gas transmission (pipeline) fuel, and natural gas delivered foruse as vehicle fuel; andElectric Power Sector (electric utilities and independent power producers)—Consumption for electricity generation and useful thermal output at electricity-only and combined-heat-and-power (CHP) plants withinthe NAICS (North American Industry Classification System) 22 category whoseprimary business is to sell electricity, or electricity and heat, to the public.Note 3. Natural Gas Consumption, 1989-1992.Prior to 1993, deliveries to nonutility generators were not separately collected from natural gas companies on FormEIA-176, “Annual Report of Natural and Supplemental Gas Supply andDisposition.” As a result, for 1989-1992, those volumes are probably included inboth the industrial and electric power sectors and double-counted in total consumption. In 1993, 0.28 trillion cubic feetwas reported as delivered to nonutilitygenerators.Note 4. Natural Gas Vehicle Fuel.In Table 6.5, for 1992 forward, natural gas vehicle fuel data do not reflect revised data shown in Table 10.5. These revisions, in millioncubic feet, are: 1992–2,112; 1993–2,860; 1994–3,222; 1995–4,619; 1996–6,111;1997–8,393; 1998–9,416; 1999–10,398; 2000–11,461; 2001–13,788; 2002–15,810;2003–17,417; 2004–21,466; 2005–22,556; 2006–23,317; and 2007-24,209.Note 5. Coverage of Electric Power Sector Natural Gas Prices.For 1973-1982,data for electric power sector natural gas prices include all electric utility plants atwhich the generator nameplate capacity of all steam-electric units combinedtotaled 25 megawatts or greater. For 1974-1982, peaking units are also includedand counted toward the 25-megawatt-or-greater total. For 1983-1990, data includeall electric utility plants at which the generator nameplate capacity of all steamelectric units combined totaled 50 megawatts or greater. For 1991-2001, datainclude all electric utility plants at which the generator nameplate capacity of allsteam-electric units and combined-cycle units together totaled 50 megawatts orgreater. For 2002 forward, data include electric utility and independent powerproducer plants at which the total facility fossil-fueled nameplate generatingcapacity is 50 or more megawatts, regardless of unit type.202Energy Information Administration / Annual Energy Review 2008Coal7Coal yard, Curtis Bay, Maryland. Source: U.S. Department of Energy.Figure 7.0 Coal Flow, 2008(Million Short Tons)Energy Information Administration / Annual Energy Review 20082051Includes fine coal, coal obtainedfrom a refuse bank or slurry dam, anthracite culm, bituminous gob, and lignite waste that are consumed by the electric power and industrial sectors.Notes: • Production categories are estimated;other data are preliminary. • Values arederived from source data prior to rounding for publication. • Totals may not equal sum ofcomponents due to independent rounding.Sources: Tables 7.1, 7.2, and 7.3.Figure 7.1 Coal OverviewOverview, 1949-2008Overview, 2008 Production as Share of Consumption by Type of Fossil Fuel, 1949-2008206 Energy Information Administration / Annual Energy Review 20081Dry natural gas production as share of natural gas consumption.2Crude oil and natural gas plant liquids production as share of petroleum products supplied.Sources: Tables 5.1, 6.1, and 7.1.1950 1955 1960 1965 1970 1975 1980 1985 1990 1995 2000 200505001,0001,500

Million Short TonsProductionConsumptionExportsCoal1,17134821,122Production Imports Exports Consumption05001,0001,500

Million Short Tons1950 1960 1970 1980 1990 20000255075100125

PercentNatural Gas1Petroleum2Energy Information Administration / Annual Energy Review 2008 207**T able 7.1 Coal Overview, Selected Years, 1949-2008** (Million Short Tons)**Year Production** 1**Waste Coal Supplied** 2**Trade Stock Change** 4**Losses and Unaccounted for** 5**Consumption Imports** **Exports Net Imports** 31949 480.6 NA 0.3 32.8 -32.56( )6,R-35.1 483.21950 560.4 NA .4 29.4 -29.06( )6,R37.3 494.11955 490.8 NA .3 54.4 -54.16( )6,R-10.3 447.01960 434.3 NA .3 38.0 -37.76( )6,R-1.5 398.11965 527.0 NA .2 51.0 -50.86( )6,R4.1 472.01970 612.7 NA (s) 71.7 -71.76( )6,R17.7 523.21971 560.9 NA .1 57.3 -57.26( )6,R2.2 501.61972 602.5 NA (s) 56.7 -56.76( )6,R21.5 524.31973 598.6 NA .1 53.6 -53.56( )6,R-17.5 562.61974 610.0 NA 2.1 60.7 -58.6 -8.9 2.0 558.41975 654.6 NA .9 66.3 -65.4 32.2 -5.5 562.61976 684.9 NA 1.2 60.0 -58.8 8.5 13.8 603.81977 697.2 NA 1.6 54.3 -52.7 22.6 -3.4 625.31978 670.2 NA 3.0 40.7 -37.8 -4.9 12.1 625.21979 781.1 NA 2.1 66.0 -64.0 36.2 .4 680.51980 829.7 NA 1.2 91.7 -90.5 25.6 10.8 702.71981 823.8 NA 1.0 112.5 -111.5 -19.0 -1.4 732.61982 838.1 NA .7 106.3 -105.5 22.6 3.1 706.91983 782.1 NA 1.3 77.8 -76.5 -29.5 -1.6 736.71984 895.9 NA 1.3 81.5 -80.2 28.7 -4.3 791.31985 883.6 NA 2.0 92.7 -90.7 -27.9 2.8 818.01986 890.3 NA 2.2 85.5 -83.3 4.0 -1.2 804.21987 918.8 NA 1.7 79.6 -77.9 6.5 -2.5 836.91988 950.3 NA 2.1 95.0 -92.9 -24.9 -1.3 883.61989 980.7 1.4 2.9 100.8 -98.0 -13.7 2.9 895.01990 1,029.1 3.3 2.7 105.8 -103.1 26.5 -1.7 904.51991 996.0 4.0 3.4 109.0 -105.6 -.9 -3.9 899.21992 997.5 6.3 3.8 102.5 -98.7 -3.0 .5 907.71993 945.4 8.1 8.2 74.5 -66.3 -51.9 -4.9 944.11994 1,033.5 8.2 8.9 71.4 -62.5 23.6 4.3 951.31995 1,033.0 8.6 9.5 88.5 -79.1 -.3 .6 962.11996 1,063.9 8.8 8.1 90.5 -82.4 -17.5 1.4 1,006.31997 1,089.9 8.1 7.5 83.5 -76.1 -11.3 3.7 1,029.51998 1,117.5 8.7 8.7 78.0 -69.3 24.2 -4.4 1,037.11999 1,100.4 8.7 9.1 58.5 -49.4 24.0 -2.9 1,038.62000 1,073.6 9.1 12.5 58.5 -46.0 -48.3 .9 1,084.1200111,127.7 10.1 19.8 48.7 -28.9 41.6 7.1 1,060.12002 1,094.3 9.1 16.9 39.6 -22.7 10.2 4.0 1,066.42003 1,071.8 10.0 25.0 43.0 -18.0 -26.7 -4.4 1,094.92004 1,112.1 11.3 27.3 48.0 -20.7 -11.5 6.9 1,107.32005 1,131.5 13.4 30.5 49.9 -19.5 -9.7 9.1 1,126.02006 1,162.7 14.4 36.2 49.6 -13.4 42.6 8.8 1,112.32007R1,146.6 14.1 36.3 59.2 -22.8R5.8R4.1R1,128.02008P1,171.5 13.7 34.2 81.5 -47.3 6.4 9.8 1,121.71Beginning in 2001, includes a small amount of refuse recovery (coal recaptured from a refuse mine,and cleaned to reduce the concentration of noncombustible materials).2Waste coal (including fine coal, coal obtained from a refuse bank or slurry dam, anthracite culm,bituminous gob, and lignite waste) consumed by the electric power and industrial sectors. Beginning in1989, waste coal supplied is counted as a supply-side item to balance the same amount of waste coalincluded in "Consumption."3Net imports equal imports minus exports. Minus sign indicates exports are greater than imports.4A negative value indicates a decrease in stocks and a positive value indicates an increase.5"Losses and Unaccounted for" is calculated as the sum of production, imports, and waste coalsupplied, minus exports, stock change, and consumption.6Through 1973, stock change is included in "Losses and Unaccounted for."R=Revised. P=Preliminary. NA=Not available. (s)=Less than 0.05 million short tons.Notes:•See Note 1, "Coal Consumption," at end of section.•Totals may not equal sumofcomponents due to independent rounding.Web Pages:•For all data beginning in 1949, see http://www.eia.doe.gov/emeu/aer/coal.html.•For related information, see http://www.eia.doe.gov/fuelcoal.html.Sources:**Production:**Table 7.2.**Waste Coal Supplied:**•1989-1997—Energy InformationAdministration (EIA), Form EIA-867, "Annual Nonutility Power Producer Report."•1998-2000—EIA, FormEIA-860B, "Annual Electric Generator Report—Nonutility."•2001—EIA, Form EIA-906, "Power PlantReport," and Form EIA-3, "Quarterly Coal Consumption and Quality Report—Manufacturing Plants.•2002forward—EIA,Quarterly Coal Report October-December 2008(April 2009), Table ES-1.**Import s:** •1949-2001—U.S. Department of Commerce, Bureau of the Census, "Monthly Report IM 145."•2002forward—EIA,Quarterly Coal Report October-December 2008(April 2009), Table ES-1.**Exports:**Table7.4.**Stock Change:**Table 7.5.**Losses and Unaccounted for:**Calculated.**Consumption:**Table 7.3.Figure 7.2 Coal Production, 1949-2008TotalBy RankBy Mining Method By Location208 Energy Information Administration / Annual Energy Review 2008AnthraciteLignite1Subbituminous Coal11 Included in bituminous coal prior to 1969. Source: Table 7.2.1950 1960 1970 1980 1990 200003006009001,2001,500

Million Short TonsBituminousCoal1950 1960 1970 1980 1990 20000200400600800

Million Short Tons1.2 billion short tonsin 20081950 1960 1970 1980 1990 20000300600900

Million Short TonsSurface1950 1960 1970 1980 1990 20000200400600800

Million Short TonsUndergroundEast of the MississippiWest of the MississippiEnergy Information Administration / Annual Energy Review 2008 209**T able 7.2 Coal Production, Selected Years, 1949-2008** (Million Short Tons)**Year Rank** **Mining Method Location** **Total**1**Bituminous Coal** 1**Subbituminous Coal** **Lignite Anthracite** 1**Underground Surface** 1**East of the Mississippi** 1**West of the Mississippi** 11949 437.92( )2( ) 42.7 358.9 121.7 444.2 36.4 480.61950 516.32( )2( ) 44.1 421.0 139.4 524.4 36.0 560.41955 464.62( )2( ) 26.2 358.0 132.9 464.2 26.6 490.81960 415.52( )2( ) 18.8 292.6 141.7 413.0 21.3 434.31965 512.12( )2( ) 14.9 338.0 189.0 499.5 27.4 527.01970 578.5 16.4 8.0 9.7 340.5 272.1 567.8 44.9 612.71971 521.3 22.2 8.7 8.7 277.2 283.7 509.9 51.0 560.91972 556.8 27.5 11.0 7.1 305.0 297.4 538.2 64.3 602.51973 543.5 33.9 14.3 6.8 300.1 298.5 522.1 76.4 598.61974 545.7 42.2 15.5 6.6 278.0 332.1 518.1 91.9 610.01975 577.5 51.1 19.8 6.2 293.5 361.2 543.7 110.9 654.61976 588.4 64.8 25.5 6.2 295.5 389.4 548.8 136.1 684.91977 581.0 82.1 28.2 5.9 266.6 430.6 533.3 163.9 697.21978 534.0 96.8 34.4 5.0 242.8 427.4 487.2 183.0 670.21979 612.3 121.5 42.5 4.8 320.9 460.2 559.7 221.4 781.11980 628.8 147.7 47.2 6.1 337.5 492.2 578.7 251.0 829.71981 608.0 159.7 50.7 5.4 316.5 507.3 553.9 269.9 823.81982 620.2 160.9 52.4 4.6 339.2 499.0 564.3 273.9 838.11983 568.6 151.0 58.3 4.1 300.4 481.7 507.4 274.7 782.11984 649.5 179.2 63.1 4.2 352.1 543.9 587.6 308.3 895.91985 613.9 192.7 72.4 4.7 350.8 532.8 558.7 324.9 883.61986 620.1 189.6 76.4 4.3 360.4 529.9 564.4 325.9 890.31987 636.6 200.2 78.4 3.6 372.9 545.9 581.9 336.8 918.81988 638.1 223.5 85.1 3.6 382.2 568.1 579.6 370.7 950.31989 659.8 231.2 86.4 3.3 393.8 586.9 599.0 381.7 980.71990 693.2 244.3 88.1 3.5 424.5 604.5 630.2 398.9 1,029.11991 650.7 255.3 86.5 3.4 407.2 588.8 591.3 404.7 996.01992 651.8 252.2 90.1 3.5 407.2 590.3 588.6 409.0 997.51993 576.7 274.9 89.5 4.3 351.1 594.4 516.2 429.2 945.41994 640.3 300.5 88.1 4.6 399.1 634.4 566.3 467.2 1,033.51995 613.8 328.0 86.5 4.7 396.2 636.7 544.2 488.7 1,033.01996 630.7 340.3 88.1 4.8 409.8 654.0 563.7 500.2 1,063.91997 653.8 345.1 86.3 4.7 420.7 669.3 579.4 510.6 1,089.91998 640.6 385.9 85.8 5.3 417.7 699.8 570.6 547.0 1,117.51999 601.7 406.7 87.2 4.8 391.8 708.6 529.6 570.8 1,100.42000 574.3 409.2 85.6 4.6 373.7 700.0 507.5 566.1 1,073.620011611.3 434.4 80.011.9 380.61747.11528.81598.911,127.72002 572.1 438.4 82.5 1.4 357.4 736.9 492.9 601.4 1,094.32003 541.5 442.6 86.4 1.3 352.8 719.0 469.2 602.5 1,071.82004 561.5 465.4 83.5 1.7 367.6 744.5 484.8 627.3 1,112.12005 571.2 474.7 83.9 1.7 368.6 762.9 493.8 637.7 1,131.52006 561.6 515.3 84.2 1.5 359.0 803.7 490.8 672.0 1,162.72007R542.8R523.7R78.6 1.6R351.8R794.8R478.2R668.5R1,146.62008E559.4E534.7E75.7E1.7E357.6E813.9E493.1E678.4P1,171.51Beginning in 2001, includes a small amount of refuse recovery.2Included in "Bituminous Coal."R=Revised. P=Preliminary. E=Estimate.Note: Totals may not equal sum of components due to independent rounding.Web Pages:•For all data beginning in 1949, see http://www.eia.doe.gov/emeu/aer/coal.html.•For related information, see http://www.eia.doe.gov/fuelcoal.html.Sources:•1949-1975—Bureau of Mines,Minerals Yearbook,"Coal—Bituminous and Lignite" and"Coal—Pennsylvania Anthracite" chapters.•1976—Energy Information Administration (EIA), Energy DataReports,Coal—Bituminous and Lignite in 1976andCoal—Pennsylvania Anthracite 1976.•1977 and1978—EIA, Energy Data Reports,Bituminous Coal and Lignite Production and Mine Operations—1977;1978, Coal—Pennsylvania Anthracite 1977; 1978,andCoal Production,annual reports.•1979 and1980—EIA, Energy Data Reports,Weekly Coal ReportandCoal Production,annual reports.•1981-1988—EIA,Weekly Coal ProductionandCoal Production,annual reports.•1989-2000—EIA,Coal Industry Annual,annual reports.•2001-2007—EIA,Annual Coal Report,annual reports.•2008—EIA,Quarterly Coal Report October-December 2008(April 2009), Table 1; EIA, Form EIA-7A,"Coal Production Report"; and U.S. Department of Labor, Mine Safety and Health Administration, Form7000-2, "Quarterly Mine Employment and Coal Production Report."Figure 7.3 Coal Consumption by SectorBy Sector, 1949-2008By Sector, 2008 Sector Shares, 1949 and 2008210 Energy Information Administration / Annual Energy Review 20081Includes combined-heat-and-power (CHP) plants and a small number of electricity-onlyplants.2For 1978 forward, small amounts of transportation sector use are included in “Industrial.”3Electricity-only and combined-heat-and-power (CHP) plants whose primary business is tosell electricity, or electricity and heat, to the public.(s)=Less than 0.5.Source: Table 7.3.Residential, Commercial1,and Transportation2Industrial11950 1955 1960 1965 1970 1975 1980 1985 1990 1995 2000 200503006009001,200

Million Short TonsElectric Power3Power3(s)3771,042Residential Commercial1 Industrial1 Electric Power303006009001,200

Million Short Tons(s)(s)7(2)931113441517Residential Commercial1 Industrial1 Transportation Electric0255075100

Percent19492008Energy Information Administration / Annual Energy Review 2008 211**T able 7.3 Coal Consumption by Sector, Selected Years, 1949-2008** (Million Short Tons)**Year Residential** **Sector**1**Commercial Sector**1**Industrial Sector Transportation** **Sector Electric Power Sector** 2**Total CHP** 3**Other**4**Total Coke Plants** **Other Industrial Total** **Electricity Only** **CHP Total** **CHP**5**Non-CHP**6**Total**1949 52.47( ) 64.1 64.1 91.48( ) 121.2 121.2 212.6 70.2 84.0 NA 84.0 483.21950 51.67( ) 63.0 63.0 104.08( ) 120.6 120.6 224.6 63.0 91.9 NA 91.9 494.11955 35.67( ) 32.9 32.9 107.78( ) 110.1 110.1 217.8 17.0 143.8 NA 143.8 447.01960 24.27( ) 16.8 16.8 81.48( ) 96.0 96.0 177.4 3.0 176.7 NA 176.7 398.11965 14.67( ) 11.0 11.0 95.38( ) 105.6 105.6 200.8 .7 244.8 NA 244.8 472.01970 9.07( ) 7.1 7.1 96.58( ) 90.2 90.2 186.6 .3 320.2 NA 320.2 523.21971 7.47( ) 7.8 7.8 83.28( ) 75.6 75.6 158.9 .2 327.3 NA 327.3 501.61972 5.07( ) 6.7 6.7 87.78( ) 72.9 72.9 160.6 .2 351.8 NA 351.8 524.31973 4.17( ) 7.0 7.0 94.18( ) 68.0 68.0 162.1 .1 389.2 NA 389.2 562.61974 3.77( ) 7.8 7.8 90.28( ) 64.9 64.9 155.1 .1 391.8 NA 391.8 558.41975 2.87( ) 6.6 6.6 83.68( ) 63.6 63.6 147.2 (s) 406.0 NA 406.0 562.61976 2.67( ) 6.3 6.3 84.78( ) 61.8 61.8 146.5 (s) 448.4 NA 448.4 603.81977 2.57( ) 6.4 6.4 77.78( ) 61.5 61.5 139.2 (s) 477.1 NA 477.1 625.31978 2.27( ) 7.3 7.3 71.48( ) 63.1 63.1 134.58( ) 481.2 NA 481.2 625.21979 1.77( ) 6.7 6.7 77.48( ) 67.7 67.7 145.18( ) 527.1 NA 527.1 680.51980 1.47( ) 5.1 5.1 66.78( ) 60.3 60.3 127.08( ) 569.3 NA 569.3 702.71981 1.37( ) 6.1 6.1 61.08( ) 67.4 67.4 128.48( ) 596.8 NA 596.8 732.61982 1.47( ) 6.8 6.8 40.98( ) 64.1 64.1 105.08( ) 593.7 NA 593.7 706.91983 1.47( ) 7.1 7.1 37.08( ) 66.0 66.0 103.08( ) 625.2 NA 625.2 736.71984 1.77( ) 7.4 7.4 44.08( ) 73.7 73.7 117.88( ) 664.4 NA 664.4 791.31985 1.77( ) 6.1 6.1 41.18( ) 75.4 75.4 116.48( ) 693.8 NA 693.8 818.01986 1.87( ) 5.9 5.9 35.98( ) 75.6 75.6 111.58( ) 685.1 NA 685.1 804.21987 1.67( ) 5.3 5.3 37.08( ) 75.2 75.2 112.18( ) 717.9 NA 717.9 836.91988 1.67( ) 5.6 5.6 41.98( ) 76.3 76.3 118.18( ) 758.4 NA 758.4 883.61989 1.3 1.1 3.7 4.9 40.5 24.9 51.3 76.1 116.68( ) 767.4 4.8 772.2 895.01990 1.3 1.2 4.2 5.4 38.9 27.8 48.5 76.3 115.28( ) 774.2 8.4 782.6 904.51991 1.1 1.2 3.8 5.0 33.9 27.0 48.4 75.4 109.38( ) 773.2 10.7 783.9 899.21992 1.1 1.2 3.9 5.0 32.4 28.2 45.8 74.0 106.48( ) 781.2 13.9 795.1 907.71993 1.1 1.4 3.7 5.1 31.3 28.9 46.0 74.9 106.28( ) 816.6 15.1 831.6 944.11994 .9 1.3 3.8 5.1 31.7 29.7 45.5 75.2 106.98( ) 821.2 17.1 838.4 951.31995 .8 1.4 3.6 5.1 33.0 29.4 43.7 73.1 106.18( ) 832.9 17.3 850.2 962.11996 .7 1.7 3.6 5.3 31.7 29.4 42.3 71.7 103.48( ) 878.8 18.1 896.9 1,006.31997 .7 1.7 4.0 5.8 30.2 29.9 41.7 71.5 101.78( ) 904.2 17.1 921.4 1,029.51998 .5 1.4 2.9 4.3 28.2 28.6 38.9 67.4 95.68( ) 920.4 16.3 936.6 1,037.11999 .6 1.5 2.8 4.3 28.1 27.8 37.0 64.7 92.88( ) 924.7 16.2 940.9 1,038.62000 .5 1.5 2.1 3.7 28.9 28.0 37.2 65.2 94.18( ) 967.1 18.7 985.8 1,084.12001 .5 1.4 2.4 3.9 26.1 25.8 39.5 65.3 91.38( ) 946.1 18.4 964.4 1,060.12002 .5 1.4 2.5 3.9 23.7 26.2 34.5 60.7 84.48( ) 960.1 17.4 977.5 1,066.42003 .6 1.8 1.9 3.7 24.2 24.8 36.4 61.3 85.58( ) 983.5 21.6 1,005.1 1,094.92004 .5 1.9 2.7 4.6 23.7 26.6 35.6 62.2 85.98( ) 994.8 21.5 1,016.3 1,107.32005 .4 1.9 2.4 4.3 23.4 25.9 34.5 60.3 83.88( ) 1,015.6 21.8 1,037.5 1,126.02006 .3 1.9 1.1R2.9 23.0 25.3 34.2 59.5 82.48( ) 1,004.8 21.9 1,026.6 1,112.32007R.4 1.9R1.2R3.2 22.7R22.5R34.1R56.6R79.38( )R1,022.8R22.3R1,045.1R1,128.02008P.4 2.1 1.0 3.2 22.1 23.6 31.0 54.5 76.68( ) 1,019.0 22.6 1,041.6 1,121.71See Note 2, "Residential and Commercial Coal Consumption Estimates," at end of section.2Electricity-only and combined-heat-and-power (CHP) plants within the NAICS 22 category whoseprimary business is to sell electricity, or electricity and heat, to the public. Through 1988, data are forelectric utilities only; beginning in 1989, data are for electric utilities and independent power producers.Electric utility CHP plants are included in "Electricity Only."3Commercial combined-heat-and-power (CHP) and a small number of commercial electricity-onlyplants, such as those at hospitals and universities.4All commercial sector fuel use other than that in "Commercial CHP."5Industrial combined-heat-and-power (CHP) and a small number of industrial electricity-only plants.6All industrial sector fuel use other than that in "Coke Plants" and "Industrial CHP."7Included in "Commercial Other."8Included in "Industrial Non-CHP."R=Revised. P=Preliminary. NA=Not available. (s)=Less than 0.05 million short tons.Notes:•See Tables 8.5a-8.5d for the amount of coal used to produce electricity and Tables 8.6a-8.6cfor the amount of coal used to produce useful thermal output.•See Note 1, "Coal Consumption," at endofsection.•See Note 2, "Classification of Power Plants Into Energy-Use Sectors," at end of Section8.•Totals may not equal sum of components due to independent rounding.Web Pages:•For all data beginning in 1949, see http://www.eia.doe.gov/emeu/aer/coal.html.•For related information, see http://www.eia.doe.gov/fuelcoal.html.Sources:**Commercial CHP**and**Industrial CHP:**Table 8.7c.**Electric Power Sector:**Tables 8.5b,8.5c, 8.6b, and 8.7b.**All Other Data:**•1949-1975—Bureau of Mines (BOM),Minerals Yearbook,"Coal—Bituminous and Lignite" and "Coal—Pennsylvania Anthracite" chapters.•1976—EnergyInformation Administration (EIA), Energy Data Reports,Coal—Bituminous and Lignite in 1976andCoal—Pennsylvania Anthracite 1976.•1977 and 1978—EIA, Energy Data Reports,Coal—PennsylvaniaAnthracite 1977; 1978,andWeekly Coal Report.•1979 and 1980—EIA, Energy Data Report,WeeklyCoal Report.•1981-2001—EIA,Quarterly Coal Report (QCR) October-December,quarterly reports.•2002 forward—EIA,QCR October-December 2008(April 2009), Table 27.Figure 7.4 Coal Exports by Country of DestinationTotal and Europe, 1960-2008 By Selected Country, 2008By Selected Country, 1960-2008212 Energy Information Administration / Annual Energy Review 2008Source: Table 7.4.1960 1965 1970 1975 1980 1985 1990 1995 2000 20050255075100125

Million Short Tonslands23.07.06.45.83.53.23.1Canada Nether- Brazil United France Italy Belgium0510152025

Million Short TonsKingdomTotalEurope1960 1965 1970 1975 1980 1985 1990 1995 2000 20050102030

Million Short TonsNetherlandsCanadaBrazilJapanEnergy Information Administration / Annual Energy Review 2008 213**T able 7.4 Coal Exports by Country of Destination, 1960-2008** (Million Short Tons)**Year Canada** **Brazil Europe** **Japan Other** **Total Belgium** 1**Denmark France** **Germany**2**Italy Nether** **lands Spain** **Turkey United** **Kingdom Other** **Total**1960 12.8 1.1 1.1 0.1 0.8 4.6 4.9 2.8 0.3 NA – 2.4 17.1 5.6 1.3 38.01961 12.1 1.0 1.0 .1 .7 4.3 4.8 2.6 .2 NA – 2.0 15.7 6.6 1.0 36.41962 12.3 1.3 1.3 (s) .9 5.1 6.0 3.3 .8 NA (s) 1.8 19.1 6.5 1.0 40.21963 14.6 1.2 2.7 (s) 2.7 5.6 7.9 5.0 1.5 NA – 2.4 27.7 6.1 .9 50.41964 14.8 1.1 2.3 (s) 2.2 5.2 8.1 4.2 1.4 NA – 2.6 26.0 6.5 1.1 49.51965 16.3 1.2 2.2 (s) 2.1 4.7 9.0 3.4 1.4 NA (s) 2.3 25.1 7.5 .9 51.01966 16.5 1.7 1.8 (s) 1.6 4.9 7.8 3.2 1.2 NA (s) 2.5 23.1 7.8 1.0 50.11967 15.8 1.7 1.4 – 2.1 4.7 5.9 2.2 1.0 NA – 2.1 19.4 12.2 1.0 50.11968 17.1 1.8 1.1 – 1.5 3.8 4.3 1.5 1.5 NA – 1.9 15.5 15.8 .9 51.21969 17.3 1.8 .9 – 2.3 3.5 3.7 1.6 1.8 NA – 1.3 15.2 21.4 1.2 56.91970 19.1 2.0 1.9 – 3.6 5.0 4.3 2.1 3.2 NA (s) 1.8 21.8 27.6 1.2 71.71971 18.0 1.9 .8 – 3.2 2.9 2.7 1.6 2.6 NA 1.7 1.1 16.6 19.7 1.1 57.31972 18.7 1.9 1.1 – 1.7 2.4 3.7 2.3 2.1 NA 2.4 1.1 16.9 18.0 1.2 56.71973 16.7 1.6 1.2 – 2.0 1.6 3.3 1.8 2.2 NA .9 1.3 14.4 19.2 1.6 53.61974 14.2 1.3 1.1 – 2.7 1.5 3.9 2.6 2.0 NA 1.4 .9 16.1 27.3 1.8 60.71975 17.3 2.0 .6 – 3.6 2.0 4.5 2.1 2.7 NA 1.9 1.6 19.0 25.4 2.6 66.31976 16.9 2.2 2.2 (s) 3.5 1.0 4.2 3.5 2.5 NA .8 2.1 19.9 18.8 2.1 60.01977 17.7 2.3 1.5 .1 2.1 .9 4.1 2.0 1.6 NA .6 2.1 15.0 15.9 3.5 54.31978 15.7 1.5 1.1 – 1.7 .6 3.2 1.1 .8 NA .4 2.2 11.0 10.1 2.5 40.71979 19.5 2.8 3.2 .2 3.9 2.6 5.0 2.0 1.4 NA 1.4 4.4 23.9 15.7 4.1 66.01980 17.5 3.3 4.6 1.7 7.8 2.5 7.1 4.7 3.4 NA 4.1 6.0 41.9 23.1 6.0 91.71981 18.2 2.7 4.3 3.9 9.7 4.3 10.5 6.8 6.4 .6 2.3 8.2 57.0 25.9 8.7 112.51982 18.6 3.1 4.8 2.8 9.0 2.3 11.3 5.9 5.6 1.6 2.0 6.0 51.3 25.8 7.5 106.31983 17.2 3.6 2.5 1.7 4.2 1.5 8.1 4.2 3.3 1.6 1.2 4.7 33.1 17.9 6.1 77.81984 20.4 4.7 3.9 .6 3.8 .9 7.6 5.5 2.3 1.5 2.9 3.9 32.8 16.3 7.2 81.51985 16.4 5.9 4.4 2.2 4.5 1.1 10.3 6.3 3.5 2.2 2.7 8.1 45.1 15.4 9.9 92.71986 14.5 5.7 4.4 2.1 5.4 .8 10.4 5.6 2.6 2.4 2.9 5.9 42.6 11.4 11.4 85.51987 16.2 5.8 4.6 .9 2.9 .5 9.5 4.1 2.5 .8 2.6 5.8 34.2 11.1 12.3 79.61988 19.2 5.3 6.5 2.8 4.3 .7 11.1 5.1 2.5 2.0 3.7 6.4 45.1 14.1 11.3 95.01989 16.8 5.7 7.1 3.2 6.5 .7 11.2 6.1 3.3 1.7 4.5 7.2 51.6 13.8 12.9 100.81990 15.5 5.8 8.5 3.2 6.9 1.1 11.9 8.4 3.8 2.1 5.2 7.4 58.4 13.3 12.7 105.81991 11.2 7.1 7.5 4.7 9.5 1.7 11.3 9.6 4.7 2.2 6.2 8.2 65.5 12.3 13.0 109.01992 15.1 6.4 7.2 3.8 8.1 1.0 9.3 9.1 4.5 2.0 5.6 6.6 57.3 12.3 11.4 102.51993 8.9 5.2 5.2 .3 4.0 .5 6.9 5.6 4.1 1.6 4.1 5.3 37.6 11.9 11.0 74.51994 9.2 5.5 4.9 .5 2.9 .3 7.5 4.9 4.1 1.3 3.4 6.0 35.8 10.2 10.7 71.41995 9.4 6.4 4.5 2.1 3.7 2.0 9.1 7.3 4.7 2.0 4.7 8.7 48.6 11.8 12.4 88.51996 12.0 6.5 4.6 1.3 3.9 1.1 9.2 7.1 4.1 2.2 6.2 7.7 47.2 10.5 14.2 90.51997 15.0 7.5 4.3 .4 3.4 .9 7.0 4.8 4.1 2.1 7.2 7.1 41.3 8.0 11.8 83.51998 20.7 6.5 3.2 .3 3.2 1.2 5.3 4.5 3.2 1.6 5.9 5.3 33.8 7.7 9.4 78.01999 19.8 4.4 2.1 – 2.5 .6 4.0 3.4 2.5 .8 3.2 3.5 22.5 5.0 6.7 58.52000 18.8 4.5 2.9 .1 3.0 1.0 3.7 2.6 2.7 1.8 3.3 3.9 25.0 4.4 5.8 58.52001 17.6 4.6 2.8 – 2.2 .9 5.4 2.1 1.6 .9 2.5 2.4 20.8 2.1 3.6 48.72002 16.7 3.5 2.4 – 1.3 1.0 3.1 1.7 1.9 .6 1.9 1.8 15.6 1.3 2.6 39.62003 20.8 3.5 1.8 .3 1.3 .5 2.8 2.0 1.8 1.1 1.5 2.1 15.1 (s) 3.6 43.02004 17.8 4.4 1.7 .1 1.1 .6 2.1 2.5 1.5 1.3 2.0 2.3 15.2 4.4 6.2 48.02005 19.5 4.2 2.1 .1 1.3 .7 2.5 2.6 1.9 1.9 1.8 4.1 18.8 2.1 5.4 49.92006 19.9 4.5 2.2 .4 1.6 1.7 3.3 2.1 1.6 1.2 2.6 4.2 20.8 .3 4.1 49.62007 18.4 6.5 2.1 .1 2.4 2.3 3.5 4.6 1.5 1.4 3.4 5.8 27.1 (s) 7.1 59.22008P23.0 6.4 3.1 .4 3.5 2.5 3.2 7.0 2.4 1.9 5.8 10.6 40.3 1.7 10.1 81.51Through 1999, includes Luxembourg.2Through 1990, data for Germany are for the former West Germany only. Beginning in 1991, data forGermany are for the unified Germany, i.e., the former East Germany and West Germany.P=Preliminary. NA = Not Available. – = No data reported. (s)=Less than 0.05 million short tons.Note: Totals may not equal sum of components due to independent rounding.Sources:•1960-1988—U.S. Department of Commerce, Bureau of the Census,U.S. Exports bySchedule B Commodities, EM 522.•1989-2000—Energy Information Administration (EIA),Coal IndustryAnnual,annual reports.•2001 forward—EIA,Quarterly Coal Report October-December,quarterly reports;and U.S. Department of Commerce, Bureau of the Census, "Monthly Report EM 545."Figure 7.5 Coal StocksTotal and Electric Power Sector Stocks, 1949-2008 By Holding Entity, 2008By Holding Entity, 1949-2008214 Energy Information Administration / Annual Energy Review 20081Electricity-only and combined-heat-and-power (CHP) plants whose primary business is tosell electricity, or electricity and heat, to the public.Note: Stocks are at end of year.Source: Table 7.5.1950 1960 1970 1980 1990 2000050100150200250

Million Short TonsPower Sector1 SectorTotalElectricPowerSector1and Distributors163278Electric Producers Industrial0255075100125150175

Million Short Tons1950 1955 1960 1965 1970 1975 1980 1985 1990 1995 2000 2005050100150200

Million Short TonsElectric Power Sector1Industrial SectorProducers and DistributorsEnergy Information Administration / Annual Energy Review 2008 215**T able 7.5 Coal Stocks by Sector, Selected Years, 1949-2008** (Million Short Tons)**Year Producers** **and Distributors** **Consumers Total** **Residential and Commercial** **Sectors Industrial Sector** **Transportation Sector** **Electric Power** **Sector**2**Total Coke Plants** **Other**1**Total**1949 NA 1.4 10.0 16.1 26.03( ) 22.1 49.5 49.51950 NA 2.5 16.8 26.2 43.03( ) 31.8 77.3 77.31955 NA 1.0 13.4 15.9 29.33( ) 41.4 71.7 71.71960 NA .7 11.1 11.6 22.83( ) 51.7 75.2 75.21965 NA .4 10.6 13.1 23.83( ) 54.5 78.6 78.61970 NA .3 9.0 11.8 20.83( ) 71.9 93.0 93.01971 NA .3 7.3 5.6 12.93( ) 77.8 91.0 91.01972 NA .3 9.1 7.6 16.73( ) 99.7 116.8 116.81973 12.5 .3 7.0 10.4 17.43( ) 87.0 104.6 117.21974 11.6 .3 6.2 6.6 12.83( ) 83.5 96.6 108.21975 12.1 .2 8.8 8.5 17.33( ) 110.7 128.3 140.41976 14.2 .2 9.9 7.1 17.03( ) 117.4 134.7 148.91977 14.2 .2 12.8 11.1 23.93( ) 133.2 157.3 171.51978 20.7 .4 8.3 9.0 17.3 NA 128.2 145.9 166.61979 20.8 .3 10.2 11.8 21.9 NA 159.7 182.0 202.81980 24.4 NA 9.1 12.0 21.0 NA 183.0 204.0 228.41981 24.1 NA 6.5 9.9 16.4 NA 168.9 185.3 209.41982 36.8 NA 4.6 9.5 14.1 NA 181.1 195.3 232.01983 33.9 NA 4.3 8.7 13.1 NA 155.6 168.7 202.61984 34.1 NA 6.2 11.3 17.5 NA 179.7 197.2 231.31985 33.1 NA 3.4 10.4 13.9 NA 156.4 170.2 203.41986 32.1 NA 3.0 10.4 13.4 NA 161.8 175.2 207.31987 28.3 NA 3.9 10.8 14.7 NA 170.8 185.5 213.81988 30.4 NA 3.1 8.8 11.9 NA 146.5 158.4 188.81989 29.0 NA 2.9 7.4 10.2 NA 135.9 146.1 175.11990 33.4 NA 3.3 8.7 12.0 NA 156.2 168.2 201.61991 33.0 NA 2.8 7.1 9.8 NA 157.9 167.7 200.71992 34.0 NA 2.6 7.0 9.6 NA 154.1 163.7 197.71993 25.3 NA 2.4 6.7 9.1 NA 111.3 120.5 145.71994 33.2 NA 2.7 6.6 9.2 NA 126.9 136.1 169.41995 34.4 NA 2.6 5.7 8.3 NA 126.3 134.6 169.11996 28.6 NA 2.7 5.7 8.4 NA 114.6 123.0 151.61997 34.0 NA 2.0 5.6 7.6 NA 98.8 106.4 140.41998 36.5 NA 2.0 5.5 7.6 NA 120.5 128.1 164.61999 39.5 NA 1.9 5.6 7.5 NA 141.6 149.1 188.62000 31.9 NA 1.5 4.6 6.1 NA 102.3 108.4 140.32001 35.9 NA 1.5 6.0 7.5 NA 138.5 146.0 181.92002 43.3 NA 1.4 5.8 7.2 NA 141.7 148.9 192.12003 38.3 NA .9 4.7 5.6 NA 121.6 127.2 165.52004 41.2 NA 1.3 4.8 6.2 NA 106.7 112.9 154.02005 35.0 NA 2.6 5.6 8.2 NA 101.1 109.3 144.32006 36.5 NA 2.9 6.5 9.4 NA 141.0 150.4 186.92007R34.0 NA 1.9 5.6 7.6 NAR151.2R158.8R192.82008PE27.3 .5 2.3 6.0 8.3 NA 163.1 171.9 199.21Through 1977, data are for stocks held by the manufacturing and transportation sectors. Beginning in1978, data are for stocks held at manufacturing plants only.2Electricity-only and combined-heat-and-power (CHP) plants within the NAICS 22 category whoseprimary business is to sell electricity, or electricity and heat, to the public. Through 1998, data are forelectric utilities only; beginning in 1999, data are for electric utilities and independent power producers.3Included in "Industrial Sector Other."R=Revised. P=Preliminary. E=Estimate. NA=Not available.Notes:•Stocks are at end of year.•Totals may not equal sum of components due to independentrounding.Web Pages:•For all data beginning in 1949, see http://www.eia.doe.gov/emeu/aer/coal.html.•For related information, see http://www.eia.doe.gov/fuelcoal.html.Sources:**Electric Power Sector:**Table 8.8.**All Other Data:**•1949-1975—Bureau of Mines,Minerals Yearbook,"Coal—Bituminous and Lignite" and "Coal—Pennsylvania Anthracite" chapters.•1976—Energy Information Administration (EIA), Energy Data Reports,Coal—Bituminous and Lignitein1976andCoal—Pennsylvania Anthracite 1976.•1977 and 1978—EIA, Energy Data Reports,Coal—Pennsylvania Anthracite 1977; 1978,andWeekly Coal Report.•1979—EIA, Energy Data Report,Weekly Coal Report.•1980-2001—EIA,Quarterly Coal Report (QCR) October-December,quarterlyreports.•2002 forward—EIA,QCR October-December 2008(April 2009), Table 32.Figure 7.6 Coal Mining ProductivityTotal, 1949-2008 Mining Methods, 2008 Location, 2008Mining Method,11949-2008 By Region and Mining Method, 2008216 Energy Information Administration / Annual Energy Review 2008Mississippi1For 1979 forward, includes all coal; prior to 1979, excludes anthracite.Note: Beginning in 2001, surface mining includes a small amount of refuse recovery.Source: Table 7.6.3.1317.76East of the West of the05101520

Short Tons per Employee Hour1950 1960 1970 1980 1990 200002468 Short Tons per Employee HourMississippi3.179.82Underground Surface036912

Short Tons per Employee Hour1.77 in 19785.99 in 2008Peak: 6.99 in 20001950 1960 1970 1980 1990 2000036912

Short Tons per Employee Hour2.893.586.0821.82Underground Surface Underground Surface06121824

Short Tons per Employee HourSurfaceUndergroundEast of MississippiWest of MississippiEnergy Information Administration / Annual Energy Review 2008 217**T able 7.6 Coal Mining Productivity, Selected Years, 1949-2008** (Short Tons per Employee Hour1)**Year Mining Method** **Location Total** 2**Underground Surface** 2**East of the Mississippi West of the Mississippi** **Underground Surface** 2**Total**2**Underground Surface** 2**Total**2194930.6831.92 NA NA NA NA NA NA 0.7219503.7231.96 NA NA NA NA NA NA .76195531.0432.65 NA NA NA NA NA NA 1.14196031.3332.91 NA NA NA NA NA NA 1.52196531.7534.10 NA NA NA NA NA NA 2.09197031.7234.53 NA NA NA NA NA NA 2.30197131.5034.49 NA NA NA NA NA NA 2.19197231.4934.54 NA NA NA NA NA NA 2.18197331.4634.58 NA NA NA NA NA NA 2.16197431.4134.74 NA NA NA NA NA NA 2.31197531.1933.26 NA NA NA NA NA NA 1.81197631.1433.25 NA NA NA NA NA NA 1.78197731.0933.16 NA NA NA NA NA NA 1.80197831.0433.03 NA NA NA NA NA NA 1.771979 1.13 3.08 NA NA NA NA NA NA 1.811980 1.20 3.21 NA NA NA NA NA NA 1.931981 1.29 3.42 NA NA NA NA NA NA 2.101982 1.37 3.36 NA NA NA NA NA NA 2.111983 1.61 3.81 NA NA NA NA NA NA 2.501984 1.72 4.03 1.69 2.56 1.98 2.49 8.15 7.07 2.641985 1.78 4.24 1.75 2.52 2.00 2.45 8.61 7.40 2.741986 2.00 4.60 1.96 2.75 2.21 2.80 9.02 7.90 3.011987 2.20 4.98 2.16 2.97 2.42 3.39 9.86 8.73 3.301988 2.38 5.32 2.32 2.99 2.54 3.55 10.73 9.38 3.551989 2.46 5.61 2.39 3.13 2.63 3.92 11.86 10.21 3.701990 2.54 5.94 2.46 3.32 2.73 4.01 12.26 10.41 3.831991 2.69 6.38 2.59 3.49 2.86 4.53 12.36 10.79 4.091992 2.93 6.59 2.82 3.61 3.07 4.85 12.49 11.03 4.361993 2.95 7.23 2.81 3.74 3.11 5.18 13.94 12.14 4.701994 3.19 7.67 3.02 3.85 3.28 5.93 15.19 13.22 4.981995 3.39 8.48 3.19 4.03 3.45 6.32 16.23 14.18 5.381996 3.57 9.05 3.36 4.25 3.63 7.03 17.89 15.66 5.691997 3.83 9.46 3.63 4.49 3.89 6.82 18.63 16.04 6.041998 3.90 9.58 3.69 4.31 3.89 6.76 18.82 16.27 6.201999 3.99 10.39 3.74 4.48 3.97 7.45 19.57 17.18 6.612000 4.15 11.01 3.89 4.82 4.18 7.66 20.04 17.62 6.992001 4.02210.58 3.7124.5323.98 8.39220.63218.3226.822002 3.98 10.36 3.67 4.22 3.86 7.80 20.67 18.06 6.802003 4.04 10.75 3.68 4.18 3.85 8.33 21.42 18.67 6.952004 3.96 10.55 3.59 3.95 3.72 8.22 22.04 19.00 6.802005 3.62 10.03 3.28 3.75 3.44 7.48 21.98 18.50 6.362006 3.37 10.18 3.06 3.74 3.29 6.62 22.26 18.33 6.262007R3.34R10.24R3.03R3.74R3.27R6.52R22.35R18.23R6.272008P3.17 9.82 2.89 3.58 3.13 6.08 21.82 17.76 5.991Data through 1973 for bituminous coal, subbituminous coal, and lignite, and data through 1978 foranthracite, were originally reported in short tons per employee day—these data were converted to shorttons per employee hour by assuming an eight-hour day. Through 1997, other data were calculated bydividing total production by total labor hours worked by all mine employees except office workers; beginningin 1998, the calculation also includes office workers.2Beginning in 2001, includes a small amount of refuse recovery.3Through 1978, data for anthracite are not available by mining method, but are included in "Total."R=Revised. P=Preliminary. NA=Not available.Web Pages:•For all data beginning in 1949, see http://www.eia.doe.gov/emeu/aer/coal.html.•For related information, see http://www.eia.doe.gov/fuelcoal.html.Sources:•1949-1975—Bureau of Mines,Minerals Yearbook,"Coal—Bituminous and Lignite" and"Coal—Pennsylvania Anthracite" chapters.•1976—Energy Information Administration (EIA), Energy DataReports,Coal—Bituminous and Lignite in 1976andCoal—Pennsylvania Anthracite 1976.•1977 and1978—EIA, Energy Data Reports,Bituminous Coal and Lignite Production and Mine Operations—1977;1978andCoal—Pennsylvania Anthracite 1977; 1978.•1979—EIA, Energy Data Report,CoalProduction—1979.•1980-1988—EIA,Coal Production,annual reports.•1989-2000—EIA,Coal IndustryAnnual,annual reports.•2001-2007—EIA,Annual Coal Report,annual reports.•2008—EIA, FormEIA-7A, "Coal Production Report," and U.S. Department of Labor, Mine Safety and Health Administration,Form 7000-2, "Quarterly Mine Employment and Coal Production Report."Figure 7.7 Coke OverviewProduction and Consumption, 1949-2008Overview, 2008 Trade, 1949-2008218 Energy Information Administration / Annual Energy Review 2008Source: Table 7.7.1950 1955 1960 1965 1970 1975 1980 1985 1990 1995 2000 2005020406080

Million Short TonsConsumptionProduction15.63.62.017.0Production Imports Exports Consumption05101520

Million Short Tons1950 1960 1970 1980 1990 200002468

Million Short TonsImportsExportsEnergy Information Administration / Annual Energy Review 2008 219**T able 7.7 Coke Overview, Selected Years, 1949-2008** (Million Short Tons)**Year Production** **Trade Stock Change** 2**Consumption**3**Imports Exports** **Net Imports**11949 63.6 0.3 0.5 -0.3 0.2 63.21950 72.7 .4 .4 (s) -.7 73.41955 75.3 .1 .5 -.4 -1.2 76.11960 57.2 .1 .4 -.2 .1 56.91965 66.9 .1 .8 -.7 .7 65.41970 66.5 .2 2.5 -2.3 1.0 63.21971 57.4 .2 1.5 -1.3 -.6 56.71972 60.5 .2 1.2 -1.0 -.6 60.01973 64.3 1.1 1.4 -.3 -1.7 65.81974 61.6 3.5 1.3 2.3 -.2 64.11975 57.2 1.8 1.3 .5 4.1 53.71976 58.3 1.3 1.3 (s) 1.5 56.81977 53.5 1.8 1.2 .6 (s) 54.11978 49.0 5.7 .7 5.0 -2.9 56.91979 52.9 4.0 1.4 2.5 1.7 53.81980 46.1 .7 2.1 -1.4 3.4 41.31981 42.8 .5 1.2 -.6 -1.9 44.01982 28.1 .1 1.0 -.9 1.5 25.81983 25.8 (s) .7 -.6 -4.7 29.91984 30.4 .6 1.0 -.5 .2 29.71985 28.4 .6 1.1 -.5 -1.2 29.11986 24.9 .3 1.0 -.7 -.5 24.71987 26.3 .9 .6 .3 -1.0 27.71988 28.9 2.7 1.1 1.6 .5 30.01989 28.0 2.3 1.1 1.2 .3 28.91990 27.6 .8 .6 .2 (s) 27.81991 24.0 1.2 .8 .4 .2 24.21992 23.4 2.1 .7 1.4 -.2 25.01993 23.2 2.2 1.1 1.1 -.4 24.71994 22.7 3.3 1.0 2.4 -.5 25.61995 23.7 3.8 1.4 2.5 .4 25.81996 23.1 2.5 1.6 .9 (s) 24.01997 22.1 3.1 1.3 1.9 (s) 24.01998 20.0 3.8 1.1 2.7 -.4 23.11999 20.0 3.2 .9 2.3 -.1 22.42000 20.8 3.8 1.1 2.6 .2 23.22001 18.9 2.5 1.3 1.2 -.1 20.22002 16.8 3.2 .8 2.5 -.4 19.62003 17.2 2.8 .7 2.0 -.2 19.42004 16.9 6.9 1.3 5.6 (s) 22.52005 16.7 3.5 1.7 1.8 .3 18.22006 16.4 4.1 1.6 2.5 .1 18.82007 16.2 2.5 1.4 1.0 -.1 17.32008P15.6 3.6 2.0 1.6 .3 17.01Net imports equal imports minus exports. Minus sign indicates exports are greater than imports.2Producer and distributor stocks at end of year. A negative value indicates a decrease in stocks; apositive value indicates an increase.3"Consumption" is calculated as the sum of production and imports minus exports and stock change.P=Preliminary. (s)=Less than 0.05 million short tons.Note: Totals may not equal sum of components due to independent rounding.Web Pages:•For all data beginning in 1949, see http://www.eia.doe.gov/emeu/aer/coal.html.•For related information, see http://www.eia.doe.gov/fuelcoal.html.Sources:•1949-1975—Bureau of Mines,Minerals Yearbook,"Coke and Coal Chemicals" chapter.•1976-1980—Energy Information Administration (EIA), Energy Data Report,Coke and Coal Chemicals,annual reports.•1981-2001—EIA,Quarterly Coal Report (QCR) October-December,quarterly reports.•2002 forward—EIA,QCR October-December 2008(April 2009), Table ES-2.Figure 7.8 Coal PricesTotal, 1949-2008By Type, 1949-2008 By Type, 2008220 Energy Information Administration / Annual Energy Review 20081950 1955 1960 1965 1970 1975 1980 1985 1990 1995 2000 20050204060

Chained (2000) Dollars1 per Short TonAnthraciteLigniteSubbituminousCoalPeak1975: $50.922008: $26.621950 1960 1970 1980 1990 20000306090

Chained (2000) Dollars1 per Short Ton51.4551.0216.4011.7432.59Bituminous Anthracite Lignite Subbituminous Total0102030405060

Nominal Dollars2 per Short TonCoalCoalBituminous Coal1 Calculated by using gross domestic product implicit price deflators. See Table D1.2 See “Nominal Dollars” in Glossary.Source: Table 7.8.Energy Information Administration / Annual Energy Review 2008 221**T able 7.8 Coal Prices, Selected Years, 1949-2008** (Dollars per Short Ton)**Year Bituminous Coal** **Subbituminous Coal Lignite** 1**Anthracite Total** **Nominal**2**Real**3**Nominal**2**Real**3**Nominal**2**Real**3**Nominal**2**Real**3**Nominal**2**Real**3194944.90429.974( )4( ) 2.37 14.49 8.90 54.43 5.24 32.05195044.86429.404( )4( ) 2.41 14.58 9.34 56.50 5.19 31.40195544.51424.064( )4( ) 2.38 12.70 8.00 42.68 4.69 25.02196044.71422.384( )4( ) 2.29 10.88 8.01 38.07 4.83 22.96196544.45419.754( )4( ) 2.13 9.45 8.51 37.76 4.55 20.19197046.30422.884( )4( ) 1.86 6.76 11.03 40.06 6.34 23.03197147.13424.664( )4( ) 1.93 6.68 12.08 41.78 7.15 24.73197247.78425.794( )4( ) 2.04 6.76 12.40 41.11 7.72 25.59197348.71427.354( )4( ) 2.09 6.56 13.65 42.86 8.59 26.971974416.01446.114( )4( ) 2.19 6.31 22.19 63.90 15.82 45.561975419.79452.084( )4( ) 3.17 8.34 32.26 84.89 19.35 50.921976420.11450.034( )4( ) 3.74 9.30 33.92 84.39 19.56 48.661977420.59448.164( )4( ) 4.03 9.43 34.86 81.54 19.95 46.661978422.64449.484( )4( ) 5.68 12.41 35.25 77.04 21.86 47.771979 27.31 55.12 9.55 19.27 6.48 13.08 41.06 82.87 23.75 47.931980 29.17 53.98 11.08 20.50 7.60 14.06 42.51 78.66 24.65 45.611981 31.51 53.30 12.18 20.60 8.85 14.97 44.28 74.90 26.40 44.661982 32.15 51.25 13.37 21.31 9.79 15.61 49.85 79.47 27.25 43.441983 31.11 47.71 13.03 19.98 9.91 15.20 52.29 80.19 25.98 39.841984 30.63 45.27 12.41 18.34 10.45 15.45 48.22 71.27 25.61 37.851985 30.78 44.15 12.57 18.03 10.68 15.32 45.80 65.70 25.20 36.151986 28.84 40.48 12.26 17.21 10.64 14.93 44.12 61.92 23.79 33.391987 28.19 38.51 11.32 15.47 10.85 14.82 43.65 59.63 23.07 31.521988 27.66 36.54 10.45 13.81 10.06 13.29 44.16 58.34 22.07 29.161989 27.40 34.88 10.16 12.93 9.91 12.62 42.93 54.65 21.82 27.781990 27.43 33.62 9.70 11.89 10.13 12.42 39.40 48.29 21.76 26.671991 27.49 32.55 9.68 11.46 10.89 12.90 36.34 43.03 21.49 25.451992 26.78 31.00 9.68 11.21 10.81 12.51 34.24 39.64 21.03 24.341993 26.15 29.59 9.33 10.56 11.11 12.57 32.94 37.27 19.85 22.461994 25.68 28.45 8.37 9.27 10.77 11.93 36.07 39.96 19.41 21.501995 25.56 27.75 8.10 8.79 10.83 11.76 39.78 43.19 18.83 20.441996 25.17 26.82 7.87 8.39 10.92 11.64 36.78 39.19 18.50 19.711997 24.64 25.82 7.42 7.78 10.91 11.43 35.12 36.81 18.14 19.011998 24.87 25.78 6.96 7.21 11.08 11.49 42.91 44.48 17.67 18.321999 23.92 24.44 6.87 7.02 11.04 11.28 35.13 35.90 16.63 16.992000 24.15 24.15 7.12 7.12 11.41 11.41 40.90 40.90 16.78 16.782001 25.36 24.77 6.67 6.51 11.52 11.25 47.67 46.55 17.38 16.972002 26.57 25.50 7.34 7.05 11.07 10.63 47.78 45.86 17.98 17.262003 26.73 25.12 7.73 7.26 11.20 10.53 49.87 46.87 17.85 16.782004 30.56 27.92 8.12 7.42 12.27 11.21 39.77 36.33 19.93 18.212005 36.80R32.56 8.68 7.68 13.49R11.93 41.00R36.27 23.59R20.872006 39.32R33.70 9.95R8.53 14.00R12.00 43.61R37.38 25.16R21.562007R40.80R34.05R10.69R8.92 14.89R12.43R52.24R43.60R26.20R21.872008E51.45 42.03 11.74 9.59 16.40 13.40 51.02 41.68 32.59 26.621Because of withholding to protect company confidentiality, lignite prices exclude Texas for 1955-1977and Montana for 1974-1978. As a result, lignite prices for 1974-1977 are for North Dakota only.2See "Nominal Dollars" in Glossary.3In chained (2000) dollars, calculated by using gross domestic product implicit price deflators in TableD1. See "Chained Dollars" in Glossary.4Through 1978, subbituminous coal is included in "Bituminous Coal."R=Revised. E=Estimate.Note: Prices are free-on-board (F.O.B.) rail/barge prices, which are the F.O.B. prices of coal at the pointof first sale, excluding freight or shipping and insurance costs. See "Free on Board (F.O.B.)" in Glossary.Web Pages:•For all data beginning in 1949, see http://www.eia.doe.gov/emeu/aer/coal.html.•For related information, see http://www.eia.doe.gov/fuelcoal.html.Sources:•1949-1975—Bureau of Mines (BOM),Minerals Yearbook.•1976—Energy InformationAdministration (EIA), Energy Data Report,Coal—Bituminous and Lignite in 1976,and BOM,MineralsYearbook.•1977 and 1978—EIA, Energy Data Reports,Bituminous Coal and Lignite Production andMine Operations,andCoal—Pennsylvania Anthracite.•1979—EIA,Coal Production,and Energy DataReport,Coal—Pennsylvania Anthracite.•1980-1992—EIA,Coal Production,annual reports.•1993-2000—EIA,Coal Industry Annual,annual reports and unpublished revisions.•2001-2007—EIA,Annual Coal Report,annual reports.•2008—EIA, Form EIA-7A, "Coal Production Report," and U.S.Department of Labor, Mine Safety and Health Administration, Form 7000-2, "Quarterly Mine Employmentand Coal Production Report."CoalNote 1. Coal Consumption. Data in this report on the consumption of bituminouscoal, subbituminous coal, lignite, anthracite, and waste coal are developed primarilyfrom consumption data reported in surveys.Included are data reported by all electricpower companies and coke plant companies. Data on coal consumption by all industrial and manufacturing establishments are based on consumption data obtained quarterly from coal users. Data on coalconsumption by the residential and commercialsectors are based on distribution data obtained annually from coal distributors. Includedin each sector’s data are the following: Residential and Commercial Sectors—retaildealer sales to households and small commercial establishments; IndustrialSector—consumption at manufacturing plants, large commercial establishments,coking plants, and by agriculture, mining (other than coal mining), and constructionindustries; Transportation Sector—sales to railroads and for vessel bunkering; ElectricPower Sector (electric utilities and independent power producers)—consumption forelectricity generation and useful thermal output at electricity-only and CHP plantswithin the North American Industry Classification System (NAICS) 22 category whoseprimary business is to sell electricity, or electricity and heat, to the public.Note 2. Residential and CommercialCoal Consumption Estimates. Coalconsumption by the residential and commercial sectors is reported to the EnergyInformation Administration (EIA) for the two sectors combined; EIA estimates theamount consumed by the sectors individually. To create the estimates, it is firstassumed that an occupied coal-heated housing unit consumes fuel at the same Bturate as an oil-heated housing unit. Then, for the years in which data are available onthe number of occupied housing units by heating source (1950, 1960, 1970,1973–1981, and subsequent odd-numbered years; see Table 2.7), residentialconsumption of coal is estimated by thefollowing steps: a ratiois created of thenumber of occupied housing units heated by coal to the number of housing unitsheated by oil; that ratio is then multiplied by the Btu quantity of oil consumed bythe residential sector to derive an estimate of the Btu quantity of coal consumed bythe residential sector; and, finally, the amount estimated as the residential sectorconsumption is subtracted from the residential and commercial sectors’ combinedconsumption to derive the commercial sector’s estimated consumption. The 1950share is applied to 1949, and the other missing years’ shares are interpolated.222 Energy Information Administration / Annual Energy Review 2008Electricity8High-tension power lines and towers. Source: U.S. Department of Energy.Figure 8.0 Electricity Flow, 2008(Quadrillion Btu)Energy Information Administration / Annual Energy Review 20082251Blast furnace gas, propane gas, and othermanufactured and waste gases derived fromfossil fuels.2Batteries, chemicals, hydrogen, pitch, purchased steam, sulfur, miscellaneous technologies,and non-renewable waste (municipal solid wastefrom non-biogenic sources, and tire-derivedfuels).3Data collection frame differences and nonsampling error. Derived for the diagram bysubtracting the “T & D Losses” estimate from “T & D Losses and Unaccounted for” derived fromTable 8.1.4Electric energy used in the operation of power plants.5Transmission and distribution losses (electricity losses that occur between the point ofgeneration and delivery to the customer) are estimated as 7 percent of gross generation.6Use of electricity that is 1) self-generated, 2) produced by either the same entity thatconsumes the power or an affiliate, and 3) used in direct support of a service or industrialprocess located within the same facility or group of facilities that house the generating equipment. Direct use is exclusive of station use.Notes: • Data are preliminary. • See Note, “Electrical System Energy Losses,” at theend of Section 2. • Values are derived from source data prior to rounding for publication.• Totals may not equal sum of components due to independent rounding.Sources: Tables 8.1, 8.4a, 8.9, A6 (column 4), and Energy Information Administration,Form EIA-923, "Power Plant Operations Report."Figure 8.1 Electricity OverviewOverview, 2008 Electricity Trade, 1949-2008Net-Generation-to-End-Use Flow, 2008(Billion Kilowatthours)226 Energy Information Administration / Annual Energy Review 20081Electricity-only and combined-heat-and-power plants within the NAICS 22 category whoseprimary business is to sell electricity, or electricity and heat, to the public.2Electricity retail sales to ultimate customers reported by electric utilities and other energyservice providers.3See Table 8.1, footnote 8.4Transmission and distribution losses (electricity losses that occur between the point ofgeneration and delivery to the customer). See Note, “Electrical System Energy Losses,” atthe end of Section 2.5Data collection frame differences and nonsampling error.Sources: Tables 8.1 and 8.9.3,967813657243,722151Electric Com- Indus- Imports Exports Retail Direct01,5003,0004,500

Billion Kilowatthours1950 1960 1970 1980 1990 20000102030405060

Billion KilowatthoursImportsSales2 Use3ExportstrialmercialPower1End UseTradeNet GenerationEnergy Information Administration / Annual Energy Review 2008 227**T able 8.1 Electricity Overview, Selected Years, 1949-2008** (Billion Kilowatthours)**Year Net Generation** **Trade T & D Losses** 5**and Unaccounted** **for**6**End Use Electric Power** **Sector**2**Commercial Sector** 3**Industrial Sector** 4**Total Imports** 1**Exports**1**Net Imports**1**Retail Sales** 7**Direct Use** 8**Total From Canada** **Total To Canada** **Total Total** 1949 291 NA 5 296 NA 2 NA (s) 2 43 255 NA 2551950 329 NA 5 334 NA 2 NA (s) 2 44 291 NA 2911955 547 NA 3 550 NA 5 NA (s) 4 58 497 NA 4971960 756 NA 4 759 NA 5 NA 1 5 76 688 NA 6881965 1,055 NA 3 1,058 NA 4 NA 4 (s) 104 954 NA 9541970 1,532 NA 3 1,535 NA 6 NA 4 2 145 1,392 NA 1,3921971 1,613 NA 3 1,616 NA 7 NA 4 4 150 1,470 NA 1,4701972 1,750 NA 3 1,753 NA 10 NA 3 8 166 1,595 NA 1,5951973 1,861 NA 3 1,864 NA 17 NA 3 14 165 1,713 NA 1,7131974 1,867 NA 3 1,870 NA 15 NA 3 13 177 1,706 NA 1,7061975 1,918 NA 3 1,921 NA 11 NA 5 6 180 1,747 NA 1,7471976 2,038 NA 3 2,041 NA 11 NA 2 9 194 1,855 NA 1,8551977 2,124 NA 3 2,127 NA 20 NA 3 17 197 1,948 NA 1,9481978 2,206 NA 3 2,209 NA 21 NA 1 20 211 2,018 NA 2,0181979 2,247 NA 3 2,251 NA 23 NA 2 20 200 2,071 NA 2,0711980 2,286 NA 3 2,290 NA 25 NA 4 21 216 2,094 NA 2,0941981 2,295 NA 3 2,298 NA 36 NA 3 33 184 2,147 NA 2,1471982 2,241 NA 3 2,244 NA 33 NA 4 29 187 2,086 NA 2,0861983 2,310 NA 3 2,313 NA 39 NA 3 35 198 2,151 NA 2,1511984 2,416 NA 3 2,419 NA 42 NA 3 40 173 2,286 NA 2,2861985 2,470 NA 3 2,473 NA 46 NA 5 41 190 2,324 NA 2,3241986 2,487 NA 3 2,490 NA 41 NA 5 36 158 2,369 NA 2,3691987 2,572 NA 3 2,575 NA 52 NA 6 46 164 2,457 NA 2,4571988 2,704 NA 3 2,707 NA 39 NA 7 32 161 2,578 NA 2,578198922,848 44115 2,967 NA 26 NA 15 11R222 2,647 109 2,7561990 2,901 6 131 3,038 16 18 16 16 2 203 2,713 125 2,8371991 2,936 6 133 3,074 20 22 2 2 20 207 2,762 124 2,8861992 2,934 6 143 3,084 26 28 2 3 25 212 2,763 134 2,8971993 3,044 7 146 3,197 29 31 3 4 28 224 2,861 139 3,0011994 3,089 8 151 3,248 45 47 1 2 45 211 2,935 146 3,0811995 3,194 8 151 3,353 41 43 2 4 39 229 3,013 151 3,1641996 3,284 9 151 3,444 42 43 2 3 40 231 3,101 153 3,2541997 3,329 9 154 3,492 43 43 7 9 34 224 3,146 156 3,3021998 3,457 9 154 3,620 40 40 12 14 26 221 3,264 161 3,4251999 3,530 9 156 3,695 43 43 13 14 29 240 3,312 172 3,4842000 3,638 8 157 3,802 49 49 13 15 34 244 3,421 171 3,5922001 3,580 7 149 3,737 38 39 16 16 22 202 3,394 163 3,5572002 3,698 7 153 3,858 37 37 15 16 21 248 3,465 166 3,6322003 3,721 7 155 3,883 29 30 24 24 6 228 3,494 168 3,6622004 3,808 8 154 3,971 33 34 22 23 11 266 3,547 168 3,7162005 3,902 8 145 4,055 43 45 19 20 25 269 3,661 150 3,8112006 3,908 8 148 4,065 42 43 23 24 18 266 3,670 147 3,8172007R4,005R8R143R4,157 50 51 20 20 31R264R3,765R159R3,9242008P3,967 8 136 4,110 56 57 23 24 33 271 3,722E151 3,8731Electricity transmitted across U.S. borders. Net imports equal imports minus exports.2Electricity-only and combined-heat-and-power (CHP) plants within the NAICS 22 category whoseprimary business is to sell electricity, or electricity and heat, to the public. Through 1988, data are forelectric utilities only; beginning in 1989, data are for electric utilities and independent power producers.3Commercial combined-heat-and-power (CHP) and commercial electricity-only plants.4Industrial combined-heat-and-power (CHP) and industrial electricity-only plants. Through 1988, dataare for industrial hydroelectric power only.5Transmission and distribution losses (electricity losses that occur between the point of generation anddelivery to the customer). See Note, "Electrical System Energy Losses," at end of Section 2.6Data collection frame differences and nonsampling error.7Electricity retail sales to ultimate customers by electric utilities and, beginning in 1996, other energyservice providers.8Use of electricity that is 1) self-generated, 2) produced by either the same entity that consumes thepower or an affiliate, and 3) used in direct support of a service or industrial process located within the samefacility or group of facilities that house the generating equipment. Direct use is exclusive of station use.R=Revised. P=Preliminary. E=Estimate. NA=Not available. (s)=Less than 0.5 billion kilowatthours.Notes:•See Note 1, "Coverage of Electricity Statistics," and Note 2, "Classification of Power Plants IntoEnergy-Use Sectors," at end of section.•Totals may not equal sum of components due to independentrounding.Web Pages:•For all data beginning in 1949, see http://www.eia.doe.gov/emeu/aer/elect.html.•For related information, see http://www.eia.doe.gov/fuelelectric.html.Sources: See end of section.Figure 8.2a Electricity Net Generation, Total (All Sectors)Total (All Sectors) and Sectors, 1989-2008 By Source Category, 2008 By Source, 2008By Major Sources, 1949-2008228 Energy Information Administration / Annual Energy Review 20081Wind, petroleum, wood, waste, geothermal,other gases, solar thermal and photovolatic,batteries, chemicals, hydrogen,pitch, puchased steam, sulfur, miscellaneous technologies, andnon-renewable waste (municipal solid waste from non-biogenic sources, and tire-derived fuels).2Conventional hydroelectric power and pumped storage.Sources: Tables 8.2a, 8.2b, and 8.2d.1989 1992 1995 1998 2001 2004 2007012345

Trillion Kilowatthours2.90.80.4Fossil Nuclear Renewable01234

Trillion Kilowatthours49%20%6%21%5%Total(All Sectors)NaturalGasOther1Electric PowerHydroelectricPower2NuclearElectric PowerCoalFuelsCommercial and IndustrialElectricPowerEnergy1950 1955 1960 1965 1970 1975 1980 1985 1990 1995 2000 20050.00.51.01.52.02.5

Trillion KilowatthoursCoalNuclear ElectricPowerPetroleum andNatural GasHydroelectric Power2Figure 8.2b Electricity Net Generation by SectorBy Sector, 2008 Electric Power Sector by Plant Type, 1989-2008Industrial and Commercial Sectors, 2008Energy Information Administration / Annual Energy Review 2008 2291 Blast furnace gas, propane gas, and othermanufactured and waste gases derived fromfossil fuels.2Batteries, chemicals, hydrogen, pitch, purchased steam, sulfur, miscellaneoustechnologies, and non-renewable waste (municipal solid waste from non-biogenic sources, andtire-derived fuels).— = No data reported.(s) = Less than 0.05 trillion kilowatthours.(ss) = Less than 0.5 billion kilowatthours.Sources: Tables 8.2b-8.2d.4.00.1(s)Electric Power Industrial Commercial012345

Trillion Kilowatthours1989 1992 1995 1998 2001 2004 2007012345

Trillion KilowatthoursElectricity-Only PlantsCombined-Heat-and-Power Plants4(ss)1(—)(ss)(ss)2174281783213Natural Gas Wood Coal Other Gases1 Petroleum Conventional Waste Other20306090

Billion KilowatthoursIndustrialCommercialHydroelectricPower230 Energy Information Administration / Annual Energy Review 2008**T able 8.2a Electricity Net Generation: Total (All Sectors), Selected Years, 1949-2008** (Sum of Tables 8.2b and 8.2d; Billion Kilowatthours)**Year Fossil Fuels** **Nuclear Electric** **Power Hydro** **electric Pumped** **Storage**5**Renewable Energy Other** 10**Total Coal** 1**Petroleum**2**Natural Gas** 3**Other Gases** 4**Total Conventional** **Hydroelectric Power** 6**Biomass Geo** **thermal Solar/PV** 9**Wind Total** **Wood**7**Waste**81949 135.5 28.5 37.0 NA 201.0 0.06( ) 94.8 0.4 NA NA NA NA 95.2 NA 296.11950 154.5 33.7 44.6 NA 232.8 .06( ) 100.9 .4 NA NA NA NA 101.3 NA 334.11955 301.4 37.1 95.3 NA 433.8 .06( ) 116.2 .3 NA NA NA NA 116.5 NA 550.31960 403.1 48.0 158.0 NA 609.0 .56( ) 149.4 .1 NA (s) NA NA 149.6 NA 759.21965 570.9 64.8 221.6 NA 857.3 3.76( ) 197.0 .3 NA .2 NA NA 197.4 NA 1,058.41970 704.4 184.2 372.9 NA 1,261.5 21.86( ) 251.0 .1 .2 .5 NA NA 251.8 NA 1,535.11971 713.1 220.2 374.0 NA 1,307.4 38.16( ) 269.5 .1 .2 .5 NA NA 270.4 NA 1,615.91972 771.1 274.3 375.7 NA 1,421.2 54.16( ) 275.9 .1 .2 1.5 NA NA 277.7 NA 1,753.01973 847.7 314.3 340.9 NA 1,502.9 83.56( ) 275.4 .1 .2 2.0 NA NA 277.7 NA 1,864.11974 828.4 300.9 320.1 NA 1,449.4 114.06( ) 304.2 .1 .2 2.5 NA NA 306.9 NA 1,870.31975 852.8 289.1 299.8 NA 1,441.7 172.56( ) 303.2 (s) .2 3.2 NA NA 306.6 NA 1,920.81976 944.4 320.0 294.6 NA 1,559.0 191.16( ) 286.9 .1 .2 3.6 NA NA 290.8 NA 2,040.91977 985.2 358.2 305.5 NA 1,648.9 250.96( ) 223.6 .3 .2 3.6 NA NA 227.7 NA 2,127.41978 975.7 365.1 305.4 NA 1,646.2 276.46( ) 283.5 .2 .1 3.0 NA NA 286.8 NA 2,209.41979 1,075.0 303.5 329.5 NA 1,708.0 255.26( ) 283.1 .3 .2 3.9 NA NA 287.5 NA 2,250.71980 1,161.6 246.0 346.2 NA 1,753.8 251.16( ) 279.2 .3 .2 5.1 NA NA 284.7 NA 2,289.61981 1,203.2 206.4 345.8 NA 1,755.4 272.76( ) 263.8 .2 .1 5.7 NA NA 269.9 NA 2,298.01982 1,192.0 146.8 305.3 NA 1,644.1 282.86( ) 312.4 .2 .1 4.8 NA NA 317.5 NA 2,244.41983 1,259.4 144.5 274.1 NA 1,678.0 293.76( ) 335.3 .2 .2 6.1 NA (s) 341.7 NA 2,313.41984 1,341.7 119.8 297.4 NA 1,758.9 327.66( ) 324.3 .5 .4 7.7 (s) (s) 332.9 NA 2,419.51985 1,402.1 100.2 291.9 NA 1,794.3 383.76( ) 284.3 .7 .6 9.3 (s) (s) 295.0 NA 2,473.01986 1,385.8 136.6 248.5 NA 1,770.9 414.06( ) 294.0 .5 .7 10.3 (s) (s) 305.5 NA 2,490.51987 1,463.8 118.5 272.6 NA 1,854.9 455.36( ) 252.9 .8 .7 10.8 (s) (s) 265.1 NA 2,575.31988 1,540.7 148.9 252.8 NA 1,942.4 527.06( ) 226.1 .9 .7 10.3 (s) (s) 238.1 NA 2,707.41989111,583.8R164.4 352.6 7.9R2,108.6 529.46( ) 272.0 27.2 9.2 14.6 .3 2.1 325.3 3.8R2,967.11990 1,594.0R126.5 372.8 10.4R2,103.6 576.9 -3.5 292.9 32.5 13.3 15.4 .4 2.8 357.2 3.6R3,037.81991 1,590.6 119.8 381.6 11.3 2,103.3 612.6 -4.5 289.0 33.7 15.7 16.0 .5 3.0 357.8 4.7 3,073.81992 1,621.2 100.2 404.1 13.3 2,138.7 618.8 -4.2 253.1 36.5 17.8 16.1 .4 2.9 326.9 3.7 3,083.91993 1,690.1 112.8 414.9 13.0 2,230.7 610.3 -4.0 280.5 37.6 18.3 16.8 .5 3.0 356.7 3.5 3,197.21994 1,690.7 105.9 460.2 13.3 2,270.1 640.4 -3.4 260.1 37.9 19.1 15.5 .5 3.4 336.7 3.7 3,247.51995 1,709.4 74.6 496.1 13.9 2,293.9 673.4 -2.7 310.8 36.5 20.4 13.4 .5 3.2 384.8 4.1 3,353.51996 1,795.2 81.4 455.1 14.4 2,346.0 674.7 -3.1 347.2 36.8 20.9 14.3 .5 3.2 423.0 3.6 3,444.21997 1,845.0 92.6 479.4 13.4 2,430.3 628.6 -4.0 356.5 36.9 21.7 14.7 .5 3.3 433.6 3.6 3,492.21998 1,873.5 128.8 531.3 13.5 2,547.1 673.7 -4.5 323.3 36.3 22.4 14.8 .5 3.0 400.4 3.6 3,620.31999 1,881.1 118.1 556.4 14.1 2,569.7 728.3 -6.1 319.5 37.0 22.6 14.8 .5 4.5 399.0 4.0 3,694.82000 1,966.3 111.2 601.0 14.0 2,692.5 753.9 -5.5 275.6 37.6 23.1 14.1 .5 5.6 356.5 4.8 3,802.12001 1,904.0 124.9 639.1 9.0 2,677.0 768.8 -8.8 217.0 35.2 14.5 13.7 .5 6.7 287.7 11.9 3,736.62002 1,933.1 94.6 691.0 11.5 2,730.2 780.1 -8.7 264.3 38.7 15.0 14.5 .6 10.4 343.4 13.5 3,858.52003 1,973.7 119.4 649.9 15.6 2,758.6 763.7 -8.5 275.8 37.5 15.8 14.4 .5 11.2 355.3 14.0 3,883.22004R1,978.3R121.1R710.1R15.3R2,824.8 788.5 -8.5 268.4R38.1R15.4 14.8 .6 14.1R351.5R14.2 3,970.62005R2,012.9R122.2R761.0R13.5R2,909.5 782.0 -6.6 270.3R38.9R15.4 14.7 .6 17.8R357.7R12.8 4,055.42006R1,990.5R64.2R816.4R14.2R2,885.3 787.2 -6.6 289.2R38.8 16.1 14.6 .5 26.6R385.8R13.0 4,064.72007R2,016.5 65.7R896.6R13.5R2,992.2R806.4R-6.9R247.5R39.0R16.5R14.6 .6R34.4R352.7R12.2R4,156.72008P1,994.4 45.4 876.9 11.6 2,928.3 806.2 -6.2 248.1 38.8 17.1 14.9 .8 52.0 371.7 10.4 4,110.31Anthracite, bituminous coal, subbituminous coal, lignite, waste coal, and coal synfuel.2Distillate fuel oil, residual fuel oil, petroleum coke, jet fuel, kerosene, other petroleum, and waste oil.3Natural gas, plus a small amount of supplemental gaseous fuels.4Blast furnace gas, propane gas, and other manufactured and waste gases derived from fossil fuels.5Pumped storage facility production minus energy used for pumping.6Through 1989, hydroelectric pumped storage is included in "Conventional Hydroelectric Power."7Wood and wood-derived fuels.8Municipal solid waste from biogenic sources, landfill gas, sludge waste, agricultural byproducts, andother biomass. Through 2000, also includes non-renewable waste (municipal solid waste from non-biogenicsources, and tire-derived fuels).9Solar thermal and photovoltaic energy.10Batteries, chemicals, hydrogen, pitch, purchased steam, sulfur, miscellaneous technologies, and,beginning in 2001, non-renewable waste (municipal solid waste from non-biogenic sources, and tire-derivedfuels).11Through 1988, all data except hydroelectric are for electric utilities only; hydroelectric data through1988 include industrial plants as well as electric utilities. Beginning in 1989, data are for electric utilities,independent power producers, commercial plants, and industrial plants.R=Revised. P=Preliminary. NA=Not available. (s)=Less than 0.05 billion killowatthours.Notes:•See Note 1, "Coverage of Electricity Statistics," at end of section.•Totals may not equal sumof components due to independent rounding.Web Pages:•For all data beginning in 1949, see http://www.eia.doe.gov/emeu/aer/elect.html.•For related information, see http://www.eia.doe.gov/fuelelectric.html.Sources:•1949-1988—Table 8.2b for electric power sector, and Table 8.1 for industrial sector.•1989forward—Tables 8.2b and 8.2d.Energy Information Administration / Annual Energy Review 2008 231**T able 8.2b Electricity Net Generation: Electric Power Sector, Selected Years, 1949-2008** (Subset of Table 8.2a; Billion Kilowatthours)**Year Fossil Fuels** **Nuclear Electric** **Power Hydro** **electric Pumped** **Storage**5**Renewable Energy Other** 10**Total Coal** 1**Petroleum**2**Natural Gas** 3**Other Gases** 4**Total Conventional** **Hydroelectric Power** 6**Biomass Geo** **thermal Solar/PV** 9**Wind Total** **Wood**7**Waste**81949 135.5 28.5 37.0 NA 201.0 0.06( ) 89.7 0.4 NA NA NA NA 90.1 NA 291.11950 154.5 33.7 44.6 NA 232.8 .06( ) 95.9 .4 NA NA NA NA 96.3 NA 329.11955 301.4 37.1 95.3 NA 433.8 .06( ) 113.0 .3 NA NA NA NA 113.3 NA 547.01960 403.1 48.0 158.0 NA 609.0 .56( ) 145.8 .1 NA (s) NA NA 146.0 NA 755.51965 570.9 64.8 221.6 NA 857.3 3.76( ) 193.9 .3 NA .2 NA NA 194.3 NA 1,055.31970 704.4 184.2 372.9 NA 1,261.5 21.86( ) 247.7 .1 .2 .5 NA NA 248.6 NA 1,531.91971 713.1 220.2 374.0 NA 1,307.4 38.16( ) 266.3 .1 .2 .5 NA NA 267.2 NA 1,612.61972 771.1 274.3 375.7 NA 1,421.2 54.16( ) 272.6 .1 .2 1.5 NA NA 274.4 NA 1,749.71973 847.7 314.3 340.9 NA 1,502.9 83.56( ) 272.1 .1 .2 2.0 NA NA 274.4 NA 1,860.71974 828.4 300.9 320.1 NA 1,449.4 114.06( ) 301.0 .1 .2 2.5 NA NA 303.7 NA 1,867.11975 852.8 289.1 299.8 NA 1,441.7 172.56( ) 300.0 (s) .2 3.2 NA NA 303.5 NA 1,917.61976 944.4 320.0 294.6 NA 1,559.0 191.16( ) 283.7 .1 .2 3.6 NA NA 287.6 NA 2,037.71977 985.2 358.2 305.5 NA 1,648.9 250.96( ) 220.5 .3 .2 3.6 NA NA 224.5 NA 2,124.31978 975.7 365.1 305.4 NA 1,646.2 276.46( ) 280.4 .2 .1 3.0 NA NA 283.7 NA 2,206.31979 1,075.0 303.5 329.5 NA 1,708.0 255.26( ) 279.8 .3 .2 3.9 NA NA 284.2 NA 2,247.41980 1,161.6 246.0 346.2 NA 1,753.8 251.16( ) 276.0 .3 .2 5.1 NA NA 281.5 NA 2,286.41981 1,203.2 206.4 345.8 NA 1,755.4 272.76( ) 260.7 .2 .1 5.7 NA NA 266.7 NA 2,294.81982 1,192.0 146.8 305.3 NA 1,644.1 282.86( ) 309.2 .2 .1 4.8 NA NA 314.4 NA 2,241.21983 1,259.4 144.5 274.1 NA 1,678.0 293.76( ) 332.1 .2 .2 6.1 NA (s) 338.6 NA 2,310.31984 1,341.7 119.8 297.4 NA 1,758.9 327.66( ) 321.2 .5 .4 7.7 (s) (s) 329.8 NA 2,416.31985 1,402.1 100.2 291.9 NA 1,794.3 383.76( ) 281.1 .7 .6 9.3 (s) (s) 291.9 NA 2,469.81986 1,385.8 136.6 248.5 NA 1,770.9 414.06( ) 290.8 .5 .7 10.3 (s) (s) 302.3 NA 2,487.31987 1,463.8 118.5 272.6 NA 1,854.9 455.36( ) 249.7 .8 .7 10.8 (s) (s) 262.0 NA 2,572.11988 1,540.7 148.9 252.8 NA 1,942.4 527.06( ) 222.9 .9 .7 10.3 (s) (s) 234.9 NA 2,704.31989111,562.4 159.0 297.3 .5 2,019.1 529.46( ) 269.2 5.6 7.7 14.6 .3 2.1 299.5 .3 2,848.21990 1,572.1 118.9 309.5 .6 2,001.1 576.9 -3.5 289.8 7.0 11.5 15.4 .4 2.8 326.9 (s) 2,901.31991 1,568.8 112.8 317.8 .7 2,000.1 612.6 -4.5 286.0 7.7 13.9 16.0 .5 3.0 327.0 .4 2,935.61992 1,597.7 92.2 334.3 1.2 2,025.4 618.8 -4.2 250.0 8.5 15.9 16.1 .4 2.9 293.9 .5 2,934.41993 1,665.5 105.4 342.2 1.0 2,114.1 610.3 -4.0 277.5 9.2 16.2 16.8 .5 3.0 323.2 .4 3,043.91994 1,666.3 98.7 385.7 1.1 2,151.7 640.4 -3.4 254.0 9.2 17.0 15.5 .5 3.4 299.7 .2 3,088.71995 1,686.1 68.1 419.2 1.9 2,175.3 673.4 -2.7 305.4 7.6 18.0 13.4 .5 3.2 348.0 .2 3,194.21996 1,772.0 74.8 378.8 1.3 2,226.9 674.7 -3.1 341.2 8.4 17.8 14.3 .5 3.2 385.4 .2 3,284.11997 1,820.8 86.5 399.6 1.5 2,308.4 628.6 -4.0 350.6 8.7 18.5 14.7 .5 3.3 396.3 .1 3,329.41998 1,850.2 122.2 449.3 2.3 2,424.0 673.7 -4.5 317.9 8.6 19.2 14.8 .5 3.0 364.0 .2 3,457.41999 1,858.6 111.5 473.0 1.6 2,444.8 728.3 -6.1 314.7 9.0 19.5 14.8 .5 4.5 362.9 .1 3,530.02000 1,943.1 105.2 518.0 2.0 2,568.3 753.9 -5.5 271.3 8.9 20.3 14.1 .5 5.6 320.7 .1 3,637.52001 1,882.8 119.1 554.9 .6 2,557.5 768.8 -8.8 213.7 8.3 12.9 13.7 .5 6.7 256.0 6.5 3,580.12002 1,910.6 89.7 607.7 2.0 2,610.0 780.1 -8.7 260.5 9.0 13.1 14.5 .6 10.4 308.0 9.1 3,698.52003 1,952.7 113.7 567.3 2.6 2,636.4 763.7 -8.5 271.5 9.5 13.8 14.4 .5 11.2 321.0 8.6 3,721.22004 1,957.2 114.7R627.2R3.6R2,702.6 788.5 -8.5 265.1 9.7 13.1 14.8 .6 14.1R317.4R8.3 3,808.42005 1,992.1R116.5R683.8R3.8 2,796.1 782.0 -6.6 267.0 10.6 13.0 14.7 .6 17.8 323.7R6.9 3,902.22006R1,969.7R59.7 734.4R4.3 2,768.1 787.2 -6.6 286.3 10.3 13.9 14.6 .5 26.6 352.2 7.1 3,908.12007R1,998.4R61.3R814.8R4.0R2,878.5R806.4R-6.9R245.8R10.7R14.3R14.6 .6R34.4R320.5R6.8R4,005.32008P1,976.2 42.3 798.6 3.2 2,820.2 806.2 -6.2 246.1 10.9 14.9 14.9 .8 52.0 339.6 6.9 3,966.71Anthracite, bituminous coal, subbituminous coal, lignite, waste coal, and coal synfuel.2Distillate fuel oil, residual fuel oil, petroleum coke, jet fuel, kerosene, other petroleum, and waste oil.3Natural gas, plus a small amount of supplemental gaseous fuels.4Blast furnace gas, propane gas, and other manufactured and waste gases derived from fossil fuels.5Pumped storage facility production minus energy used for pumping.6Through 1989, hydroelectric pumped storage is included in "Conventional Hydroelectric Power."7Wood and wood-derived fuels.8Municipal solid waste from biogenic sources, landfill gas, sludge waste, agricultural byproducts, andother biomass. Through 2000, also includes non-renewable waste (municipal solid waste fromnon-biogenic sources, and tire-derived fuels).9Solar thermal and photovoltaic energy.10Batteries, chemicals, hydrogen, pitch, purchased steam, sulfur, miscellaneous technologies, and,beginning in 2001, non-renewable waste (municipal solid waste from non-biogenic sources, and tire-derivedfuels).11Through 1988, data are for electric utilities only. Beginning in 1989, data are for electric utilities andindependent power producers.R=Revised. P=Preliminary. NA=Not available. (s)=Less than 0.05 billion kilowatthours.Notes:•The electric power sector comprises electricity-only and combined-heat-and-power (CHP)plants within the NAICS 22 category whose primary business is to sell electricity, or electricity and heat,tothe public.•See Table 8.2d for commercial and industrial CHP and electricity-only data.•See Note1,"Coverage of Electricity Statistics," and Note 2, "Classification of Power Plants Into Energy-Use Sectors,"atend of section.•Totals may not equal sum of components due to independent rounding.Web Pages:•For all data beginning in 1949, see http://www.eia.doe.gov/emeu/aer/elect.html.•For related information, see http://www.eia.doe.gov/fuelelectric.html.Sources:•1949-September 1977—Federal Power Commission, Form FPC-4, "Monthly Power PlantReport."•October 1977-1981—Federal Energy Regulatory Commission, Form FPC-4, "Monthly PowerPlant Report."•1982-1988—Energy Information Administration (EIA), Form EIA-759, "Monthly PowerPlant Report."•1989-1997—EIA, Form EIA-759, "Monthly Power Plant Report," and Form EIA-867,"Annual Nonutility Power Producer Report."•1998-2000—EIA, Form EIA-759, "Monthly Power PlantReport," and Form EIA-860B, "Annual Electric Generator Report—Nonutility."•2001-2003—EIA, FormEIA-906, "Power Plant Report."•2004-2007—EIA, Form EIA-906, "Power Plant Report," and FormEIA-920, "Combined Heat and Power Plant Report."•2008—EIA, Form EIA-923, "Power PlantOperations Report."232 Energy Information Administration / Annual Energy Review 2008**T able 8.2c Electricity Net Generation: Electric Power Sector by Plant Type, 1989-2008** (Breakout of Table 8.2b; Billion Kilowatthours)**Year Fossil Fuels** **Nuclear Electric** **Power Hydro** **electric Pumped** **Storage**5**Renewable Energy Other** 10**Total Coal** 1**Petroleum**2**Natural Gas** 3**Other Gases** 4**Total Conventional** **Hydroelectric Power** 6**Biomass Geo** **thermal Solar/PV** 9**Wind Total** **Wood**7**Waste**8**Electricity-Only Plants**111989 1,554.0 158.3 266.9 – 1,979.3 529.46( ) 269.2 4.2 6.9 14.6 0.3 2.1 297.3 – 2,805.91990 1,560.2 117.6 264.7 (s) 1,942.4 576.9 -3.5 289.8 5.6 10.4 15.4 .4 2.8 324.3 – 2,840.01991 1,551.9 112.2 267.8 (s) 1,931.9 612.6 -4.5 286.0 6.0 12.2 16.0 .5 3.0 323.7 – 2,863.61992 1,577.1 90.1 270.9 (s) 1,938.0 618.8 -4.2 250.0 6.6 14.4 16.1 .4 2.9 290.4 – 2,843.11993 1,642.1 100.6 267.2 (s) 2,009.9 610.3 -4.0 277.5 7.2 14.9 16.8 .5 3.0 319.8 – 2,935.91994 1,639.9 92.1 299.7 (s) 2,031.7 640.4 -3.4 254.0 7.6 15.4 15.5 .5 3.4 296.5 – 2,965.21995 1,658.0 62.0 317.4 (s) 2,037.4 673.4 -2.7 305.4 5.9 16.3 13.4 .5 3.2 344.7 – 3,052.81996 1,742.8 68.5 272.8 (s) 2,084.1 674.7 -3.1 341.2 6.5 16.1 14.3 .5 3.2 381.8 – 3,137.61997 1,793.2 80.3 291.1 (s) 2,164.6 628.6 -4.0 350.6 6.5 16.4 14.7 .5 3.3 392.0 – 3,181.31998 1,823.0 115.7 335.9 .1 2,274.6 673.7 -4.5 317.9 6.6 17.0 14.8 .5 3.0 359.8 – 3,303.61999 1,832.1 104.8 356.6 (s) 2,293.6 728.3 -6.1 314.7 7.3 17.1 14.8 .5 4.5 358.8 – 3,374.62000 1,910.6 98.0 399.4 .2 2,408.2 753.9 -5.5 271.3 7.3 17.6 14.1 .5 5.6 316.4 – 3,472.92001 1,851.8 113.2 427.0 (s) 2,392.0 768.8 -8.8 213.7 6.6 11.3 13.7 .5 6.7 252.6 5.9 3,410.52002 1,881.2 83.3 456.8 .2 2,421.5 780.1 -8.7 260.5 7.3 11.2 14.5 .6 10.4 304.3 7.6 3,504.82003 1,915.8 108.5 421.2 .3 2,445.7 763.7 -8.5 271.5 7.4 11.9 14.4 .5 11.2 317.0 7.6 3,525.52004 1,921.1 109.4 491.2 .4 2,522.0 788.5 -8.5 265.1 8.1 11.8 14.8 .6 14.1 314.5 7.6 3,624.12005 1,955.5 111.2 553.2 (s) 2,619.9 782.0 -6.6 267.0 8.5 11.7 14.7 .6 17.8 320.3 6.2 3,721.82006 1,933.7 55.2 618.0 (s) 2,607.0 787.2 -6.6 286.2 8.3 12.5 14.6 .5 26.6 348.7 6.3 3,742.72007R1,962.0R56.9R686.3 .1R2,705.3R806.4R-6.9R245.8R8.7R12.9R14.6 .6R34.4R317.1R6.0R3,828.02008P1,938.7 38.8 681.7 (s) 2,659.3 806.2 -6.2 246.1 8.8 13.5 14.9 .8 52.0 336.1 6.1 3,801.4**Combined-Heat-and-Power Plants**121989 8.4 0.7 30.4 0.5 39.9 – – – 1.3 0.9 – – – 2.2 0.3 42.31990 11.9 1.3 44.8 .6 58.7 – – – 1.4 1.1 – – – 2.6 (s) 61.31991 16.9 .6 50.0 .7 68.2 – – – 1.7 1.6 – – – 3.3 .4 71.91992 20.7 2.2 63.4 1.2 87.4 – – – 1.9 1.5 – – – 3.4 .5 91.31993 23.4 4.8 75.0 1.0 104.2 – – – 2.0 1.4 – – – 3.4 .4 108.01994 26.4 6.6 86.0 1.1 120.1 – – – 1.6 1.6 – – – 3.2 .2 123.51995 28.1 6.1 101.7 1.9 137.9 – – – 1.7 1.7 – – – 3.4 .2 141.51996 29.2 6.3 105.9 1.3 142.7 – – – 1.9 1.7 – – – 3.6 .2 146.61997 27.6 6.2 108.5 1.5 143.7 – – – 2.2 2.1 – – – 4.3 .1 148.11998 27.2 6.6 113.4 2.3 149.4 – – – 2.0 2.3 – – – 4.2 .2 153.81999 26.6 6.7 116.4 1.6 151.2 – – – 1.7 2.4 – – – 4.1 .1 155.42000 32.5 7.2 118.6 1.8 160.2 – – – 1.6 2.7 – – – 4.3 .1 164.62001 31.0 6.0 128.0 .6 165.5 – – – 1.7 1.7 – – – 3.4 .6 169.52002 29.4 6.5 150.9 1.7 188.5 – – – 1.7 2.0 – – – 3.7 1.4 193.72003 36.9 5.2 146.1 2.4 190.6 – – – 2.1 1.9 – – – 4.0 1.1 195.72004 36.1 5.3R136.0R3.2R180.6 – – – 1.6R1.3 – – –R2.9R.7 184.32005 36.5R5.3R130.7R3.8 176.2 – – (s) 2.1 1.3 – – – 3.4 .7 180.42006R36.0R4.5R116.4R4.2 161.1 – – (s) 2.0 1.4 – – – 3.5 .8 165.42007R36.4R4.4R128.4R3.9R173.2 – – (s) 2.0R1.4 – – – 3.5R.7R177.42008P37.5 3.5 116.8 3.2 161.0 – – (s) 2.1 1.4 – – – 3.5 .8 165.31Anthracite, bituminous coal, subbituminous coal, lignite, waste coal, and coal synfuel.2Distillate fuel oil, residual fuel oil, petroleum coke, jet fuel, kerosene, other petroleum, and waste oil.3Natural gas, plus a small amount of supplemental gaseous fuels.4Blast furnace gas, propane gas, and other manufactured and waste gases derived from fossil fuels.5Pumped storage facility production minus energy used for pumping.6Through 1989, hydroelectric pumped storage is included in "Conventional Hydroelectric Power."7Wood and wood-derived fuels.8Municipal solid waste from biogenic sources, landfill gas, sludge waste, agricultural byproducts, andother biomass. Through 2000, also includes non-renewable waste (municipal solid waste from non-biogenicsources, and tire-derived fuels).9Solar thermal and photovoltaic energy.10Batteries, chemicals, hydrogen, pitch, purchased steam, sulfur, miscellaneous technologies, and,beginning in 2001, non-renewable waste (municipal solid waste from non-biogenic sources, and tire-derivedfuels).11Electricity-only plants within the NAICS 22 category whose primary business is to sell electricity to thepublic. Data also include a small number of electric utility combined-heat-and-power (CHP) plants.12Combined-heat-and-power (CHP) plants within the NAICS 22 category whose primary business istosell electricity and heat to the public. Data do not include electric utility CHP plants—these are includedunder "Electricity-Only Plants."R=Revised. P=Preliminary. – = No data reported. (s)=Less than 0.05 billion kilowatthours.Notes:•See Table 8.2d for commercial and industrial CHP and electricity-only data.•See Note1,"Coverage of Electricity Statistics," and Note 2, "Classification of Power Plants Into Energy-Use Sectors,"atend of section.•Totals may not equal sum of components due to independent rounding.Web Page: For related information, see http://www.eia.doe.gov/fuelelectric.html.Sources:•1989-1997—Energy Information Administration (EIA), Form EIA-759, "Monthly Power PlantReport," and Form EIA-867, "Annual Nonutility Power Producer Report."•1998-2000—EIA, Form EIA-759,"Monthly Power Plant Report," and Form EIA-860B, "Annual Electric Generator Report—Nonutility."•2001-2003—EIA, Form EIA-906, "Power Plant Report."•2004-2007—EIA, Form EIA-906, "Power PlantReport," and Form EIA-920, "Combined Heat and Power Plant Report."•2008—EIA, Form EIA-923,"Power Plant Operations Report."Energy Information Administration / Annual Energy Review 2008 233**T able 8.2d Electricity Net Generation: Commercial and Industrial Sectors, 1989-2008** (Subset of Table 8.2a; Billion Kilowatthours)**Year Fossil Fuels** **Nuclear Electric** **Power Hydro** **electric Pumped** **Storage**5**Renewable Energy Other** 9**Total Coal** 1**Petroleum**2**Natural Gas** 3**Other Gases** 4**Total Conventional** **Hydroelectric Power** **Biomass Geo** **themal Solar/PV** 8**Wind Total** **Wood**6**Waste**7**Commercial Sector**101989 0.7 0.6 2.2 0.1 3.6 – – 0.1 0.1 0.5 – – – 0.7 – 4.31990 .8 .6 3.3 .1 4.8 – – .1 .1 .8 – – – 1.1 – 5.81991 .8 .4 3.2 .1 4.5 – – .1 .1 .9 – – – 1.1 (s) 5.71992 .7 .3 3.9 .1 5.0 – – .1 .1 1.0 – – – 1.2 (s) 6.21993 .9 .3 4.5 .1 5.8 – – .1 .1 1.0 – – – 1.2 (s) 7.01994 .8 .4 4.9 .1 6.3 – – .1 .1 1.2 – – – 1.3 – 7.61995 1.0 .4 5.2 – 6.5 – – .1 .1 1.5 – – – 1.7 (s) 8.21996 1.1 .4 5.2 (s) 6.7 – – .1 .1 2.2 – – – 2.4 (s) 9.01997 1.0 .4 4.7 (s) 6.2 – – .1 (s) 2.3 – – – 2.5 (s) 8.71998 1.0 .4 4.9 (s) 6.3 – – .1 (s) 2.3 – – – 2.5 – 8.71999 1.0 .4 4.6 (s) 6.0 – – .1 (s) 2.4 – – – 2.5 (s) 8.62000 1.1 .4 4.3 (s) 5.8 – – .1 (s) 2.0 – – – 2.1 (s) 7.92001 1.0 .4 4.4 (s) 5.9 – – .1 (s) 1.0 – – – 1.1 .5 7.42002 1.0 .4 4.3 (s) 5.7 – – (s) (s) 1.1 – – – 1.1 .6 7.42003 1.2 .4 3.9 – 5.5 – – .1 (s) 1.3 – – – 1.4 .6 7.52004 1.3 .5R4.0 – 5.8 – – .1 (s)R1.6 – – –R1.7 .8 8.32005R1.4 .4R4.2 – 6.0 – – .1 (s) 1.7 – – – 1.8 .8 8.52006 1.3 .2R4.4 (s) 5.9 – – .1 (s) 1.6 – – – 1.7 .8 8.42007R1.4 .2R4.3R–R5.8 – – .1 (s) 1.6 – – – 1.7 .8R8.32008P1.2 .1 4.1 – 5.4 – – .1 (s) 1.6 – – – 1.7 .8 7.9**Industrial Sector**111989 20.7R4.8 53.2 7.3R85.9 – – 2.7 21.6 0.9 – – – 25.2 3.5R114.71990 21.1R7.0 60.0 9.6R97.8 – – 3.0 25.4 .9 – – – 29.3 3.6R130.71991 21.0 6.5 60.6 10.5 98.6 – – 2.8 25.9 .9 – – – 29.6 4.3 132.61992 22.7 7.6 65.9 12.0 108.2 – – 2.9 27.9 .9 – – – 31.8 3.2 143.31993 23.7 7.0 68.2 11.9 110.9 – – 2.9 28.4 1.1 – – – 32.3 3.1 146.31994 23.6 6.8 69.6 12.1 112.1 – – 6.0 28.7 1.0 – – – 35.7 3.4 151.21995 22.4 6.0 71.7 11.9 112.1 – – 5.3 28.9 .9 – – – 35.1 3.9 151.01996 22.2 6.3 71.0 13.0 112.5 – – 5.9 28.4 .9 – – – 35.2 3.4 151.01997 23.2 5.6 75.1 11.8 115.8 – – 5.7 28.2 .9 – – – 34.8 3.5 154.11998 22.3 6.2 77.1 11.2 116.8 – – 5.3 27.7 .9 – – – 33.9 3.4 154.11999 21.5 6.1 78.8 12.5 118.9 – – 4.8 28.1 .7 – – – 33.5 3.9 156.32000 22.1 5.6 78.8 11.9 118.4 – – 4.1 28.7 .8 – – – 33.6 4.7 156.72001 20.1 5.3 79.8 8.5 113.6 – – 3.1 26.9 .6 – – – 30.6 4.9 149.22002 21.5 4.4 79.0 9.5 114.4 – – 3.8 29.6 .8 – – – 34.3 3.8 152.62003 19.8 5.3 78.7 13.0 116.8 – – 4.2 28.0 .7 – – – 32.9 4.8 154.52004R19.8R6.0R79.0R11.7R116.4 – – 3.2R28.4 .8 – – –R32.4 5.1 153.92005R19.5 5.4R72.9R9.7R107.4 – – 3.2R28.3R.7 – – –R32.2R5.1 144.72006R19.5 4.2R77.7R9.9R111.3 – – 2.9R28.4 .6 – – –R31.9R5.1 148.32007R16.7R4.2R77.6R9.4R107.9 – –R1.6R28.3 .6 – – –R30.5R4.7R143.12008P17.0 3.0 74.3 8.4 102.6 – – 1.9 27.9 .6 – – – 30.4 2.7 135.71Anthracite, bituminous coal, subbituminous coal, lignite, waste coal, and coal synfuel.2Distillate fuel oil, residual fuel oil, petroleum coke, jet fuel, kerosene, other petroleum, and waste oil.3Natural gas, plus a small amount of supplemental gaseous fuels.4Blast furnace gas, propane gas, and other manufactured and waste gases derived from fossil fuels.5Pumped storage facility production minus energy used for pumping.6Wood and wood-derived fuels.7Municipal solid waste from biogenic sources, landfill gas, sludge waste, agricultural byproducts, andother biomass. Through 2000, also includes non-renewable waste (municipal solid waste from non-biogenicsources, and tire-derived fuels).8Solar thermal and photovoltaic energy.9Batteries, chemicals, hydrogen, pitch, purchased steam, sulfur, miscellaneous technologies, and,beginning in 2001, non-renewable waste (municipal solid waste from non-biogenic sources, and tire-derivedfuels).10Commercial combined-heat-and-power (CHP) and commercial electricity-only plants.11Industrial combined-heat-and-power (CHP) and industrial electricity-only plants.R=Revised. P=Preliminary. – = No data reported. (s)=Less than 0.05 billion kilowatthours.Notes:•See Tables 8.2b and 8.2c for electric power sector electricity-only and CHP data.•See Note1, "Coverage of Electricity Statistics," and Note 2, "Classification of Power Plants Into Energy-Use Sectors,"at end of section.•Totals may not equal sum of components due to independent rounding.Web Page: For related information, see http://www.eia.doe.gov/fuelelectric.html.Sources:•1989-1997—Energy Information Administration (EIA), Form EIA-867, "Annual NonutilityPower Producer Report."•1998-2000—EIA, Form EIA-860B, "Annual Electric GeneratorReport—Nonutility."•2001-2003—EIA, Form EIA-906, "Power Plant Report."•2004-2007—EIA, FormEIA-906, "Power Plant Report," and Form EIA-920, "Combined Heat and Power Plant Report."•2008—EIA, Form EIA-923, "Power Plant Operations Report."Figure 8.3 Useful Thermal Output at Combined-Heat-and-Power PlantsTotal (All Sectors), 1989-2008 Total (All Sectors) by Source, 2008By Sector, 1989-2008 By Sector, 2008234 Energy Information Administration / Annual Energy Review 20081Blast furnace gas, propane gas, and othermanufactured and waste gases derived fromfossil fuels.2 Batteries, chemicals, hydrogen, pitch, purchased steam, sulfur, miscellaneoustechnologies, and non-renewable waste (municipal solid waste from non-biogenic sources, andtire-derived fuels).Sources: Tables 8.3a–8.3c.558527328110543117Wood Natural Coal Other Petroleum Waste Other20100200300400500600

