CHAPTER 4. SCREENING ANALYSIS

TABLE O F CONTENTS

**4.1 I**  **NTRODUCTION**

**................................... ........................................................................**  **4­1**

**4.2 S**  **CREENED­OUT TEC**  **HNOLGIES............................................................................... 4­2**

**4.2.1 G**  **eneral S**  **ervice Fluorescent**  **Lamp Screened­Out**  **Technologies**

**........................ 4­2** 

**4.2.1.1 M**  **ulti­Photon P**  **hosphors**

**.......................................................................... 4­2** 

**4.2.2 I**  **ncandescent R**  **eflector Lamp**  **Screened­Out Technologies................................. 4­2** 

**4.2.2.1 M**  **icrocavity F**  **ilaments**

**............................................................................. 4­2** 

**4.2.2.2 No**  **vel F**  **ilament Materials** 

**........................................................................ 4­3** 

**4.2.2.3 C**  **rystallite F**  **ilament Coatings** 

**.................................................................. 4­3** 

**4.2.2.4 L**  **uminescent G**  **as...................................................................................... 4­4** 

**4.2.2.5 No**  **n­Tungsten­Halogen R**  **egenerative Cycles..........................................**  **4­4**

**4.2.2.6 I**  **nfrared P**  **hosphor Glass**  **Coating............................................................. 4­4**

**4.2.2.7 I**  **ntegrally B**  **allasted Low**  **Voltage Lamps** 

**................................................ 4­5** 

**4.2.2.8 Tr**  **ihedral C**  **orner Reflectors** 

**..................................................................... 4­5** 

**4.3 S**  **UMMARY OF**  **TECHNOLOGY OPTIONS**  **SCREENED OUT..................................**  **4­6**

**4.4 R**  **EMAINING TECHNOLOGIES** 

**......................... ..........................................................**  **4­6**

**4.4.1 G**  **eneral S**  **ervice Fluorescent**  **Lamps Design**  **Options**

**.......................................... 4­6** 

**4.4.2 I**  **ncandescent R**  **eflector Lamps**  **Design Options................................................... 4­6** 

**REFERENCES**

**............................................................................................................................ 4­8** 

LIST O F TABLES

**Table 4.3.1 G**  **SFL Technology Options Screened Out of the Analysis.......................... 4­6**

**Table 4.3.2**  **IRL Technology**  **Options Screened**  **Out of**  **the Analysis** 

**............................. 4­6** 

**4­i**CHAPTER 4. SCREENING ANALYSIS

4.1 I NTRODUCTION

**Th is**  **c hapter**  **discusses the**  **U.S. Department**  **of Energy’s**  **(DOE) screening**  **analysis**

**of the**  **technology options**  **identified for**  **general service**  **fluorescent lamps**  **(GSFL) and** 

**incandescent reflector**  **lamps (IRL).**  **As discussed**  **in Chapter**  **3, Market**  **and Technology** 

**Assessment, DOE**  **consults with**  **industry, technical**  **experts, and**  **other interested**  **parties in** 

**developing a**  **list of**  **technology options**  **for consideration.**  **The purpose**  **of the**  **screening**

**analysis is**  **to evaluate**  **the list**  **of options**  **to determine**  **which to**  **consider further**  **and which** 

**to screen**  **out.**

**Section 3**  **25(o)(2) of**  **EPCA provides**  **that any**  **new or**  **revised standard**  **must be** 

**designed to**  **achieve the**  **maximum improvement**  **in energy**  **efficiency that**  **is determined**  **to**

**be technologically**  **feasible and**  **economically justified.**  **(42 U.S.C.**  **6295(o)(2)) In**  **view**

**of the**  **EPCA requirements**  **for determining**  **whether a**  **standard is**  **technologically feasible** 

**and economically**  **justified, Appendix**  **A to**  **Subpart C**  **of Title**  **10, Code**  **of Federal** 

**Regulations, Part**  **430 (10**  **CFR Part**  **430), “Procedures,**  **Interpretations, and**  **Policies for** 

**Consideration of**  **New or**  **Revised Energy**  **Conservation Standards**  **for Consumer** 

**Products” (the**  **Process Rule)**  **sets forth**  **procedures to**  **guide DOE**  **in its**  **consideration and** 

