# U ni te d S ta te s Co ur t of A pp ea ls

For the Eig hth Circu it

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No. 1 3- 18 32

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Lib an N. Ali

ll ll ll ll ll ll ll ll ll ll l Peti ti on er

v.

Eric H. Hold er, J r., Att or ne y Gene ral of t he Uni te d S ta te s

ll ll ll ll ll ll ll ll ll ll l Resp on de nt

__ __ __ __ __ __

Pet it io n fo r Rev ie w of a n Ord er o f th e Bo ard of I m

m ig rat io n Ap pe al s

__ __ __ __ __ __

Su bm it te d: Octo be r 8, 2 01 4

Fil ed : J an ua ry

8, 2 01 5

__ __ __ __ __ __

Befo re MUR PHY, SMITH, an d GRUENDER, Ci rcu it Ju dg es

.

__ __ __ __ __ __

SMI TH, Circ ui t J ud ge

.

Pet it io ne r Lib an Nor Ali ap pl ie d fo r as y lu m , w i t h h o ld in g of rem ov al

, an d

pr ot ect io n un de r th e Co nv en ti on Aga in st Tort ur e (CAT). The Im m ig rat io n Ju dg e (IJ )

de ni ed Ali 's app li cat io ns

. Ali ap pe al ed to th e Bo ard of Im m ig rat io n App eal s (BIA),

whi ch affi rm ed th e IJ 's de ci si on

. Ali no w pe ti ti on s fo r rev ie w, arg ui ng th at su bs ta nt ia l

ev id en ce d oe s n ot su pp or t t he de ni al of h is ap pl ic at io ns . W e d en y th e p et it io n.I. Bac kg ro un d

Ali is a na ti ve of So m al ia an d m em be r of th e Tum al cl an , a cl an Ali de sc rib es

as a "m in or it y cl an " th at is "s m al l an d weak " co m pa r e d to ot he r So m al i cl an s. On

Sep te m be r 21

, 20 09

, Ali arri ve d at th e Uni te d St at es -Me xi co bo rd er an d ap pl ie d fo r

ad mi s s i o n to th e Uni te d St at es

. Ali pr ov id ed a swo rn st at em en t to an of fic er of th e Dep art m en t of Hom el an d Secu rit y (DHS). In th e st at em en t, Ali id en ti fie d hi m se lf an d

te st ifi ed th at m em

be rs of th e Hawiye cl an pe rs ecu te d hi m in 20 03 an d 20 09

. He al so

de sc rib ed hi s su bs eq ue nt tra ve ls fro m So m al ia to th e Uni te d St at es

. On Nov em be r 4,

20 09

, a DHS as y lu m of fic er fu rth er qu es ti on ed Ali d u r in g wha t DHS te rm s a

"cr ed ib le fear in te rv ie w" ab ou t th e cl an -b as ed pe rs ecu ti on Ali cl ai m ed he su ffer ed in

So m al ia

. The DHS co m

m en ced rem ov al pr oc eed in gs two da y s l a t e r by se rv in g Ali

w i t h a N o t ic e to App ear. The Not ic e to App ear al le ge d th at Ali ha d wil lfu ll y

m is rep res en te d m at eri al fact s to pr oc ur e en try in to t h e U n it ed St at es an d was

rem ov ab le un de r § 21 2( a)(6 )(C) (i) an d § 21 2( a)(7 )( A ) ( i ) ( I ) of th e Im m ig rat io n an d

Nati on al it y

Act (" Act" ).

On Apr il 27

, 20 10

, ho wev er, Ali fil ed ap pl ic at io ns fo r as y lu m , wit hh ol di ng of

rem ov a l

, a n d p r ot ect io n un de r th e CAT. Ali te st ifi ed be fo re th e IJ on Feb ru ary 8,

20 11 , and Apri l 6 , 20 11 , in su pp or t o f hi s ap pl ic at io ns

.

A. All eg ed

20 03 Pers ecu ti on

Ali cl ai m s th at m em

be rs of th e Hawiye cl an on ce att ack ed hi m an d h is fat he r

in 20 03 . Ini ti al ly, Ali te st ifi ed th at th e Hawiye m en sh ot hi s fa th er, i nju red Ali wit h

"t he ti p of th e gu n," an d th en to ok A li an d hi s fat he r "t o th e no rth ," whe re Ali 's

"fa th er was ho sp it al iz ed an d tre at ed ." Ali st at ed th at he be li ev ed t h e H a w i ye m en

at ta ck ed hi m an d hi s fat he r be cau se th ey "wan te d so m e va lu ab le s or m on ey fro m us ."