Trillion Btu1989 1992 1995 1998 2001 2004 20070.00.51.01.52.02.5

Quadrillion BtuGases11.30.30.1Industrial Electric Power Commercial0.00.61.21.8

Quadrillion BtuIndustrialGasCommercialElectric Power1989 1992 1995 1998 2001 2004 20070.00.51.01.52.0

Quadrillion BtuEnergy Information Administration / Annual Energy Review 2008 235**T able 8.3a Useful Thermal Output at Combined-Heat-and-Power Plants: Total (All Sectors), 1989-2008** (Sum of Tables 8.3b and 8.3c; Trillion Btu)**Year Fossil Fuels** **Renewable Energy Other** 7**Total Coal** 1**Petroleum**2**Natural Gas**3**Other Gases**4**Total Biomass** **Total Wood** 5**Waste**61989 323 96 462 93 973 546 30 577 39 1,5891990 363 127 538 141R1,168 651 36 687 40 1,8961991 352 112 547 148 1,159 623 37 660 44 1,8631992 367 117 592 160 1,236 658 40 698 42 1,9761993 373 129 604 142 1,248 668 45 713 41 2,0021994 388 133 646 144 1,309 722 45 767 42 2,1191995 386 121 686 145 1,338 721 47 768 44 2,1511996 392 133 711 150 1,385 701 55 756 43 2,1841997 389 137 713 150 1,389 731 55 785 53 2,2271998 382 136 782 167 1,466 700 57 757 46 2,2691999 386 125 811 179 1,501 690 55 744 48 2,2942000 384 108 812 184 1,488 707 56 764 50 2,3022001 354 90 741 133 1,318 557 28 585 55 1,9582002 337 73 709 118 1,236 546 26 572 48 1,8562003 333 85 610 110 1,139 597 35 632 55 1,8262004R352R97R654R126R1,230R637R30R667R45R1,9432005R342R92R624R138R1,197R628R36R665 41R1,9032006R333 78R603R126R1,140R653R37R690R49R1,8792007R327R76R554R116R1,074R616R35R651R47R1,7722008P328 54 527 110 1,019 558 31 589 17 1,6251Anthracite, bituminous coal, subbituminous coal, lignite, waste coal, and coal synfuel.2Distillate fuel oil, residual fuel oil, petroleum coke, jet fuel, kerosene, other petroleum, and waste oil.3Natural gas, plus a small amount of supplemental gaseous fuels.4Blast furnace gas, propane gas, and other manufactured and waste gases derived from fossil fuels.5Wood and wood-derived fuels.6Municipal solid waste from biogenic sources, landfill gas, sludge waste, agricultural byproducts, andother biomass. Through 2000, also includes non-renewable waste (municipal solid waste fromnon-biogenic sources, and tire-derived fuels).7Batteries, chemicals, hydrogen, pitch, purchased steam, sulfur, miscellaneous technologies, and,beginning in 2001, non-renewable waste (municipal solid waste from non-biogenic sources, and tire-derivedfuels).R=Revised. P=Preliminary.Notes:•Data do not include electric utility combined-heat-and-power (CHP) plants.•See Note1,"Coverage of Electricity Statistics," at end of section.•See "Useful Thermal Output" in Glossary.•Totalsmay not equal sum of components due to independent rounding.Web Page: For related information, see http://www.eia.doe.gov/fuelelectric.html.Sources: Tables 8.3b and 8.3c.236 Energy Information Administration / Annual Energy Review 2008**T able 8.3b Useful Thermal Output at Combined-Heat-and-Power Plants: Electric Power Sector, 1989-2008** (Subset of Table 8.3a; Trillion Btu)**Year Fossil Fuels** **Renewable Energy Other** 7**Total Coal** 1**Petroleum**2**Natural Gas**3**Other Gases**4**Total Biomass** **Total Wood** 5**Waste**61989 13 8 67 2 90 19 5 24 1 1141990 21 9 80 4 114 18 6 25 (s) 1381991 21 6 82 4 113 17 9 26 1 1401992 28 6 102 5 140 17 8 25 2 1671993 30 8 107 3 147 16 8 24 1 1731994 37 9 119 5 170 15 10 24 1 1951995 40 13 118 4 176 15 12 27 (s) 2031996 43 12 121 4 180 16 16 33 (s) 2131997 39 12 132 8 191 16 14 30 (s) 2211998 43 6 142 5 196 10 16 26 (s) 2221999 52 7 146 4 208 10 20 30 (s) 2382000 53 7 158 5 223 6 19 26 (s) 2492001 52 6 164 5 226 8 4 13 3 2432002 40 4 214 6 264 8 5 13 5 2812003 38 7 200 9 255 9 11 20 3 2782004R39R8R239R18R305R9R9R17R4R3262005R40R8R239R37R323R10R8R18R4R3462006R38R7R207R23R275R10R7R17R4R2972007R38R7R213R20R279R11R8R19R4R3022008P39 8 214 22 282 10 8 18 5 3051Anthracite, bituminous coal, subbituminous coal, lignite, waste coal, and coal synfuel.2Distillate fuel oil, residual fuel oil, petroleum coke, jet fuel, kerosene, other petroleum, and waste oil.3Natural gas, plus a small amount of supplemental gaseous fuels.4Blast furnace gas, propane gas, and other manufactured and waste gases derived from fossil fuels.5Wood and wood-derived fuels.6Municipal solid waste from biogenic sources, landfill gas, sludge waste, agricultural byproducts, andother biomass. Through 2000, also includes non-renewable waste (municipal solid waste fromnon-biogenic sources, and tire-derived fuels).7Batteries, chemicals, hydrogen, pitch, purchased steam, sulfur, miscellaneous technologies, and,beginning in 2001, non-renewable waste (municipal solid waste from non-biogenic sources, and tire-derivedfuels).R=Revised. P=Preliminary. (s)=Less than 0.5 trillion Btu.Notes:•Data are for combined-heat-and-power (CHP) plants within the NAICS 22 category whoseprimary business is to sell electricity and heat to the public. Data do not include electric utility CHP plants.•See Table 8.3c for commercial and industrial CHP data.•See Note 1, "Coverage of ElectricityStatistics," and Note 2, "Classification of Power Plants Into Energy-Use Sectors," at end of section.•See"Useful Thermal Output" in Glossary.•Totals may not equal sum of components due to independentrounding.Web Page: For related information, see http://www.eia.doe.gov/fuelelectric.html.Sources:•1989-1997—Energy Information Administration (EIA), Form EIA-867, "Annual NonutilityPower Producer Report."•1998-2000—EIA, Form EIA-860B, "Annual Electric GeneratorReport—Nonutility."•2001-2003—EIA, Form EIA-906, "Power Plant Report."•2004-2007—EIA, FormEIA-920, "Combined Heat and Power Plant Report."•2008—EIA, Form EIA-923, "Power PlantOperations Report."Energy Information Administration / Annual Energy Review 2008 237**T able 8.3c Useful Thermal Output at Combined-Heat-and-Power Plants: Commercial and Industrial Sectors, 1989-2008** (Subset of Table 8.3a; Trillion Btu)**Year Fossil Fuels** **Renewable Energy Other** 7**Total Coal** 1**Petroleum**2**Natural Gas**3**Other Gases**4**Total Biomass** **Total Wood** 5**Waste**6**Commercial Sector**81989 14 4 10 (s) 27 (s) 10 10 – 381990 15 5 16 (s) 36 (s) 10 11 – 461991 16 4 21 (s) 41 (s) 9 9 (s) 501992 15 4 24 (s) 44 (s) 13 14 (s) 571993 18 4 23 (s) 45 (s) 14 14 (s) 591994 18 4 26 (s) 48 (s) 14 14 – 621995 17 3 29 – 48 (s) 15 15 (s) 631996 20 3 33 (s) 55 1 17 18 – 731997 22 4 40 (s) 66 1 19 20 – 861998 20 5 39 (s) 64 1 18 18 – 821999 20 3 37 (s) 61 1 17 17 – 782000 21 4 39 (s) 64 1 17 18 – 822001 18 4 35 – 58 1 8 8 6 722002 18 3 36 – 57 1 6 7 5 692003 23 3 17 – 42 1 8 8 6 572004R22 4R22 – 49R(s)R8R9R6R642005R23R4R20 – 47 (s) 8R9R6R612006R22 2R19R–R44 (s)R9R9 6R592007R23 2R20R–R44R1R6R7R4R552008P24 1 17 – 43 (s) 6 7 4 53**Industrial Sector**91989 297 84 385 90 856 527 15 542 38 1,4371990 327 113 443 137 1,019 632 20 652 40 1,7111991 315 103 444 144 1,005 606 19 625 44 1,6741992 324 107 466 155 1,052 641 19 660 40 1,7521993 325 117 475 139 1,055 652 23 675 39 1,7691994 333 119 501 138 1,092 707 21 729 41 1,8621995 329 105 540 140 1,114 706 20 726 44 1,8841996 329 118 557 146 1,150 684 21 705 43 1,8971997 328 121 541 142 1,132 713 22 735 53 1,9201998 318 124 601 162 1,206 689 24 713 46 1,9651999 313 115 629 175 1,233 679 18 697 48 1,9782000 309 98 615 179 1,201 700 20 720 50 1,9712001 284 80 542 128 1,034 548 16 564 46 1,6442002 278 66 458 112 914 537 15 552 39 1,5052003 272 75 393 101 842 588 16 604 46 1,4912004R290R85R393R108R876R628R13R641R35R1,5532005R280R81R364R102R827R618 20R638R32R1,4962006R272R69R377R103R821R642 21R663 39R1,5232007R266R67R322R96R751R605 21R625R38R1,4142008P265 45 295 88 694 548 16 565 8 1,2671Anthracite, bituminous coal, subbituminous coal, lignite, waste coal, and coal synfuel.2Distillate fuel oil, residual fuel oil, petroleum coke, jet fuel, kerosene, other petroleum, and waste oil.3Natural gas, plus a small amount of supplemental gaseous fuels.4Blast furnace gas, propane gas, and other manufactured and waste gases derived from fossil fuels.5Wood and wood-derived fuels.6Municipal solid waste from biogenic sources, landfill gas, sludge waste, agricultural byproducts, andother biomass. Through 2000, also includes non-renewable waste (municipal solid waste fromnon-biogenic sources, and tire-derived fuels).7Batteries, chemicals, hydrogen, pitch, purchased steam, sulfur, miscellaneous technologies, and,beginning in 2001, non-renewable waste (municipal solid waste from non-biogenic sources, and tire-derivedfuels).8Commercial combined-heat-and-power (CHP) plants.9Industrial combined-heat-and-power (CHP) plants.R=Revised. P=Preliminary. – = No data reported. (s)=Less than 0.5 trillion Btu.Notes:•See Table 8.3b for electric power sector CHP data.•See Note 1, "Coverage of ElectricityStatistics," and Note 2, "Classification of Power Plants Into Energy-Use Sectors," at end of section.•See"Useful Thermal Output" in Glossary.•Totals may not equal sum of components due to independentrounding.Web Page: For related information, see http://www.eia.doe.gov/fuelelectric.html.Sources:•1989-1997—Energy Information Administration (EIA), Form EIA-867, "Annual NonutilityPower Producer Report."•1998-2000—EIA, Form EIA-860B, "Annual Electric GeneratorReport—Nonutility."•2001-2003—EIA, Form EIA-906, "Power Plant Report."•2004-2007—EIA, FormEIA-920, "Combined Heat and Power Plant Report."•2008—EIA, Form EIA-923, "Power PlantOperations Report."Figure 8.4 Consumption for Electricity GenerationTotal and Major Fuel Categories, 1949-2008 By Major Fuel, 2008By Major Fuel, 1949-2008 By Sector, 1989-2008238 Energy Information Administration / Annual Energy Review 20081Conventional hydroelectric power.2Wind, other gases, electricity net imports,solar thermal and photovoltaic energy, batteries,chemicals, hydrogen, pitch, purchased steam, sulfur, miscellaneous technologies, and nonrenewable waste (municipal solid waste from non-biogenic sources, and tire-derived fuels).3Combined-heat-and-power plants and a small number of electricity-only plants.Sources: Tables 8.4a-8.4c.Fossil FuelsRenewable EnergyNuclear ElectricPower1950 1960 1970 1980 1990 200001020304050

Quadrillion Btu20.68.57.02.50.50.30.30.20.9Coal Nuclear Natural Hydro- Petro- Wood Geo- Waste Other20510152025

Quadrillion BtuTotal EnergyElectricPowerGasElectricPower1leum thermal1950 1960 1970 1980 1990 200006121824

Quadrillion Btu1989 1991 1993 1995 1997 1999 2001 2003 2005 20070153045

Quadrillion BtuElectric Power SectorCoalNuclear ElectricPowerPetroleumNatural GasRenewableEnergyCommercial3Industrial3Energy Information Administration / Annual Energy Review 2008 239**T able 8.4a Consumption for Electricity Generation by Energy Source: Total (All Sectors), Selected Years, 1949-2008** (Sum of Tables 8.4b and 8.4c; Trillion Btu)**Year Fossil Fuels** **Nuclear Electric** **Power**5**Renewable Energy Other** 9**Electricity Net** **Imports**10**Total Coal** 1**Petroleum**2**Natural Gas** 3**Other Gases** 4**Total Conventional** **Hydroelectric Power** 5**Biomass Geo** **thermal**5**Solar/PV**5,8**Wind**5**Total Wood** 6**Waste**71949 1,995 415 569 NA 2,979 0 1,425 6 NA NA NA NA 1,431 NA 5 4,4151950 2,199 472 651 NA 3,322 0 1,415 5 NA NA NA NA 1,421 NA 6 4,7491955 3,458 471 1,194 NA 5,123 0 1,360 3 NA NA NA NA 1,363 NA 14 6,5001960 4,228 553 1,785 NA 6,565 6 1,608 2 NA 1 NA NA 1,610 NA 15 8,1971965 5,821 722 2,395 NA 8,938 43 2,059 3 NA 4 NA NA 2,066 NA (s) 11,0471970 7,227 2,117 4,054 NA 13,399 239 2,634 1 2 11 NA NA 2,649 NA 7 16,2931971 7,299 2,495 4,099 NA 13,893 413 2,824 1 2 12 NA NA 2,839 NA 12 17,1581972 7,811 3,097 4,084 NA 14,992 584 2,864 1 2 31 NA NA 2,899 NA 26 18,5011973 8,658 3,515 3,748 NA 15,921 910 2,861 1 2 43 NA NA 2,907 NA 49 19,7881974 8,534 3,365 3,519 NA 15,418 1,272 3,177 1 2 53 NA NA 3,232 NA 43 19,9661975 8,786 3,166 3,240 NA 15,191 1,900 3,155 (s) 2 70 NA NA 3,227 NA 21 20,3391976 9,720 3,477 3,152 NA 16,349 2,111 2,976 1 2 78 NA NA 3,057 NA 29 21,5471977 10,262 3,901 3,284 NA 17,446 2,702 2,333 3 2 77 NA NA 2,416 NA 59 22,6231978 10,238 3,987 3,297 NA 17,522 3,024 2,937 2 1 64 NA NA 3,005 NA 67 23,6181979 11,260 3,283 3,613 NA 18,156 2,776 2,931 3 2 84 NA NA 3,020 NA 69 24,0211980 12,123 2,634 3,810 NA 18,567 2,739 2,900 3 2 110 NA NA 3,014 NA 71 24,3921981 12,583 2,202 3,768 NA 18,553 3,008 2,758 3 1 123 NA NA 2,885 NA 113 24,5591982 12,582 1,568 3,342 NA 17,491 3,131 3,266 2 1 105 NA NA 3,374 NA 100 24,0961983 13,213 1,544 2,998 NA 17,754 3,203 3,527 2 2 129 NA (s) 3,661 NA 121 24,7381984 14,019 1,286 3,220 NA 18,526 3,553 3,386 5 4 165 (s) (s) 3,560 NA 135 25,7741985 14,542 1,090 3,160 NA 18,792 4,076 2,970 8 7 198 (s) (s) 3,183 NA 140 26,1911986 14,444 1,452 2,691 NA 18,586 4,380 3,071 5 7 219 (s) (s) 3,303 NA 122 26,3921987 15,173 1,257 2,935 NA 19,365 4,754 2,635 8 7 229 (s) (s) 2,879 NA 158 27,1571988 15,850 1,563 2,709 NA 20,123 5,587 2,334 10 8 217 (s) (s) 2,569 NA 108 28,38719891116,35911,R1,756113,582 9011,R21,788115,602122,8371134511151113081131122113,665 39 37R31,1311990 16,477R1,366 3,791 112R21,746 6,104 3,046 442 211 326 4 29 4,058 36 8R31,9531991 16,460 1,276 3,861 125 21,723 6,422 3,016 425 247 335 5 31 4,058 59 67 32,3291992 16,686 1,076 3,999 141 21,903 6,479 2,617 481 283 338 4 30 3,752 40 87 32,2611993 17,424 1,203 4,027 136 22,790 6,410 2,892 485 288 351 5 31 4,052 34 95 33,3811994 17,485 1,135 4,476 136 23,233 6,694 2,683 498 301 325 5 36 3,848 40 153 33,9681995 17,687 813 4,840 133 23,473 7,075 3,205 480 316 280 5 33 4,318 42 134 35,0431996 18,650 888 4,400 159 24,097 7,087 3,590 513 324 300 5 33 4,765 37 137 36,1231997 19,128 985 4,658 119 24,890 6,597 3,640 484 339 309 5 34 4,811 36 116 36,4511998 19,417 1,378 5,205 125 26,124 7,068 3,297 475 332 311 5 31 4,450 36 88 37,7671999 19,467 1,285 5,441 126 26,320 7,610 3,268 490 332 312 5 46 4,452 41 99 38,5222000 20,411 1,212 5,818 126 27,567 7,862 2,811 496 330 296 5 57 3,995 46 115 39,5862001 19,789 1,347 6,001 97 27,235 8,033 2,242 486 228 289 6 70 3,320 160 75 38,8232002 19,997 1,014 6,250 131 27,392 8,143 2,689 605 257 305 6 105 3,967 191 72 39,7642003 20,367 1,266 5,736 156 27,525 7,959 2,825 519 249 303 5 115 4,016 193 22 39,7152004R20,376R1,248R5,827R135R27,586 8,222 2,690R344R230 311 6 142R3,723R183 39R39,7532005R20,802R1,269R6,212R110R28,393 8,160 2,703R355R230 309 6 178R3,781R173 84R40,5912006R20,527R668R6,644R115R27,954 8,214 2,869R350R241 306 5 264R4,035R162 63R40,4282007R20,842R683R7,288R115R28,927R8,458R2,446R353R245R308 6R341R3,699R168 107R41,3582008P20,587 476 7,022 95 28,179 8,455 2,452 345 250 312 8 514 3,882 154 112 40,7831Anthracite, bituminous coal, subbituminous coal, lignite, waste coal, and coal synfuel.2Distillate fuel oil, residual fuel oil, petroleum coke, jet fuel, kerosene, other petroleum, and waste oil.3Natural gas, plus a small amount of supplemental gaseous fuels.4Blast furnace gas, propane gas, and other manufactured and waste gases derived from fossil fuels.5Values are converted from kilowattthours to Btu using the approximate heat rates in Table A6.6Wood and wood-derived fuels.7Municipal solid waste from biogenic sources, landfill gas, sludge waste, agricultural byproducts, andother biomass. Through 2000, also includes non-renewable waste (municipal solid waste fromnon-biogenic sources, and tire-derived fuels).8Solar thermal and photovoltaic energy.9Batteries, chemicals, hydrogen, pitch, purchased steam, sulfur, miscellaneous technologies, and,beginning in 2001, non-renewable waste (municipal solid waste from non-biogenic sources, and tire-derivedfuels).10Net imports equal imports minus exports. See Note 3, "Electricity Imports and Exports," at end ofsection.11Through 1988, data are for electric utilities only. Beginning in 1989, data are for electric utilities,independent power producers, commercial plants, and industrial plants.12Through 1988, data are for electric utilities and industrial plants. Beginning in 1989, data are forelectric utilities, independent power producers, commercial plants, and industrial plants.R=Revised. P=Preliminary. NA=Not available. (s)=Less than 0.5 trillion Btu.Notes:•Data are for energy consumed to produce electricity. Data also include energy consumedtoproduce useful thermal output at a small number of electric utility combined-heat-and-power (CHP) plants.•This table no longer shows energy consumption by hydroelectric pumped storage plants. The changewas made because most of the electricity used to pump water into elevated storage reservoirs is generatedby plants other than pumped-storage plants; thus, the associated energy is already accounted for in otherdata columns in this table (such as "Conventional Hydroelectric Power," "Coal," "Natural Gas," and so on).•See Note 1, "Coverage of Electricity Statistics," at end of section.•Totals may not equal sumofcomponents due to independent rounding.Web Pages:•For all data beginning in 1949, see http://www.eia.doe.gov/emeu/aer/elect.html.•For related information, see http://www.eia.doe.gov/fuelelectric.html.Sources:•1949-1988—Table 8.4b for electric power sector, and Tables 8.1 and A6 for industrialsector.•1989 forward—Tables 8.4b and 8.4c.240 Energy Information Administration / Annual Energy Review 2008**T able 8.4b Consumption for Electricity Generation by Energy Source: Electric Power Sector,** **Selected Years, 1949-2008**(Subset of Table 8.4a; Trillion Btu)**Year Fossil Fuels** **Nuclear Electric** **Power**5**Renewable Energy Other** 9**Electricity Net** **Imports**10**Total Coal** 1**Petroleum**2**Natural Gas** 3**Other Gases** 4**Total Conventional** **Hydroelectric Power** 5**Biomass Geo** **thermal**5**Solar/PV**5,8**Wind**5**Total Wood** 6**Waste**71949 1,995 415 569 NA 2,979 0 1,349 6 NA NA NA NA 1,355 NA 5 4,3391950 2,199 472 651 NA 3,322 0 1,346 5 NA NA NA NA 1,351 NA 6 4,6791955 3,458 471 1,194 NA 5,123 0 1,322 3 NA NA NA NA 1,325 NA 14 6,4611960 4,228 553 1,785 NA 6,565 6 1,569 2 NA 1 NA NA 1,571 NA 15 8,1581965 5,821 722 2,395 NA 8,938 43 2,026 3 NA 4 NA NA 2,033 NA (s) 11,0141970 7,227 2,117 4,054 NA 13,399 239 2,600 1 2 11 NA NA 2,615 NA 7 16,2591971 7,299 2,495 4,099 NA 13,893 413 2,790 1 2 12 NA NA 2,806 NA 12 17,1241972 7,811 3,097 4,084 NA 14,992 584 2,829 1 2 31 NA NA 2,864 NA 26 18,4661973 8,658 3,515 3,748 NA 15,921 910 2,827 1 2 43 NA NA 2,873 NA 49 19,7531974 8,534 3,365 3,519 NA 15,418 1,272 3,143 1 2 53 NA NA 3,199 NA 43 19,9331975 8,786 3,166 3,240 NA 15,191 1,900 3,122 (s) 2 70 NA NA 3,194 NA 21 20,3071976 9,720 3,477 3,152 NA 16,349 2,111 2,943 1 2 78 NA NA 3,024 NA 29 21,5131977 10,262 3,901 3,284 NA 17,446 2,702 2,301 3 2 77 NA NA 2,383 NA 59 22,5911978 10,238 3,987 3,297 NA 17,522 3,024 2,905 2 1 64 NA NA 2,973 NA 67 23,5871979 11,260 3,283 3,613 NA 18,156 2,776 2,897 3 2 84 NA NA 2,986 NA 69 23,9871980 12,123 2,634 3,810 NA 18,567 2,739 2,867 3 2 110 NA NA 2,982 NA 71 24,3591981 12,583 2,202 3,768 NA 18,553 3,008 2,725 3 1 123 NA NA 2,852 NA 113 24,5251982 12,582 1,568 3,342 NA 17,491 3,131 3,233 2 1 105 NA NA 3,341 NA 100 24,0631983 13,213 1,544 2,998 NA 17,754 3,203 3,494 2 2 129 NA (s) 3,627 NA 121 24,7051984 14,019 1,286 3,220 NA 18,526 3,553 3,353 5 4 165 (s) (s) 3,527 NA 135 25,7411985 14,542 1,090 3,160 NA 18,792 4,076 2,937 8 7 198 (s) (s) 3,150 NA 140 26,1581986 14,444 1,452 2,691 NA 18,586 4,380 3,038 5 7 219 (s) (s) 3,270 NA 122 26,3591987 15,173 1,257 2,935 NA 19,365 4,754 2,602 8 7 229 (s) (s) 2,846 NA 158 27,1241988 15,850 1,563 2,709 NA 20,123 5,587 2,302 10 8 217 (s) (s) 2,536 NA 108 28,35419891116,121111,697113,107 71120,932115,602112,808117511126113081131122113,342 2 37 29,9161990 16,235 1,281 3,233 6 20,755 6,104 3,014 106 180 326 4 29 3,658 (s) 8 30,5261991 16,223 1,199 3,296 6 20,725 6,422 2,985 104 217 335 5 31 3,677 4 67 30,8951992 16,431 990 3,407 12 20,840 6,479 2,586 120 252 338 4 30 3,329 3 87 30,7381993 17,159 1,122 3,426 12 21,719 6,410 2,861 129 255 351 5 31 3,632 3 95 31,8591994 17,215 1,056 3,851 12 22,134 6,694 2,620 134 269 325 5 36 3,389 2 153 32,3721995 17,416 743 4,179 18 22,356 7,075 3,149 106 282 280 5 33 3,855 2 134 33,4231996 18,375 810 3,730 16 22,930 7,087 3,528 117 280 300 5 33 4,264 2 137 34,4201997 18,855 917 3,981 14 23,768 6,597 3,581 117 292 309 5 34 4,337 1 116 34,8191998 19,162 1,306 4,520 23 25,011 7,068 3,241 125 287 311 5 31 4,000 2 88 36,1681999 19,214 1,211 4,742 14 25,181 7,610 3,218 125 290 312 5 46 3,996 1 99 36,8882000 20,153 1,145 5,120 19 26,438 7,862 2,768 126 294 296 5 57 3,547 1 115 37,9632001 19,549 1,280 5,290 9 26,128 8,033 2,209 116 205 289 6 70 2,894 109 75 37,2392002 19,733 955 5,522 25 26,235 8,143 2,650 141 224 305 6 105 3,430 137 72 38,0162003 20,137 1,199 5,009 30 26,374 7,959 2,781 156 216 303 5 115 3,576 136 22 38,0682004R20,217R1,202R5,209R27R26,655 8,222 2,656R150R206 311 6 142R3,471R131 39R38,5182005R20,649R1,227R5,643R24R27,543 8,160 2,670R166R205 309 6 178R3,534R116 84R39,4372006R20,377R635R6,055R28R27,095 8,214 2,839R163R216 306 5 264R3,794R117 63R39,2822007R20,723R651R6,681R27R28,083R8,458R2,430R165R221R308 6R341R3,470R117 107R40,2332008P20,462 454 6,481 21 27,419 8,455 2,432 160 226 312 8 514 3,653 118 112 39,7571Anthracite, bituminous coal, subbituminous coal, lignite, waste coal, and coal synfuel.2Distillate fuel oil, residual fuel oil, petroleum coke, jet fuel, kerosene, other petroleum, and waste oil.3Natural gas, plus a small amount of supplemental gaseous fuels.4Blast furnace gas, propane gas, and other manufactured and waste gases derived from fossil fuels.5Values are converted from kilowattthours to Btu using the approximate heat rates in Table A6.6Wood and wood-derived fuels.7Municipal solid waste from biogenic sources, landfill gas, sludge waste, agricultural byproducts, andother biomass. Through 2000, also includes non-renewable waste (municipal solid waste fromnon-biogenic sources, and tire-derived fuels).8Solar thermal and photovoltaic energy.9Batteries, chemicals, hydrogen, pitch, purchased steam, sulfur, miscellaneous technologies, and,beginning in 2001, non-renewable waste (municipal solid waste from non-biogenic sources, and tire-derivedfuels).10Net imports equal imports minus exports. See Note 3, "Electricity Imports and Exports," at end ofsection.11Through 1988, data are for electric utilities only. Beginning in 1989, data are for electric utilities andindependent power producers.R=Revised. P=Preliminary. NA=Not available. (s)=Less than 0.5 trillion Btu.Notes:•Data are for energy consumed to produce electricity. Data also include energy consumed toproduce useful thermal output at a small number of electric utility combined-heat-and-power (CHP) plants.•The electric power sector comprises electricity-only and combined-heat-and-power (CHP) plants withinthe NAICS 22 category whose primary business is to sell electricity, or electricity and heat, to the public.•See Table 8.4c for commercial and industrial CHP and electricity-only data.•This table no longershows energy consumption by hydroelectric pumped storage plants. The change was made because mostof the electricity used to pump water into elevated storage reservoirs is generated by plants other thanpumped-storage plants; thus, the associated energy is already accounted for in other data columns in thistable (such as "Conventional Hydroelectric Power," "Coal," "Natural Gas," and so on).•See Note1,"Coverage of Electricity Statistics," and Note 2, "Classification of Power Plants Into Energy-Use Sectors,"atend of section.•Totals may not equal sum of components due to independent rounding.Web Pages:•For all data beginning in 1949, see http://www.eia.doe.gov/emeu/aer/elect.html.•For related information, see http://www.eia.doe.gov/fuelelectric.html.Sources:**Electricity Net Imports:**Tables 8.1 and A6.**All Other Data:**•1949-1988—Tables 8.2b,8.5b, A1, A4, A5, and A6.•1989-1997—Energy Information Administration (EIA), Form EIA-759, "MonthlyPower Plant Report," and Form EIA-867, "Annual Nonutility Power Producer Report."•1998-2000—EIA,Form EIA-759, "Monthly Power Plant Report," and Form EIA-860B, "Annual Electric GeneratorReport—Nonutility."•2001-2003—EIA, Form EIA-906, "Power Plant Report."•2004-2007—EIA, FormEIA-906, "Power Plant Report," and Form EIA-920, "Combined Heat and Power Plant Report."•2008—EIA, Form EIA-923, "Power Plant Operations Report."Energy Information Administration / Annual Energy Review 2008 241**T able 8.4c Consumption for Electricity Generation by Energy Source: Commercial and Industrial Sectors, 1989-2008** (Subset of Table 8.4a; Trillion Btu)**Year Fossil Fuels** **Nuclear Electric** **Power Renewable Energy** **Other**9**Electricity Net** **Imports Total** **Coal**1**Petroleum**2**Natural Gas** 3**Other Gases** 4**Total Conventional** **Hydroelectric Power** 5**Biomass Geo** **thermal Solar/PV** 8**Wind Total** **Wood**6**Waste**7**Commercial Sector**101989 9 7 18 1 36 – 1 2 9 – – – 12 – – – 471990 9 6 28 1 45 – 1 2 15 – – – 18 – – – 631991 9 3 28 1 41 – 1 2 15 – – – 18 (s) – – 591992 8 3 33 1 45 – 1 1 16 – – – 19 (s) – – 641993 9 4 38 1 53 – 1 1 16 – – – 18 (s) – – 711994 9 4 42 1 56 – 1 1 17 – – – 19 – – – 751995 12 4 44 – 60 – 1 1 21 – – – 23 (s) – – 831996 14 4 44 (s) 62 – 1 1 31 – – – 33 (s) – – 951997 14 5 40 (s) 59 – 1 1 34 – – – 35 (s) – – 941998 11 5 42 (s) 57 – 1 1 32 – – – 34 – – – 911999 12 6 40 (s) 57 – 1 (s) 33 – – – 35 (s) – – 922000 12 5 38 (s) 55 – 1 (s) 26 – – – 28 (s) – – 822001 13 6 37 (s) 56 – 1 (s) 15 – – – 16 7 – – 792002 9 4 31 (s) 44 – (s) (s) 18 – – – 19 11 – – 732003 13 5 39 – 58 – 1 (s) 19 – – – 21 11 – – 892004R8R5R34 –R46 – 1R(s)R19 – – –R21R11 – –R782005R8R4R35 –R46 – 1R(s)R20 – – –R21R10 – –R782006R8R2R35 –R45 – 1R(s)R21 – – –R22R10 – –R772007R8 2R35 –R44 – 1R(s)R19 – – –R20R10 – –R752008P8 1 32 – 41 – 1 (s) 20 – – – 21 11 – – 73**Industrial Sector**111989 229R52 456 83R820 – 28 267 15 – – – 311 37 – –R1,1681990 233R79 530 104R946 – 31 335 16 – – – 382 36 – –R1,3641991 228 74 537 118 957 – 30 318 14 – – – 362 55 – – 1,3741992 246 84 559 128 1,017 – 31 359 15 – – – 405 37 – – 1,4591993 256 77 562 123 1,019 – 30 355 17 – – – 401 31 – – 1,4511994 261 75 584 123 1,043 – 62 364 14 – – – 440 38 – – 1,5211995 259 66 617 114 1,057 – 55 373 13 – – – 440 40 – – 1,5371996 261 74 626 143 1,104 – 61 394 13 – – – 468 35 – – 1,6071997 260 63 637 105 1,064 – 58 367 14 – – – 439 36 – – 1,5381998 245 67 643 102 1,056 – 55 349 13 – – – 417 35 – – 1,5081999 242 68 660 112 1,081 – 49 364 8 – – – 422 39 – – 1,5422000 245 61 660 107 1,074 – 42 369 10 – – – 421 45 – – 1,5402001 227 62 674 88 1,051 – 33 370 7 – – – 410 44 – – 1,5042002 255 55 697 106 1,113 – 39 464 15 – – – 518 43 – – 1,6752003 217 61 687 127 1,093 – 43 362 13 – – – 419 46 – – 1,5582004R151R42R585R108R885 – 33R194R5– – –R231R41 – –R1,1582005R145R39R534R85R804 – 32R189R5– – –R226R46 – –R1,0762006R143R31R554R87R814 – 29R187R3– – –R219R35 – –R1,0682007R111R30R572R88R800 –R16R188R4– – –R208R41 – –R1,0502008P117 20 508 74 720 – 19 185 4 – – – 208 25 – – 9531Anthracite, bituminous coal, subbituminous coal, lignite, waste coal, and coal synfuel.2Distillate fuel oil, residual fuel oil, petroleum coke, jet fuel, kerosene, other petroleum, and waste oil.3Natural gas, plus a small amount of supplemental gaseous fuels.4Blast furnace gas, propane gas, and other manufactured and waste gases derived from fossil fuels.5Values are converted from kilowattthours to Btu using the approximate heat rates in Table A6.6Wood and wood-derived fuels.7Municipal solid waste from biogenic sources, landfill gas, sludge waste, agricultural byproducts, andother biomass. Through 2000, also includes non-renewable waste (municipal solid waste fromnon-biogenic sources, and tire-derived fuels).8Solar thermal and photovoltaic energy.9Batteries, chemicals, hydrogen, pitch, purchased steam, sulfur, miscellaneous technologies, and,beginning in 2001, non-renewable waste (municipal solid waste from non-biogenic sources, and tire-derivedfuels).10Commercial combined-heat-and-power (CHP) and commercial electricity-only plants.11Industrial combined-heat-and-power (CHP) and industrial electricity-only plants.R=Revised. P=Preliminary. – – = Not applicable. – = No data reported. (s)=Less than 0.5 trillion Btu.Notes:•Data are for energy consumed to produce electricity.•See Table 8.4b for electric powersector electricity-only and CHP data.•See Note 1, "Coverage of Electricity Statistics," and Note2,"Classification of Power Plants Into Energy-Use Sectors," at end of section.•Totals may not equal sumofcomponents due to independent rounding.Web Page: For related information, see http://www.eia.doe.gov/fuelelectric.html.Sources:•1989-1997—Energy Information Administration (EIA), Form EIA-867, "Annual NonutilityPower Producer Report."•1998-2000—EIA, Form EIA-860B, "Annual Electric GeneratorReport—Nonutility."•2001-2003—EIA, Form EIA-906, "Power Plant Report."•2004-2007—EIA, FormEIA-906, "Power Plant Report," and Form EIA-920, "Combined Heat and Power Plant Report."•2008—EIA, Form EIA-923, "Power Plant Operations Report."Figure 8.5a Consumption of Combustible Fuels for Electricity Generation, 1989-2008CoalNatural GasPetroleum Wood and Waste242 Energy Information Administration / Annual Energy Review 2008Residual FuelOilTotal PetroleumSource: Table 8.5a.1989 1992 1995 1998 2001 2004 200700.30.60.91.2

Billion Short Tons1989 1992 1995 1998 2001 2004 200702468

Trillion Cubic FeetWasteWood1989 1992 1995 1998 2001 2004 20070.00.20.40.60.8

Quadrillion Btu1989 1992 1995 1998 2001 2004 2007050100150200250300

Million BarrelsFigure 8.5b Consumption of Combustible Fuels for Electricity Generation by Sector, 2008CoalNatural GasPetroleum Wood and WasteEnergy Information Administration / Annual Energy Review 2008 2436.30.50.0Electric Power Industrial2 Commercial202468

Trillion Cubic Feet—CHP1(ss)1Combined-heat-and-power plants.2 Combined-heat-and-power and electricity-only plants.(s)=Less than 0.5 million short tons.(ss)=Less than 0.05 trillion cubic feet.(sss)=Less than 0.5 million barrels.Sources: Tables 8.5b-8.5d.ElectricityOnlyPlants1,03850Electric Power Industrial2 Commercial202004006008001,0001,200

Million Short Tons(s)ElectricityOnlyPlantsCHP1—CHP1(sss)7630Electric Power Industrial2 Commercial2020406080

Million Barrels38618921Electric Power Industrial2 Commercial20100200300400500

Trillion BtuElectricity-OnlyPlantsElectricity-OnlyPlantsCHP1(sss)244 Energy Information Administration / Annual Energy Review 2008**T able 8.5a Consumption of Combustible Fuels for Electricity Generation: Total (All Sectors), Selected Years, 1949-200** **8**(Sum of Tables 8.5b and 8.5d)**Year Coal** 1**Petroleum Natural Gas** 6**Other Gases**7**Biomass Other** 10**Distillate Fuel Oil**2**Residual Fuel Oil**3**Other Liquids**4**Petroleum Coke**5**Total**5**Wood**8**Waste**9ThousandShort TonsThousand BarrelsThousandShort TonsThousandBarrelsMillionCubic FeetTrillionBtuTrillion BtuTrillionBtu1949 83,963 4,767 61,534 NA NA 66,301 550,121 NA 6 NA NA1950 91,871 5,423 69,998 NA NA 75,421 628,919 NA 5 NA NA1955 143,759 5,412 69,862 NA NA 75,274 1,153,280 NA 3 NA NA1960 176,685 3,824 84,371 NA NA 88,195 1,724,762 NA 2 NA NA1965 244,788 4,928 110,274 NA NA 115,203 2,321,101 NA 3 NA NA1970 320,182 24,123 311,381 NA 636 338,686 3,931,860 NA 1 2 NA1971 327,301 34,283 362,187 NA 605 399,496 3,976,018 NA 1 2 NA1972 351,768 53,465 440,294 NA 627 496,895 3,976,913 NA 1 2 NA1973 389,212 47,058 513,190 NA 507 562,781 3,660,172 NA 1 2 NA1974 391,811 53,128 483,146 NA 625 539,399 3,443,428 NA 1 2 NA1975 405,962 38,907 467,221 NA 70 506,479 3,157,669 NA (s) 2 NA1976 448,371 41,843 514,077 NA 68 556,261 3,080,868 NA 1 2 NA1977 477,126 48,837 574,869 NA 98 624,193 3,191,200 NA 3 2 NA1978 481,235 47,520 588,319 NA 398 637,830 3,188,363 NA 2 1 NA1979 527,051 30,691 492,606 NA 268 524,636 3,490,523 NA 3 2 NA1980 569,274 29,051 391,163 NA 179 421,110 3,681,595 NA 3 2 NA1981 596,797 21,313 329,798 NA 139 351,806 3,640,154 NA 3 1 NA1982 593,666 15,337 234,434 NA 149 250,517 3,225,518 NA 2 1 NA1983 625,211 16,512 228,984 NA 261 246,804 2,910,767 NA 2 2 NA1984 664,399 15,190 189,289 NA 252 205,736 3,111,342 NA 5 4 NA1985 693,841 14,635 158,779 NA 231 174,571 3,044,083 NA 8 7 NA1986 685,056 14,326 216,156 NA 313 232,046 2,602,370 NA 5 7 NA1987 717,894 15,367 184,011 NA 348 201,116 2,844,051 NA 8 7 NA1988 758,372 18,769 229,327 NA 409 250,141 2,635,613 NA 10 8 NA198911781,672 27,733R249,614 303 667R280,986 3,485,429 90 345 151 391990 792,457 18,143R190,652 437 1,914R218,800 3,691,563 112 442 211 361991 793,666 16,564 177,780 380 1,789 203,669 3,764,778 125 425 247 591992 805,140 14,493 144,467 759 2,504 172,241 3,899,718 141 481 283 401993 842,153 16,845 159,059 715 3,169 192,462 3,928,653 136 485 288 341994 848,796 22,365 145,225 929 3,020 183,618 4,367,148 136 498 301 401995 860,594 19,615 95,507 680 3,355 132,578 4,737,871 133 480 316 421996 907,209 20,252 106,055 1,712 3,322 144,626 4,312,458 159 513 324 371997 931,949 20,309 118,741 237 4,086 159,715 4,564,770 119 484 339 361998 946,295 25,062 172,728 549 4,860 222,640 5,081,384 125 475 332 361999 949,802 25,951 158,187 974 4,552 207,871 5,321,984 126 490 332 412000 994,933 31,675 143,381 1,450 3,744 195,228 5,691,481 126 496 330 462001 972,691 31,150 165,312 855 3,871 216,672 5,832,305 97 486 228 1602002 987,583 23,286 109,235 1,894 6,836 168,597 6,126,062 131 605 257 1912003 1,014,058 29,672 142,518 2,947 6,303 206,653 5,616,135 156 519 249 1932004R1,020,523R20,163R142,088R2,856R7,677R203,494R5,674,580R135R344R230R1832005R1,041,448R20,651R141,518R2,968R8,330R206,785R6,036,370R110R355R230R1732006R1,030,556R13,174R58,473R2,174R7,363R110,634R6,461,615R115R350R241R1622007R1,046,795R15,683R63,833R2,917R6,036R112,615R7,089,342R115R353R245R1682008P1,043,589 12,431 37,578 2,259 5,396 79,246 6,833,398 95 345 250 1541Anthracite, bituminous coal, subbituminous coal, lignite, waste coal, and coal synfuel.2Fuel oil nos. 1, 2, and 4. For 1949-1979, data are for gas turbine and internal combustion plant use ofpetroleum. For 1980-2000, electric utility data also include small amounts of kerosene and jet fuel.3Fuel oil nos. 5 and 6. For 1949-1979, data are for steam plant use of petroleum. For 1980-2000,electric utility data also include a small amount of fuel oil no. 4.4Jet fuel, kerosene, other petroleum liquids, and waste oil.5Petroleum coke is converted from short tons to barrels by multiplying by 5.6Natural gas, plus a small amount of supplemental gaseous fuels.7Blast furnace gas, propane gas, and other manufactured and waste gases derived from fossil fuels.8Wood and wood-derived fuels.9Municipal solid waste from biogenic sources, landfill gas, sludge waste, agricultural byproducts, andother biomass. Through 2000, also includes non-renewable waste (municipal solid waste fromnon-biogenic sources, and tire-derived fuels).10Batteries, chemicals, hydrogen, pitch, purchased steam, sulfur, miscellaneous technologies, and,beginning in 2001, non-renewable waste (municipal solid waste from non-biogenic sources, and tire-derivedfuels).11Through 1988, data are for electric utilities only. Beginning in 1989, data are for electric utilities,independent power producers, commercial plants, and industrial plants.R=Revised. P=Preliminary. NA=Not available. (s)=Less than 0.5 trillion Btu.Notes:•Data are for fuels consumed to produce electricity. Data also include fuels consumedtoproduce useful thermal output at a small number of electric utility combined-heat-and-power (CHP) plants.•See Note 1, "Coverage of Electricity Statistics," at end of section.•Totals may not equal sumofcomponents due to independent rounding.Web Pages:•For all data beginning in 1949, see http://www.eia.doe.gov/emeu/aer/elect.html.•For related information, see http://www.eia.doe.gov/fuelelectric.html.Sources: Tables 8.5b and 8.5d.Energy Information Administration / Annual Energy Review 2008 245**T able 8.5b Consumption of Combustible Fuels for Electricity Generation: Electric Power Sector,** **Selected Years, 1949-2008**(Subset of Table 8.5a)**Year Coal** 1**Petroleum Natural Gas** 6**Other Gases**7**Biomass Other** 10**Distillate Fuel Oil**2**Residual Fuel Oil**3**Other Liquids**4**Petroleum Coke**5**Total**5**Wood**8**Waste**9ThousandShort TonsThousand BarrelsThousandShort TonsThousandBarrelsMillionCubic FeetTrillionBtuTrillion BtuTrillionBtu1949 83,963 4,767 61,534 NA NA 66,301 550,121 NA 6 NA NA1950 91,871 5,423 69,998 NA NA 75,421 628,919 NA 5 NA NA1955 143,759 5,412 69,862 NA NA 75,274 1,153,280 NA 3 NA NA1960 176,685 3,824 84,371 NA NA 88,195 1,724,762 NA 2 NA NA1965 244,788 4,928 110,274 NA NA 115,203 2,321,101 NA 3 NA NA1970 320,182 24,123 311,381 NA 636 338,686 3,931,860 NA 1 2 NA1971 327,301 34,283 362,187 NA 605 399,496 3,976,018 NA 1 2 NA1972 351,768 53,465 440,294 NA 627 496,895 3,976,913 NA 1 2 NA1973 389,212 47,058 513,190 NA 507 562,781 3,660,172 NA 1 2 NA1974 391,811 53,128 483,146 NA 625 539,399 3,443,428 NA 1 2 NA1975 405,962 38,907 467,221 NA 70 506,479 3,157,669 NA (s) 2 NA1976 448,371 41,843 514,077 NA 68 556,261 3,080,868 NA 1 2 NA1977 477,126 48,837 574,869 NA 98 624,193 3,191,200 NA 3 2 NA1978 481,235 47,520 588,319 NA 398 637,830 3,188,363 NA 2 1 NA1979 527,051 30,691 492,606 NA 268 524,636 3,490,523 NA 3 2 NA1980 569,274 29,051 391,163 NA 179 421,110 3,681,595 NA 3 2 NA1981 596,797 21,313 329,798 NA 139 351,806 3,640,154 NA 3 1 NA1982 593,666 15,337 234,434 NA 149 250,517 3,225,518 NA 2 1 NA1983 625,211 16,512 228,984 NA 261 246,804 2,910,767 NA 2 2 NA1984 664,399 15,190 189,289 NA 252 205,736 3,111,342 NA 5 4 NA1985 693,841 14,635 158,779 NA 231 174,571 3,044,083 NA 8 7 NA1986 685,056 14,326 216,156 NA 313 232,046 2,602,370 NA 5 7 NA1987 717,894 15,367 184,011 NA 348 201,116 2,844,051 NA 8 7 NA1988 758,372 18,769 229,327 NA 409 250,141 2,635,613 NA 10 8 NA198911771,551 26,036 242,708 9 517 271,340 3,023,513 7 75 126 21990 781,301 16,394 183,285 25 1,008 204,745 3,147,289 6 106 180 (s)1991 782,653 14,255 171,629 58 974 190,810 3,216,056 6 104 217 41992 793,390 12,469 137,681 118 1,490 157,719 3,324,963 12 120 252 31993 829,851 14,559 151,407 213 2,571 179,034 3,344,239 12 129 255 31994 836,113 20,241 137,198 667 2,256 169,387 3,758,484 12 134 269 21995 847,854 18,066 88,895 441 2,452 119,663 4,093,773 18 106 282 21996 894,400 18,472 98,795 567 2,467 130,168 3,659,810 16 117 280 21997 919,009 18,646 112,423 130 3,201 147,202 3,903,195 14 117 292 11998 934,126 23,166 165,875 411 3,999 209,447 4,415,813 23 125 287 21999 937,888 23,875 151,921 514 3,607 194,345 4,643,775 14 125 290 12000 982,713 29,722 138,047 403 3,155 183,946 5,014,071 19 126 294 12001 961,523 29,056 159,150 374 3,308 205,119 5,142,493 9 116 205 1092002 975,251 21,810 104,577 1,243 5,705 156,154 5,408,279 25 141 224 1372003 1,003,036 27,441 137,361 1,937 5,719 195,336 4,909,248 30 156 216 1362004R1,012,459R18,793R138,831R2,511R7,135R195,809R5,075,339R27R150R206R1312005R1,033,567R19,450R138,337R2,591R7,877R199,760R5,484,780R24R166R205R1162006R1,022,802R12,578R56,347R1,783R6,905R105,235R5,891,222R28R163R216R1172007R1,041,346R15,135R62,072R2,496R5,523R107,316R6,501,612R27R165R221R1172008P1,037,738 11,981 36,606 2,013 5,005 75,626 6,309,332 21 160 226 1181Anthracite, bituminous coal, subbituminous coal, lignite, waste coal, and coal synfuel.2Fuel oil nos. 1, 2, and 4. For 1949-1979, data are for gas turbine and internal combustion plant use ofpetroleum. For 1980-2000, electric utility data also include small amounts of kerosene and jet fuel.3Fuel oil nos. 5 and 6. For 1949-1979, data are for steam plant use of petroleum. For 1980-2000,electric utility data also include a small amount of fuel oil no. 4.4Jet fuel, kerosene, other petroleum liquids, and waste oil.5Petroleum coke is converted from short tons to barrels by multiplying by 5.6Natural gas, plus a small amount of supplemental gaseous fuels.7Blast furnace gas, propane gas, and other manufactured and waste gases derived from fossil fuels.8Wood and wood-derived fuels.9Municipal solid waste from biogenic sources, landfill gas, sludge waste, agricultural byproducts, andother biomass. Through 2000, also includes non-renewable waste (municipal solid waste fromnon-biogenic sources, and tire-derived fuels).10Batteries, chemicals, hydrogen, pitch, purchased steam, sulfur, miscellaneous technologies, and,beginning in 2001, non-renewable waste (municipal solid waste from non-biogenic sources, and tire-derivedfuels).11Through 1988, data are for electric utilities only. Beginning in 1989, data are for electric utilities andindependent power producers.R=Revised. P=Preliminary. NA=Not available. (s)=Less than 0.5 trillion Btu.Notes:•Data are for fuels consumed to produce electricity. Data also include fuels consumedtoproduce useful thermal output at a small number of electric utility combined-heat-and-power (CHP) plants.•The electric power sector comprises electricity-only and combined-heat-and-power (CHP) plants withinthe NAICS 22 category whose primary business is to sell electricity, or electricity and heat, to the public.•See Table 8.5d for commercial and industrial CHP and electricity-only data.•See Note 1, "CoverageofElectricity Statistics," and Note 2, "Classification of Power Plants Into Energy-Use Sectors," at endofsection.•Totals may not equal sum of components due to independent rounding.Web Pages:•For all data beginning in 1949, see http://www.eia.doe.gov/emeu/aer/elect.html.•For related information, see http://www.eia.doe.gov/fuelelectric.html.Sources:•1949-September 1977—Federal Power Commission, Form FPC-4, "Monthly Power PlantReport."•October 1977-1981—Federal Energy Regulatory Commission, Form FPC-4, "Monthly PowerPlant Report."•1982-1988—Energy Information Administration (EIA), Form EIA-759, "Monthly PowerPlant Report."•1989-1997—EIA, Form EIA-759, "Monthly Power Plant Report," and Form EIA-867,"Annual Nonutility Power Producer Report."•1998-2000—EIA, Form EIA-759, "Monthly Power PlantReport," and Form EIA-860B, "Annual Electric Generator Report—Nonutility."•2001-2003—EIA, FormEIA-906, "Power Plant Report."•2004-2007—EIA, Form EIA-906, "Power Plant Report," and FormEIA-920, "Combined Heat and Power Plant Report."•2008—EIA, Form EIA-923, "Power PlantOperations Report."246 Energy Information Administration / Annual Energy Review 2008**T able 8.5c Consumption of Combustible Fuels for Electricity Generation: Electric Power Sector by Plant Type,** **1989-2008**(Breakout of Table 8.5b)**Year Coal** 1**Petroleum Natural Gas** 6**Other Gases**7**Biomass Other** 10**Distillate Fuel Oil**2**Residual Fuel Oil**3**Other Liquids**4**Petroleum Coke**5**Total**5**Wood**8**Waste**9ThousandShort TonsThousand BarrelsThousandShort TonsThousandBarrelsMillionCubic FeetTrillionBtuTrillion BtuTrillionBtu**Electricity-Only Plants**111989 767,378 25,574 241,960 3 517 270,125 2,790,567 – 59 111 –1990 774,213 14,956 181,231 17 1,008 201,246 2,794,110 (s) 87 162 –1991 773,183 13,822 171,157 51 974 189,898 2,822,159 (s) 85 195 –1992 781,186 11,998 135,779 48 1,320 154,428 2,828,996 (s) 94 232 –1993 816,558 13,460 149,287 11 1,553 170,521 2,755,093 (s) 101 237 –1994 821,209 16,693 134,666 52 1,193 157,375 3,064,561 (s) 112 248 –1995 832,928 16,169 86,584 133 1,082 108,297 3,287,571 (s) 84 262 –1996 878,825 17,361 96,386 50 1,010 118,848 2,823,724 (s) 94 258 –1997 904,245 17,702 109,989 30 1,687 136,156 3,039,227 1 91 266 –1998 920,353 22,293 163,541 295 2,202 197,137 3,543,931 1 95 263 –1999 924,692 22,877 149,193 380 1,891 181,905 3,729,175 1 105 264 –2000 967,080 28,001 135,419 94 1,457 170,799 4,092,729 2 105 267 –2001 946,068 27,695 157,090 26 1,827 193,945 4,163,930 (s) 96 179 982002 960,077 21,521 102,622 444 3,925 144,212 4,258,467 6 118 193 1172003 983,538 25,951 136,050 936 4,794 186,904 3,780,314 6 127 185 1202004 994,774 17,944 137,736 1,441 6,096 187,601 4,141,535 5 134 190 1222005 1,015,640 18,689 137,082 1,676 6,876 191,827 4,592,271 (s) 143 189 1082006 1,004,769 12,375 55,192 991 5,988 98,497 5,091,049 (s) 141 198 1072007R1,022,840R14,626R60,929R1,709R4,711R100,818R5,611,600R2 142R203R1072008P1,019,018 11,682 35,761 1,883 4,277 70,713 5,537,849 1 135 208 108**Combined-Heat-and-Power Plants**121989 4,173 462 747 6 – 1,215 232,946 7 16 16 21990 7,088 1,438 2,054 7 – 3,499 353,179 6 18 18 (s)1991 9,470 433 473 7 – 912 393,898 6 20 22 41992 12,204 471 1,902 69 170 3,291 495,967 12 25 20 31993 13,293 1,098 2,120 202 1,018 8,513 589,147 12 28 18 31994 14,904 3,548 2,531 615 1,063 12,011 693,923 12 22 22 21995 14,926 1,898 2,311 307 1,370 11,366 806,202 18 22 20 21996 15,575 1,111 2,410 517 1,456 11,320 836,086 15 24 22 21997 14,764 944 2,434 100 1,514 11,046 863,968 14 26 26 11998 13,773 872 2,334 117 1,797 12,310 871,881 21 30 24 21999 13,197 998 2,728 134 1,716 12,440 914,600 14 20 26 12000 15,634 1,721 2,627 310 1,698 13,147 921,341 17 21 28 12001 15,455 1,360 2,059 347 1,482 11,175 978,563 9 20 26 112002 15,174 289 1,955 800 1,780 11,942 1,149,812 20 23 30 202003 19,498 1,491 1,311 1,002 926 8,431 1,128,935 23 29 31 162004R17,685R850R1,095R1,070R1,039R8,209R933,804R22R16R16R92005R17,927R760R1,254R915R1,001R7,933R892,509R24R22R17R92006R18,033R203R1,155R792R918R6,738R800,173R27R22R18R102007R18,506R509R1,144R787R812R6,498R890,012R25R23R18R92008P18,720 298 844 130 728 4,913 771,483 20 24 18 101Anthracite, bituminous coal, subbituminous coal, lignite, waste coal, and coal synfuel.2Fuel oil nos. 1, 2, and 4. Through 2000, electric utility data also include small amounts of keroseneand jet fuel.3Fuel oil nos. 5 and 6. Through 2000, electric utility data also include a small amount of fuel oil no. 4.4Jet fuel, kerosene, other petroleum liquids, and waste oil.5Petroleum coke is converted from short tons to barrels by multiplying by 5.6Natural gas, plus a small amount of supplemental gaseous fuels.7Blast furnace gas, propane gas, and other manufactured and waste gases derived from fossil fuels.8Wood and wood-derived fuels.9Municipal solid waste from biogenic sources, landfill gas, sludge waste, agricultural byproducts, andother biomass. Through 2000, also includes non-renewable waste (municipal solid waste fromnon-biogenic sources, and tire-derived fuels).10Batteries, chemicals, hydrogen, pitch, purchased steam, sulfur, miscellaneous technologies, and,beginning in 2001, non-renewable waste (municipal solid waste from non-biogenic sources, and tire-derivedfuels).11Electricity-only plants within the NAICS 22 category whose primary business is to sell electricity to thepublic. Data also include a small number of electric utility combined-heat-and-power (CHP) plants.12Combined-heat-and-power (CHP) plants within the NAICS 22 category whose primary business istosell electricity and heat to the public. Data do not include electric utility CHP plants—these are includedunder "Electricity-Only Plants."R=Revised. P=Preliminary. – = No data reported. (s)=Less than 0.5.Notes:•Data are for fuels consumed to produce electricity. Data also include fuels consumedtoproduce useful thermal output at a small number of electric utility combined-heat-and-power (CHP) plants.•See Table 8.5d for commercial and industrial CHP and electricity-only data.•See Note 1, "CoverageofElectricity Statistics," and Note 2, "Classification of Power Plants Into Energy-Use Sectors," at endofsection.•Totals may not equal sum of components due to independent rounding.Web Page: For related information, see http://www.eia.doe.gov/fuelelectric.html.Sources:•1989-1997—Energy Information Administration (EIA), Form EIA-759, "Monthly Power PlantReport," and Form EIA-867, "Annual Nonutility Power Producer Report."•1998-2000—EIA, FormEIA-759, "Monthly Power Plant Report," and Form EIA-860B, "Annual Electric GeneratorReport—Nonutility."•2001-2003—EIA, Form EIA-906, "Power Plant Report."•2004-2007—EIA, FormEIA-906, "Power Plant Report," and Form EIA-920, "Combined Heat and Power Plant Report."•2008—EIA, Form EIA-923, "Power Plant Operations Report."Energy Information Administration / Annual Energy Review 2008 247**T able 8.5d Consumption of Combustible Fuels for Electricity Generation: Commercial and Industrial Sectors,** **1989-2008**(Subset of Table 8.5a)**Year Coal** 1**Petroleum Natural Gas** 6**Other Gases**7**Biomass Other** 10**Distillate Fuel Oil**2**Residual Fuel Oil**3**Other Liquids**4**Petroleum Coke**5**Total**5**Wood**8**Waste**9ThousandShort TonsThousand BarrelsThousandShort TonsThousandBarrelsMillionCubic FeetTrillionBtuTrillion BtuTrillionBtu**Commercial Sector**111989 414 882 282 – – 1,165 17,987 1 2 9 –1990 417 580 372 (s) – 953 27,544 1 2 15 –1991 403 430 146 (s) – 576 26,806 1 2 15 (s)1992 371 289 137 (s) 1 429 32,674 1 1 16 (s)1993 404 384 279 4 1 672 37,435 1 1 16 (s)1994 404 481 209 – 1 694 40,828 1 1 17 –1995 569 493 152 (s) 1 649 42,700 – 1 21 (s)1996 656 422 218 (s) 1 645 42,380 (s) 1 31 (s)1997 630 583 200 – 1 790 38,975 (s) 1 34 (s)1998 440 436 359 – 1 802 40,693 (s) 1 32 –1999 481 506 421 – 1 931 39,045 (s) (s) 33 (s)2000 514 505 310 1 1 823 37,029 (s) (s) 26 (s)2001 532 520 469 2 6 1,023 36,248 (s) (s) 15 72002 477 524 292 10 2 834 32,545 (s) (s) 18 112003 582 553 326 3 2 894 38,480 – (s) 19 112004R377R545R214 1R1R766R32,839 –R(s)R19R112005R377R377R201 1R1R585R33,785 –R(s)R20R102006R347R211R116 (s)R1R333R34,623 –R(s)R21R102007R361R156R94R–R2R258R34,087 –R(s)R19R102008P359 109 36 (s) 1 152 31,528 – (s) 20 11**Industrial Sector**121989 9,707 815R6,624 294 150R8,482 443,928 83 267 15 371990 10,740 1,169R6,995 412 905R13,103 516,729 104 335 16 361991 10,610 1,879 6,004 322 815 12,283 521,916 118 318 14 551992 11,379 1,735 6,650 642 1,013 14,093 542,081 128 359 15 371993 11,898 1,902 7,373 498 597 12,755 546,978 123 355 17 311994 12,279 1,644 7,818 263 762 13,537 567,836 123 364 14 381995 12,171 1,056 6,460 239 902 12,265 601,397 114 373 13 401996 12,153 1,359 7,042 1,145 853 13,813 610,268 143 394 13 351997 12,311 1,079 6,118 107 884 11,723 622,599 105 367 14 361998 11,728 1,461 6,494 137 860 12,392 624,878 102 349 13 351999 11,432 1,571 5,845 460 944 12,595 639,165 112 364 8 392000 11,706 1,448 5,024 1,046 588 10,459 640,381 107 369 10 452001 10,636 1,574 5,693 479 557 10,530 653,565 88 370 7 442002 11,855 952 4,366 640 1,130 11,608 685,239 106 464 15 432003 10,440 1,678 4,831 1,006 582 10,424 668,407 127 362 13 462004R7,687R825R3,043R344R541R6,919R566,401R108R194R5R412005R7,504R824R2,980R377R452R6,440R517,805R85R189R5R462006R7,408R385R2,010R391R456R5,066R535,770R87R187R3R352007R5,089R392R1,666R421R512R5,041R553,643R88R188R4R412008P5,493 341 937 245 389 3,469 492,538 74 185 4 251Anthracite, bituminous coal, subbituminous coal, lignite, waste coal, and coal synfuel.2Fuel oil nos. 1, 2, and 4.3Fuel oil nos. 5 and 6.4Jet fuel, kerosene, other petroleum liquids, and waste oil.5Petroleum coke is converted from short tons to barrels by multiplying by 5.6Natural gas, plus a small amount of supplemental gaseous fuels.7Blast furnace gas, propane gas, and other manufactured and waste gases derived from fossil fuels.8Wood and wood-derived fuels.9Municipal solid waste from biogenic sources, landfill gas, sludge waste, agricultural byproducts, andother biomass. Through 2000, also includes non-renewable waste (municipal solid waste fromnon-biogenic sources, and tire-derived fuels).10Batteries, chemicals, hydrogen, pitch, purchased steam, sulfur, miscellaneous technologies, and,beginning in 2001, non-renewable waste (municipal solid waste from non-biogenic sources, and tire-derivedfuels).11Commercial combined-heat-and-power (CHP) and commercial electricity-only plants.12Industrial combined-heat-and-power (CHP) and industrial electricity-only plants.R=Revised. P=Preliminary. – = No data reported. (s)=Less than 0.5.Notes:•Data are for fuels consumed to produce electricity.•See Tables 8.5b and 8.5c for electricpower sector electricity-only and CHP data.•See Note 1, "Coverage of Electricity Statistics," and Note2,"Classification of Power Plants Into Energy-Use Sectors," at end of section.•Totals may not equal sumofcomponents due to independent rounding.Web Page: For related information, see http://www.eia.doe.gov/fuelelectric.html.Sources:•1989-1997—Energy Information Administration (EIA), Form EIA-867, "Annual NonutilityPower Producer Report."•1998-2000—EIA, Form EIA-860B, "Annual Electric GeneratorReport—Nonutility."•2001-2003—EIA, Form EIA-906, "Power Plant Report."•2004-2007—EIA, FormEIA-906, "Power Plant Report," and Form EIA-920, "Combined Heat and Power Plant Report."•2008—EIA, Form EIA-923, "Power Plant Operations Report."Figure 8.6 Estimated Consumption of Combustible Fuels for Useful Thermal Outputat Combined-Heat-and-Power Plants by Sector, 1989-2008CoalNatural GasPetroleum Wood and Waste248 Energy Information Administration / Annual Energy Review 2008Sources: Tables 8.6b and 8.6c.Electric PowerIndustrial1989 1992 1995 1998 2001 2004 20070200400600800

Billion Cubic FeetIndustrialCommercialCommercial1989 1992 1995 1998 2001 2004 200705101520

Million Short TonsElectric PowerIndustrialCommercialElectric PowerIndustrialElectric Power and Commercial1989 1992 1995 1998 2001 2004 2007051015202530

Million Barrels1989 1992 1995 1998 2001 2004 200703006009001,200

Trillion BtuEnergy Information Administration / Annual Energy Review 2008 249**T able 8.6a Estimated Consumption of Combustible Fuels for Useful Thermal Output** **at Combined-Heat-and-Power Plants: Total (All Sectors), 1989-2008**(Sum of Tables 8.6b and 8.6c)**Year Coal** 1**Petroleum Natural Gas** 6**Other Gases**7**Biomass Other** 10**Distillate Fuel Oil**2**Residual Fuel Oil**3**Other Liquids**4**Petroleum Coke**5**Total**5**Wood**8**Waste**9ThousandShort TonsThousand BarrelsThousandShort TonsThousandBarrelsMillionCubic FeetTrillionBtuTrillion BtuTrillionBtu1989 16,510 1,410R16,357 353 247R19,357 563,307 116 683 38 491990 19,081 2,050R18,428 895 918R25,965 654,749 176 813 46 501991 18,458 3,027 15,293 835 777 23,039 663,963 185 779 46 551992 19,372 2,358 16,474 935 862 24,077 717,860 200 822 51 521993 19,750 2,449 17,933 857 1,031 26,394 733,584 178 836 56 511994 20,609 2,811 18,822 609 1,137 27,929 784,015 180 903 57 531995 20,418 2,082 16,661 642 1,235 25,562 834,382 181 902 59 551996 20,806 2,192 18,552 756 1,275 27,873 865,774 187 876 69 541997 21,005 2,584 15,882 289 2,009 28,802 868,569 188 913 68 671998 20,320 4,944 16,539 681 1,336 28,845 949,106 209 875 72 581999 20,373 4,665 14,133 838 1,437 26,822 982,958 224 862 68 602000 20,466 2,897 13,292 1,455 924 22,266 985,263 230 884 71 632001 18,944 2,574 11,826 563 661 18,268 898,286 166 696 35 692002 17,561 1,462 9,402 1,363 517 14,811 860,019 147 682 32 602003 17,720 2,153 10,341 1,629 763 17,939 721,267 138 746 44 692004R24,275R3,357R15,390R1,908R1,043R25,870R1,052,100R218R1,016R51R702005R23,833R3,795R15,397R1,302R783R24,408R984,340R238R997R59R642006R23,227R1,481R11,373R1,222R1,259R20,371R942,817R226R1,049R60R752007R22,810R1,359R10,783R1,320R1,262R19,775R872,579R214R982R59R712008P23,688 968 6,245 893 1,170 13,958 834,657 193 898 52 281Anthracite, bituminous coal, subbituminous coal, lignite, waste coal, and coal synfuel.2Fuel oil nos. 1, 2, and 4.3Fuel oil nos. 5 and 6.4Jet fuel, kerosene, other petroleum liquids, and waste oil.5Petroleum coke is converted from short tons to barrels by multiplying by 5.6Natural gas, plus a small amount of supplemental gaseous fuels.7Blast furnace gas, propane gas, and other manufactured and waste gases derived from fossil fuels.8Wood and wood-derived fuels.9Municipal solid waste from biogenic sources, landfill gas, sludge waste, agricultural byproducts, andother biomass. Through 2000, also includes non-renewable waste (municipal solid waste fromnon-biogenic sources, and tire-derived fuels).10Batteries, chemicals, hydrogen, pitch, purchased steam, sulfur, miscellaneous technologies, and,beginning in 2001, non-renewable waste (municipal solid waste from non-biogenic sources, and tire-derivedfuels).R=Revised. P=Preliminary.Notes:•Estimates are for fuels consumed to produce useful thermal output; they exclude fuelsconsumed to produce electricity.•Data do not include electric utility combined-heat-and-power (CHP)plants.•See Note 1, "Coverage of Electricity Statistics," at end of section.•See "Useful ThermalOutput" in Glossary.•Totals may not equal sum of components due to independent rounding.Web Page: For related information, see http://www.eia.doe.gov/fuelelectric.html.Sources: Tables 8.6b and 8.6c.250 Energy Information Administration / Annual Energy Review 2008**T able 8.6b Estimated Consumption of Combustible Fuels for Useful Thermal Output** **at Combined-Heat-and-Power Plants: Electric Power Sector, 1989-2008**(Subset of Table 8.6a)**Year Coal** 1**Petroleum Natural Gas** 6**Other Gases**7**Biomass Other** 10**Distillate Fuel Oil**2**Residual Fuel Oil**3**Other Liquids**4**Petroleum Coke**5**Total**5**Wood**8**Waste**9ThousandShort TonsThousand BarrelsThousandShort TonsThousandBarrelsMillionCubic FeetTrillionBtuTrillion BtuTrillionBtu1989 639 120 1,471 1 – 1,591 81,670 3 24 6 11990 1,266 173 1,630 2 – 1,805 97,330 5 23 8 (s)1991 1,221 104 995 1 – 1,101 99,868 5 21 11 11992 1,704 154 1,045 10 4 1,229 122,908 6 21 10 21993 1,794 290 1,074 27 40 1,591 128,743 4 21 10 21994 2,241 371 1,024 104 58 1,791 144,062 6 18 12 11995 2,376 486 1,127 58 222 2,784 142,753 5 19 15 (s)1996 2,520 308 1,155 86 175 2,424 147,091 5 20 21 (s)1997 2,355 343 1,246 23 171 2,466 161,608 10 20 17 (s)1998 2,493 134 653 19 103 1,322 172,471 6 12 20 (s)1999 3,033 183 572 30 128 1,423 175,757 4 13 25 (s)2000 3,107 294 467 51 120 1,412 192,253 7 8 24 (s)2001 2,910 219 355 3 119 1,171 199,808 6 10 5 42002 2,255 66 197 23 111 841 263,619 7 10 6 62003 2,080 190 919 88 80 1,596 225,967 12 11 14 42004R3,809R314R985R202R237R2,688R388,424R31R15R17R72005R3,918R225R1,072R95R206R2,424R384,365R60R19R15R72006R3,834R69R998R87R195R2,129R330,878R37R19R14R82007R3,795R192R1,014R98R162R2,114R339,796R34R21R16R82008P3,865 120 1,254 67 126 2,069 351,615 37 21 16 91Anthracite, bituminous coal, subbituminous coal, lignite, waste coal, and coal synfuel.2Fuel oil nos. 1, 2, and 4.3Fuel oil nos. 5 and 6.4Jet fuel, kerosene, other petroleum liquids, and waste oil.5Petroleum coke is converted from short tons to barrels by multiplying by 5.6Natural gas, plus a small amount of supplemental gaseous fuels.7Blast furnace gas, propane gas, and other manufactured and waste gases derived from fossil fuels.8Wood and wood-derived fuels.9Municipal solid waste from biogenic sources, landfill gas, sludge waste, agricultural byproducts, andother biomass. Through 2000, also includes non-renewable waste (municipal solid waste fromnon-biogenic sources, and tire-derived fuels).10Batteries, chemicals, hydrogen, pitch, purchased steam, sulfur, miscellaneous technologies, and,beginning in 2001, non-renewable waste (municipal solid waste from non-biogenic sources, and tire-derivedfuels).R=Revised. P=Preliminary. – = No data reported. (s)=Less than 0.5.Notes:•Estimates are for fuels consumed to produce useful thermal output; they exclude fuelsconsumed to produce electricity.•Data are for combined-heat-and-power (CHP) plants within the NAICS22 category whose primary business is to sell electricity and heat to the public. Data do not include electricutility CHP plants.•See Table 8.6c for commercial and industrial CHP data.•See Note 1, "CoverageofElectricity Statistics," and Note 2, "Classification of Power Plants Into Energy-Use Sectors," at endofsection.•See "Useful Thermal Output" in Glossary.•Totals may not equal sum of components duetoindependent rounding.Web Page: For related information, see http://www.eia.doe.gov/fuelelectric.html.Sources:•1989-1997—Energy Information Administration (EIA), Form EIA-867, "Annual NonutilityPower Producer Report."•1998-2000—EIA, Form EIA-860B, "Annual Electric GeneratorReport—Nonutility."•2001-2003—EIA, Form EIA-906, "Power Plant Report."•2004-2007—EIA, FormEIA-920, "Combined Heat and Power Plant Report."•2008—EIA, Form EIA-923, "Power PlantOperations Report."Energy Information Administration / Annual Energy Review 2008 251**T able 8.6c Estimated Consumption of Combustible Fuels for Useful Thermal Output** **at Combined-Heat-and-Power Plants: Commercial and Industrial Sectors, 1989-2008**(Subset of Table 8.6a)**Year Coal** 1**Petroleum Natural Gas** 6**Other Gases**7**Biomass Other** 10**Distillate Fuel Oil**2**Residual Fuel Oil**3**Other Liquids**4**Petroleum Coke**5**Total**5**Wood**8**Waste**9ThousandShort TonsThousand BarrelsThousandShort TonsThousandBarrelsMillionCubic FeetTrillionBtuTrillion BtuTrillionBtu**Commercial Sector**111989 711 202 601 – – 803 12,049 (s) (s) 13 –1990 773 389 715 (s) – 1,104 18,913 (s) (s) 13 –1991 826 356 405 (s) – 761 25,295 (s) (s) 11 (s)1992 804 259 538 (s) 2 807 29,672 (s) 1 16 (s)1993 968 272 548 2 4 843 27,738 (s) (s) 17 (s)1994 940 534 379 – 4 931 31,457 (s) (s) 17 –1995 850 319 261 (s) 3 596 34,964 – (s) 19 (s)1996 1,005 260 328 (s) 3 601 40,075 (s) 1 22 (s)1997 1,108 470 309 – 3 794 47,941 (s) 1 24 –1998 1,002 418 573 – 3 1,006 46,527 (s) 1 22 –1999 1,009 254 412 – 3 682 44,991 (s) 1 21 –2000 1,034 403 366 2 4 792 47,844 (s) 1 21 –2001 916 505 304 – – 809 42,407 – 1 10 72002 929 248 108 28 6 416 41,430 – 1 8 62003 1,234 119 381 12 9 555 19,973 – 1 10 82004R1,540R570R613 20R8R1,243R39,233 – 1R15R112005R1,544R417R587 (s)R8R1,045R34,172 – 1R14R102006R1,539R155R404R–R9R601R33,112 (s) 1R16R102007R1,566R101R340R–R11R494R35,987R–R2R12 72008P1,750 77 124 (s) 9 244 29,718 – 1 12 6**Industrial Sector**121989 15,160 1,088R14,285 352 247R16,963 469,588 113 659 19 481990 17,041 1,488R16,084 893 918R23,056 538,506 171 790 25 501991 16,412 2,567 13,893 834 777 21,177 538,800 180 758 23 551992 16,864 1,945 14,891 925 856 22,041 565,279 194 801 24 501993 16,988 1,887 16,311 829 987 23,960 577,103 174 815 29 491994 17,428 1,906 17,419 505 1,075 25,207 608,496 173 884 27 521995 17,192 1,277 15,272 584 1,010 22,182 656,665 175 882 25 551996 17,281 1,624 17,069 670 1,097 24,848 678,608 182 855 26 531997 17,542 1,772 14,328 267 1,835 25,541 659,021 178 892 27 671998 16,824 4,391 15,313 662 1,230 26,518 730,108 202 862 29 581999 16,330 4,228 13,148 808 1,307 24,718 762,210 219 849 23 602000 16,325 2,200 12,459 1,402 800 20,062 745,165 223 875 25 632001 15,119 1,850 11,167 560 542 16,287 656,071 160 685 20 582002 14,377 1,149 9,097 1,312 399 13,555 554,970 139 672 18 482003 14,406 1,844 9,041 1,529 675 15,788 475,327 126 735 21 572004R18,926R2,473R13,791R1,686R798R21,939R624,443R187R1,000R19R532005R18,371R3,153R13,738R1,207R568R20,940R565,803R179R977R30R482006R17,854R1,258R9,971R1,136R1,055R17,640R578,828R190R1,029R30R572007R17,449R1,066R9,429R1,222R1,090R17,166R496,796R180R959R31R572008P18,073 771 4,866 825 1,036 11,644 453,325 156 876 24 131Anthracite, bituminous coal, subbituminous coal, lignite, waste coal, and coal synfuel.2Fuel oil nos. 1, 2, and 4.3Fuel oil nos. 5 and 6.4Jet fuel, kerosene, other petroleum liquids, and waste oil.5Petroleum coke is converted from short tons to barrels by multiplying by 5.6Natural gas, plus a small amount of supplemental gaseous fuels.7Blast furnace gas, propane gas, and other manufactured and waste gases derived from fossil fuels.8Wood and wood-derived fuels.9Municipal solid waste from biogenic sources, landfill gas, sludge waste, agricultural byproducts, andother biomass. Through 2000, also includes non-renewable waste (municipal solid waste fromnon-biogenic sources, and tire-derived fuels).10Batteries, chemicals, hydrogen, pitch, purchased steam, sulfur, miscellaneous technologies, and,beginning in 2001, non-renewable waste (municipal solid waste from non-biogenic sources, and tire-derivedfuels).11Commercial combined-heat-and-power (CHP) plants.12Industrial combined-heat-and-power (CHP) plants.R=Revised. P=Preliminary. – = No data reported. (s)=Less than 0.5.Notes:•Estimates are for fuels consumed to produce useful thermal output; they exclude fuelsconsumed to produce electricity.•See Table 8.6b for electric power sector CHP data.•See Note1,"Coverage of Electricity Statistics," and Note 2, "Classification of Power Plants Into Energy-Use Sectors,"atend of section.•See "Useful Thermal Output" in Glossary.•Totals may not equal sum of componentsdue to independent rounding.Web Page: For related information, see http://www.eia.doe.gov/fuelelectric.html.Sources:•1989-1997—Energy Information Administration (EIA), Form EIA-867, "Annual NonutilityPower Producer Report."•1998-2000—EIA, Form EIA-860B, "Annual Electric GeneratorReport—Nonutility."•2001-2003—EIA, Form EIA-906, "Power Plant Report."•2004-2007—EIA, FormEIA-920, "Combined Heat and Power Plant Report."•2008—EIA, Form EIA-923, "Power PlantOperations Report."Figure 8.7 Consumption of Combustible Fuels for Electricity Generation and Useful Thermal Output,1989-2008CoalNatural GasPetroleum Wood and Waste252 Energy Information Administration / Annual Energy Review 2008TotalSources: Tables 8.5a, 8.6a, and 8.7a.1989 1992 1995 1998 2001 2004 20070.00.30.60.91.2