**promulgation of**  **new or**  **revised efficiency**  **standards. These**  **procedures elaborate**  **on the** 

**statutory criteria**  **provided in**  **42 U.S.C.**  **6295(o) and,**  **in part,**  **eliminate problematic** 

**technologies early**  **in the**  **process of**  **prescribing or**  **amending an**  **energy efficiency** 

**standard. In**  **particular, sections**  **4(b)(4) and**  **5(b) of**  **the Process**  **Rule provide**  **guidance to** 

**DOE for**  **determining which**  **design options**  **are unsuitable**  **for further**  **consideration:**

**1.** T echnological f easibility. **DOE will**  **consider technologies**  **incorporated in** 

**commercial products**  **or in**  **working prototypes**  **to be**  **technologically feasible.** 

**2.** P racticability t o manufacture, install, and service. **If mass**  **production and** 

**reliable installation**  **and servicing**  **of a**  **technology in**  **commercial products**  **could**

**be achieved**  **on the**  **scale necessary**  **to serve**  **the relevant**  **market at**  **the time**  **the**

**standard comes**  **into effect,**  **then DOE**  **will consider**  **that technology**  **practicable to** 

**manufacture, install,**  **and service.** 

**3.** A dverse i mpacts on product utility or product availability. **If DOE** 

**determines a**  **technology would**  **have significant**  **adverse impact**  **on the**  **utility of** 

**the product**  **to significant**  **subgroups of**  **consumers, or**  **would result**  **in the** 

**unavailability of**  **any covered**  **product type**  **with performance**  **characteristics**

**(including reliability),**  **features, sizes,**  **capacities, and**  **volumes that**  **are**

**substantially the**  **same as**  **products generally**  **available in**  **the United**  **States at**  **the**

**time, it**  **will not**  **consider this**  **technology further.** 

**4.** A dverse i mpacts on health or safety. **If DOE**  **determines that**  **a technology**  **will**

**have significant**  **adverse impacts**  **on health**  **or safety,**  **it will**  **not consider**  **this**

**technology further.** 

**4­1 Section**  **4.2 discusses**  **the technology**  **options DOE**  **screened out**  **from further** 

**consideration. Section**  **4.3 summarizes**  **those options.**  **Section 4.4**  **lists the**  **remaining**

**design options**  **DOE considered**  **in its**  **analyses.**

4.2 S CREENED-OUT T ECHNOLGIES

**This s**  **ection addresses**  **the technologies**  **that DOE**  **screened out,**  **having considered** 

**the following**  **four factors:**  **(1) technological**  **feasibility; (2)**  **practicability to**  **manufacture,**

**install, and**  **service; (3)**  **adverse impacts**  **on product**  **utility to**  **consumers; and**  **(4) adverse** 

**impacts on**  **health or**  **safety.**

4.2.1 G eneral S ervice Fluorescent Lamp Screened-Out Technologies

**DOE h**  **as screened**  **out the**  **following technologies**  **in its**  **analyses of**  **GSFL.**

**Although these**  **technologies were**  **not considered**  **in the**  **subsequent analyses,**  **DOE does** 

**not discourage**  **their use**  **by manufacturers.**  **These technologies**  **may be**  **capable of** 

**reducing energy**  **consumption or**  **providing additional**  **benefits to**  **consumers, even**  **though**

**they do**  **not currently**  **meet the**  **requirements for**  **DOE’s consideration.** 

4.2.1.1 M ulti-Photon P hosphors

**Theoretically, t**  **he use**  **of multi­photon**  **phosphors, or**  **quantum­splitting phosphors,** 

**could significantly**  **improve lamp**  **efficacy. By**  **emitting more**  **than one**  **visible photon**  **for**