Late r, ho wev er, w he n reco un ti ng th e sa m e in ci de nt to th e as y lu m of fic er, A li

te st ifi ed th at th e Hawiye m en "i nju red [h is ] fat he r an d le ft hi m th in ki ng he was de ad ."

He al so te st ifi ed th at th e Hawiye m en at ta ck ed hi m an d hi s fat he r be cau se th ey "wer e

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-m en who li ve d t he re an d kn ew" th at Ali an d hi s fat he r were m em be rs of th e Tum al

cl an

.

Ali la te r te st ifi ed to th e IJ th at

, al th ou gh he di d no t reco gn iz e hi s at ta ck ers an d

th ey sa id no th in g th at in di cat ed th ey were Hawiye, A li ne ve rth el es s be li ev ed th ey

were Hawiye "[b ]ecaus e th ey were arm ed

. And th ey were th e m en who ru le d th at area

—t he ci ty." Bu t Ali ad m it te d du rin g cro s s e x a mina ti on th at "[y] ou can 't te ll [wh at

cl an pe op le be lo ng to ], un le ss y ou kn ow th e pe op le or th os e pe op le li ve th ere whe re

y ou li ve ." Ali al so te st ifi ed th at

, aft er hi s at ta ck ers sh ot hi s fat he r an d us ed a "b ay on et

to hi t [Ali ] in th e le g," th e at ta ck ers si m pl y "l eft ." Ali th en te st ifi ed th at "s om e m en "
(wh om Ali di d no t kn ow) t h e reaf te r to ok bo th hi m an d hi s fat he r to a ho sp it al fo r

tre at m en t. Ali ha d no reco rd s of th e tre at m en t, ev en th ou gh he ad m it te d du rin g cro ss

ex am in at io n th at th e ho sp it al wou ld or di na ril y gi ve "s om e pa pe rs , li ke pr es cri pt io ns ."

B. All eg ed

20 09 Pers ecu ti on

Ali cl ai m s th at Hawiye m en al so at ta ck ed hi m an d ot he r fam i l y memb e rs at

th ei r ho us e in 20 09

. Acco rd in g to Ali

, th e m en ki dn ap pe d an d be at Ali an d ki ll ed hi s

br ot he r Fara h. The m en al so th reat en ed to ki ll Ali un le ss t h e y rece iv ed a ran so m

pa y m en t. Ali in it ia ll y te st ifi ed to th e DHS th at th e at ta ck ers rel eas ed hi m on ly whe n

"t he eld erl y

an d [h is ] fam il y

go t ra ns om

m on ey ."

Ali te st ifi ed to th e as y lu m of fic er th at th e at ta ck ers were "as ki n g fo r m on ey "

an d st at ed th at th ey wou ld ki ll Ali an d hi s fam il y if th ey di d "n ot m ov e away fro m th e

ne ig hb or ho od ." The at ta ck ers th en al le ge dl y ki dn ap pe d Ali

, "cu t" hi m , an d rel eas ed

hi m on ly w he n " a n ei gh bo r" s po ke wit h t he m an d " ga ve th em

m on ey ."

Ali fir st te st ifi ed to th e IJ th at th e at ta ck ers di d no t ve rb al ly as k fo r m on ey , bu t

th ey si m pl y "s ta rte d se a rch in g" fo r m on ey in st ead . Al i th en ch an ge d hi s te st im on y ,
st at in g th at th e at ta ck ers act ua ll y "as ke d whe re we ke ep —we wou ld ke ep ou r sa vi ng s.

Yes

. The y as ke d th at ." Ali te st ifi ed th at he su ffer ed "n o ph y si cal in juri es at th at ti m e."

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-He al so te st ifi ed th at hi s at t a c k e r s r e l e as ed hi m on ly whe n a m an na m ed Sad aq , a

Hawiye m an , pai d t he att ack ers to rel eas e Ali

.