Billion Short TonsTotal1989 1992 1995 1998 2001 2004 20070246810

Trillion Cubic FeetElectricityGenerationUseful Thermal OutputElectricityGenerationUseful Thermal Output1989 1992 1995 1998 2001 2004 2007050100150200250300350

Million Barrels1989 1992 1995 1998 2001 2004 20070.00.51.01.52.0

Quadrillion BtuTotalTotalElectricityGenerationUseful Thermal OutputElectricityGenerationUseful Thermal OutputEnergy Information Administration / Annual Energy Review 2008 253**T able 8.7a Consumption of Combustible Fuels for Electricity Generation and Useful Thermal Output:** **Total (All Sectors), 1989-2008**(Sum of Tables 8.7b and 8.7c)**Year Coal** 1**Petroleum Natural Gas** 6**Other Gases**7**Biomass Other** 10**Distillate Fuel Oil**2**Residual Fuel Oil**3**Other Liquids**4**Petroleum Coke**5**Total**5**Wood**8**Waste**9ThousandShort TonsThousand BarrelsThousandShort TonsThousandBarrelsMillionCubic FeetTrillionBtuTrillion BtuTrillionBtu1989 798,181 29,143R265,970 656 915R300,342 4,048,736 206 1,028 189 881990 811,538 20,194R209,081 1,332 2,832R244,765 4,346,311 288 1,256 257 861991 812,124 19,590 193,073 1,215 2,566 226,708 4,428,742 311 1,204 292 1141992 824,512 16,852 160,941 1,695 3,366 196,318 4,617,578 341 1,303 333 921993 861,904 19,293 176,992 1,571 4,200 218,855 4,662,236 314 1,321 344 851994 869,405 25,177 164,047 1,539 4,157 211,547 5,151,163 316 1,401 357 921995 881,012 21,697 112,168 1,322 4,590 158,140 5,572,253 313 1,382 374 971996 928,015 22,444 124,607 2,468 4,596 172,499 5,178,232 346 1,389 392 911997 952,955 22,893 134,623 526 6,095 188,517 5,433,338 307 1,397 407 1031998 966,615 30,006 189,267 1,230 6,196 251,486 6,030,490 334 1,349 404 951999 970,175 30,616 172,319 1,812 5,989 234,694 6,304,942 350 1,352 400 1012000 1,015,398 34,572 156,673 2,904 4,669 217,494 6,676,744 356 1,380 401 1092001 991,635 33,724 177,137 1,418 4,532 234,940 6,730,591 263 1,182 263 2292002 1,005,144 24,748 118,637 3,257 7,353 183,408 6,986,081 278 1,287 289 2522003 1,031,778 31,825 152,859 4,576 7,067 224,593 6,337,402 294 1,266 293 2622004 1,044,798 23,520 157,478 4,764 8,721 229,364 6,726,679R353 1,360R282R2542005 1,065,281 24,446 156,915 4,270 9,113 231,193R7,020,709 348 1,353 289R2372006 1,053,783 14,655 69,846 3,396 8,622 131,005R7,404,432 341 1,399 300R2372007R1,069,606R17,042R74,616R4,237R7,299R132,389R7,961,922R329R1,336R304R2392008P1,067,277 13,400 43,823 3,151 6,566 93,204 7,668,055 288 1,243 302 1811Anthracite, bituminous coal, subbituminous coal, lignite, waste coal, and coal synfuel.2Fuel oil nos. 1, 2, and 4. Through 2000, electric utility data also include small amounts of keroseneand jet fuel.3Fuel oil nos. 5 and 6. Through 2000, electric utility data also include a small amount of fuel oil no. 4.4Jet fuel, kerosene, other petroleum liquids, and waste oil.5Petroleum coke is converted from short tons to barrels by multiplying by 5.6Natural gas, plus a small amount of supplemental gaseous fuels.7Blast furnace gas, propane gas, and other manufactured and waste gases derived from fossil fuels.8Wood and wood-derived fuels.9Municipal solid waste from biogenic sources, landfill gas, sludge waste, agricultural byproducts, andother biomass. Through 2000, also includes non-renewable waste (municipal solid waste fromnon-biogenic sources, and tire-derived fuels).10Batteries, chemicals, hydrogen, pitch, purchased steam, sulfur, miscellaneous technologies, and,beginning in 2001, non-renewable waste (municipal solid waste from non-biogenic sources, and tire-derivedfuels).R=Revised. P=Preliminary.Notes:•Data are for fuels consumed to produce electricity and useful thermal output.•See Note1,"Coverage of Electricity Statistics," at end of section.•See "Useful Thermal Output" in Glossary.•Totalsmay not equal sum of components due to independent rounding.Web Page: For related information, see http://www.eia.doe.gov/fuelelectric.html.Sources: Tables 8.7b and 8.7c.254 Energy Information Administration / Annual Energy Review 2008**T able 8.7b Consumption of Combustible Fuels for Electricity Generation and Useful Thermal Output:** **Electric Power Sector, 1989-2008**(Subset of Table 8.7a)**Year Coal** 1**Petroleum Natural Gas** 6**Other Gases**7**Biomass Other** 10**Distillate Fuel Oil**2**Residual Fuel Oil**3**Other Liquids**4**Petroleum Coke**5**Total**5**Wood**8**Waste**9ThousandShort TonsThousand BarrelsThousandShort TonsThousandBarrelsMillionCubic FeetTrillionBtuTrillion BtuTrillionBtu1989 772,190 26,156 244,179 10 517 272,931 3,105,183 9 100 132 31990 782,567 16,567 184,915 26 1,008 206,550 3,244,619 11 129 188 (s)1991 783,874 14,359 172,625 59 974 191,911 3,315,925 11 126 229 41992 795,094 12,623 138,726 128 1,494 158,948 3,447,871 18 140 262 51993 831,645 14,849 152,481 239 2,611 180,625 3,472,982 16 150 265 51994 838,354 20,612 138,222 771 2,315 171,178 3,902,546 19 152 282 31995 850,230 18,553 90,023 499 2,674 122,447 4,236,526 24 125 296 21996 896,921 18,780 99,951 653 2,642 132,593 3,806,901 20 138 300 21997 921,364 18,989 113,669 152 3,372 149,668 4,064,803 24 137 309 11998 936,619 23,300 166,528 431 4,102 210,769 4,588,284 29 137 308 21999 940,922 24,058 152,493 544 3,735 195,769 4,819,531 19 138 315 12000 985,821 30,016 138,513 454 3,275 185,358 5,206,324 25 134 318 12001 964,433 29,274 159,504 377 3,427 206,291 5,342,301 15 126 211 1132002 977,507 21,876 104,773 1,267 5,816 156,995 5,671,897 33 150 230 1432003 1,005,116 27,632 138,279 2,026 5,799 196,932 5,135,215 41 167 230 1402004 1,016,268 19,107 139,816 2,713 7,372 198,498 5,463,763R58 165 223 1382005 1,037,485 19,675 139,409 2,685 8,083 202,184 5,869,145 84 185 221 1232006 1,026,636 12,646 57,345 1,870 7,101 107,365 6,222,100 65 182 231 1252007R1,045,141R15,327R63,086R2,594R5,685R109,431R6,841,408R61R186R237R1242008P1,041,603 12,101 37,860 2,081 5,131 77,695 6,660,947 59 181 242 1261Anthracite, bituminous coal, subbituminous coal, lignite, waste coal, and coal synfuel.2Fuel oil nos. 1, 2, and 4. Through 2000, electric utility data also include small amounts of keroseneand jet fuel.3Fuel oil nos. 5 and 6. Through 2000, electric utility data also include a small amount of fuel oil no. 4.4Jet fuel, kerosene, other petroleum liquids, and waste oil.5Petroleum coke is converted from short tons to barrels by multiplying by 5.6Natural gas, plus a small amount of supplemental gaseous fuels.7Blast furnace gas, propane gas, and other manufactured and waste gases derived from fossil fuels.8Wood and wood-derived fuels.9Municipal solid waste from biogenic sources, landfill gas, sludge waste, agricultural byproducts, andother biomass. Through 2000, also includes non-renewable waste (municipal solid waste fromnon-biogenic sources, and tire-derived fuels).10Batteries, chemicals, hydrogen, pitch, purchased steam, sulfur, miscellaneous technologies, and,beginning in 2001, non-renewable waste (municipal solid waste from non-biogenic sources, and tire-derivedfuels).R=Revised. P=Preliminary. (s)=Less than 0.5.Notes:•Data are for fuels consumed to produce electricity and useful thermal output.•The electricpower sector comprises electricity-only and combined-heat-and-power (CHP) plants within the NAICS 22category whose primary business is to sell electricity, or electricity and heat, to the public.•See Table8.7c for commercial and industrial CHP and electricity-only data.•See Note 1, "Coverage of ElectricityStatistics," and Note 2, "Classification of Power Plants Into Energy-Use Sectors," at end of section.•See"Useful Thermal Output" in Glossary.•Totals may not equal sum of components due to independentrounding.Web Page: For related information, see http://www.eia.doe.gov/fuelelectric.html.Sources:•1989-1997—Energy Information Administration (EIA), Form EIA-759, "Monthly Power PlantReport," and Form EIA-867, "Annual Nonutility Power Producer Report."•1998-2000—EIA, FormEIA-759, "Monthly Power Plant Report," and Form EIA-860B, "Annual Electric GeneratorReport—Nonutility."•2001-2003—EIA, Form EIA-906, "Power Plant Report."•2004-2007—EIA, FormEIA-906, "Power Plant Report," and Form EIA-920, "Combined Heat and Power Plant Report."•2008—EIA, Form EIA-923, "Power Plant Operations Report."Energy Information Administration / Annual Energy Review 2008 255**T able 8.7c Consumption of Combustible Fuels for Electricity Generation and Useful Thermal Output:** **Commercial and Industrial Sectors, 1989-2008**(Subset of Table 8.7a)**Year Coal** 1**Petroleum Natural Gas** 6**Other Gases**7**Biomass Other** 10**Distillate Fuel Oil**2**Residual Fuel Oil**3**Other Liquids**4**Petroleum Coke**5**Total**5**Wood**8**Waste**9ThousandShort TonsThousand BarrelsThousandShort TonsThousandBarrelsMillionCubic FeetTrillionBtuTrillion BtuTrillionBtu**Commercial Sector**111989 1,125 1,085 883 – – 1,967 30,037 1 2 22 –1990 1,191 969 1,087 (s) – 2,056 46,458 1 2 28 –1991 1,228 786 551 (s) – 1,337 52,101 1 2 26 (s)1992 1,175 548 675 (s) 2 1,235 62,346 1 2 32 (s)1993 1,373 656 828 6 5 1,515 65,173 1 2 33 (s)1994 1,344 1,015 588 – 4 1,625 72,285 1 1 35 –1995 1,419 812 413 (s) 4 1,245 77,664 – 1 40 (s)1996 1,660 682 545 (s) 4 1,246 82,455 (s) 2 53 (s)1997 1,738 1,053 509 – 4 1,584 86,915 (s) 2 58 (s)1998 1,443 854 932 – 4 1,807 87,220 (s) 2 54 –1999 1,490 759 834 – 4 1,613 84,037 (s) 1 54 (s)2000 1,547 908 676 3 6 1,615 84,874 (s) 1 47 (s)2001 1,448 1,026 773 2 6 1,832 78,655 (s) 1 25 152002 1,405 771 400 38 8 1,250 73,975 (s) 1 26 172003 1,816 671 708 16 11 1,449 58,453 – 1 29 182004 1,917 1,115 827 21 9 2,009 72,072 – 2 34 212005 1,922 794 789 1 9 1,630R67,957 – 1 34 202006 1,886 366 520 (s) 10 935R67,735 (s) 1 36 212007R1,927R257R434R– 12R752R70,074R–R2R31R172008P2,109 186 160 (s) 10 396 61,246 – 1 32 17**Industrial Sector**121989 24,867 1,903R20,909 646 397R25,444 913,516 195 926 35 851990 27,781 2,657R23,079 1,305 1,824R36,159 1,055,235 275 1,125 41 861991 27,021 4,446 19,897 1,156 1,592 33,460 1,060,716 298 1,076 37 1101992 28,244 3,680 21,540 1,567 1,870 36,135 1,107,361 322 1,161 39 871993 28,886 3,788 23,684 1,326 1,583 36,715 1,124,081 297 1,169 46 801994 29,707 3,550 25,238 768 1,838 38,744 1,176,332 296 1,248 41 891995 29,363 2,333 21,732 823 1,912 34,448 1,258,063 290 1,255 38 951996 29,434 2,983 24,111 1,815 1,950 38,661 1,288,876 325 1,249 39 891997 29,853 2,851 20,445 374 2,719 37,265 1,281,620 283 1,259 41 1021998 28,553 5,852 21,807 800 2,090 38,910 1,354,986 305 1,211 42 931999 27,763 5,799 18,993 1,268 2,251 37,312 1,401,374 331 1,213 31 992000 28,031 3,648 17,483 2,448 1,388 30,520 1,385,546 331 1,244 35 1082001 25,755 3,424 16,860 1,039 1,099 26,817 1,309,636 248 1,054 27 1012002 26,232 2,101 13,463 1,953 1,529 25,163 1,240,209 245 1,136 34 922003 24,846 3,522 13,872 2,535 1,257 26,212 1,143,734 253 1,097 34 1032004 26,613 3,298 16,835 2,030 1,339 28,857 1,190,844R295 1,193 24R942005 25,875 3,977 16,718 1,583 1,020 27,380 1,083,607 264 1,166 34R942006 25,262 1,643 11,981 1,526 1,511 22,706 1,114,597 277 1,216 33R922007R22,537R1,458R11,096R1,643R1,602R22,207R1,050,439R268R1,148R36R982008P23,566 1,113 5,803 1,071 1,425 15,113 945,863 230 1,062 28 381Anthracite, bituminous coal, subbituminous coal, lignite, waste coal, and coal synfuel.2Fuel oil nos. 1, 2, and 4.3Fuel oil nos. 5 and 6.4Jet fuel, kerosene, other petroleum liquids, and waste oil.5Petroleum coke is converted from short tons to barrels by multiplying by 5.6Natural gas, plus a small amount of supplemental gaseous fuels.7Blast furnace gas, propane gas, and other manufactured and waste gases derived from fossil fuels.8Wood and wood-derived fuels.9Municipal solid waste from biogenic sources, landfill gas, sludge waste, agricultural byproducts, andother biomass. Through 2000, also includes non-renewable waste (municipal solid waste fromnon-biogenic sources, and tire-derived fuels).10Batteries, chemicals, hydrogen, pitch, purchased steam, sulfur, miscellaneous technologies, and,beginning in 2001, non-renewable waste (municipal solid waste from non-biogenic sources, and tire-derivedfuels).11Commercial combined-heat-and-power (CHP) and commercial electricity-only plants.12Industrial combined-heat-and-power (CHP) and industrial electricity-only plants.R=Revised. P=Preliminary. – = No data reported. (s)=Less than 0.5.Notes:•Data are for fuels consumed to produce electricity and useful thermal output.•See Table8.7b for electric power sector electricity-only and CHP data.•See Note 1, "Coverage of ElectricityStatistics," and Note 2, "Classification of Power Plants Into Energy-Use Sectors," at end of section.•See"Useful Thermal Output" in Glossary.•Totals may not equal sum of components due to independentrounding.Web Page: For related information, see http://www.eia.doe.gov/fuelelectric.html.Sources:•1989-1997—Energy Information Administration (EIA), Form EIA-867, "Annual NonutilityPower Producer Report."•1998-2000—EIA, Form EIA-860B, "Annual Electric GeneratorReport—Nonutility."•2001-2003—EIA, Form EIA-906, "Power Plant Report."•2004-2007—EIA, FormEIA-906, "Power Plant Report," and Form EIA-920, "Combined Heat and Power Plant Report."•2008—EIA, Form EIA-923, "Power Plant Operations Report."Figure 8.8 Stocks of Coal and Petroleum: Electric Power SectorCoal, 1949-2008 Coal and Petroleum, 1973-2008Petroleum, 1949-2008 Petroleum Products, 2008256 Energy Information Administration / Annual Energy Review 20081Fuel oil nos. 5 and 6.2Fuel oil nos. 1, 2, and 4.3Petroleum coke, which is reported in short tons, is converted at a rate of 5 barrels per shortton.4Jet fuel and kerosene.Note: Stocks are at end of year.Sources: Tables 8.8, A3, and A5.1950 1960 1970 1980 1990 2000050100150200

Million Short Tons1975 1980 1985 1990 1995 2000 200501234

Quadrillion BtuPetroleumCoalLiquids41950 1960 1970 1980 1990 2000050100150

Million Barrels221942Residual Distillate Petroleum Other0510152025

Million BarrelsCoke3Fuel Oil2Fuel Oil1Energy Information Administration / Annual Energy Review 2008 257**T able 8.8 Stocks of Coal and Petroleum: Electric Power Sector, Selected Years, 1949-2008** **Year Coal** 1**Petroleum Distillate Fuel Oil** 2**Residual Fuel Oil**3**Other Liquids**4**Petroleum Coke**5**Total**5,6Thousand Short TonsThousand BarrelsThousand Short TonsThousand Barrels1949 22,054 NA NA NA NA 8,6041950 31,842 NA NA NA NA 10,2011955 41,391 NA NA NA NA 13,6711960 51,735 NA NA NA NA 19,5721965 54,525 NA NA NA NA 25,6471970 71,908 NA NA NA 239 39,1511971 77,778 NA NA NA 291 51,1011972 99,722 NA NA NA 287 59,0901973 86,967 10,095 79,121 NA 312 90,7761974 83,509 15,199 97,718 NA 35 113,0911975 110,724 16,432 108,825 NA 31 125,4131976 117,436 14,703 106,993 NA 32 121,8571977 133,219 19,281 124,750 NA 44 144,2521978 128,225 16,386 102,402 NA 198 119,7781979 159,714 20,301 111,121 NA 183 132,3381980 183,010 30,023 105,351 NA 52 135,6351981 168,893 26,094 102,042 NA 42 128,3451982 181,132 23,369 95,515 NA 41 119,0901983 155,598 18,801 70,573 NA 55 89,6521984 179,727 19,116 68,503 NA 50 87,8701985 156,376 16,386 57,304 NA 49 73,9331986 161,806 16,269 56,841 NA 40 73,3131987 170,797 15,759 55,069 NA 51 71,0841988 146,507 15,099 54,187 NA 86 69,7141989 135,860 13,824 47,446 NA 105 61,7951990 156,166 16,471 67,030 NA 94 83,9701991 157,876 16,357 58,636 NA 70 75,3431992 154,130 15,714 56,135 NA 67 72,1831993 111,341 15,674 46,770 NA 89 62,8901994 126,897 16,644 46,344 NA 69 63,3331995 126,304 15,392 35,102 NA 65 50,8211996 114,623 15,216 32,473 NA 91 48,1461997 98,826 15,456 33,336 NA 469 51,1381998 120,501 16,343 37,451 NA 559 56,59119997141,604 17,995 34,256 NA 372 54,1092000 102,296 15,127 24,748 NA 211 40,9322001 138,496 20,486 34,594 NA 390 57,0312002 141,714 17,413 25,723 800 1,711 52,4902003 121,567 19,153 25,820 779 1,484 53,1702004 106,669 19,275 26,596 879 937 51,4342005 101,137 18,778 27,624 1,012 530 50,0622006 140,964 18,013 28,823 1,380 674 51,5832007R151,221R18,395R24,136R1,902R554R47,2032008P163,056 18,876 21,725 2,135 794 46,7081Anthracite, bituminous coal, subbituminous coal, and lignite.2Fuel oil nos. 1, 2, and 4. For 1973-1979, data are for gas turbine and internal combustion plant stocksof petroleum. For 1980-2000, electric utility data also include small amounts of kerosene and jet fuel.3Fuel oil nos. 5 and 6. For 1973-1979, data are for steam plant stocks of petroleum. For 1980-2000,electric utility data also include a small amount of fuel oil no. 4.4Jet fuel and kerosene. Through 2003, data also include a small amount of waste oil.5Petroleum coke is converted from short tons to barrels by multiplying by 5.6Distillate fuel oil and residual fuel oil; beginning in 1970, also includes petroleum coke; and beginningin 2002, also includes other liquids.7Through 1998, data are for electric utilities only. Beginning in 1999, data are for electric utilities andindependent power producers.R=Revised. P=Preliminary. NA=Not available.Notes:•Stocks are at end of year.•The electric power sector comprises electricity-only andcombined-heat-and-power (CHP) plants within the NAICS 22 category whose primary business is to sellelectricity, or electricity and heat, to the public.•See Note 1, "Coverage of Electricity Statistics," and Note2, "Classification of Power Plants Into Energy-Use Sectors," at end of section.•Totals may not equal sumof components due to independent rounding.Web Pages:•For all data beginning in 1949, see http://www.eia.doe.gov/emeu/aer/elect.html.•For related information, see http://www.eia.doe.gov/fuelelectric.html.Sources:•1949-September 1977—Federal Power Commission, Form FPC-4, "Monthly Power PlantReport."•October 1977-1981—Federal Energy Regulatory Commission, Form FPC-4, "Monthly PowerPlant Report."•1982-1988—Energy Information Administration (EIA), Form EIA-759, "Monthly PowerPlant Report."•1989-1997—EIA, Form EIA-759, "Monthly Power Plant Report," and Form EIA-867,"Annual Nonutility Power Producer Report."•1998-2000—EIA, Form EIA-759, "Monthly Power PlantReport," and Form EIA-860B, "Annual Electric Generator Report—Nonutility."•2001-2003—EIA, FormEIA-906, "Power Plant Report."•2004-2007—EIA, Form EIA-906, "Power Plant Report," and FormEIA-920, "Combined Heat and Power Plant Report."•2008—EIA, Form EIA-923, "Power PlantOperations Report."Figure 8.9 Electricity End UseOverview, 1989-2008 Retail Sales1 by Sector, 2008Retail Sales1 by Sector, 1949-2008258 Energy Information Administration / Annual Energy Review 2008Retail Sales1Total End Use1Electricity retail sales to ultimate customers reported by electric utilities and, beginning in1996, other energy service providers.2Use of electricity that is 1) self-generated, 2) produced by either the same entity thatconsumes the power or an affiliate, and 3) usedin direct support of a service or industrialprocess located within the same facility orgroup of facilities that house the generating equipment. Direct use is exclusive of station use.Source: Table 8.9.1989 1991 1993 1995 1997 1999 2001 2003 2005 2007012345

Trillion Kilowatthours1.381.350.980.01Residential Commercial Industrial Transportation0.00.51.01.5

Trillion KilowatthoursDirect Use2TransportationCommercialIndustrialResidential1950 1955 1960 1965 1970 1975 1980 1985 1990 1995 2000 20050.00.51.01.5

Trillion KilowatthoursEnergy Information Administration / Annual Energy Review 2008 259**T able 8.9 Electricity End Use, Selected Years, 1949-2008** (Billion Kilowatthours)**Year Retail Sales** 1**Direct Use**6**Total End Use**7**Discontinued Retail Sales Series Residential** **Commercial**2**Industrial**3**Transportation**4**Total Retail Sales**5**Commercial (Old)**8**Other (Old)**91949 67E59 123E6 255 NA 25545 201950 72E66 146E7 291 NA 29151 221955 128E103 260E6 497 NA 49779 291960 201E159 324E3 688 NA 688131 321965 291E231 429E3 954 NA 954200 341970 466E352 571E3 1,392 NA 1,392307 481971 500E377 589E3 1,470 NA 1,470329 511972 539E413 641E3 1,595 NA 1,595359 561973 579E445 686E3 1,713 NA 1,713388 591974 578E440 685E3 1,706 NA 1,706385 581975 588E468 688E3 1,747 NA 1,747403 681976 606E492 754E3 1,855 NA 1,855425 701977 645E514 786E3 1,948 NA 1,948447 711978 674E531 809E3 2,018 NA 2,018461 731979 683 543 842 3 2,071 NA 2,071473 731980 717 559 815 3 2,094 NA 2,094488 741981 722 596 826 3 2,147 NA 2,147514 851982 730 609 745 3 2,086 NA 2,086526 861983 751 620 776 4 2,151 NA 2,151544 801984 780 664 838 4 2,286 NA 2,286583 851985 794 689 837 4 2,324 NA 2,324606 871986 819 715 831 4 2,369 NA 2,369631 891987 850 744 858 5 2,457 NA 2,457660 881988 893 784 896 5 2,578 NA 2,578699 901989 906 811 926 5 2,647 109 2,756726 901990 924 838 946 5 2,713 125 2,837751 921991 955 855 947 5 2,762 124 2,886766 941992 936 850 973 5 2,763 134 2,897761 931993 995 885 977 5 2,861 139 3,001795 951994 1,008 913 1,008 5 2,935 146 3,081820 981995 1,043 953 1,013 5 3,013 151 3,164863 951996 1,083 980 1,034 5 3,101 153 3,254887 981997 1,076 1,027 1,038 5 3,146 156 3,302929 1031998 1,130 1,078 1,051 5 3,264 161 3,425979 1041999 1,145 1,104 1,058 5 3,312 172 3,4841,002 1072000 1,192 1,159 1,064 5 3,421 171 3,5921,055 1092001 1,202 1,191 997 6 3,394 163 3,5571,083 1132002 1,265 1,205 990 6 3,465 166 3,6321,104 1062003 1,276 1,199 1,012 7 3,494 168 3,662– – – –2004 1,292 1,230 1,018 7 3,547 168 3,716– – – –2005 1,359 1,275 1,019 8 3,661 150 3,811– – – –2006 1,352 1,300 1,011 7 3,670 147 3,817– – – –2007 1,392R1,336R1,028 8R3,765R159R3,924– – – –2008P1,379 1,352 982 8 3,722E151 3,873– – – –1Electricity retail sales to ultimate customers reported by electric utilities and, beginning in 1996, otherenergy service providers.2Commercial sector, including public street and highway lighting, interdepartmental sales, and othersales to public authorities.3Industrial sector. Through 2002, excludes agriculture and irrigation; beginning in 2003, includesagriculture and irrigation.4Transportation sector, including sales to railroads and railways.5The sum of "Residential," "Commercial," "Industrial," and "Transportation."6Use of electricity that is 1) self-generated, 2) produced by either the same entity that consumes thepower or an affiliate, and 3) used in direct support of a service or industrial process located within the samefacility or group of facilities that house the generating equipment. Direct use is exclusive of station use.7The sum of "Total Retail Sales" and "Direct Use."8"Commercial (Old)" is a discontinued series—data are for the commercial sector, excluding publicstreet and highway lighting, interdepartmental sales, and other sales to public authorities.9"Other (Old)" is a discontinued series—data are for public street and highway lighting,interdepartmental sales, other sales to public authorities, agriculture and irrigation, and transportationincluding railroads and railways.R=Revised. P=Preliminary. E=Estimate. NA=Not available. – – = Not applicable.Note: Totals may not equal sum of components due to independent rounding.Web Pages:•For all data beginning in 1949, see http://www.eia.doe.gov/emeu/aer/elect.html.•For related information, see http://www.eia.doe.gov/fuelelectric.html.Sources:**Residential**and**Industrial:**•1949-September 1977—Federal Power Commission, FormFPC-5, "Monthly Statement of Electric Operating Revenue and Income."•October 1977-February1980—Federal Energy Regulatory Commission (FERC), Form FPC-5, "Monthly Statement of ElectricOperating Revenue and Income."•March 1980-1982—FERC, Form FPC-5, "Electric Utility CompanyMonthly Statement."•1983—Energy Information Administration (EIA), Form EIA-826, "Electric UtilityCompany Monthly Statement."•1984-1993—EIA, Form EIA-861, "Annual Electric Utility Report."•1994forward—EIA,Electric Power Monthly(March 2009), Table 5.1.**Commercial:**•1949-2002—Estimatedby EIA as the sum of "Commercial (Old)" and the non-transportation portion of "Other (Old)." Seeestimation methodology at http://www.eia.doe.gov/emeu/states/sep_use/notes/use_elec.pdf.•2003forward—EIA,Electric Power Monthly(March 2009), Table 5.1.**Transportation :** •1949-2002—Estimated by EIA as the transportation portion of "Other (Old)." See estimationmethodology at http://www.eia.doe.gov/emeu/states/sep_use/notes/use_elec.pdf.•2003 forward—EIA,Electric Power Monthly(March 2009), Table 5.1.**Direct Use:**•1989-1994—EIA, Form EIA-867, "AnnualNonutility Power Producer Report."•1995-2007—EIA,Electric Power Annual 2007(October 2008), Table7.2.•2008—Estimate based on the 2007 value adjusted by the percentage change in commercial andindustrial net generation on Table 8.1.**Commercial (Old)**and**Other (Old):**•1949-2002—See sourcesfor "Residential" and "Industrial."Figure 8.10 Average Retail Prices of ElectricityTotal, 1960-2008 By Sector, 2008By Sector, Nominal2 Prices, 1960-2008 By Sector, Real1Prices, 1960-2008260 Energy Information Administration / Annual Energy Review 20081In chained (2000) dollars, calculated by using gross domestic product implicit price deflators. See Table D1.2See “Nominal Dollars” in Glossary.3Public street and highway lighting, interdepartmental sales, other sales to publicauthorities, agriculture and irrigation, and transportation including railroads and railways.Note: Taxes are included.Source: Table 8.10.9.288.405.739.2111.3610.287.0111.28Residential Commercial Industrial Transportation02468101214

Cents per KilowatthourNominal2Real1Real11960 1965 1970 1975 1980 1985 1990 1995 2000 2005024681012

Cents per KilowatthourNominal2ResidentialIndustrialOther3CommercialResidentialOther3IndustrialCommercialTransportationTransportation1960 1965 1970 1975 1980 1985 1990 1995 2000 2005024681012

Cents per Kilowatthour1960 1965 1970 1975 1980 1985 1990 1995 2000 2005051015

Chained (2000) Cents per KilowatthourEnergy Information Administration / Annual Energy Review 2008 261**T able 8.10 Average Retail Prices of Electricity, 1960-2008** (Cents per Kilowatthour, Including Taxes)**Year Residential** **Commercial**1**Industrial**2**Transportation**3**Other**4**Total Nominal** 5**Real**6**Nominal**5**Real**6**Nominal**5**Real**6**Nominal**5**Real**6**Nominal**5**Real**6**Nominal**5**Real**61960 2.6 12.4 2.4 11.4 1.1 5.2 NA NA 1.9 9.0 1.8 8.61961 2.6 12.2 2.4 11.3 1.1 5.2 NA NA 1.8 8.5 1.8 8.51962 2.6 12.1 2.4 11.1 1.1 5.1 NA NA 1.9 8.8 1.8 8.41963 2.5 11.5 2.3 10.6 1.0 4.6 NA NA 1.8 8.3 1.8 8.31964 2.5 11.3 2.2 9.9 1.0 4.5 NA NA 1.8 8.1 1.7 7.71965 2.4 10.7 2.2 9.8 1.0 4.4 NA NA 1.8 8.0 1.7 7.51966 2.3 9.9 2.1 9.1 1.0 4.3 NA NA 1.8 7.8 1.7 7.31967 2.3 9.6 2.1 8.8 1.0 4.2 NA NA 1.8 7.5 1.7 7.11968 2.3 9.2 2.1 8.4 1.0 4.0 NA NA 1.8 7.2 1.6 6.41969 2.2 8.4 2.1 8.0 1.0 3.8 NA NA 1.7 6.5 1.6 6.11970 2.2 8.0 2.1 7.6 1.0 3.6 NA NA 1.8 6.5 1.7 6.21971 2.3 8.0 2.2 7.6 1.1 3.8 NA NA 1.9 6.6 1.8 6.21972 2.4 8.0 2.3 7.6 1.2 4.0 NA NA 2.0 6.6 1.9 6.31973 2.5 7.9 2.4 7.5 1.3 4.1 NA NA 2.1 6.6 2.0 6.31974 3.1 8.9 3.0 8.6 1.7 4.9 NA NA 2.8 8.1 2.5 7.21975 3.5 9.2 3.5 9.2 2.1 5.5 NA NA 3.1 8.2 2.9 7.61976 3.7 9.2 3.7 9.2 2.2 5.5 NA NA 3.3 8.2 3.1 7.71977 4.1 9.6 4.1 9.6 2.5 5.9 NA NA 3.5 8.2 3.4 8.01978 4.3 9.4 4.4 9.6 2.8 6.1 NA NA 3.6 7.9 3.7 8.11979 4.6 9.3 4.7 9.5 3.1 6.3 NA NA 4.0 8.1 4.0 8.11980 5.4 10.0 5.5 10.2 3.7 6.9 NA NA 4.8 8.9 4.7 8.71981 6.2 10.5 6.3 10.7 4.3 7.3 NA NA 5.3 9.0 5.5 9.31982 6.9 11.0 6.9 11.0 5.0 8.0 NA NA 5.9 9.4 6.1 9.71983 7.2 11.0 7.0 10.7 5.0 7.7 NA NA 6.4 9.8 6.3 9.71984 7.15 10.57 7.13 10.54 4.83 7.14 NA NA 5.90 8.72 6.25 9.241985 7.39 10.60 7.27 10.43 4.97 7.13 NA NA 6.09 8.74 6.44 9.241986 7.42 10.41 7.20 10.11 4.93 6.92 NA NA 6.11 8.58 6.44 9.041987 7.45 10.18 7.08 9.67 4.77 6.52 NA NA 6.21 8.48 6.37 8.701988 7.48 9.88 7.04 9.30 4.70 6.21 NA NA 6.20 8.19 6.35 8.391989 7.65 9.74 7.20 9.17 4.72 6.01 NA NA 6.25 7.96 6.45 8.211990 7.83 9.60 7.34 9.00 4.74 5.81 NA NA 6.40 7.84 6.57 8.051991 8.04 9.52 7.53 8.92 4.83 5.72 NA NA 6.51 7.71 6.75 7.991992 8.21 9.50 7.66 8.87 4.83 5.59 NA NA 6.74 7.80 6.82 7.891993 8.32 9.41 7.74 8.76 4.85 5.49 NA NA 6.88 7.78 6.93 7.841994 8.38 9.28 7.73 8.56 4.77 5.28 NA NA 6.84 7.58 6.91 7.661995 8.40 9.12 7.69 8.35 4.66 5.06 NA NA 6.88 7.47 6.89 7.481996 8.36 8.91 7.64 8.14 4.60 4.90 NA NA 6.91 7.36 6.86 7.311997 8.43 8.84 7.59 7.95 4.53 4.75 NA NA 6.91 7.24 6.85 7.181998 8.26 8.56 7.41 7.68 4.48 4.64 NA NA 6.63 6.87 6.74 6.991999 8.16 8.34 7.26 7.42 4.43 4.53 NA NA 6.35 6.49 6.64 6.782000 8.24 8.24 7.43 7.43 4.64 4.64 NA NA 6.56 6.56 6.81 6.812001 8.58 8.38 7.92 7.73 5.05 4.93 NA NA 7.20 7.03 7.29 7.122002 8.44 8.10 7.89 7.57 4.88 4.68 NA NA 6.75 6.48 7.20 6.912003 8.72 8.20 8.03 7.55 5.11 4.80 7.54 7.09 – – – – 7.44 6.992004 8.95 8.18 8.17 7.46 5.25 4.80 7.18 6.56 – – – – 7.61 6.952005 9.45 8.36 8.67 7.67 5.73 5.07 8.57 7.58 – – – – 8.14 7.202006 10.40R8.91 9.46R8.11 6.16 5.28 9.54 8.18 – – – – 8.90R7.632007R10.65 8.89R9.65R8.05R6.39R5.33R9.70R8.10 – – – –R9.13R7.622008P11.36 9.28 10.28 8.40 7.01 5.73 11.28 9.21 – – – – 9.82 8.021Commercial sector. For 1960-2002, prices exclude public street and highway lighting,interdepartmental sales, and other sales to public authorities.2Industrial sector. For 1960-2002, prices exclude agriculture and irrigation.3Transportation sector, including railroads and railways.4Public street and highway lighting, interdepartmental sales, other sales to public authorities, agricultureand irrigation, and transportation including railroads and railways.5See "Nominal Dollars" in Glossary.6In chained (2000) dollars, calculated by using gross domestic product implicit price deflators in TableD1. See "Chained Dollars" in Glossary.R=Revised. P=Preliminary. NA=Not available. – – = Not applicable.Notes:•Beginning in 2003, the category "Other" has been replaced by "Transportation," and thecategories "Commercial" and "Industrial" have been redefined.•Data represent revenue from electricityretail sales divided by electricity retail sales.•Prices include State and local taxes, energy or demandcharges, customer service charges, environmental surcharges, franchise fees, fuel adjustments, and othermiscellaneous charges applied to end-use customers during normal billing operations. Prices do not includedeferred charges, credits, or other adjustments, such as fuel or revenue from purchased power, fromprevious reporting periods.•Through 1979, data are for Classes A and B privately owned electric utilitiesonly. For 1980-1982, data are for selected Class A utilities whose electric operating revenues were $100million or more during the previous year. For 1983, data are for a selected sample of electric utilities.Beginning in 1984, data are for a census of electric utilities. Beginning in 1996, data also include energyservice providers selling to retail customers.Web Page: For related information, see http://www.eia.doe.gov/fuelelectric.html.Sources:•1960-September 1977—Federal Power Commission, Form FPC-5, "Monthly StatementofElectric Operating Revenues and Income."•October 1977-February 1980—Federal Energy RegulatoryCommission (FERC), Form FPC-5, "Monthly Statement of Electric Operating Revenues and Income."•March 1980-1982—FERC, Form FERC-5, "Electric Utility Company Monthly Statement."•1983—Energy Information Administration (EIA), Form EIA-826, "Electric Utility Company MonthlyStatement."•1984-1993—EIA, Form EIA-861, "Annual Electric Utility Report."•1994 forward—EIA,Electric Power Monthly(March 2009), Table 5.3.Figure 8.11a Electric Net Summer Capacity, Total (All Sectors)Total, 1949-2007 By Major Category, 2007By Source, 2007262 Energy Information Administration / Annual Energy Review 2008Total1Conventional and pumped storage.2Blast furnace gas, propane gas, other manufactured and waste gases derived from fossilfuels, batteries, chemicals, hydrogen, pitch, purchased steam, sulfur, and miscellaneoustechnologies.Source: Table 8.11a.1950 1960 1970 1980 1990 200002004006008001,0001,200

Million KilowattsElectricPower76410810022Fossil Renewable Nuclear Hydroelectric0300600900

Million KilowattsNuclear Electric PowerFuelsFossil FuelsRenewable EnergyEnergy PumpedStorageElectricPower393313100100561774213Natural Gas Coal Nuclear Hydro- Petroleum Wind Wood Waste Geothermal Solar/PV Other20100200300400500

Million KilowattselectricPower1Figure 8.11b Electric Net Summer Capacity by SectorTotal (All Sectors) and Sectors, 1989-2007 Electric Power Sector by Plant Type, 1989-2007Commercial Sector, 2007 Industrial Sector, 2007Energy Information Administration / Annual Energy Review 2008 2631Conventional hydroelectric power, wood, blast furnace gas, propane gas, and other manufactured and waste gases derived from fossil fuels.2Blast furnace gas, propane gas, and other manufactured and waste gases derived fromfossil fuels3Conventional hydroelectric power.4Batteries, chemicals, hydrogen, pitch, purchased steam, sulfur, and miscellaneoustechnologies.(s)=Less than 0.5 million kilowatts.Sources: Tables 8.11a-8.11d.1990 1992 1994 1996 1998 2000 2002 2004 200602505007501,000

Million Kilowatts1990 1992 1994 1996 1998 2000 2002 2004 200603006009001,200

Million KilowattsElectric Power SectorTotal (All Sectors)Commercial and IndustrialElectricity-Only PlantsCombined-Heat-and-Power Plants1.10.40.40.3(s)Natural Waste Coal Petroleum Other10.00.40.81.2

Million Kilowatts14.75.03.21.90.90.30.20.7Natural Wood Coal Other Petro- Hydro- Waste Other0481216

Million KilowattselectricPower3GasGas Gases2 leum4264 Energy Information Administration / Annual Energy Review 2008**T able 8.11a Electric Net Summer Capacity: Total (All Sectors), Selected Years, 1949-2007** (Sum of Tables 8.11b and 8.11d; Million Kilowatts)**Year Fossil Fuels** **Nuclear Electric** **Power Hydro** **electric Pumped** **Storage Renewable Energy** **Other**9**Total Coal** 1**Petroleum**2**Natural Gas** 3**Other Gases** 4**Total Conventional** **Hydroelectric Power** 5**Biomass Geo** **thermal Solar/PV** 8**Wind Total** **Wood**6**Waste**71949 NA NA NA NA 44.9 0.05( ) 18.5 (s)10( ) NA NA NA 18.5 NA 63.41950 NA NA NA NA 50.0 .05( ) 19.2 (s)10( ) NA NA NA 19.2 NA 69.21955 NA NA NA NA 86.8 .05( ) 27.4 (s)10( ) NA NA NA 27.4 NA 114.21960 NA NA NA NA 130.8 .45( ) 35.8 .110( ) (s) NA NA 35.9 NA 167.11965 NA NA NA NA 182.9 .85( ) 51.0 .110( ) (s) NA NA 51.1 NA 234.81970 NA NA NA NA 265.4 7.05( ) 63.8 .110( ) .1 NA NA 63.9 NA 336.41971 NA NA NA NA 288.0 9.05( ) 69.1 .110( ) .2 NA NA 69.4 NA 366.41972 NA NA NA NA 310.7 14.55( ) 70.5 .110( ) .3 NA NA 70.9 NA 396.01973 NA NA NA NA 341.2 22.75( ) 75.4 .110( ) .4 NA NA 75.9 NA 439.81974 NA NA NA NA 360.7 31.95( ) 75.5 .110( ) .4 NA NA 76.0 NA 468.51975 NA NA NA NA 375.1 37.35( ) 78.4 .110( ) .5 NA NA 79.0 NA 491.31976 NA NA NA NA 394.8 43.85( ) 78.0 .110( ) .5 NA NA 78.6 NA 517.21977 NA NA NA NA 410.4 46.35( ) 78.6 .110( ) .5 NA NA 79.2 NA 535.91978 NA NA NA NA 420.8 50.85( ) 79.9 .110( ) .5 NA NA 80.5 NA 552.11979 NA NA NA NA 432.1 49.75( ) 82.9 .110( ) .7 NA NA 83.6 NA 565.51980 NA NA NA NA 444.1 51.85( ) 81.7 .110( ) .9 NA NA 82.7 NA 578.61981 NA NA NA NA 458.9 56.05( ) 82.4 .110( ) .9 NA (s) 83.4 NA 598.31982 NA NA NA NA 469.6 60.05( ) 83.0 .110( ) 1.0 NA (s) 84.1 NA 613.71983 NA NA NA NA 472.8 63.05( ) 83.9 .210( ) 1.2 NA (s) 85.3 NA 621.11984 NA NA NA NA 478.6 69.75( ) 85.3 .310( ) 1.211( ) (s) 86.9 NA 635.11985 NA NA NA NA 485.0 79.45( ) 88.9 .2 .2 1.611( ) (s) 90.8 NA 655.21986 NA NA NA NA 488.3 85.25( ) 89.3 .2 .2 1.611( ) (s) 91.2 NA 664.81987 NA NA NA NA 488.8 93.65( ) 89.7 .2 .2 1.511( ) (s) 91.7 NA 674.11988 NA NA NA NA 490.6 94.75( ) 90.3 .2 .2 1.711( ) (s) 92.4 NA 677.7198912303.1 79.1 135.7 1.5 519.4 98.2 18.1 74.1 5.2 2.1 2.6 .2 1.5 85.7 .5 721.81990 307.4 77.9 140.8 1.6 527.8 99.6 19.5 73.9 5.5 2.5 2.7 .3 1.8 86.8 .5 734.11991 307.4 74.2 147.6 2.1 531.4 99.6 18.4 76.0 6.1 2.9 2.6 .3 1.9 89.9 .5 739.91992 309.4 73.1 152.2 2.1 536.7 99.0 21.2 74.8 6.2 3.0 2.9 .3 1.8 89.1 .5 746.51993 310.1 71.1 158.6 1.9 541.8 99.0 21.1 77.4 6.5 3.1 2.9 .3 1.8 92.1 .5 754.61994 311.4 71.7 164.8 2.1 550.0 99.1 21.2 78.0 6.7 3.3 3.0 .3 1.7 93.1 .5 764.01995 311.4 66.6 174.5 1.7 554.2 99.5 21.4 78.6 6.7 3.5 3.0 .3 1.7 93.9 .5 769.51996 313.4 72.5 174.1 1.7 561.7 100.8 21.1 76.4 6.8 3.6 2.9 .3 1.7 91.7 .5 775.91997 313.6 72.5 176.5 1.5 564.1 99.7 19.3 79.4 6.9 3.6 2.9 .3 1.6 94.8 .8 778.61998 315.8 66.3 180.3 1.5 563.9 97.1 19.5 79.2 6.8 3.7 2.9 .3 1.7 94.6 .8 775.91999 315.5 60.1 195.1 1.9 572.6 97.4 19.6 79.4 6.8 3.7 2.8 .4 2.3 95.3 1.0 785.92000 315.1 61.8 219.6 2.3 598.9 97.9 19.5 79.4 6.1 3.9 2.8 .4 2.4 94.9 .5 811.72001 314.2 66.2 252.8 1.7 634.9 98.2 19.7 78.9 5.9 3.7 2.2 .4 3.9 95.0 .5 848.32002 315.4 59.7 312.5 2.0 689.5 98.7 20.4 79.4 5.8 3.8 2.3 .4 4.4 96.1 .7 905.32003 313.0 60.7 355.4 2.0 731.2 99.2 20.5 78.7 5.9 3.8 2.1 .4 6.0 96.8 .7 948.42004 313.0 59.1 371.0 2.3 745.4 99.6 20.8 77.6 6.2 3.5 2.2 .4 6.5 96.4 .7 962.92005 313.4 58.5 383.1 2.1 757.1 100.0 21.3 77.5 6.2 3.6 2.3 .4 8.7 98.7 .9 978.02006 313.0 58.1 388.3 2.3 761.6 100.3 21.5 77.8 6.4 3.7 2.3 .4 11.3 101.9 .9 986.22007R312.7R56.1R392.9 2.3R764.0R100.3R21.9R77.9R6.7R4.1R2.2 .5R16.5R108.0 .8R994.91Anthracite, bituminous coal, subbituminous coal, lignite, waste coal, and coal synfuel.2Distillate fuel oil, residual fuel oil, petroleum coke, jet fuel, kerosene, other petroleum, and waste oil.3Natural gas, plus a small amount of supplemental gaseous fuels.4Blast furnace gas, propane gas, and other manufactured and waste gases derived from fossil fuels.5Through 1988, hydroelectric pumped storage is included in "Conventional Hydroelectric Power."6Wood and wood-derived fuels.7Municipal solid waste from biogenic sources, landfill gas, sludge waste, agricultural byproducts, andother biomass. For all years, also includes non-renewable waste (municipal solid waste from non-biogenicsources, and tire-derived fuels).8Solar thermal and photovoltaic energy.9Batteries, chemicals, hydrogen, pitch, purchased steam, sulfur, and miscellaneous technologies.10Included in "Wood."11Included in "Wind."12Through 1988, data are for electric utilities only. Beginning in 1989, data are for electric utilities,independent power producers, commercial plants, and industrial plants.R=Revised. NA=Not available. (s)=Less than 0.05 million kilowatts.Notes:•Data are at end of year.•For plants that use multiple sources of energy, capacity is assignedto the predominant energy source.•See Note 1, "Coverage of Electricity Statistics," at end of section.•See "Generator Net Summer Capacity" in Glossary.•Totals may not equal sum of components duetoindependent rounding.Web Pages:•For all data beginning in 1949, see http://www.eia.doe.gov/emeu/aer/elect.html.•For related information, see http://www.eia.doe.gov/fuelelectric.html.Sources: Tables 8.11b and 8.11d.Energy Information Administration / Annual Energy Review 2008 265**T able 8.11b Electric Net Summer Capacity: Electric Power Sector, Selected Years, 1949-2007** (Subset of Table 8.11a; Million Kilowatts)**Year Fossil Fuels** **Nuclear Electric** **Power Hydro** **electric Pumped** **Storage Renewable Energy** **Other**9**Total Coal** 1**Petroleum**2**Natural Gas** 3**Other Gases** 4**Total Conventional** **Hydroelectric Power** 5**Biomass Geo** **thermal Solar/PV** 8**Wind Total** **Wood**6**Waste**71949 NA NA NA NA 44.9 0.05( ) 18.5 (s)10( ) NA NA NA 18.5 NA 63.41950 NA NA NA NA 50.0 .05( ) 19.2 (s)10( ) NA NA NA 19.2 NA 69.21955 NA NA NA NA 86.8 .05( ) 27.4 (s)10( ) NA NA NA 27.4 NA 114.21960 NA NA NA NA 130.8 .45( ) 35.8 .110( ) (s) NA NA 35.9 NA 167.11965 NA NA NA NA 182.9 .85( ) 51.0 .110( ) (s) NA NA 51.1 NA 234.81970 NA NA NA NA 265.4 7.05( ) 63.8 .110( ) .1 NA NA 63.9 NA 336.41971 NA NA NA NA 288.0 9.05( ) 69.1 .110( ) .2 NA NA 69.4 NA 366.41972 NA NA NA NA 310.7 14.55( ) 70.5 .110( ) .3 NA NA 70.9 NA 396.01973 NA NA NA NA 341.2 22.75( ) 75.4 .110( ) .4 NA NA 75.9 NA 439.81974 NA NA NA NA 360.7 31.95( ) 75.5 .110( ) .4 NA NA 76.0 NA 468.51975 NA NA NA NA 375.1 37.35( ) 78.4 .110( ) .5 NA NA 79.0 NA 491.31976 NA NA NA NA 394.8 43.85( ) 78.0 .110( ) .5 NA NA 78.6 NA 517.21977 NA NA NA NA 410.4 46.35( ) 78.6 .110( ) .5 NA NA 79.2 NA 535.91978 NA NA NA NA 420.8 50.85( ) 79.9 .110( ) .5 NA NA 80.5 NA 552.11979 NA NA NA NA 432.1 49.75( ) 82.9 .110( ) .7 NA NA 83.6 NA 565.51980 NA NA NA NA 444.1 51.85( ) 81.7 .110( ) .9 NA NA 82.7 NA 578.61981 NA NA NA NA 458.9 56.05( ) 82.4 .110( ) .9 NA (s) 83.4 NA 598.31982 NA NA NA NA 469.6 60.05( ) 83.0 .110( ) 1.0 NA (s) 84.1 NA 613.71983 NA NA NA NA 472.8 63.05( ) 83.9 .210( ) 1.2 NA (s) 85.3 NA 621.11984 NA NA NA NA 478.6 69.75( ) 85.3 .310( ) 1.211( ) (s) 86.9 NA 635.11985 NA NA NA NA 485.0 79.45( ) 88.9 .2 .2 1.611( ) (s) 90.8 NA 655.21986 NA NA NA NA 488.3 85.25( ) 89.3 .2 .2 1.611( ) (s) 91.2 NA 664.81987 NA NA NA NA 488.8 93.65( ) 89.7 .2 .2 1.511( ) (s) 91.7 NA 674.11988 NA NA NA NA 490.6 94.75( ) 90.3 .2 .2 1.711( ) (s) 92.4 NA 677.7198912298.0 78.1 125.4 .4 501.9 98.2 18.1 73.6 1.1 1.7 2.6 .2 1.5 80.7 – 698.81990 302.3 76.8 129.9 .4 509.3 99.6 19.5 73.3 1.2 2.1 2.7 .3 1.8 81.4 (s) 709.91991 302.5 73.0 137.1 .7 513.3 99.6 18.4 75.4 1.3 2.5 2.6 .3 1.9 84.0 – 715.31992 304.3 71.8 141.0 .7 517.9 99.0 21.2 74.2 1.4 2.5 2.9 .3 1.8 83.1 – 721.21993 305.0 69.9 146.9 .7 522.5 99.0 21.1 76.8 1.5 2.6 2.9 .3 1.8 85.9 – 728.61994 306.1 70.5 152.5 .7 529.8 99.1 21.2 76.9 1.7 2.7 3.0 .3 1.7 86.4 – 736.51995 306.0 65.4 161.9 .3 533.7 99.5 21.4 77.4 1.8 3.0 3.0 .3 1.7 87.3 – 741.81996 308.1 71.3 161.4 .1 540.9 100.8 21.1 75.3 1.7 2.9 2.9 .3 1.7 84.9 – 747.71997 308.5 71.0 163.4 .2 543.1 99.7 19.3 78.3 1.8 2.9 2.9 .3 1.6 87.8 .2 750.11998 310.9 65.0 167.1 .1 543.0 97.1 19.5 78.0 1.8 3.0 2.9 .3 1.7 87.8 .2 747.61999 310.7 58.6 181.1 .2 550.7 97.4 19.6 78.3 1.8 3.0 2.8 .4 2.3 88.6 .2 756.52000 310.2 60.7 204.7 .3 575.9 97.9 19.5 78.2 1.7 3.3 2.8 .4 2.4 88.8 (s) 782.12001 309.8 64.7 236.8 .3 611.6 98.2 19.7 77.9 1.6 3.3 2.2 .4 3.9 89.2 .1 818.82002 311.0 58.6 296.6 .3 666.5 98.7 20.4 78.3 1.6 3.3 2.3 .4 4.4 90.2 .1 875.82003 308.5 59.6 339.1 .3 707.6 99.2 20.5 77.9 1.6 3.3 2.1 .4 6.0 91.3 .1 918.62004 308.8 58.0 355.2 .4 722.4 99.6 20.8 77.0 1.6 2.9 2.2 .4 6.5 90.6 .1 933.42005 309.0 57.4 367.5 .3 734.3 100.0 21.3 76.9 1.6 3.0 2.3 .4 8.7 92.9 .1 948.62006 309.2 56.8 372.0 .4 738.4 100.3 21.5 77.1 1.7 3.1 2.3 .4 11.3 95.9 .1 956.22007R309.1R54.8R377.1 .5R741.5R100.3R21.9R77.5R1.7R3.5R2.2 .5R16.5R102.0R.1R965.71Anthracite, bituminous coal, subbituminous coal, lignite, waste coal, and coal synfuel.2Distillate fuel oil, residual fuel oil, petroleum coke, jet fuel, kerosene, other petroleum, and waste oil.3Natural gas, plus a small amount of supplemental gaseous fuels.4Blast furnace gas, propane gas, and other manufactured and waste gases derived from fossil fuels.5Through 1988, hydroelectric pumped storage is included in "Conventional Hydroelectric Power."6Wood and wood-derived fuels.7Municipal solid waste from biogenic sources, landfill gas, sludge waste, agricultural byproducts, andother biomass. For all years, also includes non-renewable waste (municipal solid waste from non-biogenicsources, and tire-derived fuels).8Solar thermal and photovoltaic energy.9Batteries, chemicals, hydrogen, pitch, purchased steam, sulfur, and miscellaneous technologies.10Included in "Wood."11Included in "Wind."12Through 1988, data are for electric utilities only. Beginning in 1989, data are for electric utilities andindependent power producers.R=Revised. NA=Not available. – = No data reported. (s)=Less than 0.05 million kilowatts.Notes:•Data are at end of year.•For plants that use multiple sources of energy, capacity is assignedto the predominant energy source.•The electric power sector comprises electricity-only andcombined-heat-and-power (CHP) plants within the NAICS 22 category whose primary business is to sellelectricity, or electricity and heat, to the public.•See Table 8.11d for commercial and industrial CHP andelectricity-only data.•See Note 1, "Coverage of Electricity Statistics," and Note 2, "Classification of PowerPlants Into Energy-Use Sectors," at end of section.•See "Generator Net Summer Capacity" in Glossary.•Totals may not equal sum of components due to independent rounding.Web Pages:•For all data beginning in 1949, see http://www.eia.doe.gov/emeu/aer/elect.html.•For related information, see http://www.eia.doe.gov/fuelelectric.html.Sources:•1949-1984—Energy Information Administration (EIA) estimates.•1985-1988—EIA, FormEIA-860, "Annual Electric Generator Report."•1989-1997—EIA, Form EIA-860, "Annual ElectricGenerator Report," and Form EIA-867, "Annual Nonutility Power Producer Report."•1998-2000—EIA,Form EIA-860A, "Annual Electric Generator Report—Utility," and Form EIA-860B, "Annual ElectricGenerator Report—Nonutility."•2001 forward—EIA, Form EIA-860, "Annual Electric Generator Report."266 Energy Information Administration / Annual Energy Review 2008**T able 8.11c Electric Net Summer Capacity: Electric Power Sector by Plant Type, 1989-2007** (Breakout of Table 8.11b; Million Kilowatts)**Year Fossil Fuels** **Nuclear Electric** **Power Hydro** **electric Pumped** **Storage Renewable Energy** **Other**8**Total Coal** 1**Petroleum**2**Natural Gas** 3**Other Gases** 4**Total Conventional** **Hydroelectric Power** **Biomass Geo** **thermal Solar/PV** 7**Wind Total** **Wood**5**Waste**6**Electricity-Only Plants**91989 296.5 78.0 119.3 0.4 494.2 98.2 18.1 73.6 0.9 1.5 2.6 0.2 1.5 80.3 – 690.71990 299.9 76.6 121.8 .4 498.6 99.6 19.5 73.3 1.0 1.9 2.7 .3 1.8 80.9 (s) 698.61991 299.6 72.6 127.9 .7 500.8 99.6 18.4 75.4 1.1 2.2 2.6 .3 1.9 83.6 – 702.41992 300.8 71.5 130.2 .7 503.1 99.0 21.2 74.2 1.2 2.3 2.9 .3 1.8 82.7 – 706.01993 301.2 69.3 134.5 .7 505.7 99.0 21.1 76.8 1.2 2.4 2.9 .3 1.8 85.5 – 711.31994 301.6 69.8 136.6 .7 508.7 99.1 21.2 76.9 1.5 2.5 3.0 .3 1.7 85.9 – 715.01995 301.3 64.7 145.3 .3 511.5 99.5 21.4 77.4 1.5 2.7 3.0 .3 1.7 86.6 – 719.11996 303.1 70.6 143.1 .1 516.9 100.8 21.1 75.3 1.4 2.6 2.9 .3 1.7 84.2 – 723.01997 303.6 70.2 144.7 .2 518.7 99.7 19.3 78.3 1.5 2.5 2.9 .3 1.6 87.1 .2 725.01998 305.9 64.2 147.5 .1 517.5 97.1 19.5 78.0 1.4 2.6 2.9 .3 1.7 87.0 .2 721.41999 305.5 57.5 161.7 .2 525.0 97.4 19.6 78.3 1.5 2.6 2.8 .4 2.3 87.8 .2 730.02000 305.2 59.8 184.0 .1 549.0 97.9 19.5 78.2 1.5 2.8 2.8 .4 2.4 88.1 (s) 754.52001 305.2 63.8 215.5 .1 584.5 98.2 19.7 77.9 1.5 2.9 2.2 .4R3.9R88.7 .1R791.12002 305.8 57.5 268.1 .1 631.5 98.7 20.4 78.3 1.4 2.9 2.3 .4 4.4 89.7 .1 840.32003 303.0 58.6 304.2 .1 665.9 99.2 20.5 77.9 1.4 2.8 2.1 .4 6.0 90.6 .1 876.32004 303.2 57.3 322.6 .1 683.2 99.6 20.8 77.0 1.5 2.6 2.2 .4 6.5 90.0 .1 893.72005 303.4 56.9 335.8 (s) 696.2 100.0 21.3 76.9 1.4 2.6 2.3 .4 8.7 92.3 .1 909.82006 303.4 55.8 341.9 .1 701.2 100.3 21.5 77.1 1.5 2.7 2.3 .4 11.3 95.3 .1 918.42007R303.2R53.9R347.6R.1R704.9R100.3R21.9R77.5R1.5R3.1R2.2 .5R16.5R101.3R.1R928.5**Combined-Heat-and-Power Plants**101989 1.5 0.2 6.1 – 7.7 – – – 0.2 0.2 – – – 0.4 – 8.11990 2.4 .2 8.1 – 10.7 – – – .2 .2 – – – .5 – 11.21991 2.9 .4 9.2 – 12.5 – – – .2 .2 – – – .5 – 12.91992 3.5 .3 10.9 (s) 14.7 – – – .2 .2 – – – .5 – 15.21993 3.8 .7 12.3 – 16.8 – – – .2 .2 – – – .5 – 17.31994 4.5 .7 15.9 – 21.0 – – – .3 .2 – – – .5 – 21.51995 4.8 .8 16.6 – 22.1 – – – .4 .2 – – – .6 – 22.71996 5.0 .7 18.4 – 24.0 – – – .3 .3 – – – .6 – 24.61997 4.9 .8 18.7 (s) 24.4 – – – .3 .4 – – – .7 – 25.11998 5.0 .8 19.6 – 25.5 – – – .4 .4 – – – .7 – 26.21999 5.2 1.1 19.4 – 25.7 – – – .4 .4 – – – .7 – 26.52000 5.0 .9 20.7 .3 26.9 – – – .2 .5 – – – .7 – 27.72001 4.6 1.0 21.2 .3 27.1 – – (s) .1 .4 – –R–R.5 (s)R27.62002 5.2 1.1 28.5 .2 34.9 – – – .1 .4 – – – .6 – 35.52003 5.5 1.1 34.9 .2 41.7 – – (s) .2 .5 – – – .7 – 42.32004 5.6 .7 32.6 .3 39.2 – – (s) .2 .4 – – – .6 – 39.72005 5.6 .5 31.7 .3 38.1 – – (s) .2 .4 – – – .6 – 38.72006 5.8 1.0 30.0 .3 37.2 – – (s) .2 .4 – – – .6 – 37.82007R5.9R.9R29.5R.3R36.6 – –R– .2 .4 – – –R.7 –R37.31Anthracite, bituminous coal, subbituminous coal, lignite, waste coal, and coal synfuel.2Distillate fuel oil, residual fuel oil, petroleum coke, jet fuel, kerosene, other petroleum, and waste oil.3Natural gas, plus a small amount of supplemental gaseous fuels.4Blast furnace gas, propane gas, and other manufactured and waste gases derived from fossil fuels.5Wood and wood-derived fuels.6Municipal solid waste from biogenic sources, landfill gas, sludge waste, agricultural byproducts, andother biomass. For all years, also includes non-renewable waste (municipal solid waste from non-biogenicsources, and tire-derived fuels).7Solar thermal and photovoltaic energy.8Batteries, chemicals, hydrogen, pitch, purchased steam, sulfur, and miscellaneous technologies.9Electricity-only plants within the NAICS 22 category whose primary business is to sell electricity to thepublic. Data also include a small number of electric utility combined-heat-and-power (CHP) plants.10Combined-heat-and-power (CHP) plants within the NAICS 22 category whose primary business is tosell electricity and heat to the public. Data do not include electric utility CHP plants—these are includedunder "Electricity-Only Plants."R=Revised. – = No data reported. (s)=Less than 0.05 million kilowatts.Notes:•Data are at end of year.•For plants that use multiple sources of energy, capacity is assignedto the predominant energy source.•See Table 8.11d for commercial and industrial CHP andelectricity-only data.•See Note 1, "Coverage of Electricity Statistics," and Note 2, "Classification of PowerPlants Into Energy-Use Sectors," at end of section.•See "Generator Net Summer Capacity" in Glossary.•Totals may not equal sum of components due to independent rounding.Web Page: For related information, see http://www.eia.doe.gov/fuelelectric.html.Sources:•1989-1997—Energy Information Administration (EIA), Form EIA-860, "Annual ElectricGenerator Report," and Form EIA-867, "Annual Nonutility Power Producer Report."•1998-2000—EIA,Form EIA-860A, "Annual Electric Generator Report—Utility," and Form EIA-860B, "Annual ElectricGenerator Report—Nonutility."•2001 forward—EIA, Form EIA-860, "Annual Electric Generator Report."Energy Information Administration / Annual Energy Review 2008 267**T able 8.11d Electric Net Summer Capacity: Commercial and Industrial Sectors, 1989-2007** (Subset of Table 8.11a; Million Kilowatts)**Year Fossil Fuels** **Nuclear Electric** **Power Hydro** **electric Pumped** **Storage Renewable Energy** **Other**8**Total Coal** 1**Petroleum**2**Natural Gas** 3**Other Gases** 4**Total Conventional** **Hydroelectric Power** **Biomass Geo** **thermal Solar/PV** 7**Wind Total** **Wood**5**Waste**6**Commercial Sector**91989 0.3 0.2 0.6 – 1.0 – – (s) (s) 0.2 – – – 0.2 – 1.21990 .3 .2 .7 – 1.2 – – (s) (s) .2 – – – .2 – 1.41991 .2 .2 .7 – 1.1 – – (s) (s) .2 – – – .3 – 1.31992 .2 .2 .8 – 1.2 – – (s) (s) .2 – – – .3 – 1.51993 .3 .2 .9 – 1.3 – – (s) (s) .3 – – – .3 – 1.61994 .3 .2 1.2 – 1.7 – – (s) (s) .3 – – – .3 – 2.11995 .3 .2 1.2 – 1.8 – – (s) (s) .3 – – – .3 – 2.11996 .3 .3 1.2 – 1.8 – – (s) (s) .4 – – – .5 – 2.31997 .3 .4 1.2 – 1.9 – – (s) (s) .4 – – – .5 – 2.31998 .3 .3 1.2 – 1.8 – – (s) (s) .5 – – – .5 – 2.31999 .3 .4 1.1 – 1.8 – – (s) (s) .5 – – – .5 – 2.32000 .3 .3 1.2 – 1.8 – – (s) (s) .4 – – – .4 – 2.22001 .3 .3 1.9 – 2.5 – – (s) (s) .3 – – – .4 – 2.92002 .3 .3 1.2 – 1.8 – – (s) (s) .4 – – – .4 – 2.22003 .3 .3 1.0 – 1.7 – – (s) (s) .4 – – – .4 – 2.12004 .4 .3 1.1 (s) 1.8 – – (s) (s) .4 – – – .4 – 2.22005 .4 .3 1.0 (s) 1.8 – – (s) (s) .4 – – – .5 – 2.22006 .4 .3 1.0 (s) 1.8 – – (s) (s) .4 – – – .5 – 2.32007 .4 .3R1.1 (s) 1.8 – – (s) (s) .4 – – – .5R(s) 2.3**Industrial Sector**101989 4.8 0.7 9.7 1.2 16.5 – – 0.5 4.1 0.2 – – – 4.8 0.5 21.81990 4.8 .9 10.3 1.3 17.3 – – .6 4.3 .2 – – – 5.1 .5 22.91991 4.7 1.1 9.8 1.4 17.1 – – .6 4.8 .2 – – – 5.6 .5 23.21992 4.8 1.1 10.3 1.4 17.6 – – .6 4.8 .3 – – – 5.6 .5 23.81993 4.9 1.0 10.9 1.2 18.0 – – .6 5.0 .3 – – – 5.8 .5 24.31994 5.0 1.0 11.0 1.4 18.5 – – 1.1 5.0 .3 – – – 6.3 .5 25.41995 5.0 1.0 11.3 1.4 18.7 – – 1.1 4.9 .2 – – – 6.3 .5 25.51996 5.0 .9 11.5 1.6 19.0 – – 1.1 5.1 .2 – – – 6.4 .5 25.91997 4.8 1.1 11.9 1.3 19.2 – – 1.1 5.1 .2 – – – 6.5 .6 26.21998 4.6 1.0 12.0 1.5 19.1 – – 1.1 5.0 .2 – – – 6.3 .6 26.01999 4.4 1.1 12.9 1.7 20.1 – – 1.1 5.0 .2 – – – 6.2 .8 27.12000 4.6 .8 13.7 2.0 21.2 – – 1.1 4.4 .2 – – – 5.7 .5 27.32001 4.2 1.1 14.1 1.3 20.7 – – 1.0 4.2 .1 – – – 5.4 .4 26.62002 4.0 .7 14.7 1.8 21.2 – – 1.0 4.3 .1 – – – 5.5 .6 27.32003 4.1 .7 15.3 1.7 21.9 – – .8 4.3 .1 – – – 5.2 .6 27.72004 3.8 .8 14.8 1.9 21.3 – – .6 4.5 .2 – – – 5.4 .7 27.42005 4.0 .8 14.5 1.8 21.0 – – .7 4.5 .2 – – – 5.4 .8 27.22006 3.3 1.0 15.3 1.8 21.4 – – .7 4.7 .2 – – – 5.6 .8 27.82007 3.2R.9R14.7R1.9R20.6 – –R.3R5.0 .2 – – –R5.5R.7R26.81Anthracite, bituminous coal, subbituminous coal, lignite, waste coal, and coal synfuel.2Distillate fuel oil, residual fuel oil, petroleum coke, jet fuel, kerosene, other petroleum, and waste oil.3Natural gas, plus a small amount of supplemental gaseous fuels.4Blast furnace gas, propane gas, and other manufactured and waste gases derived from fossil fuels.5Wood and wood-derived fuels.6Municipal solid waste from biogenic sources, landfill gas, sludge waste, agricultural byproducts, andother biomass. For all years, also includes non-renewable waste (municipal solid waste from non-biogenicsources, and tire-derived fuels).7Solar thermal and photovoltaic energy.8Batteries, chemicals, hydrogen, pitch, purchased steam, sulfur, and miscellaneous technologies.9Commercial combined-heat-and-power (CHP) and commercial electricity-only plants.10Industrial combined-heat-and-power (CHP) and industrial electricity-only plants.R=Revised. – = No data reported. (s)=Less than 0.05 million kilowatts.Notes:•Data are at end of year.•For plants that use multiple sources of energy, capacity is assignedto the predominant energy source.•See Tables 8.11b and 8.11c for electric power sector electricity-onlyand CHP data.•See Note 1, "Coverage of Electricity Statistics," and Note 2, "Classification of PowerPlants Into Energy-Use Sectors," at end of section.•See "Generator Net Summer Capacity" in Glossary.•Totals may not equal sum of components due to independent rounding.Web Page: For related information, see http://www.eia.doe.gov/fuelelectric.html.Sources:•1989-1997—Energy Information Administration (EIA), Form EIA-867, "Annual NonutilityPower Producer Report."•1998-2000—EIA, Form EIA-860B, "Annual Electric GeneratorReport—Nonutility."•2001 forward—EIA, Form EIA-860, "Annual Electric Generator Report."Figure 8.12 Electric Noncoincident Peak Load and Capacity MarginU.S. Peak Load, 1986-2008 Capacity Margin, 1996-2008U.S. Peak Load by NERC Region, 2008 North American Electric Reliability Council Map for the United States268 Energy Information Administration / Annual Energy Review 2008SummerNotes: • Values for 2008 are forecast. • Noncoincident peak load is the sum of two or morepeak loads on individual systems that do not occur atthe same time interval. See Glossary forinformation on North American Electric Reliability Council (NERC).Source: Table 8.12.1986 1988 1990 1992 1994 1996 1998 2000 2002 2004 2006 20080300600900

GigawattsWinter47503448147182321176547416218420544142ERCOT FRCC MRO NPCC RFC SERC SPP WECC050100150200250

GigawattsSummerWinter1996 1998 2000 2002 2004 2006 2008010203040

PercentSummerWinter(U.S.) (U.S.) (U.S.)Energy Information Administration / Annual Energy Review 2008 269**T able 8.12 Electric Noncoincident Peak Load and Capacity Margin, 1986-2008** (Megawatts, Except as Noted)**Year Noncoincident Peak Load** 1**Capacity Margin** 7(percent)**North American Electric Reliability Council Regions**2**Contiguous United** **States ASCC** **(Alaska) Hawaii** **U.S. Total** **ECAR**3**ERCOT FRCC** **MAAC**3**MAIN**3**MRO**4**(U.S.) NPCC** **(U.S.) RFC** 5**SERC SPP** **WECC**6**(U.S.) Summer** 81986 69,606 39,335 – – 37,564 35,943 21,029 39,026 – – 105,570 47,123 81,787 476,983 – – 476,983 NA1987 72,561 39,339 – – 40,526 37,446 23,162 42,651 – – 109,798 47,723 82,967 496,173 – – 496,173 NA1988 79,149 40,843 – – 43,110 41,139 24,899 45,245 – – 115,168 49,356 90,551 529,460 – – 529,460 NA1989 75,442 40,402 – – 41,614 39,460 24,336 45,031 – – 117,729 49,439 90,657 524,110 456 – 524,566 NA1990 79,258 42,737 – – 42,613 40,740 24,994 44,116 – – 121,943 52,541 97,389 546,331 463 – 546,794 21.61991 81,224 41,870 – – 45,937 41,598 25,498 46,594 – – 124,716 51,885 92,096 551,418 471 – 551,889 20.91992 78,550 42,619 – – 43,658 38,819 22,638 43,658 – – 128,236 51,324 99,205 548,707 504 – 549,211 20.51993 80,930 44,255 – – 46,494 41,956 24,396 46,706 – – 135,704 57,106 97,809 575,356 511 – 575,867 19.91994 87,165 44,162 – – 46,019 42,562 27,000 47,581 – – 132,584 56,035 102,212 585,320 524 – 585,844 18.71995 92,619 46,618 – – 48,577 45,782 29,192 47,705 – – 146,569 59,595 103,592 620,249 622 – 620,871 18.91996 90,798 47,480 – – 44,302 46,402 28,253 45,094 – – 145,650 60,072 108,739 616,790 – – 616,790 17.51997 93,492 50,541 35,375 49,464 45,887 29,787 49,269 – – 137,382 36,479 110,001 637,677 – – 637,677 16.21998 93,784 54,666 38,730 48,445 47,509 30,722 49,566 – – 143,226 37,724 115,921 660,293 – – 660,293 14.31999 99,239 55,529 37,493 51,645 51,535 31,903 52,855 – – 149,685 38,609 113,629 682,122 – – 682,122 14.62000 92,033 57,606 37,194 49,477 52,552 28,605 50,057 – – 156,088 40,199 114,602 678,413 – – 678,413 15.72001 100,235 55,201 39,062 54,015 56,344 28,321 55,949 – – 149,293 40,273 109,119 687,812 – – 687,812 14.52002 102,996 56,248 40,696 55,569 56,396 29,119 56,012 – – 158,767 39,688 119,074 714,565 – – 714,565 16.42003 98,487 59,996 40,475 53,566 56,988 28,831 55,018 – – 153,110 40,367 122,537 709,375 – – 709,375 18.62004 95,300 58,531 42,383 52,049 53,439 29,351 52,549 – – 157,615 40,106 123,136 704,459 – – 704,459 20.92005 – – 60,210 46,396 – – – – 39,918 58,960 190,200 190,705 41,727 130,760 758,876 – – 758,876 15.42006 – – 62,339 45,751 – – – – 42,194 63,241 191,920 199,052 42,882 142,096 789,475 – – 789,475 16.12007 – –R62,188R46,676 – – – –R41,684R58,314R181,700R209,109R43,167R139,389R782,227 – –R782,227R16.52008F– – 64,927 47,364 – – – – 41,222 61,779 184,000 204,791 43,800 142,032 789,915 – – 789,915 16.1**Winter**91986 64,561 28,730 – – 32,807 28,036 18,850 37,976 – – 101,849 33,877 76,171 422,857 – – 422,857 NA1987 68,118 31,399 – – 35,775 30,606 19,335 41,902 – – 105,476 34,472 81,182 448,265 – – 448,265 NA1988 67,771 34,621 – – 36,363 30,631 20,162 42,951 – – 108,649 35,649 82,937 459,734 – – 459,734 NA1989 73,080 38,388 – – 38,161 33,770 21,360 42,588 – – 121,995 42,268 84,768 496,378 626 – 497,004 NA1990 67,097 35,815 – – 36,551 32,461 21,113 40,545 – – 117,448 38,949 94,252 484,231 613 – 484,844 NA1991 71,181 35,448 – – 37,983 33,420 21,432 41,866 – – 119,575 38,759 86,097 485,761 622 – 486,383 NA1992 72,885 35,055 – – 37,915 31,289 21,866 41,125 – – 121,250 39,912 91,686 492,983 635 – 493,618 NA1993 81,846 35,407 – – 41,406 34,966 21,955 42,063 – – 133,635 41,644 88,811 521,733 632 – 522,365 NA1994 75,638 36,180 – – 40,653 33,999 23,033 42,547 – – 132,661 42,505 91,037 518,253 641 – 518,894 NA1995 83,465 36,965 – – 40,790 35,734 23,429 42,755 – – 142,032 44,624 94,890 544,684 676 – 545,360 NA1996 84,534 38,868 – – 40,468 37,162 24,251 41,208 – – 143,060 49,095 95,435 554,081 – – 554,081 27.71997 75,670 37,966 33,076 37,217 34,973 25,390 41,338 – – 122,649 27,437 94,158 529,874 – – 529,874 26.01998 84,401 41,876 39,975 36,532 37,410 26,080 44,199 – – 127,416 27,847 101,822 567,558 – – 567,558 25.71999 86,239 39,164 40,178 40,220 39,081 25,200 45,227 – – 128,563 27,963 99,080 570,915 – – 570,915 26.72000 84,546 44,641 38,606 43,256 41,943 24,536 43,852 – – 139,146 30,576 97,324 588,426 – – 588,426 29.52001 85,485 44,015 40,922 39,458 40,529 21,815 42,670 – – 135,182 29,614 96,622 576,312 – – 576,312 28.92002 87,300 45,414 45,635 46,551 42,412 23,645 46,009 – – 141,882 30,187 95,951 604,986 – – 604,986 29.42003 86,332 42,702 36,841 45,625 41,719 24,134 48,079 – – 137,972 28,450 102,020 593,874 – – 593,874 33.52004 91,800 44,010 44,839 45,905 42,929 24,526 48,176 – – 144,337 29,490 102,689 618,701 – – 618,701 31.62005 – – 48,141 42,657 – – – – 33,748 46,828 151,600 164,638 31,260 107,493 626,365 – – 626,365 30.22006 – – 50,402 42,526 – – – – 34,677 46,697 149,631 175,163 30,792 111,093 640,981 – – 640,981 30.92007 – –R50,408R41,701 – – – –R33,191R46,795R141,900R179,888R31,322R112,700R637,905 – –R637,905R30.42008F– – 47,270 49,601 – – – – 34,100 48,323 147,100 182,055 31,954 116,586 656,989 – – 656,989 30.21Noncoincident peak load is the sum of two or more peak loads on individual systems that do not occurat the same time interval.2See "North American Electric Reliablility Council (NERC)" in Glossary. Data include the U.S. portionof NERC only. See Figure 8.12 for an illustration of NERC regions.3ECAR, MAAC, and MAIN dissolved at the end of 2005. Utility members joined other reliability regionalcouncils.4MRO was renamed from MAPP in 2004.5ReliabilityFirst Corporation (RFC) came into existence on January 1, 2006. Many of the former utilitymembers of ECAR, MAAC, and MAIN joined RFC.6WECC was renamed from WSCC in 2002.7The percent by which planned generating capacity resources are expected to be greater (or less) thanestimated net internal demand at the time of expected peak summer (or winter) demand. Net internaldemand does not include estimated demand for direct control load management and customers withinterruptible service agreements. Data are for the contiguous United States only.8The summer peak period is June through September.9The winter peak period is December through February of the following year.R=Revised. F=Forecast. NA=Not available. – – = Not applicable. – = No data reported.Web Page: For related information, see http://www.eia.doe.gov/fuelelectric.html.Sources: Energy Information Administration (EIA),Electric Power Annual 2007(January 2009), Tables3.1-3.4; and EIA, Form EIA-411, "Coordinated Bulk Power Supply Program Report," and predecessorforms.Figure 8.13 Electric Utility Demand-Side Management ProgramsActual Peakload Reductions Total, 1989-2007 Actual Peakload Reductions, 2007Energy Savings, 1989-2007 Costs, 1989-2007270 Energy Information Administration / Annual Energy Review 20081See “Nominal Dollars” in Glossary. Source: Table 8.13.121416172325303025272623252323242627301989 1991 1993 1995 1997 1999 2001 2003 2005 2007010203040

Gigawatts4212,5665817,710Total: 30,276 Megawatts (MW)Energy Efficiency17,710 MW(58%)Load Management12,566 MW(42%)152025364552576256495154545450556064691989 1991 1993 1995 1997 1999 2001 2003 2005 200701530456075

Billion Kilowatthours0.91.21.82.32.72.72.41.91.61.41.41.61.61.61.31.61.92.12.51989 1991 1993 1995 1997 1999 2001 2003 2005 20070123

Billion Nominal Dollars1Energy Information Administration / Annual Energy Review 2008 271**T able 8.13 Electric Utility Demand-Side Management Programs, 1989-2007** **Year Actual Peakload Reductions** 1**Energy Savings Costs** **Energy Efficiency**2**Load Management**3**Total**MegawattsMillion KilowatthoursThousand Nominal Dollars41989 NA NA 12,463 14,672 872,9351990 NA NA 13,704 20,458 1,177,4571991 NA NA 15,619 24,848 1,803,7731992 7,890 9,314 17,204 35,563 2,348,0941993 10,368 12,701 23,069 45,294 2,743,5331994 11,662 13,340 25,001 52,483 2,715,6571995 13,212 16,347 29,561 57,421 2,421,2841996 14,243 15,650 29,893 61,842 1,902,1971997 13,327 11,958 25,284 56,406 1,636,0201998 13,591 13,640 27,231 49,167 1,420,9201999 13,452 13,003 26,455 50,563 1,423,6442000 12,873 10,027 22,901 53,701 1,564,9012001 13,027 11,928 24,955 53,936 1,630,2862002 13,420 9,516 22,936 54,075 1,625,5372003 13,581 9,323 22,904 50,265 1,297,2102004 14,272 9,260 23,532 54,710 1,557,4662005 15,351 10,359 25,710 59,897 1,921,3522006 15,959 11,281 27,240 63,817 2,051,3942007 17,710 12,566 30,276 69,071 2,526,8441The actual reduction in peak load reflects the change in demand for electricity that results from a utilitydemand-side management (DSM) program that is in effect at the time that the utility experiences its actualpeak load as opposed to the potential installed peakload reduction capacity. Differences between actualand potential peak reduction result from changes in weather, economic activity, and other variableconditions.2"Energy Efficiency" refers to programs that are aimed at reducing the energy used by specific end-usedevices and systems, typically without affecting the services provided. These programs reduce overallelectricity consumption, often without explicit consideration for the timing of program-induced savings.Such savings are generally achieved by substituting technically more advanced equipment to produce thesame level of end-use services (e.g., lighting, heating, motor drive) with less electricity. Examples includehigh-efficiency appliances, efficient lighting programs, high-efficiency heating, ventilating, and airconditioning systems or control modifications, efficient building design, advanced electric motor drives, andheat recovery systems.3"Load Management" includes programs such as "Direct Load Control," "Interruptible Load Control,"and, "Other Types" of DSM programs. "Direct Load Control" refers to program activities that can interruptconsumer load at the time of annual peak load by direct control of the utility system operator by interruptingpower supply to individual appliances or equipment on consumer premises. This type of control usuallyinvolves residential consumers. "Interruptible Load Control" refers to program activities that, in accordancewith contractual arrangements, can interrupt consumer load at times of seasonal peak load by direct controlof the utility system operator or by action of the consumer at the direct request of the system operator.Itusually involves commercial and industrial consumers. In some instances, the load reduction may beaffected by direct action of the system operator (remote tripping) after notice to the consumer in accordancewith contractual provisions. "Other Types" are programs that limit or shift peak loads from on-peaktooff-peak time periods, such as space heating and water heating storage systems.4See "Nominal Dollars" in Glossary.NA=Not available.Note: This table reports on the results of DSM programs operated by electric utilities. The decreasesince 1998 in peakload reductions from DSM programs can be attributed in part to utilities cutting backorterminating these programs due to industry deregulation. Some State governments have created newprograms to promote DSM. Examples include the "Energy $mart Loan Fund" administered by the NewYork Energy Research and Development Authority and the "Efficiency Vermont" program of the VermontPublic Service Board. Data on energy savings attributable to these non-utility programs are not collectedby the Energy Information Administration.Web Page: For related information, see http://www.eia.doe.gov/fuelelectric.html.Sources:•1989-1995—Energy Information Administration (EIA), Form EIA-861, "Annual Electric UtilityReport."•1996 forward—EIA,Electric Power Annual 2007(January 2009), Tables 9.1, 9.6, and 9.7.ElectricityNote 1.Coverage of Electricity Statistics.Through 1984, data for electric utilities also include institutions (such asuniversities) and military facilities thatgenerated electricity primarily for their own use; beginning in 1985, data for electric utilities exclude institutions and military facilities. Data for independentpower producers, commercial plants, and industrial plants include plants with agenerator nameplate capacity of 1 megawatt or greater; they exclude plants with agenerator nameplate capacity less than 1 megawatt. Also excluded from the electricity statistics in Section 8 are data for residential and commercial selfgeneration from solar energy, except for the small amount sold to the grid andincluded in data for the electric power sector.Note 2. Classification of Power Plants Into Energy-Use Sectors. The EnergyInformation Administration (EIA) classifies power plants (both electricity-only andcombined-heat-and-power plants) into energy-use sectors based on the North American Industry Classification System (NAICS),which replaced the Standard IndustrialClassification (SIC) system in 1997. Plantswith a NAICS code of 22 are assigned tothe Electric Power Sector. Those with NAICS codes beginning with 11 (agriculture,forestry, fishing, and hunting); 21 (mining, including oil and gas extraction); 23(construction); 31-33 (manufacturing); 2212 (natural gas distribution); and 22131(water supply and irrigation systems) are assigned to the Industrial Sector. Thosewith all other codes are assigned to the Commercial Sector. Form EIA-860,“Annual Electric Generator Report,” asks respondents to indicate the primarypurpose of the facility by assigning a NAICS code from the list at:http://www.eia.doe.gov/cneaf/electricity/forms/eia860/eia860.doc.Note 3. ElectricityImports and Exports.Through theAnnual Energy Review(AER) 2001, EIA estimated the proportions of traded electricity from fossil fuelsand hydropower (and applied the fossil-fuel steam-electric-plant heat rate toconvert from kilowatthours to Btu) and from geothermal (and applied the heat ratefor geothermal energy plants).Beginning with theAER2002, because of inadequate data, EIA is applying an overall rate of 3,412 Btu per kilowatthour to alltraded electricity. In addition, electricity net imports derived from hydroelectricpower and geothermal energy are no longer included in renewable energyconsumption data. They continue to be included in total U.S. energy consumptionas components of electricity net imports, with energy sources unspecified (seeTables 1.3 and 2.1f). This change betweenAER2001 andAER2002 resulted in a0.0-to-0.5 quadrillion Btu drop in total renewable energy consumption from 1949forward.Table 8.1 Sources:Net Generation, Electric Power Sector:Table 8.2b.NetGeneration, Commercial Sector:Table 8.2d.Net Generation, IndustrialSector:• 1949-September 1977—Federal Power Commission (FPC), Form FPC-4,"Monthly Power Plant Report," for plantswith generating capacity exceeding 10megawatts, and FPC, Form FPC-12C, "Industrial Electric Generating Capacity," forall other plants. • October 1977-1978—Federal Energy Regulatory Commission(FERC), Form FPC-4, "Monthly Power Plant Report," for plants with generatingcapacity exceeding 10 megawatts, and FERC,Form FPC-12C, "Industrial ElectricGenerating Capacity," for all other plants. • 1979—FERC, Form FPC-4, "MonthlyPower Plant Report," for plants withgenerating capacity exceeding 10 megawatts,and EIA estimates for all other plants. • 1980-1988—Estimated by EIA as theaverage generation over the 6-year period of 1974-1979. • 1989 forward—Table8.2d.Net Generation, Total:Table 8.2a.ImportsandExports:• 1949-September 1977—Unpublished FPC data. • October 1977-1980—UnpublishedEconomic Regulatory Administration (ERA) data. • 1981—Department of Energy(DOE), Office of Energy Emergency Operations, "Report on Electric EnergyExchanges with Canada and Mexico for Calendar Year 1981," April 1982 (revisedJune 1982). • 1982 and 1983—DOE, ERA,Electricity Exchanges Across International Borders. • 1984-1986—DOE, ERA,Electricity Transactions AcrossInternational Borders. • 1987 and 1988—DOE, ERA, Form ERA-781R,"Annual Report of International Electrical Export/Import Data." • 1989—DOE,Fossil Energy, Form FE-781R, "Annual Report of International ElectricalExport/Import Data." • 1990 forward—National Energy Board of Canada, andDOE, Fossil Energy, Office of Fuels Programs, Form FE-781R, "Export/ImportData." For 2001 forward, data from the California Independent System Operatorare used in combination with the Form FE-781R values to estimate electricity tradewith Mexico.T & D Losses and Unaccounted for:Calculated as the sum of totalnet generation and imports minus total end use and exports.End Use:Table 8.9.272 Energy Information Administration / Annual Energy Review 2008Nuclear Energy9Site of Shippingport atomic power station, the first commercial nuclear power plant in the United States (rectangularreactor building and foreground); background, Beaver Valley 1and 2 nuclear power plants and Bruce Mansfield coalfiredpowerplant(southwestern Pennsylvania). Source: U.S. Department of Energy.Figure 9.1 Nuclear Generating UnitsOperable Units,11957-2008 Full-Power Operating Licenses Issued,2 1957-2008Status of All Nuclear Generating Units, 2008 Permanent Shutdowns by Year, 1957-2008274 Energy Information Administration / Annual Energy Review 20081Units holding full-power operating licenses, orequivalent permission to operate, at the endof the year.2Issuance by regulatory authority of full-power operating license, or equivalent permission.Note: Data are at end of year.Source: Table 9.1.1957 1962 1967 1972 1977 1982 1987 1992 1997 2002 20070481216