**each ultraviolet**  **photon, a**  **lamp would**  **be able**  **to emit**  **more light**  **for the**  **same amount**  **of**

**power. However,**  **development of**  **this technology**  **remains in**  **the research**  **phase and** 

**DOE is**  **unaware of**  **any prototypes**  **or commercialized**  **products that**  **incorporate multi** 

**1 photon**  **phosphors. Thus, DOE**  **screened out**  **this technology**  **option based**  **on the**  **first**

**criterion, technological**  **feasibility. Additionally,**  **because this**  **technology is**  **still in**  **the**

**research phase,**  **DOE believes**  **that it**  **would not**  **be practicable,**  **or even**  **possible, to** 

**manufacture, install,**  **and service**  **this technology**  **on the**  **scale necessary**  **to serve**  **the**

**relevant market**  **at the**  **time of**  **the effective**  **date of**  **an amended**  **standard. It**  **is not** 

**possible to**  **assess whether**  **the technology**  **will have**  **adverse impacts**  **on utility**  **to**

**consumers, availability,**  **or consumer**  **health or**  **safety. Therefore,**  **DOE will**  **not consider** 

**multi­photon phosphors**  **as a**  **design option**  **for improving**  **the efficacy**  **of GSFL.** 

4.2.2 I ncandescent R eflector Lamp Screened-Out Technologies

**DOE s**  **creened out**  **the following**  **technologies for**  **IRL. Although**  **DOE did**  **not**

**consider the**  **following technologies,**  **DOE does**  **not discourage**  **their use**  **since they**  **may**

**reduce energy**  **consumption or**  **provide other**  **benefits to**  **consumers.**

4.2.2.1 M icrocavity F ilaments

**By f**  **abricating microcavities**  **on the**  **incandescent lamp**  **filament, it**  **is theoretically** 

**possible to**  **increase a**  **lamp’s emissivity,**  **and therefore**  **its efficacy.**  **The market**  **and**

**technology assessment**  **(Chapter 3)**  **notes that**  **Sandia National**  **Laboratories researchers** 

**examined microcavity**  **resonance in**  **a tungsten**  **photonic lattice**  **and found**  **multiple patents** 

**4­2 referencing**  **this technology.**  **Since research**  **prototypes of**  **microcavity filaments**  **do exist,** 

**DOE determined**  **that this**  **technology option**  **is technologically**  **feasible. However,** 

**research indicates**  **that materials**  **patterned at**  **the submicron**  **level may**  **experience**

**2 problems**  **with stability. Because**  **such instability**  **could negatively**  **affect lamp**  **lifetime,**

**DOE believes**  **the technology**  **is not**  **yet practical**  **to implement**  **on a**  **wide scale.**  **For this** 

**reason, DOE**  **screened out**  **this technology**  **option based**  **on the**  **third criterion,**  **impacts on** 

**product utility**  **to consumers.**  **DOE is**  **also unaware**  **of any**  **commercialized lamps**  **that**

**incorporate microcavity**  **filaments, and**  **is concerned**  **that mass­manufacturing**  **techniques**

**for this**  **technology would**  **be problematic.**  **For this**  **reason, DOE**  **does not**  **believe that**  **this**