C. Ali 's T ra vel s

Ali in it ia ll y

tes ti fie d t o t he DHS th at "t he m en " wh o p ai d h is ran so m in 20 09

al so pa id so m eo ne to sm

ug gl e Ali in to Eth io pi a. Afte r Ali arri ve d in Eth io pi a, cert ai n

"el de rly ge nt le m en " th en pa id $8 ,20 0 to sm ug g l e A l i f

ro m Eth io pi a to th e Uni te d

St at es

. Ali cl ai m s he th en fle w fro m Eth io pi a to Turk ey , an d from Turk ey to Braz il

. Ali te st ifi ed th at

, aft er he arri ve d in Braz il

, he to ok a di rect fli g h t f ro m São Pau lo

, Braz il to Teg uc ig al pa , Hon du ras

. Ali th en tra ve le d by ve hi cl e th ro ug h Gua te m al a an d

Mex ic o b efo re ar riv in g a t t he Uni te d S ta te s.

Befo re th e IJ

, Ali fir st te st ifi ed th at hi s un cl e in Eth io pi a ga ve hi m $5 ,50 0 fo r

tra ve l ex pe ns es . Al i la te r te st ifi ed du rin g th e s a m e he ari ng , h owe ve r, th at hi s un cl e

act ua ll y ga ve hi m $8 ,20 0 to fu nd hi s trav el s. W he n ask ed du rin g cro ss ex am in at io n

whe t h e r he st op pe d "i n an y ot he r co un tri es " du rin g hi s fli gh t fro m São Pau lo to
Teg uc ig al pa , he te sti fie d "No

. It was —t he re was no ne ." Ali 's st or y ch an ge d, ho wev er,

aft er th e go ve rn m en t pr od uc ed ev id e n c e th at th ere were, in fact

, no di rect fli gh ts

be twee n São Pau lo to Teg uc ig al pa at th e ti m e he al le ge dl y tra ve le d; in de ed

, Ali th en

te st ifi ed th at he co ul d no lo ng er reca ll whe th er it was a di rect fli gh t be cau se he "was

ti red " d ur in g h is tra ve ls

.

D. Ali 's Bi rt h C er ti fi ca te

Ali to ld th e IJ th at he "d id no t ha ve an y do cu m en ts " wit h hi m whe n he arri ve d

at th e bo rd er of th e Uni te d St at e s , o t h e r t ha n a do cu m en t he ha d rece iv ed fro m

" M e x i can Im

m ig rat io n." He al so te st ifi ed th at he "l eft [h is bi rth cert ifi cat e ] i n

Mex ic o" an d th at it was "t ak en away fro m [h im ] by [Me xi can ] Im m ig rat io n." Dur in g

cro ss ex am in at io n, ho wev er, Ali te st ifi ed th at Me xi can Im m ig rat io n act ua ll y ret ur ne d

hi s bi rth cert ifi cat e to hi m , bu t th at th e cert ifi cat e was la te r "was he d away w it h th e

cl ot hi ng [Ali ] was was hi ng ." The DHS th en in tro du ced an ex hi bi t du rin g th e he ari ng

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-th at Ali po si ti ve ly i d e nt ifi ed as hi s su pp os ed ly lo st bi rth cert ifi cat e. Ali co ul d no t

ex pl ai n h ow t he Uni te d S ta te s go ve rn m en t ob ta in ed th e cert ifi cat e. In fact

, Ali th en

te st ifi ed th at

, rat he r ha vi ng lo st it in th e was h, he act ua ll y ha d th ro wn aw ay th e bi rth

cert ifi cat e whi le in Mex ic o b ecau se it bro ke in to pi eces when he wash ed it

.

E. Pro ced

ur al His to ry

The IJ de ni ed Ali 's ap pl ic at io ns , fin di ng , am on g ot he r th in gs , th at Ali was no t

cred ib le ba se d on in co ns is te nc ie s in hi s te st im on y an d th e ge ne ra l l a c k of

co rro bo rat in g e vi de nc e su pp or ti ng hi s t es ti m on y . Al i ap pe al ed th e IJ 's d en ia l t o t he

BIA. The BIA "ea si ly [fo un d] no cl ear erro r in th e [IJ 's] ad ve rs e cred ib il it y

de te rm in at io n" an d a ffi rm ed th e IJ 's d eci si on

.