Number1960 1970 1980 1990 20000306090120

Number of Units1957 1962 1967 1972 1977 1982 1987 1992 1997 2002 20070481216

NumberPeak: 112 Units in 1990104 UnitsIn 2008PermanentShutdownsTotal Units Ordered: 25928104OperableUnits1Energy Information Administration / Annual Energy Review 2008 275**T able 9.1 Nuclear Generating Units, 1955-2008** **Year Original Licensing Regulations (10 CFR Part 50)** 1**Current Licensing Regulations (10 CFR Part 52)**1**Permanent Shutdowns** **Operable Units**6**Construction Permits** **Issued**2,3**Low-Power Operating Licenses** **Issued**3,4**Full-Power Operating Licenses** **Issued**3,5**Early Site Permits** **Issued**3**Combined License Applications** **Under Review Combined** **Licenses Issued** 31955 1 0 0 – – – – – – 0 01956 3 0 0 – – – – – – 0 01957 1 1 1 – – – – – – 0 11958 0 0 0 – – – – – – 0 11959 3 1 1 – – – – – – 0 21960 7 1 1 – – – – – – 0 31961 0 0 0 – – – – – – 0 31962 1 7 6 – – – – – – 0 91963 1 3 2 – – – – – – 0 111964 3 2 3 – – – – – – 1 131965 1 0 0 – – – – – – 0 131966 5 1 2 – – – – – – 1 141967 14 3 3 – – – – – – 2 151968 23 0 0 – – – – – – 2 131969 7 4 4 – – – – – – 0 171970 10 4 3 – – – – – – 0 201971 4 5 2 – – – – – – 0 221972 8 6 6 – – – – – – 1 271973 14 12 15 – – – – – – 0 421974 23 14 15 – – – – – – 2 551975 9 3 2 – – – – – – 0 571976 9 7 7 – – – – – – 1 631977 15 4 4 – – – – – – 0 671978 13 3 4 – – – – – – 1 701979 2 0 0 – – – – – – 1 691980 0 5 2 – – – – – – 0 711981 0 3 4 – – – – – – 0 751982 0 6 4 – – – – – – 1 781983 0 3 3 – – – – – – 0 811984 0 7 6 – – – – – – 0 871985 0 7 9 – – – – – – 0 961986 0 7 5 – – – – – – 0 1011987 0 6 8 – – – – – – 2 1071988 0 1 2 – – – – – – 0 1091989 0 3 4 – – – – – – 2 1111990 0 1 2 – – – – – – 1 1121991 0 0 0 – – – – – – 1 1111992 0 0 0 – – – – – – 2 1091993 0 1 1 – – – – – – 0 1101994 0 0 0 – – – – – – 1 1091995 0 1 0 – – – – – – 0 1091996 0 0 1 – – – – – – 1 1091997 0 0 0 0 0 0 2 1071998 0 0 0 0 0 0 3 1041999 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 1042000 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 1042001 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 1042002 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 1042003 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 1042004 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 1042005 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 1042006 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 1042007 0 0 0 3R5 0 0 1042008 0 0 0 0 12 0 0 104Total 177 132 132 3 17 0 28 – –1Data in columns 1-3 are based on the U.S. Nuclear Regulatory Commission (NRC) regulation 10 CFRPart 50. Data in columns 4-6 are based on the NRC regulation 10 CFR Part 52. See Note 1, "PendingActions on Nuclear Generating Units," at end of section.2Issuance by regulatory authority of a permit, or equivalent permission, to begin construction. Undercurrent licensing regulations, the construction permit is no longer issued separately from the operatinglicense.3Numbers reflect permits or licenses issued in a given year, not extant permits or licenses.4Issuance by regulatory authority of license, or equivalent permission, to conduct testing but not tooperate at full power.5Issuance by regulatory authority of full-power operating license, or equivalent permission (note thatsome units receive full-power licenses the same year they receive low-power licenses). Units initiallyundergo low-power testing prior to commercial operation.6Total of nuclear generating units holding full-power licenses, or equivalent permission to operate,atthe end of the year (the number of operable units equals the cumulative number of units holding full-powerlicenses minus the cumulative number of permanent shutdowns).R=Revised. – – = Not applicable.Note: See Note 2, "Coverage of Nuclear Energy Statistics," at end of section.Web Page: For related information, see http://www.eia.doe.gov/fuelnuclear.html.Sources: See end of section.Figure 9.2 Nuclear Power Plant OperationsTotal Electricity and Nuclear Electricity Net Generation, 1957-2008 Nuclear Share of Total Electricity Net Generation, 1957-2008Net Summer Capacity of Operable Units, 1957-2008 Capacity Factor, 1973-2008276 Energy Information Administration / Annual Energy Review 2008Sources: Tables 8.1 and 9.2.1960 1970 1980 1990 2000012345

Trillion KilowatthoursTotalNuclear1960 1970 1980 1990 20000510152025

Percent1960 1970 1980 1990 20000306090120

Million Kilowatts1975 1980 1985 1990 1995 2000 2005020406080100

Percent20%in2008100in200892%in2008Energy Information Administration / Annual Energy Review 2008 277**T able 9.2 Nuclear Power Plant Operations, 1957-2008** **Year Nuclear Electricity Net Generation** **Nuclear Share of Total Electricity Net Generation Net Summer Capacity of Operable Units** 1**Capacity Factor**2Billion KilowatthoursPercentMillion KilowattsPercent1957 (s) (s) 0.1 NA1958 .2 (s) .1 NA1959 .2 (s) .1 NA1960 .5 .1 .4 NA1961 1.7 .2 .4 NA1962 2.3 .3 .7 NA1963 3.2 .3 .8 NA1964 3.3 .3 .8 NA1965 3.7 .3 .8 NA1966 5.5 .5 1.7 NA1967 7.7 .6 2.7 NA1968 12.5 .9 2.7 NA1969 13.9 1.0 4.4 NA1970 21.8 1.4 7.0 NA1971 38.1 2.4 9.0 NA1972 54.1 3.1 14.5 NA1973 83.5 4.5 22.7 53.51974 114.0 6.1 31.9 47.81975 172.5 9.0 37.3 55.91976 191.1 9.4 43.8 54.71977 250.9 11.8 46.3 63.31978 276.4 12.5 50.8 64.51979 255.2 11.3 49.7 58.41980 251.1 11.0 51.8 56.31981 272.7 11.9 56.0 58.21982 282.8 12.6 60.0 56.61983 293.7 12.7 63.0 54.41984 327.6 13.5 69.7 56.31985 383.7 15.5 79.4 58.01986 414.0 16.6 85.2 56.91987 455.3 17.7 93.6 57.41988 527.0 19.5 94.7 63.51989 529.4 17.8 98.2 62.21990 576.9 19.0 99.6 66.01991 612.6 19.9 99.6 70.21992 618.8 20.1 99.0 70.91993 610.3 19.1 99.0 70.51994 640.4 19.7 99.1 73.81995 673.4 20.1 99.5 77.41996 674.7 19.6 100.8 76.21997 628.6 18.0 99.7 71.11998 673.7 18.6 97.1 78.21999 728.3 19.7 97.4 85.32000 753.9 19.8 97.9 88.12001 768.8 20.6 98.2 89.42002 780.1 20.2 98.7 90.32003 763.7 19.7 99.2 87.92004 788.5 19.9 99.6 90.12005 782.0 19.3 100.0 89.32006 787.2 19.4 100.3 89.62007R806.4 19.4R100.3R91.82008P806.2 19.6 100.3 91.91At end of year. See "Generator Net Summer Capacity" in Glossary.2See "Generator Capacity Factor" in Glossary.R=Revised. P=Preliminary. NA=Not available. (s)=Less than 0.05.Note: See Note 2, "Coverage of Nuclear Energy Statistics," at end of section.Web Page: For related information, see http://www.eia.doe.gov/fuelnuclear.html.Sources:**Nuclear Electricity Net Generation**and**Nuclear Share of Electricity Net Generation :** Table 8.2a.**Net Summer Capacity of Operable Units:**•1949-2007: Table 8.11a.•2008—EnergyInformation Administration (EIA),Monthly Energy Review(March 2009), Table 8.1.**Capacity Facto r:** EIA,Monthly Energy Review(March 2009), Table 8.1. Annual capacity factors are weighted averagesofmonthly capacity factors.Figure 9.3 Uranium OverviewProduction and Trade, 1949-2008 Production and Trade, 2008Inventories, End of Year 1981-2008 Average Prices, 1981-2008278 Energy Information Administration / Annual Energy Review 2008PurchasedImportsPurchasedImportsDomesticPurchases1See “Nominal Dollars” in Glossary.Note: See “Uranium Oxide” in Glossary.Source: Table 9.3.1950 1960 1970 1980 1990 20000255075

Million Pounds Uranium OxideExportSalesDomesticConcentrateProduction45717Domestic Purchased Imports Export Sales0204060

Million Pounds Uranium OxideConcentrate Production1985 1990 1995 2000 2005050100150200

Million Pounds Uranium OxideTotal1985 1990 1995 2000 200501020304050

Nominal Dollars1 per Pound Uranium OxideElectric PlantsDomestic SuppliersEnergy Information Administration / Annual Energy Review 2008 279**T able 9.3 Uranium Overview, Selected Years, 1949-2008** **Year Domestic** **Concentrate Production** 1**Purchased Imports** 2**Export**2**Sales Electric Plant** **Purchases From Domestic Suppliers** **Loaded Into U.S. Nuclear** **Reactors**3**Inventories Average Price** **Domestic Suppliers Electric Plants** **Total Purchased Imports** **Domestic Purchases**Million Pounds Uranium OxideNominal Dollars4per Pound Uranium Oxide1949 0.36 4.3 0.0 NA NA NA NA NA NA NA1950 .92 5.5 .0 NA NA NA NA NA NA NA1955 5.56 7.6 .0 NA NA NA NA NA NA NA1960 35.28 36.0 .0 NA NA NA NA NA NA NA1965 20.88 8.0 .0 NA NA NA NA NA NA NA1970 25.81 .0 4.2 NA NA NA NA NA – – NA1971 24.55 .0 .4 NA NA NA NA NA – – NA1972 25.80 .0 .2 NA NA NA NA NA – – NA1973 26.47 .0 1.2 NA NA NA NA NA – – NA1974 23.06 .0 3.0 NA NA NA NA NA – – NA1975 23.20 1.4 1.0 NA NA NA NA NA NA NA1976 25.49 3.6 1.2 NA NA NA NA NA NA NA1977 29.88 5.6 4.0 NA NA NA NA NA NA NA1978 36.97 5.2 6.8 NA NA NA NA NA NA NA1979 37.47 3.0 6.2 NA NA NA NA NA NA NA1980 43.70 3.6 5.8 NA NA NA NA NA NA NA1981 38.47 6.6 4.4 32.6 NA NA NA 159.2 32.90 34.651982 26.87 17.1 6.2 27.1 NA NA NA 174.8 27.23 38.371983 21.16 8.2 3.3 24.2 NA NA NA 191.8 26.16 38.211984 14.88 12.5 2.2 22.5 NA 25.0 160.2 185.2 21.86 32.651985 11.31 11.7 5.3 21.7 NA 23.7 153.2 176.9 20.08 31.431986 13.51 13.5 1.6 18.9 NA 27.0 144.1 171.1 20.07 30.011987 12.99 15.1 1.0 20.8 NA 25.4 137.8 163.2 19.14 27.371988 13.13 15.8 3.3 17.6 NA 19.3 125.5 144.8 19.03 26.151989 13.84 13.1 2.1 18.4 NA 22.2 115.8 138.1 16.75 19.561990 8.89 23.7 2.0 20.5 NA 26.4 102.7 129.1 12.55 15.701991 7.95 16.3 3.5 26.8 34.6 20.7 98.0 118.7 15.55 13.661992 5.65 23.3 2.8 23.4 43.0 25.2 92.1 117.3 11.34 13.451993 3.06 21.0 3.0 15.5 45.1 24.5 81.2 105.7 10.53 13.141994 3.35 36.6 17.7 22.7 40.4 21.5 65.4 86.9 8.95 10.301995 6.04 41.3 9.8 22.3 51.1 13.7 58.7 72.5 10.20 11.111996 6.32 45.4 11.5 23.7 46.2 13.9 66.1 80.0 13.15 13.811997 5.64 43.0 17.0 19.4 48.2 40.4 65.9 106.2 11.81 12.871998 4.71 43.7 15.1 21.6 38.2 70.7 65.8 136.5 11.19 12.311999 4.61 47.6 8.5 21.4 58.8 68.8 58.3 127.1 10.55 11.882000 3.96 44.9 13.6 24.3 51.5 56.5 54.8 111.3 9.84 11.452001 2.64 46.7 11.7 27.5 52.7 48.1 55.6 103.8 9.51 10.452002 2.34 52.7 15.4 22.7 57.2 48.7 53.5 102.1 10.05 10.3520035,E2.00 53.0 13.2 21.7 62.3 39.9 45.6 85.5 10.59 10.842004 2.28 66.1 13.2 28.2 50.1 37.5 57.7 95.2 12.25 11.912005 2.69 65.5 20.5 27.3 58.3 29.1 64.7 93.8 14.83 13.982006 4.11 64.8 18.7 27.9 51.7 29.1 77.5 106.6 19.31 18.542007 4.53 54.1 14.8 18.5R45.5R31.2R81.2R112.4 34.18 33.132008 3.90 57.1 17.2 20.4P51.3P26.9P81.9P108.8 41.30 43.431See "Uranium Concentrate" in Glossary.2Import quantities through 1970 are reported for fiscal years. Prior to 1968, the Atomic EnergyCommission was the sole purchaser of all imported uranium oxide. Trade data prior to 1982 were fortransactions conducted by uranium suppliers only. For 1982 forward, transactions by uranium buyers(consumers) have been included. Buyer imports and exports prior to 1982 are believed to be small.3Does not include any fuel rods removed from reactors and later reloaded.4See "Nominal Dollars" in Glossary.5Value has been rounded to avoid disclosure of individual company data.R=Revised. P=Preliminary. E=Estimate. NA=Not available. – – = Not applicable.Note: See "Uranium Oxide" in Glossary.Web Pages:•For all data beginning in 1949, see http://www.eia.doe.gov/emeu/aer/nuclear.html.•For related information, see http://www.eia.doe.gov/fuelnuclear.html.Sources:•1949-1966—U.S. Department of Energy, Grand Junction Office,Statistical Data of theUranium Industry,Report No. GJO-100, annual reports.•1967-2002—Energy Information Administration(EIA),Uranium Industry Annual,annual reports.•2003 forward—EIA, "2008 Domestic UraniumProduction Report" (May 2009), Table 3; EIA, "2008 Uranium Marketing Annual Report" (May 2009), Tables5, 18, 19, 21, and 22; and EIA, Form EIA-858, "Uranium Marketing Annual Survey.Nuclear EnergyNote1. Pending Actions on Nuclear Generating Units.Much of Table 9.1 isbased on the U.S Nuclear Regulatory Commission (NRC) regulation 10 CFR Part50, which has in most instances been supplanted by 10 CFR Part 52 following thepassage of the Energy Policy Act of 1992and procedural reforms initiated in 1989by the NRC. (This statement applies to permit and license procedures only.)In 2007, the NRC issued three Early Site Permits (ESPs) under 10 CFR Part52—for Clinton (Illinois); Grand Gulf (Mississippi); and North Anna (Virginia). Asof December 31, 2008, the ESP applicationfor Vogtle (Georgia) was under review.No new ESP applications have been submitted since August 2006.In 2007, the NRC had five Combined License (COL) applications underreview—for Bellefonte 3 and 4 (Alabama); Calvert Cliffs 3 (Maryland); NorthAnna 3 (Virginia); and South Texas Project 3 and 4 (Texas), and William StatesLee III (South Carolina). As of December 2008, an additional 12 COL applications were either under review or hadbeen submitted to the NRC—for Bell Bend(Pennsylvania); Callaway 2 (Missouri); Comanche Peak 3 and 4 (Texas); Fermi 3(Michigan); Grand Gulf 2 (Mississippi); Shearon Harris 2 and 3 (North Carolina);Levy County 1 and 2 (Florida); Nine Mile Point 3 (New York); River Bend 2(Louisiana); Virgil C. Summer 2 and 3 (South Carolina); Victoria County 1 and 2(Texas); and Vogtle 3 and 4 (Georgia). Of the 12 new COL applications, BellBend, Levy, Victoria, and William StatesLee III are the only sites that do not yethave any reactors. These 17 COL applications represent a total of 26 reactors. Inaddition to the COL applications currently under review, Watts Bar 2 is currentlyunder construction. Issued a construction permit for Watts Bar 2 in 1973, theTennessee Valley Authority plans to complete construction and bring the unit online in 2012. This is the only reactor thatis anticipated toapply for the licenseseparate of construction permit.As of December 31, 2008, 14 applicationsfor license extensions were underreview by the NRC. The oldest application still pending, first submitted in July2005, was for the oldest commercial reactorstill in service,the Mark 1 BoilingWater Reactor at Oyster Creek. The mostrecent application, submitted on December 18, 2008, was for the Crystal River 3 plant (Florida). On April 8, 2009, theNRC granted a 20-year license extension to Oyster Creek, reducing the number ofapplications currently under review to 13.For more information on nuclear reactors, see http://www.nrc.gov/reactors.html.Note 2.Coverage of Nuclear Energy Statistics.In 1997, the Energy InformationAdministration undertook a major revision ofTable 9.1 to more fully describe thehistory of the U.S. commercial nuclear power industry. The time frame wasextended back to the birth of the industry in 1953 and the data categories wererevised for greater relevance to currentindustry conditions and trends. To acquirethe data for the revised categories, itwas necessary to develop a reactor unitdatabase employing different sources thanthose used previously for Table 9.1 andstill used for Table 9.2.The data in Table 9.1 apply to commercial nuclear power units, which meansthat the units contributed power to the commercial electricity grid. A total of 259units ever ordered was identified. Although most orders were placed by electric utilities, several units are or were ordered, owned, and operated wholly or in part by theFederal Government, including BONUS (Boiling Nuclear Superheater Power Station),Elk River, Experimental Breeder Reactor 2, Hallam, Hanford N, Piqua, andShippingport.A reactor is generally defined as operable in Table 9.1 while it possessed a fullpower license from the Nuclear Regulatory Commission or its predecessor theAtomic Energy Commission, or equivalent permission to operate, at the end of theyear. The definition is liberal in that it does not exclude units retaining full-powerlicenses during long, non-routine shutdowns. For example:In 1985, the five Tennessee Valley Authority units (Browns Ferry 1, 2, and3 and Sequoyah 1 and 2) were shut down under a regulatory forced outage.Browns Ferry 1 was authorized by the NRC to restart in 2008, while theother units restarted in 1991, 1995, 1988, and 1988, respectively. All fiveunits were counted as operable during the shutdowns.Shippingport was shut down from 1974 through 1976 for conversion to a lightwater breeder reactor, but is counted as operable until its retirement in 1982.Calvert Cliffs 2 was shut down in1989 and 1990 for replacement of pressurizer heater sleeves but is counted as operable during those years.Exceptions to the rule are Shoreham and Three Mile Island 2. Shoreham wasgranted a full-power license in April 1989, but was shut down two months later andnever restarted. In 1991, the license was changed to Possession Only. Although notoperable at the end of the year, Shoreham is treated as operable during 1989 andshut down in 1990, because counting it asoperable and shut down in the same yearwould introduce a statistical discrepancyin the tallies. A major accident closedThree Mile Island 2 in 1979, and although the unit retained its full-power licensefor several years, it is considered permanently shut down since that year.Table 9.1 Sources: Operable Units:• 1955-1982–Compiled from varioussources, primarily U.S. Department of Energy (DOE), Office of Nuclear ReactorPrograms, "U.S. Central Station Nuclear Electric Generating Units: SignificantMilestones." • 1983 forward–Energy Information Administration (EIA), FormEIA-860, "Annual Electric Generator Report," and predecessor forms.All OtherData:• 1955-1997–U.S. Atomic Energy Commission,1973 Annual Report toCongress, Volume 2, Regulatory Activities; Nuclear Energy Institute, HistoricalProfile of U.S. Nuclear Power Development(1988); EIA,Commercial NuclearPower 1991(September 1991); DOE,Nuclear Reactors Built, Being Built, andPlanned: 1995; U.S. Nuclear Regulatory Commission (NRC),Information Digest(1997 and 1998) and "Plant Status Report";and various utility, Federal, and contractor officials. • 1998 forward–NRC,Information Digest, annual reports.280 Energy Information Administration / Annual Energy Review 2008Renewable Energy10Grand Coulee Dam, Washington State. Source: U.S. Bureau of Reclamation.Figure 10.1 Renewable Energy Consumption by Major SourcesRenewable Energy as Share of Total Primary Energy Consumption, 2008 Renewable Energy Total Consumption and Major Sources, 1949-2008`Renewable Energy Consumption by Source, 2008282 Energy Information Administration / Annual Energy Review 20081Municipal solid waste from biogenic sources, landfill gas, sludge waste, agricultural byproducts, and other biomass.2Fuel ethanol and biodiesel consumption, plus losses and co-products from the productionof fuel ethanol and biodisel.3Conventional hydroelectric power.Sources: Tables 1.3 and 10.1.– Wood 28%– HydroelectricPower334%Petroleum37%Natural Gas24%7%Coal23%9%TotalNuclear ElectricPower–Wind 7%– Solar/PV 1%– Geothermal 5%–Waste16%HydroelectricPower3– Biofuels2 19%RenewableEnergyWoodWind1950 1960 1970 1980 1990 200002468

Quadrillion Btu7%Biofuels22.52.01.40.50.40.40.1Hydroelectric Wood Biofuels2 Wind Waste1 Geo- Solar/PV0123

Quadrillion BtuPower3thermalEnergy Information Administration / Annual Energy Review 2008 283**T able 10.1 Renewable Energy Production and Consumption by Primary Energy Source, Selected Years, 1949-2008** (Trillion Btu)**Year Production** 1**Consumption Biomass** **Total Renewable** **Energy**4**Hydro electric** **Power**5**Geo thermal** 6**Solar/PV**7**Wind**8**Biomass Total** **Renewable Energy** **Biofuels**2**Total**3**Wood**9**Waste**10**Biofuels**11**Total**1949 NA 1,549 2,974 1,425 NA NA NA 1,549 NA NA 1,549 2,9741950 NA 1,562 2,978 1,415 NA NA NA 1,562 NA NA 1,562 2,9781955 NA 1,424 2,784 1,360 NA NA NA 1,424 NA NA 1,424 2,7841960 NA 1,320 2,929 1,608 1 NA NA 1,320 NA NA 1,320 2,9291965 NA 1,335 3,398 2,059 4 NA NA 1,335 NA NA 1,335 3,3981970 NA 1,431 4,076 2,634 11 NA NA 1,429 2 NA 1,431 4,0761971 NA 1,432 4,268 2,824 12 NA NA 1,430 2 NA 1,432 4,2681972 NA 1,503 4,398 2,864 31 NA NA 1,501 2 NA 1,503 4,3981973 NA 1,529 4,433 2,861 43 NA NA 1,527 2 NA 1,529 4,4331974 NA 1,540 4,769 3,177 53 NA NA 1,538 2 NA 1,540 4,7691975 NA 1,499 4,723 3,155 70 NA NA 1,497 2 NA 1,499 4,7231976 NA 1,713 4,768 2,976 78 NA NA 1,711 2 NA 1,713 4,7681977 NA 1,838 4,249 2,333 77 NA NA 1,837 2 NA 1,838 4,2491978 NA 2,038 5,039 2,937 64 NA NA 2,036 1 NA 2,038 5,0391979 NA 2,152 5,166 2,931 84 NA NA 2,150 2 NA 2,152 5,1661980 NA 2,476 5,485 2,900 110 NA NA 2,474 2 NA 2,476 5,4851981 13R2,597R5,478 2,758 123 NA NA 2,496 88 13R2,597R5,4781982 35 2,664 6,034 3,266 105 NA NA 2,510 119 35 2,664 6,0341983R64R2,906R6,562 3,527 129 NA (s) 2,684 157R64R2,906R6,5621984R79R2,973R6,524 3,386 165 (s) (s) 2,686 208R79R2,973R6,5241985R95R3,018R6,187 2,970 198 (s) (s) 2,687 236R95R3,018R6,1871986R109R2,934R6,225 3,071 219 (s) (s) 2,562 263R109R2,934R6,2251987R125R2,877R5,741 2,635 229 (s) (s) 2,463 289R125R2,877R5,7411988R127R3,019R5,570 2,334 217 (s) (s) 2,577 315R127R3,019R5,5701989R128R3,162R6,394 2,837 317 55 22 2,680 354R128R3,162R6,3941990R113R2,737R6,208 3,046 336 60 29 2,216 408R113R2,737R6,2081991R131R2,784R6,240 3,016 346 63 31 2,214 440R131R2,784R6,2401992R148R2,935R5,995 2,617 349 64 30 2,313 473R148R2,935R5,9951993R173R2,912R6,265 2,892 364 66 31 2,260 479R173R2,912R6,2641994R192R3,031R6,157 2,683 338 69 36 2,324 515R192R3,031R6,1571995R202R3,103R6,705 3,205 294 70 33 2,370 531R204R3,105R6,7071996R144R3,158R7,168 3,590 316 71 33 2,437 577R146R3,160R7,1691997 190R3,112R7,181 3,640 325 70 34 2,371 551 187R3,109 7,1781998R207 2,933 6,659 3,297 328 70 31 2,184 542 205R2,932R6,6581999 215 2,969 6,683 3,268 331 69 46 2,214 540 213R2,968 6,6812000 238 3,010 6,262 2,811 317 66 57 2,262 511 241 3,013 6,2642001 260 2,629 5,318 2,242 311 65 70 2,006 364 258 2,627 5,3162002R314 2,712 5,899 2,689 328 64 105 1,995 402 309R2,707R5,8942003R411 2,815R6,148 2,825 331 64 115 2,002 401R413 2,817 6,1502004R500 3,011 6,248 2,690 341 65 142 2,121 389 513 3,023R6,2602005R581R3,120R6,410 2,703 343 66 178R2,136 403R594R3,133R6,4232006R743R3,309R6,857 2,869 343 72 264R2,152R414 795R3,361R6,9082007R1,011R3,583 6,800R2,446R349R81R341R2,142R430R1,025R3,597R6,8142008P1,429 3,900 7,316 2,452 358 91 514 2,041 431 1,413 3,884 7,3001Production equals consumption for all renewable energy sources except biofuels.2Total biomass inputs to the production of fuel ethanol and biodiesel.3Wood and wood-derived fuels, biomass waste, fuel ethanol, and biodiesel.4Hydroelectric power, geothermal, solar/PV, wind, and biomass.5Conventional hydroelectricity net generation (converted to Btu using the fossil-fueled plants heat rate).6Geothermal electricity net generation (converted to Btu using the geothermal energy plants heat rate),and geothermal heat pump and direct use energy.7Solar thermal and photovoltaic electricity net generation (converted to Btu using the fossil-fueledplants heat rate), and solar thermal direct use energy.8Wind electricity net generation (converted to Btu using the fossil-fueled plants heat rate).9Wood and wood-derived fuels.10Municipal solid waste from biogenic sources, landfill gas, sludge waste, agricultural byproducts, andother biomass. Through 2000, also includes non-renewable waste (municipal solid waste fromnon-biogenic sources, and tire-derived fuels).11Fuel ethanol and biodiesel consumption, plus losses and co-products from the production of fuelethanol and biodiesel.R=Revised. P=Preliminary. NA=Not available. (s)=Less than 0.5 trillion Btu.Notes:•See Note, "Renewable Energy Production and Consumption," at end of section.•See TableE1 for estimated renewable energy consumption for 1635-1945.•Totals may not equal sumofcomponents due to independent rounding.Web Pages:•For all data beginning in 1949, see http://www.eia.doe.gov/emeu/aer/renew.html.•For related information, see http://www.eia.doe.gov/fuelrenewable.html.Sources:**Biofuels:**Tables 10.3 and 10.4.**All Other Data:**Tables 10.2a-c.Figure 10.2a Renewable Energy Consumption: End-Use Sectors, 1989-2008Residential Sector Commercial1 Sector, Major SourcesIndustrial1 Sector, Major Sources Transportation Sector284 Energy Information Administration / Annual Energy Review 20081Includes fuel used at combined-heat-and-power (CHP) plants and a small number ofelectricity-only plants.2Wood and wood-derived fuels.3Solar thermal direct use energy, and photovoltaic electricity generation. Includes smallamounts of commercial sector use.4Geothermal heat pump and direct use energy.5Municipal solid waste from biogenic sources,landfill gas, sludge waste, agricultural byproducts, and other biomass. Through 2000, also includes non-renewable waste (municipalsolid waste from non-biogenic sources, and tire-derived fuels).6From the production of fuel ethanol and biodiesel.7The ethanol portion of motor fuels (such as E10 and E85), and biofuels used as diesel fuelsubstitutes or additives.Note: See related Figures 10.2b and 10.2c.Sources: Tables 10.2a and 10.2b.1990 1992 1994 1996 1998 2000 2002 2004 2006 2008020406080

Trillion BtuWood2Waste51990 1992 1994 1996 1998 2000 2002 2004 2006 20080.00.51.01.52.0

Quadrillion BtuSolar/PV3 and Geothermal4Wood 21990 1992 1994 1996 1998 2000 2002 2004 2006 20080.00.20.40.60.81.0

Quadrillion Btu1990 1992 1994 1996 1998 2000 2002 2004 2006 200802004006008001,000

Trillion BtuWaste5Wood 2Geothermal4Biomass7Losses andCo-products6Figure 10.2b Renewable Energy Consumption: End-Use Sectors and Electric Power SectorEnd-Use Sectors, 1949-2008End-Use Sectors and Electric Power Sector, 2008 End-Use Sectors and Electric Power SectorShares of Total Renewable Energy Consumption, 2008Energy Information Administration / Annual Energy Review 2008 2851Includes fuel use at combined-heat-and-power (CHP) plants and a small number ofelectricity-only plants.Note: See related Figures 10.2a and 10.2c.Sources: Tables 10.2a-10.2c.0.60.12.10.83.7Residential Commercial1 Industrial1 Transportation Electric01234

Quadrillion BtuPowerSectorEnd-Use SectorsResidentialCommercial11950 1960 1970 1980 1990 20000.00.51.01.52.02.5

Quadrillion BtuElectric PowerSector51%End-UseSectors49%Industrial1Transportation286 Energy Information Administration / Annual Energy Review 2008**T able 10.2a Renewable Energy Consumption: Residential and Commercial Sectors, Selected Years, 1949-2008** (Trillion Btu)**Year Residential Sector** **Commercial Sector**1**Geo thermal** 2**Solar/PV**3**Biomass Total** **Hydro electric** **Power**5**Geo thermal** 2**Biomass Total** **Wood**4**Wood**4**Waste**6**Fuel Ethanol**7**Total**1949 NA NA 1,055 1,055 NA NA 20 NA NA 20 201950 NA NA 1,006 1,006 NA NA 19 NA NA 19 191955 NA NA 775 775 NA NA 15 NA NA 15 151960 NA NA 627 627 NA NA 12 NA NA 12 121965 NA NA 468 468 NA NA 9 NA NA 9 91970 NA NA 401 401 NA NA 8 NA NA 8 81971 NA NA 382 382 NA NA 7 NA NA 7 71972 NA NA 380 380 NA NA 7 NA NA 7 71973 NA NA 354 354 NA NA 7 NA NA 7 71974 NA NA 371 371 NA NA 7 NA NA 7 71975 NA NA 425 425 NA NA 8 NA NA 8 81976 NA NA 482 482 NA NA 9 NA NA 9 91977 NA NA 542 542 NA NA 10 NA NA 10 101978 NA NA 622 622 NA NA 12 NA NA 12 121979 NA NA 728 728 NA NA 14 NA NA 14 141980 NA NA 850 850 NA NA 21 NA NA 21 211981 NA NA 870 870 NA NA 21 NA (s) 21 211982 NA NA 970 970 NA NA 22 NA (s) 22 221983 NA NA 970 970 NA NA 22 NA (s) 22 221984 NA NA 980 980 NA NA 22 NA (s) 22 221985 NA NA 1,010 1,010 NA NA 24 NA (s) 24 241986 NA NA 920 920 NA NA 27 NA (s) 27 271987 NA NA 850 850 NA NA 29 NA 1 30 301988 NA NA 910 910 NA NA 32 NA 1 33 331989 5 53 920 978 1 3 76 22 1 99 1021990 6 56 580 641 1 3 66 28 1 94 981991 6 58 610 674 1 3 68 26 (s) 95 1001992 6 60 640 706 1 3 72 32 (s) 105 1091993 7 62 550 618 1 3 76 33 (s) 109 1141994 6 64 520 590 1 4 72 35 (s) 106 1121995 7 65 520 591 1 5 72 40 (s) 113 1181996 7 65 540 612 1 5 76 53 (s) 129 1351997 8 65 430 503 1 6 73 58 (s) 131 1381998 8 65 380 452 1 7 64 54 (s) 118 1271999 9 64 390 462 1 7 67 54 (s) 121 1292000 9 61 420 490 1 8 71 47 (s) 119 1282001 9 60 370 439 1 8 67 25 (s) 92 1012002 10 59 380 449 (s) 9 69 26 (s) 95 1042003 13 58 400 471 1 11 71 29 1 101 1132004 14 59 410 483 1 12 70 34 1 105 1182005 16 61R430R507 1 14 70 34 1 105 1192006 18 67R390R475 1 14 65 36 1 102 1172007 22R75R430R527 1 14R69R31 2R102R1182008P26 83 490 599 1 15 72 32 3 107 1231Commercial sector, including commercial combined-heat-and-power (CHP) and commercialelectricity-only plants. See Note 2, "Classification of Power Plants Into Energy-Use Sectors," at end ofSection 8.2Geothermal heat pump and direct use energy.3Solar thermal direct use energy, and photovoltaic electricity net generation (converted to Btu using thefossil-fueled plants heat rate). Includes a small amount of commercial sector use.4Wood and wood-derived fuels.5Conventional hydroelectricity net generation (converted to Btu using the fossil-fueled plants heat rate).6Municipal solid waste from biogenic sources, landfill gas, sludge waste, agricultural byproducts, andother biomass. Through 2000, also includes non-renewable waste (municipal solid waste fromnon-biogenic sources, and tire-derived fuels).7The ethanol portion of motor fuels (such as E10) consumed by the commercial sector.R=Revised. P=Preliminary. NA=Not available. (s)=Less than 0.5 trillion Btu.Notes:•All values are estimated, except for commercial sector hydroelectric power and waste.•Totals may not equal sum of components due to independent rounding.Web Pages:•For all data beginning in 1949, see http://www.eia.doe.gov/emeu/aer/renew.html.•For related information, see http://www.eia.doe.gov/fuelrenewable.html.Sources: See end of section.Energy Information Administration / Annual Energy Review 2008 287**T able 10.2b Renewable Energy Consumption: Industrial and Transportation Sectors, Selected Years, 1949-2008** (Trillion Btu)**Year Industrial Sector** 1**Transportation Sector Hydro** **electric Power** 2**Geo thermal** 3**Biomass Total** **Biomass Wood** 4**Waste**5**Fuel Ethanol** 6**Losses and Co-products** 7**Total Fuel** **Ethanol**8**Biodiesel**9**Total**1949 76 NA 468 NA NA NA 468 544 NA NA NA1950 69 NA 532 NA NA NA 532 602 NA NA NA1955 38 NA 631 NA NA NA 631 669 NA NA NA1960 39 NA 680 NA NA NA 680 719 NA NA NA1965 33 NA 855 NA NA NA 855 888 NA NA NA1970 34 NA 1,019 NA NA NA 1,019 1,053 NA NA NA1971 34 NA 1,040 NA NA NA 1,040 1,074 NA NA NA1972 34 NA 1,113 NA NA NA 1,113 1,147 NA NA NA1973 35 NA 1,165 NA NA NA 1,165 1,200 NA NA NA1974 33 NA 1,159 NA NA NA 1,159 1,192 NA NA NA1975 32 NA 1,063 NA NA NA 1,063 1,096 NA NA NA1976 33 NA 1,220 NA NA NA 1,220 1,253 NA NA NA1977 33 NA 1,281 NA NA NA 1,281 1,314 NA NA NA1978 32 NA 1,400 NA NA NA 1,400 1,432 NA NA NA1979 34 NA 1,405 NA NA NA 1,405 1,439 NA NA NA1980 33 NA 1,600 NA NA NA 1,600 1,633 NA NA NA1981 33 NA 1,602 87 (s) 6 1,695 1,728 7 NA 71982 33 NA 1,516 118 (s) 16R1,650R1,683 19 NA 191983 33 NA 1,690 155 (s)R29R1,875R1,908 34 NA 341984 33 NA 1,679 204 1R36R1,919R1,952 42 NA 421985 33 NA 1,645 230 1R43R1,919R1,952 51 NA 511986 33 NA 1,610 256 1R49R1,916R1,949 59 NA 591987 33 NA 1,576 282 1R56R1,915R1,948 67 NA 671988 33 NA 1,625 308 1R57R1,990R2,023 68 NA 681989 28 2 1,584 200 1R57R1,842R1,872 69 NA 691990 31 2 1,442 192 1R50R1,685R1,718 62 NA 621991 30 2 1,410 185 1R58R1,653R1,685 72 NA 721992 31 2 1,461 179 1R65R1,706R1,739 81 NA 811993 30 2 1,484 181 1R76R1,742R1,774 96 NA 961994 62 3 1,580 199 1R84R1,864R1,929 107 NA 1071995 55 3 1,652 195 2R87R1,936R1,994 115 NA 1151996 61 3 1,683 224 1R62 1,970R2,034 82 NA 821997 58 3 1,731 184 1R82R1,998R2,059 104 NA 1041998 55 3 1,603 180 1 88 1,873 1,931 115 NA 1151999 49 4 1,620 171 1 92 1,883 1,936 120 NA 1202000 42 4 1,636 145 1 101 1,884 1,930 138 NA 1382001 33 5 1,443 129 3 110 1,684 1,721 144 1 1452002 39 5 1,396 146 3 133 1,679R1,722 171R2R1732003 43 3 1,363 142 5R173 1,684R1,730 233 2R2342004 33 4 1,476 132 6 210 1,824R1,860 292R3R2952005 32 4 1,452 148 7R240R1,847R1,883 334 12 3462006 29 4 1,515R147R10R300R1,972R2,005 451R33R4842007R16 5 1,457R162R10R399R2,028R2,048R568R46R6142008P19 5 1,298 157 14 563 2,032 2,056 792 41 8331Industrial sector, including industrial combined-heat-and-power (CHP) and industrial electricity-onlyplants. See Note 2, "Classification of Power Plants Into Energy-Use Sectors," at end of Section 8.2Conventional hydroelectricity net generation (converted to Btu using the fossil-fueled plants heat rate).3Geothermal heat pump and direct use energy.4Wood and wood-derived fuels.5Municipal solid waste from biogenic sources, landfill gas, sludge waste, agricultural byproducts, andother biomass. Through 2000, also includes non-renewable waste (municipal solid waste fromnon-biogenic sources, and tire-derived fuels).6The ethanol portion of motor fuels (such as E10) consumed by the industrial sector.7Losses and co-products from the production of fuel ethanol and biodiesel. Does not include naturalgas, electricity, and other non-biomass energy used in the production of fuel ethanol and biodiesel—theseare included in the industrial sector consumption statistics for the appropriate energy source.8The ethanol portion of motor fuels (such as E10 and E85) consumed by the transportation sector.9"Biodiesel is any liquid biofuel suitable as a diesel fuel substitute, additive, or extender. See"Biodiesel" in Glossary.R=Revised. P=Preliminary. NA=Not available. (s)=Less than 0.5 trillion Btu.Notes:•All values are estimated, except for industrial sector hydroelectric power in 1949-1978 and1989 forward.•Totals may not equal sum of components due to independent rounding.Web Pages:•For all data beginning in 1949, see http://www.eia.doe.gov/emeu/aer/renew.html.•For related information, see http://www.eia.doe.gov/fuelrenewable.html.Sources: See end of section.Figure 10.2c Renewable Energy Consumption: Electric Power SectorElectric Power Sector Total and Hydroelectric Power, 1949-2008Non-Hydroelectric Power Sources, 1989-2008 Non-Hydroelectric Power Sources, 2008288 Energy Information Administration / Annual Energy Review 20081Conventional hydroelectricity net generation.2Wind electricity net generation.3Geothermal electricity net generation.4Municipal solid waste from biogenic sources,landfill gas, sludge waste, agricultural byproducts, and other biomass. Through 2000, alsoincludes non-renewable waste (municipal solidwaste from non-biogenic sources, and tire-derived fuels).5Wood and wood-driven fuels.6Solar thermal and photovoltaic electricity net generation.Note: See related Figures 10.2a and 10.2b on the end-use sectors.Source: Table 10.2c.1950 1955 1960 1965 1970 1975 1980 1985 1990 1995 2000 2005012345

Quadrillion BtuGeothermal35143122421818Wind2 Geothermal30100200300400500600

Trillion BtuWood51990 1992 1994 1996 1998 2000 2002 2004 2006 20080100200300400500600

Trillion BtuWaste4Waste4Hydroelectric Power1Electric Power Sector TotalWood5Solar/PV6Wind2Solar/PV6Energy Information Administration / Annual Energy Review 2008 289**T able 10.2c Renewable Energy Consumption: Electric Power Sector, Selected Years, 1949-2008** (Trillion Btu)**Year Hydroelectric** **Power**1**Geothermal**2**Solar/PV**3**Wind**4**Biomass Total** **Wood**5**Waste**6**Total**1949 1,349 NA NA NA 6 NA 6 1,3551950 1,346 NA NA NA 5 NA 5 1,3511955 1,322 NA NA NA 3 NA 3 1,3251960 1,569 1 NA NA 2 NA 2 1,5711965 2,026 4 NA NA 3 NA 3 2,0331970 2,600 11 NA NA 1 2 4 2,6151971 2,790 12 NA NA 1 2 3 2,8061972 2,829 31 NA NA 1 2 3 2,8641973 2,827 43 NA NA 1 2 3 2,8731974 3,143 53 NA NA 1 2 3 3,1991975 3,122 70 NA NA (s) 2 2 3,1941976 2,943 78 NA NA 1 2 3 3,0241977 2,301 77 NA NA 3 2 5 2,3831978 2,905 64 NA NA 2 1 3 2,9731979 2,897 84 NA NA 3 2 5 2,9861980 2,867 110 NA NA 3 2 5 2,9821981 2,725 123 NA NA 3 1 4 2,8521982 3,233 105 NA NA 2 1 3 3,3411983 3,494 129 NA (s) 2 2 4 3,6271984 3,353 165 (s) (s) 5 4 9 3,5271985 2,937 198 (s) (s) 8 7 14 3,1501986 3,038 219 (s) (s) 5 7 12 3,2701987 2,602 229 (s) (s) 8 7 15 2,8461988 2,302 217 (s) (s) 10 8 17 2,536198972,808 308 3 22 100 132 232 3,3721990 3,014 326 4 29 129 188 317 3,6891991 2,985 335 5 31 126 229 354 3,7101992 2,586 338 4 30 140 262 402 3,3601993 2,861 351 5 31 150 265 415 3,6621994 2,620 325 5 36 152 282 434 3,4201995 3,149 280 5 33 125 296 422 3,8891996 3,528 300 5 33 138 300 438 4,3051997 3,581 309 5 34 137 309 446 4,3751998 3,241 311 5 31 137 308 444 4,0321999 3,218 312 5 46 138 315 453 4,0342000 2,768 296 5 57 134 318 453 3,5792001 2,209 289 6 70 126 211 337 2,9102002 2,650 305 6 105 150 230 380 3,4452003 2,781 303 5 115 167 230 397 3,6012004 2,656 311 6 142 165 223 388 3,5032005 2,670 309 6 178 185 221 406 3,5682006 2,839 306 5 264 182 231 412 3,8272007R2,430R308 6R341R186R237R423R3,5082008P2,432 312 8 514 181 242 423 3,6901Conventional hydroelectricity net generation (converted to Btu using the fossil-fueled plants heat rate).2Geothermal electricity net generation (converted to Btu using the geothermal energy plants heat rate).3Solar thermal and photovoltaic electricity net generation (converted to Btu using the fossil-fueledplants heat rate).4Wind electricity net generation (converted to Btu using the fossil-fueled plants heat rate).5Wood and wood-derived fuels.6Municipal solid waste from biogenic sources, landfill gas, sludge waste, agricultural byproducts, andother biomass. Through 2000, also includes non-renewable waste (municipal solid waste fromnon-biogenic sources, and tire-derived fuels).7Through 1988, data are for electric utilities only. Beginning in 1989, data are for electric utilities andindependent power producers.R=Revised. P=Preliminary. NA=Not available. (s)=Less than 0.5 trillion Btu.Notes:•The electric power sector comprises electricity-only and combined-heat-and-power (CHP)plants within the NAICS 22 category whose primary business is to sell electricity, or electricity and heat,tothe public.•See Note 3, "Electricity Imports and Exports," at end of Section 8.•Totals may not equalsum of components due to independent rounding.Web Pages:•For all data beginning in 1949, see http://www.eia.doe.gov/emeu/aer/renew.html.•For related information, see http://www.eia.doe.gov/fuelrenewable.html.Sources: Tables 8.2b, 8.5b, 8.7b, and A6.Figure 10.3 Fuel Ethanol OverviewOverview, 2008Stocks, 1992-2008Consumption, 1981-2008Fuel Ethanol and Biodiesel Production, 2008290 Energy Information Administration / Annual Energy Review 20081,3405627784413809Feedstock1 Losses and Production Net Imports3 Stock Change Consumption05001,0001,500

Trillion BtuCo-products21995 2000 20050481216

Million Barrels9.6 Billion Gallonsin 20081985 1990 1995 2000 200504812

Billion Gallons9.20.7Fuel Ethanol Biodiesel0246810

Billion Gallons1Total corn and other biomass inputs to the production of fuel ethanol.2Losses and co-products from the production of fuel ethanol.3Fuel ethanol imports only. Data for fuel ethanol exports are not available.Sources: Tables 10.3, 10.4, and A3.Energy Information Administration / Annual Energy Review 2008 291**T able 10.3 Fuel Ethanol Overview, 1981-2008** **Year Feedstock** 1**Losses and Co-products** 2**Production Trade** **Stocks**4**Stock Change** 5**Consumption Imports** **Exports Net** **Imports**3TrillionBtuTrillionBtuThousandBarrelsMillionGallonsTrillionBtuThousandBarrelsThousandBarrelsThousandBarrelsThousandBarrelsThousandBarrelsThousandBarrelsMillionGallonsTrillionBtu1981 13 6 1,978 83 7 NA NA NA NA NA 1,978 83 71982 35 16 5,369 225 19 NA NA NA NA NA 5,369 225 191983R64R29 9,890 415 35 NA NA NA NA NA 9,890 415 351984R79R36 12,150 510 43 NA NA NA NA NA 12,150 510 431985R95R43 14,693 617 52 NA NA NA NA NA 14,693 617 521986R109R49 16,954 712 60 NA NA NA NA NA 16,954 712 601987R125R56 19,497 819 69 NA NA NA NA NA 19,497 819 691988R127R57 19,780 831 70 NA NA NA NA NA 19,780 831 701989R128R57 20,062 843 71 NA NA NA NA NA 20,062 843 711990R113R50 17,802 748 63 NA NA NA NA NA 17,802 748 631991R131R58 20,627 866 73 NA NA NA NA NA 20,627 866 731992R148R65 23,453 985 83 NA NA NA 1,791 NA 23,453 985 831993R173R76 27,484 1,154 97 244 NA 244 2,114 323 27,405 1,151 971994R192R84 30,689 1,289 109 279 NA 279 2,393 279 30,689 1,289 1091995R202R87 32,325 1,358 114 387 NA 387 2,186 -207 32,919 1,383 1171996R144R62 23,178 973 82 313 NA 313 2,065 -121 23,612 992 841997 190R82 30,674 1,288 109 85 NA 85 2,925 860 29,899 1,256 1061998R207 88 33,453 1,405 118 66 NA 66 3,406 481 33,038 1,388 1171999 215 92 34,881 1,465 123 87 NA 87 4,024 618 34,350 1,443 1222000 238 101 38,627 1,622 137 116 NA 116 3,400 -624 39,367 1,653 1392001 259 110 42,028 1,765 149 315 NA 315 4,298 898 41,445 1,741 1472002 313 133 50,956 2,140 180 306 NA 306 6,200 1,902 49,360 2,073 1752003 410R173 66,772 2,804 236 292 NA 292 5,978 -222 67,286 2,826 2382004 497 210 81,058 3,404 287 3,542 NA 3,542 6,002 24 84,576 3,552 2992005R569R240 92,961 3,904 329 3,234 NA 3,234 5,563 -439 96,634 4,059 3422006R711R299 116,294 4,884 412 17,408 NA 17,408 8,760 3,197 130,505 5,481 4622007R948R398R155,263R6,521R549R10,457 NAR10,457R10,535R1,775R163,945R6,886R5802008P1,340 562 219,927 9,237 778 12,347 NA 12,347 14,21963,710 228,564 9,600 8091Total corn and other biomass inputs to the production of fuel ethanol.2Losses and co-products from the production of fuel ethanol. Does not include natural gas, electricity,and other non-biomass energy used in the production of fuel ethanol—these are included in the industrialsector consumption statistics for the appropriate energy source.3Net imports equal imports minus exports.4Stocks are at end of year.5A negative number indicates a decrease in stocks and a positive number indicates an increase.6Derived from preliminary 2007 stocks value, not final 2007 value shown in this table.R=Revised. P=Preliminary. NA=Not available.Notes:•Fuel ethanol data in thousand barrels are converted to million gallons by multiplying by 0.042,and are converted to trillion Btu by multiplying by 0.003539 (the approximate heat content of fuelethanol—see Table A3).•Through 1980, data are not available. For 1981-1992, data are estimates.Beginning in 1993, only data for feedstock and losses and co-products are estimates.•Totals may notequal sum of components due to independent rounding.Web Page: For related information, see http://www.eia.doe.gov/oil_gas/petroleum/data_publications/petroleum_supply_monthly/psm.html.Sources:**Feedstock:**Calculated as fuel ethanol production in thousand barrels multiplied by the fuelethanol feedstock factor—see Table A3.**Losses and Co-products:**Calculated as fuel ethanol feedstockminus fuel ethanol production.**Production:**•1981-1992—Fuel ethanol production is assumed to equalfuel ethanol consumption—see sources for "Consumption."•1993-2004—Calculated as fuel ethanolconsumption plus fuel ethanol stock change minus fuel ethanol net imports. These data differ slightly fromthe original production data from Energy Information Administration (EIA), Form EIA-819, "MonthlyOxygenate Report," and predecessor form, which were not reconciled and updated to be consistent withthe final balance.•2005 forward—EIA, Form EIA-819, "Monthly Oxygenate Report."**Trade, Stocks, an d** **Stock Change:**•1992-2007—EIA,Petroleum Supply Annual (PSA),annual reports.•2008—EIA,Petroleum Supply Monthly (PSM),monthly reports.**Consumption:**•1981-1989—EIA,Estimates of U.S.Biofuels Consumption 1990,Table 10; and EIA, Office of Coal, Nuclear, Electric and Alternate Fuels(CNEAF), estimates.•1990-1992—EIA,Estimates of U.S. Biomass Energy Consumption 1992,Table D2;and EIA, CNEAF, estimates.•1993-2004—EIA,PSA,annual reports, Tables 2 and 16. Calculated as tenpercent of oxygenated finished motor gasoline field production (Table 2), plus fuel ethanol refinery input(Table 16).•2005-2007—EIA,PSA,annual reports, Tables 1 and 15. Calculated as motor gasolineblending components adjustments (Table 1), plus finished motor gasoline adjustments (Table 1), plus fuelethanol refinery and blender net inputs (Table 15).•2008—EIA,PSM,monthly reports, Tables 1 and 27.Calculated as motor gasoline blending components adjustments (Table 1), plus finished motor gasolineadjustments (Table 1), plus fuel ethanol refinery and blender net inputs (Table 27).Figure 10.4 Biodiesel OverviewOverview, 2008Consumption3, 2001-2008292 Energy Information Administration / Annual Energy Review 2008881874086NA41Feedstock1 Losses and Production Imports Exports Stock Consumption30255075100

Trillion BtuChangeCo-Products22001 2002 2003 2004 2005 2006 2007 20080100200300400

Million Gallons320 Million Gallonsin 20081Total vegetable oil and other biomass inputs to the production of biodiesel.2Losses and co-products from the production of biodiesel.3Calculated as biodiesel production plus biodiesel net imports.NA= Not Available.Sources: Tables 10.4 and A3.Energy Information Administration / Annual Energy Review 2008 293**T able 10.4 Biodiesel Overview, 2001-2008** **Year Feedstock** 1**Losses and Co-products** 2**Production Trade** **Stocks Stock** **Change Consumption** **Imports Exports** **Net Imports** 3TrillionBtuTrillionBtuThousandBarrelsMillionGallonsTrillionBtuThousandBarrelsThousandBarrelsThousandBarrelsThousandBarrelsThousandBarrelsThousandBarrelsMillionGallonsTrillionBtu2001 1 (s) 204 9 1 78 39 39 NA NA 243 10 12002 1 (s) 250 10 1 191 56 135 NA NA 385 16 22003 2 (s) 338 14 2 94 110 -16 NA NA 322 14 22004 4 (s) 666 28 4 97 124 -26 NA NA 640 27 32005 12 (s) 2,162 91 12 207 206 1 NA NA 2,163 91 122006 32 (s) 5,963 250 32 1,069 828 242 NA NA 6,204 261 332007R63 1R11,662R490R62 3,342 6,477 -3,135 NA NA 8,528 358 462008P88 1 16,251 683 87 7,502 16,128 -8,626 NA NA 7,624 320 411Total vegetable oil and other biomass inputs to the production of biodiesel.2Losses and co-products from the production of biodiesel. Does not include natural gas, electricity, andother non-biomass energy used in the production of biodiesel—these are included in the industrial sectorconsumption statistics for the appropriate energy source.3Net imports equal imports minus exports.R=Revised. P=Preliminary. NA=Not available. (s)=Less than 0.5 trillion Btu.Notes:•Biodiesel data in thousand barrels are converted to million gallons by multiplying by 0.042, andare converted to trillion Btu by multiplying by 0.005359 (the approximate heat content of biodiesel—seeTable A3). For other conversion factors related to biodiesel, see Table A3 (columns 11 and 12, andfootnote 8).•Through 2000, data are not available. Beginning in 2001, data are estimates.•Totals maynot equal sum of components due to independent rounding.Web Page: For related information, see http://www.census.gov/cir/www/311/m311k.html.Sources:**Feedstock:**Calculated as biodiesel production in thousand barrels multiplied by 0.005433(the biodiesel feedstock factor—see Table A3).**Losses and Co-products:**Calculated as biodieselfeedstock minus biodiesel production.**Production:**•2001-2005—U.S. Department of Agriculture,Commodity Credit Corporation, Bioenergy Program records. Annual data are derived from quarterly data.•2006—U.S. Department of Commerce, Bureau of the Census, "M311K - Fats and Oils: Production,Consumption, and Stocks," Table 3A, data for soybean oil consumed in methyl esters (biodiesel).Inaddition, the Energy Information Administration (EIA), Office of Integrated Analysis and Forecasting,estimates that 14.4 million gallons of yellow grease were consumed in methyl esters (biodiesel).•2007and 2008—U.S. Department of Commerce, Bureau of the Census, "M311K - Fats and Oils: Production,Consumption, and Stocks," Table 3A, data for all fats and oils consumed in methyl esters (biodiesel).**Trade:**U.S. Department of Agriculture, imports data for Harmonized Tariff Schedule code 3824.90.40.20(Fatty Esters Animal/Vegetable/Mixture), and exports data for Schedule B code 3824.90.40.00 (FattySubstances Animal/Vegetable/Mixture). Although these categories include products other than biodiesel(such as those destined for soaps, cosmetics, and other items), biodiesel is the largest component. In theabsence of other reliable data for biodiesel trade, EIA sees these data as good estimates.**Consumption :** Calculated as biodiesel production plus biodiesel net imports.Figure 10.5 Estimated Number of Alternative-Fueled Vehicles in Use and Alternative Fuel ConsumptionVehicles in Use, 1995-2007 Vehicles in Use by Fuel Type, 2007Fuel Consumption, 1995-2007 Fuel Consumption by Type, 2007294 Energy Information Administration / Annual Energy Review 20081Ethanol, 85 percent (E85). Includes only those E85 vehicles believed to be used asalternative-fueled vehicles, primarily fleet-operated vehicles; excludes other vehicles with E85-fueling capability.2Liquefied petroleum gases.3Compressed natural gas.4Liquefied natural gas.(s)=Fewer than 0.5 thousand vehicles.(ss)=Less than 0.5 million gasoline-equivalent gallons.Source: Table 10.5.2472652802953223954254715345655926356961995 1997 1999 2001 2003 2005 20070200400600800

Thousand Vehicles364158114563(s)Ethanol1 LPG2 CNG 3 Electricity Hydrogen0100200300400

Thousand VehiclesLNG4LNG42782973153263053253523824034294214184151995 1997 1999 2001 2003 2005 20070100200300400500

Million Gasoline-Equivalent Gallons17915254255(ss)CNG 3 LPG2 Ethanol1 Electricity Hydrogen050100150200

Million Gasoline-Equivalent GallonsEnergy Information Administration / Annual Energy Review 2008 295**T able 10.5 Estimated Number of Alternative-Fueled Vehicles in Use and Fuel Consumption, 1992-2007** **Year Alternative and Replacement Fuels** 1**Liquefied Petroleum** **Gases Compressed** **Natural Gas** **Liquefied Natural** **Gas Methanol,** **85 Percent (M85)** 3**Methanol, Neat** **(M100)**4**Ethanol, 85 Percent** **(E85)**3,5**Ethanol, 95 Percent** **(E95)**3**Elec tricity** 6**Hydro- gen** **Other Fuels** 7**Subtotal Oxygenates** 2**Bio diesel** 10**Total Methyl Tertiary** **Butyl Ether**8**Ethanol in Gasohol** 9**Total Alternative-Fueled Vehicles in Use** 11(number)1992 NA 23,191 90 4,850 404 172 38 1,607 NA NA NA NA NA NA NA NA1993 NA 32,714 299 10,263 414 441 27 1,690 NA NA NA NA NA NA NA NA1994 NA 41,227 484 15,484 415 605 33 2,224 NA NA NA NA NA NA NA NA1995 172,806 50,218 603 18,319 386 1,527 136 2,860 0 0 246,855 NA NA NA NA NA1996 175,585 60,144 663 20,265 172 4,536 361 3,280 0 0 265,006 NA NA NA NA NA1997 175,679 68,571 813 21,040 172 9,130 347 4,453 0 0 280,205 NA NA NA NA NA1998 177,183 78,782 1,172 19,648 200 12,788 14 5,243 0 0 295,030 NA NA NA NA NA1999 178,610 91,267 1,681 18,964 198 24,604 14 6,964 0 0 322,302 NA NA NA NA NA2000 181,994 100,750 2,090 10,426 0 87,570 4 11,830 0 0 394,664 NA NA NA NA NA2001 185,053 111,851 2,576 7,827 0 100,303 0 17,847 0 0 425,457 NA NA NA NA NA2002 187,680 120,839 2,708 5,873 0 120,951 0 33,047 0 0 471,098 NA NA NA NA NA2003 190,369 114,406 2,640 0 0 179,090 0 47,485 9 0 533,999 NA NA NA NA NA2004 182,864 118,532 2,717 0 0 211,800 0 49,536 43 0 565,492 NA NA NA NA NA2005 173,795 117,699 2,748 0 0 246,363 0 51,398 119 3 592,125 NA NA NA NA NA2006 164,846 116,131 2,798 0 0 297,099 0 53,526 159 3 634,562 NA NA NA NA NA2007P158,254 114,391 2,781 0 0 364,384 0 55,730 223 3 695,766 NA NA NA NA NA**Fuel Consumption**12(thousand gasoline-equivalent gallons)1992 NA 17,159 598 1,121 2,672 22 87 359 NA NA NA 1,175,964 719,408 1,895,372 NA NA1993 NA 22,035 1,944 1,671 3,321 49 82 288 NA NA NA 2,070,897 779,958 2,850,854 NA NA1994 NA 24,643 2,398 2,455 3,347 82 144 430 NA NA NA 2,020,455 868,113 2,888,569 NA NA1995 233,178 35,865 2,821 2,122 2,255 195 1,021 663 0 0 278,121 2,693,407 934,615 3,628,022 NA 3,906,1421996 239,648 47,861 3,320 1,862 364 712 2,770 773 0 0 297,310 2,751,955 677,537 3,429,492 NA 3,726,8021997 238,845 66,495 3,798 1,630 364 1,314 1,166 1,010 0 0 314,621 3,106,745 852,514 3,959,260 NA 4,273,8801998 241,881 73,859 5,463 1,271 471 1,772 61 1,202 0 0 325,980 2,905,781 912,858 3,818,639 NA 4,144,6201999 210,247 81,211 5,959 1,126 469 4,019 64 1,524 0 0 304,618 3,405,390 975,255 4,380,645 NA 4,685,2632000 213,012 88,478 7,423 614 0 12,388 13 3,058 0 0 324,986 3,298,803 1,114,313 4,413,116 6,828 4,744,9302001 216,319 106,584 9,122 461 0 15,007 0 4,066 0 0 351,558 3,354,949 1,173,323 4,528,272R10,627R4,890,4572002 223,600 123,081 9,593 354 0 18,250 0 7,274 0 0 382,152 3,122,859 1,450,721 4,573,580R16,824R4,972,5562003 224,697 133,222 13,503 0 0 26,376 0 5,141 2 0 402,941 2,368,400 1,919,572 4,287,972R14,082R4,704,9952004 211,883 158,903 20,888 0 0 31,581 0 5,269 8 0 428,532 1,877,300 2,414,167 4,291,467R27,968R4,747,9672005 188,171 166,878 22,409 0 0 38,074 0 5,219 25 2 420,778 1,654,500 2,756,663 4,411,163R94,513R4,926,4542006 173,130 172,011 23,474 0 0 44,041 0 5,104 41 2 417,803 435,000 3,729,168 4,164,168R271,159R4,853,1302007P152,360 178,565 24,594 0 0 54,091 0 5,037 66 2 414,715 618,000 4,694,304 5,312,304 372,691 6,099,7101See "Alternative Fuel" and "Replacement Fuel" in Glossary.2See "Oxygenates" in Glossary.3Remaining portion is motor gasoline. Consumption data include the motor gasoline portion of the fuel.4One hundred percent methanol.5Includes only those E85 vehicles believed to be used as alternative-fuels vehicles (AFVs), primarilyfleet-operated vechicles; excludes other vehicles with E85-fueling capability. In 1997, some vehiclemanufacturers began including E85-fueling capability in certain model lines of vehicles. For 2007, theEnergy Information Administration (EIA) estimates that the number of E85 vehicles that are capable ofoperating on E85, motor gasoline, or both, is about 7.1 million. Many of these AFVs are sold and used astraditional gasoline-powered vehicles.6Excludes gasoline-electric hybrids.7May include P-Series fuel or any other fuel designated by the Secretary of Energy as an alternativefuel in acordance with the Energy Policy Act of 1995.8In addition to methyl tertiary butyl ether (MTBE), includes a very small amount of other ethers,primarily tertiary amyl methyl ether (TAME) and ethyl tertiary butyl ether (ETBE).9Data do not include the motor gasoline portion of the fuel.10"Biodiesel" may be used as a diesel fuel substitute or diesel fuel additive or extender. See "Biodiesel"in Glossary.11"Vehicles in Use" data represent accumulated acquisitions, less retirements, as of the end of eachcalendar year; data do not include concept and demonstration vehicles that are not ready for deliverytoend users. See "Alternative-Fueled Vehicle" in Glossary.12Fuel consumption quantities are expressed in a common base unit of gasoline-equivalent gallonstoallow comparisons of different fuel types. Gasoline-equivalent gallons do not represent gasolinedisplacement. Gasoline equivalent is computed by dividing the gross heat content of the replacement fuelby the gross heat content of gasoline (using an approximate heat content of 122,619 Btu per gallon) andmultiplying the result by the replacement fuel consumption value. See "Heat Content" in Glossary.R=Revised. P=Preliminary. NA=Not available.Note: Totals may not equal sum of components due to independent rounding.Web Page: For related information, see http://www.eia.doe.gov/fuelrenewable.html.Sources:•1992-1994—Science Applications International Corporation, "Alternative TransportationFuels and Vehicles Data Development," unpublished final report prepared for the EIA, (McLean, VA, July1996), and U.S. Department of Energy, Office of Energy Efficiency and Renewable Energy. Data wererevised by using gross instead of net heat contents. For a table of gross and net heat contents, see EIA,Alternatives to Traditional Transportation Fuels: An Overview(June 1994), Table 22.•1995-2002—EIA,"Alternatives to Traditional Transportation Fuels 2003 Estimated Data" (February 2004), Tables 1 and 10,and unpublished revisions. Data were revised by using gross instead of net heat contents.•2003forward—EIA, "Alternatives to Traditional Transportation Fuels 2007" (April 2009), Tables V1 and C1, andunpublished revisions.Figure 10.6 Solar Thermal Collector Shipments by Type, Price, and TradeTotal Shipments, 1974-1984 and 1986-2007 Trade, 1978-1984 and 1986-2007 Price of Total Shipments, 1986-2007Number of U.S. Manufacturers by Type of Collector, 1974-1984 Average Annual Shipments per Manufacturer, 1974-1984 and 1986-2007and 1986-2007296 Energy Information Administration / Annual Energy Review 20081See “Nominal Dollars” in Glossary.2Collectors that generally operate in thetemperature range of 140 degrees Fahrenheit to180 degrees Fahrenheit but can also operateat temperatures as low as 110 degreesFahrenheit. Special collectors–evacuated tube collectors or concentrating (focusing)collectors–are included in the medium-temperature category.3Collectors that generally operate at temperatures below 110 degrees Fahrenheit.Notes: • Shipments are for domestic and export shipments, and may include importsthat subsequently were shipped to domestic or foreign customers. • Data were not collectedfor 1985.Source: Table 10.6.1975 1980 1985 1990 1995 2000 200506121824

Million Square Feet1990 1995 2000 2005036912

Nominal Dollars1 per Square Foot1980 1985 1990 1995 2000 2005012345 Million Square FeetImportsMedium-TemperatureCollectors2ExportsLow-TemperatureCollectors3Medium-TemperatureCollectors21975 1980 1985 1990 1995 2000 20050100200300

Number1975 1980 1985 1990 1995 2000 200503006009001,2001,5001,800

Thousand Square FeetLow-TemperatureCollectors3Energy Information Administration / Annual Energy Review 2008 297**T able 10.6 Solar Thermal Collector Shipments by Type, Price, and Trade, 1974-2007** (Thousand Square Feet, Except as Noted)**Year Low-Temperature Collectors** 1**Medium-Temperature Collectors**2**High-Temperature Collectors**3**Total Shipments Trade** **Number of U.S.** **Manu facturers** **Quantity Shipped** **Shipments per** **Manu facturer** **Price**4(nominaldollars5persquare foot)**Number of U.S.** **Manu facturers** **Quantity Shipped** **Shipments per** **Manu facturer** **Price**4(nominaldollars5persquare foot)**Quantity Shipped** **Price**4(nominaldollars5persquare foot)**Quantity Shipped** **Price**4(nominaldollars5persquare foot)**Imports Exports** 1974 6 1,137 190 NA 39 137 4 NA NA NA 1,274 NA NA NA1975 13 3,026 233 NA 118 717 6 NA NA NA 3,743 NA NA NA1976 19 3,876 204 NA 203 1,925 10 NA NA NA 5,801 NA NA NA1977 52 4,743 91 NA 297 5,569 19 NA NA NA 10,312 NA NA NA1978 69 5,872 85 NA 204 4,988 25 NA NA NA 10,860 NA 396 8401979 84 8,394 100 NA 257 5,856 23 NA NA NA 14,251 NA 290 8551980 79 12,233 155 NA 250 7,165 29 NA NA NA 19,398 NA 235 1,1151981 75 8,677 116 NA 263 11,456 44 NA NA NA 21,133 NA 196 7711982 61 7,476 123 NA 248 11,145 45 NA NA NA 18,621 NA 418 4551983 55 4,853 88 NA 179 11,975 67 NA NA NA 16,828 NA 511 1591984 48 4,479 93 NA 206 11,939 58 NA 773 NA 17,191 NA 621 34819856NA NA NA NA NA NA NA NA NA NA NA NA NA NA1986 22 3,751 171 2.30 87 1,111 13 18.30 4,498 NA 9,360 6.14 473 2241987 12 3,157 263 2.18 50 957 19 13.50 3,155 NA 7,269 4.82 691 1821988 8 3,326 416 2.24 45 732 16 14.88 4,116 NA 8,174 4.56 814 1581989 10 4,283 428 2.60 36 1,989 55 11.74 5,209 17.76 11,482 10.92 1,233 4611990 12 3,645 304 2.90 41 2,527 62 7.68 5,237 15.74 11,409 9.86 1,562 2451991 16 5,585 349 2.90 41 989 24 11.94 1 31.94 6,574 4.26 1,543 3321992 16 6,187 387 2.50 34 897 26 10.96 2 75.66 7,086 3.58 1,650 3161993 13 6,025 464 2.80 33 931 28 11.74 12 22.12 6,968 3.96 2,039 4111994 16 6,823 426 2.54 31 803 26 13.54 2 177.00 7,627 3.74 1,815 4051995 14 6,813 487 2.32 26 840 32 10.48 13 53.26 7,666 3.30 2,037 5301996 14 6,821 487 2.67 19 785 41 14.48 10 18.75 7,616 3.91 1,930 4541997 13 7,524 579 2.60 21 606 29 15.17 7 25.00 8,138 3.56 2,102 3791998 12 7,292 607 2.83 19 443 23 15.17 21 53.21 7,756 3.66 2,206 3601999 13 8,152 627 2.08 20 427 21 19.12 4 286.49 8,583 3.05 2,352 5372000 11 7,948 723 2.09 16 400 25 W 5 W 8,354 3.28 2,201 4962001 10 10,919 1,092 2.15 17 268 16 W 2 W 11,189 2.90 3,502 8402002 13 11,126 856 1.97 17 535 31 W 2 W 11,663 2.85 3,068 6592003 12 10,877 906 2.08 17 560 33 W 7 W 11,444 3.19 2,986 5182004 9 13,608 1,512 1.80 17 506 30 19.30 0 – – 14,114 2.43 3,723 8132005 10 15,224 1,522 2.00 17 702 41 W 115 W 16,041 2.86 4,546 1,3612006 11 15,546 1,413 1.95 35 1,346 38 W 3,852 W 20,744 5.84 4,244 1,2112007 13 13,323 1,025 1.97 51 1,797 35 W 33 W 15,153 3.95 3,891 1,3761Low-temperature collectors are solar thermal collectors that generally operate at temperatures below110°F.2Medium-temperature collectors are solar thermal collectors that generally operate in the temperaturerange of 140°F to 180°F but can also operate at temperatures as low as 110°F. Special collectors areincluded in this category. Special collectors are evacuated tube collectors or concentrating (focusing)collectors. They operate in the temperature range from just above ambient temperature (low concentrationfor pool heating) to several hundred degrees Fahrenheit (high concentration for air conditioning andspecialized industrial processes).3High-temperature collectors are solar thermal collectors that generally operate at temperatures above180°F. High-temperature collector shipments are dominated by one manufacturer.4Prices equal shipment value divided by quantity shipped. Value includes charges for advertising andwarranties. Excluded are excise taxes and the cost of freight or transportation for the shipments.5See "Nominal Dollars" in Glossary.6No data are available for 1985.NA=Not available. – – = Not applicable. W=Value withheld to avoid disclosure of proprietary companydata.Notes:•Shipments data are for domestic and export shipments, and may include imports thatsubsequently were shipped to domestic or foreign customers.•Manufacturers producing more than onetype of collector are accounted for in both groups.Web Page: For related information, see http://www.eia.doe.gov/fuelrenewable.html.Sources:•1974-1992—Energy Information Administration (EIA),Solar Collector Manufacturing Activity,annual reports, and Form CE-63A, "Annual Solar Thermal Collector Manufacturers Survey," andpredecessor forms.•1993-2002—EIA,Renewable Energy Annual,annual reports, and Form EIA-63A,"Annual Solar Thermal Collector Manufacturers Survey," and predecessor form.•2003-2006—EIA,SolarThermal and Photovoltaic Collector Manufacturing Activities,annual reports, and Form EIA-63A, "AnnualSolar Thermal Collector Manufacturers Survey."•2007—EIA,Solar Thermal Collector ManufacturingActivities 2007(October 2008), Tables 2.1, 2.3, and 2.12, and Form EIA-63A, "Annual Solar ThermalCollector Manufacturers Survey."Figure 10.7 Solar Thermal Collector Domestic Shipments by End-Use, Market Sector, and Type, 2007End Use Market Sector Type of CollectorEnd Use by Type of Collector298 Energy Information Administration / Annual Energy Review 20081Combined space and water heating.2Process heating, space cooling, and electricity generation.3Collectors that generally operate at temperatures below 110 degrees Fahrenheit.4Collectors that generally operate in the temperature range of 140 degrees Fahrenheit to 180degrees Fahrenheit but can also operate at temperatures as low as 110 degrees Fahrenheit.5Collectors that generally operate at temperatures above 180 degrees Fahrenheit.6Water heating and electric generation.7Space cooling and electricity generation.(s)=Less than 0.05 million square feet.Source: Table 10.7.12.11.40.20.1Pool Water Space Combined Other2051015

Million Square Feet12.80.9Residential Commercial Industrial and051015

Million Square Feet12.01.8Low- Medium- High051015

Million Square FeetElectric PowerHeatingTemperature3Temperature5Temperature4Heating1(s)Heating(s)(s)HeatingHeating Heating11.90.11.40.20.10.1Pool Space Other Water Pool Space Combined Other Process Heating051015

Million Square Feet6(s)Heating Heating Heating(s) (s)Low-Temperature Collectors3Medium-Temperature Collectors4High-TemperatureCollectors57Heating1Energy Information Administration / Annual Energy Review 2008 299**T able 10.7 Solar Thermal Collector Shipments by Market Sector, End Use, and Type, 2000-2007** (Thousand Square Feet)**Year and Type** **By Market Sector By End Use** **Total Residential** **Commercial**1**Industrial**2**Electric Power** 3**Other**4**Pool Heating** **Water Heating** **Space Heating** **Space Cooling** **Combined Heating** 5**Process Heating** **Electricity Generation** **Total Shipments**6**2 000 Total** ....**7,473 810 57 5 10 7,863 367 99 0 2 20 3 8,355**Low7.......... 7,102 786 52 0 9 7,836 0 92 0 0 20 0 7,949Medium8.... 370 23 5 (s) 1 26 365 7 0 2 0 0 400High9.......... 1 1 0 3 0 0 2 0 0 (s) 0 3 5**2 001 Total** ....**10,125 1,012 17 1 35 10,797 274 70 0 12 34 2 11,189**Low7.......... 9,885 987 12 0 34 10,782 42 61 0 0 34 0 10,919Medium8.... 240 24 5 0 1 16 232 9 0 12 0 0 268High9.......... 0 1 0 1 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 2 2**2 002 Total** ....**11,000 595 62 4 1 11,073 423 146 (s) 17 4 0 11,663**Low7.......... 10,519 524 2 0 0 11,045 1 0 0 0 0 0 11,046Medium8.... 481 69 60 4 1 28 422 146 (s) 15 4 0 615High9.......... 0 2 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 2 0 0 2**2 003 Total** ....**10,506 864 71 0 2 10,800 511 76 (s) 23 34 0 11,444**Low7.......... 9,993 813 71 0 0 10,778 0 65 0 0 34 0 10,877Medium8.... 513 44 0 0 2 22 511 11 (s) 16 0 0 560High9.......... 0 7 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 7 0 0 7**2 004 Total** ....**12,864 1,178 70 0 3 13,634 452 13 0 16 0 0 14,115**Low7.......... 12,386 1,178 44 0 0 13,600 0 8 0 0 0 0 13,608Medium8.... 478 0 26 0 3 33 452 5 0 16 0 0 506High9.......... 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0**2 005 Total** ....**14,681 1,160 31 114 56 15,041 640 228 2 16 0 114 16,041**Low7.......... 14,045 1,099 30 0 50 15,022 12 190 0 0 0 0 15,224Medium8.... 636 58 1 0 6 20 628 38 0 16 0 0 702High9.......... 0 2 0 114 0 0 0 0 2 0 0 114 115**2 006 Total** ....**15,123 1,626 42 3,845 107 15,362 1,136 330 3 66 0 3,847 20,744**Low7.......... 13,906 1,500 40 0 100 15,225 10 290 0 21 0 0 15,546Medium8.... 1,217 120 2 0 7 137 1,126 40 3 38 0 2 1,346High9.......... 0 7 0 3,845 0 0 0 0 0 7 0 3,845 3,852**Domestic Shipments**6**2 007 Total** ....**12,799 931 46 1 – 12,076 1,393 189 13 73 27 6 13,777**Low7.......... 11,352 633 – 1 – 11,917 4 63 – – – 1 11,986Medium8.... 1,447 298 18 – – 158 1,389 126 13 73 – 5 1,764High9.......... – (s) 27 – – – (s) – – – 27 – 271Through 2006, data are for the commercial sector, excluding government, which is included in "Other."Beginning in 2007, data are for the commercial sector, including government.2Through 2006, data are for the industrial sector and independent power producers. Beginning in2007, data are for the industrial sector only; independent power producers are included in "Electric Power."3Through 2006, data are for electric utilities only; independent power producers are included in"Industrial." Beginning in 2007, data are for electric utilities and independent power producers.4Through 2006, data are for other sectors such as government, including the military, but excludingspace applications. Beginning in 2007, data are for the transportation sector.5Combined space and water heating.6Through 2006, data are for domestic and export shipments, and may include imports thatsubsequently were shipped to domestic or foreign customers. Beginning in 2007, data are for domesticshipments only.7Low-temperature collectors are solar thermal collectors that generally operate at temperatures below110°F.8Medium-temperature collectors are solar thermal collectors that generally operate in the temperaturerange of 140°F to 180°F, but can also operate at temperatures as low as 110°F. Special collectors areincluded in this category. Special collectors are evacuated tube collectors or concentrating (focusing)collectors. They operate in the temperature range from just above ambient temperature (low concentrationfor pool heating) to several hundred degrees Fahrenheit (high concentration for air conditioning andspecialized industrial processes).9High-temperature collectors are solar thermal collectors that generally operate at temperatures above180°F. These are parabolic dish/trough collectors used primarily by independent power producerstogenerate electricity for the electric grid.– = No data reported. (s)=Less than 0.5 thousand square feet.Note: Totals may not equal sum of components due to independent rounding.Web Page: For related information, see http://www.eia.doe.gov/fuelrenewable.html.Sources:•2000-2002—Energy Information Administration (EIA),Renewable Energy Annual,annualreports.•2003-2006—EIA,Solar Thermal and Photovoltaic Collector Manufacturing Activities,annualreports.•2007—EIA,Solar Thermal Collector Manufacturing Activities 2007(October 2008), Table 2.13.Figure 10.8 PhotovoltaicCell and Module Shipments, Trade, and PricesNumber of U.S. Companies Reporting Shipments, 1982-2007 Total Shipments, 1982-2007Trade, 1983-2007 Prices, 1989-2007300 Energy Information Administration / Annual Energy Review 20081See “Nominal Dollars” in Glossary.Note: Shipments are for domestic and export shipments, and may include imports thatsubsequently were shipped todomestic and foreign customers.Source: Table 10.8.1918231517 1714171923211922242521 21192119 1920192941461982 1984 1986 1988 1990 1992 1994 1996 1998 2000 2002 2004 200601020304050

Number2007:518 thousandpeak kilowattsImports1985 1990 1995 2000 20050100200300400500600

Thousand Peak KilowattsModules1985 1990 1995 2000 2005050100150200250

Thousand Peak Kilowatts1990 1992 1994 1996 1998 2000 2002 2004 200601234567

Nominal Dollars1 per Peak WattExportsCellsEnergy Information Administration / Annual Energy Review 2008 301**T able 10.8 Photovoltaic Cell and Module Shipments by Type, Trade, and Prices, 1982-2007** **Year U.S. Companies** **Reporting Shipments** **Shipments Trade** **Prices**1**Crystalline Silicon Thin-Film Silicon** **Total**2**Imports Exports** **Modules Cells** NumberPeak Kilowatts3Nominal Dollars4per Peak Watt31982 19 NA NA 6,897 NA NA NA NA1983 18 NA NA 12,620 NA 1,903 NA NA1984 23 NA NA 9,912 NA 2,153 NA NA1985 15 5,461 303 5,769 285 1,670 NA NA1986 17 5,806 516 6,333 678 3,109 NA NA1987 17 5,613 1,230 6,850 921 3,821 NA NA1988 14 7,364 1,895 9,676 1,453 5,358 NA NA1989 17 10,747 1,628 12,825 826 7,363 5.14 3.081990519 12,492 1,321513,837 1,398 7,544 5.69 3.841991 23 14,205 723 14,939 2,059 8,905 6.12 4.081992 21 14,457 1,075 15,583 1,602 9,823 6.11 3.211993 19 20,146 782 20,951 1,767 14,814 5.24 5.231994 22 24,785 1,061 26,077 1,960 17,714 4.46 2.971995 24 29,740 1,266 31,059 1,337 19,871 4.56 2.531996 25 33,996 1,445 35,464 1,864 22,448 4.09 2.801997 21 44,314 1,886 46,354 1,853 33,793 4.16 2.781998 21 47,186 3,318 50,562 1,931 35,493 3.94 3.151999 19 73,461 3,269 76,787 4,784 55,562 3.62 2.322000 21 85,155 2,736 88,221 8,821 68,382 3.46 2.402001 19 84,651 12,541 97,666 10,204 61,356 3.42 2.462002 19 104,123 7,396 112,090 7,297 66,778 3.74 2.122003 20 97,940 10,966 109,357 9,731 60,693 3.17 1.862004 19 159,138 21,978 181,116 47,703 102,770 2.99 1.922005 29 172,965 53,826 226,916 90,981 92,451 3.19 2.172006 41 233,518 101,766 337,268 173,977 130,757 3.50 2.032007 46 310,330 202,519 517,684 238,018 237,209 3.37 2.221Prices equal shipment value divided by quantity shipped. Value includes charges for advertising andwarranties. Excluded are excise taxes and the cost of freight or transportation for the shipments.2Includes all types of photovoltaic cells and modules (single-crystal silicon, cast silicon, ribbon silicon,thin-film silicon, and concentrator silicon). Excludes cells and modules for space and satellite applications.3See "Peak Kilowatt" and "Peak Watt" in Glossary.4See "Nominal Dollars" in Glossary.5Data were imputed for one nonrespondent who exited the industry during 1990.NA=Not available.Note: Shipments data are for domestic and export shipments, and may include imports thatsubsequently were shipped to domestic or foreign customers.Web Page: For related information, see http://www.eia.doe.gov/fuelrenewable.html.Sources:•1982-1992—Energy Information Administration (EIA),Solar Collector Manufacturing Activity,annual reports.•1993-2002—EIA,Renewable Energy Annual,annual reports.•2003-2006—EIA,SolarThermal and Photovoltaic Collector Manufacturing Activities,annual reports.•2007—EIA,SolarPhotovoltaic Cell/Module Manufacturing Activities 2007(December 2008), Tables 3.1, 3.5, and 3.6.Figure 10.9 Photovoltaic Cell and Module Domestic Shipments by Market Sector and End Use, 2007By End UseBy Market Sector302 Energy Information Administration / Annual Energy Review 20081Electricity for general use that does not interact with the electrical distribution system.2Electric utilities and independent power producers.3Industrial sector only; independent power producers are included in “Electric Power.”Source: Table 10.9.253.110.94.83.92.80.60.4Grid-Interactive Remote Electric Original Transportation Water Communications Consumer Health050100150200250300

Thousand Peak KilowattsElectric Generation EquipmentManufacturersPumping GoodsGeneration14.0140.468.435.332.73.6Commercial Residential Electric Power2 Industrial3 Transportation050100150

Thousand Peak KilowattsEnergy Information Administration / Annual Energy Review 2008 303**T able 10.9 Photovoltaic Cell and Module Shipments by Market Sector and End Use, 1989-2007** (Peak Kilowatts1)**Year By Market Sector** **By End Use Total** **Resi dential** **Com- mercial** 3**Govern- ment** **Indus- trial** 4**Trans- portation** **Electric Power** 5**Other**6**Commun- ications** **Consumer Goods** **Electricity Generation**2**Health Original** **Equipment Manu** **facturers**7**Trans- portation** **Water Pumping** **Other**8**Grid- Interactive** **Remote Total Shipments** 91989 1,439 3,850 1,077 3,993 1,130 785 551 2,590 2,788 1,251 2,620 5 1,595 1,196 711 69 12,8251990 1,701 6,086 1,002 2,817 974 826 432 4,340 2,484 469 3,097 5 1,119 1,069 1,014 240 13,8371991 3,624 3,345 815 3,947 1,555 1,275 377 3,538 3,312 856 3,594 61 1,315 1,523 729 13 14,9391992 4,154 2,386 1,063 4,279 1,673 1,553 477 3,717 2,566 1,227 4,238 67 828 1,602 809 530 15,5831993 5,237 4,115 1,325 5,352 2,564 1,503 856 3,846 946 1,096 5,761 674 2,023 4,238 2,294 74 20,9511994 6,632 5,429 2,114 6,855 2,174 2,364 510 5,570 3,239 2,296 9,253 79 1,849 2,128 1,410 254 26,0771995 6,272 8,100 2,000 7,198 2,383 3,759 1,347 5,154 1,025 4,585 8,233 776 3,188 4,203 2,727 1,170 31,0591996 8,475 5,176 3,126 8,300 3,995 4,753 1,639 6,041 1,063 4,844 10,884 977 2,410 5,196 3,261 789 35,4641997 10,993 8,111 3,909 11,748 3,574 5,651 2,367 7,383 347 8,273 8,630 1,303 5,245 6,705 3,783 4,684 46,3541998 15,936 8,460 2,808 13,232 3,440 3,965 2,720 8,280 1,198 14,193 8,634 1,061 5,044 6,356 4,306 1,491 50,5621999 19,817 17,283 3,107 24,972 4,341 5,876 1,392 12,147 2,292 24,782 10,829 1,466 12,400 8,486 4,063 322 76,7872000 24,814 13,692 4,417 28,808 5,502 6,298 4,690 12,269 2,870 21,713 14,997 2,742 12,153 12,804 5,644 3,028 88,2212001 33,262 15,710 5,728 28,063 8,486 5,846 571 14,743 4,059 27,226 21,447 3,203 6,268 12,636 7,444 641 97,6662002 29,315 20,578 8,565 32,218 12,932 7,640 841 17,290 3,400 33,983 21,693 4,202 7,869 16,028 7,532 93 112,0902003 23,389 32,604 5,538 27,951 11,089 8,474 313 14,185 2,995 42,485 15,025 2,924 11,334 14,143 6,073 194 109,3572004 53,928 74,509 3,257 30,493 1,380 3,233 14,316 11,348 6,444 129,265 18,371 341 6,452 1,380 1,322 6,193 181,1162005 75,040 89,459 28,683 22,199 1,621 143 9,772 8,666 5,787 168,474 24,958 0 11,677 2,159 1,343 3,853 226,9162006 95,815 180,852 7,688 28,618 2,458 3,981 17,857 6,888 4,030 274,197 18,003 0 6,132 2,438 2,093 23,487 337,268**Domestic Shipments**92007 68,41710140,43410( ) 32,702 3,627 35,294 – – 2,836 589 253,101 10,867 410 4,802 4,018 3,852 – – 280,4751See "Peak Killowatt" in Glossary.2Grid-interactive means connection to the electrical distribution system; remote means electricity forgeneral use that does not interact with the electrical distribution system, such as at an isolated residentialsite or mobile home. The other end uses in this table also include electricity generation, but only for thespecific use cited.3Through 2006, data are for the commercial sector, excluding government, which is included in"Government." Beginning in 2007, data are for the commercial sector, including government.4Through 2006, data are for the industrial sector and independent power producers. Beginning in2007, data are for the industrial sector only; independent power producers are included in "Electric Power."5Through 2006, data are for electric utilities only; independent power producers are included in"Industrial." Beginning in 2007, data are for electric utilities and independent power producers.6Through 2006, data are for shipments for specialty purposes such as research.7"Original Equipment Manufacturers" are non-photovoltaic manufacturers that combine photovoltaictechnology into existing or newly developed product lines.8Through 2006, includes applications such as cooking food, desalinization, and distilling.9Through 2006, data are for domestic and export shipments, and may include imports thatsubsequently were shipped to domestic or foreign customers. Beginning in 2007, data are for domesticshipments only.10Beginning in 2007, the government sector is included in "Commercial."– – = Not applicable.Note: Totals may not equal sum of components due to independent rounding.Web Page: For related information, see http://www.eia.doe.gov/fuelrenewable.html.Sources:•1989-1992—Energy Information Administration (EIA),Solar Collector Manufacturing Activity,annual reports.•1993-2002—EIA,Renewable Energy Annual,annual reports.•2003-2006—EIA,SolarThermal and Photovoltaic Collector Manufacturing Activities,annual reports.•2007—EIA,SolarPhotovoltaic Cell/Module Manufacturing Activities 2007(December 2008), Table 3.7.Renewable EnergyNote. Renewable Energy Production and Consumption.In Table 10.1, renewable energy consumption consists of: conventional hydroelectricity net generation(converted to Btu using the fossil-fueled plants heat rate); geothermal electricitynet generation (converted to Btu using the geothermal plants heat rate), andgeothermal heat pump and geothermal direct use energy; solar thermal and photovoltaic electricity net generation (converted to Btu using the fossil-fueled plantsheat rate), and solar thermal direct use energy; wind electricity net generation(converted to Btu using the fossil-fueled plants heat rate); wood and woodderived fuels consumption; biomass waste (municipal solid waste from biogenicsources, landfill gas, sludge waste, agricultural byproducts, and other biomass)consumption; fuel ethanol and biodiesel consumption; and losses and co-productsfrom the production of fuel ethanol and biodiesel. Production is assumed to equalconsumption for all renewable energy sources except biofuels (biofuels productioncomprises biomass inputs to the production of fuel ethanol and biodiesel).Table 10.2a SourcesResidential Sector, Geothermal:Oregon Institute of Technology, Geo-HeatCenter.Residential Sector, Solar/PV:Energy Information Administration (EIA), Officeof Coal, Nuclear, Electric and AlternateFuels (CNEAF), estimates based on FormEIA-63A, “Annual Solar Thermal Collector Manufacturers Survey,” and Form EIA63B, “Annual Photovoltaic Module/Cell Manufacturers Survey.”Residential Sector, Wood:• 1949–1979: EIA,Estimates of U.S. Wood EnergyConsumption from 1949 to 1981, Table A2. • 1980 forward: EIA, Form EIA-457,“Residential Energy Consumption Survey”; and EIA, CNEAF, estimates based onForm EIA-457 and regional heating degree-day data.Commercial Sector, Hydroelectric Power:EIA,Annual Energy Review (AER)2008, Tables 8.2d and A6.Commercial Sector, Geothermal:Oregon Institute of Technology, Geo-HeatCenter.Commercial Sector, Wood:• 1949–1979: EIA,Estimates of U.S. Wood EnergyConsumption from 1949 to 1981, Table A2. • 1980–1983: EIA,Estimates of U.S.Wood Energy Consumption 1980-1983, Table ES1. • 1984: EIA, CNEAF, estimate. • 1985–1988: Values interpolated. • 1989 forward: EIA,AER 2008, Table8.7c; and EIA, CNEAF, estimates based on Form EIA-871, “Commercial BuildingsEnergy Consumption Survey.”Commercial Sector, Biomass Waste:EIA,AER 2008, Table 8.7c.Commercial Sector, Ethanol:EIA,AER 2008, Tables 5.11, 5.13a, and 10.3.Calculated as commercial sector motor gasoline consumption (Table 5.13a) dividedby total motor gasoline product supplied (Table 5.11), and then multiplied by fuelethanol consumption (Table 10.3).Table 10.2b SourcesIndustrial Sector, Hydroelectric Power:• 1949–1988: EIA,AER 2008, Tables8.1 and A6. • 1989 forward: EIA,AER 2008, Tables 8.2d and A6.Industrial Sector, Geothermal:Oregon Institute of Technology, Geo-HeatCenter.Industrial Sector, Wood:• 1949–1979: EIA,Estimates of U.S. Wood EnergyConsumption from 1949 to 1981, Table A2. • 1980–1983: EIA,Estimates of U.S.Wood Energy Consumption 1980-1983, Table ES1. • 1984: EIA,Estimates ofU.S. Biofuels Consumption 1990, Table 1. • 1985 and 1986: Values interpolated.• 1987: EIA,Estimates of Biofuels Consumption in the United States During 1987,Table 2. • 1988: Value interpolated. • 1989 forward: EIA,AER 2008, Table8.7c; and EIA, CNEAF, estimates based on Form EIA-846, “Manufacturing EnergyConsumption Survey.”Industrial Sector, Biomass Waste:• 1981: EIA,Estimates of U.S. BiofuelsConsumption 1990, Table 8, total waste consumption minus electric power sectorwaste consumption (seeAER 2008, Table 10.2c). • 1982 and 1983: EIA, CNEAF,estimates for total waste consumption minus electric power sector waste consumption (seeAER 2008, Table 10.2c). • 1984: EIA,Estimates of U.S. BiofuelsConsumption 1990, Table 8, total waste consumption minus electric power sectorwaste consumption (seeAER 2008, Table 10.2c). • 1985 and 1986: Values interpolated. • 1987: EIA,Estimates of U.S. Biofuels Consumption 1990, Table 8, totalwaste consumption minus electric power sector waste consumption (seeAER 2008,Table 10.2c). • 1988: Value interpolated. • 1989 forward: EIA,AER 2008, Table8.7c; and EIA, CNEAF, estimates based on information presented in GovernmentAdvisory Associates,Resource Recovery YearbookandMethane Recovery Yearbook, and information provided by the U.S. Environmental Protection Agency,Landfill Methane Outreach Program.Industrial Sector, Ethanol:EIA,AER 2008, Tables 5.11, 5.13b, and 10.3. Calculated as industrial sector motor gasolineconsumption (Table 5.13b) divided by totalmotor gasoline product supplied (Table 5.11), and then multiplied by fuel ethanolconsumption (Table 10.3).Industrial Sector, Losses and Co-products:EIA,AER 2008, Table 10.3.Transportation Sector, Ethanol:EIA,AER 2008, Tables 5.11, 5.13c, and 10.3.Calculated as transportation sector motor gasoline consumption (Table 5.13c)divided by total motor gasoline product supplied (Table 5.11), and then multipliedby fuel ethanol consumption (Table 10.3).Transportation Sector, Biodiesel:EIA,AER 2008, Table 10.3.304 Energy Information Administration / Annual Energy Review 2008International EnergyDrilling rig, Gansu Province, People’s Republic of China. Source: U.S. Department of Energy.11Figure 11.1 World Primary Energy Production by SourceTotal and Crude Oil and NGPL1, 1970-2006 By Source, 2006By Source, 1970-2006306 Energy Information Administration / Annual Energy Review 2008and NGPL1Gas electricPower1Natural gas plant liquids.2Net electricity generation from wood, waste, solar, and wind. Data for United States alsoinclude other renewable energy.3Net electricity generation from hydroelectric power, geothermal, wood, waste, solar, andwind. Data for the United States also include other renewable energy.Note: Crude oil includes lease condensate.Source: Table 11.1.ElectricPowerand Other21970 1975 1980 1985 1990 1995 2000 20050100200300400500