**technology would**  **be practicable**  **to manufacture,**  **install, and**  **service. Therefore,**  **DOE**

**will not**  **consider filaments**  **with microcavities**  **as a**  **design option**  **for improving**  **the**

**efficacy of**  **IRL. DOE**  **does not**  **have enough**  **information to**  **assess whether** 

**implementation of**  **this technology**  **will have**  **adverse impacts**  **on consumer**  **health or** 

**safety.**

4.2.2.2 N ovel F ilament Materials

**Novel f**  **ilament materials**  **such as**  **nitrides and**  **carbides have**  **the potential**  **to**

**improve lamp**  **efficacy by**  **emitting more**  **light in**  **the visible**  **spectrum at**  **a given** 

**temperature than**  **traditional tungsten**  **filaments. Because**  **several patents**  **on such** 

**filaments exist,**  **DOE believes**  **that this**  **technology option**  **is technologically**  **feasible.**

**However, DOE**  **is unaware**  **of any**  **lamps available**  **today that**  **use such**  **filaments.**

**Furthermore, DOE**  **understands that**  **technological barriers,**  **such as**  **prohibitive brittleness** 

**of the**  **filament, limit**  **implementation of**  **this technology.**  **Finding a**  **practical way**  **to**

**incorporate novel**  **filament materials**  **into IRL**  **would require**  **further research,**  **as would** 

**making such**  **lamps practical**  **for general**  **service applications.**  **DOE believes**  **that it**  **would**

**not be**  **practicable to**  **manufacture this**  **technology on**  **the scale**  **necessary to**  **serve the** 

**relevant market**  **at the**  **time of**  **the effective**  **date of**  **an amended**  **standard. Therefore,**  **DOE**

**will not**  **consider novel**  **filament materials**  **as a**  **design option**  **for improving**  **the efficacy**  **of**

**IRL. DOE**  **is unaware**  **of any**  **research on**  **the potential**  **impact of**  **this technology**  **on**

**consumer health**  **or safety.** 

4.2.2.3 C rystallite F ilament Coatings

**DOE s**  **creened out**  **crystallite filament**  **coatings, which**  **are oxide­covered**  **micron**

**or sub­micron**  **crystallites comprised**  **of thorium,**  **tantalum, or**  **niobium. These**  **coatings**

**can be**  **used to**  **increase the**  **light emissivity**  **of a**  **lamp’s filament.**  **Because several**  **patents**

**on such**  **filament coatings**  **exist, DOE**  **believes that**  **this technology**  **option is** 

**technologically feasible.**  **However, DOE**  **was unable**  **to locate**  **any data**  **on the** 

**incorporation of**  **crystallite filament**  **coatings into**  **prototype or**  **commercially available** 

**products. Using**  **crystallite filament**  **coatings may**  **require additional**  **manufacturing**

**techniques, such**  **as chemical**  **vapor deposition.**  **DOE understands**  **that these**  **techniques**

**are not**  **in use**  **in the**  **mass­production of**  **IRL. DOE**  **believes that**  **it would**  **not be** 

**practicable to**  **manufacture this**  **technology on**  **the scale**  **necessary to**  **serve the**  **relevant**

**market of**  **IRL at**  **the time**  **of the**  **effective date**  **of an**  **amended standard.**  **DOE screened** 

**out this**  **option based**  **on the**  **second criterion.**  **It is**  **also not**  **possible to**  **assess whether**  **this**

**technology will**  **have adverse**  **impacts on**  **utility to**  **consumers, availability,**  **or consumer** 

**4­3 health**  **or safety.**  **Therefore, DOE**  **will not**  **consider crystallite**  **filament coatings**  **as a** 

**design option**  **for improving**  **the efficacy**  **of IRL.** 

4.2.2.4 L uminescent G as

**Luminescent g**  **ases encompass**  **gaseous fills**  **for incandescent**  **lamps that**  **react with** 

**certain wavelengths**  **of the**  **filament emission**  **and generate**  **visible light.**  **DOE is**  **unaware**

**of any**  **existing commercially**  **available products**  **or prototypes**  **of incandescent**  **lamps**

**incorporating luminescent**  **gases. DOE**  **screened out**  **luminescent gases**  **based on** 

**technological feasibility.**  **To the**  **best of**  **DOE’s knowledge,**  **luminescent gas**  **fills also** 

**have not**  **been incorporated**  **into residential,**  **commercial, or**  **industrial products,**  **so DOE** 

**cannot assess**  **the practicability**  **to manufacture,**  **install, and**  **service this**  **technology on**  **the**

**scale necessary**  **to serve**  **the relevant**  **market at**  **the time**  **of the**  **effective date**  **of an** 