II. Dis cu ss io n

W e wil l affi rm th e de ci si on s of th e IJ an d BIA if th ey are su pp or te d by

su bs ta nt ia l ev id en ce in th e reco rd

. Aver ia no va v. Muk as ey , 5 0 9 F

. 3 d 89 0, 89 4 (8 th

Ci r. 20 07 ). "We rev ie w qu es ti on s of la w de no vo , an d we wil l rev ers e fin di ng s of fact

on ly if th e ev id en ce is 'so co m pe ll in g th at no reas on ab le fact fin de r co ul d fai l to fin d

in fav or of th e pe ti ti on er.'" Id

. (q uo ti ng Tu ra y v. Ash cr of

t

, 40 5 F.3 d 66 3, 66 6– 67 (8 th

Ci r. 20 05 )).

Ali a r gu es pr im ari ly th at th e IJ 's ad ve rs e cred ib il it y de te rm in at io n is no t

su pp or te d by su bs ta nt i a l e v id en ce an d th at th e IJ th eref or e erre d in de nyin g hi s

ap pl ic at io ns fo r as y lu m an d wit hh ol di ng of rem ov al

. Afte r an al y zi ng th e reco rd as a

who le

, we di sa gr ee an d co nc lud e th at su bs ta nt ia l ev id en ce su pp or ts th e IJ 's cred ib il it y

de te rm in at io n.

A. Asyl um

The Att or ne y Gen eral ha s "d is cret io n to gr an t as y lu m to a refu ge e, de fin ed as

an al ie n who is un ab le or un wil li ng to r e t u r n to [h is ] ho m e co un try b ecau se of pa st

pe rs ecu ti on or a well -fo un de d fear of fu tu re pe rs ecu ti on on acco un t of race , rel ig io n,

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-na ti on al it y , m em be rs hi p in a pa rti cu la r so ci al gr ou p or po li ti cal op in io n." Ons on go

v. Gon za le s , 45 7 F.3d 84 9, 85 2 (8t h Cir. 20 06 ) (ci ta ti on om it te d) ; se e al so 8 U.S.C.

§ 11 58 (b )(1 )(B) (i)

. "Th e co m bi na ti on of an ad ve rs e cred ib il it y fin di ng an d a la ck of

co rro bo rat in g ev id en ce fo r th e cl ai m of pe rs ecu ti on m ean s th at th e ap pl ic an t's cl ai m

fai ls

, 'reg ard le ss of th e reas on fo r th e al le ge d pe rs ecu ti on .'" Aver ia no va , 50 9 F.3 d at

89 5 (q uo t i n g Si va ka ra n v. Ash cr of t

, 36 8 F.3 d 10 28

, 10 29 (8 th Ci r. 20 04 )). "An

ap pl ic an t bear s th e bu rd en of sa ti sf y in g th e IJ th at [h is ] 'te st im on y is cred ib le

. . . .'"

Id

. (q uo ti ng 8 U.S.C. § 11 58 (b )(1 )(B) (ii )). "Th e IJ 'is in th e be st po s i t i o n to m ak e

cred ib il it y fin di ng s be cau se [s he ] se e s t h e wit ne ss as th e te st im on y is gi ve n.'"

Fese ha ye v. Hol de r , 60 7 F.3 d 52 3, 52 7 (8 t h C ir. 20 10 ) (al te rat io n in or ig in al )
(q uo ti ng Gemech u v. Ash cr of t

, 38 7 F.3 d 94 4, 94 7 (8 th Ci r. 20 04 )). Co ns eq ue nt ly, we

de fer to th e IJ 's cred ib il it y de te rm in at io n whe n, as is th e cas e he re, th e de te rm in at io n

i s s u p p o rte d by "s pe ci fic

, co ge nt reas on s fo r di sb el ie f." Ons on go , 45 7 F.3 d at 85 2
(8 th Cir . 20 06 ) (ci ta ti on om it te d)

.