Quadrillion BtuTotalCrude Oil and NGPL116912910730287Crude Oil Coal Natural Hydro- Nuclear Geothermal0306090120150180

Quadrillion BtuCrude Oil and NGPL1Natural GasCoalNuclear Electric PowerRenewable Energy31970 1975 1980 1985 1990 1995 2000 200504590135180

Quadrillion BtuEnergy Information Administration / Annual Energy Review 2008 307**T able 11.1 World Primary Energy Production by Source, 1970-2006** (Quadrillion Btu)**Year Coal** **Natural Gas** 1**Crude Oil**2**Natural Gas Plant Liquids** **Nuclear Electric Power** 3**Hydroelectric Power** 3**Geothermal**3**and Other**4**Total**1970 62.96 37.09 97.09 3.61 0.90 12.15 1.59 215.391971 61.72 39.80 102.70 3.85 1.23 12.74 1.61 223.641972 63.65 42.08 108.52 4.09 1.66 13.31 1.68 234.991973 63.87 44.44 117.88 4.23 2.15 13.52 1.73 247.831974 63.79 45.35 117.82 4.22 2.86 14.84 1.76 250.641975 66.20 45.67 113.08 4.12 3.85 15.03 1.74 249.691976 67.32 47.62 122.92 4.24 4.52 15.08 1.97 263.671977 68.46 48.85 127.75 4.40 5.41 15.56 2.11 272.541978 69.56 50.26 128.51 4.55 6.42 16.80 2.32 278.411979 73.83 53.93 133.87 4.87 6.69 17.69 2.48 293.361980R71.27 54.73 128.04 5.10 7.58 17.90 2.94R287.561981R71.68 55.56 120.11 5.37 8.53 18.26 3.10R282.611982R74.33 55.49 114.45 5.35 9.51 18.71R3.28R281.131983R74.33 56.12R113.98 5.36 10.72 19.69R3.58R283.781984R78.46 61.78 116.88 5.73 12.99 20.19 3.73R299.761985R82.28 64.22 115.37 5.83 15.30 20.42 3.82R307.241986R84.32 65.32 120.18 6.15 16.25 20.89R3.82R316.931987R86.10 68.48R121.08 6.35 17.64 20.90R3.84R324.391988R87.98 71.80 125.84 6.65 19.23 21.48R4.01R336.991989R89.58 74.24 127.83 6.69 19.74 21.53R4.38R344.001990 91.02R76.06 129.35 6.87 20.36 22.35 3.98R349.991991R86.41R76.88 128.73 7.12 21.18 22.83 4.08R347.231992R86.23R77.08 128.93 7.17 21.28 22.71R4.34R347.741993R84.41R78.59 128.72 7.47 22.01 23.94R4.37R349.511994 86.46R79.35 130.69 8.10 22.41 24.15R4.56R355.721995R88.55R80.42 133.43 8.40 23.26 25.34R4.71R364.111996R89.15R84.16 136.73 8.59 24.11 25.79R4.86R373.401997R92.87R84.11 140.63 8.79 23.88 26.07R4.97R381.321998R91.53R85.75 143.24 9.02 24.32 26.05R4.96R384.871999R91.12R87.66 140.95 9.26 25.09 26.55R5.16R385.792000R90.43R90.99 146.83 9.63R25.65R26.78R5.42R395.722001R95.70R93.31 145.57 10.10 26.39R26.56R5.19R402.822002R97.65R96.32R143.53 10.28R26.67R26.53R5.53R406.502003R105.34R98.50R148.41 10.74R26.37 26.79R5.90R422.052004R114.10R101.50R155.38 11.10R27.32R27.89R6.41R443.692005R122.07R104.75R157.65 11.47R27.54R28.98R6.88R459.342006P128.50 107.23 157.05 11.68 27.76 29.73 7.47 469.411Dry production.2Includes lease condensate.3Net generation, i.e., gross generation less plant use.4Includes net electricity generation from wood, waste, solar, and wind. Data for the United States alsoinclude other renewable energy.R=Revised. P=Preliminary.Notes:•Data in this table do not include recent updates for the United States (see Table 1.2) or forother countries (see http://tonto.eia.doe.gov/cfapps/ipdbproject/IEDIndex3.cfm).•See Note 1, "WorldPrimary Energy Production," at end of section.•Totals may not equal sum of components duetoindependent rounding.Web Page: For related information, see http://www.eia.doe.gov/international.Sources:•1970-1979—Energy Information Administration (EIA), International Energy Database.•1980 forward—EIA, "International Energy Annual 2006" (June-December 2008), Tables F1-F9.Figure 11.2 World Primary Energy Production by Region and CountryWorld and Top Producing Countries, 1997-2006 By Region, 1997-2006Top Producing Countries, 2006308 Energy Information Administration / Annual Energy Review 20081Includes only countries that were part of the former U.S.S.R. See “U.S.S.R.” in Glossary.2Excludes countries that were part of the former U.S.S.R. See “U.S.S.R.” in Glossary.Source: Table 11.2.Europe2AfricaAsia and Oceania2Middle EastNorth AmericaEurasia11997 1998 1999 2000 2001 2002 2003 2004 2005 20060100200300400500

Quadrillion Btu1997 1998 1999 2000 2001 2002 2003 2004 2005 20060255075100125

Quadrillion BtuCentral and SouthAmericaRussiaWorldChinaUnited StatesStatesArabia71.067.753.324.719.313.112.411.410.410.29.68.18.0United China Russia Saudi Canada Iran India Australia Mexico Norway Indonesia Venezuela Brazil020406080

Quadrillion BtuEnergy Information Administration / Annual Energy Review 2008 309**T able 11.2 World Primary Energy Production by Region, 1997-2006** (Quadrillion Btu)**Region and Country 1997** **1998 1999** **2000 2001** **2002 2003** **2004 2005** **2006**P**N orth America** .............................................**99.17 99.78 98.64 98.95 99.45 100.10 98.65 99.33 98.85 100.62**Canada .......................................................R17.47 17.43 17.68 18.12R18.02R18.35R18.30R18.67R18.94 19.25Mexico ........................................................ 9.06 9.31 9.06 9.34 9.54 10.81 10.08 10.28 10.26 10.35United States .............................................. 72.63 73.04 71.91 71.49 71.89 70.94R70.26R70.38R69.65 71.03**C entral and South America** .......................**24.11 24.75 24.46 26.02 25.97 25.30 25.73 27.08 28.26 29.00**Brazil ...........................................................R5.07 5.48R5.89R6.38R6.18R6.72R7.08R7.17R7.69 8.03Venezuela ................................................... 9.48 9.45 8.54 9.37 9.23 8.16 7.32 8.06 8.23 8.08Other ........................................................... 9.56 9.82 10.04 10.27 10.57 10.41 11.33 11.85 12.34 12.89**E urope** 1.......................................................**51.77 50.70 51.09**R**50.88 51.49 51.27**R**50.66**R**50.53**R**48.94 47.74**France ........................................................ 4.92 4.78 4.92 5.02 5.14 5.13 5.15 5.17 5.10 5.13Germany ..................................................... 5.57 5.26 5.31 5.32 5.28 5.30R5.28R5.36R5.24 5.25Netherlands ................................................ 2.88 2.77 2.56 2.47 2.63 2.62 2.53 2.94 2.71 2.65Norway ....................................................... 9.59 9.33 9.53 10.27 10.28 10.69 10.64R10.76 10.66 10.23Poland ........................................................ 3.83 3.36 3.50 3.06 3.08 3.08 3.08 3.06R2.99 2.93United Kingdom .......................................... 11.33 11.53 11.89R11.08 11.14R10.97R10.55R9.44R8.63 7.87Other ........................................................... 13.65 13.68 13.38 13.66 13.94 13.47R13.42R13.79R13.61 13.67**E urasia** 2......................................................R**50.45**R**50.66**R**53.09**R**55.65**R**57.59**R**59.31**R**63.14**R**66.30**R**68.29 70.06**Kazakhstan ................................................. 2.47 2.43 2.63 3.32 3.69 3.98 4.41 5.08 5.48 5.71Russia .........................................................R40.29R40.59R42.29R43.25R44.42R45.77R48.71R51.15R52.34 53.34Ukraine ....................................................... 3.01 3.03 3.08 3.07 3.08 3.07 3.22 3.22R3.27 3.33Other ........................................................... 4.68 4.61 5.10 6.01 6.41 6.49 6.80 6.86 7.20 7.68**M iddle East** ..................................................**51.72 54.88 53.80 57.48 56.16 54.24 57.58 62.15 65.22 65.26**Iran ............................................................. 9.84 9.90 10.00 10.40 10.67 10.45 11.36 12.06 13.01 13.12Iraq ............................................................. 2.60 4.71 5.47 5.62 5.22 4.42 2.84 4.38 4.11 4.34Kuwait ......................................................... 4.85 5.02 4.60 5.04 4.81 4.58 5.14 5.71 6.12 6.14Saudi Arabia ............................................... 21.24 21.42 20.18 21.59 20.95 20.27 23.05 24.16 25.51 24.68United Arab Emirates ................................. 6.50 6.61 6.25 6.77 6.59 6.50 7.13 7.42 7.59 7.87Other ........................................................... 6.69 7.24 7.29 8.06 7.92 8.02 8.05 8.42 8.89 9.11**A frica** ...........................................................**26.09 26.27**R**26.58**R**27.79**R**28.05**R**28.02**R**30.17 32.05**R**34.60 35.26**Algeria ........................................................ 5.63 5.75 6.03 6.29 6.26 6.30 7.00 7.14 7.70 7.73Libya ........................................................... 3.39 3.26 3.07 3.30 3.21 3.11 3.30 3.61 4.00 4.29Nigeria ........................................................ 4.85 4.90 4.89 5.18 5.45 5.16 5.71 5.90 6.55 6.37South Africa ................................................ 5.44 5.52 5.43 5.58 5.62 5.52 5.91 6.06 6.05 6.01Other ........................................................... 6.79 6.83 7.15 7.44R7.51R7.93R8.24 9.33R10.31 10.86**A sia and Oceania** 1.....................................R**78.01**R**77.83**R**78.12**R**78.94**R**84.11**R**88.27**R**96.13**R**106.26**R**115.18 121.47**Australia ...................................................... 8.32 8.67 8.86 9.68 10.26 10.51 10.35 10.56R11.24 11.40China .......................................................... 37.97 36.67R35.72R35.03R38.53R42.23R48.91R56.45R63.00 67.74India ............................................................ 9.17 9.37 9.58 9.83 10.29 10.04 10.60 11.24 11.73 12.39Indonesia .................................................... 7.41 7.56 8.02 7.87 8.09 8.32 8.55 8.93 9.32 9.62Japan ..........................................................R4.62R4.72R4.50R4.54R4.50R4.20R3.77R4.15R4.20 4.29Malaysia ..................................................... 3.01 3.14 3.16 3.21 3.31 3.44 3.84 4.09 3.90 3.80Other ...........................................................R7.50R7.70R8.29R8.79R9.12R9.53R10.12R10.85R11.79 12.23**W orld** ..........................................................R**381.32**R**384.87**R**385.79**R**395.72**R**402.82**R**406.50**R**422.05**R**443.69**R**459.34 469.41**1Excludes countries that were part of the former U.S.S.R. See "Union of Soviet Socialist Republics(U.S.S.R.)" in Glossary.2Includes only countries that were part of the former U.S.S.R. See "Eurasia" and "Union of SovietSocialist Republics (U.S.S.R.)" in Glossary.R=Revised. P=Preliminary.Notes:•Data in this table do not include recent updates for the United States (see Table 1.2) or forother countries (see http://tonto.eia.doe.gov/cfapps/ipdbproject/IEDIndex3.cfm).•See Note 1, "WorldPrimary Energy Production," at end of section.•World primary energy production includes production ofcrude oil (including lease condensate), natural gas plant liquids, dry natural gas, and coal; and netelectricity generation from nuclear electric power, hydroelectric power, wood, waste, geothermal, solar, andwind. Data for the United States also include other renewable energy.•Totals may not equal sumofcomponents due to independent rounding.Web Page: For related information, see http://www.eia.doe.gov/international.Source: Energy Information Administration, "International Energy Annual 2006" (June-December 2008),Table F1.Figure 11.3 World Primary Energy ConsumptionWorld and Top Consuming Countries, 1997-2006 U.S. Share of World, 2006Regional Consumption Shares, 2006 Production and Consumption by Region, 2006310 Energy Information Administration / Annual Energy Review 20081Excludes countries that were part of the former U.S.S.R. See “U.S.S.R.” in Glossary.2Includes only countries that were part of the former U.S.S.R. See “U.S.S.R.” in Glossary.Sources: Tables 11.2, 11.3, and D1.Production1997 1998 1999 2000 2001 2002 2003 2004 2005 20060100200300400500

Quadrillion Btu4.615.121.1Population Energy Energy0510152025

PercentRussiaWorldChinaUnited StatesConsumptionEurope133%26%18%10%5%5%3%12124864624151561012948706535121North Central Europe1 Eurasia2 Middle East Africa Asia and050100150200

Quadrillion BtuProductionConsumptionAmericaCentral andSouth AmericaEurasia2NorthAmericaMiddle EastAfricaand SouthAmericaAsiaandOceania1Oceania1Energy Information Administration / Annual Energy Review 2008 311**T able 11.3 World Primary Energy Consumption by Region, 1997-2006** (Quadrillion Btu)**Region and Country 1997** **1998 1999** **2000 2001** **2002 2003** **2004 2005** **2006**P**N orth America** .............................................**113.13 113.53 115.82 118.26 115.36 117.25 118.20 120.74 121.62 121.18**Canada .......................................................R12.67R12.37R12.96R12.95R12.76R13.13R13.56R13.84R14.23 13.95Mexico ........................................................ 5.68 5.96 6.04 6.32 6.26R6.25R6.42 6.53R6.86 7.36United States .............................................. 94.77 95.18 96.82 98.98 96.33 97.86 98.21 100.35R100.51 99.86Other ........................................................... .02 .02 .02 .02 .02 .02 .02 .02 .02 .02**C entral and South America** .......................**19.45 20.12 20.27 20.84 21.16 21.12 21.61 22.44 23.40 24.18**Argentina .................................................... 2.47 2.58 2.61 2.67 2.61R2.48 2.67 2.78R2.95 3.15Brazil ........................................................... 7.86R8.12R8.27R8.55R8.47R8.58R8.69R9.02R9.37 9.64Venezuela ................................................... 2.66 2.85 2.73 2.77 3.03 2.93 2.72 2.93R3.12 3.19Other ........................................................... 6.46 6.57 6.67 6.85 7.05 7.13 7.54 7.71 7.96 8.20**E urope** 1.......................................................R**79.87**R**80.44**R**80.51**R**81.53**R**82.77**R**82.50**R**84.24**R**85.70**R**86.18 86.42**Belgium .......................................................R2.65R2.70R2.66R2.73R2.70R2.68R2.78R2.81R2.78 2.75France ........................................................ 10.36 10.58 10.71 10.85 11.08 11.00R11.11 11.39R11.36 11.44Germany ..................................................... 14.36 14.34 14.13 14.26 14.62 14.33R14.59R14.74R14.50 14.63Italy ............................................................. 7.22 7.43 7.56 7.63R7.67 7.70R7.99R8.08R8.14 8.07Netherlands ................................................ 3.70 3.70 3.69 3.79 3.93 3.94 4.00 4.11R4.23 4.14Poland ........................................................R4.09 3.85 3.98 3.62 3.45 3.44 3.60 3.70R3.68 3.86Spain .......................................................... 4.76 4.99 5.26 5.62 5.87 5.95 6.26R6.39R6.51 6.51Sweden .......................................................R2.32R2.40R2.37R2.27R2.40R2.27R2.17R2.30R2.33 2.22Turkey ......................................................... 2.93 3.00 2.91 3.16 2.89 3.15 3.32 3.51R3.73 3.91United Kingdom .......................................... 9.75R9.74R9.79R9.72R9.86R9.72R9.86R9.88R9.92 9.80Other ........................................................... 17.74 17.72R17.47 17.87R18.28R18.33R18.56R18.77R19.01 19.10**E urasia** 2......................................................R**39.02**R**38.73**R**39.83**R**40.61**R**40.94**R**41.59**R**43.37**R**44.69**R**45.79 45.88**Russia .........................................................R25.81R25.93R27.01R27.47R27.72R27.93R28.77R29.60R30.06 30.39Ukraine ....................................................... 6.07 5.85 5.76 5.75 5.64 5.82 6.28 6.26R6.32 5.87Uzbekistan .................................................. 1.88 1.84 1.86 1.94 2.03 2.08 2.10 2.22R2.13 2.21Other ........................................................... 5.26 5.11 5.19R5.45R5.55R5.75R6.22R6.62R7.27 7.41**M iddle East** ..................................................**15.61**R**16.28 16.62 17.32 17.95 18.98 19.76 20.89**R**22.75 23.81**Iran ............................................................. 4.43 4.58 4.83 5.01 5.39 5.89 6.18 6.39R7.22 7.69Saudi Arabia ............................................... 4.37 4.54 4.60 4.85 5.14 5.38 5.76 6.21R6.59 6.89Other ........................................................... 6.81 7.15 7.18 7.46 7.42 7.71 7.82 8.29R8.93 9.23**A frica** ...........................................................**11.40**R**11.30**R**11.62**R**12.03**R**12.63 12.72**R**13.36**R**13.97**R**14.54 14.50**Egypt .......................................................... 1.79 1.85 1.92 2.00R2.23R2.26R2.44 2.59R2.73 2.54South Africa ................................................ 4.56 4.35 4.46 4.59 4.66 4.54 4.88 5.21R5.12 5.18Other ........................................................... 5.05R5.10 5.23R5.44R5.74R5.91R6.04R6.18R6.69 6.77**A sia and Oceania** 1.....................................R**102.89**R**101.98**R**105.28**R**107.33**R**111.34**R**116.41**R**125.48**R**138.71**R**147.78 156.31**Australia ...................................................... 4.56 4.59 4.82 4.85 5.02 5.13R5.14R5.26R5.57 5.61China .......................................................... 37.91 37.32 37.23R37.18R39.44R43.30R50.62R59.99R66.80 73.81India ............................................................ 11.64 12.17 12.99 13.46 13.94 13.84 14.29R15.54R16.34 17.68Indonesia .................................................... 3.66 3.56 3.91 4.06 4.46 4.64R4.56R4.88R4.91 4.15Japan ..........................................................R21.91R21.52R21.97R22.43R22.24R22.15R22.15R22.74R22.74 22.79Malaysia ..................................................... 1.67 1.69 1.74 1.87 2.11 2.18 2.42 2.66R2.58 2.56South Korea ................................................ 7.41 6.83 7.55 7.89 8.10R8.39R8.64R8.91R9.23 9.45Taiwan ........................................................ 3.21 3.40 3.55 3.77 3.86 4.02 4.21 4.36R4.43 4.57Thailand ...................................................... 2.60 2.44 2.50 2.58 2.70 2.94 3.22R3.45R3.67 3.74Other ...........................................................R8.34R8.47R9.01R9.23R9.47R9.80R10.23R10.92R11.52 11.97**W orld** ..........................................................R**381.35**R**382.38**R**389.95**R**397.93**R**402.15**R**410.56**R**426.02**R**447.15**R**462.06 472.27**1Excludes countries that were part of the former U.S.S.R. See "Union of Soviet Socialist Republics(U.S.S.R.)" in Glossary.2Includes only countries that were part of the former U.S.S.R. See "Eurasia" and "Union of SovietSocialist Republics (U.S.S.R.)" in Glossary.R=Revised. P=Preliminary.Notes:•Data in this table do not include recent updates for the United States (see Table 1.3) or forother countries (see http://tonto.eia.doe.gov/cfapps/ipdbproject/IEDIndex3.cfm).•World primary energyconsumption includes consumption of petroleum products (including natural gas plant liquids, and crude oilburned as fuel), dry natural gas, and coal (including net imports of coal coke); and the consumption of netelectricity generated from nuclear electric power, hydroelectric power, wood, waste, geothermal, solar, andwind. It also includes, for the United States, the consumption of renewable energy by the end-use sectors.•Totals may not equal sum of components due to independent rounding.Web Page: For related information, see http://www.eia.doe.gov/international.Source: Energy Information Administration, "International Energy Annual 2006" (June-December 2008),Table E1.Figure 11.4 World Crude Oil and Natural Gas Reserves, January 1, 2008Crude Oil Reserves:Oil & Gas JournalCrude Oil Reserves:World OilNatural Gas Reserves:Oil & Gas JournalNatural Gas Reserves:World Oil312 Energy Information Administration / Annual Energy Review 20081Includes 173.2 billion barrels of bitumen in oil sands in Alberta, Canada.2 Excludes countries that were part of the former U.S.S.R. See “U.S.S.R.” in Glossary.3 Includes only countries that were part of the former U.S.S.R. See “U.S.S.R.” in Glossary.Source: Table 11.4.581051412672711540North Central Europe2 Eurasia3 Middle Africa Asia and0200400600800

Billion Barrels212110149974811534North Central Europe2 Eurasia3 Middle Africa Asia and0200400600800

Billion BarrelsEastand SouthAmericaAmerica1East Oceania2and SouthAmericaAmericaOceania23102621722,0152,549490415North Central Europe2 Eurasia3 Middle Africa Asia and05001,0001,5002,0002,5003,000

Trillion Cubic Feetand SouthAmericaEast3142471692,1042,570504528North Central Europe2 Eurasia3 Middle Africa Asia and05001,0001,5002,0002,5003,000

Trillion Cubic Feetand SouthAmericaEastAmericaAmericaOceania2Oceania2Energy Information Administration / Annual Energy Review 2008 313**T able 11.4 World Crude Oil and Natural Gas Reserves, January 1, 2008** **Region and Country Crude Oil** **Natural Gas Region and Country** **Crude Oil Natural Gas** **Oil & Gas Journal World Oil** **Oil & Gas Journal World Oil** **Oil & Gas Journal World Oil** **Oil & Gas Journal World Oil** Billion BarrelsTrillion Cubic FeetBillion BarrelsTrillion Cubic Feet**N orth America** .................................**211.6 57.5 309.8 314.1 Middle East**.....................................**748.3 727.3 2,548.9 2,570.2**Canada ...........................................1178.6225.2 58.2 58.3 Bahrain .......................................... .1 NR 3.3 NRMexico ............................................ 11.7 11.1 13.9 18.1 Iran ................................................ 138.4 137.0 948.2 985.0United States .................................. 21.3 21.3 237.7 237.7 Iraq ................................................ 115.0 126.0 111.9 91.0Kuwait6.......................................... 104.0 99.4 56.0 66.3**C entral and South America** ...........**109.9 104.8 261.8 247.0**Oman ............................................ 5.5 5.7 30.0 32.0Argentina ........................................ 2.6 2.7 15.8 16.5 Qatar ............................................. 15.2 20.0 905.3 903.2Bolivia ............................................. .5 .5 26.5 28.0 Saudi Arabia6................................ 266.8 264.8 253.1 254.0Brazil ............................................... 12.2 12.5 12.3 12.9 Syria ............................................ 2.5 2.9 8.5 12.1Chile ............................................... .2 .0 3.5 1.0 United Arab Emirates ................... 97.8 68.1 214.4 196.3Colombia ........................................ 1.5 1.5 4.3 6.7 Yemen .......................................... 3.0 2.7 16.9 16.8Cuba ............................................... .1 .7 2.5 .8 Other3........................................... (s) .7 1.3 13.6Ecuador .......................................... 4.5 4.8 NA .3Peru ................................................ .4 .4 11.9 12.0**Africa**..............................................**114.8 114.7 489.6 504.2**Trinidad and Tobago ...................... .7 .6 18.8 16.7 Algeria ........................................... 12.2 11.9 159.0 160.0Venezuela ....................................... 87.0 81.0 166.3 152.0 Angola ........................................... 9.0 9.5 9.5 5.7Other3............................................ .2 .2 (s) (s) Cameroon ...................................... .2 NR 4.8 NRCongo (Brazzaville) ....................... 1.6 1.93.2 4.1**E urope** 4...........................................**14.3 13.8 172.0 169.0**Egypt ............................................. 3.7 3.7 58.5 68.5Austria ............................................ .1 .1 .6 1.1 Equatorial Guinea .......................... 1.1 1.7 1.3 3.4Croatia ............................................ .1 .1 1.0 1.1 Gabon ............................................ 2.0 3.2 1.0 2.5Denmark ......................................... 1.2 1.1 2.5 2.6 Libya .............................................. 41.5 36.5 50.1 52.8Germany ......................................... .4 .2 9.0 5.2 Mozambique .................................. .0 .0 4.5 .0Hungary .......................................... (s) .1 .3 .6 Nigeria ........................................... 36.2 37.2 184.0 184.5Italy ................................................. .4 .4 3.3 3.0 Sudan ............................................ 5.0 6.7 3.0 4.0Netherlands .................................... .1 .2 50.0 48.8 Tunisia ........................................... .4 .6 2.3 3.5Norway ........................................... 6.9 6.7 79.1 81.7 Other3............................................ 1.9 1.8 7.6 15.4Poland ............................................ .1 .2 5.8 4.7Romania ......................................... .6 .5 2.2 4.2**Asia and Oceania**4.........................**34.3 40.0 415.4 527.6**Serbia ............................................. .1 NR 1.7 NR Australia ......................................... 1.5 4.2 30.0 151.9United Kingdom .............................. 3.6 3.6 14.6 14.0 Bangladesh ....................................(s) NR 5.0 NROther3............................................ .8 .7 1.9 2.1 Brunei ............................................ 1.1 1.1 13.8 11.0Burma ............................................ .1.2 10.0 15.0**E urasia** 5..........................................**98.9 126.0 2,014.8 2,104.0**China ............................................. 16.0 18.1 80.0 61.8Azerbaijan ....................................... 7.0 NR 30.0 NR India ............................................... 5.6 4.0 38.0 31.8Kazakhstan ..................................... 30.0 NR 100.0 NR Indonesia ....................................... 4.4 4.5 93.9 92.0Russia ............................................ 60.0 76.0 1,680.0 1,654.0 Japan ............................................. (s) NR .7 NRTurkmenistan .................................. .6 NR 100.0 NR Malaysia ........................................ 4.0 5.5 83.0 88.0Ukraine ........................................... .4 NR 39.0 NR New Zealand ................................. .1 .1 1.0 2.0Uzbekistan ...................................... .6 NR 65.0 NR Pakistan ........................................ .3 .3 28.0 29.8Other3............................................ .3 50.0 .8 450.0 Papua New Guinea ........................1 .2 8.0 14.7Thailand ......................................... .5.4 11.7 11.2Vietnam ......................................... .61.3 6.8 8.2Other3........................................... .2 .2 5.5 10.2**World**............................................**1,332.0 1,184.2 6,212.3 6,436.0**1Comprises 5.4 billion barrels of conventional crude oil and condensate and 173.2 billion barrels ofbitumen in Alberta’s oil sands.2World Oilstates the following about its Canadian crude oil reserves estimate: "conventionalcrudereserves are 4.9 Bbbl [billion barrels]. Alberta’s estimates ofestablishedoil sands reserves of 174 Bbbl arenot proved; that would require at least 350 Tcf [trillion cubic feet] of gas delivered to northern Alberta,and/or implementation of future technologies.Oil sandsreserve estimate is based on 50 years timescurrent production capacity."3Includes data for those countries not separately reported.4Excludes countries that were part of the former U.S.S.R. See "Union of Soviet Socialist Republics(U.S.S.R.)" in Glossary.5Includes only countries that were part of the former U.S.S.R. See "Eurasia" and "Union of SovietSocialist Republics (U.S.S.R.)" in Glossary.6Data for Kuwait and Saudi Arabia include one-half of the reserves in the Neutral Zone between Kuwaitand Saudi Arabia.NA=Not available. NR=Not separately reported. (s)=Less than 0.05 billion barrels.Notes:•All reserve figures are proved reserves, except as noted.•Totals may not equal sumofcomponents due to independent rounding.Web Page: For related information, see http://www.eia.doe.gov/international.Sources:**United States:**Energy Information Administration,U.S. Crude Oil, Natural Gas, and NaturalGas Liquids Reserves, 2007 Annual Report.**All Other Data:**PennWell Corporation,Oil & Gas Journal,Vol. 105.48 (December 24, 2007) and Gulf Publishing Company,World Oil, Vol. 229, No.9 (September2008).Figure 11.5 World Crude Oil ProductionWorld and OPEC, 1960-2008 OPEC’s Share of World, 1960-2008 Top Producing Countries, 1960-2008Top Producing Countries, 2008314 Energy Information Administration / Annual Energy Review 2008Note: OPEC=Organization of the Petroleum Exporting Countries. Source: Table 11.5.1960 1970 1980 1990 2000020406080

Million Barrels per Day1960 1970 1980 1990 20000255075

PercentIranUnitedStatesFormer U.S.S.R.1960 1970 1980 1990 200002468101214

Million Barrels per Day44% in2008SaudiArabiaWorldPeak: 53%in 1973OPECRussia9.49.35.04.03.82.82.72.6 2.62.42.42.22.21.4Russia Saudi United Iran China Mexico United Canada Kuwait Venezuela Iraq Norway Nigeria United0246810

Million Barrels per DayKingdomArabEmiratesArabia StatesEnergy Information Administration / Annual Energy Review 2008 315**T able 11.5 World Crude Oil Production, 1960-2008** (Million Barrels per Day)**Year Persian** **Gulf Nations** 2**Selected OPEC**1**Producers Selected Non-OPEC** 1**Producers World** **Iran Iraq** **Kuwait**3**Nigeria Saudi** **Arabia**3**United Arab** **Emirates Venezuela** **Total OPEC** 4**Canada China** **Mexico Norway** **Former U.S.S.R.** **Russia United** **Kingdom United** **States Total** **Non-OPEC**41960 5.27 1.07 0.97 1.69 0.02 1.31 0.00 2.85R8.27 0.52 0.10 0.27 0.00 2.91 – – (s) 7.04R12.72 20.991961 5.65 1.20 1.01 1.74 .05 1.48 .00 2.92R8.93 .61 .11 .29 .00 3.28 – – (s) 7.18R13.52 22.451962 6.19 1.33 1.01 1.96 .07 1.64 .01 3.20R10.05 .67 .12 .31 .00 3.67 – – (s) 7.33R14.30 24.351963 6.82 1.49 1.16 2.10 .08 1.79 .05 3.25R11.07 .71 .13 .31 .00 4.07 – – (s) 7.54R15.06 26.131964 7.61 1.71 1.26 2.30 .12 1.90 .19 3.39R12.52 .75 .18 .32 .00 4.60 – – (s) 7.61R15.66 28.181965 8.37 1.91 1.32 2.36 .27 2.21 .28 3.47R13.86 .81 .23 .32 .00 4.79 – – (s) 7.80R16.47 30.331966 9.32 2.13 1.39 2.48 .42 2.60 .36 3.37R15.29 .88 .29 .33 .00 5.23 – – (s) 8.30R17.67 32.961967 9.91 2.60 1.23 2.50 .32 2.81 .38 3.54R16.29 .96 .28 .36 .00 5.68 – – (s) 8.81R19.11 35.391968 10.91 2.84 1.50 2.61 .14 3.04 .50 3.60R18.11 1.19 .30 .39 .00 6.08 – – (s) 9.10R20.53 38.631969 11.95 3.38 1.52 2.77 .54 3.22 .63 3.59R20.11 1.13 .48 .46 .00 6.48 – – (s) 9.24R21.59 41.701970 13.39 3.83 1.55 2.99 1.08 3.80 .78 3.71R22.56 1.26 .60 .49 .00 6.99 – – (s) 9.64R23.32 45.891971 15.77 4.54 1.69 3.20 1.53 4.77 1.06 3.55R24.41 1.35 .78 .49 .01 7.48 – – (s) 9.46R24.10 48.521972 17.54 5.02 1.47 3.28 1.82 6.02 1.20 3.22R26.03 1.53 .90 .51 .03 7.89 – – (s) 9.44R25.11 51.141973 20.67 5.86 2.02 3.02 2.05 7.60 1.53 3.37R29.66 1.80 1.09 .47 .03 8.32 – – (s) 9.21R26.02 55.681974 21.28 6.02 1.97 2.55 2.26 8.48 1.68 2.98R29.32 1.55 1.32 .57 .04 8.91 – – (s) 8.77R26.39 55.721975 18.93 5.35 2.26 2.08 1.78 7.08 1.66 2.35R25.79 1.43 1.49 .71 .19 9.52 – – .01 8.37R27.04 52.831976 21.51 5.88 2.42 2.15 2.07 8.58 1.94 2.29R29.12 1.31 1.67 .83 .28 10.06 – – .25 8.13R28.23 57.341977 21.73 5.66 2.35 1.97 2.09 9.25 2.00 2.24R29.58 1.32 1.87 .98 .28 10.60 – – .77 8.24R30.12 59.711978 20.61 5.24 2.56 2.13 1.90 8.30 1.83 2.17R28.16 1.32 2.08 1.21 .36 11.11 – – 1.08 8.71R32.00 60.161979 21.07 3.17 3.48 2.50 2.30 9.53 1.83 2.36R29.35 1.50 2.12 1.46 .40 11.38 – – 1.57 8.55R33.32 62.671980 17.96 1.66 2.51 1.66 2.06 9.90 1.71 2.17R25.38 1.44 2.11 1.94 .49 11.71 – – 1.62 8.60R34.17 59.561981 15.25 1.38 1.00 1.13 1.43 9.82 1.47 2.10R21.22 1.29 2.01 2.31 .47 11.85 – – 1.81 8.57R34.83 56.051982 12.16 2.21 1.01 .82 1.30 6.48 1.25 1.90R17.77 1.27 2.05 2.75 .49 11.91 – – 2.07 8.65R35.68 53.451983 11.08 2.44 1.01 1.06 1.24 5.09 1.15 1.80R16.57 1.36 2.12 2.69 .61 11.97 – – 2.29 8.69R36.69 53.261984 10.78 2.17 1.21 1.16 1.39 4.66 1.15 1.80R16.50 1.44 2.30 2.78 .71 11.86 – – 2.48 8.88R38.00 54.501985 9.63 2.25 1.43 1.02 1.50 3.39 1.19 1.68R15.37 1.47 2.51 2.75 .77 11.59 – – 2.53 8.97R38.60 53.971986 11.70 2.04 1.69 1.42 1.47 4.87 1.33 1.79R17.46 1.47 2.62 2.44 .84 11.90 – – 2.54 8.68R38.74 56.201987 12.10 2.30 2.08 1.59 1.34 4.27 1.54 1.75R17.71 1.54 2.69 2.55 .98 12.05 – – 2.41 8.35R38.92 56.631988 13.46 2.24 2.69 1.49 1.45 5.09 1.57 1.90R19.74 1.62 2.73 2.51 1.11 12.05 – – 2.23 8.14R38.96 58.691989 14.84 2.81 2.90 1.78 1.72 5.06 1.86 1.91R21.40 1.56 2.76 2.52 1.48 11.72 – – 1.80 7.61R38.40 59.791990 15.28 3.09 2.04 1.18 1.81 6.41 2.12 2.14R22.49 1.55 2.77 2.55 1.63 10.98 – – 1.82 7.36R38.00 60.491991 14.74 3.31 .31 .19 1.89 8.12 2.39 2.38R22.48 1.55 2.84 2.68 1.87 9.99 – – 1.80 7.42R37.71 60.191992 15.97 3.43 .43 1.06 1.94 8.33 2.27 2.37R23.74 1.61 2.85 2.67 2.13 – – 7.63 1.83 7.17R36.37 60.121993 16.71 3.54 .51 1.85 1.96 8.20 2.16 2.45R24.46 1.68 2.89 2.67 2.28 – – 6.73 1.92 6.85R35.71 60.171994 16.96 3.62 .55 2.03 1.93 8.12 2.19 2.59R24.90 1.75 2.94 2.69 2.57 – – 6.14 2.37 6.66R36.20 61.101995 17.21 3.64 .56 2.06 1.99 8.23 2.23 2.75R25.54 1.81 2.99 2.62 2.77 – – 6.00 2.49 6.56R36.85 62.381996 17.37 3.69 .58 2.06 2.00 8.22 2.28 2.94R26.02 1.84 3.13 2.86 3.09 – – 5.85 2.57 6.46R37.73 63.751997 18.10 3.66 1.16 2.01 2.13 8.36 2.32 3.28R27.29 1.92 3.20 3.02 3.14 – – 5.92 2.52 6.45R38.45 65.741998 19.34 3.63 2.15 2.09 2.15 8.39 2.35 3.17R28.37 1.98 3.20 3.07 3.01 – – 5.85 2.62 6.25R38.60 66.971999 18.67 3.56 2.51 1.90 2.13 7.83 2.17 2.83R27.22 1.91 3.20 2.91 3.02 – – 6.08 2.68 5.88R38.70 65.922000 19.89 3.70 2.57 2.08 2.17 8.40 2.37 3.16R28.98 1.98 3.25 3.01 3.22 – – 6.48 2.28 5.82R39.52 68.492001 19.10 3.72 2.39 2.00 2.26 8.03 2.21 3.01R28.16 2.03 3.30 3.13 3.23 – – 6.92 2.28 5.80R39.94 68.102002 17.79 3.44 2.02 1.89 2.12 7.63 2.08 2.60R26.39 2.17 3.39 3.18 3.13 – – 7.41 2.29 5.75R40.77R67.162003 19.06 3.74 1.31 2.14 2.28 8.78 2.35 2.34R27.98 2.31 3.41 3.37 3.04 – – 8.13 2.09 5.68R41.45R69.432004 20.79 4.00 2.01 2.38 2.33 9.10 2.48 2.56R30.41 2.40 3.49 3.38 2.95 – – 8.80 1.85 5.42R42.08R72.492005 21.50 4.14 1.88 2.53 2.63 9.55 2.54 2.56R31.87 2.37 3.61 3.33 2.70 – – 9.04 1.65 5.18R41.87R73.742006 21.23 4.03 2.00 2.54 2.44 9.15 2.64 2.51R31.59 2.53 3.67 3.26 2.49 – – 9.25 1.49 5.10R41.87R73.462007R20.67R3.91 2.09 2.46 2.35 8.72 2.60 2.43R31.21R2.62 3.73 3.08 2.27 – – 9.44 1.50R5.06R41.80R73.012008P21.87 4.03 2.36 2.59 2.17 9.26 2.68 2.39 32.47 2.59 3.79 2.79 2.18 – – 9.36 1.39 4.96 41.31 73.781See "Organization of the Petroleum Exporting Countries (OPEC)" in Glossary. On this table, countriesare classified as "OPEC" or "Non-OPEC" in all years based on their membership status as of January 1,2009.2Bahrain, Iran, Iraq, Kuwait, Qatar, Saudi Arabia, United Arab Emirates, and the Neutral Zone (betweenKuwait and Saudi Arabia).3Includes about one-half of the production in the Neutral Zone between Kuwait and Saudi Arabia.4On this table, "Total OPEC" for all years includes Algeria, Angola, Ecuador, Iran, Iraq, Kuwait, Libya,Nigeria, Qatar, Saudi Arabia, United Arab Emirates, Venezuela, and the Neutral Zone (between Kuwait andSaudi Arabia). Data for all countries not included in "Total OPEC" are included in "Total Non-OPEC."R=Revised. P=Preliminary. – – = Not applicable. (s)=Less than 0.005 million barrels per day.Notes:•Data are for crude oil, including extra heavy crude oil, lease condensate, and liquids processedfrom Canadian oil sands; they exclude natural gas plant liquids.•Totals may not equal sum ofcomponents due to independent rounding.Web Page: For related information, see http://www.eia.doe.gov/international.Sources:**Selected OPEC Producers:**•1960-1972—OPEC,Annual Statistical Bulletin 1979.•1973-1979—Energy Information Administration (EIA),International Energy Annual (IEA),annual reports,and the International Energy Database.•1980-2007—EIA, International Energy Database, April 24, 2009.•2008—EIA,Monthly Energy Review (MER)(April 2009), Table 11.1a.**China:**•1960-1972—CentralIntelligence Agency, unpublished data.•1973-1979—EIA,IEA,annual reports, and the InternationalEnergy Database.•1980-2007—EIA, International Energy Database, April 24, 2009.•2008—EIA,MER(April 2009), Table 11.1b.**Former U.S.S.R.:**•1960-1969—U.S.S.R. Central Statistical Office,NarodnoyeKhozyaystvo SSSR(National Economy USSR).•1970-1979—EIA,International Petroleum Monthly,February 2001, Table 4.1c.•1980-1991—EIA, International Energy Database, April 24, 2009.**Russi a:** •1992-2007—EIA, International Energy Database, April 24, 2009.•2008—EIA,MER(April 2009), Table11.1b.**United States:**Table 5.1.**All Other Data:**•1960-1969—Bureau of Mines,InternationalPetroleum Annual, 1969.•1970-1972—EIA,International Petroleum Annual, 1978.•1973-1979—EIA,IEA,annual reports, and the International Energy Database.•1980-2007—EIA, International EnergyDatabase, April 24, 2009.•2008—EIA,MER(April 2009), Tables 11.1a and 11.1b.Figure 11.6 World Natural Gas Plant Liquids ProductionCrude Oil and NGPL1Production, 1973-2008 World and OPEC NGPL1Production, 1973-2008Top NGPL1Producing Countries, 2008316 Energy Information Administration / Annual Energy Review 20081Natural gas plant liquids.Notes: • Crude oil includes lease condensate.• OPEC=Organization of the PetroleumExporting Countries.Sources: Tables 11.5 and 11.6.1975 1980 1985 1990 1995 2000 2005020406080

Million Barrels per DayNGPL1Crude Oil1975 1980 1985 1990 1995 2000 20050369

Million Barrels per Day11% ofCrude Oilin 2008World39% of WorldTotal in 2008OPEC1,7811,434682422365357356275256228153143United Saudi Canada Russia Mexico Algeria United Arab Norway Qatar Venezuela United Kuwait05001,0001,5002,000

Thousand Barrels per DayStatesKingdomArabia EmiratesEnergy Information Administration / Annual Energy Review 2008 317**T able 11.6 World Natural Gas Plant Liquids Production, 1973-2008** (Thousand Barrels per Day)**Year Selected OPEC** 1**Producers Selected Non-OPEC** 1**Producers World** **Algeria Iran** **Kuwait**2**Libya Qatar** **Saudi Arabia** 2**United Arab** **Emirates Vene** **zuela Total** **OPEC**3**Aus- tralia** **Canada Malaysia** **Mexico Norway** **Former U.S.S.R.** **Russia United** **Kingdom United** **States Total** **Non OPEC** 31973 9 40 60 35 (s) 90 (s) 89R324 50 314 0 75 (s) 170 – – 5 1,738 2,461 2,7861974 12 45 50 20 5 130 (s) 84 347 50 314 0 80 (s) 190 – – 5 1,688R2,443 2,7901975 20 45 50 30 10 140 (s) 76R372 50 309 0 80 5 205 – – 15 1,633 2,419 2,7911976 24 45 50 40 10 185 (s) 77R432 50 289 0 95 20 220 – – 15 1,604R2,435 2,8671977 19 40 55 40 5 215 15 78R472 55 290 0 105 20 235 – – 30 1,618R2,511 2,9841978 25 45 75 40 5 250 30 61R538 60 281 0 115 35 255 – – 40 1,567R2,542 3,0801979 30 10 95 40 10 303 30 69R599 60 331 0 150 40 270 – – 45 1,584R2,688 3,2871980 36 9 95 40 10 369 35 60R664 60 331 0 193 42 285 – – 45 1,573R2,782 3,4461981 49 9 60 35 24 433 60 55R732 60 330 0 241 37 300 – – 50 1,609R2,899 3,6311982 58 9 40 40 30 430 90 60R764 52 318 0 255 39 315 – – 78 1,550R2,868 3,6321983 56 8 55 30 25 330 120 57R688 52 309 0 265 46 330 – – 111 1,559R2,955 3,6431984 105 10 67 37 28 355 130 57R796 54 336 10 257 45 340 – – 136 1,630R3,082 3,8781985 120 10 54 26 30 375 160 63R850 65 337 10 271 51 350 – – 145 1,609R3,098 3,9481986 120 15 75 30 22 385 185 97R941 60 328 9 352 66 440 – – 152 1,551R3,222 4,1631987 140 20 95 30 24 418 145 94R978 65 367 11 338 71 430 – – 162 1,595R3,317 4,2951988 120 20 100 30 30 499 130 98R1,049 67 381 11 370 83 450 – – 159 1,625R3,440 4,4891989 130 27 105 35 24 503 130 108R1,118 65 410 11 384 84 425 – – 140 1,546R3,395 4,5131990 130 35 65 35 40 620 135 114R1,206 63 426 12 428 86 425 – – 108 1,559R3,434 4,6401991 140 50 0 40 50 680 146 117R1,225 61 431 12 457 84 420 – – 141 1,659R3,593 4,8181992 140 50 34 40 55 713 144 113R1,292 56 460 13 454 85 – – 230 160 1,697R3,555 4,8481993 145 55 53 41 55 704 146 143R1,361 55 506 17 459 95 – – 220 169 1,736R3,696 5,0571994 140 55 85 41 50 951 150 146R1,641 56 529 17 461 123 – – 200 218 1,727R3,821 5,4621995 145 60 95 40 55 961 160 149R1,693 52 581 20 447 137 – – 180 267 1,762R3,961 5,6541996 150 60 85 49 50 968 160 150R1,696 62 596 20 423 141 – – 185 259 1,830R4,078 5,7741997 160 70 109 60 70 982 160 143R1,777 71 636 50 388 139 – – 195 233 1,817R4,137 5,9141998 155 75 115 60 85 1,020 170 145R1,844 70 651 90 424 127 – – 220 241 1,759R4,218 6,0621999 190 75 115 60 111 1,010 160 170R1,910 72 653 85 439 120 – – 231 238 1,850R4,327 6,2372000 230 75 115 60 133 1,008 200 175R2,014 70 699 65 438 124 – – 232 233 1,911R4,451 6,4662001 250 80 120 62 150 1,051 290 200R2,225 74 709 70 433 188 – – 237 258 1,868R4,541 6,7662002 270 86 125 65 160 1,095 300 202R2,326 80 698 75 408 203 – – 246 211 1,880R4,551 6,8772003 280 95 124 65 201 1,220 310 163R2,473 79 724 80 418 222 – – 390 241 1,719R4,679 7,1522004 292 105 130 68 250 1,310 279 180R2,634 83 658 80 442 234 – – 456 172 1,809R4,759 7,3932005 295 102 130 89 265 1,460 300 206R2,874 92 645 94 426 271 – – 457 157 1,717R4,779 7,6542006 310 123 130 129 280 1,427 300 215R2,955 88 685 90 427 286 – – 417 142 1,739R4,839 7,7952007 342 124 139 144R250R1,440 336 217R3,031R84R728 88 396 285 – – 426 136R1,783R4,925R7,9562008P357 126 143 140 256 1,434 356 228 3,088 76 682 91 365 275 – – 422 153 1,781 4,852 7,9401See "Organization of the Petroleum Exporting Countries (OPEC)" in Glossary. On this table, countriesare classified as "OPEC" or "Non-OPEC" in all years based on their membership status as of January 1,2009.2Includes about one-half of the production in the Neutral Zone between Kuwait and Saudi Arabia.3On this table, "Total OPEC" for all years includes Algeria, Angola, Ecuador, Iran, Iraq, Kuwait, Libya,Nigeria, Qatar, Saudi Arabia, United Arab Emirates, Venezuela, and the Neutral Zone (between Kuwait andSaudi Arabia). Data for all countries not included in "Total OPEC" are included in "Total Non-OPEC."R=Revised. P=Preliminary. – – = Not applicable. (s)=Less than 500 barrels per day.Note: Totals may not equal sum of components due to independent rounding.Web Page: For related information, see http://www.eia.doe.gov/international.Sources:•1973-1979—Energy Information Administration (EIA),International Energy Annual,annualreports, and the International Energy Database.•1980 forward—EIA, International Energy Database,April 13, 2009.Figure 11.7 Crude Oil Prices by Selected TypeSelected Types, 1970-2009Selected Types, 2009318 Energy Information Administration / Annual Energy Review 2008Nigerian BonnyLightIndonesianMinasSaudi ArabianLight1See “Nominal Dollars” in Glossary.Note: Prices are as of the Friday that is closest to January 1, except in 1987, when pricesare as of the first Friday in February. See “API” and “API Gravity” in Glossary.Source: Table 11.7.1970 1975 1980 1985 1990 1995 2000 2005020406080100120

Nominal Dollars1 per Barrel Nominal Dollars1 per Barrel39.8536.6636.6335.4235.3135.2134.3329.53Nigerian Bonny Libyan Es Sider Indonesian Minas Venezuelan Iranian Light Saudi Arabian United Kingdom Mexico Maya01020304050Light37°APIBrent Blend38°APITia Juana Light34°API 34°API37°API22°APILight34°APIEnergy Information Administration / Annual Energy Review 2008 319**T able 11.7 Crude Oil Prices by Selected Type, 1970-2009** (Nominal Dollars1per Barrel)**Year Saudi Arabian** **Light-34**°**API Iranian** **Light-34**°**API Libyan** 2**Es Sider-37**°**API Nigerian** 3**Bonny Light-37**°**API Indonesian** **Minas-34**°**API Venezuelan** **Tia Juana Light**4**Mexico Maya-22** °**API United Kingdom** **Brent Blend-38**°**API**1970 1.35 1.36 2.09 2.10 1.67 2.05 NA NA1971 1.75 1.76 2.80 2.65 2.18 2.45 NA NA1972 1.90 1.91 2.80 2.80 2.96 2.45 NA NA1973 2.10 2.11 3.10 3.10 2.96 2.60 NA NA1974 9.60 10.63 14.30 12.60 10.80 9.30 NA NA1975 10.46 10.67 11.98 11.80 12.60 11.00 NA NA1976 11.51 11.62 12.21 12.84 12.80 11.12 NA NA1977 12.09 12.81 13.74 14.33 13.55 12.72 NA NA1978 12.70 12.81 13.80 14.33 13.55 12.82 NA NA1979 13.34 13.45 14.52 14.80 13.90 13.36 15.45 15.701980 26.00530.37 34.50 29.97 27.50 25.20 28.00 26.021981 32.00 37.00 40.78 40.00 35.00 32.88 34.50 39.251982 34.00 34.20 36.50 36.50 35.00 32.88 26.50 36.601983 34.00 31.20 35.10 35.50 34.53 32.88 25.50 33.501984 29.00 28.00 30.15 30.00 29.53 27.88 25.00 30.001985 29.00 28.00 30.15 28.00 29.53 27.88 25.50 28.651986 28.00 28.05 30.15 28.65 28.53 28.05 21.93 26.001987 16.15 16.14 16.95 17.13 16.28 15.10 14.00 18.251988 17.52 15.55 18.52 18.92 17.56 17.62 11.10 18.001989 13.15 12.75 15.40 15.05 15.50 12.27 10.63 15.801990 18.40 18.20 20.40 21.20 18.55 24.69 17.05 21.001991 24.00 23.65 26.90 27.80 26.50 28.62 20.00 27.201992 15.90 15.50 17.20 18.20 18.65 19.67 10.75 17.751993 16.80 16.70 17.55 18.50 19.10 17.97 12.50 17.901994 12.40 12.40 12.55 13.50 14.15 12.97 9.01 13.151995 16.63 16.18 16.05 16.15 16.95 16.57 13.77 16.151996 18.20 17.73 19.20 19.70 20.05 18.52 15.79 19.371997 22.98 22.63 24.10 24.65 24.95 26.62 19.33 24.051998 15.50 14.93 16.72 16.50 16.50 15.93 10.81 15.891999 10.03 9.83 10.65 10.60 9.95 9.45 6.38 10.442000 24.78 24.63 25.85 25.55 24.15 24.85 20.20 25.102001 20.30 20.20 22.40 22.00 22.80 22.13 15.82 22.502002 17.68 18.90 19.63 19.88 18.89 17.78 14.30 21.202003 27.39 27.85 30.40 31.16 35.03 30.25 26.29 31.362004 27.08 28.67 29.47 29.97 32.10 30.10 24.37 29.732005 31.86 33.84 38.00 38.21 35.86 35.98 26.16 39.432006 50.86 52.56 55.89 56.97 53.95 52.52 42.93 57.252007 55.94 56.28 59.22 63.28 63.87 55.57 46.98 60.502008 93.02 94.96 96.79 98.52 98.34 93.85 82.78 98.422009 35.21 35.31 36.66 39.85 36.63 35.42 29.53 34.331See "Nominal Dollars" in Glossary.2For 1974 and 1975, prices are for crude oil with 40°API. For 1980, prices include $4.72 in retroactivecharges and market premiums.3Beginning in 1977, prices include 2 cents per barrel harbor dues.4For 1970-1985, prices are for crude oil with 26°API. Beginning in 1986, prices are for crude oil with31°API.5For 1980, price includes $1.87 market premiums and credit charges.NA=Not available.Notes:•Prices are as of the Friday that is closest to January 1, except in 1987, when prices are as ofthe first Friday in February.•Prices are based on official government-selling prices, netback values,orspot market quotations.•Prices are usually free on board (f.o.b.) at the foreign port of lading.•SeeTables 5.18, 5.19, and 5.21 for other types of crude oil prices for the United States, such as domestic firstpurchase prices, landed costs of crude oil imports, and refiner acquisition costs.•See "API" and "APIGravity" in Glossary.Web Page: For related information, see http://www.eia.doe.gov/international.Sources:•1970-1978—Petroleum and Energy Intelligence Weekly, Inc.,Petroleum IntelligenceWeekly.•1979 forward—Energy Information Administration,Weekly Petroleum Status Report.Figure 11.8 Retail Motor Gasoline Prices in Selected Countries, 2008Regular UnleadedPremium Unleaded2320 Energy Information Administration / Annual Energy Review 20081See “Nominal Dollars” in Glossary.2Research Octane Number (RON) of 95, except RON of 98 for the United States.Source: Table 11.8.7.755.835.744.454.083.533.273.112.45Germany South Korea Japan Australia Canada Taiwan United States China Mexico0123456789

Nominal Dollars1 per Gallon7.637.517.426.134.134.013.52Italy France United Kingdom Spain South Africa Thailand United States0123456789

Nominal Dollars1 per GallonEnergy Information Administration / Annual Energy Review 2008 321**T able 11.8 Retail Motor Gasoline Prices in Selected Countries, 1990-2008** (Nominal Dollars1per Gallon)**Year Regular Unleaded** **Premium Unleaded**2**Australia Canada** **China Germany** **Japan Mexico** **South Korea** **Taiwan United** **States France** **Italy South** **Africa Spain** **Thailand United** **Kingdom United** **States**1990 NA 1.87 NA 2.65 3.16 1.00 2.05 2.49 1.16 3.63 4.59 NA NA NA 2.82 1.351991 1.96 1.92 NA 2.90 3.46 1.30 2.49 2.39 1.14 3.45 4.50 NA NA NA 3.01 1.321992 1.89 1.73 NA 3.27R3.58 1.50 2.65 2.42 1.13R3.56 4.53 NA 3.50 1.35 3.06 1.321993 1.73 1.57 NA 3.07R4.16 1.56 2.88 2.27 1.11 3.41 3.68 NA 3.01 1.26 2.84 1.301994 1.84 1.45 NA 3.52R4.36 1.48 2.87 2.14 1.11 3.59 3.70 NA 2.99 1.21 2.99 1.311995 1.95 1.53 NA 3.96 4.43 1.11 2.94 2.23 1.15 4.26 4.00 NA 3.24 1.25 3.21 1.341996 2.12 1.61 NA 3.94R3.64 1.25 3.18 2.15 1.23 4.41 4.39 NA 3.32 1.49 3.34 1.411997 2.05 1.62 NA 3.53R3.26 1.47 3.34 2.23 1.23 4.00 4.07 1.72 3.01 1.27 3.83 1.421998 1.63 1.38 NA 3.34R2.82 1.49 3.04 1.86 1.06 3.87 3.84 1.51 2.80 1.09 4.06 1.251999 1.72 1.52 NA 3.42 3.27 1.79 3.80 1.86 1.17 3.85 3.87 1.55 2.82 1.22 4.29 1.362000 1.94 1.86 NA 3.45 3.65 2.01 4.18 2.15 1.51 3.80 3.77 1.78 2.86 1.38 4.58 1.692001 1.71 1.72 1.22 3.40 3.27 2.20 3.76 2.02 1.46 3.51 3.57 1.59 2.73 1.33 4.13 1.662002 1.76R1.69 1.21 3.67 3.15 2.24 3.84 1.93 1.36 3.62 3.74 1.41 2.90 1.35 4.16 1.562003 2.19 1.99 1.33 4.59 3.47 2.04R4.11 2.16 1.59 4.35 4.53 1.91 3.49 1.52 4.70 1.782004 2.72 2.37 1.48 5.24 3.93 2.03 4.51 2.46 1.88 4.99R5.29 2.58 4.09 1.76 5.56 2.072005 3.23 2.89 1.70 5.66 4.28 2.22 5.28 2.76 2.30 5.46 5.74 3.05 4.49 2.25 5.97 2.492006 3.54 3.26 2.11 6.03 4.47 2.31 5.92 3.05 2.59 5.88 6.10 3.42 4.84 2.76 6.36 2.812007 3.85 3.59 2.29 6.88 4.49 2.40 6.21 3.20 2.80 6.60 6.73R3.64 5.36 3.20 7.13 3.032008 4.45 4.08 3.11 7.75 5.74 2.45 5.83 3.53 3.27 7.51 7.63 4.13 6.13 4.01 7.42 3.521See "Nominal Dollars" in Glossary.2Research Octane Number (RON) of 95, except RON of 98 for the United States.R=Revised. NA=Not available.Notes:•Prices are those actually paid, i.e., net of rebates, and include transport costs and taxes whichare not refundable. Prices in national currencies are converted to U.S. dollars using exchange ratespublished by the International Monetary Fund.•Prices for all countries, except the United States, havebeen converted from dollars per liter to dollars per gallon at 3.785412 liters per gallon. Comparisonsbetween prices and price trends in different countries require care. They are of limited validity because offluctuations in exchange rates, differences in product quality, marketing practices, market structures, andthe extent to which the standard categories of sales are representative of total national sales for a givenperiod.Web Page: For related information, see http://www.eia.doe.gov/international.Sources:•**United States:**Table 5.24.•**All Other Data:**International Energy Agency, Organizationfor Economic Cooperation and Development,Energy Prices & Taxes, Quarterly Statistics, First Quarter2009, Part II, Section D, and Part III, Section B.Figure 11.9 World Crude Oil Refining CapacityWorld, OECD, and Non-OECD, 1970-2008 Top Refining Countries, 1970-2008Top Refining Countries, 2008322 Energy Information Administration / Annual Energy Review 20081 Organization for Economic Cooperation and Development. See Glossary for membership.Note: Capacity as of January 1.Source: Table 11.9.1970 1975 1980 1985 1990 1995 2000 2005020406080100

Million Barrels per DayUnited States1970 1975 1980 1985 1990 1995 2000 200505101520

Million Barrels per DayNon-OECDWorldOECD117.66.35.44.72.62.42.32.12.01.91.91.91.51.30.9United China Russia Japan South Germany Italy Saudi Canada France Brazil United Mexico Spain Ukraine05101520

Million Barrels per DayRussiaFormer U.S.S.R.Japan53% ofWorldin 2008ChinaStatesArabiaKingdomKoreaEnergy Information Administration / Annual Energy Review 2008 323**T able 11.9 World Crude Oil Refining Capacity, 1970-2008** (Million Barrels per Day)**Year Selected OECD Countries** **Selected Non-OECD Countries World** **Canada France** **Germany**1**Italy Japan** **Mexico**2**South Korea** 2**Spain United** **Kingdom United** **States Total** **OECD**3**Brazil China** **Former U.S.S.R.** **Russia Saudi** **Arabia Ukraine** **Total Non-OECD** 1970 1.40 2.32 2.36 2.96 3.14 0.50 0.18 0.69 2.30 12.02 32.18 0.50 0.30 5.64 – – 0.38 – – 14.87 47.051971 1.45 2.53 2.54 3.24 3.70 .57 .25 .85 2.39 12.86 35.19 .51 .42 6.27 – – .91 – – 16.73 51.921972 1.45 2.69 2.56 3.68 3.82 .59 .22 .87 2.59 13.29 37.29 .56 .48 6.68 – – .51 – – 17.90 55.191973 1.73 2.95 2.70 3.59 4.53 .63 .43 1.03 2.47 13.64 39.45 .72 .50 7.26 – – .43 – – 18.72 58.171974 1.79 3.14 2.83 3.88 5.15 .63 .42 1.16 2.76 14.36 42.39 .79 .60 7.81 – – .43 – – 20.74 63.131975 1.88 3.34 2.99 3.95 5.35 .76 .43 1.17 2.78 14.96 44.07 .96 .85 8.24 – – .61 – – 22.45 66.521976 2.02 3.31 3.10 4.08 5.63 .76 .44 1.32 2.89 15.24 46.16 .99 1.01 9.23 – – .54 – – 23.77 69.931977 2.10 3.52 3.08 4.26 5.76 .94 .42 1.28 3.01 16.40 48.34 1.12 1.40 9.10 – – .60 – – 26.77 75.111978 2.17 3.46 3.08 4.23 5.67 1.38 .48 1.27 2.91 17.05 49.37 1.16 1.46 9.98 – – .59 – – 28.09 77.461979 2.23 3.47 3.10 4.20 5.68 1.24 .54 1.43 2.53 17.44 49.26 1.21 1.58 10.48 – – .49 – – 29.34 78.601980 2.22 3.40 2.99 4.13 5.71 1.39 .60 1.46 2.53 17.99 50.03 1.21 1.60 10.95 – – .49 – – 29.85 79.881981 2.17 3.34 3.02 4.09 5.66 1.39 .61 1.46 2.63 18.62 50.54 1.40 1.81 11.40 – – .49 – – 31.06 81.601982 2.20 3.29 2.94 4.00 5.81 1.47 .76 1.52 2.48 17.89 49.74 1.41 1.81 11.60 – – .49 – – 31.00 80.731983 2.02 2.87 2.47 3.28 5.73 1.29 .76 1.52 2.26 16.86 45.83 1.22 2.00 11.75 – – .71 – – 31.48 77.301984 1.81 2.67 2.39 3.05 5.17 1.27 .78 1.49 2.09 16.14 43.33 1.30 2.05 12.00 – – .86 – – 32.06 75.391985 1.87 2.39 2.17 3.10 4.97 1.27 .78 1.49 2.01 15.66 42.10 1.31 2.15 12.20 – – .84 – – 33.08 75.181986 1.86 1.95 1.93 2.74 4.72 1.27 .78 1.37 1.79 15.46 39.99 1.31 2.15 12.20 – – 1.12 – – 32.62 72.611987 1.76 1.83 1.72 2.68 4.79 1.35 .86 1.31 1.78 15.57 39.63 1.32 2.20 12.26 – – 1.13 – – 32.93 72.561988 1.87 1.94 1.65 2.56 4.57 1.35 .82 1.31 1.80 15.92 40.07 1.41 2.20 12.26 – – 1.38 – – 33.54 73.611989 1.86 1.88 1.52 2.45 4.36 1.35 .88 1.29 1.80 15.66 39.31 1.41 2.20 12.30 – – 1.38 – – 33.99 73.301990 1.85 1.82 1.51 2.80 4.20 1.51 .87 1.29 1.83 15.57 39.66 1.40 2.20 12.30 – – 1.48 – – 34.21 73.861991 1.88 1.82 2.07 2.39 4.38 1.68 .87 1.32 1.87 15.68 40.25 1.41 2.20 12.30 – – 1.86 – – 34.75 75.001992 1.91 1.82 2.06 2.39 4.61 1.57 1.16 1.32 1.86 15.70 41.72 1.41 2.20 12.30 – – 1.86 – – 33.72 75.431993 1.87 1.85 2.23 2.42 4.74 1.52 1.15 1.30 1.84 15.12 41.28 1.40 2.20 – – 6.46 1.86 1.24 31.83 73.111994 1.88 1.86 2.27 2.26 4.81 1.52 1.15 1.28 1.87 15.03 41.18 1.25 2.20 – – 6.46 1.61 1.24 31.90 73.071995 1.91 1.77 2.32 2.26 4.85 1.52 1.17 1.28 1.87 15.43 41.62 1.25 2.87 – – 6.53 1.66 1.26 32.63 74.251996 1.85 1.78 2.13 2.28 4.87 1.52 1.24 1.33 1.89 15.33 41.31 1.26 2.87 – – 6.72 1.66 1.26 33.09 74.391997 1.85 1.79 2.11 2.26 4.99 1.52 2.21 1.30 1.94 15.45 42.47 1.26 2.87 – – 6.73 1.66 1.25 33.51 75.991998 1.85 1.87 2.18 2.45 4.97 1.52 2.54 1.29 1.83 15.71 43.23 1.66 2.97 – – 6.87 1.65 1.25 34.80 78.031999 1.87 1.95 2.25 2.45 5.06 1.53 2.54 1.32 1.85 16.26 44.19 1.77 4.35 – – 6.75 1.69 1.09 35.89 80.082000 1.91 1.90 2.28 2.34 5.00 1.53 2.54 1.32 1.79 16.51 44.33 1.78 4.35 – – 6.67 1.71 1.15 37.20 81.532001 1.91 1.90 2.26 2.36 4.96 1.53 2.56 1.29 1.77 16.60 44.48 1.92 4.35 – – 5.44 1.75 1.03 36.84 81.322002 1.94 1.90 2.26 2.28 4.79 1.53 2.56 1.29 1.78 16.79 44.50 1.79 4.53 – – 5.44 1.75 1.03 36.95 81.442003 1.98 1.90 2.27 2.30 4.77 1.68 2.56 1.32 1.79 16.76 44.69 1.87 4.53 – – 5.44 1.75 1.03 37.30 82.002004 1.99 1.95 2.29 2.31 4.70 1.68 2.54 1.27 1.82 16.89 44.75 1.91 4.53 – – 5.44 1.75 1.03 37.51 82.262005 2.02 1.95 2.32 2.32 4.71 1.68 2.58 1.27 1.83 17.13 45.12 1.92 4.65 – – 5.43 1.75 .88 37.67 82.802006 2.02 1.98 2.43 2.32 4.67 1.68 2.58 1.27 1.88 17.34 45.58 1.91 6.25 – – 5.34 2.10 .88 39.76 85.342007 2.04 1.96 2.42 2.34 4.68 1.54 2.58 1.27 1.89 17.44 45.52 1.91 6.25 – – 5.34 2.10 .88 39.83 85.362008 1.97 1.93 2.42 2.34 4.65 1.54 2.58 1.28 1.86 17.59 45.55 1.91 6.25 – – 5.43 2.08 .88 39.91 85.461Through 1990, this is East and West Germany. Beginning in 1991, this is unified Germany.2Mexico, which joined the OECD on May 18, 1994, and South Korea, which joined the OECD onDecember 12, 1996, are included in the OECD for all years shown in this table.3Hungary and Poland, which joined the OECD on May 7, 1996, and November 22, 1996, respectively,are included in Total OECD beginning in 1992, the first year that data for these countries were available.The Czech Republic and Slovakia (or Slovak Republic), which joined the OECD on December 21, 1995 andDecember 14, 2000, respectively, are included in Total OECD beginning in 1992, the first year that data forthese countries were available.– – = Not applicable.Notes:•OECD = Organization for Economic Cooperation and Development. See Glossary formembership.•Capacity data represent distillation capacity.•Capacity for all years is as of January1.•Totals may not equal sum of components due to independent rounding.Web Page: For related information, see http://www.eia.doe.gov/international.Sources:**United States:**Table 5.9.**China**and**Former U.S.S.R.:**•1970-1976—Ballinger PublishingCompany,The Energy Decade, 1970-1980, A Statistical and Graphic Chronicle.•1977forward—PennWell Publishing Company,Oil & Gas Journal.**All Other Data:**PennWell PublishingCompany,Oil & Gas Journal.Figure 11.10 World Petroleum ConsumptionWorld, 1960-2007 Top Consuming Countries, 1960-2007Selected Consumers, 2007324 Energy Information Administration / Annual Energy Review 20081Organization for Economic Cooperation and Development. See Glossary for membership. Source: Table 11.10.1960 1965 1970 1975 1980 1985 1990 1995 2000 20050306090

Million Barrels per Day1960 1965 1970 1975 1980 1985 1990 1995 2000 200506121824

Million Barrels per DayNon-OECD1WorldOECD1India20.77.65.02.82.82.52.42.42.22.12.01.71.71.6United China Japan Russia India Germany Brazil Canada South Mexico France United Italy Spain06121824

Million Barrels per DayUnited StatesRussiaFormer U.S.S.R.Japan57% of WorldTotal in 2007ChinaStatesKorea KingdomEnergy Information Administration / Annual Energy Review 2008 325**T able 11.10 World Petroleum Consumption, 1960-2007** (Million Barrels per Day)**Year Selected OECD Consumers** **Selected Non-OECD Consumers World** **Canada France** **Germany**1**Italy Japan** **Mexico**2**South Korea** 2**Spain United** **Kingdom United** **States Total** **OECD**3**Brazil China** **India Former** **U.S.S.R. Russia** **Total Non-OECD** 1960 0.84 0.56 0.63 0.44 0.66 0.30 0.01 0.10 0.94 9.80 15.78 0.27 0.17 0.16 2.38 – – 5.56 21.341961 .87 .63 .79 .54 .82 .29 .02 .12 1.04 9.98 16.77 .28 .17 .17 2.57 – – 6.23 23.001962 .92 .73 1.00 .67 .93 .30 .02 .12 1.12 10.40 18.06 .31 .14 .18 2.87 – – 6.83 24.891963 .99 .86 1.17 .77 1.21 .31 .03 .12 1.27 10.74 19.60 .34 .17 .21 3.15 – – 7.32 26.921964 1.05 .98 1.36 .90 1.48 .33 .02 .20 1.36 11.02 21.05 .35 .20 .22 3.58 – – 8.03 29.081965 1.14 1.09 1.61 .98 1.74 .34 .03 .23 1.49 11.51 22.81 .33 .23 .25 3.61 – – 8.33 31.141966 1.21 1.19 1.80 1.08 1.98 .36 .04 .31 1.58 12.08 24.60 .38 .30 .28 3.87 – – 8.96 33.561967 1.25 1.34 1.86 1.19 2.14 .39 .07 .36 1.64 12.56 25.94 .38 .28 .26 4.22 – – 9.65 35.591968 1.34 1.46 1.99 1.40 2.66 .41 .10 .46 1.82 13.39 28.56 .46 .31 .31 4.48 – – 10.40 38.961969 1.42 1.66 2.33 1.69 3.25 .45 .15 .49 1.98 14.14 31.54 .48 .44 .34 4.87 – – 11.35 42.891970 1.52 1.94 2.83 1.71 3.82 .50 .20 .58 2.10 14.70 34.69 .53 .62 .40 5.31 – – 12.12 46.811971 1.56 2.12 2.94 1.84 4.14 .52 .23 .64 2.14 15.21 36.30 .58 .79 .42 5.66 – – 13.12 49.421972 1.66 2.32 3.10 1.95 4.36 .59 .24 .68 2.28 16.37 38.95 .66 .91 .46 6.12 – – 14.15 53.091973 1.73 2.60 3.32 2.07 4.95 .67 .28 .78 2.34 17.31 41.80 .78 1.12 .49 6.60 – – 15.43 57.241974 1.78 2.45 3.03 2.00 4.86 .71 .29 .86 2.21 16.65 40.38 .86 1.19 .47 7.28 – – 16.30 56.681975 1.78 2.25 2.96 1.86 4.62 .75 .31 .87 1.91 16.32 39.14 .92 1.36 .50 7.52 – – 17.06 56.201976 1.82 2.42 3.21 1.97 4.84 .83 .36 .97 1.89 17.46 41.72 1.00 1.53 .51 7.78 – – 17.96 59.671977 1.85 2.29 3.21 1.90 4.88 .88 .42 .94 1.91 18.43 42.78 1.02 1.64 .55 8.18 – – 19.05 61.831978 1.90 2.41 3.29 1.95 4.95 .99 .48 .98 1.94 18.85 43.98 1.11 1.79 .62 8.48 – – 20.18 64.161979 1.97 2.46 3.37 2.04 5.05 1.10 .53 1.02 1.97 18.51 44.39 1.18 1.84 .66 8.64 – – 20.84 65.221980 1.87 2.26 3.08 1.93 4.96 1.27 .54 .99 1.73 17.06 41.76 1.15 1.77 .64 9.00 – – 21.35 63.111981 1.77 2.02 2.80 1.87 4.85 1.40 .54 .94 1.59 16.06 39.49 1.09 1.71 .73 8.94 – – 21.45 60.941982 1.58 1.88 2.74 1.78 4.58 1.48 .53 1.00 1.59 15.30 37.77 1.06 1.66 .74 9.08 – – 21.78 59.541983 1.45 1.84 2.66 1.75 4.40 1.35 .56 1.01 1.53 15.23 36.91 .98 1.73 .77 8.95 – – 21.87 58.781984 1.52 1.77 2.56 1.72 4.67 1.40 .55 .85 1.83 15.73 37.69 1.03 1.74 .82 8.91 – – 22.12 59.821985 1.53 1.75 2.65 1.71 4.44 1.48 .55 .86 1.62 15.73 37.48 1.08 1.89 .89 8.95 – – 22.60 60.091986 1.53 1.76 2.79 1.73 4.50 1.52 .59 .87 1.64 16.28 38.60 1.24 2.00 .95 8.98 – – 23.21 61.811987 1.61 1.79 2.72 1.82 4.57 1.58 .63 .90 1.61 16.67 39.34 1.26 2.12 .99 8.99 – – 23.75 63.101988 1.68 1.80 2.72 1.83 4.85 1.60 .75 .98 1.69 17.28 40.65 1.30 2.27 1.08 8.89 – – 24.32 64.971989 1.75 1.84 2.58 1.90 5.06 1.72 .86 .98 1.73 17.33 41.33 1.32 2.38 1.15 8.74 – – 24.75 66.081990R1.74 1.83 2.68 1.87R5.32 1.75 1.05 1.01 1.78 16.99R41.62 1.47 2.30 1.17 8.39 – – 25.07R66.691991R1.68 1.94 2.83 1.86R5.39 1.83 1.26 1.07 1.80 16.71R42.02 1.48 2.50 1.19 8.35 – – 25.28R67.301992R1.73 1.93 2.84 1.89R5.48 1.86 1.53 1.10 1.82 17.03R42.98 1.52 2.66 1.27 – – 4.42 24.51R67.491993 1.75 1.88 2.91 1.89 5.40 1.84 1.68R1.06 1.83 17.24R43.31 1.58 2.96 1.31 – – 3.75 24.30R67.611994 1.77R1.86 2.88 1.87R5.66 1.93 1.84 1.12 1.83 17.72R44.50 1.67 3.16 1.41 – – 3.18 24.43R68.931995R1.82 1.92 2.88 1.94R5.70 1.82 2.01 1.19 1.82 17.72R44.97 1.79 3.36 1.57 – – 2.98 25.16R70.131996R1.87 1.95 2.92 1.92R5.75 1.79 2.10 1.20 1.85 18.31R46.02 1.90 3.61 1.68 – – 2.62 25.65R71.671997R1.96 1.97 2.92 1.93R5.71 1.85 2.25 1.27R1.81 18.62R46.78 2.03 3.92 1.77 – – 2.56 26.65R73.431998R1.95 2.04 2.92 1.94R5.52 1.95 1.92 1.36 1.79 18.92R46.93 2.10 4.11 1.84 – – 2.49 27.12R74.051999R2.04 2.03 2.84 1.89R5.63 1.96 2.08 1.40R1.81 19.52R47.87 2.13 4.36 2.03 – – 2.54 27.86R75.732000 2.03 2.00 2.77 1.85R5.51 2.04 2.14 1.43R1.77 19.70R47.93 2.17 4.80 2.13 – – 2.58 28.79R76.712001R2.07 2.05 2.81R1.83R5.42 2.01 2.13 1.49R1.75 19.65R47.99 2.21 4.92 2.18 – – 2.59 29.46R77.442002R2.09 1.98 2.72 1.87R5.32 1.95 2.15 1.50R1.74 19.76R47.94 2.13 5.16 2.26 – – 2.64 30.15R78.092003R2.22 2.00 2.68 1.87R5.43 1.95 2.18 1.54 1.76 20.03R48.65 2.06 5.58 2.35 – – 2.68 31.01R79.662004R2.31 2.01 2.67 1.79R5.32 2.00 2.16 1.57R1.79 20.73R49.43 2.12 6.44 2.43 – – 2.75 32.97R82.412005R2.34 1.99 2.65 1.75R5.32R2.07 2.19 1.61 1.83 20.80R49.82R2.21R6.70R2.51 – –R2.79R34.18R84.002006R2.30R1.98R2.69R1.74R5.20R2.08R2.18 1.59R1.81 20.69R49.56R2.26R7.24R2.66 – –R2.83R35.42R84.982007P2.36 1.95 2.46 1.70 5.01 2.12 2.21 1.61 1.74 20.68 49.12 2.40 7.57 2.80 – – 2.82 36.77 85.901Through 1969, the data for Germany are for the former West Germany only. For 1970 through 1990,this is East and West Germany. Beginning in 1991, this is unified Germany.2Mexico, which joined the OECD on May 18, 1994, and South Korea, which joined the OECD onDecember 12, 1996, are included in the OECD for all years shown in this table.3Hungary and Poland, which joined the OECD on May 7, 1996, and November 22, 1996, respectively,are included in Total OECD beginning in 1970, the first year that data for these countries were available.Total OECD includes Czechoslovakia from 1970-1992, and Czech Republic and Slovakia from 1993forward.R=Revised. P=Preliminary. – – = Not applicable.Notes:•OECD = Organization for Economic Cooperation and Development. See Glossary formembership.•Totals may not equal sum of components due to independent rounding.Web Page: For related information, see http://www.eia.doe.gov/international.Sources:**United States:**Table 5.1, "Petroleum Products Supplied."**All Other Dat a:** •1960 forward—Energy Information Administration, International Energy Database, April 13, 2009.Figure 11.11 World Dry Natural Gas ProductionWorld and Top Producing Countries, 1998-2007 By Region, 2007By Region, 1998-2007326 Energy Information Administration / Annual Energy Review 20081 Excludes countries that were part of the former U.S.S.R. See “U.S.S.R.” in Glossary.2 Includes only countries that were part of the former U.S.S.R. See “U.S.S.R.” in Glossary.Source: Table 11.11.1998 2000 2002 2004 2006020406080100120

Trillion Cubic Feet27.405.1910.7929.8312.506.7713.49North Central Europe1 Eurasia2 Middle Africa Asia and08162432

Trillion Cubic FeetWorldCanadaand SouthAmericaOceania1RussiaEastUnited StatesEurope1Asia and Oceania1Middle EastAmericaNorth AmericaEurasia21998 1999 2000 2001 2002 2003 2004 2005 2006 200708162432

Trillion Cubic FeetAfricaCentral and South AmericaEnergy Information Administration / Annual Energy Review 2008 327**T able 11.11 World Dry Natural Gas Production, 1998-2007** (Trillion Cubic Feet)**Region and Country 1998** **1999 2000** **2001 2002** **2003 2004** **2005 2006** **2007**P**N orth America** .................................................................**26.27 26.38 26.97 27.51 26.89 26.95 26.54 26.13 26.79 27.40**Canada ........................................................................... 5.98 6.27 6.47 6.60 6.63 6.45 6.48 6.56 6.55 6.34Mexico ............................................................................ 1.27 1.29 1.31 1.30 1.33 1.40 1.46 1.52R1.74 1.98United States .................................................................. 19.02 18.83 19.18 19.62 18.93 19.10 18.59 18.05R18.50 19.09**C entral and South America** ...........................................**3.12 3.15 3.43 3.65 3.67 4.07 4.54 4.86 5.06 5.19**Argentina ........................................................................ 1.04 1.22 1.32 1.31 1.28 1.45 1.58 1.61 1.63 1.58Venezuela ....................................................................... 1.11 .95 .96 1.12 1.00 .86 .96 1.01R.92 .94Other ............................................................................... .96 .98 1.15 1.22 1.39 1.76 2.00 2.24 2.51 2.67**E urope** 1...........................................................................**10.49 10.72 10.98 11.10 11.41 11.48 11.89 11.42**R**11.10 10.79**Germany ......................................................................... .77 .82 .78 .79 .79 .78 .73 .70 .69 .63Italy ................................................................................. .67 .62 .59 .54 .52 .49 .46 .43 .39 .34Netherlands .................................................................... 2.84 2.65 2.56 2.75 2.68 2.57 3.04 2.78 2.73 2.70Norway ........................................................................... 1.63 1.76 1.87 1.95 2.41 2.70 2.95 3.07R3.09 3.27Romania ......................................................................... .52 .50 .48 .51 .47 .43 .42 .41R.45 .43United Kingdom .............................................................. 3.14 3.49 3.83 3.69 3.66 3.63 3.39 3.10R2.82 2.55Other ............................................................................... .92 .88 .88 .89 .88 .86 .92 .92R.93 .86**E urasia** 2..........................................................................**24.31 24.59 25.43 25.65 26.26 27.25 28.16 28.79 29.46 29.83**Russia ............................................................................. 20.87 20.83 20.63 20.51 21.03 21.77 22.39 22.62 23.17 23.06Turkmenistan .................................................................. .47 .79 1.64 1.70 1.89 2.09 2.07 2.22 2.23 2.43Ukraine ........................................................................... .64 .63 .64 .64 .65 .69 .68 .69 .69 .69Uzbekistan ...................................................................... 1.94 1.96 1.99 2.23 2.04 2.03 2.11 2.11 2.22 2.30Other ............................................................................... .40 .39 .53 .57 .65 .68 .91 1.15 1.16 1.34**M iddle East** ......................................................................**6.60 6.93 7.57 7.98 8.71 9.18 9.95 11.21 11.95 12.50**Iran ................................................................................. 1.77 2.04 2.13 2.33 2.65 2.86 2.96 3.56R3.84 3.95Qatar ............................................................................... .69 .78 1.03 .95 1.04 1.11 1.38 1.62R1.79 2.11Saudi Arabia ................................................................... 1.65 1.63 1.76 1.90 2.00 2.12 2.32 2.52 2.59 2.63United Arab Emirates ..................................................... 1.31 1.34 1.36 1.39 1.53 1.58 1.63 1.66R1.72 1.78Other ............................................................................... 1.18 1.14 1.30 1.41 1.48 1.51 1.65 1.85 2.01 2.02**A frica** ...............................................................................**3.70 4.02 4.44 4.63 4.68 5.11 5.29 6.11 6.53 6.77**Algeria ............................................................................ 2.60 2.88 2.94 2.79 2.80 2.85 2.83 3.11R3.08 2.99Egypt .............................................................................. .49 .52 .65 .87 .88 1.06 1.15 1.50R1.60 1.64Other ............................................................................... .61 .62 .85 .97 1.00 1.20 1.31 1.50 1.86 2.13**A sia and Oceania** 1.........................................................**8.70 9.29**R**9.58**R**9.60**R**10.29**R**10.89**R**11.23**R**12.12**R**13.08 13.49**Australia .......................................................................... 1.10 1.12 1.16 1.19 1.23 1.27 1.31 1.44 1.51 1.54China .............................................................................. .82 .89 .96 1.07 1.15 1.21 1.44 1.76 2.07 2.45India ................................................................................ .76 .75 .79 .85 .93 .96 1.00 1.06R1.09 1.11Indonesia ........................................................................ 2.27 2.51R2.24R1.89R2.06R2.19R2.03R2.00R2.20 2.07Malaysia ......................................................................... 1.37 1.42R1.60R1.69 1.71R1.84R1.90R1.97R1.97 1.96Pakistan .......................................................................... .71 .78 .86 .77 .81 .89 .97 1.09R1.28 1.29Other ............................................................................... 1.68 1.82 1.97 2.14 2.40 2.52 2.59 2.81R2.97 3.08**W orld** ...............................................................................**83.19 85.08**R**88.40**R**90.13**R**91.90**R**94.93**R**97.59**R**100.64**R**103.97 105.97**1Excludes countries that were part of the former U.S.S.R. See "Union of Soviet Socialist Republics(U.S.S.R.)" in Glossary.2Includes only countries that were part of the former U.S.S.R. See "Eurasia" and "Union of SovietSocialist Republics (U.S.S.R.)" in Glossary.R=Revised. P=Preliminary.Note: Totals may not equal sum of components due to independent rounding.Web Page: For related information, see http://www.eia.doe.gov/international.Sources:**United States:**Table 6.1.**All Other Data:**Energy Information Administration, InternationalEnergy Database, May 28, 2009.Figure 11.12 World Dry Natural Gas ConsumptionWorld and Top Consuming Countries, 1980-2007Top Consuming Countries, 2007328 Energy Information Administration / Annual Energy Review 2008Source: Table 11.12.1980 1982 1984 1986 1988 1990 1992 1994 1996 1998 2000 2002 2004 2006020406080100120

Trillion Cubic FeetWorldRussiaFormer U.S.S.R.United States23.016.73.93.53.43.23.02.92.62.41.81.61.60.9United Russia Iran Japan Germany United Italy Canada Saudi Ukraine Uzbekistan France Nether- Indonesia0510152025