**amended standard.**  **It is**  **not possible**  **to assess**  **whether this**  **technology will**  **have adverse** 

**impacts on**  **utility to**  **consumers, availability,**  **or consumer**  **health or**  **safety. Therefore,** 

**DOE will**  **not consider**  **luminescent gas**  **fills as**  **a design**  **option for**  **improving the**  **efficacy**

**of IRL.** 

4.2.2.5 N on-Tungsten-Halogen R egenerative Cycles

**The r**  **egenerative cycle**  **of filament**  **evaporation and**  **redeposition can**  **be used**  **to**

**greatly increase**  **the life**  **of an**  **incandescent lamp**  **and improve**  **lumen maintenance.**  **The**

**filament can**  **burn at**  **a higher**  **temperature than**  **conventional incandescent**  **lamps while** 

**maintaining a**  **useful service**  **life. The**  **market and**  **technology assessment**  **(Chapter 3)** 

**discusses the**  **use of**  **a regenerative**  **cycle for**  **tungsten­halogen lamps.**  **DOE understands** 

**that other**  **regenerative cycles**  **also may**  **be possible**  **for other**  **filament materials**  **and are** 

**considered technologically**  **feasible. However,**  **as noted**  **above, DOE**  **has screened**  **out the** 

**use of**  **novel filament**  **materials on**  **the basis**  **of the**  **second and**  **third screening**  **criteria.**

**Because use**  **of the**  **non­tungsten­halogen regenerative**  **cycles would**  **depend on** 

**incorporating a**  **non­tungsten filament,**  **DOE is**  **screening out**  **such cycles**  **from**

**consideration based**  **on the**  **same two**  **criteria. DOE**  **believes that**  **it would**  **not be** 

**practicable, and**  **maybe not**  **even possible,**  **to manufacture**  **novel filament**  **materials lamps** 

**with associated**  **regenerative cycles**  **on the**  **scale necessary**  **to serve**  **the relevant**  **market at** 

**the time**  **of the**  **effective date**  **of an**  **amended standard.**  **Also, the**  **use of**  **other filament** 

**materials, and**  **therefore their**  **associated regenerative**  **cycles, may**  **have an**  **adverse impact** 

**on utility.**  **In addition,**  **because this**  **technology has**  **not been**  **incorporated into** 

**commercially available**  **products, DOE**  **is unable**  **to assess**  **whether it**  **will have**  **adverse**

**impacts on**  **consumer health**  **or safety.**  **Therefore, DOE**  **will not**  **consider non­tungsten** 

**halogen regenerative**  **cycles as**  **a design**  **option for**  **improving the**  **efficacy of**  **IRL.**

4.2.2.6 I nfrared P hosphor Glass Coating

**When u**  **sed as**  **a coating**  **on the**  **bulb surface,**  **infrared phosphors**  **harvest the** 

**emitted infrared**  **energy and**  **convert it**  **to visible**  **light, potentially**  **increasing lamp** 

**efficacy. Because**  **patents on**  **such infrared**  **phosphor coatings**  **exist, DOE**  **believes that** 

**this technology**  **option is**  **technologically feasible.**  **However, DOE**  **was unable**  **to locate** 

**any data**  **on the**  **incorporation of**  **infrared phosphor**  **coatings into**  **commercially available** 

**4­4 products.**  **Because using**  **infrared phosphor**  **coatings in**  **IRL may**  **require retooling**  **of the** 

**manufacturing process,**  **DOE believes**  **that it**  **would not**  **be practicable**  **to manufacture**  **this**

**technology on**  **the scale**  **necessary to**  **serve the**  **relevant market**  **at the**  **time of**  **the effective** 

**date of**  **an amended**  **standard. Therefore,**  **DOE screened**  **out this**  **option based**  **on the** 

**second criterion.**  **It is**  **also impossible**  **to assess**  **whether the**  **technology will**  **have adverse** 