A l i p r ov id ed co nt rad ic to ry te st im on y ab ou t th e pe rs ecu ti on th at he al le ge dl y

su ffer ed in 20 03 an d 20 09

. W it h res pe ct to th e al le ge d 20 03 pe rs ecu ti on , fo r in st an ce,

Ali fir st te st ifi ed th at aft er th e at ta ck ers in jure d hi m an d hi s fat he r, th e at ta ck ers "t oo k

[th em ] to th e no rth ." Late r, ho wev er, Ali te st ifi ed t h a t t h e a tt ack ers "i nju red [h is ]

fat he r an d le ft hi m th in ki ng he was de ad ." Ali th en te st ifi ed th at hi s at ta ck ers , in fact

,

" l e f t [h im an d hi s fat he r] wh il e [th ey ] were lying do wn" an d th at ot he r pe op le to o k

bo th hi m an d hi s fat he r to th e ho sp it al fo r tre at m en t. Ali 's te st im on y ab ou t th e al le ge d

20 09 pe rs ecu ti on is si m il arl y pr ob le m at ic : W he n as ke d du rin g th e IJ he ari ng whe th er

hi s at ta ck ers ve rb al ly as ke d "fo r m on ey ," Ali fir st te st ifi ed th at th ey di d no t. Bu t whe n

as ke d th e sa m e q ue st io n l at er, Ali res po nd ed "Yes

. Yes

. Yes

. The y as ke d where we

ke ep —we wo ul d k eep ou r sa vi ng s. Yes . They ask ed th at ."

Ali al so pr ov i d e d in co ns is te nt te st im on y wit h res pe ct to hi s tra ve ls fro m

So m al ia to th e Uni te d St at es

. Ali fir st te st ifi ed th at hi s un cl e i n Eth io pi a ga ve hi m
$5 ,50 0 t o fu nd hi s t rav el s; ho wev er, h e la te r te st ifi ed th at hi s un cl e, in real it y , gav e

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-hi m $8 ,20 0. Lik ewis e, al th ou gh Ali fir st te st ifi ed un eq ui vo cal ly th at he to ok a di rect

fli gh t fro m São Pau lo to Teg uc ig al pa , he su dd en ly co ul d no lo ng er reca ll whe th er he

to ok a di rect fli gh t aft er th e g o ve rn m en t in tro du ced ev id en ce th at no su ch fli gh t

ex is te d at th e rel ev an t ti m e. The se st a t e ment s are di ffi cu lt to reco nc il e. Of co ur se ,

su ch fact s m ay se em li ke m in ut ia e, or , as Ali arg ue s, se em in gl y ha ve "l it tl e to do wit h

hi s cred ib il it y "; ho wev er, the Act ex pr es sl y pro vi de s t ha t " a tri er of fact m ay ba se a

cred ib il it y de te rm in at io n on ," am on g ot he r th i n gs , "t he co ns is te nc y be twee n th e

ap pl ic an t's or wit ne ss 's writ te n an d or al st at em en ts

. . . an d an y in accu raci es or

fal se ho od s in s u c h st at em en ts

, wit ho ut reg ard to whe th er an in co ns is te nc y , in accu racy, or f

a l s e h o o d go es to th e he art of th e ap pl ic an t's cl ai m , or an y ot he r

rel ev an t fa ct or ." 8 U.S.C. § 1 15 8( b) (1 )(B) (ii i).

Ali ' s c ru ci al te st im on y ab ou t hi s na ti on al or ig in al so pr ov ed pr ob le m at ic

be cau se of fact s su rro un di ng hi s bi rth cert ifi c a t e. Ali pu rp or te dl y br ou gh t it fro m

So m al ia to es ta bl is h hi s id en ti ty to Uni te d St at es o f f i c i a ls

. Yet Ali 's m em or y wit h

res pe ct to th is cri ti cal do cu m en t was in co ns is te nt at be st

. In de ed

, fir st Ali te st ifi ed

th at he "l eft [h is bi rth cert ifi cat e] in Mex ic o" be cau se it was "t ak en away fro m [h im ]
by [Me xi can ] Im

m ig rat io n." Bu t Ali th en te st ifi ed th at Mex ic an Im m ig rat io n act ua ll y

ret ur ne d th e cert ifi cat e to hi m

. Ali al so te st ifi ed a t o n e p o i n t th at th e cert ifi cat e

"was he d away wit h th e cl ot hi ng [Ali ] was was hi ng

. " A ft er th e go ve rn m en t in tro du ced

hi s bi rth cert ifi cat e at th e IJ he ari ng , ho wev er, Ali te st ifi ed (s om ewh at in ex pl ic ab ly)

th at he , in fact , had "t hr [o wn] it away " wh il e in Mex ic o.