Trillion Cubic FeetStates Kingdom Arabia landsEnergy Information Administration / Annual Energy Review 2008 329**T able 11.12 World Dry Natural Gas Consumption, 1980-2007** (Billion Cubic Feet)**Year Canada** **France Germany** 1**Indonesia Iran** **Italy Japan** **Nether lands** **Former U.S.S.R.** **Russia Saudi** **Arabia Ukraine** **United Kingdom** **United States** **Uzbek- istan** **Other World** 1980 1,883 981 2,621R248 232 972 903 1,493 13,328 – – 334 – – 1,702 19,877 – – 8,369R52,9431981 1,842 1,003 2,513R248 155 942 925 1,421 14,440 – – 564 – – 1,740 19,404 – – 8,333R53,5291982 1,859 979 2,334R236 200 944 956 1,511 15,522 – – 430 – – 1,743 18,001 – – 8,931R53,6461983 1,863 999 2,397R316 310 967 1,020 1,451 16,822 – – 418 – – 1,815 16,835 – – 9,427R54,6401984 2,017 1,079 2,584R369 476 1,135 1,372 1,540 18,512 – – 620 – – 1,851 17,951 – – 10,189R59,6961985 2,165 1,110 2,546R436 600 1,151 1,468 1,624 20,302 – – 716 – – 1,991 17,281 – – 10,777R62,1681986 2,130 1,129 2,595R471 536 1,217 1,494 1,620 21,522 – – 890 – – 2,020 16,221 – – 11,303R63,1481987 2,112 1,038 2,733R487 565 1,346 1,543 1,672 22,462 – – 946 – – 2,079 17,211 – – 12,062R66,2561988 2,331 963 2,716R517 706 1,460 1,618 1,513 24,092 – – 1,028 – – 1,972 18,030 – – 12,628R69,5731989 2,427 984 2,835R579 784 1,581 1,731 1,550 24,529 – – 1,052 – – 1,951 19,119 – – 13,549R72,6711990 2,378 997 2,669R630 837 1,674 2,028 1,535 24,961 – – 1,077 – – 2,059 19,174 – – 13,611R73,6291991 2,400 1,131 2,776R765 811 1,775 2,175 1,715 25,014 – – 1,130 – – 2,218 19,562 – – 13,841R75,3141992 2,596 1,146 2,739R797 883 1,760 2,177 1,669 – – 16,482 1,201 3,503 2,170 20,228 1,095 16,868R75,3141993 2,691 1,158 2,830 850 938 1,801 2,217 1,714 – – 16,185 1,268 3,871 2,412 20,790 1,541 17,005 77,2691994 2,738 1,157 2,965 965 1,123 1,748 2,334 1,654 – – 15,214 1,331 3,327 2,542 21,247 1,229 17,400 76,9741995 2,872 1,183 3,172 1,061 1,243 1,921 2,409 1,701 – – 14,507 1,343 2,970 2,690 22,207 1,349 18,297 78,9251996 2,917 1,314 3,163R1,137 1,416 1,984 2,524 1,874 – – 14,504 1,460 2,935 3,182 22,609 1,434 19,939R82,3921997 2,887 1,300 3,012 1,125 1,663 2,048 2,590 1,763 – – 13,434 1,601 2,832 3,013 22,737 1,455 20,825 82,2861998 2,798 1,313 3,130 983 1,828 2,205 2,676 1,752 – – 14,045 1,653 2,606 3,072 22,246 1,409 21,357 83,0711999 3,108 1,383 3,151 1,124 2,112 2,396 2,818 1,705 – – 14,013 1,632 2,755 3,259 22,405 1,423 21,995 85,2782000 2,991 1,403 3,098R958 2,221 2,498 2,914 1,725 – – 14,130 1,759 2,779 3,373 23,333 1,511R23,636R88,3302001 3,121 1,471 3,239R726 2,478 2,505 2,902 1,769 – – 14,412 1,896 2,617 3,338 22,239 1,596R24,789R89,1002002 3,173 1,528 3,204R797 2,798 2,488 3,100 1,767 – – 14,567 2,002 2,779 3,379 23,007 1,642R26,112R92,3462003 3,373 1,511 3,566R805 2,910 2,743 3,100 1,775 – – 15,291 2,121 3,023 3,358 22,277 1,670R27,923R95,4462004 3,341 1,690 3,576R675 3,021 2,847 3,074 1,812 – – 16,022 2,319 3,051 3,477 22,389 1,773R30,020R99,0882005 3,404 1,740 3,566R719 3,616 3,046 3,081 1,747 – – 16,153 2,516 3,079 3,357 22,011 1,702R32,898R102,6362006 3,307R1,763R3,524R992R3,839 2,984R3,247R1,690 – – 16,598 2,594R2,483R3,213R21,685 1,769R34,685R104,3722007P2,894 1,647 3,441 913 3,948 2,998 3,542 1,639 – – 16,746 2,627 2,352 3,199 23,047 1,807 36,253 107,0561Through 1990, this is East and West Germany. Beginning in 1991, this is unified Germany.R=Revised. P=Preliminary. – – = Not applicable.Note: Totals may not equal sum of components due to independent rounding.Web Page: For related information, see http://www.eia.doe.gov/international.Sources:**United States:**Table 6.1.**All Other Data:**Energy Information Administration, InternationalEnergy Database, June 9, 2009.Figure 11.13 World Recoverable Reserves of Coal, 2005By Type By RegionTop Reserves Countries330 Energy Information Administration / Annual Energy Review 20081 Excludes countries that were part of the former U.S.S.R. See “U.S.S.R.” in Glossary.2 Includes only countries that were part of the former U.S.S.R. See “U.S.S.R.” in Glossary.3U.S. reserves are at end of 2007, 2 years later than other data in this figure.Note: Data are at end of year.Source: Table 11.13.473457Anthracite Subbituminous0200400600

Billion Short Tons2711851249255284North America Central Europe1 Eurasia2 Middle East Africa Asia and0100200300400

Billion Short Tonsand BituminousCoalCoal andLigniteand SouthAmericaOceania1263173126846253373515888United Russia China Australia India South Ukraine Kazakhstan Former Poland Brazil Colombia0100200300

Billion Short TonsSerbia andMontenegroStates3 AfricaEnergy Information Administration / Annual Energy Review 2008 331**T able 11.13 World Recoverable Reserves of Coal, 2005** (Million Short Tons)**Region and Country Anthracite and Bituminous Coal** **Subbituminous Coal and Lignite Total** **N orth America** .............................................................R**126,271**R**145,206**R**271,477**Canada ....................................................................... 3,826 3,425 7,251Greenland ................................................................... 0 202 202Mexico ........................................................................ 948 387 1,335United States1...........................................................R121,496R141,193R262,689**C entral and South America** .......................................**7,969 9,973 17,941**Brazil ........................................................................... 0 7,791 7,791Chile ........................................................................... 34 1,268 1,302Colombia .................................................................... 7,251 420 7,671Peru ............................................................................ 154 0 154Other ........................................................................... 529 494 1,023**E urope** 2.......................................................................**9,296 41,485 50,781**Bulgaria ...................................................................... 6 2,195 2,200Czech Republic .......................................................... 1,844 3,117 4,962Former Serbia and Montenegro ................................. 7 15,299 15,306Germany ..................................................................... 168 7,227 7,394Greece ........................................................................ 0 4,299 4,299Hungary ...................................................................... 219 3,420 3,640Poland ........................................................................ 6,627 1,642 8,270Romania ..................................................................... 13 452 465Turkey ......................................................................... 0 2,000 2,000United Kingdom .......................................................... 171 0 171Other ........................................................................... 241 1,834 2,076**E urasia** 3......................................................................**103,186 145,931 249,117**Kazakhstan ................................................................. 31,052 3,450 34,502Russia ......................................................................... 54,110 118,964 173,074Ukraine ....................................................................... 16,922 20,417 37,339Uzbekistan .................................................................. 1,102 2,205 3,307Other ........................................................................... 0 895 895**M iddle East** ..................................................................**1,528 0 1,528**Iran ............................................................................. 1,528 0 1,528**A frica** ...........................................................................**54,488 192 54,680**Botswana .................................................................... 44 0 44South Africa ................................................................ 52,911 0 52,911Zimbabwe ................................................................... 553 0 553Other ........................................................................... 980 192 1,172**A sia and Oceania** 2.....................................................**169,994 113,813 283,807**Australia ...................................................................... 40,896 43,541 84,437China .......................................................................... 68,564 57,651 126,215India ............................................................................ 57,585 4,694 62,278Indonesia .................................................................... 1,897 2,874 4,771North Korea ................................................................ 331 331 661Pakistan ...................................................................... 1 2,184 2,185Thailand ...................................................................... 0 1,493 1,493Other ........................................................................... 721 1,046 1,767**W orld** ...........................................................................R**472,731**R**456,599**R**929,331**1U.S. data are as of the end of 2007, 2 years later than the other data on this table.2Excludes countries that were part of the former U.S.S.R. See "Union of Soviet Socialist Republics(U.S.S.R.)" in Glossary.3Includes only countries that were part of the former U.S.S.R. See "Eurasia" and "Union of SovietSocialist Republics (U.S.S.R.)" in Glossary.R=Revised.Notes:•Data are at end of year.•World Energy Council data represent "proved recoverablereserves," which are the tonnage within the "proved amount in place" that can be recovered (extracted fromthe earth in raw form) under present and expected local economic conditions with existing, availabletechnology.•The Energy Information Administration (EIA) does not certify the international reserves data,but reproduces the information as a matter of convenience for the reader.•U.S. reserves representestimated recoverable reserves from the Demonstrated Reserve Base, which includes both measured andindicated tonnage. The U.S. term "measured" approximates the term "proved," used by the World EnergyCouncil. The U.S. "measured and indicated" data have been combined and cannot be recaptured as"measured alone."•Totals may not equal sum of components due to independent rounding.Web Page: For related information, see http://www.eia.doe.gov/international.Sources:**United States:**Based on EIA,Annual Coal Report 2007,Table 15 and Unpublished File Dataof the Coal Reserves Data Base.**All Other Data:**World Energy Council,2007 Survey of EnergyResources.Figure 11.14 World Coal ProductionWorld and Top Producing Countries, 1998-2007 By Region, 1998-2007Top Producing Countries, 2007332 Energy Information Administration / Annual Energy Review 2008ChinaWorld1 Excludes countries that were part of the former U.S.S.R. See “U.S.S.R.” in Glossary.2 Includes only countries that were part of the former U.S.S.R. See “U.S.S.R.” in Glossary.Source: Table 11.14.1998 2000 2002 2004 200602468

Billion Short TonsCentral andSouth America1998 2000 2002 2004 20060.01.53.04.5

Billion Short TonsUnited StatesAsia and Oceania1Europe1Eurasia2Africa2.801.150.530.440.350.270.260.230.160.100.080.080.080.07China United India Australia Russia South Indonesia Germany Poland Kazakhstan Turkey Colombia Canada Greece0123

Billion Short TonsNorth AmericaAfricaStatesEnergy Information Administration / Annual Energy Review 2008 333**T able 11.14 World Coal Production, 1998-2007** (Million Short Tons)**Region and Country 1998** **1999 2000** **2001 2002** **2003 2004** **2005 2006** **2007**P**N orth America** .............................................**1,213 1,192 1,162 1,218 1,180 1,151 1,196 1,218 1,249 1,234**Canada ....................................................... 83 80 76R77 73 69 73R74R73 76Mexico ........................................................ 12 11 13 13 12 11 11 12 13 12United States .............................................. 1,118 1,100 1,074 1,128 1,094 1,072 1,112 1,131 1,163 1,147**C entral and South America** .......................**53 51 59 63 58 68 73 81 87 96**Colombia .................................................... 37 36 42 48 44 55 59 65R72 79Other ........................................................... 16 15 17 15 14 13 14 16 15 17**E urope** 1.......................................................**886 832**R**831 839**R**830**R**824**R**809**R**793**R**790 793**Bosnia and Herzegovina ............................ 8 7R8 8R9R10R10 10R11 11Bulgaria ...................................................... 33 28 29 29 29 30 29 27 28 31Czech Republic .......................................... 74 65 72 73 70R70R68R68R69 69Former Serbia and Montenegro ................. 49 36 41 40 42 44 45R39R41 39Germany .................................................... 233 226 226 227 233 229R233R227R221 226Greece ........................................................ 67 68 70 73 78 75 77 76R71 71Hungary ...................................................... 16 16 15 15 14 15 12 11 11 11Macedonia .................................................. 9 8 8 9 8 8 8 8R7 6Poland ........................................................ 197 188 179 180 178R179 178 175 171 162Romania ..................................................... 29 25 32 37 34 36 35 34R38 39Slovenia ...................................................... 5 5 5 5 5 5 5 5 5 5Spain .......................................................... 34 32 31 30 29 27R23R21R20 19Turkey ......................................................... 74 74 70 68 60 54 51 64R71 80United Kingdom .......................................... 44 40 34 35 33 31 27 22 20 18Other ........................................................... 13 12 10 10 10 10 7 5 5 7**E urasia** 2......................................................R**402**R**410**R**432**R**434**R**428**R**467**R**466**R**494**R**507 529**Estonia ........................................................ 14 12 13 13 14 16 15 16 16 19Kazakhstan ................................................. 78 66 82 87 81 94 96 95 106 95Russia .........................................................R241R259R265R262R262R283R285R312R314 346Ukraine ....................................................... 66 69 69 68 68 71 66 67 68 65Other ........................................................... 4 4 3 4 4 3 4 4 4 4**M iddle East** ..................................................**1111111122**Iran ............................................................. 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 2 2**A frica** ...........................................................**254 250 256 257**R**253 270**R**274 276 276 275**South Africa ................................................ 247 243 249 251 246 264 268 270R270 268Zimbabwe ................................................... 5 5 5 5 4 4 4 4 4 4Other ........................................................... 2 2 2 2 2 2 2 2 2 2**A sia and Oceania** 1.....................................**2,243 2,208 2,196 2,406 2,499 2,857 3,249 3,603 3,868 4,152**Australia ...................................................... 317 321 338 363R375 377R388R405R405 436China .......................................................... 1,429 1,365 1,314 1,459 1,521 1,838 2,156 2,430 2,620 2,795India ............................................................ 343 356 370 389R396R421R447 473R500 527Indonesia .................................................... 68 81 84 102 114 127 146 168R213 255Mongolia ..................................................... 6 5 6 6 6 6R7R9R9 8North Korea ................................................ 27 31 33 34 32R33R35R38R39 41South Korea ................................................ 5 5 5 4 4 4 4 3 3 3Thailand ...................................................... 22 20 20 22 22 21 22 24R21 20Vietnam ......................................................R13 11 13 14 18 18 28 36 42 49Other ........................................................... 13 13 14 15 12 13 15 17 16 16**W orld** ...........................................................R**5,052**R**4,944**R**4,937**R**5,220**R**5,249**R**5,639**R**6,068**R**6,465**R**6,779 7,080**1Excludes countries that were part of the former U.S.S.R. See "Union of Soviet Socialist Republics(U.S.S.R.)" in Glossary.2Includes only countries that were part of the former U.S.S.R. See "Eurasia" and "Union of SovietSocialist Republics (U.S.S.R.)" in Glossary.R=Revised. P=Preliminary.Notes:•Coal includes anthracite, subanthracite, bituminous coal, subbituminous coal, lignite, andbrown coal.•Production from Estonia is oil shale.•Totals may not equal sum of components duetoindependent rounding.Web Page: For related information, see http://www.eia.doe.gov/international.Sources:**United States:**Table 7.1.**All Other Data:**Energy Information Administration, InternationalEnergy Database, May 4, 2009.Figure 11.15 World Coal ConsumptionWorld Total, 1980-2007 Selected Countries, 1980-2007Top Consuming Countries, 2007334 Energy Information Administration / Annual Energy Review 2008Source: Table 11.15.1980 1985 1990 1995 2000 200502468

Billion Short Tons7.08in 20071980 1985 1990 1995 2000 20050123

Billion Short TonsChinaUnited StatesIndiaGermanyStatesAfricaKingdom Korea2.771.130.590.280.240.210.200.170.150.110.070.070.070.04China United India Germany Russia Japan South Australia Poland Turkey Ukraine Greece United North0.00.71.42.12.83.5

Billion Short TonsEnergy Information Administration / Annual Energy Review 2008 335**T able 11.15 World Coal Consumption, 1980-2007** (Million Short Tons)**Year Australia** **China Germany** 1**Greece India** **Japan North** **Korea Poland** **Former U.S.S.R.** **Russia South** **Africa Turkey** **Ukraine United** **Kingdom United** **States Other** **World**1980 74 679 535 26 123 98 49 221 751 – – 105 23 – – 134 703R610R4,1291981 74 680 544 30 144 106 51 200 748 – – 116 24 – – 130 733R639R4,2191982 80 726 548 31 150 104 54 208 771 – – 124 26 – – 122 707R664R4,3141983 77 768 549 36 158 99 56 213 764 – – 127 30 – – 123 737R690R4,4261984 80 845 573 36 187 111 57 227 770 – – 137 35 – – 88 791R739R4,6761985 86 911 579 42 194 117 60 238 779 – – 142 46 – – 116 818R766R4,8951986 85 962 576 44 209 107 59 247 803 – – 145 55 – – 123 804R763R4,9831987 93 1,027 565 49 211 110 57 258 807 – – 148 54 – – 129 837R781R5,1251988 96 1,098 561 56 222 122R71 253 821 – – 151 46 – – 123 884R778R5,2831989 104 1,113 553 59 236 123 57 242 777 – – 140 61 – – 126 895R797R5,2841990 104 1,124 528 59 248 127 54 202 848 – – 139 60 – – 119 904 749R5,2651991 102 1,165 408 59 270 129 52 202 672 – – 144 64 – – 118 899R726R5,0091992 108 1,199 362 62 282 125 46 192 – –R326 147 66 132 111 908 847R4,9141993 107 1,276 335 62 296 127 42 193 – –R313 146 60 115 96 944R814R4,9271994 110 1,390 314 66 313 136 39 184 – –R284 161 66 92 91 951R796R4,9921995 112 1,495 298 64 329 141 36 185 – –R270 162 67 95 79 962R793R5,0871996 120 1,509 296 66 326 142 31 189 – –R278 164 73 74 77 1,006R810R5,1611997 127 1,450 281 66 351 148 30 182 – –R253 172 80 72 69 1,030R809R5,1201998 138 1,392 269 68 362 141 27 168 – –R238 161 86 73 68 1,037R811R5,0401999 141 1,343 258 68 388 153 31 162 – –R247 169 84 72 61 1,039R768R4,9822000 141 1,282 270 72 403 169 33 158 – –R253 175 89 72 65 1,084R821R5,0882001 141 1,357 278 75 417 173 34 152 – –R231 179 80 70 70 1,060R846R5,1632002R143 1,413 278 77R425 179 32 149 – –R240 170 73 71 64 1,066R865R5,2482003R142 1,720 277 78R437 185 33R154 – –R243 186 71 77 70 1,095R906R5,6762004R144 2,057R280 79R484 203R34 154 – –R235 199 71 69 67 1,107R920R6,1032005R153 2,333R271 78R505 196R36 150 – –R233 193 85R71 68 1,126R920R6,4192006R155R2,584R271R71R539 198R36 155 – –R240 195R92R77R74 1,112R936R6,7372007P172 2,773 281 71 591 208 38 152 – – 244 197 105 74 70 1,128 972 7,0751Through 1990, this is East and West Germany. Beginning in 1991, this is unified Germany.R=Revised. P=Preliminary. – – = Not applicable.Note: Totals may not equal sum of components due to independent rounding.Web Page: For related information, see http://www.eia.doe.gov/international.Sources:**United States:**Table 7.1.**All Other Data:**Energy Information Administration, InternationalEnergy Database, May 4, 2009.Figure 11.16 World Net Generation of ElectricityNet Generation by Type, 1980, 1990, and 2006 Net Generation by Type by Region, 2006(Percent of Regional Total)Top Net Generating Countries, 2006336 Energy Information Administration / Annual Energy Review 20081Wood, waste, geothermal, solar, wind, batteries, chemicals, hydrogen, pitch, purchasedsteam, sulfur, and miscellaneous technologies.2 Excludes countries that were part of the former U.S.S.R. See ”U.S.S.R.” in Glossary.3 Includes countries that were part of the former U.S.S.R. See ”U.S.S.R.” in Glossary.(s)=Less than 0.05 trillion kilowatthours.Source: Table 11.16.Nuclear ElectricPower11.93.02.70.47.12.11.90.15.61.70.7Fossil Fuels Hydroelectric Power Nuclear Electric Other102468101214

Trillion Kilowatthours198019902006HydroelectricPowerand Other1FossilFuels4.12.71.00.90.70.6 0.60.5United China Japan Russia India Germany Canada France012345

Trillion Kilowatthours661816North America28270Central and South AmericaPower(s)89110Middle East and Africa77914Asia and Oceania2532720Europe2651718Eurasia3StatesEnergy Information Administration / Annual Energy Review 2008 337**T able 11.16 World Net Generation of Electricity by Type, 1980, 1990, and 2006** (Billion Kilowatthours)**Region and Country Fossil Fuels** **Nuclear Electric Power Hydroelectric Power** 1**Total**2**1980 1990** **2006**P**1980 1990** **2006**P**1980 1990** **2006**P**1980 1990** **2006**P**N orth America** .............................................**1,880.1 2,292.0 3,212.2 287.0 648.9 890.6 546.9 606.5 664.6 2,721.6 3,624.0 4,896.7**Canada ....................................................... 79.8 101.9 138.7 35.9 69.2 93.1 251.0 293.9 351.8 367.9 468.7 594.6Mexico ........................................................ 46.0 85.7 187.2 .0 2.8 10.316.7 23.2 30.1 63.6 116.6 236.4United States ............................................. 1,753.8 2,103.8 2,885.3 251.1 576.9 787.2 279.2 289.4 282.7 2,289.6 3,038.0 4,064.7Other ........................................................... .5 .7 1.0 .0 .0.0 .0 .0 .0 .5 .7 1.0**C entral and South America** .......................**99.8**R**115.1 265.3 2.2 9.0 20.9 201.5 365.1 639.6**R**308.1**R**497.0 951.0**Argentina .................................................... 22.2 20.9 63.8 2.2 7.0 7.217.3 20.2 37.0 41.8 48.3 109.4Brazil ........................................................... 7.5R8.3 35.6 .0 1.9 13.8 128.4 204.6 345.3R138.2R219.4 411.7Paraguay .................................................... (s) (s) (s) .0 .0.0 .7 27.2 53.2 .8 27.2 53.2Venezuela ................................................... 17.6 21.0 27.1 .0 .0.0 14.4 36.6 81.3 32.0 57.6 108.4Other ........................................................... 52.4 64.8 138.8 .0 .0.0 40.6 76.4 122.7 95.3 144.4 268.2**E urope** 3.......................................................**1,453.3**R**1,441.4 1,880.8 229.6 761.3 958.1 458.0 474.5 532.0 2,154.7**R**2,696.9 3,554.4**Belgium ....................................................... 38.3 25.0 31.6 11.9 40.6 44.3.3 .3 .4 50.8 66.5 79.6Czech Republic .......................................... – – – – 50.8 – – – – 24.7 – – –– 2.5 – – – – 79.0Finland ........................................................ 22.0 22.8 34.2 6.6 18.3 21.810.1 10.8 11.4 38.7 51.8 77.9France ........................................................ 118.0 44.3 52.2 63.4 298.4 427.768.3 52.8 55.3 250.8 397.6 542.4Germany ..................................................... 390.3 358.9 364.6 55.6 145.1 158.9 18.8 17.2 19.7 469.9 526.0 594.8Italy ............................................................. 125.5 167.5 239.1 2.1 .0.0 45.0 31.3 36.6 176.4 202.1 291.2Netherlands ................................................ 58.0 63.2 80.1 3.9 3.3 3.3.0 .1 .1 62.9 67.7 92.6Norway ....................................................... .1 .2 .6 .0 .0.0 82.7 119.9 118.2 82.9 120.4 119.9Poland ........................................................ 111.1 125.0 146.7 .0 .0 .0 2.3 1.4 2.0 113.8 126.7 151.2Romania ..................................................... 51.4R50.1 35.9 .0 .0 5.2 12.5 10.9 18.2 63.9R61.0 59.3Spain .......................................................... 74.5 66.5 174.2 5.2 51.6 57.129.2 25.2 25.3 109.2 143.9 283.4Sweden ....................................................... 10.1 3.2 4.0 25.3 64.8 63.658.1 71.8 61.1 94.3 141.5 138.5Switzerland ................................................. .9 .6 .9 12.9 22.4 26.4 32.5 29.5 30.6 46.4 53.0 60.2Turkey ......................................................... 12.0 32.3 123.8 .0 .0.0 11.2 22.9 43.8 23.3 55.2 167.9United Kingdom .......................................... 228.9 230.0 280.4 32.3 62.5 71.7 3.95.1 4.6 265.1 299.0 372.0Other ........................................................... 212.1 251.6 261.6 10.3 54.4 53.383.2 75.4 102.2 306.3 384.3 444.3**E urasia** 4......................................................**1,037.1 1,204.1 890.0 72.9 201.3 240.2 184.0 230.7 243.5 1,294.0 1,636.1 1,377.0**Kazakhstan ................................................. – – – – 60.1 – – – – .0 – –– – 7.7 – – – – 67.8Russia ......................................................... – – – – 619.6 – – – – 144.3 – –– – 173.6 – – – – 940.6Ukraine ....................................................... – – – – 84.7 – – – – 84.8 – –– – 12.9 – – – – 182.4Other ........................................................... 1,037.1 1,204.1 125.6 72.9 201.3 11.1 184.0 230.7 49.3 1,294.0 1,636.1 186.2**M iddle East** ..................................................**81.8**R**214.7 618.1 .0 .0 .0 9.6 9.6 23.2 91.4**R**224.3 641.4**Iran ............................................................. 15.7 49.8 171.8 .0 .0.0 5.6 6.0 18.0 21.3 55.9 189.9Saudi Arabia ............................................... 20.5 64.9 169.0 .0 .0 .0.0 .0 .0 20.5 64.9 169.0Other ........................................................... 45.7R99.9 277.3 .0 .0 .0 4.1 3.6 5.2 49.7R103.6 282.5**A frica** ...........................................................R**128.5 243.6 443.5 .0 8.4 10.1 60.1 54.9 90.9**R**188.8**R**307.5 546.8**Egypt .......................................................... 8.6 31.5 95.8 .0 .0.0 9.7 9.9 12.8 18.3 41.4 109.1South Africa ................................................ 92.1 146.6 216.2 .0 8.4 10.11.0 1.0 1.1 93.1 156.0 227.7Other ...........................................................R27.9 65.5 131.5 .0 .0 .0 49.4 44.0 77.0R77.5R110.0 209.9**A sia and Oceania** 3.....................................R**908.1**R**1,624.3 4,634.1 92.7 279.9 540.4 262.7 404.1 796.6**R**1,268.4**R**2,330.4 6,040.7**Australia ...................................................... 74.5 131.8 218.0 .0 .0.0 12.8 14.0 15.5 87.7 146.4 237.1China .......................................................... 227.9 465.2 2,225.1 .0 .0 54.857.6 125.1 431.4 285.5 590.3 2,717.5India ............................................................ 69.7 198.9 565.8 3.0 5.6 15.6 46.5 70.9 112.5 119.3 275.5 703.3Indonesia .................................................... 10.6 35.3 109.8 .0 .0.0 2.2 6.7 9.5 12.8 43.0 125.7Japan .......................................................... 381.6 524.0 633.7 78.6 192.2 288.387.8 88.4 84.9 549.1 817.3 1,032.7South Korea ................................................ 29.8 45.5 234.4 3.3 50.2 141.31.5 4.6 3.4 34.6 100.4 379.7Taiwan ........................................................ 31.3 43.6 170.6 7.8 31.6 37.92.9 8.2 7.9 42.0 83.3 216.6Thailand ...................................................... 12.3 38.7 119.8 .0 .0.0 1.3 4.9 7.9 13.6 43.7 130.7Other ...........................................................R70.4R141.3 357.0 (s) .4 2.5 50.0 81.2 123.5R123.9R230.6 497.4**W orld** ...........................................................R**5,588.7**R**7,135.2 11,943.9 684.4 1,908.8 2,660.3 1,722.9 2,145.4 2,990.5**R**8,027.1**R**11,316.2 18,008.1**1Excludes pumped storage, except for the United States.2Wood, waste, geothermal, solar, wind, batteries, chemicals, hydrogen, pitch, purchased steam, sulfur,and miscellaneous technologies are included in total.3Excludes countries that were part of the former U.S.S.R. See "Union of Soviet Socialist Republics(U.S.S.R.)" in Glossary.4Includes only countries that were part of the former U.S.S.R. See "Eurasia" and "Union of SovietSocialist Republics (U.S.S.R.)" in Glossary.R=Revised. P=Preliminary. – – = Not applicable. (s)=Less than 0.05 billion kilowatthours.Note: Totals may not equal sum of components due to independent rounding.Web Page: For related information, see http://www.eia.doe.gov/international.Sources:**United States:**Table 8.2a.**All Other Data:**Energy Information Administration, InternationalEnergy Database, April 3, 2009.Figure 11.17 World Electrical Installed Capacity by TypeInstalled Capacity by Type, 1980, 1990, and 2006Installed Capacity and Net Generation Shares of Totals by Type, 2006338 Energy Information Administration / Annual Energy Review 20081Wood, waste, geothermal, solar, wind, batteries, chemicals, hydrogen, pitch, purchasedsteam, sulfur, and miscellaneous technologies.Note: Shares are based on data prior to rounding for publication and may not sum exactly to100 percent.Sources: Tables 11.16 and 11.17.2,7527983771071,738595323221,3484571365Fossil Fuels Hydroelectric Power Nuclear Electric Power Other106001,2001,8002,4003,000

Million Kilowatts1980199020066617152682093Fossil Fuels Hydroelectric Power Nuclear Electric Power Other1020406080

Percent of TotalInstalled CapacityNet GenerationEnergy Information Administration / Annual Energy Review 2008 339**T able 11.17 World Electrical Installed Capacity by Type, 1980, 1990, and 2006** (Million Kilowatts)**Region and Country Fossil Fuels** **Nuclear Electric Power Hydroelectric Power** 1**Total**2**1980 1990** **2006**P**1980 1990** **2006**P**1980 1990** **2006**P**1980 1990** **2006**P**N orth America** .............................................**481.7 574.9 835.6 57.7 112.2 115.0 135.7 159.1 181.7 676.6 861.3 1,160.3**Canada ....................................................... 26.6 28.0 35.5 5.9 11.9 13.3 47.9 57.971.8 80.8 98.9 122.7Mexico ........................................................ 10.8 18.9 38.2 .0 .7 1.4 6.17.8 10.6 17.0 28.0 51.1United States3........................................... 444.1 527.8 761.6 51.8 99.6 100.3 81.7 93.4 99.3 578.6 734.1986.2Other ........................................................... .2 .3 .3 .0 .0 .0.0 .0 .0 .2 .3 .3**C entral and South America** .......................**36.0 44.9 81.9 .4 1.7 3.0 43.0 84.1 128.5 81.2 132.8 220.1**Argentina .................................................... 8.0 9.5 17.3 .4 1.0 1.0 3.66.6 9.9 12.0 17.2 28.3Brazil ........................................................... 4.1 4.7 14.2 .0 .7 2.0 27.5 44.8 70.9 33.4 52.1 93.2Paraguay .................................................... .1 (s) (s) .0 .0 .0.2 5.8 7.4 .2 5.8 7.4Venezuela ................................................... 5.8 8.5 7.5 .0 .0 .0 2.7 10.0 14.6 8.5 18.5 22.1Other ........................................................... 18.0 22.1 42.9 .0 .0 .0 9.0 16.9 25.7 27.1 39.2 69.1**E urope** 4.......................................................**351.2 386.6 457.6 46.5 125.7 135.7 135.3 153.9 164.6 533.8 669.3 810.2**Belgium ....................................................... 8.2 7.2 8.3 1.7 5.5 5.8 .7 .1 .1 10.6 12.8 14.8Czech Republic .......................................... – – – – 11.5 – – – – 3.8 – – – – 1.0 – –– – 16.3Finland ........................................................ 6.3 7.8 10.0 2.2 2.4 2.7 2.42.6 3.0 11.0 12.7 15.8France ........................................................ 30.1 22.8 26.4 14.4 52.5 63.4 16.4 20.320.8 61.1 95.9 112.0Germany ..................................................... 84.1 87.5 74.5 10.4 24.5 20.4 7.9 8.74.1 102.5 121.6 120.8Italy ............................................................. 27.6 37.5 60.9 1.4 .0 .0 15.8 12.6 13.9 45.3 50.6 78.2Netherlands ................................................ 16.9 16.8 20.0 .5 .5 .4 .0(s) (s) 17.4 17.3 21.8Norway ....................................................... .2 .2 .1 .0 .0 .019.8 25.7 26.4 20.0 26.0 27.0Poland ........................................................ 23.0 26.1 29.8 .0 .0 .0 .6 .6 .9 23.6 26.8 30.9Romania ..................................................... 12.7 17.3 12.8 .0 .0 .7 3.55.6 6.3 16.1 22.9 19.7Spain .......................................................... 13.9 19.9 40.0 1.1 7.5 7.6 13.511.6 12.9 28.5 39.1 71.2Sweden ....................................................... 7.9 7.2 6.5 4.6 9.9 8.9 14.915.8 16.3 27.4 33.5 32.5Switzerland ................................................. .6 .8 .3 1.9 3.0 3.2 11.511.6 13.4 14.0 15.3 17.5Turkey ......................................................... 3.0 9.2 25.9 .0 .0 .02.1 6.6 12.9 5.1 15.8 38.8United Kingdom .......................................... 65.6 59.1 62.2 6.5 11.4 11.9 2.5 1.41.5 74.5 72.0 78.7Other ........................................................... 51.2 67.2 68.4 1.7 8.6 7.1 23.830.7 31.1 76.8 106.9 114.2**E urasia** 5......................................................**201.9 240.8 237.7 12.5 37.9 38.6 52.3 65.0 67.9 266.7 343.7 344.5**Kazakhstan ................................................. – – – – 16.5 – – – – .0 – – – – 2.2– – – – 18.7Russia ......................................................... – – – – 149.2 – – – – 23.2 – – – – 45.8– – – – 218.4Ukraine ....................................................... – – – – 34.9 – – – – 13.8 – – – – 4.7– – – – 53.5Other ........................................................... 201.9 240.8 37.1 12.5 37.9 1.6 52.3 65.015.2 266.7 343.7 53.9**M iddle East** ..................................................**27.6 67.6 135.9 .0 .0 .0 2.6 4.8 8.7 30.1 72.4 144.7**Iran ............................................................. 9.4 15.5 39.3 .0 .0 .01.8 2.0 5.1 11.2 17.4 44.4Saudi Arabia ............................................... 5.9 19.1 33.5 .0 .0 .0 .0.0 .0 5.9 19.1 33.5Other ........................................................... 12.3 33.1 63.0 .0 .0 .0.8 2.8 3.7 13.0 35.9 66.7**A frica** ...........................................................R**30.3**R**57.3 86.0 .0 1.8 1.8 13.9**R**18.8 22.0**R**44.3**R**78.0 110.3**Egypt .......................................................... 2.4 8.7 17.5 .0 .0 .02.4 2.7 2.8 4.9 11.5 20.5South Africa ................................................ 17.8 28.6 38.0 .0 1.8 1.8 .5.6 .7 18.4 31.0 40.5Other ...........................................................R10.1R20.0 30.5 .0 .0 .0 10.9R15.5 18.6R21.0R35.5 49.3**A sia and Oceania** 4.....................................**218.9 365.4 917.4 18.5 43.9 82.6 74.4 109.3 224.7 312.5**R**520.3 1,243.9**Australia ...................................................... 17.6 27.8 40.3 .0 .0 .0 6.2 7.3 7.8 23.8 35.1 49.5China .......................................................... 45.6 92.1 391.4 .0 .0 6.9 20.334.6 117.4 65.9 126.6 517.6India ............................................................ 20.7 51.9 101.9 .9 1.6 3.4 11.818.3 32.3 33.3 71.8 143.8Indonesia .................................................... 3.9 9.6 18.9 .0 .0 .0 1.0 3.0 4.6 4.9 12.7 24.3Japan .......................................................... 94.3 119.1 173.7 15.7 29.4 49.6 19.6 20.422.1 129.8R169.2 251.3South Korea ................................................ 6.5 11.0 45.3 .6 7.6 17.2 .81.3 1.6 7.9 20.0 64.2Taiwan ........................................................ 6.9 10.2 32.0 1.3 5.1 5.1 1.42.6 4.5 9.6 17.9 41.8Thailand ...................................................... 2.6 6.0 22.8 .0 .0 .0 1.3 2.3 3.5 3.8 8.3 26.3Other ........................................................... 20.8 37.7 91.1 .1 .1 .5 12.1 19.6 31.0 33.6 58.7 125.2**W orld** ...........................................................R**1,347.6**R**1,737.5 2,752.2 135.5 323.1 376.8 457.2**R**595.0 798.2**R**1,945.4 2,677.8 4,033.9**1Excludes pumped storage, except for the United States.2Wood, waste, geothermal, solar, wind, batteries, chemicals, hydrogen, pitch, purchased steam, sulfur,and miscellaneous technologies are included in total.3Net summer capability.4Excludes countries that were part of the former U.S.S.R. See "Union of Soviet Socialist Republics(U.S.S.R.)" in Glossary.5Includes only countries that were part of the former U.S.S.R. See "Eurasia" and "Union of SovietSocialist Republics (U.S.S.R.)" in Glossary.R=Revised. P=Preliminary. – – = Not applicable. (s)=Less than 0.05 million kilowatts.Note: Totals may not equal sum of components due to independent rounding.Web Page: For related information, see http://www.eia.doe.gov/international.Source:**United States:**Table 8.11a**All Other Data:**Energy Information Administration, InternationalEnergy Database, March 30, 2009.Figure 11.18 World Nuclear Electricity Net GenerationBy Region, 2007 Top Net Generating Countries, 1998-2007Top Net Generating Countries, 2007340 Energy Information Administration / Annual Energy Review 20081 Excludes countries that were part of the former U.S.S.R. See “U.S.S.R.” in Glossary.2 Includes only countries that were part of the former U.S.S.R. See “U.S.S.R.” in Glossary.Source: Table 11.18.9061990524613506North Central Europe1 Eurasia2 Africa Asia and03006009001,200

Billion Kilowatthoursand SouthAmerica1998 1999 2000 2001 2002 2003 2004 2005 2006 20070300600900

Billion KilowatthoursAmerica Oceania1RussiaFranceJapanUnited StatesGermany8064182511481361348987646359524639272522United France Japan Russia South Germany Canada Ukraine Sweden China United Spain Belgium Taiwan Switzer- Czech Finland0300600900

Billion KilowatthoursRepublicStates Korea Kingdom landEnergy Information Administration / Annual Energy Review 2008 341**T able 11.18 World Nuclear Electricity Net Generation, 1998-2007** (Billion Kilowatthours)**Region and Country 1998** **1999 2000** **2001 2002** **2003 2004** **2005 2006** **2007 N** **orth America**.............................................**750.2 807.6 830.9 850.0 861.1 844.9 883.1 879.7**R**890.6 905.6**Canada ....................................................... 67.7 69.8 69.2 72.9 71.8 71.1 85.9 87.4R93.1 89.3Mexico ........................................................ 8.8 9.5 7.8 8.3 9.3 10.0 8.7 10.3 10.3 9.9United States .............................................. 673.7 728.3 753.9 768.8 780.1 763.7 788.5 782.0 787.2 806.4**C entral and South America** .......................**10.3 10.5 10.9 20.8 19.2 20.4 18.9 16.3 20.9 19.0**Argentina .................................................... 7.1 6.7 6.0 6.5 5.4 7.0 7.3 6.4 7.2 6.7Brazil ........................................................... 3.1 3.8 4.9 14.3 13.8 13.4 11.6 9.9 13.8 12.3**E urope** 1.......................................................**897.7 911.3 914.9 944.1 953.7 957.0**R**968.9**R**959.8**R**958.1 904.6**Belgium ....................................................... 43.9 46.6 45.7 44.0 45.0 45.0 44.9 45.2R44.3 45.9Bulgaria ...................................................... 16.1 15.0 17.3 18.2 20.2 16.0 15.6 17.3 18.1 13.7Czech Republic .......................................... 12.5 12.7 12.9 14.0 17.8 24.6 25.0 23.5 24.7 24.9Finland ........................................................ 20.8 21.8 21.4 21.6 21.2 21.6 21.6 22.1R21.8 22.3France ........................................................ 368.6 374.5 394.4 400.0 414.9 419.0 425.8 429.0 427.7 417.7Germany ..................................................... 153.6 161.5 161.1 162.7 156.6 156.8 158.7 154.9 158.9 133.5Hungary ...................................................... 13.3 13.4 13.5 13.4 13.3 10.5 11.3 13.1R12.8 13.9Netherlands ................................................ 3.6 3.6 3.7 3.8 3.7 3.8 3.6 3.8 3.3 4.0Romania .................................................... 4.9 4.8 5.2 5.0 5.1 4.5 5.3 5.3 5.2 7.1Slovakia ...................................................... 10.8 12.5 15.7 16.2 17.1 17.0 16.2 16.8 17.1 14.6Slovenia ...................................................... 4.8 4.5 4.5 5.0 5.3 5.0 5.2 5.6 5.3 5.4Spain .......................................................... 56.0 55.9 59.1 60.5 59.9 58.8 60.4 54.7 57.1 52.3Sweden ....................................................... 69.9 69.5 54.5 68.5 64.2 64.0 73.6R68.8 63.6 63.5Switzerland ................................................. 24.5 24.5 25.1 25.5 25.9 26.1 25.6 22.2 26.4 26.5United Kingdom .......................................... 94.5 90.4 80.8 85.4 83.6 84.3R76.0R77.5R71.7 59.3**E urasia** 2......................................................**183.4 189.7 203.4 209.8 223.0 234.4 236.7 235.8 240.2 246.4**Armenia ...................................................... 1.4 2.1 1.8 2.0 2.1 1.8 2.2 2.5 2.4 2.3Kazakhstan ................................................. .1 (s) .0 .0 .0 .0 .0 .0 .0 .0Lithuania ..................................................... 12.9 9.4 8.0 10.8 13.4 14.7 14.3 9.8 8.7 9.1Russia ......................................................... 98.3 110.9 122.5 125.4 134.1 141.2 137.5 140.2 144.3 147.8Ukraine ....................................................... 70.6 67.4 71.1 71.7 73.4 76.7 82.7 83.3 84.8 87.2**A frica** ...........................................................**13.6 12.8 13.0 10.7 12.0 12.7 14.3 12.2 10.1 12.6**South Africa ................................................ 13.6 12.8 13.0 10.7 12.0 12.7 14.3 12.2 10.1 12.6**A sia and Oceania** 1.....................................**460.8 461.2 476.8 481.3 476.2 448.4 495.4**R**535.4**R**540.4 505.8**China .......................................................... 13.5 14.1 15.9 16.6 25.2 41.7 47.9 50.3 54.8 62.6India ............................................................ 10.6 11.5 14.1 18.2 17.8 16.4 15.0 15.7 15.6 15.9Japan .......................................................... 315.7 300.8 305.9 303.9 280.3 228.0 268.3R289.5R288.3 250.6Pakistan ...................................................... .4 .1 .4 2.0 1.8 1.8 1.9 2.4 2.5 2.3South Korea ................................................ 85.2 97.9 103.5 106.5 113.1 123.2 124.2 139.4 141.3 135.8Taiwan ........................................................ 35.4 36.9 37.0 34.1 38.0 37.4 37.9 38.0R37.9 38.5**W orld** ...........................................................**2,316.0 2,393.1 2,449.9 2,516.7 2,545.3 2,517.8**R**2,617.3**R**2,639.2**R**2,660.3 2,594.0**1Excludes countries that were part of the former U.S.S.R. See "Union of Soviet Socialist Republics(U.S.S.R.)" in Glossary.2Includes only countries that were part of the former U.S.S.R. See "Eurasia" and "Union of SovietSocialist Republics (U.S.S.R.)" in Glossary.(s) = Less than 0.05 billion kilowatthours.Note: Totals may not equal sum of components due to independent rounding.Web Page: For related information, see http://www.eia.doe.gov/international.Sources:**United States:**Table 8.2a.**All Other Data:**Energy Information Administration, InternationalEnergy Database, March 30, 2009.Figure 11.19 World Carbon Dioxide Emissions From Energy ConsumptionWorld, 1997-2006 World by Region, 2006Top Countries, 2006342 Energy Information Administration / Annual Energy Review 2008Oceania2AmericaEast1Metric tons of carbon dioxide can be converted to metric tons of carbon equivalent by multiplying by 12/44.2 Excludes countries that were part of the former U.S.S.R. See ”U.S.S.R.” in Glossary.3 Includes countries that were part of the former U.S.S.R. See ”U.S.S.R.” in Glossary.Note: Data include carbon dioxide emissions from fossil-fuel energy consumption and naturalgas venting and flaring.Source: Table 11.19.1997 1998 1999 2000 2001 2002 2003 2004 2005 2006051015202530

Billion Metric Tons Carbon Dioxide129.2 billion metric tonsin 2006and SouthAmerica7.01.14.72.61.51.111.2North Central Europe2 Eurasia3 Middle Africa Asia and036912

Billion Metric Tons Carbon Dioxide16.05.91.71.31.20.90.6 0.60.5 0.5 0.50.4 0.4China United Russia India Japan Germany Canada United South Iran Italy South Mexico01234567

Billion Metric Tons Carbon Dioxide1Kingdom Korea AfricaStatesEnergy Information Administration / Annual Energy Review 2008 343**T able 11.19 World Carbon Dioxide Emissions From Energy Consumption, 1997-2006** (Million Metric Tons of Carbon Dioxide1)**Region and Country 1997** **1998 1999** **2000 2001** **2002 2003** **2004 2005** **2006**P**N orth America** .............................................R**6,492**R**6,547**R**6,615**R**6,810**R**6,697**R**6,782**R**6,870**R**6,970**R**7,034 6,954**Canada .......................................................R549R554R568R565R554R573R602R615R632 614Mexico ........................................................R350R372R364R383R380 384 389R385R407 436United States2...........................................R5,592R5,620R5,682R5,860R5,762R5,824R5,878R5,969R5,994 5,903Other ........................................................... 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1**C entral and South America** .......................R**950**R**975**R**984**R**993**R**1,016**R**1,005**R**1,023**R**1,066**R**1,111 1,138**Argentina .................................................... 130R136R140R138R128R121R134R141R152 162Brazil ...........................................................R326R325R336R345R349R347R346R356R371 377Venezuela ...................................................R135 142 133 134R149R147R134R143R150 152Other ...........................................................R359R372R374 375 389R390R408R426 438 447**E urope** 3.......................................................R**4,503**R**4,487**R**4,436**R**4,500**R**4,559**R**4,532**R**4,679**R**4,713**R**4,717 4,721**Belgium .......................................................R146R151R143R149R146R143R151R154R151 148France ........................................................R385R410R404R402R406R402R409R416R414 418Germany .....................................................R889R872R841R857R878R857R874R872R853 858Italy .............................................................R425R441R441R448R445R453R475R470R473 468Netherlands ................................................R240R242R239R252R278R259R261R271R273 260Poland ........................................................R339R316R329R295R279R276R289R295R290 303Romania .....................................................R120R101 91 93R102R100R100R100R98 99Spain ..........................................................R272R282R309R327R332R349R357R371R384 373Turkey .........................................................R182R184R182R202R184R195R207R211R231 236United Kingdom ..........................................R569R564R559R561R575R564R575R582R585 586Other ...........................................................R935R924R898R913R934R934R980R972R966 973**E urasia** 4......................................................R**2,244**R**2,235**R**2,320**R**2,356**R**2,332**R**2,354**R**2,471**R**2,529**R**2,600 2,601**Kazakhstan .................................................R120R116R133R143R148R154R166R185R203 213Russia .........................................................R1,483R1,482R1,560R1,582R1,571R1,572 1,627R1,663R1,699 1,704Ukraine .......................................................R344R333R328R327R319R327R357R347R350 329Uzbekistan .................................................. 103R102 103 106 111R114R115R122R117 121Other ..........................................................R194R201R195R197R184 188R206R212R231 233**M iddle East** ................................................R**989**R**1,019**R**1,057**R**1,094**R**1,119**R**1,175**R**1,240**R**1,330**R**1,444 1,505**Iran ...........................................................R291R295R317R321R334R365R387R407R446 471Saudi Arabia ...............................................R255R258R264R291R301R312R347R389R406 424Other ......................................................R443R467R475R483R483R499R506R535R593 610**A frica** ..........................................................R**872**R**861**R**877**R**892**R**923**R**924**R**975**R**1,025**R**1,062 1,057**Egypt ..........................................................R112R115R117 119R130R134R144R153R161 152South Africa ................................................R388R370R381R392R399R385R418R448R438 444Other ..........................................................R371R376R378R381R394R405R413R424R463 461**A sia and Oceania** 3.....................................R**7,197**R**7,035**R**7,247**R**7,366**R**7,608**R**8,050**R**8,806**R**9,821**R**10,517 11,220**Australia ......................................................R334R340R359R360R374R383R381R391R417 417China ..........................................................R3,133R3,029R2,992R2,967R3,108R3,441R4,062R4,847R5,429 6,018India ............................................................R878R914R971R1,012R1,035R1,034R1,048R1,151R1,194 1,293Indonesia ....................................................R247R241R266R274R300R315R305R323R324 280Japan ..........................................................R1,161R1,116R1,158R1,204R1,197R1,203R1,253R1,258R1,250 1,247Malaysia ..................................................... 102R103R107R112R125R134R150R166R160 164South Korea ................................................R435R375R433R446R452R468R478R489R497 515Taiwan ........................................................R210R225R224R252R249R274R290R287R290 300Thailand ......................................................R177R162R171R162R172R187R206R226R243 245Other ..........................................................R520R530R567R578R594R612R633R683R714 741**W orld** .........................................................R**23,247**R**23,160**R**23,535**R**24,011**R**24,253**R**24,823**R**26,064**R**27,453**R**28,485 29,195**1Metric tons of carbon dioxide can be converted to metric tons of carbon equivalent by multiplying by12/44.2Data for the United States differ from those in Table 12.1 because U.S. data in this table includeemissions from bunker fuels consumption; exclude emissions from geothermal power generation, cementproduction and other industrial processes, and municipal solid waste combustion; and exclude data for theU.S. Territories.3Excludes countries that were part of the former U.S.S.R. See "Union of Soviet Socialist Republics(U.S.S.R.)" in Glossary.4Includes only countries that were part of the former U.S.S.R. See "Eurasia" and "Union of SovietSocialist Republics (U.S.S.R.)" in Glossary.R=Revised. P=Preliminary.Notes:•Data in this table do not include recent updates (see http://tonto.eia.doe.gov/cfapps/ipdbproject/IEDIndex3.cfm).•Data include carbon dioxide emissions from fossil-fuel energy consumptionand natural gas flaring.•See Note 2, "World Carbon Dioxide Emissions," at end of section.•Totals maynot equal sum of components due to independent rounding.Web Page: For related information, see http://www.eia.doe.gov/international.Source: Energy Information Administration, "International Energy Annual 2006" (June-December 2008),Table H.1co2.International EnergyNote 1. World Primary Energy Production.World primary energy productionincludes production of crude oil (including lease condensate), natural gas plantliquids, dry natural gas, and coal; and netelectricity generationfrom nuclear electricpower, hydroelectric power, wood, waste, geothermal, solar, and wind. Data for theUnited States also include other renewable energy. Crude oil production is measured at the wellhead and includes lease condensate. Natural gas plant liquids areproducts obtained from processing naturalgas at natural gas processing plants,including natural gas plants, cycling plants, and fractionators. Dry natural gasproduction is that amount of natural gas produced that is available to be marketedand consumed as a gas. Coal (anthracite, bituminous coal, subbituminous coal, andlignite) production is the sum of sales, mine consumption, issues to miners, andissues to coking, briquetting,and other ancillary plantsat mines. Coal productiondata include quantities extracted fromsurface and underground mines and normallyexclude wastes removed at mines or associated preparation plants. The data ongeneration of electricity from nuclear electric power, hydroelectric power, wood,waste, geothermal, solar, and wind includedata reported on a net basis, thus excluding electricity that is generally used bythe electric power plant for its own operatingpurposes or electricity losses in the transformers that are considered integral parts ofthe station.Note 2. World Carbon Dioxide Emissions.In Table 11.19, data for carbon dioxide emissions include anthropogenic (human-caused) emissions from the consumption of petroleum, natural gas, and coal,and also from natural gas flaring. (They donot include carbon dioxide emissions from geothermal power generation, cementproduction and other industrial processes,and municipal solid waste combustion.)Petroleum consumption statistics for each country have been reduced to account forthe fraction of sequestration of non-fuel uses. Carbon dioxide emissions have beendetermined by applying carbon emission coefficients to the consumption and flaringdata. Carbon emission coefficients for petroleum, natural gas, and coal consumptionand natural gas flaring are from EnergyInformation Administration (EIA),Documentation for Emissions of Greenhouse Gases in the United States 2006(October2008), Tables 6.1 and 6.2.344 Energy Information Administration / Annual Energy Review 2008Environmental Indicators12“Harpers Ferry, Junction of the Rivers Shenandoah and Potomac.”Engraving by W. Goodacre and James Archer, published inThe Historyand Topography of the United States of North America, by John Howard Hinton, 1852. From the collection of the National Park Service, Harpers Ferry National Historical Park, Accession #1297.Figure 12.1 Emissions of Greenhouse GasesBy Type of Gas, 2007 Based on Global Warming Potential, by Type of Gas, 2007Based on Global Warming Potential, 1980-2007 Change 1990-2007, Based on Global Warming Potential346 Energy Information Administration / Annual Energy Review 20081Metric tons of carbon dioxidecan be converted to metric tons of carbon equivalent by multiplying by 12/44.2Methane, nitrous oxide, HFCs, PFCs, and SF6.(s)=Less than 0.005 billion metric tons of gas.- - = Not applicable because these gases cannot be summed in native units.Notes: • HFCs=hydrofluorocarbons; PFCs=perfluorocarbons; and SF6=sulfur hexafluoride.• Emissions by type of gas should not be compared; for comparison, see emissions based onglobal warming potential by type of gas.Source: Table 12.1.PFCsSF6TotalPFCsSF66.020.03(s) - -Carbon Dioxide1 Methane Nitrous Oxide HFCs01234567

Billion Metric Tons of Gas6.020.700.380.18Carbon Dioxide1 Methane Nitrous Oxide HFCs01234567

Billion Metric Tons Carbon Dioxide EquivalentOther21980 1985 1990 1995 2000 20050369 Billion Metric Tons Carbon Dioxide Equivalent+20-11+14+73+17Carbon Methane Nitrous HFCs Total-30-150153045607590-30

PercentCarbon Dioxide1Dioxide PFCsSF6OxideEnergy Information Administration / Annual Energy Review 2008 347**T able 12.1 Emissions of Greenhouse Gases, 1980-2007** **Year Greenhouse Gases** **Greenhouse Gases, Based on Global Warming Potential**1**Carbon Dioxide** 2,3**Methane Nitrous** **Oxide HFCs** **PFCs SF** 6**Carbon Dioxide** 2**Methane Nitrous** **Oxide HFCs** **PFCs SF** 6**Total**Million Metric Tons of GasMillion Metric Tons Carbon Dioxide Equivalent21980 4,824.7 28.6 1.0 – – 4,824.7 658.0 287.0 70.4 5,840.01981 4,704.3 29.2 1.0 – – 4,704.3 671.1 292.0 74.0 5,741.31982 4,448.8 29.4 1.0 – – 4,448.8 676.8 282.6 55.4 5,463.71983 4,408.0 29.1 .9 – – 4,408.0 669.9 270.2 67.1 5,415.31984 4,655.8 29.8 1.0 – – 4,655.8 684.5 294.0 75.5 5,709.91985 4,638.3 30.0 1.1 – – 4,638.3 689.7 330.7 70.5 5,729.31986 4,642.5 29.4 1.1 – – 4,642.5 676.5 323.8 75.0 5,717.81987 4,800.2 29.9 1.1 – – 4,800.2 688.3 323.4 77.8 5,889.81988 5,012.6 30.1 1.1 – – 5,012.6 692.0 316.9 91.3 6,112.81989 5,105.8 30.2 1.1 – – 5,105.8 693.8 332.8 94.5 6,226.91990R5,021.4R31.3 1.1 – –R5,021.4R782.1R336.0R102.4R6,241.81991R4,973.5R31.1 1.2 – –R4,973.5R778.4R345.2R93.2R6,190.41992R5,084.1R31.2 1.2 – –R5,084.1R781.0R352.4R98.1R6,315.61993R5,207.4R30.1 1.2 – –R5,207.4R753.3R351.8R96.5R6,409.11994R5,293.6R30.2 1.3 – –R5,293.6R754.7R377.5R97.2R6,522.91995R5,348.4R30.1 1.2 – –R5,348.4R752.6R359.7R114.6R6,575.21996R5,534.2R29.2 1.2 – –R5,534.2R729.1R360.2R124.8R6,748.21997R5,610.9R29.2 1.2 – –R5,610.9R730.0R353.1R132.1R6,826.01998R5,637.9R27.9 1.2 – –R5,637.9R696.5R351.0R150.6R6,836.01999R5,708.1R27.6 1.2 – –R5,708.1R690.6R348.9R149.0R6,896.62000R5,892.6R27.4 1.2 – –R5,892.6R685.7R344.6R152.1R7,075.02001R5,806.9R26.8 1.1 – –R5,806.9R670.1R339.3R141.4R6,957.72002R5,880.5R27.0 1.1 – –R5,880.5R674.2R335.4R153.6R7,043.72003R5,938.7R27.1 1.1 – –R5,938.7R676.5R334.6R149.0R7,098.82004R6,023.9R27.2 1.2 – –R6,023.9R679.7R361.5R165.0R7,230.12005R6,032.3R27.2 1.2 – –R6,032.3R679.4R370.8R174.5R7,256.92006R5,945.8R27.5 1.3 – –R5,945.8R686.9R375.7R171.3R7,179.72007P6,021.8 28.0 1.3 – – 6,021.8 699.9 383.9 176.9 7,282.41Emissions of greenhouse gases are weighted based upon their relative global warming potential(GWP), with carbon dioxide equal to a weight of one. See "Global Warming Potential" in Glossary.2Metric tons of carbon dioxide can be converted to metric tons of carbon equivalent by multiplying by12/44.3Carbon dioxide data in this table differ from those for the United States in Table 11.19 because data inthis table exclude emissions from international bunker fuels consumption; include emissions fromgeothermal power generation, cement production and other industrial processes, and municipal solid wastecombustion; and include data for the U.S. Territories.R=Revised. P=Preliminary. – – = Not applicable because these gases cannot be summed in nativeunits.Notes:•HFCs = hydrofluorocarbons; PFCs = perfluorocarbons; and SF6= sulfur hexafluoride.•Emissions are from anthropogenic sources. "Anthropogenic" means produced as the result of humanactivities, including emissions from agricultural activity and domestic livestock. Emissions from naturalsources, such as wetlands and wild animals, are not included.•Because of the continuing goal to improveestimation methods for greenhouse gases, data are frequently revised on an annual basis in keeping withthe latest findings of the international scientific community. Revisions reflect updates to GWP estimates, aswell as to energy consumption data.•For information on units for measuring greenhouse gases, seehttp://www.eia.doe.gov/oiaf/1605/ggrpt/pdf/0573(2007).pdf, page 10, box titled "Units for MeasuringGreenhouse Gases."•Totals may not equal sum of components due to independent rounding.Web Page: For related information, see http://www.eia.doe.gov/environment.html.Sources: Energy Information Administration (EIA),Emissions of Greenhouse Gases in the United States2007(December 2008), Table 1; and EIA, Office of Integrated Analysis and Forecasting, estimates.Figure 12.2 Carbon Dioxide Emissions From Energy Consumption by SectorTotal, 1980-2007 Economic Growth and Carbon Dioxide Emissions, 1980-2007By End-Use Sector, 1980-2007 By End-Use Sector, 2007348 Energy Information Administration / Annual Energy Review 20082007: 6.0 BillionMetric Tons1990: 5.0 BillionMetric Tons1Metric tons of carbon dioxide can be converted to metric tons of carbon equivalent by multiplying by 12/44.2Based on chained (2000) dollars.3 Electric power sector emissions are allocated to end-use sectors in proportion to eachsector’s share of total electricity retail sales (see Table 8.9).Sources: Tables 1.5 and 12.2.1980 1985 1990 1995 2000 200501234567

Billion Metric Tons Carbon Dioxide1Inflation-AdjustedGross Domestic Product2Energy-RelatedCarbon DioxideEmissions1980 1985 1990 1995 2000 20050255075100125150175

Index 1990=1002.01.61.21.1Transportation3 Industrial3 Residential3 Commercial30.00.61.21.82.4

Billion Metric Tons Carbon Dioxide1Industrial3Transportation31980 1985 1990 1995 2000 20050.00.61.21.82.4

Billion Metric Tons Carbon Dioxide1Residential3Commercial3Energy Information Administration / Annual Energy Review 2008 349**T able 12.2 Carbon Dioxide Emissions From Energy Consumption by Sector, 1980-2007** (Million Metric Tons of Carbon Dioxide1)**Year End-Use Sectors** **Electric Power Sector** 4**Total**7**Residential Commercial** 2**Industrial**3**Transportation Primary** 5**Total**6**Primary**5**Total**6**Primary**5**Total**6**Primary**5**Total**6**Primary**51980 385.2 909.0 244.5 652.5 1,192.8 1,787.7 1,383.9 1,386.2 1,529.0 4,735.41981 360.8 877.8 225.8 652.2 1,123.3 1,714.2 1,369.4 1,371.7 1,536.7 4,616.01982 359.1 872.2 226.1 654.1 983.2 1,506.9 1,338.3 1,340.5 1,467.1 4,373.81983 340.4 866.4 225.7 660.5 923.2 1,466.7 1,343.0 1,345.3 1,506.5 4,338.81984 348.8 885.8 236.2 693.7 1,036.0 1,612.6 1,387.2 1,389.6 1,573.5 4,581.71985 351.4 899.7 217.9 694.0 990.0 1,567.6 1,406.3 1,408.9 1,604.6 4,570.31986 342.5 895.2 216.2 698.8 963.2 1,523.4 1,460.2 1,462.9 1,598.2 4,580.31987 345.8 921.9 220.0 724.6 1,004.3 1,585.6 1,504.4 1,506.9 1,664.5 4,738.91988 366.7 969.6 230.1 760.0 1,054.1 1,659.3 1,564.1 1,566.8 1,740.7 4,955.71989 371.6 994.8 229.9 788.5 1,045.4 1,682.3 1,581.5 1,584.3 1,821.4 5,049.81990 341.6R961.7R224.9 787.5R1,052.4R1,686.9 1,579.4 1,582.6R1,820.4R5,018.71991 348.5R977.2 225.7R788.5R1,021.3R1,644.1 1,558.1 1,561.3R1,817.5R4,971.01992 358.4 978.6 226.8R790.1R1,074.6R1,719.2 1,579.0 1,582.1R1,831.4R5,070.11993 374.4R1,039.3 224.5R815.9R1,056.4R1,709.5 1,607.4 1,610.6R1,912.5R5,175.31994 365.8R1,032.3 226.9R830.4R1,073.5R1,739.6 1,648.5 1,651.8R1,939.3R5,254.01995 362.8 1,039.2 230.0 848.4R1,081.5R1,738.6 1,679.0 1,682.2R1,955.1R5,308.51996 391.2R1,098.5 238.6 879.0R1,116.5R1,791.9 1,722.2 1,725.4R2,026.3R5,494.91997 372.8 1,089.7 238.8R923.0R1,128.5R1,820.3 1,740.9 1,744.2R2,096.1R5,577.21998 340.3R1,097.0 221.8R943.6R1,091.1R1,794.9 1,776.2 1,779.5R2,185.5R5,615.01999 360.9R1,120.1 223.6 955.5R1,071.6R1,773.4 1,824.9 1,828.3R2,196.5R5,677.32000 379.7R1,181.6 235.5R1,015.2R1,070.7R1,786.4 1,868.9 1,872.6R2,300.9R5,855.82001R367.8R1,168.3R226.9R1,020.1R1,051.9R1,715.8R1,847.2R1,850.9R2,261.3R5,755.12002 367.2R1,196.3 228.5R1,017.9R1,066.5R1,715.5 1,887.2 1,890.9R2,271.1R5,820.62003 385.1R1,224.6R238.3 1,027.1R1,053.0R1,719.1R1,892.6R1,897.2R2,299.0R5,868.12004 371.7R1,220.7R233.7R1,042.3R1,075.4R1,744.2R1,954.2R1,958.9R2,331.2R5,966.22005R364.8R1,254.9R225.2R1,060.2R1,005.0R1,672.3R1,983.1R1,988.0R2,397.4R5,975.32006R327.3R1,197.9R205.7R1,043.0R1,001.0R1,652.4R2,008.7R2,013.4R2,364.1R5,906.72007P345.8 1,249.5 215.6 1,087.4 986.7 1,639.7 2,009.4 2,014.4 2,433.4 5,990.91Metric tons of carbon dioxide can be converted to metric tons of carbon equivalent by multiplying by12/44.2Commercial sector, including commercial combined-heat-and-power (CHP) and commercialelectricity-only plants.3Industrial sector, including industrial combined-heat-and-power (CHP) and industrial electricity-onlyplants.4Electricity-only and combined-heat-and-power (CHP) plants within the NAICS 22 category whoseprimary business is to sell electricity, or electricity and heat, to the public.5Carbon dioxide emissions from the combustion of fossil fuels. The electric power sector also has asmall amount of emissions from geothermal power generation and the combustion of the plasticscomponent of municipal solid waste.6In addition to "Primary" emissions, also includes emissions from energy consumption (for electricityand a small amount of useful thermal output) in the electric power sector, which are allocated to theend-use sectors in proportion to each sector’s share of total electricity retail sales (see Table 8.9).7The sum of "Primary" emissions in the five energy-use sectors equals the sum of "Total" emissionsinthe four end-use sectors.R=Revised. P=Preliminary.Notes:•See Note 2, "Classification of Power Plants Into Energy-Use Sectors," at end of Section8.•Because of the continuing goal to improve estimation methods for greenhouse gases, data are frequentlyrevised on an annual basis in keeping with the latest findings of the international scientific community.•Totals may not equal sum of components due to independent rounding.Web Page: For related information, see http://www.eia.doe.gov/environment.html.Sources: Energy Information Administration (EIA),Emissions of Greenhouse Gases in the United States2007(December 2008), Tables 6-11; and EIA, Office of Integrated Analysis and Forecasting, estimates.Figure 12.3 Carbon Dioxide Emissions From Energy Consumption by Sector by Energy Source, 2007By End-Use Sector1 Total by Fuel By Petroleum ProductBy End-Use Sector1 and Source350 Energy Information Administration / Annual Energy Review 20081,20865323813593935155Motor GasolineDistillate Fuel OilJet FuelResidual Fuel OilPetroleum CokeKerosene0 300 600 900 1,200 1,500Million Metric Tons of Carbon Dioxide21Emissions from energy consumption in the electric power sector are allocated to the enduse sectors in proportion to each sector’s share of total electricity retail sales (see Table 8.9).2Metric tons of carbon dioxidecan be converted to metric tons of carbon equivalent by multiplying by 12/44.3Coal coke net imports, the plastics component of municipal solid waste, and geothermal.4Liquefied petroleum gases.5Aviation gasoline, lubricants, and other products.6Small amounts of coal consumed for transportation are reported as industrial consumption.7The industrial sector also includes 4 million metric tons of coal coke net imports.Note: Because scales differ, graphs should not be comparedSource: Table 12.3.dential2,5802,1591,23715Petro- Coal Natural Other305001,0001,5002,0002,5003,000

Million Metric Tons of Carbon Dioxide21,2501,0871,6402,014Resi- Com- Indus- Trans05001,0001,5002,0002,500

Million Metric Tons of Carbon Dioxide2mercial trial portation leum GasLPG49048726535171722571634053588454061,974Residential Commercial Industrial Transportation05001,0001,5002,0002,500

Million Metric Tons of Carbon Dioxide2PetroleumNatural GasCoalElectric Power Sector GenerationOther567(6)Energy Information Administration / Annual Energy Review 2008 351**T able 12.3 Carbon Dioxide Emissions From Energy Consumption by Sector by Energy Source, 2007** (Million Metric Tons of Carbon Dioxide1)**Energy Source End-Use Sectors** **Electric Power** **Sector**4**Total Residential** **Commercial**2**Industrial**3**Transportation Total** Petroleum .................................................. 88.3 45.4 406.4 1,974.0 2,514.2 65.7 2,579.9Aviation Gasoline .................................... – – – – – – 2.2 2.2 – – 2.2Distillate Fuel Oil ..................................... 52.6 29.6 90.6 472.5 645.3 7.4 652.7Jet Fuel ................................................... – – – – – – 238.0 238.0 – – 238.0Kerosene ................................................ 2.9 0.7 1.3 – – 4.8 – – 4.8Liquefied Petroleum Gases .................... 32.8 5.8 52.8 1.7 93.1 – – 93.1Lubricants ............................................... – – – – 6.055.6 11.6 – – 11.6Motor Gasoline ....................................... – – 3.1 24.7 1,180.5 1,208.3 – – 1,208.3Petroleum Coke ...................................... – – – – 71.5 – – 71.5 21.2 92.7Residual Fuel Oil .................................... – – 6.2 17.8 73.5 97.5 37.1 134.7Other ....................................................... – – – – 141.6 – – 141.6 – – 141.6Natural Gas ............................................... 256.9 163.4 404.9 35.4 860.6 376.4 1,237.0Coal ........................................................... 0.6 6.86172.26( ) 179.6 1,979.7 2,159.3Coal Coke Net Imports .............................. – – – – 3.1 – – 3.1 – – 3.1Municipal Solid Waste7............................. – – – – – – – – – – 11.2 11.2Geothermal ................................................ – – – – – – – – – – 0.4 0.4**P rimary** ........................................................**345.8 215.6 986.7 2,009.4 3,557.5 2,433.4 5,990.9**Electric Power Sector Generation8........... 903.7 871.7 653.0 5.0 2,433.4 – – – –**T otal** .............................................................**1,249.5 1,087.4 1,639.7 2,014.4 5,990.9 – – 5,990.9**1Metric tons of carbon dioxide can be converted to metric tons of carbon equivalent by multiplying by12/44.2Commercial sector, including commercial combined-heat-and-power (CHP) and commercialelectricity-only plants.3Industrial sector, including industrial combined-heat-and-power (CHP) and industrial electricity-onlyplants.4Electricity-only and combined-heat-and-power (CHP) plants within the NAICS 22 category whoseprimary business is to sell electricity, or electricity and heat, to the public.5Includes emissions from nonfuel use of lubricants.6Small amounts of coal consumed for transportation are reported as industrial sector consumption.7The plastics component of municipal solid waste.8Emissions from energy consumption (for electricity and a small amount of useful thermal output) in theelectric power sector are allocated to the end-use sectors in proportion to each sector’s share of totalelectricity retail sales (see Table 8.9).– – = Not applicable.Notes:•Data are preliminary estimates.•Emissions from blast furnace gas, propane gas, and othermanufactured and waste gases derived from fossil fuels are counted under their primary energysource—i.e., petroleum, natural gas, or coal.•See Note 2, "Classification of Power Plants IntoEnergy-Use Sectors," at end of Section 8.•Totals may not equal sum of components due to independentrounding.Web Page: For related information, see http://www.eia.doe.gov/environment.html.Source: Energy Information Administration,Emissions of Greenhouse Gases in the United States 2007(December 2008), Tables 7-11.Figure 12.4 Carbon Dioxide Emissions From Consumption of Energy for All Purposes in the ManufacturingSector, 2002Carbon Dioxide Emissions by Top Industry Groups Carbon Dioxide Emissions by Energy SourceCarbon Dioxide Emissions per Unit of Primary Consumption, Top Industry Groups352 Energy Information Administration / Annual Energy Review 20081Metric tons of carbon dioxidecan be converted to metric tons of carbon equivalent by multiplying by 12/44.2All other types of energy that respondents indicated were consumed or allocated.3From energy inputs used to produce electricity, including associated losses.Source: Table 12.4.

Million Metric Tons of Carbon Dioxide1 Emissions per Quadrillion Btu3(23%)(18%)(14%)(5%)(39%)31130521310295914644Chemicals Petroleum Primary Paper Food Nonmetallic Transpor- Plastics050100150200250300350

Million Metric Tons of Carbon Dioxide1Electricity3541Other274Coal203Petroleum258Natural Gas326and CoalProductsMetals MineralProductstationEquipmentand RubberProductslaneousTotal Emissions:1,401 million metric tons carbon dioxide168.968.262.662.362.161.661.261.160.860.760.460.159.759.656.254.153.7Primary Nonmetallic Plastics Computer Textile Fabricated Printing Textile Machinery Miscel- Beverage Food Apparel Trans- Furniture Leather Electrical020406080All Manufacturing Industries: 49.6andElectronicProductsandAlliedProductsportationEquipmentEquipment,Appliances,andComponentsMillsMetalProductsandRelatedSupportandTobaccoProductsandRubberProductsandRelatedProductsMetals ProductMillsMineralProductsEnergy Information Administration / Annual Energy Review 2008 353**T able 12.4 Carbon Dioxide Emissions From Consumption of Energy for All Purposes in the Manufacturing Sector, 200** **2**(Million Metric Tons of Carbon Dioxide,1Except as Noted)**NAICS**2**Code Major Group Carbon Dioxide Emissions** **Carbon Dioxide Emissions** **per Unit of Primary** **Consumption**5**Carbon Dioxide Emissions** **per Chained Dollar of** **Shipments**6**Coal Natural Gas** **Petroleum Electricity** 3**Other**4**Total**311 Food ................................................................................. 17.3 30.7 2.9 43.8 0.1 94.7 60.1 215.2312 Beverage and Tobacco Products ..................................... 1.6 2.4 0.4 4.9 (s) 9.4 60.4 93.1313 Textile Mills ....................................................................... 2.1 4.0 0.6 16.4 0.0 23.0 61.1 518.3314 Textile Product Mills ......................................................... 0.7 1.5 0.3 3.20.0 5.8 62.1 170.7315 Apparel ............................................................................. 0.0 0.8 0.12.3 0.0 3.2 59.7 59.3316 Leather and Allied Products ............................................. 0.0 0.2 0.0 0.4 0.00.6 54.1 59.1321 Wood Products ................................................................. 0.1 3.0 1.2 13.70.4 18.4 35.6 205.7322 Paper ................................................................................ 22.5 26.6 10.0 42.4 0.8 102.4 36.6 661.3323 Printing and Related Support ........................................... 0.0 2.4 0.1 9.5 0.012.0 61.2 125.9324 Petroleum and Coal Products ........................................... 19.3 46.4 153.9 24.6 60.8 304.8 43.2 1,301.1325 Chemicals ......................................................................... 32.8 106.2 70.2 99.42.4 311.0 41.5 738.1326 Plastics and Rubber Products .......................................... 2.1 6.8 0.9 34.5 (s)44.2 62.6 249.4327 Nonmetallic Mineral Products ........................................... 30.1 22.3 11.4 26.8 0.4 91.1 68.2 1,046.0331 Primary Metals .................................................................. 72.4 37.2 2.4 93.87.0 212.8 68.9 1,511.1332 Fabricated Metal Products ................................................ 0.8 11.1 0.9 30.6 0.043.4 61.6 173.4333 Machinery ......................................................................... 0.1 4.3 0.4 16.0 (s) 20.8 60.8 82.3334 Computer and Electronic Products ................................... 0.0 3.4 0.2 24.9 (s) 28.5 62.3 59.9335 Electrical Equipment, Appliances, and Components ........ 0.0 2.8 0.1 8.9 2.3 14.2 53.7135.3336 Transportation Equipment ................................................ 1.0 10.7 1.2 32.7 0.145.7 59.6 74.1337 Furniture and Related Products ........................................ 0.1 1.3 0.1 4.6 0.16.3 56.2 91.5339 Miscellaneous ................................................................... 0.0 1.7 0.1 6.70.0 8.5 60.7 71.7— Total Manufacturing .......................................................... 202.8 325.9 257.6 540.7 74.2 1,401.2 49.6 352.71Metric tons of carbon dioxide can be converted to metric tons of carbon equivalent by multiplying by12/44.2North American Industry Classification System (NAICS).3Carbon dioxide emitted from energy inputs used to produce electricity (including associated losses),derived by calculating the manufacturing subsector share of the electric power sector’s total carbon dioxideemissions based upon the weighted share of electricity retail sales to (receipts by) the manufacturingsubsector.4Includes all other types of energy that respondents indicated were consumed or allocated, such asasphalt and road oil, lubricants, naphtha < 401°F, other oils >= 401°F, special naphthas, waxes, andmiscellaneous nonfuel products, which are nonfuel products assigned to the petroleum refining industrygroup (NAICS 324110).5Data are in million metric tons of carbon dioxide per quadrillion Btu of energy (including allocatedelectricity losses).6Data are in metric tons of carbon dioxide per million chained (2000) dollars.(s)=Less than 0.05 million metric tons.Notes:•Data are estimates for the first use of energy for heat and power and as feedstocks or rawmaterial inputs. "First use" is the consumption of energy that was originally produced offsite or wasproduced onsite from input materials not classified as energy. Minor revisions to the 2002 ManufacturingEnergy Consumption Survey (MECS) consumption data have been made since the estimates in this tablehave been computed. The revisions would likely not have a discernible effect on the estimates shown.•Electricity was converted from point-of-use to primary electricity using Table A6 of this report.•SeeTable 2.2 for manufacturing energy use.•Totals may not equal sum of components due to independentrounding.Web Page: For related information, see http://www.eia.doe.gov/emeu/mecs.Sources: Energy Information Administration, Form EIA-846, "2002 Manufacturing Energy ConsumptionSurvey," Form EIA-810, "Monthly Refinery Report" (for 2002), andDocumentation for EmissionsofGreenhouse Gases in the United States 2003(May 2005).Figure 12.5 Methane EmissionsTotal, 1980-2007 By Source, 2007Energy Sources by Type 1980-2007 Agricultural Sources by Major Type, 1980-2007354 Energy Information Administration / Annual Energy Review 20081Chemical production, and iron and steel production.2Natural gas production, processing, and distribution.3Petroleum production, refining, and distribution.4Consumption of coal, petroleum, natural gas, and wood for heat or electricity.5Emissions from passenger cars, trucks, buses, motorcycles, and other transport.6Methane emitted as a product of digestion in animals such as cattle, buffalo, sheep, goats,and camels.Source: Table 12.5.Sources Sources ManagementProcesses11980 1985 1990 1995 2000 2005010203040

Million Metric Tons of Methane31.3 in199011.58.67.80.1Energy Agricultural Waste Industrial051015

Million Metric Tons of Methane28.0 in2007Stationary Combustion4Animal WasteRice CultivationNatural Gas Systems2Coal MiningMobile Combustion5Enteric Fermentation6Petroleum Systems31980 1985 1990 1995 2000 200502468

Million Metric Tons of Methane1980 1985 1990 1995 2000 200502468

Million Metric Tons of MethaneEnergy Information Administration / Annual Energy Review 2008 355**T able 12.5 Methane Emissions, 1980-2007** (Million Metric Tons of Methane)**Year Energy Sources** **Waste Management Agricultural Sources** **Industrial Processes** 9**Total**5**Coal Mining** **Natural Gas** **Systems**1**Petroleum Systems** 2**Mobile Com** **bustion**3**Stationary Com** **bustion**4**Total**5**Landfills Waste** **water Treatment** 6**Total**5**Enteric Fermen** **tation**7**Animal Waste** 8**Rice Cultivation** **Crop Residue** **Burning Total** 51980 3.05 4.25 NA 0.28 0.81 8.39 10.50 0.52 11.02 5.47 3.04 0.48 0.04 9.04 0.13 28.591981 2.80 4.86 NA .27 .82 8.75 10.67 .53 11.20 5.56 2.90 .54 .05 9.05 .14 29.131982 3.23 4.89 NA .27 .88 9.26 10.61 .54 11.15 5.50 2.80 .47 .05 8.81 .10 29.321983 3.02 4.85 NA .27 .86 9.00 10.65 .54 11.19 5.46 2.85 .31 .03 8.66 .11 28.961984 3.60 4.95 NA .27 .86 9.68 10.66 .66 11.32 5.33 2.77 .40 .04 8.55 .11 29.661985 3.88 5.00 NA .26 .84 9.98 10.63 .67 11.30 5.27 2.77 .36 .05 8.45 .11 29.831986 3.73 4.88 NA .26 .82 9.69 10.51 .68 11.18 5.13 2.71 .34 .04 8.22 .10 29.201987 4.01 4.98 NA .25 .80 10.04 10.61 .68 11.29 5.08 2.76 .33 .04 8.21 .11 29.651988 3.93 5.13 NA .25 .83 10.14 10.49 .69 11.18 5.10 2.77 .41 .03 8.31 .12 29.761989 3.96 5.29 NA .25 .86 10.36 10.41 .70 11.11 5.08 2.68 .38 .04 8.18 .12 29.771990R4.26R5.62 1.30 .24 .56R11.98R10.34 .89R11.22R5.62 1.89 .40 .04R7.96 .12R31.281991R4.09R5.84 1.31 .24 .59R12.07R10.04 .90R10.94R5.58 1.99 .40 .04R8.01 .11R31.141992 4.05R5.90 1.27 .23 .62R12.07R9.91 .92R10.84R5.70R2.02 .45 .05R8.21 .12R31.241993R3.39R5.89 1.21 .23 .54R11.26R9.69 .93R10.63R5.60 2.07 .41 .04R8.12 .12R30.131994 3.51R5.90 1.18 .22 .51R11.33R9.34 .95R10.30R5.75 2.15 .48 .05R8.43 .13R30.191995R3.65R6.00 1.17 .21 .51R11.54R8.95 .97R9.91R5.86 2.17 .44 .04R8.51 .13R30.101996R3.20R6.02 1.15 .21 .53R11.11R8.58 .98R9.55R5.74R2.17 .41 .05R8.37 .13R29.161997R3.48R6.29R1.15 .21 .44 11.56R8.11 .99R9.10R5.61R2.30 .45 .05R8.40 .13R29.201998R2.87R6.27 1.11R.20 .39R10.84R7.51 1.00R8.51R5.52 2.33 .47 .05R8.37 .13R27.861999 3.11R6.28R1.05 .20 .40R11.04R7.07 1.02R8.08R5.52R2.30 .50 .05R8.37 .13R27.622000R2.97R6.58R1.04R.20 .43R11.21R6.80 1.02R7.82R5.48R2.30 .44 .05R8.27 .13R27.432001 2.96R6.40 1.03 .19 .38R10.97R6.44 1.02R7.46R5.43 2.32 .47 .05R8.27 .11R26.812002 2.79R6.71 1.02 .19 .39R11.10R6.45 1.03R7.48R5.44R2.34R.44 .05R8.27 .12R26.972003R2.80R6.67 1.01 .18 .41R11.07R6.54 1.03R7.57R5.47 2.36 .43 .05R8.31 .12R27.062004R2.94R6.75 .97R.19 .41R11.25R6.48 1.04R7.52R5.39 2.38 .47 .06R8.30 .12R27.192005R2.81R6.72 .93 .20R.45R11.11R6.50 1.04R7.54R5.48R2.42R.46 .05R8.41 .11R27.172006R2.86R6.85 .92R.20R.41R11.23R6.57 1.06R7.63R5.54R2.52R.39 .05R8.51R.11R27.482007P2.84 7.06 .92 .20 .46 11.48 6.76 1.07 7.83 5.54 2.60 .39 .06 8.58 .11 28.001Natural gas production, processing, and distribution; processing is not included in 1980 and isincompletely covered in 1981-1989.2Petroleum production, refining, and distribution.3Emissions from passenger cars, trucks, buses, motorcycles, and other transport.4Consumption of coal, petroleum, natural gas, and wood for heat or electricity.5See notes on components for specific coverage, which is inconsistent prior to 1990 in some cases.61980-1984, domestic wastewater only; 1985 forward, industrial and domestic wastewater.7Methane emitted as a product of digestion in animals such as cattle, buffalo, sheep, goats, andcamels.8Estimation methods for 1990 forward reflect a shift in waste management away from liquid systems todry-lot systems, thus lowering emissions.9Chemical production, and iron and steel production.R=Revised. P=Preliminary. NA=Not available.Notes:•Emissions are from anthropogenic sources. "Anthropogenic" means produced as the resultofhuman activities, including emissions from agricultural activity and domestic livestock. Emissions fromnatural sources, such as wetlands and wild animals, are not included.•Under certain conditions, methanemay be produced via anaerobic decomposition of organic materials in landfills, animal wastes, and ricepaddies.•Because of the continuing goal to improve estimation methods for greenhouse gases, data arefrequently revised on an annual basis in keeping with the latest findings of the international scientificcommunity.•For information on units for measuring greenhouse gases, seehttp://www.eia.doe.gov/oiaf/1605/ggrpt/pdf/0573(2007).pdf, page 10, box titled "Units for MeasuringGreenhouse Gases."•Totals may not equal sum of components due to independent rounding.Web Page: For related information, see http://www.eia.doe.gov/environment.html.Sources: Energy Information Administration (EIA),Emissions of Greenhouse Gases in the United States2007(December 2008), Tables 16-20; and EIA, Office of Integrated Analysis and Forecasting, estimates.Figure 12.6 Nitrous Oxide EmissionsTotal, 1980-2007 By Source, 2007Energy Sources by Type, 1980-2007 Agricultural Sources by Major Type, 1980-2007356 Energy Information Administration / Annual Energy Review 20081Adipic acid production (primarily for the manufacture of nylon fibers and plastics) and nitricacid production (primarily for fertilizers).2Emissions from passenger cars and trucks; air, rail, and marine transportation; and farm andconstruction equipment.3Consumption of coal, petroleum, natural gas, and wood for heat or electricity.Source: Table 12.6.1980 1985 1990 1995 2000 20050.00.30.60.91.21.5

Million Metric Tons of Nitrous Oxide1980 1985 1990 1995 2000 2005050100150200

Thousand Metric Tons of Nitrous Oxide9812394721Agricultural Energy Industrial Waste02004006008001,0001,200

Thousand Metric Tons of Nitrous Oxide1.1 in19901.3 in2007Stationary Combustion3Sources ManagementSources Processes1Mobile Combustion2Solid Waste of Domesticated AnimalsNitrogen Fertilization of Soils1980 1985 1990 1995 2000 20050200400600800

Thousand Metric Tons of Nitrous OxideEnergy Information Administration / Annual Energy Review 2008 357**T able 12.6 Nitrous Oxide Emissions, 1980-2007** (Thousand Metric Tons of Nitrous Oxide)**Year Energy Sources** **Waste Management Agricultural Sources** **Industrial Processes** 3**Total Mobile** **Combustion**1**Stationary Combustion** 2**Total Waste** **Combustion Human** **Sewage in Wastewater** **Total Nitrogen** **Fertilization of Soils** **Crop Residue** **Burning Solid Waste** **of Domesticated Animals** **Total**1980 60 43 102 (s) 13 13 499 1 265 766 88 9691981 63 42 105 (s) 13 14 515 2 267 783 85 9871982 67 40 107 (s) 13 14 486 2 266 754 81 9551983 71 41 112 (s) 14 14 441 1 265 707 80 9131984 86 43 130 (s) 14 14 500 2 260 762 88 9931985 98 43 141 (s) 15 15 619 2 252 872 89 1,1171986 107 43 150 (s) 15 15 597 2 244 842 87 1,0941987 120 44 164 1 15 16 582 1 238 822 91 1,0931988 138 46 183 1 15 16 539 1 235 775 96 1,0711989 146 46 192 (s) 15 16 586 2 229 817 99 1,1241990 126 45 172 1 16 17 632 2 209 843 96R1,1281991 147 45 192 1 16 17 638 2 211 850 99R1,1591992 153 46 198 1 16 17 657 2 213 872 95R1,1831993 159 46 205 1 17 17 642 1 215 858 100 1,1811994 165 47 212 1 17 18 705 2 219 926 110 1,2671995 173 47 220 1 17 18 634 2 222R858 111 1,2071996 179 49 228 1 17 18 624 2 220R846 116R1,2091997 180 50 230 1 18 19 645 2 216R863 74R1,1851998R180 49R230 1 18 19 657 2R213 871 58R1,1781999R180 49 229 1 19 20 653 2 211 865 57R1,1712000R177 51R228 1 19 20 641 2 209R853 56R1,1562001R172 49R221 1 19 20 640 2R208 850 47R1,1392002R169R49R218 1 19 20 627 2 207R836 51R1,1252003R168R50R217 1 19 20 632 2 205 839 46R1,1232004R172R51R223 1R19 21 718 2 204 924 46R1,2132005 182R51R233 1 20 21 734 2 207R944 47R1,2442006 185 50 235 1 20 21R747 2 209R958 47R1,2612007P188 50 239 1 20 21 771 2 209 981 47 1,2881Emissions from passenger cars and trucks; air, rail, and marine transportation; and farm andconstruction equipment.2Consumption of coal, petroleum, natural gas, and wood for heat or electricity.3Adipic acid production (primarily for the manufacture of nylon fibers and plastics), and nitric acidproduction (primarily for fertilizers).R=Revised. P=Preliminary. (s)=Less than 0.5 thousand metric tons.Notes:•Emissions are from anthropogenic sources. "Anthropogenic" means produced as the result ofhuman activities, including emissions from agricultural activity and domestic livestock. Emissions fromnatural sources, such as wetlands and wild animals, are not included.•Under certain conditions, methanemay be produced via anaerobic decomposition of organic materials in landfills, animal wastes, and ricepaddies.•Because of the continuing goal to improve estimation methods for greenhouse gases, data arefrequently revised on an annual basis in keeping with the latest findings of the international scientificcommunity.•For information on units for measuring greenhouse gases, seehttp://www.eia.doe.gov/oiaf/1605/ggrpt/pdf/0573(2007).pdf, page 10, box titled "Units for MeasuringGreenhouse Gases."•Totals may not equal sum of components due to independent rounding.Web Page: For related information, see http://www.eia.doe.gov/environment.html.Sources: Energy Information Administration (EIA),Emissions of Greenhouse Gases in the United States2007(December 2008), Tables 21-25; and EIA, Office of Integrated Analysis and Forecasting, estimates.Figure 12.7 Emissions From Energy Consumption for Electricity Generation and Useful Thermal OutputEmissions by Type of Generating Unit, 2007Emissions by Sector, 1989-2007358 Energy Information Administration / Annual Energy Review 20088.4(s)0.40.20 2 4 6 8 10Million Metric Tons of GasSulfur Dioxide1 For carbon dioxide: municipal solid waste (only the estimated plastics portion of municipalsolid waste is included); tire-derived fuel,and geothermal. For sulfur dioxide and nitrogenoxides: blast furnace gas,propane gas, and other manufactured and waste gases derived fromfossil fuels; wood and wood-derived fuels; municipal solid waste, landfill gas, sludge waste,tires, agricultural byproducts, and other biomass; and chemicals, hydrogen, pitch, sulfur, andtar coal.2Includes Commercial Sector.(s)=Less than 0.05 million metric tons.Sources: Tables 12.7a-12.7c.2,0024326715CoalNatural GasPetroleumOther10 600 1,200 1,800 2,400Million Metric Tons of Gas2Carbon Dioxide2.90.40.20.201234Million Metric Tons of GasNitrogen Oxides1990 1995 2000 2005061218

Million Metric Tons of GasSulfur Dioxide1990 1995 2000 20050246810

Million Metric Tons of GasNitrogen OxidesTotal2Total2ElectricPower SectorIndustrial SectorElectricPower SectorIndustrial SectorTotal2ElectricPower SectorIndustrial Sector1990 1995 2000 20050.00.71.42.12.8