**impacts on**  **utility to**  **consumers, availability,**  **or consumer**  **health or**  **safety. Therefore,** 

**DOE will**  **not consider**  **infrared phosphor**  **coatings as**  **a design**  **option for**  **improving the** 

**efficacy of**  **IRL.**

4.2.2.7 I ntegrally B allasted Low Voltage Lamps

**Incandescent f**  **ilaments that**  **are designed**  **to operate**  **at a**  **lower voltage**  **are both** 

**shorter in**  **length and**  **thicker in**  **cross­sectional area**  **than incandescent**  **filaments designed** 

**to operate**  **at a**  **line voltage**  **from 115**  **to 130V.**  **Increasing the**  **thickness of**  **the filament** 

**can improve**  **its efficacy**  **by allowing**  **the lamp**  **to operate**  **at higher**  **temperatures.**

**Therefore, using**  **an integral**  **ballast allows**  **the efficacy**  **of a**  **lamp to**  **increase by**  **operating**

**its filament**  **at a**  **lower voltage**  **(e.g., 12**  **volts) than**  **standard U.S.**  **household line**  **voltage**

**1 (i.e.,**  **120 volts).**  **Although this**  **technology is**  **commercially available**  **in Europe and** 

**elsewhere in**  **the world**  **where the**  **standard household**  **line voltage**  **is 220­240**  **volts, DOE** 

**is unaware**  **of any**  **commercially available**  **products or**  **prototypes of**  **this technology** 

**option that**  **operate on**  **U.S. household**  **line voltage**  **of 120**  **volts. Accordingly,**  **DOE is** 

**screening out**  **integrally ballasted**  **low voltage**  **lamps based**  **on the**  **first criterion,** 

**technological feasibility.**  **Therefore, DOE**  **will not**  **consider integrally**  **ballasted low** 

**voltage lamps**  **as a**  **design option**  **for improving**  **the efficacy**  **of IRL.** 

4.2.2.8 T rihedral C orner Reflectors

**Trihedral c**  **orner reflectors**  **incorporated into**  **the cover**  **glass of**  **IRL have**  **the**

**potential to**  **increase lamp**  **efficacy by**  **redirecting infrared**  **radiation back**  **onto the** 

**filament. Because**  **patents on**  **trihedral corner**  **reflectors exist,**  **DOE believes**  **that this** 

**technology option**  **is technologically**  **feasible. However,**  **DOE was**  **unable to**  **locate any** 

**data on**  **the incorporation**  **of this**  **technology into**  **commercially available**  **products. Using** 

**trihedral corner**  **reflectors, which**  **entail an**  **additional disc**  **requiring external**  **fabrication**

**and installation**  **in the**  **lamp, may**  **necessitate manufacturing**  **techniques not**  **currently**

**available for**  **mass production.**  **For this**  **reason, DOE**  **believes that**  **it would**  **not be** 

**practicable to**  **implement the**  **new manufacturing**  **technique for**  **this technology**  **on the** 

**scale necessary**  **to serve**  **the relevant**  **market of**  **IRL at**  **the time**  **of the**  **effective date**  **of an** 

**amended standard.**  **Therefore, DOE**  **screened out**  **this option**  **based on**  **the second** 

**criterion. It**  **is not**  **possible to**  **assess whether**  **the technology**  **will have**  **adverse impacts**  **on**

**utility to**  **consumers, availability,**  **or consumer**  **health or**  **safety. Therefore,**  **DOE will**  **not**

**consider trihedral**  **corner reflectors**  **as a**  **design option**  **for improving**  **the efficacy**  **of IRL.** 