Ali pr ov id ed no do cu m en ta ti on to bo ls te r th e cred ib il it y of hi s te st im on y wit h

res pe ct to ei th er hi s tra ve ls or th e al le ge d p ers ecu ti on th at he su ffer ed . Al i fai le d to

pr ov id e, fo r in st an ce, a r e cei pt

, it in erar y , st am pe d pa ss po rt, ti ck et

, or an y ot he r

do cu m en t rel at ed to an y of th e fli gh ts he pu rp or te dl y to ok to ul ti m at el y arri ve at th e

U n i te d St at es bo rd er. He al so pr of fere d no ho sp it al or tre at m en t reco rd s, n o

co nt em po ran eo us w r i t i ng s or reco rd s, an d no affi da vi ts fro m fam il y m em be rs or

an y on e el se ab ou t th e al le ge d pe r s e c u t i on s or su bs eq ue nt m ed ic al care th at he

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-rece iv ed in ei th er 20 03 or 20 09

. Lack of do cu m en ta ti on fo r hi s tre at m en t in So m al ia

is un d e r s t a n d a b le gi ve n th at na ti on 's cu rren t st at us

. Ali sh ou ld ha ve be en ab le to

pr ov id e so m e do cu m en ta ry ev id en ce of hi s tra ve ls , h owe ve r, vi a su bp oe na or o th er

m ean s. Thi s la ck of "co rro bo rat in g ev id en ce," es pe ci al ly whe n c o u p le d wit h Ali 's

in co ns is te nt te st im on y , su pp or ts th e de ni al of hi s ap pl ic at io ns

. Se e Aver ia no va , 50 9

F.3 d at 8 9 5 ( " Th e c o m

bi na ti on of an ad ve rs e cred ib il it y fin di ng an d a la ck of

co rro bo rat in g ev id en ce fo r th e cl ai m of pe rs ecu ti on m ean s th at th e ap pl ic an t's cl ai m

fai ls

, 'reg ard le ss of th e reas on fo r th e al le ge d pe rs ecu ti on .'" (q uo ti ng Si va ka ra n , 36 8

F.3 d at 10 29 )); se e al

so Kh ry st ot od or ov v. Muk as ey , 55 1 F.3 d 77 5, 78 4 ( 8 t h C i r.

20 08 ).

In su m , Ali 's in co ns is te nt te stim ony an d la ck of corro bo rat in g ev id en ce pr ov id e

th e req ui si te "s ig n i f

i c a nt ev id en ce" to su pp or t th e IJ 's ad ve rs e cred ib il it y

de te rm in at io n.

B. W it hh ol di ng

of Remov al

"When as y lu m , wit hh ol di ng of rem ov al

, an d CAT cl ai m s are ba se d on th e sa m e

di sc red it ed te st im on y , 'th e ad ve rs e cred ib il it y fin di ng is fat al to al l th ree cl aim s.'" Zi ne

v. Muk as ey , 51 7 F.3 d 53 5, 54 1 (8 th Ci r. 20 0 8 ) (q uo ti ng Fof an ah v. Gon za le s , 44 7

F.3 d 10 37

, 10 40 (8 th Ci r. 20 06 )). Mo reo ve r, th e "s ta nd ard s of pr oo f fo r wit hh ol di ng

of rem ov al an d rel ie f un de r th e CAT are m or e st rin ge nt th an th e st an da rd fo r as y lu m ."

Co ok e v. Muk as ey , 53 8 F.3 d 89 9, 90 8 (8t h Cir. 20 08 ) (ci ta ti on om it te d)

. Thu s, Ali 's

fai lu re "t o m eet th e le as t de m an di ng bu rd en of pr oo f fo r th e as y lu m cl ai m " is fat al to

hi s cl ai m s fo r wit hh ol di ng of rem ov al an d pr ot ect io n un de r th e CAT as well

. Id

. (ci ta ti on s o m it te d)

. 1

It is un cl ear whe th er Ali is ch al le ng in g th e IJ 's det erm in at io n with res pe ct to 1

hi s CAT cl ai m ; in an y ev en t, hi s CAT c l a i m wou ld fai l fo r th e reas on s sp eci fie d

ab ov e.

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-III. Co nc lu si on

Fo r th e fo reg oi ng reas on s, we d en y Ali 's p et it io n fo r rev ie w.

__ __ __ __ __ __ __ __ __ __ __ __ __ __ __

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