Billion Metric Tons of GasCarbon DioxideEnergy Information Administration / Annual Energy Review 2008 359**T able 12.7a Emissions From Energy Consumption for Electricity Generation and Useful Thermal Output:** **Total (All Sectors), 1989-2007**(Sum of Tables 12.7b and 12.7c; Thousand Metric Tons of Gas)**Year Carbon Dioxide** 1**Sulfur Dioxide Nitrogen Oxides** **Coal**2**Petroleum**3**Natural Gas** 4**MSW**5**Geo thermal** 6**Total Coal** 2**Petroleum**3**Natural Gas** 4**Other**7**Total Coal** 2**Petroleum**3**Natural Gas** 4**Other**7**Total**1989 1,553,863 143,948 217,292 5,531 360 1,920,994R14,469R984 1R39R15,493R7,281R269R495R93R8,1361990 1,572,389 118,386 232,682 7,411 380 1,931,248R14,281R937 1R243R15,462R7,119R208R513R122R7,9611991 1,572,149 110,242 236,893 8,358 394 1,928,035R14,240R856 1R246R15,342R7,109R193R498R113R7,9131992 1,596,666 95,676 246,909 9,948 396 1,949,594R14,060R704 1R264R15,030R6,975R158R477R119R7,7281993 1,666,152 107,124 249,159 10,293 411 2,033,139R13,843R851 1R271R14,966R7,225R173R475R124R7,9971994 1,675,705 101,836 274,926 11,054 380 2,063,900R13,398R794 1R279R14,472R7,005R159R513R124R7,8011995 1,697,952 76,280 297,108 11,844 326 2,083,509R11,188R826 2R298R12,314R5,136R332R653R234R6,3551996 1,788,663 83,204 276,467 12,568 356 2,161,258R11,811R876R1R303R12,991R5,307R352R577R238R6,4741997 1,834,871 92,618 291,673 13,176 370 2,232,709R12,211R965R1R303R13,480R5,322R326R619R233R6,5001998 1,862,880 122,422 325,819 12,645 372 2,324,139R12,012R1,162R1R289R13,465R5,123R395R700R241R6,4591999 1,869,576 114,722 341,375 12,611 377 2,338,660R11,453R1,101R2R288R12,843R4,687R391R632R245R5,9552000 1,960,017 107,464 361,708 12,174 358 2,441,722R10,729R933R2R300R11,963R4,370R404R614R250R5,6382001 1,895,181 116,084 365,311 12,821 349 2,389,745R9,905R1,002 2R265R11,174R4,096R294R631R268R5,2902002 1,912,656 90,208 377,055 14,759 369 2,395,048R9,786R773 2R321R10,882R4,057R225R625R287R5,1942003 1,947,172 110,955 343,394 13,793 367 2,415,680R9,688R717 2R239R10,646R3,607R240R453R232R4,5322004 1,962,742 114,653 365,205 13,956 377 2,456,934R9,437R633 2R237R10,309R3,286R225R416R217R4,1432005 2,001,237 115,944 381,927 14,128 374 2,513,609R9,499R588 2R251R10,340R3,135R221R383R222R3,9612006 1,974,057 67,326 403,024 15,023 371 2,459,800R8,867R427 2R227R9,524R2,996R164R399R240R3,7992007 2,002,351 67,112 432,363 14,382 372 2,516,580 8,389 422 4 227 9,042 2,870 157 382 242 3,6501Metric tons of carbon dioxide can be converted to metric tons of carbon equivalent by multiplying by12/44.2Anthracite, bituminous coal, subbituminous coal, lignite, waste coal, and synthetic coal.3Distillate fuel oil, residual fuel oil, petroleum coke, jet fuel, kerosene, other petroleum, and waste oil.4Natural gas, plus a small amount of supplemental gaseous fuels.5Municipal solid waste (only the estimated plastics portion of municipal solid waste is included) andtire-derived fuel.6Carbon dioxide in geothermal steam.7Blast furnace gas, propane gas, and other manufactured and waste gases derived from fossil fuels;wood and wood-derived fuels; municipal solid waste, landfill gas, sludge waste, tires, agriculturalbyproducts, and other biomass; and chemicals, hydrogen, pitch, sulfur, and tar coal.R=Revised.Notes:•Data are for emissions from energy consumption for electricity generation and useful thermaloutput.•See "Useful Thermal Output" in Glossary.•Totals may not equal sum of components duetoindependent rounding.Web Page: For related information, see http://www.eia.doe.gov/fuelelectric.html.Sources: Tables 12.7b and 12.7c.360 Energy Information Administration / Annual Energy Review 2008**T able 12.7b Emissions From Energy Consumption for Electricity Generation and Useful Thermal Output:** **Electric Power Sector, 1989-2007**(Subset of Table 12.7a; Thousand Metric Tons of Gas)**Year Carbon Dioxide** 1**Sulfur Dioxide Nitrogen Oxides** **Coal**2**Petroleum**3**Natural Gas** 4**MSW**5**Geo thermal** 6**Total Coal** 2**Petroleum**3**Natural Gas** 4**Other**7**Total Coal** 2**Petroleum**3**Natural Gas** 4**Other**7**Total**1989 1,501,138 132,213 168,805 4,319 360 1,806,835R13,815R810 1R7R14,633R7,055R246R390R25R7,7171990 1,514,803 100,783 176,345 5,734 380 1,798,046R13,576R628 1R13R14,218R6,878R175R390R36R7,4801991 1,515,187 94,201 179,639 7,131 394 1,796,551R13,590R621 1R15R14,227R6,886R165R384R42R7,4761992 1,537,071 78,366 186,792 8,387 396 1,811,012R13,375R559 1R12R13,946R6,749R128R359R46R7,2821993 1,605,411 89,512 187,350 8,490 411 1,891,173R13,133R735 1R13R13,882R6,996R143R357R49R7,5441994 1,613,316 84,167 210,098 9,217 380 1,917,178R12,695R665 1R11R13,373R6,777R128R390R47R7,3431995 1,635,373 60,453 227,531 9,908 326 1,933,591R10,573R581 1R34R11,189R4,974R282R402R95R5,7541996 1,725,336 65,456 204,224 9,827 356 2,005,198R11,129R617R1R32R11,779R5,144R301R326R96R5,8661997 1,771,312 74,368 219,073 10,227 370 2,075,350R11,515R653R1R36R12,205R5,157R269R370R98R5,8941998 1,801,302 104,582 248,587 10,062 372 2,164,904R11,372R911R1R37R12,321R4,965R337R431R103R5,8361999 1,807,766 96,956 261,143 10,165 377 2,176,407R10,843R836R1R42R11,722R4,535R332R381R109R5,3572000 1,897,723 91,338 281,618 10,043 358 2,281,080R10,140R746R1R45R10,932R4,225R367R338R111R5,0402001 1,837,763 101,874 289,646 10,787 349 2,240,419R9,281R754 2 5R10,041R3,878R253R425R96R4,6522002 1,853,683 78,040 305,917 12,622 369 2,250,631R9,106R550 2R16R9,672R3,813R187R425R104R4,5282003 1,891,549 97,236 277,903 11,329 367 2,278,385R9,255R579 2R13R9,849R3,496R207R282R98R4,0822004 1,903,702 99,246 296,216 11,053 377 2,310,594R8,991R493 2R9R9,495R3,183R193R241R101R3,7172005 1,944,227 101,521 318,942 11,135 374 2,376,199R9,071R461 2R10R9,543R3,051R189R243R103R3,5852006 1,918,413 54,820 337,859 11,414 371 2,322,876R8,416R264 2R8R8,690R2,902R135R230R107R3,3742007 1,950,722 55,001 371,402 11,180 372 2,388,677 8,002 265 3 9 8,279 2,781 130 236 112 3,2591Metric tons of carbon dioxide can be converted to metric tons of carbon equivalent by multiplying by12/44.2Anthracite, bituminous coal, subbituminous coal, lignite, waste coal, and synthetic coal.3Distillate fuel oil, residual fuel oil, petroleum coke, jet fuel, kerosene, other petroleum, and waste oil.4Natural gas, plus a small amount of supplemental gaseous fuels.5Municipal solid waste (only the estimated plastics portion of municipal solid waste is included) andtire-derived fuel.6Carbon dioxide in geothermal steam.7Blast furnace gas, propane gas, and other manufactured and waste gases derived from fossil fuels;wood and wood-derived fuels; municipal solid waste, landfill gas, sludge waste, tires, agriculturalbyproducts, and other biomass; and chemicals, hydrogen, pitch, sulfur, and tar coal.R=Revised.Notes:•Data are for emissions from energy consumption for electricity generation and useful thermaloutput.•The electric power sector comprises electricity-only and combined-heat-and-power (CHP) plantswithin the NAICS 22 category whose primary business is to sell electricity, or electricity and heat, to thepublic.•See Table 12.7c for commercial and industrial CHP and electricity-only data.•See Note2,"Classification of Power Plants Into Energy-Use Sectors," at end of Section 8.•See "Useful ThermalOutput" in Glossary.•Totals may not equal sum of components due to independent rounding.Web Page: For related information, see http://www.eia.doe.gov/fuelelectric.html.Sources:**Carbon Dioxide:**•1989-1997—Energy Information Administration (EIA), Form EIA-759,"Monthly Power Plant Report," and Form EIA-867, "Annual Nonutility Power Producer Report."•1998-2000—EIA, Form EIA-759, "Monthly Power Plant Report," and Form EIA-860B, "Annual ElectricGenerator Report—Nonutility."•2001-2003—EIA, Form EIA-906, "Power Plant Report."•2004forward—EIA, Form EIA-906, "Power Plant Report," and Form EIA-920,"Combined Heat and Power PlantReport."**Sulfur Dioxide**and**Nitrogen Oxides:**EIA, Form EIA-767, "Steam-Electric Plant Operation andDesign Report." Data were adjusted by the Environmental Protection Agency’s Continuous EmissionMonitoring System.Energy Information Administration / Annual Energy Review 2008 361**T able 12.7c Emissions From Energy Consumption for Electricity Generation and Useful Thermal Output:** **Commercial and Industrial Sectors, 1989-2007**(Subset of Table 12.7a; Thousand Metric Tons of Gas)**Year Carbon Dioxide** 1**Sulfur Dioxide Nitrogen Oxides** **Coal**2**Petroleum**3**Natural Gas** 4**MSW**5**Geo thermal** 6**Total Coal** 2**Petroleum**3**Natural Gas** 4**Other**7**Total Coal** 2**Petroleum**3**Natural Gas** 4**Other**7**Total Commercial Sector** 81989 2,292 631 1,534 796 – 5,253R37R5 (s) 1R43R9 2R3 3R171990 2,388 699 2,282 949 – 6,319R39R4 (s) 1R45R10 1 6 4R211991 2,648 538 2,276 1,004 – 6,466R32 3 (s) 1R35R10 1R6 4R211992 2,521 469 2,773 1,245 – 7,008R32 3 (s) 1R35R10 1R7 4R211993 2,953 610 3,298 1,273 – 8,134R40R3 (s) 1R44R12 1R7 4R241994 2,897 647 3,704 1,279 – 8,527R39 3 (s) (s)R42R11 1 8 4R241995 3,069 504 4,049 1,447 – 9,070R30R3 (s)R3R35R8R6R20R11R451996 3,596 529 4,347 2,003 – 10,475R40R3 (s)R4R47R9R4R23R14R501997 3,825 712 4,630 2,252 – 11,419R43R3 (s)R6R51R10R7R34R14R651998 3,303 826 4,683 2,054 – 10,867R37R5 (s)R4R45R10R5R35R16R661999 3,428 734 4,512 1,988 – 10,662R34R4 (s)R4R42R9R4R28R17R572000 3,590 733 4,582 1,667 – 10,573R33R4 (s)R7R43R8R4R38R16R652001 3,328 831 4,258 1,404 – 9,820R43 4 (s) 2R48R13R2R19R16R502002 2,988 566 4,015 1,505 – 9,074R41R2 (s) 2R46R13R2R20R13R482003 3,855 677 3,205 1,689 – 9,426R32 3 (s)R1R36R9R5R16R15R452004 3,969 910 3,896 1,943 – 10,718R30R3 (s) 2R35R8 8R18R16R492005 3,982 751 4,066 1,878 – 10,676R33 3 (s) 1R36R9R6R24R15R542006 3,860 440 4,435 1,926 – 10,662R33 3 (s) 1R36R9 3R35R17R642007 3,944 359 3,781 1,619 – 9,704 33 3 (s) 1 37 10 2 16 16 44**Industrial Sector**91989 50,433 11,104 46,952 416 – 108,905R616R169 (s)R32R817R218R21R100R63R4031990 55,198 16,903 54,055 727 – 126,883R666R304 (s)R229R1,199R233R31R116R80R4611991 54,313 15,502 54,979 223 – 125,017R618R232 (s)R230R1,080R215R27R108R66R4161992 57,073 16,841 57,344 316 – 131,574R655R143 (s)R251R1,049R218R29R110R67R4251993 57,789 17,002 58,511 531 – 133,832R671R113 (s)R257R1,041R219R29R110R70R4291994 59,492 17,022 61,124 558 – 138,195R664R126 (s)R267R1,057R219R30R114R71R4351995 59,510 15,323 65,527 488 – 140,849R585R243 (s)R262R1,090R154R43R231R128R5561996 59,731 17,220 67,896 738 – 145,585R642R256 (s)R268R1,166R154R48R228R128R5581997 59,734 17,539 67,970 697 – 145,940R653R309 (s)R261R1,223R155R50R215R121R5411998 58,276 17,014 72,549 529 – 148,368R603R247 (s)R248R1,099R148R53R234R121R5571999 58,382 17,032 75,719 459 – 151,591R576R260 (s)R243R1,080R144R55R223R120R5412000 58,704 15,393 75,508 464 – 150,069R556R184 (s)R248R988R138R34R238R123R5332001 54,091 13,379 71,406 629 – 139,506R581R245 (s)R259R1,085R206R39R187R156R5872002 55,986 11,603 67,123 633 – 135,344R639R221 (s)R303R1,163R231R36R181R170R6182003 51,767 13,042 62,285 775 – 127,869R401R135 (s)R224R761R102R28R155R119R4042004 55,072 14,497 65,093 961 – 135,622R415R136 (s)R227R779R95R25R157R100R3762005 53,028 13,672 58,920 1,114 – 126,734R395R124 (s)R241R760R75R27R117R104R3222006 51,783 12,066 60,730 1,683 – 126,262R419R161 (s)R218R798R86R26R134R117R3622007 47,685 11,751 57,180 1,583 – 118,199 353 154 1 217 726 79 26 129 113 3461Metric tons of carbon dioxide can be converted to metric tons of carbon equivalent by multiplying by12/44.2Anthracite, bituminous coal, subbituminous coal, lignite, waste coal, and synthetic coal.3Distillate fuel oil, residual fuel oil, petroleum coke, jet fuel, kerosene, other petroleum, and waste oil.4Natural gas, plus a small amount of supplemental gaseous fuels.5Municipal solid waste (only the estimated plastics portion of municipal solid waste is included) andtire-derived fuel.6Carbon dioxide in geothermal steam.7Blast furnace gas, propane gas, and other manufactured and waste gases derived from fossil fuels;wood and wood-derived fuels; municipal solid waste, landfill gas, sludge waste, tires, agriculturalbyproducts, and other biomass; and chemicals, hydrogen, pitch, sulfur, and tar coal.8Commercial combined-heat-and-power (CHP) and commercial electricity-only plants.9Industrial combined-heat-and-power (CHP) and industrial electricity-only plants.R=Revised. – = No data reported. (s)=Less than 0.5 thousand metric tons.Notes:•Data are for emissions from energy consumption for electricity generation and useful thermaloutput.•See Table 12.7b for electric power sector data.•See Note 2, "Classification of Power PlantsInto Energy-Use Sectors," at end of Section 8.•See "Useful Thermal Output" in Glossary.•Totals maynot equal sums of components due to independent rounding.Web Page: For related information, see http://www.eia.doe.gov/fuelelectric.html.Sources:**Carbon Dioxide:**•1989-1997—Energy Information Administration (EIA), Form EIA-867,"Annual Nonutility Power Producer Report."•1998-2000—EIA, Form EIA-860B, "Annual ElectricGenerator Report—Nonutility."•2001-2003—EIA, Form EIA-906, "Power Plant Report."•2004forward—EIA, Form EIA-906, "Power Plant Report," and Form EIA-920, "Combined Heat and Power PlantReport."**Sulfur Dioxide**and**Nitrogen Oxides:**EIA, Form EIA-767, "Steam-Electric Plant Operation andDesign Report." Data were adjusted by the Environmental Protection Agency’s Continuous EmissionMonitoring System.Figure 12.8 Installed Nameplate Capacity of Steam-Electric Generators With Environmental EquipmentBy Fuel and Equipment Type, 2005Total Units by Equipment Type, 1985-20052 Coal Units by Equipment Type, Petroleum and Natural Gas Units1985-20052 by Equipment Type, 1985-20052362 Energy Information Administration / Annual Energy Review 2008Coal UnitsPetroleum and Natural Gas UnitsParticulate Collectors

Thousand Megawatts3291581012759(s)Particulate Collectors Cooling Towers Flue Gas Particulate Collectors Cooling Towers Flue Gas0501001502002503003501985 1990 1995 2000 20050100200300400

Thousand MegawattsFlue Gas Desulfurization1Particulate CollectorsCooling TowersFlue Gas Desulfurization1Particulate CollectorsDesulfurization1Desulfurization1Cooling TowersCooling Towers(s)=Less than 0.5 thousand megawatts.1Also called “scrubbers.”2Through 2000, data are for electric utility plants with fossil-fueled steam-electric capacity of100 megawatts or greater. Beginning in 2001,data are for electric utility and unregulatedgenerating plants (independent power producers, commercial plants, and industrial plants) inoperating or standby status, with fossil-fueled steam-electric capacity of 100 megawatts orgreater, or combustible-renewable steam electric capacity of 10 megawatts or greater.Note: • Components are not additive because some generators are included in more thanone category.Source: Table 12.8.1985 1990 1995 2000 20050100200300400