**Philips Electronics**  **Press Release**  **(2007). Available**  **at**

**ht tp://www.lighting.philips.com/gl_en/news/press/product_innovations/archive_2007/press_new_mastercla** 

**s sic_lamp.php** 

**.**

**4­5 1** 4.3 SUMMARY OF TECHNOLOGY OPTIONS SCREENED OUT

**The f**  **ollowing tables**  **summarize the**  **technology options**  **DOE screened**  **out from** 

**further consideration**  **and note**  **the screening**  **criteria.**

Table 4 .3.1 GSFL Technology Options Screened Out of the Analysis

Design Option Excluded Screening C riteria

**Mul ti­Photon**  **P hosphors**  **Technological f**  **easibility**

**Pract icability**  **to manufacture,**  **install, and**  **service**

Table 4.3.2 IRL Technology Options Screened Out of the Analysis

Design Option Excluded Screening C riteria

**Mi crocavity**  **F ilaments**  **Product u**  **tility to**  **consumers**

**Practicability to**  **manufacture, install,**  **and service** 

**Novel F**  **ilament Materials**  **Practicability to**  **manufacture, install,**  **and service;**  **product**

**utility to**  **consumers**

**Cryst allite**  **F ilament**  **Coatings Practicability**  **to manufacture,**  **install, and**  **service**

**Lumi nescent**  **G as**  **Technological f**  **easibility**

**Non­Tungst en­Halogen**  **R egenerative** 

**Cycles Practicability**  **to manufacture,**  **install, and**  **service**

**Product utility**  **to consumers** 

**Infrared P**  **hosphor Glass**  **Coating Practicability**  **to manufacture,**  **install, and**  **service**

**Int egrally**  **B allasted**  **Low Voltage**  **Halogen Technological**  **f easibility** 

**Tri hedral**  **C orner**  **Reflectors Practicability**  **to manufacture,**  **install, and**  **service**

4.4 REMAINING T ECHNOLOGIES

**After s**  **creening out**  **those technologies**  **in accordance**  **with the**  **policies set**  **forth in** 

**10 CFR**  **Part 430,**  **Subpart C,**  **Appendix A,**  **(4)(a)(4) and**  **5(b), DOE**  **is considering**  **the**

**design options**  **in the**  **following list**  **as viable**  **means for**  **improving efficacy.**  **The market** 

**and technology**  **assessment (Chapter**  **3) provides**  **a detailed**  **description of**  **these design** 

**options.**

4.4.1 G eneral S ervice Fluorescent Lamps Design Options

• **Highly Em**  **issive Electrode**  **Coatings**

• **Higher­Efficiency L**  **amp Fill**  **Gas Composition** 

• **Higher­Efficiency P**  **hosphors**

• **Glass C**  **oatings**

• **Higher­Efficiency L**  **amp Diameter** 

4.4.2 I ncandescent R eflector Lamps Design Options

• **Higher­Temperature O**  **peration**

• **Thinner F**  **ilaments**

• **Efficient F**  **ilament Coiling** 

• **Efficient F**  **ilament Orientation** 

• **Higher­Efficiency I**  **nert Fill**  **Gas**

• **Tungsten­Halogen L**  **amps**

**4­6**• **Higher­Pressure Tu**  **ngsten Halogen**  **Lamps**

• **Infrared G**  **lass Coatings**  **(thin­film)**

• **Higher­Efficiency R**  **eflector Coatings** 

• **Efficient F**  **ilament Placement** 

**DOE w**  **ill consider**  **these options**  **in the**  **engineering analysis.**  **As discussed**  **in**

**Chapter 5,**  **DOE based**  **its engineering**  **analysis to**  **the greatest**  **extent possible**  **on**

**commercially available**  **products, which**  **incorporate one**  **or more**  **of these**  **design options.** 

**By doing**  **this, DOE**  **uses catalog**  **data to**  **determine both**  **prices and**  **performance attributes** 

**more efficacious**  **lamps.**

**4­7**REFERENCES

**1 U.S.**  **Department o**  **f Energy**  **Office of**  **Building Technologies.**  **U.S. Lighting**  **Market**

**Characterization, Volume**  **II: Energy**  **Efficient Lighting**  **Technology Options.**  **September,**

**2005. Washington,**  **D.C.**

**< www.eere.energy.gov/buildings/info/documents/pdfs/ee_lightingvolII.pdf**  **>**

**2** Ibid.

**4­8**