Thousand Megawatts1985 1990 1995 2000 20050255075

Thousand MegawattsEnergy Information Administration / Annual Energy Review 2008 363**T able 12.8 Installed Nameplate Capacity of Steam-Electric Generators With Environmental Equipment, 1985-2005** (Megawatts)**Year Coal** **Petroleum and Natural Gas Total** **Particulate Collectors** **Cooling Towers** **Flue Gas Desulfurization** **(Scrubbers) Total** 1**Particulate Collectors** **Cooling Towers** **Flue Gas Desulfurization** **(Scrubbers) Total** 1**Particulate Collectors** **Cooling Towers** **Flue Gas Desulfurization** **(Scrubbers) Total** 11985 302,056 120,591 56,955 304,706 36,054 28,895 65 62,371 338,110 149,486 57,020 367,0781986 308,566 126,731 63,735 311,217 34,258 27,919 65 59,618 342,825 154,650 63,800 370,8351987 311,043 127,875 65,688 312,885 33,431 27,912 65 58,783 344,474 155,786 65,753 371,6681988 311,776 129,366 67,156 313,618 34,063 27,434 65 58,937 345,839 156,800 67,221 372,5551989 313,680 131,701 67,469 315,521 33,975 28,386 65 59,736 347,655 160,087 67,534 375,2571990 315,681 134,199 69,057 317,522 33,639 28,359 65 59,372 349,319 162,557 69,122 376,8941991 319,046 135,565 70,474 319,110 33,864 29,067 260 59,773 352,910 164,632 70,734 378,8831992 319,856 136,266 71,336 319,918 33,509 28,764 195 59,116 353,365 165,030 71,531 379,0341993 318,188 135,885 71,106 318,251 32,620 28,922 – 58,580 350,808 164,807 71,106 376,8311994 319,485 137,266 80,617 319,776 31,695 28,186 – 57,123 351,180 165,452 80,617 376,8991995 320,685 138,108 84,677 320,749 30,513 27,187 – 54,942 351,198 165,295 84,677 375,6911996 321,805 139,065 85,842 321,869 30,349 27,685 – 55,275 352,154 166,749 85,842 377,1441997 320,646 138,120 86,605 320,710 31,422 28,766 – 56,485 352,068 166,886 86,605 377,1951998 321,082 139,082 87,783 321,353 30,708 27,814 – 55,764 351,790 166,896 87,783 377,1171999 324,109 146,377 89,666 331,379 29,371 29,142 – 55,812 353,480 175,520 89,666 387,1922000 321,636 146,093 89,675 328,741 31,090 29,427 – 57,697 352,727 175,520 89,675 386,43820012329,187 154,747 97,804 329,187 31,575 34,649 184 61,634 360,762 189,396 97,988 390,8212002 329,459 154,750 98,363 329,459 29,879 45,920 310 72,008 359,338 200,670 98,673 401,3412003 328,587 155,158 99,257 328,587 29,422 55,770 310 81,493 358,009 210,928 99,567 409,9542004 328,506 157,968 101,182 328,506 27,402 57,082 310 81,450 355,782 214,989 101,492 409,7692005 328,720 158,493 101,338 328,720 27,005 59,214 310 83,307 355,599 217,646 101,648 411,8401Components are not additive because some generators are included in more than one category.2Through 2000, data are for electric utility plants with fossil-fueled steam-electric capacity of 100megawatts or greater. Beginning in 2001, data are for electric utility and unregulated generating plants(independent power producers, commercial plants, and industrial plants) in operating or standby status,with fossil-fueled steam-electric capacity of 100 megawatts or greater, or combustible-renewablesteam-electric capacity of 10 megawatts or greater.– = No data reported.Note: Beginning in 2006, data are not available.Web Page: For related information, see http://www.eia.doe.gov/fuelelectric.html.Sources:•1985-1993—Energy Information Administration (EIA), Form EIA-767, "Steam-Electric PlantOperation and Design Report."•1994 forward—EIA,Electric Power Annual 2005(November 2006), Table5.2, and EIA, Form EIA-767, "Steam-Electric Plant Operation and Design Report."Using Thermal Conversion FactorsThe thermal conversion factors presented in the following tables can be used to estimate the heat content inBritish thermal units (Btu) of a given amount of energymeasured in physical units, such as barrelsor cubic feet. For example, 10 barrels ofasphalt has a heat content of approximately 66.36 million Btu (10 barrels x 6.636million Btu per barrel = 66.36 million Btu).The heat content rates (i.e., thermal conversion factors) provided in this sectionrepresent the gross (or higher or upper) energy content of the fuels. Gross heatcontent rates are applied in all Btu calculations for theAnnual Energy Reviewandare commonly used in energy calculationsin the United States; net (or lower) heatcontent rates are typically used in European energy calculations. The differencebetween the two rates is the amount of energy that is consumed to vaporize waterthat is created during the combustion process. Generally, the difference ranges from2 percent to 10 percent, depending on the specific fuel and its hydrogen content.Some fuels, such as unseasoned wood, can be more than 40 percent different intheir gross and net heat content rates. See “Heat Content” and “British thermal unit(Btu)” in the Glossary for more information.Thermal conversion factors for hydrocarbon mixes (Table A1) are weighted averages of the thermal conversion factorsfor each hydrocarbon included in the mix.For example, in calculating the thermal conversion factor for a 60-40 butanepropane mixture, the thermal conversion factor for butane is weighted 1.5 times thethermal conversion factor for propane.In general, the annual thermal conversionfactors presented in Tables A2 throughA6 are computed from final annual data or from the best available data and arelabeled “preliminary.” Often, the previous year’s factor is used as the preliminaryvalue until data become available to calculate the factor appropriate to the year. Thesource of each factor is described inthe section entitled “Thermal ConversionFactor Source Documentation,” which follows Table A6 in this appendix.Note: The values in this table are for gross heat contents. See “Heat Content” in Glossary.Sources: See “Thermal Conversion Factor Source Documentation,” which follows Table A6.Web Page: For related information, see http://www.eia.doe.gov/emeu/aer/append_a.html.1See Table A3 for motor gasoline annual weighted averages beginning in 1994.2Fuel ethanol, which is derived from agricultural feedstocks (primarily corn), is not a petroleum pro-duct but is blended into motor gasoline.5.796Miscellaneous................................................5.537Waxes.....................................................5.418Unfractionated Stream...........................................5.825Unfinished Oils...............................................6.000Still Gas....................................................5.248Special Naphthas..............................................6.636Road Oil....................................................6.287Residual Fuel Oil..............................................3.836Propane....................................................5.418Plant Condensate..............................................6.024Petroleum Coke...............................................6.000Still Gas.................................................5.825Other Oils equal to or greater than 401° F............................5.248Naphtha less than 401° F.......................................Petrochemical Feedstocks4.620Pentanes Plus.................................................4.620Natural Gasoline...............................................3.539Fuel Ethanol2..............................................5.150Reformulated1..............................................5.150Oxygenated1...............................................5.253Conventional1..............................................Motor Gasoline6.065Lubricants...................................................5.670Kerosene...................................................5.355Jet Fuel, Naphtha-Type...........................................5.670Jet Fuel, Kerosene-Type..........................................3.974Isobutane...................................................3.308Ethane-Propane Mixture (70 percent-30 percent)...........................3.082Ethane.....................................................5.825Distillate Fuel Oil..............................................4.130Butane-Propane Mixture (60 percent-40 percent)..........................4.326Butane.....................................................5.048Aviation Gasoline..............................................6.636Asphalt....................................................Table A1. Approximate Heat Content of Petroleum Products(Million Btu per Barrel)Energy Information Administration / Annual Energy Review 2008 365Appendix ABritish Thermal Unit Conversion Factors366 Energy Information Administration / Annual Energy Review 2008**T able A2. Approximate Heat Content of Petroleum Production, Imports, and Exports, Selected Years, 1949-2008** (Million Btu per Barrel)**Year Production** **Imports Exports** **Crude Oil**1**Natural Gas Plant Liquids** **Crude Oil**1**Petroleum Products** **Total Crude Oil** 1**Petroleum Products** **Total**1949 5.800 4.544 5.952 6.261 6.059 5.800 5.651 5.6921950 5.800 4.522 5.943 6.263 6.080 5.800 5.751 5.7661955 5.800 4.406 5.924 6.234 6.040 5.800 5.765 5.7681960 5.800 4.295 5.911 6.161 6.021 5.800 5.835 5.8341965 5.800 4.264 5.872 6.123 5.997 5.800 5.742 5.7431970 5.800 4.146 5.822 6.088 5.985 5.800 5.811 5.8101971 5.800 4.117 5.824 6.062 5.961 5.800 5.775 5.7751972 5.800 4.070 5.809 6.045 5.935 5.800 5.741 5.7411973 5.800 4.049 5.817 5.983 5.897 5.800 5.752 5.7521974 5.800 4.011 5.827 5.959 5.884 5.800 5.773 5.7741975 5.800 3.984 5.821 5.935 5.858 5.800 5.747 5.7481976 5.800 3.964 5.808 5.980 5.856 5.800 5.743 5.7451977 5.800 3.941 5.810 5.908 5.834 5.800 5.796 5.7971978 5.800 3.925 5.802 5.955 5.839 5.800 5.814 5.8081979 5.800 3.955 5.810 5.811 5.810 5.800 5.864 5.8321980 5.800 3.914 5.812 5.748 5.796 5.800 5.841 5.8201981 5.800 3.930 5.818 5.659 5.775 5.800 5.837 5.8211982 5.800 3.872 5.826 5.664 5.775 5.800 5.829 5.8201983 5.800 3.839 5.825 5.677 5.774 5.800 5.800 5.8001984 5.800 3.812 5.823 5.613 5.745 5.800 5.867 5.8501985 5.800 3.815 5.832 5.572 5.736 5.800 5.819 5.8141986 5.800 3.797 5.903 5.624 5.808 5.800 5.839 5.8321987 5.800 3.804 5.901 5.599 5.820 5.800 5.860 5.8581988 5.800 3.800 5.900 5.618 5.820 5.800 5.842 5.8401989 5.800 3.826 5.906 5.641 5.833 5.800 5.869 5.8571990 5.800 3.822 5.934 5.614 5.849 5.800 5.838 5.8331991 5.800 3.807 5.948 5.636 5.873 5.800 5.827 5.8231992 5.800 3.804 5.953 5.623 5.877 5.800 5.774 5.7771993 5.800 3.801 5.954 5.620 5.883 5.800 5.777 5.7791994 5.800 3.794 5.950 5.534 5.861 5.800 5.777 5.7791995 5.800 3.796 5.938 5.483 5.855 5.800 5.740 5.7461996 5.800 3.777 5.947 5.468 5.847 5.800 5.728 5.7361997 5.800 3.762 5.954 5.469 5.862 5.800 5.726 5.7341998 5.800 3.769 5.953 5.462 5.861 5.800 5.710 5.7201999 5.800 3.744 5.942 5.421 5.840 5.800 5.684 5.6992000 5.800 3.733 5.959 5.432 5.849 5.800 5.651 5.6582001 5.800 3.735 5.976 5.443 5.862 5.800 5.751 5.7522002 5.800 3.729 5.971 5.451 5.863 5.800 5.687 5.6882003 5.800 3.739 5.970 5.438 5.857 5.800 5.739 5.7402004 5.800 3.724 5.981 5.475 5.863 5.800 5.753 5.7542005 5.800 3.724 5.977 5.474 5.845 5.800 5.741 5.7432006 5.800 3.712 5.980 5.454 5.842 5.800 5.723 5.7242007 5.800 3.701R5.985R5.503R5.862 5.800R5.749R5.7502008P5.800 3.704 5.990 5.481 5.867 5.800 5.750 5.7511Includes lease condensate.R=Revised. P=Preliminary.Note: The values in this table are for gross heat contents. See "Heat Content" in Glossary.Web Page: For all data beginning in 1949, see http://www.eia.doe.gov/emeu/aer/append_a.html.Sources: See "Thermal Conversion Factor Source Documentation," which follows Table A6.Energy Information Administration / Annual Energy Review 2008 367**T able A3. Approximate Heat Content of Petroleum Consumption and Biofuels Production, Selected Years, 1949-2008** (Million Btu per Barrel)**Year Total Petroleum** 1**Consumption by Sector Liquefied** **Petroleum Gases** **Consumption**5**Motor Gasoline** **Consumption**6**Fuel Ethanol** **Fuel Ethanol** **Feedstock Factor** 7**Biodiesel Biodiesel** **Feedstock Factor** 8**Residential Commercial** 2**Industrial**2**Transportation**2**Electric Power**3,4**Total**21949 5.493 5.858 5.946 5.465 6.254 5.649 4.011 5.253 NANANANA1950 5.482 5.865 5.940 5.461 6.254 5.649 4.011 5.253 NANANANA1955 5.480 5.832 5.867 5.408 6.254 5.591 4.011 5.253 NANANANA1960 5.430 5.849 5.800 5.388 6.267 5.555 4.011 5.253 NANANANA1965 5.380 5.837 5.728 5.387 6.267 5.532 4.011 5.253 NANANANA1970 5.216 5.773 5.603 5.393 6.252 5.50353.779 5.253 NANANANA1971 5.212 5.758 5.598 5.389 6.245 5.504 3.772 5.253 NANANANA1972 5.193 5.733 5.563 5.388 6.233 5.500 3.760 5.253 NANANANA1973 5.205 5.749 5.569 5.395 6.245 5.515 3.746 5.253 NANANANA1974 5.196 5.740 5.538 5.394 6.238 5.504 3.730 5.253 NANANANA1975 5.192 5.704 5.527 5.392 6.250 5.494 3.715 5.253 NANANANA1976 5.215 5.726 5.536 5.395 6.251 5.504 3.711 5.253 NANANANA1977 5.213 5.733 5.554 5.400 6.249 5.518 3.677 5.253 NANANANA1978 5.213 5.716 5.554 5.404 6.251 5.519 3.669 5.253 NANANANA1979 5.298 5.769 5.419 5.428 6.258 5.494 3.680 5.253 NANANANA1980 5.245 5.803 5.374 5.440 6.254 5.479 3.674 5.253 3.539R6.586NANA1981 5.191 5.751 5.312 5.432 6.258 5.448 3.643 5.253 3.539R6.562NANA1982 5.167 5.751 5.263 5.422 6.258 5.415 3.615 5.253 3.539R6.539NANA1983 5.022 5.642 5.275 5.415 6.255 5.406 3.614 5.253 3.539R6.515NANA1984R5.205R5.707R5.222 5.418 6.251 5.395 3.599 5.253 3.539R6.492NANA1985 5.153 5.661 5.215 5.422 6.247 5.387 3.603 5.253 3.539R6.469NANA1986 5.169 5.694 5.283 5.425 6.257 5.418 3.640 5.253 3.539R6.446NANA1987 5.144 5.661 5.248 5.429 6.249 5.403 3.659 5.253 3.539R6.423NANA1988 5.165 5.661 5.241 5.433 6.250 5.410 3.652 5.253 3.539R6.400NANA1989 5.105 5.621 5.234 5.43736.240 5.410 3.683 5.253 3.539R6.377NANA1990 5.027 5.621 5.270 5.442 6.244 5.411 3.625 5.253 3.539R6.355NANA1991 4.968 5.599 5.186 5.440 6.246 5.384 3.614 5.253 3.539R6.332NANA1992 5.004 5.589 5.185 5.442 6.238 5.378 3.624 5.253 3.539R6.309NANA1993 4.97525.58025.19625.436 6.23025.379 3.606 5.253 3.539R6.287NANA1994 4.983 5.592 5.166 5.424 6.213 5.361 3.63565.230 3.539R6.264NANA1995 4.940 5.554 5.137 5.417 6.188 5.341 3.623 5.215 3.539R6.242NANA1996 4.869 5.498 5.133 5.420 6.195 5.336 3.613 5.216 3.539R6.220NANA1997 4.859 5.459 5.138 5.416 6.199 5.336 3.616 5.213 3.539R6.198NANA1998 4.837 5.446 5.155 5.413 6.210 5.349 3.614 5.212 3.539R6.176NANA1999 4.761 5.369 5.113 5.413 6.205 5.328 3.616 5.211 3.539R6.167NANA2000 4.761 5.394 5.082 5.421 6.189 5.326 3.607 5.210 3.5396.159NANA2001 4.796 5.403 5.164 5.412 6.199 5.345 3.614 5.210 3.539R6.1515.3595.4332002 4.742 5.364 5.116 5.410 6.173 5.324 3.613 5.208 3.539R6.1435.3595.4332003 4.763 5.407 5.161 5.408 6.182 5.340 3.629 5.207 3.539R6.1355.3595.4332004 4.807 5.434 5.164 5.420 6.192 5.350 3.618 5.215 3.539R6.1275.3595.4332005 4.783 5.427 5.200 5.426 6.188 5.365 3.620 5.218 3.539R6.1195.3595.4332006R4.742R5.392R5.179R5.431 6.143 5.353 3.605 5.218 3.539R6.1115.3595.4332007R4.696R5.350R5.146R5.433R6.151R5.346R3.591 5.219 3.539R6.1035.3595.4332008E4.705E5.353E5.129E5.429P6.124P5.339P3.597P5.218 3.5396.0955.3595.4331Petroleum products supplied, including natural gas plant liquids and crude oil burned directly as fuel.Quantity-weighted averages of the petroleum products included in each category are calculated by usingheat content values shown in Table A1.2Beginning in 1993, includes ethanol blended into motor gasoline.3Electricity-only and combined-heat-and-power (CHP) plants within the NAICS 22 category whoseprimary business is to sell electricity, or electricity and heat, to the public. Through 1988, data are forelectric utilities only; beginning in 1989, data are for electric utilities and independent power producers.4Electric power sector factors are weighted average heat contents for distillate fuel oil, petroleum coke,and residual fuel oil; they exclude other liquids.5There is a discontinuity in this time series between 1966 and 1967; beginning in 1967, the singleconstant factor is replaced by a quantity-weighted factor—quantity-weighted averages of the majorcomponents of liquefied petroleum gases are calculated by using heat content values shown in Table A1.6There is a discontinuity in this time series between 1993 and 1994; beginning in 1994, the singleconstant factor is replaced by a quantity-weighted factor—quantity-weighted averages of the majorcomponents of motor gasoline, including fuel ethanol, are calculated by using heat content values shown inTable A1.7Corn input to the production of fuel ethanol (million Btu corn per barrel denatured ethanol), used as thefactor to estimate total biomass inputs to the production of fuel ethanol. Observed fuel ethanol yields(gallons denatured ethanol per bushel of corn) were 2.5 in 1980, 2.666 in 1998, and 2.68 in 2002; yieldsinother years are estimated. Corn is assumed to have a gross heat content of 0.392 million Btu per bushel.Fuel ethanol is assumed to have a gross heat content of 3.539 million Btu per barrel.8Soybean oil input to the production of biodiesel (million Btu soybean oil per barrel biodiesel), used asthe factor to estimate total biomass inputs to the production of biodiesel. It is assumed that 7.65 poundsofsoybean oil are needed to produce one gallon of biodiesel, and 5.433 million Btu of soybean oil are neededto produce one barrel of biodiesel. Soybean oil is assumed to have a gross heat content of 16,909 Btu perpound, or 5.483 million Btu per barrel. Biodiesel is assumed to have a gross heat content of 17,253 Btu perpound, or 5.359 million Btu per barrel.R=Revised. P=Preliminary. E=Estimate. NA=Not available.Note: The heat content values in this table are for gross heat contents. See "Heat Content" in Glossary.Web Page: For all data beginning in 1949, see http://www.eia.doe.gov/emeu/aer/append_a.html.Sources: See "Thermal Conversion Factor Source Documentation," which follows Table A6.368 Energy Information Administration / Annual Energy Review 2008**T able A4. Approximate Heat Content of Natural Gas, Selected Years, 1949-2008** (Btu per Cubic Foot)**Year Production** **Consumption**1**Imports Exports** **Marketed Dry** **End-Use Sectors**2**Electric Power Sector**3**Total**1949 1,120 1,035 1,035 1,035 1,035 – – 1,0351950 1,119 1,035 1,035 1,035 1,035 – – 1,0351955 1,120 1,035 1,035 1,035 1,035 1,035 1,0351960 1,107 1,035 1,035 1,035 1,035 1,035 1,0351965 1,101 1,032 1,032 1,032 1,032 1,032 1,0321970 1,102 1,031 1,031 1,031 1,031 1,031 1,0311971 1,103 1,031 1,031 1,031 1,031 1,031 1,0311972 1,100 1,027 1,027 1,027 1,027 1,027 1,0271973 1,093 1,021 1,020 1,024 1,021 1,026 1,0231974 1,097 1,024 1,024 1,022 1,024 1,027 1,0161975 1,095 1,021 1,020 1,026 1,021 1,026 1,0141976 1,093 1,020 1,019 1,023 1,020 1,025 1,0131977 1,093 1,021 1,019 1,029 1,021 1,026 1,0131978 1,088 1,019 1,016 1,034 1,019 1,030 1,0131979 1,092 1,021 1,018 1,035 1,021 1,037 1,0131980 1,098 1,026 1,024 1,035 1,026 1,022 1,0131981 1,103 1,027 1,025 1,035 1,027 1,014 1,0111982 1,107 1,028 1,026 1,036 1,028 1,018 1,0111983 1,115 1,031 1,031 1,030 1,031 1,024 1,0101984 1,109 1,031 1,030 1,035 1,031 1,005 1,0101985 1,112 1,032 1,031 1,038 1,032 1,002 1,0111986 1,110 1,030 1,029 1,034 1,030 997 1,0081987 1,112 1,031 1,031 1,032 1,031 999 1,0111988 1,109 1,029 1,029 1,028 1,029 1,002 1,0181989 1,107 1,031 1,03111,028 1,031 1,004 1,0191990 1,105 1,029 1,030 1,027 1,029 1,012 1,0181991 1,108 1,030 1,031 1,025 1,030 1,014 1,0221992 1,110 1,030 1,031 1,025 1,030 1,011 1,0181993 1,106 1,027 1,028 1,025 1,027 1,020 1,0161994 1,105 1,028 1,029 1,025 1,028 1,022 1,0111995 1,106 1,026 1,027 1,021 1,026 1,021 1,0111996 1,109 1,026 1,027 1,020 1,026 1,022 1,0111997 1,107 1,026 1,027 1,020 1,026 1,023 1,0111998 1,109 1,031 1,033 1,024 1,031 1,023 1,0111999 1,107 1,027 1,028 1,022 1,027 1,022 1,0062000 1,107 1,025 1,026 1,021 1,025 1,023 1,0062001 1,105 1,028 1,029 1,026 1,028 1,023 1,0102002 1,106 1,027 1,029 1,020 1,027 1,022 1,0082003 1,106 1,031 1,033 1,025 1,031 1,025 1,0092004 1,105 1,027 1,027 1,027 1,027 1,025 1,0092005 1,105 1,029 1,029 1,028 1,029 1,025 1,0092006 1,103 1,028 1,028 1,028 1,028 1,025 1,0092007R1,104 1,028R1,029R1,027 1,028 1,025 1,0092008E1,104E1,028E1,029P1,027E1,028E1,025E1,0091Consumption factors are for natural gas, plus a small amount of supplemental gaseous fuels.2Residential, commercial, industrial, and transportation sectors.3Electricity-only and combined-heat-and-power (CHP) plants within the NAICS 22 category whoseprimary business is to sell electricity, or electricity and heat, to the public. Through 1988, data are forelectric utilities only; beginning in 1989, data are for electric utilities and independent power producers.R=Revised. P=Preliminary. E=Estimate. – – = Not applicable.Note: The values in this table are for gross heat contents. See "Heat Content" in Glossary.Web Page: For all data beginning in 1949, see http://www.eia.doe.gov/emeu/aer/append_a.html.Sources: See "Thermal Conversion Factor Source Documentation," which follows Table A6.Energy Information Administration / Annual Energy Review 2008 369**T able A5. Approximate Heat Content of Coal and Coal Coke, Selected Years, 1949-2008** (Million Btu per Short Ton)**Year Coal** **Coal Coke Production** 1**Waste Coal Supplied** 2**Consumption Imports** **Exports Imports** **and Exports** **Residential and Commercial** **Sectors Industrial Sector** **Electric Power** **Sector**4,5**Total Coke Plants** **Other**31949 24.916 NA 24.263 26.797 24.612 23.761 24.793 25.000 26.759 24.8001950 25.090 NA 24.461 26.798 24.820 23.937 24.989 25.020 26.788 24.8001955 25.201 NA 24.373 26.794 24.821 24.056 24.982 25.000 26.907 24.8001960 24.906 NA 24.226 26.791 24.609 23.927 24.713 25.003 26.939 24.8001965 24.775 NA 24.028 26.787 24.385 23.780 24.537 25.000 26.973 24.8001970 23.842 NA 23.203 26.784 22.983 22.573 23.440 25.000 26.982 24.8001971 23.507 NA 23.090 26.784 22.670 22.301 23.124 25.000 26.981 24.8001972 23.389 NA 22.998 26.782 22.550 22.204 23.036 25.000 26.979 24.8001973 23.376 NA 22.831 26.780 22.586 22.246 23.057 25.000 26.596 24.8001974 23.072 NA 22.479 26.778 22.419 21.781 22.677 25.000 26.700 24.8001975 22.897 NA 22.261 26.782 22.436 21.642 22.506 25.000 26.562 24.8001976 22.855 NA 22.774 26.781 22.530 21.679 22.498 25.000 26.601 24.8001977 22.597 NA 22.919 26.787 22.322 21.508 22.265 25.000 26.548 24.8001978 22.248 NA 22.466 26.789 22.207 21.275 22.017 25.000 26.478 24.8001979 22.454 NA 22.242 26.788 22.452 21.364 22.100 25.000 26.548 24.8001980 22.415 NA 22.543 26.790 22.690 21.295 21.947 25.000 26.384 24.8001981 22.308 NA 22.474 26.794 22.585 21.085 21.713 25.000 26.160 24.8001982 22.239 NA 22.695 26.797 22.712 21.194 21.674 25.000 26.223 24.8001983 22.052 NA 22.775 26.798 22.691 21.133 21.576 25.000 26.291 24.8001984 22.010 NA 22.844 26.799 22.543 21.101 21.573 25.000 26.402 24.8001985 21.870 NA 22.646 26.798 22.020 20.959 21.366 25.000 26.307 24.8001986 21.913 NA 22.947 26.798 22.198 21.084 21.462 25.000 26.292 24.8001987 21.922 NA 23.404 26.799 22.381 21.136 21.517 25.000 26.291 24.8001988 21.823 NA 23.571 26.799 22.360 20.900 21.328 25.000 26.299 24.8001989 21.765210.391 23.650 26.800 22.347420.898 21.307 25.000 26.160 24.8001990 21.822 9.303 23.137 26.799 22.457 20.779 21.197 25.000 26.202 24.8001991 21.681 10.758 23.114 26.799 22.460 20.730 21.120 25.000 26.188 24.8001992 21.682 10.396 23.105 26.799 22.250 20.709 21.068 25.000 26.161 24.8001993 21.418 10.638 22.994 26.800 22.123 20.677 21.010 25.000 26.335 24.8001994 21.394 11.097 23.112 26.800 22.068 20.589 20.929 25.000 26.329 24.8001995 21.326 11.722 23.118 26.800 21.950 20.543 20.880 25.000 26.180 24.8001996 21.322 12.147 23.011 26.800 22.105 20.547 20.870 25.000 26.174 24.8001997 21.296 12.158 22.494 26.800 22.172 20.518 20.830 25.000 26.251 24.8001998 21.418 12.639 21.620 27.426 23.164 20.516 20.881 25.000 26.800 24.8001999 21.070 12.552 23.880 27.426 22.489 20.490 20.818 25.000 26.081 24.8002000 21.072 12.360 25.020 27.426 22.433 20.511 20.828 25.000 26.117 24.8002001120.772 12.169 24.909 27.426 22.622 20.337 20.671 25.000 25.998 24.8002002 20.673 12.165 22.962 27.426 22.562 20.238 20.541 25.000 26.062 24.8002003 20.499 12.360 22.242 27.425 22.468 20.082 20.387 25.000 25.972 24.8002004 20.424 12.266 22.324 27.426 22.473 19.980 20.290 25.000 26.108 24.8002005 20.348 12.093 22.342 26.279 22.178 19.988 20.246 25.000 25.494 24.8002006 20.310 12.080 22.066 26.271 22.050 19.931 20.181 25.000 25.453 24.8002007R20.340R12.090R22.069 26.329 22.371R19.909R20.168 25.000 25.466 24.8002008P20.219 12.348 21.386 26.281 22.348 19.726 19.988 25.000 25.399 24.8001Beginning in 2001, includes a small amount of refuse recovery (coal recaptured from a refuse mine,and cleaned to reduce the concentration of noncombustible materials).2Waste coal (including fine coal, coal obtained from a refuse bank or slurry dam, anthracite culm,bituminous gob, and lignite waste) consumed by the electric power and industrial sectors. Beginning in1989, waste coal supplied is counted as a supply-side item to balance the same amount of waste coalincluded in "Consumption."3Includes transportation. Excludes coal synfuel plants.4Electricity-only and combined-heat-and-power (CHP) plants within the NAICS 22 category whoseprimary business is to sell electricity, or electricity and heat, to the public. Through 1988, data are forelectric utilities only; beginning in 1989, data are for electric utilities and independent power producers.5Electric power sector factors are for anthracite, bituminous coal, subbituminous coal, lignite, wastecoal, and, beginning in 1998, coal synfuel.R=Revised. P=Preliminary. NA=Not available.Note: The values in this table are for gross heat contents. See "Heat Content" in Glossary.Web Page: For all data beginning in 1949, see http://www.eia.doe.gov/emeu/aer/append_a.html.Sources: See "Thermal Conversion Factor Source Documentation," which follows Table A6.370 Energy Information Administration / Annual Energy Review 2008**T able A6. Approximate Heat Rates for Electricity, and Heat Content of Electricity, Selected Years, 1949-2008** (Btu per Kilowatthour)**Year Approximate Heat Rates** 1**for Electricity Net Generation Heat Content** 6**of Electricity** 7**Fossil-Fueled Plants**2,3**Nuclear Plants**4**Geothermal Energy Plants**51949 15,033 – – – – 3,4121950 14,030 – – – – 3,4121955 11,699 – – – – 3,4121960 10,760 11,629 23,200 3,4121965 10,453 11,804 22,182 3,4121970 10,494 10,977 21,606 3,4121971 10,478 10,837 21,655 3,4121972 10,379 10,792 21,668 3,4121973 10,389 10,903 21,674 3,4121974 10,442 11,161 21,674 3,4121975 10,406 11,013 21,611 3,4121976 10,373 11,047 21,611 3,4121977 10,435 10,769 21,611 3,4121978 10,361 10,941 21,611 3,4121979 10,353 10,879 21,545 3,4121980 10,388 10,908 21,639 3,4121981 10,453 11,030 21,639 3,4121982 10,454 11,073 21,629 3,4121983 10,520 10,905 21,290 3,4121984 10,440 10,843 21,303 3,4121985 10,447 10,622 21,263 3,4121986 10,446 10,579 21,263 3,4121987 10,419 10,442 21,263 3,4121988 10,324 10,602 21,096 3,4121989 10,432 10,583 21,096 3,4121990 10,402 10,582 21,096 3,4121991 10,436 10,484 20,997 3,4121992 10,342 10,471 20,914 3,4121993 10,309 10,504 20,914 3,4121994 10,316 10,452 20,914 3,4121995 10,312 10,507 20,914 3,4121996 10,340 10,503 20,960 3,4121997 10,213 10,494 20,960 3,4121998 10,197 10,491 21,017 3,4121999 10,226 10,450 21,017 3,4122000 10,201 10,429 21,017 3,4122001210,333 10,448 21,017 3,4122002 10,173 10,439 21,017 3,4122003 10,241 10,421 21,017 3,4122004 10,022 10,427 21,017 3,4122005 9,999 10,435 21,017 3,4122006 9,919 10,434 21,017 3,4122007R9,884R10,488 21,017 3,4122008E9,884E10,488E21,017 3,4121The values in columns 1-3 of this table are for net heat rates. See "Heat Rate" in Glossary.2Used as the thermal conversion factor for hydro, solar/photovoltaic, and wind electricity net generationto approximate the quantity of fossil fuels replaced by these sources. Through 2000, also used as thethermal conversion factor for wood and waste electricity net generation at electric utilities; beginning in2001, Btu data for wood and waste at electric utilities are available from surveys.3Through 2000, heat rates are for fossil-fueled steam-electric plants at electric utilities. Beginning in2001, heat rates are for all fossil-fueled plants at electric utilities and electricity-only independent powerproducers.4Used as the thermal conversion factor for nuclear electricity net generation.5Used as the thermal conversion factor for geothermal electricity net generation.6See "Heat Content" in Glossary.7The value of 3,412 Btu per kilowatthour is a constant. It is used as the thermal conversion factor forelectricity retail sales, and electricity imports and exports.R=Revised. E=Estimate. – – = Not applicable.Web Page: For all data beginning in 1949, see http://www.eia.doe.gov/emeu/aer/append_a.html.Sources: See "Thermal Conversion Factor Source Documentation," which follows this table.Approximate Heat Content of Petroleumand Natural Gas Plant LiquidsAsphalt. The Energy Information Administration (EIA) adopted the thermalconversion factor of 6.636 million British thermal units (Btu) per barrel as estimatedby the Bureau of Mines and first published in thePetroleum Statement, Annual,1956.Aviation Gasoline. EIA adopted the thermal conversion factor of 5.048 million Btuper barrel as adopted by the Bureau of Mines from the Texas Eastern TransmissionCorporation publicationCompetition and Growth in American Energy Markets1947-1985, a 1968 release of historical and projected statistics.Butane. EIA adopted the Bureau of Mines thermal conversion factor of 4.326million Btu per barrel as published in theCalifornia Oil World and PetroleumIndustry, First Issue, April 1942.Butane-Propane Mixture. EIA adopted the Bureau of Mines calculation of 4.130million Btu per barrel based on an assumed mixture of 60 percent butane and 40percent propane. SeeButaneandPropane.Crude Oil Exports. Assumed by EIA to be 5.800 million Btu per barrel or equal tothe thermal conversion factor for crude oil produced in the United States. SeeCrude Oil Production.Crude Oil Imports. Calculated annually by EIA as the average of the thermalconversion factors for each type of crudeoil imported weighted by the quantitiesimported. Thermal conversion factors foreach type were calculated on a foreigncountry basis, by determining the average American Petroleum Institute (API) gravity of crude oil imported from each foreign country from Form ERA-60 in 1977 andconverting average API gravity to average Btu content by using National Bureau ofStandards, Miscellaneous Publication No. 97,Thermal Properties of PetroleumProducts, 1933.Crude Oil Production. EIA adopted the thermal conversion factor of 5.800 millionBtu per barrel as reported in a Bureau of Mines internal memorandum, “Bureau ofMines Standard Average Heating Values of Various Fuels, Adopted January 3,1950.”Distillate Fuel Oil. EIA adopted the Bureau of Mines thermal conversion factor of5.825 million Btu per barrel as reported in a Bureau of Mines internalmemorandum, “Bureau of Mines Standard Average Heating Values of VariousFuels, Adopted January 3, 1950.”Ethane. EIA adopted the Bureau of Mines thermal conversion factor of 3.082million Btu per barrel as published in theCalifornia Oil World and PetroleumIndustry, First Issue, April 1942.Ethane-Propane Mixture. EIA calculation of 3.308million Btu per barrel basedon an assumed mixture of 70 percent ethane and 30 percent propane. SeeEthaneandPropane.Isobutane. EIA adopted the Bureau of Mines thermal conversion factor of 3.974million Btu per barrel as published in theCalifornia Oil World and PetroleumIndustry, First Issue, April 1942.Jet Fuel, Kerosene-Type. EIA adopted the Bureau of Mines thermal conversion factorof 5.670 million Btu per barrel for “Jet Fuel, Commercial” as published by the TexasEastern Transmission Corporation in the reportCompetition and Growth in American Energy Markets 1947-1985, a 1968 release of historical and projected statistics.Jet Fuel, Naphtha-Type. EIA adopted the Bureau of Mines thermal conversion factorof 5.355 million Btu per barrel for “Jet Fuel, Military” as published by the Texas Eastern Transmission Corporation in the reportCompetition and Growth in AmericanEnergy Markets 1947-1985, a 1968 release of historical and projected statistics.Kerosene. EIA adopted the Bureau of Mines thermal conversion factor of 5.670million Btu per barrel as reported in a Bureau of Mines internal memorandum, “Bureauof Mines Standard Average Heating Valuesof Various Fuels, Adopted January 3,1950.”Liquefied Petroleum Gases Consumption.• 1949-1966: U.S. Department of theInterior, Bureau of Mines, Mineral Industry Surveys, “Crude Petroleum and Petroleum Products, 1956,” Table 4 footnote, constant value of 4.011 million Btu perbarrel. • 1967 forward: Calculated annually by EIA as the average of the thermalconversion factors for all liquefied petroleum gases consumed (see Table A1)weighted by the quantities consumed. Thecomponent products of liquefied petroleum gases are ethane (including ethylene), propane (including propylene), normalbutane (including butylene), butane-propanemixtures, ethane-propane mixtures,and isobutane. For 1967-1980, quantities consumed are from EIA, Energy DataEnergy Information Administration / Annual Energy Review 2008 371Thermal Conversion Factor Source DocumentationReports, “Petroleum Statement, Annual,” Table 1. For 1981 forward, quantitiesconsumed are from EIA,Petroleum Supply Annual, Table 2.Lubricants. EIA adopted the thermal conversion factor of 6.065 million Btu perbarrel as estimated by the Bureau of Mines and first published in thePetroleumStatement, Annual, 1956.Miscellaneous Products. EIA adopted the thermal conversion factor of 5.796million Btu per barrel as estimated by the Bureau of Mines and first published in thePetroleum Statement, Annual, 1956.Motor Gasoline Consumption.• 1949-1993: EIA adopted the Bureau of Minesthermal conversion factor of 5.253 million Btu per barrel for “Gasoline, MotorFuel” as published by the Texas Eastern Transmission Corporation in Appendix VofCompetition and Growth in American Energy Markets 1947-1985, a 1968 releaseof historical and projected statistics. • 1994 forward: EIA calculated nationalannual quantity-weighted average conversion factors for conventional,reformulated, and oxygenated motor gasolines (see Table A3). The factor forconventional motor gasoline is 5.253 millionBtu per barrel, as used for previousyears. The factors for reformulated and oxygenated gasolines, both currently 5.150million Btu per barrel, are based on datapublished in Environmental ProtectionAgency, Office of Mobile Sources, National Vehicle and Fuel Emissions Laboratory report EPA 420-F-95-003,“Fuel Economy Impact Analysis of ReformulatedGasoline.” SeeFuel Ethanol (Blended Into Motor Gasoline).Natural Gas Plant Liquids Production. Calculated annually by EIA as the average of the thermal conversion factorsfor each natural gas plant liquid producedweighted by the quantities produced.Natural Gasoline. EIA adopted the thermal conversion factor of 4.620 million Btuper barrel as estimated by the Bureau of Mines and first published in thePetroleumStatement, Annual, 1956.Pentanes Plus. EIA assumed the thermal conversion factor to be 4.620 million Btuor equal to that for natural gasoline. SeeNatural Gasoline.Petrochemical Feedstocks, Naphtha less than 401° F. Assumed by EIA to be5.248 million Btu per barrel, equal to the thermal conversion factor for specialnaphthas. SeeSpecial Naphthas.Petrochemical Feedstocks, Other Oils equal to or greater than 401° F. Assumedby EIA to be 5.825 million Btu per barrel, equal to the thermal conversion factor fordistillate fuel oil. SeeDistillate Fuel Oil.Petrochemical Feedstocks, Still Gas. Assumed by EIA to be 6.000 million Btu perbarrel, equal to the thermal conversion factor for still gas. SeeStill Gas.Petroleum Coke. EIA adopted the thermal conversion factor of 6.024 million Btuper barrel as reported in Btu per short ton in the Bureau of Mines internal memorandum, “Bureau of Mines Standard Average Heating Values of Various Fuels,Adopted January 3, 1950.” The Bureau of Mines calculated this factor by dividing30.120 million Btu per short ton, as given inthe referenced Bureau of Mines internal memorandum, by 5.0 barrels per short ton, as given in the Bureau of MinesForm 6-1300-M and successor EIA forms.Petroleum Consumption, Commercial Sector. Calculated annually by EIA as theaverage of the thermal conversion factors for all petroleum products consumed bythe commercial sector weighted by the estimated quantities consumed by thecommercial sector. The quantities of petroleum products consumed by the commercial sector are estimated in the State Energy Data System—see documentation athttp://www.eia.doe.gov/emeu/states/sep_use/notes/use_petrol.pdf.Petroleum Consumption, Electric Power Sector. Calculated annually by EIA asthe average of the thermal conversion factors for all petroleum products consumedby the electric power sector weighted by the quantities consumed by the electricpower sector. Data are from Form EIA-906, “Power Plant Report”; Form EIA-920,“Combined Heat and Power Plant Report”; and predecessor forms.Petroleum Consumption, Industrial Sector. Calculated annually by EIA as theaverage of the thermal conversion factors for all petroleum products consumed bythe industrial sector weighted by the estimated quantities consumed by the industrialsector. The quantities of petroleum productsconsumed by the industrial sector areestimated in the State Energy Data System—see documentation athttp://www.eia.doe.gov/emeu/states/sep_use/notes/use_petrol.pdf.Petroleum Consumption, Residential Sector. Calculated annually by EIA as theaverage of the thermal conversion factors for all petroleum products consumed bythe residential sector weighted by the estimated quantities consumed by the residential sector. The quantities of petroleum products consumed by the residential sectorare estimated in the State EnergyData System—see documentation athttp://www.eia.doe.gov/emeu/states/sep_use/notes/use_petrol.pdf.Petroleum Consumption, Total. Calculated annually by EIA as the average of thethermal conversion factors for all petroleum products consumed weighted by thequantities consumed.Petroleum Consumption, Transportation Sector. Calculated annually by EIA asthe average of the thermal conversion factors for all petroleum products consumedby the transportation sector weighted by the estimated quantities consumed by thetransportation sector. The quantities of petroleum products consumed by the transportation sector are estimated in the State Energy Data System—see documentationat http://www.eia.doe.gov/emeu/states/sep_use/notes/use_petrol.pdf.Petroleum Products Exports. Calculated annually by EIA as the average of thethermal conversion factors for each petroleum product exportedweighted by thequantities exported.372 Energy Information Administration / Annual Energy Review 2008Petroleum Products Imports. Calculated annually by EIA as the average of thethermal conversion factors for each petroleum product imported weighted by thequantities imported.Plant Condensate. Estimated to be 5.418 million Btu per barrel by EIA from dataprovided by McClanahan Consultants, Inc., Houston, Texas.Propane. EIA adopted the Bureau of Mines thermal conversion factor of 3.836million Btu per barrel as published in theCalifornia Oil World and PetroleumIndustry, First Issue, April 1942.Residual Fuel Oil. EIA adopted the thermal conversion factor of 6.287 million Btuper barrel as reported in the Bureau of Mines internal memorandum, “Bureau ofMines Standard Average Heating Values of Various Fuels, Adopted January 3,1950.”Road Oil. EIA adopted the Bureau of Mines thermal conversion factor of 6.636million Btu per barrel, which was assumed to be equal to that of asphalt (seeAsphalt) and was first published by the Bureau of Mines in thePetroleum Statement, Annual, 1970.Special Naphthas. EIA adopted the Bureau of Mines thermal conversion factor of5.248 million Btu per barrel, which was assumed to be equal to that of the totalgasoline (aviation and motor) factor and was first published in thePetroleum Statement, Annual, 1970.Still Gas. EIA adopted the Bureau of Mines estimated thermal conversion factor of6.000 million Btu per barrel, first published in thePetroleum Statement, Annual,1970.Total Petroleum Exports. Calculated annually by EIA as the average of the thermal conversion factors for crude oil and each petroleum product exported weightedby the quantities exported. SeeCrude Oil ExportsandPetroleum ProductsExports.Total Petroleum Imports. Calculated annually by EIA as the average of the thermal conversion factors for each type ofcrude oil and petroleum product importedweighted by the quantities imported. SeeCrude Oil ImportsandPetroleum Products Imports.Unfinished Oils. EIA assumed the thermal conversion factor to be 5.825 millionBtu per barrel or equal to that for distillate fuel oil (seeDistillate Fuel Oil) and firstpublished it in EIA’sAnnual Report to Congress, Volume 3, 1977.Unfractionated Stream. EIA assumed the thermal conversion factor to be 5.418million Btu per barrel or equal tothat for plant condensate (seePlant Condensate)and first published it in EIA’sAnnual Report to Congress, Volume 2, 1981.Waxes. EIA adopted the thermal conversionfactor of 5.537 million Btu per barrelas estimated by the Bureau of Mines and first published in thePetroleum Statement,Annual, 1956.Approximate Heat Content of BiofuelsBiodiesel.EIA estimated the thermal conversion factor for biodiesel to be 5.359million Btu per barrel, or 17,253 Btu per pound.Biodiesel Feedstock.EIA used soybean oil input to the production of biodiesel(million Btu soybean oil per barrel biodiesel)as the factor to estimate total biomassinputs to the production of biodiesel. EIA assumed that 7.65 pounds of soybean oil areneeded to produce one gallon of biodiesel, and 5.433 million Btu of soybean oil areneeded to produce one barrel of biodiesel.EIA also assumed that soybean oil has agross heat content of 16,909 Btu per pound, or 5.483 million Btu per barrel.Fuel Ethanol.EIA adopted the thermal conversion factor of 3.539 million Btu perbarrel published in “Oxygenate Flexibility for Future Fuels,” a paper presented byWilliam J. Piel of the ARCO Chemical Company at the National Conference on Reformulated Gasolines and Clean Air Act Implementation, Washington, D.C., October1991.Fuel Ethanol Feedstock.EIA used corn input to the production of fuel ethanol(million Btu corn per barrel denatured ethanol) as the factor to estimate total biomassinputs to the production of fuel ethanol. U.S. Department of Agriculture observed fuelethanol yields (gallons denatured ethanol per bushel of corn) were 2.5 in 1980, 2.666 in1998, and 2.68 in 2002; EIA estimated the fuel ethanol yields in other years. EIA alsoassumed that corn has a gross heat content of 0.392 million Btu per bushel.Approximate Heat Content of Natural GasNatural Gas Consumption,Electric Power Sector. Calculated annually by EIAby dividing the heat content of natural gas consumed by the electric power sector bythe quantity consumed. Data are from Form EIA-906, “Power Plant Report”; FormEIA-920, “Combined Heat and Power Plant Report”; and predecessor forms.Natural Gas Consumption, End-Use Sectors. Calculated annually by EIA bydividing the heat content of natural gas consumed by the end-use sectors(residential, commercial, industrial, andtransportation) by the quantity consumed.Data are from Form EIA-176, “Annual Report of Natural and Supplemental GasSupply and Disposition.”Energy Information Administration / Annual Energy Review 2008 373Natural Gas Consumption, Total. • 1949-1962: EIA adopted the thermal conversion factor of 1,035 Btu per cubic foot as estimated by the Bureau of Mines and firstpublished in thePetroleum Statement, Annual, 1956. • 1963-1979: EIA adoptedthe thermal conversion factor calculated annually by the American Gas Association(AGA) and published inGas Facts, an AGA annual publication. • 1980 forward:Calculated annually by EIA by dividing the total heat content of natural gasconsumed by the total quantity consumed.Natural Gas Exports. • 1949-1972: Assumed by EIA to be equal to the thermalconversion factor for dry natural gas consumed (seeNatural Gas Consumption,Total). • 1973 forward: Calculated annually by EIA by dividing the heat content ofnatural gas exported by the quantity exported. For 1973-1995, data are from FormFPC-14, “Annual Report for Importers and Exporters of Natural Gas.” Beginning in1996, data are from U.S. Department of Energy, Office of Fossil Energy,NaturalGas Imports and Exports.Natural Gas Imports. • 1949-1972: Assumed by EIA to be equal to the thermalconversion factor for dry natural gas consumed (seeNatural Gas Consumption,Total). • 1973 forward: Calculated annually by EIA by dividing the heat content ofnatural gas imported by the quantity imported. For 1973-1995, data are from FormFPC-14, “Annual Report for Importers and Exporters of Natural Gas.” Beginning in1996, data are from U.S. Department of Energy, Office of Fossil Energy,NaturalGas Imports and Exports.Natural Gas Production, Dry. Assumed by EIA to be equal to the thermal conversion factor for dry natural gas consumed. SeeNatural Gas Consumption, Total.Natural Gas Production, Marketed. Calculated annually by EIA by dividing theheat content of dry natural gas produced (seeNatural Gas Production, Dry) andliquids produced (seeNatural Gas Plant Liquids Production) by the total quantityof marketed natural gas produced.Approximate Heat Content of Coal and Coal CokeCoal Coke Imports and Exports. EIA adopted the Bureau of Mines estimate of24.800 million Btu per short ton.Coal Consumption, Electric Power Sector. Calculated annually by EIA bydividing the heat content of coal consumed by the electric power sector by thequantity consumed. Data are from Form EIA-906, “Power Plant Report”; FormEIA-920, “Combined Heat and Power Plant Report”; and predecessor forms.Coal Consumption, Industrial Sector, Coke Plants. Calculated annually by EIAby dividing the heat content of coal consumed by coke plants by the quantityconsumed. Data are from Form EIA-5, “Quarterly Coal Consumption and QualityReport—Coke Plants.”Coal Consumption, Industrial Sector, Other. Calculated annually by EIA bydividing the heat content of coal consumed by manufacturing plants by the quantityconsumed. Data are from Form EIA-3, “Quarterly Coal Consumption and QualityReport—Manufacturing Plants.”Coal Consumption, Residential and Commercial Sectors. Calculated annually byEIA by dividing the heat content of coal consumed by the residential and commercial sectors by the quantity consumed. Through 1999, data are from Form EIA-6,“Coal Distribution Report.” Beginning in 2000, data are for commercial combinedheat-and-power (CHP) plants from Form EIA-920, “Combined Heat and PowerPlant Report,” and predecessor forms.Coal Consumption, Total. Calculated annually by EIA by dividing the total heatcontent of coal consumed by all sectors by the total quantity consumed.Coal Exports. Calculated annually by EIA by dividing the heat content of steamcoal and metallurgical coal exported bythe quantity exported. Data are from U.S.Department of Commerce, Bureau of the Census, “Monthly Report EM 545.”Coal Imports. • 1949-1963: Calculated annually by EIA by dividing the heatcontent of coal imported by the quantityimported. • 1963 forward: Assumed byEIA to be 25.000 million Btu per short ton.Coal Production. Calculated annually by EIA to balance the heat content of coalsupply (production and imports) and the heatcontent of coal disposition (exports,stock change, and consumption).Approximate Heat Rates for ElectricityElectricity Net Generation, Fossil-Fueled Plants. There is no generally acceptedpractice for measuring the thermal conversion rates for power plants that generateelectricity from hydro, wind, photovoltaic, or solar thermal energy sources.Therefore, EIA calculates a rate factorthat is equal to the annual average heatrate factor for fossil-fueled power plants in the United States. By using thatfactor, it is possible to evaluate fossil fuel requirements for replacing thosesources during periods of interruption, such as droughts. The heat content of akilowatthour of electricity produced, regardless of the generation process, is3,412 Btu. • 1949-1955: The weighted annual average heat rate for fossil-fueledsteam-electric power plants in the United States, as published by EIA inThermal-Electric Plant Construction Cost and Annual ProductionExpenses—1981andSteam-Electric Plant Construction Cost and AnnualProduction Expenses—1978. • 1956-1988: The weighted annual average heat374 Energy Information Administration / Annual Energy Review 2008rate for fossil-fueled steam-electric power plants in the United States, aspublished in EIA,Electric Plant Cost and Power Production Expenses 1991,Table 9. • 1989-2000: Calculated annually by EIA by using heat rate datareported on Form EIA-860, “Annual Electric Generator Report” (and predecessor forms); and net generation data reported on Form EIA-759, “Monthly PowerPlant Report.” The computation includes data for all electric utility steamelectric plants using fossil fuels. 2001 forward: Calculated annually by EIA byusing fuel consumption and net generation data reported on Form EIA-906, “PowerPlant Report,” and Form EIA-920, “Combined Heat and Power Plant Report.” Thecomputation includes data for all electric utilities and electricity-only independent power producers using fossil fuels.Electricity Net Generation, Geothermal Energy Plants. • 1960-1981: Calculated annually by EIA by weighting the annual average heat rates of operatinggeothermal units by the installed nameplate capacities as reported on FormFPC-12, “Power System Statement.” • 1982 forward: Estimated annually by EIAon the basis of an informal survey of relevant plants.Electricity Net Generation, Nuclear Plants. • 1957-1984: Calculated annually bydividing the total heat content consumed in nuclear generating units by the total(net) electricity generated by nuclear generating units. The heat content and electricity generation were reported on Form FERC-1, “Annual Report of Major ElectricUtilities, Licensees, and Others”; Form EIA-412, “Annual Report of Public ElectricUtilities”; and predecessor forms. For 1982, the factors were published in EIA,Historical Plant Cost and Annual Production Expenses for Selected ElectricPlants 1982, page 215. For 1983 and 1984, the factors were published in EIA,Electric Plant Cost and Power Production Expenses 1991, Table 13. • 1985forward: Calculated annually by EIA by using the heat rate reported on Form EIA860, “Annual Electric Generator Report” (and predecessor forms); and the generation reported on Form EIA-906, “Power Plant Report,” and Form EIA-920,“Combined Heat and Power Plant Report” (and predecessor forms).Energy Information Administration / Annual Energy Review 2008 375Data presented in theAnnual Energy Reviewand in other Energy InformationAdministration publications are expressed predominately in units that historically have been used in the United States, such as British thermal units,barrels, cubic feet, and short tons. However, because U.S. commerceinvolves other nations, most of which use metric units of measure, the U.S.Government is committed to the transition to the metric system, as stated inthe Metric Conversion Act of 1975 (Public Law 94–168), amended by theOmnibus Trade and Competitiveness Act of 1988 (Public Law 100–418), andExecutive Order 12770 of July 25, 1991.The metric conversion factors presented in Table B1 can be used to calculate themetric-unit equivalents of values expressed in U.S. customary units. Forexample, 500 short tons are the equivalent of 453.6 metric tons (500 short tons x0.9071847 metric tons/short ton = 453.6 metric tons).In the metric system of weights and measures, the names of multiples and subdivisions of any unit may be derived by combining the name of the unit with prefixes,such as deka, hecto, and kilo, meaning, respectively, 10, 100, 1,000, and deci,centi, and milli, meaning, respectively, one-tenth, one-hundredth, andone-thousandth. Common metric prefixes can be found in Table B2.The conversion factors presented in Table B3can be used to calculate equivalents invarious physical units commonly used in energy analyses. For example, 10 barrelsare the equivalent of 420 U.S. gallons (10 barrels x 42 gallons/barrel = 420gallons).Energy Information Administration / Annual Energy Review 2008 377Appendix B. Metric Conversion Factors, Metric Prefixes,and Other Physical Conversion Factors378 Energy Information Administration / Annual Energy Review 2008aExact conversion.bCalculated by the Energy Information Administration.cThe Btu used in this table is the International Table Btu adopted by the Fifth International Conference on Properties of Steam,London, 1956.dTo convert degrees Fahrenheit (oF) to degrees Celsius (oC) exactly, subtract 32, then multiply by 5/9.Notes: • Spaces have been inserted after every third digit to the right of the decimal for ease of reading. • Most metric units belong to theInternational System of Units (SI), and the liter, hectare, and metric ton are accepted for use with the SI units. For more information about the SIunits, see http://physics.nist.gov/cuu/Units/index.html.Web Page: For related information, see http://www.eia.doe.gov/emeu/aer/append_b.html.Sources: • General Services Administration, Federal Standard 376B,Preferred Metric Units for General Use by the Federal Government(Washington, DC, January 1993), pp. 9-11, 13, and 16. • U.S. Department of Commerce, National Institute of Standards and Technology,Special Publications 330, 811, and 814. • American National Standards Institute/Institute of Electrical and Electronic Engineers, ANSI/IEEE Std268-1992, pp. 28 and 29.degrees Celsius (oC)100a=212 degrees Fahrenheit (oF)degrees Celsius (oC)0a=32 degrees Fahrenheit (oF)Temperaturedmegajoules (MJ)3.6a=1 kilowatthour (kWh)joules (J)4.186 8a=1 calorie (cal)joules (J)1,055.055 852 62a=1 British thermal unit (Btu)cEnergysquare centimeters (cm2)6.451 6a=1 square inch (in2)square meters (m2)0.092 903 04a=1 square foot (ft2)square meters (m2)0.836 127 4=1 square yard (yd2)square kilometers (km2)2.589 988=1 square mile (mi2)hectares (ha)0.404 69=1 acreAreacentimeters (cm)2.54a=1 inch (in)meters (m)0.304 8a=1 foot (ft)meters (m)0.914 4a=1 yard (yd)kilometers (km)1.609 344a=1 mile (mi)Lengthmilliliters (mL)16.387 06=1 cubic inch (in3)milliliters (mL)29.573 53=1 ounce, fluid (fl oz)liters (L)3.785 412=1 U.S. gallon (gal)cubic meters (m3)0.028 316 85=1 cubic foot (ft3)cubic meters (m3)0.764 555=1 cubic yard (yd3)cubic meters (m3)0.158 987 3=1 barrel of oil (bbl)Volumegrams (g)28.349 52=1 ounce, avoirdupois (avdp oz)kilograms uranium (kgU)0.384 647b=1 pound uranium oxide (lb U3O8)kilograms (kg)0.453 592 37a=1 pound (lb)metric tons (t)1.016 047=1 long tonmetric tons (t)0.907 184 7=1 short ton (2,000 lb)MassMetric UnitsEquivalent inU.S. UnitType of UnitTable B1. Metric Conversion FactorsEnergy Information Administration / Annual Energy Review 2008 379aExact conversion.bCalculated by the Energy Information Administration.Web Page: For related information, see http://www.eia.doe.gov/emeu/aer/append_b.html.Source: U.S. Department of Commerce, National Institute of Standards and Technology,Specifications, Tolerances, and Other Technical Requirements for Weighing and Measuring Devices, NIST Handbook 44, 1994 Edition (Washington, DC, October 1993), pp. B-10, C-17and C-21.cubic feet (ft3)128a=1 cord (cd)shorts tons1.25b=1 cord (cd)Woodkilograms (kg)1,000a=1 metric ton (t)pounds (lb)2,240a=1 long tonpounds (lb)2,000a=1 short tonCoalU.S. gallons (gal)42a=1 barrel (bbl)Petroleumalent in Final UnitsEquivOriginal UnitEnergy SourceTable B3. Other Physical Conversion FactorsWeb Page: For related information, see http://www.eia.doe.gov/emeu/aer/append_b.html.Source: U.S. Department of Commerce, National Institute of Standards and Technology,The International System of Units (SI), NISTSpecial Publication 330, 1991 Edition (Washington, DC, August 1991), p.10.yyocto10-24Yyotta1024zzepto10-21Zzetta1021aatto10-18Eexa1018ffemto10-15Ppeta1015ppico10-12Ttera1012nnano10-9Ggiga109μmicro10-6Mmega106mmilli10-3kkilo103ccenti10-2hhecto102ddeci10-1dadeka101SymbolPrefixUnit SubdivisionSymbolPrefixUnit MultipleTable B2. Metric PrefixesEnergy Information Administration / Annual Energy Review 2008 381Appendix CFigure C1. U.S. Census Regions and DivisionsNote: Map not to scale.Web Page: See www.census.gov/geo/www/us_regdiv.pdf.Source: U.S. Department of Commerce, Bureau of the Census.Energy Information Administration / Annual Energy Review 2008 383Appendix D**T able D1. Population, U.S. Gross Domestic Product, and Implicit Price Deflator, Selected Years, 1949-2008** **Year Population** **U.S. Gross Domestic Product United States** 1**World United States** **as Share of World Billion** **Nominal Dollars**2**Billion Chained (2000) Dollars** 3**Implicit Price Deflator**4**(2000 = 1.00000) Million People** **Percent**1949 149.2 NA NA 267.3 1,634.6 0.163521950 152.3R2,556.0 6.0 293.8 1,777.3 .165311955 165.9R2,780.9 6.0 414.8 2,212.8 .187431960 180.7R3,041.7 5.9 526.4 2,501.8 .210411965 194.3R3,349.3 5.8 719.1 3,191.1 .225351970 205.1R3,712.0 5.5 1,038.5 3,771.9 .275341971 207.7R3,789.7 5.5 1,127.1 3,898.6 .289111972 209.9R3,866.0 5.4 1,238.3 4,105.0 .301661973 211.9R3,941.9 5.4 1,382.7 4,341.5 .318491974 213.9R4,016.5 5.3 1,500.0 4,319.6 .347251975 216.0R4,089.1 5.3 1,638.3 4,311.2 .380021976 218.0R4,160.2 5.2 1,825.3 4,540.9 .401961977 220.2R4,231.9 5.2 2,030.9 4,750.5 .427521978 222.6R4,303.4 5.2 2,294.7 5,015.0 .457571979 225.1R4,377.6 5.1 2,563.3 5,173.4 .495481980 227.2R4,452.6 5.1 2,789.5 5,161.7 .540431981 229.5R4,528.9 5.1 3,128.4 5,291.7 .591191982 231.7R4,608.7 5.0 3,255.0 5,189.3 .627261983 233.8R4,690.5 5.0 3,536.7 5,423.8 .652071984 235.8R4,770.7R4.9 3,933.2 5,813.6 .676551985 237.9R4,852.2 4.9 4,220.3 6,053.7 .697131986 240.1R4,935.9 4.9 4,462.8 6,263.6 .712501987 242.3R5,022.3 4.8 4,739.5 6,475.1 .731961988 244.5R5,109.3 4.8 5,103.8 6,742.7 .756941989 246.8R5,196.3R4.7 5,484.4 6,981.4 .785561990 249.6R5,284.5 4.7 5,803.1 7,112.5 .815901991 253.0R5,368.1 4.7 5,995.9 7,100.5 .844441992 256.5R5,451.8 4.7 6,337.7 7,336.6 .863851993 259.9R5,533.9 4.7 6,657.4 7,532.7 .883811994 263.1R5,614.8 4.7 7,072.2 7,835.5 .902591995 266.3R5,696.5 4.7 7,397.7 8,031.7 .921061996 269.4R5,777.6 4.7 7,816.9 8,328.9 .938521997 272.6R5,857.8 4.7 8,304.3 8,703.5 .954141998 275.9R5,937.0R4.6 8,747.0 9,066.9 .964721999 279.0R6,015.1R4.6 9,268.4 9,470.3 .978682000 282.2R6,092.4 4.6 9,817.0 9,817.0 1.000002001R285.0R6,169.8 4.6 10,128.0 9,890.7 1.023992002R287.7R6,246.2 4.6 10,469.6 10,048.8 1.041872003R290.2R6,322.2 4.6 10,960.8 10,301.0 1.064042004R292.9R6,399.1 4.6 11,685.9 10,675.8 1.094622005R295.6R6,476.5 4.6R12,421.9R10,989.5R1.130342006R298.4R6,554.2 4.6R13,178.4R11,294.8R1.166762007R301.3R6,632.2R4.5R13,807.5R11,523.9R1.198162008 304.1 6,710.9 4.5 14,264.6 11,652.0 1.224221Resident population of the 50 States and the District of Columbia estimated for July 1 of each year.2See "Nominal Dollars" in Glossary.3See "Chained Dollars" in Glossary.4The gross domestic product implicit price deflator is used to convert nominal dollars to chained (2000)dollars.R=Revised. NA=Not available.Web Pages:•For all data beginning in 1949, see http://www.eia.doe.gov/emeu/aer/append_d.html.•For related information, see http://www.census.gov/ and http://www.bea.doc.gov/.Sources:**U.S. Population:**•1949-1989—Department of Commerce (DOC), U.S. Bureau of theCensus, Current Population Reports Series P-25, June 2000.•1990-1999—DOC, U.S. Bureau of theCensus, State Population Estimates, April 11, 2002.•2000 forward—DOC, U.S. Bureau of the Census,State Population Estimates, December 22, 2008.**World Population:**•1950 forward—DOC, U.S. Bureauof the Census, International Database (December 15, 2008).**U.S. Gross Domestic Product:**•1949forward—DOC, Bureau of Economic Analysis, National Income and Product Accounts (March 26, 2009),Tables 1.1.5, 1.1.6, and 1.1.9.Energy Information Administration / Annual Energy Review 2008 385**T able E1. Estimated Primary Energy Consumption in the United States, Selected Years, 1635-1945** (Quadrillion Btu)**Year Fossil Fuels** **Renewable Energy Electricity** **Net Imports** **Total Coal** **Natural Gas** **Petroleum Total** **Conventional Hydroelectric** **Power Biomass** **Total Wood** 11635 NA – – – – NA – – (s) (s) – – (s)1645 NA – – – – NA – – 0.001 0.001 – – 0.0011655 NA – – – – NA – – .002 .002 – – .0021665 NA – – – – NA – – .005 .005 – – .0051675 NA – – – – NA – – .007 .007 – – .0071685 NA – – – – NA – – .009 .009 – – .0091695 NA – – – – NA – – .014 .014 – – .0141705 NA – – – – NA – – .022 .022 – – .0221715 NA – – – – NA – – .037 .037 – – .0371725 NA – – – – NA – – .056 .056 – – .0561735 NA – – – – NA – – .080 .080 – – .0801745 NA – – – – NA – – .112 .112 – – .1121755 NA – – – – NA – – .155 .155 – – .1551765 NA – – – – NA – – .200 .200 – – .2001775 NA – – – – NA – – .249 .249 – – .2491785 NA – – – – NA – – .310 .310 – – .3101795 NA – – – – NA – – .402 .402 – – .4021805 NA – – – – NA – – .537 .537 – – .5371815 NA – – – – NA – – .714 .714 – – .7141825 NA – – – – NA – – .960 .960 – – .9601835 NA – – – – NA – – 1.305 1.305 – – 1.3051845 NA – – – – NA – – 1.757 1.757 – – 1.7571850 0.219 – – – – 0.219 – – 2.138 2.138 – – 2.3571855 .421 – – – – .421 – – 2.389 2.389 – – 2.8101860 .518 – – 0.003 .521 – – 2.641 2.641 – – 3.1621865 .632 – – .010 .642 – – 2.767 2.767 – – 3.4091870 1.048 – – .011 1.059 – – 2.893 2.893 – – 3.9521875 1.440 – – .011 1.451 – – 2.872 2.872 – – 4.3231880 2.054 – – .096 2.150 – – 2.851 2.851 – – 5.0011885 2.840 0.082 .040 2.962 – – 2.683 2.683 – – 5.6451890 4.062 .257 .156 4.475 0.022 2.515 2.537 – – 7.0121895 4.950 .147 .168 5.265 .090 2.306 2.396 – – 7.6611900 6.841 .252 .229 7.322 .250 2.015 2.265 – – 9.5871905 10.001 .372 .610 10.983 .386 1.843 2.229 – – 13.2121910 12.714 .540 1.007 14.261 .539 1.765 2.304 – – 16.5651915 13.294 .673 1.418 15.385 .659 1.688 2.347 0.002 17.7341920 15.504 .813 2.676 18.993 .738 1.610 2.348 .003 21.3441925 14.706 1.191 4.280 20.177 .668 1.533 2.201 .004 22.3821930 13.639 1.932 5.897 21.468 .752 1.455 2.207 .005 23.6801935 10.634 1.919 5.675 18.228 .806 1.397 2.203 .005 20.4361940 12.535 2.665 7.760 22.960 .880 1.358 2.238 .007 25.2051945 15.972 3.871 10.110 29.953 1.44211.261 2.703 .009 32.6651There is a discontinuity in the "Wood" time series between 1945 and 1949. Through 1945, data are forfuelwood only; beginning in 1949, data are for wood and wood-derived fuels (see Table 10.1).NA=Not available. – – = Not applicable. (s)=Less than 0.0005 quadrillion Btu.Notes:•For years not shown, there are no data available.•See Tables 1.3 and 10.1 for continuationof these data series from 1949 forward.•See Note, "Geographic Coverage of Statistics for 1635-1945," atend of section.Sources:**Coal, Natural Gas, and Petroleum:**Energy in the American Economy, 1850-1975,Table VII.**Conventional Hydroelectric Power:**Energy in the American Economy, 1850-1975,Table II.**Wood:**•1635-1845: U.S. Department of Agriculture Circular No. 641,Fuel Wood Used in the United States1630-1930,February 1942. This source estimates fuelwood consumption in cords per decade, which wereconverted to Btu using the conversion factor of 20 million Btu per cord. The annual average value for eachdecade was assigned to the fifth year of the decade on the assumption that annual use was likelytoincrease during any given decade and the average annual value was more likely to reflect mid-decadeyearly consumption than use at either the beginning or end of the decade. Values thus begin in 1635 andare plotted at 10-year intervals.•1850-1945:Energy in the American Economy, 1850-1975,Table VII.**Electricity Net Imports:**Energy in the American Economy, 1850-1975,Tables I and VI. Calculated as thedifference between hydroelectric consumption and hydroelectric production times 3,412 Btu perkilowatthour.Appendix EAppendix ENote:Geographic Coverage of Statistics for 1635-1945. Table E1 presentsestimates of U.S. energy consumption by energy source for a period that begins acentury and a half before the original 13 colonies formed a political union andcontinues through the decades during which the United States was still expandingterritorially. The question thus arises, what exactly is meant by “U.S. consumption”of an energy source for those years whenthe United States did not formally exist orconsisted of less territory than is now encompassed by the 50 States and the Districtof Columbia?The documents used to assemble the estimates, and (as far as possible) the sourcesof those documents, were reviewed carefully for clues to geographic coverage. Formost energy sources, the extent of coverage expanded more rapidly than the Nation,defined as all the official States andthe District of Columbia. Estimates ormeasurements of consumption of each energy source generally appear to followsettlement patterns. That is, they were made for areas of the continent that weresettled enough to have economically significant consumption even though thoseareas were not to become States for years. The wood data series, for example,begins in 1635 and includes 12 of the original colonies (excepting Georgia), as wellas Maine, Vermont, and the area that would become the District of Columbia. Bythe time the series reaches 1810, the rest ofthe continental States are all included,though the last of the 48 States toachieve statehood did not do so until 1912.Likewise, the coal data series begins in 1850 but includes consumption in areas,such as Utah and Washington (State), which were significant coal-producingregions but had not yet attained statehood. (Note: No data were available onState-level historical coal consumption. The coal data shown in Table E1 through1945 describeapparentconsumption, i.e., production plus imports minus exports.The geographic coverage for coal was therefore based on a tally of coal-producingStates listed in various historical issues ofMinerals Yearbook. It is likely that coalwas consumed in States where it was not mined in significant quantities.)By energy source, the extent of coverage can be summarized as follows: •Coal—35coal-producing States by 1885. •Natural Gas—All 48 contiguous States, theDistrict of Columbia, and Alaska by 1885. •Petroleum—All 48 contiguous States,the District of Columbia, and Alaska by 1885. •Conventional HydroelectricPower—Coverage for 1890 and 1895 is uncertain, but probably the 48 contiguousStates and the District of Columbia. Coverage for 1900 through 1945 is the 48contiguous States, and the District of Columbia. •Wood—All 48 contiguous Statesand the District of Columbia by 1810.386 Energy Information Administration / Annual Energy Review 2008Alcohol: The family name of a group of organic chemical compounds composed ofcarbon,hydrogen, and oxygen. The series of molecules vary in chain length and arecomposed of ahydrocarbonplus a hydroxyl group: CH3-(CH2)n-OH (e.g.,methanol,ethanol, and tertiary butyl alcohol). SeeFuel Ethanol.Alternative Fuel:As defined pursuant to the Energy Policy Act of 1992(EPACT),methanol, denaturedethanol, and otheralcohols, separately or inmixtures of 85 percent by volume or more (or other percentage not less than 70 asdetermined by DOE rule) withmotor gasolineor other fuels,compressed natural gas(CNG),liquefied natural gas(LNG),liquefied petroleum gases(LPG),hydrogen, coal-derived liquid fuels, fuels other than alcohols derived frombiological materials,electricity, or any other fuel determined to be substantially notpetroleumand yielding substantial energy security benefits and substantial environmental benefits.Alternative-Fueled Vehicle (AFV): A vehicle either designed and manufacturedby an original equipment manufacturer ora converted vehicle designed to operate ineither dual-fuel, flexible-fuel, or dedicated modes on fuels other thanmotor gasolineordiesel fuel. This does not include a conventional vehicle that is limited tooperation on blended orreformulated motor gasolinefuels.Anthracite: The highest rank ofcoal; used primarily for residential and commercialspace heating. It is a hard, brittle, and black lustrous coal, often referred to ashard coal, containing a high percentage of fixed carbon and a low percentage ofvolatile matter. The moisture content of fresh-mined anthracite generally is lessthan 15 percent. The heat content of anthracite ranges from 22 to 28 millionBtupershort tonon a moist, mineral-matter-free basis. The heat content of anthraciteconsumed in the United States averages 25 million Btu per short ton, on theas-received basis (i.e., containing both inherent moisture and mineral matter).Note: Since the 1980’s, anthracite refuse or mine waste has been used for steamelectric power generation. This fuel typically has a heat content of 15 million Btuper short ton or less. SeeCoal Rank.Anthracite Culm: Waste from Pennsylvaniaanthracitepreparation plants,consisting of coarse rock fragments containing as much as 30 percent small-sizedcoal; sometimes defined as including very fine coal particles called silt. Its heatvalue ranges from 8 to 17 millionBtupershort ton.Anthropogenic: Made or generated by a human or caused by human activity. Theterm is used in the context of globalclimate changeto refer to gaseous emissionsthat are the result of human activities, as well as other potentially climate-alteringactivities, such as deforestation.API: The American Petroleum Institute, a trade association.API Gravity: American Petroleum Institute measure of specific gravity ofcrudeoilor condensate in degrees. An arbitrary scale expressing the gravity or density ofliquidpetroleum products. The measuring scale is calibrated in terms of degreesAPI; it is calculated as follows: Degrees API = (141.5 / sp.gr.60 deg.F/60 deg.F) -131.5.Asphalt: A dark-brown to black cement-like material obtained bypetroleumprocessing and containing bitumens as the predominant component; used primarily forroad construction. It includes crude asphalt as well as the following finished products: cements, fluxes, the asphalt content of emulsions (exclusive of water), andpetroleum distillates blended with asphalt to make cutback asphalts.Note: Theconversion factor for asphalt is 5.5barrelspershort ton.ASTM: The American Society for Testing and Materials.Aviation Gasoline Blending Components:Naphthasthat will be used for blending or compounding into finishedaviation gasoline(e.g., straight run gasoline,alkylate, reformate, benzene,toluene, and xylene). Excludesoxygenates(alcohols,ethers),butane, andpentanes plus. Oxygenates are reported as otherhydrocarbons,hydrogen, andoxygenates.Aviation Gasoline, Finished: A complex mixture of relatively volatilehydrocarbonswith or without small quantities of additives, blended to form a fuel suitablefor use in aviation reciprocating engines. Fuel specifications are provided in ASTMSpecification D910 and MilitarySpecification MIL-G-5572.Note: Data on blending components are not counted in data on finished aviation gasoline. SeeJet Fuel;Jet Fuel, Kerosene-Type; andJet Fuel, Naphtha-Type.Barrel (Petroleum): A unit of volume equal to 42 U.S. Gallons.Barrels per Calendar Day: The amount of input that a distillation facility canprocess under usual operating conditions.The amount is expressed in terms ofcapacity during a 24-hour period and reduces the maximum processing capability ofall units at the facility under continuousoperation to account for the following limitations that may delay, interrupt, orslow down production: 1) the capability ofEnergy Information Administration / Annual Energy Review 2008 387Glossarydownstream processing units to absorb the output ofcrude oilprocessing facilities of a given refinery (no reduction is necessary for intermediate streams thatare distributed to other than downstream facilities as part of a refinery’s normaloperation); 2) the types and grades of inputs to be processed; 3) the types andgrades of products expected to be manufactured; 4) the environmental constraintsassociated with refinery operations; 5)the reduction of capacity for scheduleddowntime due to such conditions as routine inspection, maintenance, repairs, andturnaround; and 6) the reduction of capacity for unscheduled downtime due tosuch conditions as mechanical problems, repairs, and slowdowns.Base Gas: The volume of gas needed as a permanent inventory to maintainadequate underground storage reservoir pressures and deliverability ratesthroughout the withdrawal season. All native gas is included in the base gasvolume.Biodiesel: A fuel typically made from soybean, canola, or other vegetable oils;animal fats; and recycled grease. It can serve as a substitute forpetroleumderiveddiesel fuelordistillate fuel oil. For Energy Information Administrationreporting, it is a fuel composed of mono-alkyl esters of long chain fatty acidsderived from vegetable oils or animalfats, designated B100, and meeting therequirements of ASTM (American Society for Testing & Materials) D 6751.Biofuels: Liquid fuels and blending components produced frombiomass(plant)feedstocks, used primarily for transportation. SeeBiodieselandFuel Ethanol.Biogenic: Produced by biological processes of living organisms.Note:EIA uses theterm “biogenic” to refer only to organic nonfossil material of biological origin.Biomass:Organic nonfossil material ofbiological origin constituting arenewableenergysource. SeeBiodiesel, Biofuels, Biomass Waste, Fuel Ethanol,andWoodand Wood-Derived Fuels.Biomass Waste: Organic non-fossil material of biological origin that is abyproduct or a discarded product. “Biomass waste” includes municipal solidwaste frombiogenicsources, landfill gas, sludge waste, agricultural cropbyproducts, straw, and otherbiomasssolids, liquids, and gases; but excludeswood and wood-derived fuels(includingblack liquor),biofuelsfeedstock,biodiesel, andfuel ethanol.Note:EIA “biomass waste” data also includeenergy crops grown specifically forenergy production, which would notnormally constitute waste.Bituminous Coal: A densecoal, usually black, sometimes dark brown, oftenwith well-defined bands of bright and dull material, used primarily as fuel insteam-electric power generation, with substantial quantities also used for heatand power applications in manufacturing and makingcoke. Bituminous coal isthe most abundant coal in active U.S. mining regions. Its moisture contentusually is less than 20 percent. The heat content of bituminous coal ranges from21 to 30 millionBtupershort tonon a moist, mineral-matter-free basis. Theheat content of bituminous coal consumed in the United States averages 24million Btu per short ton, on the as-received basis (i.e., containing both inherentmoisture and mineral matter). SeeCoal Rank.Black Liquor: A byproduct of the paper production process, alkaline spent liquor,that can be used as a source of energy. Alkaline spent liquor is removed from thedigesters in the process of chemically pulping wood. After evaporation, the residual"black" liquor is burned as a fuel in a recovery furnace that permits the recovery ofcertain basic chemicals.Breeze: The fine screenings from crushed coke. Usually breeze will pass through a1/2-inch or 3/4-inch screen opening. It is most often used as a fuel source in theprocess of agglomerating iron ore.British Thermal Unit (Btu): The quantity of heat required to raise the temperature of 1 pound of liquid water by 1 degree Fahrenheit at the temperature at whichwater has its greatest density (approximately 39 degrees Fahrenheit). SeeHeatContent.Btu:SeeBritish Thermal Unit.Btu Conversion Factor: A factor for convertingenergydata between one unit ofmeasurement andBritish thermal units (Btu). Btu conversion factors are generallyused to convert energy data from physical units of measure (such asbarrels,cubicfeet, orshort tons) into the energy-equivalent measure of Btu. (Seehttp://www.eia.doe.gov/emeu/mer/append_a.html for further information on Btuconversion factors.)Bunker Fuels: Fuel supplied to ships and aircraft, both domestic and foreign,consisting primarily ofresidual fuel oilanddistillate fuel oilfor ships andkerosene-type jet fuelfor aircraft. The term “international bunker fuels” is usedto denote the consumption of fuel for international transport activities.Note: Forthe purposes ofgreenhouse gasemissions inventories, data on emissions fromcombustion of international bunker fuelsare subtracted from national emissionstotals. Historically, bunker fuels have meant only ship fuel.Butane: A normally gaseous straight-chain or branched-chainhydrocarbon(C4H10) extracted fromnatural gasorrefinery gasstreams. It includes isobutaneand normal butane and is designated in ASTM Specification D1835 and GasProcessors Association Specifications for commercial butane.388 Energy Information Administration / Annual Energy Review 2008Isobutane: A normally gaseous branched-chain hydrocarbon. It is a colorless paraffinic gas that boils at a temperature of 10.9 degrees Fahrenheit. Itis extracted from natural gas or refinery gas streams.Normal Butane: A normally gaseous straight-chain hydrocarbon. It is acolorless paraffinic gas that boils at a temperature of 31.1 degrees Fahrenheit. It is extracted from natural gas or refinery gas streams.Butylene: An olefinichydrocarbon(C4H8) recovered from refinery processes.Capacity: SeeGenerator Capacity.Capacity Factor: SeeGenerator Capacity Factor.Carbon Dioxide: A colorless, odorless, non-poisonous gas (CO2) that is a normalpart of Earth’s atmosphere. Carbon dioxide is a product offossil-fuelcombustion aswell as other processes. It is considered agreenhouse gasas it traps heat (infraredenergy) radiated by the Earth into the atmosphere and thereby contributes to thepotential forglobal warming. Theglobal warming potential(GWP) of othergreenhouse gases is measured in relation to that of carbon dioxide, which by international scientific convention is assigned a value of one (1).Carbon Dioxide Equivalent: The amount ofcarbon dioxideby weight emittedinto the atmosphere that would produce the same estimated radiative forcing as agiven weight of another radiatively active gas. Carbon dioxide equivalents arecomputed by multiplying the weight of the gas being measured (for example,methane) by its estimatedglobal warming potential(which is 21 for methane). “Carbonequivalent units” are defined as carbon dioxide equivalents multiplied by the carboncontent of carbon dioxide (i.e., 12/44).Chained Dollars: A measure used to expressreal prices. Real prices are those thathave been adjusted to remove the effectof changes in the purchasing power of thedollar; they usually reflect buying power relative to a reference year. Prior to 1996,real prices were expressed in constant dollars, a measure based on the weights of goodsand services in a single year, usually a recent year. In 1996, the U.S. Department ofCommerce introduced the chained-dollar measure. The new measure is based on theaverage weights of goods and services insuccessive pairs of years. It is “chained”because the second year in each pair, with its weights, becomes the first year of the nextpair. The advantage of using the chained-dollar measure is that it is more closelyrelated to any given period covered and is therefore subject to less distortion over time.Chlorofluorocarbon (CFC): Any of various compounds consisting of carbon,hydrogen, chlorine, and flourine used as refrigerants. CFCs are now thought to beharmful to the Earth’s atmosphere.City Gate: A point or measuring station atwhich a distribution gas utility receivesgas from anatural gas pipelinecompany or transmission system.Climate Change: A term used to refer to all forms of climatic inconsistency, butespecially to significant change from oneprevailing climatic condition to another.In some cases, “climate change” has been used synonymously with the term “globalwarming”; scientists, however, tend to use the term in a wider sense to includenatural changes in climate as well as climatic cooling.Coal: A readily combustible black or brownish-black rock whose composition,including inherent moisture, consists ofmore than 50 percent by weight and morethan 70 percent by volume of carbonaceous material. It is formed from plantremains that have been compacted, hardened, chemically altered, and metamorphosed by heat and pressure over geologic time. SeeCoal Rank.Coal Coke: SeeCoke, Coal.Coal Rank: The classification ofcoalsaccording to their degree of progressivealteration from lignite to anthracite. In the United States, the standard ranks of coalincludelignite,subbituminous coal,bituminous coal, andanthraciteand are based onfixed carbon, volatile matter, heating value, and agglomerating (or caking) properties.Coal Stocks:Coalquantities that are held in storage for future use and disposition.Note: When coal data are collected for a particular reporting period (month, quarter,or year), coal stocks are commonly measured as of the last day of this period.Coal Synfuel:Coal-based solid fuel thathas been processed by acoal synfuelplant; and coal-based fuels such as briquettes, pellets, or extrusions, which areformed from fresh or recycled coal and binding materials.Coal Synfuel Plant: A plant engaged in the chemical transformation ofcoalintocoal synfuel.Coke, Coal: A solid carbonaceous residue derived from low-ash, low-sulfurbituminous coalfrom which the volatile constituents are driven off by baking in anoven at temperatures as high as 2,000 degrees Fahrenheit so that the fixed carbonand residual ash are fused together. Coke isused as a fuel and as a reducing agent insmelting iron ore in a blast furnace. Cokefrom coal is gray, hard, and porous andhas a heating value of 24.8 millionBtupershort ton.Coke, Petroleum: A residue high in carbon content and low inhydrogenthat isthe final product of thermal decompositionin the condensation process in cracking.This product is reported as marketable coke or catalyst coke. The conversion is 5Energy Information Administration / Annual Energy Review 2008 389barrels(of 42 U.S. gallons each) pershort ton. Coke frompetroleumhas a heating value of 6.024 millionBtuper barrel.Combined-Heat-and-Power (CHP) Plant: A plant designed to produce both heatandelectricityfrom a single heat source.Note: This term is being used in place of theterm “cogenerator” that was used by EIA in the past. CHP better describes the facilitiesbecause some of the plants included donot produce heat and power in a sequentialfashion and, as a result, do not meet the legal definition of cogeneration specified in thePublic Utility RegulatoryPolices Act (PURPA). SeeElectricity-Only Plant.Commercial Building: A building with more than50 percent of its floorspace usedfor commercial activities. Commercial buildings include, but are not limited to,stores, offices, schools, churches, gymnasiums, libraries, museums, hospitals, clinics, warehouses, and jails. Government buildings are included, except buildings onmilitary bases or reservations.Commercial Sector: Anenergy-consuming sector that consists of serviceproviding facilities and equipment of: businesses; Federal, State, and localgovernments; and other private and public organizations, such as religious,social, or fraternal groups. The commercial sector includes institutional livingquarters. It also includes sewage treatment facilities. Common uses of energyassociated with this sector includespace heating, water heating, air conditioning,lighting, refrigeration, cooking, and running a wide variety of other equipment.Note: This sector includesgeneratorsthat produceelectricityand/oruseful thermal outputprimarily to support the activities of the above-mentionedcommercial establishments. Various EIA programs differ in sectoral coverage—formore information seehttp://www.eia.doe.gov/neic/datadefinitions/Guideforwebcom.htm. SeeEnd-UseSectorsandEnergy-Use Sectors.Completion (Crude Oil/Natural Gas Production): The term refers to the installation of permanent equipment for the production ofcrude oilornatural gas. If awellis equipped to produce only crude oil or natural gas from one zone or reservoir, the definition of a “well” (classified as acrude oil wellornatural gas well)and the definition of a “completion” are identical. However, if a well is equippedto produce crude oil and/or natural gas separately from more than one reservoir, a“well” is not synonymous with a “completion.”Compressed Natural Gas (CNG):Natural gascompressed to a volume anddensity that is practical as a portable fuel supply (even when compressed, naturalgas is not a liquid).Conventional Hydroelectric Power: SeeHydroelectric Power, Conventional.Conventional Motor Gasoline: SeeMotor Gasoline, Conventional.Conversion Factor: A factor for converting data between one unit of measurementand another (such as betweenshort tonsandBritish thermal units, or betweenbarrelsand gallons). (See http://www.eia.doe.gov/emeu/mer/append_a.html andhttp://www.eia.doe.gov/emeu/mer/append_b.html for further information on conversion factors.) SeeBtu Conversion FactorandThermal Conversion Factor.Cooling Tower: A common type of environmental equipment installed atelectricpower plantsused to transfer heat, produced by burning fuel, to the atmosphere.Cooling towers are installed where there is insufficient cooling water available orwhere waste heat discharged into cooling water would affect marine life.Criteria Pollutant: A pollutant determined to behazardous to human health andregulated under the Environmental Protection Agency’s (EPA) National AmbientAir Quality Standards. The 1970 amendmentsto the Clean Air Act require EPA todescribe the health and welfare impacts ofa pollutant as the “criteria” for inclusionin the regulatory regime.Crude Oil: A mixture ofhydrocarbonsthat exists in liquid phase in natural underground reservoirs and remains liquid at atmospheric pressure after passingthrough surface separating facilities. Depending upon the characteristics of thecrude stream, it may also include: 1) small amounts of hydrocarbons that exist ingaseous phase in natural underground reservoirs but are liquid at atmosphericpressure after being recovered from oil well (casinghead) gas in lease separatorsand are subsequently commingled with the crude stream without being separatelymeasured. Lease condensate recovered as a liquid fromnatural gaswellsinlease or field separation facilities and later mixed into the crude stream is alsoincluded; 2) small amounts of nonhydrocarbons produced with the oil, such assulfur and various metals; and 3) dripgases, and liquid hydrocarbons producedfrom tar sands, oil sands, gilsonite, and oil shale. Liquids produced at natural gasprocessing plants are excluded. Crude oil is refined to produce a wide array ofpetroleum products, including heating oils; gasoline,dieselandjet fuels;lubricants;asphalt;ethane,propane, andbutane; and many other products used fortheirenergyor chemical content.Crude Oil Domestic First Purchase Price: The price for domesticcrude oilreported by the company that owns the crude oil the first time it is removed from thelease boundary.Crude Oil Landed Cost: The price ofcrude oilat the port of discharge, including charges associated with purchasing, transporting, and insuring a cargo fromthe purchase point to the port of discharge. The cost does not include charges390 Energy Information Administration / Annual Energy Review 2008incurred at the discharge port (e.g., import tariffs or fees, wharfage charges, anddemurrage).Crude Oil Refiner Acquisition Cost: The cost ofcrude oilto the refiner, including transportation and other fees. The composite cost is the weighted average ofdomestic and imported crude oil costs. The refiner acquisition cost does notinclude the cost of crude oil purchased for theStrategic Petroleum Reserve.Crude Oil Refinery Input: The totalcrude oilput into processing units at refineries.Crude Oil Stocks: Stocks ofcrude oilandlease condensateheld at refineries, inpetroleum pipelines, at pipeline terminals, and on leases.Crude Oil Used Directly:Crude oilconsumed as fuel bypetroleum pipelinesand on crude oil leases.Crude Oil Well: Awellcompleted for the production ofcrude oilfrom one ormore crude oil zones or reservoirs. Wells producing both crude oil andnatural gasare classified as crude oil wells.Cubic Foot (Natural Gas)The amount ofnatural gascontained at standardtemperature and pressure (60 degreesFahrenheit and 14.73 pounds standard persquare inch) in a cube whose edges are one foot long.Degree-Day Normals: Simple arithmetic averages of monthly or annualdegree-daysover a long period of time (usually the 30-year period 1971–2000). The averages maybe simple degree-day normals or population-weighted degree-day normals.Degree-Days, Cooling (CDD): A measure of how warm a location is over aperiod of time relative to a base temperature, most commonly specified as 65degrees Fahrenheit. The measure is computed for each day by subtracting the basetemperature (65 degrees) from the average of the day’s high and lowtemperatures, with negative values set equal to zero. Each day’s cooling degreedays are summed to create a cooling degree-day measure for a specified referenceperiod. Cooling degree-days are used in energy analysis as an indicator of airconditioning energy requirements or use.Degree-Days, Heating (HDD): A measure of how cold a location is over a period oftime relative to a base temperature, most commonly specified as 65 degrees Fahrenheit.The measure is computed for each day by subtracting the average of the day’s high andlow temperatures from the base temperature (65 degrees), with negative values set equalto zero. Each day’s heating degree-daysare summed to create a heating degree-daymeasure for a specified reference period. Heating degree-days are used in energyanalysis as an indicator of space heating energy requirements or use.Degree-Days, Population-Weighted: Heating or coolingdegree-daysweightedby the population of the area in which the degree-days are recorded. To computeState population-weighted degree-days, each State is divided into from one tonine climatically homogeneous divisions, which are assigned weights based onthe ratio of the population of the division to the total population of the State.Degree-day readings for each division are multiplied by the corresponding population weight for each division and those products are then summed to arrive atthe State population-weighted degree-day figure. To compute national populationweighted degree-days, the Nation is divided into nine Census regions, eachcomprising from three to eight States, which are assigned weights based on theratio of the population of the region to the total population of the Nation. Degreeday readings for each region are multiplied by the corresponding populationweight for each region and those productsare then summed to arrive at thenational population-weighted degree-day figure.Demand-Side Management: The planning, implementation, and monitoring ofelectric utilityactivities designed to encourage consumers to modify patterns ofelectricityusage, including the timing and level of electricity demand.Demonstrated Reserve Base (Coal): A collective term for the sum ofcoalin bothmeasured and indicated resource categories of reliability, representing 100 percentof the in-place coal in those categoriesas of a certain date. Includes beds ofbituminous coalandanthracite28 or more inches thick and beds ofsubbituminous coal60 or more inches thick that can occur at depths of as much as 1,000 feet. Includesbeds oflignite60 or more inches thick that canbe surface mined. Includes alsothinner and/or deeper beds that currently are being mined or for which there isevidence that they could be mined commercially at a given time. Represents thatportion of the identified coal resource from which reserves are calculated.Development Well: Awelldrilled within the proved area of acrude oilornaturalgasreservoir to the depth of a stratigraphic horizon known to be productive.Diesel Fuel: A fuel composed ofdistillate fuel oilsobtained inpetroleumrefiningoperation or blends of such distillate fuel oils withresidual fuel oilused in motorvehicles. The boiling point and specific gravity are higher for diesel fuels than forgasoline.Direct Use:Use ofelectricitythat 1) is self-generated,2) is produced by either thesame entity that consumes the power or anaffiliate, and 3) is used in direct supportof a service or industrial process locatedwithin the same facility or group of facilities that house the generating equipment. Direct use is exclusive ofstation use.Distillate Fuel Oil: A general classification for one of thepetroleumfractionsproduced in conventional distillation operations. It includesdiesel fuelsand fuelEnergy Information Administration / Annual Energy Review 2008 391oils. Products known as No. 1, No. 2, and No. 4 diesel fuel are used in on-highwaydiesel engines, such as those found in cars and trucks, as well as off-highwayengines, such as those in railroad locomotives and agricultural machinery. Productsknown as No. 1, No. 2, and No. 4 fuel oils are used primarily forspace heatingandelectricity generation.Distillation Unit (Atmospheric): The primary distillation unit that processescrude oil(including mixtures of other hydrocarbons) at approximately atmospheric conditions. It includes a pipe still for vaporizing the crude oil and afractionationtower for separating the vaporized hydrocarbon components in thecrude oil into fractions with different boiling ranges. This is done by continuouslyvaporizing and condensing the components to separate higher boiling point material. The selected boiling ranges are set by the processing scheme, the propertiesof the crude oil, and the product specifications.District Heat: Steam or hot water from an outside source used as anenergy sourcein a building. The steam or hot water is produced in a central plant and is piped intothe building. District heat may be purchased from a utility or provided by a physicalplant in a separate building that is part of the same facility (for example, a hospitalcomplex or university).Dry Hole: Anexploratory wellordevelopment wellfound to be incapable ofproducing eithercrude oilornatural gasin sufficient quantities to justify completion as acrude oil wellornatural gas well.Dry Natural Gas: SeeNatural Gas, Dry.Dry Natural Gas Production: SeeNatural Gas (Dry) Production.Electric Energy:The ability of an electric currentto produce work, heat, light, orother forms ofenergy. It is measured inkilowatthours.Electric Non-Utility: Any entity that generates, transmits, or sellselectricity, orsells or trades electricity services and products, where costs are not establishedand recovered by regulatory authority. Examples of these entities include, but arenot limited to,independent power producers, power marketers and aggregators(both wholesale and retail), merchant transmission service providers, selfgeneration entities, and cogeneration firms with Qualifying Facility Status. SeeElectric Utility.Electric Power Plant: A station containingprime movers, electricgenerators, andauxiliary equipment for converting mechanical, chemical, and/or fissionenergyintoelectric energy.Electric Power Sector: Anenergy-consuming sector that consists ofelectricityonlyandcombined-heat-and-power (CHP)plants within theNAICS(NorthAmerican Industry Classification System) 22 category whose primary business is tosellelectricity, or electricity and heat, to the public.Note: This sector includeselectric utilitiesandindependent power producers. SeeEnergy-Use Sectors.Electric Utility: Any entity that generates, transmits, or distributeselectricityandrecovers the cost of its generation, transmission or distribution assets andoperations, either directly or indirectly,through cost-based rates set by a separateregulatory authority (e.g., State Public Service Commission), or is owned by agovernmental unit or the consumers that the entity serves. Examples of these entitiesinclude: investor-owned entities, public power districts, public utility districts,municipalities, rural electric cooperatives,and State and Federal agencies. Electricutilities may have Federal Energy Regulatory Commission approval for interconnection agreements and wholesale tradetariffs covering either cost-of-serviceand/or market-based rates under the authority of the Federal Power Act.SeeElectric Non-Utility.Electrical System Energy Losses: The amount ofenergylost during generation,transmission, and distribution ofelectricity, including plant and unaccounted-for uses.Electricity: A form ofenergycharacterized by the presence and motion of elementary charged particles generated by friction, induction, or chemical change.Electricity Generation: The process of producingelectric energy, or the amountof electric energy produced by transforming other forms ofenergy; commonlyexpressed inkilowatthours(kWh) or megawatthours (MWh). SeeElectricityGeneration, GrossandElectricity Generation, Net.Electricity Generation, Gross: The total amount ofelectric energyproduced bygenerating unitsand measured at the generating terminal.Electricity Generation, Net: The amount ofgross electricity generationlessstation use(theelectric energyconsumed at the generating station(s) for stationservice or auxiliaries).Note: Electricity required for pumping athydroelectricpumped-storageplants is regarded as electricityfor station service and is deductedfrom gross generation.Electricity Retail Sales: The amount ofelectricitysold byelectric utilitiesandotherenergy service providersto customers purchasingelectricity for their ownuse and not for resale.Electricity-Only Plant: A plant designed to produceelectricityonly. SeeCombined-Heat-and-Power (CHP) Plant.392 Energy Information Administration / Annual Energy Review 2008Emissions:Anthropogenicreleases of gases to the atmosphere. In the context ofglobalclimate change, they consist of radiatively importantgreenhouse gases(e.g., the release ofcarbon dioxideduring fuel combustion).End-Use Sectors: Theresidential,commercial,industrial, andtransportationsectors of the economy. SeeEnergy-Use Sectors.Energy: The capacity for doing work as measured by the capability of doing work(potential energy) or the conversion of thiscapability to motion (kinetic energy). Energyhas several forms, some of which are easily convertible and can be changed to anotherform useful for work. Most of the world’s convertible energy comes fromfossil fuelsthat are burned to produce heat that is thenused as a transfer medium to mechanical orother means in order to accomplish tasks.Electric energyis usually measured inkilowatthours, while heat energy is usually measured inBritish thermal units.Energy Consumption: The use ofenergyas a source of heat or power or as aninput in the manufacturing process.Energy Expenditures: The money spent directly by consumers to purchaseenergy. Expenditures equal the amount of energy used by the consumer times theprice per unit paid by the consumer.Energy Service Provider: Anenergyentity that provides service to a retail or enduse customer.Energy Source: Any substance or natural phenomenon that can be consumed ortransformed to supply heat or power. Examples includepetroleum,coal,naturalgas,nuclear,wood,waste,electricity,wind,geothermal, sunlight (solar energy),water movement, andhydrogenin fuel cells.Energy-Use Sectors: A group of majorenergy-consuming components ofU.S. society developed to measure andanalyze energy use. The sectors mostcommonly referred to in EIA are:residential,commercial,industrial,transportation, andelectric power.Ethane: A normally gaseous straight-chainhydrocarbon(C2H6). It is a colorless,paraffinic gas that boils at a temperature of -127.48 degrees Fahrenheit. It isextracted fromnatural gasandrefinery gasstreams.Ether: The family name applied to a group of organic chemical compounds composedof carbon,hydrogen, and oxygen, and which are characterized by an oxygen atomattached to two carbonatoms (for example,methyl tertiary butyl ether).Ethanol (CH3-CH2OH):A clear, colorless,flammable oxygenatedhydrocarbon.Ethanol is typically produced chemically fromethylene, or biologically fromfermentation of various sugars from carbohydrates found in agricultural crops andcellulosic residues from crops or wood. It is used in the United States as a gasolineoctane enhancer andoxygenate(blended up to 10 percent concentration). Ethanolcan also be used in high concentrations (E85) in vehicles designed for its use. SeeAlcoholandFuel Ethanol.Ethyl Tertiary Butyl Ether (ETBE): A colorless, flammable, oxygenated hydrocarbon blend stock,(CH3)3COC2H5, formed by the catalytic etherification ofisobutylenewithethanol. SeeOxygenates.Ethylene: An olefinichydrocarbonrecovered from refinery processes or petrochemical processes. Ethylene is used as apetrochemical feedstockfor numerouschemical applications and the production of consumer goods.Eurasia:The physical land mass containing the continents of Europe and Asia.For Energy Information Administration reporting, it includes the former parts of theUnion of Soviet Socialist Republics (U.S.S.R.):Armenia, Azerbaijan, Belarus,Estonia, Georgia, Kazakhstan, Kyrgyzstan, Latvia, Lithuania, Moldova, Russia,Tajikistan, Turkmenistan, Ukraine, and Uzbekistan.Exploratory Well: Awelldrilled to find and producecrude oilornatural gasinan area previously considered unproductive, to find a new reservoir in a known field(i.e., one previously producing crude oil ornatural gas in another reservoir), or toextend the limit of a known crude oil or natural gas reservoir.Exports: Shipments of goods from within the 50 States and the District of Columbia to U.S. possessions and territories or to foreign countries.Extraction Loss: The reduction in volume ofnatural gasdue to the removal ofnatural gas liquidconstituents such asethane,propane, andbutaneat natural gasprocessing plants.Federal Energy Administration (FEA): A predecessor of the Energy InformationAdministration.Federal Energy Regulatory Commission (FERC): The Federal agency withjurisdiction over interstateelectricitysales, wholesale electric rates, hydroelectriclicensing,natural gaspricing,petroleum pipelinerates, andnatural gas pipelinecertification. FERC is an independent regulatory agency within the Department ofEnergy and is the successor to the Federal Power Commission.Energy Information Administration / Annual Energy Review 2008 393Federal Power Commission (FPC): The predecessor agency of theFederalEnergy Regulatory Commission. The Federal Power Commission was created byan Act of Congress under the Federal Water Power Act on June 10, 1920. It wascharged originally with regulating the electric power andnatural gasindustries. Itwas abolished on September 30, 1977, when the Department of Energy was created.Its functions were divided between theDepartment of Energy and the FederalEnergy Regulatory Commission, an independent regulatory agency.Financial Reporting System (FRS): The Energy Information Administration’sstatutory requirement to identify majorenergy-producing companies and developand implement a data-reporting program for energy financial and operating information from these companies. Companies are selected if they are within the top 50publicly-owned U.S.crude oilproducers that have at least 1 percent of eitherproduction or reserves of crude oil,natural gas,coal, oruraniumin the UnitedStates, or 1 percent of either refining capacity orpetroleum productsales in theUnited States.Finished Motor Gasoline: SeeMotor Gasoline, Finished.First Purchase Price: SeeCrude Oil Domestic First Purchase Price.First Use: Manufacturing establishments’ consumption of theenergythat wasoriginally produced offsite or was produced onsite from input materials not classified as energy.Fiscal Year: The U.S. Government’s fiscal year runs from October 1 throughSeptember 30. The fiscal year is designated by the calendar year in which it ends;e.g., fiscal year 2002 began on October 1, 2001, and ended on September 30, 2002.Flared Natural Gas: SeeNatural Gas, Flared.F.O.B.: SeeFree on Board.Footage Drilled: Total footage forwellsin various categories, as reported for anyspecified period, includes (1) the deepest total depth (length of well bores) of allwells drilled from the surface,(2) the total of all bypassed footage drilled in connection with reported wells, and (3) all new footage drilled for directional sidetrackwells. Footage reported for directional sidetrack wells does not include footage inthe common bore, which is reported as footage for the originalwell. In the case ofold wells drilled deeper, the reported footage is that which was drilled below thetotal depth of the old well.Former U.S.S.R.: SeeUnion of Soviet Socialist Republics (U.S.S.R.).Forward Costs (Uranium): The operating and capital costs that will be incurred inany future production ofuraniumfrom in-place reserves. Included are costs forlabor, materials, power and fuel, royalties, payroll taxes, insurance, and general andadministrative costs that are dependentupon the quantity of production and, thus,applicable as variable costs of production. Excluded from forward costs are priorexpenditures, if any, incurred for property acquisition, exploration, mine development, and mill construction, as well as income taxes, profit, and the cost of money.Note: By use of forward costing, estimates of reserves foruranium oredeposits indiffering geological settings can be aggregated and reported as the maximumamount that can theoretically be extracted to recover the specified costs ofuraniumoxideproduction under the listed forward cost categories.Fossil Fuel: Anenergy sourceformed in the Earth’s crust from decayed organicmaterial, such aspetroleum,coal, andnatural gas.Fossil-Fueled Steam-Electric Power Plant: Anelectric power plantin which theprime moveris a turbine rotated by high-pressure steam produced in a boiler byheat from burningfossil fuels.Fractionation: The process by which saturatedhydrocarbonsare removed fromnatural gasand separated into distinct parts, or “fractions” such aspropane,butane, andethane.Free Alongside Ship (F.A.S.): The value of a commodity at the port ofexportation, generally including the purchase price plus all charges incurred in placing the commodity alongside the carrier at the port of exportation.Free on Board (F.O.B.): A sales transaction in which the seller makes the productavailable for pick up at a specified port orterminal at a specified price and the buyerpays for the subsequent transportation and insurance.Free on Board (F.O.B.) Rail/Barge Price: Thefree on boardprice of coal at thepoint of first sale. It excludes freight or shipping and insurance costs.Fuel Ethanol (C2H5OH):An anhydrousalcohol(ethanolwith less than 1% water)intended for gasoline blending. SeeOxygenates.Full-Power Operation: Operation of a nucleargenerating unitat 100 percent ofits design capacity. Full-power operation precedes commercial operation.Gasohol: A blend offinished motor gasolinecontainingalcohol(generallyethanolbut sometimesmethanol) at a concentration between 5.7 percent and 10 percentby volume. SeeOxygenates.394 Energy Information Administration / Annual Energy Review 2008Generating Unit: Any combination of physically connectedgenerators, reactors,boilers, combustion turbines, or otherprime moversoperated together to produceelectric power.Generator: A machine that converts mechanicalenergyintoelectric energy.Generator Capacity: The maximum output, commonly expressed in megawatts(MW), that generating equipment can supply to system load, adjusted for ambientconditions. SeeGenerator Nameplate (Installed) CapacityandGenerator NetSummer Capacity.Generator Capacity Factor: The ratio of theelectric energyproduced by agenerating unitfor a given period of time to the electric energy that could havebeen produced at continuous full-power operation during the same period.Generator Nameplate (Installed) Capacity: The maximum rated output of agenerator,prime mover, or other electric power production equipment underspecific conditions designated by the manufacturer. Installed generator nameplatecapacity is commonly expressed in megawatts (MW) and is usually indicated on anameplate physically attached to the generator.Generator Net Summer Capacity: The maximum output, commonly expressed inmegawatts (MW), that generating equipment can supply to system load, as demonstrated by a multi-hour test, at the time ofsummer peak demand (period of June 1through September 30). This output reflects a reduction in capacity due to electricityuse for station service or auxiliaries.Geothermal Energy: Hot water or steam extractedfrom geothermal reservoirs inthe Earth’s crust and used for geothermal heat pumps, water heating, orelectricitygeneration.Global Warming: An increase in thenear-surface temperature of the Earth. Globalwarming has occurred in the distant past as the result of natural influences, but theterm is today most often used to refer to the warming some scientists predict willoccur as a result of increasedanthropogenicemissions ofgreenhouse gases. SeeClimate Change.Global Warming Potential (GWP): An index used to compare the relative radiative forcing of different gases without directly calculating the changes in atmospheric concentrations. GWPs are calculated asthe ratio of the radiative forcing thatwould result from the emission of one kilogram of agreenhouse gasto that fromthe emission of one kilogram ofcarbon dioxideover a period of time, such as 100years.Greenhouse Gases: Those gases, such as water vapor,carbon dioxide, nitrousoxide,methane,hydrofluorocarbons(HFCs),perfluorocarbons(PFCs), andsulfur hexafluoride, that are transparent to solar (short-wave) radiation but opaqueto long-wave radiation, thus preventinglong-wave radiant energy from leaving theEarth’s atmosphere. The net effect is a trapping of absorbed radiation and atendency to warm the planet’s surface.Gross Domestic Product (GDP): The total value of goods and services producedby labor and property located in the United States. As long as the labor and propertyare located in the United States, the supplier (that is, the workers and, for property,the owners) may be either U.S. residents or residents of foreign countries.Gross Domestic Product (GDP) Implicit Price Deflator: A measure used toconvertnominal pricestoreal prices. SeeChained Dollars.Gross Electricity Generation: SeeElectricity Generation, Gross.Gross Withdrawals: SeeNatural Gas Gross Withdrawals.Gross Input to AtmosphericCrude Oil Distillation Units: Total input to atmospheric crude oil distillation units. Includes allcrude oil,lease condensate,naturalgas plant liquids,unfinished oils,liquefied refinery gases, slop oils, and otherliquidhydrocarbonsproduced from tar sands, gilsonite, and oil shale.Heat Content: The amount of heatenergyavailable to be released by the transformation or use of a specified physicalunit of an energy form (e.g., ashort tonofcoal, abarrelofcrude oil, akilowatthourofelectricity, acubic footofnaturalgas, or a pound of steam). The amount of heat energy is commonly expressed inBritish thermal units (Btu).Note: Heat content of combustible energy forms canbe expressed in terms of either gross heatcontent (higher or upper heating value) ornet heat content (lower heating value), depending upon whether or not the availableheat energy includes or excludes the energy used to vaporize water (contained in theoriginal energy form or created during the combustion process). The Energy Information Administration typically uses gross heat content values.Heat Rate: A measure of generating station thermal efficiency commonly stated asBtuperkilowatthour.Note:Heat rates can be expressed as either gross or netheat rates, depending whether the electricity output is gross or net generation. Heatrates are typically expressed as net heat rates.Household: A family, an individual, or a group of up to nine unrelated personsoccupying the same housing unit. “Occupy” means the housing unit was theperson’s usual or permanent place of residence.Energy Information Administration / Annual Energy Review 2008 395Housing Unit: A house, an apartment, a group of rooms, or a single room if it iseither occupied or intended for occupancyas separate living quarters by a family, anindividual, or a group of one to nine unrelated persons. Separate living quartersmeans the occupants (1) live and eat separately from other persons in the house orapartment and (2) have direct access from the outside of the buildings or through acommon hall—that is, they can get to it without going through someone else’sliving quarters. Housing units do not include group quarters such as prisons or nursing homes where ten or more unrelated persons live. A common dining area used byresidents is an indication of group quarters. Hotel and motel rooms are consideredhousing units if occupied as the usual or permanent place of residence.Hydrocarbon: An organic chemical compound ofhydrogenand carbon in thegaseous, liquid, or solid phase. The molecular structure of hydrocarbon compoundsvaries from the simplest (methane, a constituent ofnatural gas) to the very heavyand very complex.Hydroelectric Power: The production ofelectricityfrom the kineticenergyoffalling water. SeeHydroelectric Power, ConventionalandHydroelectricPumped Storage.Hydroelectric Power, Conventional:Hydroelectric powergenerated from flowing water that is not created byhydroelectric pumped storage.Hydroelectric Pumped Storage:Hydroelectric powerthat is generated duringpeak load periods by using water previously pumped into an elevated storage reservoir during off-peak periods when excess generating capacity is available to do so.When additional generating capacity is needed, the water can be released from thereservoir through a conduit to turbinegeneratorslocated in anelectric powerplantat a lower level.Hydrofluorocarbons (HFCs): A group of man-made chemicals composed of oneor two carbon atoms and varying numbers ofhydrogenand fluorine atoms. MostHFCs have 100-yearglobal warming potentialsin the thousands.Hydrogen (H):The lightest of all gases, hydrogen occurs chiefly in combinationwith oxygen in water. It also exists in acids, bases,alcohols,petroleum, and otherhydrocarbons.Implicit Price Deflator:The implicit price deflator, published by the U.S. Department of Commerce, Bureau of Economic Analysis, is used to convertnominalpricestoreal prices.Imports: Receipts of goods into the 50 Statesand the District of Columbia fromU.S. possessions and territories or from foreign countries.Independent Power Producer: A corporation, person, agency, authority, or otherlegal entity or instrumentality that owns or operates facilities for the generation ofelectricity for use primarily by the public, and that is not anelectric utility. Independent power producers are included in theelectric power sector.Indicated Resources, Coal:Coalfor which estimates of thecoal rank, quality,and quantity are based partly on sample analyses and measurements and partly onreasonable geologic projections. Indicated resources are computed partly fromspecified measurements and partly from projection of visible data for a reasonabledistance on the basis of geologic evidence. The points of observation are 1⁄2 to 11⁄2miles apart. Indicated coalis projected to extend as a 1⁄2-mile-wide belt that liesmore than 1⁄4 mile from the outcrop or points of observation or measurement.Industrial Sector: Anenergy-consuming sector that consists of all facilities andequipment used for producing, processing, or assembling goods. The industrialsector encompasses the following types of activity: manufacturing (NAICScodes31-33); agriculture, forestry, fishing and hunting (NAICS code 11); mining, including oil and gas extraction (NAICS code21); and construction (NAICS code 23).Overall energy use in this sector is largely for process heat and cooling and powering machinery, with lesser amounts used for facility heating, air conditioning, andlighting. Fossil fuels are also used as raw material inputs to manufactured products.Note:This sector includesgeneratorsthat produceelectricityand/oruseful thermal outputprimarily to support the above-mentioned industrial activities. VariousEIA programs differ in sectoral coverage—for more information seehttp://www.eia.doe.gov/neic/datadefinitions/Guideforwebind.htm. SeeEnd-UseSectorsandEnergy-Use Sectors.Isobutane: SeeButane.Isobutylene: An olefinichydrocarbonrecovered from refinery processes or petrochemical processes.Isopentane: A saturated branched-chainhydrocarbonobtained byfractionationofnatural gasolineor isomerization of normal pentane.Jet Fuel: A refined petroleum product usedin jet aircraft engines. SeeJet Fuel,Kerosene-TypeandJet Fuel, Naphtha-Type.Jet Fuel, Kerosene-Type: Akerosene-based product with a maximum distillation temperature of 400 degrees Fahrenheit at the 10-percent recovery point and afinal maximum boiling point of 572 degrees Fahrenheit and meeting ASTMSpecification 1655 and Military Specifications MIL-T-5624P and MIL-T-83133D(Grades JP-5 and JP-8). It is used for commercial and military turbojet and turboprop aircraft engines.396 Energy Information Administration / Annual Energy Review 2008Jet Fuel, Naphtha-Type: A fuel in the heavynaphthaboiling range, with anaverage gravity of 52.8 degrees API, 20 to 90 percent distillation temperature of290 to 470 degrees Fahrenheit, and meeting Military Specification MIL-T-5624L(Grade JP-4). It is used primarily formilitary turbojet and turboprop aircraftengines because it has a lower freeze point than other aviation fuels and meetsengine requirements at high altitudes and speeds.Kerosene: A lightpetroleumdistillate that is used in space heaters, cook stoves,and water heaters and is suitable for use as a light source when burned in wick-fedlamps. Kerosene has a maximum distillation temperature of 400 degrees Fahrenheitat the 10-percent recovery point, a finalboiling point of 572 degrees Fahrenheit, anda minimum flash point of 100 degrees Fahrenheit. Included are No. 1-K and No.2-K, the two grades recognized by ASTM Specification D3699 as well as all othergrades of kerosene called range or stove oil, which have properties similar to thoseof No. 1 fuel oil. SeeJet Fuel, Kerosene-Type.Kerosene-Type Jet Fuel:SeeJet Fuel, Kerosene-Type.Kilowatt: A unit of electrical power equal to 1,000watts.Kilowatthour (kWh): A measure ofelectricitydefined as a unit of work orenergy, measured as 1kilowatt(1,000watts) of power expended for 1 hour.One kilowatthour is equivalent to 3,412Btu. SeeWatthour.Landed Cost: SeeCrude Oil Landed Cost.Lease and Plant Fuel:Natural gasused inwell, field, and lease operations (suchas natural gas used in drilling operations, heaters, dehydrators, and field compressors) and used as fuel in natural gas processing plants.Lease Condensate: A mixture consisting primarily of pentanes and heavierhydrocarbonswhich is recovered as a liquid fromnatural gasin lease separation facilities.This category excludesnatural gas plant liquids, such asbutaneandpropane,which are recovered at downstream natural gas processing plants or facilities.Lignite: The lowest rank ofcoal, often referred to as brown coal, used almostexclusively as fuel for steam-electric powergeneration. It is brownish-black and hasa high inherent moisture content, sometimes as high as 45 percent. The heat contentof lignite ranges from 9 to 17 millionBtupershort tonon a moist, mineral-matterfree basis. The heat content of lignite consumed in the United States averages 13million Btu per short ton, on the as-received basis (i.e., containing both inherentmoisture and mineral matter). SeeCoal Rank.Liquefied Natural Gas (LNG):Natural gas(primarilymethane) that has beenliquefied by reducing its temperature to -260 degrees Fahrenheit at atmospheric pressure.Liquefied Petroleum Gases (LPG): A group ofhydrocarbon-based gases derivedfromcrude oilrefining ornatural gasfractionation. They includeethane,ethylene,propane,propylene,normal butane,butylene,isobutane, andisobutylene.For convenience of transportation, these gases are liquefied through pressurization.Liquefied Refinery Gases (LRG):Liquefied petroleum gasesfractionated fromrefinery orstill gases. Through compression and/or refrigeration, they are retainedin the liquid state. The reported categories areethane/ethylene,propane/propylene,normal butane/butylene, andisobutane. Excludes still gas.Losses: SeeElectrical System Energy Losses.Low-Power Testing: The period of time between a nucleargenerating unit’s initialfuel loading date and the issuance of its operating (full-power) license. The maximumlevel of operation during that period is 5 percent of the unit’s design thermal rating.Lubricants: Substances used to reduce friction between bearing surfaces or incorporated into other materials used as processing aids in the manufacture of otherproducts, or used as carriers of other materials.Petroleumlubricants may beproduced either from distillates or residues. Lubricants include all grades of lubricating oils, from spindle oil to cylinder oil, and those used in greases.Manufacturing: An energy-consuming subsector of theindustrial sectorthatconsists of all facilities and equipment engaged in the mechanical, physical, chemical, or electronic transformation of materials, substances, or components into newproducts. Assembly of component parts of products is included, except for thatwhich is included in construction.Marketed Production (Natural Gas): SeeNatural Gas Marketed Production.Measured Resources, Coal:Coalresources for which estimates of thecoal rank,quality, and quantity have been computed, within a margin of error of less than 20percent, from sample analyses and measurements from closely spaced and geologically well known sample sites. Measured resources are computed from dimensionsrevealed in outcrops, trenches, mine workings, and drill holes. The points of observation and measurement are so closely spacedand the thickness and extent of coals areso well defined that the tonnage is judged to be accurate within 20 percent. Althoughthe spacing of the point of observation necessary to demonstrate continuity of the coaldiffers from region to region, according tothe character of the coalbeds, the points ofobservation are no greater than 1⁄2 mile apart.Measured coal is projected to extendas a belt 1⁄4 mile wide from the outcrop or points of observation or measurement.Methane: A colorless, flammable, odorlesshydrocarbongas (CH4), which is themajor component ofnatural gas. It is also an important source ofhydrogenin various industrial processes.Energy Information Administration / Annual Energy Review 2008 397Methanol: A light, volatilealcohol(CH3OH) eligible formotor gasolineblending. SeeOxygenates.Methyl Tertiary Butyl Ether (MTBE): An ether, (CH3)3COCH3, intended formotor gasoline blending. SeeOxygenates.Miscellaneous Petroleum Products: All finishedpetroleum productsnot classified elsewhere—for example, petrolatum, lube refining byproducts (aromaticextracts and tars), absorption oils, ram-jet fuel, petroleum rocket fuels, syntheticnatural gas feedstocks, and specialty oils.Motor Gasoline Blending: Mechanical mixing ofmotor gasoline blendingcomponentsandoxygenatesas required, to producefinished motor gasoline.Finished motor gasoline may be further mixed with other motor gasoline blendingcomponents or oxygenates, resulting in increased volumes of finished motor gasoline and/or changes in the formulation of finished motor gasoline (e.g.,conventional motor gasolinemixed withMTBEto produceoxygenated motor gasoline).Motor Gasoline Blending Components:Naphthas(e.g., straight-run gasoline,alkylate, reformate, benzene, toluene, xylene) used for blending or compounding intofinished motor gasoline. These components include reformulated gasoline blendstock for oxygenate blending (RBOB) but excludeoxygenates(alcohols,ethers),butane, andpentanes plus.Note:Oxygenates are reported as individual componentsand are included in the total forother hydrocarbons,hydrogen, and oxygenates.Motor Gasoline, Conventional:Finished motor gasolinenot included in theoxygenatedorreformulatedmotor gasoline categories.Note: This categoryexcludes reformulated gasoline blendstockfor oxygenate blending (RBOB) as wellas other blendstock. Conventional motor gasoline can be leaded or unleaded;regular, midgrade, or premium. SeeMotor Gasoline Grades.Motor Gasoline, Finished: A complex mixture of relatively volatilehydrocarbonswith or without small quantities of additives, blended to form a fuel suitablefor use in spark-ignition. Motor gasoline, as defined in ASTM Specification D-4814or Federal Specification VV-G-1690C, is characterized as having a boiling range of122 to 158 degrees Fahrenheit at the 10-percent recovery point to 365 to 374degrees Fahrenheit at the 90-percent recovery point. “Motor gasoline” includesconventional motor gasoline, all types ofoxygenated motor gasolineincludinggasohol, andreformulated motor gasoline, but excludesaviation gasoline.Note:Volumetric data onmotor gasoline blending components, as well asoxygenates,are not counted in data on finished motor gasoline until the blending componentsare blended into the gasoline.Motor Gasoline Grades: The classification of gasoline by octane ratings. Eachtype of gasoline (conventional,oxygenated, andreformulated; leaded orunleaded) is classified by three grades: regular, midgrade, and premium.Note:Motor gasoline sales are reported by gradein accordance with their classification atthe time of sale. In general, automotive octane requirements are lower at high altitudes. Therefore, in some areas of the United States, such as the Rocky MountainStates, the octane ratings for the gasoline grades may be 2 or more octane pointslower.Regular Gasoline: Gasoline having an antiknock index, i.e., octane rating,greater than or equal to 85 and less than 88.Midgrade Gasoline: Gasoline having an antiknock index, i.e., octanerating, greater than or equal to 88 and less than or equal to 90.Premium Gasoline: Gasoline having an antiknock index, i.e., octane rating,greater than 90.Motor Gasoline, Oxygenated:Finished motor gasolineother thanreformulatedmotor gasoline, having an oxygen content of 2.7 percent or higher by weight andrequired by the U.S. Environmental Protection Agency (EPA) to be sold in areasdesignated by EPA as carbon monoxide (CO) nonattainment areas.Note: Oxygenated gasoline excludes oxygenated fuels program reformulated gasoline (OPRG)and reformulated gasoline blendstockfor oxygenate blending (RBOB). Data ongasohol that has at least 2.7 percent oxygen, by weight, and is intended for saleinside CO nonattainment areas are included in data on oxygenated gasoline. Otherdata on gasohol (for use outside of nonattainment areas) are included in data onconventional gasoline.Motor Gasoline, Reformulated:Finished motor gasolineformulated for use inmotor vehicles, the composition and properties of which meet the requirements ofthe reformulated gasoline regulations promulgated by the U.S. EnvironmentalProtection Agency under Section 211(k) of the Clean Air Act. It includes gasolineproduced to meet or exceed emissions performance and benzene content standardsof federal-program reformulated gasoline even though the gasoline may not meetall of the composition requirements (e.g. oxygen content) of federal-programreformulated gasoline.Note: This category includes oxygenated fuels programreformulated gasoline (OPRG). Reformulated gasoline excludes reformulatedblendstock for oxygenate blending (RBOB) and gasoline treated as blendstock(GTAB).MTBE: SeeMethyl Tertiary Butyl Ether.NAICS: SeeNorth American Industry Classification System.398 Energy Information Administration / Annual Energy Review 2008Naphtha:A generic term applied to apetroleumfraction with an approximateboiling range between 122 and 400 degrees Fahrenheit.Naphtha-Type Jet Fuel:SeeJet Fuel, Naphtha-Type.Natural Gas: A gaseous mixture ofhydrocarboncompounds, primarilymethane,used as a fuel forelectricity generationand in a variety of ways in buildings, andas raw material input and fuel for industrial processes.Natural Gas, Dry:Natural gaswhich remains after: 1) the liquefiablehydrocarbonportion has been removed from the gas stream (i.e., gas after lease, field, and/orplant separation); and 2) any volumes ofnonhydrocarbon gaseshave beenremoved where they occur in sufficient quantity to render the gas unmarketable.Note:Dry natural gas is also known as consumer-grade natural gas. The parametersfor measurement are cubic feet at 60 degrees Fahrenheit and 14.73 pounds persquare inch absolute.Natural Gas (Dry) Production: The process of producing consumer-gradenaturalgas. Natural gas withdrawn from reservoirs is reduced by volumes used at theproduction (lease) site and by processing losses. Volumes used at the productionsite include 1) the volume returned to reservoirs in cycling, repressuring of oil reservoirs, and conservation operations; and 2)vented natural gasandflared naturalgas. Processing losses include 1)nonhydrocarbon gases(e.g., water vapor,carbon dioxide, helium, hydrogen sulfide, and nitrogen) removed from the gasstream; and 2) gas converted to liquid form, such aslease condensateandnaturalgas plant liquids. Volumes of dry gas withdrawn from gas storage reservoirs arenot considered part of production.Dry natural gas production equalsnatural gasmarketed productionlessextraction loss.Natural Gas, Flared:Natural gasburned in flares on the base site or at gas processing plants.Natural Gas Gross Withdrawals: Full well stream volume of producednaturalgas, excludinglease condensateseparated at the lease.Natural Gas Liquids (NGL):Thosehydrocarbonsinnatural gasthat are separated from the gas as liquids through the process of absorption, condensation,adsorption, or other methods in gas processing or cycling plants. Generally suchliquids consist ofpropaneand heavier hydrocarbons and are commonly referredto aslease condensate,natural gasoline, andliquefied petroleum gases. Naturalgas liquids includenatural gas plant liquids(primarilyethane,propane,butane, andisobutane)and lease condensate (primarily pentanes produced fromnatural gas at lease separators and field facilities).Natural Gas Marketed Production:Natural gas gross withdrawalsfromproduction reservoirs, less gas usedfor reservoir repressuring;nonhydrocarbongasesremoved in treating or processing operations; and quantities ofvented natural gasandflared natural gas. Includes all quantities of natural gas used in fieldand processing operations.Natural Gas Pipeline: A continuous pipe conduit, complete with such equipmentas valves, compressor stations, communications systems, and meters, for transportingnatural gasand/orsupplemental gaseous fuelsfrom one point toanother, usually from a point in or beyond the producing field or processing plantto another pipeline or to points of utilization. Also refers to a company operatingsuch facilities.Natural Gas Plant Liquids (NGPL): Thosehydrocarbonsinnatural gasthatare separated as liquids at natural gas processing plants, fractionating and cyclingplants, and, in some instances, field facilities.Lease condensateis excluded.Products obtained includeethane;liquefied petroleum gases(propane,butanes, propane-butane mixtures, ethane-propane mixtures);isopentane; andother small quantities of finished products, such asmotor gasoline,special naphthas,jet fuel,kerosene, anddistillate fuel oil. SeeNatural Gas Liquids.Natural Gas Processing Plant: A surface installation designed to separate andrecovernatural gas liquidsfrom a stream of producednatural gasthrough theprocesses of condensation, absorption,refrigeration, or other methods, and tocontrol the quality of natural gas marketed or returned to oil or gas reservoirs forpressure maintenance, repressuring, or cycling.Natural Gas, Vented:Natural gasreleased into the air on the production site or atprocessing plants.Natural Gas Well: Awellcompleted for the production ofnatural gasfrom oneor more natural gas zones orreservoirs. (Wells producing bothcrude oiland naturalgas are classified ascrude oil wells.)Natural Gas Wellhead Price: Price ofnatural gascalculated by dividing the totalreported value at the wellhead by the total quantity produced as reported by theappropriate agencies of individual producing States and the U.S. Mineral Management Service. The price includes all costs prior to shipment from the lease, including gathering and compression costs, in addition to State production, severance,and similar charges.Natural Gasoline: A mixture ofhydrocarbons(mostly pentanes and heavier)extracted fromnatural gasthat meets vapor pressure, end-point, and other specifications for natural gasoline set by the Gas Processors Association. IncludesEnergy Information Administration / Annual Energy Review 2008 399isopentane, which is a saturated branch-chain hydrocarbon obtained byfractionationof natural gasoline or isomerization of normal pentane.NERC: SeeNorth American Electric Reliability Council.Net Electricity Generation: SeeElectricity Generation, Net.Net Summer Capacity: SeeGenerator Net Summer Capacity.Neutral Zone: A 6,200 square-mile area shared equally between Kuwait and SaudiArabia under a 1992 agreement.Nitrogen Oxides (NOx): Compounds of nitrogen and oxygen produced by theburning offossil fuels.Nominal Dollars: A measure used to expressnominal price.Nominal Price: The price paid for a product or service at the time of the transaction. Nominal prices are those that have notbeen adjusted to remove the effect ofchanges in the purchasing power of the dollar; they reflect buying power in the yearin which the transaction occurred.Non-Biomass Waste:Material of non-biological origin that is a byproduct or adiscarded product. “Non-biomass waste” includes municipal solid waste from nonbiogenic sources, such as plastics, and tire-derived fuels.Noncoincident Peak Load: The sum of two or more peak loads on individualsystems that do not occur in the same timeinterval. Meaningful only in the contextof loads within a limited period of time, such as day, week, month, a heating orcooling season, and usually for not more than 1 year.Nonhydrocarbon Gases: Typical nonhydrocarbon gases that may be present in reservoirnatural gas, such ascarbon dioxide, helium, hydrogen sulfide, and nitrogen.Normal Butane: SeeButane.North American ElectricReliability Council (NERC): A council formed in 1968by theelectric utilityindustry to promote the reliability and adequacy of bulkpower supply in the electric utility systems of North America. NERC consists ofregional reliability councils and encompassesessentially all the power regions of thecontiguous United States, Canada, and Mexico. See the various NERC RegionalReliability Councils at:http://www.eia.doe.gov/cneaf/electricity/chg_str_fuel/html/fig02.html.North American Industry Classification System (NAICS): A classificationscheme, developed by the Office of Management and Budget to replace the Standard Industrial Classification (SIC) System, that categorizes establishments according to the types of production processes they primarily use.Nuclear Electric Power (Nuclear Power): Electricity generated by the use of thethermal energy released from the fission of nuclear fuel in a reactor.Nuclear Electric Power Plant: A single-unit or multi-unit facility in which heatproduced in one or more reactors by the fissioning of nuclear fuel is used to driveone or more steam turbines.Nuclear Reactor: An apparatus in which a nuclear fission chain reaction can beinitiated, controlled, and sustained ata specific rate. A reactor includes fuel(fissionable material), moderating material to control the rate of fission, a heavywalled pressure vessel to house reactor components, shielding to protect personnel,a system to conduct heat away from the reactor, and instrumentation for monitoringand controlling the reactor's systems.OECD: SeeOrganization for Economic Cooperation and Development.Offshore: That geographic area that lies seaward of the coastline. In general, thecoastline is the line of ordinary low water along with that portion of the coast thatis in direct contact with the open seaor the line marking the seaward limit ofinland water. If a State agency uses a different basis for classifying onshore andoffshore areas, the State classification isused (e.g., Cook Inlet in Alaska is classified as offshore; for Louisiana, the coastline is defined as the Chapman Line, as modified by subsequent adjudication).Oil: SeeCrude Oil.OPEC:SeeOrganization of the Petroleum Exporting Countries.Operable Nuclear Unit: In the United States, a nucleargenerating unitthat hascompleted low-power testing and is in possession of a full-power operating licenseissued by the Nuclear Regulatory Commission.Operable Refineries: Refineries that were in one of the following three categories at the beginning of a given year: in operation; not in operation and not underactive repair, but capable of being placed into operation within 30 days; or not inoperation, but under active repair that could be completed within 90 days.Operating Income: Operating revenues less operating expenses. Excludes items ofother revenue and expense, such as equity in earnings of unconsolidated affiliates,400 Energy Information Administration / Annual Energy Review 2008dividends, interest income and expense, income taxes, extraordinary items, andcumulative effect of accounting changes.Organization for Economic Cooperation and Development (OECD): An international organization helping governmentstackle the economic, social and governance challenges of a globalized economy. Its membership comprises about 30member countries. With active relationships with some 70 other countries, nongovernmental organizations(NGOs) and civil society, it has a global reach. Fordetails about the organization, see http://www.oecd.org.Organization of the Petroleum Exporting Countries (OPEC):An intergovernmental organization whose stated objective is to "coordinate and unify the petroleum policies of member countries."It was created at the Baghdad Conference onSeptember 10–14, 1960.Current members (with years of membership) includeAlgeria (1969–present), Angola (2007–present), Ecuador (1973–1992 and2007–present), Iran (1960–present), Iraq (1960–present), Kuwait (1960–present),Libya (1962–present), Nigeria (1971–present), Qatar (1961–present), Saudi Arabia(1960–present), United Arab Emirates (1967–present), and Venezuela(1960–present).Countries no longer members of OPEC include Gabon(1975–1994) and Indonesia (1962–2008).Oxygenated Motor Gasoline: SeeMotor Gasoline, Oxygenated.Oxygenates: Substances which, when added tomotor gasoline, increase theamount of oxygen in that gasoline blend.Ethanol,methyl tertiary butyl ether(MTBE), ethyl tertiarybutyl ether (ETBE), andmethanolare common oxygenates. SeeMotor Gasoline, Oxygenated.Ozone: A molecule made up of three atoms of oxygen. Occurs naturally in thestratosphere and provides a protective layer shielding the Earth from harmful ultraviolet radiation. In the troposphere, it is a chemical oxidant, a greenhouse gas, and amajor component of photochemical smog.PAD Districts: Petroleum Administration for Defense Districts. Geographic aggregations of the 50 States and the District of Columbia into five districts for the Petroleum Administration for Defense in 1950. The districts were originally instituted foreconomic and geographic reasons as Petroleum Administration for War (PAW)Districts, which were established in 1942.Particulate Collectors: Equipment used to remove fly ash from the combustiongases of a boiler plant before discharge to the atmosphere. Particulate collectorsinclude electrostatic precipitators, mechanical collectors (cyclones, fabric filters[baghouses]), and wet scrubbers.Peak Kilowatt:thousandpeak watts.Peak Watt:A manufacturer's unit indicating the amount of power a photovoltaiccell or module will produce at standard test conditions (normally 1,000wattspersquare meter and 25 degrees Celsius).Pentanes Plus: A mixture ofhydrocarbons, mostly pentanes and heavier, extractedfromnatural gas. Includesisopentane,natural gasoline, andplant condensate.Perfluorocarbons (PFCs): A group of man-made chemicals composed of one ortwo carbon atoms and four to six flourine atoms, containing no chlorine. PFCs haveno commercial uses and are emitted as a byproduct of aluminum smelting and semiconductor manufacturing. PFCs have very high 100-yearglobal warming potentialsand are very long-lived in the atmosphere.Petrochemical Feedstocks: Chemical feedstocks derived frompetroleumprincipally for the manufacture of chemicals, synthetic rubber, and a variety of plastics.Petroleum: A broadly defined class of liquidhydrocarbonmixtures. Included arecrude oil,lease condensate,unfinished oils, refined products obtained from theprocessing of crude oil, andnatural gas plant liquids.Note: Volumes of finishedpetroleum productsinclude nonhydrocarbon compounds, such as additives anddetergents, after they have been blended into the products.Petroleum Coke: SeeCoke, Petroleum.Petroleum Consumption: SeeProducts Supplied(Petroleum).Petroleum Imports: Imports ofpetroleuminto the 50 States and the District ofColumbia from foreign countries and fromPuerto Rico, the Virgin Islands, andother U.S. territories and possessions. Included are imports for theStrategicPetroleum Reserveand withdrawals from bonded warehouses for onshoreconsumption, offshore bunker use, andmilitary use. Excluded are receipts offoreign petroleum into bonded warehouses and into U.S. territories and U.S.Foreign Trade Zones.Petroleum Pipeline: Crude oil and product pipelines used to transportcrude oilandpetroleum products, respectively (including interstate, intrastate, and intracompany pipelines), within the 50 States and the District of Columbia.Petroleum Products: Petroleum products are obtained from the processing ofcrude oil(includinglease condensate),natural gas, and otherhydrocarboncompounds. Petroleum products includeunfinished oils,liquefied petroleumgases,pentanes plus,aviation gasoline,motor gasoline,naphtha-type jet fuel,kerosene-type jet fuel,kerosene,distillate fuel oil,residual fuel oil,Energy Information Administration / Annual Energy Review 2008 401petrochemical feedstocks,special naphthas,lubricants,waxes,petroleumcoke,asphalt,road oil,still gas, andmiscellaneous petroleum products.Petroleum Stocks, Primary: For individualpetroleum products, quantities thatare held at refineries, inpetroleum pipelines, and at bulk terminals that have acapacity of 50,000 barrels or more, or that are in transit thereto. Stocks held by product retailers and resellers, as well as tertiarystocks held at the point of consumption,are excluded. Stocks of individual products held at gas processing plants areexcluded from individual product estimates but are included in other oil estimates andtotal.Photovoltaic Energy: Direct-currentelectricitygenerated from sunlight throughsolid-state semiconductor devices that have no moving parts.Photovoltaic Module: An integrated assembly of interconnected photovoltaic cellsdesigned to deliver a selected level of working voltage and current at its outputterminals, packaged for protection against environmental degradation, and suited forincorporation in photovoltaic power systems.Pipeline Fuel:Natural gasconsumed in the operation of pipelines, primarily incompressors.Plant Condensate: One of thenatural gas liquids, mostly pentanes and heavierhydrocarbons, recovered and separated as liquidsat gas inlet separators or scrubbers in processing plants.Primary Energy:Energyin the form that it is first accounted for in a statisticalenergy balance, before any transformation to secondary or tertiary forms ofenergy. For example,coalcan be converted to synthetic gas, which can beconverted toelectricity; in this example, coal is primary energy, synthetic gas issecondary energy, and electricity is tertiary energy. SeePrimary Energy ProductionandPrimary Energy Consumption.Primary Energy Production: Production ofprimary energy. The Energy Information Administration includes the following in U.S. primary energy production:coalproduction,waste coalsupplied, and coal refuse recovery;crude oilandleasecondensateproduction;natural gas plant liquidsproduction;dry naturalgas—excludingsupplemental gaseous fuels—production;nuclear electricitynetgeneration(converted toBtuusing the nuclear plantsheat rate);conventionalhydroelectricitynet generation (converted to Btu using the fossil-fueled plants heatrate);geothermalelectricity net generation (converted to Btu using the geothermalplants heat rate), and geothermal heat pump energy and geothermal direct useenergy;solar thermalandphotovoltaicelectricity net generation (converted to Btuusing the fossil-fueled plants heat rate), and solar thermal direct use energy;windelectricity net generation (converted to Btu using the fossil-fueled plants heat rate);wood and wood-derived fuelsconsumption;biomass wasteconsumption; andbiofuelsfeedstock.Primary Energy Consumption: Consumption ofprimary energy. (Energysources that are produced from other energy sources—e.g.,coal cokefromcoal—are included in primary energy consumption only if their energy content hasnot already been included as part of the original energy source. Thus, U.S. primaryenergy consumption does include net imports of coal coke, but not the coal cokeproduced from domestic coal.) The Energy Information Administration includes thefollowing in U.S. primary energy consumption: coal consumption; coal coke netimports;petroleum consumption(petroleum products supplied, includingnatural gas plant liquidsandcrude oilburned as fuel);dry natural gas—excludingsupplemental gaseous fuels—consumption;nuclear electricity net generation(converted toBtuusing the nuclear plantsheat rate);conventional hydroelectricitynet generation (converted to Btu using the fossil-fueled plants heat rate);geothermalelectricity net generation (convertedto Btu using the geothermal plantsheat rate), and geothermal heat pump energy and geothermal direct use energy;solar thermalandphotovoltaicelectricity net generation (converted to Btu usingthe fossil-fueled plants heat rate),and solar thermal direct use energy;windelectricity net generation (converted to Btu using the fossil-fueled plants heat rate);woodand wood-derived fuelsconsumption;biomass wasteconsumption;fuel ethanolandbiodieselconsumption; losses and co-products from the production of fuel ethanol and biodiesel; and electricity net imports (converted to Btu using the electricityheat content of 3,412 Btu per kilowatthour).Prime Mover: The engine, turbine, waterwheel, or similar machine thatdrives an electricgenerator; or, for reporting purposes, a device that convertsenergytoelectricitydirectly.Process Fuel: Allenergyconsumed in the acquisition, processing, and transportation of energy. Quantifiable process fuel includes three categories: natural gaslease and plant operations,natural gas pipelineoperations, and oil refinery operations.Processing Gain: The volumetric amount by which total output is greater thaninput for a given period of time. This difference is due to the processing ofcrudeoilintopetroleum productswhich, in total, have a lower specific gravity than thecrude oil processed.Processing Loss: The volumetric amount by which total refinery output is less thaninput for a given period of time. This difference is due to the processing ofcrudeoilintopetroleum productswhich, in total, have a higher specific gravity than thecrude oil processed.402 Energy Information Administration / Annual Energy Review 2008Products Supplied (Petroleum): Approximately represents consumption ofpetroleum productsbecause it measures the disappearance of these products fromprimary sources, i.e.,refineries,natural gas processing plants, blending plants,pipelines, and bulk terminals. In general, product supplied of each product in anygiven period is computed as follows: field production, plus refinery production, plusimports, plus unaccounted-for crude oil (plus net receipts when calculated on a PADDistrict basis) minus stock change, minus crude oil losses, minus refinery inputs, andminus exports.Propane: A normally gaseous straight-chainhydrocarbon(C3H8). It is a colorlessparaffinic gas that boils at a temperature of -43.67 degrees Fahrenheit. It is extractedfromnatural gasorrefinery gasstreams. It includes all products designated inASTM Specification D1835 and Gas Processors Association Specifications forcommercial propane and HD-5 propane.Propylene: An olefinichydrocarbon(C3H6) recovered from refinery processes orpetrochemical processes.Proved Reserves, Crude Oil: The estimated quantities of all liquids defined ascrude oilthat geological and engineering data demonstrate with reasonablecertainty to be recoverable in future years from known reservoirs under existingeconomic and operating conditions.Proved Reserves, Lease Condensate: The volumes oflease condensateexpectedto be recovered in future years inconjunction with the production of provedreserves ofnatural gasbased on the recovery efficiency of lease and/or field separation facilities installed.Proved Reserves, Natural Gas: The estimated quantities ofnatural gasthatanalysis of geological and engineering data demonstrates with reasonable certaintyto be recoverable in future yearsfrom known reservoirs under existing economicand operating conditions.Proved Reserves, Natural Gas Liquids: Those volumes ofnatural gas liquids(includinglease condensate) demonstrated with reasonable certainty to be separable in the future from provednatural gasreserves, under existing economic andoperating conditions.Pumped Storage: SeeHydroelectric Pumped Storage.Real Price: A price that has been adjusted toremove the effect of changes in thepurchasing power of the dollar. Real prices, which are expressed in constant dollars,usually reflect buying power relative to a base year. SeeChained Dollars.Refiner Acquisition Cost of Crude Oil: SeeCrude Oil Refiner Acquisition Cost.Refinery Gas: SeeStill Gas.Refinery and Blender Net Inputs: Raw materials,unfinished oils, and blendingcomponents processed atrefineries, or blended at refineries or petroleum storage terminals to produce finishedpetroleum products. Included are gross inputs ofcrude oil,natural gas plant liquids, other hydrocarbon raw materials,hydrogen, andoxygenates. Also included are net inputs of unfinished oils,motor gasoline blendingcomponents, andaviation gasoline blending components. Net inputs are calculated as gross inputs minus gross production. Negative net inputs indicate grossinputs are less than gross production. Examples of negative net inputs includereformulated gasoline blendstock for oxygenate blending (RBOB) produced atrefineries for shipment to blending terminals, and unfinished oils produced andadded to inventory in advance of scheduled maintenance of a refinery crude oildistillation unit.Refinery and Blender Net Production:Liquefied refinery gases, and finishedpetroleum productsproduced at arefineryor petroleum storage terminal blending facility. Net production equals gross production minus gross inputs. Negative net production indicates gross production is less than gross inputs for afinished petroleum product. Examples of negative net production include reclassification of one finished product to another finished product, or reclassificationof a finished product tounfinished oilsor blending components.Refinery (Petroleum): An installation that manufactures finishedpetroleum productsfromcrude oil,unfinished oils,natural gas liquids, other hydrocarbons, andalcohol.Reformulated Motor Gasoline: SeeMotor Gasoline, Reformulated.Refuse Mine: A surface mine wherecoalis recovered from previously mined coal.It may also be known as a silt bank, culmbank, refuse bank, slurry dam, or dredgeoperation.Refuse Recovery: The recapture ofcoalfrom arefuse mineor the coal recapturedby that process. The resulting product hasbeen cleaned to reduce the concentrationof noncombustible materials.Renewable Energy: Energy obtained from sources that are essentially inexhaustible (unlike, for example,fossil fuels, which are in finite supply). Renewable sourcesof energy includeconventional hydroelectric power,geothermal,solar,wind,andbiomass.Energy Information Administration / Annual Energy Review 2008 403Replacement Fuel:The portion of any motor fuel that ismethanol,ethanol, orotheralcohols,natural gas,liquefied petroleum gases,hydrogen, coal-derivedliquid fuels,electricity(including electricity fromsolar energy),ethers,biodiesel,or any other fuel the Secretary of Energy determines, by rule, is substantially notpetroleumand would yield substantial energy security benefits and substantialenvironmental benefits.Repressuring: The injection of gas intocrude oilornatural gasformations toeffect greater ultimate recovery.Residential Sector: Anenergy-consuming sector that consists of living quartersfor private households. Common uses of energy associated with this sector includespace heating, water heating, air conditioning, lighting, refrigeration, cooking, andrunning a variety of other appliances. Theresidential sector excludes institutionalliving quarters.Note: Various EIA programs differ in sectoral coverage—for furtherexplanation see http://www.eia.doe.gov/neic/datadefinitions/Guideforwebres.htm.SeeEnd-Use SectorsandEnergy-Use Sectors.Residual Fuel Oil: The heavier oils, known as No. 5 and No. 6 fuel oils, thatremain after thedistillate fuel oilsand lighterhydrocarbonsare distilled awayin refinery operations. It conforms to ASTM Specifications D396 and D975 andFederal Specification VV-F-815C. No. 5, a residual fuel oil of medium viscosity,is also known as Navy Special and is defined in Military Specification MIL-F859E, including Amendment 2 (NATO Symbol F-770). It is used in steampowered vessels in government service and inshoreelectric power plants. No. 6fuel oil includes Bunker C fuel oil and is used forelectricity generation,spaceheating,vessel bunkering, and various industrial purposes.Road Oil: Any heavypetroleumoil, including residual asphaltic oil, used as adust palliative and surface treatment on roads and highways. It is generallyproduced in six grades, from 0, the most liquid, to 5, the most viscous.Rotary Rig: A machine used for drilling wells that employs a rotating tubeattached to a bit for boring holes through rock.Royalty Interest: An interest in a mineral property provided through a royaltycontract.Short Ton (Coal): A unit of weight equal to 2,000 pounds.Solar Energy: SeeSolar Thermal EnergyandPhotovoltaic Energy.Solar Thermal Collector: A device designed to receivesolar radiation and convertit to thermalenergy. Normally, a solar thermal collector includes a frame, glazing,and an absorber, together with appropriateinsulation. The heatcollected by thesolar thermal collector may be used immediately or stored for later use. Solar collectors are used forspace heating, domestic hot water heating, and heating swimmingpools, hot tubs, or spas.Solar Thermal Energy: The radiantenergyof the sun that can be converted intoother forms of energy, such as heat orelectricity.Space Heating: The use ofenergyto generate heat for warmth in housing unitsusing space-heating equipment. The equipment could be the main space-heatingequipment or secondary space-heating equipment. It does not include the use ofenergy to operate appliances (such as lights, televisions, and refrigerators) that giveoff heat as a byproduct.Special Naphthas: All finishedpetroleum productswithin thenaphthaboilingrange that are used as paint thinners, cleaners, or solvents. Those products arerefined to a specified flash point. Special naphthas include all commercial hexaneand cleaning solvents conforming to ASTM Specifications D1836 and D484,respectively. Naphthas to be blended or marketed asmotor gasolineoraviationgasolineor that are to be used aspetrochemical feedstocksor synthetic naturalgas (SNG) feedstocks are excluded.Spent Liquor: The liquid residue left after an industrial process; can be a component of waste materials used as fuel.Spot Market Price: SeeSpot Price.Spot Price: The price for a one-time open market transaction for immediate delivery of the specific quantity of product ata specific location where the commodity ispurchased “on the spot” at current market rates.Station Use:Energythat is used to operate anelectric power plant. It includesenergy consumed for plant lighting, power, and auxiliary facilities, regardless ofwhether the energy is produced at the plant or comes from another source.Steam-Electric Power Plant: Anelectric power plantin which theprime moveris a steam turbine. The steamused to drive the turbine is produced in a boiler wherefossil fuelsare burned.Still Gas (Refinery Gas): Any form or mixture of gases produced in refineries bydistillation, cracking, reforming, and other processes. The principal constituents aremethane,ethane,ethylene,normal butane,butylene,propane,propylene, etc.Still gas is used as a refinery fuel and apetrochemical feedstock. The conversionfactor is 6 millionBtuper fuel oil equivalentbarrel.404 Energy Information Administration / Annual Energy Review 2008Stocks: Inventories of fuel stored for future use. SeeCrude Oil Stocks, CoalStocks,andPetroleum Stocks, Primary.Strategic Petroleum Reserve (SPR):Petroleumstocks maintained by the FederalGovernment for use during periods of major supply interruption.Subbituminous Coal: Acoalwhose properties range from those oflignitetothose ofbituminous coaland used primarily as fuel for steam-electric powergeneration. It may be dull, dark brown to black, soft and crumbly, at the lowerend of the range, to bright, jet black, hard, and relatively strong, at the upperend. Subbituminous coal contains 20 to 30 percent inherent moisture by weight.The heat content of subbituminous coal ranges from 17 to 24 millionBtupershort tonon a moist, mineral-matter-free basis. The heat content of subbituminous coal consumed in the United Statesaverages 17 to 18 million Btu per shortton, on the as-received basis (i.e., containing both inherent moisture and mineralmatter). SeeCoal Rank.Sulfur Dioxide (SO2): A toxic, irritating, colorless gas soluble in water,alcohol,andether. Used as a chemical intermediate, in paper pulping and ore refining, andas a solvent.Sulfur Hexafluoride (SF6): A colorless gas soluble inalcoholandether, andslightly less soluble in water. It is usedas a dielectric in electronics. It possesses thehighest 100-yearglobal warming potentialof any gas (23,900).Supplemental Gaseous Fuels: Any gaseous substance introduced into or commingled withnatural gasthat increases the volume available for disposition. Suchsubstances include, but are not limited to, propane-air,refinery gas, coke-oven gas,manufactured gas, biomass gas, or air or inerts added for Btu stabilization.Synthetic Natural Gas (SNG): (Also referred to as substitute natural gas.) Amanufactured product, chemically similar in most respects tonatural gas, resultingfrom the conversion or reforming ofhydrocarbonsthat may easily be substitutedfor or interchanged with pipeline-quality natural gas.Thermal Conversion Factor:A factor for converting data between physical unitsof measure (such asbarrels,cubic feet, orshort tons) and thermal units of measure(such asBritish thermal units, calories, or joules); or for converting data betweendifferent thermal units of measure. SeeBtu Coversion Factor.Transportation Sector: Anenergy-consuming sector that consists of all vehicles whose primary purpose is transporting people and/or goods from one physical location to another. Included are automobiles; trucks; buses; motorcycles;trains, subways, and other rail vehicles; aircraft; and ships, barges, and otherwaterborne vehicles. Vehicles whose primary purpose is not transportation (e.g.,construction cranes and bulldozers, farming vehicles, and warehouse tractors andforklifts) are classified in the sector of their primary use.Note: Various EIAprograms differ in sectoral coverage—for more information seehttp://www.eia.doe.gov/neic/datadefinitions/Guideforwebtrans.htm. SeeEnd-UseSectorsandEnergy-Use Sectors.Unaccounted-for Crude Oil: Represents the arithmetic difference between thecalculated supply and the calculated disposition ofcrude oil. The calculatedsupply is the sum of crude oil production plus imports minus changes in crude oilstocks. The calculated disposition of crude oil is the sum of crude oil input torefineries, crude oil exports, crude oil burned as fuel, and crude oil losses.Unaccounted-for Natural Gas: Represents differences between the sum of thecomponents ofnatural gassupply and the sum of components of natural gasdisposition. These differences may be due to quantities lost or to the effects ofdata reporting problems. Reporting problems include differences due to the net resultof conversions of flow data metered at varying temperatures and pressure bases andconverted to a standard temperature and pressure base; the effect of variations incompany accounting and billing practices;differences between billing cycle andcalendar-period time frames; and imbalancesresulting from the merger of data reporting systems that vary in scope, format, definitions, and type of respondents.Underground Natural Gas Storage: The use of sub-surface facilities for storingnatural gasthat has been transferred from its original location. The facilities areusually hollowed-out salt domes, geological reservoirs (depletedcrude oilor natural gas fields) or water-bearing sands topped by an impermeable cap rock (aquifer).Undiscovered Recoverable Reserves(Crude Oil and Natural Gas): Thoseeconomic resources ofcrude oilandnatural gas, yet undiscovered, that are estimated to exist in favorable geologic settings.Unfinished Oils: All oils requiring further processing, except those requiring onlymechanical blending. Unfinished oils are produced by partial refining ofcrude oiland includenaphthasand lighter oils,keroseneand light gas oils, heavy gas oils,and residuum.Unfractionated Stream: Mixtures of unsegregatednatural gas liquidcomponents,excluding those inplant condensate. This product is extracted fromnatural gas.Union of Soviet Socialist Republics (U.S.S.R.):A political entity that consisted of15 constituent republics: Armenia, Azerbaijan, Belarus, Estonia, Georgia, Kazakhstan,Kyrgyzstan, Latvia, Lithuania, Moldova, Russia, Tajikistan, Turkmenistan, Ukraine, andUzbekistan. The U.S.S.R. ceased to exist as of December 31, 1991.Energy Information Administration / Annual Energy Review 2008 405United States: The 50 States and the District of Columbia.Note: The UnitedStates has varying degrees of jurisdiction over a number of territories and otherpolitical entities outside the 50 States and the District of Columbia, includingPuerto Rico, the U.S. Virgin Islands,Guam, American Samoa, Johnston Atoll,Midway Islands, Wake Island, and the Northern Mariana Islands. EIA dataprograms may include data from some or all of these areas in U.S.totals. For theseprograms, data products will contain notesexplaining the extent of geographiccoverage included under the term “United States.”Uranium: A heavy, naturally radioactive, metallic element (atomic number 92). Itstwo principally occurring isotopes are uranium-235 and uranium-238. Uranium-235is indispensable to the nuclear industrybecause it is the only isotope existing innature, to any appreciable extent, that is fissionable by thermal neutrons. Uranium238 is also important because it absorbsneutrons to produce a radioactive isotopethat subsequently decays to the isotope plutonium-239, which also is fissionable bythermal neutrons.Uranium Concentrate: A yellow or brown powder obtained by the milling ofuranium ore, processing of in situ leach mining solutions, or as a byproduct ofphosphoric acid production. SeeUranium Oxide.Uranium Ore: Rock containinguraniummineralization in concentrations that canbe mined economically, typically one to four pounds of U3O8(uranium oxide) perton or 0.05 percent to 0.2 percent U3O8.Uranium Oxide:Uranium concentrateoryellowcake. Abbreviated as U3O8.Uranium Resource Categories: Three categories ofuraniumresources definedby the international community to reflect differing levels of confidence in the existence of the resources. Reasonably assured resources (RAR), estimated additionalresources (EAR), and speculative resources (SR) are described below.Reasonably assured resources (RAR):Uraniumthat occurs in knownmineral deposits of such size, grade, and configuration that it could berecovered within the given productioncost ranges, with currently provenmining and processing technology. Estimates of tonnage and grade arebased on specific sample data and measurements of the deposits and onknowledge of deposit characteristics.Note: RAR corresponds to DOE’suranium reserves category.Estimated additional resources (EAR):Uraniumin addition to RAR thatis expected to occur, mostly on thebasis of geological evidence, in extensions of well-explored deposits, inlittle-explored deposits, and in undiscovered deposits believed to existalong well-defined geological trendswith known deposits. This uranium cansubsequently be recovered withinthe given cost ranges. Estimates of tonnage and grade are based on available sampling data and on knowledge of the deposit characteristics, asdetermined in the best-known parts of the deposit or in similar deposits.Note: EAR corresponds to DOE’s probable potential resources category.Speculative resources (SR):Uraniumin addition to EAR that is thoughtto exist, mostly on the basis of indirect evidence and geological extrapolations, in deposits discoverable withexisting exploration techniques. Thelocation of deposits in this category can generally be specified only asbeing somewhere within given regions or geological trends. The estimatesin this category are less reliable than estimates of RAR and EAR.Note:SR corresponds to the combination of DOE’s possible potential resourcesand speculative potential resources categories.Useful Thermal Output: The thermalenergymade available in acombinedheat-and-powersystem for use in any industrial or commercial process, heating or cooling application, or delivered to other end users, i.e., total thermalenergy made available for processes and applications other thanelectricitygeneration.U.S.S.R.: SeeUnion of Soviet Socialist Republics (U.S.S.R.).Vented Natural Gas: SeeNatural Gas, Vented.Vessel Bunkering: Includes sales for the fueling of commercial or private boats,such as pleasure craft, fishing boats, tugboats, and ocean-going vessels, including vessels operated by oil companies. Excluded are volumes sold to the U.S.Armed Forces.Waste:SeeBiomass WasteandNon-Biomass Waste.Waste Coal: Usable material that is a byproduct of previouscoalprocessingoperations. Waste coal is usually composed of mixed coal, soil, and rock (minewaste). Most waste coal is burned as-isin unconventional fluidized-bed combustors. For some uses, waste coal may be partially cleaned by removing some extraneous noncombustible constituents. Examples of waste coal include fine coal,coal obtained from a refuse bank or slurry dam,anthracite culm, bituminous gob,and lignite waste.Watt (W): The unit of electrical power equal to one ampere under a pressure of onevolt. A watt is equal to 1/746 horsepower.Watthour (Wh): Theelectric energyunit of measure equal to onewattof powersupplied to, or taken from, an electric circuit steadily for one hour.406 Energy Information Administration / Annual Energy Review 2008Wax:A solid or semi-solid material at 77 degrees Fahrenheit consisting of amixture ofhydrocarbonsobtained or derived frompetroleumfractions, orthrough a Fischer-Tropsch type process, in which the straight chained paraffinseries predominates. This includes all marketable wax, whether crude or refined,with a congealing point (ASTM D 938) between 80 (or 85) and 240 degrees Fahrenheit and a maximum oil content (ASTM D 3235) of 50 weight percent.Well: A hole drilled in the Earth for the purpose of (1) finding or producingcrude oilornatural gas; or (2) producing services related to the production ofcrude oil or natural gas. SeeCompletion (Crude Oil/Natural Gas Production),Crude Oil Well, Development Well, Dry Hole, Exploratory Well,andNaturalGas Well.Wellhead: The point at which thecrude oil(and/ornatural gas) exits the ground.Following historical precedent, the volumeand price for crude oil production arelabeled as “wellhead,” even though the cost and volume are now generally measuredat the lease boundary. In the context of domestic crude price data, the term “wellhead”is the generic term used to reference the production site or lease property.Wellhead Price: The value ofcrude oilornatural gasat the mouth of the well.SeeNatural Gas Wellhead Price.Well Servicing Unit: Truck-mounted equipment generally used for downhole services after awellis drilled. Services include well completions and recompletions,maintenance, repairs, workovers, andwell plugging and abandonments. Jobs rangefrom minor operations, such as pulling the rods and rod pumps out of acrude oilwell, to major workovers, such as milling outand repairing collapsed casing. Welldepth and characteristics determine the type of equipment used.Western Europe: Includes Austria, Belgium, Bosnia and Herzegovina, Croatia,Denmark, Finland, France, Germany, Greece, Iceland, Ireland, Italy, Luxembourg,Macedonia (The Former Yugoslav Republic of), Malta, Netherlands, Norway,Portugal, Serbia and Montenegro, Slovenia, Spain, Sweden, Switzerland, Turkey,and the United Kingdom.Wind Energy:Kineticenergypresent in wind motion that can be converted tomechanical energy for driving pumps, mills, and electric powergenerators.Wood and Wood-Derived Fuels: Wood and products derived from wood that areused as fuel, including round wood (cord wood), limb wood, wood chips, bark, sawdust,forest residues, charcoal, paper pellets, railroad ties, utility poles,black liquor, redliquor, sludge wood, spent sulfite liquor, and other wood-based solids and liquids.Working Gas: The volume of gas in the reservoir that is in addition to the cushionorbase gas. It may or may not be completely withdrawn during any particular withdrawal season. Conditions permitting, the total working capacity could be usedmore than once during any season.Yellowcake: A naturaluranium concentratethat takes its name from its color andtexture. Yellowcake typically contains 70 to 90 percent U3O8(uranium oxide) byweight. It is used as feedstock foruraniumfuel enrichment and fuel pelletfabrication.Energy Information Administration / Annual Energy Review 2008 407Annual Energy ReviewLong-term historical data on U.S. energy production, consumption,stocks, trade, and prices. Includes an overview of U.S. energy anddetailed chapters on energy consumption, major fuels, financial indicators, energy resources, international energy data, and environmental indicators. Most series begin in 1949.www.eia.doe.gov/aerPetroleum Supply AnnualInformation on the supply and disposition of crude oil and petroleum products. Volume 1 contains summary and detailed statistics,including trade, stocks, and refinery data. Volume 2 contains finalmonthly statistics for the annual data presented in Volume 1.www.eia.doe.gov/oil_gas/petroleum/data_publications/petroleum_supply_annual/psa_volume1/psa_volume1.htmlPetroleum Marketing AnnualInformation on volumes and prices of crude oils and refined petroleum products, including motor gasoline, distillate fuel oil, residual fuel oil, aviation fuel, kerosene, and propane.www.eia.doe.gov/oil_gas/petroleum/data_publications/petroleum_marketing_annual/pma.htmlNatural Gas AnnualReview of U.S. natural gas activities, including production, consumption, prices, movements, and storage. Summary data are presented by State and at the national level.www.eia.doe.gov/oil_gas/natural_gas/data_publications/natural_gas_annual/nga.htmlAnnual Coal ReportReview of U.S. coal production; number of mines; prices; recoverable reserves; employment; productivity; productive capacity; consumption by sector; and stocks. Data are available at theState level.www.eia.doe.gov/cneaf/coal/page/acr/acr_sum.htmlElectric Power AnnualReview of U.S. electric power industry, including generation;generating capacity; demand, capacity resources, and capacitymargins; fuel consumption, stocks, receipts, cost, and quality;emissions; trade; retail customers, sales, revenue, and averageretail prices; revenue and expense statistics; and demand-sidemanagement.www.eia.doe.gov/cneaf/electricity/epa/epa_sum.htmlRenewable Energy AnnualFour reports:Renewable Energy Trends;Solar Thermal and Photovoltaic Collector Manufacturing Activities;Survey of Geothermal Heat Pump Shipments;andGreen Pricing and Net MeteringPrograms.www.eia.doe.gov/cneaf/solar.renewables/page/rea_data/rea_sum.htmlUranium Marketing Annual ReportReview of U.S. uranium industry activities relating to uraniumraw materials and uranium marketing. Data for the most recentsurvey year and industry’s plans and commitments for thenear-term future.www.eia.doe.gov/cneaf/nuclear/umar/umar.htmlAnnual HistoricalData Reportsfrom the Energy Information AdministrationThe Energy Information Administration (EIA) produces a variety of annual statistical reports on major energy resources and industry activities. Included are:For more information about these and other EIA products, contact the National Energy Information Center at 202–586–8800 or infoctr@eia.doe.gov.